eg! eis t pecs Cy JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN CAROL H. WOODWARD EDITOR VOLUME 48 1947 Published monthly by the New York Botanical Garden BRONX PARK, NEW YORK 58, N. Y. TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME 48 1947 (Exclusive of Book Reviews and Notes, News, and Comment) January (No. 565) The Botanical Garden at Nikko B.C. Blackburn Some Remarks on the Nutrition of Pla Herbert A. Lunt Planning a Woodland Garden for Next pone (Broadcast) Helen S. Hull H. Beaman Douglass Fepruary (No. 566) Winslow Homer Exhibit at Wildenstein Galleries The Chrysanthemum ... Its Story Through the Ages S. L. Emszweller Jojoba—An Oil-Producing Plant of the Su State Goad Douglas Vanilla-Growing on Dominic: pe H. Narodny Suitable Trees for the Home en (Broadcast) J. H. Beale ak Given on Flower Shows .B. m Staff hree Scene of Books on ce Exhibited ae Exhibit on Paper-Mak Marcu (No. 567) Exploring for Useful Plants Dawid Fairchild Medicine and Plant Exploration Ralph Holt Cheney & Benjamin L. Milana Plant Explorers, Nurserymen, and Breeders Tohu C. Wister The Waiting Forest Resources of the American ee Arthur Koehler Books on Exploration Arrit (No. 568) Plants as Treasure Houses of Rare Chemicals George W. Pucher A Forest Lover in the Caribbee Islands VIL a to Montserrat J. S. Beard ards for Plant Explorer’s Jungle Camp she. ER cae Grape A, B. Stout The Legend of the Basil Bessie R. Buxton 57 61 May (No. 569) My Garden of Slime Molds Ruth N. Nauss 101 The Largest Sequoia East of the Rocky Mountains Charles F. Jenkins 110 The Brooming Disease of Walnut B. O. Dodge 112 Plant Products from Brazil (Broadcast) José Garrido Torres 115 Sir William Hamilton’s Third Volume 117 Vegctable Gardening Must Go On! alter Zuleh 124 June (No. 570) Let’s Take the “Scare” Out of Rose Culture Robert Etsenbrown 125 Micronesian Mangroves ‘, R. Fosberg 128 Early June in the Garden Bene King 139 Fund of Quarter Million Provided for Antiviral Research Volunteer Associates Organized 141 Du Pont Gardens Visited 142 Tropical Fruits and Flowers in Summer Exhibit : 142 Jury (No. 571) Fifth Annual Rose-Growers’ Day Attracts a Record Crowd 149 Primrose for Naturalizing eita H. Scott 153 Naranjillas, or “Little Oranges” of the Andean Se . Hl. Hodge 155 Some Additional Comments on the Naranjilla 159 pete Jew Staff Members Appointe 160 el Joel Seed ane and Bryologist Ines M, Haring 163 a de Forest Baldwin 166 Puerto Rican Expedition 166 Juniper Book Published 169 Avuocust (No. 572) Twining Plants Fred J. Seaver 173 Indestructible Begonias Genevieve A. Kinney 176 w Pest Controls - the Rose Garden P. P. Pirone 177 A pom Lover in the Caribbee pee VII. The ee Caribbee J. S. Beard 181 Wood Flowers Made by Parasite Placed on Exhibit in Museum Building 194 Serremper (No. 573) Roses in Landscaping Marian Coffin 197 Composts, Manures, and Inorganic Perle“ Walter Thomas 204 Bringing in the Birds Lorine Letcher Butler 210 Ocroner (No. 574) Composts, Manures, and Inorganic Fertilizers—II Walter Thomas 221 Rock Gardening in Westchester Harold Epstein 226 Chrysanthemum Show at Garden Oct. 24-26 233 Where Was the Canker Worm This Year? 236 Journey to Japan 244 Back from Polar Regions 244 NoveMBER (No. 575) Do You Collect Pollen? G. Erdtman 245 The Sycomore Fig of Ancient Lineage Mary I. Barrett 254 Fine Quality Plants Exhibited at Chrysanthemum Show 263 Decemper (No. 576) Woody Plants Unique and Noteworthy in the Rochester Parks Elisabeth Keiper 269 A Handful of Plant Names and How They Have Come Into Our anguage H. IV. Rickett 280 Index to Volume 48 293 COVER ILLUSTRATIONS 1947 Winter Landscape Hf. IW. Rickett ANUARY ‘In the Jungle, Florida” IFinslow Houter FEBRUARY Kaieteur Falls in British Guiana Bassett Maguire Marcu Magnolia Against an April Sky Donald Bec APRI Plasmodium Pattern Ruth N.. Nauss May The Rose Garden Gottscho-Schleisner June Rose “Miss Rowena Thom” E. N. Mitchell Jury Milkweed Sannel H. Gottscho y. UST A Formal Rose Garden Edged with Box 4. Burton Sireet SETTEMBER Prize-Winning Chrysanthemums Ebner N. Mitchell OcTover Heart of a Thistle Samaucl S. Gottscho NovEMBER alley in Durand-Eastman Park, Rochester, Neo. Elisabeth Keiper DECEMBER JOURNAL OF THE NEW YorK BOTANICAL GARDEN VoL. 48 JAN UARY Paces Vo. 565 19-4 7 1a JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Caro. H. Woopwarp, Editor LATE WINTER EVENTS AT THE GARDEN Museum Exhibits Open daily, 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. Members’ Day Program 3:30 p.m the mbers’ Room Feb. 5—Dr. Hosack and the Elgin Saad Garden Bineice Mae a aa Course. . 19—Nature hee for Teachers de Ape ita Seema 15 consecutive eee 4-6 p.m. $5 ($2 to eas \ Mar. 1—Plant Pro, FE. E. Naylor, Instructor 4 alternate Saturdays, 2-4 p.m. $3 Saturday A aii Progra 3 p.m. in the ae ae in the Museum Building Jan. 18—Landing and Living in the Tro, R. A. Howard Jan. 25—Gardens of the Sea 1. G. C, Cooper Feb. 8—Protective Devices in the Insect World Louis Pyenson Feb. 15—Wild Flowers and Other Bits of Nature Samuel H. Gottscho Feb. 22—Forest Treasures and Doorway to Happiness— Two motion pictures Radio Programs Alternate Wednesdays at 3:45 p.m. over WNYC (830 on the dial) Jan. 22—Plant Tumors and Cancer in Animals Robert S. de Ropp Feb. 5—How to Keep Your House Plants Healthy : Chris G. Schmitt | Feb. 19—Mid-vinter Use of the Small Greenhouse : . Ernest Chabot | TABLE OF CONTENTS January 1947 WINTER LANDSCA Cover ee a H.W. aia THE BoTANICAL ee AT NIK . Blackbur: Some REMARKS ON THE cea oF PLAN i A. Tact Mt PLANNING A WOODLAND GARDEN FOR sae aie ie Helen S. Hull 18 Notices anpD Reviews oF Recent Boo 20 Notes, News, AND . ENT 24 H. BEAMAN Dousta 24 The Journal is published: monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York 58, A Y. sete in v. = Entered as peau tee Matter, January 28, 1936, at the Post Office t New York, N, ¥ on der e Act of Augu: 1912, Annual subscription $1.50. Single copies is cen JOURNAL THE NEW YorRK BOTANICAL GARDEN VoL. 48 January 1947 No. 565 The Botanical Garden at Nikko By B.C. Blackburn NTERING fee a oo stone gateway and passing a ee us keeper’s lodge ontinues along a bea epee avenue of cher trees ae oe oA casting cool ie ns over a pee kept gravel driveway. Conifers and rhododen eo ae in closely i hind - heres, a ng to ae atmosphere of quiet and seclusion. The nee le on to e before a rambling Japanese house, and immediately fr ront one sees the alp ine ee and the laboratory building framed in ine m misted blue i i threatening Daiya River. Here is one of the most enchanting and beauti- 11 gardens of the world today Nikko has long. been a mecca for nature lovers, as well as Buddhist The of tow superb background fr naturalistic pee ae and alpine plants thrive in the cool, moist climat The history of the Nikko pare Garden begins somewhat prior 1902, the ee when four mei nt in diverse fields, and all seal from the city of Mito in Tes i Prefect ire, northeast of Tokyo, put into execution plans to start a new botanical garden i in which the rae ee uti- ful alpine plants of the Japanese ane could be grown and s . The original i ms to have come from Dr. Jinz ete fe firs director of Imperial University’s historic garden in Koishikawa C Tol ga i 1 at the former Hakusan Palace in Tokyo. The project received hearty sup- port from Dr. Matsumura’s friends and fellow natives of Mito, Bunya 1 2 loki, an artist who drew alpine plants, and Kazuma Jyé, a lawyer who wa: alpine enthusiast. Shinchd Nakayama, chief priest of the Tosyé Shrine at Nikko at that time, assi in the eas of - three plantsmen, and it was decided that Nikko, on the eastern slo Mou utara in Tochigi Prefecture, a lit er 80 miles see of ai igi tle ov Tokyo, would be ideal for the garden’s location. Another native of : : : 5 The « original a was started at Nikko under the auspices of the priests of the Tésy6 Shrine, along the east side of the temple grounds at a spot known as Hotoke-iwa, beside the Inari or Fox River, a branch stream of - Dai © garden was taken over by Tokyo Imperial University’s of gently nee and hilly ground extending down to the Daiya River from the highway to es fee enji. The Nikko oo is organized and administered as a branch of es “Koishikawa garden of the Imperial University, and its ae are designed to ee those of the older garden in Tokyo. Following the original concept of the tp tenes it is primarily for growing plants of the Japanese es which do thrive in the lower altitude of ae where temperature and nace are considerably higher Dr. Voshihars Matsumura, serous at Kyoto Imperial University, is the third and present as of the garden, and Dr. Honda, director of ae an at shikawa, pas the Nikko garden regular ae Dr. Matsumura is particularly interested in alpines, and dur ee in the cee, of 1946 he was deve loping plans to ie ate i hag = aay re garden, particularly in eget separate gar’ rdens f the rock plants of Hokkaido and for alpines of the main islands ae proof oO the soundness and economy of the naturalistic design for the gar as well as the excellence of the administration, is at once lete recovery fror itable wartime neglect. Paths evident in the com m iney are well maintained and all areas are immaculate, and labeling is amazingly completely and pees done. It ee be added S that there ar anywhere—but in Japan one encounters weeds a ° 5 3 ® ia a ° i] € weeds only in rare aad inate circumstances. The principal aac at the Garden are an office, a frame ee in western style in which ba oer has a Hee and a very a tive house aa as at idence and on occasion as a oe dir res for visitors. This building. in | edie ae se style, was formerly the Nikko villa of Count Matsudaira of Kagawa, and from its three front rooms and outside corridor or porch one looks directly into the rock From the Director's residence, one sees this view in the Nikko Botanical Garden. garden—in fact, one feels actually i the rock garden. Miniature peaks rise on either side, dramatically framed with co aes and set with beauti- ful stonework and choice Japanese alpine plants. ond opens a vista of weeping lawn, frarned by extensions of the deci woodland He oss t T, TOW oppos osite ba: pe ae mossy, time-softened stone a. a vit have been st ois ae ae turbulent Daiya undermined . bank and tore out part of the mountainside, but a strong wall protects the remaining statues and insures the serenity of their contemplation. Tradition has it 4 that one is never able to count the number of statues cee accurately, but dge ga . Ri s of : ‘ with. coniferous forest, Nakimushi Mountain dominates this dramatic picture, now flooded with sunlight, and now partly concealed by mists and clouds. bine e Nikko Botanical phan brocaded in gc ein ae UL oustonia). In the background, rugged mountains rise, ae by the peak of Nhe The On my first visit to the garden, in mid-April of 1946, the lawn beyond the rock garden a brocade meadow of bluets, with azaleas making nena e of ae at the edges. A group - ge dee fates o play, and when I greeted those nearest me with “Kon wal”, ... . Again, trees along the avenue were at their best, with a few pink petals drifting do eG in the light breeze, and at the end of the dave waves of soft 5 color of oe azaleas with Sree splashing through them. What a setting for a garden, and for gardeners! The rock garden seemed carpeted an many unfamiliar and exciting plants, and many which I knew only from written descriptions. A stream over a ro r re u with more imerestin "s possibilities for making water gardens and finding the proper settings for all pa of plants cannot be imagine Starting ae sas office seis building, paths ee the rolling lawn and make a network through the garden. The most recently de- veloped portion is a beaut fal hill and glade overlooking a small lake and e ca he river ae spot fav avored by the Emperor Taisho, who 0 e tree on which the Emperor would hang his hat while he rested, and yards away, in a sunlit aan eee a little grove of beeches, the Empress would gather new shoots of ABI, bracken-fern*, for the cooks. m Dr. Tamura in 1927. addition to the chestnut aes ee) and beeches (Fagus nr other plants as are a dw. eS shaped form of Prunus Sargentii, magnificent prostrate junipers tee perus conferta), Nikko azaleas (Rhododeniar nikoense), eee Bai and ferns. e of the most fascinating plant associations is the section which may be called the bog garden. Hurrying down from the mountain summits above the Tasyd ae a small stream os under the highway and into the grounds of the garden, dashes thr ough a grove of azaleas and cypresses ie ce over a ae Pg a Beside the waterwall, in a matrix rich with mosses and lichens, Tanakaea radicans makes a aaa mosaic ae its beautiful pale ch er- _shaped oe and misty white flov The stream scrambles ver mossy stones and divides int ao channe a where its win ada a become leisure nee nd in the rich areas between, many bog plants are growing luxuriantly—osmundas and other very handsome ferns, primulas, cypripediums, polygonatums, smila- r. Matsumura had his little son gather shoots of warani (Pteridinim latiusculium var. eer from this spot and Mrs. Matsumura had them prepared for our sh of ‘o and ae c= with a sorakling of salt. They are eetch: slightly fragrant, ry del Yoshiharu. Matsumura, Director, with his small son at the Nikko Botanical oe vden. The historic “hat-hanging chestnut” ee at top of the slope above the prostrate juniper. cinas, azaleas, even skunk-cabbages we know nie and also the Nipponese version in Lys ieee rontarateose On three nay the bog is framed : eile and a native shrub grouping an as, deutzias, hydrangea gece , and more azaleas, On the fourth sie, prostrate junipers ce ee climb to the “hat-hanging Tn this Nikko Cannas a aes forms of Japan oe s, come to know them in Am not as evident (fort nately, ieee, as we have been led 6 ce ipate. “To cons sider one or two examples: At the garden I did not see ae “amoena”’ or Hinodeae sales nor any ot h blooms aia o these in in ipa act. Ne apan yews are ra fas or three. The nese prefer the native pois and Sawara cypresses to all the cohen ted: peas of these two t 7 Ev Me es rhododendrons are few at the re ae ad from the ent hey do no plants along the drive at the entrance; Dr. Matsumura say t grow partly well. He pointed out that Nikko | is fae an nny winte ile in summer it is cool, clou Y> and r t therefore seems possible eee th e a ae types au s do not ripen sufficiently in summer and Win r temperatures and sno ea wall in the Nikko g the plants on ae I Hee en well known in the United Pesala be interest for American gardens, though a a great many more iene well be added i oe ag ist. The scientific names and references follow those ae e Nikko Botanical ee and ‘by the Tokyo Imperial University. ee verifying my ee cee notes ay fer furnishing - historical data on the foundin arden I am deeply indebted o Dr. Matsumura, and to all a eee family for ne very de- lightfal hospitality Em PLANTS OF SPECIAL INTEREST IN THE NIKKO BOTANICAL GARDEN Abelia sanguinea Makino. Benizan more fitting than its transcendental Eng- UBANE-UTSUGI i Janae e;ag ate lish name of maidenhair. ul, delicately branched shrub comin; 7 into full bloom on May 12, with pink Athyrium yokoscense —_ Christensen. corollas expanding fi ngular bro’ HEBINONEGOZA, Saree “snail sleeping- buds, e other wild species of Abelia, ™ nat ;” a very dainty fern growing luxuri- this can be compared with our — among ene in nyoist shade. hardly pte -ybrid, A, ae on all f general garden val Abies homolepis Siebold and Zuc carini. tenes nae of re igh: mountain fir were not noted at ae bo- tanical garden, “hot ae i cane ee are Urayiro- ae in i whi oh grows so well | i lie eastern nace is known to us as the Nikko Acer nikoense Maximowicz. This in- teresting trifoliate maple seems to grow no differently in its ae locality than around Boston and eH ork City, and not as well as in Brookly: Adiantum pedatum Linnaeus. _ This universal favorite is native in the aay area. It ts Japanese name, KUJAKUSH means “peacock-fern,” and seems a vulgaris Hill. Not Ping pice es but it was very pleasing beside the col path i d butterflies, hovered around the blooms all Carpinus laxiflora Blume. A _ sturdy and handsome small tree with grcy- feet high ai t Seugers os 10 inches, Ie. ae name AKA-SHIDE. appropriately mea red hor abe am.” Cercidiphyllum japonicum Siebold an Zucearini. Katsura. Graceful young specimens of this beaotitu' Shs showed the slender, one-trunk habit associate more particularly with the Chine. h with which we e more familiar in America Chionographis japonica Maximowicz. An attractive aoe ‘of the Melanthaceae, with graceful owers remindin, one of a Seail sain. on sale and very effec ees in the alpin ine Sean he Japanese name, means ae oe ae oS “white-string- Lethra ‘barbinervis Siebold and Zuc- arini. This plant, know: in Japanese, was awarded a gol 1, Clethra a S a super small tree about 18 feet in height, with three trunks showing the pale new bark, blue-grey in color, overlaid with the elder bark in moleskin- oo Laatie This effect is fully as beautifu ur summersweet. Cynoxylon hen icum F. Maekawa— Dr. e ng J and northern (Some of these, =) e Chinese var iety pedium japonicum Thur group of this species Oe oc- was erowing lushly. 3 in ol conifers, and th 1 flowers, deep ruddy-red sented a very dramatic picture. was matched by the pale green leaves Haas were og like the divisions of a ota pal Davallia Mariesii Bde The climbing featetccle of this s-foot fern, SHINOB U quer artists with very bea utiful Gee nulatus Fes Ome This roe pa about 10 feet at N Epimedium macranthum Morren a: Decaisne. oie of the large barren: worts, with leaves Ueego handsome coppery and reddish tones, making spec- acular pictures in rock crevices and as a ground-cover nod shrubs. It should be used widely in gardens ‘uon alatus Siebold. Appropri- lay called NISHIKIGI, “brocade-tree,” the gardeners and nurserymen | of an. oS as ef Euonymus Fortune et radicans Rehder. ecient nym \ paid us.” This everg: reeper to grow with more “refinement in oe oe Stand than with t It made a beautiful study on the a ak of a fied Toringo crab- ale near the bank above the Daiya Filipendula pur, Maximowicz. Bold clumps promised Pate poets the sunny portion of the bog garden. Hemerocallis nia Koidzumi. A rich ance: flowered "lily, dwarfish in oe This species is native of the area UGE, anne ae is the one whose ready- ate with deli te re- it is called Nixxo-xis Nikko daylily. -onen buds az os Hos glauca Stearn. A and “fective plant, with gree’ handsome darkish blue- Hosta Sieboldiana Engler. More Amer- ican ade lens should ¢ certainly enjoy the aga beauties o ee - urdy plantain- lily. In Nikko iden mbieaily as with us, and it ee yaricde dy effec- tive at os edge of shrub and conifer planting er Zuc- drangea petiolaris Siebold and oval and Hy arini, _ tfolia Franchet Saate very attractive vine, as we know fall ail of the type. It grows wild in the rocky woodlands’ around the shrines at Nikko, where it is known as TSURU-AJISAL Ra Some best larch for Larix Kaempferi Sargent. yosHo, “leaf-dropping pine.” Lee insist this ue the us oes nt in America. 2 Lepi Onoei Chi A creeping uipttie pe that “establishes itself on moist and shaded n J: mountain areas. ae HIMENOKISHINOBU, whi ch lated me also no rowing 30 feet up ot on the trunks of hor pean Ry in the forest on oo lower of Mount Hutara, abov shrin Osmunda lancea nber; A ha some boy sturdy fern luxuriating in bog garden, where it reached a height Of two and one ges feet. It is similar to our royal fer Thunberg. 8 m faleatum A. Sora ane Polygonatu: Gray. Another of ock garden, II blown 7 it aie with pale yellow elongated bel Harmatsu of “creeping pine.” us pumila Re: > ees pardons or A nee erased little tree with pros- trate stem: Primula japonica These primroses, A. Gray. gi appears that these superb plants may be A eas more in the States than in their homeland. hododendron _ japon icum Suringa are po an are native over most of the Japanese ands. Rhododendron lateritium Planchon. Ree delicate and large- oe ever- green azaleas known as SAT! “May- biloo. ming ales ” to the japanese Their similarity to the variety we know as “G, F. Wilson” is marked, Rhododendron nikoense Nakai. A a Leary branched shrub called red azalea,” by the Japanese. Generally “inital ar “te R. pen. drag bait in delicacy flower it also resembles Schlipenbach Tpeshite the Japanese name, the flowers are a very fine pink; id About the Author fore joining the Armed Forces. Be Blackburn for a woody plants to the Flower Grower and o azines, even a is Army service began. He is also the author of a small book on gardening, “Your Garden This Week,” published by the Rutgers University Press in 1939. After a period of service with th Army this country, working especially on camouflage, Mr. Blackburn was sent to New Guinea, the Philippines and Japan, where he served as a Captain. in public welfare and education assignments in ° : ie eed ili Section. He returned to this country Ph.D. degree at Rutgers University. of the United see in 1942, He is now leet ale 10 th word aka covers the entire gamut of reds in Japanese. In lat e April ‘and ee ae beautiful shrub cones in oe bloo: the Nik ite nea w mushiyama is rene ful by the aes red” ‘stage tone. Nal particularly when it ts in ing development. Rhododendron quinquefoli Bisset , and Moore. An pee om 6 of se work as R. April and early Ma: hododendron Tschonoskii Maximo- wicz, forma pentamerum Makino, KometsutsuJt, “rice azalea,” is the well- chosen vernacular name of this neat rounded shrub sowing about four feet high. The small, ivory-w hi olor and seat rice grains, apanese name most appropriate. It is an interesting shrub, but not showy. Rodgersia podophylla _ Gray. The flowers of this woodland round -cover Sane. ous we Trow- cole in nee is a type wheal made with erupt and ie leaf divisions of this plant suggest just this. Rosa _ microphyHa Roxburgh, pire Regel. A beautiful 12-40 covered in early June with dee inch t single blooms in pale pink. Despite simpli of single 3 and siv iY foliage, this rose makes an exotic pic- ture because of its neal size and very ee ane The aes name, s based on the strong re- apne "ot “the leaves to when of Daathe aryl. Schizandra nigra Maximowicz. Mar. SUBUSA Of USHI-BUbO, “cow-grape.” ‘An interesting vine, seen climbing to the top of a 25-foot Sargent cherry. The fruits are used as food and also to color SAKE, Japanese wine. Spi ica Maximowicz. This graceul Pred Sica very ee eg the uralistic setting eee ind b garden, Denaine one more bit a an te - ast my qieels ken ides that reas are Lae ae fates shrubs for dres ons (Similar Benen ons dentaias — De angeas, among Ow ted also.) Ean ee only, eat others, japonica Siebold and Zuccarini. As is ‘alo aie o the ue Rakes this smi seems t more s pene in te erative land. Siebold and Zuccarini. fers. Its local name OBA~ASAGARA, meaning “large-leaved gara,” and in- dicates the rather casual derivation of the ae name for the species, It also called eneneen “white-c a tree,” ‘ont its appearance flow: ele a Makino, Ko-Haku BOK “small ihe: Sion tree,” grows about - feet high and has white flowers in Thuja Standishii Carrie Young Specimens, about 18 feet in height, were ma. eens y fine gro - The foliage of t pecs has a and beauty as distinct from Papen ee and as it grows equally well oe us, it should find more general use in our gardens. hujopsis dolobrata Siebold and Zuc- eight 30 f and produces ecards trees quite unlike the straggly specimens we manage indif- w York area. It seems furnished y deciduous trees. name is ASUNARO. s as large and as stout as HINORT (Che maecyparis obtusa Endlicher), the Jap: 11 ane timber of such great value which sed for the Anest lacquer work and aes important buildings, vs little tree appeared sadly consc ious of its short- comings. Then it said ony “Never mind; I will grow tomorro Tripetaleia panic: ieboid and Zucearini. An orca rather coarse. seven- -foot shrub, called o-TsuTsUjI, ‘panicle-flowered azalea.” Tsuga eat hal de Masters. The rather formal hemlock whi in vi growing coi are ns in Am The shape of the daieate. ieaves “suggests th he Japanese common name, ETSUGA, “rice hemlock,” Miquel. Nats Finding Nikko garden was an pected pine an “an old friend, Vaccinium Oldhami ohis b unex were, from the Bussey Hill section s it of the Arnold Arboretum. “This is a very handsome shrub on all counts—habit o growth, flowers, fruits, aun colora- jon. + Vaccinium Usunoki Nakai, An inter. esting odes of medium height, suit- able as woodland cover. Viburnum dilatatum a ai aaa Nakai. AMAZUM Mor loo habit and less formal had Prin ne as we know it. The a was in full bloom at the end of odwardia radica ‘entalis artz. This civipaods. Scar feck is fae graceful than our species and ac- re ified locations, as_ it eens happily in dry stone crevices. The Japanese call KOMOCHISHIDA, “chil- dren-having fern.” Wo Sw Some Remarks on the Nutrition of Plants By Herbert A. Lunt Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station trees and golden erie more difficult than it is. arod, j towering dogwood and Canada ae e xcluding the oe ad the fertitee: dealer—would be im- at plants do differ in their nutritional requirements is no longer ques- the tioned, but there was a time when opposite view was held by many 12 eople. Only a little over a century ago Liebig, i s discussion of chemistry as it applied to pe and physiology, ‘aint’ that the percentage nutrient content of plants is constant, and, : refore, the nutrient partie ion pie sents nutrient es ae theory has been thoro ly disproved by researches carried on since Liebig . We now ee tha ie composition 0 of a plant is affected by the nutrient supply, but it is Ae affected to an equal or greater degree by other factors. ee these ee are tk how they operate will become apparent later the eee Be ne po oint let us consider the amounts of plant nutrients in some common farm a orchard crops—figures readily obtained Hs chemi- cal analysis . Rien samples, ed calculated on the basis of acre yield. This hee ee on numerous occasions and the fi findin ngs. re- ported in ne Tite Su ch data are ai stressi ate variable, how owing to differences in alae in soil, in variety or strain, and in ae of the plants at sous time of sampling. Nevertheless, sufficient data taken under rather c sare: es have been obtained to give a rough idea of the amo of the major plant nutrients contained im the crop. These data have ree compiled from various sources by the fertilizer in- dustry and are presented in the ne table. The data for forest trees see been added by pe write For convenience, the a been divided into three groups based on ie total amount - nitrogen, phosphoric acid, _an d potash The reader will observe tha n plants, notably the cereals, forest trees, most of the iesunes and ae consume more nitrogen oe either phosphoric acid or potash. Others, such as oranges, sw Pee tobacco, celery, potatoes, sugar beets, and tomatoes, use more potash. Celery and tomatoes are eet Oulstancing in this respect. Phos- phorus, on the other hand, is required in relatively small amounts by all crops. The grains contain a noe proportion of phosphorus to nitrogen and ee ae othe s, but in no case does phosphorus equal either nitrogen or potassium This fact is of oe significance Naa: as most fon tilizers eon tin more phosphorus than potassium—often or three times as much. nfo ae pee data are not Se for the other essential nutrients. Sources _ Plant Nutrients As econd step toward the pnesaligiar ac of nutritional problems, let us ae briefly the sources of plant nutrients 13 AMOUNT OF NUTRIENTS IN CERTAIN CROPS Nitrogen Phosphoric Potash Crop Yield per acre cee acid (P20s) (K20) Total pound. pounds pounds Apples “ bushels . 10 35 75 Barley 0 bushels 50 20 40 110 Oats 30 erg 50 20 45 115 Timothy 15 t 40 15 45 100 Wheat 0 bushels 50 20 30 100 Woodland 15 3 6 24 Average 37 14 34 87 Cabbage 15 tons 100 25 100 225 Corn 60 bushels 95 35 70 200 Cowp 2 tons 125 25 90 240 espedeza 130 30 230 ranges 600 boxes 90 30 130 250 ‘ea beans 30 bushels 95 30 55 180 500 bushels 85 25 100 210 ‘éanuts ton 85 15 50 150 d Clover tons 80 20 70 170 oybeans 25 bushels 125 40 60 225 pinach 1000 bushels 90 30 45 165 weet potatoes 300 bushels 75 20 15 210 ‘obacco 1500 pounds 80 20 5 215 Average 97 27 82 205 Alfalfa 3 tons 140 35 135 310 Celery 350 crates 80 65 235 380 Potatoes 300 bushels 125 35 170 330 gar beets tons 115 45 145 305 Sweet clover 5 tons 185 45 165 395 T 10 tons 35 00 335 Average 124 43 175 343 irogen . By far the largest part of soil nee is in unavailable form as organic matter and humus in various of dec omposition. Only when it is broken down by soil pean e i ammonia, a es pecially to nitrates, can it be used by plants. Generally speaking, the pr Pica: of nitrates from soil organic matter is not equal to the needs of rapidly ing crops m, growin , hence manure, compost, or commercial fertilizer must be Y is espec needed for spinach, lettuce, cabbage, and other leafy crops, particularly on sandy soils low in organic matter. The commor rvati - ark yoo are ee oils is true, generally natter which is the Seal source of nitrogen ° Soi Is well supplied with ee matter possess other desirable duialities also, which need not be elaborated upon here. Legumes ordinarily do not need an outside source of nitrogen, for the are able to obtain sufficient amounts from the air by means of eet fixation, when properly inoculated. 14 Slower growing shrubs and f t trees usually get gone nitrogen from the natur: ae ae ae matter, plus what might be added in rain and that fixed by non-symbiotic organisms, both of which sources provide but i amounts. Sometimes, however, conditions are unfavor- able for Sel ead ar oag: of the litter and it remains inactive, with the result that the suffer from nitrogen deficiency. Disturbing the litter and ge : ae ni mineral soil, opening the stand so as to admit more light ind heat, or the application of nitrogenous fertilizers are ways of over- conine such a conditio Phosphorus. face ee between - amount of phosphorus con- sumed by the crop and the amount that has to be applied prompted and Gilbert, in 1851, to conclude that the arte ae of the crop “is no direct guide ios to fertilizer needs. This disc aes) iS ae to two factors:—(1) s ane contain but ‘small amounts phos- phorus, and the rate of ‘availability s slow, a nd (2) when seared ane soils (usually pH 1 nes with iron an aluminum to form ae insoluble iron and aluminum phosphates. Raisin the pH by the use of lime precipitates ae metals and causes the forma- oe Of the more one ae ee Soils vary widely in os shosphoras fae power, those high in clay being the worst eas eee On the fae about 75 an, He = phos- oe applied bec one ed. Thus ene eet the needs o growing s, dis proportionately large amounts me be applied. eae high ries of mer on will eventually build up the sel a supply o the point ie re only light amounts are required annually roduce ee yields. This has happened in the ee “fields of ce Canes valley. tassium. Potassium silicate is one of the common constituents of rock. When rock is weathered to clay and ae this weathered aii contains potassium in several forms:—(1) a very small amount of w. soluble potash readily available to plants a eee to loss by leaching (2) a considerably larger amount chemically cae ed within clay particles, ne generally available to plants but firmly held against aching and (3) the insoluble silicate form, acu ae 90 per cent of the total, unavailable to plants except through the weathering — Sik are low in potash because they contain but little clay. Muck oils are ela low for the same reason. Plants Ww ly are usually o obtain sufficient eee aa the a of artificial treatment. ane en potash fertilizer is ied, € fixation takes place but the proportion so tied up is arene ee nae ar phosphorus. slow a of a 15 Calcium and magnesium. The requirements of plants for aera and magnesium are not shown in the table, bu ve these elements of su importance they should be discussed, ie ly brietly. Sets ‘adequately limed exhibit no Ree e of calcium but “ee may be defici nesium unless dolomitic limestone is used occasionally. Lac! ik = ‘ali is a definite factor in the poor results obtained on acid soils. Ther cases, such as in ite growing, where a fair se of acidity i is desire, yet there must not be a deficiency of calci Here calcium sulfat (gypsum) can be. ee for it has little or no ee on re acidity of soil. Other elements. The requirements of plants for sulfur, manganese, boron, zinc, copper, molybdenum, iron, silica Hse and Lea others are low and are usually adequately met by the Man of de- ficiency have been reported, however, ae more are ae : He clep with the continually increasing crop yields, and the greater use of synthetic ertili with a hi e West. may be usually low in some soils, while in ee the ey may be in ample anti : Ries : 6.5 and higt its availability being de ependent upon the proportion of boron to calcium, : io f these three bases to the other two. Weather conditions likewise affect = situation, boron ee cy per uages pani up Mia more readily sea of dry weather thar en t infall is normal. ae per is often lacking in = mt ie highly organic soils, and occa- sionally in in sands. Zine ee symptoms take the form of oe se disease of peach and other deciduous fruits, of ‘“mottle-lea ruits, and of “rosette” disease in sari These eer ene occur in Cali- ornia, Arizona, and Florida, and in many other parts of the world. Zinc setae 7 | increasing pH. A deficiency in acid soils is robably due to crop removal, to the le anes use of organic ian ca to the seca tion of cover cr sae in place of the native cov Tro n be made unavailable by use - too much Time, as has already ae ee Cobalt oe found in New Hampshire and in Australia, is a nutritional oe of een It does ee seem to affect the eed of the plan Plant Cafeteria hat plants are selective in what they take up has been demonstrated many times. Growing side by side on the same soil, dogwood leaves may 16 contain twice as much calcium and potassium as red maple leaves, and nearly four times as much calcium as beech. Alfalfa has a calcium con- tent of about 1.5 percent, and requires a nearly neutral soil (pH 6.4 or i ould ne t pH 4.5) and low in fertility. os red cedar grows well on such ere and ts foli has a calcium content of three percent. White pine on the same soil will show only abou one percent in its needles. e of the most striking a of ae absorption is the case of selenium in parts of Wyoming and adjoining states. On soils con- taining considerable amounts - pie eee t plants will contain only three or four p.p.m. (parts per million), with a possible maximum of 30 p.p.m. Alfalfa and vetch will average six to eight p. p.m., and. cabbage 25 to 35. But native plants average abor 1t 800, with a maximum of around he absorption of larger ana 2 a nutrient than are actually needed is referred to as luxury feedin common fsa on in the plant world. Potassium in part ne amo: ore common essential ele- ments, is taken up fr es if Seo. a the “soil in nee quantities. A chemical analysis of a luxury feeder, Hien gives no clue as to the requirem ents of tha t plant for the nutrients in question. Such an analysis, status of the one Much depends upon the balance between the various elements. The dependence of boron ae ae ui fa ten that element and the other bases has already bee ned. excess of lime may be re as pa as too peat jie: ce it ov nee the absorption of other bases. A plan owi ng pi Pee may be suffering just as much from calci ium io Too amare keeps the plant from getting Tt has gr in the foliage. Since magnesium is a ary cons ae of chlorophyll, chlorosis resulted. Under certain conditions an ie on of nitrogen to the soil may accentuate copper deficienc Many ad examples could be cited. In some situations, certain minimum level is ne sary to insu satisfactory quality for tk oe feeding or for human oe, which ve may be in excess of that required for maximum, or at 1 t economic, 17 yields. Agronomists and plant physiologists are now aware of the nutri- ae angle and have as their goal the increase in quality as well as quantity. Time-and Rate of Absorption Analysis of plants at different stages of growth show the rate of absorp- n of several fier during the progress of the season. Obviously small plants cann aw as heavily upon the soil a ones ound of potash per acre; at 24 days, they pie 11 pounds; at 39 days, 108 pounds; 54 days, 180 oe oe 61 days, 190 pounds. During i otat: the first 50 days, potatoes have been foun eee a total of only seven pounds of nitrogen, and 14 of pot ees Bit ae mae oo 10 days they required a pound of nitrogen a uinds h per day; in tl 20 days—that is, 5 y. ee aie the requirement was two ie four pounds per day respectively. This shows A of hav ee food become available in ample quantities the pe mere ence the importance of dela eri pags and ie ae use of side fe pia on certain crops, Ses during periods of heavy ae Il when losses by leaching are apt The situation with regard to perennials is ee tee inasmuch oots remain in the ground the year around and a certain amount of i en the so, there are perio : ue maximum and oe oe of dif- eae nutrients, as has A deicenines by European investigators many years ago. These dare ee that phosphorus abso ea takes place : : f ates f -Sep' ruce, fir, February-May. There is need is further research along this line. An Unlunied Field usly this article has merely scratched the surface of the known thon seer abou t plan nt nutrition. The mechanics of nutrient abso! Dion it is infinitely more WwW e come a | from Liebi d from Lawes and Gilbert in our understanding of nutritional problems and in the techniques used in their solution. But there is still much to learn. The field of plant nutrition is practi ically unlimited. No one can predict what rew developments will arise to revolutionize agricultur 18 BROADCAST By Helen S. Hull hen ee Lewis ’ Tul moved into a new home at Boonton, New Jersey, about she spot in the front ce so overgrown with weeds and sneibbesy Gat her igband dubbed it “the scar.” is would never do, she thought, so with her garden instinct and experience, she cleared the ar f ir material, exposed a hagnincent gray rock, and t: oe the spot, by planting of columbine, Dutchmen’s breeches, and other wild flow and ferns, into a woodlan garden which today is a place of great beauty. Since that first year in the new home, the extension of the woodland garden has been one of ull’s favorite pastim So successful has she been in making wild flowers of the region grow naturally around her se, that the New rk 5 r alee Garden asked her to appear on the radio program over WNYC October 30 ere others what they could do ee pigoing a woodland garden. . Hull’s suggestions are given h Planning a Woodland Garden for Next Spring of all, select a site near the plants in from the wild and estab stablish house where you can enjoy the un- them in your garden, The whole secret folding of the furry pe on the first ae irinaes lies in your care in creating hepaticas, watch daily the bloodroot home which closely pushes its ad eet the clasping ane the one they ene in nature. leaves, an e Dutchmen’s Seer And in moving them to new home, swaying ke yantaloons drying a line always bring a nares Pe detal of in the April bre Of See if you earth around their roots. have a ca ee fe a distance you can't Just pie that our lee vias move it, but it sometimes pays to create flowers are set in their and it i the effect of one close to the house. little use to ae Gace oath ie After years of expecting my fami unless we conform to their demands friends to s my enthusiasm Bioeds The best way to meet their requirements, to don an aad brave the March of course, is to take note of the situation winds and April showers in a slopp: Pey on in which you find them in the wild. For to see my eesaire es, I have giv example, cpanel plants which Now my woodland ae bai a fee disappear in the d heavy from our front steps, me oe my overhead shade donned their long dormant favorite plants tucke a in period. a can create a desirable situa- outcropping of rock wadeeneath 5 a eo lece tion for r plants if you first will oak tree, visualiee har ae habitat. If there is a natural woodland situation The soil is very important, and it near the house, then your problem of does not pay to ie to ee with having a woodland garden is so simple the wrong soil. If it is not natural that you need no suggestions from me. woodland situation, it is better to dig out All that is necessary is to remove the the soil to a depth of a foot—eight inches agen te a paths where they at the very least—and re it with soil eeded, and introduce colonies of from the ee a this is unobtainable, pane in any cee : rs garde! ’ I a “ t mixture” aoe voule. hoes You would, of mposed of 1/3 topsoil garden loam, 3 fin Bee t kinds of plants 18 ee a the rest belong qanieaily in your kind of wood- land, and you would not try to grow ae a thal belon 4 a sunny meadow peatmoss ae a dash of sand will do, in a deep shade of oak trees. with peatmoss added as a top layer for is a fairly ainple matter to bring a moisture- holding mulch. Woods soil is peatmoss and a old, then 19 light and crumbly, rich in humus, and it holds water like a sponge. After the soil is prepared 1 often cover n he place Me Lee Ue and fet the spot remain ASOT whole before ae ae ing ile soil es settle and r I use pine needles because they vs an Set mulch, they do not blow or mat, t let moisture through, and also because I think they are a nice brown color and always smell like Christmas Ferns for Initial Planting ni is a good time to start plan- in, fantine a woodland eae but the end of October is a little lat to set out most cine is anxious to start a as bloodroot, hepatica, and other: rs, i aine or Vermont, eee the spring 1 be further advanced. Lis first ee Dianne the garden t of my house, J used the big gray rie Th ad ex) speed a a background or evergreen and nearly evergreen ferns —the Christmas fern, the evergreen 10 a day been g ad the Hock are enough ‘for beauty, but I have added others. ‘Dutchmen’s breeches have taken over the bank beyond the rock—they do like an eastern bank if t e to spread from seed. Large hie eillinins eich started out as a clump of 25, last spring produced 72 blooms at one time. Yellow ae slippers do very well in the drier soil at the top of the ledge, there is a i a h n ur from secre ” my garden dow: ‘qccumillaien the path is a ae house of leafmold. By scratch- and other woodland plantings. Besides Ea makes a very nice leafy path to alk Summary of Hints To he suggestions for th piganiag: Sand planting of a ecdiand garden, I would s 1 ct a site for your wo oodla nd garden which is close ni to’ the house, so you can enjoy each bursting f to those plants you are prepa for which red by your conditions GF soil, light, og moisture. eter ae and those of a sunny meadow are lovely, but aot in a wood- land ne len. 3. Prepare a — he to the one from a the plants will have come. ee with the soil. Start nae with woodland note light, mene line Yich with hum ecimen vith a ¥ of all, fe to know the habits of es “plants, and they will always i oy and wonder and will a me] ay The above script was published with the aid of the Caroline and Olivia Phelps Stokes fund for the preservation of wild flowers. NOTICES AND REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS Human Adjustments in tremendous importance both to the ordin- Aavieulin ary citizen as well as to the student fe SELCHMUES es = e have available such i sound and full aca se ane ae ee cine a: ike. trate ment a our economic life. States 414 ory ot “Htustratea, "The Last ene deals Farrar & Rinehart, New York, 1945. with ae Tepe Gal period when the frontier was closing and the agricultural Profes Shannon — has oad eople were adjusting to this fact. The perhaps ie most comprehensive eee author is deeply aware of the changes readable account which we now ha oot which were taking place among -farmers the history of American acriculture. ree and indeed in whole society as we ing the forty years which followed the turned from a predominantly agrarian to Civil War, His book is Volume Vina a predominantly ind ee eople. The series of nine which bids fair to be the approach in his book is from th farmer’s most integrated and authoritative full- — poin : view and is Hees with the length treatment of America’s economic reactions of farm people to both restricted history yet projected, Ala time when migration and the necessity to substitute the United States has emerged as the conservation methods and a newer bus- world’s foremost economic power it is of | bandry for the older exploitative ways. Never before ...so many beautiful NEW FLOWERS Many new plants developed patie the war are NEW CHRYSANTHEMUM WHITE CACTUS ady mak. now re: to 1947 truly Hepa: —Pointed petals form fully double flower like garden year. A few of these vellatee item: a Cactus Dahlia. Blooms 4” 6" EW —Pii : a NEW ROSES—Butterscotch: Soft eae 7 eee PHLOX—Pinkette: Large flor ets delicate pink; tubes to plant deep pink. aaa aie pale buff, penciled lightly w: Rosy-Blue: Soft 1 di bh . deli orange-buff. Edifh wie Pointed bud jasper ine ee ita a o fiers meith £ the holy crosse, art up & redy, than fyrst swepe thy hous, dresse up thy dysshborde, ae set all thynges in good ordre within thy hous, mille thy k iy cal oe mylke, prods for thy hus- pais ‘reels “An the oe of Marche or a lytell tone is tyme for a wyfe to make her garden, and to gette as many good e e can, & he and to eate/ and as oft as nede shall equyre it must be weded, for the — 1 over: erie the herbes. . . .” e first English book that was truly dey ae to gardening was Thomas Hyll’s small hook “The art of gardening” (Lon- don 1563) homas Hyll was known also for the excellence is illustra- tions in “The gardeners Jabyrinth” (15 Lownes showed | slightly 7). Mr. ee editions of both of these historical John Gerarde’s “Herball” of 1597 was sh iowa: as was John Parkinson’s “Paradisi in sole” of a quarter of a century later. Among other books of interest (if one a ee * Only days ait the exhibit was over. ae Lownes 18th century., edition of Humphr could be said to draw more attention than another) were William Coles’ “The art of simpling” (recently reprinted by the Tro- ni n Press, a previously reproduced csimile Rosetta FE. Clarkson), yeh a ‘New England’s rarities discovered,” Wan Rheede’s ‘“Malahaarse kruidhof” which is one of the best and earliest books of the flora of the East Indies, Paget Kaempfer’s “History of Japan” showing for the first time ene nese ae and gardens, Mark oe sby’s “Natural History of Carolina,” ‘ali Nicolaus J. well as Mr. Ss, owns a copy of ‘this rare acre Em Historical Exhibit on P Making more than a a M1 Peeiiine mber, ee ork Bo- ts earliest day Hen to the exhibit was ei the Poet genuine dae oe ‘arated on several types cluding the first oe was of includ: node with corn stalks were show EGS Notes, News, and Comment g. At the the Advancement of Boston Meetin, American Association for Science meeting in Boston, the week after 43 ee Dr. Bassett Maguire spoke “Congeneric Aspects of “Levan nerella Kingii and Physaria Geyeri.” preci bat Pas tem: , spoke on P lems member and Mrs. avanagh, an Selina Kojan. Reports from hen were at the staff confere January 16. i nual Meeting.Frederick S. Moseley, Jr., was elected to the Board of Managers of the New York Botanical Garden at the annual meeting of the Corporation He. ney i are Mrs. Ja dy, Mrs. Charles Burlingham, Mrs. Sidney de Kay, Mrs. Regirald Sint Mrs. Q’Donneli Iselin, Mrs. Grafto of ion a rs. Junius A. Richards, B. Weld, Howard Bayne, Toe Bue “Charles B. Harding and Chauncey Stillman, ;, Bobbink & Atkins NURSERYMEN AND PLANTSMEN st of the unusual Roses, Trees and ao a. not a ara ar be found grow: ens t. a nals of rere Heaeiee. Visitors Always Welcome Catalogue Upon Request Bobbink & Atkins Paterson Ave., E. Rutherford, N. J. 44 Howard Bayne was appointed to fill a yacancy on the Finance Committee onl a ees of the ary, was named to n additis summary of recent even vents at th sei brief reports were givcn by To ea R Swan, President, Mrs. J. Henry Harper, Executive Assistant, Mrs. Robert H. Fif Chairmar e Advisory Council, and y Dr. leason on his work on the flora of northeastern we States. All officers were re-elec i lad Representative. Dr. Fred J. has been appointed to the Board a eee gers as a representative of the Torrey Botanical Club, succeeding Dr. H. A. Gleason, who has held the post since’ the retirement of Dr. Tracey E. Hazen from Columbia at the end of 1939. dvisory Council. Mrs. Guthrie Shaw has been elected Corresponding Secretary £ the Advisory Council of the Garde First e-Cha: “ A. eect Second Vice- Chairman; Mrs. Nelson B. Williams, di ae Mrs. F cil by ihe Board of ene at the annual mee re 15. y J. Fisher, who had been a ea OF aie Advisory Council since 1935, and of the Corporation of th Garden since 1936, died last Dec w Imports for I VAN TUBERGEN vee are and Unusual aay east Reed dae nl apr Gesne . Oxalis, etc. tite “ Seria ie THE BARNES, IMPORTERS Lockport 8, New York Members’ Days. Sections of two distant continents were i Hate py gree at the Members’ rogra: the New ae us ee Garden in December and J 4, ee J.B reported on th 2 ea first expedition in age the pro- nthony, also zuela, he program of February 5, at whi Mr. Clarence McK. Le of the Garden's Board of Managers talked on “Dr. Hosack and the Elgin Botani rden,” was inspired by the formal presentation anu 16 of rtrait of r. Hosack to the New Yo otanical arden, This portrait of the oe remained in the “family since Aa was tai inted. Descendants of Dr. Hosack re- cae presented it to the Garden and it s formal y accepted at the opening of the Gales aon lectures at the home of Mrs. John in New York. A. repor the Nos ember Members’ ee oe ig, Lownes described 50 e: an ee herbals which he exhibited, is appear- ing elsewhere in the Jou Lectures. On January 5, Elizabeth C. ae es the eighth annual winter and spoke on “Garden Books of a A. B. Stout lectured to the and ‘cradeate in biology at For ahaa U ersity Dec. “Taxonomic sl ce Studies ae the genus Hemero- ca Four garden clubs were invited by the garden department of the Women’s Club of Grea t Neck, eee of the Botani- cal Cale. io le talk by E. J. Alexander January 20 an “Wild Flowers for Our Gardens. Tr. i mp gave the annual William T. Davis ee lecture at the — Island Institute of 18. Arts and His_ subject was anuar: the Hartford, Conn., “Plant Exploration i in Southern Vis Dr. F. R. Fosberg, who has just Here from making a ee ae of some Pacific Islands that ha _ stitution of the "Ge Rog ae “of ” Michi higan, George Bh "Britz of the pa se - Cali- fornia erkeley, McMinn. of Mill s Citeae Catone: and if eed ae Fulford of the Uni versity of Cincinnati, all s spent some time in the Garden’ s ee barium ¢ an hah Yani er uigi Fenaroli made,a fare it .to the Caden on his x se . Ic te “e Ben feoae: Staly, where he in charge of the Agricultural Eeperecent Station. During the Christm Neat, some former student gardeners sited the New York Botanical Gardens “They in- cluded Li nard te now at Ca ifornia S) Di n 6s 2.8 area Ee aie = ‘ D. Bock efeller, ‘ Ossining, N. o SO visiting the Rage during Perlberger, Plant Paiclogice “SSrecaltiral Research Sta- tion at Rel hovot, Palestine, who has been See six ‘months in this country. s have been Dr. and Mrs. ie ne A er- t to the ‘halletin of Horticulture from the Antoinette Charles J. awaii; Baki asaphel — Akar: Turkey; Jason Sw al at Wa: shington, the Janciro ; at Janu- co ‘ot Nor Ass " co Cr cen Thunb, oe nol: at the pres re time ae ing Michigan State College of Agricul- 4 "Dr. ture at East Lansing; J. M. Watcrston of the Department of Agriculture, Bermuda: Walter H. Snell, Brown University; Paul Neergaard Erom Copenhagen, JJen- ae Dr. a - ae gman of New k City; Jos , Cc A stry, 2 oe Geo min, Pare Univer oronto ; Bruno, renee n Call ege, Winds sor, Ontario; Robert Snedigar of the Chicago Zoologi cal park kf ecole fford Proctor, landscapist, m byshire, England, on his way to Groups. Seventy- a rember of the Park Association ork, for which Dr. Wi a) ~ Robbin oe as horticulturist, made i the Garden Oct. 2. ote rere "Haye Sulz- berger is pre and Mrs arold Irving Pratt Nir “Albert D. Lasker are among the direc ages, lor, Fe ee the NEW YORK 8 132-138 CHURCH ST., Dept.BO MAYFAIR NURSERIES’ | pee Hae ane of Choice and Rare Rock Plants end for your free copy today MAYFAIR NURSERIES 3 Hi ighland Ave., Bergenfield, N. J NOTICES AND REVIE WS OF RECENT BOOKS Merrie Little Volume wise, is kept throughout the book, though asaul by an irritatingly inco mplete RECIPES AND ca ee OF alos ban eas Mea wes bee Troviiion Bue he erb enthusiast of today who Press, Herrin, Ill, 1 knows her cooking herbs, will Feinic in Its choice paper and linge type the stately phraseology of those recipes t once lsc idualice this book, for “Secthing Benes” 1390) r for the which is the third of a Meenas device making, in 2, of the “Queen’s Ordin- issued from the Trov itlions’ private press ae ‘ouill oe with mint, parsley, thyme Not one of the pages in it is a eae “great onion.’ One gets the impress aon ee the aon intended to reveal, there Trovillions have sele ted joyously iiaee is an amazing amount of information in old-time recipes, magic cures, those old rec of th Il-room with customs and bits ot ate advice froma ts. rules for the making conserves, wealth of old literature, not always oling waters, lotions and love potions. because they savor of the’ fud Heros but rivial it may be, but therc is something hosen, rather, for their amusing More than absurdity in the excerpts on relevancy to modern living with all its “The Making of Hysterical Water” and fads and fotble: he Gathering of May Dew.” For the face part, the original lan- ee treatises on health of centuries guage of the period, Elizabethan or other- quoted Hy its of wisdom which eke well be followed today. “Labour not,’ jam Vaughn writes n 1602, “either your minde or body pres- ently after meales; rather sit awhile scourse upon some pleasant mat- NA PHOTO ENGRAVING CO., INC. 305 EAST 47th STREET NEW YORK 17, N OF PRINTING PLATES PROCESS BENDAY LINE & HALFTONE “merrie” little volume, rather thoughtfully conceived and truly a col- le ee item. Pee have no fear not ie ‘Tailed joucully Ae the wisdom n ings which a pleasantly profitable for Hew man. but will be all.” LEN Noyes WEBSTER. Extolling the oe of G ereuEns Plants Under Glas. RUENIOVS E NE. pages, tastia Co. SE For 258 Tar- GARDENING Ernest Chabot. ated, andexe, M, rows & New Yo 1946, An intriguing, popular lit ae ea this volume is ‘frank cly intended to make Ca the ee nder glas dressi ne, of course, the prospective. prc: florea! gardener. 47 t wo ould ela be un nfair to criticize choi of ea ’s conncetiol with a cturin pee mae kes his. “eatipoent “details rather the nie r some fear to the nad rates ing experience not else- oihere: ibis is quoted from the au- thor’s con and credit glas that such corinileone : ae: oe ae incomplete ; example Leucocoryne Lackenia. Chivi BAe The author commends sits flower shows, “botanical peri agr ‘cul, r 5 commercial miss Orutihoqalum, See tae glass for cle a for education.” of the ee ig reer shoe amatet special literature for since aoup ts is so mal that nee is not to be expected, but “gardening is a literary avocation,” and libraries chou he in- cluded in this itinerary. R GRETFF, VI Neponsit, ee Island. Gleaning Prosperi From pean Waste SOTL NEW RICHES THE Wheeler Meniliea. aren pages, aie dexed, D, Van Nostrand Co., York, 1946 3. “Chemurgy— idea rather tha: oe for new crops to a man’s expanding ants” From the jacket of the boo. In nty-three chapters, arranged three ie the author, a great crus: attention of an inadterent brings to the although vitally concerned agricultural world, the truth of an old natural law— “Nothing in nature is lost.” “Quite so,” says r. cMillen, “but you have to seek for nature’s values,” and he un- folds a thrilling story for ev - ryhody on how “chemurgy” has helped to sav wastes. You will interesting a EA 3 nagement, land plants THE Writ n by Frank intensive study and re Lavishly illustrated with At your boekstore wealth of information on the 200 beautiful Botanists and Nature Lovers — enjoy this complete and thrilling birds.’ study of the “king o Here is detailed jaiennation on one of nature’s most nd spectacular creatures — its life Ae eding habits — includin any aeiteeds of ee upon which it feeds. RUFFED GROUSE C. Edminster, this book is the result of more than eight years’ and line drawings. Price $5.00 photographs 385 pages The Macmillan Company, 60 Fifth Avenue, New York 11 48 ae stories of the cigarette paper, the soybean ‘and the Flor Everglades are good to read. How alcohol and rubber efforts were war tested and earned many battle-stars, are recounted in fascinating style. The homeric battle re corncob, edito rial activity f wo decades was a victory, nay more, a crowning success The new spirit co-operatior ween agricultu and the general ture, lustry, public is animating an era which will we better living to us all. chemurgie co A er new Feoiies: sciences ag shown how sources be conv erted things for “humans to use.” how is yed in this good book. ncept The thes points out oo gic W. D. Turn Technical Consultant on Plastics. Lilies, Horticulturally Speaking GARDEN LILIES. Alan & aes Macneil. 208 pages, vee dexed, Oxford University Pres New York, 1946. $3.50. The Macneils have grown lilies suc- cessfully for year heir Vermont place. ine sell plump, healthy bulb with good roots on them and the would- be pure: ser can depend on their stock, which is unusual among many lily grow- ok is not only a record ae ce up to date o their prevention, and on the latest neta for propagation by se and scale, for potting and for exhibiting lilies The xt is characterized by a ns ing fee and honesty. such as whe they tell the story of testaccuim and how al bulbs at pres sent available arc Biccicd, as are also some strains of candidum and figrimuu, The authors are alsa up t date on the latest hybrids which are valuable for the. ae , and ee a list of all Hlies being grov the ed t i aii descriptions oF "the ir cultural no well as the experienced er ower 1is nine challenging of flowers, B Algae in the Laboratory PURE CULTURES OF ALGAE, E. G. Pringsheim, 107 pages, illus~ d, indexed. Cambridge Uni Macmillan Co, New $1.75. This smi mall publication is an abbreviated vie eaters w and critique of the cul- ture metho a ot the author and othe vet Since the size of the volume has pete ay ue inclusion of any caaae of speci a it is regr ike that much of the available space has bee discussion of purely witie occupied with microbiological Pane iques and even ele- mentary lal abora ory mi eras The i — of the of certified pure ealeires in physi elo ical bios pre as a means of reducing the sent con- {usion is su ted Uinforiunn ely the author has indicated that use of cultures in ta 1 research will yield knowl- 1 flora unavailable by oe examination of the flora. This is dis- claimed for their use in eplegal re- care The " most useful portions of the book will be the last chapter containing data on the culture of various groups of organisms and the exhaustive’ nine-page . bibliography. \. PHINNEY, Har K. Chicago Natural isa Museum. Hudson River Background For Some Native Flowers AMERICAN WIED FLOWERS. Emma C. Embury. 40 pages, illus- trated. Hastings Tiouse, New York, 1946. $1. In an earlier volum me Mes. Embury calls the wild flowers ‘ own hand has se small bong has an ee cine can which grips heart and takes ns back to Natu complement. H oo ed with lo ving cal i a book is the “series years ago. Ars, ‘lig ature lovers, calling them agai the oods and fields. ANNE NICOLL WicHTMAN, President, Hudson River Conservation Society, Tne. THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Officers Joszeru R. AN, Pre HENRY DE Bones BALDWIN, Vo iio Jonn L. Merritt, Vice-president AR pels M. Anperson, Treasurer HENRY DE LA Mowrien NE, Secretary Elective Managers Wiiam Feiton BARRETT as co B. Harpine Freverick S. Moserry. Jr. Howarn BayNre w Huwntineton Francis E, Power, Jr. ees aE T. BECHTEL MiFoo RS, Harotp I, Pratt Henry F. pu Pont Mrs. hee D. Lasker Wi1am J. Ropsins Rev. Rozpert I. Gannon, ae McK. Lewis Epmunp W. Sinnott S.J MERRILL HAUNCEY STILLMAN mee H. Montcomery Ex-Officio Mt Witutam O’Dw Mayor of th of New ANDREW G. Cravson, co President py ie *poare of Bdreation Rovert Moses, Park Commissioner Appointive Managers By the Torrey Botanical Club F.J.S EAVER ee Columbia University Marston T. Marcus M. RuHoanes Cartes W. eae Sam F. TRreLease THE STAFF WiuiaM J. Rossins, Pu.D., Sc.D. ivector H. A. Greason, Pu.D. Assistant Director and oe ator HENRY DE LA MonTAGNE Assistant Director Frep J. Seaver, Pa.D., Sc.D A ad Curator A.B. Srour, Pa.D. Curator of Education and Laboratories Bernarp O, Dooce, Pu.D. Plant Pathalogist Emeritus . W. Ricxerr. Px.D. ibliographer Tuomas H. Everetr, N.D. Horr. Horticulturist Bassett Macurre, Pu.D. Curator Haroip - eae Pu.D, Associate Curator W. Associate Curator E. J. Ale 'B. .S. Assistant Curator and Curator of the vies Herbarium E. E. Nayror, Pu Assistant Curator W. Ka AVANAGH, BaD, Gece Curator Rozert S, Dz Rorr, Pu. at DLC. oe Curator cea Ez ANC Pu Research Associate SELMA Kor AN, "BS. Technical Assistant RosaLie Wace Technical Assistant Inpa McVeicu. Px.D. Technical Assistant Mary Sressins, M.A. Technical Assistant EvizazetH C. Hatt, A.B., B.S. Librarian Caro, H. Woopwarp, A.B. Editor of the Journal GL. ASE Sr A.M. Cutaan of the Hei aun ‘0 DEGENER, Collaborator in Hawatian Botany Etmer N. Mite Photographer an ents “Baran, A.M., M.D. pher Emertty. Pico yaa te of Mosses hel va acne” Assistant Honora’ Curator a ene JoserH F, Burke Fa ahet hake of the Diatomaceae B Kruxkorr of ee Oot Eragt Anson S. PeckHaM Honorary coe a ris an ps Narcissus Collections A. C, PFANDER ‘Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds Te reach the Botanical Garden, take the Independent Subway to Bedford Park Boulevard station use the Bedford Park Boulevard exit and walk east. Or take the Third A "Avenue plevated to the Botanical Garden or ne 200th Street station, the New York Central to Gy Botanical Garden station, the Webster Avenue surface car to Bedford Park Boulevard es ee ote reas rae eal amc avated ta the Ratanieal Garden ar the 20fth Stre: THE CORPORATION OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN The New York Botanical Garden was incorporated by a special act of the , of the State of New York 1891. he Act of esd ees provides, among other things, for a_self-perpetuating bo of incorporators, who meet ually to elect Peary of the Board of Th d Managers. ey also elect new members of their own body, the present roster of which is Ow The Advisory Council consists of 12 or more women oe are elected by the Board. custom, they are also elected to the ee tior Officers : Mrs. ert H. Fife, Chairman; Mrs. Elon Huntington Hooker, First Ema Mrs. Shiltecs AY een Second Vice- Chairman; Mrs. Nelson B. Wil ee meta Secretary; Mrs. Guthrie Shaw, Corresponding Secretary; and Mrs. F. Leonard Kellogg, Treasurer. Arthur M. Anderson Harry Harkness Flagler Rufus L. Patterson Mrs. Arthur M. Anderson Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham Mrs. George Arents, Jr Childs Frick Mrs. Georg, 1! George Arents, Jr. Rev. ee I. Gannon, S.J. Mrs. Hugh Peters E. C. Auchter Dr. leason Howard Phipps Dr. Raymond F. Bacon Mrs. Pee A. Godley Rutherford Platt H. Bailey Charles B. Hardin Francis E. Po Jr uae Ba Mrs. William F. Hencken Mrs rold I. Pratt y de Forest Baldwin rs. A. Barton Hepburn rs. Rodney Procter Berd Baldwin Mrs. Elon H. Hooker Mrs. Henry St. C. Putnam Charles W. Ballard Mrs. Clement Houghton Mrs. Grafton H. Pyne Mrs. James Barnes Archer M. Huntington Lady Ramsey William Felton Barrett Mrs. O’Donnell Iselin Stanley G. Ranger Mrs. William Felton Barrett Pierre Jay Johnston L. Redmond Howard Bay Mrs. Walter gee Prof. Marcus M. Rhoades Edwin De Tt. Taal Mrs. Alfred Kay Mrs. Junius A. Richards William B. Bell Mrs. F. Leo! A Kalbe Dr. William J. Robbins Prof. Charles P. Berkey Nie Warren Kinney Mrs. Melvin E. Sawin of. Marstor Bogert Mrs. Lee Krauss John M. Schiff Prof. William J. Bonisteel R. Kunhardt, Jr Mrs M es a Brad Mr: Ibert D. Lasker Mrs. Arthur Hoyt Scott Ge are efferts Mrs. Arthur H. Scribner Mrs. sie fe Wolfe Brixey Clarence McK. Lewis rs. Townsend S: Leonard J. Buck Mrs. William A. Lockwood Mrs. Samuel Seabury Mrs. Charles Burlingham Dr. D. T. MacDougal Mrs. Guthrie Shaw Dr. Nicholas M. ae Mrs. David Ives Mackie Prof. Edmund W. Sinnott Miss Mabel Choa rs. H. Edward Manville Mrs. Samuel Sloan Miss a Mabel Clark Parker McColleste: Edgar B. Stern W. R. Coe Miss Mildre NeCoaee Chauncey Stillman Mrs "som NG Coombs Louis E. McFadden Nathan Straus Mrs. Hen enimore Cooper Mrs. John R. McGinley Mrs. Theron G. Mrs. Willem Redmond Cross Dr. E. D. Merrill Mrs. Arthur H. see Mrs. C. 1. DeBevois John L. ent Joseph R. Swan rs. Thomas M. Beane Roswell Miller Mrs. Joseph R. Swan s ey G. de Kay Mrs phone ae Jr. Prof SamiBencliceleake el Mea: Roswell Miller, Sr. Arthur S. Vernay ee ie Mrs. Antonie P. Voislawsky George M. Moffet euch Sa En Manfred Wahl Col. Robert a Menace Allen Wardwell . Robert H. Montgomery Mrs. Philip B. Weld Bee ee Nelson . we rs. William H. Moore Alain C. White . Y. Morriso Mrs. Nelson B. Williams noe Ss. ae ley, Jr. Mrs. Percy H. Williams H. Fife Mrs. Augustus e Paine ohn C. Wister Ver, Reginald Fincke Mrs. James R. Parsons Richardson Wright Ss lll JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Carnot H. Woopwarp, Editor EARLY SPRING EVENTS AT THE GARDEN International Flower Shor Grand ae Palace, New York, March 17-2 The New York Botanical ane will show a Plant Explorer's Inte Camp, equipped with materials used by staff members on recent expeditio: Art Exhibit The exhibit of Winslow Homer works at the Wildenstein Galleries, 19 East 64th Street, New York City, will continue through March 22. Menben’ Days 3:30 n the eae Room March 5 Nature's Gamble in. Praduens Plant Forms A. B. Stout April 2 Vacations Without Hayfeve Roger P. Wodehouse Saturday eer Prone the ne Hall in the Museum Building March 1 Spring Flowe s in Crete Professor and Mrs ee ne Young March 8 Rock Garden Conaitabe rnd March 15 Exploring in Tropical America Mareh 22 “While the Earth Remaineth” a e eo A prize-winning motion picture with musical background. March 29 Gardening in Great Britain Toda Elizabeth Hess April 6 Two motion pictures on Vegetable eoleaeg from the U. §. Department of Agriculture April 13 Planting About the H ut . Wetzel April 20 Primroses You Can Easily Grow Aleita H. Scott Radio ke Iternate feces at 5:43 p.m. over WNYC (830 on the dial) March Starting a Garden of Herbs Mrs. Oliver B, Capen March 19 Exploring in — Harold E. Anthony April 2 New Beauty in the Garden with a a Edward Steichen April 16 Vegetable Cae Must Go On! Walter Zulch Courses March 1 Plant Propagation E. E. Naylor, Instructor 4 alternate Saturdays, 2-4 p.m. April 14 sale for aera E. E. Naylor, Instructor ie -4 p.m $5 April 19 Field Botan G. L. Wittrock, Instructor 15 Sa Ha en 1:30-3 p.m, $5 ($2.50 to teachers) TABLE OF CONTENTS MARCH 1947 Kareteur Facts IN BritisH GUIANA Cover photograph Be Bassett Maguire EXPLORING FoR UsgFuL PLANts vid Fairchild 49 MEDICINE AND PLANT Eins Ralph Holt Cheney and Benn min L. ae 57 PLANT EXPLORERS, NURSERYMEN AND BREEDERS . Wister 6! ‘LHE WAITING Foxrst RESOURCES OF THE AMERICAN TROPICS ahr Kochie 67 NOTICES AND REviEWS OF Recent Booxs vit Notes, NEws, AND Co 73 Books ON EXPLORATION 15 ¢ Journal is Published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York 58, N oy Pua ip U. S. A. Entered as Second Class Matter, January 28, 1936, at the Post Office at New York, N. ¥., nace the Act of August 24, 1912. Annual subscription $1. 50. Single copies 15 cents, JOURNAL of THE NEW YoRK BOTANICAL GARDEN VoL. 48 Marci 1947 No. 567 Exploring for Useful Plants A Glance At The Fertile Past And o The Promising Future By David Fairchild KNOW ee the general idea of exploring is to go to ae where nobody else has been and find something which nobody else has seen. My own ee. in this field of peers do not nae with this ee conception. aah one ces begin i in one’s own back yard, if one has such a Re If o any, then in a neighbor's Ge Pp hand lens, and ce over all the old hee in the yard and examine the ngleworms and the nie: and t ow bugs which crawl out when you turn them over. Pull up the ee aa see what their roots are like, and if you are not ot ae them ieueees sees to a your tongue burn a a sometimes. When the weeds seed, find out how they scatter their seeds and how they lose ae leaves ad ask someone why the leaves fall and wheter they have any vitamins in them, and pile them up’and make a compost out of them in which a will find all sorts of strange mushrooms; including microscopic ones of the greatest beauty of form and color n this exploration of your back yard until you can find nothing unknown in it, and then be egin to read about the vast outside world which touches your back yard at ever ry edge of it—and discover that you have overlooked a thousand things in i yard ne in your ignorance you brushed aside. you have the stuff in you to eare ane ue ae your own back yard you are on the way to getting ready to be a real e . the back oe of the tropical or any other peed Renee on i ae ‘til you know a lot about the place you live in, you are not pr repared to go out and find things that are new. have had the experience of 49 ee] TRUST some little boy may take to heart what I say about his own back yard,’ wrote David Fairchild, veteran explorer of the United © n urned 0 States Department of Agriculture, whe ret final proof of the article h te for this number of ¢ ournal t me, The ampong, at Coconut Grove, Florida, there is visible evidence of some of 4 the thousands of plants which he has brought jistant countries— beauty. Yet, Dr. Fairchild and others of his generation have only scratched the surface of potential search for useful plants. “The jungles the world,” he asse: erts in conclusion, “are open to exploration as they fore have never been getting seeds in Africa which I thought would be valuable in Florida, to find inter that the plant was eee growing in the swamps of the Ever- glades without my having noticed it What Comes of Exploring? What is the value of exploring? What comes out of all this wandering through the forests of the world, spying out plants and putting them ener aia ae and bringing them home to press and dry and mount a white a will tell ae and I have not been that kind of an . either. I have gone out hunting for seeds; things which will grow and bloom and their flowers. But the explorers after the specimens which fill the great museums of the world are doing something fundamental; som ethin ng without which a chaos of names a and the confusion prevents our ee aa to a most amazing e ry to make a common-name ces of the things in your own room or : ae ae yard nie let some friend try to use it and discover, which f e will very soon, t he has no idea under igs letter to co ora a or a bug in he sae or ne vine es he garden You will understand that you live in a chaos of s - ut imagine eer transport ted to the shades of some ee jet where there is not a le thing about babe which es can find a name for. Then you i appreciate what it means to have had someone like a Humboldt 0 Asa Gray ora Ramon ora Sta ndley or a Britton spend thousands af hours poring over dried specir mens nae in that jungle, or one like it, a arranging the specimens in a kind of order to which he furnishes the eys. If you want to find a friend in the mazes of New York streets you 51 look for his name in the Telephone ati and talk to him. If you want to find a plant you have heard a somewhere in the wilds of West Africa you get a Tlora of that vast a and find a page devoted to it h st saw there has been in his grave a hundred years, but you can depend upon it, that was the spot where the plant was seen growing when he plucked the branch or flowers wh ich rest in the herbarium of some museum, where the same explorer or another one perhaps had seen it and examined it with his iar lens. But you still ask, ey: was the use of - a from West Africa after the explorer got it?’—the seeds of it, So circumscribed are fe most of us who i atone the tall buildings of great cities that although we see the skyscrapers clearly, we seldom stop to wonder what the millions of human beings who made them and live in them are fed, and how these things they eat have come to their tables— n where and when New, Useful Plants for America This is not the place to expand the stories of the potato, the corn, the tomato, the sweet potato, the barley, the cucumber, the spinach or any of the fruits which adorn our tables. t Wave a ene ae theme ; one that fa is limited to the coming to America o umber of useful plants in my own lifetime ; ee with which I have had pee . do, either foes or through other explorers of one sort or another je t n their graves, most of ten unhonored in the main by a public to whom only the ee warriors or politicians make appeal. As I write, ae face me twenty volumes of records of their activities and explorations where are written, wrote them, accounts of the n me of more an 150,000 economic food plants, their varieties, their se ruses. These account ivi ing see io with which here in America experiments were made to see if they would oe oe to the emi ae soil conditions of any part of t ted Sta This is a long story and a continued one, for the ee and ee ae are will going out in search of seeds and specimens. V am se to tell is of some of the successes and what they have meant in the terms of the man = the street who thinks in dollars and cents; to whom ie hs of the shade tree over te door does not count so much as does so ne plant ee will perhaps shorten his grocery bill. When the stream oe naive ultural explorers ee out in ne and a gathered about me men who knew dae tely what was growing in the back yards or in their broad Kansas pastures and grain nelds, the bread “Then there is the whole question of the giant grasses, the bamboos. Here & planting of timber bamboo, Phyllostachys bambusoides, one of 120 bamboo sbecies bet tested at the Barbour oo Plant Introduction Garden of the Bureau of Pl Industry, near Savannah, Geor. 53 everybody ate was made of soft Ngee and was brilliant white and had little of the superior quality of the long loaves of French bread. The macaroni wheats that Carleton acne for in the Russian Ukraine and the Black Lands of Russia led to a kind of revolution not only in the macaroni Dramnel Mae was then in its infancy here, but in the bread- making of the whole cou she Palms and et Oil a scattered seedling date palms in the then unin- mee pen e sou ee ia and Arizona where today there are 50-foot-tall date ee ie load of fruit seule eae derricks to ag the een to gather i as when they r Almost a half of wingle’s life work w the studies of ‘the date palm in Algeria Pe He reuirene ents The e names of half a dozen plant explorers are clustered about him, aad the records of Silas Mason, T. H. oe and the writer of this oe are to be found in the volumes on shelf here. Who will know or care a whit, when he eats the delicious California dates, who brought them in; ae t exploration of this kind entailed; what es upon ) 3 Ww i chaos and a silly popularization of names which takes no account of the striking Arabic names . i date varieties in the oases of Arabia and Tunis and Algeria and Egy The Chi inese pe ne I first saw on the Yangtse Kiang in 1902 were . aaa ee anes wood oil, or tung oil, as it is variously ed. My Rete: noe t and Bissett and Morrow and a de: chip’ $ carpen aes 2 Tallahassee a the name of Raines, and a Scotsman by the name of Ronald were given the pleasure of first playing with this Chinese tree in America and starting an ae which ee year is — ing but $11,000,000 to the hundreds oil grow These were all ieee ina oo new to this sere odiae out ie to grow this new strange The Start of the Soybean Industry One of the early explorers whose name has been almost forgotten was cout indicated and when he found himself surrounded by a people w drank milk nor ate beef steaks and yet were strong and healthy, : sted a foods, tasted ai oy discovered they were as eae as thos e had known and i He in Denr n this country. 0 like their TOFU and their soy sauce cand the fal boiled soybeans whieh were served in the pod and eaten with soy. “Why cannot we grow this bean in Kansas?” he had asked. He Set ‘soybean seeds back and tried them, but for 34 some reason they grew indifferently—not at all as they had in Japan. Some wise ones declared that the soybean was not adapted to the climate and svil conditions in America and most people believed this ALy old friend Merton B. Waite , whose mind was as truly a the explor- discussed the reason ae came to the conclusion n that perhaps the roots of the soybean needed a cific ee in the soil around it and that oe soil didn’t ae ne soil germ. nel I sent and got from aa it we carried out a plo lot experiment. Rows of ata were a in the Tokyo soil es ae from the same t far away in Maryland soil, The To kyo soil. plants grew amaz Se ae eae those in the Maryland ac a when autumn came we dug up some plants and photographed their roots. Those of th Kyo soil rows were covere with nodules, whereas those : ae Seat sot had almost none n of my prized ey aphic “pin-ups’ this photograph which Waite took. In the s that fo llega ere ral Explorers from the little Division of Plant ene of the D the a yard ie and the field in, for varietics of the soybean, and more than a thousand different sorts were ere which oe into the building up of the then new soybean pea Now it is a thing of millions of acres, immense storage and pro plants, and milling enterprises which are scattered over half a eee states. And the soebean fields are still pees t was a little band of true explorers who, h the curiosity born of ee studied every ye oe eyes fell upon in cc back yards of the homes they lived in rched for oybeans ev enter e. Their names should of this Onesel crop—a crop whi a in dairy industry of the oa World ey of trials. f the v the Orient takes i ae e of the anl furnished the seeds for A Vision of Future Plant Exploration | could go on with the story far into the night, but there is a limit and T must close with a personal vision—take it t for what it is worth—of the vast possibilities for plant exploration which the airplanes and quick trans- at ion ven the best varieties of the peach palm seem never to have been investigated.” Gann. because of its abundant, tasteful drupes, a as one af the important Mae broducing palms of tropical America. Yet it is virtually unknown outside of the lands it is native. 36 He of seeds and a seeteea yes of tropical agriculture have in store for e boys and girls who have explored their back yards and want to see - world with a eyes. There are the vitamin-rich fruits and vegetables which man has jus begun to learn the existence of. ‘The Barbados cherry which I have eae ing here on The Kampong has, just before it ae more than 4000 units of ascorbic acid, and it mé ee a eeu elly. e Javanese—and there are 40 millions—cat in their diet so many green eae that Professor Ochse has written a book describing more than 300 of these, most of them _ upknown to people of the Western World, and as us baths ed. The peoples of the great Amazon valley have species of palms that have never been studied by scientific men, of which they consume enormous quantities. Even the best varieties of the peach palm seem never to have been in- he whole world of trees suited for growing in forests for timber, which ne explorers like I'oxworthy and Curran have spent their lives avon in the jungles of bese an the Philippines and which the older r Koorders of Java tried to classify, remain to be grown in great . - ee es on the slopes of a tropical mountains and in the swamps along the waterways. there is the whole question of the giant grasses, the bamboos, of which there are hundreds of species uae aes the oe ae the tropical lowlands and mountain slopes of both hemispheres. Thos visitors to Florida who motor in haste by our collecioa of 120 tins at the see La uae pes oo Garden 13 miles south of Savannah, Geor; miss of the triking plant sights of eastern North nen ric: The. names of rae Lathrop, Frank N. Meyer, E. A. Mcllhenny, D. F. McClure, Robert A. Young, and David Bissett—ex- plorers, all of them, of the k ind Tam vale about—will live in the history bamboo culture wherever it takes root in a big way and th blem of Pp i t w journeys of McClure up the rivers aE China will be interesting reading indeed. s : ae these Ns I look out and see stretching skyward the 60-foo of a South American ae t points and beckons and eee me ae ae. in the marian a century ago, Richard, Pula tan ss a a bamboo wh ae the Indians of the cue make their blowguns out of and which has slender stems without a joint for 15 fae patie ee it ae pies into cultiv ae by civilized man. I have tricd to get it gape ut so far in vain. It is -frundinaria Schom- eae the curata of the Mogae. I are this to indicate that the work for tena ee rs has barely begun. It is when we approach the subject of the relatives of those plants upon 57 which we depend for our essential foods that we find a vast category o wild species whose hereditary genes are utterly unknown to the ee of genetics; those who are ages their explorations into the very stru ture of the ‘cells out of which, through Havgenonee are built the ee eat or admire. This world is, after all, t eat new world of explora- tion into which modern botany is sure to a ee the jungles of the world are open to exploration now as they never have been before Medicine and Plant Exploration By Ralph Holt Cheney,* Brooklyn College, And Benjamin L. Milana, Brooklyn College of Pharmac MONG the dozen most important drugs eres in modern medicine, more than half of them are derived from plant sources. In addition, the keys to a large number of the synthetic compou en used therapeutically were aa by a study of the plant ee produced by natural metabolis: The a. armacopoeias of the world vary from a few pages with less than 100 bene drugs listed to the Chinese Lemans opoeia of several volumes including ioaaiee: ] plant species. The history of botany, pharmacy and medicine reveals that the sources and uses of these drugs have been iscovered in many inter as digitalis, quinine, cocaine, strychnine, curare, come and strophanthin reveal, accomplished by dramatic experien Some medicines an incidental by-product of expeditions for con ee elena , or ea conversion. Others were the direct ~ of the activity of ‘bot tanists or ieaaes both—assigned for the specific purpose of plant investiga- tion as rt of a ee expedition, kes a group ae especially for plant ie Incentive . a Russian Botanical Garden Ther m one instance, at least, in which an interest in neice plants ‘tly receded plant exploration rather than the reverse. In an = Great of Russia ordered a medicinal ee ey to be laid out e of a islands of the Neva river. It alled the pee cet Cais and the island is still referred to as tee Dr, Cheney is also Resident Investigator for. Economic Plants at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 58 Island. In 1716, Peter the Great visited the oon Breynius in Danzig and reque ee him - nna a botanist to explore the natural produc- « tions of Rus posed Messe es who traveled from 1720 to 177 i in ee oF Pade vast collections, especially in the eastern... SF of reputedly iene and ine plants. Upon the order of Alex- ander 1, this Apothecaries’ Garder 1823 became the Imperial Botanic Ga: a ‘under the eee ip of a aetich Fischer, who is regarded as the founder of the Botanical Garden of St. Petersburg, now Leningrad. Bitter-wood, Sassafras, and Rhatany 2 ant journeys of individual botanists have been responsible for many of the drug plants cited in the official list recognized by the United States Pharmacopocia NIP (known as “U.S.P.”) and in the National Formulary (“N.F.”) VII, which are the current authoritative volumes published in the Un ited States. For example, bitter-wood (Picrasme = =e o es o = ms) ios] 4 oo @ in 0 Linnacus. Occasion: ally a mea ne and plant ie ne intro- duced a ee of some medicinal significance. In 1602, Bartholomew Gosnold Cees Caeaos ae Concord chartered by Sir Walter Raleigh. He sailed He the of New England and carried what must thas ce the “first e a a from eee to England” in the form of ague-tree bark (Sassafras albidum of the Lauraceae). Thi perspiration-inducing sae was oe ee Seminole Indians in Florida before the adventure of Ponce de Le n 1502. Thi s plant is also the source of one of the-chicf aromatics i in ee popular ae drinks as root beer, birch beer, and sarsaparilla. Peruvian rhatany (the root of Arameria 00 triandra of the Leguminosae) was introduced into Spain by the. botanist Hipolito Ruiz. During his travels in Peru, he observed native women — it as an ee and tooth preservative. A similar and also official s, Krameria argentea, now comes from Brazil. ae en, an all-purpose gov ae expedition ti included one or more a, ut botanists for ae neuen 1 1852, the United States sent two naval . expeditior n Asia. e first was commande i“ Conn see en : Pe a ee Dr. Wi re W illiams and s other ae collectors | ae American surgeon, Charles Frederick ae Dani — | and" s Morrow. Their collections were identified by Dr Bro niel I. Raton, W. G. Sullivant a Dr. W. Harvey. The second — took along the botanist Charles Wright. These explorations, and also such Gk as Robert Fo aa journeys in China, re-introduced for further studies such known medicinal plants as species of Rhamunts (cascara) and elconitum autiunimale and tl. chincus 59 he botanico-pharmacognostic exploration undertaken by Dr. H. H. mee for - years Honorary Curator of Economic eee at, - New York Botanical Garden, and by others for Parke, and Co. 1885, led to the eee in South eae of an i Pee of fe Purshiana which yields the official cascara sagr ada. According to ae tee cascara bark was known to the early Spanish priests of Califo It was introduced into general use in 1877 and has been a favorite ionic lax: ce all over the world ever since. Dr. Rusby’s trip also led to the discovery and collection along the ae river (Andean slope of Bolivia) of cocillana (the bark of Guarca Rusbyi of the Meliaceae or Mahogany ieee ae . the sae as an emetic on introduced into hae S. medicine in 1886 nauseant expectorant, a ie ipecac. It o longer officially r pare aati in ee the U.S.P. 0 oN. F. but j is a eee widely today as an ingredient in certain cough 2 ‘ops. There are at least 35 or 40 minor dase Haru from plants with which our ancestors became familiar through their contacts with the North American Ina These drugs, however, can het be said to have been introduced as a direct result of plant exploration, aliens gh our colonial be tanists and ivdican: were always on the outlook for the native plants possessing medicinal value The Search for a Cure for Leprosy More ancient than the Bible is the dread «lisease of leprosy. Prescrip- tions for its-treatment are known in the Egyptian records in 1500 B.C. In the middle of the 19th century, British doctors in India — aware that the Burmese and Bengalese used the seeds of an ee which fod some really beneficial effect in the treatment of le en were obtain nd their oils and acids studied by the We eae Ree ch Lab in London ee Py F ick Power of the ae ited States partment of gricultu r. Dean and his associates in the leper receiving stations in Hono a pe deed the ai with apparent success. The question as imperative. What tree of the jungles bore these seeds’ The markets of Benares and Rangoon obtained Hen or ie we from the tribesmen of the upper Chindwi in district of northeastern Bur es 1920, the U. S. Office of ae and cae Intron sent ocl he Agricultural Explorer, Joseph F clk. ngkok, the capital ie ‘Thailand (Siam), Rock found an avenue of 1: ee trees ‘which the natives called MAIKR These trees possessed oils similar to the RABAO. chaulmoogra. At the suggestion of Princess Bovaradej of Siam, with ar Korat in a + a] oh ‘oH 2 5 BD togenos Kuraii near Kyokta village in the Ch Although some ae react anaphylactically to intravenous injections of 60 chaulmoogra and some patients are said not to remain see others, who are qualified to speak, deny this claim of the temporary n of the effect. Although some oe have dropped the tradit ional hainoogr te treatment a matics there is are ‘rience that it neficial. oil is also fee for a purposes and t es are now grown by 7 United States in Hawai the Philippines pos in Florida. Quinine in the Recent World War In 1942, when the quinine source of the world was suddenly cut off by the invasion of the Dut so ae Indies by the Japanese, the U. S. Board of Economic Warfare (now the Office of Foreign Economics Administra- tion) undertook negotiations . buy all the Cinchona bark above a certain minimum alkaloidal content, from the Andean Republics which were the world’s quinine source a century earlier. The Cinchona Missions in South America were organized. American botanists, including W. C. Steere, FLR. Fosberg, W. H. Camp, and others, relocated and identified the several species in the forests of northwestern South America. These species in- cluded the lesser known C oe nsis which is unusually rich in Basie for a wild type Cinchona. Ita . 3% and ranges up to over 5% in total alkaloids. rupted analyzed t e barks in the Cin sei Micei Laboratories which were operated in ae Quito, Lima, and Ta Paz. This offici eee ice resulted also in the revival of the use of the painniious bark known as “cuprea bark” from Remijia pedun- culata as a nian of the pease quinine. This species was re-discovered on the west slopes of the ern Andes, north of eee anga. Its bark yields “ ‘ 3% quinine ee and with very little admixture of other alkaloids. This bark has been known for its quininiferous content for man pasate control drug during the emergency period of World War JT was made possible through the direct efforts for this purpose of plant explora- ee ae ed by the U. S. government. Resulting analyses have brought to light some coe P nysiological eas between botanical species, varieties and forms not previously suspected. More Laman Needed in Interest of Human Health nt support of future plant ex xplorations should be encouraged ee sable and private auspices inter a es in the ge cars active principles produced by the metabolism of vegetation. His indicates fficacious homologues of known drugs for the alleviation of human disease. 61 Plant Explorers, Nurserymen And Breeders By John C. Wister, Swarthmore College N THE EYES of the enterprising gardener, the nurseryman and plant breeder play roles quite as important as the explorer. Yet the explorer must come first to give them the materials with which to work. Dr. Wister here portrays the interdependence of these two or three (breeder and nurseryman often being the same) and reveals their joint effect on today's and tomorrow's horticulture. F we look at a garden of annuals, peas or shrubs with a t hought for the geographical origins . the ae e find that ae majority —perhaps 65 percent—come from other oe nts. Many of our flowers grown as man such as reetes eae verbenas, once a wild in South America. A number of our Saleem ue fashioned gas- plant, sweet-william, Canterbury bells, and other natives of central Europe and the mei rraueat region, including ie a Min nor. Many of the shrubs that are grown in eastern United States came cn eastern Asia, for plants ee that section of ie at thrive particularly well along our eastern seaboard. ee books and articles have been written about the work of men who have gone to distant countries and brought back plants, but as yet there tion about the men who have improved the newly discovered plants and made them aus to luis ure? e work of plant mbr y different Lavan The early ae on of sone from southern Europe aus a 1 Minor into oe ae fics d most of ommon fruits, such apples, pears, and peaches, which had come ie these regions ee ae China. 1Dr. John M. Fogg, Professor of Bot t the University of Pennsylvania, has given a lecture course at the Stborem e the Barnes Pero in Merion. Pa., about early botanists and explor and i a Me hoped so: - day this will be i - ' 7 : r ne piers no Heat with nding a and naming plan When rst given did not Boe ne "references to persons ae iiedueet ae com the wilds into gardens, which is a different thing from identifying wild plants and merely collecting herearan material. 62 In due time the British ie oh Lee from North America, during a period typified by the work of t ergyman, John Banister,” as early as 1680, one John Bartram a oe plants abroad to Peter Collinson in the 18th y. Then there were the other explorers such as Michaux, ntur: the faa who came to this country primarily to collect living plants to send to Europe. Later from En eee a aes Fraser and ie Lyon. During the early 19th century Ame e Pike, Long, T and “Meaawhile there came the great as a xploration for plants in China, peas with d’Incarville, who sent oS osainne to Trance a ~ 1751, He was followed by von Seibold, Macartney, Kerr, Fortune, erg, Kaempfer, Maxsiowig on - ch’ see in E. H. Wilso re w the French Helene eects Delavay, Soulié, Farges, cons Me ae and many others*® There were the ne Americans, George R. Hall, Thomas Hogg, W: iam Car Smith, and others, and the Irishman Augustine Henry. Il these men did important work, many of ea eed the sponsorship of ae papa such as Kew ee the Par ote eum of pees fe History, the gre eitch Nursery, and, in t ntry, the A oe ain, The New York oe ran den had not Ee been eae when most of these explorers field. IT have mentioned China ae pen e it is from there we have drawn so m a trees ae a which are aa ee n the climate of eastern North Amer ‘A similar list of plant explorers could be He ie Africa, Australi India, a h America, and other regions. Tt is em that we owe our greenhouse plants and many annuals of our ae To the . it is sufficient to have a good botanical specimen in the herbarium, but the gardener wants much more: he wants the living plant, and not eae a typical representative of the specics, but if possible a variety or form, which for gardening purposes may be an improvement on oe type. signal example of what sometimes happens in plant introduction can be Seen in the early history of Buddleia, the butterfly-bush : wn 8 SEE 2 Linnaeus named the genus in 1737. I have read that the French Jesuit, ee : atever source, th f 's wh t Buddicia Davidi and which Hemsley in 1889 named Buddleia variabilis; this latter name was in common use until recent years when the priority of the name Davidi was established. 2 John Banister (1650-1692) settled in Virginia after living for a while in the West Indies, and from there he sent plants back to his native England. aad old- inl gas plant (above) comes from the Mediterranean region; deutzia he ea. eof monest springtime shrubs, from Asia; and the He eae nasturtium (right) from South America, These are among the estimated 65 percent of ur garden flowers that are native on other continents. This is the sort of information about a species in which the botanist is interested, The horus on the other es is concerned with whe = aie first Baddlcia was introduced into gardens. He notes that it was a decidedly ir or form which made no imprecsion on gardeners. To fee horticulturist, a me is of greater interest to know that in 1893 the firm of Vilmorin, Andrieux & Co. of Paris receiv ed seeds f a better f Y, Jean a € soni, which Wilson had also in oO named by him in 1905, and they established Buddlcia as a garden ae Gardencrs, therefore, really credit this ae nt to Wilson rather than to D Fas Since the time when Veitch introduced plants brought in i Wile at 'e east seven sea al have raised ella gs ad developed and named the tue wich we are growing today, These seedlings now have a much greater color range than the gE =e . 64 wild types, oe - white, pinkish-lilac, orchid-pink, blue-purple, and deep red-. purple. . We have, refore, as a history of ee a ae comprising on original discov a ie nanal introduction which had no value, a secondary intro: duct tion of great value, and then, finally, the work a the nu ae in giving us colors, In a is group, at least, there is no record that any of these are hybrids with site speci 3: I ae dwelt at length on this particular group because it typifies the differences between botanical and horticultural exploration and also shows ae ena of the nurseryman and the plant ae Another example that of the lilac, Svringa oblata, and its varieties This species was, Ree by Fortune from a Chinese garden in 1856 and was named by Lindley n 1859. Lemoine a it with S. qulgaris and in 1878 named the resulting Thre “Hyacinth: iflora plen; It was a rather insignificant plant which made no great impression, but upon it Rehder in 1899 founded the hybrid species S. hyacinthifiora, The variety S. oblata Giraldi was introduced from north China in 1895 as trol bably the wild form of the type. Lemoine ot this ssl ne vulgaris and introduced Hi variety “Lamartine” in 1911 and other similar varie i Heft enty years followi These varieties were totally unlike ‘ “Hy. acinthiflora” ae accor nding to bat tanical niles are classified ae it. They are extrei ny valuable contributions to horticulture even though they have no distinct botanical standin, n . Wilson introduced pee Kors Syringa oblata dilatata. This is a much finer jant for the garden than its two predecessors, F. L. Sk met Manitoba his witl r i i i ° 7 ae 3 aE Bh 3 B a ec. 5 a = io) a 4 2 i] a a ° a = > oO B 2 acint m the 1 2 . Sort new forms may turn out a be better than ne varieties we have had before. They really constitute a new race, yet they must bear the accepted botanical name Surtiga hyacinthiflora, It has seemed to me important that records should be kept of the intro- ductions of such new improved forms in order that sometime in He ee 9) ant thr a general books, the names of most of the a cae os the - ils and we know many of the plants which they introduced, but are often i inadequate records of the exact places from which the or Bee type of the species was collect ed? 31t is only a few years a pas instance, that through the auspices of the John Bartram Association, Dr. Francis Harper made a thorough study of the writings of John and Willi and went retull e ground which these me had covered so many years before. ig publication of notes on these two pioneers has given u much better comprehension of tl k. Similar work n done about the work and the travels of many othe ly r it uld involve can be seen from the work of Dr. John Hendley Barnhart over many years in com He at the Ne k Botanical gre alog 0 botanists with sor mae Rae about them. In later years Dr, Barnhart added many horticu! rene to though often only by name as so little information ‘was available about them. ee picker nally greatly indebted to Dr. Barnhart because I have often had the privilege of consulting this card catalog and getting my first real information about some person whom I knew only by last name Buddleia, which has become a summer-flowering garden favorite, owes its position in ads horticulture to a eit of plant explorers and nurserymen, all attempting 0 discover or develop finer form: 66 There are many plants in our gardens today descended from first intro- ducti Yet, in the wild, wai ting for fur ther explorers, there e oO “Some e botanical ae s, of course, have kept their eyes open for S Soa ee ies that ares her eras function. Nor is it the Ae function of botanical eee encourage explo oration to find these, but it should be the function of our norticaltueal seciees to do this oe hich is pre-eminently in their ee When new plants have come in to the institutions which have been men- tioned, some of them might fave ia scientific curiosities but for the interest a pana ees and a r gardeners who wished to use them on their places. eat apenas nursery firms of the 19th cen- tury? were lar ay “apo for propagating the new material, selecting ssa ae and sending them out to gardeners. n America W illiam Bane (1725- 1802) was one of the first of the 0 d ys know sae a ie Ee as aa hb = oe recoils leases Hee Moon and Hoo These old-t $s grew many kinds of ornar fel ri a their oe eae, were S frait es particaacy apples and pears, many of them having hundreds of varieties of This phase of American Oo 45 & a an es) aS oO 2 89 3 G ies) fo} 2. ag iO = Oo 4 wm ° rh = ats a g 3 na le} oe oO = 2 oy & end when better transportation and refrigerator cars made it possible for fruit to be shipped long distances. Present economic conditions and high cost of labor make it more and a i. 7 o 4 + 3 oD 28 Qo a 4 o oe a B a a ee fol 3B Me Ey finest kinds and not put ow sorts. W. great variety a plants from which to choose and. more ria are than most gardeners can - operly learn to care for. It should, ae be an important function of botanical and horticultural ae $, groups, » 3 Q wm Qo 2 o oc. is) wa a io} o 4 cae a ca me >° oD 4 a 4 aero pe ° a a 2 lo] os th ° 4 A = so cy a + wn ° ot a m rid, forms of already known species from which the plant breeders can give us new varieties of great value. itch in England, van Houtte in Belgium, Croux, Moser, Vilmorin and m others in France, Ludwig Spaeth and Plitzer in Germany, Froebel in Siccdant Koster, den Quden and other famous nurseries of Boskoo; op, Holland, and the great Dutch bulb firms of Krelage, de Graaf, van Tuber. sae van Waveren, padi 0 fo rth. 5 Many of the catalogs of these early nurserymen are on file in the tihrary of the New York Botanical Garden, the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, and the Unite d States Department of f Agriculture a Washington, and they give peer ar ely fon: lists of plants ea in those days of cheap labor could be grown and sold at very ee prices, yct at a profit. I have seen ul -old bills oF some of these nurseries which were selling Cedar of Lebanon at 25 cents a plant (the size not stated). 67 The Waiting Forest Resources Of The American Tropics By Arthur Koehler Aba there is a scarcity of high-grade native hardwood lumber in the United States can attested by anyone a even before the war tried to buy large quantitie — ide boards or veneer of oak, maple, birch, and ine Due xtensive cutting o of choice trees of suc species during the war oa subsequent civilian demand, the acute- ness 2, the shortages ae ge more evident. That there are extensive forests in the countries to the south of the 40 iat 3 oO wn = Pp 3 Pp wu =] o OQ iS) =i =f ia S mm S =e a 2 3 ja S wm = 3 jak al Oo a = = = ay 3 o c hardwood, whereas in the United States about 85 percent of the forest stand is in softwoo That there is a i dollar-and-cents interest in the Hea of Tropi- cal-American Laey of wood at the present time is shown by the numerous inquiries ete occurrence, ch nae entiation, and poss uses of t suhae w von received at the Forest Products Laboratory since the end of the The eins come from pan owners, exploit ers, mechan and Prospective rs. re are po otential dena supply, and oo ready to go. Can eee prevent the importation of lumber and vencer logs on a large scale from cue Ce see ag Ba West Indies, and South America within a few years? Per the effective hindrance to going ahead, full steam, wil be the ee me ae, nalyze the situation by working backward, beginning with the ult ie consumer, ese ee all, the consumer is the person who de- termines whether a new product or a new wood is going to make a hit. Suppose a nance avert ee furniture eh of “caximduba”’ wood. The sumer wha slike (un it is painted or apt to warp? Will it fade or darken with age? What well-known native species is it like in behavior? Unless the salesman can assure him somehow Mr. Koehler is Chief the Division of Silvicultural Relations. in the For Products Laboratory, mamtained by the Forest Service, U. S. Departmént - aL Agriculture, at Madison, Wisc., in co-operation with the University of Wisconsin. 68 that the wood is “as good as it flocks ” the customer will prefer to let someone else pee with it firs step back to the manufacturer who is offered a nae om a ow let u eee ae ber at a price he is willing to pay, if. firs to know how does the wood season? Will it chee % war a or ee Pay ink iin drying? Will it dry ina ae length of ee ae it shrink and swell si ee aoe ae moisture content as occur with changes in the seasons? Can it be surfaced and glued without difficulties? ae it perhaps dull saws ond enive res quickly, as indeed is ay case with e species of wood that not at all very hard? When it comes ¢ finishing is there perhaps some natural oil or soluble gum a the wood ich may cause uate when finishes are applied, or several months later? In a tion, he o know the answer to ail the questions the consumer may ask. If ce answers seem to a on then he wants to know if he can be assttred of a continuous s Similarly, the wholesales does be a to load jaar or his customers with lumber or veneer of unknown quality. And fi y, there is ie man who buys the sade Babee whether ee Ge eal toad feet or acre, and the banker who finances him. They do not want to invest ee cee that a rs percentage of the timber has some “bug,” not necessarily an insect, in To ae just a few examples of difficulties encountered in exploiting inadequately known woods: There is a species of timber in Central America e Tt The worked, shri and warps eativety little, ouue is said to nes resistant to fungi and ie insec ct attack. It is an excellent wood for cores for veneer being neocon slow 0 dy, and if the eek is forced in a dry kiln, it collapses to useless ee tions. Other cies of lumber a sadly in drying that unless that ee is eee overcome (as it w native sweetgum) the loss is just too great; or again some one ete tely not many, species of wood produce a dust when wo orke hich causes eee nan a of the kin and mucous membranes of some eople who work with i “there undoubtedly are oe Ngati ae ae wood in the tropics. o hav Brazil alone is said to hav n 3,000 species of timber, zuuging from eae igh to cxtemely hey Te a ee curve were drawn shi e prevalence of species by property. classes, the bulk of owin the species, no Ts coal fall ia near the middle between the two extremes. 69 In ue to supply ee country with ae aa een and to find a market for the many mature stands of timber in Latin-American countries, intensive dade shor uld be made . . aval ilability nd charac- cutting characteristics, and seasoning properties, should be made of species reasonably abundant and accessible. e . : too cS for individual sae or private associations to ca hat some s true t ork already has been done by eae aa ae ee eran but so “they fall far short of an ying the great and ana problem of prop- erly utilizing the Latin- ae Me rdwood fore — Professor Record Yale ieee so wisel ta few sige Sa to the consum he companies, re to the riveree who do the work, both here and abroad. Research in the utilization of foreign woods should have two basic * Rec S. J. Factors in the Utilization of Latin-American Timbers. Jour. of Forestey "he: 165-168. Feb. 1942. Apply Horn Tree Paint Water Resisting — Adhesive — Healing Possessing antiseptic and fungicidal prop- erties. Protects exposed wood from rot-fungi and insects until the wound can heal over —stimulates callus growth. This dressing does not freeze. A. C. Horn Co.. Ine. Division of Sun Chemical Corporation 43-36 Tenth St.,. Long Island City 1, New York 70 objectives, namely, (1) to determine their more important characteristics in a scientific manner so that definite data can be made available and com- ies, and (2) t ¢ metho ecies in civ iid region cede, e must supply the facts so that sufficiently pee for a Sei ne u industry can apply the oa we are aaekly going to bridge the gap between urgent demand and su Hand in hand with ie essential technological research there should be thi 2 ee new and known kinds of sien that show ork, and construction. A progra eee this ny the research that wil ¢ ly tion about the av: ailability promise for veneer, cab should bo: ie stimulate a accom make the best of this new n two billion acres part of the more eee me is waiting today to be explored for usable timber New.. Lovely.. Better.. —THEY’RE FROM WAYSIDE! Ni GIANT TRITOMA W. S. REEVES— er in existence. Spikes 5 to Os varietigs to accent nine beauly of your 12 to 15 inches. Soft, iw All tested for nee Red of the new one eel, eee ‘esas d hardiness. Here are just a few NEW ROSES. Butterscotch. Soft buif-yellow on " Haan eae Lane solder at Co potatoe Send for Finest Horticultural ie, eo eer k-Catalog es, flowering SANTHEMUM WHITE CACTUS, 716 Passes of ros shrubs, plants and lilies. Com- NEW CHRY: rae petals as ae noe flower Tike @ ye cultural instructions. s Dahlia. © page of color phol “HOWARD'S MIRACLE" FRUIT. Sweet delightful flavor like peach, nee- a. 24" larine and plum combin Wanxside TC Mentor, Ohio 51 Mentor Ave. NOTICES AND REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS Growers’ Monogra aph On the “Orchid Cacti pobtebehrecdiy HANDBOOK. aselton. eee ioe aa Abb Scott juste a dened. Pas ena, Calif, ” 94a, 75550. My men “toll fairly tore out of my hands. ay or the last ten years— erat ing hobby — when ay saw Sco Haselton a an these Rocta cacti” xcited— and not disappointed on ani, ce husband says that all 1 . ont since he put into practice some of the suggestions he found between its covers. Scott Haselton, Cactus book has raeticulon ISS generously black and who is editor of The and Succulent Journal, in this eee a most t thoroug h and tudy of the genus Epiphviaiins illustrated with eres white ni ings and with a plate: fascin ating, the ee history, pe 2 oacies for grow: ing Bees jotes ee growers. also refers to ev uthor on the subject, past and niccenr” “it seems to me the most complete monograph I have ever foes the soe fortune: to meet, and it very pleasant readin: OtiviA ErpMANN Kuser. Dh hi he he Know Your Trees You will find this handbook with its 498 lucid illustrations an invaluable guide. To facilitate quick and accurate identification it not only illus- trates the tree itself, but the leaves, fruits or berries, bark, transverse sec- tion of wood, and the locale in which each particular species may be found. An excellent text supplements the photographs. MACMILLAN Handbook of the $5.50 » OF THE NORTHERN STATES AND CANADA At your bookstore TREES By Romeyn B. Hough 72 In Canada LANTS OF ‘THE Gan. PARKS SxeTEMt eons Nel eeg George H. ilto azes, mn lustrated, aeved rh eee yers Press, Toronto. 1943. ran he resumption of automobile tra ae r has given it could hen it was first published, at the en 1 — eee illustrations, some col- ored, describes briefly the common wild ee to be found in the National Parks of southern Ontario. Heme in Fieger idan E FLOWERS. Carl Schroeter. or paces ee a Uni- versity. Pre: 1945. $3. Color printing anh as is ve i s Solda tiny choco: scented orchid, mead ine NA PHOTO ENGRAVING CO., INC. 5 EAST 47th STREET NEW YORK 17, N. Y. OF PRINTING PLATES PROCESS BENDAY LINE & HALFTONE and the miniature oe jerrpincu are strangers except who ae climbed these nouns ightful pleasure of finding 1 ene of each flower precede the color plat Caro. H. Woonwarn. For ae Sie People ? rman and An ae deundiae: 39 ieee use trated. Bare R. Scott, Inc., New ork. $1.50. Yor! icture book for very little folk, ioag $. e Hen sha ade cat new oe sie issued ies ago tant lands. The Ae e Bah stralia, ahamas, Bermuda, Brit- onduras, Dominican Republic, Hawai, New Zealand, and the Virgin Islands. New pte soles Reprints en Fo tkior and native "customs are en- tertainingly ook peel with the descrip- tions and illustrations of plants in Haw. National P; where TED GiaNcae or COAST ier McMinn and i 351. pages. ea youn versity of California Press. Berkeley. Alt feng h described as a second editi this well “nown eohute is apparently oe than a reprinting by offset process, te le 73 tural suitability in various situations and for various ae on the Pacific Coast. . 'Vietor illus- an & ce trated indexed. Pearce, New York. 1946 sé - om This is a welcome reprint of an exciting and intimate tale of a search for the quetzal bird in ae Ria mountain forests of Hondur: New Data in Fibre Studies CONTRIBUTION TO THE PHYS- IcS OF CELLULOSE FIBRES. P. H. Hermans. 