sees atty higeeee JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN CAROL H. WOODWARD EDITOR VOLUME 44 1943 Published pee by the New York vaca Garden ONX PARK, NEW YORK 58, DecemBer (No. 528) The Big Tree of Tule H.W. Rickett 269 Egg-Throwers of he Mushroom World Carol H. a. 274 Vitamins and Vegetables eigh 279 Deadly Mushroom Draped in ina Mold Photograph by Margaret McKenny 290 Winter ] ents at the Gar Broadcas W.H. Camp 291 Index to ik 44 293 COVER ILLUSTRATIONS 1943 Goldenrod Field after Blizzard #H. ah Ricket January ag of Milkweed Fiber Made by the (From Americ he seum uk and Fox Indians of Iowa Nawal History) stall ew Zealand Spinach Fleda Griffith rch April Sunset Through the Dome of the Main Conservatories John Loughlin April Snow-in-Summer (Cerastium tomen- ae in the Thompson Memorial Rock Garden Fleda Griffith May Yucca* from Mexico Douglas A. ae June Squash ee Lithograph b: Elizabeth Saltonstall Jul Vegetable Harvest Fleda Griffith Angust Hardy Asters at the Botanical Garden Fleda Griffith September Ornamental Kale, Brassica fimbriata Fleda ie October November Win Fleda Gri, oe Bird’s-Nest Fungi (Cyathus striatus) David B. Fn J Decenies EDITORIALS 1943 ritag: January Native ae for American Gardens February Vegetable Growing for Victory March A Practical Place May Aid for the Nav June The New Wo “id S s Responsiiy July A Rosarian’s Pro Robert Pyle’ August Will in the en September Procession Books t Western Exploration November For Members December * See page 239 (October 1943) for probable identification of this plant. iv JOURNAL THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vou. 44 JANUARY PAGES No. 517 1 9 4 3 1-24 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Caro. H. Woopwarp, Editor HERITAGE ie is conceded readily that mass ae ion of war goods that require wood and steel, rubber and plastics, rope and new synthetic products is vy demand nee ts an ists at i i i ized is that back of much of their work lies the wisdom and toil of botanists. The war found this oy short-handed on many; supplies, even for a year a coal produ ction. eas e could such former imports as balsa d nd? ini Dr. Willia al s Garden and member of the Corporation, has bee ‘o the penis ; sipoli uth America to hunt and study plants of economic importance. And mi ro ther institutions call frequently on the Botanical Garden for special information on plants they are seeking before they leave for eir wartime botanical jobs. That the New York Botanical Garden today has men, ern oe re forty, even fifty years of effort at the New York Boe nical “Gar den TABLE OF CONTENTS January 1943 GoLpENROD FieLp AFTER BLIZZARD Cover oe H.W. re MExicaN PaperR-MAKING PLANTS r W. von Hagen WINTER LECTURES AT THE GARDEN i Russer From A Harpy Tre E. E. Naylor 11 Cotp Kitts GreeNHoUsE 14 Marsuact A. Howe Fetitowsuip EsTABLIsHED 18 Dr. HarPer ResicNs Fro 18 Miss WHEELER RETIRES 18 Lessons VEGETABLE CULTURE OFFERED BY GARDEN 19 Norezs, News, NT 19 Current LITERATURE AT A GLAN 21 Notices AND REVIEWS OF ecu Booxs 22 The Journal is published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N.Y. Printed in U. S. A. Entered at the Post Office in New York, N. Y., as second- ‘class matter, Annu: al subscription $1.00, Single copies 15 cents, Free to members of the Garden. JOURNAL of THE NEW YorK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vor. 44 January 1943 No. 517 MMexican Paper- Making Plants* By Victor W. von Hagen apeerae tebe i among the tribes of middle America is as old as the eeu of these early peoples. More than a thousand eee be- fore he cara of Columbus made their landfall among the islands of the Lesser peat thereby ending the isolation the anes pape s e Maya, d nt tribe on the Yucata: peninsula. The manufacture of this paper, which the ee called HUUN, a pace with Mayan intellectual development until, w: a eg ent of hieroglyphic ae it evolved into book form. e of the League of Mayapan (800-1200 A.D.) the Mayas had a folded book of 75 nes ea as the Dresden Ga for it had been preserved in the City of Dresden. i dex was not an isolated achievement. The Mayas had many if ted. aa of books written with their characters and because they contained noth g but superstitions and falsehoods about the devil, we burned them a But it was - Aztec, as the “heir” of the Maya, who developed paper- making fro craft into an industry. Villages in Central Mexico, par- alan in ee S, were given over to the manufacture of paper, called MATL by the Aztec, and these papermaking villages—Tepoztlan, Amatlan, ees Itzamatitlan—not ee are still extant, but the stone beaters * This ethnobotanical article is an excerpt from Victor W. v $ manuscri ipt, The fe eld and ain Papenmakere now in final pre een for. a. a is the first EY: id to deal exhaustively hae the ae cae es of Azt sree Maes see ript copies o: i wor! re in Mex: nglai ae simultaneous Pesrete is expected. The limited Anica Elton wey ae et have eight original samples of paper in each volume; in the trade edition of about 1,000 copies, the paper samples will be photographed. 1 2 which were the ciel of paper ee are still the most ubiquitous archaeological remains in their enviro Under the Aztecs ea of middle America was oe into some form of economic synthesis, Trade was extended; so were the levies of tribute. re W. in rp to keep yy the Aztecs as by the scribes of ancient Thoth, to record th re tions of conquests. Paper took on too, as among the Chinese, a aoer ss and pee character. Folded into the form of a bo oles eae closely a modern enceee pl ree it was often ae ee a 7 on almanac, ie a TONAL TL rissa of such docu in the large Aztec paenrts of ee oe a re istvely i fae 7 paper was a and we cann oe sed to find that in the Codex Mendoz of the most pre o ae bce a of Moctezuma II, there is an ee which reads: Bes ne thousand bundles of paper are to be brought ot torehouses of the ruler of Tenochtitlan.” Twenty- four peter bundles! The word “bundle” is used here to cor- respond with the Aztec are PILLI, a form of the word twenty used in counting paper and ie, objec cts in quantity. It su: gges aie ya were e paid annually to the Aztec capital by the tribes in tribute Of what then was all this enormous amount of paper made? “From a “fr ae yes dies eben in 1570, “from a ae they call the UITL arge tree with leaves like a fig and with ani te flowers nee frit ee in pies It thrives in the Tepoztlan mountains wher paper is made fro m it.” pie statement comes from the great a botanist whose five-year work in the Americas took place between 1570 and 1575*. seer ee deep) concerned with the pee), of Tepoztlan, a little ee in Mor ae s, was one of the papermaking vil- a and it was there that Francisco Hernandez saw the people at their ork. “Many wor. oe he wrote, “are employed at this craft... To Maa the paper they cut the larger branches from the tree, soften a in water... and on bee following day it ae fiber] is thoroughly beate with a stone beater. It is thus rendered pliable. After this it is next a into strips which are csiy Hale together by eee. ae et oe with a smoother stone . Fin his is fashioned in o doldrans (18 inches) long and one pee one-half doldrans Roe inc. ie) wide. It is something like our own paper, except that their paper is whiter and *See my article: “Francisc of Science,” Frontiers Magazine, Philadelphia Rade ut Soe pease ulna 1940, PAPER-MAKING PROCESSES IN MEXICO bull’s-horn — acacia. thicker .. . The tree is called AMAQUAHUITL . ” And, good botanist that he was, Francisco Hernandez left us an excellent fee e of the tree, which he had pana said ia th ye es fig.” xact is it, that Dr. Paul Standley, the eminent a rity ees ae diac has had n suelo in denn vine. eae étiolaris. ith this as a botanical clue, the writer ee a years a“ during an expedition to M , to sea ut the s from which ic a Ne made. e evidence for a solution of pe ace cultural puzzle had been obscured for over three hundred yea arly assertion’ by unobserving FRAILES (monks) that the Aztecs ay their paper from The “tecomaxochiamatl” (Ficus mvoluta) was an important paper-tree among the ancient Aztecs. Still in use today by the Aztec aia of Chicontepec, Vera Cruz, it yields a russet-colored sheet of relatively coarse quahty. The leaves of this species are shown at the nght. (Photographs by Bodil Christen cen). the “leaves of the maguey.” Precisely how and in w ne manner ne large succulent leaf of the century-plant ae be as ith ys beater and formed into smoot th sheets of pape ver explained o e upon: “Mex can paper v was made ee maguey’ heeame an er the ee the tell-tale mark of the Ficus lay under he mrerosep In the soft fibers, i laced, collapsed hollow tubes tubes pee which passed (when the plant lived) white sap for which Ss mem ee of the Moraceae are noted. e theory. o the Ficus trees and, ie who had written so completely about the Ficus species of ae y worked out over a period of years a distribution chart of the genus with altitudes marked and synonyms of ie different species given in Aztec and Spanish. The genus Ficus, to ee the wild figs Hee eee more than 700 ae “fifty of which occur in Mexico and Cen rica. oe genus s divided into five to eig if aie or subgenera, pees ng to characters finsshed by the ‘fruits’— , the receptacles. These structures supply the Sei eee A ne enus, separating it at once from all the other members of the family Moraceae, and likewise from all other plants oots of the “‘cilamatl”’ (Ficus padifolia), one of the trees which the Aztecs Pride ie making paper. By using the larger of these vine-like supports a he tree, the Indians fir cutting off the branches. (Photograph by Bod?! Christensen). 6 of the earth. Although fig-trees often constitute a substantial percentage of tropical forests in any part of the world, and the trees attain great size, ie r ept in one form or another, has been ae fa he index made shows the ditabatien of es eas according to the states and eee of Mex! xico. Species of en e been found growing throughout all the diverse regions of the Mexican a from the hot moist tierra caliente trough the ea iets zones ee the frerra ie at a height as great as 2,600 me Special attention has been given in this index to the species of Ficus zrowing i in and au the. oo villages iad pa was made in pre- Whil of Ficus could serve for the purpose “of papermaking, from bo tanical evidence and from numerous suggestions given by the Spanish chroniclers, it has been deducted by the writer that the following species of Ficus were used in ancient Mexican papermaking: Ficus petiola ris, F. padifolia, F. a colinifolia, and F. involuta ese trees are abu and moreover the all \ztee etymology the word Amati in such com onstructions as TEPEA L (the amatl-that-grows-on-mountains ) : UAHUITL (the paper- yielding- ~amatl) ; amacozTic (the tree-of-the- -yellow-paper). Now the connection becomes evident. Karly in oan een ta word for paper, (AMATI) became associated with tree , the ancient Aztecs were a excellent botanists, and the plant es as ree conceived it, was divided into two great natural orders—the woody y plants, which carried the term ‘ oe and the herbace- ous, “xiuh.” Families of plants were formed, base the special charac- teristic of some type member, just as in our own botanical system. j AH ¢ “paper tree he t i above: thu (from TEPE, m eaning m in) inc a eas = habit of Ficus petiolaris, and this is the ee name for the plant known to the Renee as R ecently. came a hanes eer It was discovered that ae still ving in the modern of Hidalgo, Puebla and Vera Cruz It had bee hat mite Tedian villages of ae Cresorc and Xalapa, in Hidalgo, made paper; the ethnologists were not provided with ie ‘Sau means of assoc ce the fibers used with the plants from which they So, early in 1942, with Miss Bodil es ‘of Mexico as my most e leaves of the ue ae caine (Urera baccifera). From the woody stems of ae tree paper is made thin smooth sheets. (Photograph by Bodil Christensen). able collaborator, an expedicionilla was conducted to an isolated Aztec village in Chicontepec, Vera Cruz, close to the border of the ase of Hidalgo. oa living their ee ways, the Indians there are immersed in milpa-cultur aa cale farming—in a little valley of 1,800 feet crs oe their Laan thatched houses they also carry on their age-old tradi- tions — The n go tot - ne peel the bark from the trees, and bring it home to ae women, whose technique of eae is precisely that which Francisco Hernai sae described as among the papermakers a Tepoztlan 350 years ago. cas bark is a from as oS Bava bundle and soaked in water cuando esta tierna la | the is young—then boiled in ree so as to help break ee fies nee ‘After black ao Pieces are cut into little doll-like figures and sold in packages of eight Miss Ganesan was careful to collect, in each instance, the leaves, 8 eo ers, and bark of each specific plant in question and these were identified » Paul Standley of the Field Seen All the plants used, with the be ul of t LAN ae Bae eae Another fig, ed involuta, called TECOMAX- OCHIAMATL, produces a russet-colored paper. A nettle (Urera baccifera), called TEOTZITZICAXTL, which grows ae ee large woody trees, yields a a white paper very much like the product made from the CILAMATL. It too belongs to the Moraceae The one paper ee plant not in this family is the bull’s o acacia. alled HUITZMAMAXALLI, it has been identified as Acacia cornigera. The paper made from the bark a this acacia is, as Bee be ex, ee coarse, woody, be ee ious a only a cae for the fibers of _ TS race: called b se modern Aztecs CUAHAM see a not only ne our ee ions proved correct as to the t of eae used by the ancient .\zt ermakers, but that the cree tself has not changed through the cents in this Aztec ae the single pene available for study today Papermaking i is also widespread amo: ng the Otomi Indians of the Mesquital Valley in Hidalgo, but the onehed | is kept secret. However, here again we find the use of Ficus padifolia under nd of another £ a which yields a paper russet in color. Nettles are a . the ree natives also—the same species, Ure: @ baccifera, and the Otomis likewise use the fibers of the pene called in Spanish MORAL. The mulberries are widespread throughout Mexico and their use ay be fae ed to have been very general for papermaking purposes ng the Aztecs. Francisco Hernandez ene fas figured mulberries ( Morus a) by their Aztec name of TLACOA One fact that stands out in this ee investigation is the rd AM preservation throughout the centuries of t Y ATL in one or mo ts co rms for th rinct paper ce plants in the Moraceae. This et mology is also used among the Otomis, whose prin- cipal Peas ens a is called the XALAMATL (the sand-amatl). Down the e of ce es through conquest, a republican and modern Mexico, en inevienes have been preserved. It is thy of remark that throughout the tropical and semi- -tropical world, ieee. man has fashioned paper or made bark-cloth, whether this was made for writing or o paar purposes, or even for the rites of black magic, some member e Moraceae has been the selected : Moreover, in each instance - ae cloth fabrication, all primitive cultures have used the oe which in fundamental structure does not y ary from culture to culture. bull’s-horn acacia, from the bark of eae 4a paarinine fibered rus set-colored Left: The paper is manufactured. Both paper and tree are kno a sails and the i ‘ni Rig ae Mufiecos (dolls) cut ion fiber paper are used in Black magic rites among the Oto and Aztecs. This is ancient custom whic w, despite 400 years of Chrstiniation, still Houriher i in ee communities, (Photographs by Bodil Christen- en). 10 In the identification of the Species from which Mexican paper was Heke (in which the sciences were brought together) we have been able to explain a great cultural puzzle: Who were the papermakers? How did they make their paper? Of what did ney make their paper and what did their paper mean = their civilization ? Thus one more hiatus in the cultural history of the Aztec has been closed through the agency of ethnobotany =a Winter Lectures at the Garden The series of ten winter lectures given on Saturdays at 3 p.m.. beginning New Yor anic den tim: not appeared on a Saturday pean eae Fo ‘ox’s eee on eee pe oe ing will be modeled on the a she oe at as pa - April raed the Herb Conference. The three ne eaker: e Mrs. R. A. Wetzel of Mt. Vernon, an amateur photogr re Of rare ° ability Mr Rodney Wilcox Mies _ raises a in his own vaeee Saal at New Rochelle, orge aight, will a pany new aaa color ee store a Roe County’s pais and ota Dr. E. E. Naylor. mber of the Botanical Garden’s staff, will ae the a which Gn a record ee the le ian hall two years ago appeared on the program as a visiting botanist. The complete ere of see follows. Jan Ornamental Fruits and Berries in the Winte Howard R. oa Columbia University Jan. 16 Pre-War Rambles in Northwestern Greece Prof. and Mrs, Clarence H. Young Jan. 23 Dye Plants of the American Indian. G. L. Wittrock, Custodian of Herbarium, N.Y.B.G. Jan. 30 Orchids for the Amate: Rodney iiteos Jones, President of American Orchid Society Feb. 6 Growing Your Own Vezetables . H. Everett, Horticulturist, N.Y.B.G. Feb. 13 Westchester’s Parks and bbe . ne Picture in Col George S. ae Supt. Wore County Park System Feb. 20 Getting New Plants Pon Cuttin, = °E. Naylor, Technical Assistant, N.Y.B.G. Feb. 27 Phra oeener for R Cheney, yn ‘Island University and Brooklyn Botanic Garden Mar. 6 Plant oe Throng nging Sea Recorded in “Kadachigike Ruth N. Wets zel Mar. 13. Herb-Growing in the Home Garden Helen M. Fos 11 Rubber From A Hardy Tree 5 By E. E. Naylor jee HE tides still stands against’ tae een of the ornamental a ulmoides, which has been designated as “the only hardy rubber e sain se its 3% of eis pare is considered too in- significant for ial nes extraction. Still, a fairly abundant supply of rly all parts of ae sea Ifa ee of the bark, uit, or a leaf is br ken ahd pulled apart, numerous fine strands with a silvery luster appear, and they will stretch ee a eo ees befor they snap in two. In the leaf these threads always ar from the broken ends of the veins, for Lee are definitely Hee with the ae vascular system. The xylem, and the embryo inside the dry fruit are the only parts OF eee free of this material. The yield is about 3% of the dry bark weight and sl es as oe . the dry leaf weight. Reports from the Royal Bo tanic Gar tai d was eae too low to make eucommia one of the important a -producing p The elastic constituent exists in a dry, solid condition in a 7 plant. This peculiarity is shared with Parthenium argentatum of guayule rubber, and with Chrysothamnus graveolens, the rabbit. a ] the Southwest, another plant which has been considered as an emergenc rabber-producer, ae ause of this, the elastic threads can = observed i . the during oe b parently losing most of its elastic properties. It is free fro: When ee it produces a heavy black smoke and the oe ee of foie: ri evident from the dry eae a the rubber that it can not be obiained by any tapping process. Extr: n from ground portions of the boii rubber from such a tree as eucommia would, therefore, necessitate e me etho : of annual a or of stripping off portions of the bark, flees to she of commercial usefulness, yet, if the tree were to be exploited, the annual crop of leaves might in the end prove to be the most practical method for obtaining rubber. A leaf and several fruits of Eucommia ulmoides, showing the elastic fibers which exist in most parts of this hardy ornamental tree from China, (Photograph by Fleda Griffith). 13 The carrier cells in Eucommia differ considerably from those in such plants as Hevea or Manihot. In these tru re latex- Pilea Laeeed the ieee constitutes one complicated network arising from nehing a anastomosing of als a ares wee in the embr ey is broken at any point, as by tapping, the contents flow out for a time. ae sea ena oe ihe a sold Fai in. eucommia.. ae cane they pre in mbryo, They pas of ‘the vascular system Be clongate aoa a as the pe of the vascular system differentiate. At maturity each cell is extremely elongated and uniformly filled on this Romer: elastic substance. In eaf which has b 1 these groups of rod-like cells are very conspicuous as they follow the branching veins. The rubber is also present throughout the leaf in small globular masses sey distributed within the parenchyma of the mesophyll without any nee ce to pe veins ucommia can be easily gro seed. Apparently there is no dormant lake o sels paheea ie at the Garden germinated within three to five days after they were removed from the dry fruit and placed on moist blotting ce According to the Royal Botanic Gardens’ report, e seedli i iy ummer fro he a a fata after a few weeks in moe er Plants rown from cuttings need pruning and training for the first few years to prevent them from ‘becoming ee and spreading. Layering is also a possible means of propagation. Though still rare in pee ae tree neue to be perfectly hardy in this seed and will grow orth as the Arnold Arboretum in Massachusetts. Two healthy pecan: oe been growing since 1912 on the grounds of the ae a Botanical Garden, ad at the present time they are about 25 feet h A native of China, oe it is called ru cHUNG, Eucommia ulnoides is similar to our common elm in appearance and habit of growth. The Chinese hold it in high nee as a drug Se general tonic, although its actual therapeutic value is doubtful. Experiments with the bark have resulted in the extraction ‘of ee 0.038% Of alkaloids, In the mountain- regions of central and western China the tree is panes in — ae oon an the bark is i 2 large cities for local or ex Taxonomically, this tree occupies a somewhat aa position. It is the only member of the genus Eucommia t establi shed by walla! in 1890), and Eucommia is the only genus in the family Eucommiaceae. It is rather ese! related to the witch-hazel, though in appearance, as its specific me indicates, it somewhat resembles the elm 14 (old Kills Greenhouse Plants After Fire Which Damages Propagating House saa which aa out in mee heating plant of the propagating houses ind +a n December 17 destroyed the service sages at the Giese to this se of greenhouses and resulted in the loss of most of t y by freezing. The monetary a has been estimated to be around $50,000 for the reconstruction of the heating system ae - damaged part of the building and for replacement of the plants. of the exotic specimens can probably not a replaced pall after the war. th door and outdoor displays will be peer during the coming year but by suitable adjustments it is expected that the Garden ail continue t for the - Ekg hundr ed w inter-flowering begonias, the ea. display in n Conservatories showed little effect of the disaster, for the ARO ee other plants were saved, = much of the material to be used for the Nativity scene was already gro in Range The fire on this extremely cold morning first became evident with the ATTEMPTING TO SALVAGE PLANTS FROM THE COLD AFTER THE FIRE Above: An effort made spec of each plant that could not be ie replaced. eae aad ther shrubby Brianental pee ae. shown here, with one jasmine in standard oo cal jew ee being wrapped for transportation to Range 1, where they comprised an important part of the Christmas denies, re Aad a few days later cal photographs by Dan Israel, used by courtesy of th w York Herald Tribune) gutted and many panes of glass were broken in the adjacent houses of the range. Already on the scene, in response to the nightman’s call, were A. J. Corbett, .\. C. Pfander, and Joseph Tansey, Greenhouse a The 16 first job to be done was to determine which plants had Saenane slabs: because they ae not be easily ia then to save some specimens of ind i salva numbers of plants growing th This greenhouse range was ihe one used for the propagating and grow- ing on i: specimens to be used for display in Range 1. also for part of the summer’s outdoor di ae as well as for the maintenance we material sses. n the greenhouse formerly known as Range 2 and from the old roping eee both on the east side of the grounds, had been moved into “Y rop”’ only oe oe upon completion of extensive installations od Pee ms by the W.P.A. supplemented os he Garden's forces. The greenhouse was omer alee Me the seer of the ou of New York, and was acquired by the . in 1940 as part of t ee eee between the City ne Garden relative to an ae of half of the space in the greenhouse, at the time of the fire, was cry nee being u for eee on rubber. well as a number of plants being cultiv oe beca of their pharmac eae HapOrtance at the none time, were also ne Many large azaleas planned for spring display in Range 1 were destroyed. oe cinerarias, snapdragons, ae and see all of which were ae to hold important places the indoor garden arrangement co: ae months, had to be ae a ee es killed by the cold. pe ane material, from which new plants can be propagated, at least one or two specimens of each were saved so far as possible. The Garden’ : large. collection of hybrid oe (Hippeastrunt varieties) and related species, eae the rare blue amaryllis from Brazil (HA. proce sa were saved, along with several eenrne calanthe orchids were lo aded into wheelbarrows, covered with mats, and moved to the root-cellar, which was kept above 32 ea Paneth i the aid of kerosene stoves brought for the purpos Every gardener who could be spar’ a was called into service at the scene of the fire, and the success in saving plants was due to their well organized For Replacement of Plants N° OT only is time required for the replacement : plants that were lost as a result of the greenhouse fire December 17, but an expenditure ° ‘i must be made in building up again the collections that ad been assembled and cultivated over many years. T’ ar does nol have reserve funds with which to t such disasters, but it does hav friends, as evidenced the numerous telephone calls and notes of Rapid iis followed lis fire. Significant among the messages received lon Huntington joker, member f Viiaie: ae hairman of the Advisory Coun for it carried with it a check for five hundred dollars to aid the hats o . t for replacement. A gift like this is a heartening beginning in task aes task of replenishing stock of the atuible vpliae have been los efforts. Mrs. Lucien B. Taylor of Boston, who was at the Garden doing volunteer won in the greenhouses, pie her services too ae aided the regular gardeners greatly in thei ork of rescuin e plants. Poinseitias a some other plants were ‘individually wrappe an carried to Range 1 as nas the — uae was high er h to ale of fe eae ina a Specimens of Pr ale Doeae wer saved, also 40 or 50 plar es ae na. The ieee a ie flowered sterile cs on is = Believe dd to be the only stock in country representing the true cross. The variety originated at Kew. Can in England when P. verticillata from Arabia accidentally ae with P. flori bunda from the Himalayas. Begonia socotrana is valued because it is the species from which the floriferous winter-blooming “egos _ = been derived. This s parent species, which comes from the island of Soc in the Indian Aaah is little known in Gineion and it m eee not ane be replaced. tock of most of the h Hie however, can be obtained perhaps in . i Gephey | in another yea lants which could not be saved were ake from their pots at once to avoid the bursting of the pots from the freezing of their soil, and the labels were collected from all of them for record uses which could be kept I wher glass was broken—were kept above freezing fires ee in empty oil ene Ae rapidly as aaa salvageable material was ved to Range 1, w space was made for Part of the loss in oe Pe included many Benen as well as considerable equipment. Plans are ele! drawn for reconstruction of the damaged part of the greenhou a minimum use of critical materials, and it is hoped that the fe Sill ee be in running condition by next fall. 18 Marshall A. Howe Fellowship pita For Research in Cryptogamic Her T° perpetuate the memory and work of Dr. Laan a r ° ani e two years of his life its Director, a sum- ip mer fellowship has been established in his name through a gift o rs. Elon Huntington ker. This * atta con- ton o the Marshall A. Howe Fel lowsh eee will allow one scientist to one: Hoe the summer of Tae at the Botanical Garden, and ae argaret H. Fulford, Assistant Profes of “Bota any at the University of Gintinna ti, has been the the ae n’s ryp bee r familiarity with the collection h will give her work a special Future summers of rk in de- partment ill depend upon Pie ontributions to the fund which Mrs Hooker Le establishe: “Tt is hoy that friends oe the Garden will k ‘t possi on the gi hree-fold purpose in estab- face "ae fellowship,” he “First, there is the desi nemor: the scholarly and sympathetic, charming, and friendly ey of Dr. Mars ‘A. Howe; second, m continue wo ok on the of these groups of plants and familiarize other: ae them.” e’s chiet personal interest was the signe, That he was also ore with all the lower forms of plant 1 rep- resented in the Cryptogamic Hea at the Garden. i om) Dr. Harper Resigns From Board FTER tying on € ard of MannEces of the New v We Botani- cal Garden for more than thirty years, Dr. Robert A. Harper, Professor Emer- . ee peated in November. itus of Botany Unn r the Boa turing the past few his retirement from ee he has made his home at Bed- ord, Va. ie his 81st birthday anniversary Jan. 21. The Boa: Ei of Managers passed following resohition as a tribute to him at the December meeting. ne Bo: Managers of ¥ Bo’ tanival’ parace in ac- cepting the sesignation of Dr. Harper expr heir has existed for over thirty years, Resolved further, that they formally include record of their proceedings ee taatimnouy to the deep y rture. furthermore, health of to express the will permit him usefulness to the mun assure him of their continuing good wishes. bs) Miss Wheeler Retires one years of work or 1 s Whe entirely alone. It was cae oe ring the al W. j one of them had to be trained for the whom BE been on the project since the beginning. Mis: s Wheeler's = conse is Miss Mary Ashle > “_ had ked under her need tion for four Plants on Th oe the world have gone through Miss Wheeler’s hands— thousands of Asiatic specimens brought n by na E. D. pani the Hawaiian and more lately of Fijian one from Otto Degener ; the Killip & Smith collections from north: ern South America; examples of eco nomic plants from the tropics Gioubhout the world, Saee Bone the work of B. A. Kr ukoff ; s from Indi PE i=] is suspected by a casual glance at speci- mens. When the plants are first oe they are tied in bundles newspapers and ach specimen has crude eld label attached to it fall the insects, in- sect eggs, and fungi that the plants may harbor, ry must each be di in a solution of bichloride of mercury and alcohol, ete ae nas two one Then ach ay dis further held But even this is not all the job that Miss Wheele s had andl ic : constant use the material herbarium Hecossiaies Freaiient oe and these she has always done herself. The neatly mounted specimens in "de ee are a tribute to her years at t iss Wheeler i is a sister of Mrs. eS Wilson and of the late Mrs. John 19 “are wor! Small. In December a dinner was giv in her Hate by the other women ais for the New York Botanical Garden. Po Lessons in Vegetable Culture Offered by Botanical Garden BLE gardens wherever it is me. lens are planned oe pre the more abundant wil their crops. eae successful eeeubles. gardeners ¢ learning, is not a mere matter of sow- ie a packet of seed in ly raked soil and then waiting for the plants to mature, but it involves selection of a Loe i or of healthy you set ou deep oo and feuliene of e raking and tamping, sowin ene then eccastant care until the crop is ripe. It even involves the proper time and method . sting each crop in order to get the best value from getables All these points are conscientiously taught in the N York ue ical able offer Vegetable Gardening. iS Com) Notes, News: and Comment To South Amer John H. Pierce we et to leave New York Janu- y 12 on a wartim signment in South Amen for the Pan Manon Products Corporation. He is to collect and make a survey of certain es ease products that are needed production. 20 Colombia, Venezuela, and Brazil a ae fe panrenile the field for his fropiesl er to Haiti. Frank G. Mackaness, ee work that intending for the’ same one ieation. Neu ting. The three volumes of eign A "Beaail s “An ee eos, _ Nor thern | Sta meet a steady ond for this ae work. ned. Dr. John H. Barnhart, Bibliographer Emeri tus, are returned to aay eet after spending the home at Southampton, E. Wy: ane work ‘on the flora of North America. rch. Dorothy Longacre, who fos ctor of Philosophy U mb: ia University, is work- nutrition of ae i cau > —f that he laboratory of Dr. q. ‘Robb ins a the Garden. Miss Lo ee se an ea in the labora- De William J. Bonisteel at Pion University showed the 8 to the G. L. Wittrock Ga ie motion picture Dec. Chicago Academy of Sciences e. s’ Day. YANGONA (called kK or KAVA in some of thie as on the Pacific and known as ava in Haw was served embers and their fies at the Members’ D rogram January 6, when Olto Degener spoke on “Collecting Plants in the Fiji Islands.” The drink, which is made of the ground root o Piper methysticum, is in common use in on other islands, It was mixed Fiji and | ooden bowl from. Fiji 7 a agit WwW iti to New Ther ty from the greenhouses on display, and the Advisory Cour neil ved tea and maté after the lecture. re the guests were Mrs. Ann Archbold of Washington, D. C, who spon ae an ex eve on which Mr. iji; s, Adrian Arch- ee danger in- ee 3 and As shley of Scarsdale, eg hold. Mrs. tray a the region Ke li ich Mr. Degener spoke nn and will tell some stories of their Frederick D. Chester. When he to the a 1935 to cam ic con = He died at career as ace tor and adie s rom Cornell in 1882. He eventually be- came bacteriologist and mycologist for Agricultural Exp nt Station ere and later Director of the State Bac- teriological Laboratory. Meanwhile, he had obtained a ay degree from g e University of Dela- ware awarded fim, an honorary Doctor of Science degree. his earlier years he wrote exten- sive ly on ecelees ad eee any, and at the beginning of the century us prepar red the t American texthook on determinative 21 bacteriology. Later, Bergey’s Manual re- placed ue in the field ; then in 1939, at the t of the In ternational Mycolo gical ester nce-modern ate. 20 years carbon pro: ee he worked ucts, and _ chemistry the Mimex Com- a was a charter member and former sident of the Society a nes oe also a member of the American Chemical Society, at re eee rican ees for Ame g Adee of Sci Ey Current Literature* At a Glance mps. Forty-three kinds of trees in every hem book of the Bar clay Madis d Piling sociates, Inc., ee) by William D. Ma work of identifying the trees and aring descriptions of them was done ‘the New pay Botanical Garden’s on pag ation an York Cy, of the ing plait which furnish sisctal pradet: for world commerce are illustrated in the December 1941 Heed of The Chicago Nat ay or ek eh d by d f Scienc the Chicago Academ Kings Can: The dramatic story of the creation OE ings Canyon National Park in March 1940, after 59 years of campaigning, is told Robert Sterling Yard in The Living Wilderness, issued 1 the area and the first advocate no its * All publications mentioned here—and many seas may be fone Ba the Library ae a cal Garden, in the Museum Buildi preservation. The new park lies aie north of Se ae ry National connie and, from its a region of panier grandeur Bulletin. The School Nature League oe is being papi’ cee year by e National Audubon Soc xperiments bein Tropean corn i orer, and osquito larva. In Sei for Nov Bermuda Fungi. noe ver describes his pading 0 Dr, E. nig ion on parts of eonenents far removed from the islands. Textile d Dyes. A complete set of the Ciba Renew a periodical concerned with textile dyes, ee in Switzer- land, has recently ved in the library. Beautifully ieserated with half- tones, many o nt famous aa cra kK manship of races in e parts of the orld in ancient days as well - the resent, these magazines contain an abundance of material i on vee that are used for textiles and for dye ve rhe {re facilitate identi- ody T sota mainly First issued in 11938, the book has ju ist ared in its f ised edition. esot P; Bue Cain. cok at aaiblis hed by Burgess ic Minnea 22 Notices and Reviews of Recent Books (All publications mentioned here may be consulted in the Library of The New York Botanical Garden or may be purchased on order through the Library.) healegs in Plant Life ae By ppreciative Laym THIS GREEN Platt. 222 photographs by the Dodd, Mead & Co., $3. WORLD, Rutherford illustrated with author, indexed. New York, 1942. Louis a the famous American He brah ist of the middle nineteenth cen- , once said “Study nature, not books,” and ‘his skates have since becor ectamous the formula for reall: Wout: than the auth author, is a business m of the few among them who lee cise svered that pleasure. In his book he tells of his disco i tions, but rather a laym ho ha: d the books a hen gone to see f himself. Nothing of what he has seen is z= S = a s = 3.5 ea 8. e 3 = a cs) d Hite - parts. In tre he tells o their root systems ane eir internal contribute to giving them what he calls the S gr waterworks,” Green 1 maruclois role in converting water jad carbon dioxide into food ER - the trees themselves, as well as for and other animals, logically fills a chante and the section terminates with chapters on leaf arrange cement, autumn clos and the gencrally ov ‘erlooked beauties of winter other aspects of tree ae et have been discussed but the boo! fatendet ner should it be ceiver serve as a text. It fulfills a far nor valuable purpose in showing that a lay- man can fu ae apprecia xts to them an appreciation of their 5 and gat from the mo or an entire cha; and rightly so, for perhaps no other eee in the biology of plants during the past twenty years com nbines such sim ( caus temperature cand water ae ut now ce t uch many plane i caavealled with ‘remarkable nin by tl he umber of hours of daily sur ae wing such photoperiodic response at The marvels and intricacies of pollen and pollination occu; the next four Shaner and thro plant families, as represented by flowers of fields and woods, concludes this second part. In the third part we find illustrated keys eae identification of common trees, onl. to their genera, and the book ends with an annotated list of books pe cea for readin Outstanding among the admirable fea- tures of is noltine are the oo repre ione some of w i ru 23 who have been fortunate enough to have seen projections of his oo — will eased them more tha ords E. H. Futrrne. An Agriculiural Cause of War SOIL EXHAUSTION AND CIVIL WAR. William alge Bagley, Jr. 101 pages, inaeeen, American Council on eae blic Affairs, Washington, D. C, 194 $2. The author tries to ne a rela- pene aaa pe a pee in- flue of o fart under con- and Phe. Civil War. ACCO ‘farming gave larger Arch than other cro The: raised se h the use Single-crop farming coupled with the use of Gnekilled, erie ree od un- scientific farm methods led to soil ex- haustion. Soil exhaustion sieceseit tated moving on to new soil if that eae 2 agriculttire was to continue. Expans met the confining intentions of acai acts. of deral | ae aimed at ne il e: aman ae stimulated an A iatenial Gree sure in the Sou which finally exploded in the ‘vil The for eee is the thesis of ee small volume as this reviewer reads The book itself is Dicpeateramtly a coletion of quoted passag eads_ like id one oe ‘it an ide with t the pertinent data and teas from the i imposing bibliography had been synthesized ae smoothly built hypothe- sis. The h there and one could read the Book ee rapidly by omit- ting the quoted passage: Yon ALL, NJ. Coilege ee en Weedless Acres WEED OL, A Textbook and Manual. ed W. Robbins, Alden Pat Ebedort Richard N. Raynor, illustrated, indexed; chapter ‘Sibliographies and. ree ices, w-Hill Bo York. a nis is an ne piece of work by re porns of the Agricultural Ex- perim ation at the University me California. the sort of book which p are a agriculture will prescribe for aud which they will want for thei The volume does not concern the iden- Haeason and description of weeds. The effort is rather to Age ing eS the in- hic a ti = formation w ae cal hee ne in solving his Se of control. Besides the. one, orchardists, and hortenlturicts to whom the book will ne by eee peobleng discisced, Then ae of treatment Aer our e given, from poison ivy and Cras ioe to quack grass and i morning glory. This is the sort of book that ou O be in the hands of every intelligent grow- er of plants, but . need that its price will materially limit i R. R. Stewart. Monograph and Horticultural Guide CEANOTHUS. Maunsell Van Rens- selaer & Howard E, McMinn, with chapters by Alfr J. Stewart and Herbert L. ason. 308 pages, il- lustrated, indexed. Santa Barbara ary oes Santa Barbara, Ca: : stk is in two parts. Part I, Cain for Gardens, Parks and Road- tiles Rensselaer, giv < eae atural stand of the species ey = hea Hens a use in the landscape of pe various specie: varieties a the genus. any ol those listed are Bore aeailable from ieee The sites of notable collec- tions are given. A_ separate r Ba opagation and tewart details Bea n appe have a place aescuthent: oe The lescriptions are ehtrancin, and if hardier varieties could be develo oped, they would find a ready place in the gardens of the northeastern section of our country. 24 Part II is A Systematic Study of me Genus oo by Howard E. MeMin: with chapter on The Distributional Liste ay and Fossil Record by Herbert L. ason, The systematic study is the first at- tempt at complete revision since 1897. Included are 35 species, 25 varieties, 11 eee a a ural hybrids and several minor Va nothus are con- AIL "he species of Cea rth etic ie to the peat of No Cali Exc natural distribution. charts ion ng prob- able relationships of species and natural hybrids, and clear drawings showing taxo- nomic differences of the chief species are include os The section on “Distributional History and Fos Record of Ceanothus” by Her- bert L. Mason discusses in a eer way plant migrations and then specifically this enus. Cc Connors, New Jersey aes College of Agriculture. Nutrients For Plan In Review and Application THEORY AND PR. to USE OF FER TILIZ Bear. 360 pages, hace itusteated. John ees & Sons, Inc., 1942, $3.5 Most research aie start on a p’ lem by. studying all that has been Vigne before in their chosen field. To such per- sons, doing research in some phase of plant ee this book would be a time- ae is a compilation of most of ite theories, ideas, viewpoints, eicumens s of 0 opinion, and practices rela- t have bee a their combinations, also on ot phases . fertilizer practice. At re nd of ach chapter will be found list of selected Peferences which feels more 250. The chapters on The Soil Reaction and on Organic Matter ae inadequate to this reviewer, - nd the of ees following these nee is oe lete. The final chapter : on the subieet of trace elements in the State iste a Pie Auta Bansidale N.Y. Model in Fern Guides FERNS AND FERN Pear OF LOUISIANA, Clair own & Don &. Cor rer: "386 pages, illus- trated, index ouisia: State i Bi eo ton wR University ree! 1942, $3. We must oa Drs. Brown and Correll for plete work hoot “ihe for w ouisi- ana, Not only have all actual records for the sta te teen checked and listed, but eee exploration has been done so as to make the listing as complete as poss as map showing the geological for matio: us of Louisiana, the complete bib. liography, a the glossary are nite fo) a rk of thi and clear, an style py choice to make for ease of readi is is the kind of botanical publica- were one like it produced fo: . E. EXANDER. A Point of View on Plant Classification PHYLOGENETIC AND CYTOLOG- ICAL STUDIES IN THE RANUN- beh Mae sore (From Transactions of he Walton C. Be 521, illustrated. ‘American ee phical gociety, *Sontinde iphia, ory pre: extensive re- view OE exist aes revtaogical Pew lies of a single family. He sho ¢c rac rogress can be made only by ial as correlation of all available kinds of evid H. W. Ricxerr. THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN ficers Jos R. Swan, Presid eas = Fone pete. Vice president NL. Merrint, Vice-presiden he ou M. ANDERSON, : shee Henry DE LA Monracne, Secretary Elective Managers Mrs. Eton HuntiIncTon Ropert H. MonTGOMERY Wi1am FELton Barrett _ Hooxer H. Hopart Porter Henry F. pu Pont Uap Ja Francis E. Power, Jr. LARENCE Ss MARSHALL ENRY Locks ART, JR, Mrs. Harotp I. Pratt TLLIA BIN! Frew Rev. RogertI. GANNon, OD. . rine ces 14M J. Row S.J. E. D. A. Percy SAUNDERS oe Managers Fiorerto H. LaGuarpia, Mayor of the City of New York E_tswortu B, Buck, President of the Board of Education Rozert Moses, Park Commissioner Appointive Managers By the ee Botanical Club LEASON By Columbia University Meee T. learn Marcus M. ea Cuartes W. Bau Sam F, TreLEase THE STAFF Wru.u1aM J. Rossins, Ps.D., Sc.D. ector . A. Gueason, Pu.D. Assistant Director od Head pated raga DE LA MONTAGNE Assistant Director A. B. Stour, Pu.D. Curator of Education ane ree come Frep| J. SEAVER, Pug.D., Sc.D. Bernarp O. Dooce, Pu.D Plant Pat reiteey Bee HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D. Bibliographer Emeritus H. W. Ricxetr, Pu.D. ibliographer Hanocp N. Morpenxe, Pu.D. (Onleave of absence) Associate Curator . Stewart, Px.D Acting Curator ee Cc. Hat, A. B., B.S. ibrarian Fiepa GRIFFITH Artist and Photographer Percy WiLson Research Associate RoperT S, WILLIAMS Research rea in Bryology E. J. ALExaNvER, B.S. Assi. and Curator of the Local Herbarium W. H. Camp, Pu.D. (On leave of absence) Westen Curator Frances E. Wynne, Pu.D. Assistant Curator CrypE CHannier, Px.D. ec Assistant Rosai IKERT Technical Assistant E. Nayzor, Px.D. Technical Assistant Joun H. Prerce, M.A. Technical Assistant Caro H. Woopwarp, A.B. Editorial Assistant Tuomas H. Everetr, N.D. Hort. Horticulturist G, L. Wirtrocx, K, AM. Custodian of the Herbarium M.S. Collaborator in Hawaiian Botany A. J. Grout, Px.D. Honorary Curator of Mosse. Rosert HaGeLsteIn Honorary Curator of Myxomycetes JoserH F. BurKE Honorary Curator of the aiait td B. A. Kruxorr Honorary Curat tor of Economic Botan: ErHer Anson S,. PeckoamM H Iri. Narcissus Collec: fon ArrHur J. CorBETt Stiperintendent OF "Buildings aad Grounds A. C. Pranper Assistant Superintendent reach the Botanical Garden, take the Eighth Avenue Subway to Bedford Park Bly ti, “the Third Av vente fetes ated to the Bronx Park station, or the New York tate to the Spe Garden station: or ‘drive up the Grand Concourse then east on Mee Pkw. or, coming from Westchester, turn west at the end of Bronx River MEMBERSHIP IN THE GARDEN Established as a privately endow a institution, aided partially by City appropriations, The New wou Botanical Gone en ependent for its prec largely upon benefa ctions d memberships. Through these aoe one young as bo ei gardens go, it has become ANS thi el piece institution of its kind, its hue herbarium, and heceaeoet collections ia among the finest and most complete in any country. mbership The New Y Botanic arden, therefore, means promotion of scientific research in botany 3 nd the advancement of horticultural interests. Scientifically, he G able t a clearing-house of information for students and botanists all over oe Sone hortcuturaly, it often serves as a link between ae plant explorer or breeder and the garden ing public. ough memberships and benefactions, provision is made at the Botanical Garde for the training of young scientists and student gardeners; hundreds of ne we added annually to the library, which is open daily to the public for etch and reading; free ibi intained in the museum, the rdens, and eee courses, nd free information in botany and gardening are given to the public. Each indi eRe (2 Ear Bates oe unusual pikes accompeaiee i description ; ; )) AN of Addisonia on ach number illustrated with eight ns. A share 3 Peele plant material of interesting or new varieties when ever e is se ibuted ‘ ‘ nouncements of special floral displays, programs, lectures, and other events at a Garden (5) Credit to the amount of the membership fee paid, toward courses of | study offered by the Garden (6) The privilege of botromiae lantern slides from the Garden’s collection. ) Use of the Members’ Room in the Museum Buildi A limited number of garden clubs are accepted as Affliates. The. eae eges of affiliatio re ure a year ber of the staff, a share in the distribution of plants when hey are available, a subscription to the Journal to Addiso nouncements special activities at the Botanical Garden. In addition, any member of affliated club may recei he current year of membership a reduction of $5 in the fees paid for instruction s does not apply to the course for professional gardeners.) An Affliate Garden Club ay borrow lantern slides ie the n’s extensive collection, such loan being subject to the regulations for the use of lantern slices by ne idual members. ikeyi an affiliate club may engage without fe a Members’ Room at the Garden for its meeting The classes of membership are as ae Annual Member aoa ee $ 10 Sustaining Member ual fee 25 Garden Club Affiliation canal fee for club 2) Fellowship Member annual fee 100 Member for Life single contribution 250 Boley for Life single contribution 1,000 Patro single contribution 5,00 single contribution Fellowships or scholarships for practical student-training in horticulture or for botanical research may be established by bequest or other benefaction either in perpetuity or for a de ane peri jp tributions to the Gaiden may be deducted from taxable incomes. The following is a legally nes form of bequest: ereby bequeath to The New York Botanical Garden incorporated under the Laws of New "York Chapter 285 of 1891, ihe sum of ———— Conditional bequests may be made with income payable to donor d beneficiary during his or her life OF ee All requests for nee infoccee should be addressed to The N i Garden, Bronx Park, ork, N. Y. * New Yor toa JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN fo, i fe ALLE Lshcbpbdtg > fd Poy ae be Hs. gt SIS OIE! Tarte LiFe ep x ; gt Ls oO fp 4 OF z te : uj iY fi EE oe fee. “Oe, : Psp ‘oe caf of: ‘eer. of Ys 4/file- th SME, de SEE LD FEBRUARY |e Ue aes) JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Caro. H. Woopwarp, Editor NATIVE PLANTS FOR AMERICAN GARDENS IN the Annual Report which was ae to the Corporation of the rk Botanical — last month, Dr. Willia. ; m J. Robbins e fu sll see the op- portunities at hand to develo es tive American plants for ene use, and su port nae a project generously enough to make it worthy ° ace have been more neglected in the American garden than those that appear in the natural landscape of the continent. In the Great Basin of the West abound colorful perennials, attractive shrubs, and innum: merable i arm, yet scarcely Pant o In y p @ co nnuals, ee shrubs, and trees that ai be enjo oyed far outside their Sean habita i iy secret of their culture could be learned in a ged test gard “The Baropeane have long pierems American plants, and many of m they have im prov ved. It was the astute English gardeners who col- hybridize American plants for American garde The recent book by William R. Van Dersal, “Ornamental a “Shrubs,” should be an inspiration for anyone aiming to have the finest of woody plant material on his rounds. American plants are by nature adapted to American gardens. To introduce them eae ee ak : pad test eee is needed—one where intelligent selection and c breeding of the plants will result in bringing the finest of hee pee geeks heculgel use. TABLE OF CONTENTS February 1943 Bac oF MILKWEED FIBER MADE BY THE SAUK AND Fox INDIANS OF IOWA Cover photograph from American ee a Natural History Finer PLANTS OF THE Bas AMERICAN ABORIGINES C. Whitford 25 Tue Story or WILD Ric: ae M. Fox 35 A GREENHOUSE Mee ee F. J. Seaver 36 New Sources oF VITAMIN C Virgene Kavanagh 38 BritToniA BecoMES OFFICIAL OrGAN FOR PLANT TAXONOMISTS 42 Notic EVI oF Recent Boo 43 Current LiteRATURE AT A GL 45 Notes, News, AND CoMMENT 47 e Journal is published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. ve Printed in U. S, A. Entered at the Post Office in New York, N. Y., as second-class matter. Annual subscription $1.00. Single copies 15 cents. Free to members of the Garden. JOURNAL of THE NEW YorK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vor. 44 Fesruary 1943 No. 518 Fiber Plants of the INorth American Aborigines The Story e What the Prehistoric ne Employed Textiles, Ropes, Fis and Lines, Bags, Burden pik pe Sandals By A. C. Whitford ONG before the white man came to North America, the native Indian had taught himself the art of weaving. Besides making cloth of the ently one of the earliest articles of trade, he manufactured fine textiles na ie bad of ses eds and Beri he walked on sandals and carried his burden straps made from the ‘heavier fibers of yucca; and he wove Hankets eae the cpfian stems of Spanish moss throughout the region here it grew. If fi s, ropes, and cordage are included, it will be found that the oagel ee of North America til zed at least 55 different species of plants for their fibers. Thousands of ae of ir craftsmanship are ing i other sites where the India to have s sojourne ed long ago. The fibers they used have cae pari ey by microscopic comparison with living or dried specimens of plants. Dr. Whitford, who is a fiber technologist, has been growing and studying textile fibers ride as hobby and profession for 20 years. In his pursuit of fiber plants used h ° 1a dwelling si ites of e aborigines. otany, chem: microscopy, and ethnology are called upon in his Sieaipis to identify the ae ee a by the North American Indians. In his nr nae capacitv as fiber Sara aa or the Manawul Corporation of Boston, Dr. Whitford is combining his profession with his avocation. 25 26 Generally, the Indians of a particular region used only the plants that grew wild in that vicinity, and they apparently learned to ane the most f every kind of plant, from grasses to trees, that bore any s t of fiber. Occasionally, however, exotic fibers are found, representing ae some- times from hundreds of miles away. Weaving was important enough to make the raw materials it required a leading article of trade. In no case observed has there been found a mixture of animal with vegetable fibers in a cord or a rope, although in feather and fur cloths the core of the material was often some vegetable fiber made into a cord around which or into which the animal materials were fastened. This is anes sea able in the eon feather blankets of the West and the fur materials found in Spiro Mou ind o Texas Plant r teria ised for weaving by the ifdians fall into two distinct classes: structural nee and bast es depending upon their place in the a: ana es the epidermis, or bark, of the plant and the inner stele, or woody portion. Structural Fibers The structural fibers are usually too coarse and stiff for finer work unless considerable preparation is done; but, on the other hand, they are so Sane at they have been abundantly almetto, Sabal imetto, for example, was not only used by the southern Indians in whose a it grew, but also by the Iroquois Indians k, who acquired it as an article of trade. In ois burden strap in the A can M of Natural History, the stiff, strong ee are age from palmetto fiber, then covered with soft cotton, eee impor’ sal the found three bags made by the = Wumnehagea a Spanish moss e trees, stripped ‘off the amall ee leaves, and wove the entire ene into a comfortable covering. A finished specimen is shown in the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, in ew York, all the North American plants containing structural fibers that were usable, probably the yuccas were most pate rtant. They were used’ wher- ever found, in all section and by all peoples. The versatility of yucca fiber is oe Tt is found both as warp and 27 weft of common cloth, and used in open woven cloth with cotton. Som ae tribes mixed it with cotton cloth to make a new cloth. It w: as fou fe ats. in e comp: yucca fiber, as well and cords, both one- and tt: dees likewise both braided and twisted rope. most ¢c only been made from it throughout the whole Sandals hav om prehistoric Tide patie even fee he the present time. Sandal pads of hate also have as found. In fact, it appears to have been used fo every purpose in which a fiber was demanded. The only regions oie its occurrence in materials has not been noted is where it ‘ee not even grow t ance. Except for Yucca glauca and Yucca baccata, the species are very limited in sae ee and eae ee reatiapse a ae kind that inhabitants of a region. The people of - ee eee ulture, ao exal or ta ee na. Fu north, ae , the Mound pn are on o have used at least fis plants which they. oS ate trade with t fies to the south. Yucca filament osa appear and a closely related plant, Nolina georgi- ana, is seen in eee ae of which are in the Ohio State Historical and Archaeological Museum. These stronger fibers were mixed with the weaker native ones of the Mound ae ni as eryngo, Eryngium yuccaefolium, identified with the nolina in sa This same blending of rae has cite. ee noticed in a study of the material from aes Mow Five sandals in aera types of weaving, all made from yucca leaves by prehistoric In sic denne in Ceremonial Cave, Winchester Mountains, Arizona. The middle sandal een Yucca elata, the other four from Y. baccata. (Photogra ph from e Museum of the Amerind Foundation, Dragoon, Arizona.) Ropes, cords, fish lines, threads, and ie articles fashioned from plant fibers, probably by the Ba: hetma kers, and found in monial Cave in the Winchester Mo’ untains in Arizona. The letter “a indicates per fi er combi ned with Yucca baccata a; ‘“b” indi cates ae made entirely of Yucca baccata; * ‘c * shows the cotton articles: * a a picts of Yi aes cata ane elata; and “e” Yucca elata alone. ees raph he Museum of the Amerind Fosndaion. Dragoon, Arizona.) At the Wupatki National Monument in Arizona, Yucca Baileys, the res species of the region, has been most frequently found in woven goods, although Y. elata and }. baccata were also used there, as well as Nolina microcarpa. ee ine aa another desert relative of the yucca, i bee! age ved c ned with the commoner yuccas, also with Y. Schottet ee Y. ‘nolo in Fane from the Hier National sfonumen in n Ari safe to conclude th of the species of Yuc or ie ee ae Nolina or Dasjirion was oraieocel | in ne search for fibrous materials. Grasses are the next most widely used monocotyledonous group, par- anes east of the ee River or where the yucca was not native. Sweet grass, Hierochloé odor was frequently woven in for decoration the atus, t with ed a or to nex into a eae either the leaf itself sim: mply twisted or the n fibers taken. In ections the canebrake, a ‘naria tecta, was cee source ee raw oe ae ropes and moccasins. The Ore 29 Prehistoric Indians made cloth of ee pungens. Among the monocotyledons closely related to the grasses were several rushes, aa - Scirpus Juncus, used along with Aner (Typha) to make mats and ‘coarse objec e most wuidhe development yet to come to notice in the use of fibers sitchensis. In the manufacture of ee ae es mats they used - _ of the —roots, stems, and leaves. These orked in various man- ners, with some roots of spruce nee very occasionally whalebone ie ie eco- ration. They eo out their designs and patterns with precision and in mi g ofc and Hie — eae utahensis, the most ere distributed and abundant, but also A. Parryi and A. Palmeri. One oe structural fber must not be overlooked and that is eryngo, Er ryngiem Bade one of oS few parallel-veined dicotyledons fow 2 in the United Sta was much sso ores cs ea ee aaa region of ie growin tor it has wie n enco red 55 times in materials oie aves hio. o da r e e 25 structural fibers were derive by t om are ct this continent. This is a rather imposing list when it is remembered how crude the manner was in which they were obtained and utilized. Bast Fibers While there are no ee Ba ee - aanclraaen several examples are to be found a the Gym: erms, and many bast fibers were derived by the at cere fon the dicotyledonous annuals and en ae perennials, besides a few from shrubs and trees. Milkweed, ange: Asclepias Cat was used wherever it ae for the manufac of fine materials such as fish nets and fine cords and fabrics, also ee belts and aes arenes Further south and west *In the Peabody Museum there are samples of an cloth made from the fiber of the common milkweed, and in the American Museum of Natural History there is a fish net of milkweed made be the Matchapunga Tidish ns. ee have bee used throughout the country by the Indians for the fiber they contain. cf ye A s made from Urtica Brewerii by pre-Columbian Indians were Sooke ok Cave, Pershing County, Nevada: (TP hotasreph ie m Mus of the American Indian, Heye Foundatio this species became replaced by A. incarnata, A. ee and A. pulchra. eed, or butterfly- Nee) pe epias tuberosa, and the Ohio Mound Builders 1 made cloth from wamp milkw: eeds, pn pulchra and A. incarnata, were also ned, ee f ing rope vell as fine cords oc al litie utilization ranging from fabrics and thin eae to cor netting. Milkweed was commonly used because it required very little preparation to secure fine thre ee breaking Pe easily nthe artificially or by simply leaving it out to e Nettles, throughout their aeepiton provided fibers for textiles. In th i, the ee pues i gracilis, and the stinging nettle, Lee anadens mon ones, although the s stingless oe Done 1a onde ica, was eres used. Like the milkweeds, their fibers hav been found in nets, cords and fabrics and, being easily handled, fee alc **TIn the University of Kentucky Museum, also in the Ohio State Historical and Archaeological Museum, are ropes made from the swamp milkweed. 