221 pages, intro- duction, Elsevier Publishing Co., 1946, $4, Even though this book supplies no sua Saige e many of the oe Lise ellulose fibres are - thy of attention pies retical deductions on v. of ae e fibres. New data on presented the cag acon of the density _ cellulose in differ me ae is pendix explains Ae ods ee in Hest the many tniricate rmeasarenients Stamm, Chicf, pie ce Boris Products, U.S.D.A. Forest Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin. am) Notes, News, and Comment Conference. ie pee the pas announeed for 13, oF which Dr, O. Dodg: and be Bassett Maguire were to be the speakers, the staff, augmented by amber itors, was addressed by Dr. erg, who showed the made while in ast year ie a U. 5. Gov ‘os kodachrome pictures he Micronesia during the pas botanical survey for the en nt Selected Film. “The Gift of Green,” the New York Botanical Garden’s sound and color film telling the story of p synthesis, was chosen for the opening production at a six-weeks’ conference on Films in Public R h ashingt each ed y eb. 5 through March 12. uring the Rae patio od, talks were given by David F : ‘who directed the film ; Neil ier Director of the Sugar Research ae tion, which de p ction of the film for the Bo- tanica] Glen. and by Dr. E. E. Naylor, 24 in fusing. the 44 Pag olor, fea newex, high quality eeds, bulbs and plants, 132-138 CHURCH ST., Dept.60 . NEW YORK 8 DRICONURE the all-organic animal manure FERTILIZER Here’s a fertilizer you can use with com- nee. It’s called DRICONURE plete confide all-or; ganic, is ee clean and easy to use — econ oo. Comes in large, 2 bushel a 1h, ) Write today for prices and literature. ATKINS & DURBROW, Wh New 165 John Street York 7, who served as technical advisor and pre- ed ‘ en” as an out- ee pee ‘ei an ‘educational film pro d during 1946. Hobart Porter. On Feb. 9 occurred old, a member of the Board of Managers of th w York Botanical Garden since Jan. 12, 1925, and of th 0: in e numerous eng gineering Societies also a life tr oe o Columbia University an rise qember at ee xecu- tive commitige 6 of ae National Research Council. Bobbink & Atkins NURSERYMEN A PLANTSMEN Most of the unusual Roses, Trees and Shrubs not obtainable elsewhere will be found ae in this great Establishmen e unique in the Annals Horticulture. Visitors Always Welcome Catalogue Upon Request Bobbink & Atkins Paterson Ave., E. Rutherford, N. J. of panos Taxonomic Index. The American So- ciety of Plant Taxonomists _ started volume 10 of The Taxonomic Index with an 8-page printed periodical in paper covers. Heretofore, the Index has been ‘ameodiaplied at the New ae Botanical Garden, Dr. H. Camp is Editor; Mrs, Lazella Schwarten, “Libraria an at the Arnold Arboretum, and H.W. Rickett, the Garden’s Bibhereebe: As- sociate Editors. i o an understanding of its plants. It was established in 1938, and, except for the period of the war, Dr. Cam p has been the editor since the beanie: Marcia Garrick. a Walter pote of New City, N. Y., who known by her reia crane was o have appear red on the Ne oe Mar Ww Garden’s radio program speaking on “Starting a Garden [ 4 § air! ce) rk unit of the American Herb So an or ganieation aed which Marcia Gar- rick w also The 969-page “Flora Rydberg’s Flora. of Central 1 R: of the Disires and Plains North Sue P yee es base able was frst C aunen by the Garden i in 1932, shortly after Dr. Rydberg’s death. Radio. T. H. Everett was guest speaker on the Mary Mar: he McBride program over NBC January 10. He eae particularly about his recent England and of the uae “hich Dae been exchanged, as a re: between the New York Botanical thd len and the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew. The Garden was represented on the Modern Farmer La over C the morn- ay oh Feb. y Carol hi Woodward, poke on ne Garden’s publications. 75 ° BOOKS ON EXPLORATION | ceva thos iv who like to saa paige oe @ suggestive list of books is given below. Many of them a t of print, but all may be seen and used in the ia 0 with historic volumes. The selections. have been made merely to whet the appetite and point the way Sep hours of pleasant reading in significant volumes concerning chiefly ee for p : EARLY COLLECTORS IN THE UNITED STATES Earnest. E. John and William Bartram: Botanists and oe 1699-1777, 1739- nee Philadelphia, University ‘Of Pennsylvania oe ee (Ea ly American collec who penetrated little known regions of Michaux, André. Journal, 1787- With an eras ad notes by C, 8. Sargent. Philadelphia, American Philosophical Society, 1889. (Collector sent by the French Government to North America Coues, Elliott. The History of the Lewis and Clarke Expedition. 4 vol. New York, t, 1893 Rodgers, A. D. John Tor rrey; a Story of North American Botany. Princeton, N. J., Princeton University Press, 1942. EXPLORERS IN LATIN AMERICA Baal ue W. The Royal baa Expedition to New Spain, 1787-1820. Waltham, ., Chronica Botan (publication date, April 1947). (Explorati ions of oe and Mocifio in xico MacCreagh, Gordon. eas Waters and Black. New York, Century, 1926, (In the Gill, Richard C. Whi te Water and Black Magic. New York, Holt, 1940. (Medicinal plants of eastern Todor eee beee, T. Harper. Plant Hunters in the Andes. N. Y., Farrar & Rinehart, ae Rey Henry H. Jungle Memories. New York, Whittlesey House, 1933. (Tra Genel South American exploration for medicinal plants). ‘onti Foster, Mulford B. and Racine S. Brazil; Orchid Cte Tropics. The Story of pitas ts’ Explorations a Adventures in the Brazilian Jungles and Highin ds in Search of: Rare Flowers. Lanca , Jaques Cattell Press, 1945. Spruce, Richard. Notes of a Botanist Bes nthe neon and Andes. 2 vol. (Edited by Alfred Russel Wallace). London, SOUTH SEAS AND ene EXPLORATION Buck, 7 H, Vikings of the Sunrise. New York, Stokes, 1938. (Migration of e ians). : Fairchild, David. Garden Islands of the bitty East. oe — uae ed oe i erl h ae in the Forests ad ae a Bercee ca the Sulu ‘Archipelege. eae 80. ay, Russan, liye and Boyle, Frederick. The Orchid Seekers. A Story of Adventure in Borneo. London, Wane. n. Beccari, eee Wanderings in the da abi of Borneo. Travels and researches of a naturalist in Sarawak. London, Constable, 1904. Farrer, Reginald J. The Garden of Asia. ings ssions from Japan. London, Methuen, Wee ae Kingdon. Plant ae Paradise. New York, Macmillan, 1938. (Northern ma and adjacent re Cox, E .M. Farrer’s a t Journey Upper Burma, 1919-20. London, Dulau, 1926. Walton Ernest H. Chi ina, M. of Gardens, Boston, Stratford, 1929. (Based on his Naturalist in Woke ‘o io 76 Fortune, Rober the Northern Provinces of C. In cluding a vine’ . Pes Tea "ake ond gone Countries; with an account ao “the Agriculture and Horticulture of the Chinese, New Plants, etc.; 2d ed. London, Murray, 1847. Cox, E. Hd "M. Plant-hunting in China. A History of Botanical Exploration in China and the bean Marches, London, eon 1945. ae Reginald J. On the Eaves of the rid. ‘London, Arnold, 1926. 2 vols. (1914 journey round the Kansu borders of Ptibet). Ward F. Kingdon. A Plant Hunter in Tibet. London, Cape, 1934. PENETRATING AFRICA sages John. A Botanist in Southern Africa. London, Gawthorn, 1945. (Fore ord by Rt. Hon. J. C. a mae S oe orn, Chase S. ae ope ; Land of the Man-eating Tree. N. Y.. , Republic, 1924, Synge, i, Patric ck M. pees ins “of the Moon. New York, Dutton, 1938. (Equatorial rica with rites rie Espedinon). WORLD TRAVEL Barlow, Lady Nora, ed. Charles Darwin and the Voyage of the Beagle. New York, Philosophical Library, 1946. (Unpublished letters and notebooks edited with troduction by his granddaughter Fairchild "David. The he rid Was My Garden. Travels of a Plant Explorer. New r, 1 = Farrington, Ernest PH. Wilson, Plant Hunter. Boston, Stratford, 1931. (Intro- uction by B ‘Richardson Wright). Wilson, Ernest Plant Hunting. Bos Stratford, 19 v. (“From aes aaa I paid my ce visit to China until 1932, when I mee re from Cape T in South Africa, I wandered about the world in search of plants *. Veitch, James Hortus Veitchii. A History of the ae and | Progress the Nurseries of Messrs. James Veitch and Sons, together wit! Account of the Botanical say a Hypnsite Employed eae ped a “Lise of the Most Remarkable of Their Int London, Veitc! LIVES OF SOME GREAT EXPLORERS Von Hagen, Victor W. South America Called Them. Explorations of the Gre: Naturalists, La Condamine, Humboldt, Darwin, Spruce. New York, Knopf, 1045, Peattie, Don ald Culross. Green Laurels, The Lives and Achievements of the Great Naturalists. New York, Simon & Schuster, 193 Hawks, Ellison ib Boulger, G. S. sida neers of Plant Study. N. Y., Macmillan, 1928. Thwaites, Reube old. Ea rly Western Travels. 6 vol. Cleveland, Black, 1914. (Pioneering Penelicone beyond he Mississippi). Kaieteur Falls N THE PLATEAU above British Guiana’s Kaieteur, one the world’s largest waterfalls, Dr. Bassett Maguire ex te for the New York Botanical Garden before he undertook his Uae Mountain Expedition in Surinam in 1944. In the Garden Herbarium there are no’ ww approximately 2,500 specimens of ae wi ver the the Poe a river on At the crest - waterfall is 400 feet wide. THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Officers JosepH R. Swan, Presid Henry ve Forest Bapwin, Vice prea id. HL Merrily, Vice-pres ArtHur M. ANpERsoN, Treasur Henry DE La Monta GNE, Secretary Elective Managers Wox11aM Frecton Barrett Cuartes B. Harpinc Freperick S. Mosezey, Jr. Howarn Bayne Mrs nee HUNTINGTON FRANCIS S ao OWELL, JR. Epwin De T. BecHTEL Hoo Mrs. Haroun J, Pratr Henry F. pu Pon’ RS. pee D, LaskER Waa a one . Rev. Ropert I, Nee. aa McK. Lewts Epmunp W. Sinnott S.J. MERRILL CHAUNCEY STILLMAN re H. MontcoMery Ex-Officio — WittiaM O’Dwyer, Mayor of th of New York Aworew G, CL fae Jr, a a ie “Board of Pducalion Rosi + Moses, k Commissione: eae Managers By the Torrey Botanical Club F By Columbia University Marston T. Bocert Marcus M. R#oApEs CHarLtes W. BALLARD Sam F. TRELease THE STAFF Wittiam J. eg Px.D., Sc.D trector H. A, Greason, Pu.D Assistant cee and co rator HENry pe La MonTAGNE sistant Director Frep J. Seaver, Pu.D., Sc.D. ead Curator A. B. Stout, Px.D. Curator of ae and Laboratories Bernarp O. Donce, Pu.D. int Pathologist Emeritus H. W. Ricxetrr Px.D. ibliographer THom. Everetr, N.D. Horr. Horticulturist Bassett Macuire, Pu. Curator Harotp N. Mouvenxe, Pu.D. Associate Curator W. H. Camp, Pu.D. Associate Curator E. J. ALEXANDER, B. a Assistant Curator and Curator of the re Herbarium E E. Naytor, hee 'H.D, ssistant Curator Sonus Kavanacu, Pu.D. pee Curator TS. De Roe, Pxr.D., DIC. Assistant Curator Manone ieee Pz.D. Research Associat SELMA , 3B. Technical Assistant Rosar eee Technical Assistant Itpa MecVetcu Px.D. echnical Assistant ARY Stepsrns, M.A. echni nt Et HC, Hatt, A.B., B.S ‘arian ROL _H. Woopwarp, A.B. Editor of the Journal G. L. Wirrrocx, A.M. Custodian ae the Herbarium Orro ee - Collaborator in seer Botany Evmer N. Mir hot raphe Joun Henney Dac wnaue: A.M., M.D. Bibliog noe Emerita A. J. Grout, Pa.D. orary Curato of Mosses Inez M. ane Assistant Hon norary Guaiee of Mosses Josep F. Burke Edsaints Curator of the Diatomaceae B. A. Kruxorr Honorary Cur ais of Economic Botany Ernst aan S. PeckHaM AEOROPY, Curator, Iris arcissus Collections A.C. Pra Superintendent ms Souildoee and Grounds To the Botanical Garden, take the Independent Subway to Bedford Park Boulevard stati jon ae the Bedford Park Bor ulevard exit and walk east. Or take the Third Avenue Elevated to the Botanical Garden or the 200th Street station, the New York Central to the Botanical Garden station, or the Webster Avenue surface car to Bedford Park Boulevard PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Books, Booklets, and Special Numbers of the Journal Illustrated Flora of the aie Ga United States and Canada, by bane Gah Bee Nae Addison ae Three volumes, giving descriptions and illustra tions of 4,666 cies. Seco d edition, Eeonnte eden s 10) of t ce Heaiees ena Plains ch ee ae America, by P. A. Rydberg. 969 nae and 601 figu 1932. , $6 postpaid. The Bahama ie 2 Nathaniel an Se and Charles Frederick Millspaney 695 pages. escriptions of the ae aga Piece Pe bryophytes, and thallophytes of the Bahamas, with keys, no explorations ade collections, bibliography, and index. 1920. $6.25. North American Caricea By nee neth K. Mackenzie, containing 539 plates of Carex and related Nici pet arry C. Creutzburg, with a description et “each species. Indexed. 40. Two et ae 1034 x 13'% inches; bound $17.5 bound $15.50. Keys to the North American Species A ee by K. K. Mackenzie. From Vol. 19, Part 1, of North fH Flora. Food and Drug Plants of the rth ees ican Indian. Two ie articles by Marion A. & G. L. ae in ans Journal for March 1942. 15 ¢ getables and nee for the Home Gar Four authoritative articles reprinted from Med Journal, 21 pages, fiat Edite Ae "Ca rol H. Woodward. 1941. 15 cents- The Flora of th Sie icorn Tapestries by E. J. Alexander and Carol H. Wood- ee a soecel dieaerated wath photographs and drawings; bound with paper. 1941. Dec a log of Hardy Trees and Shrubs. A list of the woody plants being grown Gutdeors at the New York Be nied Garden in 1942, in 127 pages with notes, a map, and 20 illustrations. 75 Succulent Plants of New and Pon World Deserts by E. J. Alexander. 64 pages, indexed. 350 species ‘reated, 100 illustrated. Bound in paper. 1942. Second edition 1944. 50 cen Periodicals Addisonia, annually, devoted exclusively to colored plates accompanied by popular descriptions of How supe pe eight plates in each number, thir 2 two in each v ow in its twenty-se pee volume. Subscription pe se volume (four kak Not offered i in exchan Free to members of the Gar Journal of The New York Bota ae Garden, monthly, containing news, book reviews, and non echnical ae les on botany and horticulture. Sibeeaceen $1.50 a year; sgl copies 15 . Free to members of the Garden. Now in its 47th volume colesiaa bimon ee illus ee in color and otherwise; devoted to fun) teas lichens, containing techn oe Wee and news and notes of general ee terest - ar; single copies $15 ach. Now in its thirty-eighth volume. Twenty- four Year Index volume $3. Brittonia. A of botanical papers published in co-operation with the American Society on Phan Tivonauit ts. Subscription price of volumes 1 through 5, $5 a volume ($4 t nembers he he Society). Now in its sixth volume. Price, $7.50 ($5 to Fneiniers at the Society). North American Flora, Descriptions of the wild plants of North America, including Greenland, the West Indies, and Central America. 9 arts now issued. Not offered i han ices of s Contributions from The w York Botanical Garden. A series of techn papers reais ted from oats one: than the above. 25 cents each, $5 a Memoirs of The New York Boresen Garden. A collection of ae papers. Contents and prices on reque q JOURNAL OF THE NEW YorK BOTANICAL GARDEN VoL. 48 A P R I L PAGES No. 568 1:9 4.7 77-100 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Caro. H. Woopwarp, Editor APRIL EVENTS AT THE GARDEN Members’ Day April 2 3:30 p.m. Vacations Without Hayfever Dr. R. P. Wodehouse Saturday Afternoon ba tae m, in the Lecture _ April 5 “The Farm Gar ae “Grow Your Own’ Two ne ane films aes ee U, §.D.A. April 12 Planting About the House Ruth N. Wetzel April 19 Primroses You Can Easily Gro’ Aleita H. Scott April 26 Wild Flowers to Seek on Weekend Walks Walter H. Shannon Courses April 14 Botany for Beginners E. E. Naylor, Instructor 6 Mondays, 3-4 p.m $5 April 19 Fi a Botany G. L. Wittrock, Instructor 15 Sanurdaves 1:30-3 p.m. $5 ($2.50 to teachers) April 24 Indoor Gardening Practice 8 Thursday, ‘ 7:4 Lie Edwin Beckett, aliases Open only to those have successfully completed the winter term of lectures in Cultivation . Greenhouse Plants. Class completely booke: ad Radio Programs scheduled to be given every other Wednesday over Station The prog: WNYC have been can nesled be ecause of the broadcasting of the proceedings of the United Nations y Ru Bee eaten: Several of the same speakers will be heard over other stations dasieadad Events s’ Day: May 7, “Adventures in a One-Man Greenhouse” by Victor Greif. Sat ey grams: May 3, Action ey s of Ga iden Flawers by Allen K. White; Mey 10, Plants aa ide: Wondesines by W. H ‘Camp Mi ay 17, Wild Life in the Watchu gs by Mildred J. Rulison. May 24, oe and the Life of Man” and ae a 2 Green —the Botanical Garden's films. grams for Garden Clubs: May 1, Tou ‘on gardens in Wilmington. May 20, Gee Club Day at the New Tak Botanical Galler TABLE OF CONTENTS APRIL 1947 Macno.ia AGAINST AN APRIL SKY Cover Photograph by Donald Beck ne of many Beate by Mr. Beck in his current exhibit in the Museum Building. PLaNTs AS TREASURE Houses oF RaRE CHEMICALS George W. Pucher 77 A Forest Lover IN THE CaRIBBEE ISLANDS VI. Sasa To MONTSERRAT J. S. Beard 82 Two Awarps FoR PLANT Explorer's JUNGLE CAMP 89 THE INTERLAKEN SEEDL Gr A. B. Stout 92 Tue LeGcen E i Bessie R. Buxton 94 Notes, News, AND CoMMEN 96 Notices AND Reviews oF Recent Books 99 Noy VE Painted BUSS. Ar Eduted 4 Gem Cis Manes Teor ine ape oe "oie 1; ee , N. Y., under the Act of August 24, 1912. Annual subscription $1.50. Single copies JOURNAL of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN VoL. 48 Aprin 1947 No. 568 Plants As Treasure Houses Of Rare Chemicals By George W. Pucher N addition to their esthetic appeal and food value, plants are the most amazing chemical factories in existence today. From the : the biochem- ist has isolated hundreds of cots compounds, many of whic uses ee 4 ual or of even — biological importance are still in ee ry of gotten man. Futur research ere oe vil oo Or Baa for one and ee these eas the past twenty years the biochemical laboratory at the Con- Per oe ere Experiment Station vb a ed a large number of ue eee i in plan Three of outstanding signi nifi- —asparagine, glut , and Hen acid—_will be ier here. The e thr ree chee occur in many plant tissues in amounts that vary m traces in some pl to quantities in oft plants which make commercial moductici ee e compounds are neitl drugs enzymes or vitamins, they in themselv dis ve: any a yet they already have made important contributions cea the promotion of human well-being. Thus, ASPARAGINE, in spite of ee eee iy ae a more effective aie: S a preferre urce of nitr r the growth of the tubercle bacillus. This organism is eh faa a ee, for the com- mercial ae ion Aa which is used in hypodermic injections as a test for eu reu ai es of GLU lose relative of asparagine, are essential for the of pa emit or blood-destroying, streptococci. Use of this Ere has simplified the laboratory culture of these pathogenic organisms and thus eee medical knowledge of the origin and Dr, Pucher is Research a in Biochemistry at the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station in New Hav 77 78 oo of diseases of which these organisms may be the causative agen Giuta amine, obtainable from plants, also occurs in animals a being an important constituent of the: blood, liver, kidneys, and brains. It also undoubted] ly plays essential roles in the transportation of oe niet gh body in the synthesis of certain nitrogenous products of meta- bolism—that continuous series of chemical changes in the body’s cells, se which the energy is provided for vital processes and activities. TRIC ACID, most rec ently encountered and by far the rarest of the a mentioned, occupies a central ein : he Aaa cycle, which is one phase of eee of nie lis , the respiration cycle is the chain s by means of whi ch a fae and animal cells cone crhyates ae a ase the ene Tgy necessary to maintain life o function. Thus, in green plants it is part of the com led ee ‘of eae taking place during photosynthesis.* Isocitric acid, t 7 =a ms ° as much as 14 percent of the dry solids, contrast to the juice of the blackberry where it occurs to the extent a only a ere 1 percent. a is thus available, for the first time, a plant tissue from which it is possible to prepare isocitric acid in quantity, since the plant is easily ena in the pales and it grows luxuriantly in certain sections the South. At present, the preparation of the pure acid is a dificult io procedure, fe “details oF which are still in the 5 Also known as B, pinnatiun. 1875 Mayer (12) stated that the Crassulaceae contained an optically active iff in physical properties. In 1898 Aberson (13) proved that crassulacean malic acid di malic iffered from the two known optically active forms ol acid and concluded that the new acid was ird isomer. This exception to the rules of sterioisomerism, which state that compounds with one asymetric carbon atom such as malic acid, can have only tw active forms, was possible in 1898 but is untenable in tl light of our presen’ wledge. In 1922 Franzen and Ostertag (14) reinvestigated the acids of the Crassulaceae and concluded that there bee no e oa nce to support he view that tissues of the family Crassulaceae contai lic acid. nig of mal is explanation was apparently such a relief to the ae Teo Be ilies her chemists that another twenty years clapsed before the correct answer to the problem was found. 82 experimental stages. However, there is every reason to believe that it can be vimplified and that some day isocitric acid may be as common and--——~ cid. as ee! nt a chemical as its well-known isomer, Be ic a The three es discussed above were prepared from three ee plant soure etiolated lupine ‘seedling, beet root, and the leaves of aes Galyeiin The choice of source rater ae been largely a matter of chance, and a compr see survey of plants in respect to their aes o ae of kno n_ biological ae is pu required. Such a ey res inf ee Laas but the dis- very of something new ne hae is inevitable result. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Pir Rk, Ann. chim. phys. (3), 22: 160. 1848. 2 Schu a. E. Landw. vate. “17: 683. 1888. 3. Prianischnikov, D. Ber. deutsch. bot. Ges. 22: 35, a 4. Vickery, H.B., Pre G.W., and Deuber, C.G. J. B vol pats 145: 45: 1942. 5. Vickery, H.B., and Pucher, G.W. J. Biol. Chem. 150: 943. 6. Schulze, E. and Bosshard, E. eae Vers. Stat. 29: 2s “1883 7. Vickery, H.B., Pucher, G.W. and Clark, H.E. J. Biol. Chem. 109: 39, 1935. 8. Greenhill, AW., and Chibnalt XG Biochem. Jour. 28: 1442. 1934. 9. Curtis, L.C. Plant au siol 19: 44 10. Nelson, E.K. J. ¢ 11. Pucher, GW, J. B a Vickers, ib. er Biol. Chem. 145: 525, 1942. 12. May 13. Sterne n, Ae 14. Franzen, H. Re Ostertag RZ. Phrsiol, en 122: 263. 1922, + See the Journal for January 1946, page 15, for the preparation and uses of citric acid. cA Forest Lover in the (Caribbee Islands Vio Saba to Montserrat By J. S. Beard Hi pace links in the voleanic chain of the Lesser Antilles are a series of relatively tiny islands ele fe along a 70-mile arc. Their names are viene Redonda, Nevis, St. Ch Histopher (St. Kitts), St. Eustatius (Stitia) and Saba. The li st ae ae are Dutch, the others Lritish. Montserrat is neighbour to Irench Guadeloupe in the centr the Senne chain. North of Saba the volcanic arc ceases at the - passage beyond which we come to the essentially continental structure of Tuerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. a2 Bel cana) co S Looking north from Montserrat: Redonda in the middle distance, cloud-capped Nevis behind. Redonda i is just a high conical Tock too small to be inhabited. Its name or “circular” as it is that shape in plan. Saba is isl ht ) most per land 7 x iameter. N pa ah and its name is ek ee the shrine of Nuestra Sefiora de las es (Our Lady of the a not as is so often alleged because es ee its cloud ca He could not es been quite so Bae cee! this is not a name anyway: he called the island St. Mo oo ce Our Lady of oe in Spain) is ae pas than Nevis, with 33 square miles, but is more mountainous, of an ol : high. In the centre of the island rise the Centre Hills, see eroded and dissected ; and in the south the Soufriere Hills, composed of one large 4 cone and several smaller ones, so recent that the structure of the principal crater is still very plainly visible. There are several fumaroles still activey . . t group, with 67 square miles. ercisa te Ryonaers backbone formed4 by a chain of relatively young volcanic aay skirted Dy a ely sloping. ; apron, or glacis, .\t the north end of th and there is a well preserved . crater, evidently in eruption not many ar ies back. Part of the crater rim rises in a lofty exposed pyramid to 3,700 feet, highest en ation in a group of islands. This is aptly known as Misery Peak from the rigours of _ its wet, windswept climate. From the southeastern end of St cae a is > low promontory of barren hills reaches out tow: _- Nevis, including in its { i a. ted. hese islands were discovered by Giambi 1493, on his second voyage, but were never settled by the rus Its was left is ie English, more than a century later, to colonise-them. In 1624 an If eae oa adyenturer, Sir Thomas Warner, planted a ee of settlers upon St. and et the second successful Lnglish colony in nae ; - G Pilgrim ‘athers having beaten him to it by t rs e French appeared to and for a long time the english owned the middle of St. K ud th a Irrench the two ends, a situation which led to constant Sidie: Ieventually the [english settlers represented to Queen Anne that this was a nuisance and, evis also was settled by Ie nglish ; Montserrat by T Dutch Saba ae is peopled by the TEnglish-speaking descendants of buc- caneers, who formed one of the scat eka small white communities in the Caribbean, the population of the adjoining British islands being now predominé ee negro. The first settlers were white small- ot who — nee tobacco and ud th he planta: has been rationalised ty construction \ of a creuminsal sail way an ud a f : y from all but the oe and least cultivable parts of the central peaks, and even ee a great deal of oe dee been done in the past. Nowadays. in all. the British Mie nds, legislation protects the forest on the central mountains in the interests of wi te er conservation, so that the islands all sent the appearance of broad, te ely cultivated aprons at the fo f steep forested slopes. Most of the forest scen in this way consists actually of low secondary bush which is growing back, but here and there Most of the mountain slopes of Montserrat are covered by a low secondary bush, mua of tree ferns. The crowns of numerous tree ferns can be seen in this picture one can find examples of fine forest Hake hee survived be the interest of some former landowner. High up near the tops of the peaks the ra is still natural but is of a fee ae ee a elevation and exp On Mor rat the writer knows of only one single ae of natural rain for oe a this is found on the South Soufriere Peak a ae a estate. The dominant trees ae bs sane Daer sas ercelsa, Sloan nea iruncata and Rilene grandis, can be seen by a ‘detot Pica the bridle path which ae the Galway soutier C seein a a before crossing the col joining the South Soufriere Peak and Chance's Mountain. Else- where in Mor ee the sas slopes are cov a with a low secondary bush formed usually of groves of tree ferns (Cyathea and "Hemitelia) a reduc oodland formed on the more exposed parts o these eu ae the influence of the wind. One of the few trees found among the palms is eee eae) a tree with vellow flowers which ranges from Mon t to Mar There is rather an Here ee. bordering the numerous 1 These include Sapium a Tetrasygia discolor, Fresicra undulata, Ochroma lagopus and Acnistus arbores ie) an 86 SOUFRIERES or solfataras in this island. The ie fumes emitted a deadly to most plants and any recrudescence of a y kills off vegeta te which has encroached during a quiescent ee The soufrieres are _ little trees, Clusia alba and Ternstroemia peduncularis, with tussocks of the bromeliad Picante angustifolia, the sedge Cyperus euler is, and the aroid Philodendron giganteum. Some of the forest on Nevis is in quite good condition and one can find stands of rain forest containing the inevitable Dacryodes excelsa and Sloanea truncata, with ee ade ula (a on raceous tree with red bark), Guatteria caribaea and tw es of the Sapote family, Pouteria multiflora and Alicropholis chneophoe On the upper slopes this merges into a palm brak ce like f Montserrat by way of a transitional is the dominant tree.? On this island there is also some xerophytic wood- land on rocky hills near the sea. All of it is secondary Siu eis of a low arid thicket with many thorny components.* The forest area of St. Kitts is much the largest of any on these lands - forest is tall and dense, with trees 100 ae more feet high, crowded ogether with long c cylindrical. stems. Light 1 shut out so high above the oe that the interio e forest is ae empty. It is a great vault arching ee ee sta one finds anaes little growth. A few small trees on their way up to the canopy, alms, some rare Bae jungle” fable. Large-leaved epiphytes perch here and there otches or i up the stems and an occasional re ge liane loops to the ae The soil itself is covered with a close ferny mantle of —o flabellata and Dryopteris L’'Herminicri. As always in the rain forest of the Caribbee rae Dacryodes excelsa : the som iene te, _ toring 40 percent a the total tree crop. Euterpe globosa forms ano 35 per- t. The r Ra is ad of much i common hes Among the many others seen there are Drypetes pyriformis and Micropholis chophatoides ome_of the more_typical species include Bursera simaruba, Tabebuia pallida, ee Capparis and Coccoloba species, Guctiarda scabra, Pithecellobium unguiscali and Fagara 8 species. +'Ihree species of Sfoanea are present—S. berteriana, S. dentata and S. massont, -There are a nur fie of ranhes: of ae era: family (Lauraceae)—Aniba bracteata, Beilschmiedea pendula and some sp f Ocotea, diffic ov to identify. Simaruba amara is frequent, Ormosia ae steiea “Giateda caribaea and ! Melios sma herbert ' a ecide atalis, the latter showy when in flower with its white blos: On the upper ies of the mountains in these islands a palm brake is found, of which his thick grove of Euterpe globosa on Montserrat is a part : There is some really fine so i i i R y Hoe forest on St. Kitts. A buttressed Sloanea is seen centre, bel me Dacryodes, and several Euterpe palms, 89 Unfortunately, a finest stands of forest are restricted in area, the two best examples lying on Wi ingfie eld and Mansion estates, o1 opposite as of the ee backbone just south of the old trail across the island int t impoverished. Large trees are scattered and show signs of breakage at some time, usually forking quite low down into two or three stems. The spaces in between are filled quite variably with groves of palms or thickets of advetititious tree species On the higher all in slope es the rain forest merges into a palm brake as described for Montserrat and this in turn at the summits aay an elfin or mossy wo a a low gnarled ae oe about 12 feet high, loaded with moss and epiphytes, matted with lia The flora is charac- teristic and it differs from that of the oe pe below, featuring Charianthus Ee (a melastome with showy red flowers), Didymo- panax attenuatum (with pale-coloured, ean leav hee Dae arborescens (with fleshy, aromatic leaves a aerial roots). he prominent plants are Frezicra dae ee coriaceus a Weinmannia pinnata. The great pyramid of Misery Peak, rising 600 feet clear of its surround- ings, is covered with a low, Peat eaarcee a may be ia in a certain sense to the Andine P. The plants consist in ae of species from the elfin npr ae now eee ced to small knee-high shru oe With them associate various herbaceous plants,’ aay oe aroids and ferns, a few ground orchids and other flowers, and some sedges and grasses, Two Awards for Plant Explorer’s Jungle Camp O emphasize the importance of plant exploration, the New York Botanical Garden presented a plant explorer’s jungle camp at the International Flower Show March 17—22 at Grand Central Palace. ae exhibit won a gold ae from the Flower Show oe and the t color citation of the Garden Club of New Jersey, the second award bane compa to the bronze medal formerly offered in days when metal was not scare vies the spec: represented are Pitca itcairnia ia angustifolia, P. spicata, Lycopodinm toriun Ba trnione striata, Dryopteris limbata, Epidendrum mutelianum, Lobelia cirsitfolia, Isachne angustifolia, and I. rigidifolia, also a species of ‘Anthuriuin and of Dicranopteris or Gleic: 90 e scene, which included a shelter equipped neue mosquit esses, fuel cans, lantern, machetes, other object use . a plant explorer, sir mulated a cre ally tropics crevices al ee the tree were epiphytic orchids, eae bromeliad: and other plants, while a common a ess creep minoides, draped itself o . branch. The same care appeared o the jungle floor with oie en aie var. argyroncura, anothe common plant of the tropical American jungle, and with arrowroc (Maranta arundinacea), common throughout the tropics but native to th ee With them one of the few Asiatic plants used in the exhib helped to cover the ground—Piper Betle, with dark green heart-shape nH = <2 3 es. Aroids were prominent in the scene, one of the most noteworthy spec mens, because of its spadices that were laden with red fruits, being a plar one a se, which the ee ee from ete mor oe forty y Somewhat resembling it was a specimen of Philc . ae He de from Cael ee with che bade “ike tightl calla-lilies displayed in the center = te largest Philodendron was P. verrucosum, which has been growin for many years on an enormous stump in the Palm House im the Garden’ conservatory. The heart-shaped leaves of this species are marked wit reddish tones beneath and are roughly hairy. Near it stood a slende cut-leaved species, P. SeHoum, with prominent leaf-scars on the trunk an with oe a descentling from the stem Arousing the greatest interest, because it was mentioned in the Heralc Trine on the an day of the ee was the pe tree (ire arpus communis) at the rear corner of the shelte A number of palm aoa the eee ou with numerous smaller ot units in the foregrounc Among them were two specimens of Begonia foliosa, — sd ab 1800 by Alexander von Humboldt, a plant of an Asiatic ate and another orchid, Schomburgkia ee from Colombia glassed-in cases at the side of the exhibit, not visible aa the jung’ scene oe ee nine significant plants which have been brought int horticulture or other use as a result of plant exploration, One of thes Was an ree aroid, discovered by Dr. Bassett Maguire on Tabl pane in in Slee: in 1944, wh ich otters promise as a house plan i ant 0 of LITCes 86 Rev. Hugh Goldie, from west tropical Africa; Cyclamen pe rsicum, a S plant from the Mediterranean region, source of our showy floris Jungle scene and part of the plant explorer’s camp which won two awards for the New York Botanical Garden at the International Flower Show in New York in March. ait of the Pr esent day; Tradescantia Wastseaiesiane named for a Polish botanist—an excellent but little known house plant; Stachys en ciscovered in the 19th century by the French botanist Cosson while exploring in the mountains of a an cea dwarf saul a Chamaedorea, brought to the Gar in ent years by Thomas MacDougall from Mexico; Pee ic eriauunt, pee for its discoverer in Central America, a small- flowered species with exceedingly ‘a. rinted information about the na York Botanical vey was ee buted throughout the week by ac of volunteers under direction (rs. John G. Winchester. Ones about the plants a a ene of exploration were answered by members of the staff, one of whom was ee in attendar The award . aie Garden Club of New . was designated : “Tri-color citation of the Garden Club of New Jerse r an educational exhibit showing the important relationship between os and Badaceiee through its em mphasis on plant exploration, as presented i ropical jungle scene. 91 The Interlaken Seedless Grape By A. B. Stout HE January number of Farm — ape by the New York State Agricultural Experiment Sta t Geneva and the Cornell tration of a cluster of ee is on a photograph taken at Geneva. The description is as foll low S$: Po gon yellow-fruited, very early, seedless grape was named Interlaken Seedless, his variety is a seedling of rare crossed with Thompson Seedless, the small- aie Saas — grape which is so a grown in California. 10 the latter, also known as Sultanina, is primarily a raisin grape, it is also used for table purposes and is atten seen in eastern Le during Aaa and ore mber. Interlaken Seedless bears clusters of medium size which are well filled and often shouldered. The berries are slightly larger than those of Delaware. They ripen very early, about September 1 at Geneva, or a full month before Concord. Tho greenish yellow when the fruit first becomes edible, it later ripens to a rich golden yellow color. From a practical standpoint the berries are cecil seedless, The fruit of this variety has a high sugar ives and the flesh is meaty like that of Thommen Needles rather than of the slipskin type. The flavor is a delicious blend of that of Ontario with that of Thompson Seedless. The fruit, like that of Schuyler and Steuben, will keep in cold storage much longer than that of most eastern ae and has been held in good condition until late December. The vines are vigorous a of moderate productivity. In hardiness the variety compares favorably with Seneca, Golden nae 7S Delaware, and Dutchess. Temperatures of—20° F mi be expected to ood of Interlaken Seedless. es Seedless wa ine loped in collaboration with Dr. Stout of the New York Beenie Garlen, who has been ee io the ee of eee hardy seedless grapes at Geneva for more than 25 y Reports 2 345 of this research on ae grapes have been made to readers of the Journal of The New es amie Garden and several reports a bulletins Hale a printed els In this research a £ 309 1 ndividual pee have been obtained Mae Pe seedless or near gaia fruits. All of these have been obtained n first or later generation progenies of hybrids between hardy, seeded, bach grapes and the two vinifera seedless ae as Thompson Seedless 1 Three New Grapes that Show Promise.. George D, Oberle. Farm Research 8: 9. 1947, 2 Studies of grapes in co-operation with the State Agr. Exp. Sta. at Geneva. A. B. Sa Jour. N. Y. Bot. Garden 22: 148-156. 1921. A new seedless grape. . B. Stow ne N. Y. Bot. Garden 28: 20-23. 1927. 4 Some chronicles of grape history. I. A. B. Stout. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Garden 39: 254-263. 19. 5 Some chronicles of grape history. IJ. A. B. Stout. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Garden 39: 274-281. 1938. idle Seedless, an early yellow seedless adie at the New York State Agricultural Experi Station. It appears to be the most a seedless grape . ced to date for eastern grape-growing areas. 94 and Black Monukka. At least 50 of thése whieh have ae Se a ie have been propa cae for pos cre at Geneva and s hardy have been tested e in vineyard Fe, oe pe ie egos Seedless vil now as aie in limited numbers, according ount of nursery stock, from the New York Fruit Testing eae at Geneva The Legend of the Basil By Bessie R. Bux Peabody, Mase OG SS manifests itself in many ways and one nost familiar ones is gr pies the well-loved uae of se Saearane ecially tru Mediter: This | is especially of natives of the nean countries wher flowe ae fruits are so Senet The Greek es e 1S, es f more than othe d one sees large and handsome specimens of orange, lemon and fig in the windows of the Greek shops. ,In summer, they flourish in gardens or on balconies. TWO KINDS OF BASIL GROWN BY THE GREEKS IN MASSACHUSETTS The purple-leaved form is shown at the left, the common species, Ocimum Basilicum, at the right. O. minimum, with smaller foliage, also is cultivated. 95 e plant will almost eae . found in Greek gardens and shop the bs or BASILICO, as they call it—Ocimum Basicwm herb to the Greeks, and every zoe ek child knows the leg: en Helena, the mother of the Emperor hee tine, in her search search where fragrance filled the air. Searching the hills, she suddenly stepped on a mass of set a its fragrance revealed to her the’ Holy Cross, — buried beneath i ae isa ae nd. oe start the Rasy ae in the house in February. oe it is ee ted into boxe tubs and set in the garden, where it gro into a saan usar aa o tender green about two feet ae The e flow Tin a Ae are gro , the common species, e leaves one to es long; O. minimum, with very fine, delica iecolses: and a purple- vee ves of O. Basilicum. The slightest brush against the foliage of the plant sends a wave of spicy perfume through the air. Jtalians and other races use the basil in cooking, but to oat Greeks this is sacrilege. They grow it only for its religious significance. New Varieties RICH IN BEAUTY Count on Wayside for the newest——just as PLUS man: you count on us for the: finest. aha choice years wl ial items typify Wi 1 Jucti. £ ‘hi have become favorites of dis- criminating flower growers. EW CALIFORNIA ROSE ORIGINATIONS. Exelusive Wayside Garden introductions. Send for Finest Horticultural Glorious: Yermilion buds, semidouble flow. Book-Cotalog ers of Tyri is : Dogwood- like Borers gold-tipped anieahysi stamens. 76 pages. Hundreds of Ming Toy: Dainty, rose-colored. Quite like ers in full color. a miniature Camellia. cultural instructions on ing finest roses, shrubs, plants NEW GIANT GLADIOLI sohag HOLLAND. a ibs. To be & Hybrids. of famous Picardy. fe go this oustanding Book, it for giant size and high ss valu NEW ROSE EDITH WILLKIE. oe ane In: of oe red. Inside shrimp pink. or stamps, to cover p an cereal andling costs aE TTY eR 51 Mentor Ave. Mentor, Ohio . 96 Notes, News, and Comment Flower Show Visitor. Lord Abercon- way, President « of the Royal Horticultural cie ray mer- the Waldorf- oS Seaver was the Garden OE representative at he luncheon. Lor ed s gardens in Bodnant, Tal-y- n Wales, are a famous show rt Exhibit. A Appe oximately 500 a tended the of hg Winslow ess e benefit of S Bot eat len Feb. 18, and turing” “ihe ae qe the pictures ¢ on the Wildenstein galleries, DRICONURE | the all-organic animal manure FERTILIZER Here’s a fertilizer you can use with com- ee confidence. It’s peuled DRICONUR. d ely by cae s 100% 5 5 a mical, pan a Ib.) ne Write today ae foes and literature. ATKINS & adie 165 John Street bee there were more than 6,000 visitors. The cxhibit was open to ae on bs days from Feb. 19 thr h March 2. oo T. H. Eve a s been none Thomas Roland m medal for skill bi eer by the ee ibe the Mas chusetts Horticultural Society. lent. a oT Towns of the Huntington Becivell Garden, San Marino, Calif, Feb. 10. Show Windows. During part of the month: the Winslow Homer a was at Wildenstein Gilleses nw: department Y ee aed York ae The: anels Teller windows of tie: agen One window at Lord & Taylor's con- cae a peruredietcn of one of Homer’s pat Du Por ont Garden Tour. On May 1 the New York Botanical Garden is fee ing a tour of a gardens of eee F, and Pierre du Pont at Wilmington, Del. Members of ae aes Gdn Clubs S Se ey w Jersey, and Connecti- eing noe d. Mrs. Henry F. oe ‘Coie is making the arrange- ments. lub Day. The eae annual Garden are Day at the York Bo- a.m, demonstration of e Botanica 1 Garden mie ale aa canes will bei in the is of a -H. Evere ae as mode Those ve attend a pected to bring their own lunches coffee will be served. At 1:30 t will be guided tours of ne tine Gard such the rubs. rs. er man of arrangements, with Mrs. wand Mrs, Junius Richards men, Basie Judges of the Court of Appeals of the State of New York were guests 97 at the New York Botanical Garden Sunday, Jan. 26. Dr. William J. Robbins gave them a brief address in the Mem- ’ Room bers’ Radio. The following staff aes spoke on various radio programs cones with the International Flow Show at Grand Central eee eiahy ihe | Work Botanical Garden exhibited a Plant Explorer’s Jungle Cam Elizabetl all, on “This is New York’ + WCBS March 14 at 9 a.m. Ir, Camp on y’s pro: gram over WOR March 14 at 10:15 a.m. Mrs. W.. Beals, Jr., on Liliian Okun’ program over WMCA March 15 at 1 p.m. Dr, Bassett Maguire and G. = Wittrock on Nancy Craig’s program over WJZ March we ae 12:30. . Naylor on the “Modern Far: E, rit over WNBC March 18 at 6; 45 4 ay ae Le Everett and E. J. Alexander on Mergaret uA Program over WCBS March 18 8:45 Conference. The regular see s held Heterocaryosi rospora tetra- ie ene in N. sttaphila and N. crassa,’ ’ Dr. sett Maguire spoke on “The Boundary Limits for the Tatermoaa tai Flor Lectures, setages ae 7 member 13 <2 e Boll "Plants “and iher eigniicanen | in the ui Buea Annette Hervey sp ve ee entative of Dr. Robbins a the ete jincliess o the Riverhead. oun ee Jan. 13. e Wor er subject was of he Ne: otanical Santen? . H. Everett Pane . “Needed— Craftsmen in t a o the cae os ural Club of sn: Feb. Bo ‘ock Gardens” to the Larchmont Garden Club, March 3; on “Rebuilding Gardens” to ue Rockville Cone Gar een Club; and “Spr. Wor he ; ng orl arden” ‘the garden section a th Bronxville Women’s Club, the last three being Affiliates of the Botanical Garden Dr. William J. Robbins spoke on “Plant Research as Related to Medicine” at a nee of the Bedford Garden Club Dr. H. N. Moldenke lectured Feb. 17 on “Marvels in Adaptation Among our Our Local eetay to the Garden Club of Mt. Vernon, an Affiliate of the Garden, and 1 “Plants, £ the Bible” Feb. 18 the reenwich ane Club; March 19 to the Newark n Club, ane March 21 to the Har ras Mode len Clu Instructor. Edwin ett, Superinten- fe nt of Middl etown re Red Bank, N. J., a replace ea instructor ae the sprin; Ap ihe winter tern on Culication of Green- house Plan ichael Evenari came to ee Gna ae Ed and stayed two weeks obtaining information Ain establish- t a bo =] pers — ebrew nari is a plant phvsiologat: ‘aking an iene tour of the United = Dr. G. G. Ste enis, Senior Botanist of the Departinent of Eevee Affairs, Eu lneers: Java, eek . Ge sce ae ite “wie on his end ied Mr van ea Mes brought ayith hint adit. s for color plates for a proposed new - Bobbink & Atkins NURSERYMEN AND PLANTSMEN of the unusual Roses, Trees and sh not obtainable elsewhere will be found growing in this great sees one unique in the Annals of American Horticulture. Visitors Always Welcome Catalogue Upon Request Bobbink & Atkins Paterson Ave., E. Rutherford, N. J. 98 flora of the Flora aes Dr. Gauman mycolo; at Zurich Uae enin: ‘and hae eae a hock on coma a ea of the fungi, he 19. Malaysian Archipelago, visited tl Gar rden > fe of Bota at etoria, South Africa, was a cent a isitor. A former Paes ° orge S. Avery, Jr., she to bie country again to meet ‘American plant physiologists. Bee Robert A. Vines of the University Texas brought to the Garden in Febru nary a portfolio of a Oe has made for of Ha a d Pei Other x, U. hull, Princeton Univ ersity ; nry and G, H. H. Tate, Mecnee atural History; hn iversity of Idaho; and President of ‘the Horticultural Society of England. NA INC. A PHOTO ENGRAVING CO., 305 EAST 47th STREET 1 N.Y. MAKERS OF PRINTING PLATES PROCESS BENDAY LINE & HALFTONE Groups. Among the classes which have pay visited the conservatories are 80 tudents from Chatham High School, Cuatan N. J.; 17 students from Hunter College; 20 from ue Franklin School Professional Arts, to do painting; and th ase Girl Sue Sev eral cases of Museum Building, Approximately all of the See were made on the grounds ad in fhe conservatories of the New ical Garden ee scho were hea ex- and of autumn @ plants Platt were on dis- —_ es aan Rut hi erford play fodels by Paul Marchand, showing ome of our common mushrooms, among nes, are on rotunda, These are own in a natural setting and are under illumination. yor models will be added within a few : of the inadequacy the Addison Addisonia. Because of funds ee from C -p this periodical of t pubtished neneeton als. Nany years had heen given free to mber the Garden. The economy” in ae publication of Addiso effected in 1920, at la} Leas becor will 1 issue a number only when suf- ficient money has accrued A ne ae lication possible. pe Le ee oun a Coane est colored slistanone. of nlants w with po lar and technical descriptions. NOTICES AND REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS agaderate Genus Treated tral ae South aes These treatises In: a Se ho sated Monograph therefore give accurate portrayal at : the ane as ee occurs in th two J TRAD oti MERICA, ulford, XVE + 178 py “Ilustrated. indexed. Chroni e 46 species of Central a: Botan vets aN eee, Mase. G. - America are grouped into two ee. eee . * Bidentatae, including 7 species, and Tri- Till crack of ne the liverworts to dentatae, with 39, the representatives of st biologists—and to many botanists— each being true to these characterization ahs ; me eae will mean Aferchantia, even though the Each species is then described at length; leafy forms are often more common, and a habitat is given, followed by a is: im many ways much more Sea: sion, in which distinguishing featur: One of the most conspicuous, widespread, are “considered, as well. as varieties and and, thanks to Dr, Fulford, Gar iow forms, when present. Distribution and genera of the leafy liv references for cvery species are listed. Bassania. There are 17 new combinations. n a previous publication the author he ie sega some of which consist considered the 6 species ae a genus of as 20 separate drawings, found in the United Stat 1 Canada, show ae sketclien leaf characters, Job- The present volume eke with the 46 ings, cellular interrelationships in the species authoritatively known from Cen- leaves and bracts, and other minutiae. Ahh he he Know Your Trees You will find this handbook with its 498 lucid illustrations an invaluable guide. To facilitate quick and accurate identification it not only illus- trates the tree itself, but the leaves, fruits or berries, bark, transverse sec- tion of wood, and the locale in which each particular species may be found. An excellent text supplements the photographs. mMacMILLAN Handbook of the “TREES OF THE NORTHERN STATES AND CANADA By Romeyn B. Hough At your bookstore 100 To specialists Professor Fulford’s earnest and scholarly treatise will be invaluable. To knights of the test tube or the microtome, as well as to genera aud ficld bota ists, a perusal of this book should offer a rewarding glimpse of one of our Comnion oe attractive even if les showy gencra lants. The cole | is enn opHately insertbed to Alexander W. Eva MaATZKE, Columbia Univer sity, More than a T: For Health Officers WATER BAC TEMLOLOCY: 8s. ¢. A. Winslow v, and $4.50. The sixth Baie the first in 15 years, is more than a ae nas of an old mw (bog written oe ‘th old. Mr. McCrady, who has been Boy identified ite the development of the field, co princip. ale agreeme nt rom workers in this field. The bibliography of 52 pages is an Eanaiee ton of the thoroughness of the wo: This univ book belongs on the must hacteriologists, and thos engaged in ching public health. Use di in conjunc- tion with Standard Methods it will be of constant assistance to those interested in the role of hac teriology in sanitary prol 0 be co ongratulated on mt. a noteworthy secon hme ; .M M.D., . Director. Burean OF Pere EON Bucupinver, Px.D. Head, Division of Sanitary Benois City of New York. officers, sanitary engineers, - Petal ed ba hae vely With a Minimum Of Effo RDENING WITH SHRUBS AND LOWERING TREES. ass rk are assets at our command, yet too often overlooked. ATHERINE G. FENIMORE COOPER. Guide for Embellishment d Grounds i-) = & SHRUBS. VINES AND LAWNS. Albert E. W: eee ahs pages, il- lustrated, pkoteaer New Home Library, piitedoin a Pa., 1946. $1, This reference work on trees, shrubs, vines and Nae es the amateur ae o parts. The first popular retest us ei orative ater in at on 71 ds bui ie taken up sith information pertainir the general = lant material, Me Sandie ote of & an mak- ing and caring for lawns, sis, “erties insect pests and eee of plants and their contro! 7 information oe int The b erest ook has many illustrations, drawn = by Tabea Hoffman: Epwin BECKETT. edness THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN HENRY DE LA Montacn! NE, AY paar ry Elective Managers WuuiaM Ferton Barrett oe B. Har Frepericx S. Mose ey, Jr. Howarn BAYNE ee ne Einecres Francis E. Powe tt, Jr. Evwin De T. BecuTer v Hoo Mrs. Harorp I. PRratr Henry F. pu Ponr Ae D. Lasker Witt1am J. Rospins Rev. Rosert I. Gannon, Canons McK. Lewts Epmunp W. Sinnott S.J. MErrILi Cuauncey STILLMAN a H. Montcomery wal a Managers Wiuutam O’Dwyve_r, x of the City of New York ANDREW G Coauson. Tk. en 5 ie rials of Education Rozert Moses , Park C sion A ppointive nee By the Torrey Botanical Club By Columbia University Marston T. Bocert rcus M. Rwoapes Cuartes W. BaLLarp mM F, TRELEASE THE STAFF Lares J. Rozsins, Pxu.D., Sc.D. Dir H. A. Girason, Px. D. Assistant Director and Gin aioe GN: Assistant Director Sc.D. ead Curator Frep J. SEAVER, Pu.D., A. B. Stout, Px Curator of Education and ‘Laboratories Bernard O, Doncr, Px.D. Plant ae oo H. W. Rickert, Pu.D. ographe: Tuomas H. Everetr, N.D. Horr. ite rial Bassett Macuire, Px.D, Harotp N. Motpenke, Px.D Associate Bate Me H. Camp, Pu.D. Associate Curator ocal Herbarium E, J. ALexanpver, B.S. Assistant Curator and Curator of the L E E. Nayror, Pu.D. Assistant Curator Assistant Curator Assistant Curator Research Associate RT I c , Pa.D Technical Assistant Mary Stessrns, M.A. Technical Assistant Exizabetn C. Hatt, A.B., B.S ibrarian ROL H, Woopwarp, A.B. he Journal G. L. Wirtrocx, A.M. Orro ae ae . Collaborator in aes a ELMER N. Mrr vapher Joun Henprey - Barkan, A.M., M.D. Bibh Fe pe aie Inez M. Harin Assistant Honorary Curator ot Mosses JosrrH F. Boe ao morary Curator of the Diatomaceae B. A. Kruxorr a Cunalor of Economic Botany ETHEL seal S. Peckuam Honorary pees Tris ae. Narcissus ee A. C. Peano) Su, peruiendent of Buildings and Gro To reach the Batanical Garden, take the Independent Subway to Bedford Park Boulevard tation use the Bedford Park Boulevard exit and walk east. Or take the Third Avenue Elevated to the Botanical Garden or the 200th Street station, the New York Central to the Botanical Garden station, or the Webster Avenue surface car to Bedford Park Boulevard Membership in THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN and what it means support of a program that 1E INSTITUTION, membership means nds of persons a (2) education, reaches several hundreds of thousa y, this ogram cone eee (1) horti eultnral displays (3) scientific research, and (4) botanical exploration. To further this work and to disseminate useful in tion about plant life to the public, the Garden issues books and periodicals, both scientific an ular, and presents lectures, programs, radio broadcasts, and of study in gardening and botany. Th boratories and large herbarium and library serve t its researc cational work, while the extensive plantings at the Garden give the public vistas of beauty j year aro The public is also free to use the Botanical Garden’s he roun , under ansochton, to consult the herbariu DU embership means, beyond the personal gratification of ata such a prog abe ance privi ree in courses up to ae amount of the annual member- enrollm ship ies paid. A su seeped to the Journal and to Addisonia. a io o Me mbers’ Day programs aaa use of the Members’ Room also at ot tim A aire of pian when made available for distribution. (These plants may Fabel t the Garden’s new moda cone into horticulture.) Personal conferences with staff mbers, upon request, on problems related to een eae, i orticulture Fre ts of sued displays, lectures, broadcasts, pro- grams, seats ae ev cane Use lantern sli from the Garden’s large collection, under such established regulations tee me embership card which serves as identification at special functions at the es cal Garden and also when visiting similar institutions in other citie Garden clubs may perenne. "Affliate Member of the New York Bowne Garden, and thu ert privileges for lub as a unit and others for individual a eibenes Tibi aiaatoe on Girden Chik Affiliation will be ae upon request. usiness firms may become Pedic Members of the New York Botanical iformation on the classe. oh ie dustrial Membership and the privileges ai ancnalbar ship will be sent sues rea eee in the New York Botanical Garden in addition to mem induct Meena Annual Single Fee Contribution Annual Member $ 10 Member for Life $ 250 gust taining Memb f Fellow for Life 1,000 Garden Club Affiliation 25 Patron 5,000 Fellowship Member 1 Benefactor 25,000 pa ese ie one Garden may be deducted from taxable inco Contributi the Garden are SeaeeanTes in computing Telarc a New York estate eked egally approved form of bequest is as follov hereby Beglient The New York Botanical “Carden, incorporated under York, Chane 285 of 1891, the s y ae bap ade subj a reservation aie income from the gift proper ty for ne ‘benefit of the as nor or designated beneficiary during his or her lifetim equests for further information shore ee addressed to The New York ie Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York 58, JOURNAL _ THE NEW York BOTANICAL GARDEN JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Caro. H. Woopwarp, Editor EVENTS DURING MAY AT THE GARDEN Members’ Day 3:30 p.m. in the Members’ Room May 7 Adventures in a One-Man Greenhouse Victor Greiff Saturday Afternoon oi a 3 p.m. in the Lecture Hall May 3 Action asia of Garden Flow Alien K. White A lapse-time motion picture in an colbe May 10 Plants and their Wanderings W. H. Camp May 17 Wild Life in the Watchungs Mildred J, Rulison s seen at the Trailside Museum of the Union cote ae Commission May 24 “Plants and the Life of Man” and ee ift of G Botanical “Garden's own color films The Saturday programs will be oan in the 2 Programs for Garden Clubs Arranged by the aetiae downtown office at 801 Madison Avenue May 1 Tour to du Pont gardens in Wilmington May 20 erat Club Day at the New oy rk Botanical Garden am. Program in the Lecture Hall 7 a0 p Guided tours of buildings and grounds Museum Exhibits lower Paintings by Tabea Hoffman, through May Fruits of Central America, water colors by Lee pe through May 31. Mushroom Models by Paul Marchand, showing a dozen edible and poisonous ecies, continuous. Forthcoming Events ne ers’ Day: ane “Some Native American Herbs and Meera by Helen M. Museum Ex waite Photographs of English Gardens, date to be announced, Masbiosn Models, continuous. TABLE OF CONTENTS Y 1947 aaa PaTTERN—A portion of the moving plant body of a slime mold its vegetative phase Cover photogr aa by Ruth N. Nauss My Gun or Sime Mops uth N, Nauss 101 THE Larcest Sequoia East of THE Rocky Mountains Pon F, ie 110 Tue Broominc Diszase oF WALNUT B. O. Dodge 112 BroapcasT—PLaNnT Propucts FROM BRAZIL José Garrido Torres 115 Sir WILLIAM fies s THIRD VOLUME 117 Rea! AND Reviews OF RECENT BooKs 118 Notes, News, AND COMMENT 122 can GarpDENING Must Go ON! Walter Zulch 124 rete Journal is Published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New Yor! Printed in U. S. Entered as Second Class Matter, january 28, 1936, on "the Post “Offs y New York, N. Y., Sader the Act of August 24, 1912. subscription $1.50. Single copies cents, JOURNAL of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN VoL. 48 May 1947 No. 569 Tily Garden of Slime Molds By Ruth N. Nauss Ag ever see a plant with an animal-like body? My indoor ola full of them. They are slime molds, which in their native haunt’ move a t freely searching for food; then overnight they change thei form into vig -filled fruiting bodies which are of unusual beauty in form an a The jee nd inhabit Mare the world over, creeping between fallen eee inder bark of rotting logs, and even into the logs themselves, where they are completely hidden from view. Some species ee live down in the ide i ~ Bec Yy are so secretive : cen habits, the slime se are little ieee oe vee studied. Few i a dozen of the -odd lage have had their life histories as t and recorded. te phase of investigation, ae is one of the ee nearer and deserves more attention To carry on my own studies of the slime molds, for the past ten years so ial for th heap. Gradu ae pushing back a a little at a time, I have ac- quired sere of the ieee room for my work. Here I do my ae ing,” using ae jars an Hs glass- etd dishes a are “rowed oe sectional bookca Othe equipment consists of a large k desk, tl herbarium case, one table, photographic apparatus, a panes al files and record books. You may well wonder how my husband and I an t ound it on radi \ compensated in being able to observe the captivating habits and unusual beauty of these queer ae like plants The spore-bearing bodies, or sPorANGIA, of the slime molds, like myriads 101 102 of other minute things, could not be seen in detail until lenses sae ar oe which use, ¥ only a little over 200 years ago. Botar nists then hunted ~ them out ae a score aid named them the cee CETES, meaning pare i eek “slime molds.” Until comparatively recent years, most of the n them, determining the species, and filing them away in some herbarium for. future reference. For the most part, sporangia are formed on the surface of the substratum ae are therefore seen more often than the vegetating, or moving, “animal” phas The Foot-Loose Plasmodium This easone phase that gives rise to the Uae saan is it like? Fruiting bodies of our common fungi, such as the well known puffballs and nro that also bear spores, have a plant body ae of tough thread-like strands, some of which can be found rooted, so to speak, in the sista on nae it grows. But slime molds leave no such clear evi- dence of thei r of life after fruiting occurs, for usually all of their ns is utilized | in making the sporangia themselves. In higher plants, this oo ae laeaae to an entire plant—roots, stems, and leaves— being transformed overnight into a mass of seeds. This ate ae of th e growing stage, ae as the Pi. evita is a network of gelatinous-like threads, or veins, consisting of protoplasm and . ingested ae legit It is usually fan- shaped, the Le ce oe the adv vaneing f The vein patterns of plasmodia are often ete beautiful ie in at least several instances are characteristic of a oles They slowly but pasa) pea shape as the pasnation reeps along. When two contrastin lored species are grown in the same ae and their veins rue eae are as delightful to the a as any of the flowering plan Since plasmodia are ot stad eneneaay in any way to their sub- strata, they ooze about in moist shady pla oo loose and fancy free.” Someone has humorously said that their ability t reep as a unit, through ° ou eshes of a n-door and on the other side. bs sect is ae the rs ae veins are able to pull apart and later fuse a: The plasmodium ae no D pr rotective covering or internal support of any kind. It is formed by the fusing together of many microscopic amoeboid On the Cover The fan-like advancing front of this oF -clear plasmodium, ranked among the handsomest of all species, is scalloped with a border of wheels, one of which is shown at the left. The varying patterns of this very finely veined white slime mold plasmodium are always attractive to the observer. (Magnified about 30 times) bodies which come from spores. Unlike spores of eae molds, which start pe sey life by sending out germ tubes row, ay slime mold s cracks open and liberates a small ies body that begins (nee i itself. It ae itself about by a flagellum, . pee like appendage that ie a it to get food. Later it draws i s flage ee sare ns out, and c: ae ia ke an — It m ages itself ma s by. dividin oo a two and again. After a while these little eee get lonesome . aa other ee begin - collect in groups. Then they unite in pairs and their nuclei fuse. me authors Gea this i bi y pla um. i i nucle : pene separate. Finally, all that have joined together become the multinuclear gl Lpeciae that is characteristic of slime molds. : The mechanism that enables a plasmodium to creep along is the most rentable phenomenon of all.