31 were much prized for Ais i a el oS States these ae ba replaced by the Urtica Brewerti and Urt yall, The finest oie re oy ae priv ne s of this caer ae woven either as ae milkweeds or t tles Another family. of plants which was eaeieae nized was bane, or Apocynaceae, acne h contains the India mp, Apo nabinum, and ei androsaemifolium, or do: ae Bis these e€ been given credi being i a they were, as a matter of fact, used less than either the milkweeds or the nettles. In some 1,500 specimens ef prehistoric Rite collected from cs bake He United States and in many muse of the country there ind 106 specimens containing ile i containing i. ee He 14 containing the Indian hemp and dogban One other herbaceous plant has often been ey : ae material, and that is the perennial wild flax, Linum Lewisii. The long, ek fae fibers were used for the manufacture of the delicate a and s s of bird nets and other articles where both strength and finen : It has been found used by peoples from Alaska to Mexico and from the confined to the region west of the Mississippi, in an investigation none was found in any material a rom eastern sa States. Sagebrush Artemisia tridentata, was one of the plants most “frequently used by the aborigines of the Northwest. As it appears in a piece of cloth at the of western wild flax and three sandals aaah in Salt e No. A net bag St. Thon: Clark County, Neveda. The londels are made from yucca we oe nettle va ica nate and milkweed (Asclebias aalioids) oe raph m Mus of American Indian, Heye Fou aadied aly straps have been made by the Indians of every era in e three, made proba bly in the 17th century, are from the Mohawk eer “ihe ube es ood fiber, the other two are of black walnut. hoe m the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundatio Aa salen of Michigan, the bark was evidently peeled — and then the ms were boiled with ashes to break them down into r finer fibers. ae Museum of the cas Indian, Heye a there are several pieces of sagebrush r and cord from caves in Ida ho , while in the United ay eae reer ee are sandals and bag cords made from sagebru Another eee used western shrub was the cliff-rose, Cowanta Stansburiana, especially by the natives of the region around the Wupatki National Monument. In ctions of the Mu f Northern Arizona it was in six oat ae mats and coarse cords because of the harshness of the bast. In the same museum is a single specimen of cord made from one of im sumacs, Rhus trilobata. One of the south- pe aie about 1200 oe these articles are among those ae) found by ve ee thel, Kansas, in Spiro Mound, a recently excavated oe os ae : Tex on ae ith others in a special Goin of the new Kansas bmin. Basswood fiber occurs in this Potawatomi bag from Wisconsin. At the left is baw a an Indian fish net made from milkweed fiber. (Photographs by American Mus of N ) Natural History, where these objects are on display western blueberries, Vaccinium orcophilum, was used for cordage by the primitive cave-dwellers of Nevada, usually as strips twisted together, but occasionally broken down into © finer material. hile her eee plants and shrubs were important ie their eee trees were not overlooked by the ena peoples of America. Perha the most common a used bast of all was taken from a oe the bass wood (“bass-” from “bast”), or li oe a Tilia americana. This linden bast wa: Mane for al classes of objects from coarse rope to fine cloth, es ied imply as twisted strips, other pee broken wa wn. by boiling in ashes and isd to 0 bre it up into its fine component parts. In the Milwaukee aes there is a Menominee bag of linden an in the form of a very ine spun yarn. “The waxes and = have all been removed and the fibers i pies as Hie having been combed. In Massachusetts in the Pea bod. eisa aga of evil cloth made by the pr rotohistorie mie of. re a n. Many other ums have coarser cords and r ses from this Bees oneal 321 times in ie objects examined fro of the Mississippi, it proved to be the most commonly used fiber in ne region. Other trees which are known to have provided fibers for the 34 eastern aborigines are the common elm, Ulmus americana, and the slippery elm, U. fulva black willow, Salix nigra; leatherwood, Dirca palustris; a papyrifera; black walnut, Juglans nigra, and finally the pawpaw, year viloba. All these were handled much: like the linden most common is the papery bast from uniperus. Wher strength and fineness were uired, this material Lae itself prac- ical for many purposes. It als aerate occasionally as ecoration In one example of t aterials taken from Winchester Cave j in Arizon: by Mr. W. S. Fulton, one of an S eae Pic oe was found woven A single specimen of larch, either a nativ aa or a species brought up Mex aa Basketmakers used it in the manufacture of fabrics and fae as In fact, wherever it was cate either through culture or trade, it was 7 by the aborigines. * * above survey does not pretend to be complete or final but simply stems to illustrate | the types and numbers of different plants used by rth America i i i a a m4 in| o =e i} a aan oT ion a iy =] =. wn ° oh a ° 3 e g = fel = > ® 2 5 w 4 3 ° ia ee i] “4 ot of. =f sy wiete In addition to the 25 structural fibers ne there were some thirt ib odd species of dicotyledonous eee used for r bast, or a total o less than 55 species of plants known to have ae utili ed by these periine peoples. It is to be hoped that pie eres may continue so that the full extent of the supply may be known and the ability of the early Lae make the ee of the natural resources surrounding them can be m fully appreciated. WHAT DOES REFORESTATION ACCOMPLISH? EFORESTA TION amounts to more than the mere planti ting of trees; TOVi An services ee e eine He the forest and the oppor. tunities the pans offers for ne recreation From a recent lecture at the Garden by E, W. LittLerteip of the State Department of Conservation Q -) The Story of Wild Rice By Helen M. Fox “In the golden-hued Wazu-pe-wee—the moon when the wild rice is gathered, When the leaves on the tall sugar-tree are as red 2 the bri ro ie robin, And the red-oaks that border the lea are aflame with the fire of ae Fr e wide- ae fields of wild-rice, (oni the meadow: Dsif te. wak-pa-dan e the geese and ‘the lards rejoice the bountiful harvest, goer the hunters with ae of nook a ate ieck ce the bear and the bison, And the women in birchen canoes well laden with rice from the meadows.” Gordon, Legends of the Northwest, pp. 58, 59. This quotation in a mie -like meter : ieee the material aaa in the 19th Annual Repor h S. Bur of American Eth “The Wild Rice Gatherers oF the Upper Lak ee by Albert Ernest cee Wild rice (Zizania Spiel grows in brackish waters of rivers, in aes lakes and ponds from the ea to the Rocky Mountains, and from the Great mete to the Gulf of Mexico. The Menominee In- dians on lived along th See teares pee in ee i Michigan took their name from MANOMI e Indian word for e Objibwas a nae were important ane s in the rice area aad or oe were aged in a continual struggle for the rice fields. Almost every bend o on at the Ciacn and Red Cedar rivers was the scene of an Indian battle, and both of the streams bore Indian names synonymous with the wor rds “Wild Rice River. The Conan . Aa grain a the cea is curious. Before it fe the women go their canoes and wit rved sticks pull the toward them a it in a oar a e ae string made of the tae ark of basswood. They do this to prevent the birds from eating it and to make a pathway so hey can harvest it with their canoes. Harvesting occurs in the exact cae before the grain is ripe enough to fall into the water by the s stirring of a breeze or the alighting of a bird. The canoe is filled the laborers exchange implements and harvester boatman rain, n i h is prea: sepa- Ss rc) ag oe om @ “@ 3 ¢. cm ‘a, S ea a=) Por rate the husk from the kernel, is dried either in the s slow fire. Canoes, winnowing trays, and mococks ( ee Gene eae are all irch bark. Even the wild rice of the market today is largely gathered by Indians. It is a graceful plant rising sometimes to 12 feet above the water. The 36 ce ole of yellow-green flowers become purplish when the grain is n food value wild rice is reputed to be more nourishing than oats, ee seats rice, or maize. cA Greenhouse TMushroom By F. J. Seaver URING the month of September, 1942, the writer observed a mush room growing in large clumps on a pile of leaf-mold in one corner of the Main Conservatories of the New York a ines a new growth aia every few days for several wi at recognized as a Lepiota, the genus w! a ie i peeneal pers mushroom. The identity of the species, however, was somewhat tion. After consultation with other mycolo ists it was aa as Lepiota americana, a strictly oo species, described by Dr. Peck, one of our anes a its oe The cap of the fun we above with a pelle center and delicate meee scales, which 2 are characteristic nd iy genus. The gills are creamy w ate the a a Ma The are slender and - entire Blin s to be r dlcte on. a this spec One a outstan a eee pare is ae fact that when sc Rate or eae the fungus turns red or reddish- ae When sprayed drops of water become reddish so that the fungus eee to sweat drops of blood. On drying the cap turns from white to r Most of the species of this genus are edible, with one outstanding een ae M mee also described by Peck. This mushroom has referred t recent puinber of Mycologia as an unwholesom aa with i ie notes “About two pounds of an agaric were gathered in the lawn and were eaten by four adults. ee hours after the meal symptoms were noted oud were severe for two hours with traces for 24 hours. Symptoms consisted of nausea, cramps, an diarrhea. Two of the persons (women) who ate the Pihoane were severely affected; one man was mildly affected, and the one man not affected.” This illustrates the difficulty of determining by any general rule which fungi are poisonous and which are edible. In this case the two fungi belong to the same genus, one being poisonous and the other harmless. The plants shown in the illustration accompanying this article were photo- Vv. aten with no ba su cooked it turns red or reddish, and like the parasol fungus is one of the forms wa is on as delicious eating. It has been used several times by u. Lepiota americana, an excellent edible mushroom, found growing last fall in the Main Conservatories at the New York Botanical Garden. (Photographs by Fleda Griffith.) New Sources of Vitamin C With Recipes for Utilizing Rose Hips, Green Walnuts, Persimmon Leaves, Parsley, and Other Products By Virgene Kavanagh Penn eee until are have been considered one of the best vailable sources of v: n C. But since oranges, lemons, limes, grape- ae and tangerine, never eigned have become increasingly scarce in rts have been made there to locate new kinds of food to provide Europe, effo this important ae scorbutic factor and to discover new ways of preserving the vitamin C that is present in ordinary foods. News of the resultant discoveries by Russian and British scientists de- serves attention in America even oe we : still have adequate supplies of the citrus fruits in our marke The fleshy red fruits of roses, known as rose fous have been found to contain so large a percentage ‘of vitantin C that a generous serving (a heaping dessert-spoonful) of rose-hip marmalade made, for example, from Rosa a rugosa, will provide at least as much vitamin C as a four-ounce glass of orange juice. And there are other roses even richer in this vitamin. n Russia it was found by two scientists, Bukin and Zubkova, that tw species of roses grown there (R. cinmanonce and R. oir) pa from 5 to 10 times as much vitamin C did R. rugosa in. tests made in d eri tami every 100 gra: a of raw pulp, or 14.5 percent of the oe of the dry ok : : : hich the r greatly sfested theit vee content. as the oa for example, the more than 2.2 and growing in the Cone ae ee more vitamin ee. a in ile iewieede at the same itude. It was the work of these Russians, published in 1937, that inspired Drs. M. Pyke and R. Melville in aa to the vitamin content of roses ee there. While they found n of the species native to England ing as m ue tain C as the a of the Russian-grown roses, oo ‘did find = native to Scotland and northern England far Stok ior to those ae southern part of the island. Also, many foreign glis. ami n th u alee could compare with the best of the Russian roses. *One milligram (mg.) is 1/1000 of a gram (g.); 28 grams make one ounce: 100 grams make 0.22 pound. : 39 namomea and R. acicularis did not produce the outstanding amounts of vitamin C in England that they did in northern Russia. The ros sana n England are listed below in groups according to their vitamin c Between 2000 and 5000 mg. per 100 be fresh pulp Rosa Fedtschenkoana, R. elymaiti Between 1500 and 2000 mg. per He g. fresh pulp Rv Aylla, R. nutkana, R. M Between 1 1 000 and 1500 m r 100 g. fresh pulp R. Sweginzowni, o a ane R. ee R. SherardiE R. cinnamomea, por shi ra, ce audata, R. manca, R. pisocarpa, R. coriifolia® R. rubrifolia, R. pies Between ie ee 1000 mg. per 100 g. fresh pulp R. rugosa, calocarpa, R. salaevensis, R. cularis var. Engelmannii, R. virginiana, R. aaa R. tomentosa R eens R. dumetorum= R. ole R. alta Between 100 and 500 mg. per 100 g. fresh pulp R, hac obtusifoliaE R. pantie R. spinosissima,E R. Helenee, R. stylosa aie io 100 mg. per 100 g. fresh pulp Ra For comparison, here are the amounts of vitamin C per 100 grams in some of our recommended common foods: emo S Oranges 54 milligrams Grapefruit 39 milligrams Strawherries 34 milligrams Cabbage 35 milligrams Tomatoes 22 milligrams Lettuce 14 milligrams Peaches 9 milligrams Apples 7 milligrams In Germany rose hips have been used a anany years in the preparation of a type of jam. The recipe is as follow Rose Hip Jam Remove the seeds from very ripe rose hips, sprinkle the flesh with fresh water to which ay . me a 3 small glass of wine, and let them stand in a cool place for three to r day: rring occasionally. Run them through a fine sieve. eat together 500. ‘ame OME cups) of pulp and 400 grams (a scant 2 cups) of sugar, stirring until thicl Uncooked jam is made by stirring equal weights of pulp and sugar together for an hour. These jams have not been analyzed = vitamin C. They probably have lost anne of it during the aed and stirring processes. The ae lade recipe given later is more likely to preserve the vitamin than is this jam. Whole green walnuts have us found to be cig sources . vitamin C. The English walnut, Juglans regia, contains about 1500 milligrams E Roses native to England 40 r 100 grams when the kernel is soft and before the shell is oo The black walnut, Juglans nigra, contains about half as much vitamin C. Of the other whole nuts tested in England, two varieties of a ovata, i ae althoug it is easier i ss one vane he with a portion of prepared green nuts. The vitamin C in a well preserved in the candies ee in Russia or in the ordin meee of pickling in England, but most of it was saved in the ne elled green nuts prepar bed by the methods oo more than two hundred years ago, which follow Green Pickled Walnuts Peel as thinly as possible, soak 24 hours in . 15 percent salt solution, ee pack in spiced vinegar (without cloves), and let stand three months before using. White Pickled Walnuts Peel more deeply than for green walnuts, soak 12 hours in a 15 percent salt solution, simmer for 5 minutes in a fresh 15 percent salt solution, remove, pack in spi iced vinegar (without cloves), and let stand for three months. 3 ut Marmalade 230 grams (1% lb.) unripe nuts seed into 560 milliliters (1 pint, oo boiling water and boiled until tender (about 40 min.). Add 340 grams (1% cups) sugar, and boil until set Gbeut min.). Walnut and Black Currant Jam 453 grams (1 Ib.) unripe sliced walnuts, 112 eran s (% |b. or 3% cup) b ur- rants, and 560 grams (2%) cups sugar. Bone a boil and nok gently sail ne Walnut and Green Tomato nine 680 grams (1% Ib.) sliced unripe walnuts, 453 grams (1 Ib.) green tomatoes, 225 ie Sik - shallots, ae ere ms (1% Ib.) Gan. ‘5 grams (1/5 oz.) mustard eed, 15 g: oz. or 1 tablespoon) i aes milliliters (2 tablespoons or less) caecharine ohition: cook ae gether unti Rose hips could be sobatited ‘Black currants in the jam or used in place of all or part of the walnuts in the marmalade. It is anes that a small portion 2 ne vitamin C is also preserved in this recipe for walnut liqueur, which has been used for many generations i Sa SS family. In other eae s, the cloves that are often used, also the exposure to the sun that is recommended, would both destroy the vitamin C alnut Liqueur Ibs. of green walnuts, % gal. of whiskey, 1% Ibs. of brown sugar. Put the walnuts into a gallon bottle pour SY over them to fill bottle completely and stand the bottle in a cool dark plac , * Gergelzhiu in Russia and Pyke, Melville, and Sarson in England ha ll this figure for J. regia, as have Hennig & Ohske in Germany. sealopinee 41 After three months take out the nuts and discard them. Put the Hn rown sugar into bon water and cook over a slow fire until ie liquid has the consistency of heavy syru . Cool and add this to the whiskey. Leave standing for about four weeks before fee rae ley is a better source of vitamin C than most of our other veget. In 1935 ere investigators fo and that it contained 150 to tables 250 milligrams of “C” per Ne: ) the Few persons would wish to take t ration ef venta c by oe two handfuls : parsley a day ; still, it . ‘easy to rae much larger quantities in ich 1. of parsley in the diet in salads sandw than is ordinarily done. Parsley ae also be used as a a fora ie ae Suggestions for Parsley in Sandwiches Sprinkle on m Chop finely ee add to meat pastes, me le ee cheese, cottage cheese, or American cheese mixed with daa a soybean paste which has been mixed with salad dressing or with vinegar and salt. Spread bread nee parsley and chive butter. Parsley Drink Press one ounce of leaves into a jug or pot, ae % pint of boiling water over them, and allow this to stand for two minutes. int which the leaves can be dun mped, and squeeze out ail the liquid possible; then chill. If the slight parsley flavor seems unpleasant, one of the synthetic lemor aoe 2 tay be used for Aone: This decoction contains from 40 the average dai ly dose for good health seems to tee between 50 and eee. and less than cd milligrams may permit symptoms o rvy Recently two American workers, C. G. Vinson of Cae and F. B lahoma, have discovered that Lek simmon_ in res used for a tea “give exceptionally high values in co of vitamin C.’* They recommend fresh leaves, either from wild or clined trees, . that they co eee aed 10 times the amount of the vitamin found in dried leaves. as made in ee i way, oe said. re ae who need a ae ae tea, here is their: rsimmon Tea Steep the finely divided leaves in a cheese-cloth bag or ee for five minutes in water that has just been brought to a boil. Add a little sugar if desired before drinking. he flavor of the tea is similar to sassafras tea, ae in color and general appearance it is much like a light-colored 2 from tea leaves, ‘the scientists * Science, Nov. 6, 1942, pp. 430-431. 42 The presence of vitamin C in ra eae n which v Sn are ene and grating also ir. D ene ing the injured cells a year to oe ae to a re raw veget i Savo hey are ee good sources. h eae four parts. On née quarter was full ade ieee The pari T he hod of oe almo hours. The a lost mo whe was eerie or ne with - shredder aa Ree to lose it for the cut ha a sharp knife lost almost no vitamin C. st as w food does not necessarily mean that table. save as m tables to s nc cabbage and rutabagas were the veg ae ee as vitam: an cabbage w! important as the choice of foods ic baeudne the daily na of at least 50 milligrams of vitamin C . protect the body against symptoms of scurvy. Brittonia Becomes Official Organ For Plant Taxonomists B EGI NNING with Volume 5, which will start in in 1943, Brittonia — te: @ ° = 2 Bs Qo 4 a a: oh °o 3 + > 2) > 3 & z. 8 “be issued in available, not more than one a to any calendar yea: Th é agreement hinges upon a of 100 celaiarse among the eaeanio of the Society at an initial rate of Ma volume. During most of the early years of Brittonia, Dr. A. C. Smith, Associate Curator, now Curator of the Herbarium at the Arnold Arboretum, editor. Since the beginning lume 4, in nae the magazine has been handled . W. Ri cet who will continue as peice edito! The members of by the Society are Drs, the U. 2 oe ke Washington, D. C.; E. Sherff of Chicago Teachers ‘Gites o Me the Hoan papas Blake of t The next to coarsest cutter on a 4-sided metal grater. 43 Notices and Reviews of Recent Books (All publications mentioned here may be consulted in the Library of The Ni York Botanical Garden or may be purchased on order through the iia Precepis for Flower phew Exhibitors and Judge A HANDBOOK OF FLOWER SHOW JUDGING, Sarah V. Coombs. pages and color chart; indexed. Pode tional Council of State Garden Clubs, Inc., New York. 1942. §1. Advice of equal value to exhibitor and judge will be found in ov new Handbook of Flower Sh J the judgi e entries, The book, which has been prepared by a committee of which Mrs. Jero W._ Coombs is chairman (Mrs. William Crocker and rs cruggs Carruth bet the other members), deserves a place in the library who are interested in flower show s. In the introduction, the authors stress the fact that the popularity of a ee Courses, started in New York in 1930, r 2 5 as g of ihe, ue knoty: points th that arise at flower show ae offering solutions that really he * it s heartening to a professional to find he ee stressing the necessity ar Brae classes at all shows, and that where a ae negle ies ae a a iad a senoemne of t lub r sible may be ted. The Judging Committee has its duties oclined ne Ber even to sugg about refreshments. addition, there is a chap on “Hin for the ‘Judg ? in whi nn i duties me : udge are clearly defined. This is followed not to award a prize Pie the lereest "bloom in the show seemed a He misplaced under the Hig ing of Freaks. ve important points of a flower arran ze ement are covered and undesirable practices are listed. A three-page list of books for required Jade k closes with a copy of the Fischer ha England Gladiolus Society Color Cha The see stress the fact that this book has bea me puma for the amateur. It has much further than tha They are c be cece anlated on covering thei field so Ee caine eee ional gardener ma uch, but could a d add little of ace yale orGE H. GIies, Head Gardener, Mantel Field Estate. Instructor's Problem BASIC HORTICULTURE. Victor R. Gardner. 441 pages, eatiag one esate index. The Ma Nan New York, 1942. 5. naa ctgesie neat o be textbook for Peete oe in hen cies taken au to much training in It would u Fieetl also for field—pomology, be ea growing, orna- ie horticulture. The of classification of plants and plant growth ; and their Unfortun: ately, there are a few oo ized statements that are capable 44 interpretation. is liste Asa ite ea pla and Hos ajacis cl common i ‘ x, and a specific bee tan: ola n to it, as Phlox vate = “Tough t Shat. were the only species kn Figure 47 is mis- jabeled a i Paredisea likastrum, not Tolmica Mensiesit. In the main, how- ever, me many illustrations are excellent and well chosen. oe Hortetire should be a usable book, on who Ie provided the in structor in as course gives elucidations where necessary, Conn N. J. State College a ep ines Chapter on Photosynthesis FC IENCE IN PROGRESS. e i Third series. Baitsell, editor. - 2 URE a ate indexed. Yale University P 1942. $3. collection of ee lear eed articles by eminent authorities on particular x topics in who in a Fundamental Aspects of considers the Hhotosmties is cube enough to fae lif ssible at - low temperatures now eciling on tth; why the organic matter of ol ods does not immediately react pee en to form carbon dioxide and wa and why light energy alone is poss ented to reverse the process of burning in producing organic matter and oxygen by oC ae of carbon dioxide and w H. Fou E. H. NG, Editor, The Botanical ae myeees iT 2 on Vitam A, Evans, Ir. tiate d. University of Chic: Chicago, 1942. $3. each an authority, have ee ely vitamin B. ago Presi fteen authors, ee eibatel to this most in ich ters which are most absorbing and il- luminating. W. J. Rospins. Enzymatic Actions Reviewed ADVANCES IN name pe WI. Edited by F. No! . Werkman. 374 aes eee tetersclence Poem New York, 1941. $5. This book consists of 12 parts written by 15 ee oe al articles. eful book of refer- for aay of enzymes and aici aicne in connection vith bac- teria, fungi, green ee ts and animals. For instance, the part Vitamin K, its Chemistry and Phy siplogy, covers all that is known aoe on this Subiect giv- a bird’s-ey w of the e field. Ma. igi it i - B: Plants and Animals GENERAL BIOLOGY FOR COL- fee Gairdner B. Moment, 661 s, indexed, atlustrete as. D. Ap- pleton Century Co. York. 1942, $4. o workmanlike if not Eepnne class- book of biolo The tre; of plant li ria ie unusually adequate ay ave main competent. The heveeaee ave a com- pilation, those of plants not always wisely chosen. H. W. Ricxett. 45 Discovery for Young People BASIC SCIENCE EDUCATION SERIES. Paper-covered books, il- lustr: in color, atly of 36 A criticism often made of scientists & that pe who are most competent their fields are often the least ale 2 : ildren particular! pier with: ae horrible passage between the Scylla kn ere ae —lifeless, has oh ae eee a ead for fun—and the Charybdis or “sentimental twaddle— pictured by a Dis “Bas sic Science Education” series rr eal ound valine clearly printed ead copiously ee in re and black- It h book treats of one topic; some that are concerned with plants are: : Garden and its Friends; Our ovests; Flowers, Fruits, Seeds ; and oe Travels; Man's ng of ne and Animals. Another tha in Botanical — s library is The Bae Changing Surfac he accuracy i? these mipietiee treat- ises is one ie to marvel a eee illus are copious, well c! — an The lee ota ied is re Trees and Birds are : bi bit is Y Seeds we: costing many times 28 cents. Publisher and author are to be congratulated. RICKETT. Terms pe in Chem MICAL DICTIONA pied ae F, H. Campbell. Chemical Publishing Co., 1942. $2.50, e 1,200 terms defined are followed - i “valency table. This is - Dock of convenient size for ready refer RY, Com. 38 pages. ooklyn, Current Literature* At a Glance Rope Fibers. The snake-plant, or bow- string pane. (Sansevieria), that grows p! mo stitutes because can be easily their Hee are known to be of good Ramie (Boehmeria nivea) is another fiber ie which Dr. Whi ee recently has written. Satisfactory clo imulating linen, wool, and ot ste Sats he says, : being made from ramie combined with xed percentages of Gther fiber: Plastic from Nutshells. How waln shells are ie to make a plastic com pound for dies needed in ate aviatiot dnt is told in the January number : te md Outdoors, a Gasedin pub- American Lily Year- Liliaceae. The book, published by the American oS cultural So eel consists of 119 pages of information species, clones Pana varieties, deiaile ne canes oe and pests, and personal experiences with lilies. It also reontains an ne t by out on menclature of Lilies, r L printed fon bor National Hersediyl Magazine, July 1942. Daffodils, ane Abroad. The Daf- fodil Year Book of 1942 is appearing as issue of the Royal and the Amer- deeb Societies. The alae es the Sho oat, which took place mid enemy aircraft attacks that dam ceed the hall but miraculously did no * All publications mentioned here—and many others—may he found in ete Library He ie Botanical Garden, in the Museum Buildin; 46 rere the exhibit. The only. American mania, New Zealand, Australia, at Lymington in England. e writer describes as efficient and economical method of using pharmacist’s capsules for po eas narcissi “Daffodils—An Inspiration” by_ C. m ane Se as made through his interest in this Palm Pests. A valuable ales oa Hist of the insect pests of tre Florida is given in the uae ay smber of the arte rist’s ae The control measure for each sisted Abstracts of the papers Physiology. e been gi en at the meet- that were to hav topics experiments with electric currents on onion roots, roe cabbag ze, crop re- sponse to soil Tition, wth sub- stances on pas Cae yederaive propa- gation of hemlock and sugar maple, and the influence of magnetic fields on seed germination, kan ee The Laboratory - chronology in Alaska in which ancient dwellings 00 a driftwood, buried wood 6 silt deposits, ee oe trunks, other specimen: ve been used to a velop a (er ae of silt deposi- tion and an even ones gecord of climate and anthropological dat: Hedera. The eA ie : ve sub- ject of L. H. of his Gentes in elie vente listing many times that mmber of invalid names. Essential Oils, A world-wide view of Fritzsche Brothers, s, New pcre a wealth of information. was one of ithe speakers at the ‘New ¥. Botanical Garden’s Herb Conference fod spring, at which he showed two moi pictures on essential oils. The ust me occupies ten quarto pages. The nai o eac. oil is given, then the boranicall ier the seogramil origin —both where the plant is native and ere it is aa Itivated—then ae applica- tion. Nearly 30% of the oils are official in the elfth the ited tates Pharmacopoeia. Others, besides m1] confections, beverages, perfumes, sprays, tobaccos, piles ‘and even paints and polishes. ame infor ion iS fo the five important balsams—Copaiba, Peru, Tolu, and American and Asiatic Styrax. These reports are followed by a d geographically, and this explains at a glance why we are beak of ites Pr re is oil of sea ory bape ern oe has been the wiles mo: i tput of oils oF ene Morocco, another eee place to- day, so far - trade is co ned, ranks second. From there we formerly obtained essential ale. fron pennyroyal, thyme, rue, bitter labdanum, erent, myrtle, r eae : and cumin seed, peful note appears in the last re a “the booklet pao Chile is men- Nason It “A start has been made to produce oe herbs and to distill eir oils 47 Notes, News, and Comment Annual Meeting. All officers were re-elected at the annual mene of the Corporation and the Board of Managers of the New York Botanical Garden, which toca nee ae a eae of President Jose Swi 4 Wal ail St. Jan 26. Dr. Rerilvam iis “Robbing read the annual report of the Garden’s activities and bs 3 orted as Chair. iS, - yee re oe reporte ir- ry Council. A new Horta ‘Conte was opine by Peed with a Pont a vee in with pow a ade to the Committee. William F. Barrett ‘was ies - - new member of the Scientific Com Mrs. Joseph Swan was elected ohh to the Corporation and the ie Council. Other new members £ the Corporation are Charles W. Ballard, William F Barrett, Rev, Robert I. Gannon, and Mrs. Robert H. Mont- gomery. Visiting Curator. ee Bassett Maguire, Professor of Botany and Curator of the Herbarium at the State Ageduial Col- lege at Logan, Utah, ae at the New York Botan Garden last m to Carvophviacee for North Island Specimens. A group of 54 herbarium specimens of plants collected on the Great Barrier Reef of ora I in Goinine some of the Museum’ exhibits showing scenes in Gary N. Calkins. Professor Emeritus of Protorostoay at ae at his s new the far Pacific. ely known as a writer teacher, and lecturer in the field of what he called the “smallest living things.” He was Director of the Amer- ican University Union in Paris for a year in the 1920’s, and for many Biology and Medicine Stu students from Mt. wean coe. *Saith Hadley, Mass., visited the Garden with their instructor, Dr. Mary H. Wilde, on Jan. 5, especially to study ecological groups of plants in the Main Conservatories, Conference. The results of a two- floristic survey of a newly f£ 4,000 acres near onn., were given by John D, Dwyer at the oe of the staff and registered students of the Garden Jan. 13. A er i in 1941, is now teaching at Union Uni- peisity in Albany. Army. Howard Swift, who has been with the lant Company 0 a a niledepbe since leaving t Botanical Garden a in eed into the : he had been sent i ial capac ity to urpee’s erowitie held a “Clinton, Towa. For They are Pi Finkenstein Hraece De Vos, and Henry Foreman. Louis Politi, who ei to the Botanical Garden as a gardener in Febr succeed Ralph Pinkus, who is now in Guatemala. New Position. oats Wollny, _ has ce care of the Feb. He had worked at the Garden for aes 12 years and Ne a member of the first eodnenng class in the Science Course Professional Gardeners, whi ae organized at the Garden shortly after he came here. During his ears at the Garden he was em- 48 ployed in Range 2, then was oe eneaies to the Main Conservatories, where developed a wide acquaintance ene the public. Women Gardeners. Four women have recently joined the gardening staff at the Botanical Garden c ae some of the men i ave lef Army s king. 1 ki formerly in ae orchid ‘collection, but neither of a others has had previous experience gardening. Mrs. Victor D’Asaro aie. as Angelina Pern: previ- Fs returned ear to th partment to take the place of Mrs. Elsa Stevenson who resigned to take . defense job. Miss Anne Seaman, who has been . the Garden since 1941, is now the only other woman on the gardening s taft. Visit Dr. William E. Martin of the Unive ersit v of oa rizona spent several days at the Garden January Bie tropical plants in ihe cues oo and aaa en prepara expedition to a Dr & M is r Kavanagh fro "the University ee ease spent a week at the Botani cal Garden nv i her recent visitors have beet errill of the Arno'd A Noten: Dr. Cynthia Westcott, Gle Ridee, N, Dr, Rohert Btnch. Yale University; A Dr. Robert M. Tryon, Jr. of the Gray Herbarium. Torrey Club. Dr. H. W. Rickett ad- dressed the Torrey Botanical Club - the Garden Jan. 20 on “The Gen Cornus of North America.” Artists. Miss Mary Easton, who ie formerly hag at the American Museum Nat of History, began work ae month ae an artist at the Fong Garden. Walter D. Graham, a drawings for Dr. B. O. several years, has also been enpaeed, commence on Feb. 1. Both will work on ue of the wild plants of northern orth America. merica Selectio Winners of ilver medals in the All America Selec- ls st s, Dazzler, and ew kinds China asters, Navy e, and a light- colored mixture called se ian Mixed. e asters, how not aa to the aster wilt coo eae n be of only limited culture. For ihe the tri ae on. nical Garden, in a be ath between the Museum n, : getable varieties vihich were anesdel bronze medals in the won awards this year. Und Gardeners. Sage and thyme are being cultivated ‘and baa pe a by a group of thirty blind v omen, members of the Blind Players ‘Club, on an -acre f ground at Sale N. Y. Their first be roses whic! crop was put on sale at Christmas time under the ausnices of the New York State Commission for the Blind. Lobelias. The first numher of North American plots to te ais foe more than a year apneared on January 5 as Part I, vole rae Contain ae 134 pages, it deal: the Lohelia aoe a the Cantlaceae Fifte sae one of whic! are P. reudonenacledus, a new pe he author, Rose ts McVaugh, and er new genus, a aiee named i in as of E. L. Green, by way of an ana THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Jos R. Swan, Presiden HENRY DE Fe Caner BaLpwIin, Vice president Ts w L. Merry, Vice-pre. ats M. ANDERSON, pst Hen DE LA Monrtacnz, Secretary Elective Manager. E. C. AUCHTER Mrs. Eton ie Rogert H. MonTGoMERY WILLIAM FELTON BARRETT Hooxer H. Hosart Porter enry F. pu Pont PIERRE JAY Francis E, Power, Jr. MarsHA Crarence McK. Lewis Mrs. Harorp I. Pratt Rev. Rosertl. Gannon, D. T. MacDoucat Wuiam J. Ropsins SJ. E MERRILL A. Percy SAUNDERS oe Managers Froretto H. LaGuarnia, Mayor of the City of New York ene - Buck, Picsdiat oy the Board of Education ROBERT Moses, Park Commissioner Appointive Managers By the Torrey Botanical Club . A, GLEASON By Columbia University Marston T. Bocert Marcus M. eee Cares W. BALLARD Sam F, Tre THE STAFF Wuuiam J. Rogsins, Pu.D., Sc.D. Director H. A, Gueason, Pu.D. Assistant Director and Head Curator Henry DE LA MonTaGNE Assistant ice arid A. B. Stout, Pu.D. Curator of Education and Labor Frep J. Seaver, Pu.D., Sc.D. Bernarp O, Doncz, Px.D. shologist Joun HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M,, M.D. Bibkogrepher Byenias H, W. Ricxett, Px.D. ore Harorp N. MoLvEeNke, Pu.D. (On leave of absence) Astouate Curato . R. Stewart, Pu.D. Acting Guvaior Basserr Macurre, Px.D. Visiting Curator ExizabetH C. Hatz, A.B., B.S. Librarian Fiepa GRIFFITH Artist and Photographer Percy WILSON pes search Associate Rosert S. WILL ssociate in Bryology E. J. Aubxannen, iB s Assistant Curator and psciia ri the Local Hevianae: W. H. Cam ee leave of absence) Assistant Curator Frances E. rece "Pa. ae t Curator CiypE Cairn, Pu. D> echnical pied Poene WEIKERT Perea Assistant E. Naytor, Pa.D. echnical Assistant ae H. Woopwarp, A.B. pion Assistant oo H. Everett, N.D. Hort. Horticulturist G. L. Wirtrocx, AM. Custodian of the Herbarium Orro Drcener, M.S Collaborator in Hawaiian Botany A, J. Grout, Px.D. Honorary Curator of Mosses Rozert HaGELsTEIN ‘ary Curator of xomycetes Josepu F, Burxe Honorary Curator of the reg iad B. A. Kruxorr vary Curator of ae 0 otan Eruer Anson S. ny Honorary Curator, Iris and Nar sre Collections Amman J. Cors: Superi intendent oF Buildings ea Grounds A. C. PFANDER ssistant Superintendent To reach the Botanical Garden, take the Eighth Avenue Subway to Bedford Park Blvd., the Third Avenue Elevated to the Bronx Park station, or the New York Central to ied Pome Garden station; or drive up the Grand Concourse then east on Mosholu Pkw: or, coming from ‘Westchester, turn west at the end of Bronx River Pkwy. eS PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Books, Booklets, and Special Numbers of the Journal An Mhetoated | Flora on ihe Nore e Died States and Canada, by setine i! Lord rae ae iso wn. aie epee ae g descriptions and isi lants of the Vicinity of nes ne 3) 0 Ake Gleason 284 pages, eS A handbook especially compiled for the beginner in plant identification. 19 lora of Bermuda, by Nathaniel Lord Britton and others. 585 pages eer a figures, covering algae, fungi, mosses, ferns, flowering plane 1918. ext-Book of General Lichenology, by Albert Schneider. 230 pages. 76 plates. 1897. $2.50. orth American Cariceae, by Kenneth K. Mackenzie, containing 539 plates of out and Sire ane i Harry C. ener, with a description of each species. Indexed. 940. Two volumes, 103% x 1344 inches; bound $17.50; un- bound $15.50. eys to the North Rares Species yt eS by K. K. Mackenzie. From Vol. 19, Part 1, of North American Flora. Tants of the Holy oe eee by Elea a illustrated, and accompanied by a list of Bis oks of the Bible with ieee a the March 1941 Journal. 15 cents. Food and Drug Plants of the North American Indian. Two Filneterten articles by Marion K ittrock in the ae for March 1942 ; Tardy Bene and Their is e. ee ted by Carol H. Wo odward. 40 pages, Ricca hound in paper. 19 cent The Flora of the eae meee ries aa E. J. Alexander and Carol H. Wood- ward. ee pages, illustrated ab photographs and drawings; bound with paper. 1941. Ve zetables and Fruits for the e Gar from the jourmel 21 pages, ted Edited i. pay H. Weeden’ 1941. 25 cents. pe First published by Richard Banckes in London. 1525. Edited and een into modern English nets an introduction by San aul V. Larkey, M and Thomas "Pyles 00 pages, including facsimile of original. Prepared by Scholars’ Facsimiles and Reprints. 1941. Price to members of the Garden, $2.50; to others, $3.5 succulent Plants of New and Old World ese By) Ew lesen 64 pages, indexed. 350 species treated, 100 illustrated. Bound in paper. 1942. 50 cents. ‘ Periodicals Addisonia, annually, devoted exclusively to colored plates accompanied by popular descriptions of flowering plants; eight plates in each number, thirty-two in each volume. Now in its twenty-first volum Subscription price, $10 a volume (four years t red in exchange. Fr nembers he Garde Journal of The New York Botanical Garden, monthly, taining news, book views, an n-technical articles on botany and horticulture. Subscription, $1 a year; single copies 15 e to members of the G in its 43rd volume. Mycologia, bimonthly, illustrated in color and otherwise; devoted to fungi, aia lichens, containing technical articles and news and notes of general in- terest. $7 a year; single copies $1.25 each. Now in its hice -fourth volume. Twenty-four Year Index volume $3. Brittonia. A series of botanical papers. Subscription price, $5 a volume. Now in its fourth volume. American Flora. Descriptions of the wild Pe of North America, ae Cree the West Indies, and Central America. 90 parts now issued. N 4 s os in exc ic se arts uest Cate ion The New York Botanical Gar A series g technical papers reprinted from journals other than the above. 25 re es a volume. Memoirs of The New York Botanical Garden. A collection a scientific papers. Contents and prices on request. JOURNAL THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vor. 44 No. 519 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Carot H. Woopwarp, Editor VEGETABLE GROWING FOR VICTORY ONTINUING a program instituted nearly two years ago in anticipa- tion of food shortages, the New ee "Bot anical Garden is greatly increasing its effort this spring in helpin e gardeners to learn to grow veer properly. It is in the eal aspects of vegetable growing that the Botanical — is especially able to play its part in this essential phase of w The success last bane oF ae Demonstration Vegetable Garden, the report of which is published here and also in booklet form ee ten cents a copy) through the aid of the Advisory Council, has warranted the continued The evening classes in Vegetable Gardeni ng given last spring at the h the New York Times attracted around a thousand persons “both last year and this. A booklet on the home Sees of Si Sohal les vi ee published a ad yeal ne The newest edacstions) aoe for the Garden is over the radio, in a series of four consecutive Monday evening eit casts, 6 to 6:15, over station WNYC, beginning March 22, One of the biggest projects of all ee the six weeks’ program of instruction in vegetable gardening being give by R. H. “Macy. ee oe March 29, arranged for the store ae w Yor! rt sally Sar reaching projects are in the making, ready to be announced probably within the month. s inaugu » involves not only the a ice ee crops, to show what be d h but also the stimulation and ection of interest in growing vegetables and the provision of sound instruction for the participants, The Botanical Garden is eran every energy to carry out this part of its wartime separability TABLE OF CONTENTS March 1943 Cover ILLUSTRATION Lettering by Natalie cae mae THE ana GarDENS OF 1942 AND 743 H. Eve 49 “Do’s” AND “Don’t’s” For Your eens VEGETABLE GARDEN 7 ae anes AT THE GARDE 73 CurRRENT lige: AT A GLANCE 23 Notes, Nzws, anD Com 74 Recent DEATHS 716 The Journal is published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N.Y. Printed in U. S. A.’ Entered at the Post Office in New York, N. ¥,, as second-class matter. Annual subscription $1.00. Single copies 15 cents. Free to members of the Garden. JOURNAL of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vow. 44 Marcu 1943 No. 519 The Victory Gardens of 1942 and °43 A Report and Prospectus of the Demonstration Plot Maintained at the New York Botanical Garden With Plans and Suggestions for Home Growers y T. H, Everett ee is the story of one small Victory Garden, a Lee pe that as planted at the New York Botanical Garden in 1 o demon- strate hae could 2 accomplished on a small plot of frond a garden attracted much ee attention from visitors, and numerous requests were received for plans and for information asi) [ upkee Records were pe ‘througout ae season of most of the significant t fac- tors except the of labor used; a careful peers places this at not less than 25 hours oa ae from a. to Se dace ace The double- digging of the ground which was done the previous November occupied two men for 32 hours each. All the woe was ee with hand implements— a spad e, garde wel, dibber, d: scu oe. eh ia) a 4 ey i = 3 2 a S i) - lon a ia) 9 rie os o . r acai ech duster, ae sprinkler and a watering c Because the garden was small and foe hand tools were ane ed eae it . possible to ne an intensive system of cultivation and thus to secure a maximum amount of produce from our ground. Rows extra eae _ to be left to accommodate mechanical or horse- drawn implemen Seeds, aia and other supplies were furnished gratis by Stumpp & Walter Comp: ae of 132-138 Church Street, New York, ie ES The produce from the garden was given to Fordham Hospital. The publication of this report is made possible by a special Le aes received from the Advisory Council of the New York Botanical Garden. Included in it are explanations and suggestions which may be eae by the home gardener who is developing a plot for vegetable culture 49 50 The Site The site chosen for the V-Garden was Abas Rice by a small flower garden which consisted of lawns, flower borders and some shrubbery, the whole enclosed by a low ptihe ae upon which rambler sented by many home gar . Th was level and unshaded b trees . ierenos a area enclosed y the picket fence measured 52 by shrubs and a rose arch o ata one end of this area, the 38 ft. as space rela - tee v- Garden was 7 5 Because our en was well within the a sy fence of the New York Botanical Garden we did a suffer from a or vandalism. These may, how: , be real anxieties to the person whose V-Garden is in an exposed poston, ne careful an should be ae to the matter of suitable protection The Lay The eee of a vegetable garden should not be elaborate; rather it should be planned functionally with simplicity as the keynote. Complicated path systems ac involved planting arrangements add greatly to the work of maintenance es oa result in a reduction in the amount a the crops obtained from the In our V- Garden - na ean running north oe south divided the area into halves. The rows ran at right angles to this path. (While it is generally agreed that some slight advantage i is gained ito om running vegetable rows e rows ak ore advisable to have the rows running in some other direction there ‘should be no he sation in mee ng so. To m a constant succession of tender ibs Jerse an adequate water pees is perene True, the 1942 season was unusual in that the eee was so evenly distrib aed that alee atering was seldom eeded ; howev es provision for supplying water sidered when our wa Garden was laid out and a sng faucet, to aoe a ee and sprinkler could be coup ie was available The Planting Plan ithout a ae plan a garden is a haphazard enna Ther is a pass real ee nger of Hehe too much during the early part of the sea of not providing for proper groupings, successions, and rotations, a consequent = having ie much produce during part of the season and not enough at r tim n oie in our “to42 V- obs was pea during the winter. By ng, we knew exactly where each c s to go and had this snare clearly on paper. It was not the er Ae (few first-year eae , but it was a good plan and it served its purpose well. With m ttitince \ rv a i SG Sed — & ar OR gS. f a aL on ae LY, ( he Z Peon a (2 is 2 ON Norse ery \4 : heey awa ite rhe } Cut Flowerr ah 36 oe =A. | ; V3 12" 24 -/ 29 0 1 ‘530 ‘i 12" 24 31 a 2 32 oe 33 30" 12" 34 3 34 z i 35 y a 4 36 ¥ a 12" . 23 a 12" eet 12" . 128" 12" , (39 7 8" = San (2 e ie" (2s uo 4 “0 Ig" = 2 42 ¥ 15" 43 7 13 4A ! W w : 14 24 1a" 45 1S 24" 1a" , ie 46 13" 18 ar = 2a" rT : 18 \8 49 30" 2a" 19° 50 18" 30" 5! 20 18" 7 52 24" 18" 25 15" 18" 7 22 4 2 24" id 24 55 : 2 25-4 18 ci 26 1 36 12" oF an 24" er 287 57 i= p48 30" NPN 18" ( 2. Boat per es 4 = Levy a a S THE PLAN FOR THE 1942 DEMONSTRATION VEGETABLE GARDEN es_dowm the conten indicat of the rows. re row is 17 feet long. Roush Bran FOR THE 1942 DEMONS), He 64. 65. and cabbages are growing in orderly succession as i Bro leeks, carrots, beets, beans, the ves HE ue careful planning af oe vegetable garden at cee New oe ae cal and all the oth a i the pag by " Fleda Griffith. based on the experiences of 1942, and other changes dictated by changes, for crop rotations, the same plan will be used for the 1943 V- the needs Garden. In making the plan, ue following points were eons servant d: hat crops to grow? As the produce w s to be given to a hospital rather than to be used excl ely ee a priv ae «fail, pero likes and ee were not significant. lt was early decided to leave out certain hat are beyond the si . the ay eee amateur in ae vicinity. For this reason ne Bre s sprouts and celery were not t included. One sowing of early peas was made with the Full knowledge ue this would be | oe uncer er crop. [Peas are oabiully nae while in a small garden in the region of New York. The same is true of ec ast and elons. It was not thought worth while to attempt ee es because of the small stze of the ganlen, For this reason also asparagus was omitted. We debated whether or not to include sweet corn. A favorable decision ante 1 not be the belief that sweet corn was a paying crop in such a nall garden, but because we believed that almost every home ea endl Aes to plant just a few hills no matter how small his plot 53 Where to cine i individual crops? In the placing of oe rops we did n consider crop rotations, as this was a first- ee a ee hae not been grown on the ground the ee season. It was pace highly oo to keep in one area the few crops that would occ y the ground for than one season, such as rhubarb, mint and ch i UE i t had been a “ages ana and neni had been included, this also woe have been in same area.) Those crops We occu Py the gr ee | pracy throug entire season, such as pole nts, of the garden was given over to more quickly de sea vegetables nae are harvested early and are followed by other crops. The Soil oil was of reasonable depth; it consisted of about a foot of heavy topsoil overlying a cold, stiff, gray clay. Natural drainage was satisfac- soil). \ rs ally fertility depends very lar, argely upon sympathetic management. Every Sprayer, wheelbarrow, hose, sprinkler, trowel, and dibber at the left. Against he. ‘wall: Dutch sc cuffle hoe, draw hoe, rake, nee for and spade. A line for making age rows and a 54 gardeners call good “tilth.” In this the winter frosts and snows are of great help, therefore it is wise to spade the soil over ke fall to sii new portions. This was done in our V-Garden. In mber the entire area was double-dug. That is to say, the soil was loosened ay aie by the addition of manure and compost to a depth of 24 in Double-Digging The procedure aa ea -digging is simple. Across one end garden, a trench (or itch) was excavated, hee trench measuring Ws fe eet in width and 1 foot in depth. soil taken out was de oat at ass opposite end of the garden. Nex ei pears of compost thrown into the As of the ee an with a spading ae was nal with the subsoil to a depth of 10 or 12 inches. Large stones that were encountered were a Next the rae of soil adjacent to the trench, 24 feet wide and 1 foot deep, was turned over with a spade onto the newly loosened bottom soil of the first trench. Good cow-manure in quantity equivalent to a 3- or 4-inch layer spread over the whole surface was mixe DOUBLE-DIGGING TO IMPROVE SOIL FOR THE VEGETABLE GARDEN Note the ey line for the trench, the perpendicular walls;.and the ae ook forking v the bottom of the trench, adding to it a quantity of comp 55 in with it. The bottom ie sie new. aes that was in this way opened up $ then a on aioe of . Ps ie was eared over onto the top of it. This n to see that the surface was left level but rough so that the full benefit of the frosts and winds and snows of winter could act upon the newly turned i Had it not been possible to spare the labor needed for double-digging we would then have single-dug the area in the fall. (Single-digging means year o ermanent operation of a vegetable ae is oe then ce is Se os double-dig at least a part of it e fall because double-digging gradually impr iia the depth sae fertility - the topsoil. While Gs a -digging is desirable it must be admitted that good crops are often grown on land that is ae a. year after year. Ji spading must : delay a ‘une the spring, double-digging is o time-consuming to be feasible: it is essentially a fall task, to be done from the first frost until the ground freezes hard, which is euaily tel Christmas. ) Spring Preparation Following fall ae but little work is needed in spring to make the ground ready for g. A shallow forking over, the addition of such eee as are ne Be ca a perhaps some lime, and the raking level of the eed beds constitute spring ea sale appli = to our V-Garden 150 lbs. . haps ee in mid-March. (Periodic as ngs of 1 ie a necess vegetable soils, par- fetlarly if they are c as ele n dou a ol ee is Wee able). The lime was merely sie di nches of soil. We also applied 65 lbs. of a complete pe (5. a0. . half of this being mixed with the soil a wed r so before eee and the other used later as side dressings between the growing crops. (When applying lime do not bring it into contact with manure or ot ae fertilizer. It is all wight to apply the lime after the manure is buried or to apply fertilizer to ground that has been rained on since liming.) First Plantings Planting of he V-Garden began just as soon as the ground was fit to work in the spring. (It i is extr eres important to ee aes of every sean that ‘the spring weather affo - for sad mistake to pe pla ing | or seed eae if the und i n the right con- Most ee seeds are best sown in drills, 3 ~«- Peas sown trench 4 ae saps aaa 9 inches wide. we aes our first opportunity to plant came just after the 20th ue or three drying days with sunshine and wind had dried . al one ae Ee t busy cantar: our rhubarb, mint, chives, peas and onion sets. The ee ae se ae sowing outdoors came on March 27 and 28 w ary oo eeds, beets, carrots, turnips, kohlrabi, eee and ahs, “This — ee by a sowing of lettuce on April 7. In early any other items were pe and planted and successional See pee as mates on the char March 20 was the sowing date sae for most : the seeds ae were sown in the grecahoue to provide plants to set in the garden On that day we sowed tomatoes, eggplants, sitet ony. — a rr&ol Celeriac was sown in the greenhouse May 15. ce is a common mistake of beginners . sow such plants too early. This is to be avoided. The plants indoors well advised to purchase rea 7 grown. plants reliable local dealer.) Our plants were grown on without receiving a checks to their growth and were carefully tiene off before being set in the V-Garden. s of broccoli and cabbage pene for later planting, as well a ee o ane ae kale, were raised by ing seeds quite thickly in se drills in the n y bed near the het pee of the V-Garden. Drills a foot or a fone oda sable quantities of these plants for our needs. 57 THE CROPS Beans, Bush Limas is were set individually with in the stems with a hoe. Bae only when Vag ‘geod was dry arm. The w ion was un- pie orable to ha Top. Beans, Pole Lim ‘our hills were es Before the hills ik ee stout ten-foot poles were sunk in e ground to a depth of nearly 3 feet. ‘Soil was then hilled up about med pole to form a low mound about two Feet in diameter. Eight or ten seeds, eyes ‘down, were set in a circle around each pole and were covered with about % inch of soil. When the beans began to climb they were thinned out to four to each ‘pole. “Beans, Sno, ap \.. The Ue ing and after-care of these were the same as for bush limas, except that no special oe ees made to set the seeds with the s dow: Bee Each beet ‘‘seed” is really a group of seeds which ee al plants. them rather thin- thinning provided young beets for “the tal ble. Broccoli As only a few plants were set cowl was Gael (oF planting. This iol is preferred to . dibber even though Sener with the i ris mu sf faster and ad- where lary oe and the plants were staked. (While nat ara paecsaniee staking is often a wise where only a few plants are gro a * Braecoli is an excellent p for the small garden because after the ‘ermal ee is cut o r 6 inches long) side wths develop which in turn are use a then other shoots develop and so a continuous supply o vegetable is provide Carrots Carrot seeds are small and so wi ere sown in bau bee as drills than the beets, They also sown somewhat more thickly Weenie each is a single eed. At the first thinning they were spaced % inch apart. The second thin- ning provided usable small carrots. Cabbage Cabbages were planted in the same manner as broccoli. They were not staked, of course, and aie ae Risa were harvested the stur out as they. do not nigdice” oneeasak Chinese Cabba, The seed was sown thinly in shallow drills and when the youn lants had developed three or four re leaves they were thinned out a that they Sood : inches apart. they _ sta: m solid heads the” leaves were eee ied th si is an excellent caer “vegctable for the di plenty of water date proved a little too early; a sow Nees pt between the middle and of July would have been better. Pla were set out with the trowel abou 3. inches apart. Care was taken to prov ide Bey of water throughout the growing seaso Cucumber: The hill cucumbers were prepared by foriang over the surface soil and then plocine ing ae or four good forksful of anure in Bs a = o a 8 Boe a ad a a q icf > » e. ie ma 3- or 4-inch i of ae flattened dow. igh then pushed fat eek hill’ so that they ormed a small circle near its top. The seeds were covered about 1 inch deep. SOME OF THE CROPS IN THE V-GARDEN DURING THE SUMMER Corn, lima beans, Florence fennel, celeriac, cabbage, and rhubarb Swiss chard are shown. hen Bue ome ae began to crowd in 4 were removed. the of space required teeanere oe this crop in many gardens (because of diseases and pests), Bicimnbers are ney best omitted from the v Ig very smal Eggplants lants from 4-inch pots were set out with the trowel 18 inches apart in the row. This proved to be a little close; 21 hes or ee oe the plants would have been bet Great care was taken not to cae othe balls of roots at planting time. Endive eed was sown thinly in a shallow drill and the plants were thinned out to or 10 inches apart. When the hearts were showing the leaves were pulled upwards and tied Soares at the t a effect blanching. Ae e garden best to tie up o pea at a time, ah if they remain ted too long before using they are apt to rot.) cro somewhat too. with Mae Pas ee the tants fended to run to seed. A mid-July ing date would have been been, e s be; to portions, Gath was ain up about them effect blanchin: K Plar ere set out in the same way as bien plants with 18 ones lleva between the plants in the ro Tw 59 rows proved too much for the space available and when the pea pind half rown one of these was ved, Cul- Hay Pgs hee the sai ae oh occoli, is a first-rate “ate eae for the * small ane It should po o used until it has been touched by fall frosts.) Kohlrabi Drills about an inch deep were ade for this ney and the seeds were tered so tl b apart. is to about 4. ‘ache S apart. (The roots are ready for eating when they are 2 or 3 inches in diameter.) pee he leeks we firs cil seat. : eae deep. Ale He an we punched holes with a d 4 or 5 ii holes filled with soil. Later in the seaso' ma: L eoftidereble i ch o made up wi ably. be a ie to have sown them ont earl Lettuc The seeds of May King and Big Bosto: ere sown in drills about 1 inch deep. Every inches along the drills little grou: or ecds e dro} excellent, ie later ones failed during the hot weather. Ss The onion sets were planted 2 inches apart by merely pushing them into the LEEKS ARE AN EXCELLENT CROP FOR THE HOME GARDEN Left: Method of planting young leeks with a dibber. Right: Part of the harvested crop, Laying the onion leaves flat with the back of a rake to induce the ripening of the bulbs. soil surface. The seeds were sown at an avenge distance ot pan Y inch plas Radish seeds were mixed with the on seeds in such quantity that one fell aha t very 6 i or so along the drills The radishes came through the soil long before the aus germinating oni nd marke ro so ld Spear ieee them early. The thin- the crop would have been larger if w had allowed but 3 inches. When the lea’ fae . m 2 and flop over, n flat to the gromd vith Ale. ia aN rake; the r left for about two weeks, layer in flat exposed to aiishine for nay ae until they had Paige ae ned off and were ready for Parsni. rear were sown in by growers of pao ead “With the aid is a_ crowbar, h of 2% feet holes were bored to a dept e: The roots develop their best Aver Mee fall frosts.) eas The were sown in a flat-bottomed trench abeut 4 inches eee ner 9 ae S wide. cae pi Spi iste ar 61 ously were not what they: were supposed to be. Brushwood stakes were used and additional brushwood had to be UA as the plant | eee The crop w: poor, ibly part because of varie Peppe The pepper plants were planted out of ce rie pots at a distance of 18 inches were sown eats thickly in € ly thinne As , the early and late soins ed duced the best quality of radishes. ubarb Three strong roots were planted bint their crowns just below the soi plan ting we did not pick heavily and we ceased picking fairly early in the season. Rutabagas wing dat iat. “The crop would ie been heavier if it had been sown a month earlier. Spinach The spring crop was excellent but both Part of the crop of 37% pounds of onions harvested from the Botanical Garden's V-Garden in 1942. 62 fall sowings failed. Seed n like the plants. They were set rather deeply aan a the Seales: “Hinned in the ground because ‘tomatoes produce that they stood about 4 inches apar new roots from the. stems. ch plant was tied to an individual stake (the Spinach, New Zealand stakes were placed: in position before the This was sown very thinly in a drill plants were set). Only. he central stem and thinned out to 18 inches apart. It of each plant was permitted to develop; provided good as throughout the all side eae Oe ite ao a he es entire summer. (It a good crop for develop in ti dryish soils.) the leaves an pid main stem) nee Sap out when they were aie small, Squash s also were the occasional leafy growths hills of squash were planted that oo from the trusses of fruits, in the same manner as the cucumbers, When the plants were 5 feet high the top They were quite satisfactory. of the a stem was pinched out and no ' other growth was allowed to develop. Swiss Chard (This method of growing tomatoes as- ra a in the same way as beets, the sures the maximum quantity of hig Swis ard was thinned out to 6 inches quality fruits being produced.) apart The Gea provided useful greens : jong period. Turnips Turnips were grown in the same Tomatoe an = suey The plants were used = 3 s a. 2 2, me a siz ge » =} a Go id ke fo} = a The tomatoes were set out 4-inch com: pots vith a distance of 2 fee Hee tee heeame aaneth and bitt Miscellaneous Crop I n to the crops listed above, the garden ane ee of mint, os aie parsley, chives and a few flowers for cu Summer Care On the average, our V-Garden ne ee some attention Bort or four times a week throughout the summer occasions a man spent two or three hours there in a single day—on er days, an hour or less sufficed. You Bid eae i needed thinning ct . oF cea additional room . or deve eek, and a each rain or artificial water- ing as possible ( Gar is, abe he the paere ies had dried s ener a o be sticky), the entire garden was see the surface soil being eee stirred with a Dutch scuffle hoe to a depth of about 1 inch. This operation saucers developing weeds, Stes air to the nee and promoted healthy 1942 cea was See moist and only on rare occasions was artificial watering necessary. When water was applied care was taken that i inches. After the crops were half grown and w they were still ela ie vigorously, they were given additional food. eee by apply in, nae ae ing er in, fertilizer was scattered thinly ieee the rows two or three inches ‘fro om the plants themselves at a time when the soil was reasonably m it wa then scratched in with a cultivator a watered if rain did not ‘all honly Good solid heads of cabbage resulted from careful cultural practices. eohou ry The liquid manure was made by tying a bushel of fresh cow nure in a burlap bag and steeping it for a week in a large barrel of The resu es ca _ diluted to half its strength and was poured Hees along the row Other tasks that abe noe through the summer were the pruning of tomatoes and the harvesting of produce—these are referred to under the notes on special crops. Diseases and Pests Like all gardens, our V-Garden was visited by some nian and pes Because good cultural practices were followed and bec: early eee measures were eae es oo the most part did not erie interfere errs ightly from the attacks of thrips is were suds t as lea was added 1 teaspoonful to ce allon, The same treatment proved effective for ats s on the acne Rotenone dat was only partly effective in check- e corn borer and w rs as a result of its depredations. Wilt a aa Pes ees ven “ould nee have Hee prevented by spraying with Bordeaux mixture). A few cabbage worms appeared on the cabbage ae broccoli; these were le by hand picking. 64 CHART OF 1942 V-GARDEN PLAN ow Variety a oe fee ee 1 Kohlrabi—Early White Mar. 27 June 9 June 25 18) Vienna 2 Summer Squash—Straight- June 3 July 29 Sept. 16 22 fru neck (% row Cucumbers—Longfellow (% June 3 Aug. 12 Aug. 27 7 fro Spinach—Emerald Standing Mar. 28 May 29 151 45-6 Onn canoer White Mar. 27 Aug. 8 221 e Endive—Full-hearted Aug. 1 Aug. 20 Oct. 28 23 hea (in nurs.)* 7-8 Onion (sets)—Yellow Mar. 23 May 29 July 17 24% | enezer eets— Detroit eee Red July 17 Sept. 23 Nov. 6 43% 1 9 petra (sets) — Mar. 23 May 29 July 17 it nezer ansaen ected Danvers ee 17 Nov. 4 71 10-11 Leeks—American Flag 11 June 9 Oct. 27 Nov. 10 30% 11 Ree ae 12-13 New Zealand Spinac: May 13 July 19 Sept. 8 74 I 14 Parsnip Improved Hollow May 2 Oct. 20 Nov. 4 41% 1 15-16 Kale—Dwarf Green Curled June 3 July 1 Nov. 10 48 cotc (in nurs.) 17 Peppers—Ruby King ar. 2 May 19 July 17° Oct. 8 231 fru (indoors) 18 Eggplant—New York Im- Mar. 20 May 19 July 29 Oct. 8 35 fru prove (indoors) 19-20 Tomatoes—Marglobe Mar. 20 May 19 July 29 Nov. 10 104 I (indoors) 21 Le eae eee ing Apr. 7 June 9 30 hea 22 Corn—Gol ee Bantam ae 9 Aug. 19 Aug. 27 42 «a 23 ee hearted & ee : Aug. 28 Oct. 28 23-hea urs, 24 Radishes—Early Scarlet a ae 28 Sept. 23. Oct. 28 107 ra 25 Corn—Golden Cross Bar May J1 July 29 Aug. 5 62 €a 26 Baebes bagas—Purple-top Wie ite ae 6 Oct. 28 13% Il 27 Raciahes Early oe aa ae 6 Sept. 8 130 ra 28 Pole Lima B —Ear’ June 3 Aug. 27 Sept. 23 13 11 Leviathan 29 oo aa Green Aug. 22 Oct. 15 1% Il 0. use we were picking for a hospital, where quantity was important, the harvesti t Bec season ie each crop was ciotier ‘fad it would have been in a home garden. * Reference to sowing in the nursery in each instance means the ae nursery bed in t V-Garden itself. 65 m murs. 7 Amount Xe Variety Sown SefOut «Picking «Picking = HAE 30 Carrots—Selected Danvers Mar. 28 June 25 July 1 21 Ibs. Chinese Cabbage—Pe-Tsai July 1 Sept. 16 12 heads 31 Beets—Crosby’s Egyptian Mar. 28 June 25 July 1 23 Ibs Endive—Full-hearted July 1 Sept. 23 10 heads 32 ips—Early it Mar. 28 May 29 6 Ib Radishes—Early Scarlet Globe June 4 July 1 76 roots Kohlrabi—Early White Vienna Aug. 6 Oct. 28 7 Ibs. 33 Beets—Crosby’s Egyptian May 11 July 10 10 Ibs. Beets—Crosby’s Egyptian July 10 Sept. 23 Nov. 4 11 Ibs with tops 4 ee Danvers May 11 July 29 Aug. 5 12 eets—Crosby’s Egyptian Aug. 6 Oct. 28 Nov. 4 19¥% Ibs. with tops 35 Beets—Crosby’s Egyptian July 10 Sept. 23. Nov. 4 14 Ibs. with tops 36 Cabbage—Golden Acre ar. May 2 July 1 July 10 34 Ibs indoors) 37 Carrots—Selected Danvers July 10 Nov. 4 12% Ibs. 38 Broccoli—Italian Market ar. 20 May 2 June 11 Aug. 5 22 Ibs. (indoors 39 Snap Beans—Bountiful May June 25 July 10 9% Ibs. Snap Beans—Bountiful July 25 Sept. 8 Sept. 23 8% Ibs. 40 Snap Beans—Golden Wa May 19 July 10 July 17 12 Ibs nap Bee eles July 25 Sept. 16 Sept. 23 7% Ibs Green Pod 41 Snap Beans—Golden Wax y July 10 July 17 91 Snap Beans—Brittle Wax July 25 Sept. 16 Sept. 23 4% \bs 42 dee 2 eee ree May 13 July 30 Aug. 5 3} 80) Spinach—Long Standing Aug. 6 Crop failed 43 Lettuce—Big Boston ug. 12 Aug. 28 Oct. 28 35 heads n nurs.) 44 Bush Lima Beans—Hender- June Aug. 12 Aug. 27 7 Ibs. son’s Bush Spinach—Long Standing Aug. 28 Crop failed Savoy 45 Cabbage—Succession ay ll June 9 Aug. 12 61 Ibs. {in nurs.) Snap Aaae oan Aug. 12 Oct. 8 Oct. 15 5% Ibs. 46 Snap Beans—Bount June 16 July 30 Aug. 18 7 Ibs. 47 Beets—Crosby’s Eevaeuh June 23 Aug. 27 Sept. 8 22% Ibs. ith tops Radishes—Early Scarlet Globe sei : Oct. 28 48 roots 48 Carrots—Selected Danvers June 23 Sept. 23. Nov. 4 10% Ibs. 49 Leeks—American Flag May 8) June 9 Nov. 10 141 Amou Eas Variety cuit yon att, rite | BE 50 Broccoli—Italian Market June 3 July 1 Aug. 27 Nov. 10 22 Ib: Cin nurs.) 51 aera White June 9 Aug. 5 Aug. 20 18 Ib: Ra eee Scarlet Globe Aug, 21 Oct. 28 72 root 52 Rhubarb Swiss Char ay 5 June 25 Nov. 10 61% Ib 53 Cabbage—Danish Ball Head June 3 July 1 Sept. 8 42% Ib: (in nurs.) 54 Celeriac—Large Smooth May 15° July 1 Nov. 10 36 Ib: (indoors) ss Aetiess Fennel May 13 Sept. 23 17 stalk 56 Lettu rues seeded May 29 June 29 Crop faile Simps (in nurs.) Bush Lima B ooo July 1 Crop faile 57 Peas—Laxton’s Progre Mar. 23 June 8 July 1 7 |b: Corn—Golden Cross Bant 1 Sept. 8 Sept. 16 58 Radishes—Early ae Globe Mar. 28 May 1 150 rool Moe ded May 1 Crop faile CHART OF 1943 V-GARDEN PLAN Row No. Variety 1 Bae ey ne followed by % row See Mon Rock Red, % row Savoy Cabbage— oe meri can Drumhead 2 Lettuce—May K followed by Cabbage (late)—Danish Ballhead 3 Peas—Lititle M followed by Breccol (late)—Italian Market 4 Spinach—Emerald Standing pe by ee ey in Green Curled Scotch 5 Ned Zealand Spi w) del manent oe ‘Ge pik for 2 hills) 5A Lettuce (early)—-Mignon 6 ‘iac—Large 7&8 Leek: arge American Flag 9,10, 10A Onions (seed}—Southport White Globe & 10B followed by 1 row Lettuce (late)—Big Boston, and 3 rows Spinach late)—Emerald Standing 11 Perpetual Spinach—% row, and % row Rhubarb Swiss Chard 12 Broccoli (early)—Italian Market followed by Endive—Full-hearted 13 Cabbage (early)—Golden A followed by Snap Beans (fifth sowing )—Bountiful THE PLAN FOR THE 1943 DEMONSTRATION VICTORY GARDEN HE 1943 V-Garden is arranged according to a plan that provides for crop rotation on a three-year schedule. The area (excepting that ale d to the eae rhubarb, herbs, and nursery seed bed) is divided 03 eaual secti nm A (Rows 1 to 17 inclusive) is planted with the leafy brassicas (bare, aa ie “proceol) and other © crops that appreciate deeply w orked e- ost wit n and of | farm manure with the top layer. In the s aes a dressing of ground limestone xe) sq. ft.) is given. Section B (Rows 31 to 55 datas is devoted to root crops that do not require freshly oc ground b ut that thrive best in soil heavily manured for a previous crop. Preparation of this section consists of single- digging in the fall and the application oe commercial fertilizer in the spring before pla As these s especial d ‘ing dressing of unleached wood ashes is worked into the soil with the commercial ection C (Rows 18 to 30 inclusive) is given over to beans, tomatoes, eggplants and peppers, all of which are planted late. ee consists i i i ta ication of farm manure in the fal Section A occupies the ground devoted the previous year to Section C. Section B occupies the ground devoted the previous year to Section A. Section C occupies the ground devoted the previous year to Section B. oe 1943 V-Garden provides for more es storage crops oo car- s, beets, parsnips, salsify, rutabaga, en han did the 1942 plan ol o oP As in 1942, the plan is designed to meet the needs of the home garden. A greater total weight . hale could be obtained from the same area by increasing the amounts arly radishes, lettuce, turnips, etc., but it is thought that the amounts aia will meet the needs of most families. T. H. Evererr. 68 Onion Danae Gene Ebenezer Snap Beans (fifth le doit i el Onion (sets)—Yellow E followed by Snap Beans ak sowing )— —Gold Snap Beans (second sowing)—Tendergreen is} eoeP Beans (first sowing)—Bountiful —Golden Wax w 23 followed by Chinese Cabbage—Pe-Tsai Begplant New York Improved—% row, wb row Tomatoes—John Baer Tomatoes—Marglobe Peppers—Ruby King— urnips (second sowing)—Early White Milan ea wed eh Kohlrabi ae eae ries White Vienna ing)— Beets (se oit D Red follo 7a Kohirabi (et Oe a White Vienna Kohlrabi (second sowin followed by Turnips (ate sowing)—Early White Milan Carrots (second sowing)—-Oxheart followed by Turnips Sie ee White Milan Carrots (third sowing)— Beets (third sowing)—Detro a Dark Red Radishes (early)—-French Breakfast (sown 10 days apart in 2 half rows) followed by Beets (fourth sowing)—Detr oit Dark Red Radishes (early)—French Breakfast (sown 10 days apart in 2 half TOWS followed by Carrots ate sowing )—Chantenay Carrots (first sowing)—Oxheart followed by Beets (main-crop)—Detroit Dark Red Beets (first sowing)—Detroit Dark Re followed by Beets (main-crop)—Detroit Dark Red Kohlrabi (first sowing)— Barly P urple Vienna followed by Beets (main-crop)—Detroit Dark Red i — Milan followed by Beets (main- -erop)—Detrit Dark Red Beets (main-crop)—Detroit Dark Carrots (main-crop)—Selected ane Rutabagas—Long Island Improved oN I = ae oy Fil = <7 Ue wae VR, ee D Weis Bre eet) f | \ 7 y; ar ay ey Is" 7 abe \. 15 iS \A 7 we 12 24" lo v2" Y iz 12" 18" 2i" 24" 3 «13 + 2a 14 . 2 15 a + 1 16 7 cv) 24 > 12 “ ” ! 2i" % on 18 SY 55 18 ig" 19 5 54 2 18" 0 : 53 Si" . s2 2l 51 ar" ; : 50 22 7 49 ai : 4g 75 r 47 al : 24 ; 46 ar - 45 25 ie 4 30" e 4a i 42 26 ; : 41 30" > 40 27 a) 39 30" 38 37 28 ; 3 36 35 29 33 \L_| 24 18" 29A 3 339 |-O —O0—0—_o—_o—04 at ie a ees 7 se OFS Ket eens THE PLAN FOR THE 1943 DEMONSTRATION VEGETABLE GARDEN Figures down the center refer to row numbers. Each row is 17 feet long. IME PLAN FUR Lfie tyro" vuumcivuch row, see pages 66 and 68. At least once a week the vegetable garden must be cultivated to keep down weeds, admit air to the ya conserve soil Ane ae ae as a ree promote es hate of the TOPS. cuffle hoe ultivator, or e like one above m sed for the pose. ean bs ead Galloway.) Be 71 “Do’s” And “Don’t’s” For Your Victory Vegetable Garden Some Practical Pointers for Beginning Gardeners In the Region of New York City The Location Don’t attempt a Victory Garde In ee vnaee Cia Your an must have at least 6 hours of sunshine every rig! a @ os slope. one on ind Mist _ Pwd 3 8 a.) = a 8 $ S e level—or at most oy slightly sloping. ou “should shave.8. inches. of oan iod-topsoil. No wor while garden will grow on land filléd with debris or ae of its topsoi Where you can’t get water for wares in aay weather. Where crops ae be destroy yed by andals, Do get advice from exp ced g che in your neighborhood on the location of your garden ee “the suitability. of Hes ‘soil before you spend money for seed, fevdicer and labor. (Also see the suggestion at the end.) The Size ses attempt more than you can han 3 = a How Alexander Won With Camouflage The red dye which, with characteristic forethought, Sanaa = Great purchased for the use of his invading army in 330 B.C. may hav: been derived from ee which was the insect found on ee ik dye wer n rom —a’ to him and to his Persian adversaries. It was this red dye representing ee the first a use of camouflage in war, that helped Alexander to defeat the Persians. With true te genius, Alexander one night had the dion be a a large number of soldiers dyed red at a different a on ment. Next hee ae the Greek forces advanced— say simulated a er?-—to meet their enemies, the Persian nn oa that the soldiers of Alexander’s army had been pretty well damaged during the fighting of the previous ae with little oppor- 90 tunity for en ean so ae har have been unduly careless when making an attack on what look them to be a helplessly wounded antagonist.~ eee Ae Gn won that battle! Madder Cultivation Moves Eastward With the Sirs of the Roman Empire in the 5th century A.D., record of Eur madder (except for isolated- instances) ceases a i it oO Ww the madder plant 1 was actually proba epee f being oe ted a “Topsy-like” development. This s because eastern dyestuff dealers realized that they had not been elle ‘wpon to replace a more ‘ceil cultured plant no longer available mea ie cloth merchants. pee to relate, they broke free ae normal lethargy a aad bec: so expert in madder culture that Bagdad even ae ted madder roots ie Tndia, a land which for centuries had practised a certain degree of madder plant culture Madder is not oe referred to in European records until the early years of the 7th century, when it is recorded that madder “brought from the East” was Gaia at St. Denis, near Paris, which shows that at least some effort was made to revive a dye industry which for three hu ai years had all bn eke The species introduced into France wer R. tinctorum and R. peregrina, and for the next thousand years t nee remained the only madder here used in Europe to any aires extent. Soon medieval rulers became interested in madder, and i e 9th c eel Charlemagne decreed that madder plants . clivate in a estates” — which may have been As rather casa em, aa Undoubtedly n was because of this edict that medieval p et mers made a practice of rowing madder in felds left fallow, eae e of a ees aes 4 modern—of the benefits which follow rotation of c In Fra this crop rotation system was afterwards officially ree be a long ‘time. ‘ rom the 10th century on, madder appears more frequently in the his- torical annals of Europe, Lee ily | in Italy Ba a revived dye industry grew rapidly bia a a demand made upon it by cloth makers of Palermo, Gen Te here aa Flo rence Not the least ardent in demand for co aioe pp g Crusa who had seen and often purchased rich beautitul ove f ea Dares the Middle Ages, eee ed dye was, next to purple, the most favored dyestuff, for that riod of pena ie bright aie and the most colorful of all cloth oe demanded for the dress of man. 91 As early as 900 A.D., having the benefit of both skill and material from i al the , rs revived cultivation of: madder in in, finally developed a satisfactory trade with both Portugal and England France, it should be recalled, had introduced madder cultur t hundred years prior to this time, but t eager available records indicate that it supplied merely a local market for dyes, and it does not appear that France either imported or exported madder roots ner Are cen- turies later, Travelers Tell Tales—And European Dye Trade Develops The end of the Middle Bad ecaeeen a marked increase in volume and value of dyestuffs, both home-grown and imported. The rise in importance of the latter Lae place as a pe of the ie of adventurous travelers— largely Ania —who, from 11th to the 14th ee brought back to Eur urope ories ie many n ources for dyestuffs. Of the many arts and sciences ee ted on aes Bei home by men like Marco Polo, none is more definitely of Asiatic origin than the ee activity of weaving and eing. ar as Europe in i i dyeing. For so f concerned, the art of weaving and dyeing fabrics originate ia—and Far Eastern Asia hat. There w; considerable coarse weaving in Europe prior the time of Marco Polo, nd dyeing, we have already seen, 1 amie 1 man in nection with nets, snares, and baskets; oN oe as an art did not exist in Europe until about the end of the Dark Ag es, oF sone 1400 A.D rco Polo and other Ve si veers $ were p make interested in the block d. etering trade, but we find a space of several hundred years before pela learned sre aay to dye the wool, linen, and cotton fabrics with which they e familiar. Although we must recognize that they sas a Eon pee and madder, they did so in a rather crude The disc — of an all-water ee to India in 1498 » Vasco da Gama mae to the improvement of the European dye situation. Imports cale, involving ae sources for ae soon b oe many pee handlings, each involving labor and commission fees and also e ia ee rrival of goods on fairly Baar Maes oe Soon a Gama discovery, Span ish f Mexico and ae pacer cochineal, which in those one had rae used for centuries as a red dye. hile cochineal has no place in a story of madder, yet the ees tion of Portuguese ships bringing dyes from the Orient and Spanish ships bringing dyes from America meant that the center of the'dye oe. so far as Europe was pet) had moved from 92 Bagdad to Spain and Portugal, for all important dyes that could not a raised could now arrive by water fro t be mm both eastern and western sources and be distributed from eas much nearer to places cee the dyes were used. (To be continued) EC Plants From Palestine Being Shown In Easter Display At Garden OUNG trees and shrubs that have been raised from seeds collected in ee an ere part o isplay the New York ’s this The scence is being designed to rep- the tepion where these plants orically gre The ey “tree, cedar of mend nd felons and all mentioned in the Holy Scriptures. lso in this unique oe of plants He the an Land a passion-vine, he seeds of which were ealred in the Gade of eee ae oF this plant has been associated w m of Christ, because of ihe. peti structure of its flowers, it is a native uth ttle r-jasmine, all. one an China originally, af the firethorn, which fro} uthern 1 ASI ja, are es a to be hese frie gners themselves so much a a Land that they appear today as part ol the ene: flora, The seeds of these plants were canta ae in ios (the last yet a ¢ allowed to enter the traveled and studied extensively in the Holy Land. - oe Lene i — at her hom ooklyn turned to this: seein and: ae a ee sonally cared for the ct Lea during By n fou fot tk more tha the close of “Ge season, these ie trees and shrubs will be trans- ported to Burger Mountain at Murphy, Ge is the Great Smokies, where tney will form part of a permanent pat the Holy representing noted features of Tad Other plants of the Bible have sari Bie house from arden’s permanent collections, a Easter lilies, nareeae tulips, and azaleas and other flowering ‘shrubs are also in- cluded in the Easter scene in the con- servatories, brought 6 the Gi nate hia for Members aged Day programs at the 1 Garden continue to bring ip to the Museum of each month, although on March atts pas somewhat curtailed the ie wd. T. H. Eve of t TOW rett spoke that lay oe PeHieests and Peciies” giving a timely talk on — gardeners and pointing out their problems and se pppornmities The previous month H. W. Fora explained the pees and purpose of the botanical names f plan in an inlorial talk entitled “ ‘~ Stands for aes oles “Why Gardeners Use Such Sor ee oe eieanaing plants from te greenhouses. ate been used for dis- uw on the mber ‘oom is each Whenever o es them has been illustrated i in color: in one of the Ceual sae the plate has been shown be- le the specimen. Among the unui plants displayed in March were Morgee ucopsis from South Africa, which was blooming for the first time at os lossum pulchellum, Schomburg (Max fie Skinneri. ee e talk on April 7 by Dr. B. O. € vg oe a Pest Preven- P ae for the season on June 2, with F. J. Seaver speeing on “Fungi in ther Relation to Man THE GARDEN’S WAR WORK Instruction in Vegetable Gardening acraae oe Course At Macy’s Sto N a small sea ioeae built into one fifth aor at R. H. and Broadway, is giv- Victo course, which was arrange quest of the Macy panes have ‘argely been drawn from the Educational Pro. gram of the Botanical Gade “They are oe H. oS Ue B. Jee ae Jack, Lloyd, ae Sean a sed & aa West- cott. Mr. Lloyd is quserintendeit a a estate of Mis. Charles Weinber; Sea: pele, and is secretary of tl he West- chester branch = the National Associa- tion of = Lecture dai ll 2:30 fro ve eS “hrosgh "Saturday also on "Thurs os ay evenin: monstra- tions on the i sequent topics, week by week, aan “Later Outdoor owings,” — “Thinnin; Out, Transplanting, and Planting,” “Disease and Pest Control,” and “Summer Care.” t each session. Those who are eee Se are Drs. A. B. Stout, eaver, tewart, E. E. Naylor, and Frances “Wynne, "and Misses Elizabeth C. Hall and Carol H. Woodward, T. H. Everett, who eke he eae presided at the two open Sunday enas Lectures More 200 persons attended a March 28, - first Of 3 a series of five fre Sunday afternoon lectures on Victory Vegetable Gardening given at the Garden the Civilian Defense the Bronx. Everett was ihe first speaker, and he fol- lowed his talk with an outdoor demon- t 01 “Kee epi ng Crops Growing” is the fae aesiened for the talk. Radio ees on Vegetable Cultu Over eute: WNYC, eae Pols the nical Garden has be apie of four que: grams on_ successive from 6 to 6:15, ‘beginning "March 22 and Th ne Municipal New York aoe being ae in Bronx C.D.V. O., r chairman of which Herman Ji Foie a 94 frequent visitor at the Garden and a epee at the Wild Flower Conference held ne in May 1940. earing on the four radio programs . lesb Chal, Wood- Thcmasan Institute, and Jam i on. Editor of the Gardeners’ nC hrbaicle of ing if fen ive These last two speakers are both instructors at the Botanical Garden. Lessons for the Army. About 120 officers and men from the New York Region, Anti-aircraft Artillery Command are coming to the Garden every Friday oo for lessons and demon- Strations in vegetable gardening. The course . hee oe under the direction of T. H. Everett. hort eas in Vegetable Garden: men enrolled fie he ee nae Set Course in Vege- ee Bae eee ae ee h 2 31 a Lec! tors were Edwin Beckett, Jam son, George H. Gillies, anes 3 Jack, Thomas Little, and Francis Paterson. oa 3 Spring Courses at the Garden FoR the third successive year, a Three-Day Short Course in Practical Garden ill be given at the New York Ly. structors will be J. eale, Georg Gillies, James B. Jack, James S. Jack, Arthur King, and Thomas Little. T fee for the course is $15. i dvance re yee is required, accompanied by depos Whi ile the course is planned to’ cover any kind of outdoor gardening, the care of a vegetable garden will be stressed this ear e first two days of June, the Garden will ‘offer for the second time a Short Course in Disease an est Control. Modeled upon last year’s lessons in this subject, the course will offer lectures, demonstrations, and practice in the funda- mentals eeping the ga nani ealth he instruction will be given by a a Hamilton, B. B. Pepper. P, and Cynthia Westcott. P. e ne fee s a0, with a 2 deposit required with advance registration, Garden Construction, under the direc- tion of A. C. Pfander, will be offered again this ars on — Botanical Garden. Ae class w: n Tue sdays, May 4 to une 2 p.m. Partly by deans tie and antl vy Lee Me a der will teach the construction such ga: arden appurienances as dry aie “hageed paths, coe pools, nd r rd he curbs, terraces fee is $10. The care of house plants will be in- en in the spring course in Indoor ardening Practice, which begins at the Caren oe 29, ss oe lass will meet for cent rsday_ even sessions, from : Ean nee aya een of Middletown Far Red B , will be the i Htaicton "While fied persons who wish the instruction but who are not seeking the certificate offered in the Two-Year Cou in Practical ae ae we both of these sub- Fy 4 as ets a he fee for this spring es a oi in the greenhouse is $15. wild will be by GL. Wier ne ing the Saturday Field Bon etany which starts hoe it 4 Mr. Wittrock plans to cover approximately Edible plants in Sere tea wild flowers and trees of the region i gel ork Ci teachers are gran! ned aler a hee ae for this course and are also entitled to en- roll for one-half of the $5 fee. Dan Dr. Maguire Appointed Curator EGINNING July 1, Dr. Bassett Poe ui came to the Garden the first of the s Visiting Curator, will become Gisus a the New York Bo- ses Garden. receiv at his B.S. degre Gace in 1926, became feeteuctor in bey there, then in 1929 went to Cornell, ere he served as assistant in botany while he worked for his which was granted in 1938, during a sabbatical leave. Si: nat the as Associate Assistant eens eeu Ne aries ae oF ae Professor of Bot al erbar He h ai bee: ite for the Soil Conservation Sen ice of the U.S.D.A,, and during the sum- mers of 1929 to 1931 he worked as a botanist for the New York Biological Survey. In 1932 and ’34 he was eee aquatic biologist for the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. In 192. r. Maguire went to British Dr. Guiana to collect Lepidoptera on an ex- pedition of the University of Pittsburgh. At the Botanical Garden he will con- tinue his work on the floras of the Inter- mountain Region and of Utah and on the taxonomy of the Caryophyllaceae. J. P. Morgan "THE loss to the financial world in the death of J. ie bat ete on March 13 means also a_ loss ae ew York Botanical Gar pes organ n had ae psociatel with the yor since the eginn Mr. rgan’s father was one initial Renod eras of the sere he et $25,000 to the one gn und, as well as $5,000 to the en- Genes fund for oe and education His father, Treasurer of firs financial report oe the signatur e “YF. P. Morgan, Jr., for J. Pierpont Morgan, 95 Treasurer.” This was dated Jan. 13, 1896. the conoe 7 “Later fits to te Garden caiouerel to $3,300 addi- ti ion; The first bank account of the Gar was in J. P. Morgan & Co. in 1895. "he contact thus sare with the oe jJ. P. ge nd his banking firm, and con- is son, is still maintained Tracy E. Hazen Le than four Phases after his retire- as Professor of Botany at eee College and several months Lge Garden, named a the te Sty the Torrey Boaiied | Club, with which ae been a aan Bs ince 1898. He also a member of the Corporation of ihe: Botanical Garden, ad remained so until 1942, n recognition of his services for the se rey Club, he was ace an honorary life fae _ ue Tn addition to serv- foal ing on man ig committees, he had been as scocate adich 1903-1911 and again from 1932 et : and editor between 1924 nd 196, was president of the club in 1934-35, Se at Barnard as assistant in botany in itn two years ee eee his Ph.D. m Columbia, he moved o steadily Gul he became ia oe Ha 1931. Although he Ne keenly interested in the flowering pla: his special field was ie algae, oy the Chloro- Tazen was a fellow of the Amer- r the Advancement of aber of, many botanical and other scientific societies, including Phi Beta Kappa and Sigma Xi. 96 Selected Plants For (ity Gardens Compiled b THE CITY GARDENS CLUB* Trees For the street plane (Platanus acerifolia) Meena five (Cakge biloba) in oak (Quercus palustris) vr the back yai Fo rd Carmine crabapple (Malus atrosan- guinea) Honey-locust (Gleditsia triacanthos) Eee tee rie biloba) s Tree of heaven lanthus altissima) English hese as “(Acer campesire) Hawthorn (various species) For the roof Russian olive (Eleagnus angustifolia) Willow (Salix, various species) Vines sBoston ivy (Parthenocissus tricus- Bie Ss Q s Virginia creeper (Parisians quin- quefolia) s Wild grape (Vitis Labrusca, V. vul- pina) Wisteria (W. sinensis) Shrubs ern ice Ses glabra ) Japanese meda (Pieris japonica) aie festa ee crenata and arieties ) s Leucothoé (in shade only) Rhododendron (porous, drained soil) Yew (Tarus cuspidata and other species) acid, well Deciduous s Azalea (porous acid, well drained soil; fine for roof Cork-bark Euonymus (E. alatus) Five-leav Acanthopanar Sieboldia: Forsythia Garoas rivet (Ligustrum, are species) Rose of Sharon (Hibiscus syriacus) Spiraea (various species Weigel Annuals Ecce Petunia . Geranium Snow-on-the-mountain s lieHede Verbena Marigold Four o'clock Perennials sBugle (Ajuga replans and A. geneven- 1S sCanada mayflower (Maianthemum canadense) a es fern (Polystichum acros- F Cirssanthetny Gmany varieties) s Foam-flower (Tiarella ction ja) ee in-the-pulpit (Arisaema triphyl- s Ja ayaa jpuree (Pachysandra erminalts) : Lily i ie valley (Convallaria majalis) ttle or nenwintle (Vinca minor) ae sedum (S. spectabile, also others Wild blue phiox (P. divaricata) more complete list is on file in the office at 5' s Wi *A m F Full sun only. 8 Madison Aven Il tolerate considerable pan Bal ease geraniums, and ivy are three good standbys for window-boxes, eoneh in the city the marguerites do not retain their looks the entire season Flowering Bulbs Wandering-jew s Rubber plant : Sansevieria , These may bloom one season only, un- conditions in your garden are ver: : ae favorable. qo ’ Window-Box Compositions} In sun or are (even winter if mild) : Small yev English ivy House Plants = apace: aucuba re zonia Grape ivy F ; oston fer Kal anchos Sun in spring 8 Cre. evergreen 8 Roe Hyacinth Begonia Pansy Cissus antarctic Peperom: Crassula s Piilodendroti ty See aoe English ivy $ Piggy back plant F Geranium 3 Pot Geranium Petunia Ivy tSee window-box bulletin published by the City Gardens Club ili oo Notices arid Reviews of Recent Books (AL publications mentioned here may be consulted in the Library of The N York Botanical Garden or may be purchased on order through the bra) Pioneers—Old and New THIS LAND WE DEFEND. Hugh H. Bennett " William C. Pryor. 103 pages, illustrated with atte Pee act yy nAans, Co 42, $1.50. in ots small, swiftly and M Here are two tales Hila book. Dr, Benne ught of in of ge an ior as ee eel uly re conque: ur continent. But it sic “and destroyed vast ar fabulously rich soil Bn for a taclashe tale an vable, tat one which we Americans must eon and pee in all its bleak truth if we are air the damage. he second story is one of modern pioneers, the farmers, ne scents the ng out to make a a n security on their eroded fields, a better Aas more evens pes culture e, and a sounder and more enduring socie ie It erhaps due quite largely to the burning enthsiasm, and ee faith of Dr. Ber s Chief of the Soil Coen i ce of i Depseae of Aacaunure het we have come far as we have in this country along the road of conservation and the building of a permanent agriculture. are not cele his teachings as we face this and the post-war world. P. Atston Wakrinc, New Hope, Pa. Bibliography for Taxonomists as well, same le with useful and medicinal plants, vernacular names, and botanical i ” Wher re ar m- . The part now published sla are aphic: index . well as an A ondee of ae auiler and periodicals cited. This catalog makes it possible the many gaps ‘whieh sil Ean ‘o filled. Man see be da of work ahead for sys- aoa boumi s to he ee that Part II will not be hon long oon for it will be welcomed ry mi R. R. STEwART. Proven Popularity THE OF PERENNIALS. 272 pages, illus- eLaMare 6th edi- 1942. $2. Perennials ca abled ie 008 That it had - id efition: poe It is pro Ehably ie most useful of the Books. on perennials, well illustrated, with usable tables, ae of generic names made with prop: ieee ah wers and Ty aut s beer n not attempt- ing to ace ae Mists of horti- cultural varieties. C. H. Connors, New Jersey State College of Agriculture. Elementary ies Readers Le MBE OR- GHARDS” 1X ALL “Sea SONS, 44 two small children’s boo ee “a co- sponsored By the Board Gi Public Educ of Phila delphia, are art of a i ania. aa ‘animal ie but plane, and radio, they tell. their clearly and entertainingly for the young. Notes. News, and Comment Gardens, The rt by T. H n the Victory Garden. of i published fast month in this Journal, was based o Hee rds and data kent by By McKenna, ho is Mr, Everett’s chee pens Mr. McKenna also gave valuable aid in plan- ning the demonstration Victory Garden, both for 1942 and 1943, and fe selecting the varieties to be grown. The p! both gardens were drawn by Haat ‘wit son, who is also a member of the hort cultural staff Writer. James G. Ess who member of the Garden’s teaching ae well as being editor of the Gada one oe i erie: i the eee of the News, New York daily paper. Advisory Council. Dr. William J. Rob- bins addressed the epee comet ata M: aa Pea kman Tower Bart m Hepburn as the hostess. His ere was “The New anical Garde n—Its Past, Pres- ent, and Future.” Conference. Otto Degener spoke on “The Flora of Hawaii” March 10 at the monthly conference of the staff and regis- tered students of the Garden. Mr. Degener has a unique distinction in a botanical world, which is described bel mily, The honor. of pane the ° an Pving today to have a plant family named after hi falls. Otto rae! er. eneri- and s_ basi n 2 magnolia-like free vie the Fiji Ten en Dr. ‘ an formerly As- sociate Curator | e New York Botani- al kinds lan at he collected was one ith flowers which no one Id place y existing plant mily. It was something like a magnolia in leaf, bu until it bloomed, no one could be certain of its identity. So it remained namele n : on the neighboring island of Viti Lev r. Degener, wh non ev the ‘Arclibeld exp edition, found the same kind of tree, and he was peta enotgh se find both flowers and a fruit. So he en with man oth Tr even any T plant family known science. So, with e collaboration of Prof. iz . Bailey of rvard University, w plant arva species, genus, and far and he i created named after the second discoverer of 100 the tree and the island where it, gre he plant is now know wn as Dejevier Danae her. John J. Loughlin, who tions. uses a box camera, which he says he has ee making’ ponte: for the past 20 years. a Xi. Dr. William J. ars rep- of Fits chi asa representative of his chapter in Utah. Elmer Fe oes, a fori Rita garden ww in fainine eee S. Nav al Radia: ‘Schoo! at Aha al Hospital Gift. Twenty-five palms were Meet to the Halloran General Hos- pital (new Staten Island military oD oe by the New York Botanical Board of Managers. Francis Cormier of w York City Park baat nas bee been appointed by Robert M, ark Ua cal Garden’s Board of Managers. Dawson has recently ae the United States Army. Redwood Mrs. Joseph M. Gaia: a Blt a hay ee York Botanical Garden, is oi hree mem- bers of the amily of ihe ne 1. Sterling Morton who nes Maat stat a gift for ain setting aside an a mboldt ce Calif. Mor nce Se ary ‘of Acaeiiie. gig ait whe ae of Arbor Day, first celebrated in Nebraska in 1872, Stu ene Groups. The classes studying Thallophytes an td seed plants at Hunter College, ais the aca He Alas te L. S. Simpson, made fou to the Museum Building and Main Conserva- ale during ee and March to nake notes on the collections. ugh the economic collections in the Mascum Building March 11. Aad Dr. Frederick L. Wellmai of the U. S. Departm cnt of Rericilture at Balteville Md., spent mein 26 at the Garden consulting with members of the staff prior to levine for Central and a a America for studies of economic are mes Waterston, Plant Pathologist hi Station recently spent s time in United States and Crate aa Several ae hot of food dehydration. days were spent at the New York Botaical aoe in eotlaborsaan with Dr, F. J: Seaver in continuance of their study of the fungi of the Bermuda Islan i sere atias of Cornell Uni- versity spent a week at the Garden in connecaon with his work on certain groups of i which hes is preparing for North American Flor rs, Rogers McVaugh and Frank Egler worked in the Hevbasurs at_the Garden late i ae an r. E. Schreiner Other ator of Wi New York aie Wanda K. een Cone Conn ohn C. vee ee Antoinette Miele, Corne Vv. Aes versity of Michinao Wilma EF Rupp, Jr., Rutgers; H. K. venson, rats Botanic Garden, M. Le Hors of St Pierre and Miauelon, and Ilda McVeigh, Connecticut College. ovie. The Garden’s motion picture on Avenue ‘ Hall as commentator, About 50 elderly reiigces from Germany were invited to end. F. J. Seaver, recently lec- Peete on ene at a conference meet- ing of Sole Tee Street Methodist Church, New THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN fficers Joszra R. Swan, Pre. HENRY DE Fe a BALDWIN, Viceresident Joun L. Merritt, Vice- Bias dent ARTH as M. Anverson, T?easurer HENRY DE LA Montacne, Secretary Elective Managers E. C, AucH’ Mrs. Eton HunTINGTON Rozert H. MontTGOMERY WILLIAM ae am Hooxer H. Hospart Porter Henry F, pu ar Pierre Jay Francis E. Powe, Jr. MarsHALL Fie Ciarence McK. Lewis Mrs. Harotp I. Pratt Rev. Ronert I, eae a T. bea Wu.am J. Rossins S.J. . D. MER A, Percy SAUNDERS Ee Oficw Magers Fioretto H. LaGuaroia, May. the City of New York of Extrswortu B. Back. “President: of the pee of Education Ropert Moszs, Park Commissioner Appointive Managers By the a tao Club H. A. Gte. By Columbia One Marston T. Bocert Marcus M. Raoaves CuarLes W. BaLiarp Sam F, TRreLeAse THE STAFF Wituam J. Rosgins, Pu.D., Sc.D. Director . A. Gieason, Pu. D. Assistant Director vie Head Curator Henny DE LA MONTAGNE istant Director B. Stout, Px.D. Curator of Education a Laboratories _ ‘S. SEAVER, Pu.D., Sc.D, Curator BERNARD 2 Doves, PuD. tt Pathologist Joun Hen y BARNHART, A.M., M.D. Biblio woher Emeritus Rae Px.D Bibliographer Harotp N. MoLvenxe, Pu.D. (Onleave of absence) Associate Curator R. x Stewart, Pu.D. Acting Cardin Bassett Macuire, Pu.D. Visiting Curator Bucanera | ae Hatt, A.B., B.S. Libraria Frepa Grr Artist and Photographer ERCY Wa Research Associate aay Ss. Waciaure esearch ee he Bryology E. J. Avexanoer, B.S. Assistant Curator and pane of the Herbarium . H. Came, Pu.D. (On leave of absence) enter Curator Frances E, Wynne, Px.D. Assistant Curator Crype CHANDLER, Pu.D. Technical Assistant Rosatie WEIKERT Technical Assistant E. E, Naytor, Pu.D. Technical Assistant Caro. H. Woopwarp, A.B Editorial Assistant Tuomas H. Everert, NLD. Horr. orticulturist G. L. Wirtrockx, A. M. Custodian of ihe Herbarium Otto DEGENER, MS. Collaborator in Hawatian Botany J. HD, Honorary Curaior of Mos. Ropert HaGELsteIn Hee) aahane x of Myxomycetes Jo E Ho: ‘y Curato: th iatoma. ou 2 A, Hon a Cartion 7 Economic Botany ETREL pene 5. oan Honorary inte Tris ff, Narcissus a llecti ae Artuur J. Corn Superi intendent ae uildings and Groun A.C. Pranees Assisiant ete To reach the Botanical Garden, take the Eighth Avenue Subwa: anh 2 Bedford Park Blvd., ‘the Third Avenue Elevated to ta oe Park station, or the New York Central to the ae eared tion; or hat p the Gra fa wen ncourse then oe on ee Pkw: from Westches wun est end of Bronx River Pkw MEMBERSHIP IN THE GARDEN Established as a Para ely endowed institution, aided partially by City ap pepretone The New York Botanical Garden is dependent for its progress largely noe n_ benefactio; and memberships. ough these means, though young as botanical gardens go, i become the thir feeeece in of its kind, its library, herbarium, and horeieuleseal collections ranking among the finest and most complete in any country. ew tok Botanical Garden, therefore, means promotion of cientiac & research in botany a nd the advancement of horticultural interests. Scientifically, the Garden is able t a clearing-house of information for students and botanists all over the cane hori, it often serves as a link between the plant explorer or ae nd the gardening public. . ough nese and benefactions, provision is made at the Botanical Garden for the ae of young scientists and student gardeners; hundreds of new books are Pass t bli annually to the library, which is open daily to the public for research and reading; free exhibits are maintai in the museum, the greenhouses, and gardens, and ican ae d free information in botany and gardening are to th blic. h. (2) AX @ of Addisonia once a year, each number illustrated with eight — ae nites Bee unusual plants, aceoiipented ibe descriptions. A share a surplus plant material of interesting or new varieties when- ever i. is distributed (4) Asmouncoments of special floral displays, programs, lectures, and other — events at the Garden (5) Credit to the amount of the membership fee paid, toward courses of study offered by the Garden. (6) The privilege of borrowing lantern slides from the Garden’s collection. (7) Use of the Members’ Room in the Museum Building. A limited number of garden clubs are accepted as Affiliates. The privileges et afi are one lecture a year ber of the staff, a share in the distribution of plants when they are available, a subscription to the Journal and to Addisonia, and ano 0 special activities at the B 1 Garden ddii y an afhliated club may receive for the current year o mbership a redu of $5 in the fees paid for instruction. is does not apply to the course for professional gardeners.) An liate Garden Club — borrow lantern slides from the Garden's extensive collection, such loan being subject to the regulations for the use of lantern slides y individual members. Likewise, an affiliate club may engage without fee the Members’ Room at the Garden for its meetings. The esa os membership are as follows: ual Member annual fee $ 10 a aining Member annual fee 2s Garden Club Affiliation annual fee for club 25 Fellowship Member annual fee 100 Member for Lif e single contribution 250 Fellow for Life single contribution 1,000 atron single contribution 5,000 single contributio 25,000 Benefac Fellowships or Dien for practical student-training in horticulture or for botanical | research may be established by bequest or other benefaction either in perpetuity or for a e Contributions to the Garden may be deducted from taxable incomes. The following is — a fevalle) poet form of bequest: I hereby bequeath to The New York Botanical Garden incorporated under the Laws of New York, Chapter 285 of 1891, the s = Conditional peloa may be made with income payable to donor or any designated bene a ciary durin or her lifetim Il requests tae further information should be addressed to The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 44 No. 521 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Caro. H. Woopwarp, Editor PRACTICAL PLACE A CIVITIES of the spring months at the ork Botanical Garden have brought to reat many Bales tie reahition that the Garden is a useful and preci ncaa as wel place of ornament and beauty and of research in pure s Through the courses of ie an given at R. H. Macy & Co., for instance, several hundred men ads women had their first lessons in garden ing. Earlier, through the co-operation of the New York Ti ra people. Then through the Civilian Defense Volunteer wae by means of the radio and a series of free lectures, the Garden reached an unknow: number of additional alia _ instruction in the growing of penne T cal Garden these students have acquired a field of knowledge ete Hee ae as they struggle over their gardens he en These activities represent but one aspect of the institution’s work in being of practical aid to the public are other courses, ae ined in the Educational ree am of the U n, few months. There are a many individuals who hee e@ to th Garden questions which have been answered for each one individually questions running a he . : hen shall I thin my carrots?” to “How ca uffa gi ised commercially in the United States?” urd be (The story of the Tufte, ed will be told in next month’s Journal.) All this while, the Garden's scientific work proceeds. i oaae aps ing made i i ny nN, fie ee which direc tly reaches those ee A are concerned with plants, and helps them in their efforts day-by- TABLE OF CONTENTS May 1943 Snow-In-SUMMER (CERASTIUM TOMENTOSUM) IN THE THOMPSON MEMORIAL Rocx GaRDEN Cover pheeiacl Nusa Griffith PRIORITIES AND Pest PREVENTION B. O. Dodge 101 News Reacues AFRICA Anp A Letter Comzs TO THE Gari 107 ee seta Cee AND Mopieva “(cot ue William F, au 108 E Story oF RICE (FROM SOM CHINESE PRINTS) 15-116 None AND REVIEWS OF Gor Bose 117 122 H. A, Gleason 123 Notzs, News, AND COMMENT 123 The Journal is published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N.Y. Printed in U. S. A, an tered at the Fost: hate in New York, N. Y., as second- ‘class matter. Annual subscription $1.00. Single copies 1 Free to members of the Garden. JOURNAL THE NEW YorK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vor. 44 May 1943 No. 521 Priorities And Pest Prevention A Survey Of The Situation In Chemicals And Equipment It Affects The Home Gardener By B. O. Dodge (Adapted from the address given on Members’ Day at the Garden April 7) HIS spring, it is estimated that from five to ten million home vegetable gardens have es started in the United States in an effort to supple- ment the normal national food supply, on which so many extra demands e being made. How large will be the crops that are harvested from i gardens will ihe: in part upon the attention they are given through the summer. Garden Cleanliness is Imperative Sanitation, ee cet oa tion, for example, is of prime im- eee it is, of the first essentials of good gardening prac- tice. This year it - mi nore eimporant sae ever, because some of the com- mon Hee ae insecticides, and o arden aids are restricted or un- eoneai i the duration ; and in ee absence, sanitation will help other factor to keep ae diseases and pests. Ke eeping ‘the garden and its surroundings free of weeds is one form sanitation, for if weeds are allowed to mature, they will not only ae role of oe Mary” in the gar toes They harbor insects and they are also hosts for many parasitic fungi and viruses which later move over to the garden plants, often being Bate there by these same insects. ulching and com sem are necessary ie building up the soil, ve one should use common sense and practice good culture, which me; burning up or segregating eee which accumulates from seed- oe 101 102 weeds and from diseased or infested plants. Otherwise, weed seeds will live over winter in mulch piles, along with the eggs of nematodes and the eggs, larvae, pupae, and even adults of various injurious insects; and many parasitic fungi will liv a ae either as spores or temporarily as saprophytes. When ma adi fro mulch piles and nua heaps is later pair over the — to aes or improve the soil, the gardener may be providing a new source of infection or infestation, unless he has es Bey penne all eed that might bring trouble. Farmers, orchardists, and those who raise vegetables on a large scale all now include under ocd Sea Protection of their crops with fungicides and insecticides. I in Duchess County any apple in Maine or Long Island demands a rasa inspection for virus Aerie and the roguing fe e infected plants. Whe erever late blight o be expected, a see spray cna is allowed imply as a matter ‘ oe clare: Las r there was reported a loss of abut t fifty per cent of the rop, : pares areas, die to ae “blight. Some of the farmers in Wistar for examp = who normally grow an acre or so of potatoes for ie use seldom protect their a by spraying with Bordeaux mixture. The result last year was that most of them were buying potatoes for food as a as December. Grow Disease-Resistant Varieties; Use Disease-Free Seed The demand for seed and stock for planting victory gardens a been so great that most people are forced to purchase almost any kind of seed and sues without regard to the question of the resistance or aa hae of particular varieties to disease = insect pests. This is a phase to become informed about es the year. Varieties of tomatoes resistant to the oe wilt disease are now well known. There are available cabbage eties resistant ae ‘yellows,” asparagus oe tee to rust, beans ne to mosaic, etc. Those who grow beans on a large scale are accustomed to purchase seed ia has been grown in ee where irrigation is err This seed s free from “rust,” anthracnose spores. One should avoid growing teats plants, for exam ene that are already ee she mosaic. - far ssible one should purchase garden seeds that a rtified as free of oe or which ian been treated to kill the ae ‘which cause disease. Prevention Without Insecticides ex. camples will ae what may ses ee prevent damage eae w resorting to the use of insecticides. rowing garden bea : vicinity will no can be visited by = eee bean an ely 103 late in the summer. If, however, one watches out = innocent- Baro b etl over the bea them deeply or by burning them to prevent the larvae, through lack of food, from maturing to become beetles which would live over winter in bbish. Squash bugs attack cucurbits of various kinds. Examine the under side of leaves is cucumbers, for example, and crush the clusters of yellow eggs. Lay small pieces of boards among the vines, and in the morning of ac pas cru a the ae fa insects that collect under the boards during the late afternoon and n fog the Gardener a Expect uld be discouraging to broadcast the idea that along with tl a oe gardening practice it will be necessary to carry out vgidly a regular schedule of spraying or dusting for each vegetable or fruit to be grown in the home garden, It may be helpful, however, to remind people that certain diseases anne certain pests must i expected, so that a reason- able Fe se may be provided. There never has cane ns Sea in the past twenty or twenty-five years, that I can recall, when we had to give any thought whatever about the Mayme even in a ce a any fongicie or pesticide eee - be n the rol o aes of disease or of harmful i ane er ee pe nt i ne shap ce ue rs, ee or other a eS S machinery for the appli cation - these materials as dusts , Sprays, pastes, crystals, or otherwise, ee always been plentiful aa at reasonable aes The situation has bee ences Mee by the demands of war. The War Production Boa h as been ae to esta sae prone: ae ful tions having the force of law and which limit aes ct uses which m be made of certain pan and panda as also established Priorities which 1 imit manufacture and sale oe and spraying of t n taken fro I. F, bas a bulletin being issued monthly by the Agricultural peer and F ae sa We are indebted to Mr. L. S. Hitchner, Executive Secretary, for complimentary copies, and also for verifying the situations Beane in this paper. Eee (The chemicals ay in fungicides and insecticides, some newly developed compounds and other products needed for keeping the garden in good health are pee on pages 104 to 107.) 104 CHEMICALS FOR FUNGICIDES Copper ven sulphate is used for the making ux mixture and copper lime r als: nters e@ sprays, copper ox Vv; fungicides. For the small user, the: no eaten ne the fAnished eradicts can be purcha: ed copper ©: ide, a popular fungicide ed treatment, is ie pea ieee for ottom: rships, and pane plants pelea Bor mixture s more or less injury. banleane Ga aiee itself can te obsained sa Usha tes ready for Th e lime that enters nue i *inimied in ce either a pruners r burned rock lim Sulphur Sulphur to the amount of 100,000,000 pounds a year has been used by agricul- . (This term here includes ie throughout much of the year. arch, example, in this vicinity, while eee INSECTICIDE Arsenate Compounds Supplies of lead arsenate are abot 10% below the 1942 demand, but Ge o calcium and magnesium arsenate are ee. mies to date, the use oe he ornamental plants is forbidden, Tht this. restriction is ps to be lifted a little pia z the xic be has more or less been discontinued in recent years because of the ieee of rotenone products, While allowable to use rotenone against tie neers on shrubs are still dormant, ie sulphur cale spray. A air ais of 1:8, wes she : ee to 7 of water, is used a une the ree of sprays for the con- fel of ee scab, powdery mildews and other fun iseases, have the wet- table ka colloidal sulphurs and flota tion sulphurs. of 300 mesh or ner, suIDbUr is also used either alone or mixed wi ne arsenate of lead for the control “of leaf spots, mildews and other fungi. The are acts as a : Vela ‘poison for the leaf-eating in. Louisiana and Texas together ha : since! supplie hur deep dow: in the ground to supply all possible needs for years to come, so the: strictions whatever. Zine Zinc oxide is used as a seed disin- mi as co; Supplies of zinc s t= o p ind o ther oe be in th Ther ee ae owen. a num- ber of Bice products, such as Spergon, effective for seed treatment. MATERIALS beans and azeinet ne ie aphid and the pea weevil, as wel e European corn pagel the a . mans limited, so a Wiss necessary to use i mate n beans up to bie time the fons are bene formed. It hi s been cus- tomary to wash all string beste which have been ar d. They should be ects, especia e the in H vitiaifics of barnyards, have been be- fore they visited our food plants Where an adequate spreader or sticker can be added, the use of lead ae on cabbages for cabbage worms woul ie 105 safe, provided application ceases as so a the heads are ian a third formed are removed bbage is washed before being prepared for food. Rotenone Roten which is non-poisonous to human beings, 4 ig mentioned directly above, How- age is not allowed, according to so far as present stocks in packages of this size will permit. Commercial use of rotenone meanwhile is permitted on peas against pea weevil and pea aphis, gainst Mexican and aphids, as wel ell = on cattle ea certain parasites Pyrethrum h somewhat limited, pyretiram nlow are available as contact in- rv Althou: i sate to use on vege le crops, because it is not poisonous Sie Cryolite Cr a sodium ean faite IF.). It is used as a dust in place is im and s or years Seat blister "besiles, ae a Re them more efficient than arsenicals. Since the use of arseni fee on ornamentals is stricted, cryolite will be a good sub- stitute | _ the restrictions are lifted. The as els is abundant with no pais ton Nicotine Produc ‘orty percent nicotine sulphate, also nicotine dusts, are used as contact insec- ticides aaa ge eo Be ae ets bugs, thrips . They can be used o1 ornamel ae as well a: i kook pla: a. There are no recto eed there are adequate supplies available at ceiling Prices. Oil for Sprays Dormant oil sprays, such as bacrne oil emulsions, nee ae and summe: oils for legitimate pur see in con maeeHon with food” essa and 0 ay ay en later on as contact much diluted condition. Mercury Compounds Mercuric chloride (corrosive sublimate) ae paar pans oe often ed for treatment adishes re restricted thi ar. However, the organic mercu ounds such a New Improved Cere: and Ne r local i sterilization are all permissible and t! are available. Tartar Emetic poison used to control thrips on giao: as roses, gladiolus, artar emetic. It is used f is adequate. This could be used no ne ae blackstrap molasses, which is not rationed. Paris ee een is a very efficient ingredi- ee of pa poison baits, such as those for cutworms and slugs, ‘and it is also used to a limited extent against gladiolus thrips garden potato growers often ‘use it against the Colorado potato beetle, in which case lime is added to ae burning. ae are adequate these purposes Organic Thiocyanates tions on rotenone and pyrethrum. This is primarily a contact insecticide. Cer- Vhile a supplies of organic thio- tain organic thiocyanates are compounded : cyanates will be adequate in amounts pi ug thus affording a savin ig equal to tose of last year, it may be ot non hile supplies available that such products as Lethane will be may at a. restricted, they will no in greater demand because of the restric- coubt be adequate. SOME NEWLY DEVELOPED COMPOUNDS alae Thiosan sis a rather new non-metallic co! Rear is a new fungicide well recom- ne used Lier for seed Geeoent ended for control of brown patch and ‘When pea seeds are treated - root - aie: soil fungi, It is a tetramethyl- fungi are killed and the plants are thiuram disulphide. stimulated to grow more vigo Poly, Spergon does not destroy the bacteria Fermate that are applied as inoculations of is is a new s and promising fungicide legumes, whi the d yellow said to be a control for apple rust and copper oxides (cuprocides) and copper scab, cherry spot, and a t oxychloride do destroy most of the bac- cherry. One should use ete wade: ‘with teria. When used with proper fertilizers, it, Jt is still in the Serene stage. eas treated with Spergon have increased their yields as much as 40%. rgon gives “DN” Compe unds good results as a treatment for spinach dinitrocresylate, such seed, but according to some report: y. one r and zinc alle of the apple rust fungus on cedar tree. will absorb all that can be manufactured. Ojher “DN” ¢ mpounds are used by the Aya orchardists primarily against fruit tree pests, a e As a seed treatment for spinach, to spring while the buds are still covered. prevent cae -off and other likely Lass They are effective against aphids, scale terial or fungus regia Arasan a insects, bug moth, and European red mite. promising new product. Supplies are limited. OTHER PRODUCTS Stickers and Spreaders gardeners often use it to drive blind - 4. moles from their gar sas About one I products are added to insec- Gunce is necessary yearly for each peach tree. This saves much labor required for ees the borers by hand. The supply ate. NC, adhere. on spreader such as Kayso, is adeq and Grasse ne spreader and _ sticker, .P.C. stickers, are available for fort Cyanid oe ‘thon gh casein spreaders are yaniaes hat somewhat tight on account of the limited These products, such as Cyanogas, a milk ae Pais cyanide ia are in great : deman: fumigants greenhouses Paradichlorobenzene (“PDB”) here vegetable and dower plants are This fumigant finds an important place grown a large scale. Supp lies are jn the control of peach borers, and home Sieauate. at ceiling prices. 107 Weed Killer Spraying and Dusting Equipment The supply sodium chlorate is not The WPB has established ee or quite eat al to the demand for it as a restrictions the manufacture and sale 1 : 117 1 Ti; = 7 st ; @ 7 ag ne ih ma igid auc ne : ae sprayers, 30% ; and-sprayers of less than for hoarding, although it may be dif- 6 a bape % ; hand-sprayers ficult to get the peqiired avant at of gallons capacity, 20% ; certain times. ee ot al el 40%. Circulars and bulletins on the control of insects and Sarge aie other troubles in the vegetable garden, also in the orchard and gar where fruits are being grown, are usually available from the Agr ere Papen ation in each state, also from the United States Department of ment Station Agriculture in Washington. Most of them are free. A pr: eee! complete file of such publications, as well as other pamphlets, books, and articles on this oes may be consulted in the library at the New York Botanical Garden NEWS REACHES AFRICA.-.-- And a Letter Comes to the Garden ANY were the expressions of sympathy for the loss which the New York Botanical Garden suffered last December No. 2 and whe caused the death of some 80 Lsascea ie = plants by were bese grown there for di ne ay. oe way as an air-mail letter yen cae ne last Sant pee S Dr. William J. Robbins and dated April 25, it is signed by a man whose name was not previously on at the Garden. He writes recently arrived copy of The New Yorker I read today of the tragedy that struck the gardens this past winter. As a years- long friend of the gardens I am much saddened by the event and ly hope tha parable as the Ww. of Africa, please feel free, in the nam of Primula kewensis and her brothers and sisters, to ask it of m He refers to the eg on the fire which appeared in The New Yorker of January n this, Primula oe msis was mentioned as one of the ae pe which was sa 108 Madder —Ancient And Medieval By William F. Leggett (Continued from the April Journal) A ie Pave bes except for ore instances, general culture of the madder plant in Europe was n rted until about the 16th cen- tury, is correct ee so far as that i - was nee until then that caoleie was undertaken on a large scale in order to supply i cloth market that had Ae beyond previous ae for dyestuffs. or many sare prior to this, Europe had been quite self-sufficient in se ie red, blue, purple, yellow and black dye ee 1. = Standards of Culture in Holland t the year 1494, detailed instructions concerning cultivation of madeer ae ae ‘a hae published in Holland and they reveal the high andards sturdy country eae ua oe although cai at a oh heel of a conqueror. For the t 300 years the Henan ere a most advanced madder ea in oe on _ Possibly re were some contributing natural advantages, such as mo: eee of —o. coastal districts reclaimed from the sea and : ea alluvial soil of the many deltas, which contributed to make Holland ideally suited for the ceria of madder. However, no practical student of economics will overlook the fact that, for at ne 200 years prior to 1500 A.D., Holland was also one of bs foremost fabricating nations of Europe, "and eres a large porter of both wool and silk. Thus it may be inferred that it was a solely because of pee eee eel of uae apes be to the local culture of madder. The y Dutch m had one eye on oe oe ble exchange in Astra ae Rotter atk to ae ae raw r an which, always in event of war, and often in times of eed afforded un- certain ee of timely arrival and of a constant supply in sufficient volur To. oa mote wide madder growing by farmers of the country, their foreign sovereign, Charles V, granted many special privileges to those of his Dutch iene who consented to engage in its cultivation. These 109 farmers soon became specialists 1 in madder culture, and with canny fore- as being of too uncertain heredity, and renewed their fields entirely with nae sno shoot to a planted before the time when apple trees bloomed n May,” and each shoot een eect cava he times hallowed by the ae tiaditiens of plant from which each shoot was taken must be ney ae Be Be a "allowing planting, ne S ta. shoots were nents lly watered in a manner which has become an art wit skilled peasant eae No madder plant was epee to grow after three years had elapsed, the ae beng dug up dried over peat fires in oles designed dry- ing house en thoroughly dried the roots were pounded in a mill, an operation gas s always undertaken “by lam plight at night” for the ine aia believed ae if this step in processing the dyestuff was arried 0 inlight or even in the early day and evening dusk, it igi ie stro: - a “tut ure hae. of the pigment. tn the coastal area of Holland, and i er throughout t the entire country, two years was pee time limit for growth, as it was feared that older plants, having lon roots, might hs too far into the soil, and, reaching under cere sea level, ee | a local flood, if not a more ae ena After Dutch culturists had cleared a field of madder plants, it was n again SES ith madder until ten full had id ae In the ie of wha erly an practice, this cultural technique may appear rather involved, if not entirely unnecessary, espe- iall it is recalled that up to this time madder dyestuff imported rom France, d even f oie had, for many centuries, sufficed Dutch cloth fabricators. How he diligence expressed by the Dutch in madder culture paid large Wividends, for, during the 16th and 17th uries, and ur n co could successfully uropean cloth fsa recognized it as the sure basis for the fast and brilliant red color, so popu ne at that ie. “Holland i ee se or nn 300 yea Madder Growing in France though not until the beginning of the 18th century did France become a serious competitor of Holland in madder sales to the rest of Europe, at this time j rench competition was due solely to the economic step of preventing large sums of French exchange being sent ie of the country, not only to ee but also to Italy and the Near Eas In 1666, J aptiste Colbert, Ce Comptroller-General of eee under King Louis XIV, recognized the importance of native 110 madder culture, and ee aaa to introduce this plant in the dis- tricts Lae the former Papal town of Avignon, but his efforts, were not ssful. eae unsucc mal were other efforts to improve a ee a are er meee grew wild in Normany. The answer to this latter failure can be found in the fact that Rubia tinctorum and R. peregrina e—who, nema ee was the gre anita of his immediate ase —directed me of his ministers of state to “arouse interest in madder growing among a SONA Hin of Southern France,” and although they ree a primary Dutch theory by planting seeds, yet these seeds, which they imported from radiated?). A custom peculiar to French culturists of that era was to cut off the top of each plant three ee each year during the period of growth, for they thought that this ee assisted pa plea of the plant and thus contributed to the vitality of its ro culturists, how- ever, fully equaled their Dutch brethren in aot on eons me and even went beyond the latter in some techni ne after but one year of this process consumed from three to six days, yet the roots were seldom thoroughly dried : lean or crushing, and they were ae placed in an ordinary baker’s oven after a satay ae bread had been removed but alias the oven stil retained most n 1729 eines ee adder to oe but the industry did a poe important there until about 1772, The Alsatians practised a much ee dying method eae vine the roots on frames placed in heated rooms, a proceeding only was slow, but also rather bother- some, for ee ee had to . peas aired in order to rid it of fumes which had developed. While the net — of French madder production efforts were so re- 111 aa that cae districts in both Alsace a vijariaa France were soon, covered with madder fields, and the produc a few years excelled in inal ie ae previously imported from le ‘Near East, yet it never n the a oval of European dye masters so completely as did the madder af the Dut Red Costumes for Soldiers The c coming of the French Revolution and the long period of political and economic unrest which followed played havoc with this thriving indus- r : only partially recovered its former vigor. In an effort to succor a once prosperous home ieee ae fsa meee in 1840, ordered that the trousers oe caps of the e e French a my be “dyed red with madder.” In so do ae he was {allow ing i precedent of an earlier ea oe ai also ordered all army uniforms ‘ ‘dyed r ed with erent d American school children still know them as ne ts”! moves, oe themselves, did not consume any great quantity o madder but both the eee French and the more phlegmatic english expressed a certain patriotism by ag i Laas red. mre in many forms of .fabric, both for the person and f ome, and to this degree were “the efforts of both naeree reviving oS neon The Dye-Plant in England When compared with Holland—and even Pierusmire cultivation of madder in other European countries was quite unimportant, although the plant was grown in Turkey and to a less eet in England, re and Germany. In an effort to foster a new industry, King Charles I of Eng- land, about 1615, decreed special privileges to those of his cee who would cage on madder plant, but imports from Holland and France were always required to maintain a steady supply of this red dye for English cloth pre ton Not until 1730 did madder cultivation win any serious attention in England, where the plant had been grown sporadically for centuries. Small d sell a ae arn sa ae ae than a dye. For some reason w. < y have had his see basis, England preferred gre r brown as Stee relief j in dress, and did not call for ved to the nts that it was or on the continent. A large part of the madder used in England etia through Norwich ons this town the most important madder distribution point in that cou and memory of this moun is ne. in an age- ae local eee still called Madder Street Some Scientific Discoveries In the year 1736, Dr. Belchier, an English surgeon, when dining at the home of a cotton printer, noticed that the e smaller bones in the roast pork ma tint in ane bones was due we fact that his aiule and swine were fed & Fe) Q 3 ie} sy oq oo D aq oO @ > @ 3 Q << oe ° 4 ae @ 4 oO ion wn =" => a o Canal ° 3 i 2 =] [ary ry a calcium content in the bones of cattle and bir cea a begs research in the use of color substances for therapeutical purposes. It is 113 worth oe that neither woad nor saffron, also ancient vegetable dye so Ss, possesses the ther: ene. possibilities of madder, which still holds ae scientific interest. Customs Outside of Europe n-European countries in which madder was ads included Persia, Pee Egypt, Tunisia, Morocco and India. The atizarr (madder) of Arab merchants was at one time far superior in poe to European species of Rubia. It was allowed to — in the ground for six years, tivation, because they could & g Qa ot 5 uo) @ 4 es ag =m Se & 3 Q + ° o o i] a img ia tas ° 3 oO a (=) us} root, and, facing less econom © press Madder grow: not be disputed, ee this was the advantage of clea: of roots, which i aoenen increased the value of aes madder when in competition = Ae ee ch had 2 n dried in the ak ways moist and often impure ai tial European drying r of that period. Edward Ba eae a ena English eas on ce estuffs, once slyly Saeed that the ee ence between European dried madder roots and those dried in the Orient, was as great as the difference between a European and an pe ra goat, but despite ie distinguished res madder on the Near eae especially afte e 12th century—ne achieved marked success in Europe, undoubte aly — ort true Oneital stub- bornness, the growers always prepared thei ae roots for market wit se the outer covering, or ae ea _—a def in prepara ation which n cre a rea: as the ue of the dyestuff, ie also in poate com eer ex € processes e dyeing oe af sa ee: of ao = i an brought ee on calico or wool o find t of characteristic on ee hae Fe . oe ae actually nee a less am of aes dye ane yet it was much easier o handle both in rar and use, for afte e 13th century it was aa marketed in powdered fe while ‘nae ee the _ was accepted, . use ed Ss ee only in roo ae pea i n the Orient had one favorable characteristic which can- an, pure, op ir aps ane the wily oan eee for falsification of powdered oe so they soon flatly refused to accept shipments in any other form n roots An interesting angle appears in the fact that for many decades during and after the 15th century, the bulk of European ave madder was packed in casks or linen sacks for transportation and s: nae in thos remote days, no modern “guaranteed sample of pa ee ses ee had been ee to protect—or at least guide—the prospective one and 114 therefore it was practically impossible for him to know accurately the exact quality of the powde red dyestuff offered for sale, for only actual use could then develop that point. Thus he was entirely dependent upon ee he knew about the integrity of the seller. Be corded with pride the majority of eae age rowers were enol a did ne utmost to prevent falsifi Especially in Holland was this reputa- tion preserved for centuries, as Bete y nde dization ie haa by strict regulation which Sais both ney and s Some of the regulations which had been put into effect in 1537 by ae V were faith- fu ully followed by the Dutch until the cal decline of madder produc- tion in the 19th century. A Variety of Colors Re to 1870, at which date synthetic dyes began to appear, madder, soon as mor ieee becaine ee used, was the early choice of calico ene and Turkey-red dyers. The former favored it ser a“ its ability to yield a 8 of color, as for oe red or pink w aluminum was used as a mordant; orange, when tin was ah ee lilac or black, a mordanted with iron, and various shades of brown and chocolate when a mixed aluminum re tin mordant was prepared, and what was still more paces all of these colors were fast to both light and washing. Cal ene used - the alizarin and the purpurin eee of the Baden root, but for eth classes of pe work, alizarin the essential color a ee Turkey-red Ane rs‘ used madder because eee particular process called aS the most ae nt a see ns red known at that period, and thus alizarin was the all-important eeu for them eee pupurin, aes apparently ne on the cloth fiber, wa: subseque ee more or eee removed from it during this particular nee Pure i re hade Tt was qui ite ear ly discovered ae madder roo ae had ieee in soil deficient in lime, it was imperative . baa ae Ik t he dye bath; later, chemists made it clear that calcium was mal constituent 2 all me colors of especially those obtained ae cea ad iron mordan When hetic dye volume and variety, was finally seed on he market, Ae ne mee ae to destin all over the world, and within a decade had entirely retired in favor of the ee ‘alizarin,” for ie latter was one-fourth as costly are more effec Today, madder is Ragen in rather ined “aantities by a very few counties, soley upply a demand of artists for a certain vara pig- ent o rior Gaal y—and possibly a ot pee some physicians who still a nie plant with some of the virtues ascribed to it by the oe The Story of Rice Nate ile on these two pages are from u series of prints believed to date from the ing dynasty, about 500 years ee The wie a rice culture is essentially the e today in Chin et te oj aE To en germination, the rice seed is 2. A water: bial: 4 ploughs ie Hooded field ey Te about a day in bamboo paekete: to prepare it ad the rice cr The « oi are sown in nursery 5 beds by be- 4. Rice eee are eee ae the oad ing dropped om small bamboo containers. bed to be celle to the = Id, \ water-buffalo turns the phe which taws water to the field from the river. ater-buffalo turns the wheel which 6. The seedlings are set out in a field wae here is watered from a bamboo pail, The Story of Rice “(continued)” The prints that are reproduced here were oes through the courtesy of the Foreign Mission Board of the coun Baptist Con m and photographed by Fleda lee Enlargements of them have been made for pag senent museum exhibit at the Garde’ i WE irs CU AEM pare 7 The ake Sheaves of rice are ee fa 8. The rice is threshed with bamboo flails on ane ba aes are threshed. se, Pa arate the ches from the stalks. p , TEE An inverted at is used in a stone jar for 10. 