* Un ant the microscope a vein resembles y river carrying sand and gravel, racing to some distant lake or sea. Then, suddenly the oa slows down as though ones had been forgotten. It comes to a dead stop, then starts racing back after it. Soon *See Hagelstein, Robert. “On Preparing an Exhibit of the Life Cycle of the Mycetozoa" in the Journal tae Jane. 1936. 104 the streaming halts again, the forgotten article is appar ently picked up, and the little river begins racing forward again. This unique rhythmic ebb and flow is repeated over ver, the flow forward being perhaps five othesis eral microscope, I have seen rotifers suddenly stop the streaming by anchoring their two-pronged tails into a vein while they stretched out their bodies and Bae ae for their suppers. Streaming started again when the rotifers left. oe ie slime molds are so animal- ‘el in these le phases, the and have named th zoologists have also laid just claim to t ve ed them the Mycerozoa, meaning pac sea ane This ernie ee classification, ever, ae stems from 0- ology Ne arene the an which j is ae off . a sides of the veins, is usually left in the form of two parallel lines just barely separated, and is the telltale track of where a slime mold has been. have never been able to gather satisfactory data as to how far slime molds actually travel in their search for food, for mine are housed in a city apartment where their peregrinations have to be curbed. Some of them TWO CURIOUS TYPES OF PLASMODIUM (Both magnified approximately 100 times) the next, even though thes appear separa eke ight is a plasmodium of mee transparency which feeds on microscopic eelworms vee Rede): by quickly surrounding them with ‘ Stabe op protoplasm which spurt out from the slow-moving veins. CANNIBALISM AND TRAVEL (Both magnified approximately ae The velvety-black plasmodium at the left i ictim of c its ated slime molds, a white a of dehcate ero the second oldest plasmodium, one which she has kep for eight ce without its having frui me lism practised by on of right is the authors ted. At the rate of one inch in three hours, how ie it have traveled in its series of dishes in this time obviously feel confined in their small dishes and if aie a chance would grow much larger and travel long distances. I often dream of a enclosed or tile room where they could be kept moist and wander as far as they like. Usually such thoughts come after I fine es ee ane modium apy across the top of my desk. It has “ own h nmy bsence and could not wait till I returned. It isa age sg hee its enter se outlined sharply against the black, but for its own good (the dry osphere would ay kill it) for the sake of my ae it ie c re scooped up and put ca : its dish, se then the ea top mopped up. Ordinarily, ee modia very well b a hey ea round and round their pee nee until ie are ready to fru Speaking of rer however, I wonder how far my two oldest ee modia have traveled at the one-inch-in-three-hours rate since they were collected eight and nine years ago, respectively. The eight- Bs -old one is not near S- ly so fastidious about having its meals on time as is the big yellow one. eas it has gone from six to nine oe without any attention at all. is one of the daintiest plasmodia I have ever seen under the und microscope, ve it has never borne sp porangia ae all its life in captivity. Watching for the Fruiting Stage ough finding sporangia in my dishes is a common occurrence, some- how it is always a delightful surprise. Some plasmodia are very timid 106 and bear their sporangia only in — others do not ses the light; and one even seems to prefer it. One ing I found it oozing out from under the lid of its dish. As it was my eae T turn afi out the light and left, iia to put it back on my aes But to my surprise it was already bac when I later switched o e light. As I worked at my = I pete that it began creeping o ee n. Farther and farther it I was interested. But about nee ven o’clo ck T began to be sleepy ne “decided that it was time this plasmodium was retiring also. I lifted up the lid, but as I was about to scoop it up I noticed that its texture had changed ; i was fruiting. I delightedly a my eyes open and decided to sit up with it until it had finished, for I did not have the heart to turn out the light which it seemingly needed for this delicate process. While I aise kk pictures of it as it tumbled over the side of its dish. The reproduced here shows its tracks’ in the background of the dish. By one o’clock in the morning the vague transformation es omg to spores had been completed, having required about five hou: That was the first and last time I ae ever felt in to sit ns with a slime mold. One of the timid eae is a beautiful aes one. I never get over being surprised when I find its sporangia, for very seldom is . fruiting process observed. mT = ago I was Satine. one of these plasmodia that was so ee it nae as though . eae enamel had been sill on the blotting paper. I knew that it was somewhere near its fruiting time an i ve o’¢ me ck. Nex t mornings outlining where it had been, a dozen or so little reddish- black sporangia, resembling Indians at or for a different reason. Thi species relishes the taste of it and feeds upon it till it is all gone. Then I have to give it another black plasmodium, or it will die of malnutrition or starvation. A horrible thought, I grant you, but a fascinating situation to observe. In one genus there are two plasmodia that can be easily watched during the fruiting process, because they have the peculiar habit of bearing spores , intermittently over a long period of time. One of these plasmodia, which ae toa species that has been considered rare by several workers, . produced a few sporangia nearly e every day for four and one-half months. The other one bore sporangia for ee months without being trans- ferred to another dish. These are both exceptional records. Since both of these species have beautiful sporangia, it is not hard to realize they stand high in my list of favorites. Then there is the plasmodium that lives entirely under water, coming ‘*'' 107 Yellow froth tumbling down from the side of the petri dish, leaving its trail behind it, marked the begin me 2 of pte eae stage of ae ahaa soul olga plasmodium, aut up late to the surface only when it is mature and ready to fruit. It likes to creep It is colorless, transparent, and a eins it carries “boulders” of starch grains which are’ ak Aiea: along the ere Since it isa yey hardy plasmodium, a minimum of attention is given to it. All I have to do to get it started is oak a few home-grown sporangia in oe ane in about ten days piecocsl fans appear. Managing a Slime-Mold Garden By now you ae be hankering to start a slime-mold ay of - own so that you can observe some of these things for self. If s you ge more as half of what it takes, for Baan te As er ment, all you se are a small piece of bark or decaying wood an inch or two long, a piece of paper- ie and a anne -covered dish of some kind. Line the ee of the dish with three or four layers of the paper, moisten it with tap water, and then lay the bark or wood in the middle of it. For He next ten days or two iene keep the paper es eleaaics Res the mmon, ordinary molds that appear; they a ist si ny “weeds”! But be sure to give a cheer when you see a jittle bit ‘of ei gelatin ooze out of the wood and creep slowly onto the paper, for that will be a slime- 3 & aybe another sa of wood will yield a different colored one: a shade of yellow, vivid orange, brown, salmon-pink, black, white, transparent Ane clear, bee red. No matter what the color, you will like it. And (M Upper left is one eee aes a oF layer of oe a spores, covered by a thin coating of white lime. At the right, pyramids of gray enon are piled high on the day, cup-like teceptacles surmounting the stalks. These sporangia arise from a color- less plasmodium that turns pale yellow just before fruiting. Lower left are globular sporangia of jet black, alae by a hae gray shell a i a from the surface 2e "gradually. These come from opaque white plasm right are iridescent yellow eae bodies, Ae packed and lying Hea on ide “subs tratum, without talks. The species vary considerably in external struct aoe when the wood fails to yield. Try another, or try a few ist oe leaves lying next to the soil. The woods are full of pana ; pu he pale in ‘ae health. a ee sae be left in rae dish with the wood o ferred without h dish. Plasmodia that have been Foca their a ue! oe fee to be oats a some teen a flour sifter and then through a tea strainer. he re- moist at all times. Slime mee Tee sha a ae eS, 50 - ‘kind to them and keep them out of the sun. A temperature that ranges between 67 and 72 109 degrees I’. is a good average, sane some plasmodia like | a than s. I this at times, some e been ace two hi This 5 5 MS = bes 3 p =] wm 2: om 4 ay. i) 2 ‘3 3° a Ge ic ae = i) ot elgn 0 A sporangia appear, something like naphthalene flakes shor wild 2 put in the dish with ae while they are gradually drying out, or else by the time they are entirely dry, oe mites may have eaten up all the spores. (These litle mites and other organisms like the moisture oF the dishes and do not contaminate other as on the house. ) ople often ask me what I do _ my eee or so plasmodia when vacation time comes ea J am always glad when they do, for it gives me an opportunity to explain ee interesting phase of cae mold life— one that shows them to be practical as well as enn This is the pee i i i gh a very mble a piece of coral in form and t Som species do ae trouble to draw their veins together ee ae nen a very $ as intervals along the veins, each bit rounding up and forming a cyst. Whe favorable condit itions of eee re ad tem: ea return, the contents of the cysts emerge and fuse to form nodium agai So, when I go on vacation, I ae ene of this es aspect and induce some of my plasmodia to sclerotize by remand iia moisture from them several eeks beforehand. Other: able of themselves. But th a re gonna “esiing ots 2 sera eee with those that are ipo ia the t for on or roe are pac eas up and taken oe ee ae hay oe moments cation have been those when one of these special plasmodia has S Z how much it rained, for I had discovered the species of another unknown psi ium. And so it goes in growing slime molds—something interesting all the time. This a of gardening can be made both a pleasant pastime and a worth-while study. Although slime molds are not ae any fu in - mela as having ites anyone, I have several friends who e suffering from some kind of slime- hes ae “They had eee ae ee molds than eat, the author not e The Largest Sequoia East of the Rocky TMountains By Charles F. Jenkins ERHAPS no tree on this continent of ours arouses our interest and enthusiasm more vividly than the sequoia, the “Big Tree” of the Pacific Coast. And aa we find one growing and ae es here on the Atlantic Seaboard, it is a na of horticultural com: Some three miles paeniien of Media, the county seat f Del awa: County, Pennsylvania, and about 18 miles west of Phila pei is an old arboretum established about 800. — brothers, Jacob and Minchell Painter, during the years mane a collection of unusual trees and shrubs and devoted their lives to what came to ae alled ‘“Painter’s Arboretum.” It eventually came into the iene of a relative, aes J. Tyler, who in his will ei the establishment of a public arboreturr Mr. died Meee ae en of nace his ee iis making void this pila opic beque How , Mrs. Tyler, his widow, conforming o his wishes, founded me paneneieg in 1933. It was ae the “John J. Tyler Aedes and in 1946 announcement was made of the addition of 600 acres to the property. There is an aie of $400,000. Several ie ee planted ee the Painter brothers are ‘still stand- ing, and a e none attracts more attention than the California Big Tree— eae giganteum es ia gigantca If the Pee kept records of the source of a accessions, Mae make no note as to the origin a this exile tree. There was a tradition told me years ae that a returning covered wagon, Soice: from California and nd which was turned over to ae ae _ w planted : a sandy = some eae from Agee house and t stands to s day. No one kn age. It is said ce ae i twice cut a the leader ee Christmas tree pete and it was once struck by meee It now has a lightning rod on it. s trunk now has a rayne of 7 feet 914 inches, four and a ‘oir Ga from the base of the The spread of the branches east and west is 21 feét and 23 ae ane a south. It has not been.measured for height but iti is oe oximately 40 fee Neglected and comparativ unnoticed for many ae after the death of the Painters, We Big Tree has now become an object of great horticul- tural interest. This interest will be increasing as te arboreturt is de- sss and publicized by the present board of trustees. s the Tyler Arboretum is off the main road, oe visitors should CALIFORNIA BIG TREE IN THE TYLER ARBORETUM Believed to be the largest sequoia east of the Rockies, ti Tee of unknown age and origin. It is though he ae it he panied there by the Painter ‘brothers early in the 1 Photograph by courtesy of John C. Wist 112 ask for ihe little village - sae not far from Media and there inquire for s lee any tions n the arboretum, they should not fail to see the other old Wess a oh planted by the Painters, leaving for icing on the cau a visit to what is thought to be the largest sequoia east of the Rocky Mountains. The Brooming Disease of Walnut By B. O. Dodge URING the summer of 1942 several curious witches’ brooms de- veloped on a young Japanese walnut tree, Juglans Cele sei near the gate house at the New York Botanical Garden. These brooms co sisted of numerous proliferations or sprouts at points ae the tae branches and even at the ends of branches. The leaves at these points were much dwarfed and otherwise deformed. On other trees, hackberry among them, nino similar witches brooms have been caused by mites, but on these, no fungi, bacteria, or mites that could have stimulated such excessive growth were discovered. Larvae or nymphs of spittle bugs were found on some of the branches and occasionally at the base of young brooms, so : was thought that these insects might have caused the disease. The wai tae pee were eae off from time to time for study, and during 194, ew brooms developed. However, during 1945 about a dozen new oe appeared on the lower, more horizontal branches oe larger one on a side branch from the main‘ trunk near the top. This o is shown here as it appeared in the fall of 1945. During the early summer of 1946 many new brooms developed. all along most S limbs. La arge masses of dwarfed and deformed leaves and flower clus rs joined in mak- ing up the witches’ brooms. The dried iefilinte: ee ee still per: sist (March 1947). he abstract of a paper presented at the Cincinnati meeting of the American Phytopathological Society Dec. 28-30, 1946, by Dr. Lee M. Hutchins of the Bureau of Plant In ee Division of Forest Pathology, and Horace V. Wester, U. S. De eparmcnt ae the Interior, gives us the probable explanation for this disease.! They had observed: it on walnut and butternut for several years in the eastern pe and had proved that it 1 Phytopathology 37: 11, 1947. 113 The large witches’ broom as it appeared on the Japanese walnut at the Botanical Garden in the fall of 1945, three years after the majority of the brooms first a ered had been removed for study. This same year (after none appeared in 1943), a of smaller brooms developed on the lower, more horizontal biaiche € could be transmitted oe grafting. They say in their paper: “Transmission of the brooming disease by grafting and absence of a visible pathogen tion, lowing quotation from a letter dated Jan. 17, 1947, from Dr. ory. The fol Sr is self- -explanat asure to receive your letter of January 13 ze or e paper b: t without question that it is the same disease. I appreciate e trouble you have taken in writing me about it and in furnishing me with such a fine illustration.” ae 114 ‘ The second photograph, the one referred to in the above Lee shows a tree at another angle as it appeared in oe eA a large number of bro shia had developed anne the sum that ae new broom shoots grow up vertically instead ee oe 1 angle. In thus ees song os they are like the suckers . peach trees affected with the yellows Since this aed disease is ee caused by a virus and is therefore ee it follows that if one has a planting of walnuts or butternuts the only sensible procedure is to remove completely any tree showing these witches’ brooms. The same tree in the fall of 1946. The erect nature of the branchlets a in the broom growth should have suggested a virus origin for the dise 115 BROADCAST By José Garrido Torres tates became inc ighbor a day’s airplane journey away from New York lies one of the largest t countries in the reasingly di certain oils, waxes, nr razil, Ae sis beginning of pies upon the 1S, medicine, and food. Garrido a a o program Oct. 2 a Jos ‘azilian Government Trade Bureau in New York Bava are given some selected pestages from the script. Plant Products From Brazil T has been estimated that about one- fourth of all the species of plants row wild in dere there are great po: ong crops that have a imported from other oe such coffee. sat Jone os the worlds Ses coffee ve Brazil ian slants andes culti- vati aoe man he om cial fiapoctines of 5 os of the wa: Is particularly is increasin and waxes come from palm trees. example, yield oils iat are used in ing soap; four kinds provide pleseant taste vege- table oils that are used for margarine, and another a medicinal oil. Seven addi- tional palms are d. The fruit he uM palm (Astrocaryum wul- is vextracted from, the seed Palms Giving Waxes and Oil. a So far, the CARNAUBA palm (Coper- nicia cerifera) is ie most important. In fact. the nativ ] ov it the “tree of nie because they u The wax fro! 0 22 foreign ree and it is bringing Brazil an annual income of nearly 300 million cruzeiros, or about $14,500,000. Carnatba wax is used for almost ev ery- fine wax is y on Whe ate COrdii conve speciosa) single tree will produce an average of nuts ¥ IcuRY, (Syagrus, or newest I of Brazil itself. that th Cr$3, in 1937 to a thousand times that bgure in ao and the increase is still contin Of ait a palm trees yielding oil and wax, these three—carnatba, babasst, and 1 See the Journal for June 1946 for a report of the broadcast, eV geetable Oils That Make Fine Soap” by Georgia Lefing 116 licuri, or a. the only ones whose ia ae are exported, But there are great future possi for the per ee of other palm trees— and o oe aes ot a too. ere 76 : hat makes a ne ee The ortictca (Licania rigida),? is of reater eal ial peeled war it played an Triportant ole as a sub- etn for the tung oil which had form- Chi: ly been coming tom ina. American enterterprs is responsible for the de- velopment of the oiticica trade. Plants Used in’ Medicine merica a number of Brazil’s gaicinal plants are used, ipecac and sarsaparilla, for instance. Others are known in Brazil alone. Some are more flavorin, tonka loa (Ce hae ta), " for example, has a flavor like anilla, ee it used ak oods and familiar in page alternate ae - bare : ng, drink. The h is best kn as a re- ges “drink containing tree amounts It is ey good as a im 8 ePa este: ended for one and invalids, Foods and Beverages hen Brazil exports food products they a mostly from plants that have been first imported from other countries. In the ee few years, for example, rice has been peal rte . While the Amaz zon ai ee sd an intro- duced crop in the State of Bahia. along the Atlantic coast, where more than 95 wild in. percent of the country’s output is grown commercially. Brazil is the world’s sec- of cocoa, the A xported in a year— ina a where it is most enjoyed. recent years t! e mal Hae begun to appreciate maté a Dey (or $1, 250,000), ce which 10 pee en is ac- counted for in expor pn Ivory There are, of course, many other prod- ucts, an ong them the plants hich give us important insecticides, also the fiber plants and timber trees, and the brazil and cistiew nuts, both ° which are ae in B er One rem terest is the vegetable ivory (Phytelephas piaciecdehay which grows in the Amazon valle hat i isfac Brazilian ridust ries ‘is sti fancy. Also like others, its pera is highly promising. ? See the Jour “ for October 1946 for article be “George § Jamieson on “The iii 2 of Brazil and the Oil from its Seed ae are one of Brazil’s lead- Ss. h firs 117 Sir William Hamilton’s Third Volume See TERESA SPENCER, of Habana, Cuba, is part- aihas of a ce o: t Indies. Hamilton published in 1825 a short work — entitle rodronius Indiae aes which may be Ti Garden. The library also contains two volumes of manuscripts and fragments by t e author, one entitled Speci- me @ mes plantarum, the other Icones et fragmenia plantarum. These f aordinary jumble of as- sorted plant specimens, letters ‘om fr famous botanists, newspaper clippings, and bits of manuscript. amilton was evidently planning a much more extensive treatment of the t Indian flora, ani e sea in both § Spencer’s volume and in those of the New York ‘Botanical Garden are fragments of They are written—or rather hand ofnted us hand in red for the characterizati ion of these hey are neither continuous plete, even . a anemnts to collate the two collectio: ne Gace Salis ies with the title Conspectus florae Indiae Rerun Vol, There are 97 p; ° followed by an appendix nat fn ly of copies of Hamilton’ a & 3 3 [ Indi idi talis: or ti plants growing in the West Indian Islands, and mn the adjacent coasts of ica; etc. After this are 383 hese ei man ipt de- criptions with 100 pages of Inde ae includes “Vol. ae a ical with ee Botanical f le : TS i many respects from’ it Hamilton Nee started his work many times, attempted to improve on it with each sieceedide version. the miscellanea Sra Syencers copy ae aeeene Piglnee su ects as loco al s”), Taner ; and 1 Salsbury, ae Kew, Vaux, Lambert, ane othe In many places on the otherwise ccc facing eas hand) pages, descriptions are written in which duplicate those of the pr riited Prodromus. Th work oe ba ce farther than that of the fone ONES. a that the pepe on o the latter ae a promise. P With the ne 2 eee nee Botanical 1 Garden Li it may be age sible to resolve some of thes oubts. Sra. Spencer’ me ime in the brary of eee ‘a Monte in Madrid; later it ie rmed. part of the nae lection of the Cas b: his librarv was ‘des poiled o: treasures during ensuing = and the volume in sap ‘ rumor of its Nacional: Finally it was picked wu a second-hand shop in Cuba. NOTICES AND REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS Practically All... A Cyclopedia For Growers of House Plants A B USE ANTS. Montague Free. 329 pages, gi Sas in ee — in halftone, line aw inj merican Gar den guila, Te ‘and Dowbleday & Co Inc. | 1946. $3. The ly objection me reviewer has to the Saar concerned is its name. To be sure, Montague Free is Montague Free, a well known expert and one who has had i owledge o ere, ther plants omitted which oe a anably ie joined this gay thro Having said this, it is now oO say that this a “swell? book, with many good illustrations. se is ve a fault to find with it, so c it ina points of cultivation S DEnTinE, transplant- ing, soils, fertilizers, light, air, watering, propagation, and all the thousand and one sides rowi i Many points are dwelt upon: the need ee ae house ‘aie so little under- ‘cod by most amateurs; the help given ae knowing where the plant concerned Imported Rare Bulbs EXCLUSIVE DISTRIBUTORS VAN TUBERGEN BULBS New. unusual tulips, hya- cinths, eeneds ene many others, ing of Buy direct from erizinat- in nate available h us. comes from, that understanding its reaction to differ rent conditions will hel toward success ; he ne late for many years aes with.a fate date, ae to end , for the outdoor par he author knows that certain plants will cabinit to two get cally different methods of cultivation. For instance, calla lilies when used for the garden after winter of bloom, must at He gests * that the low winter. iemperatre takes the place of the drying r Above all, he aims fiercely a 2 shots at the worst fault of sisters. It is 00 Nala t come rd-boile d all hose plants which at moving time and consign ‘0 the compost pile all beenuse of 7 he; ve. If they d re : thei Vacation ‘outdoors, they are not likely o impro ta n brought inside.” Thi ig acs oe —or I have heard fe oe hea many plants are included which Mr. Fr ditions (no pat ace and a truly scien- Se ined amateur, age ae cule be ed. Few of 1 n grow fer an en es it is one an so a other subjec He omits caleolaria, carnations, ce mahernias and othe ae seem impossible for house ae 119 The story is told simply, almost a toquially in understandable language all, this bo seh i hear pee recommended ms to w good hot 28 c anyone who plants. Saraw V. Coomss. The Question of Soil Acidity pit D PLANTS. James emer 216 pages, indexed, charts. Van Nostrand Co., 1946. $4. U1 ath “An Introduction for Beginners,” pH and its relationship nd plant growth. The chapters deal with the pH doe ee methods used to measure or determine pH, and the relationships and effects of uffers, carbon dioxide a oan protoplast, pH ° = 5 a a 8 ife, soil in rata acrulents rer cytoplasmic The chapter on “Soil pH and Plants” may be of i ractical value to so: be pH growth r s of many kinds of nlants ee according to their acidic or basic pH_ preferences for optimum growth. For pas who wish to pursue the subject further an excellent appendix of about 300 papers is included. The appendix also includes addi aci oie ents a ae picture of related to _ nts, Swanson, Chief Agron Connecticut on Experiment Station. Texas Flora FLORA OF SOUTH CENTRAL TEXAS. R. G. Reeves & D. C. Bain. 298 pages, indexed. The Exchange Store, & M. College’ of Texas, College Station, Texas, 1946. Litho- graphed, $3.90. The specific region covered by this flora includes the following counties of Texas: Lavaca, Colorado, Guadalupe, Caldwell, Bastrop, Lee, "Barlesen mn, Milam, Grimes, "Robertson, cand Madison. Keys to families, and species with simple and concise P deseriacons are in- cluded, as well as a glossary for the more difficult. terminolo; logy. © inclusion of popular names and of culti- vated plants growing in ae region, the conservative manner val are treated, as well as Ae simy it the description of the famil Cap- i In the witl Hi Hes of the ae nd - ss gardec a prolongation of the tacle,” fender the maa ocaaly. ge for student w: ould seem, hone: with t ig- inal purpose in mind, that. it oad better to have treated the grasses Fie fully since the more extended works in AETNA PHOTO ENGRAVING CO.,, INC. 305 EAST 47th STREET NEW YORK 17, N.Y MAKERS OF PRINTING PLATES PROCESS BENDAY LINE & HALFTONE 120 existence on the grasses of Texas are available to the average student usually only fi RY Cie Merz, C.D.P., Our Teds or the Lake’ College, San Antonio, Texas. In Paper Covers KEYS TO SPRING PLANT! Muenscher and L. C. Pe nets pages, indexed, Comstock Du btish- ing Co., Ithaca, New York, 1946, 50 cents. le ists provide a simple Two able botan key for the “pane: plants which are com- mon in the region, of Cor 2 Is GROW HERBS. iv il Foster. 32 pages, iNustrated. Laurel Hill Herb Farm Falls Village, 50 cent: a book about herbs is always popular. his one is oan ae with life-size pie of ti FLOWERING T a ‘REES. Edwin A. Menninger, 44 pages, il- dehy Sta Pa ree Stuart Daily New: Florida, 1946. $1. A ere ohid ‘is practically a de- beaoie guide to the flowering trees that n be grown in Florida, with botanical ae correctly spelled, and with an at- tractive cover showing Tabebuia argentea in full ole Gardeners: Book Club in paper covers is an interesting or, booklets pe out = Organic Gardening at Ex ore recently ea over sei the : f 23 Eas S “a oa pata “which are br iefly mentioned FOR EVERYONE. ood, Paees) thus: simp re acne with” Lae of flowers buat for height, color, and flowering tim WE D WHAT THEY TELL. Bhrentried Piette. ee pages, illus- trate 5. cen Obnox a - ees classifie a a weedy weeds, weeds, pleasant-looking weeds, good weeds, dynamic plants, . and in other cate- erties. P. Apply Horn Tree Paint Water Resisting — Adhesive — Healing Possessing antiseptic and fungicidal prop- + .7 J J £. f, > does not freeze. 43-36 Tenth St., Pp & and insects until the wound can heal over —stimulates callus growth. This dressing A. C. Horn Co., Ine. Division of Sun Chemical Corporation Long Island City 1, New York 121 gories. fe gndstion is an example of a dynam EDIBLE PLANTS OF THE POND AND WATER GARDEN. Ly: Wittrock, Len pages, illustr: tea. 1945. 25 ce A familiar story, aie h makes things of ane wid more interesting and valuable to the nature lover. SUNFLOWER SEED — THE MIRACLE FOOD. Teds Rodale. 39 pages, illustrated. oe sceptic will think that the Ses jue of sunflower seeds as food is scarcely worth the trouble it takes to ea LUTHER BURBANK. Roger aes 48 pages, illustrated. 1945, 25 cents. A brief biography, evidently based as much oe pe myth as actual fact in Burbank’s life. THE COMPLE GARDEN iets AT. low. 94 Du: 25 cents. TE MODERN Robert O. Bar- strated, 1945. £ 35 common ae herbs is is devoted to re. Each iflustr ated, More spac medicinal use than to altar " Charts and aintecene show the extent to which the roots es rootlets of com- mon vegetables will reach in the earth, and how the size a development of roots are related'to cultural practices. Technical Paper THE GENUS RUS IN MEX- 100 I¢cO. Brother ‘Benedict Ayers. pages, indexed. atholic eee De. fs aoe Pre pe Wachin D.C. $1.25. Keys a descriptions of 88 species, with a list of specimens cited. EGET A’ N JO ISLAND, NEPUBTAC OF pate ‘ Erlanson. 12 pages, illustrated. Sinitheaning Tnatituti jon, Washing- ton, D.C. 1946. 15 cents. ey otographs and enliven the tex Pere tine ie oh lan ate ‘which a on a small island belonging to Par AMERICAN SPECIES oF ANCHIER. George } 100 pages, illustrated, index: versity of gqinele iter Til. 1946. $1.50 paperbo' AMEL- ‘Urbana, ; $2 cloth. A long awaited monograph, amply an- notated, and clarified with 23 plates. TILIZATION OF AT. rLANTTC BA Marine St: tation, | pages, iuustra tee Te University Press, urham, c. A technical report on ke subject of seaweeds and their uses. (For a boo unt see the Garden’s Journal for Ts anuary and February 1946.) The bulletin contains the plone articles: Introduc tion to Agar and - ses; Influence of peo Factors upon the Growth Gracilaria conferoodes Gracilaria confervoides as of Agar; Pre- paration an like Gel from Hypnea waciforins: *Suitabilit ity of Ex- from tractive Hypnea ipeneeiadide for the ate = Micro-organisms ; Ma Agar-di Bacteria of the South Atlantic Cat and Three Ww Agar-digesting Actinomycetes. ” Bobbink & Atkins NURSERYMEN PLANTSMEN Most of the unusual Roses, Trees and Shrubs not t obtain able elsewhere will be fou g in thi Establishment . Annals of Ainen Visitors Always Welcome ican Horticulture. Catalogue Upon Request Bobbink & Atkins Paterson Ave., E. Rutherford, N. J. 122 Notes, Neits, and Comment ational Rules. For the first time ! i ae Editor a rte and (e A. We f G H erbarium, rvar a jie versity, this publication assembles all the rules in ea apeeica sive for The 1935 i ublish: nae ne before the In- of the Gray one place. e Rules were en erablened at the Scone in Vienna i 1905, and were a at cabcequent ee in sels iF a Raateedar (1935 The new publication includes, in BAe DRICONURE the all-organic animal manure FERTILIZER Here’s a fertilizer you can use with com- arge, er a i ) eae eer for prices and literature. ATKINS & DURBROW, INC. 165 John Street New York 7, N. Y. ba to oe original rules and their aoe ments, series by families, plus alphabetical index t these more than 2,000 nam Th 1S Iso an appendix on the nomenclature of arden plants and a supplement (pre- ed by A. S. Hitchcock and M. L Green and originally published in 1929) on the standard-species innaeat Bos eric names among the ag oe plants. A subject index conclules ork. Published by the N Yor! ne Botanical arden in co-oper: ation: Ww vith = American Society of Plant Taxonomists, this “un- : a ec rvice to members of the soc rold E. Anthony, Curator o. Dr. Ha or veer at the ame Muscum of Natural History, who was to pee been the Garden’s guest peaker “C on March 19, appeared instead on Alma Dettinger’ s ct “Other Peo- ple’s Business” >, Bal 7 at r. Aah nony spoke on the Vernay- ‘Nyasaland expedition of which he was a member and on which Leonard J. Brass, wh is now in Florida, collected or the Garden iO was to have as based aie ctor | Gita t “rrogrnhy in n the Paci with ve United States y dur. World War II and on i breed ig P dclphinian © Bligabeth Hess, English horticulturist, who spoke on “ Gailonne i 2 ea Britain oday” at the New Botanical pone a JZ at 2 2 Mg p.m, March 2a: Stout lectured on ae the oe of One-way. Hy bridiaation? April 16 to the Torrey Botanical Club, and on April 28 to the Mamaroned Garden Club on the cert of Daylilie club, in a joint meeting with Buteouels Association April Z as Ruthe ford Platt speak on “The ° a Dr. Willies xins delivered the second anal Jatin eee Macfarlane Memorial Lecture sponsored by the Bo- 123 tanical Society of Pennsylvania at the University April 12 on “Basidiomycetes ar oe Sources of Antiobiotic Sub- ces. j. exander addressed the John Pees Cau Club in Yorkers Andi. 16 and the Working Gardeners of Bronx- ville April 22 on the subject of le : Wild- wers Dr. H. N. aera nies on “Plants of the Bible” on March 23 to the Bronx chapter of the: " Zioni st Organization America, and on March 26 to the Sum mit, New Garden Club. April : i Garden n “Treasures of the Watchungs.” Everett ee on “Horticultural CG ati i “ot Pe ngylvania at Pits- burgh March Elizabeth Hall on Apr i 8& before the Hiertculture wan of New ls School of Applied peret a mingdale, Long Island, “Hor ner Hospital "Therapy. Joseph F. Burke gave an illustrated Jecture to the New York Microscopical Society Jan. 3 on “The Photomicrography of Diatoms—Good and Bad.” zips. Eighty-one members of the ‘Disuet aie Nee rated Garden State met in the 1 tas marks were made by Dr. William J. ae followed by a showing of "he Gift of Green” with Dr. E. E. as one ntator. After lunch Dr. Novior ew Jersey, na in the Monieee ae for box luncheon April 22. In the aiterioon i k ou e 45 members throngh the Rock Garden and Conserv tw went five students from the Jean Morgan "Scho ol of Art in New York aoe in the Sra ane) March 28. Forty members of the Garden Club of Rea had lunch in the Members’ [om and later ae escorted through main conservatory by E. 1 Alexander cae G. L. Wittrock on ak New! There’s a host of gorgeous new va- Heres at Wayside Gardens. . . all grown for Saar Wayside hard- iness and bea m. To men- tion a few: New Chrysanthemum White Cac tus. Pointed pale we fully dou: ble flower like Cactus Dahlia. Blooms ri ” to 6”. f Buddleia White Pro: fuslons | re globe ‘shaped shrub stu ded wit Palgerti of alabaster white flow: s. A fine foreground for shrub bor New Giant Gladioli from Holland. Hybrids of famous Picardy. Unsur- Wayside 51 Mentor Avenue Different! -- AND FAMOUS WAYSIDE GARDENS QUALITY. ena “for giant size, high color value. Send for Finest Horticultural -C og rating flow a. 176 pages, ae illustr: cover pete an Mentor, Ohio 124 Vegetable Gardening Must Go On! A Message from an Amateur Gardener " EVERAL years ago, the world’s scarcity of food made the Garden a serious necessity. oday, this condition confirm the wisdom r Government’s suggestion that re his ieee ged need, many amateur cuneate like anes who have been raising table crops for the past years, again pl our vegetables because of thei downright goodness, and also because of the satisfying pleasure we derive fr rking in the garden and watchi r plants de ve us, a patch of healthy, maturing vegetables is a constant reminder strong force behind Mother Nature that is always servin G easily ae in the fun of gardening and appreciates that the Ss es eshly picke is beans, crisp lettuce, a juicy tomato, or ce corn t still “in the milk” is all the ae we ceed Gor the work aed Meanwhile, the youngsters discover for themselves that bar things me just “grow” o: e ery store: te adults in the family, the exercise and subs nt relaxation pr vided by gardening are quite as beneficial as the added vitamins that an abundance of vegetables fresh from the garden can supply. Nations and individuals continue to need he ome-grown foods There is still time to start a vegetable ee this year! WaLtTeR ZULCH. ch, an amateur gardener of G at Neck, Long Island, was t w ¥ announced in the cas series, was canceled because of the broadcasting of the United proceedings, The paragraphs above are taken ed. from the eee the see that was prepare THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Officers JoserH R. Shar ci Henry ve Forest BAvp’ Vie esi Joun L, MesatLL,. eae ident ARTHU ie ANDERSON, Treasurer Hew DE LA Montac: NE, Secretary foe Managers Wuiam Fetton Barrett ca B. Harp: Freverick S. Mosetey, JR. Howarp BAayNe oes Hosanna tees E. Powe tt, , JR Epwin De T. BEcHTeL Rs. Harorp I. Pratr Henry F, pu Pont anes D. Lasker Waa & oma Rev. Rosert I. Gannon, Catone McK. Lewis Eomum NOTT S.J. MERRILL an peels aoe H. MontcomEry Ex-Officio — Wittam O’Dwyer, of th of N. ork ANDREW ‘G. CL as SON, Jr, Peesient of ie PBodrd oF Pee Roser’ Moszs, Park Commissioner Appointive Managers By the Torrey Botanical Club . SEAVER By Columbia University ae cus M. aa Marston T. Bocert um F, Tre Cwartes W. Bararp THE STAFF WriiaM J. Rogsrns, Pa.D., Sc.D. ector Assistant Director and ies tor Henry pe 1A MonTacNne Assistant Director Frep J. Seaver, Pa.D., Sc.D Head Curator A. B. Strout, PD. Curator of ee and Laboratories Bernarp ©. Donce, Pu.D. nt Pathologist Emeritus H. W. Rickert, Px.D. Bibliographer Tuomas H. Everetr, N.D. Horr. Horticulturist Bassett Macuire, Pa. Harotp N. MotvENxE, ‘PuD. Associate Curator W. H. Camp, Px.D. Associate Curator E. AGE orE. B.S. Assistant Curator and Curator of the Locel Herbarium EE. Naytor, Pa.D. ssistant Curator . W. Kavanacu, Px.D. Assistant Curator OBERT S. De Roper, Pa.D., D.C. Assistant Curat Marjorie ANCHEL, PH.D. Research "Associ late Setma Kogan, B.S. Technical Assistant EIKERT Technical Assistant pa M H, a Technical Assistant ARY STEBBINS Technical Assistant ELIzaBeTH C, Hau AE ee BS. ibrarian Carot H. Woo of the Journal G. L. Wintec AM q Guteuee ee the Herbarium Otto Drcener, M.S. Collaborator in Hawaii sae Botan: Eimer N. Mir hotographer Joun Henoiey Barnuart, A.M., M.D. Bibhiographer Dae Inez M. Hart Assistant Honorary Cara tor of Mosses Josrry F. a Honorary Curator of Les eee B. A. Kruxor Honorary Curator of Eco c Botany ETHEL pone S. Peckuam Honorary Curator, Iris ane Norcisnis Collections A. C. PFaNnpER Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds To reach the Botanical Garden, take the Independent Subway to Bedford Park Boulevard station. use the Bedford Park Boulevard exit and walk east. Or take the Third Avenue Elevated to the Botanical Garden or the 200th Street station, the New York Central to the Botanical Garden station, or the Webster Avenue surface car to Bedford Park Boulevard THE CORPORATION OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN The New York Botanical Garden was incorporated by a special act of the Legislature of the State New York in 1891. he Act of ag provides, ee Bee things, for a self-perpetuating body of incorporators, who meet annually to elect members of the Board of oe Bae also elect new members of see own body, the present roster of which is ven teres more women who are os by che Board Officers are: Mrs. Rober: The Advisory Council consists of 12 or custom, they are also elected to t Willia n B Williams, cocaine ee canes Mrs. . Leonard Kellogg, Treasurer Guthrie eae Garena Bee and Mr Ts. Arthur M. Anderson Mrs. Arthur Anderson Mrs. George Arents, Jr George Arents, E. C. Auchter Dr. Raymond F. Bacon Protea lee it.nB| Stephen enry de Forest Sieg Sherman Baldw Prof. Prof. Wii J Bonita Mrs ee rady Geo: rett Mea "nih - Wolfe Brixey Leonard J. Mrs. BAe ostinean Dr. Nicholas M. s Mab hoa ee Et Mabel ae W. R. Coe Mrs Pyeoas W. Coombs Ven, Henry S. Fenimore a Mrs. William Redmond Cro: s. C. I. DeBev Mrs. Jo ree me eee Julian F. Detmer Mrs. Charles D. Dickey Mrs. Charles Doscher é . Fife Mrs. Reginald Fincke Ha a Harkness Flagler Rufus L. Patter . Mortimer J. Fox Mrs. ae H. peae Childs Frick Mrs. George W. Perkins Rev. Robert I. Gannon, S.J. Mrs. Hugh ee Dr. H. A. Gleason Mrs. William F en to) rs. A. Barton Hepburn Mrs. Rodney Procter Mrs. Elon H. Hoo! Mrs. Henry St. C. Putnam ‘s. Clement eee Mrs. Grafton H. oan r M. Huntington Lady Ramsey “0 Donnell rice Stanley G. Ranger ae Johnston L. Redmond Mrs. ae bear rof. Marcus . Rhoades Mrs. Alfred G. Ka Mrs. Junius A. Richards Mrs. F. foe Fonens i Mrs. Warren Kini Mrs. Lee Krauss H Mrs. Melvin E. Sawin ‘aus: Joh: Schi Mrs a Mrs. Barent Leffert: Mrs. Art! Clarence McK. Lewis Mrs. Townsend Scudd rs. William A. Lockwood Mrs. Samuel Seabury iy IDs 0, Weve gal Mrs. Guthrie S Mrs. David Ives Mackie Prof. Edmund W. Sinnott Mrs. H. Edward Manville Mrs. Samuel Parker McCollester Edgar B. Stern Miss Mildred McCormick Chauncey Stillman ouis E. McFad than Strau Mrs. John R. McGinley rs. Theron G. D. Merrill Mrs. Arthur H. Suibeee oh Merrill Joseph R. Swan te eae He F Mrs. Joseph R. Swan rs oswe. Mi er, Jr Mrs. Roswell Miller, Sr. Prof. Sam F. Trelease S. P. Miller Arthur S. Ver: George M. Moffett Mrs. Antonie - "Voinavat H. de la Mon Manfred Wahl Col Se t A Monomer Allen Wardwell > Mieaua Nelson M. Wells M Alain C. White Ts. Bante xe orrison Mrs. Nelson B. Williams Frederick S. Moseley, Jr. Mrs. Percy H. Williams . Augustus G. Paine John C. Wister va Fe ae Richardson Wright , JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Carnot H. Woopwarp, Editor Cy ROSE-GROWERS’ DAY at THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN WEDNESDAY, JUNE 11, 1947 Arranged in co-operation with THE AMERICAN ROSE SOCIETY Second District (New York State) M PROGRAM R. C, Allen, Executive Secretary, American Rose Society, Presiding 10:30 a.m. sas aioe of the Rose Gar. der the ieedecchig: of L. C. "Robbink and his associates in the im of Bobbink & Atkin: 11:30 am. Roses in Landscaping ae nee Coffin cape Architect 12:00 noon Report From Europe t Pyle Rober President. Conard- Pyle Co. 12:30 p.m. Picnic Lunch (Each to nee his own, The Garden will serve a cold drink.) AFTERNOON PROGRAM Paul F. Frese, Editor of “Flower Grower”, Presiding 2:00 p.m. Roses for the Collector Mrs. Richardson as 2:30 p.m. New Pest alae for the Rose Garden iate Broteeor of nan Pathology, Rutgers University The gram and lun a i - outdoors, in the vicinity of the Rose Garden. If rain osc ms events will oie place 4 in the Niassa Building. aid in making Seen for the outdoo: seating, the New York ae Ga is eae uests notification fro ose who plan to attend the program. Ther no chage for registration. Ee TABLE OF oe JUNE 1 Tue Rose GARDEN Cover a ee aaa eee Let's TAKE THE “SCARE” OUT OF ROSE CULTURE Robert W. Eisenbrown 125 a MANGROVES FR i? Poibee 128 Ear_y JUNE IN THE GARDEN Arthur King 139 FUND OF QUARTER MILLION ProviDED FOR ANTIVIRAL RESEARCH 141 VOLUNTEER ASSOCIATES ORGANIZED 141 u Pont GarDENS VISITED 142 TropICAL FRUITS AND FLowers IN SUMMER EXHIBIT 142 Notzs, News, AND COMMENT 143 Notices AND Reviews oF Recent Booxs 146 a Journal is published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New Y N. Printed in U. . Entered as Second Class aati January 28, 1936, at "the Post “Othe: at New York, N, ¥, 5 nde the Act of August 24, 1912. Annua’ aupseriplion $1.50. Single copies cents, st 24, 1912, Annual subscription $1.50. Single « JOURNAL of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN VoL. 48 June 1947 No.. 570 Let’s Take the “Scare” out of Rose Culture By Robert .W. Feairoun WHEN ! the sae is made’ for fundamental eau on rose culture, the “experts metimes overlook the need for explaining the elementary principles to ee eginners. As a result, many gardeners feel there is some deep mystery connected with rose-growing and that far more skill and effort are needed to provide good roses than other flowers. We have therefore asked Mr. Robert W. Eisenbrown of the firm of Bobbink & Atkins, to which the Botanical Garden is indebted for the majority : the 8,000 plants, more or less, in its Rose Garden, to give some simple directions, the ABCs, so to speak, on the culture of roses. Mr. Eisenbrown follows his six fundamental rules with some pertinent comments. OSE-GROWING is no more difficult wee oe ieee - vegetables or perennials in the garden. It takes and a little experience more than anything else. Carryin g an pe six geen sugges- tions offered here should give even a primary-grade gardener a promising Start in the culture of roses (1) cae he ae ooking plants obtainable. (2) Pi hem in a deeply spaded soil ee yok of organic content. (3) ae fe ‘sil Pee Ha layer, about ots, and don’t be afraid of reaking a rai (4) Avoid using quick- ae ane until the plants are well established ; then aes see the a frequen ae lightly. (5) Remember that the use of all the new- ae van led insecticides in the world will not keep as roses healthy. You ae have good plants to start with; then if they devel Misa you must apply the proper treat- them under contr cn but do worry about the invisible spores of fungus diseases, such as black spot, —. must be. oe (Dusting with micronized sulphur is still avored control method used against fungus diseases by many peer s.) 125 126 Whenever I read ee on soil pecan and see the over-worked word “excava = which implies extensive sane down digging operations, I never want to see = ae again. We told to get a load of cinders, rubble, stone, ee Hin 53, ae a a layer of 55% inches of compost or manure over this, then fill in with good topsoil, whatever ct zs a8 3 2 o in ite: years that it is not necessary. I have often stated that any good erage herbaceous perennials will grow good roses. I really. a sorry for the beginner who is led to believe that he has no eee so far as soil preparation is concerned but must use a foot rule and oe a thousand- pound scale handy in order to follow the many stereotyped rules Start With Husky-Looking Roses I would like to ee the anid of getting ad megel husky ere at the be eginning. I know there are many that amount of n being don rfeeding with chemical fertilizers. ree have se Ae sted ieee and lack of bloom are often the result of overfeeding. Is this because of the gardener’s anxiety to match those large eres bere forced in a greenhouse, which one sees at the International Flower Show in New York? A i Problem erhaps a major poi int is often iaeneta when feeding roses. It should be ile eee that in most instances we are actually feeding the roots of a wild” rose, such as Rosa wutifor japonica or “Gloire des Rosomanes” (“Ragged Robin”), for these two understocks are used for budding most of the “bush” roses in commerce today. True ee some climbers and shrub roses are propagated aes cuttings, and in the South “own-root” plants of hybrid teas still are sities a cee fe tough “wild” under- stocks are used on roses s to make sense, in the main, not to give them s much Gemict fertilizer, en in the beginning. For an kind of rose, sa iene is still no substitute for decayed cattle manure earn ee h the soil 3 ae he roses are planted. ne al * used so much in connection with roses, also i and d rom pra nakes tically any other hardy ee eae shrub he may grow. Up toa few years ago, we were all pleased to have a month’s display from our See and ramblers, but now a majority of lanes cry for apes ses all summer long—just as though such a thing were possible or even heaible J am sure we wo wld grow weary of looking - ae same ise in the garden, were there to be a constant succession of bloom. The wo 127 “everblooming” should not be taken literally, though it may be the best word can be found today for the recurrent flowering of this class of rose If you are cutting roses for home ae leave a good portion of the stem on the plant.. a All plants need leaves to function properly.) Cut some with long st if you wish, but ion let anybody tell you the fem e i practice; the point will differ with each variety and the fener and diameter of the individual stem Confidence Comes With Experience Gardeners vires have good common sense and judgment and lack only confidence—which of course is a product of experience. They will make a few oe in the beginning can always p es by them Practically all seca and others w. roses ae osrctions along wi order, and these s Poni be read carefully never failed to cs Ge nae either right or wrong, from these elnel instruction Lu have on written on pruning, but in actual practice you will t ly with tween the treatment of climbers and r ables ce ane ‘of shrub and old-fashioned roses . . . all these mates can hardly be explained in a brief article or even a text book. Notice that there is generally too much prun- ing on good live healthy plants vee the canes are plump and fat the same time, remember aes rose plants seldom, if ever, die from 01 di m lack cause of too severe pruning. But heavy pruning will not kill your rose. Perhaps we should let our hybrid teas grows a little taller; it is silly to read, as we sometimes do, that they alf are to be cut back to the second or third eye, or that they should be left no more than 614 or 854 inches ‘above the ground level. We simply can not generalize on apie methods because of the wide difference in habit and growth of the hundreds or thousands of varieties in commerce now. So I say, pe ca i Take your rose growing as an adventure and I am sure you will get a lot more fun and pleasure out of it than were you to follow many technical formulas. Seek the best advice from those who have had the longest experience 128 Micronesian TMangroves By F. R. Fosberg A Journey by Motorized Sampan to a Peak Development 'f Land-Building Swamps In the Carolines HE mangrove swamp is is one of the world’ ’s most distinctive plant f forma- f mud-flats. Varying from place to place a s its constant and outstanding feature is the presence of trees of the Man- been des¢ribed as a in salt water, oe their young alive, marching out to sea, and taking long ocean voy: ‘Micronesia is an ae place to oe acquainted with mangrove amps. The Palau Islands form the extreme western end of the great goles Archipelago in the western Paci fic. They are a compact group, ostly w an elongate mass of ancient rocks and cole of voleaaie origin, extending wes precipitous and densely wooded. About half-way up this coast is a deep bay into which flows the Garamiscan River, a fair-sized stream that is navigable to small boats up to its first fork, at the head of tidal influence. er e, with a fascinating diversity of t an ciated plants ‘Obviously here was a botanical opportunity which pe pect be neglected, in spite of the shortness of our visit to Palau. On inquiry about a native bi with a gies who eee the river, I was assured that Olop the obvi Consequently it was arranged that Olopsis should me e me in his ae sampan- ie le boat—an inheritance from Japanese days. Vhen the time came, the boat was awaiting me at the pier with its owner, ° a friendly, comical- ee but serious and “helpful bitte Dae and his one-man crew. The boat was about fifteen feet long, with a tiny diesel motor which was started by heating its one cvlinder with a gasoline blow- torch. The boat gave an impression of great instability because of its propensity to roll violently on the slightest provocation, but it always * The U. S. Commercial Company Economic Survey of Micronesia, 1946, Aerial roots of a rhizophora tree are reflected. in the calm waters of the Garamiscan River. righted itself just short of catastrophe. Its speed was ideal, since it was so slow as to give ample opportunity for study of any vegetation that we Along the west coast of the island the reefs kept us well out ene shore, near enough so that the forest looked very intriguing. “The cep high slopes are densely covered with what appears to be the ae primary 130 forest of the region, perhaps the only eee 7 of it le a In only a nae places es oe at Se Shae nd Ng: g Bay, j hich we ¥ nter, has salt water suggests that, of all the mangroves, it will tolerate the most salt. Finally, bet two peaks, we reached an opening, partially obscured by small ee Tee we found ourselves in a ee enclosed bay. N tives on re the hills come tho to the water’s ed small hut, iu on the ma amesets locality mals ing on pecia nens collected in Palau by the Japan he mangrove swamps surrounding the bay are, at the bavw a edge, tenant of Sonneratia cascolaris. So ntered the northern arm of the bay, really the mouth of the Garamiscan River Almost immediately Rhizophora, probably R. mucro- nata, takes ov e dominant ee in the vegetation. This odd tree se : taken as ee of the family of the true mangroves. It ha: posite ee elliptic ok but its most striking hace: is tte eae ce of arching prop-roots holding up the trunk, and aerial roots ° 7 _ oO o a a o 2a BS N oO [any ~ a wo Another notable characteristic, peculiar to certain genera of this family, is the habit of germinating its seeds while still in the fruit, hanging on the MANGROVE SWAMPS OF BABELDAOB IN THE PALAU ISLANDS (On the opposite page) 1. Fronds of a nephrolepis hang in a tremendous clump from the branches of a tree along the lower part of the Garamiscan river. 