10. Winnowing lets the ken hulls of the 1 poun a ak the rice to loosen the hulls. grain blow away in the win i nc 11. In a primitive hand mill the hes coating 12. The polished vice is carried in baml is ground from each grain of ri baskets to the family granary for storage Notices and Reviews of Recent Books (All publications mentioned here may be consulted in the Library of The York Botanical Garden or may be purchased on order through the peas America’s Early Naturalists .4 bibliography and U aera Press, New "York, 1941. history of the United States is one respe The men who barbarians: they were the emissaries of an older culture, who carried letters and science with th into orld. ingled with those who h fur, awakening of gen- the academies and lyceums, and the contribations made by publishers and aes ne respect, indeed, the continuity of the book has baa achieved £ er ia unavoidably) at the o absurdity. though we may hesitate to speak of Audubon as a scientist, it is without mis- ing that we refer baturelist to Darwin as a arly naturalist tion existed (ane still docs), co it would be a mistake to conclude that some funda- In ara on philosophy Professor puallweed 3 like most modern scien an believe, an oversimplification. The im- pulse to Pee and discovery is more aay seated than that. iS well p rinted and in gen- enough oO be miscalled. “Redonte.” legend pla “Venus fytan (Drossa fahaniphiay well, words fail me. o a H. W. Ricxetr. ele aie ad of oody Plan SHRUBS AND TREES FOR SMALL PLACE. P. J. van heir 298 pages, index. Charles ea onene Sons, New York. $2. ui for dintng ea places of anodes extent, ae presents a “candid camera” view of 118 more than 400 deciduous shrubs and small trees available for the purpose. ‘oo often in the past such plants been used with the understanding their importance and duration in the det scene demands, while selections are usually very limited and often uited to the location. Most kinds give but brief floral display, and in order to spread a good foliage value, and Bh q is a Be a < nique feature of this book is a € Chart based on the author's ob- long ie ai 5 the spotlight on 363 shrubs and trees, and sho a heir decorative value and adaptability to soil and light varia- tions. Classified tabulations indicate spe- cial features, then follows a “character sketch” fo h one listed in the chart, with 1 ell as virtues pointed out in a clear-cut manner. The chapter on hi ¢c Shade Trees is ee with ideas that find hard to digest—but good : presented on the pages. By way of a in garden eae there are no pica al illustrations. HEN E, R, Vie ceonce On en Tre ‘Art a Growing s In Mas. AMERICA? SELVICS AND SILVI- 72 28, University of Minnesota Press, Min- olis. 1942, $5. this aa Professor Cheyney has a veces alert to a re i B its non-technical, almost conversational style, one constantly has the impression that he is listening to an authority spea oe ing informally out of long personal e perience. And such is indeed the case, since Professor Cheyney’s aa) o sery- ice as professor of forestry at the Uni- versity of pees oe back for over a quarter of a ce s the author fee the terms which Professor Chey divides his book ie ‘four parts der these heads: va f the Uni og. 3 #0 & somewhat over 100 s ted, the order of arrangement being alphabet by genera and species, Part IV : supported by a bibliography of 466 em Accord ing to the author, the first three parts ‘ ‘constitute a textbook of forestry ;” the fourth “des: igned primarily for roach nanage: t < balance which must be maintained b ween what is theoretically desirable and t is economically ae ae in from the e ience of Europe, but that it is the mastery of broad principles which un: attempts to ly European eth ° eagen . The t III entitled “Ap- éicaton oO he Siegal "Systems to the Various Forest Types of the distinctive features of the he oe ea adds no little to its value. Alt it must significant that the time has now come when definite recommendations as to the 119 scientific saree aut of particular forests can be made the basis of exact in- formation gathered through experiments, “investigations and ri HS. Hosmer, Carnell Witenes, » dep be Of ae ey and the has OF THE WEATHER. im) ieee. 400 pases iiiwstre tea. . The rye Cattell Press, Lancaster, Pa., 1942. $4. expansion fi popular, non-mathematical treat- nt of weather, which this book at- tempts to fill oe h emphasis The . el acquainted w e operations of a modern mcteoralagie! tation. Nevertheless, the reviewer does not reat to recommend this book highly x the vast amount of oe tive a ladle that : Ba in attractively readable for Barpara McCiintock, Carnegie tasstatien: oF Washington, Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y. New Jersey Peat And Its Uses THE PEATS OF NEW JERSE AND THEIR UTILIZATION. Sean Waksman. 155 pages, bibliog- taphy of 3889 titles, mete sa Pcl tables, drawings and raphs. 1942. An erga the origin, composi- Hoe and wu a is given in this x by De 5 We pub- Tished as Bulletin 3s, “Part A, Geolosic Series, of the New Jersey Department of s of the W.P.A,, sisted in the preparation of the present part. Besides the er and_ horticul- tural oe i ioe beer und that peat can rake ee and paper, iesulerior aca Bay oe products, that it can b in tanning, as a catalyst, and for fa rmientation ae An especially valuable part of Dr. Waksman’s study is his attempt to rrive at a prehensive definition and prac- discarding many previous sly suggested differentiations. Carot H. Woopwarp. Plants 2 the Rockies 1 ATIVES. of Walter pesrad ages, illustrated, in- dexed. Published es author at 372 . Humb St. Denver. 1942. $1.25, his is a booklet of pocket size, loose- leaf, with ring binding, plentifully pro- vide ith good photographs and about owers. For example, green pages resent shrubs or woody plants; white upon more imm north slopes,” or “on dry sunny slopes.” A. short gles is offered for each plant or plant g The ou satin ely addresses him- self i 8 ally e booklet babi serves a useful aeolian and expect to find eae or consiste nt application of technical names or “organi~ zation in a ae "of this ‘sort. It is somewhat of a shock, however, to find 120 the poisonous mushroom, caria, placed tae j"nerbs" Goahigae statement. the use oe common names, the o indulge somewhat in his as, for example: “lance-leaf Amanita nius- without any eolata,;” antella cau Such a eyen in a booklet nate. SETT MAGUIRE. or —Penstemon harhourt coinage of names this character is unfort Bas Written by a Rose-Lover My FRIEND THE ROSE. Francis a pare? illustrated, in- ace Menatle nd Co., 942, $2.50. isb Ros ers will pane in this peek ac is Panarely illustrated with r oe s of old-fashioned rose pai ae and beginners will profit by reading The author ies of the rose’s ancient Eliza- . Pp roses of ich association ; on cadre neglect, He recommends that in ane ve r and for ees ponder na: e speaks of Califomia and Souther rose oo I wonder if i He ae the roses in old Nantucket gardens in June or the eglantine hedges a aeie the fresh ocean air. Henrietta McC. WILLIAMS. Economic a SOYBEANS: Gold From the Soil. itwara Jerome Dies, bibliography, pnd. index: Macmillan, New York, 1942, $1. erday a curiosity a de oday a major my ae in the United States, ihe soy- aes Hess a aati re probably : future rable a fairy story. In 1941 y 107,- —one of the largest soy- he worl Lada ‘ort is bean crops in being made to increase the acreage greatly in 1943. At the start of the century the unk, dates back to prehistoric times. Mr. Dies in his small boo es facts about the soybean and its p: ction, prec ing, ae ae that are of mpor' to the grower of this crop POK: A Survey of ae History, Gultivation and es. phen J. Zand. 11 ges, il strated with 1941. 50 om ve e story . kapok, fro te 8 Bie beth ° e species ars trees pedicie this Beet fiber, to a list of its uses in moder the edo cel luring the _ decades and a_ bibliography covering five page AROL H. Woopwarp. Note on Rubber SCIENCE REMAKES OUR WORLD. James Stokley. 8 ied illus- trated, indexed. Washburn, New York, 1942. Pe 50. A very readable popular account of progress in oa fields an author who at g artly in connection wit! Sci The only omnia ac- Sonne in the volume is a brief discussion of rubber. E. H. Fortine. Photosynthesis and Other ee pages, Bone and “glossaty New York, 1! vast aoe of nearly 800 pages and over 1,000 figures, including chapters on Matter and Energy, the Solar System, ir, t, Electrical Energy, Metho Tran’ i A g ister Datos fia pipe is a cer and photosynthesis is eg: nt.” ee 121 The Chemical Point of View CHEMISTRY INSECTICIDES AND FUNGICIDES. Donald E. H, Frear. 300 pages, illustrated, in- dexed. D, Van Nostrand Co, New York, 1942, $4, This concise volume a. ee most up-to- date rea rican publica on the chem- istry of insecticides ae angieide les. The first part deals with stomach poisons or protective insecticides, with one chapter each on the arsenicals, Trad arsenate, a fare and miscellaneous stomach poisons. Par t II, comprising a third of the book, is on contact poisons or eradi- cant insecticides. Reig are chapters on nicotine and per unds m mercury an miscellaneous faneicides Spray supple- and residue ee alg discussed in Patt t IV. Part V analytical methods, both es and His ubject and author ate are included. outgrowth of a gradu- on the author and as ® “us g ence work. There is appended to each chapter a fairly extensive list of sele a eferences Recent oe in new e lude eb he chemi: of the various insecticide and fungicide compounds. There is little or no discussion of the toxicology or pli siological action of the chemi insect, the fungus or the host p ique of this dee is the que featur eetvely cota treatment of analyti- cedurt S. E. McCau Boyce Tignes In. cada For Plant Research. Orchid Growers’ Guide AMERICAN ORCHID CULTURE. Edward A. White. 276 pages ius: Meee a piphoera Dey index. Ma New York, 2. hir ie £ American Or rch: Gane a as ee ri i Professor E, White of Cornell is a very fine addition ature and will prove f immeasurable help to all amateur, professional, d ial ow writing about his trips where seen orchid plants growing in their native habitats the author imparts much valuable and instructive informa- ‘ion, The chapters on Orchid H d their Saat Propagation ae “Orchids, Orchid Hybridization, and American g are all complete Dok os a eral means _Chapt ai who ee os oe orchid growing ma small le as a hobby. The remain- ie nine chapters are all reple teresting and instructive redne matter and the book is worthy of a place in any horticultural library. Joun S. Dotc. Outlook on Latin America ou IN THE WESTERN REPUBLICS by Jay Field; BRAZIL, Eula Kennedy Long; EXICO, Alberto Remb: a RIVER PLATE REGI , Hugh C. tuntz. Mostly 64 pages each, illustrated with maps and eS Brenden hip pet New York, 194) ent: each. These attractively printed, paper-bound booklets, each written by som one who has lived a long time in the region under discussion, have a special value for the person who is os to tne in one of th ese sections of Lat than ior T cribe op their in- modes of pees educational op- periodicals, some of their and their. reli . A brief seating a comprises an appendix to each v Car a Woopwarn. 122 Fruit Culture in India Tauustated: Chemical Publis hing Co., Brooklyn, 1942, $2. This is a co es book. It con- tains noe ito than I have ever seen ook published in this country. It must have a up late the night before. ing is tated about the author but full of Indian words which are not ex- ae in the single page which passes asa glo lossary. The author has brought together a lot of material which ees been useful in his ere two oe of the English. “Ohvi It can format is unattractive. uc! t be said. The book is not worth R. R. Stewart. =e Current Literature* At a Glance Mushrooms. Vitamins and minerals found in commercial mushrooms are by E. E. Anderson and Fellers of the Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station in the latest is £ the Proceedings e American Society Poe Ae he ae ne. =u Q. a Accordin; ests, ecimen of Agaricus paiibes ee while they one sist of 90 percent water, contain calcium, * All publications mentioned here—and m: others—may be found in "the Library of ‘the Botanical Garden, in the Museum Building. osphorus, potassium, copper, ie avail- able i iron, besides vitamins Bi, Bz, and C, and nicotinic and pan othenic acids in beneficial quantities. Medicinal Plants. Botanical, native, and Pen one. sources of 49 drugs de- ed f tro, vi Higbee are the authors of this useful reference work, which is designed to ai rospective growers of medicinal plants in the warmer agra ms of the western hemisphere, importance of ch rug is rediioned: also the Sa of it at was imported in 1938, ’ "40. ethods of propagation and culture for each plant are outlined, as nh as A paring it for Th addition, sources o plea and more oo formatio: en whene it avail: able. Vitamin C in Small Fruits. Tests made on several ee a ane a sae ita = ‘am: eberries ; 7 to 32 ieee in dewheris 20 to 32 milligrams in rasp- 12 t s in black- o ® at eo & A 3 hi retinedt Sta Island Survey. s. M ing New Zealand” s of a Cen- tury,” umber in the series shows mpressive sc which the plant lif of the island is dominant. Afforestation, ck control, Fae he wheat land: the ae treated. Tree Dise An annotated i of peeetate maladies of eee S Quebec has names of the trees and me French, English, and Lat 123 Spr The Arborisi’s New, or reese stmmarizes the cretion in spray gg especially those for use Two more booklets have i ‘ube by ae peas a rden to describe aching eee sad ae ay ie Gatien Two more are promised in this attractive series of five. talog. An elaborate catalog with an was preceded by an ment contai ining a description at each of the novelties being introduced by the nursery this year. These new plants are among those which are illustrated in color. Se Question Column What are the largest plant groups in the aoe as to the numbers of species known? Ther more different species of biel” in the world than of any other kind ae In this one family, the Ore! mber of which is s of the rate tropical trees, aise vines, and herbace- ous gues many of whic! ul to man, come second, with approxi- mately 17,000 different species. ut come the Composites—the daisi and dandelions, one lage ae cae santhemums, and zinnia which we et i Mae in ou cal gardens and the ha just as ae pull ip hese and a ue a other ee eads florets consti a nee pete with a member- ship of 15,000 species. There © 7,000 es each in the Med and the “Spurge Fas, but we in know little of i coffee, da poinsettias and rubber from the other. Of grasses there are 6,000 species scat- tered A oucionk the world, and many of these have See importance, for here ne ae our eal grains, our corn, our Vand grazing, oe the a “mmportant tenia of the Orient. Hie tribe ri Rite more 500 sp cies of pla H. A. GLeason. => Notes, News, and Comment Plant Distribution. Members of th plant of mag holl an nd one Chinese holly crenata oe considered est and one of the handsomest of its ae The plants nee ibut ed April 7 a to about 2! onference. Dr. Basset t Maguire pre- ie es ‘fist then on the Co aiivliees eae Henry Lockhart Tr. taxonomy of Henry Loclchart, d fe} Jr., of New York City and Longwoods d., a member of the Corporation of th Botanical Garden ary 1930, f this y died April 14 0 a member of the Board of Managers in November 1930. dvisory Council. A new member of Council, elected at the ecutive Committee of the Board of Managers March 31, is Mrs. Rodney Proctor. Life Member. Dr. Otis W. Caldwell, who has been an annual he of the New York Bae oe since 1920, was voted a Life Men y the Execu- tive Committee of the Be a7 cof Managers March 31 in recognition of his many serv- to botanical to this the he iM vanee men of Science, is asso- a with the Boyce Thompson Institute at Yonkers, N. Y. 124 eas Academy. Dr. W. J. Robbins and Dr, O. Dodge attended _a meeting of the Notional Roda of Sciences in Washington, D. C., April 26 to 28. has been re- G B. Hinton. News | ae eorge ceived from Mexico City of the h rg epilectoe ms on a ° Kew | "Ene learned that there wa! e ns Ae of nee Bota nical no ie Botanical Garden 3,000 of hi r. H. A. Gleason, Dr. W. erbena fan arg to Dr. H i after him. genus, Hintonia also bears his name. Returned, Dr. R. H. Moscoso, Director Botanical a sen efore leaving he sei the library with a f£ his monu- pie work, “Catologus florae oon Parte 1, Sin matophyta,” n New York City by the Unive: of Sa a Dosing volume of 732 Pages, Acar ae this yea: ity recent visitors at the Botanical oe Tae been R. Donatello a who one of the foreign ey Sores. under the Bureau u ashington Br unswick N. J. Gettmade E Dore. Instructor New York State Museum, Albany; Dn G. Krotkov, Queen's University, Kings- Visitors. Among io} — Ontario, and Dr. Edgar Wherry, Uae of Pennsylvania. Groups. The garden section of the ‘Woman's ee of bananas N. Y., made n qT naturalized narcissi, and the Main Con- servatories. he classes in the Department of Land- rchite cture of Columbia ee o ey fave been stadvie ay flowering plants in the Thompson Memorial Rock Garden and the early trees and shrubs, Vincent Walsh, uh had been teuhce Course for ly before he atory. Mary Bartley (Mrs. Chris Professional Gardeners short- left. ro) Society, began a year of special work in vitamin Nate wee 1 in the laboratory of Dr. Robbin: my. John H. Pierce, whose scheduled ee outh America in Seattle in the Medical Cor Addresses. The Biological Journal Club a Fordham eahebaat heard a lecture by Dr. A. B. Stout on April 18 on “Incompatibilides in Pipe une Plants.” The Women’s National Box Bool Club in Gacawich Village was shown the New York Botanical Garden’s noe on the eels Plants of the North eee Indians THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN ade Jos: Pre. HENRY DE Hower Pawns Vice presiend Joun L, Merritt, V: ice-president AR ace M. AnveRson, Treasurer HENRY DE LA MoNTAGNE, Secretary Elective Managers Mrs. a Huntineton Rosert H. MontcoMERY H. Wiitam pene Barrett Hooke! Hopart Porter ENRY pu Pont PIERRE Te Francis E, Powe, Jr. SHALL Crarence McK. Lewis Mrs. Haron I. Pratt Mar Fretp Rey. RosertI. Gannon, D. T. MacDoucar ILLIAM J, RopBINS S.J. E. D, Merrit A. Percy SAUNDERS ee Managers o H. LaGuaroia, Mayor of the City of New York Fiseworts B. Bucs: Peesilent of the Board of Education Rozert Moses, Park Commissioner Appointive Managers By the Torrey Botanical Club H. A. GLEASON By Columbia University epee T. eae Marcus M. Ruoapes Cuartes W. Bat Sam F, TRELEASE THE STAFF Wittiam J. Ropsins, Pu.D., Sc.D. Director H. A, Greason, Pu.D. Assistant Director and Head Curator HENRY DE LA MONTAGNE ssistant Director A. B. Strout, Pa.D. Curator of Education and Laboratories Frep J. SEAVER, Pu.D., Sc.D. Curator Bernarp O, Dooce, PHD. Plant Pathologist Joan HENDLEY BARN HART, A.M,, M.D. Bibliographer Emeritus H. W. Rickert, Px.D. Bibliographer Hasoup N. Motoewxe, Pu.D. (On leave of absence) Associate Curator R. R. Stewart, Px Acting Curator ASSETT MaGuIRE, re D. Visiting Curator Butea ae Hau, A.B, B.S. Librarian EDA GRL Artist and Photographer bee Warr esearch Associate Rogert = Renae Research Associate in Bryology E. J. Ate Assi id Curator of the Local Herbari a B. (On leave of absence Assistant Curator FRANCES oi Winns, Pu.D. Assistant Curator Ciype CHANnpLer, Px.D. Technical tan RosaLie WEIKERT Technical Assistant E. E. Naytor, Px.D. Technical Assistant Caro. H. Woopwarp, Editorial Assistant Tuomas H. EVERETT, it B Hort. Horticulturist G, L, Witrrock, A.M. Custodian of the Herbarium Orto Decerek, M.S. | Collaborator in Hawaiian Botany A. J. Grout, Pu.D. Honorary Cancion of Mosses Rosert HaGeLsTEIn wa cay tor of Myxomycetes Joseru F. peere Hon ‘y Curator of the Diatomaceae Kruxo Hon sit our afi of ee Botany ETHEL Anson 8. Pecxuam Honorary Cue, Iris and Narcissus c lane ae Mes oe Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds A.C. Pra Assistant Superintendent ‘he Rotanical Garden, take the Eighth Avenue Subway to Bedford Park Blvd, ‘the mand Avenue Elevated to the Bronx Park station, of the New York Central to = apa a ine Bret tion; or drive up the Gra md ie oe se then east on yen Pkw: from "Westches ster, turn west of Bronx River Pkw PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Books, Booklets, and Special Numbers of the Journal n Illustrated Flora of the Nershen United States and Canada, by Nathaniel Lo a Batter and Addison Brown. Three volumes, giving descriptions and illustra- tions of 4,666 species. Second sdicod aaa $ Flora of 05 tees og Plain sof. ae ral tee America, by P. A. Rydberg. aid. 969 pees and 6 1 figu ae 0) fo ants of t ne Vie SN saree y H. K “Cle ason. 284 pages, illustrated. A eae ences Computed fot the ne in plant identification. 1935. $1.65. Flora of Bermuda, by Nathaniel Lord Britton and others. 585 pages with 494 i $3. figures, cores algae, “anes, mosses, ferns, flowering plants. 1918. A Text-B of eer ral Lichenology, by Albert Schneider. 230 pages. oe ee ort mei eee eae, by Kenn eth K. Mackenzie, containing 539 plates of Carex and related ee nts ay Har iG Creutzburg, with a description of cag species. Indexed. velmaee 1034 x 13%4 inches; bound $17.50; 5 50. Keys to the North American Species ee eee by K. K. Mackenzie. From Vol. 19, Part 1, of North American Flora. Plants of the Holy Scriptures by ea Kae, illustrated, and accompanied by a list of Plants of the Bible with quotations, in the March 1941 Journal. 15 cents. Food rug Plants of the North American Indian. Two te articles by Marion A. & G. L. Wittrock in the Journal for March 1942 ardy Ferns ae ee ous Edited by Carol H. Woodwa a a pages, lusteated bound i cents. e Flora of ae lies cor atabee ries by E. J. Alexander and Carol H. Wood ne oe pages, illustrated oun photographs and drawings; bound with paper. 1941. 25 cents. tables and Fruits for the Home Garden. Four authoritative articles reprinted 4 an omas Pyles. 200 pages, tacluding facsimile of _original. Prepared by Scholars’ Paci and Reprints. Price to members of the Garden, $2. 50. $3. Sele "plants of New and Old World Deserts by E. J. Alexander. 64 pages, indexed. 350 species treated, 100 dusted Bound in paper. 1942. 50 cents. Catalog of Hardy Trees and Shrubs. A list of ne nueedy aan being ee Cae at the New York poe onl seat Gk en in 1942, ges with n and 20 illustrations. 75 pene nia, annually, devoted exclusiv ely io colored Ee a ied b each volum its twenty-first wo um acutee tion ne * 0 lume (four years). Not o i ng Free to members e Garden Journal of T. k Botanical Garden, m ly, taining news, book eviews n-technical articles on botany and horticulture. Subscription, $1 a year; single 15 ce Free to members of the Garden. Now in its 43rd volume including lichens, containing technical ae and news and notes of genera a terest. a year; single eon $1.25 each. Now in a thirty-fourth volum ear Brittonia. A_ series or ieeenienl papers. Subscription price, $5 a volume. olu orth American Mae Descriptions of the wild plants of North America, including Greenland, the West Indies, an nd Central America. 90 parts now issued. a uest. ontributions from e New York Botanical Gar A series of technical papers reprinted from journals other than the above. 25 one each, $5 a volume. moirs of The New Yor Bete nical Garden. A collection of scientific papers. Contents and prices on reque JOURNAL THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vor. 44 J U N E In TWO SECTIONS: SECTION Two No. 522 19 4 3 Paces 125 - 148 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Caro. H. Woopwarp, Editor AID FOR THE NAVY Oc ‘CASIONAL back-yard gardeners from Ti ‘o New England have ania oo ous for years as ane oe Eiope ee own sponges from the er fiber. In Cuba, where the season is auiably long and warm ae luffa, or sponge (or dishcloth) “gourd has one been raised on a commercial scale for household use ulk of the ae pie by the Navy has been coming from eee growers in an important use in naval vessels, where they are packed ge iit tether or eee on wires and ae es Lar a “flter to ai the bai ler. They ace a aohe: function on inter: cl on Ogi such as Diesels, "hehe employed there for diene carbon and metal dust from the oil. uddenly, after December 1941, there were no more luffa sponges com- m Japan, and the same “ala that stopped their importation consequence, experiments were ee base cellulose eg but it 8 e : ish =m was anoth ere and it is now being tested in laboratories. Sponges from ie gourds that had escaped from cultivation in Chile, Mexico, Guat Herdues and Haiti, were also tested, but, as one ex perimenter voaid, “They are like anemic cucumbers.” They did not make _Bood filte Uni e ge cultivation “Of luffas in ne country and also in those sections of aanel ca where co- ae agricultural programs are being established. es ew venture, and one of the first ae called upon for infor- een on ae cee a preparation of luffas was the New iyo rk Botani- cal Garden. ei as the first crops were harvested from the new luffa plantations. the Department of Agriculture of the Ne thelan East ies Pie oe ars ago presented to the Garden's Library a of books the useful oe a ie islands, nobody dreamed that two or three are rendates of volume ae help to start an important new try on ae career in ‘Am TABLE OF CONTENTS June 1943 Yucca From Mexico Cover photograph Douglas A. Crawford Lurra Sponces, A New Crop ror THE AMERICAS Edmund W. Sinnott and Robert Bloch HH UFFAS In A New Jersey GARDE 33 eee As THey Are Usep By Tne CHINESE Willard M. Porterfield, Jr. 3a Dryinc Prants in THREE DIMENSIONS 138 Tue GARDEN TEACHES THE Army How To Grow_VEGETABLES Photographs by Fleda Griffith 142 Notices AND REVIEWS OF Seas Books 143 Notes, News, AND CoMME my e Journal is published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Printed in U. S, A, Entered at the Post a in ae York, N. ¥., as second-class matter. aaa subscription $1.00. Single copies 15 cents. Free members of the Garden. JOURNAL of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vor. 44 June 1943 No. 522 Luffa Sponges, A New Crop For The Americas By Edmund W. Sinnott and Robert Bloch Department of Botany, Yale University bee war is teaching us a great deal about economic botany. Many plants ich were almost unknown before Pearl Harbor are now famiilia: to all a us, at least by name, hase Airs paling: of plant products in modern iaatars fe become obvi eryone. Synthetic chemistry may do wonders, but the ae arene ay in the cells of growing plants are the ane where most of our organic raw materials are still pro- duced. y people it has come as a shock to find that our country has be- regions ha appen o be under the control of o the rubber, quinine, and Manila hemp, for ex: ie pe in in the Grit oe come from plants grown in those parts of the ee which are now in i one e hands, pe ur supply is therefore cut Everyone tas aa these important ae aes a of t nee being made Eerie for them os ow m elsewhere, = there are a es plants, less familiar, a which pe as also come to depend upon eastern Asia, and the lack of Gen is Are affecting our war effort. remarkable product. Not widely known or grown in the United “States, they have heretofore been imported in large quan oe from Japan. Sur. paauely: enough, these gourds are of great importance to the Navy, for 125 126 they have come to be widely used in naval vessels and other steamships as filters to remove oil and grease from water as it enters the boilers, During recent years - ee have built up a virtual monopoly in the produc- tion of these ge gourds, our supply of which, of course, was cut off when the United § cel entered the war. The Navy and the Derren of Agriculture have been ae ing vigorous efforts to len a supply elsewhere, but these have not been wholly successful, and a luffa ona has thus become one of the many minor bottlenecks in our war effort Luffas Are Tropical Cucurbits Quite aside from their ees strategic importance, the luffas are well Pte - attention for thei sake. They belong, with the rae gourds and the squashes, ae cuc ne an fa punpene to that large and interesting ee ily, the ene nes name is Arabic in ae and may be spelled in almost any way o ishes. Luffa is the sera Rona! pas oS name. ee Navy calls it “loofa,” others often “loo and you sometimes see it spelled ‘ ‘loopha” or “lufa.” Actually it is ete es as i dishelo th et or vegetable sponge. The plant, like others in this family, is chiefly an inhabitant of the oe or warntempert countries, and until this last hh r has rarely been grown i nited States except as a curiosity or for ornament. It Pesan e near a eee and momordicas, and is only a distant aan of the common gour pin ere are — species, but only two of them— 1. eytntic Ga L. acutangula of economic value. Of these the former uch t ore plied i. luffas are eee in the tropics a tobal i native to the Eastern Hemisphere. They are rank-growing ave with lobed leaves and tendrils, like most of the other cucurbits. The flowers are ee thowe of L. cvlindric. rica nee especially conspicuous and attracti Stam and pistils are in separate flowers. The fruit in this oy is green, smo iy and elongate, somewhat suggesting a cucumber, and in some varieties reaching a meter in length. The fruits . ag acutangula are provided with ten sane ribs or flanges running lengthw e fruits externally are not very di a from those of many other r ae of the family, but their remarkable feature—and th hich gives the nomic importance—is the possession of a net-like fibrous skeleton. All cu ts have a series of strands running through the wall d pulp, but these are usu ally soft and inconspicuous. In the y luffa fruit they are like this, but as it matures the strands become hard and woody en the fruit is ripe the outer wall may ily be removed, and since the soft tissue around the strands has mostly disappeared, only a compact fibrous 1 k remains, the lu commerce f this net each seed is held ina pocket. The tip of the fruit comes off as a rity, and th be shaken out through the hole thus left, like dice out of a shaker. The LUFFA GOURDS GROWN AT YALE UNIVERSITY. 2 fa. ~“& Flower and young fruit of Luffa cylindrica 128 advantage of the fibrous skeleton to the plant seems to be that it provides ra gradual liberation of the seeds over a long period of time as the i he vine. This me i as that of luffa’s relative, the squirting Saas which discharges its seeds in one violent burst, but is probably as effective. Uses the Luffa Gourd e luffa sponge network} has a number of a parige over oe oon materials which give it economic value. Unlike the ones derived from oe and leaves, which occur in ae nue te ce its eae form a com pact networ rk and thus make nuous structure almost like adapted for washing dishes, glasses, narrow jars, etc——hence one of its names—and particularly for objects like forks which may be thrust into the net to clean narrow spaces which are otherwise hard = reach, The toughness of their strands makes these “dish-cloths” very resistant to wear. They can be used even for mild scourings and are Sealy adapted to : ‘del the skin, but for our less rigorous bathing habits here they seem a bit ete The compact, closed network of the luffa also ae it a resilien makes it useful for many other purposes such as shock abs rae ae mats, slipper soles, and packing material for tage able as well as for stuffing pillows, mattresses, and saddles. Its value sulator ee heat oe it ae uses, particularly i in t the meee ra cof ae cal helmets. The Japanese use luffas, in ae pau with other materials, in making matting, ee ie and t is fits, ay ieee Pe have He rdened, are 0 ae en ete i ie the co mu ashes a eee The fast-growing vine when xudes abu ae nce pee ee by the ee to i errne aie in respiratory ee + The development of the fibrous net is an interesting examp le of tissue differentia- tion. hen the ovary is very small, only a millimeter or ps in diameter and con: sisting ae nothing but simple parenchyma cells, — of cell divisions besa to appear dir The s formed in bundl outer s of fibers, which form the bulk of the sponge and occupy what would the fr ait all of most cucurbits, varies greatly in different races, as do the compact- ness of the net, i dan of the strands, and the length of the pie cells. Work done here at Yal A ows that these traits are all inherited and thus capable of acdineslion by fo ing and selection. * See the article ane on page 134. # 129 and to make a good toilet water. In Brazil an excellent oil, colorless, odor- en and tasteles ess, 7 ae been extracted from the seeds. It is a possible sub- stitute for olive o The chief economic use a luffa gourds at present, however, is as oil seg in steamsh: Water from the boilers, after it expands oe pala engines, is eae a passed into the boiler to be used a In a course it picks up a ae isi of oil and Sak age must be ae before the water is used a second time, and for this purpose it is passed rae a filter consisting of el ae of closely aie ee sponges. These have the fortunate ability ° . a n their surface oil droplets and particles of dirt but to let the water, now tes ees ee impurities, pass readily through. No other ea has yet ce found which will do this job as well as the luffas, and before the war this country was im: 1po rting several million of them a year for this purpose. With the present increase in ship-building, the demand is even greater today How and Where the Luffa Can be Cultivated Luffas ane is grown in any tropical or baton or nl — of the ae but since the nineties of the last century the commercial supply has co; eee entirely from Japan. Pave climate and soil c baditions are favor: able laa ae is cheap, and intensive pean ieae is ae sible. The result has been that Japan gradually Fike ae a complete monopoly of luffa growing. Abe au rl Harbor our supply wa off a ris an eee shortage resulted. On April 8, 1942, the War Produstion Board issued an aes Ania! the peste nee or use of luffa sponges except upon The now actively pe see to ee Mee ened in ce ie in ae Americas Sponge gourds are best grown on stakes or pie so that the fruits do hav not rest on the ground. These ‘0 be , for the larger fruits weigh as much as Seve pounds as there may ae Sone fruits to a vine. In Japan, the ie sown in in March or April and the young vines transplanted to the field, wher e the f ruits ripen in September or October. The s a ould a moderately tich and well cultivated. No extensive study seems to have been ener of fungous diseases or insect pests, though doubt- less ce are many of these. We grew a large plot at New Haven during the past summer and h: laa little trouble. Neither the Gael veo the squash bug, nor the borer attacked our plants, though this e been due to a favora ble season and frequent spraying. The le - sees ue so harmful to carat gourds, was not found on luffas, nor did we have a case of eee like all cucurbits, are very cae to ae and i in ur - Howeve to produce mature fruits with good fibers before The southern states and Mexico and Cuba seem mattchladly aoe ee re luffa 130 A short longitudinal section cut from a fresh luffa gourd, hewne how readily the skin peels away from the flesh and fiber. culture and during 1942 extensive plantings were as there, in some cases with good results. In Japan, yields of 24,000 gourds per acre are common, but such high production is | eS only ee ss favorable conditions and with careful cultivatio Some growers recommend the renova of all the ed female eer ai these are said t produce smaller fruits. Our experience did not bea this conclusio ee We tried a number of ‘ont ane ete cially indole- er ate on the stigmas or tips of young ovaries befor eg an obt ained ae nt fruits citiey fe e from seeds. he fibro med in t to be exactly like that of eat Gane and su fe a practice alton caeahae some abo, might be worth while, since the removal of seeds is a time-consuming p The ea . pore for eae pice a good deal of care. If left to ripen an the vines, the aur rp can be shelled Va leaving the sponge. "The common as "is 0 place the a a tanks of running water for a few Rie! cer the re er mail ponies and can be easily taken off. The eee of non-fibro oe Sater is removed by further retting, and ‘the ceetally eee sponges are then either placed on platforms exposed to sun and air, or strung on ae 131 until they are quite dry and bleached. Since the lighter colored fibers bring better eae 2 rogen peroxide is sometimes used to bleach them further. Before market ie the see hai be ae ay he sponges are now gra deta nd packed in bales for shipmen e latest naval specifications call for sponges at least ae hee ee any two inches wide, free from pulp and containing not more than ten seeds. Many commercial sponges reach 18 or 20 inches in length. cutangula i is sedicdy unimportant as a source of sponges, for its jae shell is not sharply distinct from the inner fibrous tissues and is therefore much more difficult to remove from them at maturity. In the A cross section made from the same fresh gourd, showing the rind, the fiber, and the seeds. 132 races of this species which we grew, the sponges were much less well developed. ee is very great diversity in the size, shape, and texture of Iuffas and the ces eae product is far from standardized. Evidently mu tich work needs to be done in breeding them for uniformity and superior traits. aa eh for = rae little pee ide rolled pollina- tion is very easy with m urbits, since staminate and pistille ate r . la 2 e which flower buds will open the next morning, for the tips of these begin to turn yellow. If the tips are tied up at that time with a loop of soft cotton string, the flowers cannot open and bees are thus pre ere from entering them. the following morning pollen can readily te transferred to the dace of pistillate flowers. ie latter should then be bagged for a day or two a the stigma dri We have obtained fertile seed readily in crosses between an a - res cylindrica. Self-pollination can also be fae but our experime not continued a oe to tell whether or not inbr reeding will a in eae in vigor. Seeds were produced b -pollination in all races grown by us last summer which appear promis- 7 sponges seem to offer many oan tie for economic uses as eae ce and their cultivation in our hemisphere, stimulated by the emergency, may result in a new and im morta aad for the warmer nes of the Americas. Thes nee can also be n in ee ee but proba bly not on a cme scale. Luffas = s meeres ting and ornamental in themselves, how and many people will soabiles oes to plant them for these reasons eee ae + See the article on the opposite page. d luffa in its natural state, revealing the thinness of the peel, ep beside it the A drie ae en te which fills the inside of the fruit. Both of thes aes from lechek’s vines, and are now in the Botanical Garden's Mus mt. 133 Luffas in a New Jersey Garden Ys ae eeeguar i the commercial Sa of apones gourds has always fined to warmer regions, these useful plants can be grown k. i region w Yo In the garden of Mrs. Josef Dolechek in Rahway, N. J., luffas measur- of these _ was presented to the New York Botanical Garden last fall. Since then the dried fruit and the sponge shown in the illustration have been saad and placed in the Garden’s museum Mrs. Josef poleehek. As Rahway, N. J., who raises luffa gourds like hese each ek in her garden “I have been raising on plant sponge since 1917,” Mrs. mers wrote to Dr. Robbins. “It grows for me every year larger and lar, When Dr. Robbins told her that men from the New York Botanical Garden had gone to Haiti to raise important t economic crops, among them luffas, she responded that she hoped “the people from the Haiti Islands can’t do any From a single 40-foot row of luffa vines, Mrs. Dolechek harvested 140 ripe a on Oct. 20 last year, about half of them as large as the 26- inch speci hat was sent to the Bota nical Garden. In telling how she prepares de aa, Mrs. Dolechek wrote % 134 eel them is easier, though aera them is good. After they are te the seeds have to be shaken and then the sponge has to be washed and rubbed out ae aes Aes ‘substance inside. Then I hang it on a line to dry it out. If a sponge like the one I sent you lies around too long, it rots eee: . ies a diy ooking eau . When washed it has a nice white color and will keep fresh for yea Mrs. Dolechek reports as she fet is luffa seeds in a hotbed, using chicken manure, some time in April. The plants are set oe after May 15 and spaced about 30 ie apart. Chicken wire is used as a support for the lower part of the plants, au — there the vines climb, she says, “all over the highest trees.” Each she uses seeds from her own gourds for the next spring’s sowing. Luffas As They Are Used By The (Chinese By Willard M. Porterfield, Jr. ile Government authorities are sae to promote the culture of the luffa gourd e t to luffas by the Orientals. a MONG the unusual fruits that can be found in the shops of New Yor 0 wioeen and other cucurbits sold in cesar wo of particular interest now are the luffas, for which the Chinese and other ieee peoples have a ae many uses, including their pecaca as a table me The one mo ape found in acai! stores is Luffa acutangula,* the Chinese name which is In appearance it roughly re- sembles the pave except that a is Tonge, slightly curv ved, tapered at one end, and that it has ten prominent ridges running its entire le length. The — of the plant are rounded in outline and only slightly lo obed. other gourd of this genus, Luffa cylindrica, called szE-Kwa, is more oie ently found in ren ee in its skeletal form. It has the same curved cylindrical form as the stnG-Kwa, but it is smooth, having ten dark longi- yy some authorities this gourd was oy put in the genus Cucumis, with the eee See Bretschneider, E. History of European iatanics discoveries in China, 1:143-4, London, 1898. 135 Snag ce meen : ribs. While ‘ ee ees one to two feet in length is said that some varietie uuntries may oe a length A fine feet. ee is plant has aaa five lobed leaves.? The y pecie but curries, making an excellent veg etable,? though one for which a taste must be oo The ea juice of the a can be used as green a for cloth. Acco a to Chinese lore‘ the saa are Jae in the second moon and the flowers bloom in the sixth or seventh moon. In the meantime the vine is trained over bushes, bamboos or hose, or a framework is made of reeds or bamboo poles over which it a a apan the oe fruits of the sze-Kwa are sliced and dried for fu tise as a vegetable. When ne the pulp disappears and the see strands aes traverse the flesh harden to form a dense network So the mesh of a sponge. In fact it is sid more often in the shops as sponge for ne and drying than for food, hence the name “dish- cloth gourd” by which it is ee alled. The analysis of the fruits of the two species is given below.® be a & 0 a ay = oe) 3 ay ue a & & ‘ Oo As S wo € Fruits es & We 2 5 e 5 = =I o ‘3 3 x gE se re rv) 5 3 3 oe 2 be ee ee oe ee 3 g S © «4 «¢ £€ a & we 6 € 5 Luffe acutangula Original ai Water fre 94.90 68 54 14 24 36 10 1.57 4301S 13.39 10.68 2.71 4.70 7.03 1.95 30.86 14.03 8.43 19.61 Luffa cylindrica Original material 94.66 51 38 : . Al 45 Water free... 9.57 7.07 2 50 3. 72 19. 52 2.18 40.29 858 7.65 8.49 Further analysis shows that the fruit of Luffa acutangula contains an amorphous bitter principle called luffein which acts as a purgative seed kernels from which oil is obtained have the following ae 3 2 Bailey, L. H. Some recent Chinese vegetables. Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 67:195. 1894. 3 Fawcett, Ween and Rendle, red B. Flora of Jamaica, 5 :453. 1926. 4 Stuart, G. A. Chinese materia Reiter 48, 1928 5 Blasdale, Ww. C. A description of some Chinese vegetable food materials. U.S.D.A, OES. Bul. 68:30-31, 1899. € Wehmer, C. Die Pflanzenstoffe, 2 (Ed. 2): 1195-6, 1931. 136 Xt ass4Gh “Sing-kwa"—the angled luffa gourd which when young is used as a vegetable in China. The mature specimen above measures about 20 inches in length. 137 4 & 58 & Sed 5 i 2 4 a a + 2 ca Seeds of 2 g E & 2 wf g 03 » sg g 8 s ss as] 2 s oO ROS ” 5 6 3 $8 « vo a o [= iT] xv = a M 2 & QO 6 Oo ft L. acutangula Roxb. 6.48 6.38 48.41 484 2.24 361 0 4.77 6.13 6.55 45.72 289 231 311 0 475 L. cylindrica Roem. .. In the kernel ash of the first Jaa there is ple 24.94 percent of Py ee nd in the second, 38.54 percent. The seed oil itself, similarly in both species, ool 67.5 - 70.0 ae rcent of ie acid and 30. 32.5 percent pee ric acid, ae pia Hage as ee les. The fruit of the secon “ontains ten uundan The pressed cakes of SING-KWA (L. acu ong) are ne haves a sie reaction. Wilson? stated that the fiber is also esteemed as a medicine. The fruit a ead eee baewed and pulverized has a number of eaiciea proper’ The pe uits of Luffa cylindrica have shown by feeding tests that in vitamin B they are low; also by the dye method !° they proved to contain only 122 international units of vitamin . The latter was corroborated in 1938 by the work of Chu and Read,!? who gave the fruit a dye titration ae of ses, cording to Forbes and Hemsley 1? the native country of the luffas is cneeeain since they are both found throughout the tropical regions of Asia and Africa as culivated plants. Bretschneider,"* though he includes ze H. A naturalist in western China, 2: 57. 1913. The rey pepe ae according to G, A. Stui a ~ his “Chinese Materia Medien” pages 248-9: native, pectoral, cooling to the blood, “antiseptic. ane rlenate Gainenasogue. Gail neken ning to the ci i eilstion Pico ‘and is also sed in the treatment of hemorrhage from bowels or bladder, hemorrhoids, m tha agia, jaundice, hernia, and searlet fever. Mixed with verm milion , it is used intestines, warming to the stom: ach, and tonic to the genital organs.” Leaves me used in skin cece ae orchitis, ae vine and root in decayed teeth, ozoena and parasitic arene 9 Sher Relative content of water-soluble vitamin B in thirty oriental foods. Phipine Tour, Sci. 38 (1) :9- ma re 10 Concepcion, Isabela, and Gargari aria Luisa. Studies on vitamin C. II. The determination of vitamin C feeeeeren ic Ma in Philippine vegetables by the dye method. ur Philippine Mee te 18 (8) :481-490. 11 Chu, T. J., and Read, E. The vitamin C content of Chinese foods. Part IL. ee Jou Physiol, : & 07.256. 1938. rbes, J., and Hem y, W. t ndex Florae Sinensis. Jour. Linn. Soc. 23:314-5. 13 ‘Bretschneider, E. in loc. cit. 1:143-4. 138 L. acutangula as one of the “Chinese” plants listed as being cultivated in the Royal Bot tanic Gardens at Kew in 1789, and though he quotes Linnaeus as saying Hee 7 is a native of hae and China, nevertheless never saw it in a wild s The same may be said of L. cylindrica,!* in spite of the fact that it is ade in Bre a cheer s list of northern cara plants first introduced by him into cultiva in me rope Poe rth America. Another author states ie eed a ae piaieee ve Arabia and Egypt.“ However, it is stated in Chinese iterate fiat tas Hides was unknown before the r ag dynasty (600 A.D.). ao might imply that the plant was first introduced at that oe it might mean that its use was only discovered sae at that thenceforth as its vee oe the farmers learned how to bring it in from the wild and cultiva ee luffas are Fake not only in China but in = aie i a Tne & Or PETOLA. poe not only the eee of the former but the fee ‘of the ee ems, the young leaves, the flower buds and the flowers are used in Ki ious dishes One use of the spo mge- “Tike alae is oe Whe atenariy coco or the Palm myra palm is being tapped, of these is a put into ae mouth of the eens -joints, to serve as a sieve to as the juice fro pollution by bees or other insects feeding on it. The young leaves as wal as the young fruits ‘of the latter are eaten raw or steam a ie fruits sts being sliced and cooked with coconut milk and other ingredients. age these fruits may suit the Asiatic palate, they are not, according to fe Bailey ani others, ae. to become popular as food i in the United States or in European countries Ex Drying Plants in Three Dimensions An Educational plated lad Camp, Club, or Individual sed by Frances R. Williams coe used for study, exhibition, or for decorative alae flowers and branches that are dried in three dimensions have - appeal that i is Piedne in ae flat-pressed, fee colored specimens that ar attached to herbarium sheets. A he er thus treated can Bes presented in its na hae oe nd often ee much of its sees color: As mer pr oject for club or camp, the pr eerie of three-dimen- sional pes specimens becomes an absorbing pastime with educational pos- sibilities, ie the sate pene can be used as a basis for the pale : wild flowers, ferns, weeds, mushrooms, harmful or poisonous plants, as ates and ie ivy, er flowers, herbs, or any other ae 4 Bretschneider, E. in loc 1 Weck ii. C. and La Wall, coy t The Dispensatory of the U. S., 1455. ee Ochse, J. J. and Bakhuizen, R. C. Vegetables of the Dutch East Indies, 203- oS. 139 category ; they may be arranged for an exhibit, or they may be kept for future ghar or study. Some pee decorative value ; Ae ee the drying of small, colorful flowers to orn: the tops of boxes has been success- fully eee as a form of occupational therapy The es ae be filled with lavender or with a a pot- -pourri of peta Experim a in all these eens ‘and uses : dried plants has been carried on for a number of years by Mrs. Frances R. Williams of Win- chester, Mass., a member of the New York Botanical Garden Becoming interested i in the life-like preservation of New En ngland wild flowe ers and s r garden flowers, Mrs. Williams began experiment- ing about four nha a ae drying ae ers in various powders to retain their oe shape. Some of her specimens have been sent to the New York Botanical Garden’s Aan A large ie of pee attrac- tively mounted i se ansparent boxes, was on display in the Library and Members’ Room around the end of the Although the exhibit ea ce ae attention, and the specimens generally met with acclaim, some observers, ne Williams wale admits, have felt that they are ghostly things. Perhaps a few of them when compared with freshly gas flowers, but on ie whole they are © ae ably life-like, and when compared with he — specimens such as the plant collector makes, the os are things of beau Mrs. Williams lo oks upon the work as a ead game, yet more than a game, ne says, for every flower that is dried is an experiment in the perpetuation of the form and ae of a specimen of plant life. She is eager to have reports from pie iar may be attempting Ae ees or wn. “The she ‘Gs to preserve the flower or leaf so that it will keep its eae oan ee color. This is done by cover- ing it with some kind of powder, and leaving it there until it is thoroughly dry.” €, Here is the method Mrs. Williams uses: O dry a flower in three dimen from every side. When the flower is a box e paper = Festal Piaas tan completely covered, a half inch more of the fower and an e higher. the powder is added over the top. Thus About half an ae ae Othe ce the flower cannot move or change its de is placed over the bottom ne ‘the shape or position; it will dry the way it box, then a moan’ of Dene is pal is arranged. oP for the flower to lie on. e flow: not be Atte ae by rest: bag agai ainst the “bottom of the box, but ian be up in the to keep its eu shi With A large am of powder is required. Three pieces noe sia paragon: 15 aches long, pie need 20 pounds of borax to ver m. The A d 0 powder can be used ngers OT a the pow ler is again na again, ‘but that used on mush- poured oy. oe ie eal around. 4 mder coms acquires’a strong odor, Powder the flower. When halfway up, a “Tittle used on belladonna. os poison ivy might powder ae sprinkled into the blossom jel] be kept separ: itself. Since very li powder a le spread the flower open more than : Several oo can seaunies be dried natural, it should be well banked pees in one box, with one-half inch of powder with powder before it is finally cover ered. between them, one plant laid above the Iti is well to turn the box around and fill other. 140 s time and patience to put the ep out taking pains to keep the Sage or ‘th e flower. Then the Deals a Pe flattened out and the flow etain its nataral shape. The box with the flower in it, com- an index card wit place, ar i aoe Patter eer deerplion of the should be put with the a separately wit adde check. It might tell somethin help- ti 1. Various powders have been tried i: drying. The list includes alum, thre ale alum = nd one pa os plaster- of- “paris, borax, boric acid, oe alk ieieei Cnt ‘dusti ting sulphur, fuller’s t po’ owen i) a a flow Pylie sa, Been opacified nel ing soda, monohydrated granular sodium rbot anhydrous sodium sulphite, powdered sugar, talcum powder, and whiting. fine brush. h the eae in it should not be ee i shaken after being filled. Some of the oes to be met in are mentioned h CH EMICAL changes evidently enter into the drying. This is shown by the varied pe ae et identical daylily flowers are ced by the different powders, Hemerocallis fe flowers, for example, were changed from their terra cotta color to bright orange, faint pink, dirty whitish and other shades. * Mushrooms and skunk-cabbage need six weeks or more. Flowers dried quickly over heat seem to get too brittle. Motion tends to flatten the leaves and An auto ride oe tele. “down flowers, the powder ae the plant. When he collected far away, a is ang js ing them home in water and then dry thane though of colle a fresher the specimen the better the result. in removing the. powder is as ifted. But wire of bs inch square mesh a not coarse enough or fora Bee are best to remove powder from specimens at . A bent fades card is good to use man the edges o the box. After a specimen is i ian covered, it can eetecly be pulled a of the powder without damage. But by borax. It is better not to brush loose borax off their surfaces, but to wipe it off with a wet tissue. The dried specimens are sturdy enough to eadure traveling. Snapdragon a gladioli were sent loose in a box, 1,200 iles by parcel post, not marked fragile, and were not at all broken in transit. Where pace, they should be sewed to the back of the box, and it is best to use no covering, as even the weight of tissue on dried flowers is too heavy. three-dimensional drying of flowers Clear pink and clear yellow flowers hold their colors well. Blues bgt The turn ring dogwood foe turned oe color otter three years, but not bro Mountain-laurel dried in its natural form has retained its color well. Some flowers begin to look dull and tired after a year, and some have dulled ars. dp: afterward or aresae between cor: aie ated cardboard: with powder above and below the flowers, leaving the flower in powder till oF making penimiens that ¢ maining more plial A flower of ence cred in eats nae — Te 8 ° good ate neatly H0 years. That in talcum is especially true in shape and color. Plants of the Lily and Composite families a fall to cal me the in- dividual of the fl of ex nt i color in such delicate things as sweet- peas, Always surprises are in store for the A lovely sn: Ea ragon of we the living plant was put away to dry. But Crimson Bedder ear will turn from its dark rich red to a dull dark gray. A Heavenly Blue merning glory will change to a bright p any avesion egg eee. as experiments Will aci powders dr; Td “ewes to pil e fea color? ac soil be acid Will painting ta "hiqu keep the colors over a longer period? from one botanist to on. One idea | s always Some new tied in drying ‘ons. So game goes to ee ond there is experiment waiting to be t flowers in three dimensio: 142 The Garden Teaches the Army How to Grow Vegetables officer ers and men, all volunteers, took the six weekly lessons offered by the Garden. 143 Notices and Reviews of Recent Books (All publications mentioned here may be consulted in the Library of The New York Botanical Garden or may be purchased on order through the Library.) Seventy-seven Violets WILD VIOLETS or AMERICA, Viola Brai rd. 225 pages, illustrated, , pibli- ees University ot California Press, Los Angeles, 1942, $10. tume j is the culmination sf many of the heoran Ezra ird long was ae ssocated W In a t Mrs. Baird has demon: eee hersele competent for ahs cult task, continuing field ehsee anions begun in the East under the tu telage of Professor Brainerd and extending her experience to ee familiar with many of the western viole he up date, proposed names. he La violets is non-technical ge which, in conjunction with the any is sufficien ee Latte ete. The “key,” devi not aliogether Siceon aA its eaenat t simplification for the lay reader. The student is Ted into violet- Hou for final identification, by refer to a number of illustrations and des Gone The full-color illustrations of all the species treated except one have been done by F. Sch Ma th Ma er how. been aly yepredceed. The. leave: erally suffer from too dilute a green and an over-use of yellow. The flower colors, for the most goad are occasionally flat and in rare instances misleading, as with Beckwith’ violet in which the lower petals ar characteristically more nearly white, ue than “lilac,” and the flowers more neeci bicolor ed. we ing citations, and sou rater Giot which the slates were ae will be : i. the more serious studen Altogether, 0: satisfying color have combi to yield 0€ ful and helpful book which will delight the reader and which must be satisfying to the writer. Bassett Macuire. Standard Forestry Manual NG THE. PRACTICE or “ronesrny. James Bide Toumey & Clarence Korstia: Third edition. 520 pa; pt alvatratea, ees oa Pad & Son: $5. A new edition of this book is always somewhat ae re event because as a manual it long been recognized as tightly be ee in the group known as “classics.” Ever since the late Prof. James W. ‘oumey, former Professor of Silvicul. ture and some time D f the Je ‘o and ntin always “ad S eloedic Ae nd this Poli has been ably continued, since Professor Toumey’s death in 1932, by the junior author, Dr. Clarence oa Rorstian 144 Professor of Silviculture and Dean of i School of Forestry of Duke Univer- those not already familiar with this hae through its earlier editions, a glance over fe present aoe £ contents tends to is b i choice of species, composition of s and spacing. Part 2 is an exliaustive treat- ment of the whole subject of the forma- tion of ae ts by seeding and planting, including comprehensive consideration of fore fe seed and its use in direct seeding ; of the establishment and peading pee of forest nurseries; of the ing and culture of forest nursery a6 ea oO nursery diseases and injuries. Fach chap- ter is replete with a bibliography. These never contain less than six titles, and for two chapters excced sixty. n the second ae of 1931, the notable changes fro first were in the addition of new in panera obtained, as the junior auth ays in his preface to the third edition, “through researcl and experience in the rapid ‘lly advancing art and scie of est nursery and e ing ;” the construction peratio: of seed extraction and_ stor: plants ; sae ey “the fechaiication of nearly all ajor operations” both in these plants bad | in ie production in large forest nurse Other r develo Laser covered policy of the fe if t TI ulture; speci avit i ging seed maturity ; and contributions from the Forest Products Laborator ry in see traction wo . ach of these directions a distinct addition to the book has been the replace- t of earlier I howin: aoe practices: ee photographs = ppl ed by the United States Forest Ser 1 S. Hos sci Uiiversily: Below the British Standard NTRODUCTION The University Press. New York: The Macmillai Co., 42, $3.75, ; the have cote ion ite hands investigat the — itsch, Lebour many others are references, Tor all w ple; most recent “Study of Algae” to come from England is of the caliber tha Plan: werk serve as t for courses in morpnelony. feonday. od ecology of time-wear seine used to cep the rule, it is no alwave possible to see the logic behind - choice of the substitutions. a book which is designed to treat all ae of the subject there are some laring oversights which leave one wonderin, a. i mae mention only one of these, the dia a large group w phologically important, are dealt summarily in a total of about three pages text; presented by fe al T worst a “Masine ecology is discussed mithodt one word of mention for ue. nti In view of the ‘act much is known on this sub- ject, ae tt is the starting point for the economy of the sea, and that so much of the basic work was nae ut by British biologists and oceanographer' this seems inexcusable. It a) anteae | Sided the author should have familiar him- ae more ae his subject before whe ing xtbook, Lots Linick, New York Medical College. 145 American Trees, Chiefly Tropical TIMBERS OF THE NEW WORLD. poy ar J. Record and Robert W. 640 pages, index, references, iilustrations, Yale University Press, $10. This volume attempts to bring together information on the timbers of all the and Angiosperms are and genera ranged alphabetical ‘A statement of size, mewhat similar plan is genera, with the descr ription br trees and woods of ose species ie h ie 2 become eco cally sta ae eecnelite) acular names, a tographs of photo-micro- 8 maps. Although the book includes a : American forests. It is uthors’ fault that, to borrow from the preface “thi Id covered is s t and th tary tl 1s nature eneral reconnaissance . . .” It must be confessed, however, that wo cod technologist expecting to find de- tailed treatment of timbers “a leave this tome feeling somewhat frustrated. oe HIN, Dept. of pay Michigan State College. Tested by Student Use A TEXTBOOK OF GE RAL BOTANY. Gilbert M. ae award ard M. Gilbert, Rich: hier ee eae a Gewas "S. Bryan Ch: EB. Allen. 668 pages, figereatea® (459 figs.), in- ae Macmillan, New York. 1942. This is the fourth edition of a text be a by members of the Department of Botany of the University of Wisconsin for their introductory course. The general oan of ae ies sie i a altered but hapters on plant dics and fossil plants have been added. Minor changes tare also been made to bring the work up t ode Onnicns naturally differ as to what should be taught_in the first ery course in botany. The reviewer feels that more space might have been hain’ families of higher bate attention paid to a gen ie es 1 ourse in ma istions put this is an advantage ie than whack, as selection can be na Any student who has mastered ao terial presented will have He on i ne in can be recommended with con- R. R. Stewart. How to Deceive the Enemy INDUSTRIAL CAMOUFLAGE MANUAL, Konrad Wittman. 128 pages, illustrate: os Reinhold, New York, 1942. $4. This book is compiled mainly Ba degen of in dist trial al camouflage expect to put its techniques into foci The layman, however, will fin a it full of fascinating ’ discoveries, an orti- culturist wi be interested in the shrubs and trees, also Rinne ations of living plans, that play such an in disguising ital areas. "Di d in this important part iscusse ual he t less devices ised to fool the enemy, vastly complicated by modern methods of de- today is also dealt with. The pr . the ne ne ca described “the fact hat he has 35 s in which to decide : ere to place tia! a and that this decision must be made a five miles before reaching his tar, 146 The many models and sketches in the book explain only the theories of camou- flage, as actual in this country graphs of on teresting attempts at pate fale SIOWinE te os was discovered by British "Pratt eae ao been a leader in is fiel a of civilians to becoi “camoufleu on as accumulate a saheble collection: of faedels sheteer anne and BS > ° oo aS ® 4 Pratt have done an admirable jol _in assembling this material in so illuminating a manner. Nancy Leverinc. More on Vegetables EGETABLE GARDEN, I. Farrington. 