2. Naviga- t s at this oe mt on th ramiscan. 3. ight tion end is point on the Ga sca t might be New England or the Middl est, but is really Babeld at a point where a meander of the Ca iver, lined with mangrove swamps, reach Se of the hills along the ie sa of the valley. 4. In this riparian forest on the upper Garamiscan, are tangled with ree mostly species of Freycinetia, 5, Not far elow the head of navigat alms are amon the conspicuous plants in the swampy forest. 6. The aerial roots of rhizophora half screen a clump of nipa palms on the swampy shore of the Garamiscan river. ON THE GARAMISCAN RIVER MANGROVE SWAMPS OF BABELDAOB IN THE PALAU ISLANDS (For description of the pictures, see the opposite page) 132 tree. A large seedling is produced, nae made up of a cigar- or torpedo- shaped root or radicle up to eight inches or a foot long. This hangs by its two tiny cotyledon leaves which still st ck into the body of the fruit. When the time comes, this odd little plant lets go its hold and drops into the mud below, Pa down. Here it immediately takes root, and the suc- cessive crops of these seedlings fringing the outer edges of the swamp may be likened to armies of plant- mine headed on their stilt-legs out O sea. If the tide happens to be high the mud is covered and the seedling, us instead of rooting in the mud, may be carried away by the water. ‘Ver resistant to salt, it floats around until it is cast up on a beach to dry, or ore fortunat tely, on another ees where it takes ee een start- ing a new mangrove swamp. This habit seems unique members of the Rhizophoraceae. : iously makes Aa ne ide Aigvisition of the true mangroves and accounts for their presence in practically all mangrove swamps. s the estuary grows narrower and assumes more of - ee Mi a ie the other members of the mangrove assemblage of make appearance, mingled with the one or two s species of Rhophore fee red spec nitge ae with vee nt i scarlet flowers : ‘and Xy yloe Hae granatum, a ener f the ca haeege or Cashew family, with inconspicuous of tiny white flowers, but with huge p endent ee like small aaa on strings. ere the river is ail wide enough so that abundant sunlight bathes the e on its ban As the river narrows and the banks are ee by tall trees, the com- position of the swamp forest changes. Bruguiera gradually. replaces o phor minant tree. a banks where sun- light penetrates are marked by clumps of the nipa palm, Nipa fruticans. This is characteristic of estuaries throughout the Indo-Malayan egion and into the Pacific through m f M hort subterranean stem, as, in ae mud of the Neue and the ees frond- like leaves ascend as y f he hard fruits are borne in uch a ent: heads on erect ae er the leaf- oe The leaves are widely 7 thatching and from the sap toddy is made in many parts of the es a marsh fern, ee oe also inhabits openings. Tt has quite a range of tolerance of varying degrees of salinity, and in places i inant i arshes. Along this lower river course the distribution of epiphytes is very peculiar. Except where the ubiquitous leathery-leafed fern, Davallia solida, crawls with its thick rhizomes here and hee throughout the forest, ow tide on the Garamiscan River, Palau, reveals the rhizome of the palm, Nipa fins, oe the washing away of the mud. A seedli ling of a rhizophora can Seen at t 2 trees ees epiphytes are ae and widely scattered. However, when epiphytes do occur on a tree, there are many of them. Nephrolepis fronds edebne er into this swamp, trees with epiphytes become more and more common until they are abundant along the inner edges of the mangrove swamp proper. Here several lianas may ae be found, such as Freycinetia, the climbing member of the Pa i ; Schefflera of the Araliacea a Derris tri- foliata, a legume with i e pink aes likely to be borne anywhere along the elongate cord- ie ets and a Hoya or ee eae that hangs vertically from the trees. By now the trees are actually meeting overhead. Barringtonia racemosa, Senders indica, H. siuds uh and Pterocarpus carolinensis become important in the veget: and some of the mangrove species begin to dro . Masses of ie holly: leafed Acanthus ebracteatus (A. pala an amphibious tangled bushy liana, are seen along the banks between tide levels. One of the striking features of the river banks and floor of the pice is the great variety of pneumatophores, or aerating organs, found at the bas of the trees. Every ee of tree common in the mangrove ee 134 has a characteristic structure apparently a this da The Rhizophora species have numerous aerial roots entering the mud. The Bruguiera ave true kne truding above the surface nae corky aerogenous tissue building up the op. Sonneratia has abundant erect el spire-like organs resembling inverted carrots, while eee has similar but much smaller and more slender ones resembling inverted roots. Samadera has extensive intricately i upper edges corky, above the surfac ca mud, These organs are so characteristic and varied that it gould be easy to construct a key to the acta of trees in the mangrove formation on a basis of pn ees Toward the head of a villenee the river becomes aoa a tunnel pent oe a dense tall riparian or swamp forest which has few eal . Many | others have appeared—Vitex, ae 5 with keni uiches, Gad some whose i ae is obvi ar: a more ee nes reflecting, perhaps, a com ac te dicppearance of salin nity. Though still yan to tidal oe the water this far up the river seems perfectly fresh. ere the forest takes on oan the character of the tropical jungles pie’ tured in old illustrated books and modern Sunday supplements. A den In a mangrove swamp north of Lele on Kusaie, the pneumatophores of Sonneratia caseolaris look likeeclosely-packed stalagmites rising from the roots below the water. 135 A formation resembling a mangrove swamp occurs in a marsh of nearly fresh water around Lake Susupe, Saipan. Plants shown here ee the fern, Acrostichum aureum; the fragrant white-flowered shrub, Clerodendrum inerme; the yellow-flowered woody plant, Hibiscus tiliacetis; and the grass, Paspalum vaginatum. mae pica over’ rhead. Lianas hang from this canopy. Aroids and f r family in ee openings. Epiphytic ferns, Psilotum and other iycopeds; as well as | rchids abound on the tree trunks cushioned by mosses and a of navigation and tidal influence ee eee so a na into ae country for a cat ated by the Japar Her even the ruins of a bombed out pineapple can nae and old pineapple fields. The pine capple plants, which are ans ently of t ery superior varieties, are still bearing fruits, though, as- ten pee fe abandoned pineapple fields, the fruits have become very small. n this river the Japanese hid their oa craft during the war. That the ae was futile is obvious. Now it is necessary to pick one’s way among sunken ce: craft, small cargo boats, and other shallow draft wreckage left the efficient American bombers Monkeys fas “rocoies were said to abound along oe river par the war. The monkeys not now in evidence. They were shee - Japanese, - ae a And we saw only one crocodile slip "off ar bank into the still water. The war a affected not only the human oe lation of fee islands. MANGROVE SWAMPS ON THE ISLAND OF KUSAIE head _ eu Harbor, with Mt, Crozer in the background, is lined with man: is: grove Epiphytic ferns, a species of Nephrolepis, hang in long ‘rom a Sonneratia tree i mgrove swamp north of Lele meratia caseolaris is a dominant tre mangrove swamps his regio eumatophores show clearly in the picture at the left. e wood of Sonneratia is sometimes u. zy on Kusaie. 5. Nipa fruticans is seen frequently here, as in other mangrove associations of Micronesia. 137 Palau is where the era flora is at its best in Micronesia. here northward and eastward it becomes more and more attenuate the north this takes place rapidly. In Guam only five o or six of the se there are small colonies, mainly Bruguwiera, where there are traces of suitable habitats. Mangrove Swamps of Other Islands , the easternmost of the iia we were afforded another Sng opportunity to study a large man, wamp at close range. To g m Lele, the east side of 7s island, a the north coast we ae to ae ae swamp by outrigger canoe, paddling and poling through a winding channel for several miles. Along this a the quiet black water nai Se the magnificent trees, the clumps of Nipa ale and there, and scattered trees covered with epiphytes, form a scene ose beauty. is hard = portray effectively. The flora here is very Sable. com- pared with that of the Palau swamps. The trees are eee aeaee Bruguiera conjugata, two species of Rhizophora, with a ondar: ones. Far fewer species of ferns and orchids, as well as ree are eee here, Mere individuals are numerous enough. A detailed floristic comparison of the mangrove flora of the high islands and ee in the Carolines—Palau, Yap, Truk, cn Spe be To our great surprise, we found that the ae pee extends o the Marshall Islands—all low ea islands which do not usually provide he e sort a habitat occupied oe t pia - Bee The one mangrove hat I saw in ie a Ils nm Ailinglapalap Atoll and is dominated by Rhizopho ae 5 aa a, accompanied by little else. The b of fine clare silt, and there is an outlet to the lagoon anal coral rock exposed by reat m and low tide, in the pure salt water of the lagoon. Its ability to tolerate eae salt concentrations is well established by this occurrence, where oration during exposure at low tide would ‘concentrate the salt even aes in no ne sea water, ost of the — eget ation in the Marshalls is in a different habitat entirely. In depressions fe clear brackish or semi-salty water, usually seem , are es stands of Bruguiera conjugata or occa- sionally Lummnitzera littorea.. I did not see these mixed in the same de- 138 In the shallow water of a lagoon on Udot Island, Truk, rhizophora trees are growing in island-like formation. pression. Two species here enter the mangrove formation that elsewhere occupy other habitats—Pemphis acidula and Intsia bijuga. The former is isti cor: at or just above sea lev ithin the limestone, further west and south in the Pacific. age ah imerme occurs usually as a secondary shrub in the edges and openings, and Nephrolepis occasionally grows as an epiphyte. hough there is no question that these occurrences are a part of the Ih led 1 “ angrove depressi ’ Th ra of formation here : it ester limit is a poor one indeed. The ultimate in reduction comes in mall depression on dry Bikini ven William Randolph Taylor ee one individual of Bruguicra conjug In Micronesia - deg eie swamps aS at oe little economic importance, except that of the trees are occasionally used for i | om that reaches the surface of the water. Rains leach out the salt, an ae ee habitable land results. Usually the mangrove belt is passed by as dreary, uninteresting, and mosquito-infested by the tropical traveler, to the botanically inclined, or even to the seeker of beauty, this region well repays closer acquaintance. 139 EARLY JUNE IN THE GARDEN By ARTHUR W. KING T this season of the year, from the = = May through early June, garden work is 7 one gardener, whether he be an old only way to clear up ee a ee mps ahead of the average The or tw professional or the newest amateur s to keep right at the job. of wi : Eventually we on to see that saeihiie 4 is ay being accomplished. The End of Spr spr: ing displays in e. To mention a few Narci issi are ‘Finish hed a their foliage tends to give the border an a appear- ance with their stra un- unch, Siping = thin rubber band over them but ightly as to cut the foliage cea have the flower stem r Nu or 2 full leaves ref to furnish next season’s bulb with ma- it, Bleeding-heart should be allowed to have i wn spot in the border till late summer, for if it is smothered by late growing annuals or perennials, it will sure . ‘die. a ur iris ‘clump is too large, cut Slee es away to the ae ie Fina im- st after flowering. roots in a corner of the g: garden ee ‘replanting ter. season’s show of bloom is these plants, and "the Fae can Paes be used for annuals dur- ig the oe ting hough by ee f May nearly annuals can be safely planted! if it is wet, cold season there is very little gained by transplanting some of the tender annuals under such conditions. It and stunted after growing them along under cover for “ cs. hi ee they are toed by the hot as summer sun. It is often a very short s t veen the frosts of spring and heat of summer. Als ady to be set out in early June are Berane heliotropes, lantanas, fuchsias, and such plants grown.in pots for outdoor pee Perennials for Autumn Some of the late eae and fall flowering Hous perennials can be trans- planted season. Ph se would include fhe i a flowering asters, chry- santhemu: oltonias, rudbeckias, or coneflowers, heleniums, or sneezeweeds, Be er te of various kinds. Ili any of these late blooming perennials— most of which h are a American plants oo transplanted n wi, to a good ball o er moving them; check will be too much tet them, they will make poor growth and give few flowers for this season, 140 Staking at the Start If you already have plan our staking, such as “del foe lov or Canter- if you ae settin, a ra g za 8 sense should w: go into the ground right ng with plants. “Another point to remember is to put ur sta the side of the plant farthest from the front of the border, or if possible ne he center of the plant Stakes are never a thing of beauty in a flower border, so try to hide them as mhuch as possible. gaa apa of Transplanting nt, make are in doubt as to the height, or characte er of any plants you in-a good seed ilonne. ora or, if you purchase the pl t urseryman or salesman en j lown the height in inches on the label; it will be a t help in placing your pla in the border. After you vane determined the aeige a several ee plants, set them gro ee Place and ae Bat cee ten oa a time. Keep ae in ie cide until you are Cady for them. E ornin fore you get them into the cool, moist so lan no be sure you make the about one-half inch low: the sur- face the soil in the border. When Hees the soil around the plant, do. not s hard against the plant itself; fateh better to note the width of the ball of soil that was on the plant, then press gently but firmly in a circle eee the same size around the plant. If y ant to be sure of a firm plane: the ‘handle of the trowel can be used a mming ol, do the ra ee Be very careful not to break the ball of il a f 0 leay the plant, weeks. This is the q ture can be taken es of ee the Ae hose or watering- Ve, ble Transpl. In the vegetable garden it is time to get the tomatoes, peppers, and lants bers that le been aa in ae ina frame. arting them i time-saver, Pad means ae ‘rit oo a advance of an outdoor so is be 1 ut 20 inches i e TOWS. If omatoes a , sturdy plants, they may lanted at normal level; but if they are Aeawa and thin in growth, it may help to plant them a few inch oy the al planting depth. I e grow ine celery, your young ju you plants or ‘he set in fee sure to ae them ae oe watered until they start gr Vegetable i Lima beans, both pole and bush types, n be plant d now. Succession sowings a string eee and lettuce can be made o ear. rly Augu eeds of swe at corn middle of July. timed ae 12 best resu’ can be pu These sowings should be to 14 days apart for. 141 Fund of Quarter Million Provided For Antiviral Research pees March of Dimes campaign for research in aR paralysis has brought a new, special fund to the New York Botanical Garden, accord- , a sed by the National 1 Foun caeon for Infar atile Basil O’Connor |, President 0 f the Fo dent = the Garden, will be financed with $225,000 over a ne -year period. The work will be done in a newly equipped laboratory under the su iper- ns. vision wat ba William J. Robbins. The announcement says, in part and in a the past several years the ELoyeiee — have been studying antibiotic Peete capable of inactivating bacter: They have grown more thar ee organisms, ieee fungi, many of which. Gave shown evide lence of being ane se bacte Dr. Robbins, also baie aoa of botany at Columbia University, proposes to test id anisms for their effect on bacterial viruses, scientifically known as bacteroohag ‘ ding Robbins, the relationship between bacteriophage and viruses suffic iently cee to warrant this method of approach. Any of the new ae stances which may reveal a destructive eftect on reerenlar fea will then be given to others for test against animal viruses, includ he one responsible for infantile paralysis The discovery of penicillin, said Dr. Robbins, has led to extensive investigation of other fone ae substances effective against bacteria but little is has been done in the searc! substances active against viruses. The new study, he said, will try to answer ie a stion: Are there antibiotics which can check the growth of ie “It is probable,” he ae “that the most practical approach to the control of poliomyelitis would be through immunization, if a suitable weak strain of the virus could be ie ed ae maintained, or if a method of partially inactivating the virus could be discover “T t is one that Bia inactivation or weakening might be accomplished se table substance which m ight have such an “effect on viruses. This e do n eee ce n amy Siaine “a Botanical Garden’s choice of using bacteriophage’ or bacterial virus in its preliminary screening experimentations, Dr. Robbins said 100 or more substances could be investigate d for antiviral activity against bacteriophage in the time required to determine the schon of one such substance on an animal virus. PS om} iar ale aera — Botanical oon Volunteer Associates. For Gar 's Develop: The objec! ae ee ’s de- velopment a fund-raising program, also oh S C. BRADY and Mrs. i. ee all Ria activ ities un- ald ee have been panied as der ral a sroul When ce t ce h R. Swan an- nounced the eee of this new group, oO b office ond called the New York he said that in the campaign for $5,000,000 142 , pone sought for scientific research and on and for expansion of the en’s horticultural and educational Seuvities es and a quarter million dol- da lars ha ready been received in dona- Gene pe s, and memberships. a rs. arate K. Kernan is vice-chair- the Volunteer Associates, an here i is an advisory board inclu ding Mrs. Allmon Fordyce, Mrs. Melvin E. Sawin, Oswald B. L i 2 arold R. s (vice- chairman) “special events; Mrs. Gardi D. Stout, veterans; and Mrs. John "D. W. el schools. Du Pont Gardens Visited Under Botanical Garden’s Auspices ME (0 men and women made a ee the gardens of 'y F du Pont, “Winterthur,” near Wilmington, a of Pierre lu nt, “Longwood,” Kennett Square, nea ila- delphia, y 1 under the auspices of th Ww Botanical Garden e visi- tors included members of the Garden and of Fed Garden Clubs of New York, New Je onnecticut. At Winter. thur, where spring was ten days or more ahead of New <, they enjoyed the fl ing quinces of pink, yellow, and My e plants were eae masses of Virgin bindels (Mertensia virginica ome of them grouped with naturalized a in pale yellow and ne e. Az zaleas were just beginning to color At mere the features were the vast indoor gardens in the conservatories u he tive fountains outdoors, odeled after those at the Villa Gamberaia in Florence, Italy. In the conservatories azaleas were in full bloom, ae es oe del- and hiniums, s, b Ty amaryllises ad orchids, and larg S oo at Longwood consists evergreens eand. Sthek ees: some of which were planted there in 1800. Tropical Fruits and Flowers In Summer Exhibit At the Garden E- one watercolors of tropical i rs and fruits by Lee Adams of Mandarin, oe la, will be on a at the New k Bot and a aoe the twenty painings which he i sent to the ‘Ga rden are po traits of the breadfruit, Sabian Hen mango, peeiees and rose-apple. F study of the man gO. ay aes the —— au S 2 oe yews Doves,” one of the paintings by L ams on view a the New Yor Beane oils during the summer. 143 Opdyke, and Dr. Wilson Popenoe, he spent some time in Guatemala and Hon- duras, where he studied and painted tropi- cal fruits and flowers in their natural setting, often with native birds among a oe mber of the Ga an Me dal 4 Yucatan to make studies of the oe ane ing to his studio in Mandarin early year. Before ates i devote Wectie to his art, he was a student Sy in botany at Rollins College in Florida and at the University of North Caroli Em pee News, and Comment ere The Garden’s Honorary f£ Mosses, Dr. A. J. Grout, died March 27 at East Bradenton, Florida, after a three days’ illness with pneu- An app: life ar . will ap ppeat in a for thcoming number of the Journal. xhibit. Flower pictures by Tabea ener which were on display at the New York near Garden during May, included originals from eight of the ten gardening esl which she has Prag nt published this spri day. Be- sides native wild ers, te collection includes waterlilies, orchids, fuchsias, African violets, pelargoniums, vines, be- and South Many of the subjects were drawn fo life in the Garden greenhouses. mann’s work is in atercolen most of it is done with conti crayon. A ee tour of the meee 0 mentary Students of the Board of Elna: ton. “The Gift of Green” was show and the students were guided on tours of the rock garden and conservatories. The G ir £ oured den ae film * lants and the Life > May an of P. 1701 Fulton dita in the Bronx ae the Rock Gar and Main See — Dr. Has guided a of member: he Staten Totand eristituie of Arts ae Saciees around the grounds May 10. rae On the evening of May 24, eae sachusetts, _ Colle and Smith llege—on “ tribution Patterns in Modern Plants and ae ‘oblems of Buea Dispersals.” William J. Robbins and Dr. B. O. pue attended the National Academy of Soa e pd in heres ton, D. C., ‘om April 27 to April 3 ere “als ane at the 47th eeting of the Society of Amer- two days later of the Filamentous Sie table ee “Growth Factors for Pathogens.” he Gi Ib ro: rden Club of Mamaroneck, an affiliate the ue ork Botanical Stout speak on Old and New” Garden, heard Dr. A’ us sien of (Daylilie:: n April 28. Naylor as before the Conservatio in the Roosevelt Hall of the. wee ° ate tee on the New York Bo- cal Garden. The film “Plants and ne Ti eo Man" accompan the talk. r. on . J. Seaver substituted for Dr. Mrs. Williat oes as representatives of the Garden at om- ci id fast een by nd break eorge’s Association of the De- partment of "Park s at Riverside Church April 27. Approximately 85 people attended t program given by 7 peal Commits the Gard e Ma a Events include features, consultation sone staff aieabe re and a buffet luncheon. 144 Visito Dr. We erner Hiigin of Basle, Scent who has come to America to study the use of curare, visited the Garden’s herbarium last month to ‘see specimens of plants from which the in secticide is derived. He will be the first one to use curare in Switzerland. Dr. Higin stopped at the Ginlen on his way to Harvard, where he will study for a year. Professor Francis Ryan of the Depart- a of Zoology and Genetics at Colum- ia University, with a group of graduate sidents, visited the i May 9. They w bread mold N. pee has been cared on in the labora- s for many years. em route to Toon to as the United Nations conference on forestry, Chris- opher Swabey, Conservator of Forests in British Guiana, visited the Garden April 30. ers, Assistant Director resume his oC as principal Field Sci- entific Off Latin America for UN ESCO Dr. Karol Maramorosch, arriving re- cently Rumania, visited Dr. B. Dodge i Uni He plans to make his path- who worke rh erate black spot of ae at ~ New York Botanical Garden under Dr. Dodge visitors the Garden’s a u& — s te ~ a ia Juniper Book Published J. VAN LE, nurseryman of . poe N. Y. is the author of “Re of ae chinensis, et al,” Sree ee i ad by the New York ath al bes M m specimens, coll lected ta the living aetan ie has el. have been oe e New ork Botanical Gar The book takes ay “the many varieties and forms of Juniperus which have been e e in literature, an he recla: e: junipers of this group in the light of is own investigations. The book is illus- a dozen full-page plates of various forms of Juniperus. There is a key to the species, also a supplementary key headed * “Distinctive et ate of the Varieties and Formae.’ e book totals 08 pages, and is price en SUB ZERO HYBRID TEAS As ae and bea bushes that can survive cold wi 5 ave Replacement Expense Also Hardy Yellow and ie Climbers Write now for pictured list and fall planting ihe ons ELL RO utiful as any, on sturdy winters 12 Rose Park, Little Compton, Rhode Island NOTICES AND REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS Conversations With a Famous die “and rand Hes and their chil- hildren Plant Explorer ae k for the family audience. TH nS omy GROWS ROU The edeee -loving author went si bk . MY — The Story of The luctantly, when he wanted to be ier Tro one ‘Davia ‘Patrenitas ms gardens, touching his trees and pt pages, iMustrated, index d. Scribner, ing the far places whence he brought the w Yo seeds. In his enforced concentration, he Dr. Fairchild fe a cue a retinue of listens to the wind in the palms, and then readers who es followed i around sounds from memory come into the rec- the world for y years, as ais = oe ord, bird songs, marimba bands, flutes, plored for alants. peat Balinese mouth-harps, howler monkeys articles and books. Now they al “cette calling, screams of tigers—a magnificent lown to all it over, in The if overture to a great recital. the home o r. and Mrs. Fairchild in rom the sense of hearing, it is a step Coconut Grove, Florida. The book is to the sense of tasting—the influence of dedicated to “Marian,” Mrs. Fairchild, taste upon agriculture, the anerodnetion of the daughter of Dr. and Mrs. Alexander thousands of plants for food, and the slow igi Bell, who shared the joys and education of appetites for greater di- he danger: Ts of the explorations. and who versity of flavor. ie the “edge of the tropics” as does lants which have been introduced by Apply Horn Tree Paint Water Resisting — Adhesive — Healing ee ounce and funeierdal Prep: erties. P. and insects until ‘the wound can heal over —stimulates callus growth. This dressing does not freeze. A. C. Horn Co., Ine. Division of Sun Ch 43-36 Tenth St., Long Island City 1, New York 171 Dr. Fairchild and his associates, for the government, have been acclimatized in experimental gardens for distribut ampl and childre story- felling. gather roun The style of rsational, book ‘onv. with many human-interest fee treated as chapter-essays. This makes easy read- s rich in plant ik ” of a family and a garden and a As Ouse of this epoch bring ea to others.” me grounds of The Kampong; as ae ba ove 4 zr a bs great incentive to e Fairc pical Garden, which. ee to ie publee {and which should not be confused with the home ni The illustrations are fine photographs of Dr. Fairchild’s own taking. It occurs to this reviewer that the world is better known since World War II, and that ata a find familiar places and plan “The World Grows Round My Door” Noste, ime "Flowde. The Story of a New Type Of Botanical Garden ELL PLANTATIONS: A of an arboretum idea, its growth into the ornell Plantations and a forecast of the prospects of its future expansion across th nds of acr - njunctioy ith ell Universi lescribes the crea- ity. tion of a botanical aris which becomes an element in unifying a all of the interests 7 the ich are represented by outdeo ee and displays of the natal sciences taught by the University and Most beautiful selection of NEW TULIPS ever offered! SEVERAL HUNDRED VARIETIES ILLUSTRATED tN COLOR IN THE FINEST BULB CATALOG WAYSIDE GARDENS EVER PUBLISHED. Our connection with Grullemans, the famous Dutch grower, ide Gardens’ customers the eae . bringing first a hie est o ‘finest imported tu seldom offer ed elsewhere ipruee te Send for cence a oe = on Autumn Planting. b Just off the Press, Over 150 = super a sensational Bre remurus, new g. All are e Wayside qaaliy ae color illustrations. a plants reference book, i + 50¢, coin or stamps, to cover postage and ete costs. 51 Mentor Avenue Mentor, Ohio Crimson Giant Darwin Tulip 7 _ Bigge: Wayside | A] Gardens ao ees wv on st, strongest and deepest r 100. 172 the mia York State College of Agri- oad uae foreword is bac by Dr. Liberty Hyde Bailey, Chait. man of the Plant ae ions wie ttee on Policy and Managem xtensive appendix quotes bee anise significant reports ay pe cies, planning, organization and fina This u ae © undertaking includes not only botanical collections with displays of woody plants in naturalistic settings for their systematic observation, but also farming open sanctuaries of wild ife, and eation facilities, ail r to a age but its principal value is ex xplanatio! ion of ae significance of . co. enterprise ee all lovers of Natur s appealin, “Nzxsox ye WEL York Sia Department a "Public Works Fruits and Other C ee Plants NERAL HORTICULTURE. ee . 7: t. pages, illus. trated; biblio phy, index. Lea & Febi , Philadelphia, 1946. $4. ok on general horticulture pre: and ano have added, giving only ugh view of ent practices in those fields. Interesting questions su as hether it tre a! a even given on tropical and sub-tropical its, - book is profusely illustrated with y good cuts. Two particular features aadiie to its value are aa excellent set of references for each fruit canons as bu all the student will gain an up-to- the- ninote general view of horticulture as practiced in the ae Phi espe- cially with reference to fru Donatp Wyman, Ment Arboretum. Cees adh Cherries RY phas soil felewicd sai management, pruning, ele and disease, spraying and harvest- ho those who would grow their own cele at home and to the ona rchardist, this book is highly rec me nded. Epwin BEcKETT, Superintendent, Middletown Farm. Tribute to a Noted Career MERRILLEANA a 393 pages, fitustrated. Chronica ta nica Co., Waltham, Mass. 1946, Under the title of Baa the editors of Chronica Botay have wri . E. D. Merrill, from 1907 to 1946, with a portrait and several photogr iy aie a ne of coun ie ma oO a fittmg and imp Bat ‘ neader in America eae the implication that hi = at an end is, I trust, atolly ted. H. W. tr: botany labor unwarra RICKETT. THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN cer: Jos AN, Joun L, Merry, Vice-president ArTHUR M. ANDERSON, Treasurer Henry DE La Monta GNE, Secretary Elective Managers Wiuram Ferron Barrett Cuartes B. HarpING Freperick S. Mosgtey, Jr. Howarp Bayne Mrs. = Huntincton Francis E. Powe t, Jr. atid a 7 peers OOKE! Mrs. Harorp I. Prarr Hew. RS. he D. Lasker Wituiam J. Rospins Rey pee GANNON: are mee Lewis aaa SINNOTT SJ. Dz HAUNCEY STILLMAN ee i. Manicoued Ex-Officio Managers Wiuiam O’Dwyer, Mayor of the City of New York Anprew G. er Pal ae ea Hinde of the ee ish hes of Education OBERT ‘ark Commis. Appointive Man By the Torrey ee Club AVER By Columbia University eee T. Bocerr Marcus M. pees CuarLes W. Ba.iarp SAM RELEASE THE STAFF Wituiam J. Rovpins, Pu.D., Sc.D. Director H. A. Greason, Pu. D. Assistant Deer rag Curator HENRY pe LA MONTAGNE Ass ms rahi Frep J. Seaver, Pu.D., Sc.D. A.B. Stour, Px.D, Curator of Education and Taboraiores P. P. Prrong, Px.D. Plant Said Tuomas H. Evererr, N.D. Hort. Horticulturist H. W. Ricxerr, Pu.D. Bibliographer Bassett Macutre, Px.D. Cura Harotp N. Motvenxe, Pu.D. ssoctate shies Ww ‘AMP, Associate Curator E. J. ALexanoer, B.S. Associate Curator EE or, Pu.D ssistant Curator W. ; ; Assistant Curator Rozert S. De Ropp, Pu.D., D.I.C. Assistant Curator Maryorte ANCHEL, Pu.D, Research Associate Setma Kojan, B.S. Technical Assistant Rosatie WEIKERT Technical Assistant Itpa McVetcu, Pu.D. Technical Assistant Mary Sresgins, M.A. Technical Assistant Enizapety C, Hatt, A.B., B.S. ibrarian Caro, H. Woopwarp, A.B. Editor of the Journal G. L. Wirrrock, A.M. Custodian ve ie alg tehiats ce ee a> Collaborator in n Botany RN. oe Graney i enue Baan, A.M., M.D. Bibliographer Emeritus Bernarp O. Don Plant Patholo meritus ive M. Hage” Assistant Honorary Curator of Mosses JosrpH F. Burke re ae of the Diatomaceae B, A. Kruxkorr orary Curator of Economic Botan ETHEL Piha S. PeckHam Honorary pasties rv, Iris id Nar Cissus Pocsaniee A. C. PFA: Superintendent as Buildings and Ground. To or the Botanical Garden, take the Independent Subway to Bedford Park Boulevard sta tion the Bedford Park Boulevard exit and walk east. Or take the Third Avenue Elevated t. the Botanical Garden or the 200th Street station, the New York Central to the Botanical Garden station, or the Webster Avenue surface car to Bedford Park Boulevard MMembership in THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN and what it means TO THE INSTITUTION, ap ip means support of a program that reaches several hundreds of thou ands of persons annually. Briefly, this program sonnets 1) poricuae display, (2) education, (3) scientific research, and (4) botanical explor To further this work and to disseminate us i i plan life ce He publ Gacden issues books and periodicals, both scientific and popular, and presents lectures, prog ' radio broadcasts, and co s of study in gardening and bot he laboratories nd lar erbarium and library serve the staff its resea cat 1 work, whil tensive plantings at the Garden give the public vistas of beauty ~ to enjoy the year around. The public is also free to use the Botanical Garden’s Joy pu library, and, under direction, to consult the herbari E INDIVIDUAL, membe vehip means, beyond the personal gratification of aiding a a Program, these privileges: ; rollment in courses up to the amount of the annual member- ship fee Be subscription to the Journal and to Addison : ae ssion to Me mbers’ Day programs and use Ae ihe Members’ Room also at other tim 4 A share of eae when made available for distribution. (These 3 plants may include the Garden’s new introductions into horticulture.) : ersonal conferences with staff members, upon request, on problems related to botany aad horticultur: r Free announcements of Bae displays, lectures, broadcasts, pro- grams, aad other events 4 lantern slides from the Garden’s large collection, under established regations for such loans membership card which serves as identification at special functions the Berane 1 nae and also when visiting similar institutions in pe citie: Garden clubs may become Oe Prarie of the New York Botanical Garden, and thus receive certain privileges for the club as a unit and others for individual members. Information on Garden Club Affiliation will be sent upon request. 4 siness firms may become Industrial Members of the New York Botanical | Garden. Information on the classes of Industrial Membership and the privileges " of membership will be sent cay request. * * 4 Classes of membership in the New York Botanical Garden in addition to Thawte Memberships are: Annual Single e Contribution Annual Member $ 10 Member for Life $ 250 d Pueiey Memb 25 Fellow for Life 1,000 arden Club Affiliation 25 Pat 5,000 ; Fellowship. Member 100 Benefactor ie Contributions to the Garden may be deducted from taxable inc Contabations to the Garden are deductible in computing Fedecal a New — York estate taxes gally eeerovedit orm of bequest is as follow \ oe beqvenl to The New York Bane eae incorporated under the Laws of New York, Ghanian 285 of 1891, the sum Gifts may be ede ubject to a reservation of income from the gift Pee for ibe benefit of the donor or any designated beneficiary during his or her lifet "Ml ie quests for further information should ze addressed to The New York Botanical Cane Bronx Park, New York 58, N. Y JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN AUGUST 109) 47 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Caro, H. Woopwarp, Editor AUGUST DISPLAYS AT THE GARDEN Outdoors A continuation of the summer's displays of annual and perennial flowers in borders adjacent to the Conservatory; waterlilies in the Conservatory Court; vegetable garden; herb den; ai 2 of which oe. specimens in flower in late Te ‘ ere wild flowers of the season will commence to bloom in the Flowering Meadow at the pee end of the Rock Garden, bringing the count to the doors of city dwellers and giving visitors from afar a glimpse of eastern mei Late in the month the border of Hardy Asters will come into ee iM Conservatory Permanent cue ays of palms, tropical ferns, aquatics, jungle plants, economic plants, cacti os he ae of succulents, and other plants. Open daily without charge from 10a Museum Garden : A display of three bees water colors, depicting more than 75 insect pests of fron in all of their life phases, with descriptive labels giving directions for their control. These are a uae plates by Eva Melady made for “The Gardener's Bug Book” by Cynthia Wes Museum display: ee mushroom models in naturalistic pa a pictures, and various economic capes derived hoe plants. Open daily, 10 t eo OR The grounds are open daily without charge from 10 a.m, until half an hour after sunset. TABLE OF CONTENTS AUGUST 1947 KWEED Cover photograph by Samuel H. Gottscho TWINING PLA ‘red J. Seaver 173 INDESTRUCTIBLE BEGONIAS Genevieve A. Kinney 176 CONTROLS FOR THE Rose GARDEN P. P. Pirone 177 A FoREST ee IN THE CaRIBBEE oo VU. E LimesToNE Carp J. S. Beard 181 NoTIcEs AND ae OF Ries oes 189 Woop Flowers Mabe By Parasite PLACED ON EXHIBIT IN MUSEUM Le 194 195 Notes, News, AND ComMMENT ‘he Journal is published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York 58, NL ™ Eunice in U. S. A. Entered as Second. Class Matter, January 28, 1936, at "the Post Office at New “oH » N. Y., under the Act of August 24, 1912. eas subscription $1.50. Single copies cen’ JOURNAL of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Voi. 48 August 1947 No. $72 Twining Plants An Inquiry into Clockwise and Counterclockwise Growth North and South of the Equator By Fred J. Seaver MONG the interesting questions Pare asked of member rs of the New York ane cal Garde: sphere e themselves ie in the opposite d es in wn the southern hemenevel pre is at true that Pig's same thing? ra Re came over the telephone one morning gentleman who w: a book and was very anxious ie Oe reliable mer question the ans no orthem hemisp e no or willing to a ee answer ee rding twining plants, it was decided to refer ie estion to someone in “ southern hemisphere. The follow- ing letter was therefore directed to Dr. G. H. Conningham, a botanist in New Zealand with whom the ie sa was personally acquainted. am submitting to you a question which may Sound ver oolish, tie it is one that is eee presented to us. De twining plants twine in a different way the southern hemisphere than in the a hemisphere? To ‘iiuserate. the, common jena bean, so far as I a observed, and all leguminous plants, twine counterclockwise, ‘or as Dar puts it, against me sun, in this part of the world. Do they do se a with you? So far as J am able to judge from herbarium ial, hey do. “In looking over Darwin’s work, I find that he recorded a species of Mikania as twining one way in the northern Fegan while another species of the same genus did just the opposite in the southern hemisphere. 173 174 REVERSE TWINING IN TWO PLANTS OF THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE Left," Lonicera, a clockwise twiner. Right, Celastrus, a vary from century to century (even from year to year) and s 175 ee this is where the idea originated. This was, however, an exception rather than the rule. “Any information you give me on this subject will be greatly appre- ciated,” The following answer came from H. H. Allan, Director of the Depart- ment of Scientific and Industrial Ree Botany Division, Plant Re- search Bureau, Welli ington, oie Zealand. “Dr. Cunningham has r red your enquiry of August 10 to me for reply. We ae twining fet in the genera ee and Par- sonsia. In Muehlenbeckia different individuals of t e species twine s tro indivi usually the plants commence as sinistrorse climbers. In Parsonsia the alway: nistrorse. “Northern hemisphere specie. ies climb in New Zealand just as they do in fee Homeland; : ae watched various species of beans over a number of y and ha ot found an exception. “Mushlenbectia. is ee by Sc henck (Beitrage zur Anatomie der Lianen} as of the excearoeal cases.” Darwin states “C ‘The Movement and Habits of Climbing Plants,” p. fee - have seen no instance of two species of a same ae ing i osite bee and such cases must be rare; but Miller ee i nal of the Linn. Soc. ( Bot.) 9: 344. 1867) that oes Mikania scandens twines, as I have described, from left to right, another species i in South Brazil twines in an opposite direction.’ This is the only statement the as ae been able to find in print even ae nee the ae ng habit of a species in the northern hemisphere is ; sean in the southern fe but this i inv ca two different species and e this was regarded by Darwin as very unusual. ie the various species in a given genus one twine in the same direction, as observed by Darwin, a are some notable exceptions. In one tropical genus, Dioscorca, a part of the-genus ae to hie left and a part to the right. a es er - so constant that sed as a basis for the separation of pecies into two sections. (See year of the Royal Botanic Garden, ee i 141: 5. 1936.) hile a large ances of the twiners here in the north twine counter- clockwise, there e notable aan So as observed, the honey- suckles ae cera) “win kw istcria twines the same way. Others could be d but these will serve to illustrate the point in aaa While t he dee oe plants that twine in one direction in the northern hemisphere reve He selves and twine in the other qoeicn in the * southern eee ere is quite prevalent among non-professionals and even ee botanists, there is apparently no foundation for this belief. It t seems, o be a tradition based on a misunderstanding of some of Darwin’s fe eters 176 Indestructible Begonias By Genevieve A. Ki Y garden is about twenty years old. It is a walled garden filled flower beds, edged with boxwood. The old wall is covered vines ae a large ae tree planted more than fifty years ago ample shade. The ‘Goue: beds are dappled in sun ‘and shade and were plante: spring and fall bloo In early spring, they were filled with three s hyacinths aie were followed by small- peas bedding beg: B. semperflorens. These plants ae until Ae year the sa succession of planting was oe until the cc World War II, which stopped the importation of bulbs from Ho ee caused the a x shortage which forced drastic changes. So the beds were planted with grass and on the whole, the garden looked and green and very charming in its quiet restfulness, reminiscent o old southern gardens Four years went by; every week during the growing season the Two of a uy nia plants, seeds of which survived four winters out-of-doors in sey, then sprouted through the grass which had grown over them. 177 mower went over the grass in these beds. Then, one day late last a. - sharp, keen eyes of my grandchild spied blossoms along the edge grass Nps iat box-edged beds. These ea - is c seedling ae - Be egonia se mperflorens, which must have spru seeds which had lain in t fhe soil for at least four years. The ~ nies is eighteen inches high, the situation shady and cool, and the soil’clay and leafmold at the roots of the box bushes We lifted the little plants, ere ia up—57 of them-—and carried them over to the greenhouse. By the end of fe some of them were 8 inches tall and in good bloom, ee of them red, three-quarters ink, The plants used in these beds originally were pink and red mixed. So far as I can tell, all of them conform to the original type planted. E> New Pest Controls For The Rose Garden Presented on Rose-Growers’ Day, June 11, 1947, A e New York Botanical Garden By P. P. Pirone N essential but unpleasant phase of successful rose culture is the control of insect pests and fungus diseases. Without a sound spray- ing program, it is virtually impossible to grow good roses. The healthy, beautiful roses sib inspected this ee are the result of a carefully planned and e ted pest control prograi It so aay ne more insect pests aa vee diseases have bee reported on roses than on any other ornamental plant. To make eee the more important insect pests and fungus diseases on outdoor roses and bring you up to date on the best spraying or dusting materials. pistes and Related Pests most insect pests and related i ace can be easily seen and a ee Pll discuss the principal o st. mong the insects, aphids or plant lice e eel species are perhaps most common. These are soft- Bodied, are about one-eighth of an inch 178 long, and may be pink, green, or black. Thy usually. see oa tips of tender growing shoots or on the lower leaf sur suck out plant juices. The use of any of several contact insectici ide $ t -spotted spider mite, althou; ugh prim arily a pest a ae roses, ats ce abundant and injurious on outdoor roses eight- legged pest is small—about one- sixty- fourth of an inch lon Mite mtrolled as can ae gr bo een i apply ae a mixture of rotenone and sulfur ten days. Such a mixture oa contain one percent rotenone a: percent finely ground sulfur. Azobenzene dusts and sprays have proved to be remarkably effect oe mites on greenhouse roses, but their value on outdoor has not yet been fully ane If mites become a serious pest or roses, you ss want to try the azobenzenes or the hexaethyl phosphate spra. a Ee important leaf- pede: insects also attack roses. Among rm or larval stages of ae Sane of sawflies, also Jag ae = es, me rose leaf beetle, and - e chafer. These pests ¢ controlled with DDT sprays or dus Fungus Diseases on Roses The sécond group of organisms that take a of the pleasure C ey eles are the fungi. These, as we all know, are microscopic Control of fungus diseases is more difficult, primarily becaus gardener can’t see what he is trying a pe until infection is wé vanced. By the time Pease are visible, it is often too late to eee control. Hence, the rose grower must anticipate Fini: tions and must oe nee eve of fungicide before the have an opportunity to ee etrate the The two most peas t foliage diseases “of rose are mildew and sets rie stems, often producing Set or dwar fing of infected oe pple fon: of a spray or dust containing sulfu mildew i check. You may start ae Raven even after wie and still ey e good control. roba ably th most destructive disease on hybrid teas and hybric ee is bluceeoer . The name adequately describes the disease bi 179 of the large black spots with pean) wats ie occur on the eaves. al le = seasons of more than average To ae during such periods, you ae Tathl ese a pene at weekly or ten- nae inter aoe sole takes the Ther y fun feiee Saisie today for blackspot control that one hardy ows fee to start. Certainly, sulfur compounds, mixtures tr S. Fermate, for example, is safer to use. Copper-containing fungicides ns rose flings if - cool periods follow their use. Sulfur com- unds, on the other ei damage leaves and flowers if used during ae ot high tempera Iermate spray oe ounce in a gallons of water) or a 10 wee dust (one part Fermate in 9 p of talc) will control blackspot. If mildew and mites are also a. i. will be necessary to add sulfur to this mixture cent tes show that the best combination to use both early and late n 8 is a Fermate-sulfur mixture ; level teaspoonfuls of Sermate and ablespoonfuls of wettable sulfur in a gallon of water During the summer months when the temperatures are high and there is danger of burning, the sulfur should : left out of this mixture. The use of Fermate alone in water, or one part of aan and 9 of tale as a dust, is eee aig ‘for ee summer per: 7 f Fermate is unavailable, on ial kno s Zerlate might well be aie ven more ee ieee and oo ee as thoroughly eo as Fermate, is Phygon. This new substance erful fungicide with a chemical formula ee to that of een K tool si ed as a dust (1 part Phygon and 99 parts talc) eg a week during the growing season, it has given good control of blackspot. It may also be used as a spray at the rate of 4% ounce fr each 3 evens of water. Phygon can be combined n: oO average rose grower is interested in an all-purpose dust or spray— one ne will control insect pests and fungus ete a one blow. Although a is not yet possible, there are a number of ready-mixed dusts and rays that will control mildew and blackspot nie most chewing and some sucking insects. he ingredients for preparing three gallons of a combination spray are: oe (Dreft) 1 onful Ferm: . a able peas oonfuls DD T (50% wettable) tablespoonfuls Wettable sulfur i GZ tablespoonfuls 180 This is made up as follow: First dissolve the Hee in ‘the 3 gallons of water. Draw off about a} of this digas into a quart jar, add the Fermate, DDT, and enn —shake bares are all the powders are thoroughly wetted. this mixture back into the 3 gallons of water and spreader pei: and the ey is ready for use. There are, of course, many other insects, fungi, bacteria that att roses. I have ae ecioned the more important one Four Rules to Observe In closing ‘may I stress four cardinal peingiples that should govern | successful Sk re ia 1. Timeliness—T: or ao st must be the plants before start of rainy a in oe to act as a ss barrier against fun ae . Thoroughness—All parts that are subject to attack, especially re sides of the leaves, must be thoroughly covered with the fungic or insecticide. - Goo Gece desea: right kind of spray tank or dust gun must Fe arian d this does not mean a watering can or a loosely woven t 4. Proper material— ce e of fungus parasite or insect pest 1 - be known before the correct eee ide or insecticide can be cua I am confident that - these rules are followed, you will enjoy free roses in your gar = Questions Asked at the Conclusion of Dr. Pirone’s Talk an Is the spittle bug a serious pest? The spittle bug is quite prevalent at present. The frothy substance, is prod by a species of insect somewhat similar to a prengee livin; ing ae [ a ir does little harm but can be controlled by a dust containing 1% r N Is DDT harmful to roses? If used in Brpper Be and according to aa DDT is not harmft roses, but its use is occasionally followed by an increase in the infestation of spider mites. These can be controlled with See sulfur mixtures, azoben dusts or with hexaethyl tetraphosphate sprays. 3. Is there any control for stem canker? Stem cankers have been serious this year. They are difficult to control bec the causal fungi are met inside the stems. ue can be kept down some by the sprays that are used for fungus diseases of leaves, but drastic pru down to meoliny wood seems to be the only one. and this may mean the of the plan 181 AA Forest Lover in the (Caribbee Islands VII. The Limestone Caribbees By J. S. Beard N the eastern flank of the northernmost end of the Caribbean sre arc lie several small islands which til strongly from those of the volcanic chain proper, being low and flat and composed largely of lime- stones. To this group ee ee cen British en cur half ee dae Dutch St. Martin, French St. Bartélemy and British Antigua and B: a (not to be co onfuse d with Barbados). This esha will cover Ate and Barbuda only, for the writer did not have the fortune to visit the others Antigu: a, by the way, is pronounced ‘‘Anteega” and Anguilla * ‘An ngwilla” : : in other words, the “uw” is om ce ted in Antigua where it ought to be sounded and pr eee in Anguilla where it ought not to be. n structure these rene consist of a basement of ancient volcanoes, long since dead, which 1 ages ago were eroded down, submerged Sher ba = waves, Sad coated with thick eae of limest sale When e began new earth-movements which led to the erection of t younger aaa of aan piles to the west which we now see, these a islands were tilted over and raised above the sea gia The sequence of Tuts is the last of the series of seven articles written for this Journal by Dr. John S. Beard, entitled “A Forest Lover in the Caribbee* Islands.” The series, which began more than three years ago, has consisted of the bers I. On Ro bi inson Crusoe’s Isle (Tobago) May 1944. di. On the Isle of Spice (Grenada) June 1944. TI. On St. Vincent's Soufriére (St. Vincent) August 1944. IV. oe as -Capped Wilderness of Dominica (Dominica) October a aie of the West Indies (St. Lucia) October 1946. V. VI. Saba to Montserrat (Montserrat, Redonda, Nevis, St. Christoper, St. Eustatius and Saba) April 1947. tone ae s (Antigua and Bar da) August 1947, St 182 rocks in Antigua 3 is a base of old volcanics, overlaid by marine tuffs, f lowed by marine clays and cherts and then limestones, indicating Bae ii extinction of the ee and subsidence into deeper and deeper water. reduced by eros he vol $ 10 d e€ ills across the southwest, up to 1,200 feet in heig' The - the island is aes -lying and consists of a series of smail scarp-ridges f ie a patt of hill and dale. Barbuda consists solely of hard Peed actos lying see and rising in a series of flat terraces to a central height of 110 feet. These islands are at present rising slowly. The Vegetation of Antigua Antigua has an area of 108 square miles. It is a el island wae West Indian standards, the rainfall exceeding 50 inches a year only among the igh winds from the northeast. A hurricane passes by . ew a are worked in canes, the remainder being utilised setae me or abandoned to bush. In general, the clay soils of the central part of the island are in sugar-canes or pasture, the v sa and ie hill in bush. Many of the slow, muddy streams in Antigua are fee de beautiful groves of the whitewood tree, Bucida buc Introduced mesquite and African acacias give 5 aa pastures an aspect foreign to the West Indies No vestige of the original forest vegetation now remains on Antigua and it is impossible even to infer its nature very accurately. The ae clay lands probably carried rather an inter es ting and specialised forest, dry trees occasionally seen include the poisonous manchineel (Hippomane formed of the shrub known as gut-apple (Annona glabra Where lands of this type have been abandoned from cultivation and devoted _ pasture, they become covered with a coarse grassland consisting are cut for fuel, a few only being left for shade, and the pasture is re- The seaswept, indented, eastern coastline of Antigua features giant agaves on an open grassy sward, created. This is 7 regular cycle which can be seen everywhere in progre The commonest “cossy” tree is the mesquite SU aicikiee or Prosopis is jal We as a al oe — Others include various African spec a, such as A. nilotica and A. Cae A pasture with ees sore Ree ae presents a strongly African appearance but it is entirely artificial and consists wholly - introduced species in the overwood, and largely also in the ground laye The volcanic hills of the southwest are cover an with scrub woodlands or scrub past “At one time they were cultivated in sugar right to their Neda scabra), also other less common species. ven a chance a airly luxuriant woodland is recreated. This has happened so far only 185 in the catchment of Walling’ s seems where interference has been pre- vented. Here uae is now a y pole forest of slender trees 50 to 70 feet in height growing up between mold branchy mango trees (Mangifera indica) which are a at of piel days. Spanish oak (Inga laurina) and peed aa oe he dominant trees in this woodland, to- gether with dar (Tabebuia ila), mow oe ar - Gna elise locust (Hymenaea courbaril), : Rae rick] laced Re understory is iareely rey sabe =u ovatum and Casearia guia There can never have bee n forest among these hills, as the vainfall is too low and Sens “but pe probably used to be a luxuriant, almost evergreen forest of some sort. e vegetation of the limestone hills of ie and east Antigua probably resembled very closely the bushland of Barbuda which is described later. aor chopping has taken place so that the whole of it now consists of a secondary es composed of native species in the mo ae d stages but initially of the Ee Asiatic wild tamari nd. ie na glauca). It is most Striking i in Ant the way introduced species like “this i 1 phora mangle, Avicennia nitida and, Lagunculeria racemosa. Bordering these areas on sites not actually inundated but with high water table one finds often groves of poisonous ong (Hippomane) with some Annona glabra. The manchineel t eee sizes of 30 to 40 feet in height an 4 feet i in circumference. Par of the indented windward coast are aac es a sea-swept limestone paver nt carrying a thin vegetation of gra: small succulent herbs, gigantic century-plants (Agave obit}, pee pears (Opuntia pee and shrubs of Conocarpus erec The Vegetation of Barbuda Barbuda is an island of 50 square miles, but has only 1,000 inhabitants because of lack of agricultural possibilities. The intermittent cums gives only 35 inches a year and the island seems to have bee sed so recently above the sea that the hard coral rock has not yet iter its a depth of soil. In fact, the ground surface ne n large measure of slabs of bare limestone with a little soil in the e joints ond hollows. Such conditions not lend t i est, a cor: nea ing to Warming’s decapton of his “Tropical Evergreen Bush- very poor rocky land, however, in place of the introduced tamarind, there will be a more Emil ar-looking ‘thicket coneieting. largely of Croton (C. flavens), with Solanuwn.igneum. Lantana involucrata, Melochia tomentosa, and Capparis indica. Typical bushland on Barbuda, An open glade at the right; at the left, bush with a tall, spiky Plumeria tree and smaller specimens of Bucida and Dodonaea. land”—“a grey, desolate, pene sai ee bushland between whose thorny, bans shrubs and low e cannot penetrate without the aid of ana One can ride for nice ina narrow trails thr hee this bush, e's ea limited always by the low trees immediately at hand. Just occasionally there are glades and savannas where a swift ee is had of the game which runs wild over the island—a large red deer, wild pig and guinea fowl. In this respect Barbuda is a most i aaa island and attracts a number of visitors for hunting, shooting and fish The bushland consists of occasional small ee up to 30 ne high wit! maller bushes bet shen he commonest pee nae is the white cedar (Tabebu ja pall: ida)? the lower, more swampy ground, the -whitewood (B aes pit is sosinan over ane aie bushes present.2 Very few of tl mponents are thorny. For the most part, ek nae small, hard ee iy eae ae than are found on the saime species else- where. The white cedar, for eee orally has fence some 5 x 2% inches, but on Barbuda they never exceed 2 x 1 inch earing the windward coast the bushland vegetation become progres- sively more and more stunted and broken up by grassy glades Sua cea With this is associated generally the loblollies (Pisonia fragrans and P. s ordata), b alder (Bumelia obovata ) cinnamon (Canella winterana), pees (aoare flava), and Dipholis salictfol: 3 These include ee lucida, Dodonadd viscosa, Comocladia alae Plumeria alba, Malpighia linearis, and s everal species of Coccoloba and Eug 187 huge colonies of the Turk’s-head cactus, Cactus intortus, an interesting, oo wee succulent with a red protuberance on top which bears the flow: os indward shore is marked by a line of old sea cliffs now set ba ae up t uarter mile from the water’s edge and een : rom i by a belt of el cae or a sloping coral platform. The latter bears a low recumbent growth of sea- ae Pagano uvifera), ns ne (bere belying its name), and ral c On flatter parts of the island j in ie ai the bushland tends to be broken Paspa ker ri), a coarse, cutting grass growing in tussocks. The fears glades are ringed in by whitewood trees of domed form, behind which one enters the bushland. This whole area consists of an ee oa of glades r plants found include Suriana maritima, Ern littoralis, Erithalis fruticosa én Gas Paar iy with the prickly pears, ans dilleniit and Nopalea dejecia, and the spherical cacti, Cactus intoritus and Mammillaria nivosa. Soilless Metiaies een atop the cliffs on the windward coast of Barbuda. The tall cacti are Piloc nobilis, the recumbent bushes, Conocarpus erectus. Many Turk’s- pee cacti (Cactus intortus) dot the ground between. An open savanna of cow grass on Barbuda, surrounded by Bucida trees. and leads of savanna, scattered, dome-like whitewoods, patches of saplings, or clumps of trees with cactus and Coccothrinax shes a- pressions deep enough to be below sea level are saline and filled with man- rove. vegetation of sand dunes i is distinct from that inland and is most wn 1 group of seashore plants.® Behind these the sand by the Eee sea-grape (Coccoloba uvifera) and several pine ne and herbaceous plants,® including a bromeliad (Tillandsia ekmani) and ae species of terrestrial orchid. 5 These sand-fixers include the vines, [pomoea pes-caprae and Canavalia maritima, along aie the sedge, Cenchrus pauciflorus, and the small fleshy herb, Chamae: esyiee ahi 6 Among the species are Scaevola plumieri, Chrysobalanus icaco, Lantana luda Chamaecrista swartsti, and Dodonaea viscosa. 189 NOTES AND REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS F AL heal Master Of M rpho logy OTANY. Agnes Ar' Sean rete Co. i ham, G. E. Stechert Pi 46, $2. ‘ber. Chronica Mass. ; ton New York, The history of science is marked by the eminence of great thinkers whose work it was from ee to oo - fait arent divers of to e in bie eae hey continu t explanations long after they may have been shown to be fallacious Goethe’s doctrine of metamorphosis, which taught that all parts of plants are bl reference to o which the: re ir ae to pase ce. The impor contribution is, er, a philosophical or i tion, and toward this ‘hrough its successive differentiations of foliage leaves, oe and floral parts. Differentiati ‘ion e to differences in the “sap” receiv ved. a “the different parts; this sap is “filtered” and made “finer” by successive nodes and so form a traction, pansion, compression, anas- tomosis, irs was “indubitable” ie hee Les oducti: med d often anastomose (gro together laterally) xual reproduc- tion is referred to as an “immaterial anastomosis.” Goethe was convinced that h the aid of these four concepts (mi teri ‘al or immaterial) “there is no Tificulty in oe Ba mult ifarious forms of flowers and f é é = ei was familiar with g flowers at least (ro pinks, especially teratological forms ate Se tee and obs fully his observations, is} i=] Baas If obse bad A ae is iy _Dresent ae s in ne for y demands it. It is the ao scion bing hat the doc- trine, bristlin oe Eien te er- rors, and fal rather than from ce ctive ie should continue to exert a pendant pene over our thinking pas our In fact, as we apt, state it today, it is even ore naive ona phosis was no m re Ree Jeaves into other par made it clear that vegetative leaves Hee Pceaally well be understood as transformed stamens or tal hat is metamorph is a fundamental plastic unit, what one might cribe as oo gan, which appears first ledon, then as a coty foliage leaf, ieee i a bract, finally as the successively sous floral s. It is calle — lea ly for convenience. e pre mi m contains an intro- duction, a pee tion of Goethe’s essay, and the text and translation of a rather irrelevai (probably hy Tobler) i r.” In the the consi ap oe as the ies £ forms ; £ her remarks seem at vari- o vith, this picture. “G aa syn- : s the dif- which besets holistic. itenprea: tion: y vv in general—that they tend to carr: 190 the enquirer out of the sphere of science as Goethe's haligte attitude ae ; he never did attain oward it. oa] The translation seems adequate, though one may aa wonder if the German text should accom ans- lation. A sie free translation, such as this, may possibly lead ep- tions, , Mis: as done us a great serv ice ‘in thus making us again aware of one of our masters who “has been too iach Mowe tten H. W. RICKETT. An Introduction To Gustatory Surprises FIFTY TROPICAL FRUITS OF NASSAU. Kendal & Julia Morton. 118 pages, illustrated and indexed. Text House, Coral Gables, Fla. 1946. $3.50. Although this book is based entirely on those fruits which are to be found in Bahaman markets, it will also serve to the more common fruits t Anyone who has been in native here and has been curious about the sometimes strange fruits seen hae - glad se Lae pet har Palle = contem, shes it would te ve tuable, pee the trav an a misses hey treats ene ie conan with thes fa ons are eat and avocado will be an oe Sen er to those who think of it only as an ingredient in salads. Bec and more rapid dhigeine. Tacies ae of these fits are bein: oe be) brought into t do not find ready no knowledge of their preparation. To those of us who know these tr opical fruits from personal experience, this ex- cnt oo brings nor aet and mem- 1 meals. . es of many pleasant H. Camp. Skee Terms With Cross-Indexing NCIS E {EMG AL oP TECH- H. Bennett. al Publishing 1 This dicti tionary, as is indicated in its title, ase clue of Aes chemical and I hi processes, trade names, and other terms which it might be time-consuming t search for elsewhere other very use- l feature is the inclusion of physic constants of many organic compounds. However, the has glarin; erms sed defines ‘structurally the simp! ma s done, for example, of the . This is in the ae ie “hydantoin” and “hydantoic acid.” - Certain import terms which in their simplest form indicate a whole class of compounds, omitted entirely : for example, “diketopiperazine,” “oxazo- ne,” “az ne.” In at e in- stance whe: biological term i cross-indexing is excellent throughout. Se ANCHEL. Brother Leén’s Ves Work the btu world many p-to-date For has hen ea Flora of Cuba The Britton and Mr. Percy V in preparation, years Fe awaiting au late Dr. L, Vilson ee stich Ir h died before it could be brought to ana Brother Leén lifelong friend and companion of the two, has now published the first volume of his monumental work. ‘o say that this book fills an urgent nee d, an Hee it m The 191 of eral and extra-limital ranges are given. the larger Idly. dvent of Ledéu’s Flo: families were contributed by vill "be cclaimed wherever any work renowned oo Excellent keys are is sean ee on Cuban or other. West provided the orders, families, genera, Indian pi and ( ae cases) species treated. There This ft ae extending from the re a -hibliography and complete indices to cycads to'the orchids, is splendidly organ- the scientific and common na Among ized and eae assembled. There st valuable features the book is a fascinating historical sketch of bo- are the 158 splendid illustrations, mostly tanical exploration and botanical writing adapted from_ original Farge graphs “by in Cuba from the time of Swartz (1535) ie author. Seventeen speci nd to eee ae (1944). A glossary, names are pro posed. index to authors of genera and binomia H. N. Movpenke. and tes ee of ck employe: included, a! ritten cetera of Cuba together with topographic, phyto- well as a very splendidly an phytogeog- aa Jaunts raphy ET’S VISIT OUR NATIONAL eographi n PARES. Byron Steel. 224 pages. ie a c, and ecologic maps of the ert M. MeBride & Co, New York, 1947. $2.50. Ee he taxonomic section 1,303 species Routes, accommodations, sports and ee in 14 orders, 36 families, pe other recreational facilities, a special 290 genera. roups and entities ar sights, with historical notes lescrip- names, synonyms, and both Cuban States. tions es Siatonal parks of pe United Thirty-four separate trips are Mt gin ae ee 4 pages of garden ide: dreds o! uel instructions, Al wee roses Pie Outstanding reference book . ti pana it. nto be sure you get your copy, it is 3 necessary that Eremurus Robustus you enclose “vit Your request 50, coin or stamps, to cov and handling SPECIAL O Eremurus Robuat1 — to 8 feet Merete } 2%, pink cee on spikes all. c af... ea Count on Wayside Gardens for Ith of ‘ting thines ii — START WITH THE FINEST BULBS AND PLANTS cae varieties. We've a To mention a few: the finest, Patmaknes ee a gorgeous display ~ We especially recom. mend = Watermelon — unique, watermelon pink, Indian Chief — large flowers, deep mahogany. Salmon Glow — double flowers of salmon-orange. NEW TULIPS -— finest collection of new imported tulips ever offered, a for World's shea Book-Catalog on Autumn Planting 51 Mentor Ave. (Pz wa NEW — outclassing the best 7 only a few years ago. Many striking varieties, including: Elmohr mense flowers between Bishop’s pasele, and Mulberry-purple. Great bakes” — considered by experts NEW DAFFODILS — including several of the famous improved forms of John Evelyn lowers in accurate color, and bulbs which are best planned the er postage Mentor, Ohio 192 Pears and highway maps an oe for x different sections of the try. YOUR WESTERN NATION. PARKS, Dorr Yeager. Fae pac, i justine ted eta s: Meas New 7. $3.50. A descupave ‘ie to more national parks and monuments, followed by a useful pibicgeanhy of other poe tive and historical material and a of national park service areas, in calc - to some practical units on traveling than forty For i Youngest Readers YWHERE IN TH. Ls a EB. ebber, 64 pages, illus- oes William R.- Scott, Inc. York. 1947. $1.50. Po , some for coloring with crayons, accompanying the ver simplest words about plants and animals and how they live together in different arts of the world. FLOWER FABLES. Zillah Whited. 23 pages, illustrated. Flower Books, Ine., New York. 1946. $1. A fairy tale picture book for very little folk. st ter-lil e pictures 1947 CATALOGUE ane gor ane woe sos Exclusive distributors, unusual Tulips, a dils and Hyacinths. New ocus and Tulip spe- pate imported direct from originators. THE BARNES IMPORTERS LOCKPORT 8, N.Y. FOR FREE FULL-COLOR CATALOGUE. The Same Trees, Same Good Book For Learning Their Identity HANDBOOK ES 0! THE NOMTHERN “STATES AND CANADA. meyn B, Ho pages, iiustrated, indexed. gee millan, New York, 1947. $5.50. This book, with its 479 carefully made and faithfully reoroduced photographs, 4 is of st published by t thor in 1907. It e kno’ a people, hav- g gone through at least five age hetore the present ible: brought o1 the 1947 book. he passing of forty years has in n ter photograph: twigs, and fruits with : vecale always in- dicated. Other pictures show the tree abit and bees Hava orstic. Photo- Picowtohe of the wood of some species are included and the re is a map of thé a of native 0 in the last pa, there are keys to the genera and species. Here an occa- sional species eons alee is not re sented though it e ned o alternifolia, Rhus. birt, R ropaling, a R. ae na dendron Be ni ie and rome poe only thought of as S. The publisher has apne an excellent 1 Diveranhicelly and in reproducing MALI New Jersey Cie as penne The Ubiquitous Insecticide AND THE INSECT PROB- _ James c Hears, William I. rence C. Salter. 164 iustreted, MeGraw. anit Book Co., 1946. $2.50. The use of DDT in agriculture, where, the author says, it is still in test, and its value in controlling: insect pests ‘affecting trees of all kinds and other ornamental ingore: New 193 plants are covered in this book. Reports are also given on other uses of Ppt particularly in the interest of hum: health. DDT Shi re OF KILLERS. Zim £ ann Lavine. aot vpaeea, "illustra d, indexed. Indus: trial Research ‘Service, Dover, Ne ampshire, 19 Ap chery een ore iS- Gy, scoiunesiiGn: uses, dangers, and a ture of the chief ine ucee that was born with World War appendix gives instructions for the use of DDT in con- trol of the common insect pests that affect man and animals. Conservation and Land Use LAND AND WILDLIFE. Edward H. Gra 210 pages, il. lustrated, indexed Diotiogeaphy. oa ford University Press, New kK. 947. $4. A beautifully illustrated book, att tivel printed on the finest paper that has been seen for a siuraber of rs. The appearance of the book gives evidence of its content, which outlines, according to the publisher, “The management of wild- life ns of land use’—but which might be al: s the gement of land in the interests of _ life rey type of I; from the far pond to the forest. Some historical ae ters introduce the subject effectively. ELEMENTS OF SOIL CONSERVA- ine Hugh Hammond Bennett. pages, qlustrated, Megioe: Hill k Co., New 1947, $3.20. The Chief of the Soil Conservation Sees of the United States Department the t o Aad of erosion and, with the drawings and photogr aphs, practical s for preventing further waste of ah The outline of topics at the heading of each chapter is an ee and useful oo of the book, as the questions references at the ‘HE FOUR FORESTS AND THE ror URE on THE SOUTH. I. F. Eldredge, page: illustrated, Charles Lathrop Pack Forestry Foundation, eke Sixteenth St., ne Washin: D. Cc. 1947, An Re use of the forests of fhe Aaa states—the area of which is 50 percent greater than that of agricul- tural land—-for the improvement of the economic situation in the South, The chie and Florida, the Natl cae Belt. Concerned With Baking ENZYMES AND THEIR ROLE a WHEAT TECHNOLOGY. nderson. 348 pages, indexed, tn: he yu has Inc., Ne 46. $4. treatment mi experimental in- vestigations than from editorial treatment of information that is available. JuLtus BERGER, Hoffmann-La Rogie, Inc. Bobbink & Atkins NURSERYMEN AND PLANTSMEN Most of the unusual Roses, Trees and Shrubs not obtainable fgg will be found growing in great Establishment . nique in the Annals of eee “Harticulture Visitors Always Welcome Catalogue Upon Request Bobbink & Atkins Paterson Ave., E. Rutherford, N. J. Ferns and More Fer KEY on THE FERNS OF An 18-page for 59 species of ferns, illog ed a delicately See full-page illusanari of each. A supple- mentary key is provided for sieaiifica on of ferns when only sterile fronds are present. key by 25 William Alphonso ee illustrated, indexed. Gainesville, Fla. 1917, NS. 4 pages, A. Murrin, $2.4 An old- iene story of a boy nami Edward, followed 7 a fee oe descrip- tive guide, based, the aioe says in his preface, on more ‘ha n 60 years of intimate association with ferns. oud Flowers Made by loi Placed on Exhibit in Muse TS of certain parasitic piants, iefly in the Mistletoe Sd aes they nenerrate the branch of thei host trees aaa cause daemarens which appear like flowers carved from wood. Two specie ns of these wood flowers have recently been placed in the Museum of the New York Poe Garden, in one of the new cases on the basement floor. A gift from Clarence McK. Lewis, who received us Troi om_ Mrs. Margaret L of City, the wood trees nm ey occur in the r de Fuego. They oo in ae Rojas’ are ae 4 General” (pu tnt ento; Bo lished Guatemala, “4926 ae er istrationg iven of several wood flow } by th mistletoe-like pee es mentioned are S. cenetus (which the natives call ), which | fives on the anona; Psittacanthus schiedianus, a parasite on *willo low; P. calycul av vocado, oak, acacia, oe other t ae for this reason .. . called avocado- o evil eye, oak-gum, etc. ;” Prittacanthas ce ee americanus called MATAPALO slayer)” ; and Pr Gaui aee. “SECAPALO (wood-dryer), ie h inhabits . willow, ) osa, ete.” e plar nts all ae ng to the Loran- “Wood flowers” ae by the roots of a alas of mistletoe growing on a tree in Guatem 19 flowers are obtained by “The od tearing a loraatt th out by @ poo from nt the plant which is a us hospitality,” says PRbias as. They may also be taken from the “tree a ter Ohe. parasitizing d, in he first place, as the roots of tl aie penetrate the branch of the u abnormal growth eds around them cells repro ediice at such rate the excrescetices are in caniastic ae when oe a bile dies and: the roots of the er. away.* aceotis plants have ex- glish Gintener Chronicle, : e 1425, ther llustrati ej Hiss tere ees aLonpenviie a short note in a report from the Scientific Cae miltee a a Royal’ Horticultural So- ciety, saying: tT. we ray also showed a branch of a tree growing in Guatemala, and curiously deformed, as arently from the growth of some Loranth.’ “A simi- lar form ae ae Mr. Skinner, was our ce,’ i in columns many years *Trom_a letter from Mra. Margaret Lewis, quoting Don Mariano Paenecd. pho jane asked about the origin of the wood flo Ey Notes, News, and Comment Graduation Exercises. Certificates were ea = ses students in we two-year Betanical Ga cade . eradutin ee which took place June 26 at 8 p.m. in the Mem- bers’ Room. Carl F. edell, head of the School of Horticulture e. the Long a eed and Technical In- stitut t Pari mingdale, was ae peak at this rogram. raduates include Hamilto: Dunn, now at Buena Park, Calif, W. Wade, a tree servic man at Pleasantville, N. Y., and Harry E. Ahles, gardener at the at we or Botanical Garden, who com t he Two-Year Sarnce Course for Pies and Alice V. Conklin of the Bronx, who received a certificate for the Two-Year a talk, Me. Wed all's talk was buil the principles which a young gardener should follow in starting his life work. Greenland Expedi tion. Accompanying e ee around June r Ba yy ac avis Strait Gree ae then up the west coast ould permit. the Garden’s auspice e is to be sisted by Arthur i Dacae a geology student at Harvard how. October 24, 25 set for he Fourth themum Sh Chrysant and 26, have bee soccer: ree- Mage fae eons ee For the tim: will dude. a cnet BROWNELL ROSES ZERO HYBRID T As as ge igi eautiful as any, on en sel that can survive cold winters Replacement Expense ° Also Hardy Yellow range Climbers ing instructio BROWNELL ROSES. 12 Rose Park, Little Compton, Rhode Island 196 competitive oS which will be held on Satu: Museum Building A show schedule, an- nouncing the classes of flowers to red for onea or decoration on the main floor, is obtainable from fr E. Kincaid Show See 416 N. Barry Avenue, Mamaroneck, N. econd Annual Williamsburg. The S Gardens and Flowers Symposium on the te Registra tions are limited to 150 aes each ae Training. Cornelia Tyler, a student at Pratt Lines Sree worked at the Garden for two wee eks. during May, for practical training Cynthia Westcott, in recog- f distin inguis hed service in com- e award was made May 5 by fe "National Council of State Garden Clubs, Inc. . The ce Garden Chats, ers’ Room oer saw “The Gift of reen’”: id (Conn.) Garden Club, Peamylvania Teed Women’s Auxili- ary, ate roup of the Darien (Conn.) Comm Ai Association and the White Plains es ee g groups from ‘mer: are) aa City, N.J.; Teachers Glee at . ‘olum Av Jur venue nior High School Tieton: J.; Academy of Our Lady of Good 35 a Counsel, wat ee and P. S, f New York City visited the Gores Flos ce Borders, Hemlock Forest, Rose oe and Rock Garden and saw “The Gift of Green” during May and June Veterans. Guided by volunteers ed through the Tou; o leading volunteers. Members’ De The concluding pr ba and ber o Botanical Garden and of the Advisory Council. fall Prizes, Two prizes . see each are offered by A. Cressy Morrison for the most acceptable papers in te field of natural science submitted a oe 15, 1947, a member of t Acade emy-of pe ees alas ia th : results of original research not previ- ously publishe d. =" aE Minnesota. A memorial research fel- in botany, honoring Conway has been established at the i ot r his doc! at the University of Minnesota from 18! te ae He was meson for bring- Alexander Anderson to his department for a year in 189 and it is od that he was ae a who sauce Anderson, as of his o reer: to continde eae on the popping of grains. The outcome a thus work was the well-kn Cc 1901 at the New Y ofa ne of exaloding Search: grains to as palatable dry cereals from wheat THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Officers Josern R. Swan, Presiden ArtHur M. Anperson, Treasurer Joun L. MERRILL, Varese teak Henry DE LA Montane. Secretary Elective Managers WruaM Fetton Barrett CHartes B. Harpine Freperick S, MosEtey, Jr. now BayNre Mrs, os a ee Paes E. Powe t, Jr. Enwin De T. BecHtTex Hoo s. Harotp I, Pratt Heay F. pu Pont Mrs. ae D. eee Winiusta J. RopBins Rev. Ropert I. GANNON, Saat: a wis EpmuNp W. SINNOTT S.J. MErR CHAUNCEY STILLMAN ae H. Monsees ae cei Wiiutam O'Dwyer, or of th of New York Anoprew G, as AUSON, Te, ee of te "Board of Bancaliii RoBert Mosss, Park Commissioner Appointive Managers By the Torrey Botanical Club: F. ri Sere By Columbia University: Marston T. Boe CHARLES ARD, Marcus M. RuHOapEs, Sam F. TRELEASE. THE STAFF WiuaM J. Rossins, Px.D., Sc.D. Director H. A. Greason,. Px.D. Assistant Director and Curator HENRY DE LA MONTAGNE Assistant Director Frep J. Seaver, Pa.D., Sc.D. Head Curator A.B, Srour, Pu.D. Curator of Education and Laboratories P. P. Prone, Pu.D. Plant Pathologist Tomas H. Evererr, N.D. Hort. Horticulturist r W. Rickert, ee Bibliographer fe ‘urator Associate Curator Associate Curator Bassett Macutre Harotp N. oe Pe. Dd. W. H. Camp, Px.D, EE pee oe Assistant Curator F. W. Kav. Hu, Pu.D. Assistant Curator Rozirt S, ie Ror Pu.D., DLC. Assistant Curator Marjorie ANCHEL, Pu.D. Setma Koyan, B.S. RosaLie WEIKERT Technical Assistant Inpa McVeicu, Px.D. Technical Assistant Mary Stessrns, M.A. Technical Assistant Exizazetu C. Hatt, A.B., B.S. Librarian Caro. H. Woopwarp, A.B. itor of the Journal G. L. Wirrrocx, A.M. Gusiodan a ie. ae rbarium Orro GRRE a Collaborator in i Botan: Exmer N. Mir Phot ato grapher Joun Hesoy Barkan, AM., M.D. Bibliographer Emeritus Bernarp O. eee: Pu lant Pathologist Emeritus Inez M. Har istant morary Curator o OsseS. lesera F Bure Honorary Curator of the Diatomaceae B. A. Kruxorr rary be Hes w Economic Botany Ere saa S. PeckHam Honorary ae Narcissus eee ay each the Botanical Garden, take the Independent Subway to Bedford Park Boulevard ate _ use the Betied Park Boulevard exit and walk east. Or take the Third Avenue Elevated to the Botanical Garden or the 200th Stre ct ae the New York Central to the Botanical Garden station, or the Webster Avenue surfac 0 Bedford Park Boulevard THE CORPORATION OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN The New York Botanical Garden was incorporated by a special act of the Legislature of the State of New York in 1891 The Act of Incorporation provides, among other things, for a se.f-perpetuating body of incorporators, who meet annually to elect members the Board of anagers. Mae: also elect new members of their own body, the present roster of which 1s given belov The Advisory Council consists of 12 or more women who are elected by the saeBy) custom, they are also elected to the Corporation. Officers are: Mrs. Robert H. Fife, Chairman, Mrs. Elon Huntington Hooker, First Vice-Chairman; Mrs. William A. Lockwood, Second Vice- Chairman; Mr: B. Williams, Recording EN Mrs. Guthrie Shaw, Corresponding Secretary; and Mrs. F. Leonard Kellogg, Treasurer. Arthur M. Ander. Harry ae: Flagler Rufus L. Patterson Mrs. Arthur M. Rane Mrs. Mor! t J. Fox Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham Mrs. George Arents, Jr. Childs Fak Mrs. George W. Perkins George Arents, J Rev. Robert I. Gannon, S.J Mrs. Hugh Peters uchter Di . A. Gleason Howard Phipps Dr. Raymond F. Bacon Mrs. Frederick A. Godley Rutherford Plat of. Bail Charles B. Harding rancis E. Powell, Jr. Stephen rs. William F. Hencken rs. td I. Prat Henry de Forest Baldwin r Barton Hepburn rs. Rodney Procter p Sherma Idwii Mrs. Elon H. Hooker Mrs. Henry St. C. Putnam Charles W. Ballard Mrs. Clement Houghton Mrs. Grafton H. Pyn rs. James Archer M. Huntington dy R William Felton Barr Mrs. O'Donnell Iselin Stanley G. Ranger Mrs. William Felton Barrett Pierre Jay Johnston L. Redmond Howard Bayne Mrs. Walter Jennings rof. Marcus M. Rhoades Edwin De T. Bechtel Mrs. Alfred G. Kay Mrs. Junius A. Richards William Bell Mrs. F. Leonard Kellogg Dr. William J. Robbins Prof. Cha fey P. Berkey Mrs. Warren Ki rs. Melvin S Prof. Marston T. Bogert Mrs. Lee Krauss John M. Schiff Prof. William J. ang H. R. Kunhardt, Jr. Mrs. Henry F. Schwarz Mrs. ae es dy Mrs. Albert D. Lasker Mrs. Arthur Hoyt Scott George P. Mrs. Barent Lefferts Mrs. Arthur H. Scribner Mrs. Ri na Mie Wolfe Brixey Clarence McK. Lewis rs. Townsend Scudder Leonard J. Buck Mrs. William A. Lockwood Mrs. Samuel Seabury Mrs. Charles Burlingham 1DYeq ID), “A, ee Mrs. Guthrie Shaw Dr. Nicholas M. Butler Mrs. David Ives f. Edmund W. Sinnott 4 Miss Mabel Mrs. H. Edw ra Monsite Mrs. Samuel SI a ee E. Mabel Clark Parker McCollesi gar B. 4 ‘oe Miss Mildred Masham Chauncey Stillman ee jee W. Coombs Louis E. McFadden Nathan Straus Mrs. Hen . Fenimore re ie pe R. McGinley Mrs. Theron G. } Mrs. Willan Rechrenl Cro: E. D. Merrill Mrs. Arthur H. ae 4 Mrs.Ce Le voi WEG, Thomas M oie Ih Pata eke , Mrs. Joseph - Sw: ne ms cell weiles, Ie, P: Sam F. Trelease Edward C. D Mrs. Ros well Miller, Sr. Mrs. John Ross Delafield 8. P. Mille kab 8 . Julian Detmer George M. Moffett Mrs. Antonie P, Voislawsky ) Mrs. Charles D. Dickey H. de la Montag Manfred Wahl Mrs. Charles Doscher Col. Robert H. Mates Allen Wardwell Mrs. Walter Douglas Mrs. Robert H. Montgomery Nelson M. Wells Mrs. John W. Draper Barrington Moor i - Henry F. du Pont b Write H. Moore ANltin > Wate . Mir, Wir BY, Esteve BeW Mion Mrs. Nelson B. Williams William a oO. Frederick 8. he ley, Jr. Mrs. Percy H. Williams ts. Rob . Fife rs. Ss a Paine ohn C. Wister Mrs. Reginald Fincke Mrs. ian ie Parsons Richardson Wright JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 0. 573 ] 9 4 7 197-220 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Caro. H. Woopwarp, Editor EVENTS OF EARLY AUTUMN AT THE GARDEN Courses of Study Classes for gardeners, amateur botanists, nature students, and teachers will open in September at the New ole Botanical Garden, The schedule is given below. Com- plete details are contained in the ante Program booklet, mailed ae upon re- quest. When the fee for a course amounts to ten dollars or more, t! tudent may have it applied to a year's membership in the Garden, with all ener pavieges Field Botany Autumn term. Seven sessions, Saturday afternoons, 1:30-3 a Sept. 13-Oct. 25 Instructor: G. L. Wittrock 2.50 to oa Nature Study for Teachers Autumn term. Fifteen sessions, Wednesday afternoons, 4-6 p. z Sept. 17-Jan. 7, 1948 Instructor: Dr. E. E, Naylor ($2 to eae) Two-Year Course in Comenie eee Haga eg a Garden Twelve sessions, Sia evenings, 8-9 p.m. Sept. 25-Dec Instructor: T. H, Eve $10 Tw w Snce. ee for Gardeners oo Bo sea Twelve sessions, Monday evenings, 8-9 p.m. Sept. Ca Instructor: Dr. H. W. Rickett $10 Systematic Botan Twelve sessions, Monday evenings, 9-10 p.m. Sept. 29-Dec Instructor: Dr. H. N. Moldenke $10 Saturday Afternoon Programs The ie ae of free motion pictures and lectures will commence Saturday, Oct. 4, at 3 anaes schedule of topics will be mailed free upon request. The two Spening programs will be: Oct. 4 “Magic in ene and “Masters of ale Soil’ wo motion pictures with sound Oct. 11 Tulips and Daffodils for a oe Season of of David lor Plate With a motion picture in col Vice-President, Max Schling, hi Inc. Members’ Day Programs Plans to present the Garden's activities to a larger group of invited guests through the nay Members’ ee ay programs are being made by the Garden's Manhattan office. The opening program, which will cee place in the Lect ture Hall, o a followed by tea and a ere exhibit, as usual, in the Members’. Room, will Oct. 1 Autumn Gardening and How to Do It A practical conon ae given indoors on how to handle some urgent ee H. Evere Horticulturist 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS SEPTEMBER 1947 A Format Rosz GarDEN Epcep WitTH Box Cover ee Roszs In LANDSCAPING Marian Coffin Composts, ane AND INORGANIC FERTILIZERS Walter Thom yer a ean IN TH Lorine ae Butler 210 NoTEs AND Snae OF eens Booxs 217 The Journal is published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York 58, N.Y. Ponted eu U. a x Entered as Second. pee Matter, - January 28, 1936, at "the Post. “Other * New . Y., under the Act of August 24, 1912. Annual subscription $1.50. Si ingle copies JOURNAL of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 48 SEPTEMBER 1947 No. 573 Roses In Landscaping By Marian Coffin Presented at Rose-Growers’ Day at the Garden, June 11, 1947 n which roses can be used’in the landscape. RE are many ways i First we think a the nly designed, laid out, and well tended rose noes such as you s day k Botanical ere ees e to this New Yor! ure to cancer bie city "iwellers and inspiration to flower lovers wit biden large and small of their own. The Formal Rose Garden A rose garden is usually formal in design, connected with the house or at some ee rom it, but wherever placed | is oe that it be or andsc seem to be an integral part of the surrounding ueen of Flowers, like all royalty, an ‘be h edged ae by ee and circumstance. She must have an ade a setting of g ‘y to sho , but above al a a background i is The bacground may be of brick o e grown, or a oe re be . deciduous rubs, but best of all (enhancing the varied tints) will be an ae : pas ae stiffly eae to form a dense green wall. Grass panels, notives, s paths are equally valuable in the’ a otton in enery. wide ee Farthe: ie sone of gre On the Cover In the small formal garden of Mr. and Mrs. Clement Wild at Old Lyme, : iss Coffin has used dwarf ae for edgings and yews for accents _ Conn., M: in a garden of hybrid tea roses. 197 198 - Water also has a distinct place in such important gardens, be it used in elaborate fountains of a quiet pool reflecting the colors of the flowers and the passing shadows of the da Accents of evergreen trees and shrubs may also be employed, and of course — box, ilex, or some other low evergreen is needed to edge the = Such a garden, be it large or small, isa ane aa aainee in ear ee ary not be attempted unless it can be ly laid o ing o beauty but also maintained in that endites o ee ace and Climbers t few of us can have such gardens and it is foolish to attempt such a foe (which is always a problem, and usually an expensive one), without — help in making a plan and providing for the garden’s maint ena Bee ae splendid layouts there are many other ways of using the flowers as free-growing bushes, as hedges, and as vines or ae on s. The species roses are well adapted to the eae pe pa the newer as well as many of the older climbers to the lat qi n’t ile enough iis roses, and I often wonder ie i i. ed ee think of r we eaeciees ae only of a most showy type of ae grown es ‘displ ay indoors or out? Relies that they are not for us—for the special ie ape of our topography or restricted grounds— we give up the idea o f growing roses and by so doing miss much horti- cultural pleasure. The bu a roses, species, or so-called old- proms roses, as ies as grand array of climbers, polyanthas, and floribun all e require little attention after being once established in we rll fertilized eee see and are charming in oo Some of the newer climbers are even as owy as fine exhibition flowers. On the whole, they have fine foliage ze ae of all seem to fit into informal plantings and naturalistic land- scape pictures. Accents with Roses For accents in the garden borders or on a terrace or lawn, a bush or two of the old China hybrid ‘““Mme. eee ” still a favorite, makes a spreading fountain of white bloom; or if a note of yellow is preferred it will be given mental in foliage, “Harrison’s Yellow” and “Persian Yellow,” both hybrids of Rosa lutea from the Orient. The rugosa hybrid “Agnes” is a lovely flower and does well in a border, while the floriferous “Griiss an Teplitz,” ‘in rich red, though strictly a tea or hybrid tea, could be used for the same In Miss Coffin’s own garden in Rhode Island, roses on a prominent place in the scene. Here, “Gardenia” roses are growing on a picket fen purpose. A near relation to the Scotch or Burnet rose, R. spinosissima, is R. altaica from Asia, a lovely plant, medium sized, with lemon white flowers —a gem. ssa Garden If y ant a real rose garden without too much earn or oa why not ae an eye mally design na one with these types of ro Use the larger ae of the bu or fae roses fap ne boundaries or hedge and the small a peeve If you have space, as they gro cai i spread widely, ee the unique hybrids of the old sect Penzance briers which retain the same sweet scent as the parent and whose flowers have a color ies con blush pink an soe to a colors of salmon and copper For nclosure it would be eae to use some of the medium gt ee ee the ee old-fashioned roses, say a pl a plant or two o € M xr Crested Moss for sentiment, and also for ue and their ie sont odor, the Damask rose, brought from the Holy Land eenth century, the Cabbage rose and the York - ee eg semi- oe ble white or pink widely splashed with crimson Mundi” is similar and is often called York and Lancaster. All en oa memories ie long ago. 200 ow-growing roses clamber over the stone wall at the end of Miss Co ne garden. Th Brownell roses “F. S. Peck,” ‘“'Little Coa Cree ne 2 and “Apri t Glow” may be seen here, with “Mermaid” oe shyly ate with the other With them can = associated the ae vigorous growing R. Moysii, with its blood-red flowers and good folia Looking for something a little ere (though sil oS room Aa expand) yall could again use the exquisite FR, Aug o R. Eca @ (R. primula), a charming and even In cottage gardens of England used to be one.of the most charming ree i oeStawell Perpetual.” It has a straggly character, so three or more should be planted together about a foot apart, to allo m to intertwine lt is really an all-summer bloomer. Rosa altaica will also find a place, as 201 will els of the attractive varieties of the Burnet rose, R. spinosissima, and one or two of the old China or Bengal roses, beloved of our grand- mothers, a as an low-growing and ag pink of “Hermosa,” or Ca the more salmon tints of “Comtesse du The por si ms, Erna and ee . low bushy habit, long dura- tion of bloom, and far-flung gamut of color range, are invaluable for small beds, een aie edgings, as are ae newer floribundas, so popular at the World’s Fair. There is something very appealing in ae small plants and even more Mea engaging ee innocent in the flowers of the small po: see “Rose de or “Crampisi Supérieur” and i iny Fairy 5 Rose’ and R. Rouletti. These uuld i pled where they are not eneweet by larg. er neighbors in a comfortable and exclusive des in the rock ga Su the lower and medium growers are chosen, - upkeep will be little and the bloom for several months will be rewardin: They may be edged or may spring from a ee nae cover of some of the dwarfer Pes such as chives, Teucrium, Nepeta Mussini, or old-fashioned pinks. : Climbers For anyone who owns a wall, a fence, a lattice, an arbor or pergola, or who can build one, the opportunities for enjoying many of our old favorites as well a stunning new introductions is i reaching. Such a sul es i ne cabins roses can be a garden in itself. t every type of flower is represented —singi or double, large or Sa in ee different colors. The difficulty is to limit one’s choice—it is not ee always to plant a crimson ram oe ! Taste is such an individual thing that it is practically impossible to Peete ars any el climber or rambler. See these roses yourself when they are in bloom and make up your own mind, not what you would like to So as that might be too large an order, but what you can’t bear to be w: Ona eae fence bounding my small cottage garden in Rhode Island is a jumble of some of the old ieee aan T am especially fond of —the eee “Paul’s Scarlet Climber” between the rich velvety maroon of “Dr. uey,” leading up to the soft ie yellow of a long stretch of “Gardenia.” 2s Landscape Effects PSs rian Cruger Coffin is the author of “Trees and Shrubs for Landscape flects,” a peek which was published by Scribner and reviewed in this foul in April 19 202 hen on some cross fences grow the pinks—‘“Dr. Van Fleet,” seh a generous ee the hybrid “New Dawn,” and the shy but lovely “Jacotte” and on a lattice by the house a fine plant of the single white “Silver Moon; » almost as eee as the Cherokee rose of the Sou At the end of the garden over a low stone wail i aeroup of the newe melon-pink _ sa > Peck,” the single wild-rose flowers of “Little Compton Creeper, d the more blush peach of “Coral Creeper”—all 5 ) a=) oro as © o fan => FX} =) =) ° _ i) c a m ie) co. a Last but loveliest of = is the eahy pba ” shy of her eee ne lemon bloom and quite as shy of bei as She always. cower: foot of the wall trying to hide from m seis er associates—not too ia but even te she is frequently inter allot it is worth trying her again - to eight-foot lattice, ae background of a oe little oe i taller yellow and orange tinted mane climbers, vigor- ous, with fine an ae kasi a a as large and as handsome as any, exhibition rose. Thes my favorites now but I will pares add to the collection as fine new a come alo ong. Trailers and Low-growing Roses Why not use some of the low trailers or creepers? They are invaluable as eae covers for steep banks and long slo a the Memorial rose, Wichuraiana and its varieties, also R. rugosa repens and the newer ree of Gold.” For larger slopes and higher banks, the Prairie rose, R. pada blooms latest of our native species, and R. rubrifolia, the stems and leaves flushed with rose, and the ag eae Rosa ila will ramp oa and make a nice tangle. wonder why people try to maintain stiff grass a 0 banks; surely they = “tle beauty and See constant care. Why not cover there with some of the abe ‘mentioned or with some of the bush or species roses in medium ee ne ised ae Ae able or creepers) are excellent for uch banks or slop re eq o for the general landscape use of mass oe att ee een the borders of paths or drives ae in fact, for . ae utility. his is the wa: utilize our own wild roses, Rosa blanda, R. carolina sad the le Rp mee hardy to the far, far north, with the invaluable Scotch r R. spinosissima, distinctive in character, and the well known and ‘mall R. rugos ild r are sun a el wind lovers; we delight to grow near the s The hee R rugosa will withstand a certain amount of salt spray. ‘ln fact, with the native bayberry it was the a plant to recover from being buried by sand and salt water in the hurricane of 1938. - 203 ummer flowers take the place of the June display of roses in Miss Coffin’s garden. A re nneeTne. ‘Jacotte” roses may still be seen on the fen Effects of the loveliest anes effects I have ever seen was a rough field full of red cedars ine of a New En econ river, eee e an es sea captain’s hi e. plant or two of R. Se tiflora, which afte ray Pee = d a ‘cult vation and taken senate aes of the field. n June it is a mass of roses, ae white pools of snow between the aie: evergreens—a most beauti- ful picture and a Tape pene of nature from which human planters could learn a lesso: f you too wow | like to create onan effects with roses, study the different species and Mate ties and learn to know the requ ooo of the individual plant. With this kno ee you will know how them so that they will be at oe me and happy. They will then ee on give you enduring pleasure. 204 Composts, Manures and Inorganic Fertilizers Their Function, Use and Effects on Soils and Plants J By Walter Thomas N recent years considerable propaganda against inorganic fertilizers the use of such ch als “ ” the soil, destr , cal soil erosion, injure the quality of crops, and Liss the nes of plants : resist disease, and that animals and human beings ing produd wn on soils pages such dr essing are ei aie : many diseases. All this is very exciting. The schools that hold es snes oaemana’ in Europe, and are known y a names as “bio-dynamic,” “organic” and “compost gardening. We shall neler to them eae as the “humus school.” Their faith is firmly rooted in ne bene fice ce of Na ture. _Conseauenty, whateve Ge wr wn oe fo) nt ear to ir s and in ignori the eerie ee 1 em. Nevertheless, in popularizing the value of sound a caneeee Hi an as the addition of valuable plant and sae residue mpost, the humus school has rendered goo service ; ae ee ee not only confused the issues, but have misled the non-scientist by exaggerations and unsound generalizations. About the Author HE education of Dr. Walter Thomas began in Wales, where he was During 1906 and ‘07 he worked at the Wellcome Chemical on Canadian Department of Agriculture, and went from there directly to penaron ne aie where he has been Professor of Plant Nutri- tion for the ten year As can i n by the accompanying article on soils and plant nutrition, Dr. Thomas ieee thoroughly in the use of organic materials in the si as he points out, while o-humus views of the ee t protagonists of what alls the “humus school” are sound, thei uae tions about the effect of fertilizers are wrong. Thomas her n 0 over-all picture of how and from what sources ae derive de nica and of the effect of different types of nutrients in the soil. 205 urpose of this article is to pais the — in a manner under- at the tim op tude of complete detachment. It ee be sosble in a short article to e the details of the arguments a evidence pro and con; but the facts n be condensed and summarized and as close an approximation to the an pee as is possible. Evolution of the Views on How Plants Derive Their Food ong before the Cares era Danone speculated on how ie ie: their food. One theory was that all their food was obtained from water cas another that they fed oo the ara animal and vegetable atter d phosphates vas not until one hundred years later that the knowledge g: a ne oy Sia t physiol- ogists about the nutrition of plants was souares together ae Aa into a a that up to the present _ met all the ae aks of their food the air in the form of oxygen and carbon ions ne the remainder from the soil: water and simple compounds of nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, iron, and other ele ents, whi built to the comple bstances that finally form the tissues of the plant. Thus was abolished the old mystery that plants could receive their oe only from substances similar i re to them- Asa result the whole process . plant nutrition could be subjected S sci Geach Se and the new theory, furthermore, showed the way by which the natu tural resources of the soil could be improved by the addition of suitable substances. followed the classical field sec aaa in England between 1840 and 1843 which established the fertilizing v: of mineral constituents, particularly of certain compounds (salts) cnaining nitrogen » phos phorus and potassium. This knowledge led to the birth of the fertilizer industrv— a development which made possible the pasa of modern Europe’ s population Factors Influencing Fertility of the Soil Plants have been shown by analysis to contain, in addition to carbon, hydrogen, ee oxygen, ne “mineral” elements nitrogen, phosphorus, potas- sium, calci magnesium, iron, sulfur, chlorine, and other elements a e praia weathered” rock material. Although the atmospheric foods, oxyge: carbon dioxide, are always available in the mineral elements of the soil—particularly the NPK trio, nitrogen, Dhpephorys; and potassium—will be reduced by removal of crops, id 1 = a Q sty a 206 and the soil thus will be rendered infertile. Rain water also tends to lower g eous nitrogen also occurs. This leads us to a consideration of the factors involved in the relationship of soil er to plant growth. Fertility of a se is eerie a five fac 1. Adeq supply of w: Adequate supply of air the roots Adequate supply of nutrients Adequate space or the root pi Absence of i injurious substance These factors are Pon ndependent of one none. but are closely inter- related. In fact, the soil, the plant, and the climate form one interlocking system. cae of a particular soil required to ene a conditions a related not only to its chemical composition, but also s physical con di. tion and its se state. These will now be examin ay ea YNE The Constitution of the Soil Physical Features. The water-holding capacity and the oo to air and wat er are ee to soil texture and structure, which i which are very active in supplying nutrients in an available form. The sand and gravel fractions or nee oil, on the other hand, are inert. hi colloids are made up of clay particles and ee part of the organ atter known as humus. The soil particles are coated en a jelly-like ee just as if they had been steeped in it. Water and nutrients are eae on the surface a the colloids, but rather loosely. The min rae nutrients a: n the clay colloids. The humus hold is Hee enough to ceed gees and inactive fixation, but loose enough t a hee ed to plants more easily than from insoluble mineral attacl i such as the ieee silicates constituting the This disti ie in fav Ir is impo evertheless, = ae be kept in min at no constituent 1s more necessary roper proportions or more harmful in excess a clay, which in excess impedes movement of water and air to the Chemical rs encstenaca The chemical content of th oe Late ly upon nature of the minerals (largely made . ‘of complex nsoluble silent) a rived from the parent rock and also upon the nature its present position. The original vegetation obtained its food supply from the oe rocks by the solvent action of the carbonic acid and 207 possibly other acids exuded from the roots pode the cae anes sae By its aed the vegetation rendered these nutrients in a form more active and, therefore, more available to ee ee of eine His- eee Fe chemical nutrients came first and humus came afterwa rds. he important chemical characteristic of a soil is its “supplying p power,’ that is, ihe rate at which it can supply nutrients to th S. e rate i the water optimum is approximately 25 percent), the nature and condition of the soil colloids, ae species of plant, and, when soil amendments are added, by this factor The eae ‘which plants ue are dieses into the root hairs as ions— that is, as electrically Gara elem or entities—either from the soil solunen or directly from the sur rface ee colloids with which the root may processes of the plant are involved, with all the factors qetoens photo- synthesis, particularly light and temperature, playing a - pegarec aie Phase. The organic matter returned to the soil by the dec: f plants ne stored up ene eee derived from the sunlight by nee o the chlorophyll of the green leaf. This is the phase that de tinguishes the soil from the mineral matter of oe parent ae for itn contains source ergy not prese a word much used b the in h ‘i it is able to support the life activities of various organisms such as bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, worms, insects, and nematodes which obtain their food and their energy from the organic matter and bring about The decompositions affected by the soil oe supply nutrients es- ae to the plant, improve the tilth of the soil, and remove soil products which would te injurious to plant life if fo enn te “. Because of the tee of this decaying organic matter we shall now consider it in more detail. The Soil Organic Matter organic matter of the soil consists of undecomposed and partially Pes y (and still decomposing) material together with simple soluble decomposition products and some materials that resist ene osition. The undecomposed material serves as a reserve supply for whole series of chemical reactions involved in decomposition and ae to give better aeration and drainage. : 208 Several types of decomposition products are known, the most important being ee from the decomposition of the cell structural a and of the pro The Soluble Decomposition naeh The soluble ee prod- ucts of the organic matter consist of calcium carbonate, nitrates, and carbon dioxide, all of which are derived from the fears of the protei ft nt. The capacity of a soil to provide gos s a fair measure, therefore, of its content of organic matte he ‘ates are readily lost from the soil by direct absorption by aie bs ie each ne decomposition. These losses are compensated by fixa of gaseou nitrogen from the air by a bacillus ak penetrates 2 ta hairs of legu weal by lack of nitrogen compounds. Deriving its energy ) omp ner: from the plant sap, this bacillus synthesizes Sastre ana from them and the nitrogen of the air and transmits them e pla The maintenance of the supply of nitrogen is ae ae importance. Totally there a serious loss when soil is A anenie and the bacterial gains from the air do not balance the loss by lea ing and an ee Nitrogen fertilizers help i in balancing the total net = moreover, they can help to increase the amount of active en) diooee ee the conversion into simple forms is too slov The Humus. The pa can eee nee eee ae the dark brown or black product know: Mus, derived fro e decomposition of the ie It isa ee nie possessing ail i characteristic properties of colloids, and capable, therefore, of bindin ng together a light crumbling soil, and of pee a sticky heavy soil more friable. Humus is the principal factor in increasing the water-holding capacity and pore space by causing the soil to be “puffed up’—properties which greatly fay 5 =F b 5 a a = > o th o 4 g. Ge “< ° = o 338 o The accumulation of humus amides natural conditions takes a long time; humus has, however, accumulated. But under the artificial ee of eee it is essentially transitional. Alth Ha eau slow. the operations of tillage, whi ch a re stimulating to e plant, Cait d calcium clay provides good tilth, wher sodiu clay i is sticky. Limin ng not only neutralizes the soil acids, a ea increase even under 209 natural peas but forms the type of clay colloid most favorable to plant gro The Soil Amendments. An increase in the supply of plant nutrients is accomplished in several ways: by the addition of composts, manures, comm i n legumi mercial fertilizers, and lime, and by the ing in of green leg ous and other crops and the digging in of stubble. The composting of animal and plant refuse is an ient pr. as also i e addition of upon the methods of maintenance of the fertility the soil. The humus soil. e bu school clin that soil pales! can be emaiey ly by composts, that is, by “natural” organic manures; whereas the ortho Fee view is that inorganic fer hoe are Semeny in addition to oe to balance the soil losses. The scientific case is founded upon a wide range of ee work throughout the world. These experiments—hundreds of thousands of ble of eres fn ilizers on a world-wide scale would inevitably lead to ek prices and famine. Plant Hormones. Wery minute amounts of certain organic substances (many of which have been synthesized), such as indole acetic acid, when applied in ee ae = roots, mn in some cases also to stems can stimulate induce root developme The possibility that some of Br oe c N 4 the production of such plant growth substances during the processes 0 decomposition of organic matter is aes and such substances have been obtained from urine and from certain fungi. e Mycorrhizae (from the Greek meaning ROOT-FUNGUS). One of the es of the humus school oeupe aa emphasis on the role of the area nein! fungi which are able to invade the roots of some ants. The claim is made that the ane threads digest food (proteins particularly) taken a the organic matter in the soil and the plant sub- sequently ses s upon this pre- sas fo od. The theory appears to violate all the known facts concerning the mineral ee on 2 plants. Not all plants are ycothial—the cabbage a tomato for example. The weight of eviden and it is Ree ieae that Pe mycorrhiza-formin g fungi function ae respect to supplying food to plants in the same manner as 210 do all the other soil organisms, that is, by the decomposition of organic matter. In this connection it is to be noted ae it is eae to grow plan Sibel and sometimes more healthily cultures oa salts devoid of all organic material, such as in a parte known as hydroponics or soilless culture. Similarity of the Form of Nutrients seit all Sources. It should now be clear that whether composts, farmyard manure and other organic manures, or Boal fertilizers are Fe to the soil, there is no differ- ence in the ich plants derive their nutriment from each of thes sources. AS we ee ae the ae nd compounds are broken down to simple substances and among t roducts are several identical with or similar to the eee ected is fertilizers, such as carbonates mones and that the mycorrhizal symbioses may be important to certain species of plants. Em Next Month Dr. Thomas's article on “Composts, Manures, and es Fer- liligers” ae oo in the October rate with sideration of the Control of Soil Microorganisms, a ea a tee e of Organic oe “rnrgon Fertilizers, and as Humus School's Page Bringing in the Birds By Lorine Letcher Butler ITHOUT birds the most perfect garden seems lacking in char here may be ena of color and arrangement, but the bales garden is as cold as the statue of Diana at the end of the path. eee are the ine one pai say, on the face of the eas the flashing of bright wings among trees and sae ; the splashing and eee in the bird bath; fi ghting on fe law a long s ummer day made musical with birdsong and busy with the comin; ies and going about nests; and the winter scene enlivened by the friendliness of the cold-weather 211 birds. When birds arrive in the garden, the garden comes to life and chill dignity departs. But birds do not come to the garden just because one would like to have them. Food is the lure—and birds go wherever they find the an Evergreens furnish both nesting sites and food for birds. Here a young robin is perched on a branch of a spruce tree. (Photograph by Lynwood M. Chace from NAS.) 212 and seeds they like. Some berries and other fruits are so generally popular that many kinds of birds will gather for the feast. Certain birds, however, have such decided alae that almost invariably they come only where a favorite tree or shrub grows. This interdependence ie birds and plants is a happy arrangement for the gardener, as most plants that attract birds are fey much to th beauty of the garden. The flowering crab that iiliaie the oug landscape in spring bears fruit that hangs on through the w: 0 be enjoyed by the wintering r and waxwing. Ilo ng oS t dds to the pink ar ite loveliness of May is equally beautiful in the eee i its crimson leaves and berries. These fruits do not last ong, however, as they are the delight of eighty species of birds. Cardinal, ae ee and brown thrasher linger as long as the dogwood berries last. Birds have an eye for color—in fact, the bright hue of berries often serves to attract the attention of hungry birds flying overhead. The moun- tain-ash, with its large heavy clusters of orange-colored berries, is one of the eae trees of early pane and it is high on the favored list of birds. The orange and red fruits of bittersweet, a standby of migrat- ing birds, attract much admiring Ree ree people in autumn, after the leaves have yellowed and fallen. The birds lak southward also notice them and descend for refreshment. The birds carry the seeds, and thus bittersweet finds a new home far from its native fae Bittersweet has found its way into the flower catalogs along with many other favorite = of nee such as ead creeper, snowberry, trumpet — shadblow, and even sunflowers. These native plants of fields and oods which ee aes or seeds that are ne with birds are now listed in the flower catalog side by side with _ haut monde of the flower world. But after all, there are few plants in our garden whose ancestry cannot be traced to flowers and shrubs that once grew wild. While birds in general are classified as either insectivorous or seed- eating, very few ies adhere strictly to their preferre ie Warblers are almost e page insectivorous, yet the myrtle warbler o its name to its fondness for myrtle-berries, or bayberries, as they are more es called. The Carolina es and black- -capped chickadee, also of insectivorous in- clination, are among the seventy-three species of birds that are devoted err Nor do the seed-eaters neglect an Laas to pick up a tempting bug, and during the summer they give much time to the pursuit of animal life, as the food of young birds is soft-bodied i i. Nearly all birds, other than those that are strictly insectivorous, delight in the soft pulpy fruits of summer a the fleshy berries of autumn. When the white flowers of shadblow, that are among the first spring ecaae 213 FRUITS TO ATTRACT BIRDS TO THE GARDEN uckle (above) is a favorite. Chokeberry (left), snowberry (center) and ruler Gane are also ornamental shrubs which together can provide food for the birds for many weeks in summer and early fa develop into the bright Maia of June—when it is called Juneberry— d: orioles, tanagers, cardin. iailen catbirds, and robins flock to the feast, the meat-eaters an ae eed-e: together. Mulberry and wild cherry have even a larger fo ce ee a bird populati ton. Such misunder- standings as a arise ras en any ae a robin ov: farmer’s able, as’ birds meee vwild ae to the cultivated varieties. And mulberry 214 is the tna ee of summer, its fruit ripening continuously ey June to September. The chokeberry that appears in September is a favo na oe fruit ripens, soniehew: the word gets around and birds flock to the scene. Likewise where the trumpet creeper or coral ak suckle Hoa: the ruby-throated ne is almost sure to hrub, or a vial of other color tied with a red ribbon, will lure the scintillating a But ane creeper and coral honeysuckle are his favorite flower mpet flower coming firs No a bird has a same Plas n to flowers as has the ruby-throat. Together with bees and butterflies a sips the nectar fro m deep- cupped flowers, though he does not neglect to pick up the tiny insects he finds rangement is pee . of reach of eat or ee. re hoe with long tongues eae ee late ie passage, as an insect’s tongue can 1 only in a straight | Her oe hummingbird has the advantage; "his long ies e tongue can — und the curve to the tip of the cline s horns and scoop up the last bit as nectar. The bees, however, have a w of bart even with the columbine and the renee Sometimes ne nip a hole in the end of the flower and steal the honey that was intended e bird. Some of the finest pee as well as the handsomest ee are aes those whose favorite food is weed seeds. One may wonder n, how t attract i esa the rose- breasted ae or the song eine aie t having to provide a weed patch. Ther way. The aes of soe annual plants a oe Gir ‘elation to nae weeds upon which these birds feed, will bring the seed-eaters to the flower border. goldfinch’s paradise is an abandoned aa overgrown with daisies reh and goldenrod. Thi clin the branches and pecks at the seeds in summer, and Beis and Mae on the same brown stalks in winter. But the “wild canary,” as this talented singer is sometimes wrongly called, can be lured from 7 belo ee weed patch to the garden by the presence of sk osmos calendula, and other composite flowers, such as bachelor buttons, asters, daisies; or by other flowers that are prolific in seeds—forget-me-nots, Idenrod, aster, and coreopsis are among the wild eee and their relatives which Gol the birds appreciate oh they find them in the garden. coxcomb, poppies. These flowers are particularly attractive to the finch family, all of which are seed-eating birds. The trees and flowering shrubs that — a lee and supply food for birds also furnish nesting sites. There are birds that prefer the tree e wings ty limb; he w. e of dense @ chrubber ’ The low- ihe cranberry tree with its decorative co) ber: autumn are a delight. to ue ee ee vie with dogwood cae in popularity with birds. 