6 pages, 7 ilustrations Se ae tables, and Cushman & Flin s Boston, An oetent book ioe the amateur ni Ne advice given is sound anner which the It also pos- ses: the cellent characteristic of eg The. last chapter of the book is devoted to a calendar of operations in the garden, month by month, and an appendix gives much useful information i a Re oe For the Very Young PICTURED GEOGRAPHI sod tatloegeee pictures in color and in Lear a ite by Kurt Wiese. 50 cents each. PICTURED GEOG! Bolivia, Ecuador, Gree mala, Honduras, Teoland. Bore, and enezuela. Stories by Bernadine Bailey, pictures in color and black- ara white by Kurt Wiese. 650 cents A cane adorns every one of the 27 pages in each of these books ae geography for very young people. In t of about 3,000_ words, - remarkably Baer pic- ture is given of the scenery, has ste pees and inhabitants of each untries. Notes, News, and Comment exander P. Anderson. Discovere the principle by which puffed rice ond wheat could be produced as breakfast cereals, Alexander P. son of Wing, Minn., died in Florida at the age of 80 May 17. He a Patron of the ew York Botanical Garden and the nor of the Alex: P. Anderson and Lydia Anderson Research and Fel lowship Fund of a . A biography o: Anderson, who did hi his ‘early Gomi at the Garden, aa appear in a forthcom- ing number of the Journal. Yucca From Mexico. The cover illus- m the road to Jalapa d con naissance survey trip last summe the gion of Vera Cruz for the United casion Wi A. wford, Vice- “Consul i in the One of ie Ariel eae of the American mbas: ea ee Tai 9 eine eight eters Me height,” ” aes Dr. William J. Bonisteel, who sent the photograph to the Journal “There were pre: sands se blooming alon G ee taken. If een a cose, you can see the bees fiyi und the plant. There were literally faundeeds of them on this flower spike.” In Mexico. Dr. William J. Bonisteel, ho is Head eduction Special st for the Board of Economic Warfare, ad. r. Bonisteel is on leave of absence from Fordham Cael where he is Professor of Bot He special investigator ae “te New aa Botanical Garden and a member of the elu! orl terest the mieiibers take i in F eiedening and the extreme BUnIDee of good works they are carrying o: At the May ” meeti ing of the same organization, Robert Simpson, a Sonic student gardener who is now a production 147 specialise with the Board of Economic Wa rfar ‘are, spoke on “Landscape Garden- om den of America. Invited by the Kavbory “Conteh the Garden Club of America morning and early coieaeade May 7 at the New York thirtieth era meeting in New Luncheon, eran’ by Mrs. taal rved ae about ae in arden outdoors, then, a the Museum Building, chiefly e library and laboratories. Gardeners. -four mem- Rock Gar ey under the direction tae eat and E. J. Alexander, ins group d lunch in the Members’ Roo Chinese Scientists. On May 9 the Science Saad of China, of which Dr. Roberta Ma is a member of the executive at the New York Botani- e Mem- pa Room after a visit to the rock Garden The Westchester and New York branch of the National Association of Gardeners met at the New Yor! Botanical Garden the evening of May 20. Forty attended and visited the rock garden, the borders, the Main Conserva- tories, and the Museum Building. Under the leadership of Mrs. Cc York Botanical Gaiea The group inspected the Thompson Memorial Rock Giden and the Main Conservatories, had lunch in rR sale ay shown the ‘h G, L. Witt visited the New May 10. Columbia Dames, an organization at Teachers College which has he purpose ig Ity mi - the ie interest et Dee ork Ei visited the eenhouse: Botanical Garden May 9, w Stewart serving as guide. Navy. John G. Borin, Assistant Fore man in Range 1, was inducted into the a Ss. ay a few days au completing years of service at New York Reeael Garden. He ae work May his aes 7, 1923, at the age . aC vie bition was to bec gardener, his aha job was the leflerine of Fatale He plan e still sere the letter written by L. Britton appointing him to this p ssition ‘ventuall was transf gardener’s job, and he worked in turn on iompson Mem he was a member of the first peepee e for Profes- in 1934, Foreman in Ran, , then, in September 1938, was transferred in the same capac- ty to ng , wher ie gave special attention to the Tropical Flower Garden Shortly be e fir ber 13, was transferred to Propagating Range No. 2, but was returned to the Main Con- servatories, when the damaged range was closed. Dr. A. Silow from the etc ae ‘Station in Trinidad spent May 14 at the Garden. An April visitor from Port-of-Spain, Trinidad, was Colin S. Pittendrigh. Harvey Smith. For more than forty resins = employee of the New York Botanical Garden, Harvey Smith ee May 17 after a protracted are had been Custodian the Building from January ¢ 1901, until ‘Suly 1, 1940. His rae then saline him, he oS transferred to the post of keeper at the Pelham Parkway ie For many years Mr. Smith was known to the speakers and ae at the lectures on Saturday afternoons, for he was al- tern slides. worked 1 ville at Piesniile Har mith by brother, Forest Smith, he is se Borat len’s oldest employee; by his c ae Mrs. _ Mabel Archer, who worked for the Garden eleven years be- tween 1917 and ea aot by a grand- daughter, Claire Arc! 148 rom India. Diwan Bahadur Sir tral America; Dendrobium densiflorum, muel and Lady Runganadhan were with flowers of an intense yellow color- visitors at the N York Botanical ing; are setosa, a n of So Garden 15. They accompanie Africa ; ‘ropaeolum boliviense, a rs. E, Russell, the wife of Major frin, ged naetibticae that is rare in cul- General Russell, and her sister, Mrs. F. tivation; also a eroup Me polled rock- aa who had made the acquaintance garden plants Lami latum, Sir Samuel aud Lady Runganadhan Drabe ene Pélcontek: ond TT rihiieon while ent “ India, Sir eas High americanum, the western skunk-cabbage, t S just receive appoin sas ; Civil Servi vice Jobs. A recent bulletin eee ae ne ‘States Civil Service He was previously advisor to he ‘Right Honorable L. §. Amery, Secretary of Com openings for Agmcalral Specialists in extension, re- State for India oe rch, h, Brog: sae eae ing, re conserva- Prize. In recognition of his research gricultural ei Som on the control of cancer, Dr. Sree technical laboratories and field Huggins of the University of Chi Radio s. Harriet K. Morse, author was the first recipient of the Cha ee iL of ‘ eee in th fo ee in the April Mayer award of $2,000, pre antee a the Journal and the final speaker on the National Science Fun tional Ga Saturday afternoon programs Academy of Sciences: - Ti in the spring, was the gues ker on w York May 19. D Meee read a May 20 in the first of a series of radio paper on “Endocrine Control of Prostatic rograms being given by the York Cancer.” Dr, William J. Robbins, who olan Garden over s NYC. is Chairman of the Fund, announced that Rutherford Platt, also a lecturer at the a similar prize in this same field woul arden during the i plied a meee S be awarded next year. of the Garden’s Corp and author of “This iCteen World® sisted Members’ Day. Watercolor pee last November, was scheduled for the of about thirty “plants of the Himalayas, program June 17. The guest speakers done by Mrs. R. R. Stewart, were shown are introduced at these broadcasts by Day program of Carol H. Woodward. Further programs May 5, when Dr. Stewart vate on “High will be given on July 15 and August 19 45 P.M. Alene Plants from Kashmir.” Among 4 5: the living plants displayed "that day were several specimens of Cattleya Mossiae; uthor. W. Rickett is the Paphiopedilum niveum, mall snow- rere aL a new mata “The Green Earth,” white orchid from aya; Primula illustrated with his own pencil sketches pubescens, a hybrid; Pelargonium “ of plants. Subtitl os Invitation to ‘ou i nt with ll dark leaves Botany,” it is one of and scarlet flowers; Miltonia “Marietta “humanizing science” pee being issued tee Crain pliaaiiris m, a by the eae ellie Press Be geet showy orchid from Ecuador a Colona Pa. It will wed in early bia; arian oh eeeiniies po Cen- ber of the baat ANNUAL REPORT M& EMBERS of the New York Botanical Garden are receiving with this t o the r, a list of the i outstanding ev the rden in 1942, a complete list of members, his report will b iled without cost to any subscriber or other person or organization ae a copy, as long as the supply Jasts. THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Jos R. Swan, Presiden ao a Poser yap, Vice present NL. Mere Vice-pres Merate M. reer | Sen HENRY DE LA Montacnz, Secretary Elective Managers . C, AUCHTER Mrs. Eton Huntincton Rogert H. MontcoMERy Wuu1aM Feiron Barrett HooKer H. Hosart Porter Henry F. pu saat Pierre JAY Francis E, Powett, Jr. MARSHALL CLARENCE McK. Lewis Mrs. Haroxp I. Pratr Rev. Rosert I, Coen D. T. MacDoucaL ILLIAM J. RopBrns SJ. E. D, Merrity A. Percy SAUNDERS Ex-Officio Managers Fioretto H. LaGuarnia, Mayor of the City of New York Exrswortu B. Buck, President fy) the Board or Education Rosert Moses, Park Commissione Appointive Managers By the Torrey Botanical Club . A. GLEASO: By Columbia University Marston T. BocerT Marcus M. RHoaDES Cuartes W. BaLtarp Sam F, TRELEASE THE STAFF Wituiam J. Rossins, Pu.D., Sc.D. Director H. A. Greason, Pu.D. Assisiant Director and Head Curator HENRY DE LA MONTAGNE Assistant Director A. B. Strout, Pu.D. Curator of Education ey Labor Gone Frep J. Seaver, Pu.D., Sc.D. Bg pO, Donce, Pa.D. Pat halogid Joun HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M, M.D. Biblogropher Emeritus H. W. Ricxertr, Px.D. iographer Harotp N. Mounenxe, Pu.D. (On leave of absence) wa Curator RR , Pw.D. Acting Curator Bassetr Macutre, Pu. isiting fekaah ExizageTH C. Hat, A. B., BS. ‘arian Frepa GrirritH Artist oe Photographer Percy WILson ge vch Associate foe S. Witt coniaie in Bryology E. J. Avekannen, 3: s Assistant Curator and pais a the Local H. ee ees W. BL Camp, (On leave of absence) Assistant Curator FRANCES E Wee, ‘PD. Assia nt Curator Ciype CHANDLER, PH.D. Technical Assistant ree ‘WEIKERT Technical Assistant . Naytor, Pa.D. Technical Assistant é, = H. Woopwarp, A.B. Editorial Assistant Tuomas H. Everett, N.D. Horr. Horticulturist . L. Wr K, A. Custodian of the Herbariu: Orto DEGENER, MS. Gilinseroior 4 in Hawatian Botany A. J. Grout, Px.D. a onorary Curator of Mosses RoserT HAGELSTEIN Hon ‘y Curator of Myxomycetes JosepH F, Burke Hoa. Ge of the Diatomaceae B. A. Kruxorr Honorary Curator of Economic Botan: Eruet Anson S. Pecknam Hon Iris and N Collections ARTHUR J. CorBETT 'Stsperiniendent of Buildings and Grounds A. C, PFANDER Assistant Superintendent ach the Botanical Garden, take the Eighth Avenue Subway to Bedford Park Bit, the Third Avenue Elevated te the Bronx Park station, or the New York Central to the Botanical Garden station; or drive up the Grand oncoutse then east on pie. Pkw. or, coming from ‘Westchester, turn west at end of Bronx River Pkw: THE CORPORATION OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN The New York Botanical Garden was incorporated by a special act of the Legislature of the State of New York in 1891. The Act of TERRES provides, among other things, for Board of a s i Managers. They also tees new members of their own body, the present roster of which is iven b : e Advisory Council consists of 12 n who are elected by the Board. By custom, aes are ers elected to th e Corporation. "Office a ae Mrs. Robert H. Fife aa ‘man; Mrs. Elon Huntington Hooker, First ice-Chairman; Mrs. William A. Lockwood, Second Vice- chairman; Mrs. Nelson B. Williams, Recording Secret etary; Mrs. Townsend Scudder, Corresponding Secretary; and Mrs. E. Leonard Kellogg, eas Arthur M. Anderson Harry Harkness Flagler Mrs. Augustus G. Paine Mrs. Arthur M. Anderson Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox Mrs. James R. Parsons Mrs. George Arents, Jr. Childs Frick Rufus L. Patterso George Arents, Robert I. Gannon, S.J. Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham Vincent Astor n ts. George W. Perkins er Mrs. Frederick A. Godley Howard Phi Dr. Raymond F. Bacon Mrs. George McM. Godley e rT rof. L. H. Bailey Prof. R. A. Harper Rutherford Platt Stephen Baker Mrs. William F. Hencken ter Henry de Forest Baldwin Mrs. A. Barton Hepburn Francis E. Powell, Jr. Sherman Baldw Capt. Henry B. Heylman Mrs. Harold I. Pratt Charles W. Ballard Mrs. Elon H. Hooker Mrs. Henry St. C. Putnam Mrs. James Barnes Mrs. Clement Houghton Stanley G. Ranger William Felton Bar: Archer M. Huntington Johnston L. Redmond illiam Felton Barrett Pierre Jay Ogden Mills Reid Prof. Charles P iad Mrs. Walter Jennings Prof. Marcus M. Rhoades Prof. Marston Mrs. Alfred G. Kay Dr. William te Robbin: Prof. Willi a ae Mrs. F. Leonard Kellogg Prof. A. Per ae George P. Brett Mrs. Warren Kinney John M. wee Mrs. Richard de Wolfe Brixey . R. Kunhardt, Jr. Mrs. Henry F. Schwarz Mrs, Jonath Bulkley Mrs. Barent Lefferts Mrs. Arthur Hoyt Scott Dr. Nicholas M. Butler Clarence McK. Lewis Mrs. Arthur H. Scribner Mrs. Andrew Carnegie Henry Lockhart, Jr. Mrs. Townsend Scudde Miss Mabel Choate Mrs. William A. Lockwood Mrs. Samuel Seabury Miss E. Mabel Clark Dr. D. T. MacDougal Mrs. Guthrie Shaw W.R. Coe Mrs. David Ives Mackie Prof. Edmund W. Sinnott Richard C. Colt Mrs. H. Edward Manville Mrs. Samuel Sloan Mrs. Jerome W. Coombs Parker McCollester Edgar B. Stern Mrs. William Redmond Cross Louis E. len Nathan Straus Mrs. C. I. DeBevoise Mrs. John R. McGinley Mrs. Theron G. Strong rs. Thomas M. Debevoise Dr. E. D. Merrill Mrs. ues ee Edward C. Delafield John L. Merrill Joseph R. Sw: Mrs. John Ross Delafield Roswell Miller, Jr. Mrs. fae R. Swan Rey. Dr. H. M. Denslow Mrs. Roswell Miller, Jr. Prof. Sam F. Trelease Julian Detmer Mrs. Roswell Miller, Sr. Mrs. Harold McL. Turner Mrs. Charles ick George M. Moffett tonie P. Voislawsky Mrs. Walter Douglas la Montag Allen Wardwell Mrs. John V Col. Robert H. oe ells Henry F. du Pont Mrs. Robert H. Montgomery Mrs. Nelson B. Williams Mrs. Moses W. Faitoute 7 Mrs. Percy H. Williams Barrington Moore Marshall Sue Bronson Winthrop William B. O. Field Mike, Waitt ile IM Gone Grenville L. Winthrop Mrs. Robert H. Fife Dr. Robert T. Morris John C. Wister Mrs. Henry J. Fisher B. Y. Morrison Richardson Wright JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vou. 44 iy U L Y PAGES No. 523 1 9 4 3 149-172 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Caro. H. Woopwarp, Editor THE NEW WORLD’S RESPONSIBILITY WS has recently o American botan IN “trom Sweden thee the oe hecticl erik at Dahlem on ihe oe a Berlin has been severely bombed. According to one com- municat “The Rdito of Chronica Botanica (Dr. Frans Verdoorn) reports that word has oe received from a trustworthy Swedish correspondent that the herbarium and library buildings of the Botanical Garden in Berlin- Dahlem hav ees completely destroyed during an air raid on the night tic in ith ists in a roundabout w: of rch RE euespcan of the fern herbarium and part of the fungi, everythin, ing is gone. According to an official statement pnbliaae of Die eNatiirlichen Pflanzen- familien and Das Pflanzenreich will be discontinued.” This herbarium fa eae an estimated three or three and a half million one o pecimens— the largest collections in the entire world. Some of the South American material obtained in the early 20th agi?! by tee berbauer and Ule, for example, and in more recent years by Diels, as duplicated nowhere else in the eer There were as extensive collecting from Africa—a continent less explored botanically than other. "Re alizin ng the importance of Africa in the coming world economy, and the present ee of botanical Pow edee cone ine that continent, Dr. es . Robbins in his Annual Report, read before the Corporation Pointed ° a study of African plants as one of the pie projects for which he hopes an poo curatorship may be established at the Garden. The ee: loss of all these specimens in Germany, on Sich a great deal of “Polonical work in ae eg might have been based, makes = ey the more Cae e that the New York Botanical Garden, as a sentative New World aay "ind means to undertake, at the earliest possible date, botanical exploration and study on the ‘African continent. TABLE OF CONTENTS uly 1943 SquasH BLossom Lithograph by Elizabeth Ran giao ani AN Era In PAPERMAKING ard Hunter 149 ToMaTo aes CURLED? * 159 1 SUNSHINE AND THE Foop VALUE OF PLANTS Mary Elizabeth Reid 162 A 165 Prove THINGS WitH Your OWN EXPERIENCE,” GRADUATING ARDENERS ARE TOLD 166 A, J. Consett ieee ae 43 icine With GARDEN 167 Notices anD Reviews oF Recent Booxs 168 CurRRENT seen AT A GLANCE 169 Notes, News, AND COMMENT 171 Cuarues O, DEXTER 172 The Journal is published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. ¥. Printed in U. S. A. Entered at the Post Office in New York, N. Y., as second-class matter. Annual subscription $1.00. Single copies 15 cents. Free to members of the Garden. JOURNAL of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vo. 44 Jury 1943 No. 523 An Era In Papermaking The story of Dr. Jacob Christian Schaffer, u Botanist-Clergyman whose Experiments in the Eighteenth Century in the Use of Vegeta ei Fibers Form the Background of the Gigantic Papermaking Industry of Modern By Dard Hunter eee had its origin in seus as ners as - ae 105, in the ancient walled town of Lei-yang, pro of Hunan, the Chinese ass retaining the secre . their ae oe more tee five hundred wa t until about A. D. 625 that these ae celestial “paper. . es Ane beloved ee eastward to Korea, and then into the Japanese empire. In the ward spread of paper: cae more ha an a see - igs were ee for the craft to travel to Europe, for it was not w 1150 that the art of forming thin sheets of paper from aentane a was finally introduced into Xativa, Spain. This slow- moving westward journey traveled the age-old trade route through . 751, the natural course . along t! he Mediterranean to oe wher e the Moham: medans were ercuien! paper in A. D. 1100. Paper’s short Sak ry ea ae to Spain was of peels brief cen requiring little more an half a century ne the transition In Cambridge, at the ee. Institute of Technology, Dard Hunter has charge of the ‘Paper Museum which bears his name. It is his own collection of papers, papermaking and equipment, a doth r eral pertaining to this ancient craft—an assemblage gathered during his travels ov rs to probably every part of the g! where paper has ever been manufactu r, the onl: per: known who has published books in which he himself has performed every step, the writing of the text and ames of the paper to the designing of the fr e writi type, the printing, and the binding. He is the author of more than sixteen books and brochures on paper and papermaking. 149 150 The opera of China, Korea, and Japan made use of plant fibers? that were no Pei nous to Europe, so upon the development of paper- making in Spain the European Nn were obliged to seek eee that were readily procurable in their own eae: De These fibro pair and were flax (Linum usit eee um) a bch soy pin -. o of the finest - 2 lira: materials. one Ge Bee part the linen ae cotton were products in the form of cast-off rags. From the eee of oes in Europe during the twelfth century, linen and cotton as papermaking rae Seen in exclusive use for the following five or six centuries. as ntil 1765 that Dr. Jacob Christian Setter — - ‘is in ete raat “experiment in the que st of unused plant fibers suitable for the peu of paper. A evious the work of ne ae ffer there a ae en, of course, a worth eae s of eee Heine Bs ae de peers Soe 1757) ae the limited research Briickmann (1697-1753), range sa (1665-1736), ae oe ree d (1715-1786) and John Str (1732-1799),? but it remained for Dr. Schaffer to undertake ie ae fabrication of usable paper by using the fibers of dozens of different plants never before employed for this purpose. ot only were the experiments of Dr. Jacob Christian Schaffer ‘in the use of plese fibers for papermaking infini tely more important than the otk of his predecessors, but, what is more significant, he has laid before us the ee Wares of his experiments in the form of numerous examples of actual p These specimens, numbering more than ninety samples of paper, a ene in the six-volume treatise embracing his dis- coveries Dr. Scha iffer was born in Querfurt, near meena in Saxony, in 1718 but his family early moved to Regensburg, or Ratisbon, the capital of the avarian eee of Oberpfalz, about one ee and fifty miles south is bi i . me a ell nown aes ae pleasure outside the church, as he ted m 0) ae study dard auth . Se Bavaria directed his attention to the possibility o new materials for papermaking, and it is with his researches in this eine that we are 1 Bamboo (Bambusa species); gampi (Wikstroemia canescens); hemp (Cannabis sativa) ; mitsumata (Edgeworthia chrysantha_(E. papyrifera)) ; mulberry (Brous- sonetia pa apnitere): etc. For details of Far Eastern pape ermaking see the ied works by Dard Hunter: “Old Seana ci in China and qa 932 Paper- making Pilgrimage to Japan, Korea, and | Ree ” 1936; “Papermaking ‘in Southern Siam,” 1936; “Chinese Ceremonial Paper,” 1937; “Papermaking by Hand in India,” 2 For detailed oe eS ane has rk of these scientists see: “Papermaking, the History and Technique of a t Craft” by Dard Hunter, which is reviewed in this issue of the Journal, and ae which the photographs reproduced here are ale 151 cae In his six-volume uae a ao has Jeft a permanent ord of his ex oe in the h for new papermaking aire a the actual specimens of his pe able the fact that he the pioneer in the use of ny vegetable aan or the fabrication os . per. It was not Schaffer’s desire, as he ex , to make well-finished paper ; he ne ere to show the vast ae st vegetation available for the Dr. Jacob Christian Schaffer, the Bavarian clergyman whose experiments foreshadowed el revolution in the methods of ng ae As his plates were carried on eg to the discovery bleach, his examples of paper have the tint é original materials fa which ae were made. In most of the ee about one fifth part cotton rags added to the pulp to bind the fibers together. “A number ve been printed upon, describ- of the eer e are sized, and nearly all ha ing from what plant or fiber they fod been made. 3 The process of bleaching papermaking materials was invented in 1774 i Karl Wilhelm Scheele (1742-1786), a celebrated German chemist living in Sweden Ss gh cons der Bote y et tO0 find SHR der Biffen falter u Duish: b ae aie Bie a ia - ening sige Bele? ; Sidon und Erlang i nang be iG bet - iene Papier. iu maces Title page of the first volume of Dr. Schdffer’s work. It is curious to asia oo one a hin first ats shown in Schaffer’s books was made fro asps’ nests—for was not the wasp, as Réaumur eas out, a fir stpapermaker? D T. SC hiffer’s s researches extended over riod of more than eight yea ae all of bas materials with which he eee in ee were gat. i red in his own garden or in haa See ing fields. The mode of making the various es ie Paper es in detail. The ma cn according to their nature, were first chopped by hand, the different kinds of wood having been ee ne a ome pene 153 Most of the experiments were carried on in Schaffer’s own home, and for the purpose of macerating the materials he employed a miniature set of nd. stampers operate d by ha In most cases the pice matter was sub- jected to the stampers without preliminary treatment, but with a few of the materials milk of lime wa i me of th stubborn was used. With som em 0: materials the doctor used a stiff lime paste and suffered the material to remain in it for various ad ths of time, and he noted that this treatment reduced the beating proc There are not many copies of this work extant * and the specimens in plet Dr. Schaffer issued his work. The six Seance are designated on the title- pages as volumes one, two, one, two, three, and four. The first volume of this valuable work — completed January 30, 1765, and the book con- tains fifty-five haters f text, five ee and gees Pais ie pap per. The examples include papers that made asps and from various kinds of wood, moss, oe vines. In cae two, me ted a Apel 1765, there are twenty-eight pages of text and one plate. The specimens embrace papers fabricated from hemp, bark, straw, and cabbage stalks. rder The third volume Gee or of = eir appearance, dated November 3, phi has thirty-two text pages specimens include papers made from asbestos, catta il "(Typha pe and burdock stalks (Arctium La thistles (Carduus nutans), and turf. Volume four was preene January 1, 1766, with twenty-four pages of text and eleven samples, including paper: d seed, low (Abutilon Theophrasti), St John’s-wort, Indian corn husks. The fifth volume is d 5 1767, and the sixth and last is dated 1771. These two books give specimens of paper made from genista (G. tinctoria) me cones, potatoes, old shingles, reeds; and bean, horse-chestnut (Aesculus Hippocastanum), walnut, tulip, and linden leaves; also paper from t dlicg: and brazil-wood Bei ch as Dr. Schaffer’s work is the earliest treatise in the ee the use of various plant fibers for papermaking, and owing to the t bee unusually ceria it will not be out of the ay to ie ] length from the boo 4Dr. Schaffer’s treatise on papermaking may be seen in the following libraries: Columbia University Library (American Type Founders Collection) ; Congressional Washington, D ; Harv Ph: brary, si sD. Gs ard College Library (Philip Hofer pened Michigan State Library, Ann Arbor; Newark Public Library, Newark, N. enkin- sen Collection); Paper Musev Inst. o hnology (1 com: se . I incomplete copy; rare Dutch edition of 1770; four engraved portraits o haffer, his list should not be accepted as a comp! census. copies herewith listed are not all complete in regard to number of volumes, specimens etc. T a . oe complete set that we know (with more than 90 specimens) is in the Pap um of M. I. T. About twenty years ago an incomplete set (lacking one ay sold for $425. 154 “Tt is generally known that the paper which, oe to all evidence, has been used in Europe since the twelfth century i made of rags. and ornout linen. And the dearth of this solea Pe now complained of eae a The most curious thing is that not only a certain kind of paper i ing; statements of merchants reveal ‘hat in regard to wrapping aes eel etc., the want is even keen “This general lack of paper, and the harm done thereby to ae tion, science, and commerce, brought a few years ago to my m what various sehiglere—“tik ke Seba, Resa. Guettard, and hae a - mind and proposed in regard to papermaking. They believed, and with probabil- ity proved, that one is not exclusively bound in papermaking to linen, but f a great things. which—like es and lint—consists of such ane elastic, easily separated bers as thro the action of water turn to pulp and by drying attain a certain stiffness and firmness must be fit for een “Few =obecons can be reasonably raised ae . peas of these cholars—and the more certain it is that besides hemp and lint there are many algae having the same eS cheney ee more difficult it is to comprehend why these ideas have not been used for the benefit of the blic, and why such experiments ie not iron longer, oftener, and in a more satisfactory w: urs This regrettable neglect induced me three rs ago to get to work with all possible ener emed to me as if nature itself wished to encourage me in my task. Taking Ik outside ur town, chance led me t 1: ere one side of t d, fro wholly white. At this sight the oe flashed through my mind: Could not paper be made from these plants “Without losing time, I started at once to oo I gathered the s l as the wo L-blade, ae talked the over with the M the wool- did not seem to him r papermaking, r-d must by all means be tried out. But my joy was gone when I learned that the apes wanted five to twenty pounds of pappus. It was impos- sible to get such a Reagan and it cost me a great deal of talk before I Sane pursuade him to make the experiment with the poplar-downs in a mi A few da He ate I received athe tes of the new paper. notes at ee ae paper; one could print o n writ ni nly it was to d, and di t poss he ne Armr nd it was f ttle brown knots, the residue of the nded kernels. Yet these first and imperfect samples provided the most convi g f that the pappus of poplar is fit for papermaking, and the papermaker assured me that if a satisfactory quantity of pappus had been pounded in his e frontispiece in one of the volumes of Dr. Schdffer’s treatise on paper: eee from vegetable fibers. * The fanciful print depicts a set of stampers similar to the machine actually used by Schaffer in his experiments. regular beater instead of in the mortar, and if it had Lone further duly treated and finished, we could have obtained a dapat oe e€ paper. “Other occupations prevented me continuing my psa ents in the following two years. Yet being urged oak eal sources, ay the 156 Academy, I resumed the experiments. I gathered ae a basketful of Poplar pappus and wool-blade and gave it to the same papermaker. After a while I obtained paper from both species. The wool- blade paper came out ashen poor; the paper made from pappus of poplar was incom- parably bet “T ee vmiysele by es samples of the paper to the Bavarian made Academy, and without delay preparations for experiments with all of the materials ie a ae might be fit for papermaking. And s I 1 experience convinced me im would be very After Dr. Schaffer decided to become his own ee he employed a local fees to explain to vee a principles of ae ae ueae cted his servants, and after procuring several moulds he was ready to make his own oe The . hi ist- Ane gymani-papermal! a bad a eal stamp- ing-mill constructed w! as operated by hand, and in this machine. which is pictured in book most of the ae ae was accomplish for producing on sam mples of paper shown in the six volumes. “And I started again to make paper,’ ee the story of ao piece Schaffer, “from poplar- downs a shavings, and so forth. And what sweet satisfaction did I feel when I saw that ever: hie came out better than I had imagined! Ina re me 1 was able es produce a iegela new sort of paper ee such ie how could I forbear to bare new and again new a eri- ments f—espe oa oe the cost of the tools had already been me decided, Sree ae make these ee my regular winter ae tion. I could do so the more readily since ne paper made hitherto eo the warmest cceaowledewent and I was urged to continue my experi ments.” In making the specimens for his books Dr. Schaffer frequently found at the same aie collected at cam times, gave different results, as is ev: eae ee tion of the spec: anon riments were made the ae nee eaeeeeen ng ae it eae that sheets of ae could | be irate trom both the skins oe the insides of this uae However, when ood doctor was carrying on his researches in the w: of ase he see: oe tat bea ae procure enough of these ae tables for his work. In fac es were so little known in his country at that time that Schaffer felt i sry d to explain their use and wrote the following regarding t them: “The earth- apple “putate) is a —o of es known principally in Voigtland, France, Austri ome years also in eee and the Pfalz, on whos yes ns a are edie ed, in the earth, uneven various-sized eee and apple-like growths, which are known as earth-apples. These earth-apples are an uncommonly useful vegetable for the kitchen, particularly where there is a scarcity of bread. Poor people in many places not only eat these earth-apples, but the appetite is satisfied by them as oa as by bread.” 157 The two specimens of ees in Dr. Schéffer’s book showing the use of otatoes as papermaking re As before mentioned, Dr. Schaffer’s experiments in making paper from vegetable fibers never ed re used for the purpose extended over a period of a years, In this time, as evidenced by specimens that are poe extant, Schaffer not only m ae e paper from the plants already mentioned in this article, on he was also the first to make use a the foliar. fibers for making into paper: white thorn leaves, water moss, Syrian swallow-wort, fig-tree wood, Turkish Rite mines beech an coral moss, hop tendrils, 158 sweet broom, fir apple, aloe, clematis wood, nettles, green willow, dried willow, bulrush, straw, etc., in all over sie different trees, shrubs, and herbaceous sete Aside fr rom his pioneer experiments she aiaass aaa Dr. Schaffer was the a scientist to ie woven lath nd lace from macerated vege table fibers. His work in this field was also of a prophetic nature—the forerunner a the gr i rayon industry o re oday. Dr. Jacob Christian Schaffer died in 1790 with little rea of the ‘a Sesites Muiter Grffer Berf Dachfehindeln. Re. esasor les An example of paper in Dr. Schéffer’s treatise which was painted upon by the clergyman's daughter to show adaptability of the paper for this purpose. 159 importance of his pioneer experiments. greater part of the gigantic paper industry of modern n fabrics rest upon the eighteenth a production of synthetic wove It may be mares stated Hie the es and the vast experiments and researches of this humble German clergym: Tomato Leaves Curled? ELEPHONE calls came in to the New York Botanical Garden daily ong the last of June with the ques- In most instances, the inquirers were told, the extremely hot weather was the main cause, atid they wou a danktlcas still get a good crop of fru Prof. C. H. Nissley of in Site Agri- cultural iment Station at New Brunswick as reported i as been aa Raderptead this season in New It is, however, merely plysiological oe emphasizes, The ch a Q fe} Bia 7 aracterized e lower leaves growing abnormally; becoming thicker and oe brittle than = al, and curling in at the edges. The sult’ sug- ae wilting, or it may cae even in water ae that is, unbalance Between the intake of water by t the outgo of moisture is yee from the leaf sur- pele ying - ign caused by the use ae ee much nitrogen reek or other commercial fertilizer. ae rofessor Nissley believes—and cea ers have observed—that the trouble is gravate by the practice of staking and disbudding tomatoes, since it occurs to “Don’t Worry,” Is Advice a much less pa dl in — plants me are allowe spra in field plan pplication * or insecticides or fungicides. r, Dr. B. O. Dodge, the Garden’s Plant Pathologist, gardeners should inspect plants carefully, a Howeve Botanical suggests that 40% nicotine sulphat k leaf 40)—14_ teaspo ul to a gallon of water to which 1 ounce or 1 cubic ince Fh solved in hot or one ounce o poisonous, are likewice good, but at present they are difficult to obtain. The work of the potato flea-beetle— that hy “little ora Pat jumps when an be you approac recognized by minute holes i leaves. The same ae ttacks potatoes. While a bor- al plants and to ag- gravate heeoee drop # it is auclics = the time the pollen is being shed. 160 half of one percent rotenone may be used, if pvalehls or a calcium-arsenate es dus warns Dr. Dodge, do not spray or ie ae there is a reason for doing so. Blossom-drop is a condition that often occurs at the same time as leaf-curl, h though it may have an independent cause. metimes associa with over- feeding, according to Dr. P. P. Pirone of the New Jersey ata aes and the otani i Garden’s aching staff. It ma e caus ee an ex- treme in weather, such as the heat that New York as ata recently. In fact, any shock a plant, whether brought about by faulty cultural practices, im- proper use ee fertilizers, sea weather, or much water ing of ‘the ane while pollen is bene shed, may cause the flowers to In- Th nds to reason that, ee conditions being favorable, the gardener who = ves - ronan ie right sort of (without misplaced indies) nit noe ithe tke lihood ws trouble ae ne leaf- curl, blossom-drop, or insect p Rose Growers, Amateur and Professional, Meet at Botanical Garden June 15 N informal program devoted - roses attracted about 65 people “ork Botanical Garden june is ie Rose-Growers’ Day, was sponsored jointly by the Garden and the New York District of the American 5 F. Fre: re A an ke Hea part in the discussions whic! ea e day. ae ef introductory address, Dr. 0. ae ee be L. sat in this arden, ting the r ity of the plants and always keeping a watchful eye on it from year to ae ue os said ie ape there v at least a dozen va roses in ante ay that had ia ae there 25 years ago. Among _ these, Mme. Léon Pain is one of the outstand- ing ati Robert Eisenbrown, Vice-President of Bebbink . Atkins, whom Mr, Bobbink e hi Ir r tree roses, in the Gar he ae one thet came Chron siasaihed without protection was Car, of Gold, and the only protected ie rose that withstood the winter was Miss R ign Like st of the others trained t had been vered with tar paper. He spoke especially of an unnamed pink rose de cue ed by Dr. Whitman Cc Chase Md., which eae Ing lost. his is the fifth i No. Garden, bat it has not ye mrirodieed to the public, though it ie ee ed i every ae Frederick L. Keane of aes Neck, an hous on old-fashioned ro to speak, and is informally discal some of het ex periences in locating and identifying cer- OSE-GROWERS’ DAY AT THE BOTANICAL GARDEN R In the front, left 0 right, are Bobbink. Rear: Walter Dr. William Douglas, Mrs. Robert J. Robbins, Richardson Wright, and L. C. H. Fife, Mrs. George C. White (the daughter or Wr ee bak. James G. Esson, George H, Gillies, Roles Pyle, F. L. Keays, and Mrs. Richardson Wright. tain db perpetuals, moss roses, gallica types, York & Lancaster, ae s Blush, and another Pls Etoile de Malmaison. “It r to grow a rose than to classify it ” om Maciel Robert: Pyle, Preside a of eure Pyle Company of Gro Pa. spoke of a rose garden oi ee nlace ner ihe ae of beauty can restore the spirit £ mai He paid tribute to Mr. Bob- and issued a a_ scholar: np or oe a for the study of rose! fo) bink ee a great rosarian plea for gp He also expressed the hope at 3 Gn me Peaileatio ion of roses, such as that it the rose garden where the Pennie took place, might be assured of mainten- ance in perpetuity by such an organiza- tion, H id that commercial growers this year Sal produce only half as many roses as in other years and that there would be fewer varieties but that the sal in price per plant would be very 1 oth Mr. Pyle ond Mr. sete ole clions of roses for display, Mr, Bobbink showing 1 ao e than a dozen kinds of old-fashioned roses, while Mr. Pyle exhibited some of the new intro- ductions, among them No. 3440, a flori- Bobbink bunda of exceptionally vivid coloring, to be named Floradora. Mr. Frese tative the afternoon ses- . Geor e H. Gillies Pees as moderator for the ag forum on rose Winter injw disease and pest ae and pve via roses were pinta the ee discussed. The roun closed with the spoke briefly at th f oe successful planting out a potted ro! pee ig those who attended the program, besides nie speakers, se Mr. TS. ee wait mi George C. oe W. Han Hollin: rth Wood, Dr. a r EL. Scott, J. B. R. Verplanck, Forrest E. Kendall, Daniel Phillips, L. A. Howard, Mrs. Francis J. 1 iss Mrs. Walter Douglas, E. L. D. Seymour, Mrs. Leonard Barron, and T. A. Weston. 161 162 Sunshine and the Food Value of Plants By Mary Elizabeth Reid U. S. Public Health Service National Institute of Health HEN the housewife goes to market to buy greens ae her family she assumes that Lai is ieee pgcagen ae riety, age, condi- tions of growth, and t of harvesting. She me granted that a pound a ae or ee obtainal bie on on see is a in quality to a pound on any other day, regardless of ae nd weather conditions. In the fee dae of animals the farmer even assumes that of his stock in the early morning is the equivalent to two hours in the late afternoon. Actually these assumptions do not agree with the facts. Definite dif- ferences in the amount of starches, sugars, proteins, fats, minerals, and of vitamins as well may be found in plants subjected to different weather conditions, especially at = near the time of harvesting, or even in plants picked a t diffe erent times of day. Differences, which are particularly studies were made to determine the effect of age, conditions for growth, and time of harvesting ge the quantity of this ee in edible plants. It was assumed that the amount of food in a pound of spinach or peas might depend upon how old the plants were when Site were picked, on the age of the vegetables oeneee on the of day they were picked, and on whether the weather had been pre ihe "cloudy or sunny during their growth, particularly aad the of harvesting. t was found that remarkable effect upon the accumulation of vitamin C dlings sprouted in light contained, after seven days, more four times as muc amin C as seedlings same age grown in darkness. Plants grown in the greenhouse during May June in the ingto a Ge min C rown during racers and January. In more northerly latitudes it might be eased that the differences at the two seasons would be even greater. How eon tests with tomatoes conducted at the U. 5. Department of Le Se i yielded differences in vitamin C values in the summer and winter months similar to those which ae been found with other types of plants at Washington, D. Fruit from the sha ded side of a tree has been shown by other workers to have a lower vitamin C content than that from the sunny side, and even 163 in individual gat a sunny side has been sees to have more than the shaded side. The changes in the amount of vitamin C in a plant eee varying conditions - sunlight as compared ne si ie are noticed fi the leaves, though later differences may be observed in other pee even in the roots. osses of vitamin C at night amounting to as much as 20 percent of on total nae ntity, and possibly even more, may occur in some types of plan mas eciable losses at night occur only when the temperature is ne enough alee growth to take place. Similar losses of the vitamin may occu ae during the day but the quantity thus lost is not readily measurable because the ees is eae more rapidly ne it is used. So net resu ult is an increase i vitamin C. Monee ta ae rate occur: vitamin is so far a secret with the plant. The evidence suggests, however, that it is used for some purpose in the growing regions such as in the tips of the roots and stems and in the development of the young leaves. S$ a consequence of its own life processes, therefore, a plant starts the day with a lowered amount of vitamin If there th ws aS cession : ies cloudy days, and if the plant is — rapidly, there tends to be a slow but oe lowering of the unt of vitamin C. eae i in the sugars and starches of phate aie eae con- ditions have been rec ognized fo ra long ti me. Then comes a bright, su shiny day. Marked gains in tee itamin are to be observed pe the ee of the day. Some types of plants may, under these conditions, have more than 25 percent more vitamin C by late afternoon oan at break of a io) m a Bh ° = iS) w < Q i An interesting example is this elias in nutritional value of plants as related to time-of-day turned up in an experience in silkworm feeding. In sections of Italy ee pigge production has been an important industry from ancient Bea it has been the practice to gather the mul- es leaves, used in feeding the worms, at dusk. These cetalrarists have found by experience that leaves gathered a i end of the day SS to yield better results than leaves collected i e morning. Chem studies of mulberry leaves have revealed why this nen During the i under the influence of sunlight, the leaves fae enriched in nutritive pr eees not es with carbohydrates such as starches and sugars but also with proteins, fats, minerals, and presumably vitamins, too, si vi C, for ple, is known to be present in relatively high concen- leaves nearing full size has been found to be superior in quality, quantity and digestibility to that 1 in well-matured leaves. 164 re seems Sati indeed ee one should have to turn to the lowly worm n information on the subject of nutrition but actually ee is een a ie influe uence of “time-of- “day” for collection of food plants or even of hading upon Lines eek value to humans and to ancl other sre silkworms. It is true that variations in protein and non-protein nitrogen have been obse ey in a number of types of plants exposed to sun as compared to plants kept in shade, and also in plants harvested in late afternoon and evening in contrast to others collected in the morning. _ st as in mulberry leaves, a greater amount of starches and sugars is und in plants kept in sunlight than in those kept in shade, and more nee in plants coltes ed in the evening than in those collected in the morn- ing; but nothing was known until recently of the effect of variations in aoa vary as doe n C with aga in light intensity, length-of-day, ae time- of “sy fo pean It seems probable that if differences occur they won’t be as those of v: n C, unless the vitamin in question, like oa é is ie ee up in a life processes of the plant. When the time comes to harvest fruits and vegetables, particularly ae of ne mee afy type, = hal eraiana should be given to varia- the unt of light. Prese: sults suggest that for good ae C one the pee aeiat as of vegetable should not be done before mid-forenoon, say 10 o’clock, after generally clear weather. It is pre ferable to harvest, if possible, "after a spel all. of clear weather, or, if it must be done following cloudy days, collection should be made late i in the day. eae of the tendency of ae especially eee a Aisa! type, to lose vitamin C on standing, it would follow that when r conditions an vegetables from the home garden should be freshly rided each day. Particularly now, because of the war emergency, all available methods for the procurement of high vitamin values in foods should aR Lee that everything possible be done to provi oth the processor and t housewife with foods having high original oa values. 165 a Letters from the Journal’s Readers The Date of the ai pete HE phot of the original paintings EEE the clivacee, of rice in China, which were reproduced in the Journal for May, do not date as far ne as the Ming Dynasty, according to Dr. L. oes pang of in De- partment of Chi and Jap: at Columbia University. "You an ag when you read the eae “problem Dr. Goodrich writes. “We hat the originator of the ict ak u Shou (1090-1162) who Coaipleted them about 1145; that they were carved on stone in 1210, and first printed in 1237 After that there ‘were many other editions. The question arises: Is hes A 7 pictures really oe Dynas da suggest that uae rf “carefully with others pees you com a final conclusion. It ae Style the costumes whi determined the setting of the pe iod it there bee “Ib - aoe pea a the tury, as ia “the sul study of them can be made during Soinite year. phage fib enus Named After ae Char: oe See rte Pees was pecoried’ 4 in ate Garden’s Journal for May. The genus Hintonia was the ly one menti in the article on page 124 i it might be of interest to report another genus named for this assiduous collector. It is Hin- Bs Ips. useum Todee of Harvard University 6 ‘988 ? Mae 7. not all, ech pee were Oakes Ames (Orc hid) Harvard University.’ Ching Tsai By Any Other Name... ¢ in northern China for the of his Se referred to Herbarium a in egetable the Botanical Garden introduced at the In- F r ow in 194, the Arnold Arboretu: m, Jamaica a “To my knowledge, the plant is coni- “and is mon in North China,” he (says, known as ‘Erh ce ‘Second th Blue’.” eeere a the plant, which was described in the il Journal many similar vege- a sea in the genus Brassica, bel Ac ording to a glossary of Chinese lant names which Dr. Li mentions in is also known as ant also sai,” Chu-kuh being a probably, he says, eels to ne his torical person in the “T a he confusing to use i “Ching Tsai,” howev not applied to other Giese peal bein; nea ee = the United States, accord- Roberta Ma, who selected this ali the possi. bites in names, this nae was the easiest n American to pronounce.” 166 “Prove Things With Your Own Experience” Graduating Gardeners Are Told Dr. Wister tea Urges Students to Advocate a This advi d by John C. Wister to the Aner waduatine fran the Two-Year Science cones 1OR Pro- T ear fessional Gar ours ‘y- re : “demonstra one to put into a ee to know tion, or a book al about Roe or read, chers have given you a good start, but you must apply what yo ae heard and learn from your own ex bserve, crea Use your mind 5 you will find f£ exercise se when y re din ers with plants.” As an example. “of this precept, he talked at length about hardiness. crite: but n SI as the length of the cold, the time - year the plants in the fall, shelter afforded by the whether the site on a hill hollow. “When yo your gardeni neeEe those ‘litle local ae i t a r Parks in Their Communities NTIL you have proved it true with your own experience, don’t believe a pe thing your teachers a told you English gardens, he comes from a Beene . where to put each in- ar plan doing splendid profes- lid satisfaction in wi ing with nature,” he emphasized, quoted H. W. Collingwood, who wrote in the Rural N. more than twenty years ago: oo will fail till modern men and women get their feet back on the soil.” He aad that he felt cane a step in the "trom the soil in- m cans. vari ious communities,” he tinued, “you can show your neighbors TS by example what it means to S o love flowers, and to f fae your own garden. you show an interest in street “trees, see that your town or community ac- quires better parks than it has today. The more : money spent on aay ag aes will have to be spent on You eeates, of these should go into ues and urge more and better In the brief introductory tale which preceded Dr. Wis addres: re William J. eer ar ted out tha since the Twi eo Vear Science Cou teers 1932, t have bee (0 students par- ticipating in the work of the various horticultural paar offered he Garden, these students registering for 2,671 individual seen Including the 167 four being presented that evening, 90 certificates have been ave to date in the Science Course alone. In the Two- urse ae Practical Gardening, 57 sented since 1940, student gardeners at the York Boone Garden also have studied in this Graduates _ year are: nce oo for filles ent Walsh, form Mayer, assistant toreuan at Woo tery; and Carl Dene Chatham Mass., . ans ormer student garden ae ical Garden: i; “Net “Eicon, oi J. Fitzpatrick, of Manhattan in ugh , re Toe Hantman, and ‘Ellen Lehmann | a Bronx ; Peter and Sami Weinman of Edn Ae ° Fh oe ; Hafner I; Mrs, ‘Gane M. Somers of "Jackson Heights, L. L; oS Mrs, Grace Waters of Mt. Ver A social hour, with served in the rotunda, followe gram in the lecture hall. refreshments d the pro =e A. J. Corbett Hei leas 43 Years With Gar hich has followed the York — Botani rden since Museum Building was completed in 1900 came to a close the last of June with fo) his last day of wor! Me 7 ae succeeded by Mr, A. Pfander, who as Rees Superin- tendent of Buildi and Grounds for the past eight years, aoe been in charge of outdoor work. Mr. Pfander came to the Garden in 1932 to Seles the construction of the Thompson Mem- orial Rock Garden. At the time that Mr. Corbett began his work with the Garden, on October 1, 1900, Museum was completed but not entirely furnished, and he was per- eae ponsible the making of much the sturdy oak furniture— — “ables, book-cases, ae and desks—that is still in use. In 1909 he was ae Custodian of the building, and in January 1911 he was promoted to a tion sition of Superintendent of Buildin and Grounds 7 Superintendent Mr. Corbett ked successively under each Director oF 't e Garden. After n e the rou s used at the Garden, and this greatly” facili oi the da ty tour of inspection. Regularly at 9 a when the morning trip was over, “ail heads of ee assembled in the Director’s o' ae © organize the details of the day’s w During his” years at ae Garden Mr. Corbett was responsible f r. Corbett wilt reach his 75th birth- day on August 6, and his good health and Characteristic vere have remained with him all these yea: 168 Notices and Reviews of Recent Books (All publications mentioned here may be consulted in the Library of The New York Botanical Garden or may be purchased on order through the tre An Invitation to the ee World For the Intelligent Lay ‘HE GREEN ae An Invita: tion to Botany. ‘W. Rickett. 353 pages, illustrated oyith @rawings b; the author. Jaques Cattell Press, Lancaster, Pa. 19 3.50. ankly aimed at the layman, is book ie enter, to hae with the author a fascinat- ing ‘glim se of oe whereof the we a : ith lucid exposition. f particular Tienes are the chapters devoted to the strange life cycles of Ss, a Sera that . rage layma: are a fascinating makes one wish to know The author’s ol ntribute to the reader’s uni s two grave faults. When referring io = particular discovery or experiment, the author only occasionally refers to his source; a ee at least, should declare r ide a source reference for the student to) might wai - 2 pursue the eh ct further. Also, the of an index a book of this sort ie pares by a hiblicgeapher at that!) is INEXCUSABLE. As scientific literature, I would 1: it high. Dr. Rickett w: rites with a be odel of i only are his expositions of many abstruse ar and understai i e especially, often poetically expressed. His is, in- deed, the gift of the felicitous phrase. RIAN VAN MUFFLING. Industry, Civilization, and Paper ry and TC NG: The Histo Craft. an Ancient + xxiii betes Te iitus trations, vaphy. haat and index, Alfre pe, halftone” ew York, 1943. T Egyptians wrote papyri the halese scratch ‘their carved characters on palm leaves; North Am ican Indians did their picture writing a bir ark or on kins ; and others among the ancient or primitive peoples of the world have used blocks of wood, stone, clay tablets, metal, parchment, strips of , and “rice-paper” (made not from rice but from the inner pith of bist inese eunuch, Ts’ to 5 A.D. It was, of course, made en- tirely by hand. For his invention, honors 169 and riches heaped upon him by the court during: his iife and for at least five centuries after his death, Tt took the western world a thousand years to acquire the art of pa oeaalge: and for seven centuries no paper all tinue b . Honors were him ot he apparently died dissatisfied and poverty. Even the English stationes, the Fourdrinier brothers, who improved Robert’s ma: chine to make it pace suffered gre: eat financial loss. Dr. Jacob Schaffer, the German clergy- oo bie is largely ae ane for the periments in the Occident with ee ‘abe other than ee or (eoHGel for paper, derived little more than a modest eclaim for his inspired work, oday, as a result of the use of yon pulp (and occasionally other fibers) and the ign rapid manufacture of paper in great mills, the United States a ae 15,000,000 tons of pap Between these gleanings from som of the en middle, and last chapters of books, there is an Eabcarh Dard Hunter’s ing history of civ: vilization and es tied tightly in with the story of making. abundant illustrations oad elves, but the casual reader main casual long; the text itself 7 too engrossi t ee nd of the book there is an enlightening oe concerning paper and its uses, covering 64 p: a Caro. H. Woopwarp. Informative and Whimsical BIOLOGY—Season by Beneo) n, Mary Anthony Payne. Peete ric: ook ae a2, &: age ia vigaeary, » New York, 1942. index The illustrations in this text are only informative but also decorative a The age of reptiles is P53 am g thers in color of snow deserves special mention. Plewhere a pair of pine cones exchange notes on their incipient dormancy. “Digestion be- gins in the mouth’”—a fi TO! c ear before a woolly lamb These must enliven the dullness of scheduled studies. For such mercies we may forgive tl umerous minor errors, informative and interesting detail H agents produc ed bacteria and W. KavanacH, University of Rochester. Current Literature* At a Glance Pest Prevention in Rev ree can be prevented ei e , but a x of prac- tical tips are ues © Connecticut Agricultural Experiment na tion at New Haven in a new f ot wit the pests by growing stop = seasons when the ravagers are ina Many * All publications mentioned h and mi ophers-—may be oe in_ the Library ot The anical Garden, in the Museum Buildin, 170 suggestions are offered, among them the necessity for clean cultivation and remov at - = weeds, as was empha- sized also 0. Dod Garden’s eter Fee May. Se the New Vegetables for England. Eleanour Sinclair Rohde is a devotee of unusual f stea the usual vegetable marrow gro in England. Roots o bur; parsley, she says, make ood winter Se are others on her list, : esents with a number o recipes. eo mee (salsify) has been renowned for centuries, ns says, for its effect on chronic indigest Calcareous Algae. An annotated bibli- to the through ihe Bats of the late Dr. Marshall A. How n the few pages of text that precede ie listing of literature, the author tells of the importance ‘ot the lime-secreting algae in building up “coral” reefs, large sections of ae in forming “future strata of the Bane nis? Among Trees. A list of big nerican Forestry Association has been published in pe March and April numbers of Arborist’s News. The sm 22 feet. It is in Dunes State Park, mtla, The spring number of eae a Botanica has as a frontisniece a previously unpublished sketch by F. M. Liebmann show ils th a e foothill vegetation in t in a narrow pas Chinantla region of northeastern ‘ax xaca, made ahout 1850 i palms for his unfinished account of the of Mexico. Ast Fiv ew ees as of the aes collected in Oaxa W. _H. Cam bE Blake nthe P logical ee of Woe. Vol. se oe Paha ne Cronquist pre- sents rch number of the peices Midlond. "Naturalist a revision f the st i ‘lee t Utah State Agri- thes: Sige Colle; Redwood Flora. shrubs, region in the 16-page leaflet by W. Jepson, pub- lished at 10 cents a copy by the Save- the-Redwoods League. eer of the S, and Ameri The similarity be- Pees ie geology and climate of eastern Asia and eastern North America ara the similarity in the: pes of thes regions and the ease with which oa Asiatic plants can fs transported to new homes in easter rth America, writes John M. Fogg, oe in the Morris Ar- boretum Bulletin for Angust 1942, Insect Control. C. H. Curran of the American Museum of Natural pewuie has repared a booklet for tory gardeners telling them how to t rid of the pests vee pies their vegetables. Tt is publishes Museum’s Scienc Guile No. Gardening for Fiv Using a plot of with crops for a eir uses for seasoning, is g: a booklet published by the ontrcal neaede in the i ee tables for sowing, tans ve. reserving are included, also ae one ee use d labor, well as of pales ” is the wise aiviee o this hooker, 171 Notes, News, and Comment Mission to bah ieige me ee porte ito; Fru 11 years in the calles of the New York Botanical Garden, J. McKenna, who as Foreman ies has been the f assistant to the Horticulturist in recent years, left on July 7 to devote his cone Guest in Lie He ee Been teaching we ti regular], the Gard tical gardening poise and hi en many individual es Belgie” contig to the Bot: “ fe was super- ae . ofa ae e estate at ., and during dae time le attended a number of short courses at Cornell Uni- After the Jotsna a June ur for on over ere chan The program then was scheduled for Frida lay, July 16, at 3:30 p.m, and the August one for Frida lay, Aug et 20, also at 3:30. ellowships. Dr. Margaret Fulford of e “University - Secon is spending he w York a tl bho op ee “§ 4 lest her during the past year on roblem of regeneration in the Ice liverworts unde Tr ved a master’s degree from co nnat in "394 1 and yanked ie year a gradu sa ae wship Uni Vag of Ten Technical Assistant. Arthur Cronquist ae ee 15 at the New Yor! k Botani- of his time orking on “tropical Phat - economic nme ne under B. A. Krukoff. care l member of 22 years’ standing in a death on June 21 of Mrs. Jonathan Bulkley of Mt. ro) and New York. She had ea on e to pieaheihi in the group o1 1931. Two years later she was elected to the Corporation of the Garden. Advisory Council. aig Henry S. Feni- Board of Another recently elected feiaher = Mrs. Roney Procter, also of New York City. Visi On a few Meee furlough from (ee watcinne while Dr, Steere expected to continue his work in Ecuador. rofes r Mari rie-Victorin, Director of the v Montreal eran Gar den, also Usagi ee ist days at the Garden in mid- Jun way ae uba to Montreal Mrs * alle ice Cornman of oa 2 jiego spent aa a week puis fer Other visitors of the are inclu ded Drs. W. C. Coker of ine: Univer of North Carolina; Dow V. Bax = ee versity of Michigan; L. C. Petrie of Cornell; David R. Sumstine, Canine 172 Fernald of the Gra: man C, Fassett, Uni- Oscar ae Mus Le Herbariuin’ ee Nor s Co., Crawior, Huirekuld Publications, New York City. Sigma Delta Epsilon. Dr. Roberta Ma is the new president of ihe New 1 pter of Sigma Del psi scientific felemnity, Schmitt Nada ce ‘the group ha “Vitamin Deficiencies in co Roo esses, Dr. Ralph R. Stewart spoke n “Dye Plants of the America: Thdiane” ” Elizabeth C. Hall showed ihe Garden’s motion picture before a Broun of retired Hotes ou the New York Public ary the Women Nene Club Mer 19 and on* May 20 she spoke on “Garden Books” before the garden section of the Hollis, Long Island, Women’s Club ez M. Har of there Tat cneath g several weeks working on the Paes in the eee Gertrude Britton Moss Herbar Microscopes. At the meeting of the New York Microsco aa Society May 7, te the oo reas day. Paul Rittenhouse, hol lectured o photography this spring at the Garden, was in charge of the meeting. mittee. Dr. William J. Robbins Dr, Harlow Shapley, Director of the Harvard Observ vatory, was the chairman. Committee members ee chosen from the nation’s universities, colleges, and other educational institutions by the Kosciuszko Foundation, which sponsored the celebration. Squash Blossom. The cover illustra- tion Mae month is taken from a litho- ey by Miss Elizabeth Saltonstall of Chestnut Hill, Massachusett: It hibited last year a! nstitute of Modern Art in Bosto: here i of Congress. It is reproduced here ay courtesy of the artist. Charles O. Dexter THE hybrid rhododendrons which have bees planted in aac ees near the northern end of the geaoed stand today as ce to their donor. Charles O. Dexter, who Ramee much of this large colteton to the New York Botanical Garden in 1940, died on April 14. Most of the plants were Bites created by Mr. Dexter himself. a Beet 5, Though this 0) Garden y' dodendrons, Mr. the Jackson Dawson in 1932 by. the Massachusetts Hor cultural Soc’ a e plants the New York Bonnial Ge fora ne nucleus of an ever os collection, which is planned as major feature of the gr ounds in ies to com ith $ from ‘others, the planting has already been extended from the gl: north of the Rock Garden along the edge of the Hemlock Forest as far as the Boulder Bridge. The roadway which they border has c knov u Mr. of the New York 1940 by the Board oe Managers, in recognition ‘of his gift to the institution. THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Officers JosepH R. Swan, Presiden aa pe Forest BaLpwin, Vice president HN L. MERRILL, Vice-pre paca M. ANDERSON, | ae HENRY DE LA MonTacne, Secretary nae Manager: E. C. AUCHTER oe a ge H. MontcoMERY WiuiaM Ferton Barretr eee H. Hosart Porter Henry F, pu Pont PIERRE Ta Francis E, Powett, Jr. MarsHatt Frecp Crarence McK. Lewis Mars. Harovp I. Pratr Rev. Rosert I. GANNON, D. T. MacDoucaL Wii1aM J. Rossins SJ. E. D, Merritt A. Percy SAUNDERS cere Managers Fioretto H. LaGuarnia, Mayor of the City of New York ExtswortH B. Buck, Paden t ee ie Board as Education ROBERT Moszs, Par mission Appointive ae rs By the Torrey poloerel Club H. A. GLE By Columbia ee Marston T. BocEert Marcus M. oe Cuartes W. BALLARD Sam F, TREE. THE STAFF Wuuiam J. oe Pu.D., Sc.D. Director . A. Greason, Pa.D. Assistant Director and Head Curator Henry DE oe Montane ssistant Director a B. Stout, Px.D. Curator of Education and Laboratories RED J. SA. Pu.D., Sc.D. Curator eae 2 _Donse, PD. Plant Pathologist Joun Hew y BARNHART, A.M. M.D. Mais plagne 4S Re 8.D. Biblio ie BAssETT Macuire, Pa.D. a ga Morpenxe, Pa.D. (On leave of absence) Associate Cu ara or R. Srewarr, Pu.D. Ae ne sled Bazan = ae AB, B.S. arian LEDA GRI Artist and Phote Poe eee Wise os esearc: Mesonate Ropert S, WILLIA earch Associate in Bryology E. J. ALEXANDER, B. s Assistant Curator and Cae of the Local Herbarium W. H. Camp, Pr (On leave of absence) Assan Curator Frances E Wee ‘PHD. Assistant Curator ART: Cronouist, M.A, Technical Assistant Anita G. Appet, B.A. Technical Assistant Rosatie WEIKERT Technical Assistant Aytor, Pu.D. Technical Assistant Caro. H. Woopwarp, A.B Editorial Assistant Tuomas H. tt, N.D. Horr. Horticulturist G. iTTrocK, A.M tai the Herbarium Otto Drcener, M.S Collaborator in Hawaiian Bot. A.J. ut, Px.D. onorary Curator of Mosses Rozert HacELSsTEIN Honorary Curator of Myxomycetes JoserH F, Burke Honorary Curator of the Diatomaceae B. A. Kruxorr Honorary Curator of Economic Botany Eruet ANson 5, PeckHam H Iris and Narci. ollections A. C. Pranper Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds Rt ach ie Botanical Garden, take the Independent Subway to Bedford Park Blvd. se the Bedford Park Blvd. exit and walk east. Or eat the Third Avenue Rlevated to the Bronx Park or the 200th St. station, or the New York Central to the Botanical Garden station anna Hes IN THE isis ed institution, aided partially by City geese Established as a privately endow The New York Botanical ae is dependent for its i geen se gely upon benefactio and m mubet ships. Thro’ these means, though your s botanical gardens go, it fal m oug become the thir pee institution eallecions ones ong the finest "The sence ee ane in botany the Garden is able to all over the world; horticuluraly, i etten serves as a link between breeder and the garden public h menpenttinate ent the plant explorer or nd heneta actions, provision is made at the Botanical Garden for gardeners; hundreds of new books are added he public for research and reading; free ar annually to the library, which i n daily P exhibits are maintained in the museum, the greenhouses, and gardens, and lectures, courses, and free information in botany and gardening are given to the public. gy (2) Ac of Addisonia once a year, each number illustrated with eight colored oles ae unusual plants, Accompanied ie descriptio ) share of surplus plant material of interesting or new varieties when- ever it is distributed. earincancermen of special floral displays, programs, lectures, and other events at the Gar (5) Credit to ae amount of the membership fee paid, toward courses of study offered by the Garden (6) The privilege of bormosene Jantern slides from the Garden’s collection. 7) Use of the Members’ Room in the Museum Buildin number of garden clubs are Seed as Afhliates ng. A limited . The privileges of baer are one lecture a year ember of the staff, a share in the distribution of i nd disonia, d when ners. sive collection, such loan being subject i mbers. meee an affiliate club may engage without fee the Members ual Member snnwaligee $ 10 Sieeanite Member annual fee De Garden Club Amiens annual fee for club 2), Fellowship Member annual fe 100 ember for Life single contribution 250 Fellow f if single contribution 000 atron single contributi 5,000 ingle contribution ,000 Benef. Fellowships or scholarships for practical student-training in horticulture or for botanical research may be established by bequest or other benefaction either in perpetuity or for a de ane perio ; ntributions to the cee ey, be deducted from taxable incomes. The following is a tee Ses is oe beq I he w Tork Botanical Garden incorporated under the Laws of New York, Chap ter 285 ae ion “the SSS = Condit eeu bequests may ade eth income payable to donor or any designated bene btary during his or her life All requests Ps tush information should be addressed to The New York Botanical 5 ING XM Garden, Bronx Par JOURNAL THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vor. 44 A U G U S T PAGES No. 524 1 9 4 3 173-196 A ROSARIAN’S PROPOSAL ENO 'YMENT of the rose is part of rs heritage of our race, yet this fragrant = lovely flower occupies a precarious place in our aon cultur the building of several extensive and valuable collec- tions “at a “ovingly asembled ang ey cared for, each through- Cie) out the lifetime of o oy ‘0 be los n after his death. If such garden could be perpetuated: would fae immeasurable value as a reference collection and as a source oS material for rose-breeding. At the time, Id b t of beauty for th j 1 ollecti: s, kk i eg ion, deserve: an adequate financial foundation in order that the generations that follow us may not, through our neglect, be denied the aut hich it is our privilege He responsibility to pass on to Yet, individuals can scarcely be expected to support indefinitely such a museum of living specimens, and neither commerc: rms be counted upon to take the long view into the future and provide for the permanence of their plantings. Therefore, to avoid the loss of rare and precious varieties of this important group oe Plants, and conserve ne eee ce which each generation of human re of roses, an 8 a 7 a a 3 B 2 is 5. ot > o a g ¢ a “eg » 3 au cl collection in perpetuity. In pe ormne such a public service, an institu- f tion tas | prom the eens ve of a man, carrying on his work eyond t joint where he, as a at being, ¢ n go. The succession of cur: io: wo he a a permanent rosarium should be ‘capable men on highly ‘pecilied training. altel, could ney better gain their needed backee und than at an inst: itution where extensive rose collection has alr ee been established? The: oe while were being prepared ys direction of the great future rosarium be train th a number of America’s : onicpal rose gardens. ww York Botanical Garden already has a splendid rose garden which ie - oe d, the institution always wil maintain. It is teqeiore den be roses, this cients to be competed for by qualified candidates from the national or international fie id th a 17) 3 B a a ° Q. 5 is} < 5 th ° = og ca “ a 3 while it was being heat nds orking the wire as one after another the atlempts to duplicate the test Tike qutiae fa ie. The eoleding of the retort was a crude and hazardous process. His personal POU and interest came close to feianatin when, on one occasion, the head blew off and struck him dangerously, but he went on increasing the pressure and wicking the sledge. Pagan he aad the combi tion, re out of his retort, following the steam and the roar, came a shower of perfec ly puffed rice, each ber rry shattered within but anliroken without. i ae at ry day, so it happened, Henry P. Crowell, Robert Stuart, and Walter ougla ; 2 these activities. The outcome of negotiations was an agreement between the Quaker Oats officials and Mr. Anderson providing for further experimentation, large-scale production, and marketing. aus company’s plant at Sixteenth and Dearborn Streets, te it ids ! Akron co- neni ng. Out of the test tubes and the slender retort finally evolved wha’ have properly been called guns, a muzzle-loading cannon of a an caliber that 177 ALEXANDER PIERCE ANDERSON 1862-1943 178 uld have been in place on a colonial frigate, or a ship of the line, From the Toading chamber these are deftly moved on carriages to the ovens into which they are pushed for heating and rotation, While in the oven s, high-pressure, superheated steam is injected ae a uns. a yer prevents ‘het oven heat from driving off the moi isture in the in which ential to ai puffing, and serves also to put ap io a rawn and move the car erage : ae igh be termed “the ¢ inl ding ante Into this Pad are a The First Published Report A brief article appeared over Dr. Anderson’s name in the Garden’s Journal for May 1902, explaining the work he had been doing. Under the title “4 New Method ‘of Treating Cereal Grains and Starchy Products,” it said: “The cereal grains including wheat, rice, barley, oats, maize and rye for ee part of the food of the human race. The chief value of the beds ae the starch which they contain, which may amount to as much as 50 to 80 per cent, r “Starch occurs in plants in the form of globose, ovoid, and oblong bodies of rounded outline, the exact shape assumed in any plant being more or less characteristic ee the species. Almost any growing green plant will be found to contain starch grains in all stages of formation from the most minute to ihe maximum size. ose of the potal n attai iameter r 4 watery la latter character. The granule contains from 15 to 22 per cent of water when in an air-dry condition, Teaser. of these interesting bodies with reference to their formation shows that they are really built up like crystals, being in fact sphaero- crystals. “Starch granules when intact are acted upon but slowly by asia: especially the digestive enzymes. Consequently Satie eet are made more ares a food by cooking or some method of treatm te which the granules are ae When starch granules are warmed in water the egin to swell up at a temp ne atin of 55° to 60°C, and burst at 75° to 80°C,, being conyeted into a uniformly tanslicet mass known as starch paste in which the minute particles are suspended in the water, but are not dissolve “It is well known that starch grains do not swell or break up to any great extent when heated in an air-dry condition at the temperatures employed in ae Bgl! oldest fo by ordinary methods. Although bread is one of the and most widely food preparations yet it i i s by no means to be considered as an economical tse pe starch since the granules in the center of a loaf are practically tuclanees and therefore =i digestible only with great difficulty. ine desired changes do ensue some exten the crust; but in prevailing methods of preparation the proportion - the whole amount . starch present made available for rapid digestion is very small, “As a result of almost continuous work ae ring the past year T ae been so fortunate = to develop a method by which, with the application of heat to starch grains and to air- ~dry starch in ey forms, the granules or particles are expanded fr ee ing the process. As sult this treatment a grain o rice is expanded to ght or more times its Sania volume, while still tearing its original form. Other ais exhibit similar behavior, The process is applicable to erly all starchy seeds and starchy substances, greatly increasing their nutritive availability, The products obtained are hea to the taste, and the process may ie varied to produce a great ‘variety of flavors with any given cereal. Furthermore the material prepared in this 179 manner is riage sterilized and may be preserved or stored for long periods. I m led to hope from the approval the products have met from food and chemical P mi versity in August, 1901, time was afforded me to resume the py etee on: ane in the Laboratories of the New York Botanical Garden every facility was given me or the prosecuti ion of the work. I am indebted to the latter institutio * Tr the of material of all kinds as well as for encouragement and helpful suggestions from the members of the staff, “In view of the fact that I have received letters making claims in connection with the eet attained above, and also that many ee newspaper notices have been published in which the facts hes rres ectly reported I take occasion to say oe ie ae never heard a lecture on mm’ or any othe subject which suggested t ctly in my own experiments, being entirely different from the ‘popping’ o or foice grains. The above note is the first statement I have made for p oa upon this eee and I do not t hold bars ceponeiple | in any degree for the various sensational and misleading newspaper reports that have appeared purporting to describe the raehede ik sed.” “Food Shot From Guns” ople who can remember the World's Fair in St. Louis in 1904 can perhaps recall the “food shot from guns,” and the bags of puffed rice that were sold like popcorn to the visitors. It was not anal the net year ~~ rice was put into its ‘ ad ” class as a breakfas eal. oO years r, puffed wheat was added to the Quaker eee Ree or: ee rane the name ie “wheat betes but it did not go well. The man who from this eae on eee the advertising campaign for puffed wheat ee rice consider e eventual success of these two products as one of the eae of hi is fee career. Later, ec Dr. Anderson’s further research, “crackels” made of wheat, corn, an oats combined and “puffed” were put on the market by the same "com- pany. Dr. Anderson worked for many years at the Quaker Company’s ia in Saree testing not only starch grains under high heat and pressure, but wood, cla ee and even bacteria, these last experi- ie "bei ing, oe finally c ied on by other investigators. Fifty volumes comprising 12, 000: ae ae Sede form Ae of some 15,000 ima he performed over a Le of 35 y From 1917 on, his work was carried o own an anaes called Tower ae at Red Wing, where - bie himself in a n home near the old farm of his boyhood. During all his years of active research, his carlae a a en interest in his accomplishments an and often worked with him. She was his constant companion. When he decided in 1928 to ares a ete ae 180 to the New York Botanical oe in appreciation of the privileges that had Ha naan him there as a young investigator, he did not have it put his ma Lue but ai in that of his wife, and it became the Alec and derson and Lydia Anderson Research and Fellowship Fund, “Originally $10,000, We fone was increased to . arene eae through an agreement made e Gar in “1936. r. Anderson also Eine cee s at Mines and at Clemson, fare gsc blenine a — s home, with 400 a of ground, including farm buildings and residence, adjacent to his Mines hom os 1937 D r. Anderson w: arded the ae Reid ree poe, life eaieei by the eee Society of Plant Physiologis also a Fellow of the A.A.A.S. and member of the Mss ta oe per of uy Minnesota Society of Geologists; Minnesota Horticultural Society; Minnesota Historical Society; Goodhue County (Minn.) His- feel Society; and a Founder and Life Member [ the Highlands, N. C., Museum and Laboratory. During the hoes Dr. — was busy working in his laboratory had an overwhelming desire to write a book—not a scientific treati . but a book to sit ie with ne enjoy a page or two ata time. The boo appeared in 1941, and the foreword best explains the desire and’ pur, sit he had in preparing this volume of short stories and verses, many of which hark back to the days of his childhood and youth, but some of which were Sore as recently as the summers he spent in Hawaii during the atter = tt of his life. ne a pupil in that one-room schoolhouse, at the time when the McGuffey' eaders were rare in most all Sonik schools, I had advanced from the First to the Third Reader. I 7. cee fe and lous ked at ue pig boys and girls reciting in ~ Fifth and Sixth. I loo hem and wondered if I would ever know enoug! ‘ay udy the Sixth. To me va would mean that I would know all there was i now. “As years went by, I, too, finished the Sixth. I then ae an ambition lo go up sa the Seventh Reader. I soon found out there was non “TY even thought that if I ‘knew more, I could write a oe “Reader myself, one for myself to read, a ce oe to me that anyone else would ever want to read it. Nor did I t see moment, that I could write one as good as the McGuffey’s series. No no ae “This Seventh Reader is, haciore the result of a lifelong desire. Naturally, my first_idea was = make it a ‘big book,’ that is, larger in size than the Sixth of McGu es fam “Per some stray reader who lived in town trotted off to school, too. You, too, Saude the Sixth, Perhaps now you would like to read the Seventh. Reader is not intended to be of a classical nature. Rather, I hope that it is sp od of oe kind w children out there liked to read and recite in that little joolhou Ms Anderson aa long shared in his desire to write, but she Rae in 1934, long before the book was finished. It is dedicated to her as “the sweetheart of the valley,” with the added note, “She wanted me - write this book.” 181 Mugwort—A New Invader to Eradicate By E. E. pene HE perennial herb called “mugwort” is w t doubt one of t easiest plants in the world to propagate. It sreat so ae by eres ground parts that it soon becomes a first-class weed p Known ay as as Artemisia vulgaris, pee iis a a large group in the Composite family. The genus includes a great variety of bitter and ae herbs well eee for their medical and c eee uses, though their medicinal properties are not too well understood.* Part of a solid stand of Artemisia vulgaris that has established itself near the Botanical Garden *The leaves of 4. vulgaris itself have been used in the treatment of epilepsy and rheumatism, and also as a substitute for quinine. 4. Cina, of the Orient, is the source 182 This plant grows to a height of about - feet and aes small yellow flowers in great abundance in = summer. The leaves, which are divided into several AEN produc ee ie paper r-like odor when ushed. At a casual ae th he plant Aeris the common ragweed or ce Shane nd and has fre ing ly been ae with these. It a $ on eg dry soils and bec; an its rapid method of propagation, oon becomes so nena that it ae crowds everything except ae ee shrubs and trees. The underground portion of this plant is a long branching eae referred to as the root in many books. med this is i a ro but a creeping underground stem, or rhizo t has typical fee rhizome, as i through t initiation of ie buds. The roots are numerous and grow out at any the rhizome is cut into pieces about 2 inches long p oist or soil, each segment will uce new roo . everal leafy shoots within 5 hese shoots originate e dormant a t which occur at about 1l-inch intervals. Expe Sela cuttings only yy in ine have Aa Ge healthy plants within a week. Any piece of se fae eee is ie enough to include a single bud will quickly make a whole plan and frequently live a long time when left Gene on the eure have invaded the lawn, where they endure frequent oo of the mower. The plant was pean eS aay = the New York Botanical Garden n 1901, having bee eed obt cee ve rom the Botanical Garden at Lausanne, oo a _ own tnder the name of Artemisia Purshiana, which is a white-flowered, woolly-leaved, ornamental native of western North America. References to taxonomic manuals make little, of santonica, which is obtained from the dried flower heads and used as an anthel- mintic drug. Old-fashioned wormwood ae nad ee the leaves of A. Absinthium is well know: wn to many as a general t . This plant also furnishes the absinthe which is popular in certain types o drinks The tdned leaves of A. Dracunculus make the well known tarragon which is a savory re ° certain meat Hear The fresh leaves may also be tised in salads or made a tarragon vinegar ur. 183 if any, mention of seed formation in A. Rete so it oe doubtful whether it spreads as rapidly from seeds a r Compos « Complete eradication ¢ . nie acco mplished ae by a borough job of digging out every part he branching fae. Pulling the plants by hand is at all eal because a — aa naare ate is left behind in the soil to give rise - more individua ae sprays have not been tested, oe even if the leafy ees were killed it remains doubtful if the ea parts would b ecte e of its general habit jae and rapid ae aren sel ah ne an excellent plant to ae soil erosion, but it is co: sidered advisable to introduce such a dangerous weed intention sily near farm lands. It st beet ene to aa fields where it would seriously com pete w rop plan Though it is now weet Lone in sel ee from Nova pene to British C bia, mugwo England states, as — we nsin south as Albans and native found from Missouri to Utah and from Texas to Detail drawing 184 A. vulgaris is variously known as fellon-herb, sailor’s tobacco, green ginger, a seen ne a term dienes) to the ae ae in early times the sed to treat w ills. The name of mugwort ee os oe ca fon an eer Teutonic nee at for moth or midge, because it was long ago recommended by Dioscorides to keep away moths from clothing. The smoke produced by burning a dried leaves is said to repel mosquitoes. The ancients Lae ed mugwort to be a symbol of happiness and tranquility, and it was thought to ei nates For this reason it was used in the bath, and fis worn in the shoes on long journeys Uprooted plants Be anes showing the branching rhizome and the new plant ting to grow at the tip of the longest branch 185 Reforestation: Timber-Growing Or Land Conservation ? A Discussion of Objectives in Tree-Planting By E. W. Littlefield New York State Conservation Department Rose sts decade a6 a'm pea . pan areas o trees—is in its fifth decade as major act y of gov nt Pp T in public enthusiasm—reflected i eeenane support—till in one hen (1936) the number of se edlings. and t nsplai nts distributed fro servation rian nt nurseries reached te impressive total of 72 + million en Of is , 63 million were planted on State or other public lands hile the maining nine million were furnished at cost to private individuals organizations. The past seven years have witnessed a sharp decline in the New York ten ws par ticularly in that phase of it which is ee to the acquisi f submarginal farm lands for reforestation purpos This icine is ee table to various aes including decreased ane ria- 8; eine of Federal relief programs, such as the Civilian panto Corps, from which much of the planting and maintenance labor wa. n; a the present war. On the o e demand among Priva e landowners for planting stock te we ae te nurseries has been maintained approximately on the level with former yea er- shadowed for a dec: pe by the so-called “Enlar, iy Reforation eens for planting State-o ey ands—to which the State was committed by the Spaienes ion Amendment of 1931—the eae tree planter has once more assumed a dominant role. At this 5 juncture we may al ak ourselves in the words of the popular pe ia “Why Plant Trees?” w public eee have been more SS. taken for granted yet less cen aes than Raa on. As a concept alee gee from nce of central ne northern Eure ope, the petaton, by sti Saaan of a comparatively eet ae pone As as brought to America, and the initial attempts at reforesta- given This mption, whic! ere sy a practical economic appeal. had little difficulty i in obtaining oublie funds, on the basis of a good capital invest- ment; while on the sentimental side, the thrill of creating new forests— 186 “watching the trees grow’’—found ready support among a large body of citizens who were becomi ee ee cd. ae eels of trial-and-e vee York ae fan oo not ely borne out the va lidity timber-growing p As eerie in copied oe, the eine of coniferous forests a more comp than was first anticipated. Questions which arose as to the as of Piece to site, diseas se a cultural ‘measures—; —alll tt b I ons we most part widel d, more on the basis of available land than with any regard to existing processing lants or e soft requirements. And, as le, th € much of the cost and effort which had been expended. As a means of i i inst uu the planted forest i s equal ly important, ugh less easily demonstrable. ie success ar Sear indbreak or uae ahic z has little value as page,” ele from the oe of ol owner’s comforf, and ae ee Ae his is oe and orchards. Where there is a scarcity of at sis cover, as in m of the sana New Yo rk aan areas of pin spruce furnish ae shelter for various kinds wildlife. Less cpprecated by the layman, but perhaps most Fondant a hes is the hum ee capacity of the forest oa To r have only to’ note seedlings of the more exac ae pie ee as white ash, which ¢ in so abundantly where a conifer plantation, once established, has ee onened as eee oo iste ee or mortality. Such observations are not More than ury ago, the botanist from the nursery. ... A large epartment of the Marne, called la Campagne pouilleuse, oe begun eae forty years to be covered with it after lying waste from me imimemorial. The proprietors who conceived this fortunate plan he pee seen their barren grounds acquire a tenfold value. After the first growth of evergreen trees, the soil becomes capable of sustaining the Birch, the Hornbeams, the Oaks, etc.t which in time render it proper for the production of cereal plants. In ae large heaths have in this way been transformed into rich arable land.” s Scotch pine ves sylvestris) a European species used extensively Norway spruce (Picea Abit) “and larch (Larix decidua ee L, leptolepis). } Italics are the author’ 187 Denuded hilltop near Malone, N. Y., just after being set out to trees. a The same area as the first illustration, eight years after planting. The trees in the background are jack bine (Pinus Banksiana); those in front are red pine (P. resinosa), planted after the jack pines were established 188 In other words, we find that shee he plantations have a greater value in peas as permanent fixt mn the land, than as potential = ne New York: one in Montgomery County, on the high, exposed ridge of land - hae the Mohawk from Schoharie Valley; the other near Malone, in the region of sandy deposits . ears the u reaches e he Salmon River. In the one case w a windbreak, al h Norway spruce, which is serving to pro on a 2 farmstend from the. ae which a! almost continuously across this and during the - winter. Not only does this plantation retard the wind, ar it stops much........ of the snow while rmerly accumulated around the farm buildings, block-! : °°: ing driveways, piling up at the back door, and, in general, adding im- measurably to the burden of winter chores. Today, this volume of snow is laid down in compact drifts sometimes ten feet put oe in the lee of the windbreak, while the farmyard is relatively clear. I visited this b ing. The oO: snow lay banked against the ceri about 0 feet ioe from ee road. Ina hen-house in front of the trees a flock of leghorns prated c tentedly ; no blast came through the barrier to ce the interior of and out of the branches, ioe from the rigors of the wind. I had been there many times in 1 oa eee weather and had seen photographs taken in midwinter. ne as a demonstration, ie ue 1 and personal, what the oe eee really do. For fifteen years or more the Asneton has furnished protection oe his kind. The hee planting stock, compri nae ut a thousand trees, cannot have cost more than four or Aue dol and a day or two of labor. The = ees will probably never be cut ee “pulp, anes or y other forest product. But who will say they are not “worth their salt’? Nov take the second case-his In the northern part o Fr. antes ry, as in a localities a the Adirondacks, farmers have to se not only with severe winters and a short growing season, but also, in many instances, ai lowing at saa ete followed by pasturage ee destroyed the organic Player, ex he . eats On the farm in question an ee hill had be e ae ee in way Lying as i ; west side of the property, it soon started ne below. When the winds were especially strong, blowing sand reached the 189 Windbreak planted with Norway spruce, in Montgomery County, showing how the entire farmstead is protected. The same windbreak at close view, showing the protection of the barnyard. farm yard a quarter of a mile away. In 1933 the owner commenced to eit this hill sles pine* and other species. The accompanying illustrations tell the of the story. By 1940 the top of the ia a become fully st: tabilized a farmer’s goo nee wife no longer had t sand particles from the wash on Monday pe and with Saneaa: planting the sand problem is disappearing en ely. Several widely Thaw examples of r eforetaton undertaken primarily as a land-conservation measure ey be taken from history to paw gees what we have seen in local instances: The revegetation of the sand-dune: * Pinus Banksiana, a hardy northern species especially adapted to sandy soils. The same windbreak in Montgomery County, after heavy snowstorm. (Photo by Floyd Ecker). of Gas scony, commenced by Brémontier in ea continued through the Revolutionary period by (s ges enough) the same Brémontier, and completed under the Republic; transforma ena of the famous Landes aan on the west coast of ene in the 19th century; and the reforest- ing work of the Danish Heath Society. This last has been described in effective language by that distinguished Sarria of Danish origin— Jacob A. Riis. In “Hero Tales of the Far North”* he tells how the cae e Heath was laid.” With the establishment - he forest, he says: a uo) a =] a] =] oq is is am a co i= oO a a Co: oF o ans om ao fa 7 mt oa 3) 4 Ea @ tad oO < oO ial ag ot oO @ 3 = — beholding great forests taking the place of sand and heather : a change that is transforming the barren moor into the homeland of a prosperous eople.” a our own hae and generation we may point to projects of this tich as the forestation of the Nebraska Sand Hills, and the shelter cae on the Sa at Plains. Regarding the alana te of e latter, one author says: “I believe all these eae could probably be ae ought under the one head of livability; and this, in turn, makes for eae a better system of tenure, and a longer t en hav cted - examples given abov rors he alas rather pone foie a ace of reforestation ie apt to be overlooked in the discussion as to whether reforestatio practical” and whether it has been ‘ Gear To ee this. oa of what I shall again refer *The Macmillan Company, publishers, 191 t “land- aes ie is, sea cha: = soil and the human aves related to it—does no that we can wholly disregard the factor of commercial ae growing ‘Gneudiag ae term products such as Gina: which are already a harvest es in oa from both State a pie nlantatons). pe t does me a progra: of reforestation, whethe able inde 6 or eases the dis. tribution of trees to ae era should not stand or fall on that basis alone If there. is a revival of interest in tree-planting (as there is likely to , but those h forestation has been undertaken in a large way; inclading “Particularly, the extensive operations of cee sort carried on by Great and in the British Commonwealth in the southern i Alia, ae and New Do iaa ar as they may have been by w onditi nd ee it should be borne in mind that in northern paar at least, no reforestation program, once its course is arrested, can bloom again overnight; for it takes from two to four and a half years to rie forest pane stock, once the seed has been sown in the nursery bed. Ea Reforestation stopped too soon. On the right, erosion has been see by the planting of pine trees. At the left, erosion continu 192 Notes, — and Comment r. Florence Clyde Botanical Garden articipate in a project of beading: Cinch ona for high yields of the alkaloids which clus quinine. Since September 1927, D Chandler has been Te nice Ant in the research of She has been ry So acomied aw * eyto- logical studies in respect to one and with the iene production of tetra: ploid races of Petwia and Lobelia in relation to sterilities spore iets and income She has also as- sisted in ero and selective breeding i emer Dr. Chandler everal y Botanical " ie in 7 = the i iploid. Pe Diploid of Hemer eae fulva.” Radio. Two radio programs will be given each ey during Septem! a by e eta over acon WN hours will be announced in the dai crs tuart Longmuir, who has oe estate of ee New ‘York k Botanical Carden poe las elle Gardener, eed =P. McKen this Foreman. St been Head Gardener o “ cK, Lewi oyal o a ey 8 = o ue a as fe gs = - pacer depar ig to America at the end of the nine- teen- tventies, he did landscape work for 1G years for Wollcot Nurser hes Jack- n, Mich, then in 1931 wen fod Farm, Mr. Lewis’s eee oy 3 to Sky- Technical Assistant. Pt ta G. Appel succee r. Florence Clyde C graduate of the University of Carolina in 1942, Miss Appel has peat - oe summe: nes and had been serving as an as- sistant in Dr. Dodge’s laboratory from a _poptenber until her new appoint- Pe paaaan ee ate photeatann: of a p app in the Journal ae in ithe Garden’s tee. let, Fes Plants of New and Old World Deserts” by J. Alexander, 1 were exhibited in Detroit last May for special meeting at the Detroit Garden enter. Cane Nearly: 50 teachers who were enrolled from many sections of the United States in the June Ttersession course in community study at Tea mee College spent the afternoon ai Jun r ower area, 7 main conservatories. ock spoke on i Nancy Booth over WEA y 12 on Ss giv ing a tial Lec Dr. A. B. Stout, gave a lec- ture ree eee nm “Gra es” at the Be a opie ce a len Center in Stockbridge, Cae oa the William Felton Barret tt, eae of these o: Advi “ pee a gra Berkshire Gar a which Garces are most hardy and mi wih to yield ae in that ical, : which the growing period from fro: frost is sometimes Timited to abo a 90 days. Most of the best horticultural varieties of grapes grown in New ‘< e State require a growing period of least 160 days for good yields of fruit. 193 Notices and Reviews of Recent Books (All publications mentioned here may be consulted in the Library of The York Botanical Garden or may be purchased on order through the easy Photography For The ver ature NATURAL HISTORY WITH i CAMERA, . Brownell, 29: Laat illustra: te d with er ursecapne author, ERNE gee Photographic ae ishing Co. on, 1942, $3. Brownell’s will be enjoyed bya fires groups of readers. The nature Dio ere nnes will appreciate x he knows how the mak- reading of the bo ill be eat hel Difficulties are not glossed over. M wnell warns that Roe mien must be disregarded. stand the blazing sun, no dislikes ae ae his shoes muddy, tramping preven and wading in ice water an car eonien nee all conditions ‘had Eisen nature photography before he x the nature lover with no camera or ge to be bother a with one, the book has interesting nee oe the life d habits of many small c: Ts ae ene a eee of equipment and a description of methods. Then follows a chapter for each month of t ing carrying through to the ial Piatariy: Fiepa GRIFFITH. deatbook on Bacteriology Fee cies AND MAN. cote Pat cei ae een papa 8S. Cro: Yor: Pa 1942. irkeland’s textbook of microbi- ae. although no . as all-inclusive as the title implies, : valuable addition to the list of tex: Stor concn science t courses, The tek is apparently meant to fall in line nia bad Baas cous by Ohio State Uni e years ago to Paleo intro duc oe coe One not for ew who will later Paste spe- ee mn ue field, but for tl ie who will hav e layman’s ae of sub- j se he book deals almost coe” with the medial and the mos' ways ip : however, there some excuse for this in a general text such as Birk ’s, where the inclusion of the resi research projects might ult: possibly ne ectieiened merely to confuse the beginn e oe style is interest-holding especially when he is dealing with his: Tene subjects, and on fs whole eee is much to recommend the book to audience for which it i Cau Lors Littick, New York Medical College. West Indian Studies TREES OF PUERTO RICO. L. R. Holdridge. Secasional Pa. apers Nos. 1 an illustrated, de: Tropi Experiment Station, Puerto Rico, April and Sep temb' 1942. In these two fascicles on the trees of Puerto Rico, the thor reports 100 species of ye native pr introduced on 1 fascicles, he plans, will fons until ooo species will have been ublishe The de: lescriptions are written in popular language and at the end of each fiscele there is a vocabulary that will help the non-: oe paca The are good, ‘ome of them lack little botanical posers however, the work ful- fills its purpose. The species are not 194 treated in taxonomic seque but family index is given on ties ft ee. Unfortunately, the author employs several botanical names not so much in usage fone -a-days, and a lack of synonymy makes this ag ae The those of Bueno mee other Oe gee ist be of great use for all the West Indies. J. P. Carasta, Effects From The Air CAMOUFLAGE WITH PLANTING. 79 Pages, A lan ee architect looks at camou- flage. The use oe ve and growing plant material and t handling of natural A table of 195 genera is keyed to show the difference in leaf color tone as seen by the eye of an aerial camera, thus facilitating the selection of plant ma- and the creation of a picture that nae ae with its aot are S. D» J. Witson. Annual on Enzym aDv ANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY. Vol. H ‘Werkman, 08 pages, illustrated, subject and author index. Interscience Pub- lishers, New York, 1943. ‘$5.50. This is the third annual volume of a series de voted to short monogr: aoe on a variety of sublet related to Semele’: I found of particular interest Chroi somes ae Nucleoproteins by is Mirsky, the two ee on 3 Carbohvarate Metabolism, one by E. S. nd HL A. x touches upon vitamins and enzymes _ FLW. Kavanacu, University of Rochester. Current Literature* At a Glance Alcohol. Sweet otatoes ny acquire new role i y on for production, the product to a utilized as an ingredient in the manu sae ure of syn- thetic rubber and for oo into tor fuel. Ear The ican Badenian sSecety has pean the oe (1942) a e its Proceedings to a series ae sented at its midwinter eens. on «The Early iy of Science and Learni ing in America.” F. W. Pennell, writing Beuamin” Smith Barton as a- Naturalist,” ford him not only the Father of Amer- ican Materia Medica, but also Father of merican Botanical and Zoological In- struction ond the Father of ue eecatite Study of the American Ind M. ernald writes on “ ave E. D. Me nm “A Generally Over- ora Rotnecaie Paper.” In this, Dr. Merrill nel onl panes the paper, which ci ric names and 1 s 31 g phoma al ‘overlooked os botanists, but iscusses aspects of lists both eeenat in this ivi Shrubs. Manual 3 of the Illinois Natural History Survey is a “Fieldbook of Native Illinois Shrubs” by Leo R. Tehon. Consisting of 30. es, with rawings, color photos, a ‘y and index, it treats 210 species of shrubs in 3 families. The book is a neat, hand ket dese and it gives the impres- sion of completeness. Copies are obtain- able at Urbana for $1.25. * All publications mentioned here—and mi Pheu be found in the Library a ‘the Botanical Garden, in the Museum Buildin 195 nographs. Among the ee treat- Clark ; monograph of the genus Meee by Robert Walter Schery. Photography. Jay T. Fox, who has private museum GE natural’ history BA Beene Kodachrome ournal of the Bio 1 Photographic Association, describ- ing his equipment and technique in detail. Quinine. The dramatic Boye of qui- nine and the men who hav Pace Cotanibes and the efforts being r b the United States Government ‘e estab- lish quinine intr in tropical America. nuba. “A Desert Romance” is the me ‘ttle of a well “Mluseated article on the Pronub: r yucca moth, by D. Laudermilk, which appeared first. in the Cactus and Sucoutent Journal, m Abroad. The 1942 numbers of toe ianee tant German botanical periodi- cals came through in late June. They are the Botanisches Zentralblatt and_ Flora, oder Allge aoe mische Zeitung, both _ publist Jena, Botanisches Archiv from Lei enae ; re Berichte der Deutschen Botanische Saisie from Hee ae Dahlem. These are the first pub: tions received from there for a ved r more, Celery Oil. eee aus Bia , Southern es before the : e celery is roduct which toler in the United States can ‘ep ma ia back on the market in this intr. Ern Guenther surveys the enti indus try in o recent number of the Chemrgte Digest, BROADCAST UTHERFORD PLATT, author of WwW oe, lecturer of note on the subject of plant life, ts an official of Platt-Forbes Ad- isi cy. He is also a member dress he gave over the radi PS one reason why many pet e0- au sentiment wath regard trees and Howes, I do not belittle et Seed n understand how peopl fey ae made by but ment tends - Bhi aus of the in- terest of plant life, which can be very exciting in ed the York Botanical Garden is one a a nickel ees ride (ten cents round trip) to almost everybody in New York. This very fact, that the arian Botanical Garden is Ss! fea just what it noi— le aes aronie of freshly e cool foliage of a forest—; te transported rie the famous places of the ede and people have traveled from Africa, from tay South America—many miles to ‘heres ow . want to suggest some of the ings look for at the New York Botanica Garden when you go there ust for an afternoon of qaventite irst I propose ne you shall look ou had never are Ca oy labeled. Here’ s one that says TULIP Its alr atin is the tall straight column of its trunk. This trunk i marvelous oat any Greek pillar "The tulip tree is one of the ancient trees an a monarch of this region, a native American, older than the American ae es small tree that is labeled Saree. It is remarkable, for its leaves are shaped like exquisite little fans. Th ginkgo is perhaps the st ancient tree in the w It’s like living prehis- toric relic surviving from an age n most of our other ier life had not yet even take e gi rescued fro xtermination pune ona Evidently the aeole that monastery kept the species alive ae hundreds of years and thus bridged the gap of the ages. top. Compare that to The peel oe like a church steeple on the ie r the label ee PINE. This s the king of the trees in the eastern i t "V. will notice that th Ey a full sail his i to look at trees and know them by their personalities and b eir architecture will endless Nate see how differently the “bu it stead of just vaguely rentdine hehd as a lot of foliage. ae fun than playing a decee game. The Hemlock Grove is an original forest that was growing there ong be- fore the New Yo otanical Garden existed. I Ss e utifully main- tained by the authorities of the Garden and native plants that w naturally in such place have been added throu th agreement has been made with the City of New York that this hemlock forest shalt be left i ral condition as a e to ihe native flora it! How anhat Islat oe Brom, sul within t the Co $s Lis ad of it preserved for all time for Em Adee From a Group Of Young Visitors One of the most enthusiastic of the classes o£ school children the spring was the 2B class of Public School Ni located less than a mile m the rden, ter isit in low, written paper bordered with gay flowers done in wax pencils and urther ornamented with a drawing of three of their group in front of the Museum Building. UR Ip It was a_ cloud. ed When 2B aiting he sun. wanted to go to the museum nd there te have som When the sun 1 We started to shout, “Hooray, hooray for the sunny day.” And we started on our way. On _ Bainbridge Avenue we saw many flowers And two big church towers We turned east on Bedford Park nd 4 — ry tar private schoot too, Trains ue ana cars very few These are some of the things we knew. We w as ante the museum Wher plants were seen A tree trunk so big and old It was a thousand years we’re told. A_ botanist picking weeds He ree plant _ seeds “Good-b; we _ to a a “We'll cone again if v Then we started on _ way We had a good time that d: Teacher, Trieda Kleinsinger Lillian Barthelemy, May 1943 THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Officers Joseru R. Swan, Pre. Henry ve Forest Batpwin, Ve atioe oun L, hare ke -president ArtuHur M. Anp , Treasurer HENRY DE LA Monraca NE, Secretary Elective Managers Mrs. ot Huntincton Ropert H. MontGoMERY E. C. Auc Wuiam ee aa Hoo H. Hosarr Por Henry F, pu Pon’ bias Tav Francis E. Powe, Jr. MARSHALL a ELD oe oe ‘wis Mrs. Harorp I. Pr Rev. RozertI. Gannon, D. T. MacDou Wr11AM J. Roppins S.J. E. D. settee A, Percy SAUNDERS “Officio seas eee Froretto H. LaGuarpia, Mayor of the of New York Evtswortn B, Bice i President: of the pan of Education Rogert Moses, Park Commissioner Appointive Managers By the Torrey Botanical Club H. A. G LEASON By Columbia University Marston T. Bocert Marcus M. RHoApES Cartes W. BALLARD Sam F, TRELEASE THE STAFF Wiuiam J. Rogarns, Pu.D., Sc.D. H. A. Greason, Pu.D. Assistant Director and Head'C heuiee Henry pE LA MontaGNE Assistant Director TOUT, .D. Curator of Education and Labo oe Frep J. Seaver, Px.D., D. Bernarp QO. Donce, Px.D. Plant Patho. slopes Joun Henpiey ee A.M,, M.D. Bibligrapher paah tus H. W. Ricxett, Px. sues Bassetr Macuire, Pu. Haroip N. OLDENKE, — D. (Onleave of absence) Associate Cu args R. R. Stewart, Pa.D. Acting Curator ELIZABETH o a A.B,, B.S. ibrarian LEDA GRIF Artist and Photographer Percy Waron Associate ee ERT S. Wats MS Research Associate in Bryology E. J. Atexanper, B.S. Assi. nd Curator of the Local Herbarium H. Camp, Pu.D. (On leave of absence Assistant Curator Frances E, Wynne, Pu.D. Assistant Curator RTHUR Cronqguist, M.A. Technical Assistant NIT. PPEL, H.A. Technical Assistant Rosatige WEIKER Technical Assistant . B ytor, Pu.D. Technical Assistant Caro, H. Woonwarn, A.B. Editorial Assistan: Tuomas H, Everetr, N.D. Hort. iculturist . L. Wirrrock, A.M. ‘ustodiar Herbari Orro Drcener, M.S. Collaborator in Hawatian Botany A. J. Grout, Px.D. Honorary Curator of Mosses Rosert HaGELsTEIn onorary Curator of Myxomycetes Josrepa F, Burke Honorary Curator of the Diatomaceae B. A. Kruxorr Honorary pete tor of Economic Botan’ ErHeL Calcul ay Pecxuam Honorary Curator. and Narcissus Collections A.C, Pra oped ae be Buildings and Grounds ach the Botanical Garden, take the Independent Subway to Bedford Park Blv station _ the pedford Park Blvd. exit and walk east. Or take the Third ‘Avenue hae vate me . ne Brot ee ‘ark or the 200th St. station, or the New York Central to the arden sta nto pee cee OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL on s, Booklets, and Special Numbers of the Journ An pees Flora of the Northern United States and Canada, a Na fe Lord Britton an a ee ison Brown. Three volumes, giving descriptions oad illus tions of 4,666 s Second edition, reprinted. $1 ora 0 1 Prairies oe Plains ue aie nok ERD by P. A. Rydberg. 969 ae and 6 oe im pee oe 50 p age of th ain A “Clea 4 pages, wae A Rennes especialy pha tet i eae in plant Paeneaeaeee 1935. $1.65. Flora of Bermuda, by Nathaniel jig Britton and others. 585 pages a 494 figures, covering alae, ee mosses, ferns, flowering Pane 1918. a A Text-B of General Lichenology, by Alber Schneider. 230 pages. 2.50. ort erican Cari e, by Kenneth K. Mackenzie, containing 539 plates of Carex and “related sriaees, by Harry C. fievebure, with a descrip eots oe "each species. Index Two volumes, 1034 x 13% inches; bound $17 bound $15.50. eys to the No me rite Species of Cree by K. K. Mackenzie. From Vol. 19, Part 1, of n Flora. Plants of the Holy Scriptures - Teanee ‘King, illustrated, and accompanied bya lt of Plants of the Bible with quotations, in the March 1941 Journal. 15 cents. ood h S 3 e = ug Plants of the North American Indian. Two ilu articles by Marion A By Gy Oey in the Journal for March 1942 Lie The Flora of the Uni ‘apestries by E. J. Alexander and ol i. ward. 28 pages aiieeaterl aan phorseeoe bee drawings; fon si paper. 1941. 25 ues s and Fruits for the Home Garden. Four authoritative eo reprinted from ce Journ 21 pages, ilveratee Edited by Carol H. Woodward. 15 cents. rbal. First publish ed by Richard Banckes in London. 1525, "Fdited and eanccabedl Aas moder nee glish with an introduction by Sanford V. Larkey, M.D., and Thomas Pyles. pages, including facsimile of Jenene Prepared by Scholars’ Facsimiles aa pa s. 1941. Price to members of the Garden, $2.50; Succulent Plan’ of New and Old World Deserts by E. J. Meee oe pages, indexed. 350 ee treated, 100 illustrate i Bound in paper. cents. Catalog of Hardy Trees and Shrubs. list of the woody ae gue grown outdoors at the New York Bo! GS ee ae in 1942, in 127 pages with notes, a map, and 20 ese qo The Victory Gardens of 1042 ‘and ee at the. New York Botanical Garden with plans at sees aioe for eas growers, by T. H. Everett. 24 pages, illus- trated, paper-covered. 1943. 10 cen e Ss Addisonia, annually, devoted exclusively to colored plates accompanied by popular descriptions of "owering plants; eight plates in each number, thirty- ey in um n iy 8h reviews, and non-technical articles on botany and horticulture. Subscription, $1 a year; single copies 15 cents. Free to members of the Garden. Now in its rate vole Mycologia, bimonthly, illustrated in color and ethan e; devoted to fung: including lichens, containing technical artic send and news and notes of general terest. $7 a year; single cupies $1.25 each. Now in its thirty-fourth volum Twenty-four Year Index volume $3. Brittonia. A series of botanical papers. Subscription price, $5 a volume. Now in its fourth volume. orth American Flora. Descriptions of the wild plants of North America, including Greenland, the West Indies, and Central America. 90 parts now issued. Not off in exchange. Prices of the separate parts request. Contributions from The New York Botanical Garden. A series of technical papers reprinted from journals other than the above. 25 cents on a volume. Memoirs of The New York come Garden. A collection of scientific papers. Contents and prices on re JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN SEPTEMBER PAGES 29) 4: 3 197-220 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Carnot H. Woopwarp, Editor GOOD WILL IN THE AMERICAS \X J HEN Dr. T. H. Goodspeed, see of the University of California Botanical Garden Expedition to the Andes, started more than a ago for a trip that was to ole him into Colombia, Peru, Chile, Argentiee, and Uruguay on a good-will mission from the United States, he took with him a 15-minute motion picture reel in natural color, depicting scenes at the New York Botanical Caden. SOc: botanical gardens in rs) eh show. Nothin, South American countries than some quotations from a letter received turn “In Bogota,” aid, “T show ed the film the National eve at the peuule: ae Hone for moving pictures ne There wa: rach interest that I was asked he repeat re film the following oye ef The ini ic Cc i h shown in the Palace The ee . had it shown tw. In Chile the film was shown mber of occasions, but ts spec dates was a vee showing before resident Rios which I was asked t ange by the Min of oi ricultu: “Ta all cases I us ne e film o emphasiet the character and functions of a proper Bornicsl a in the hope that interest would be encouraged in South America in severing similar institutions. In large part through the film, encouragem was giv the rebuilding of ae old Botanical Gardens of Lima, t whi en ry was requested to ne to Peru for In Argentina and Uruguay, the film was used to encourage interest in existing gardens or stimulating enthusiasm in the establishment of new ones.” Dr. Goodspeed also noted in his letter that the “particularly fine paleag of the New York Botanical Garden's film was “universally a Rickett, who is now in Mexico, 1 on a good-will mission for ela. has with him the New York Botanical full- sceeth motion picture to show in the numerous oe he will v TABLE OF CONTENTS September 1943 Harpy ASsTERS AT THE oe GaRDEN Cover photograph Fleda ee Tue Last Cruise OF THE “CHENG-Ho” Otto Degener 1 THE Sycamore PLA U' B. O. Dodge PHYTOPHTHORA, POTATOES AND POLICEMEN 215 New FLoras To BE PUBLISHED THROUGH CO-OPERATION OF OTANICAL GARDEN WITH UTAH ae CoLLece 216 Notices anp Reviews of RECENT Boo 217 BROADCAST 219 AUTUMN EvENTS AT THE GARDEN 220 The Journal is published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N.Y. Printed in U. S. A. Entered at the Post Office in New York, N. Y., as second-class matter. Annual subscription $1.00. Single copies 15 cents. Free t 0 members of the Garden. cents, Free to members of the Garden. JOURNAL of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vow. 44 SEPTEMBER 1943 No. 525 The Last (ruise of the “Cheng-Ho” By Otto Degener* The lar of an Eight Months’ Collecting Trip in Fiji onsored by Mrs. Ann Archbold ee sitting one sunny day in semi-retirement under the a and fig tree (a coconut and papaya) on my little strip of coral beach on a Oahu, I spied a telegram tn - stack of mail which m ie — Sevres as estan was ari ng m Doc MERRILL RECOM 1 GO COLLECTING HERBARIUM SPECI- MENS MELANESIA ALL EXPENSES AB HT PAID, read the message, signed ANN ARCHBOLD. Six weeks eee in ee er 1940—my Filipino pear Emilio Ordonez, and I, with all ga equipment, were aboard the palatial “Cheng-Ho” in Suva bor nC e eng-Ho,” a junk-yacht, was Be Hong Kong by Chin wi en under the dire f an American ne ct. She was ae dded, from amous junk use during t the 15th century. This original vessel, according to a descriptive tablet in the aie of Tien Fei, Patron Goddess of Mariners, just outside e of a fleet of 500 see owned by the Admiral Cheng-Ho. Nanking, was These early eee made five or more ioe ges as ae as Persia, and from- Suez they bro ees ne first per iee seen in Chin: Our boa: t 100 feet ae Bet a 39-f pe beam .and 12-foo mae and a se ee Diesel engines. Built of Bornean ae * During his explorations in Fiji, the author discovered a flowering tree which ee the type of a new family—the aia Mr. 0 i Arb, 23: 356-365, pl. I nants clic in Fiji A ing the “ ‘Chops: Ho” cruise, see Smith, in Sargentia ae 148. 1 ae oe description of Dr. Smith’ 's own expedition to Fiji i in "1933. 34, see mm. N.Y. t. Gard. 35: 261-280 (December 1934). 197 Detail of the elaborate painting on the stern of the “Cheng-Ho” wood, it had teak and erates Sapa ane be hand see in the interior. Birds surrounded by clouds and w were painted on each ing Rtn one re quarters of the captain and Chinese crew in an earlier voyage but oo from doing so with the new captain and crew on the a cru ane ld, owner of the “Cheng-Ho” and sponsor . i collecting Pees is the daughter of the late John D. Archbold and the aunt of Richard Archbold, who recently explored the wilds of oe w ‘G inea by i f a previous “Cheng-Ho n Washin, » De C., oe the junk in charge of a captain newly en eee in cee Phin ur crew, consisting o of two white boys, a Samoan chief who had per- formed “the ae sword dance in a al known motion picture a fine group of better-class eae Bio been signed ae in the Philippines during Mrs, Archbo a as ce. captain, a short, proud, pompous white man formerly in i a missionary vi aa in the Philippines, had told them glowing cane of the for eae trip and added that the “Cheng-Ho” would be in New York Harbor by Christmas 1940. But when the cat’s away the mice will play! During the long voyage from the Philippines to fee we hae was = and ie a a the non-Caucasian members of the On val in Suva I heard rumors ae past oe on Mg high seas st ee ee mrs 199 of oo out the Fiji police; and ai Mrs. Archbold cae arrive in Suva from Washington, I lived through one mutiny and my assistant su pant personal indignities for being born with a golden oe of a skin ce with Mrs. Archbold’s arrival the treatment of the crew greatly aie York Harbor, I heard that they planned on leaving the ship at t American port of call. With the voyage jeopardiz ed by labo aan aa with my being intrigued by the wealth of interesting plants to be found in the islands, I asked Mrs. Archbold to permit me to limit my ae, to Fiji. This granted, my assistant and I, continuing “member: the expe te in absentia from ce ona Ho’, ” left the vessel in Hee ful Savu Savu Bay, Island of Van my return to Hawaii in July 1941, Mrs. pee rite nd I met again to talk over our various adventures. She had had further disagreeable ex- auras oe in thefts, mutinies and desertions, and had decided to give the “Cheng-Ho” to the United States Navy. After the war, the Interior view of the junk, showing the hand carving in a corner of the lounge 200 009 nT * C wy, on Qe he NVASVL a @ s3)seq e ee Ne 009 bs aT HEA 8 rn i ; * 2 “ et Mri saguaant VIS 4 voit soe SEN Way = - * be . " %e % ach . - % ° svsani £ = ouv f* , oe NOWOT0S sy ° ae % e rs 5. Deuiacies . VISANAI0d . . oz Sant: TAN IIVAAVH Ot 4 s ee ee ~ Boe Se Peer 201 vessel is to go to Annapolis as a training ship for midshipmen in learning “the ropes” of — ie the oldest type ships in the world. Mrs. Archbold was pleased to I had alae about 2,100 numbers of Fijian plants, ost of them pies ed by 1 0 duplicates. These, after study by . C. Smith of the Arnold pent and other sperilists are being distributed to leading educational eae ons by Dr. E. D. Merrill, Administrator : Bat anical Collections and Director of the Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University ; a . Dr. W. J. Robbins, Director of the New York Boianieal Garden. Both institutions kindly granted funds to aid in the extended land explorations. * * * Fiji is practically a mirror image of Hawaii Nei, as the entire Hawaiian Archipelago is sometimes calle d. Its many islands are almost as far south ine tending e n Hawaii, Fiji’s northwest or leeward sides are dry. The ener Mae, aie . ed ae trades, are pues in oe archipel agos. The moist jungles o of Fiji, however, differ fro those of Hawaii in being freer of introduced weeds; in ofte en caly reaching down to the ocean; and in having many more lianes to trip the pias aie Fijian is tag aate in appearance and custom ear an Hawaiian possessing a Negroid strain conspicuously evident in his magnificent head of ao Today there are 100,000; a splen nd, sla, in € people. i political evolution, the Hawaiian has becom ed and today is a n of any other race. With this gift of freedom, members of this race have won selves enviable standing in their community. The Fijian, on the contrary, is still a prisoner within the narrow confines of his islands. Indeed, he cannot even leave his native village without permission! He is no lon ger a slave, to be sure, but he is still, in this twentieth century, only a partially esa peon hedged in by strict laws ‘fot a pplicable | to white residen Evolution has not, progressed as islands are quaintly, often distressingly, 100 years behind the times, but, under stress of war, should struggle to catch up with Hawaii and other democratic region The “Cheng-Ho” at anchor in the South Sea Islands 203 The “Cheng-Ho” Dec. 23, 1940, with all of us ane a far up Savu Savu Bay, Vanua Levu, anchoring about 1:30 P the distance near shore, oe the head of the bay, I spied the ee eect roof of a house half er among ena coconut palms and jungle growth. To find the owner, Mark Dods, I went by laun a to Pie village of Mage and ther peal to rent 1 house and Corea plantation. he weekly el of £1 ($3.70) included a only the house but also oo s of his coconut palms, milk and butter from on cows, pes w. f he: oc ae laid by his many chickens, tapioca or cassava (Manihot escu- lenta), DALO (Colocasia esculenta), KUMALA or sweet potato, and even his man servants. The house on “my copra plantation” at Balanga, Savu Savu Bay, typical of house s in the South Sea Islands where simple na is = ples but boats with the outside world are scarce. Time and the elements had taken their an - paiaey bates the black ne white os re came page hun to gre rubbing their paar backs against our erywh ae were pokes Liles and articles that would h oe ssa in homes nearer centers of ciation but that here had been y kept to serve in some emergency. Ae i projecting ae the walls of the rooms and p fish-hooks, buttons, rusty nails and screws, a medicine bottles half to penne empty, gold ore specimens, and the broken claw of a giant crab m the floor were boots and shoes in all stag wear; a few pieces of rusty machinery; and some chipped and cracked crock In a corner, leaning against the wall, was a dust-covered tombstone with the name of elie the year was 1927. What is time in the South Seas? The stone, ra after the sad occasion, simply had not yet been erected over the grave!! The furniture at Balanga was not nee “ eens The ne were filled with books by Shakespeare, Dickens, Thackeray, Darwin, and Gu gracious host had ee oe a jung: Jes in his youth), roach-corroded and almost as aes ng as the - ees authors themselves. My bed was a huge four-poster affair boasting an excellent net, a necessity i ei ear sees mosquitoes bea filaria sea elephantiasis are com A rusted piano, luc a unable even forth noise, served as a 1 hiding a for my passport a money. “Modern e : yard, We had no oe water in the house but fetched our supply from a ae sgh stream in back ae it. This also furnished us with a modest supply of o r fresh w i thine i that swam into shal water in search of food. A few years before, I was warned, a aie ne his heal bitten off while he was eae barefoot, net in hand, in shallow water in front of the house. * * * Picnic in Fiji, with Tucker Abbott, meleeclone shown toward the left; beside him, Dr. John Coulter, geographer; Mrs. Ann Archbold, sponsor of the expedition, center; Miss Mary Keegan, nurse and joe alee - Mrs. Archbold, and Mr. Judd, District Commissioner and guest, with three Fijian helpers. During a delightful stay of about three weeks in nee I learned to appreciate the immense usefulness of the cocon r food and drink. Ordonez and I did not touch a drop of the ae ool pure fresh water, oul ce the meat to liberate the jet “milk, ” The resulting potion, perhaps pre- pared by a friendly native Hebe or Ganymede, is truly Fiji nectar. For our daily ae into the caete: ” or pe Samu and some of the youngsters 205 would free msu nuts of all but a scalp-lock of husk, tie half a dozen or so es Sa and sees carry = oe as natural canteens. Such coco- s, however, spoil in a day o a mut sprouts, the fae or haustorium (actually the ree Seiston ee a mono cot) enlarges by the absorption of all endosperm, final s but the Fijians maintain that eating too many may cause a slight sgl dis- turbance. With the copra in meuiA 2 ractically bankrupt in Fiji, sprouting nuts were everywhere about each parent tree aa actually beco eng increas- pee harmful. The copra cia ee were fast reverting to a jungle o ruggling, never- bearing coconut seedlings and thorny wild tan trees ie were threatening to crowd and starve out the pr operly s spaced bearing . To eradicate and coy the myriads of developing seedlings would ee tremendous amount of mil and funds, both unavailable to the poverty- tedes, part-Fijian planter * * * While Ordonez and I were pana our belongings from the launch and eke them into the house a mile or so aw: is fro: m the “Cheng-Ho,” the crew was engaged loading “the rem mere my equipment from the “Cheng-Ho” onto the dory ce alongside. First ne pat ee bundles of new: cae RoR nd kerosene lanterns. Then they red my cumbersome m plant drier on top of the pile. This Loe! oe of lanterns ae e arge collection of ae between which I was still drying plants recently collected on Ovalau and on Makondr se one of the leper islands. As the oie untied : ane toldinath tal drier, vulgarly nicknamed my “bathtub,” the overloaded dory just ae a bit and then sttddenly turned turtle. The aloe fortunately, bobbed to the Fijians in an outrigger 206 surface unhurt; ‘but all - Svar equipment, including valued plants, sank to the bottom of the ocean. Grappling in 200 feet of water was of no ail I was boemielly. ae pt. I was rescued from my plight by the generosity of young John Swindle colleague and official photographer the “Chen the gi i i C ur at the little town of * Valethi. I ee cabled to Suva for excess supplies I had stored at the Department of eels thaeeh the idee of its Director, Dr. H. W. Jack. 26 * * The entire personnel of the “Cheng-Ho” cogina aap ee This day, so emphasized our religious captai the single day ot f ailed to t killed, cleaned, ee then ee some suckling pigs on a spit over an open rane a the intestines which he carefully turned inside. me er aid of a stick and meticulously washed. Cut into convenient lengths and cooked, "this was a feast to his liking. * * * At Balanga, gentle, aa Wiliami (William) attended to our wants, supervised the milking of the cows, and rowed miles over the bay to deliver tae for sale in Vale thi, n the return trip bringing our groceries and “benzine” (gasoline). He had eae for the saeak ase ae cee . = cies found employm this copra plantati Samu, Fijian not acquainted with the English, ee acted as our ae a guide. one was faithful and industrious but of no help in giving the names and uses of the plants collected. In this general region Ordonez, Samu and I, often aes by a bev of Fiji youngsters, ranged the surrounding hi tls and shores Sunn in Oceania. A nettle ee Dr. A. C. Smith had named Elatostema naa was likewise new. Not far from our house I happened to look up into the trees and was Ani at the sight ls enormous pods foley re- sembling the loments of Desmodium, but than 2 feet long and 4 inches wide. They belonged to the almost te giant mae or, accord- Christmas dinner. Above: Roast big for the members of the expedition and Ls crew. Below: The pig's Hite ire being prepared by the Chinese storekeeper for his feas bd to the natives, THIMBI (Entada Aenea a Annem plant ie assive grooved stems Gales ae the ground and reaching up t : ‘098 . the eee - ees. Whenever we — Se, el ae SLE uts were hand, one o - the es simply ls one of ne arm- thick fanks ae machete. Then e deft e he cut about a two-foot length from the pendent ne a the ine a quickly handed s ouths agape and a piece of vine held over- ad. tasteless, frothy, water-clear sap gushed forth to quench our thirst. Had. A giant bean with pod more than two feet long, and a figiad of the thick stem from which a drink can be obtaine he cut a segment below the ise cut, not a drop of liquid would have escaped from it; nor did I observe any bleeding from either end of the vine from which our segment had he taken. * * * Besides collecting several hundred kinds of miscellaneous plants which Wiliami rowed to the post office as soon as dry for mailing to Dr. Albert i e€ ginger (Alpinia rea ae LOTHOLOTHO by the Fijians. Its corolla is The white nee - hasns plant is very rare, and known thus far o ae | and Viti Levu. A second interesting secre rests ha was oe ‘aan ae eliconia Bihai, hitherto unreported from Fiji but mon in Samoa, New Caledonia, and - Solomons. It is a well ae Selene be grown in greenhouses i temperate regions and cuties in warmer ones. While we were coming down a jungly mountainside one day, several ie the Fiji pean tea who were wont to rush ahead, became excited abou small tree with white flowers. They proceeded to break off the ie lobules ed i mou’ nd each boy proudly and merrily masticated Pi eee ae Noticing. no ill effects,, I followed suit with a fresh, clean piece. The tree proved to be Alstonia costata, one of the Apocynaceae, or Dogbane family, notorious for some very poisonous members. Later I was to collect this species again, for | * See Sargentia 1: 1-148. 1942, BS ses atalee @sauthor is shown. in the i iddle) 210 example in the vicinity of Ngaloa, Island of Viti car sa it was called MBULEKI or MBULEI. These Fijians not only used its latex for gum Pt value, particularly in war times. I have tried to import seeds but ee i have failed. bout Balanga I found a rather common small tree or shrub with bright yellow flowers, each with a single white aa tinged with yellow, reminding me of a yellow poinsettia seen from a distance. It is Mu ony ~_ one of the Rubiaceae, or Ma dder family, a worth cultivati ting for interesting Fiji lore, its native name is vombo in some regions and mbovo in others. About Waina the bitter bark is Sats and made into a tea that is drunk as a reputed remedy for kidney dise: * * * The reason why a certain he shee ae oe this mussaenda may have two or more different name Fiji lies within the easternmost range of Me ee migration ae Touchy 6 m the western fringe of Polynesian migration. It is, however, more Melanesian than Polynesian. These two linguistic ae ks, each with probably several languages ae numerous dialects arising from waves of migration from various regions of the west and east, have intermingled. The degree of this pe varies on different islands. I time, g kept alive by frequent warfare and Sng present-day Fiji has become a confused Babel of = es. The natives from one island fre- quently cannot erat ais coming from ue To state, as many writers have done, the “Fiji name” of a certain object is con fusing unless the dialect is mestone or at ee the name of the region in which that se es nam The eee oft cee in Fiji is bad a ie make matters worse, we are ey d with a confusion of sounds und in the English peepee and with the colonial’s queer snathiod of ae these sounds. .In of the better-known native languages, some of the letters of the Aphabe are pronounced as follows: 211 B is pronounced like mb; Cc like th, softly as in “that ;” D like nd a “end ;” G tke ng as in ae Q like ng, as in “longer YR like rr with, . heavy trill; U is pronounced oo; and V is often confused with our sound for “B.” F, P, ¥ an z are not ordinarily Bue in Fiji ce unless intro- duced from some other language, like Polynesian or Eng! S. M. Lambert in his frank aa ae, book ‘ in ae ee Doctor in Paradise, explains why the sp of Fiji names is so unusual, The simply did use them. Thus the name “Nandarivatu,” a region where I did much botanizing, in Fijian is Nada . sa - curred with M before Consequently the Fijian ae aes) for e tr: the way y sound to an average American rather than the way a printer with a paucity of type spelled them some 100 years ago. * * * It was in the mountains back of “my” Balanga copra plantation that Samu fee a plant of Pittosporum Me ata fais e poked a twig into its lua walnut-shaped fruit and proudly began to “write” with the juice-wet wig on his tattered, once white shirt. It left a brown stain reputed - bet indelible. As neither Ordonez nor I spoke Fijian and Samu spoke no English, I thought it unsafe to gine ie i one - other an my fi field notes; therefore I do not of this so m RoR in his dialect. In the eee of oa vit tae it was called NDUVA. Building a fish fence, or weir, from reeds fastened with fern rhizomes 212 A lovely little herb with pale blue flowers carpeted a ha eu in the forest above the house. I saw it in no other place. It ved to be Limno phila rugosa, a “seroph” cited by Seemann, ee different name, from Fiji in 1866. This, by the — is not oorae se but grows from India to Malaya and Polynesia but excludes Haw: Another herb of springy known from Fiji, a truly remarkable fact in comparing its flora with that of the eed Islands where i family outdid itself in producing a number of endemic genera comprising more than 150 kinds! Another anomalous floristic fact occurs: in the Pepper family, 0 t Piper- epe are. aw. species and aera while Piper is entirely wanting as a component of the native flora. Hawaii eee simply two introduced Piper species: Piper mete, know! Awa by the Hawaiians, Kawa by the Samoans, and YANGONA by he Fijians Rabe throughout most of Oceania by onan man as of a valued ceremonial drink; and a form of Piper Betle, ae betle sea ieee during the last century see by the Chinese. Pogostemon Cablin was the only mint I collected in a stay of over seven months in Fiji. My specimen I found in a clearing near the summit of Vatunivuamonde Mountain. It was a coarse, sprawling shrub. Months aie i Sees i in the pg! lowlands of Vatukarasa, Viti Levu. There called T . The Fijians, after squashing the leaves and : th : : sed their hair. Though this is the first record of the plant for the Fiji Archi- pelago I suspect it to be a early introduction, as it is generally cultivated a seer ae an Pan eeds and culkvated plants have nae naturalized in the Fiji Tetons in Hees mbers. Yet, because they tend to be ignored by the collector on more precious botania treasures, they are not well repnesened in herbar One of these hitherto unrecorded, humble weeds Ss lhe ae one of the Compositae. 7 had become eeoiel | in a swampy pasture near my ane areas The nearest record to Fiji Dr. Smith could find wa 7 a Cal The old coconut trees in t € pas r trunks overgrown with the two pretty Dee oe Hanae 2a and Cyclophorus lanceolatus; and with various small orchids, mosses and lichens. Steno- 8 of the piaeee clumsily appressed and twining about them to a height o 6 to 12 feet. The young, somewhat flaccid cee case made a delicious potherb. Tn making their fish-fences or s (some of which I passed while Wiliami, bulging-armed and ee was eee me from ae 213 to Valethi) the Fijians tied reeds or brush with the aid of its wiry rhizomes. ese had been made pliable by being thrown into a fire for a short while. a Fijians anna that the rhizome of this fern, known to them as MINDRI, withstands exposure to salt water better than any other plant fiber available. In the open jungle between Balanga and Valethi I found Salacia vitiensis, a member of the unusu: ee pie larercag It is a liane with green flowers and fruit. This oo e third time the species has ever been collected. Later, in June a was fa to find a new species, afterward named Salacia Rafe an by Dr. Smith. It grew, however, on Viti Levu r Rewasa, where it was known as WASAM. m Vanua Levu I collected two kinds of Tacca—T. maculata and T. pinnatifida, the ie called FARASIKO at Balanga. One kind of arrow- root starch is gained from the corm of this species oo according toa native friend, “if en eat the scrapings of the t, they die.” T. maculata, according to a 12-year-old Fijian, is inedible. "Bol th pla: nts are coarse erect os - a odd eens va pee oo to an anomalous family aa! of nera and less than fift n the Hawaii et the creer A Pann from a distance with ice ale green trickle of silvery KUKUI or eae trees aie mobeeaas ) spilling down the gulches fr ravines narr occasional scraggly tree. KUK f the o awalians is known to the eg vegas’ A Sabatu dialect as roro, interesting philological evidence of the two peoples’ blood relationship. Though the ker ss La ee aes was the chief source of illumination for the ans, it was not used by the Fijians—at least not by those of the To (Viti Levu) region, as hate refe: tred kauri gum or a instead. Today they are he ces to tap ne co uri for resin even on thet own lands, thus preserving the trees for lumbering as ene fe ie to buy kerosene from the hee man to fill their lam Another plant that surprised me, lon a Seana OE Hawaii, was the mountain apple, S: alae — one of the einai gee I had pictured in color ae awaiiensis” in 1933 under old name of Jambosa malaccensis. In pg ee tree see gregar: ously in the dar! on most dies ravines below t 2,000 feet elev: aeons There it bears its crimson flowers close against oe ce from March i i es July to a few isolated. trees, apparently native ones, were found in the Fiji Islands. graphs appearing with this gale are mainly by Mrs. Ann Archbold, mem- tes be me ae and Mr. N. L. H. Kra (To be a 214 The Sycamore Plant Bug By B. O. Dodge OR a few years past, during June, we have observed an injury on the leaves of our plane lees especially the American plane, or sycamore, Platanus occidentalis ing seen similar trouble in other years caused by the lace bug, C oc Luan on Dinars in the wild, we assumed at first i this same inse the culprit. We were unable, however, to find a single lace ga eee these trees at the New York Botanical Garden. Only a ee leafhoppers tinged with yellow seemed to be feeding here and - an hii were immediately dois bugs had practically disappeared. Leaf- with ux mixture to which wa oppers were always found on the under added ri aa sulphate, one pint ie ae of the leaves, but the alent bugs, 100 gallons of the spray mixture. The when feeding, were usually on the upper next year the injury suddenly reappeared _ side. and the trees were again treated wit Dr. C. H. Curran of the American the spray, but the applications ae Museum of Natural History, who agrees times were apparently Elven too late to that the plant bug has. been causing the have any beneficial effec major injury to ce sycamores, identified This year, therefore, a closer watch the specimens we sent to him as Plagiog- he sp was made early in June. The damage to nathus albatus, bases is described in the “Hemiptera of Connecticut.” Non ao the works on diseases and insect on of ‘ornamental and forest wes avilable | in the Garden’s library ae t. ec Leonard, however, does mention ae plant bug as collected " several times in New York State on sycamore. Various views of the sycamore bug, Apert albatus, enlarged about dia the leaves even then was rather pro- nounced, Practically no leafhoppers could be found at this time, but there appeared to be ing on t ds he leaves, sometimes singly, othe times r six together, They had the g 1 appea e of the tarnished plan bugs, although not so highly colored L , after the middle of July this poisons injected by the plant bugs, caus- year, the leafhoppers had apparently in- ing a shrinkage and tearing away of the Laeny in number, while the grayish plant leaf tissues, 215 gs are While nee sycamore plant bu often Upper side of leaf of the London Baie tree showin, ‘aused by the sycamore plan A few angu- wh holes appear Date “along the cen- veins, a few ‘of the leaves at the t eet of ¢ ed. "infested show a striking g¢ brownin, one is apt to The leaves quite as many rveys of the trees along some eets and in our New York Cit ty parks, Gas the London plane is often plant ae ae that very commonly the er woticed a plant bug that wi an injury to plane trees, and that while the trouble is widespread iHronenoar the i taten Island, it is not city, on State f is usually serious on the L lane. B the American sycamore, c tainly, control measures Id be car: ried out. Since the inj re is practically over by the end of Jun i e a ac ct in: Sees It eee — help as i oe ee to rol ai which iledls: ie sycamore. Em hi ee decals Potatoes and Pol EW York’s oe force owes some of its character to a fungus, Dr. f J. Seaver implied to the audience at he closing Members’ Day program of on season, June migrants that large York police have “been recruited. Dr. Seaver, their Relation fo) an” poisonous aiebio He fungi that are ae Gnedicinally a a * See page 220 for an announcement of the Members’ Day programs for ‘the fall. 216 ergot, which is a smut disease on grains of rye, and Fomes officinalis, a bracket chees manu- ue relied upon chance infection, but n ws - oe aay ae the mpar desire the fungi t that cause whic States causes crop damage estimated at $36,000,000 annually. In 1923 Dr. Seaver spent part of the year in Puerto Rico making a study o: ae the Mallow family, it was apparently uncommon pest and, up to that n one unknown to science. “About six years faa ae Seaver continued his story, “I rec a_ paper oe a Mr. aa ie pableation in Pou. caused by a pes peer DE ake ey mildew, the only as ry mildew ever und in fruit in Peru. This served to mor x ne of the o Ric: ial was sent to Mr. Anon and a anal that ne two fungi were identical. In ieee u, he said, it was of thi mi rf resh ‘nym ow ng =] ere the fungi that cause diseases of nel blanca’ or white Here,” plants. The resulting survey that was Lu Seaver, “is an “Nlustration Of a published listed 1,500 species. Amon fungus collected for its scientific in- all these, only one powdery mildew was terest, and later found to be of economic found in fruit. Discovered on a weed importance.” , 2 om} New Floras to be Published Through Co-operation of Botanical Garden With Utah State College ETWEEN the State eo ae lege of oe and oe pa Peat cs Garden ent signed in July by w! hich te a: ingen tions will co-operate in the field work for and the id eal and publishing of two Fant ant floras trate e ermountain Regioi Both of these projects had been started by Dr. uire during the years ing on the plants of 2 ions, hile his ccessor Utal rof, Holmgren, ie a in the work. ae su f exploration are ec ° 1944 6 complete the work in ihe State of Utah, 1945 and '46 to be pent in weste Nev and eastern mee and Washington; sand 1947 to be devoted to a final roun the entire ean area. The tw institutio: shar equally in “il collections, and wil ile the sed fi publication Region responsibilty of the New York Buus cal Gar This region is the only is the region perhaps least known bo- tanically. It has never been adequately collected or completely 217 Notices and Reviews of Recent Books (All publications mentioned here may be consulted in the Library of The York Botanical Garden or may be purchased on order through the edhe Negro Genius of American Agriculture WASHINGTON CARVER. pointment of brug botanist in the GEORGE Rackham Holt. 342 lustra- tions. vindex _ bibliog’ ape. ‘Double: Experiment Station. He was chosen be- day, Doran & Co., Inc., Ne ork, aa he was the eet brilliant student, 1943, $3. 30, he best collector, and the sharpest ob- HIS is the long awaited life of an server. He was put in charge of the man with a most remarkable greenhouses where his work with amaryl- interesting his- lis proved that he tory. George Carver was ah a master born of sl of crossing that the parents on a farm owa = Agricultural Society employed him to cross and hy- bridize orchard fruits. Carver stayed there for two years former home i in Mis. souri. This was the be- it full of well-de- his ing, realizing served honors. Like the full value of the Benjamin Franklin man as wel is before him, he w scientific skill was made a member . the Royal Societ the ident scentibe = spent at Tuskegee, society of Gre GEORGE WASHINGTON CARVER which developed Britain, and Can pidly and beca gress has just ee a bill making his what Washington had vcaied of mak- birthplace a national monument. ing it—an integral part of the Negro sie : erate ded Negro and ex- nave ve community. One of Carver’s most valu- eca, ative chemist whose con ble contributions to it at this time was tribu fone i peed economics were “Tuskegee on wheels,” demonstration of inestimable value. His boyhood full wagon which penetrated into remote dis- of struggle against pov and illness tricts and taught the backward Negro overty ended with a bitter collegiate rebuff. He farmer be ae nd more scientific methods finally entered Simpson College and went of agric S) on from there to Towa State where he studied under io future aeldey of From the original by Amy Spin: Agriculture, James G. Wilson and H. i in the James Weldon ohn C. Wallace. Memoria Collection in the Yale’ University After graduation he received the ap- Li 218 But Dr. Carver's chief work was not in Te fields but in the laboratory. He experimented with t common thing: und him; the soil of Alabama and lant nd the reds o people ae Aad fed and. more prosperous on for his Thomas A, Edison once offere fe "$100 year but he re- fused it. He d to profit f Ly Bs his ae He lived on his salary is life savings to establish ‘a fomdation of creative chemis- try. He belonged to no particular sect but was deeply aus poe es any expe he uuld dra any of these as was his faith and he t. rs. Holt has done a commendable Te of work in collecting the facts of . Carver’s life. Amy aa Amenia, N.Y. Rock- lente Guide ES IN COLOR AND CULTI- T. ©. Mansfield. 277 pages, 80 colored Meters and 30 drawings. E. P. a tton & Co., New York, 1942, 33.7 —- m the overflow of gia ana ee this book on alpines and its allied subj ects will pei o the a. garden en- country over, and Rag excitement and est -r The hundreds of species eeand cee desribed have actually been gro Al- though the practices are English one the oes English why many r all o em could oe he grown in some parts of this country, with its wide ranges of climate and temperature. avons old, this is a most enjoyable and useful Theo well worth having. Hue EGARD SCHNEIDER, The Cloisters. Natural ae And What They Are Made Of THE CHEMISTRY OF NATURAL COLORING M eee Fritz Mayer, translated and vised by Cook. 354 Pacha ‘indexed. ‘Reinhold Publishing Co, w York, 1943. $10. this ae aye role as pig- eowiis im- ea cee ae qorhe ar separate treat- ment. allowed t impossible in the space . the thou compounds, ost of which are represented by graphic foerie and detaile vials with means of eign where know he index ae fi lications, une as Q Bs @ oa cals they contain, reference to a desired subject. id of the completeness ae thoroughness of the research of the authors may be gaine from the Author’s Index, which includes the names of some 1,500 investigator me an a Ass Editor, The Tete “Colersh Handbook for Flower Growers FLOWER GARDENING — Pocket Guide. Montague Free. 486 pages, Te eae ar aoe og Books, Ine. w York, 194 A handy ramdicole a ak author’s excellent volume, A Complete Guide to Makin: Probably the ae pounce aad reliable work on the subje 219 BROADCAST e New York Botanical Garden’s August 20 over cerpts from hi. other mushroom hunters of the lacy of the silver spoon and salt and hecling tests for poison varieties, and also told a the pleasures he ae bie have arning to kno’ enjoy the had i and é hoon they have fous together. ECAUSE Ameri learned only one tusioom ~ Ge dozens ot Gncues which are and aaa f he ‘O waste, fiesta that at a time of a mal food shortage. Ha ave you ever stop, ped to con: ts what ould have fepse! to the wretched copulation: is French, n not been able to supplement thei meagre rations with foods we never Pao e laym man, and under that heading I ecue myself, is too fond of saying, s look alike ut they the roads, on tree-stumps, and even on other mushrooms, you passed them by without a second glance. And yet there are mushrooms in ee forms: short stems, long stems, stems round caps, flat caps, funnel- hae caps: 7 large gills, small gills, toothed gills, no gills; and they may be white, gray, yel- low, red, brown, ereen, or Ene and some of them n the subject, hoe to seek guidance from bee informed fr sie not to go to the New York Botanical Garden, where a small but ecollent collection of mush- roem models and a large and complete library will teach ee Saas about this fascinating subje beginn eines departments tes, and beca d Botanical Garden. You will have ques- wi shall continue to ator ‘the rest of the world a sad spectacle, for we shall be starving in a land of plenty. 220 Autumn Events at the Garden Sept. Oct. Oct. Members’ Day Programs THE es eo OF EACH MONTH AT 3:3 IN THE MEMBERS’ ROOM 6 Penicillin—Life-Saving Substance From A Mold Wi sae J Robbins, “Direc, New York Botanical Garden . 3 Summer in the Great A Report of the goeene 1943 Expedition in the West assett Maguire, Curator, New York Botanical Garden . 1 Drug Plants and Plant Drugs—-Their Place in the Modern World George M. Hocking, Pharmacognosist, S. B, Penick & Co., New York adio Programs ALTERNATE FRIDAYS AT 3:30 P.M. OVER WNYC 24 Questions and Answers on Landscape Gardeni Carl F. Wedell, Head of ae ie Tigiicainiee State Institute of Applied Agriculture, Farmingdale, N. Y.; Chairman of the Greater New York ition. Garden oo and ns ctor in Elizabeth C. Tall, Mipaee a the New York Botanical Garden Free Illustrated Lectures SATURDAY AFTERNOONS at 3 o'clock - 25 How to Preserve the Victory Garden Crops E. sther C. Grayson, Writer and Lecturer Autumn Flowers of Field and Garden i<} E. J. Alexander, N.Y.B.G. 9 Growing Vegetables in New York City Joseph W. Tansey, N.Y.B.G. 16 Victory Gardens of a in the Bronx ct K. Morse, ens N. Y. Victory Sales Cool, with a group of Bronx home gardeners 23 Away with Garden ce !—It’s the Fall Ce ign that Counts Bailey B. Pepper, Ne Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station 30 Gardens of Raslend Bofave the War and Now Frederick W. Raetz, Photographer 6 Food and Drug Plants of the American Indian G. L. Wittrock, N-Y.B.G. . 13° Why Eastern Soils Must Be Conserved PLS. . McKenna, The Home Garden Magazine - 20 Spices, Food, and Health M. L. Van Norden, American Spice Trade Association . 27 Vitamins and Vegetables Ilda McVeigh, Yale University THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN fficers JosrrH R. Swan, Preside: a = ara BaALpwIin, Vice president . MERRILL, Vice-pre. hes M. ANDERSON, f sosest HENRY DE LA MOonrTacne, Secretary : lective Manager. E. C, Auc RS. ELon aah Ropert H. MontcoMERY ideas Fanon BARRETT Pome H. Hosart Porter Henry F. pu Ponr Pierre Jay Francis E, Powett, Jr. anes Fietp CuarENcE McK. Lewis Mrs. Haroxp I. Pra’ Rev. RosertI. Gannon, D. T. MacDoucat Wuiam J. Rospins S.J. E. D. Merritt A. Percy SAUNDERS Ex-Officio Managers Froretto H. LaGuaroia, Mayor of the City of New York EtrswortH B, eas President ue ae Board bel Education Rozert Mose s, Pari mmission A ppointive es By the Torrey Botanical Club . A. GLEASON By Columbia University Marston T. Bocert Marcus M. Spe Cartes W. BALLarp Sam F, Tre THE STAFF Wiiram J. Rozsins, Pu.D., Sc.D. Director H. A. Greason, Pu.D, Assistant Director ond Head Curator HEnryY DE LA MONTAGNE Assistant Director A. B, Stout, Pu.D. Curator of Education and Laboratories Frep J. Seaver, Pu.D., Sc.D. ‘urator Bernard O. Doncz, Px.D. Pa shelegt ay HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D. Biblionvoher Emert H.W. nay peih PH eae Bibliogr eae ASSETT Macuire, Pu Curator re N. Maninee: Ope. D. (Onleave of absence) Associate Curator R, R. Stewart, Px.D, Acting Curator Exizasetu C. Hatt, A.B., B.S Sib varian Fiepa GriFFITH Artist and Photographer Percy WILson Research Associate Rosert S. WILtiaMs _ Resear th Associate in Bryology E. J. ALexanper, B.S. Assi. Curator of the Local H i Le cia Neat Px.D. (On leave of ne ) Assistant Curator E. Wynne, Pa.D. Assistant Curator peel Cxowgurst, M.A. Technical Assistant Anrra G. Appet, B.A. Technical Assistant RosALiE Wetec: Technical Assistant E. E, Naytor, Px.D. Technical Assia Carot H. Woopwarp, A.B. seis fh Assistant Tuomas H. Everett, N.D. Hort. rticulturist . L. Wrrrrock, A.M. Custodian of rs ed pies Orro Drcener, M.S. Collaborator in Hawation Botany A. J. Grout, Pa.D. Honorary Curator of Mosses RogertT Hoda Honorary Curator of Myxomycetes Josern F. Bur Honorary ly of the Diatomaceae A. Guede Honorary ch tor of Economic Botany Bram Anaow 5. Pecxuam Ho: and Narcissu: ani sheila “of Buildings and Ground. To reach the Botanical Garden, take the Independent Subway to Bedford Park Blvd. station; use the Bedford iteuies eee exit and walk pails ty ae the Gira Avenue Elevated to the Bronx Park o 200th St. station, or ork Central to the Betanical Garden station. THE CORPORATION OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARD ube New York Botanical Garden was incorporated by a special act of the Legislature of the State of New York in 1891. The Act cs Tcorporation waeoides among other things, for a call “peeling body sf in incorne grators who ually to elect members of the Board of Man They also elec mbers of ae a “hs he the present roster of which is event aEslows The Advisory Council consists of 12 or more who are elected by the Board. By custom, they are also elected to the! Corporatio: “Office Mrs. Robert H. ele _cheiemany Mrs. Elon Huntington Hooker, Firs: ice-Chairman; Wen. ‘William A. Lockwood, Vice- chairman; Mrs. Nelson B. Williams, Recording Secretary; Mrs. Townsend Scudder, Gaon Secretary; and Mrs. F. Leonard Kellogg, Tre Arthur M. Anderson Harry Harkness Flagler Mrs. Augustus G. Paine Mrs. Arthur M. Anderson Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox Mrs. James R. Parsons Mrs. George Arents, Jr. Childs Frick Rufus L. Patterson George Arents, Robert I. Gannon, S.J Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham Vincent Astor leasoi Mrs. George W. Perki' ter Mrs. Frederick A. Godley Howard Phipps r. Raymond F. Bacon Mr . Godley James R. Pitcher P H Prof. R. A. Harper Rutherford Plat Stephen Baker Mrs. William F. Hencken H. Hobart Porter enry de Forest Baldwin Mrs. A. Barton Hepburn Francis E. Powell, Jr. Sherman Baldw: Capt. Henry B. Heylman Mrs. Harold I. Pratt Charles W. Ballard Mrs. Elon H. Hooker Mrs. Henry St. C. Putnam Mrs. James Barnes Mrs. Clement Houghton Stanley G. Ranger William Felton Barrett Archer M. Huntington Johnston L. Redmond . William Felton Barrett Pierre Jay Ogden Mills Reid Prof. Charles P. Berkey Mrs. Walter Jennings Prof. Marcus M. Rhoades Prof. Marston T. Bogert Mrs. Alfred G. Kay Dr. William J. Robbins Prof. William J. Bonisteel Mrs. F. Leonard Kellogg tof. A. Percy Saunders George P. Brett Mrs. Warren Kini John M. Schiff Mrs. Richard de Wolfe Brixey H Kunhardt, ce rs Mr: ae Bul Mrs. Barent Leff Mrs. Arthur Hoyt Scott Dr. Nicholas M ate Clarence Mc Lewis Mrs Scribner rew Carnegie Henry Lockhart, s. Townsend Scudde: Miss Mabel Choate William A. Lockwood Mrs. Samuel Seabury s E. Mabel Clark Dr. D. T. MacDougal Mrs. Guthrie Shaw . R. Coe Mrs. David Ives Mackie Prof. Edmund W. Sinnott Richard C. Colt Mrs. H. Edward Manville Mrs. Samuel Sloan Mrs. Jerome W Coombs Parker McCollest Edgar B. Stern Mrs. William Redmond Cross Louis E. McFadden Nathan Straus Mrs. C. I. DeBev: Mrs. John McGinley Mrs. The . Str Mrs. Thomas M. Debevoise Dr E. D. Merrill Mrs. age Soh Edward C. Delafiel John L. Merrill Jose Mrs. John Ross Delafield Roswell Miller, Jr. wie. coe R. Swan Rev. Dr. H. M. Denslow Mrs. Roswell Miller, Jr Prof. Sam F. Trelease Julian Detmer Mrs. Roswell Miller, S: Mrs. Harold McL. Turner Mrs. Charles D. Dickey George M. Moffett Mrs. Antonie P. Voislawsky r te las . de la Montagne Allen Wardwell Mrs. John W. Draper Col. Robert H. Montgomery Nelson M. Wells Henry F. du Pont Mrs. Robert H. Montgomery a. Wiebe 1h. Willearo 8 W. Faitoute : Mrs. P. H. Williams Marshall Field Bartington’Mocte Bronson Wi to} illiam B. O. Fiel Mus: William Hibocte Grenville L. Winthrop Mrs. Robert H. Fife Dr. Robert T. Morris John C. Wister if Mrs. Henry J. Fisher B. Y. Morrison Richardson Wright JOURNAL THE NEW YorRK BOTANICAL GARDEN OCTOBER | ee 221-244 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Caro. H. Woopwarp, Editor PROCESSION OF BOOKS volume has now been added to the notable shelf of books that been sponsored by the New York Botanical Garden. is n sts t s de ©: as the 25 ycars of work in plant pathology at the Garden by Dr. B. O. Dodee a ied ae bist laie in een with Dr. H. W. Rickett and published vllaive book in ae horticultural field is a new departure for the 7 f Garden. From the earliest days it was acknowledged that one of the pur- to publis i t n nature. of the others (except some volumes of the Memoirs) have oe. se ee . oe plants growing wild in North America and the ing r Before i “Garden was eos established, work was begun on the aconi “Britton rown.” This is the dice oluie work entitled “An Illustrated Flora of d itten b ye i ir of the Garden, Dr. Nathaniel Lord Britton, and one of the first of the * n. ail botanical work in America in which every plant described _ suillostrated And i there were 4,162 Lee al plants treated in _ low: t “Flo f tion with a number of sther a. pues & Rose’s “The cCscacene which still stands as the authoritative treatment of this fa: mily; Dr. John K. Small’ mall's monumental ‘““Manual of the Seuthiedce ra Flora” and his other books which were published over a period of more than 30 years; Dr. Py Rydberg’s a ra of t i nd Plains n North’ Ameria which red just after the author's death in 19 an Gleason : "Plant of the Vicinity of New Y. oF cae last a Pere of a mere 28 s in comparison with the ether s, being a pocket handbook for a besiner bat still a book devoted, “ike the res to the identifica- tion o Breakin ng into a new field, the Dodge & Rickett “Diseases and Pests of Ornamental Plants” is a worthy addition to the 45-year ek of books that bee the signature of the New York Botanical Garden and members of its staff. TABLE OF CONTENTS October 1943 ORNAMENTAL Katz, Brassica eis ta Cover Photograph by Fleda Griffith Tue Last Cruise oF THE “CH o-Ho" (Continued) Otto Degener 221 Inpico—Tur MEpIEVAL “Devil's s Dyer William F. Leggett 233 Notes, we AND CoMMENT 239 Dr. F. J. Saver Becomrs Heap Curator 240 Dr. C es AGER 241 Mexico City Garpen CLus 241 New Course tn Home LANDSCAPING 242 Notices anp Reviews or Recent Booxs 242 The Journal is published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx P. New York, N.Y. Printed in U. S. A. Tntered at the Post Office in New York, N. Y., as ss ‘class matter. Annual subscription $1.00, Single copies 15 cents. Free to members of the Garden. JOURNAL of THE NEW YorRK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vow. 44 Octoser 1943 No. 526 The Last (Cruise of the “Cheng-Ho” By Otto Degener The Beginning of an Eight Months’ Collecting Trip in Fiji sored by Mrs. Ann Archbold (Continued from the September pie EFORE |! aia ee for Fiji in ue fall of 1940, = had ne e f informed by ral friends how advantageous : might be for :o have various eee on hand for trading ne the oe Conseaienty I visited a 5-and-10-cent store in Honolulu where I spent $10 each o: costume jewelr ry, individual 10-cent bottles of ae oe the a ee large size socks imagin. er about a | st el at Balanga, where the last Sarre house i Savu Savu pune the handful of ate daily passing ilong the beach Hance that aa assistant, Ordonez, was ee in inusual shells and I in almost any kind of native ae They a juite understand why this queer ie erican “millionaire” (most Am ns were tho gaa o be millionaires by the natives) would buy eee o cash .or would oe ter many valuable things _ their home-made bark sloth, a oa combs, clubs, spears, and bowls, and for utter “rubbish” ae as eee — see ‘and Se s, ae ven plants which they w had n ue. The word spread. Fijians from the head of the bay, lon mg the shore a ae iniged hamlets, came to my house carrying nteresting evi ee to > dispose of my supply of screamingly loud socks, but, as ae to bare of the chiefs and city dwellers occasionally’ andals eed eed heavy-hearted, took the socks back home to Tawaii with He f y, hs of shame I wore them wut myself. I also tried barter with my perfume and jewelry, which I vas always a eS admit was “PAPALANGI (white man’s) rubbish, ” but 221 222 i pee St, native cone was Samar ‘They liked it but could not afford to gratify ie ily for personal adornment. With the copra industry bankrupt and n n “singlet or a shirty,” or some yards of cheap ont t clot or these ragged natives to be able to pay their taxes was utterly impossible. Fortunately for them, under the more enlightened rule ae you ie a District Com- missioner (some “DC’s” are bru sae undrels), were excused from this ee and the preven * ailing oe ates in tax soa ncy in the Fiji Islands was her ended. Had t w for tax violation been enforced,.the ae ait See of the ae ae have been languishing in jail. First I simply bought things from the natives. In paying perhaps 7 shillings for a handsome 3 x 6 foot mat of pandanus, I would add as gift, if the seller were a i me; if a wo . iece of jewelry. Both partie s were satisfied. When my supply! of cash got nee low, with no bank at hand to honor a check and the cai both irregular and infrequent, I began to exchange an old shirt, or an under- bove: Tucker Abbott using a glass-bottom box in search of mollusks. At the right: Vincente Raval—faithful, efficient Filipino, First Officer of the “Cheng-Ho” shirt and pair of drawers, for such a mat. As I gradually bartered away all my torn and threadbare ae of clothing, and interesting Fiji artifacts were still coming to my door, I broached my supply of better clothes and at length even my new ones. When I finally left Vanua Levu, my wardrobe eae of little except a change of hiking clothes, a new suit, and my tuxedo! When jolly Father Laplante, a dynamic and practical- i i pe ed in ion minded priest of French-Canadian extraction, dro from his $ missi for ne vaca : a t . him wh: had. bee ing. He laughingly exclaimed that stery of last Sunday’s strikingly well-dressed me native ae a es solved. All my clothes had gone to church! * kk ark Dods was not only my landlord at Balanga, but soon became Ww P procured a leaky, fey ee launch and a miserable, staring, part- Fijian idiot ae sole task was to keep bailing to prevent the launch’s foundering. Mr. Dods, a boat-builder friend, a congenial ar asa Ordonez and I pray set out one ipaieee na : e mouth of the Yan River just over the horizon on the o f Savu Savu Ba s The ve was fine; the water so clear as to ps ‘ ncredibly loosely acces al at considerable depth; and the sea so smooth that I could easily observe large numbers of c ae silve ae marine water striders darting like fone es the chugging Mr. Dods penis forest land ae the Yanawai and here in a Fiji-style 224 house avons the river we set up our headquarters ag gore With our host in the ns carrying his gun to bring dow of ‘the large seen fruit pigeons we occasionally heard eee ng in ae ne tops, Ordonez and I trailed mee behind in our search for plants. e con- tinued this sean daily a the next few days. We found many aoe specimens, some quite outstanding. wing i Tucker Abbott, my pee colleague of the “Cheng- Ho,” se never collect in this isolated region, I thought I would sale him by mail with a few of the local shells. '[ therefore pulled over an occasional rotting log or branch in my search. While eae so on a cn forested slope devoid of underbrush, I noticed a stiffly , almost in- visible, purplish- red ey with stem a much thicker re ne hair or 2 g’s bristle. It bore no flowers but glomerules resembling in shape, erhaps, a coarse, seedy, aie bakery, 7 did not know what this was— a qui ite sure whet e fungus or, after all, perliaps ne : off my hat and laid the plantlet upon it, resolving to thro mystery away if : could find = aes me drive an neti eee crazy i single two-inch pla is so degenerated and so far gone in maturity that it lacked any pean characters . identify it by? Tt would simply lead to eee of teeth and pulling of hair in an otherwise el museum laboratory. I then looked around carefully to see if bl wood-ants might be around, the kind a energetically grabs a mandible he skin with a bulldog grip, quickly arches ly like a frigi ned ¢ and then seems to plunge a me hot ae a ane flesh. They ee The gold prospector and the writer in field headquarters overlooking the Yanawai River A view of the Yanawai River, Vanua Levu me into the air a few an before from comfortable seats in the woods. With the coast ee I we ae non wae knees and carefully combed the ae tee ood. I ee in finding quite a number of matured plantlets piles rea nd there in the well- ae leafmold. "The ants I collected on my knees were identified by Dr. A. C. Smith as Pe tee vitiensis, member of the Triuridaceae, a family I = perhaps the reader?) had only eee iia ay before. As we know it today, the family consists of six o: eC aeitees about 75 ae all . It fee eb e in t tropics, is very rare, and so imper oa. ae n that the monographer, H. Giesen, in 1938 stated that it was not yet ee ain whether the Tri- uridaceae is a fags anee or dicotyledonous family! Evidence, ‘however, points to a probable relationship somewhere about the Liliaceae orAlisthaceae, or aie mane ca between these two i ilies. The = Se tarraen ad not been sea c Paci east of the New apa ntil Smith pee the species in a “northern limestone section, fore slightly above sea ee Aprit 2, ee on a nua Mbalavu. He desc bed and figured it two s later. His ns seem more robust than mine and : ae to oe cae a bit “different, At Yanawai, as well as in several other wet, pao open forests, rae some goo od specimens of Alpinia Boia, a member of the Ginger family. a striking herb ten to twenty feet high ‘with purplish petioles, ee [ to one and a half feet wide, and a large pendent panicle of 226 ere aaa spikes finally bearing pale yellow fruit. cea o the Fijians of the Nandarivatu region of Viti Levu, the plan of no use to tee but the wild pigs ate the a oacoen In Sie ae os umably most loin ‘it is- a d sors. It is their “ghost banana” and ae to See t be touched by pee eit ae y.” It would be a good aabied oe Suinoee planting in tropical garden far from our grass house dati nd the Yanawai en in fact, were we roasted the hs pigeo: . Dods hi A ae 1 2 nd a ae cragery trees of Casuarina nod: ‘flor which w: y hos THAUKOURA. Stan ae about 35 is high they ee a per : their flat-topped masses of erect, foliar twigs. The tree is con- ea pee for anes there, as vate oe ‘ots too ae T was to see pacar later about Maravu, Vanua where it was likewise said o be of little value; ‘and some specimens wee Negaloa, ‘Viti Levu, where he natives gave me conflicting ag about its vernacular name and its uses. ‘o Seemann it was kn LAU “ Cazorn eae grows in rainy Paes in pa eae and, according : frequently reaches 60 feet and m a height which a eqs ‘oe not attain in Fiji. I eee this ee ere! epi as N , near Salt Lake, Vanua Levu; and later saw it growing v cooly, pier sways scattered and i. in the dry barren acres m the leeward side iti Levu. In this an the foliar eore are poet The Fijian ee at a distance have a very different aspect fro ae eos ones that are aercule as C. pawicetfoua in Hawaii The se wood that is so heavy as to si ae aaa sentiment ; and hence the Nokonoko is planted in about mbs; a fine grove of that kind is seen at Lakemba, aoe the ae ae of a departed chief.” At the edge of a clearing Mr. Dods drew my attention to a Sassiaa abe tree bearing large fruit. This was oe ium glaberrimum, a member the Rosaceae, ee from Jav: ie pretty well across Malaya Polynesia. Its putty-like ne used is the early white settlers : cement broken pieces of crockery erie Here oy there in the more ae for . : — a rather Ree ee or small tree growing to about six feet in height. It Melastoma malabatricum, In = th the Vanawai see on and about Nga the Fijians che e leaves as a remedy for thrush, a fungus disease of the mouth and haan tract. I ate the small fruits with eon but about Serua, 227 ae scene, One family often has three houses, one for father and sons; one as other and daughters; one an cooking. The rocks | 2 the foreground show wher house has formerly st Viti Levu, where the plant was called KAUNISINGA, iy Fijians informed me nee never ate them, though the flying fox or A did. e I found the ecg i ahs eee far remarkable gym- etum Gne' The tree I found was t ioat 12 i eee bearing a few bright red, drupe-like, naked seeds on a ratty, haat strobilus. The Fijians fon Savu Savu Bay eat these seeds and the young leaves cooked. A Fiji ek a Serua informed me that they called a plant wasoxau, used the w simply for create and ate the seeds but not the leaves. Accordin a. cs Dr. A. C. Smith, who visited Fiji ten years re ore I did and who kindly aie most E me are ne natives called the ae SIKAU on ee MB ee Thakaundrove, Vanua Levu; and MBEL’ SIKA ae pares a remarkable plant, ens not the ae ‘sing tink” ae pee perm and angiosperm, but certainly very close *Formerly, three genera were believed to comprise the Gnetaceae: Gnetum, con- sisting of about 30 tropical species; the Slee ura muted and the rem: markable African Welwitschia, which bears only the ves throughout its entire life span of upward of 100 years. Less gene pene today, honeve, consider a : smacks strongly of the angiosperms in having true vessels in its ay wood. It also bears paired, leathery, nae to apcacnaed leaves that are pinnately nen and ae like the leaves ie hundreds of kinds of angiosperm a such as might expect to find in any jungle. Yet to us living here in temperate oe should we not pee netum, ike vail “respectable” gymnosperms or evergreens, to bea something like pine needles? I would! 228 Above: The Ieee: or drier side of Fiji. Below: A forest scene m the windward, or wetter side There was one are Mr. Dods prized above oe else on his Yanawai property was the Sues -loving Balaka cuneata, a small, slender, feather- ae or plumos palm. With his eoeee he shallowly cut out of the ground quite me Se with their round base of crowde rootlets. After a Gian an and polishing, this rootstock would form the head of a palm cane to be sold at a good price to gaping tourists in Suva. I salvaged the leaves and leafy stems, ae the inflorescences bearing 229 their small flowers and eae Sea red fruit, for herbarium specimens. mong these scattered toy p , I did find a few very large ones which anthaae to be Vitiphoenix pene ia. In former years the Fijians in this region carved their lope from ae da ae part of its trunk where the bre asus bundles ae i most ’. During our eee in re coe oe ‘Ondones and I came across a single plant of an en pretty Piper. It was about thr ree feet high an this find P. Degeneri, mistook well-advanced yet unripe, reflexed spikes in my ee herbarium specimens for fully ae ones He therefore expected them to te erect aes aes the proper eK member of the Section sears iper C. DC, w species is te stosly Let to P.vinsectifugum C. DC, the ae ne known indig s Fijian member of this section,” He wrote. Instead, it seems most day ‘allied to a common Philippine species a seems to be the center of eee of the thymeliaceous genus Phaler There are about nine species known from the Islands, most of them eon variable. The one I plete about Yanawai, and also else- where, ria acuminata. It is a cauliflorous shrub or small tree with e, was Phale i r shiny red fruit one-half to one inch long. According to Smith it bears “flowers fragrant.” My native informant stated they were fragrant only night. Wiliami harvesting oe from the coconut ae . the writer’s temporary copra plantation at Balan, 230 esides many other specimens, Ordonez and I picked up a new myrtle a described as Syzygium simillimum. It is a.sparingly branched tree about 10 feet high with pink fea arid pale Lee dis The dark red fruit was barely a third of an inch long. plant shows a remarkably strong resemblance to S. pede of Sarawak. oe according to Merrill and Perry. * * * Inter-island boats in Fiji run not so much on a regular schedule as according to the amount of freight thee is available, the time involved in ing i he boa: me settlers maintain, according to arise while cad or w nloading copra, all this work must end immediately Be fear of having this ake shable cargo get wet, mold, and spoil. Work n be resume ae cal y n danger of wetting is past. Under such cir- cumaanee the best ae we could get from the colonials was that the . S. Yanawai,” named for the river we had just visited, “is ex ane to arrive “antmy ae but may . delayed two or he days or perhaps ma omit this trip en After collecting all afternoon of January 11 and the next morning oh Mr. Dods’ Yanawai place, we felt we simply had to leave to catch t steamer that night to take us back to Suva, Viti Levu. We therefore ane few ee and prized plants to the crude landing, next waded wih them oe launch and stowed them away on the seats to keep them dry. We sed our staring idiot, who mechanically started ae oe hae die a into deep water a little after 1 P.M. Bec of ai Sean Ney and to a. time, we were ie cross nearer the ert of Sav We thr m the c actually landed a three-foot fish resembling to a dae extent the ULUA of Hawaii After this excitement Ord and I lay s; ale our backs on the sunny oe roof while our ae bailed. The w: gradually ne ee and whiter, and we were not even a quarter of ee Meh across the bay. Both Oe and I had experienced rough weather “Cheng-Ho” and felt physically comfor an Intermittently, our oe tiled pei ahead ; I looked back. We were not half way across and t e getting still higher and whiter. ma lai the headland chou © a off the full force of the ocean aay and ae Our idiot bailed, ain cold spray slapped across Ordon aa me, and staying glued t ae oof of the launch became incr eee “diffi ult. fans bailed. Ordon oe IT got es ae drenchings a experienced sudden lurch aa brought my heart into my m uth. Clutching een I could, I ea ignominiously . a seat in the launch. The of the inhabitants of Fiji: Upper left—a girl combing her hair with the b rae on bees 222. Right—a negroid type of native with hair plastered aes with black dye. Lower a Ne okey type of native. Right-—: eenans the “lali” or oode TC 232 idiot bailed. I was aaa increasingly nervous; our host and his cronies were chatting about the wind, lan ty rks, the fish we had caught, the “S. S. Yanawai.” The eae aes ‘ool as ‘a cucumber, waves ecsioaly ee into ie I thought of my tightly laced, heavy boots and t ing t The idiot bailed; the spray flew. At ine no sha aoe me ce me eStart idiot bailed—for after a few gulps of salt water my heavy boots wo ould sink me breaking the ee news to Ordonez’ loving parents—the waves getting smaller—the wind was abating a the headland now in front of us to the right. I ar back 0 earth, as i from my musing, caetay elated, and proud that I had not lost ‘ ‘ie ’ by ae show ri No! co never again be in a ee ddd la a or a launch, on ae ae than a shallow mill pond. That I ¢ elf (if I cared to We reached Balanga toward dusk, ae an actually eee a aftern On stepping ese faithful Wiliami told us that the “S. S. Yanawai” was — cted to sare ve soon at Valethi for her trip back to Suva. Ordonez and I gobbled a litt e food, packed frantically, gave away some last odds is many kindnesses from the v: pths of our aan d all our eagende ee and dee into the launch; the p ne ibe stirred nto bailing again; and w ged the three miles to "Valet with Mr. wit Witherow, ie nee aa at ie = me m. _ Row unding a ao island, w the welcome lights of the ie he distance. I sighed with relief at the evident ending of a long i Pe day. But wait, what is this? The lights, instead of becoming brighter, tel fade out over the aie zon and disappear in complete darkness. We had missed our boa 233 Indigo— The Medieval “Devil’s s Dye” By William F. epee Associate Editor, The Textile Colorist NE OF THE MOST ANCIENT of vegetable ations known, indigo remained the most important source of ae e coloring nite throughout much of the world for more than 4,000 y The dye of commerce has come principally ae the lees of Indigofera tinctoria, a arene member of the Pea family, o nosae, native in southern , but other species of Indigofera are ay distributed in Asia, ee ‘the East I eed te Phi opines, and America, in all these parts of the world they e been a source of blue dyes om very early times the natives in ail eee a some form of is grew seem to have known how to utilize its water-soaked leaves to obtain a brilliant blue coloring. Garments found in Egyptian tombs and others caine from Peruvian Inca g : Il as many miscellaneous 0) edge indigo. A g: eee was found at Thebes is on . Rie from am B.C. Early Sanskrit records described oe of pica and gave evidence of the remark- able fastness to light ie - : characteris of this pigment. i e coal-tar dyes began to take its le, ae he aa way baie dye, market. For many centuries previous to the discovery of Am , all natural indigo for dyeing a and for ee a “Slue paints and Bae in Euro and the Near East came from India. The word : : ; ti t ful blue dye that was brought from there. As such, it replaced the former Arabic word al-nil, which not only stood for “blue” but also became the ancestor of the modern dye-word aniline. Source of the Coloring Matter e dye elements a the indigo plant are eee ee in its leaf, for, unlike dye Pra vegetable ources, the stalks and twigs not contain enough color sub- stance to warrant pi ceeone The Sibtance is in he form 1 of a colorless glucoside t fae : mat h enzyme wi! he indigo plant attains a he a of from three to five feet, and can ae ety twice or more each year. When ready for its sinipl sing, it ly in the morning, and as quickly as possible placed in vats, weig Sag . po anes d in wat r about ten hours was quite early ed that the percentage of indican is eae a he freshness and moisture content of the leaves. The liquid, i Ss in le from yellow-orange to olive green, is drawn off to beating vats, where it is cere and exposed to oxidation b Only recently has the 234 ancient method of striking the surface of the slime- a substance with strong bamboo gradual change in the color of the liquid to dark pa and finally to blue. As soon . the espa ome beating is discontinued, and the Serge is permitted to rest er about two hou he top water being then drawn off and the indigo sludge led nae a pete ae avhicl it is placed in a large cauldron ae it is heated tc he ancient tanks for bone ‘steeping and beating vats were often hewn from stone, but more usually were constructed of brick and lined inside with an early form of cement. These vats were place ed, one above the other, in two long rows so that the steeping units could oa into the coating or beating units, The qe vats, usually of smaller dimensions than the beating vats, are estimated to have had a capacity of onpeoeimaely 1,000 cubic feet. Indigo in Ancient Days He soe writing in 450 B.C. . = people oo nel on the borders of the Caspian Sea, refers to indigo for the first time in any European language, eiteg us that these pe ee ee trees wh leaves oe a most singu ular property. They beat them in wder and t! ep to ste them in water, thus for rming a dye with which he ae fates i area on a garment, ‘and the impression is so strong that it cannot be washed out, and wears as long as the garment out t es s a India entur portion ‘of their ¢ ten ae 4 ae res of dye plants such as madder, saffron and indigo, thus ee managerial genius far in aa of any ae country of that period. Indigo had long been used for oo and sealed in Europe at the time of Pliny and Dioscorides, although in those early days it must be understood ae every kind of blue pigment ae ie from plants by fermentation and converted into a friable substance by desiccation was ignorantly called indigo. At one time the dye was even thought to be mineral—‘‘a blue stone brought out from In dia and used for cone ad d In fact, as late as 1705, an English patent was granted for obtaining indigo from mines.” However, what Dioscorides called and what, with slight variation, both Pliny and Vitruvius called “indicum” were undoubtedly what we today know as indigo. This caked na pigm ent, when Laas yielded a black powder sae h when im- sed in water eee agreeable mixture of blue and purple. Bec i was a costly dyestuff, it was often adulterated by adding ct oon es s which wer ness and which resembled an inspissated juice and Pliny remarked that “pure indigo may be distinguished from that 235 which is adulterated by burning - as the former gives an exceedingly aan purple ants and emits the odor of sea water.” Both Pliny and Dio: corides— each an Beale deer ari of two kinds of indigo, si n Ta from the sides of the dye pans in the form of a a purple colored scum, us was collected in this manner in all Serene using a purple dye. Aen it was classed as an astringent medicine e, as “it cleaned wounds and was used for ulcers and inflammations.” Dioscorides aes ie ie acl properties of indigo, and some experiments made as lat the “ ee seem to confirm his sane of the value of indigo “for intern: It is see that everything said about Sconce agrees pete with the indigo of the suet Middle Ages. It was mentioned very fre quently in almost every century of recorded Oriental history, a4 was icle. dtoasa r would, indeed, eels been strange had the merits of aoe either as a medicine, cosmet ic a dye, reached the Greeks and Romans free from legends, which e ither » were related by merchants interested in its sale, or emanated from the e long eee fad its place of origin in es East, through so many countrie a differ a ne The earliest records were of the “blue a deposi on pee . hae this Pies the fermentation without which the pigment could n separated from the Who knows but that some ancient chemist nae indigo eae in stagnant water much in the as the ancient Egyptian prepared their flax? Who ey ee ae open air ferme en these plants were not then removed from their bath, the coloring matter adhering to the leaves and stem then being washed off and collected? Of uan a crude manner co not be very great, but at least it was a start for a dye which attained, and for centuries held, the second most oe place in the ancient and medieval fabric world, madder being the first. We know nea hay thin historic times in many parts of in, a, eee re s were for: y fer. mented in pits, and in Malta, where the indi igo plant was cultiv a antl the 17th century, it was eure in reservoirs. Thus we may deduce that the eae indigo actually appeared as a slime made by water from a reed which, when stripped of its ee carried the indigo element with it. Medieval Commerce in Indigo ares ea appear to have eee a oe seaaie Europeans to use ere is a record dated ich concerns the importa- ae ey a indigo and hess Cape Siptan) from India. Among other early historical references to indigo was a treaty between the Italian towns of Bolo as a and Ferrara, which mentions indigo as an article subject to pay dut 236 The phalon nee and merchant, Marco Polo, who had spen twenty-six years in Asia at the end of the 13th century, and whose lively account of his ay is one of the most important sources of ee a that era, refers to both indigo and brazilwood from East India a to the sun, es leaving a kind of paste ie it, which is cut up into small pieces of the shape also familiar to u In the middle of the 14th tel some Thali writers called Hae ee disi baldacco” suggesting an origin at Bagdad, from where t to Europe, packed in Fides, leather bags, and sacks, It i . es with ne i the Italians were ae first people in Europe to perfect the methods of using indigo, an s the opini on | of some oo. that the dyestuff into Italy. The cloth-dyers of Italy became so expert in securing beautiful blue colors with indigo es a eens of this Asiatic dye spread from there to other countries. It is no oe that indigo ranked close to gems and spices as a cargoes of t Paes vessels which went to pee after the ping was di ene 1498, for travelers and merchants all me it as of the nes Aregecnty carried ae. ee oo He most nee dye of the Middle ges. Barbosa, bea aak accompanied Ferdinand Magellan on his famous voyage und the world, perishing with his leader on the island of Cebu in the Philippine oa collected much information about indigo, and also reported the prices which were demanded for it at Calcutta in cae Another Portugue se explorer, writing can India in the same year, tions the fact that “indigo is among the wares of Camboya*.” In 1563, an ene Italian ee in listing merchandise purchased from the cane by Antwerp traders, specifically mentions “indigo from the t Indie Devil's i versus Woad Tis use, however, in northern and western Europe was retarded for some ears by the growers and distributors of its native rival, woad (Jsatis uu ition was offered both on the conti in : Nl orted jurious to fabrics. The reason for this was probably that, about ee time, dyers began to use certain astringent juices in dyeing, and because of entail with the chemical action of these new agents, ne caused the cloth oe exceedingly tender when it remained in the coloring vats too i re * So named i. the early Portuguese. Later called Cambodia, now a part of Indo- ina, 237 About 1602, a neeaeas i company was organized “to render caper and necessary Europeans, cottons, tea, sago and other to fin supply i India.” f th products was, of course, indigo. German cloth merchants complained that their native woad “was being banished by indigo” and traced this situation to Netherlands importers, for this dye- stuff had been introduced into Germany about 1604. One amusing angle to this German complaint was the charge that “gold was given h Dutch f hl dye, while our woad indu as allowed to decline.” That the importation of indigo by rage pees was very great can import tar: some ships iff | ips that arrived from India in 1631. The first ag ae ce 539 pounds of indigo, the second 82,734 pounds, the third 66,996 pounds, ea in all, seven vessels had brought 333, 545 pounds, having a aie in guilders to a current equivalent of ane $500, 600. Soon after the discovery of ie the profit in Hae trade ones an incentive to cultivate ‘this plant in the New World, for Spain was a es i of Portugal, and ‘Sp ee adventurers nee noted that oe American ae tinged ee bo fe and faces a blue-violet color, the pigments which came from a native plant closely resembling the Bel ae of Asia. It was anes d by Francisco Colén (Columbus) s “Life” of his renowned father as among the valuable products of Hee niola, the present eth Republic. Further mention of this dye-pro oducing plant has been made by other ner sh Pie and writers, especially those who were familiar with Mex! The first American indigo brought to Europe was obtained in Gunteraa but not il indigo was cultivate the t Indies, it was expensive, but when it entered the European market the price decreased, an important factor being the slave labor that raised it. Both the ie indigo (In- digofera Anil) and the Asiatic species (I. tinctoria) were grown commer- cially there. With indigo now entering Europe from both the East and the West, it mee 7 areas oad in the dyehouses of Europe, for it not only pos pees of pigment that woad does, but ther gr See ne and richness in its dyeing quality. At first, a small ae y of ae was added to woad in order to ae ene but soon the proportion of indigo iene so large He oad was used merely to revive fermentation of rte as woad of i art was incapable iti erved be farmers of Germany, kee and Italy lost a market which had been profitable for many centur' 238 It was indigo, therefore, which finally crushed the centuries-old use of oad, and it did so in spite of all the obstacles placed in its way. In many countries there was a sincere belief, arising, no doubt, from inexpert use fabrics on which it was used. Into the late rs century, decrees were still being proclaimed against the use of indigo, but despite all such measures indigo became the most popular dye in ees Eastern and Western Competition In the early years of the British occupation of India, this dyestuff formed an important item a the aire nee of the East India Com- pany, but because of the crude method o caer the trade declined in favor the more cae oF Be oduct of America and the he t Indies. In 1747, sidies for cultivating indigo were offered e e farmers se fe "Carolina as, and a little later the a crop tie Soon after the close of the Revolutionary War, progressive ae importers of Asiatic indigo introduced American processing m se : Bengal, India. Thus, in turn, Indian exportations increased w I the indigo from the western hemisphere was almost completely ce poe the British markets. Soon indigo Lette: establishments were set ie on the plains of ae Gan, ae Rive e Madras provinces, and a later time, in Java and t ® Philippine cen but indigo pro ie ed a where else was aie in quality and quantity to that of Bengal, pees because of the congeniality of both soil and climate to this dye-producing plant. Navy Uniforms of Indigo Blue From the time their color was adopted in the mid-18th century, oe was used in large quantities to dye the uniforms of American ani nd Brit ish ors. ther n: official uni 1745 some British naval officers, meeting at Will’s Coffee House in Lon- don, decided that they — ae the Admiralty for an oii aniform in order to standardize it, as had other European navies of the day. Thes officers were lee iene to appear in person at a Ad eae a clothed in a uniform which was design ned and colored in accordance with his indi- uniform with white facings, and the latter was t! dec nterprising captain tactfully selected colors a in a rey a habit of the Duchess of Bedford, a favorite of the King and the wife of the First Lord of the nee who frequently rode in Rotten Row—that still fashionable ride in Hyde Park, par named for “Route du Roi,” or King’s Road. These colors quickly ¢: ned His Majesty's approval, and blue has been the color of the naval foe since that day. 239 Notes, News, and Comment Board of Managers. Edwin De “Bechtel was elected to the Board i Managers on Sept. to succeed Dr. D. T. MacDougal | of Mt. Ca rmel, ear Dr. MacDougal’s association era via York Botanical! rei 1899, when he was the Laboratory and First Assistant. ee 904 he was na Assistant Direc- continuing also charge of the iaboratory sata he ee his connection with the aie at the end of sa From 3, hi Hes Douga: Corporation arden since a Genedie of 1830, ad ae remains a member of that Profess Dr. Bassett Maguire, who feed to "New York the last of August before acce ment as ion given Maguire’ ue by the Sigma Xi chap- at Log: in Mexico. The Garden’s aa sed of scientists in Univenity, tie Polytechnic Institute, an celia pedae the Uni tan States Buri of Ent Plant Qua: nad Insite paraphrased in Spanish. showing of the film took place Sept. 7 in the Pe reas: Benjamin Franklin, which i i a resi Bioldgicas, this time speaking in Secs Disease and Pest Control. A volume entitled "Diseases and Pests’ o Ornamen’ an red under the Wonk ay extensive diseassion ‘of the and oe an alph: of sans book wile be reviewed in number of the Jou mental plants, The a forthcoming The photograph from subje pe Staff. Beginning October 1, Dr. E. E. Naylor has been named an erent ees at the Garden, His work will be argely educationa In the Tropics. Dr. W. H. Cam: turned to New York in oe after a . i wi Américaine pour le Developement Agri- cole, and left a as weeks later for Central America make some inves- tigations into a culture of certain tropical economic ig Ss. At Gen A. B. Stout spent ea weeks oe Span ber at Geneva, N. Y., orking in co-operation with the cultural Experiment Station there in the development of ha: rdy seedless ere Last winter, he reported, was a ere 240 t for hardiness in oe sorts of fruits, Aa the caus ee fs H. pa of Ithaca, N. Y,, on “Fruit Varictie To achus' B. i" Krukoff and pete ee Set the week-end of Aug. 7-9 at the Arnold Ameo ae d ing Herbarium, an E. Wynne ot a few days chee a ay tober. . Lulu Gaiser, Professo at ents Uae, Hamilton, Ont orked on the genus ale in the ierbaram aoe he last eek of A Mrs. aS. Perak 1 oved from California to Wappingers Falls, ’,, did some work on ee at the Garden during the middle em Dr. Matilde taenedly of Portugal, came to consult ‘with | ae oS J. Robbins Oct. 1. . Brownlee, H. G. Luther, and N ‘ody of the Loose-Wiles Biscuit Co., held a confer- ence concerning yeast d mold: Dr. Dodge late in August. s. . is worki e Griffin of ers hea Currie of Honolulu Professor of Botany al Wisconsin, formerly Dodge’s laboratory, tories; H Fitzpatrick of Cornell Donald D. Stevenson, Pennsylvania State College; Robert Cameron, Cambridge, Mass. ; illiam H dd, rnold Arboretum; W. Ormiston Roy, Montreal; oo T. Ramsey, Dorset, a -Lin Arnold Arboretum; Harold J. Kersten University “Cincinnati Iida igh, Yale ee rsity; Dorothy Parker, ee Ising- al ham, e Atkins ‘Tnstitution in C who oe le several Eine Garica while spending a. few eeks in the United Sta Groups. A group of officers from the Chee Army who are taking special training in the United States visited the Garden on Sept. 21. On Oct. ay a of the Science. Society of Gee ie qoonem meeting at the aie C. Thom mpson and L, i of C ll were speakers a meeting held at the Garden September 21 by the Greater New Tr ictory yarden Council and the Emergency Food Commi of ew York State. The care of harv d ae was the subject este of the eemoah: an motion picture was shown to dilnsirae oan methods of storing vegetables nt of mutants in tl ungus Dawn te. A, A. A, S. Dr, William J. Robbins conealied with Dr. Robbins and Dr. Pc as vice-chairman af the 6 ection on Dodge Sept. 22. chemical growth promoters at t mong og visitors of late summer A. S. summer conference on and fall were J. Alcides Ocampo, Suner- emical growth factors at Gib: intendent the Commission for Flax Island, Md., Aug. 2-6, and on Aug. 5 he Cultivation in L a, 3 Ke S. address the up on “Chemical ae . ws inidad, British West no Structure and Vitamin Activity for R, ers of Coventry and E. J. Plants EG Dr. F. J. Seaver Becomes Head Curator ON October 1 Dr. H. A. Gle re- ae his post as Head Coe the York Botanical Garden, re- request in o to f . He retains, however, the titles of are and Assistant Dicer He had 7 an bee: ead Curator since June 1932, when he ee Dr. 2 ae is Small. me oe ss J. who has Learn Cur: cha: oor ‘the Cryptogam Herbarium: since “October 1911, saceecds Dr. Glea: gts or three S$ pr ae . “191 Seaver was year Director of the Coboeidee 241 Dr. C. Stuart Gager HE Director of the n 1910, Dr. C. Stuart Brooklyn poate Gager, died at ihe Sisters Hospital in Waterville, Maine, Aug. 9, during a vacation he was spend- ing at Belgrade Lakes. He was 70 yea old. Dr. Gager had twice been on the staff of the New Rae Botanical Garden, t for four months — as Director of the Laboratories from oa 1906 a August 1908. he called to Breaky Botanic rene there, he was Brotesscr eras ae acne in 1872, ae ee graduated Hon ‘Syracuse "Unk versity in 1895. He did graduate work at New York State Noon al ‘Coll lege, New York State College for Teachers, and Cornell and Harvard Universities, re- one the degrees of Ph.D. from Cornell in 1902, D.Sc, from a ae in 1920, and from New Vo rk in e was wit th the New York Botanical Garden, he oe one of the earliest investigations of the effect of i “278. page report of his work was published as a Memoir of th York Botanical Garden in 1908, an orter accounts were published in Science, Torreya, The American Natural- ist, Popular Science Monthly, and in a later Memoir o Garden, as well as in B. M. r’s oe “Biological Efe . Radiation” (193 was the ae of a large hee at other papers ane several books. amon them “Fundamentals of Bota “Heredity ne Fvotion in “The Rela betw Science and oma per “Errors i in Science Teach- r had served as Presiden Twentieth Century Club of Brooktya. ae mai) Bet He was a member. also Ka nd Sigma Xi, an honorary me ber of numerous ot ofeanieations and in the work of a er Peace of New York, and, ae the latter, the International Flower Show. n 1941 he received the Arthur Hoyt Scott Garden and Horticultural Award. aaa Flower Shop Is Run By Mexico City Garden Club EPORTS from south of the border, a H. Mor a ot stee! Rol me eae : a of ‘O city Garden pe indicate that this organizati is of the nost active garden clubs on *e yn tinent. One of its projects alone—a flower shop—net: $1,200 a month have been dis member winning the most blue rib- bons. Many donations are made to charity, meee at Christmas time when baskets are distributed, but the club’s chief ac- tivity be present is the fone shop, which 6 located a Paseo de la Reforma, in me which has been donated by a Mr. Pickard, All of the work is done by mem- b ost of the flowers are donated American Colony Committee, which is Sod a branch of the American Red Cro: aE > me tive membership in the limited to forty persons, also seven associate members and ‘sixteen one ye Dues in the club are $10 year, Mexican currency, is Mrs. of Mexico, was the a until her death in 1933. 242 New Course in Home Landscaping Offered This Year Js respond to the increasing interest $ organized a course ome Landscaping, the ae lesson in n whieh pe place the evening of Oct. 4. The plan landscape architect. Mr. Wedeil is head of the Meernient of oe arse at th New ork Institute of aeultare. Bariaedae L. I, and ee "the past year he has also been Executive Secre- tary of the Greater New York Victory Garden Council. He introduced the course to the ya by speaking a the Rotanical Garden’s radio program of Sept. 24. nother nih will consist of ihe ae 0. by This given again as foc. in the spring for the first time, amateur 1 Gar. and (o receive credit Caines that is offered at the end of the study. Professional pres henceforth wil be eligible ,for an additional certifi ob arded upon the success Stal aie of a two-day ee in the theory and ae of gardening. he admission of non-professionals into we oe courses this ec tard resulted registration . ee seit in each clas: The General Botany I ae s Peet began Oct. 4. Because of eas ee) tee two cases now are by Dr. = E. Naylor and Dr, Bassett Maguire with Dr. Frances E. Wynne peeatiie r. Maguire in Systematic Botany. Oct. 7, Mr. T. H. Everett opened the Two-Year Course in Practical n Fundamen f Gare ing. PTOXl tely 40 are registered in this class. he autumn course in Field Botany, taught by Mr. G, ock, has a Wittr aia ae this year of nearly 25 uden Det and of one new courses an oad nee citered § 1943, ’44 d ’45 are contained in the tatest edition of the Educational Program, some of which are mailed free upon reque York Botanical Garden or may be pur Notices and Reviews of Recent Books (All publications mentioned here may be consulted in the Library of The New rchased on order through the Library.) History, pbwoury Sbtertiee and Asp of Am E AMAZON; The Life ales of - Mighty River. Cary] P. Haskins. 415 pages, illustrated, indexed. Doubleday, Doran, New York. 1943. $4. It is seldom that a popular account of such a vast subject as the eed of the world’s greatest river can be sauce satisfactory; the present Sele, welcome surprise, therefore, in that "ihe author’s intention—-to acquaint the reader with all the various facets of his tremend- ous subject— —is realized. r this is a too ly he “pi ase it is a serious presentation, te com- pile which must have involved an extra- ordinary amount of researc The first five chapters form a part en- 243 titled “World Primeval,” in which a good ried coouley discussion of the geological y of the Amazon basin is given. 1 vegetation is adequately discussed, be- g 26 ical. tan acquainted with the common plan his chay tion of scientific names, for the uS- sion of “ichu’ grass, “llareta” se “tola,” “quinoa,” etc., will mean nothing to most readers. I ite of pop — n Sp prejudice against Latin names, surely might expect them to be arenthetcally used in such a detailed discuss: Parts II and III deal with the human region. For many readers, Chapter ploration,” will be the most fa Hae ao itis a ] names are familiar to all bonnie Hum. pee Pa ioe Schom pure’ Castelnau, Wallace, and Spr concern to re fees inter- Ss ee he entitled cid discus- sion of ccongnically ‘important plants will be found, and here again a fr oad a of scientific names would have visable. d the zonia is aaa in an accurate and in- structive accou The latter a of the book, consider- ably more than half of it, in fact, is de- voted discussion of the hi Am ., While this portion is is lareely historical, i is noe in so fluent and readable st that few aes If any esate book can adequately cover such a vast subject as the history of the Amazon, its geological and bio- logical aspects, ‘its human and economic problems, and its social and ee een “The Amazon” has don A, - Su Arnold Arbo ae a Harvard University, Subtle mhaad ah the Soil WAR! Dor Waugh. 43 Dice Gilusteatea by. the author. Oxford University Press, New York $1. mer ae ie the earth has Waugh’s little book, nde from our eyes. one se seeping into the earth, every ee and every particle 7 soil magnified to many times its gt ee . ia ad ube ae carry them down into their holes - night, Sane matter is added to the soil.” This is neo as a children’s book. Grown people can justifiably envy the younger ein for whom such exquisite work is don Cae H. Woopwarp. Boyhood in the Country BOUNTY OF THE WAYSIDE. Walter Beebe Wilder. 256 pages, i . Doubleday, Doran & Co., New York. 1943. $2.50. With a lovable old coot of a ae father and an unusual oa as a story- teller, the author has pieced together, in a locale that is no longer found in this day of radios and seal deliveries, a loosely woven tale of an idyllic boyhood. Since the old grandfather has kept enough youthful ae to lead him on from one escapade to another, it is no wonder 244 that the boy is continually escaping from on oe only to be led into an- ev this sedson of rationing of food, the wealth of culinary ideas and ae mi from the family retainer is m tim and should fu ee coupon-] oe housewife with inexpensive and ae menus, This is a book for the adul et abe - pleasant "childhood. an he likes to have it ae through me and entertaining readin: Mrs. ee A. JENNISON. Lands to the South THE GOOD NEIGHBOR SERIES. . 84 ina each, il- color and lack-and- white: pronouncing eisesary, Row, Peterson & Co., Evanston, Ill, 1943. 56e each. nicely illustrated set of books with ial paper covers, cenicine the the people the Venezuela), Chil- dre: the Sun Peru, cuador, Betis, ne ae Five (Guatemala, Salvador, ao Ee publics of the mpas Poitite Uae The rie Land (Brazil). Trees and Their Uses FORESTS AND MAN. Ralph 8. Powers and Charlotte L. Grant. 37 pages, mimeographed Bureau of Educational Research in Science, . ie id t ry Sa better than ineeeaah Te- pro For Boys and Girls LET’S sper AT THE WORLD avid S. Marx. iMustrated, rendexed, he otanic Publ. "a. PLANT 158 pages, spiral binding. Co., Cincinnati. 1842, since their introduction several ee all picked a Fis Snowdrift Seeds, more than a hundred other tlk ital r The fundamentals told in terms for the very young to understand, in nice large type and in a surprisingly small space. Some Scented Subjects RAGRANT HERBS. Marx. 63 pages, iuceeiea: i dexed. The Botanic Publishing Co., Cincinnati. 1943. Leaf-prints whose leaves, scent which may or may not ae "Gine Lae we Aha lines of description n for of more = ae Oa Tire-less Philosopher NOW THAT WE HAVE TO WALK. teed PRESS P. Dutton & Co. $2. Par et stands next to a planting n for pines and spruces, and this is pane ied by a pract oe footnote about a borer wick ene th hen, as the wind flicks over a aoa a quotation from Walt page a paragraph which sounds like a steal (or an inspiration) from us ing of ow cavit m of t sides within the memory of r ae observers. See pee ee in Conzatti $ paper ee eos ilusteated by photo- graphs show narrow gaps which no a exist between branches and portions of the trunk. Some writers hav 0 far as to furnish imagi- form the monster. Though conclusive evidence must again be lac! o fa ch an interpretation. the ae vagy sivas seem to f retati First, f the trunk are of about the same proportions as those of neighboring chet but more numerous. Second, and still more convincing, the nae of the giant is not in pro potion to . ee ae is re the same s that of its so-called son and nephew. Thre - the size and pro- a of the latter ia indee form oa * tke ig a If this theory is ever proved to be fact, we shall have to revise our estimate of its age once more. The aH tree of Tule cone a turn out to be a mere sapling of 1,000 years or so cd * * Whichever of its possible ages is the correct one, and whatever ieee been its true history, the massive Arbol de Santa Maria has stood long and paged in its obscure corner; has do — seen i sir rie clatter ing by, watched the austere priests on thei hum: jissions, anal cvaeades of finely dressed officers and thei resplendent fees seen caravan. rchants es strings of laden brown- ieee men, patiently tilling the soil of fs ks Es 274 EGG-THROWERS OF THE MUSHROOM WORLD By Caro. H. Woopwarp With the co-operation of B. O, Dodge HE fluted brown nests of this bird’s-nest fungus (Cyathus ace which are shown here about natural size, may be found on th e woods, carpeting a bed of long dead leaves or growing out of rotting ae usually in the late summer or early fall. In an earlier stage of life, the nest (or peridium) appears as a shaggy, fur-coated bud; then when it opens it is With the exception of the picture at te ee oe pe sage all the accompanying photographs ee the bird’s- ne made b is id - Bisend vath, Jr-, the newspa ae repro- ced ry permission ol through the ies ae paper. Consists 1943 by Field Pu bheations 0 of the plates appearing in the ar he famous he Tulasne brothers in Fra The drawing represents a portion of a peridium, with some f the sporangioles attached at the bottom, in the same manner as the photograph directly above it. In drawing at the right, some idea is given he extent to which the funicular thread can be drawn ou outer wall of the stalk, which at this stage has be- ome the funicular sac, seems to disappear after the thread has been spun out from its interior. covered just below the rim with a tightly stretched parchment-like drumhead. is covering shows clearly in one of the s eer in the illustration directly above. It eventually tears away a and a nti g inside each nest, stacked in overlapping ce in the narrow basal portion of the common mushroom is revealed when one of them is gently removed fro For a description of these three illustrations, please refer to the preceding nest with a is} a @ mbilical cord to the bottom of the nest. This stalk is a wonder- ful structu Neatly wound up ae of it at maturity, above the bulb- the — stal reaks away from its base inside the nest, a th goes t, an e€ egg hurtling through the air, trailing the thread behind , my Note the way ne ere thread has bee thro around the "bien i has been thrown rie 277 it like a lifeline that has been shot from a lifesaving mortar. The bulbous base of the stalk often remains attached to it and follows along on the end of the funicular thre f this curious ayee object strikes a leaf, the thread, which is slimy, will le di knot, and again the egg, which contains the reproductive spores of this fungus, 279 Vitamins And Vegetables By Ilda McV¥ eigh* As presented in a lecture at the Garden November 27 INNING the war depends among other things on adequate feeding of the armed forces and civilian population. Our armed forces are on the whole well fed. Their food is pur ae and their menus are planned with the ce of Eee in nue Gon, ut recent investigations indicate that much remains to be accomplished i in bringing up to acceptable standards the daily foods of our civilian population. Surveys show that a high proportion of oe equate diets exists among industrial workers and also within ae rae groups and amon families of the upper income br ee a dietary survey o 1 100 air- craft workers in southern California i i ees ee that 87% ‘es; these Won were living on diets coos sae the oie Pua iaiee by the Food and Nutritio ange that her and of plenty so many of us are pte ave nee are Geadeauete with ae to vitamins and o ie Constructive measures, however, are bein and other nutrients. st ae to improve the queen of workers, and current observations indi- a boost in our industrial effort—evidently the result of the new diet. Tis is hoped that this improved nutrition will remain oa after the present crisis has passed, with consequent betterment of public health. Although financial ability to purchase the proper foods must be recog- nized as one important factor in dete ea the diet, other surveys indi- cate that kno ieee of nutrition facts on the part of the public is at least of equal importan Results of a detailed questionnaire submitted to ople who ha eile intake of, the two oF nee (CB) ae Leciaes (B:). Ignorance concerning the nutritional values of food i mn but there is also a lack of emphasis on ae need ae a proper diet, oa an lack of self-discipline A recent investigation made for the Food = Nutrition poe iain that i over-all per capita consumption o any foods 1940-41 than in 1936. This was the babe ae the paces “fine of educational programs, increased pow r of consumers to buy, and more s. 0 percent higher; consumption of me ‘and eggs 8 to 10 percent higher ; ou aac less than 5 percent higher. There was a slight decrease in consumption of grain products, potatoes, *Dy. McVeigh is engaged in vitamin research at Yale University as assistant to Dr. P. R. Burkholder. 280 and sugar. These shifts have meant considerable increase in the consump- tion of protein, thiamine, and riboflavin. This arias indicates that the diets in i een meet the recommendations of the Food and Nutrition Board ¢ n calcium and vit amins B: and B:. But now en the war going on and our Sane) supplying food to so many people of other lands, it is necessary for change some of our food habits. These changes need not impose — ads on us. In fact, they ed actually improve our health. In our American dietary, animal sources have been relied upon for good quality proteins and for 1 hi to yield large crops within a single year. The vitamin poe . these Loe substit tes for he is of great importance. so may find citrus gain from our food sufficient amounts of these vitamins, very likely we will get sufficient quantities of ine oes ng tl have not ye tialities, are the seeds of cotton, peanut, and soybean. rn thse sels are the basis of tees industrial operations for vegetable esidue from these ee yield large amounts Be ractaly “tery datd, tow fat rea which are rich in proteins and co: arge stores of vitamins. When milled, these Aree are sere suitable e proper proportions they improve nutritional ‘value and render the final prod- uct highly desirable. Soybean flour is superior in n pro otein med cotton- seed flour in r A asia vin content, and peanu ee in niacin v. As sub- stitutes for both the proteins and vitamins , a mixture or ae three eed flours ey ae ies. Why not pee i three to make a new processed substitute for S which would be palatable, nto ae inexpensive? This is being done to a limited extent, and we ca w buy pee seals and choplets A large of the ener grown in this coimtry are to go into emergency bes for the half-starved people of the liberated ea One use is the addition of 15% soy flour = the spaghetti and macaroni which is being sent e the Italians. Also the War Food eee is eee to stretch the meat for lend- pe supplies by the ae is soy flour to sausage and other meat products. In this manner the protein con- ie of sausage meat can be increased by as much as 27 ane ae the War Food Administration. 281 What about our own civilian population? We are not being ealeein Last year an estimated 30 million pounds of soybean products were used in the United States for direct human consumption meine “this year, for civilian food purposes, is 362,500,000 pou inds, more than 12 times. This really aula a fete all share 7% to be exact, for the larger part of the soybean foods will be going to our fighting forces and overseas allies and fi ane civilian Eepalation a in liberated lands. What a some on baste processed soy foods which can be bought on the market? Soy soy spread, soy flour, soy grits, soy sausage, soy cereal, soy st ce i coffee, soy milk, soy cheese. One - the country’s largest milk dealers o, Bought 4 a ais soy plan the midwest wi hi ly expects n out soy substitutes fon oS products. Who knows but ae we ve wl be “drinking ie milk and liking it before the present milk shortage is o nother important source of protein and vitamins which has, up to the present time, been used to only a limited extent is yeast. In fact, from inexpensive carbohydrates and ammonia is by means of yeast growth. Perhaps ey never thought of a asa sagas ae at least yeasts are plants. e breweries of America, by saving their yeast by-products, on the basis Pe an output of 65 lion aia ‘e beer annually, could supply about 200 million — of yeast, half of the dry matter being nutritious proteins high in the B-c om nplex seri pone of the € progressive distil- ees which will be used to enrich various foods. Many of the new yeast foods are attractive in flavor. Yeast bouillon seasoned with celery siti is uae and is easily made by dissolving the dry material in hot r. Yeast “meat” is being developed in England and it is claimed that Nee is one “of the best and nee eee protein items which has been created under pressure of t n the produce from our pee where are the most proteins and vita- mins found? Again we turn to legumes, because their seeds and fruits— the peas and -beans—are high in protein and also contain large stores of Bi, Bz, and niacin. Most of the pele or soybeans, used in flours and pro- cessed foods are the common field varieties. There are several edible t abba Aoda, t. Th an d Fenched by parboiling for 5 minutes. Then they can be shelled easily. The beans can be cooked in a little are water for about 15 minutes and 282 SOME VITAMIN FACTORS IN VEGETABLES Comparative values in green and non-green parts Beet tops 250 units Be per 100 gms. Beet root 50 units B. per 100 gms. Turnip tops 60 units B: per 100 gms, Turnip root 30 units Bi per 100 gms. Turnip tops 300 units B. per 100 gms. Turnip root 20 units B: per 100 gi Turnip tops 100 units C per 100 gms. Turnip r 0 units C per 100 gms. Lettuc 4,000 units A per 100 gms ae (bleached) 125 units A per 100 gms. Lettu gree! units B: per 100 gi Lettuce (bleac! 5 units Be per 100 gms Dandelion (leaves) 25,000 units A bea 100 ems. Carrot (root) 5,500 units er 100 gms. Vitamin content a Fae wheat ahd compared with ted soyfio Extracted No. of times So: greater con ‘atent Whe flour centration in Factor Vitamin ee (per 1b. . (per Ib.) soy flour A 136 1.U. 340 LU. 2.5 Thiamine B, 0.27 m 3.4 12.5 Riboflavi B, .41 mg 1.82 mg. 44 i P.P. 4.5 mg. 27.2 mg. 6.0 Comparison of cottonseed flour with other substances? (B) 2 ibo- 10% of 2500 calories Weight Protein Thiamin flavin Niacin pplied as gins. gms. mgs. mgs. mgs. Milk 360 12.0 0.15 0.7 0.2 Whole wheat 60 67 0.33 0.11 3.8 Lean beef 125 25.0 0.08 0.45 11.0 Liver 195 0.0 0.35 5.0 25.0 Cottonseed flour 65 5.0 0.7 0.7 5.7 n tests with white rats, patent flour plus 15% soybean flour tas n i ‘t when whole wheat, peanut, or ” cottonseed fl our was the Ble ae used, The gain be tie 15% soy was almost five times as great as with patent ee alon addition to the flour, the same basal diet was fed to all qi tl S. 1 ae (1942) Baker's Digest 16: 247. 2 Zucker & Zucker (1943) Ind. & Ere. Chem. Ind, Ed. 35(8) : 868-872. 283 aaa In any of the ways that baby lima beans are eran ae green beans may be either canned or ce ae If the seeds wed to He re ee may be used as navy beans, but they ce eee tite for several hours and cooking fae a eee period of time. That millions of Chinese have lived on a diet of rice and soybeans for five ae usand oe rs constitutes a great natural experiment from which ate n be ned. Bean sprouts have been used by the Chinese for ae pr eee because they can be produced easily, require little fuel for co joking, have a 1 pleasing elie and a ee nutritive value. Sprouting e and to their pro eet more “readily available. (Remember— en routed cereals showed an increase thei ns. In sprouted eae ns we have a vegetable which is pera in ae seasons, sprouts in days or less, is rich in protein, minerals, and B vitamins, rivals tomatoes in vitamin C, has no waste in preparation, and can be cooked with as little What about other vegetables? No doubt with all the Victory gardens last year and plans for ei coming year, sade are many questions. Which sess are best to plan ? Are there differences in vitamin content? What ethods of processing are best? Should this vegetable be preserved by a freezing, or by the newer methods of dehydration so as best to conserve the vitamin Mey of these € questions can’t be answered yet. We have err some studies concerned with vitamins in different bai ae fresh and dehydr. ne vegetables. Sor Sse _ Cua greens are ve high in Gnas Se = se n’t throw awa: Certain oe of tomatoes con es as much es mee as 5 their relatives. Certain hee ee a ole ae store vitamins in aca amounts he other parts. We sone found that the leav ee of beets are richer in B vitamins than their ro So don’t throw the beet tops away. One: rs have reported that Hie pene of broccoli ee — times as much carotene as do the flowers which we ordinarily eat. Green vegetables raed store provitamin A or carotene in the ie a ae ee stores it in t a - We eat carrots for the a content, while we grumble about ze wly dandelion growing o: r lawns. Yet the dandelion leaves see about 25,000 units of ees - in each one hurdred * See os Journal for November. 1943 for directions for sprouting soybeans in the hom 284 grams, as compared to 5,500 for carrots. Peppers contain much ascorbic acid, some varieties more than other h out methods of Processing ? In the vegetables we hav = hala ee is little change in the thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin eee Vitamin C is destroyed. Vitamin C is easily oxidized when exposed to air and this destr He is hastened by heat. So in canning fae a watch exposure to air and temperature. That is, keep the kettle covered and do not boil the juice any longer than absolutely necessary; also, do not use a s n this changing world we may have to change our uae fe aa we don’t need to worry about fieeas if we hoose wise tur ries on is ita our energy and building materials. Without the vitamins we cannot make e of the cee ena fats, and proteins we consume, but the vitamins ate will n Don t be weeded | nto thinking that a “coke” and vitamin pills vill . he job of keeping us alive and full of energy. Notices and Reviews of Recent Books (All publications mentioned here may be consulted in the Library of The York Botanical Garden or may be purchased on order through the Ua} cele, and Evolutionary importance; the species is defined from Proces purely morphological concepts. In the “new” systematics the morphological ereremanios AND THE ate species concept has made way for a more OF SPECIES. Ernst Mayr. pages -ilustatea; “dnaewea’ dynamic, biological concept which takes lumbia University Press, New van, geographical, genetical, oe other fac- 1942, $4. ts into account. ayr has oe Ernst Mayr an outstanding zoloca Syeemanet one has peas ized on the taxonomy of birds, ay those of Oceania and Indonesia. He has This is a book which every biologist co} red the evidence from zoological should read. The au thor, however, as- to the problem of systematics an oth “ . rocesses—tha’ of species. book 1 ‘ono mented chiefly by examples from the de- not for ‘the Eyran tales he has a clear ile mn bir t udies o: d taxonomy, this in Understanding of the generalizations frais no way detracts from the value of this the field of genetics, particula: rly. aaa wor Mayr’s book is a member of the Colum- Taxo eal ae in bia eae Series, and is a worthy ears = peer elk hange which is “Sas. companion to Dobzhanshy’s “Genetics and the Origin of Spe ita by the apareacl. of the student to his material. In the “old” systematics M. Raoapss, the position of the species is of greatest Columbia University, 285 Genesis ih aoe English School Of Landscape Gardening E WALPOLE: GARDENIST. Press for ti. the University. of cinna: $3. 1943. Ss, philosophers, and vatience of , i which v1 n design and the style nglish school usually saeeatne Edis ¢ type o Mrs hase oe greater credit Hoste Walpo one,’’ she YS, for ane garde n- asic principles of modern design oo ive na. aturauetic or park type one" ae nucleus of the book is a new naa gee of the 1782 edition Po Modern Art ihe Tha mes. The author nee how the 18th century ~gar puma a the phil- o—Kent, Thomson, other: oe the ional rden r professional gar became the leading spirits, with Walpole, in creating and developing the new of natural landscaping. In conclusion, Mrs. C shows how ae seeds of a new order in land ng) ere lying dormant in the romantic move- arene which in itself had been eet n the ity of clas- temporaries, M. ha: been revealed in a the work of Oat Law Olmsted, Charles Eliot, and Frank and garden alpole said held e calle ” as distinct from the garde ner who anes with the plants but not with their desig t is a word which ok: well be Peconeideced today. We still have nothing quite so definitive to offer. gardens Caro. H. Woopwarp. Lilac Guide LILACS FOR MERIC SS: Edited by Joh . Wister, pages, lists and classifications. The Co: tee on ene han te oie fe) Sas because of erfume and beauty, has been retarded by confusion in varieties. fois d edition of this 65-page report on “Lilacs f aaa should do much to relieve this situatio: revision ne very simply in surveys of o rge groups bers of the com ine have added to their own well oe betes the recom- mendations er persons 286 familiar with lilacs in widely dispersed loc: rhe f£ first importance is a list of p ferred waricties which if _couuneny an lowed should give thi st they a Ancthet t auable featbve is tie code of references to nurseries white most of these varieties may be obta ae finding list and ide “should be commonly accepted by gardeners and eae as Gal as institutional horti- culturists. The Jayman should be told, however, that chapters on culture, prun- iene eyond the scope i ig, ani iseases rather an annotated in, of this work, which is re index to lilac variet: E. A. Prester, Assistant sare head of Parks, ariford, Connecticut. eee Le Tree pestis PERTS MANU. on “Pensha. ne 2 Mae indexed. La 1943. $450.) In about 185 pages of eases oe on R. Fenska, for *ilustrated, New tree workers, has dtterapted s eer a large and varied subject. Many phases it are therefore, of necessity, treated or the tree worker, but the rather Heh ee eth for a book of its size will limit its circula- tion, P. J. McKenna. Producer el Eta Fruits And ph Anne Magi- y. 261 pages, illustrated by Luis M. ; an Messner, New 43. $2.50, Although | written for the young reader this is the best book about Burbank that has yet appeared. It repeats many of the exaggerated claims and misstatements common in all of the books about the California plant healer but on the whole it gives much useful information and should be stimulating to many interested in plants and their i cptoveae a The are li of B 4 oo 7 & in his career, ana an index, ail of which teat = book valuable in the reference libra: Ear n his career he met Agassiz who gar at bay oe home a Lan- caster, Mas. so read -Darwin’s “The *Variati tion iss ‘Aninials and Plarits under Domestication.” Some of his in- tion was derived from these stimu- -show variety, mo: ies “iusion Hor- fealnaists have generally h Shasta daisy is no SS. selectio: from ate many spineless varieties that ad lo n known, rae € which was particulary “sel ul bef, has not been fou since. ipson pea, the ehaniale e a plant made to order, is no | grown, and this is true’ o many r of his productions stoneles: the white blackberry and nown long befor ses worked with them but are as seldom grown now as formerly. Bu anes most eee ee ub t as ected in all hyb d his statements were not accepte that pula ploids are kno i msmit witho segregation, Burbank not given the priority that he deserves for producing — eis these on ord, urban ce aid, = shall be on if gtiees of me, there shall The better fruits and fairer flowers.” This 287 well expresses oe life an and accom- plishment. He was a doer and not a ee rti at who re ie d in the no w plants eee Le visions of ee greater ‘usefulness th others dared hope Successful in oeemneie new forms, che cared little ss whence they came or how they were produced. If Hens has a pled in ihe Hall of Fame, Il be because he has produced better frail and fairer flowers and not for the contributions he has made to knowledge in the" field of natural science. F. Jon: Connectic iene Experiment Station, New Have a Field Crops Management FIELD CROPS MANAGEMENT. B. N. Fergus and Carsie Hamm: 600 Pages, illustrations, maps, charts, tables and graphs. J. B. York, 1942. Lippinestt Co., New $2.40. As indicated the preface, “Field ‘Crops Managemen” — od primarily PY - refer or those engaged hie © expect to ‘engage in the pro- duction of field c crops period on a trial-and-error basis farmers themselves. Thos rops are continued in any locality when over a period of years they have p r heir way into the agriculture = tobac small grains and hay oe aes discussed at con- siderable length as to their ane rete a. ion and cultural lowed, merous charts, tables and graphs help one to interpret valuate the subject matter of the chapter devoted to the principles of tail the functions of the various plant parts Pollination, fertilization, processes germination and photos: seeesis, less well rT plant func- stood than the ordinary tions, are par ticularly s ed, Soils, in relation to Hk growth and ties ci erate ea dealt a in the con a ing chap of the bool Field Cro s Management” is n t an ture a m the-minute information on modern reduction: presented and is ae d by n fables, charts and ¢: numerous STEPHENS, State rs — Agriculture Farmingdale, N. Flaming Forests BURNING AN EMPIRE. Stewart H. Holbrook. ita pages, intustratea, indexed. Macmillan, New 1943. $2.50. rook writes both from per- ° xa ns ® Be @ 58 ta) o 3 ae wes i=} th ° 3 3 & = my a o B 2 =} mea son: sie ory of the terrifyin, cee in the This is a ig ae story, no to read, but absorbing one, neverthe- less, He concludes SC aapue that they have no factual bearing o} ie bject) with some ballads of fores o L. oh Woopwarp. Textbook on Fruit Growing PRINCIPLES OF TREE AND SMALL FRUIT CULTURE. Victo w. ell 1 pages, itustrated. paper-covered. yes Publishing Co., Mi polis, 1943. $2. t-bo: y the Associate Pro- fessor of Horticulture, Extension Divi- sion, University of Illinois. It includes, ennen to the introduction, the “sub- jec er which the author has found y iaesreo experience t adequate for a well rounded semester course for esau siident of fruit growing. his book prove valuable not only for beginning students but also for per- growing, either for home use or for com mercial production. It should not be 288 considered in the light of a complete guide to fruit growing—t cat is not the author’s purpose; but the principles of fruit cul- d c tion tin thereto are laid down in detail, clearly, ally. authoritatively, and scientific Epwin Becker. The Art of Chinese Gardens THE CHINESE GARDEN. Florence Lee Powell. 112 pages, 74 photographs, 2 plans of gardens. The conn. ae Company, New York, 1943, $2. The excellent shotgragh in this book give oe he feeling of walking through an actual garden ai e two places de- eee an unusual record of the and charm of Chinese ea pe lly valuable since World War has destroyed many beautiful spots China. Roperta Ma. Amaryllis Year Book HERBERTIA. Volume 9. Edited by Hamilton P. Traub. 248 bi eae ‘inas. trated. The American Society, ilenmae Florida, im olume 9 ia, the Year Book for 1942 of the Ane Amaryllis So- ciety, issued in May 1943, is designat an emeria edition and dedicated to Mr. Harry several orice: genus Alsiroemeria, including deca on of classification, breeding: eau lee propagation, and ot ture ih e also eh igen oe ical Amaryl, ue Iatolirion Narcissus, Cyrtanthu and Hemeroca als. ~~ papers ie contributed ony Stout; one report is on he “Orig on Genetics of Some via SS: Red- Flowered Daylilies” and o eae se de- ew York was fi by name in the Journal of the ober 1942. Botanical Garden, issue of Oct ... And Smoke and Sniff And Use in Medicine ANTS WE AT AND ¥ R. E. Jaques. 171 pages, illus- trated, inde: Published by the author, t. Pleasant, Ia. 943. 1.50 in paper; $2.50 in boards. Wear” b : oO ir ry $ of simple keys and illustrations. Plants such as ylang-ylang, tobacco, sassafras, nd the bay-rum tree are described and a he bay-r neve in the text, but how can they be eam to conform with the title of food displ ‘o use the ae in an open Sma rin ees abit would be eee S ey to a wil not always to a_ useful ni o pine “eal like interested in any particular species of economic plant, ye divorced from panes such as acun , edi ativa, sativum, sativus; what ce! a ae ont gs a f statem “ ae of the a ents ar To that “we could fi only pau nea atl related in nt way statement his long experi- Fig with plants ieee so few of them 1 his most essential needs” is an am- tion. The cream of the Paty h this bool pag Hhstated “Gefinition of our nomic plan G. L. Wirrrocr. 289 picen ees and Comment the Ad- ota: es Garden vat the annual meeting Dec. Conference. Dr, Fred J. Seaver spoke on “The Leesa of Bermuda” at the monthly con fere of the scientific staff and registered eulene of the Garden Nov. 10. Torrey Club. Dr. Bassett Maguire gave “A Report on the 1943 Field Sum- mer in the bili t Basin” at the meeting ef the rey ee nical Club LY the oan Garden Nov. 17, and "Botanica meeting Dec. 15 at ‘the Garden. This iecang is being oe oo the monthly confer- on as ff and registered students to) a Lec Dr. R. R. Stewart spoke on the “Flora ‘of Kashmir” at the Hehe a the Ba ee Foundation, v. 9, izabe h_ C. Hall e Bari tion on aoe 23, spcalcae on he explorations in ijl H. W. Rickett, who re- 1 from a four months’ urn in Mexico, has been elected an honorary gra the Cia Bo- tanica de Mex £ ich Prof. Honors. Dr. aan Nov. suber a the Eugene Field Society, cen of the “literary cei ead craftsmanship” of his book “The Green Earth.” Washin. William J. Robbins was in ee te gton ea Fulad P hia from Nov. 19 to fe for me the Na- tional Academy o cienc American ‘Philosophical Society. s. The Greater ous York City y | at the National Association o branch 0 met at the New York Botani- cal oe Oct. 20. from Fordham University visited the cur Oct and botany students from Hunter College cae ue fossil pele ns pad A taxonomy en fro’ Pharmacy students more Co ite cee in sylvaiia eas a eaecal trip to the Garis Sept. 25. iology students from Hofstra Col- Hempstead, inde Prof. C. Old, visited Range 1 Nov. 10. hildren from the fifth and sixth gr oes e venue acer Mt. Vernon, who have Hemisphere and South Amen, visited the Main Con- servatories and Oct. 21, giving s exotic plants they observed. Two six year classes from P.S. 67 in vane ee indi ed the agricultural produc the stair ene in the Miseuma. Building and visited the Main Conservatories ee ne ov. Girl ‘Se ‘outs from P.S. 70 e Bronx accompanied the opening ae “of the autumn course in Field Botany Sept. 11. Visitors. Autumn visitors iA the Bo- et Garden have included Enrique M. if La P. r; 2 sre Ha L. S) Institute, and Bernice G. Schubert from oe feces Herbarium. mber visitors Render from the Arno! J. Schreiner, Morris Arboret Henry Ives Baldwin of the U. S. Air Corps, formerly in the State Forestry of New Ha and Di included ee Id Arbor etum and Dens Forest at Hillsboro, HL; and ws E. H. Casseres Cost Ries “Joh n Dwyer, Union Col. lege, “Albany and 7. D. Merrill, Arnold Arbor Member. The Little Gardens Club of New York City, with headquarters in Greenwich Village, fas become an Af- ae ns ater of the New York Botani- cal Car EC 290 A DEADLY MUSHROOM DRAPED IN A MOLD The death-cup, Amanita phalloides, one of the most aided of all fungi, is ene here covered with a veil of Sporodinia grandis, a fungus which customarily grows as a € on 7! nt of hie ork 7 McKenny, who has lect ie at the Garden, m the West Coast conducting a series of radio programs in nature study for culdea, der the auspices of the Washing- to oa te Progress Commissio 291 Winter Events at the Garden : * Members’ rae ae Ae Given at 0 p.m , e Members’ Room im the ay Webnncaan - ak month. Jan. 5 The Power of Plants E, E. Naylor ‘Feb. 2 Impressions of a aig in Mexico i Rickett 7 a Winter Pods and B: Panis Platt “Apr. 5 Travels Through South America . Mrs. Robert H. Fife May 3 pBe hind the Scenes—Some Main- ae at the Bo- 1 A, C. Pfander June 7 Textiles from Plant Sources M. D..C. Crawford * * * Saturday Afternoon Lectures e..free series of lectures given m for the winter will be announced in Hare month’s Journal. x ok ok * Radio’ Pro ograms The broadcasts which have been given the New York Botanical Garden over g the afternoon of to others requesting titles and dates of ihe ee as fey as of the Saturday afternoon lectu * ~ Cla in the Two-Year Science Course for oe ee be r ee Maguire, assisted by Dr. Frances Wynne, instructing in Systematic Botan: oratory, and Dr. 7 Weletaen: General Botan: utdoor Flower “Gardening is the sub- ject “being offered for the winter term in the o-Year Course a Practical Gide The class will meet on alternate PThied ys for two hou: c night, beginning Tah. at 8 p.m. Arthur King will be the instructor. Vegetable Gardening will be taught on rst term . otanical Garde 's new course in 1P ‘opagation will begin Feb. 26. The i or ce a will e pie on three sia Saturdays from 2 = E. Naylor. . is ‘of Ginsouau study will Tr ter: followed i in ibe spring with demonstra- tions and practice in the pri ernoon sessions taught ae instructo: ies ed announcements of these and of other ae offere ie the Garden will be sent free upon reque: EC BROADCAST a the Garden’s radio program aes Dec. 3 over station WNYC, H. Camp spoke on some of the problems that the United States has to face in the Saude it “difficul admit that the jun ungle i is what ‘the (aver usually sees, for, in general, the jungle. 292 rn ote with man, By that I mean e jungle which forms te basis oe some of our Popnles peer is to be found in those areas where man has entered and cut down the eral forest. Following i aie of the natural vegetation, t of weeds | ig fe) % ee ne 5 ture, make gain a foothol d _underne ath are two quite different types o Ee ede eta- tion; and tropical forests differ also trom our northern forests by the great variety eg For example: n temperate zone, a made up predominantly of h as ara an might t be of pine Or spruce But not so in the tropics. - are the tropical es is likely consist of a large number of different kts with the individuals of any particu’ one aac rela- tively few in number in nar is a major task; and, it might b ded, : costly one. Transportation, except streams, is almost non-existent g st S through most of the region where wild rubber is abundant. Also, the eats of a shots labor—trained to g: t be surmounted. Take: al i proven of aie our nate rubber supply available Lee sented us with a number of difficulti * * oa Today we can scarcely open a news- paper evithout seein poe of our men fighting in the and almost without exception, stese pictures show large number ae . conut palms. Now, tes palm tre ne no means just a part of the natural ee as the he most the plantations, and were he source of ‘conta, which, in turn, was the basis 38 | siderable portion oF oe supply of vege- table oil. The Jap: wise enough, for but they also cut o: U1 £ sup- ply of vegetable oil for the manufacture, ot only food and soap, but, what is more Ss, but es sc supplied a lot of our strategic mater: ‘o Tease our imenediate supply of vegsable oils, w worked out; and methods of laine De plant and Metco S the crop must be ned b most of whom fave eet fever seen 1 the plant before. And all of this takes time. That is why the American a se Wik: mean awh ile, must save all her waste fats and turn them over to the Governm: * * * also are certainly scar co Fibers ind essential. Even are grown in such as sisal (whi € tive of the century t) a hemp, or abaca (a close relative of the banana). Now, sisal is native in Mexico, tronic A merica, Yet, here are probe the pee i types - fiber rs for the manu- ne cord, r and h ied to consider rca the vast creme of rope needed by o greatly increased Navy and Mercha ae Madre it would take but little imagination to en- 293 yision the problem of stretching our pres- grown for the frst time in this hemi- ent supplies until the new plantations of sphere. It costs the plantation owner just these two essential fiber plants can in tropical America, with labor at only ci rod t almost twi ome into production be I can assure 30 cents a day, almost twice as much as you that, somewhere the American the oriental grower to produce the same tropics, men today are eyeing on plan article. The post-war fate of this newly tations to produce an oe ate supply of dey cloned ee American agricultural fibers for our future n industry is easy to cnvision unless steps Much the same sroblenis have to be are taken to receeanize its basic economy confronted with drugs and other essen- so that oriental competition can be met. tial plant materials, kok ok kk x In the face of our present emergencies, In answer to the question of wh it would seem logical that, until we are ae of these vital plants that are fie certain that war is forever abolished, we in the American tropics have not been should always have carefully located i ma. hemisphere, I will mention only o - ials; if need be, financed by govern- tor. Plantation workmen in the Am ment subsidy. An alternative—and this I ican tropics have been better paid than eae hope may be realized — is a those in other tropical regions. And rma ae wide le peace structure, so that ae meant that American plantation hlgnne ing Te ach portion of the world owners could not Suga Shy those of | may contbute its share eons to its other Senate in ee et TODS. meld eas ee and availa pply of a costs we a hie world Snubs a peoples mple, I have Scents ae ie ae tiving Pea in peace and for the bet- a certain vital war item now being terment of all. 7 bs om) INDEX TO VOLUME 44 An asterisk bailed a subject or a page monber indicates an illustration or an trated article. The “R” preceding a page number refers to the Annual Report, w en was issued as eae Trea of the June Journal and paged eine Except for activities of staff members, items ae : Notes, News, and Cominent and in the Current Litera- tive colunm not indexed. Book reviews are listed ee at the end of the gencral index, and arc eee noah by authors’ names. > juga genevensis 96; reptans 96 American Journal of Botany 73 ott, Tucker* 223 pede setosa 148 American oo useum of Natural ee oe 153 pistes melee te tS ee af paar, Acacla cornigera 8, 9° ecuree 7 i. fee : ; : o areas ase Society x pet > mw 2 mnie oo 96 All-America Ee 48 American Society for Horticul- as as ‘Alnus 86 tural Science 73, 268 rene Aloe Bainesii R6 American Society of Plant Advisory Council 47, 49, 171, 289 Alpinia ; Parksii 208 Taxonomists 42 Aeseulins Hippossstone um 153 Alstonia costata 208; Reineckiana Ames, Oakes : pestri 10; vitiensis 210 Anderson, pra P. 146, i i 173-180, » R6; ies 29; Amanita phalloides 2! Parryi 29; utahensis 29 American Fone ts the Ad- Anderson, o ia M. Ailanthus 78: altissima 96 vancement of Science 75, 240 Report of the Treasurer R22-27 Andropogon Naas 28 thuriu Anti-aircraft Artillery Command 94 Apocynum androsaemifolium 31; um 31 Appel, Anita G. R14, R15, 192 Archbold, Mrs. a os Archbold, Mrs. 197, 04", 2 etium 153 Arisaema tr: Hum Artemisia Absinthium 182; Cin: 181; ulus 182; ludovi- ciana 1 hiana 182; tri- dentata 31 ‘is 181*. 183*, 18 Arundinari t 0; a 30; tuberosa 30; syriaca Ashley, Mr. & aed J. R. 20 ‘Ashley + Mary 19, pornrs triloba a 34 Asters* R12 B ailey, I, W. oa ailey, H. alaka cuneata eve allard, Charles W. 18, 47 ambusa 150 anks, oe Joseph 74 ankela 7 arnes Foundation 289 arnhart, John H. 20, R14, R16 arrett, William F, 47 rett, Mrs. ee Felton 192 H. 7 z le T. ecket, Edwin ae Vas 146, 288 Begonia socotrana 17 Beschorneria bracteata R6 Betula papyrifer: phic Wott a Tul & : E. W. Sinnott) A New Crop For The Americas* 125-132 294 Board of Managers 18, 47, 100, 239 Bobbink, L, C. 160 Boehmeria argentea RG; drica 30; nivea 45 Bonisteel, William = 146, R2 Bonner, es Ss (rv 264 Borin, Joh: c. Boyce Thom sages Institute 94 arbara 92 tober cove Britton & Brown Illustrated 20 cylin- a (Rutherford Platt: 195; (Percival Wilde) 219; (W. H. Camp) 291 Broussonetia papyrifera 150 B dison 76 ulkley, oo i71 Burke, ae Burkhardt, aes Burkholder, P. R. 279 Burnham, Stewart H. 268 Caesalpinia Sappan Cain, Stanley A. Cow) 264 Caldwell, Otis W. Calkins, Calluna we ‘133 Cc. R6, 2685 Cerssee en Carroll, Gladys Carya alba 40; eats 40; ovata 40 Casuarina equisetifolia 226; nodi- flora 226 Gsniese Mos: Chandler, R16, Cheney, is Iph H. 10 Che: ester, Frederick D. 20 2 Tsai 165 Garces Bodil 4, ig pee YW 192 e 148 , Hlree Clyde R15 eo eee ia e R2 Coelogyne Reais R6 Cold Kills 14-17 Colietia cruciata R13 Co lin ison, Peter 74 Greenhouse Plants oc: 203 ‘onfere: 20, o 75, 99, 12: 89 8, ws) 23, 43 onvallaria majalis 96 Conzatti, Cassiano* cacti ata rs. Jerome W. 147 » Mrs. Henry S, Fenimor oe A. J. 15, R4, 167 Cornus 48 Courses 19, 94, R13, 166, 24% 291 Cowania Stansburiana 32 Benefa * (Carc H. Woodward) 173- Crocus sativus 86 Cronquis » Cy Cyathus str riatus* 274-278 Cyclophorus lanceolatus 212 Daffodils* R12 Se 239; Wheeleri 28 Date of Chinese Prints 165 aubentonia as Dawson, James 100 aa ite. 20, 99, R9, R1 Las: of the “Cheng Ho ’” a 213; 221-232 as tae vitiensis 100 Delphinium R1S Dendrobium densiflorum 148 nobile Z Desmodi De Vos, Francis rs Dirca palustris 3. “Diseases of Ornamental Plants’ (Dodge & Rickett book) 23 RS Dodge, B. O. 74, 75, 93, 124 R12, R15, R16, 192, 239 ao of tomato leaves) 159 Tada and Pest Preven tion 101-107 Sycamore Plant Bug* 214- 215 oo Carol H. Woodward) Throwers of the Mushroom. World’ 274- Petia Dods, © Doig, pts — ae 121 : Henry E, (rv he baleanica 148 Drepanocladus 20 ‘ying Drying Plants in Three Dimen- sions* (Frances R. Wiliams) 138-141 Dugan, Earl 75 du Pont, Henry F. 47 Dwyer, John D, 47, R14 Eston, Ma eae ss ‘ora*® R29 Edgeworthia ie antha 150; rifera ueational ae R13, 242 (see also Courses) Egg-Throwers of the Mushroom sae (Carol H. Woodward) 278 en Robert 160 Eisendrath, David B., Jr. Dee. t eee ae a 96 Elatoste Hhawm, Hoe Elymus mollis 29 Entada phaseoloides 207 Era In apermaking" oo 149- ee Erickson, Neil 167 Eryngium ea 27, 29 Essential oils 46 Esson, Jam .G. 94 -Eneoumia oie 11, 12*. 13 Euonymus alatu 275, (Dard verett, a ae 14, 74, 75, 92, 93, a i ee R13, R16, 192, 242 The oe ry Gardens of 1942 and "43" 49-64 Exchanges R5 Exhibits R9 F Fairchild, David 198 Falter, ae W. 167 es q71; (Marshall A. How 7 Fernald, M. L. 194 Fiber Piants of the North American Seenece CAL C. Whitford) 25-3 Ficus 4-6 cotinifolia 6; Goldmanii 6, 8; padifolia = etiolaris 3, 6 Mrs. Robert H. 47, 291 Julian 47 ri 167 involuta 4*, ‘Alex xa 268 Fox, Helen M. (Mrs, Mortimer i - 10 ory of Wild Rice 35 Free, 74 Fulford, oe H. 18 re E. H. RI 12: 171 pire 17; (rvws) 22, ia Ww. Ss. ee ae i the Leaf-Cut- ting Ants* (Gerold Stahel) 245-253 Furcraea macrophylla R6 Gager, C. Stuart 241 Sac Robert I. 47 Garden Club of anes 147, 2 Gardeners’ Chronicle of .Amer- i Co Women 48 Ga rden' ng In (Har- 7, RS aa H. (rvw) 43 Char L. 74. R2, R15 ee Ginkgo biloba 96 H. R9, Rs, 96; tri- Gossypium 3 Graduation 166-167 Graham, Walter D. pete RO Grayson, a Cc. (Student Gardeners) Greene, E. L. 48 Greenhouse aoe (Fr. J. Seaver) Griffith, oe 12, 116, R10, March, May, fee Behe Oct., a v. covers; eee Grow J. it ee William ra Ri Guenther Ernest S. Haavind, Peter 167 Habenaria Oona 206 Hafner, Viola 16 ie irae ein, Robe R10, R17, ee George S. 10 Hall, Elizabeth C. 94, 100, 124, R11, Riz, an 220 ilto C. Hantman, Jessie i Haring, Inez R10, 172 Harper, Robert A. 18 awkes, William Hazen, Tracy E » 176 Hechtia* Bee H an, F.C. (rvws) Hevea 13 Heye Foundation 30, 31 Hibiscus syriacus 96 1oé 24, 264 rum im Hocking, George M. 220, 267 e: ell Hedges, Leigh Mitch 56 Home Garden Magazine 171 Hooker, Mrs. E! Huntington 17, 18 Hosmer, Ralph S. (rvws) 119, 144 Howe, Marshall er 18, 174 Hrdlicka. Alexi Hugi * Charle es ie Homata ‘teen 212 Hur ie Era Th Papermaking* 149- 159 Huskins, C, Leonard 75 I Indigo—Medieval “Devil's Dye” (Wm, F. Leggett) 233-238 Indigofera Anil 237; tinctoria 233-23 Tiex crenata 96; crenata convexa 123; glabra 96; opaca 123 236 Tpot 96 ete edna 86, Isr: 14, 15 ‘ael, Dan Jack, James = 19, 93, 94, 291 Jack, James Jambosa malceeni 213 Jenkins, Dorothy H. 268 ee mison, Mrs, Harry A. oe Johnson, James Weldon Memorial Collection 21 Jones, Donald F. (rvw) Jones, Rodney Wilcox 10, oe Journal R14 Juglans nigra 32 34, Juncus 29 Juniperus 34 *, 34, 40; regia K ete City Museum 32 Kavanagh, F. W. R18; (rvws) ie 194 Kavanagh, Virgene R18 New Sources of Vitamin C 38- 42 Keays, Mrs. Frederick L. 160 coed Howard Atwood 76 , Arthur 19, ae 291 Rising unifior: Kra N. ae im a Krotkey, G. Kr ore Ae - . R2, Rid, R15, L Lamium maculatum cee Mrs. Vernon 74 "223 30 laricina 34; Laskaris, Thom: L ast Cruise of ne ice Ho’* (Otto Degener) 197-213; 221 32 296 Leaf-Cutting Ants 245-253 Lectures (autumn) 220; (spring) : i 9 73; (winter) 10, 291 fferts, Isabella M. (rvw) 263 Legenere 48 eggett, William F. ee ) 218 Indigo — Medieval ‘Devil’s Dye’ 5 and Medi- 114 Lenz, Lepiota americana 36, 37*; gani 36 Levering, eae (rvw) 146 Li, Hui-Lin 1 Mor- im 96 Lillick, Lois (rvws) 144, unneeis Pee 212 Linu Lewisii 31; usitatissimum 193 130 Little, Thomas 74, 93, 94 Littlefield, E. W. 3 Reforestation: Timber-Growing Or a nd Conservation ?* 185-1 Living Pia Pa RS gula* ee 138; cylin- eer ae a on ges, the entre Hee Sinnott & Rob 132 w Crop for mund W. bert Bloch 125- Luffas as they are Used by the Chinese* (Willard M. Porter- field, Jr.) 134-138 w Jersey Garden* -13. eine ee Ti 93 Lysichitum americanum 148 Ma, Roberta 147, (rvws) 44, 288 painek Fraser 268 aniels, L, H. 74 MacDougal D. T. 175, 239 ie R18, 165, 172; nk G. 20, R2 and Medieval F. Leggett) 85-92, Bassett i 220, Maguire, 123, 216, ed., 291; note hemum n Conserv: Malikewi, Murra: Malus atrosanguin: Manihot 13; alee ae 20! a — af A. Howe Fellowsh Mater, ‘Siegen f ard 75, oe °S. E. A. (rvw) 121 a 256 192, 220; (rvw) 286 McKenny, Margaret 75, 29( sat 2 McVaugh, Roger: MeV ies 220, 260 and Vegetables 27' Melastoma malabathricum 226 Members’ Day 20, 92, eat no 3 ¢ ms) 220, Membership R11, 9-38 Merrill. 75, 194, 2 Mexi Srl ae Plants (Vi hickico: cy ine Club 241 Miltonia M nke, H. N. aa hes R18 Monachino, Ja , RIG Montgo: ak aber H. 47 Moraes, Tne bread . Tse, Harriet K. 148, 220 — dening In The City* 77 85 Morus 6, 8 Moscoso, R. Moses, Robert Motion Picture 20, 239 ugwort—A ‘w Invader t aris (rE. E, Naylor 181-18 ace pungens 29 Muir, oe 7 Mung Mus of ‘the Souths 34 Mussaenda frondos Mycolog ia 36, R14, Naylor, 239, hi 291 tt—A New Invader t Tradicatet 181-184 Rubber From a Hardy Tree* 11- He New Flor: be Published Through “Ce: eration of Bo- nm with Utah State New Sources of Vitamin C lery Command* 142 Nolina 239; georgiana 27; micro- carpa 28 North American Flora 47, 48, Ri4 Oncidium Kramerjanum 148 Otontioda * “‘Actia” 93 Qdontoglossum pulchellum 93 Ohio Sate see eae & “Arties! log’ Mus Raia 1 O'Rourke, Hugh 268 Outdoor Plantings R7 Pachysandra terminalis 96 Page, Emma 167 Panshin, A. J. (rvw) 145 Paphiopedilum niveum 148 Parinectam berrimum 226 Partl ape argentatum 11 Parthenocissus quinquefelia 96; treuspidata 96 's sauce Francs 93, 94 Peabod: 29 am, a he ] A eck . 8. R19 elargonium roa graveolens 85 Penicillin 260. i rage oa Camembertii notatum 260- 261; Roque- ae a 26 Peperom as pper, ie B. 94, 220 est Control 169 pee 192 Pfander, A. C. 15, 94, 147, R4 7, 242, 291 Phaleria acuminata 229 Phaseolus aureus 256 Phlox divaricata 96 Photography R10 Phytophthora infestan Picea ‘Abies 186; — 18 Par- tyana 34; sitchensis Pierce, John H. “ An R15, R19 Pieris japonica 96 Piester, E. A. (rvw) 2 Pinks, Ralph 47, 75, ae Pinus ee ne siana 187*, 189; tee ° nae } sylvestris 136, Strol Piper ae Oa Degeneri 229; msectifugum 229; methysticum s irone, P. P. 9 Pittosporum rhytidocarpum 211 an Ww bo nts Fr Palestine 92 Plantanus acerifolia 96, 215; occidentalis 214 Jatt, Rut 548, 291; Polygonum Aubertii 78, ‘0 pears er - Pratt, . Harold I ig R2 apse ortnda Wn “Lewarls 7, pubescens 148; verti- ae - fe Priorities and Pest Prevention B. O. Dodge) 101-107 rocter, Mrs. Rodney 123, 171 a aEetyT 48 Publication: of the staff Pyle, Robert Aug. ed. members Quercus pes 96 Quinine 1 Radio 171, 192, 268. (pro: 148, 220, as 2 imber-Growing Coicervation? ?* (EL 19 ea: pee ike M. Anderson) R22: Rhoades, M. M. (r oo 285 Rhododendron Fortunei 172 Rhus trilobata 32 Rickett, H. W. 42, 92, 148, R14, R15, : Robbins, : 47, 74, 75, 99, 100, 146, sae R15, R20, er ey 172, 289; ¢ 220, 240, aera 260-261; (rvw) 44 Annu al Report R1-15 Robinia 78 Receetla tinctoria 86 Rosa ie species) 38-39; Bank- siae oe ee at Botanical R cordifolia 87; pere- grina 87, 90, 110; tinctorum Runganadha Diwan Bahadur y Samuel and Lady 148 Sabal palmetto 26 Sahlin, Carl 167 ee pachycarpa 213; vitiensis Sal ie 96; nigra Saltonstall, Jaen 172, July cover Sansevieria Sargentia 208 chiffer, Jacob Christian* 151 Schling, Max 7: Schmitt, Mary Bartley (Mrs. Chris G.) 124 R15, 172 Schneider, Hildegard (rvw) 218 Schomburgkia undul. ae ee J. hwarten, Lazella i 147, Ri, oy 0 peneelatae Charles 165 a ia Serjania exarata R6 Sherff, erates ‘5 re Sinnott, Edmund W. (and Rober ee Luffa Sponges, A New Crop or The eee fad 132 Small, John A. (rvw) 2. Smirk, Peter 47 s » A. C. 42, 99, 201, 225, 229; ail ive mith, Ha Saas ee a 74 Solan 74 Somers, Catherine M. 16! Soybeans* 254-260; 281- a pecial Events at the Garden uring 1942 R28 Trelease) 254-260 Staff 239 Stahel, Gerold Fun; ingus Gardens of The Leaf- 5-253 -¢ Stewart, R. R. 75, 03, es Ris, 172, 242; (rvws) 23, 98, 122, 146 Stewart, Mrs. R. R. Story of Rice* nee Story of Wild Rice ae M. Fox) 35 Stout, A. B. 93, 124, R13, R15, R21, tae rig Strychnos Student dies (graduation) & Walter Company 49 William y Afternoon Lectinre es 93 Sunshine and the Food Value of ss) (Mary Elizabeth Reid) “ a Sweet, Richard A 298 Swift, Howard W. 47, R21 Sycamore a Bug" (B. OO. Dodge) 214-215 baie oe en arii 230; malac- e 213; simillimum 230 Tacca maculata 213; 213 Tansey, Joseph W. 15, R21, 220 Taxodium mucronatum* 269-273 9 pinnatifida Taxus spidata Tectaria elegans 206 Tiarella ila rAd Tilia americana erican: 33 pica ieantee eet 159-160 ical as b 48, 289 n Tule (Big Tulipa Clusiana 74 Typha 29; latifolia 153 Ulmus americana 34; fulva 34 University of Kentucky Maen 30 Urena lobata 45 Urera baccifera 7*, 8 Urtica aed 30, 31; gracilis 30; Lyallii 3 Utah State aie 216 Vaccinium 73, R14; oreophilum 33 van Melle, P. J. Van Muffling, hain att 168 Van Norden, M,. a Vaughan, L. oe Res a ene ds 268 Gardening Course at s vi itamins 38. 42; 162-164; 279- 284 Vitamins and Vegetables McVeigh) 279-284 Vitiphoenix sessilifolia 229 Vitis Labrusca 96; vulpina 96 beaead ia 252 on Hagen, Vic! Ww. "Me exican pecs “Making Plants* (Ida Walsh, Vincent 124, 167 Alston (rvw) 98 167 einman, ¥ ee nee 100 Westcott, Cynthia 74, 93, 94 Vetzel, Ruth N. Wheeler, Margaret 18, R9 Whitford, A. C, nee er Plants of the North n Aborigines* 25-34 a roemia canescens 150 a Wilde, Per: 1 meaeae 219 Williams, Franc R. rying Plants Three Dimensions* 138-14 Williams, Henrietta McC. (rvw) 120 Wilson, Harold J. (rvw) 194 Winches ave 34 Winter tae at the Garden 291 Winter Lectures at the Garden 10 er, John C. 166 Wisteria sinensis a Wittrock, G. L. 10, 20, 94, 124, 147, R10, R15, R21, 172, 192, 220, 242, 268; (rvws) 262, 2 Wollny, Wal 7 Woodward ae H. 93, 94, 148, R13, R14, R21, 268; (rvws) 168, 243, 262, Creator of Puffed Cereals* 173-180 Ege-Fhrowers. of the room Worl Works cts Project 18, R! Wynne, Frances E, 2 R15, 240, 242, 291; M ush- id* Administration 0, 93, RI, (rvw) 265 Y Yard, Robert Sterling 21 Yeast Products 281 You: ng, Prof. and Mrs. Clarence” H. 10 Yucea 146, arkansana pe baceita* 27, a 31; Baileyi 28; elata* 2 28; filamentosa ee mobaven. is 28; Schottei Zajdel, Fr. Adam M. R14 Zimmer, Esther M. R14 Zizania aquatica 35 BOOK REVIEWS Allen, Charles E. (See Smith, Gilbert ie ) Atwood, e C. (See Blake? Bagley, ae sae ee Soil ae haus iN on Wa Civil Bail ine, Pictured Geographies 146 Baird, Viol: aay Wild Violets of North America 143 Baitsell, Geo A. (editor) Science in Peace 44 Bear, Firman E, Theory and Practice iu the Use of Per tilizers Beaty, John Luther Bur- bank—Ptlant Mazin 286 Beaumont, Arthu . Artificial Bennet Hugh H. & William C. Pryor. This Land We De- fend 38 Biles, Roy The American Family Ae Book 267 een ae a en, Microbiology nae = oo : Alice C. At- wood. Geographical a the Floras of the orld Boh, Woodrow. Silk Raising Coloni, ial Mexico 267 Bryan, Geor; mSee Smith, Gilbert MD) 299 Bunce. A. C. The Economics of Soil Conservation 26 Camphell, F, H. Chemical Dic- tionary 45 Chapman, V. J. An Tutroduc- tion to the Study of Algae 144 Charipper, Harry A. (See Munoz) Chase. Isabel Wakelin did Horace Walpole: Garden Nature Plant = 3 a a Cheyney. Edward G a ican Plants of the Wort 262 Coombs, Sarah A Hand- ‘ook 2 rose ‘Show Judg- ae ( ai Panevan s. (See Br Dafrose, Sister M, Biology for High Schools 120 Dies, Edward Jero heans: Gold from the Soil eee ¢ M. , Peckinpaugh. Let’s Noa Flowers 266 Dyal, Sukh. Tropical Fruits Evans, Jr. Bio. tee ‘Asi of as Vita- mirs Evans, Ritard T. (See Smith, Gilbert M.) Farrington, Edward I. The Fenska, R pale R Tree ee Ham- monds. Field Crops Man agement 287 Field, Jay Outlook in the Cc; Western Republics 121 Fox, Helen Morgenthau. Gard- ening for Good Eating 262 Frear, Donald E. H. Chemistry of Ines and Tungi- ar deni: Pocket Fuller, Raymond Tifft. Now th e Have to Walk 244 Gardner, or asic Horticuture 43 Gate aul Wallace. ‘h Wisconsin Pine mel! Gilbert, Edward M. (See ee onds, Carsie ee Fer- Harrow, Benjamin, Textbook L Mighty Riv ener isi M. Cillustra- tor). (See Beaty) Pictured u bert W. - Record) Holbrook, pase H. Burning te 287 Howe, Hollis. Our Common —Ho and Use Them 2: Technique t 168 Nature in H. EF. Plants We Fat ar 288 Kelley, Victor W. oe a am Culture 2 Korstian, Cieke PF. (See Toumey) Lester, Francis E. My Friend the one 120 Lieber, Richard. America’s Na- tural Wealth 266 , Eula 121 Kennedy. Brazil Brg oy from Mansfield, T. C. ae nes in Color and Cultivation 218 arx, id roe Herbs 244; Let's Look the lant World 244 ason, iriam Audubon, Boy Naturalist 6s Mayer, Fritz, The ae of Natural Coloring Matter: 218 Mayr, Ernst. Systematics ard the Origin of Species 284 McMinn, Howard E. (See Van selaer Millar, C. . & M. Turk. Pande L. of Soil Sci- Momen t, Gairdner B. General Biology for Colleges 44 Frank Muroz, F: ery Charipper. The hictoespe and its Nord, F. Werkman. .& C. i Enzymology. Vol. 2, 44; Vol. 3, 194 Odell, Edward A. West Indies 121 O’Roke, Earl C. (See Graham) Parker, Ber He Morris (and —— Py Science Educa- 45 Pt pee Mary Anthony. Biology—Season by Season 169 300 Pesman, we oe Meet the Nat Platt, Rusher This Green tid 2) Powell, ee Lee, In the Chinese Garden 288 Powers, Ralph & Charlotte ‘ant. Forests and Man Pryor, William C. (See Ben- nett) Raynor, Richard N. (See Rob- bins, W. W.) Record, Samuel J. & W. Hess. Timbers Robert of the New World 145 Rembao, Alberto. Mexico 121 Rickett, ve W. The Green R: ; Root, Ralph Rodney. Camou- flage with Planting 194 Sampson, Kathleen & J. estern. iseases of Brit- sh Grass and H ge Legumes 267 Smallwood, William Martin. Natural History and the merican ea id 137 Smith, Gilbert M. & ers. Textbook . General ieee 145 Southern Pine Association. Southern Pine Manual of oe Wood Construc- tion 267 purr, H. (See Cline) ae . How to be «a Forest ey 265 Stokley, James. Science Re makes Our World 120 Stuntz, Sart Cc. River Plate Region 121 Taylor, ay Cc. & Anne Dewees Taylor. World Trade in Agricultural Products 266 Temple, Vere. How to Draw Wild Flowers 265 » & Clarence Seeding and Pla ne in ie Pracizs of Forestry 143 Traub, Hamilton P. (editor). Herbertia, Vol. 9. 288 Turk, L. M. (See Millar) van Melle, J. Shrubs and ees for the Smali Pla 117 Van Rensselaer, Maunsell & How: oo E. McMinn. Ceano- thu: Pennsylvania Writ- t. Lumber 99; Or- Peats New Jersey and their Utilization 119 Arranging ‘augh, Dorothy. Warm Earth 243 Werkman, C. H. (Se Wilder, Walter Beebe. Bounty of the Wayside . Williams, Aa dd The oe ee ane Garden ook eo. oo Van Pell Garden in the House - 6 Wister, John C. (editor) Lilacs for America 285 Wittman, Konrad F. Industrial Cc. 14: Zand, A Survey of its aor, ‘Cul- tivation and Uses 120 THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Jos AN, Presid HENRY DE dasa BaLpwin. Vict prcnian Joun L. MERRILL, Vice-pres ident Acre M. Anverson, Treasurer Henry ve ra Montacne, Secretary Elective Managers E. C. AUCHTER Mrs. -_ Huntineton H. — PorTER WituraM Fetton Barrett Hoo Francis E, Powew, Jr. Epwin DeT. Becuter Pinar ve 7 ENRY bU ont Crarence McK. Lewis Mas, Ha Roun I. ed Mansiatt F TEL E. D. Merri WraM J. Rossin Rev. Rosz. I. Ginnan S.J Ropert H. Montcomery A. Percy SAUNDERS Ex-Officio Managers Fiorerto H. LaGuarnia, Mayor of the City of New Yor. ELtsworTH ay laa President rg sas Board ls Dicahon t Moses, A ppointive pentane By the Torrey Botanical Club . A. GLEASON bal Columbia University Ma RSTON B Rcus M. RuoapEs eee W. Baan Sam F, TRELEASE THE STAFF es J. Romine Pu. Dd, Sc.D. Director H. A. Gieason, anes 5 Assistant nae and Curator HENRY DE LA Monr. Ass is Di Aids pe a aay Pad, “ScD. oe t, Px in Curator of Education ie Labo Foes ao “Dovce, Px.D. t Pathologist Joan “Hexo.sy years A.M., M.D. Biblogroper ‘Emer tus TT, PH.D. ographer ey Macoie. Pz.D. ‘urator Haroip N. MOLDENKE, Pu.D. (On leave of absence) aes Curator R. R. Stewart, Px.D. Acting Curator paket C. Hatt, A.B., B.S. ae ibrarian a i Artist and eee Research Asso Roser S. Wasnt _Res rch Associate in pate E, J. ALexanoer, B.S. Assi Curator of the Local Herbarium Came, Pu.D. (On leave of einai « Assistant Curator Frances E. Wynne, Pa.D. Assistont Curator E. E. Naytor, Px.D. Assistant Curator ARTHUR ere M.A. Technical Assistant Anrra G. Appet, B.A. Technical Assistant ROSALIE Werntnt Technical Assistant Caro. H. Woopwarp, A.B. Editorial Assistant Tuomas H. Everett, N. D. Horr. orticulturist G. L. Wirrtrocr, A odian of the Herbarium Orto Decener, M 3. Collaborator in Hawatian Bota A. J. Grout, Pu.D Hi ‘ary Curator of Mos. Rovert HAGELSTEIN Leiber | Curator of Myx etes Josern F. Burke Honorary C' of the pein padded . A, KRUKOFF Honorary Curator of Economic Botan: ETHEL alle S. Pecxnam Hon and ollections A.C. Pra eft of Buildings and Coad To reach the Botanical Garden, take the Independent Subway to Bedford Park Blvd. station; use the Bedford Fase Rive exit and walk east. Or baat the Third Avenue Elevated to the Bronx Park or the 200th St. station, or the New York Central to the Botanical Garden station. THE ueeuiaonsiriertah OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARD The York Botanical Garden was incorp the State "f “New York in 1891. ody incorpo iat Managers. They also elect ne mbers their” oat ncil sists custom, they are firs "elected to th ually "bo ay the Mrs. Elon Huntington Hooker, Firet Vice-Chairman; Mrs. Meas chairman; Mrs. Nelson B. Williams, Recording Secretary; Tor Secretary; and 7 Leonard Kellogg, Treasurer. Harry Harkness Flagler imer J, Fox rs. rtime: Mrs. George Arents, Jr. Childs Frick George Arents, Jr. bere I. Gannon, §.J. Vincent Astor lea E. C. Auchter Mrs. Frederick A. Godley Dr. Raymond F. Bacon Mr Godley Prof. L. H Prof arper Stephe: r Mrs. illia . Hencken nity de Forest Baldwin Mrs, A. Barton Hepburn Sherman Baldwin Capt. Henry B. Heylman Charles W. Ballard Mrs. Elon H. Hooker Mra. Ja Barne: Mra, Clement Houghton William Felton B rche luntington Prof. Marston T. Prof. William J. cae George P. Brett Mrs. Warren Kinn Mrs. Richard de ae Brixey H Kunhardt, Jr. Dr. Nicholas M. But Mrs. Barent Lefferts Mra. Andrew eee Clarenc K. Lewis oe E. Mabel Clark Mrs. Willia R. Coe Dr. D. T. M: Richard C. Colt Mrs. Jerome W. Coombe Mrs. William Redmond Cross re DeBevoise Louis McFadd Mra. M. Debevoise Mrs. John R. McGinley Edward C. Delafield rE. D. Merrill Mra Ross Delafield ‘ohn L, Merrill Rey. Dr Roswell Miller, Jr. Julian Detmer Mrs. Roswell Miller, Jr Mrs. Charles D. Dickey Mrs. Roswell Miller, Sr, Mrs. Walter Douglas George M. Moffett Mrs. John de la Montagne Henry F. du Ponte Col. Robert H. Montgomery Mrs. Moses W. Faitoute irs, Robert H. Montgomery Marshall Field Barrington Moore William B. Mra. William H. Moore Mrs. Robert H. Fife ie {A Dr. Robert T. Morris Mrs. Henry J. Fisher B. ¥. Mo ted by a special The Act ie incorporation Sravides, among other to elect members of the Board of pres of 12 or more women who ar e@ Corporation. Officers are: Mrs. nsend Scudder, act of the Legislature of things, for sent roster of which is elected by the Board. By Robert H. Fife, Chairman; A. Lockwood, Second Vice- 6 Correspondin Mrs. Augustus G. Paine Mrs, James R. Parson: Rufus L. Patterson Wheeler H. Peckham Dr. William J. Robbins Pro Mrs. Theron G. Mrs. Arthur H. uae Joseph R. Sw: Mrs. Tees Swi me Hareld McL. Turner Mrs. Antonie P. Voislawaky Allen Wardwell Nelson M. Well: Mrs. Nelson B. Williams Mrs. Percy H liams Bronson Win! Niiaviage L. _ Wit nc, W. R ene wae