216 Evergreens, so important in both formal and informal gardens, are a social center for birds. In winter they seek shelter beneath the ees and many feed upon the berries or seeds. There are some birds with such a special liking for certain evergreens, that the name of ae ee ce has become attached to ae own, as the pine siskin, pine warbler, cedar waxwing, pine grosbeak. e pine seems to be a sort of shores godfather to a number of birds; oan ea other than the cedar plea delight in the pungent seeds of red cedar—cardinal, purple finch, mockingbird, “hin and bluebird among them. And these birds will brave ie winter cold a: ant. cedar waxwing’s affections are divided according to season. In oe it seeks the cedars where it enjoys food and protection from winter ids Buri : is — outdone by the presence of this politest and most amiable of vis ae decorative holly, whose shining leaves shed snow in a magical way, mple refreshment in the well laden branches nte rberry loses its foliage early in the autumn, leaving the erect a eal gleaming with their brilliant red berries. In making a garden a resort for birds, water is as important as food, both in Sine and summer. The bird bath is always an attraction, bis birds aaah ae it and politely pelea their turn to drink or bat And in win n drinking places are frozen over and there is no snow birds ie pe thie A eae ply of ie water or chopped ice is greatly appreciated by winter residen The care of birds is not a one- aa Sian They pay Sar pes for any efforts made . their behalf. Aside from the adornment of their ..... presence and the entertainment they afford, the "birds render incalculable services in checking harmful insects a oe weed seeds. Durin the summer when insect deere is s peak, a young bird eats its own weight in insect fare each day, and a parent birds work from daw to dark to supply t the pees aa of insect food needed by Gai hen the winter birds arrive—the chickadee, nuthatch, downy wood- pecker—to police the trees and shrubs. Each has its special technique for seeking out the insects or larvae tucked away in mistaken security beneath the bark or in crevices of trees e goldfinch and sparrows take care of the weed seeds. From the far North come the juncos, the tree sparrows and the white-throated sparrows. They join with the goldfinch and the song sparrow in the search for seeds. 217 In the tidy garden where weed seeds are not to be found, stalks of sun- flowers that are left to stand brown and brittle, in some out-of-the-way ly economic vi ewpoint, or t sitor! hee esthetic, we find bringing in the birds to be a profitable and entertaining projec om NOTES AND REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS Chromosome Cou For 11,000 Plant Spas CHROMOSOME ATLAS OF CULTI- VATED PLANTS. K, and &, ibures Ammal. 35 pages. George Allen & Unwin Ltd London. 1945. $2.75. This volume is chiefly devoted to a list of some 11,000 species of floweri me td ' bota ssifi- numb - as be sasha for the various sp In clone are noted ; ii > ihe Tacs gabe of heae ural varieties and clones are not in- dicated by their horticultural names. references literature a mbers are assem yu there are 0- id extension in recent years. not list numer- on cytolog: ee to aS coe me tat do "rot “definitely number nation of 0SO! flo lowering ae A preface to the volume discusses the value of a logical a scie apie integra- ion of knowledge clas: on with the results of plant eine or centics othe ele a that eee in cludes evaluations f the ro mi here an i pages devoted to sta’ tions of the knowledge t oe t has accumu- lat s em A hromosomes in plants, “num is, of course, only the peainnice. of the story” and that the chromosome atlas “is a first BROWNELL ROSES SUB ZERO HYBRID As large and beautiful as any, on gan ee + can survive cold winters Also ae ie Write now for pictur and fall planting uct BRO 12 Rose Park, Little Compton, Rhode Island 218 rough attempt but it indicates the scope of the hain eee : suggests the plan for their investigat In its a array of nae ee chromo- s this “Atlas” is of value to fo: provement “of cule . STOUT. New sans on Seu Managemen written in recent on soils and fertilizers (1930), have treated a time sete hate in modern and iano have old idea: desighed ea economy in plar and flow . ie rt floral crops hav been Pidiseiissed reutive to nutrient de ficiencies xcesses wit eee showing the s: coms of ea This mipt a valuable addition bers ahh ond appez to the small as well as the large coum cial grower. In so fae as th hou tionable whether the hom grower coul pen diagnose the symptoms in ques tion, as they are quite similar to ieee oc curring ee m ofttimes faulty culture practice Again »+.count on Wayside Gardens for the finest bulbs and sneha Plan garden of unusual beauty with our new Sutin catalog. Nowhere else a you find so many colorfully-illustrated flow NEW DAFFODILS — many im oad forms of the great national favorite — John Evelyn. NEW TULIPS — finest ieee ever imported. ae accurately to your selection of MAGNIFICENT eee ae from ordaaayy 3 beable Hybrids — gi ers of astound- z beauty. rea example of the mag- Testaceum — rare, nificent new John Evelyn most graceful, Warm Hybrids. apricot tone. Dr. Abel's Festa Hybrids — most teresting cross; celors Brtght yellow to dark, rich red WV Wayside Gardens IRIS — in including ee Pure on ‘toned fone ae uble Salmon Glow and Wayside’s pases. Sit American Selections, Taffeta and Teas: plus many other new varieties and old orites. P Scientific experiments show that the form in which they find them in the soil makes no difference. in their nutrition. The Control of Soil Microorganisms ANY attempts have been made to control the activities of soil organisms; but apart from the introduction of the nodule organisms to soils in which leguminous ave failed to grow well, none of the attempts have as yet become of practical importance. me of a humus eee ae that ocean | preparations of theirs can hasten the decomposition of compos and c a oe ie t is known ie the ae nee for decampstion in the c t heap are milar to those in soils: namely, aeration, moistu ernie ‘ure, not too ieee acidity, and s er nutrients—fats, ao rates, es and inorganic peach table proportion to the others.. The various schemes of com aa are related to obtaining the optimum pencen with respect to tie factors. 221 222 The raw material in a compost heap has a high ratio of carbon to nitrogen of about 50:1, whereas in humus the ratio is.10:1. Obviously, if large losses of carbon—that is of organic matter—are to be nia’ erage high quantities of nitrogen must be present. In all other of ie ee In the secret process mentioned, the inoculating material is a low nitrogen product formed from the fermentation of medicinal herbs, etc., in contact with parts of an animal organism. Without the addition of more nitrogen than is, apparently, supplied, it would be expected that very oe losses: ae organic matter would occur. Under normal ee ms not more than e-fifth of the organic raw material is converted into fan ae gee is added. canis Nature of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers deduc from the facts thus far presented is that organic manures a ie ee both ee their uses; one supplements the other Composts contain not only humus but some ‘supplies of the eee ele- ments as well. : this sense ie verlap the function of chemical fer tilizers which lack the decomposable pain ant or animal constituents on vine some of most valuable properties of organic matter depend; accord- ingly, inorganic fertilizers cannot fulfill all of the functions of compost materi iE ical” fertilizers have many advan ove rganic manures They can be easily applic at the most suitable time, and their See ee cane a sacar of one or more nutrients to improve the balan Moreover, they are in a readily available and concentrated form. These ee a. re and skill for the proper use of them. On the other hand, nas have the hae in that their use is -Safe in inexperienced hands, for they are not too’ rapid in their action. Against t this adv: vantage must is placed the fact fe their composition required in very minute amounts—manganese zinc, copper, molyb- denum, cobalt, and possibly others. These ae are fairly ea distributed in rocks, but in some soils t hey are known to be either absent or e plant. There.i SO matter in soils where the humus maintenance has bee ected. However, wherc nature has omitted to provide in the rocks and an Lae amount: of all the major and trace elements, or if present aoe ae ne been reduced by crops or leaching, application composts fro: rial pro- duced on such land will not remedy th cit. . some oe trace aie are present as impurities oe in some regions they are added the fertilizers. . 223 The Humus School's Specific Indictments Against Fertilizers inorganic or mineral fertilizers are referred to as “‘artificial” by the oe humus schools. According to them, the only ‘soil amendments that ing the products resulting from the decomposition of plants with or without the intervention of animals. The a “artificial” was applied when fertilizers were first introduced to eee ue es cea manure. The designation is misleading, inasmuch a of them are just as much ae s of nature and, therefore, just as ea as farmyard manure—possibly more tural. Examples the kainits nae other potash salts = from, tra epost in Bop and this country; Chilean oS ee be from mines in South An rhea phosphat ie country Ze ee a Saar gisno-the eae er found mainly in islands off the coast of P e castes too among ae umes ick apes ae use of eee nee “chemical,” one group, nevertheles: ae sae stone, but ae - cae ie lime aor oa it. asic slag, a produc urnace, so rock ae fn ban superphosphate “sine ne the in see the phosphorus is in a more available leged Effects on the Soil. When fertilizers were first used, many difficulties arose which field-plot eau 0) in most cases. sane naa . ae fore, render rs the soil quite acid. This is easily remedied by 1 application of lime. The cont at use on some heavy soils of the ie fertilizer mentioned Ce of soda) injures. the 8 of the soil when applied in large dressings, by defloc coulating the clay through the forma- be applied or a mete ure of 1 part of ammonium sulfate with 3 parts of nitrate of soda can be used to form a balanced fae without mu a change in the a cy. a that when well-balanced fertilizers are used wu Sata conditions, any injury results to the physical or ee see of the soil. All the troubles which the humus school attribute to the use of fertiier existed before their discovery and are prevalent where fertilizers have not been used. Soil erosion existed long before the introduction of feeilice: 224 it was a problem to pees eee Erosion is related to the system of farming in which crops that are not protective are grown continuously. Humus loss is the most pene causal factor by breaking down the compound soil particles. With respect to a ern there is no evidence that eae result in injury. No significant difference in their numbers h een found in Another argument of the humus school against fertilizers is that earth- worms won’t floutish in soils to which “chemicals” are added. This i ee! half a ae The facts are—and there is much experimental ee the subject—that the injurious factor is soil acidity. It is true tha Fertilizer ee treated with ammonium sulfate without lime additions con- 0; wed come too acid, earthworms thrive in plots which ae reced ee applications of pclae ane ers Ear poy orms oS aie animals will migrate 0 soils r , but their diti ry soils. T is no doubt that the earthworm’s contribution to soil fertility is considerable and shee the subject should receive more attention by scientists. — d Effect on the Plant. The anti-fertilizer crusaders assert dog- free from.these attacks. The e experiments of orthodox science do not sup- port these cee rather the experimental facts—an they are consider- ereanas to their value in reducing many dis For sees : has been established that plants Sea petcuary in nitrogen, phorus, and potassium are usually weakly and can quickly see “to attack = pests. Defici aan cnese Sof other fey also are known. An excess of an element ca © be injurious. Thus plants receiving an excess of nitrogen which pro eee a er lush rowth are more liable to fungus attack. Immunity to attack by many oe and virus eee is conferred on plants rec ea applications of p salts, the ratio of potash to nitrogen bei eing of particular i ee “That humus ee not confer immunity to vir 7 pee is shown by the well kno act that the potato o and some other species are more susceptible when receiving dressings of eae manure. In the root-disease fungi susceptibility 225 to duieedona is a nitrogen effect ; with some species the incidence of attack is ei ae in others reduced by nitrogenous fertilizers, whether they form. e applie the organic or the inorganic ; utrition, sca gly, is an important factor influencing disease and insect attac And humus itself being an important factor in the plant’s diet nee as it contributes to the virility of the plant, may help to reduce disesse: but there is no evidence that chemical fertilizers increase the incidence of diseases or of pest attacks. The factor that has increased is our — nee ss and attention paid to them. With o the humus school’s charge that the use of crane and ae meee follows the use of chemical fertilizers, a of evidence is available to prove tas this is untrue. One illu stration vil ame namely the case of potato blight which poe se death a starva- of Ee in, Europe Snake fertilizers were used. The copper spray ccepted as an a eT Of ure spraying with ee is - be regarded as a last resort after all sanitary measures have failed. Ueged Effect on the Quality of Crops. The pun of the crop is affected by 2 amendments in whatever a they a: pplied. The need is for a proper balance between the various nutrients ‘o sue the eee ot be Laas as well as He nadie eeds e animal or human consum No sound experimental evidence a be organic manures have Pay ae with ey ‘0 sete or that well- balanced fertilizers are eae tal. Foods raised under the same conditions on organic mam and on chemical fertilizers oe been carefully compared ‘without any Sree differences being found either with respect to proteins, carbohydrates, fats, mineral salts or vitamins. The problem of eared in fo is obviously ence and the surface of the subject has hardly been scratched. In this discussion, which aims = Lane that we humus ae attitude toward oF aren is fallacious, the reader will be aware fro: e manner in whie subject has re eae ped ce there is no sephaen that dadicl pote should be used to the neglect of maintenance of the humus supply of the soil. On the contrary, as repeatedly em phasized, the to be able to alee ufficient of the: major nutrients— phos: Se and potassium—for cropping needs. The idea of feces is that an ave Sup to balance the losses. If enough alas can be obtained fro: ant and animal residues, the er needs for mineral aes can ee se This is being done in specific regions where 226 plenty of cattle manure is, oo It is ae however, possible to supply a mineral pg ts by m of plant and animal residues on a orld-wide scale. Compost ea ee in obtained from the. land, reas in cae fertilizers the losses are made good from the outside. et lenor re, the addition of certain nutrients—for ¢ pues ee phate—increases crop yields even when farmyard manure sed: w, then, we sée that there is room for all m an ci binge the ‘si losses a boi trio—nitrogen, phosphorus a potas The sound v s to organic materials of ali kinds for humus an nd d ewical pelea fa: all oe of additional nutrients. Extremist viewpoints should be avoided. Rock Gardening in Westchester With Descriptions of Some Choice and Dependable Subjects the New York Area By Harold Epstein ie N traveling through the suburbs of New York City, ia eae in West- hester County and Connecticut, an observer readily discerns a sub- sania eaten of natural rock outcrops and ledges that aa in the Varyin es and sizes of stone formations appear on a large per- ing problems for it req keen working knowledge of rock for mations, Jus a thorough familiarity with a wide v: y of plant life. In sor locations the natural stone does not 1 re or e eat substantial changes in rock layout, but necessitates ai existent soil pockets. other times, re+ alignment o - 7S 2 one group may oe improve their ela as ee additional or improved soil crevic One of the eee eh is the principle of using as oe a oan of stones as can be oe and handled, nee so her a.slope on which the stones will be securely and naturally p Rock formations and as pes may occur facing any direction of the compass, thus materially heat the choice of plant material for the ex- 227 ‘bimedium is a desirable plant for the rock garden, but one of the choicest Any E varieties is Epimedium Youngianum var. niveum, with large white flowers on erect wiry stems, The plant here is shown ical inage natural size, as it grows against the back- ground of a tree trunk in the author's own garden 228 posure. Iti is unwise to place plants haphazardly without some sealyaig of arden: w dr arch sal ar ese pier ontinuous — ate in Westchester County with hundreds of plants, in vor e such problems, has brought forth many choice subj ects oe are "fais nh dependable and deserve much m pal are ] eae available from sources cae in better rock arden p Bulbous Plants and Such Cyclamen neapolitanum. It is eae sees .that this jewel has not earned a more popular pipet I evinces words of praise when in bloom, ae its flow re ene eee of the florist’s tender ge a Of the several spec of Cyclamen nee C. ae s, without pens the hardiest a most dependable. @ 18 ju e bit of caution in regard to ” cultivation: it cannot “cont with ae ae stagnant moisture, and so a well drained raised pocket in the rock garden will best assure its success. It should be een in a half-shaded pes in good leafy loam. A well chosen position will result in a group of self- 1 sown seedlings mare the tuber, and these, incidentally, are the only means of propagation. A generous display of flowers usually appears in September, the colors varying in ear of pink. The albino form, C. ..album, is also desirable and may even be considered preferable by some. The foliage which fol- lows the Ree is equally decorative = ea ivy-shaped and marbled with white. It usually lasts through the winter, completing its cycle in early summer. This cyclamen is also peeen for potting, and may be used as a decorative house plant, particularly when in bloom. Scilla sinensis is one o of the more unusual hardy bulbs, first because of ause of its rose-colored flowers, oe Scheer n blue or white. During pe the ae a ee Afte which p s to midsummer, when it dies dow rest a oe the end of August) the —- scay ee a EO sa of leaves come through the ground. The flower stalk grows to about a foot in height (although recor indicate an de poate of two feet), the raceme being about four or five inches long. This squill is Peel easy in culture, pane eae of a wide variance of conditions, though it this summer-blooming bulb, ee Dediess eae listed as S. ‘resh eg wort! ioe bie . The een flowers appear in late Aug crop of leaves, after the foliage of spring and early summer has disa, ee does best in partial sun in a large loamy open soil that is not baked t severely. The bulb can be depended upon for increasing by offsets which n u = bloom in two seasons. Besides this increase, self-sown seedlings nerally nigh as additional plants. Unfortunately, this rather ene bulb has not been widely offered, ee cage although it is easy of propagation. "tt is occasionally listed under the name of S. japonica. Perhaps eventually some of the American bulb a will produce sufficient stock to.have this squill available to keen garden Tris cristata alba is a favorite among the rhizomatous plants. a eastern native is-one of the prettiest of the smaller irises, and deserves front rank 230 in the rock garden plan. Bs attractive sa form is preferred by man "y to the more commonly known blue flower, which varies considerably tone. While not too finicky in its tae ee this iris eels full sun or light shade in a well drained leafy soil. Though it is a surface ro i ecome t ne- ae flowe rs, which a € pro ofuse in late spri ing, are carried on divide the plants periodically. In planting of slopes where soil washouts need to be retarded, this iris 1s particularly useful Herbaceous Perennials of Distinction Veronica spicata nana is one of the stronger evergreen dwarf ground covers of neat habit. While there are many varieties of Veronica spicata ic ck garden (some flo pi of color in the rock garden. Though the plant is tolerant and will gro in most average “eal with half to full sun, it aoae be lifted, divided, Ae re idea in ee see every few years. This will avoid the deteriora- tion old c of each clump. The blue color forms vary from light i. ne nee oF fae is also available a white variety, but it does not appear to have the charm of the other. Epimedium Youngianum var. niveum. Although the reference here is to the small white variety, which is generally available, the same details vil veces woodland plants, aay soe ais that they ae ns a sunny spot or a difficult ledge where plants may have f They are eenrat in both flower and ae areas the plant is ee in the New York region. But this is no handicap, for the saree me SS nge in co ro wit rs 0 red, cream, a: semen bec the trade is shopeesly contd et sically, hee wo flow —first, the smaller ich appears on the ae ee . Tie and Asia “Minor, ne a the long-spurred varieties, which hail from Japan. The latter are definitely the showier 231 flowers and really the elite of those inns Of the eae varieties, there appear to be but two color forms known— -—the rose-colored i WEY, er or as an aie to shrub'and perennial bo Or they may be}, used advantageously ees the stone ae in the rock garden. Like mostg herbaceous perennials, mediums are benefited from division of the clumps every ate to five fe Otherwise, oo usual dead center wilh appear in each clump. If epimediums were better known, it is certain} they oe not 7 a reek race that they ee to be. ; Shortia galacifolia. While the United States can boast of a mae nun} ber of excellent natives, there are not many plants among the t can bd classed on a par with this. Shortia ae perfect plant for a slopes in the rock garden and as an onderpaitn ng ne ericaceous shrubs such ag azaleas and rhododendrons. This hardy little vergreen is a plant whosd vert amas iene darkening through the winter. In spring, the foliage reve rich green coloring while the fresh new leaves unfold. The ae nate are five- ‘aed frilled, ie shaped blooms which rise about six inches above the foliage. While usual cultural suggestions recom- dry, would be aa tageo The s do best in leafmold soil, requiring two years to oes fully See in a new site, mre if they have ae been previously established in pots. While propagation can best be effected by careful division or by’ er aee fresh seed will also “be found as a practical means of increase, cee very slow method. Any selective gardener with a proper shaded area should not be without a planting of Shortia galacifolia. Small Shrubs for the Discriminating Garden: Iberis saxatilis.’ Although generally seed as herbaceous perennials, the candytufts are really eae as hoe in the pe . y. The neatest and most attractive of tl s Iberis saxatilis, wh an easy rock garden subject. It i ae one ss ye os green foliage and aoe heads of Pie white flowers. The true species does not grow over three or four inches ak te ee not in flower, ae re- nbles a minia ns planting of y It is recommended for sunny and open planting among rocks, ae vee forms an excellent cover both erbacious in aspect, the perennial giao of Iberis are actually small shrubby plants. xatilis, a low Saas ae with fine, dark, persistent foliage, is an especially on rock garden subject in and oiit of bloom. Propagation is easily effected by cuttings, which root readily. . Rhododendron indicum var. ney tedgeeal adoed also known as Azalea be rosaeflora, has been in cultivation for ars. It is undoubtedly one of the best and most reliable of the ee azaleas for the New York gion, an for use i eee rock garden either as an individual Lae or as an extensive ground cover. It is a prostrate slow grower eae outward and so remains a rather dwarf shrub, rarely see te a foot in height. It bears many double, clear salmon-pink flowers ted. Because of its aon aes the placing = this shrub in the rock Bee ree care and consideration. Planting it adjacent to any mi gen red as should, ieee e avoided. It is ae a handsome pa appealing to most people who come upon it for the first These are but a few of the many see Reales plants that experi- ence a proved almost foolproof for ardeners in the New York region. Not one of them is really uncommon, cn all should be utilized tc greater extent. The pleasures of rock gardening are enhanced by the almost unlimited number of plants that may be used ae, the gardener with a flare for experimenting. 233 Chrysanthemum Show At Garden Oct. 24-26 Program and Exhibits to Feature Three-Day Event Pp ALEX LAURIE of Ohio State University will be the principal speaker on the program given by the New York Botanical res len a 3 p.m. October 24, the’ opening day of the annual Chrysan- them ee “Chrysanthemums for the Millions” will be his subject. Tnetitely after, there will be a symposium on the outdoor culture of large-flowered chrysanthemum varieties, to be led by James S. Jack, Super- intendent of Brookside, the estate of Mrs. Flagler Matthews, at a N. Y. Exhibits Indoors and Out he Chrysanthemum Show, which will open at 2 p.m. Friday ahd will ober last through Sunday, Oct an is the third to be pen at the New York Botanical Garden and the fourth in the history 2 as National Chrysan- themum Society, which, until ie enone was known as the Eastern States Chrysanthemum Society. The competitive exhibits, arranged by this organization, will fall into six major sections,, with 100 classes in all. These glass, (3) pot plants, Ae eeerrage (5) displays, and (6) sports and seedlings. I*or ake ear, there will be a children’s show, to open Sunday! noon oie eel of the Museum Building. This is being arranged in co- operand with Marvin M. Brooks of the School n. lt is expected that the Garden’s outdoor display of chrysanthemums, near Gees ah be at its peak at the time of the show. The gates to the grounds ie be kept open until 6 p.m. to enable visitors to see ihe ee of flow Questions Answered on Pests and Diseases An exhibit of chrysanthemum pests and diseases and their control will be a feature of the occasion to be provided by the New York Botanical Garden, at the entrance to the lecture hall in the basement in the Museum Building. Dr. P. P. Pirone, Plant Pathologist, will be itd to answer questions of visitors on Friday and Saturday, from 2 to 3 p.m On the Cover The prize-winning chrysanthemums shown on this month’s cover won an award in the first chrysanthemum show at the New - rk Botanical Garden in 1945 for Ernest ‘a Bertram, of Lancaster, Pa., is now presi- dent of the National Chrysanthemum Society, which has es staging an exhibition at the Garden annually since that year. The chrysanthemums are of the large, commercial, incurved type On the opposite page SOME PRIZE-WINNING Se ena ARRANGEMENTS REVIOUS SHOW: Flower arrangements at the show will i ea the use of chry bint enue ee the hous. First prize and tri-color in 1946 was won by Mrs. George H. Hirsch of New Rochelle with the arrangement at the upper right. Beside it is a second prize arrangement from 1945, showing chrysanthemums with pine branches, done by Mrs. Edwin we also of New Rochelle. Beneath it is another si priz rangement, this one fr 1 rs show, b Mrs, William Rathbo: £ New Rochelle. At the right is a first prize 1945 arrangement of chrysanthemums with autumn leaves in a copper dish, the work of Mrs. E. A. White, Jr., of Tenafly, N. J. Chrysanthemum Society Workers ae for the Chrysanthemum Society are: General Chairman, . FE. Kincaid, aero N. Y.; Honorary Chairman, James See Waniaroneck: Mrs. Loren R. Dodson, Mrs. Kenneth L. Stelle ; ce aaa E. c Scott, Bogota, N. J.; Entries, Carl Toepler, ‘ean : Info Mrs ifford B. James Sari Maniaroné ck; Program, Paul Frese, New York City; Pub- licity, A H. Scott, Bogota : Secretary, Mrs. Thomas Farmer, ee aro- cleat Sigg James 5. Jack, Rye, N. Y., and Fred Shumaker, Larch- mon Tea and Lecture w York Botanical Garden will be host to Sirah of the National Corysanthenain eeu and to its own member tea in the Members’ Room at a of the program in the lecture ate on Friday. Visit ae Chrysanthemum Show will be welcomed at Ge regular Saturday ae on program in the lecture hall, at Ne Alice Chauncey, recently returned from England, will show her latest kodachromes of English gar rdens, accompanying them with a ae oa “England arden. n Sunday, all exhibits will be eee to = public, in the Museum Build- ing until 5 p.m., on the grounds until s PRIZE-WINNING CHRYSANTHEMUM ARRANGEMENTS (For description, see the opposite page) 236 Where Was The (Canker Worm This Year? Toe apparent absence of canker worms in the vicinity of the New York Botanical ee in the ales of 1947 has en about much oe and s speculation s to the cause. Several entomologists in the East were asked for their ee in thie situation. A number of theories have offered but the mera seem to feel that the principal reason for lack of canker worms (or inch worms) this year is the natural cycle of oe ont scarcity of this tee Dr. s Pyenson oe - Lone’ Island Agricultural and Technical In- stitute = Panpaodie “The aa lack - caer worms in your area might be due to natural cycles of abundance and s Dr. Stanley W. ee Of ‘the Bartlett Tree Research Laboratories agrees saying: “The fall canker worm seems to be cyclic in nature and just at present we seem to be between outbreaks. Following this same = of thought is Dr. Clyde C. Hamilton of Rutgers ince ity, who “The absence of any mes may have been due to the worms emerging and the cold weather killing many of them but I am more inclined to believe that it is due to there being very feW canker worms last year. Infestation was rather severe during. 1944-45 but had declined considerably during 1945-46.” nother theory of the cause of the absence of canker worms in New re City this year, according to Brayton Eddy of the New York Zoologi- cal Society, is the fact that we have had a ts irregular winter ae spring. Eaecstet tes the ae canker worm population to two main cau The fact t e hada irregular spring, first cold then hot on plenty - of moisture, lees latled. 5 great number of the young caterpillars upon "2. "eT he elatively warm winter’ with extreme changes in temperature promoted ga eae a of the embryo to a point where a sudden cold spell resulted Dr. Pyenson suggests as another cause, nee the natural cycle of the canker worm mentioned previously, the follow “It might be due to the very warm spell mnt - on early in January which may have stimulated the fall canker vom eggs start development and then Expounding the theory of parasitic Se ee Glasgow of the Meveuliure Experiment Station at Gen - Sa be eras to think fi ae erases pike also vary in a ae ‘might a or the apparent disap of the canker worm To which Brayton Eddy adds: “Tt is quite possible that a wilt disease caused mortality among canker worms.” 237 Apparently, the canker worm has diminished in most of the eastern states this year with the exception of Long Island, where they have been more abundant than in previous dorks and es done ese damage. Dr. es survival on the island but not upstate or in oe icut a After the foregoing statements had been made about aie cycles, enemies, and suc’ r. B. O. Dodge seeded that one r why the Garden itself was fairly free of canker worms this yea s the thorough spraying program that h — ies carried out for et ae “Tf you kill the larvae ie in the s ” he point aed out, sae en can’t turn into moths to lay eggs = ee gchcet ion of worms. After several years you are bound to oS reduction in pest ar How wever, I nin deny the existence of paras tes nor the weather ee rs which help to keep insects under control. s undoubtedly the abaaaie of causes _ that has saved our trees ce ee seriously damaged this y: Ea NOTICES AND REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS Up-to-Date Handbook Care during blooming time makes in- teresting reading. Too many people think On Chrysanthemum Culture that chrysanthemums can be cut from CHRYSANTHEMUMS FOR PLEAS- the garden and staged on the show table ui : S, illustrated, paper coveren: aged o: hi KE. Ernest L. and Aleita a Scott. without the care that is called for in the Published, 2 The Scotts, Bogota, fickle climate of the metropolitan area $2. reaso any eae the sed tts have been pets ot aan of variou a miethod ere starting young ae : lants makes ke cseble for all to grow ieee by them at local shows in past ae ysanthemum: PB = and telling others how they do it. This In classificat the Scotts divide the i is exactly what they have done. eare garden chrysanthemum into 13 class taken from planting time gh sum. This will be of value to the prospective er. Soil types, fertilizer, watering and exhibitor in competitive classe upports are discussed fir: hen we flower sh reaching this part of read of all the insects and diseases gy the book many gardeners a feel they to at this plant, and the methods have recei ved sufficient information to ‘ontrol. go ahead and by following the directions 238 real ue with the ae art II begins the sl b of our labors will be judged, and n on arrangements are not f tte is book brings us up to dat chry: aati culture and we found recommend it. SON, James G. Es Gardeners’ Chronicle “of America. Vegetables, Flowers, Trees For the South WE SOUTHERN GARDENER. Floyd Bralliar. 227 pages, illus- The Nashville Tennessean, 46, $2. The veriest amateur can have a flourish- ing vegetable sarden if he studies this book, and applies the information gained. The directions for selection of site, pre- paration o at choice of what to plant, and the ual planting are practical, sinpll e, sight oan to-earth. The author rightly deplores on aste of natural humus in the h, and ae excel- recommen at ns. an old u argue ns < ee fertil- and the use of insecticides all are me of the i ee features is a list of well kn garden flowers that were develope om native southern species—among them, Phlox Drummondi. Dr. Bralliar does seem to have be- come quite so well pease with south- ern trees, for the: ome curious z T penn ive recommend thr been largely overlooked in this area: ring. But he does fine trees that have linden, cork elm (Ulmus alata), and tulip tree. Dr. Bralliar says en dogwoeds lik: an alkaline soil. He n no to Cornus florida, ioe i‘ acidity, and plenty of hum It is unfortunate that a Book with much to Pee - youd contain so many typographical e sere OLINE Dorm ’ Saline, Dose For te Regen’ Grow rs oD ION. Donald cant n, 184 pages, illustrated, in- exed. Orange Judd fie blishing Her ae a practical book for ee truck ened or commercial grower handling large acreage. The author has made liberal use of the a Agricultural Experiment U.S. Department a ie reulture publica- tions. The home gardener may find it lacking in general cultural detail that would apply to his small of onions, subject on the most recent methods of thrip: S$ trol. The author’s frequent recommendation a coe rotation, to insure pis edom of yie! Weearine of his sul : Handsomely bound, well “writen, with numerous illustrations and tables, the book value at its modest ahs ee it ‘ee to-date reference of oe Ae of onion and onion seed pro oe PATERSON, Superintendent, Paneld Corporation Huntington, Long Island. Nutrition Values THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF FOODS, R. A. McCane & E. M. Widdowson. 148 pages, indexed. Thence) Publishing Co., Brooklyn, 194 $3.7 oS bo ae was written primarily for the of nutrition chemists, dieticians mi ohysicians, not for the average ho use- Though it contains recipes for | many dishes, the ee of the ingredients are generally expressed in ounces and po and 239 major portion of the book con- grams, teins. rates in grams per 100 grams and the energy in fate per 100 grams. In the en con second table, yerted to a ess the energy per ounce. composition and Inpa McVEIcH Two Books.to Charm HERBS, SPICES AND INGS. Jean N. eta sa Crete Dahl, Stamford, Conn $1 . SEASON- 73 pages. 1946. HE sted GARDEN. n Cal 202 pages, haerea. University ee New N. J., 1947. $2. o books have just ee my desk. e first is small fare iy to slip into pocket of an apron for “Herbs, Spices and Sea ee an ae st is a well compiled ‘ittle SO giving the botanical name, orein, and oe of each plant. It ow t and ho each n The author, Jean Lespa: ternatonaly ee an See. pee had experience both abroad and here This is a splendid addition. for the culinary herb shelf. * The second book “In an Herb Garden,” is ee ne ter, who created the Shake- eae ‘Garden at Plainfield, New Jersey, brings ge follows her planning and planting this garden, aided by her herb-wise old Italian gardener, one feels that those who read it can not fail to — to experiment in growing some of our beloved herbs. Noreen Su ae CAPEN, Cun Nee v ork Unit, Herb Socie ty of a ie Mycological Background HENRICI'S MOLDS, YEASTS AND ACTINOMYCETES. for Students Charles E. | Skin 409 York: John Wiley and nm: T by students of pete erlology who have no — logical tra e second eaiiee stresses mycology, fete and paint applications of foe ca genetics, life cycle as a good index. given see each chapt quently there a: jects omitted. to be out of b; eae 27, 28, 30, 46, 47, 48, a, 94 95, 101, 107, ‘and 126 € high standards set t by ool oii a useful to paca desiring General ee in certai te oe rings on r Bets ormation of sub- eins WHE ce vstudent ar tbaserilogy ae a of interest and helpful in his S Cartes N. Frey, The Fi eitinon Laboratories. 240 New Approach A TEXTBOOK OF SYSTEMATIC BOTANY. Deane B. Swingle, 343 pages, 106 figures. McGraw-Hill, New York. Third edition, 1946. $3.50. s little point in review: this citon. oe a well ae textbook eae way col, and gceograp phy.” to find this i whiel Highly inert topics. of plant oop is essentially that of the diti previous editi W. H. Camp. Historical SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES IN THE UNITED STATES. Ralph 8. Ba’ tes. 246 pages, indexed. John Wiley Sons, Inc., New York. 1945, $3. 5. This book contains not a list, such as one might expect, but rather the story ev of the inauguration, growth, and develop- ment of scientific societies in this country since the early 18th oy Chapte headings are: Scienti ocieties in Eighteenth Century eee ica; National Growth, 1800-1865; The Triumph of Specialization 1866-1918 ; oe Sci- tific Societies and World ence, 1919- i944: The Increase of . The arene oe realy 30 pages serves as a guide to. the ate societies under a number of differ headings. Laboratory ple al AMIN AMsaY. chaets index, New York, 185 pages, Interscience Publishers, 1947. $3.50, number of scientists uae con- ing the Dp methods tl or reviewi - reports of others. Chapters cover Vitamin A, Carotene, Thiamine, Riboflavin, Niacin Ascorbic Acid, and other vitamins. Simplified Text COMMON - SENSE GEOLOGY. George McCready Price. 289 pages Perbateytea Faeine Press Publishing ciation, Mountain View, Cal Fry 16. $2. aa of the world is covered in this y brief book, based on the same au- ther 's earlier college texts which are now out of print. The book closes with a Biblical quotation about the Flood. Vocational Guide SEED INDUSTRY. Fdgar THE ie bibl in, Clissola. 44 Pasee. pete ography. Bellm: lish: Boston, 1946, $1 e thir a series of booklets on penee ie ce. this study appears to cover every conceivable phase of work, ee background and future, for e once with the business of eoune or selling seeds. em Notes, News, and Comment Radio Programs. A new series of radio programs, ad by the Garden’s Man- hattan office, will be given ue on turday :30 to 8: all Gardeiee” is ‘the title adio program. Listen esd their ee to the care of Station WNYC, New ve bs of Green. e Garden’s motion pict “The Gift i ‘Cee ”* which was produced in “1946 by the Sugar Research Foundation, has been translated into 21 languages: Slovak, Bulgarian, Persian, Finnish, French, Roumanian, Dutch, amese, Polish, Portugese, Chinese, Serbo-Croat, edish, Italian, Danish, Sw Hien Spanish, Teas Czech, Turk- ish, and Greek. For distribution in Eng- listespe te countries 84 prints have been made in English from He origmal. ‘anadian Meeting. At the summer meet- me er He Bote Society of America, the American Society of Plant Taxonom- ists, Bs oe sot begimuing Aug- ust 20 in Montreal, Dr. W. H. Camp tool nae in ree sic on the Nor eens ern Deciduous Forest with an addre' on speciation in the. area. Following the meetings, he accompanied the group on a tour of the Gaspé, “including Mt. Albert. At the conclusion of this ‘trip, he did further collecting, oi Jason R. Swal- len of the U. S. Nationa shire. Shortly a to the Garden in mid-September, he p ape southward us ps his collect: ing of oaks and bee 1 s. John R. McGinley. At the age of 40. Mis. ee jane Atterbury a widow of Joh McGinley, died at her n ass., A Advisory Cow a since April 1926, and of the eer of the Botanical Jan. 12, 1931. S . er in Princeton, New Jersey. She is sur- vived by four daughters. e. Mrs. Annette Hervey, a gradu- a Ot “Bacuard College who has a working at various times, saa ce 1942 i the laboratory of Dr. William J. Robbins, 0: mycetes. She began regular work in Dr. Robbins’ laboratory July 1. o Cincinnati. Selma Kojan, who has i Technical Assistant in the eee RARE VARIETIES for a ee Our autumn catalog contains hundreds of item: that will add interest, color and beauty to your 1948 garden, Rare new lilies, new tulips, new daffodils, Eremuri, poppies, roses and flowering dee ee a help it can be in your garden planni: HYBRID AURATUM LILIES—healthy bulbs for giant flowers, vigorous growth, astounding beauty. MANY LILY VARIETIES — Testaceum, Fiesta idee ee vee Shuksan, Specio- —te a few. NEW ROSES — an amazing selection of new varieties, as well as many.old favorites: Taffeta and Nocturne — All-American Selec- tions of striking beauty. pe Vase 51 Mentor Avenue garden next spring Other 1946 and 1947 introductions — Wings, Ming Toy, Glorious, Butterscotch, ae Willkie. OTHER RARE BULBS AND PLANTS — great est one: ve new tulips from Holland ever of- fered. ee seat oe ee to add new tonea ‘ich bea to ALOG ON AUTUMN PLANTING _ 4 pages of garden ideas, with h ented in color. Sound cultural instructions, We’ve spared no effort tb make "this reference book helpful tee foe ie ee sure you our it is ‘y that you wit your request ene: coin or stamps, cover postage and handling costs. Mentor, Ohio 242 t for the past three end of master’s d Dr. St direction she wil ntinue investigations on sterilities in petunias, on which s had been working a! hold a teaching assistantship i in the Botany Department at Cin Window. In the early ae as part Ss York, the Tic action siness Machines Corporation ‘devoted indow at 5 n Avenue to the York oe one of the one showing the chrysatema border outside the Conservato: Haw Amy Greenwell, bilge has been cote “at the Garden Hawaiian Botany in collaboration with Otto Degener during the past year, returned in August to her home in Honolulu Lectures. Dr. P. P. Pirone addressed the annual meeting of the American Rose Bobbink & Atkins © NURSERYMEN PLANTSMEN Most of the unusual Roses, Trees and Shrubs not aaa elsewhere will be found gro in thi E 1S great Establishment que in the Annals of eee Taine Visitors Always Welcome Catalogue Upon Request Bobbink & Atkins Paterson Ave., E. Rutherford, N. J. page at Williamsburg, a and Insect Va., Sept. 26 Control on oF ie co E. Naylor showed “The Gift £ Green” and gave a short talk Aug. 21 the Ps Botanical Garden, Salisbury, On July amp lectured 3 De. W. C be aoe cae ar ampton cee Club on sul of exploration. tout gave an illustrated talk Home Ga: oa July 31 at Amherst, Mass., on the F and Home Days ee of the Univeniy of Mascachs Elizabeth C "Tall spoke on “Gar Books” at the Sc a ol of aera, Ambler, July a iH Hodes lectured June 18 ary Adaptation among our oes Plants” . the eee (N. YD Garden Club at West Poi: Groups. Among the groups that ha toured the grounds of the Garden re- on have been members - the aus n’s Club of Woodridge, N. J.; pupils Hoe the Norwich (Conn, y public scheel nee members from x0 student nurses & a ie “catunbi Presbyterian Medical Cen- Fifteen biology radiate: of New ork University, fier E visited the plant physi July 31 and afterward saw “The Gift of Green” in the Lecture Hall. Martin of the Tow me to New York with . Martin Wane the middle of he summer to complete Wes manuscript os Myxomycetes fo merican Flo e hee a mont 's earns on ‘the New York Botanical Garden Dr. nee aginey of Agriculture, ted States i g s “Geog of the World, ” bene f ublished by US. D.A, e Morto: a Bodol Lange, mycologist and tevologist respectively, from the Bo- tanical Laboratory, University . Copen- hagen, D nme spent the at the Gard uring the ” summer, Mr. and Mrs. Lange studied at the Uni- 243 versity of Michigan Biological Field Sta- tion an on their way back to * Europe when they stopped in Se ty ms D. A. Ti ‘immerman, Director Ryks titut van de Volisgerunde'd (State Institute of Public th), Utrecht, Holland, who was i w York for a meeting of the Ith Organization, visited the Garden Aug. 6. Charl aylor, Jr, a aud student at Cornell eating work ed o i Angus at the Garden for two oe 1 ey Am others who have been at the Gar nae the nee months are Pompilio tega, Director General of Agriculture, Tegucigalpa, Honduras; Hugo Os R Z a, Den- Cuba; Paul Larsen, Copenhagen, mark; L. D. Pryor, Department of the Interior, Car ra, Aust ralia; Duncan A cLarty, University of West sn Ontario, London, Canada; Jason R. Swallen, U. National Herbarium, Washington, D. C. Edgar berry, University of Penn- sylvania;_ Lincoln Constance, University California at Berkeley; Anna Serv urel, ‘Ox, Agnes cor College, ‘Decatir, iil, with . Cox; Stanley mith, New York tte Museum, ihsoy Robert A latt- sen, Cornell; Mrs, L. P. McCon 1, Long Island Agricultural & Technical ‘ite Farmingdale ; A. Chr: ae B Ma argaret Ful ford, ive Ern t Hemming, "former editor of Anca NG - r a now e. : ed rs of Eas Sho: Md.; Neo Mullendore: Pane lin “College, pee ae John Francis rmott, Washin St. McDer n Universi Louis, Mo.; een School ot Forestry, oy Arbor, Mich.; is H. Williams, ish Guiana; Hugo di iche “Gaiver sity of Maryland ; e, Judith Embury, former volunteer worker — stimu. does not freez Apply Horn Tree Paint Water Resisting — Adhesive —- Healing Possessing antiseptic and fungicidal prop- erties. Protects he wood from rot-fungi e ates callus ae This dressing A. C. Horn ¢ Co.. Ine. Ch Division of Sun 43-36 Tenth St., Long Island City 1, New York 244 in plant pathology; George A. Llano, aia ele SS Mrs. Are of Wey- ently ure guide at “Maine? ‘eannett E. We ass., Mt. Desert Tend. wrence White and vem a ee Biological Laboratory, Philadelphia; Joyce Osborn, Wellington, New Zealand; Elizabet! Valentine, University 0 pea ieeat J. Thirumalachar, e- partmen f Plant Pathology Ras sity ° Wiscon: msin; and S. - Dan , Brown University, Providence, EC Journey to Japan ] NVITED by the War Pee eet at the request of Douglas MacArthur, Dr. William J. bbins was one of a group of six scientists from the United States to spend . ee in Japa: during the summer for vey of th h plans “for sera or Gap an’s scien- tific institutio The task assigned to the group was to advise members of General rca gd staff on the de- mocratization scientific research, weighing = plans submitted by Japanese sient ocie OUD, api by the National ja of ae was headed by Dr. oger Adam ofessor of Che emistry the ean "of Illinois. saad in ere, besides Dr. : Dr. K. Gea Executive Director rch Institut of Stan- W. sor a Beet Eigiecnng at California Institute of Technology. ved in Tokyo San Hancce July 19. n days were devoted to n eed was pent in and Eenell sista An oe Bass oe mitted to the War Department through the National Academy of Sciences mad tains the uae of the scientific advi der In or oe a of Japanese life, beyond what ee presented through the daily conferences with univer: au professors and scientists, Dr. obbin. studies ‘of the fl ora of Japan. Dr. Makino a herbarium of 500,000 specimens. ES Back Me Polar’ Regions NG to New ha after in the choon Bowdoin, inc : Donald B. MacMillan, Rutherford Platt topped at the ew York anical tip at Chi Pa was humanly possible a the time of teachin within Pole, and turni i THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN cers JosrrH R. Swan, President — ArtHurR M. ANDERSON, Treasurer Joan L. Merritt, Vice-President Henry pE LA Montacne, Secretary Elective Managers WitutaM Ferton BARRETT aay B. Harpinc Freperick S. Moskey, Jr. poe BAYNE ee Huntrncton Francis E. Powe t, J Epwin De T. hae TEL wtio Mrs. Harotp I. Pra’ Heaney F, pu Pon ae D. Lasker WituiaM J. Roaeas | Rev. Rorert I, Gainiew, Cianence McK. Lewis Epmunp W. Srnnotr * S.J. D. Merritt HAUNCEY STILLMAN ‘ Ronee H. Montcomery Ex-Officio pee Wi ee ayor of th of New York Awnprew G. ars N, Wat President a Board of Baa aio osEs, Park Co minitssioncr gerne Managers By the Torrey Botanical Club: F. J. Ses By uate es Be atete Mansion T. Bocert, CHartes W. Batrarp, Marcus s, Sam F, TRELEASE. THE STAFF WruiaM J pega Pa.D., Sc.D. Director : A Gueason, Px.D, Assistant ae one Curator HENRY DE A CM oneaGiee ‘ant Director Frep J. Seaver, Pa.D., Sc.D. ead Curator A.B. Stout, Px.D. Curator of Education and seni P. P. Pirone, Pu.D. Plant Pathologist Tuomas H. Everett, N.D. Hort. : Horticulturist H. W. Ricxett, Pu.D. sia Hades Bassett Macurre, Pu.D Donatp Puirir Rocers, Px.D ae Harorp N. Motpenxke, Pu.D. Associate Guten W. H. Camp, Pa.D. Associate Curator E, J. Arexanover, B.S. Associate Curator Ricuarp A. Howarp, Px.D. Assistan: rato E. E. Naytor, Px. Assistant Curator F, W. Kavanaau, Pr. Assista ‘urator ‘OBER’ © Rorr, Pu.D., D.C. Assistant Curator Maryjorre ANCHEL, Research Associate RosALig WEIKERT Technical Assistant Txpa IcH, Pu.D. Technical Assistant Mary. Stepsins, M.A. Technical ae aos ate C. Hatz, A.B., B.S. Carot H. Woonwazp, A.B. of the pia aa : L Whrrrtrocx, A. M. euinae ei the Herbarium Orro Decener, M.S. _ Collaborator in Hawatian Botan: Exmer N. MircHeti otographer JoHn HENDLEY ag ee AM., M.D. _ iblio Mien Emeritus Bernarp QO. Dop Pla i Patholog t Emeritus Inez M. Hauine Assistant Bosc Canes: OF Mosses JosEP : fu oe Curator of t ne plain Siehand B. A. Kru: ‘ary Curator of Eco: ¢ Botany ETHEL ANEON S. Peckuam Honorary Co Iris and. Nace "C iilections A. C. Pranper ‘Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds To reach the Botanical Garden, take the Independent Subway to Bedford Park Boulevard station use the Bedford Park Boulevard exit and walk east. Or take the Third Avenue Elevated to the Botanical Garden or the 200th Street station, the New York Central to the Botanical Garden station, or the Webster Avenue surface car to Bedford Park Boulevard MMembership in THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN and what it means THE INSTITUTION, member ship means support of a program that riefly, this Prceram. comprises 1) horticultural dicplays (2) education, (3) scientific research, and (4) botanical a tion. To further this rk and to disseminate u i i ut pl. life to the public, the Garden issues books and periodicals, both scientific and popular, and presents lectures, prog 8, radio broadcasts, and co s of study in gardening and botany. h boratories and large herbarium and ary serve the s in its research cational work, while the extensive plantings at the Garden give ue public vistas of beauty to enjoy the year around. ublic is also free to the Botanical Garden’s library, and, under direction, to consult the he E INDIVIDUAL, membership means; bosaual the personal gratification of aiding ue a ‘Program these privi rollment in courses up to ‘the amount of the annual member- ship fee pa cual s A ube eeplen to the Journal and to Addisonia i ne mbers’ Day programs Ae use of the Members’ Room i=) =| a g. 3 when made available for distribution. (These arden’s new introductions into horticulture.) ff members, upon request, on problems ree announcements of eoetial displays, lectures, broadcasts, pro- events. lantern slides from ne Garden’s large collection, under established reiliiion for such loa mbership card which serves as identification at spe ane civ as al Garde en and also when visiting cities. aa ey ecial functions similar institutions in ake clubs may become "Affliate eae g i New York Botanical thus receive certain privileges for the club a unit and others for dwidual members. Information on Garden Club Afiliation will be sent upon Business firms may become Industrial Members of the York Botanical New Garden. Information on the classes eh Lae strial Membership and the privileges of manera Dap will be sent Bo req of membership in the New York Botanical Garden in addition to ieee iMembentiee are: Annual Single ee Contribution Annual Membe $ 10 Member fer Life $ 250 Sustaining Member 25 Fellov r Life 1,000 Garden C Affiliation 25 Gon 5,000 coun M see Benefa ae ontributions to the Garden e deducted from taxable income Ce ntributions to i Gamien at are Pe eane in computing Federal Ba New York estate taxes. legally approved form of bequest is as fol wea e low: I ere w York Botanical Gaien incorporated under the Laws of New York, Chapter 285 of 1891, the sum of ifts may be made subject to a reservation of income from the gift property for a benefit of the donor or any designated beneficiary during his or her lifet uests for further information should be addressed to The New York peeeecees roan: Bronx Park, New York 58, N. Y. JOURNAL OF _ Tue New York BOTANICAL GARDEN Vou. 48 NOVEMBER PAGES No, 575 Le Oran 7 245-268 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Caro. H. Woopwarp, Editor NOVEMBER EVENTS AT THE GARDEN Members’ Day Nov. 5 at 3 p.m. in the Lecture Hall The Present Status of the Dutch Elin Disease P. Pirone Plant Bicae Free Saturday Programs 3 p.m. in the Lecture Hall Nov. 8 Plants to Grow Inside of City Windows Jean Hersey Gardener: Writer Nov. 15 Caribbean Stepping Stones R. A. Howard Assistant Curator Nov. 22 Trees in the Winter Landscape E, J. Alexander Associate Curator Nov. 29 Putting the Garden to Bed R. R. Fenska Bartlett Tree Research Laboratones Dec. 6 Plant Food from Coal and Magic of Coal Two motion picture films with sound Radio: Programs ao ie every Saturday morning from 8:30 to 8:45, over WNYC, t Museum Exhibits British Gardens Through the Age: 150 fine photographs on view ee the nour of “My Garden” magazine of London, eta historical, formal, royal, rock and water gardens, lawns and borders, landscape and wild gar rdens, trees, ene ardens of today, The exhibit will continue ik ees Conservatory Displays Seasonal flower displays will be rues with an exhibit of chrysanthemums in the Conservatory commencing Nov TABLE OF CONTENTS NOVEMBER 1947 HEART OF A ee with pollen ready to be blown from each individual Cover photograph by Samuel S. Gottscho Do You ae Te LEN? . Erdtman 245 Tue Sycomore Fic or ANCIENT LINEAG Mary F. Barrett 254 Fing Quatity PLANnts — ED AT © aiesace SHow 263 oTes, News, AND COMME 267 he Journal i is published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York 58, ies Printed in g: ee ce Entered as Second Class Matter, January 28, 1936, at the Post Office a7 New N.Y. the Act of August 24, 1912. Annual subscription $1.50. Single copies cent: ad JOURNAL of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vor. 48 NoveMBeErR 1947 No. 575 Do You (Collect Pollen? The Reasons Why Others Gather and fae It iven in a Survey of the Newly Named Science of Palynology By G. Erdtman C. ING POLLEN—of what possible use can that be? It like a rather odd way of wasting time. And in any event, how does one collect pollen and why! Botanically, pollen is highly Ramer a Pe Ett of many plants are widespread in the and a ind deep in the soil and in the beds of the oceans, ing the ton es ee life ae millions of years. Surveys of pollen in the osphere are made by many ingenious eans ked by vacuum. lan be aaa are bake : the search for pollen abo ove an nd below the sur- of The study i made see ioe toward the solving of problems in ache: ae geology, medicine, and other sciences. new term PALYNOLOGY (research into pollen grains and spores), has — coined from the Greek to cover this new field of scientific activity. A palynologist must be ready to answer almost ae question relating to pol- lens and s SS seins the question is put by a plant systematist, a peat geologist, a doc tee ora ne of the exclusive guild of Peuegmeiolagcte looking for pollen in ancient honeys from Egyptian tor ry remains of mead which may occur in old drinking horns. of the different aspects of palynological studies are described briefly bel * * The teeming field of study known as pollen statistics (or pollen analysis) belongs logically to the sphere of palynology. A prospective pollen statis- 245 247 tician may aptly start his career collecting nae aes from trees and studying them for purposes of identificatio This g done, he may proceed to studies of the pollen grains el in the eo layers ot bogs—Nature’s own Roca of forest history—-and the way in which they reflect the composition of forests. This is necessary for the correct nepad aes of the ie sve grains, which continue to be identifiable deeper layers (representing successively older bog surfaces), arenes the plants ee . bulk of the peat may be altered out of all Seine tion. Such in briefest outline is the succession of preparatory studies which may make the microscopical records of the “forest archives” comparatively easy to read. The pollen grains in these ae res wee also provide informa- tion of interest in connections other than forest history—such as in ques- tions relating to the development of climate. A pollen statistician with true palynological canis does not restrict himself to studies of forest tree pollens. Having once obtained a wider aie ase knowledge, he will be able in districts once totally covered by ice to identify pollen grains of the herb and shrub pioneers and v aga- bonds whi spread in the wake of se retreating glacier. He will, like- e to trace the history of heaths and prairies, and to follow the bstory of agriculture as reflected in eatin grains of weeds and cultivated otis investigations need not be confined to bogs. Pollen grains pre- o coniferous, or vice versa. Grains embedded in lake sediments or in the ice of glaciers may provide information as to the history of the lakes or (On the opposite page) POLLEN GRAINS FROM A MUSKEG IN MINNESOTA ee RAs of two visual Bison under the microscope. The speci- were collected near a Lakes, in Itasca State Park. of e parcciliy poner debris. In a eld o ey are seen 20 pollen grains of pine of birch, and one each of alder (p nay. spruce ae to sae “pollen but ne), aa poo ‘arealae Fig. 2: Pollen grains from a layer ee Gian feet under the sur- e ea 0 orests e, 25 pollen ns birch and hazel, one from blue beach (upper left side), and one each from linden and alder (lower deh side). 249 the rate at which the ice is formed and how it mo (Winds neh the b the bed of the wester: aie between Naples and Sardinia. The will the ocean-buried eee grains, provide d they times and still more remote a: ages We must wait and see. In . meantime, ambitious palynologists could probably do no better than collect pollen grains of as many species as ae and see that they are properly decal and classified. Thi One of the most fascinating problems facing the palynologist is: “When did flowering eee make their first appearance?” Pollen grains, which (On the opposite page) WALL CONSTRUCTION IN SOME SPORES AND POLLEN GRAINS The ektexine is marked by full black; outside of it is the perine (if present); inside of it is the thin endexine. These are all schematically oti 2 ‘igs: Trilete spores (with a three-slit opening) in Sphagnum aaa ine Phylloauanin (4); Selaginella ‘elagioides (5); Marsilea (6); and Azolla (7). The spores in Phylloglos Wai no deg while in Azolla several spores a are isle pet common perine. Figs. 8-20: Pollen grains in pine (8), in which the oa alr-sacs ce sepa- rated from the interior of the grain by endexine; Ephedra (9); Neurada, a rare African member of the Rose family (10); the eae thistle, ‘arduus acanthoides burdock, Arcti inus (13); the globe thistle, Echinops sphaerocephalus (14); Centaurea scabiosa (15); the com- hr um ae € the corn- Id, segetum chicory, erratula ug ile Cc. 17); Cichori "Se : also of the epee family (19); ir "Clarkia D reeatisies co’ 4, known as “red ribbon Figs. 13-20 are acncual the he a shown in figs. 13-17 and 20 pines to the upper part of fig. 250 could not be distinguished from those of modern walnut trees, have been found in Jurassic eal in the south of England. Assuming that these i he walnut fami poll . e from pl particularly i if the bo nee are ae who believe that the walnut family is not a very pri anes one, then the history of the flowering plants proper, the angiosperms, probably stretches much further back than is often supposed. Palynology touches medicine in hayfever and similar research. Her P nded in the air have b developed. d of trapping g: sucking air through filters was developed in Sweden, and later fully tested in Norwa . From hi ei uy , th per 100 cubic meters of air then bein ng only 400. Tw o da ays s later, pollen—about 41,000 per 100 ort meters of air. Dr. Andrup’s book also contains oo diagrams ing the relation between atmospheric oe ae the course of rin ae treated prophylac ime stu ni Petes may, at times, reveal eee ee for ex: ae a sed N Bombacaceae and other exotic plants may readily be shown to be of Mexi- can origin * * The first and foremost importance - ie bes from a strictly botani- cal point of view has not yet been dealt with here—namely, the use of pol- len grain characteristics in answering ae such as: “Which ee are most closely ted to the palm family, which to the grasses, which to the composites? Should the eee really form only os family, or would it be better to split them up i everal smaller In approaching so ere problew we oat. ae ourselves to considering a few features in the higher plants—namely, mosses, ferns, and secd plants. The shape and i inner constr’ uction of these plants may ar n n wide e parasite often looks quite different from a nonparasitic relative. Many desert Plants are superficially ae oe. they may belong to different see The spores ie ag! nd f and the pollen grains of the cod plants are, on the rae een feel in the same way vine special mother ae eae ive of climatic and other conditions. Each of these mothers has quadruplets—that is the spores are formed in * Norske Vid.-Ak. Skr., Mat.-nat. K1., No. 5. Oslo, 1945. 251 fours (the term spores implies here, and subsequently, according to the context, both pollen grains and spores). Since they are engendered by ir d small cells, the spores b se small themselves. The meter is usually between 25 and 50 mi , the maxi an fi beir ut 250 and 5 microns, pen ctively. Considering the uniform mode of spore non it would be natural to expect spores to be con- —— along similar lines all the way from the moss spores right up to pollen grains of the most advanced plants. eee s 3- ia show “s oT really is the situation. In these drawings, he spores are not shown in their entirety, but only their walls, for these, in the eye a a Sic are the most interesting part of their structure. The spore wall proper ved cae several layers. The outermost lay PERINE, is—if aaa e “all arr ranged sely spiny, or aie ayer Fae ee mie 3 In h the wall known he EXINE. orse- tail spores gaan) a part of the perine is spli into t er bands ine p t ee ic ie thorny appearance, while in chicory (fig. 18), k’s-bear common sow-thistle it is thrown into ridges with small spines on their crests. ine forms the main part The the spore wail proper. It is often ded a A GIANT AND SOME DWARFS two layers. The outer of these, The dwarfs among these pollen grains EKTEXINE, is relatively thick ay seat received from the New York Botanical provided with sculpturing of s kind. Garden are r e navelwort, The inner layer, the ENDEXINE, is t Omphalodes verna (to the left; size about smooth, at hly refractive. The pol 5 x 6 micr and the forget ‘me-not, oe i 35 x 2 microns or slightly less). The giant, Hibiscus manihot, is represented by a single proper and the protoplasm | a interior spine about 30 microns lon The of the spor Intine and protoplasm are diameter of ee ntire poles grain, spines Hee studied by any lee and cyto- excluded, measures ae 160 microns, or log six-thousandths of an inch. re often not quite able to analyze confidently all the many details in spore eval construction, and even questions concerning its gross features —as outlined a ee e still under debate. In classifying and describing spores refer is, therefore, oft de to evidence furnished by the spo nce is re en ma more easily distinguishable characteristics, such as the apertures in the spore walls and the size and shape of the spores themselves. These charac- 252 teristics are condensed into a spore formula, which may be regarded as a the pollen ae a and ee eir ae ring in decidin es ins ane untered in the mallow family and its near relat is, figuratively aaa in the power of a single oie ate on ou cS heavily the balance of plant cine: grain oe have also been instrumental in making such transfers as that of Diane a South American genus of trees an shrubs hitherto normally referred to salricii families, to the milkwort mily (Polygalaceae), in which the petals may be either separate or partly united. Pollen grain poy ee are ce profusely in the > de- ber he a studied in monographical surveys of o e fa milies, daisies and their relatives eG os ae ges eghocce), 22 25 23 260 (27 POLLEN GRAIN CHARACTERISTICS AND PLANT SYSTEMATICS Should | eatin ne be placed in the Reuaay ood of the Bromeliaceae o refer Carpo- to ex! ilia (25) fro C. pallida (29) identical or not? oe are some of the taxonomic questions which the palynologist can help to an 253 About the Author AN, of Stockholm, is the author of “An Introduction R. G. ERDTM. to Pollen Analysis," ae as Vol. XII in “A New Series of Plant Science Books” edited by s Verdoorn. Dr. Erdtman is largely onsible for or a to po daneas of pollen analysis. lilies (Liliaceae), and palms (Palmae); also the madder family a aceae), containing ¢ coffee, quinine, gee ig er familiar trees; the r- ae bale neludes chocolate ai and many others. Similarly, the of the fern family Po eee ae should be made a fact a ie oe research on this group of plants. In other see of w the mustards and cabbages (Cruciferae), carrots and par: ae ferae), and the grasses Coie may be mentioned as oe they are probably of minor ase an Pollen grain features and — value in systematic botany thus argue ed in favor of a ee made fourteen years ago by Dr. R. P. ouse, whose work and wide knowledge have been of great value to ganized, i pa eee oe duly SeMhed the title of this ae ce yn uae aye ?” would perhaps be a common question. And it certain that many of the pro ie centered in these tiny pollen ne are oe not only ae but also, and particularly in the long run from an economic point of view. Palynologists will be able to ean in- terésting disclosures, iene they gather their material from the quak- $ a Californian honey, Baltic amber, or the tropical ice lingering in the crater of Mount Kilimandjaro; or simply from the interior of the stamens of . many plants, the systematic position of which is still obscure. = 254 The Sycomore Fig Of Ancient Lineage By Mary F. Barrett N the Bible, the most familiar of the collections of ancient literature, the “fig-tree”’ is that best known species of Ficus, F. carica. But the Old Testament mentions also another tree of that genus, which grew in the low- lands and furnished both wood and figs. To this, the great botanist Lin- naeus in 1753 gave as a specific name its ancient title, sycomorus. It was one of ee short-trunked trees which Zacchaeus was said to have climbed in order to see Jesus as he passed through es (St. ee 19: 4). Although ote misspelled sycamorus and sycamore, it is, of course, not related to the buttonwood and the plane trees (Pisianasy. wae often go by that name, or to the sycamore ae (Acer pseudo- platanus). These “sycamores” doubtless received that title because o ir r semblance to F. sycomorus in such characters as rounded crown, light- colored and scaly trunk, and bred palmately veined eee Bae the woody fruit-balls of Pictu and the keys of the sycamore maple a very different from the figs of Ficus and prove that no ar ener exists. The figs grow in clusters on leafless twigs from the trunk and lower ranches; rarely from the axils of the leaves. The flowers, within the oe s ( an are uecheial ee insects ASE enter through the ostiole, mall opening at the apex fig. Thes ects then are unable to ae their sie until ne be : - off with a ie aoe the ae rh oO REFERENCES TO FICUS SYCOMORUS the order of their citation im the text by Mary F. Barrett ee orate niet plantarum, ed. 1, 1059. Bodaeus a Stapel et al., ed. Theophrastus, De historia plantarum, 67; 285-292; 291 ith ar Jones, Horace L., ed. St a Boe Sa 8: 148-149. 1932. Spencer, W. G., ed. Celsu: medicina 1: 296-29; 7, 2: 20. - Caius Plinius _Secundus, Nant historiae, book 13, c! — an 23, chap. 7. About 65 Mattioli, Pietro fee drea. Commentarii (on works of Dioscorides) 150. 1554. f Aléchamps, Urea Historia generalis plantarum 1: 340-342 (illust.). 2: app. 21 Ihis Gerard, Toba. ae herball or generall historie of plantes 1326- met oe 1597. Rauwolf, Leonhart. Aigentliche Beschreibung’ der Raiz . 287. Ray, John. Collection of curious travels and voyages, part ‘L 50- st ae08. (Trans- lation of part on Nene text. Alpino, Prospero. plantis aegypti 8-9 (il/ust. on back of p. 9). 1592. Linnaeus, Carolus. oe academicae ]: 26-27. 1749. aaa Petrus. Observationes TII (illust. 109). Second edition, translated from e French by Clusius. 5. Dom ow the aeclaialy Sycamore Acquired Its Nam By H. W. Rickett E in the United ere call one of Hae oe resembles a sycomore in our familiar trees the “sycamore” its dense foliage and grateful shade, is to because our forefat hers believed in this ay called “syca camore” in ngland. gem The change in spelling is not to be won- s this way: The medievat re dered at, for spelling was not fixed in fans classical drama but gradually s aA early wea Books were a and stituted enter’ ae a writers had use their enuity. stronger Christian flavor and moral value began spelled. it “sygamour. " "Perhaps, These were the “mysteries” and “miracle Miss Barrett* and others have sug- nye’, ne depicted ie life au martyr- gested, the Greek “sukaminos” has in- dom of Jesus and of the Sai fluenced the spelling. Possibly our own ae Fee in pe oe plays, had to climb into a tree to see Jesus over of its vaple-shaped leaves to those o English sycamore Europe), This maple, Acer ae: *See footnote 3 on page 257. ES 263 Fine Quality Plants Exhibited At (Chrysanthemum Show Annual Exhibit and Program Bring Nearly 34,000 to Garden A “QUALITY SHOW” was the characterization given by numerous visitors to the annual exhibit staged at the New York Botanical Garden Oct by the National Chrysanthemum Society. Fourth in the annals € organization, this w: third in succession in which the Garden has peda me ) a space and facilities and pres a pr m the aftern of the ning. The tl oy event included, aoe ne competitive exhibits an on the outdoor chrysan themum displays, the christening of a new variety, a program on che santhemum alee ia in the lecture hall, an exhibit on chrysanthemum pests and diseases and one on the literature of the chrysanthemum, a children’s competition, and a tea for members. Although most Sao in the region of ay Y a were rey in flowering this y: the Garden’s outdoor borders of hardy varieti = ni well in ae for the show, with pane) oe even ae be ae the following week-end. A border of seedlings contributed by growers eee attention along the path between the Museum Building and ange Most i the chrysanthemums on oo in the Museum Building had been grown outdoors, the majority of them by amateurs with limited yard space, in which they have carried on tee own gardening work unaided. The informal chrysanthemum garden with which the Mao sineek Garden Club won the tricolor and the Scott trophy for the third successive yea 264 John Gambling sae) E. L. Bertram a bouque Petris chrysanthemum i. eing him ea from of the new De waned Principal Exhi bit ith the rm colors oe : bronze and rich maroon, gleaming yellow, apricot, rose-purple an k, offset purest white, with evergreen backgrounds. Partially encircling the rotur were three chrysanthemum plantings set up by two comm ae planters, Fred Stuber a Yonke Lawn Co. Rose- dale, an “tt eck Garden Club, which for the third time won the Scott trophy for most artistically arranged planting with fine q lity flowers. In ee co war by Herbert Woo County, and deeninek: nde ‘the name “England.” For this display the ae York Botanical Garden was awa cultural certificate. Smaller panei of the same variety banked the balustrade of the stairs. Other large exhibits on the main floor were contributed by Bob- bink & Atkins oe Se ary N. J., and Yoder arberton, Ohio. Mrs. prize. Valhalla, N, Y., displaye ‘d cut own the right wing of the building exhibits of specimen blooms, e far s in the Home.” By invita- tion there were also eight ae bos asset shown and r TI g tables set with oii euliewdie co ae coration. Tricolor awards at the show went to Mrs. John W. Roberts of Mamaroneck, takes and g g: ag SES me <1 3 a ae rs. H. hite ane oe Ne Ys — her collection of hardy garden ’mums; Marie T. Leary of Gre ch Conn., for five types of “Rose he er pers ae sprays of ‘mums, the most unusual being of the ge of the white aaa pee lanche gee which w a cultural es for New York Botanical Garden 265 Madder” disbudded; and Mrs. Blanche Kullgren of Palisades var N. J., for a large single “Melba. the are section, the tricolor was ee Richard Nathan, New Rochelle f = with s ww fruit. In winnin, hie wicolor and es ‘Seat trophy for the third year in succession, ioe be ee Te of Mea w peri own of the silver cup. “The cls eehibit each year was built ae Mrs, John C. Germann utstandin mong the ue eS iiiied 4 were a grol U1 wered varieties flown from California te ies R. Bates of Sacramento and an ij om Yoder Brothers of Barberton, Ohio, which included a pure white unnamed hardy seedling which ex- comment and inquiry from - ial growers, amateur gardcners, and the public alike. Yoder Brothers were given a certificate of culture. Visitors from A far ose who attended the ae like some of the flowers exhibited, from lon, i i a 33,855 persons were clocked through the gates = daring the three days. g Ceremony and P pe Ga mbling, ic one es mde oa Ragin ing with Gamblin, WwW s honored in a brief ceremony for te. opening of the eee anaes Show at . Frida ch ae mum Pore Mich, e a red-and-gold pompon. Presentation of the new flower to Mr. bling was made by Ernest L. Bertram of Lancaster, Pa, President of the Society. In his youth, Mr. Gambling prize-winning flower chrysanthemums, desi Thenkssing buffet and executed by M. son of Larchmont arrangement igned io a TS. had been a ou elas of chry- santhemums, and he always been a gardening enthusi sor ersity, gave the ich te rediGne earthworms into the garden soil. At the symposium on outdoor culture of la ered chrysanthemum varie- ties, which followed, James S. Jack, the chairman, was assisted on the stage by Dr. E. L. Scott, founder and past presi- dent of the santhemum Society ; Mrs t, co-editor of the society’s bul Kinne, Secretary. Treasurer of the Chry- 266 santhemum Society Rockwell, American, in the Garden’s library. nae in-Chief of “Home Ces maga- Pbk cations shown included bool Bolivia, Co: ador, zuela, France, Toe B ritain, lane aie he United States “collaborating for the development of the ees asin. ter Benefit. Tickets for the per- “Antony and Cleopatra,” Cornell, at the Ma Arrangements for the have Wee made by the Garden’s Man- hattan office Epimediums. Harold Epstein, a article on “Rock Gardenin t the le . niveum, while the lowers at the right are aigiain var. nizveun. erties. P. Apply Horn Tree Paint Water Resisting — Adhesive — Healing Possessing Breeene and fungicidal Prop- d wood f: does not freeze. 43-36 Tenth St., and insects until “ihe wound can heal over —stimulates callus growth. This dressing A. C. Horn Co.. Ine. Division of Sun Chemical Corporation Long Island City 1, New York THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN ers JoserH R. Swan, President en be Merritt, , Vice-President CHariEs B. Haroine, Vice-President R M. Anp , Treasurer HENRY DE LA MonraGNE, Secretary Elective Managers SHERMAN Bap Mrs sean Huntincton Frepertck S. Mostrey, Jr. WILLIAM Ferry Baier Hoo Francis E. Powett, Jr. Howarp BayNe Mrs. i D. Lasker Mrs. Harotp I. eee Saath Dre - datas ey ce McK. Lewis “= ee - J. Row y F, E. MERRILL Ra Rosa 1, GaniGa eee H. Montcomery Ceauweey ee EAR S.J. Oax.eicH L. THORNE Ex-Officio Managers WittiaM O'Dwyer, Mayor of the City of New York ANDREW G. ree JR. President of the Board of Education ERT Moses, Park Connnissioner Appointive Managers By the Torrey ea Club: F. J. Seaver. By Columbia University: Marston T. Bos Cuartes W. Batrtarp, Marcus M. RdHOoavEs, Sam F, TRELEASE. THE STAFF are M J. Roxssins, Pu.D., Sc.D. ctor H. A. ‘Gusas ON, Pad. Assistant Director and ce rator Henry pe La MonTacne Assistant Director Frep J, Seaver, Px.D., Sc.D Head Curator A. B. Stour, Px.D,. Curator Emeritus P. P. Pirone, Pu.D. Plant Pathologist Tuomas H. Everett, N.D. Hort. Horticulturist H. W. Ricxetr, Pa.D. Sa a Bassett Macvurre, Donatp LIP Rocers, ‘PuD as Harotp N. Moutpenxe, Px.D. Associate a W. H. CAMp, #.D. Associate Curator E. J. Avexanper, B.S. Associate Curator Ricuarp A. Howarp, Pu.D. Assistant Curator E. E. Naytor, Pu.D. Associate Curator of Education . W. KavanacH, Pa.D. Associate Curator of Laboratories ve Rorp, Px.D., D.I.C. ssistant Curator Marjorie AncHeL, Px.D. Research Associate Rosa: Technical Assistant Inpa McVetcu, Pu.D. Technical Assistant ARY STEBBINS, M.A. Technical pieced EvizabetH C. Hatt, AB,, B.S. Librarian CaroL Woo pwarp, A.B. of the Jou al ae x Winrar, A.M. Custodian ue the Herbarium Orro Decener, M.S. Collaborator in Hawatian Botany E_mer N. MircHeLi apher Joun Henpiey aeons A.M., M.D. pe Emerit Bernarp O, Donce, Pu.D. Plan 1 Pathologie Emeritus Inez M. Harine Assistant Honorary Curator of Mosses are F, Burke oe Curator of ad Diatomacene B. A. KruKkorr orary Curator of Eco: c Botany Erwe cpt S. PeckHam Honorary Coe Tris aa Nevcsea "Collections A.C. Pra ‘Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds To reach the Botanical Garden, take the Independent Subway to Bedford Park Boulevard station use the Bedford Park Boulevard exit and walk east. Or take the Third Avenue Elevated to the Botanical Garden or the 200th Street station, the New York Central to the Botanical Garden station, or the Webster Avenue surface car to Bedford Park Boulevard THE CORPORATION OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN nae New York Botanical Garden was incorporated by a special act of the Legislature of the State of New York in 1891. The Act of Incorporation provides, among other things, fo a self- fame! body of incorporators, who meet annually to elect members of the Board of Man: They also elect new members of their own body, the present roster of which is ee ae low. The Advisory Council consists of 12 or more women who are elected by the Board. By custom, they are also elected to the ae ion. Officers are: Mrs. Robert H. Fife, Chairman; Mrs. Elon Huntington Hoo! ie First e-Chairman; Mrs. William A. Lockwood, Second Vice: Chairman; Mrs. Sus B. Williams, ae ering Secretary; Mrs. Guthrie Shaw, pa Secretary; and Mrs. F. Leonard Kellogg, Treasure Arthur M. Anderson Harry Harkness Flagler Rufus L. Patterson Mrs. Arthur M. Anderson Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckha Mrs. George Arents, Jr. Childs Fric Mrs. George W. Perkins George Arents, Jr. Rev. Robert I. Gannon, S.J. ao Hugh Peters . C. Auchter Dr. H. A. Gle: ard Phip: Dr. pane a Bacon Mrs. Frederick A. Godley Rood Plate Prof. L. H. B; Charles B. Harding ncis E. Powell, Jr. Stephen Bak Mrs. William F. Hencken Me Harold I. Pratt Henry de Forest cy aa rs. A. Barton Hepburn rs. Rodney Procter Sherman Baldw: Mrs. Elon H. Hooker Mrs. Henry St. C. Putnam eae W. Ball Mrs. Clement roe Mrs. Grafton H. Pyne . James Bari Archer M. Huntingto Lady Ramsey William Teiteon ten Mrs. O'Donnell Dean Stanley G. Ranger Mrs. William Falta aes Pierre Ja Johnston L. Redmond Howard Bayne Mrs. Walter Jennings Prof. Marcus M. Rhoades Edwin De T. Bechtel Mrs. Alfred G. Kay Mrs. Junius A. Richards William B. Bell Mrs. F. ard ny Dr. William J. Robbins Prof. Charles P. are. Meg. Warren Kin: Mrs. Melvin E. Sawin Prof. Marston T. Boger: Mrs. Lee Krauss John M. Schiff Prof. William J. Ponies H. R. Kunharde, Jr. Mrs. a rs mes Cox Mrs. Albert D. Lasker Mrs. Arthur Hoyt Scott George Mrs. Barent Lefferts: Mrs. Arthur H. Scribner Mrs. Richard de Wolfe Brixey Clarence McK. Lew: Mrs. Townsend Scudder Leonard J. Buck Mrs. William A. he Mrs. Samuel Seabury Mrs. Chai Burlingham Dr. D. T. MacDougal Mrs. Guthrie Shaw Dr. Nicholas M. Butler Mrs. David Ives Mackie Prof. Edmund W. Sinnott Miss Mabel Choate Mrs. H. Edward Manville Mrs. ane Sloan ae E. Mabel Clark Parker McCollester dgar B. Stern joe Miss Mildred McCormick Chauncey Stillman Mis Jerome Ww. mbs Louis E. McFadden Nathan Straus . Henry 8S. reaimale mt Mrs. John R. McGinley Mrs. Theron G. Str ee William Redmond Cro Dr. ne D. Merrill ‘ Mrs. Arthur H. Sinktee Mrs. C. I. DeBevois John L. Merrill Joke Re Sees Mrs. ae ae Debevoise Beal Miller, Jr. Mrs Joseph R Mrs. . de Kay Mrs. Roswell Miller, Jr. i ener eld Mrs. Roswell Miller, Sr. Prof Sam J gels s. John Ross Delaficld 8. P. Miller ArthursS: Ver mia FE. pone George M. Moffett Mrs. Antonie P. ‘Voulaeaee he Charles D. Dickey H. de la Montagne Manfred Wahl facie Doscher Col. Robert H. Montgomery Allen Wardwell Pe . Walter Douglas Mrs. Robert H. Montgomery Mrs. John W. Draper Barri Moore Ne Me Well ‘api arrington Moor Henry F, du Pont Mrs, William H. Moore Alain Cage Mrs. Moses W. Faitoute B. Y. Morrison Mrs. Nelson B. Williams William B. O. Fiel ea 8. we eley, Jr. Mrs. Percy H. Williams Mrs. Robert H. F Mrs. istus G, Paine john C. Wister Mrs. Reginald rae Mrs. ao R. Parsons Richardson Wright JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vor. 48 DEC EM BER Paces No. 576 1 9 4 7 269-300 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Caro. H. Woopwarp, Editor MIDWINTER EVENTS AT 'THE GARDEN Members’ Day Programs e first Wednesday of each month at 3 p.m. in the ee Roo: Dec. 3 Survival Foods of Tropical Jungles ard A. "Howard Jan. 7 Report of a Scientific Mission to Japan Se J. Robbins Free Saturday Erperanes 3 p.m the Lecture Hall, the winter series commencing im tiny ies the holidays and continuing weekly Jan. 3 Afternoon in Mex A series of motion picture shorts dio Programs “Calling All Gardeners” every Saturday morning from 8:30 to 8:45 over WNYC, 830 on the dial. Museum Exhibits A new set of cases in the rotunda of the Museum Building will henceforth house a succession is temporary exhibits Conservatory Displays Plants appropriate to the holiday season will follow the late autumn display of chrysanthemums. Courses of Study Two-Year Course in Practical Gardening Outdoor Flower Ste Twelve sessions, Thursday evenings, 8-9 p.m. Ja —Mar. Instructor: Arthur King $10 Two-Year Science Course for Garden oe oo . Twelve sessions, Seay evenings, 8-9 p.m. '—Mar Instructor: Dr. ee $10 oa Boxe baie: Twelve sessions, Monday ae oe 10 p Jan. 5—Mar Instructor: Dr. N. Moldenke $10 Tropical Botany Six sessions on oy as Thursdays, 8-9:30 p.m. Jan. 29—~Apr, Instructor: Dr. R. A. Howard $5 TABLE OF CONTENTS DECEMBER 1947 PINE VaLLey IN DurAND-EASTMAN Park, ROCHESTE lover Bhotorah by Elisabeth Keiper Woopy Prants Unique AND NoTeworTHY IN THE RocH $s Elisabeth is 269 A Hanprut oF PLant Names anD How Tuzy Have Come Into Our Lancua H.W. Ree a Noticzs AND REVIEWS OF oe Booxs 285 Notezs, News, ete » 289 INDEX TO VOLUME 293 ¢ Journal is published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New Yor! Pri ork, in y. S. A. Entered as Second ae Matter, jas 28, 1936, at the Post “Otket N, ™ Hf t New N. Y., under the Act of August 24, 1912, Annual subscription $1. 50. Single copies cen' JOURNAL of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN “Vor. 48 DecemMBeER 1947 No. 576 Woody Plants Unique and Noteworthy In the Rochester Parks A Survey and Appraisal of the Work of Bernard. H. Slavin By Elisabeth Keiper ie parks of Rochester, New York, are widely famed for aes great ant collections. Best known of these sed is the aggregation of lilacs in oe d Park, a pla: anting which in May each year brings ae and plant lovers from all sections of the cou ne on a pilgrimage. While these lilacs—400 species and varieties—are the great attraction, there are woody plants they are, by their nature, less spectacular. They are part of the long succes- sion of novelties which have the life blood of the Rochester park system in its horticultural aspec Begun in the days when oe os was one of the nursery capitals of the world, by virtue of the presence of such renowned firms as Ellwanger vulgaris, presented to the world in the 1920s, were developed in Rochester by John Dunbar while he was ee ies of parks. But the 269 270 work of his successor, Bernard H. Slavin, in ween ies and hanes new forms of many other ae aves oS plants is known to only a few horticulturists, and by them n its cnet ive time, therefore, that an attempt should be ek he correlat aise the work of Slavin, who retired five years ago as Sapernendet of parks. For he was a bon American plantsman, who, to the immense good fortune of the Rochester parks and the millions . ho have enjoyed them, gave more than a bait cen tury of devoted service to enlarging the tradition of “The Flower City Boremost ee Bees s horticultural contributions to his home city, and other citi the development of u upr ight trees for street planting. oe . the thousands daily enjoy street and parkway vistas which are a testament to Slavin’s mee ete ae of the val of these slender forms and to his discover o of several new ones among the favorite trees used on streets in the Nor ne e major Slavin achievements in this re a are an upright elm, Ulmius ee ascendens (1) (2)* and an upright Norway maple, «tccr pla cides erectum (1) (2), vie have been generously propagated and ant along the city street * Figures in parentheses refer to the volumes listed at the end of the article, in which “these forms are described. the entrance to the Veterans’ Memorial Bridge in Rochester, N. Y., erect forms of a: Norway maple have been used to avoid obscuring motorists’ vision Forty-year old upright elms line some of Rochester’s streets. These are on Navarre Road. Peres of the probl em of inducing street trees to grow in a modern air n trees for narrow streets. He also saw them as more suitable for fae duariers than spreading ake and for a outlining of parkways ne the vision of motorists must not be obsc Today this ee is = sid ee a beautife ae of oonee Norway maples on the aches to Rochester’s handsome Vet ’ Memo Bridge over i ee ep Genesee River, Pa rge. aa Te, cnn drives rimmed by ie slender green spires without interfering with a coriplicned maze of ever-flowing traffic. This gift of Slavin to the science of street tree planting in the north- eastern beara pees he a entitle him to lasting fame. But there is more of t ee ad in the cary arks, where may be fou ies for example, a ee ae ae dbush, the Katherine crab, a dwarf Mae pine, and many other ‘nae items ae known to the world, but ee ing distinctive offerings for American gardens, 272 avin, who gave his entire career to the Rochester parks with rare work was that of a park man, to Rare fell i eed fhe of twig bun eds of barren acres to a state of v This ask of seal but it not ven him. i called for weak ropagton a plant n park nurseries, in t! e of which nature, with her usual caprices, ee presented Hae an ae ng of unusual cee These newcomers were not a goal such as that for which the nage hybridizer ae sae were a by-product. This fact, however, by no means _— hes r value. Slavin was oe busy to make use of the camel’s hair brush of the hybridizer. What he did was collect seeds, often by the bushel, from sae of cet) ay ane in the heroic ha oportions that were needed. But indiffer o quality the shane variation or to some no ae better, o a a a natural hybrid. That is why the great ae ae of the Rochester parks are dotted with Slavin. produced originations. oe like ie pink shadbush, a age bee ded by author uch as Dr Alfred Rehder (1). Others te but no less beautiful pa ae worthy, still bear only the label “BHS” with a number, waiting for a latter-day “discoverer” to give them recognition. Slavin has always been too much engrossed in his job to be concerned ae A aes renown, and so he has never pushed his own originations to ore in the plant world. He has been Senay to cherish, propagate. = ce them and to let the work speak for itself. After a 52-year career in the Rochester parks Weis hoe him from day laborer to superintendent, Slavin retired in 1942, one of the last t of came w as ri tsa ora l day in Genesee Valley Park, then new sand waiting to be developed. Barney was green, but he was also Irish and tough. He “had to be tough, declared, to boss the limbermen who came in from the woods to work in the parks and over whom he early became foreman. In his progress up the parks ladder he became successively Hi ghland Park foreman in 1901, Seneca Park foreman in 1905, assistant superin- N THE pedir a PAGE Among the numerous upright forms of tre t have been discovered by Berna’ Slavin are a cherry (upper Pie an Hey aes panies am or blue beech (upper “ih, a Norway maple, such as has been used on Rochester's streets (lower left), and a lin (lower Fah t). 274 tendent of parks in 1910 under Dunbar, an English- -trained Scottish a culturist of note; then superintendent of p arks, succeeding Dunbar : This, in brief, of the lad who of 7 came to the New World oe Teak with his father, ete ‘Slav in. - few landed. ae in Canada in the vicinity of Petersboro, where father worked for two years in lumber camps until he had su ancen: eas to come to Rochester. Young Barney had only four years of formal schooling, eee in his adult life he tutored at home in academic subjects from 1906 1915. otanist and horticulturist he is self-taught, but he fe hae Had endowr ments which make the keen plantsman—curiosity, nation, He also anne greatly by his apprenticeship in parks work un who had been a gardener on i estate of the Duke of Argyll ane ae to Ameri But all this might have come to nothing had be not possessed also that quality known as “fighting Irish,” which made him respond to obstacles with vigor and esa Rochester's parks were not born, but made. ete eae: with its world-famous faleion i lilacs, is a aie in lar. o the genius of Dunbar. The latest ae the city parks to be Pane er ite largest, Durand-Eastman Park, on the shores of Lake Ontario, is testimonial mainly to the vision Aaa ged persistence of Slavin. This park came to the city in 1908, a gift of 484 acres, presented by the late Dr. Henry S. Durand and the late George Eastman of Kodak Company fame. Bee acquisitions brought its acreage to the present 499 Tn 1908, when it was put into the hands of Slavin . development, it ap ete ie acres of natural woods and the rest Aas ows what,” in rds. Abando a an rene weedy fields, on banks, raw ae where eee ha . gone through, became the problem of Barney Slavin. The new park w: De sight. Sa in recalls that a member of the then- fidioa ae Park Commission, composed of civic leaders, viewed the sorry aca with him and remarked : “T t know why you bother with it, Barney. You'll never make any thing it.” oday, Durand-Eastman Park is one of the most eta in ie nation. Wooded "hillsides have been recreated so skilfully Imost im- possible to determine where the hand of nature ey a that of Slavin an over. Pans valleys are grass- Reales - r golfers or to a as home for important plar ollectio: ile providing sweepin Reade are ie haturalistaly rat ey with the ines oe of native and exotic materials. 275 0 of the flowering crabs which have been originated and propagated by Slavin ave re Kahane crab (left) and the fringe-petal crab (right). But, as noted previously, the job was not done over night, no year, by importation ae arloads of nursery material. A park oe man who thought in s of nursery ues have been defeated by the city fathers a the city budget at the star So Slavin thought in terms ‘of see eds, cuttings, i long nursery row within the parks. The seeds and cuttings came from other Rochester Ase from famed ere collection ns throughout the nation, from China, Tibet, or wherever plant hunters, such as Wilson, foraged for new beauty for S western world. “went to school” to such fained propagators as Jackson Dawson of the Arnal iol eetae “fine gentleman” and a plant genius, Slavin recalls, adding that “when an Irishman says that of an Englishman it means. scenetine ere were seed flats ee the Slavin home sae and be out into his dooryard, high above the spectacular Genesee Riv orge, Seneca Park. ee his day’s work in the parks Slavin nN ee ae on his nursery at home. Seeds of os ants, many of them notoriously ard to germinate, gave him little tro Incidentally, commercial nurserymen, ae seldom looked with favor on a city government in the nursery business, had .no criticism of Slavin’s activities in this field, for it was through him and his park nurseries that many eee ge stock of items ceil only in collections such as those at Roches Co-operating both wit ae commercial nurserymen and with o' fe er aoretns Slavin each year distributed quantities of seeds cuttings, scions and grafts. Some of oe debe one even went to other countries. The lar: oe a one of the last of his international distributions 276 was a 10,000-pound gone of ites and small plants to the Royal Botanic Gardens of the British Governme at Kew, near London, in 1931. Two years after the city’s zeiseon of Durand-Eastman Park the ip itects designed the basic ser layout; road building was started, artificial es were developed, and a Sales was established on a six-acre site to igs sto - for the many plantings which were to follow through the s the park ne pe planting Se ae Slavin plod “me Pe steep banks and road cuts with w: s of brush and old timbers from demolished - areas on Ries Me and somehow persuaded viburnums to grasp a hold i subsoil, ev: oe: bone over the bank-holding pig of ne planks wih se oil-bindin T‘ive lakes, two large and t a were forme a : a bani of a lowlands es or nee ce ned into bo ae Lake Ont waters provided sanctuary for a substantial wild bird population, which Water areas were rimmed with a mixture of hardwoods and evergreens to provide a picture constantly aetna from the first flowering of spring through the red and gold of a S s collecting trips in southern New York, Pemsyvania through th Blue Ridge Mountains and in the Midwest, from southern Minnesota ‘to the park even while he peed aa ie flower and foliage features in a blending Me native and exoti i These trips also eed in the or ection of many variations in native plants, a as dwarf and ae et shadbushes, and numerous additions to the comprehensive mee hawthorn display in the par’ From 1914 to 1917, commi iored jointly by the Arnold Arboretum and the City of Rochester, he made a survey of the native plums common in the Midwest. During this period he spent about three weeks each spring and fall in that region, collecting Fee in flower and fruit, — ee sive survey of the species resulted in cache of much new material. What contributions Slavin might ines ade to the pees ee een method of gr eee peach scions on wild plc stock to protect se trees against the borer, then causin . ee in the fruit industry. His success with a ‘bro ought bids from ie arboretuins. in the natio: pediately after World War I, Professor C. S. Sargent tried to Sey him to join the staff of the Arnold nee: of cae University and SCENES IN THE PARKS OF ROCHESTER, NEW YORK Photo erable by Elisabeth Keiper (1) A large- Late late-bloo shadbush on a slope borderi in Durand-Eastman Park. This is eee d to be a new specie: Slavin, and as ye "undexe aed botanically. (2) Eastman Lake wit! ing along t the 3) Durand Lake, where the autumn scene is colorful. (4) One a he pide petal ae plan sed as a specimen tree in Highland Park. (5) Numerous f flowering cherries, in Pine Valley, Durand-Eastman Park. 278 Yo on a ten-year exploration trip to Australia and the Indonesian coun- ne es. In 1922 he almost left Rochester to become director of a large arboretum, but decided against it sae he found, as he expre essed it, “They had too many blueprints to ee t they were going to do. here were other spa He chose, however, to stand ae his fi rst and his chief love, the parks of his home Gel a Sonmuiy which owes him a debt of gratitude not always wholly recognized. Co- seo pane that there are now in the Rochester parks at least 50 spec and varieties carried under Slavin oma which might well be ets co pee on and introduced into The greater number as and all of which were the subject of Slavin’s constant cen during the last decade of his service with the city of Roches Detailed notes on some of the plants which may be a eae to the work of Slavin are given below. But these by no means represent all of his originations. A Score of Slavin’s Choice Woody Plants Acer nigrum (upright form). Origi- feet ugh cS . ae ms pene The ated in the park nursery from seed sole specime rand-Eastman rallerted by Slavin north of Salamanca, Park N. Y. In Rochester, only one specimen exists, the original, standing in High- Cornus florida (BHS 51). Seedling of land Park. It is being propagated in Cornus florida with shrub-like form, another city for test as a street tree branching from the ground, and com- because of the ability of the black maple pact, dense, round head. The type tree to withstand street conditions ig Its is in Durand-Eastman Park. ee yellow autumn coloring a noteworthy characteristic. This dorian Cornus Slavinit (1). Hybrid of Cornus form 4 is unnamed. rugosa and C. stolon Here. A. botanical oddity of no part ne hae in horti- moides erectum (1) cultural work, mentio re because Acer plata (2). Erect form of the Norway maple, dis- i was the first aaa arte found by covered by Slavin in Mt. Hope Ceme- Slavin and named for him by Dr. Alfred t der of the Arnold retu ery, Rochester. It has been extensively Rehder Arboretum. Slavin propag gated and planted in the city’s recognized it as a hybrid while it was still in a seed flat in which he was growing seedlin ornus rugosa. He Amelanchier grandiflora rubescens (1). w it to Seedling of A. grandiflora with flowers contention that it was a hy that are purple-pink in fu d, tinged with first of Slavin’s introductions was dis pink when open. It ha been used in covered in 1907. a roadside lenin in Durand: Eastman Park. Crataegus phaenopyrum fastigiata (1) (2). Discovered among seedlings of the Carpinus caroliniana (upright form). Washington hawthorn. The type tree, Upright form of the blue beech, or columnar, is in Durand- Eastman Park. American hornbeam, discovered grow- ing ae in upstate New York. Now, at Hamamelis mollis (seedling). Selec- 22 t years of age, it stands about 25 ted seedling with distinctive red and 279 orange color flower, called by Slavin H. mollis ie. but not form- ally recorded monticola rosea (1). found among seedlings oe Charles S. Sargent. Halesia Pink ral and The res Durand: Eastman ae is cased by its pale e flow Magnolia . irre (BHS 85). a Se larger flowers ae "come ing into bloo be: a hybrid oF ‘t. “tela a Mu. “Kone AM. soular Malus coronaria Nieuwlandiana (1) 2) (5). This Nicuwiand crab is a double pink crab, similar to M. coronaria Charlotiae but of brighter color. Malus ioensis fimbriata toensis plena (Bechtel’s crab), by this feature and by its shiny spurs, The pink flowers are slightly larger than Hes of Bechtel’s crab and more abundan “Katherine” (5). Double- fone) seedling named by Slavin ee his daughter-in-lav among crabs for its ee obalae shape, with Deep ee a open to blush eas and fade to white. Its heavy flowering makes of it a atte white ball. Blooms are very fragrant. It is pone preieea for commercial disseminatio: Malus Sargenti rosea (5). This seed- ling of M. Sar, gon - similar to the in every way except that the € ne pink flowers, whaee the species is Pinus Mugo (3) (4). mughus forma Slavinii Dwarf pine forming a low, dense, spreading mat, found among seed- lings and named by meh Hornibrook. Pinus Hornibrookian (3). Dwarf, Soareict Algae “scovered as a “witches’ broom” on an Austrian pine in Park a named for Murray Hornibrook, who had been helpful to ‘in in the oe of dwarf material in the par Prunus Sargenti reblay form). Origi- nated in Durand-Eastman Park nursery. A single existing Specimen of this up- right “Sargent ee Hees today in “ at park. Now more than 25 years old, t has a crown but i feet in diameter, ane its height is 30 feet. Never formally recorded, it could appropriately be named Prunus Sargenti fastigiata. seudotsuga taxifolia pyramidata forma Slavinit (3). Pyr ramidal form of Douglas ip than the ow, at a age, only about 22 feet tall and is garded as a fine ornamental tree. Robinia Slavinii (1). eee between R. poomonaes a R. Kelse Large shrub wit OS: ink flow a found among a sats of seedli ings of R. Kel- so ene propagated by Slavin at. ‘Seneca Par us cuspidata minima (1 x- wart forn fo : 15 eats was 3 inches high and bro Tilia americana fastigiata (1). midal form discovered among AS hes ZS of American linden. Type tree stands in Genesee Valley Park. Ulmus americana Lorca (1) (2). Upright form of American en: found growing wild in woods mn Seneca Park. tt a propagated an nd teed in been Rochester street plantings oe hder “Manual of Cultivated Tre ” Report of nference, London, ine why » “Crab App Ret . American Midland Noted, ens is ome Conifers: oe ivated in the United States" by Arthur D. Slavin, printed in ‘ont . Gardeners’ Chronicle (London), page 147, r America” by Donald ee aoe la ngland, November 1931. ‘Feb 26, 1927. Wym: 280 cA Handful of Plant Names And How They Have (ome Into Our Language By H.W. Rickett (This article has been taken with little change from an informal address on plant names given by Dr. Rickett.) NEED scarcely remind you ~~ names are necessary. We couldn't talk without names, perhaps we couldn’t think. The ae thing is that often w € have too eae names. Consider some kinds of Allium lauch, oellig, engnin, ingan, innion, ane ite and onion. name of another kind, a small onion wild g: common in Europe, goes i Molt. Eve e language we are not e€ A nie Tittle wild flower is known to various bright, bright eyes, Quaker ladies, One: bonnets, Venus’ pride, grass, blue-eyed babies, ra forget-me-not, nuns, star of Bethlehem, little sherwomen, and blue other ee smeines it seems as if we had too few names to i. for name has to be used for obvi viously different kinds The cer of Scotland (which grow also in England, on the ae of Europe, and in America) are very different from the English on ae resembles several other plants commonly Even within the pace aaah United States we Sia at ee half a ies easily oo otherwise know spring beauty, ee from confusion in plant names. persons as innocence, eye- the right name? What is the true Johnny-jump-up?” decide? If we were to ees a textbook of botany, we might rene that botan- ists have solved tl roblem by inventing names in ~~ baie language atin. This is pacer but quite a false idea. It is true sa ees ve and arbitrary baffi ames, ofte to pe are po dolue as phe of erudition. This is really unfortunate. Eve worst enemy scarcely deserves to be called ou Taraxacum nee are vulgare; and to refer to a lovely flower as 281 Dimorphotheca aurantiaca Eine some sort of deficiency of the finer feelings. In seed catalogs, the e pretentious the nursery the more elaborate is th clature. speciosus as grandiflorus is more likely to part us from our dollars than just plain fleabane. Or perhaps when you order Nierembergia hip- pomanica aes flore-pleno you are not supposed to know just what you are getting—or getting into. mystify or impress the eebie T. ie are historical survivals, shaped an sharpened by the scientist—but often, unfortunately, misused and re by the ir cead To iia their nature and right use it is neces- sary to look i ees ancestry. Some of i assical ae plant-names are—with slight ee seety rae Krokos, Narkissos, Huakinthos, Lotos, Smilax. These were in everyday use twenty-five hundred years and more ae = were applied sch oo ee — are today—though not alw for the same plan o knows something of that cd ren ima; ginative race, pou are more than names—they are legends. They have associations in my Tris, for example, was he maidservant of Hera, the queen of Olympus; she descended to earth on her many- ibe d scarf, which, flung across the sky, was visible as the rainbow. It is impossible now to say whether the flower was named for the goddess or the story grew from the flower— perhaps a little ach acinthus mortal boy beloved of the the flow by his ebbing life. Another story has it that it .¢om- ones ce pet of the great king Ajax; the first two letters of whose name are said to be ae ae the veins of its petals— also make the Greek exclamation of mi ing; “Ai! (Woe!).” Narciss ieee beautiful, pined away by a stream ie love of his ee in te clear water, and mi t pine w becan gra mortal maid devoted to es chaste service of Artemis. eucebic became panes ie wee ae she fled his embri races; when she pone run no more fro —in part—to the tree, which was a sacred tree and a symbol of victory, el ce in pee contests. rare? furnished nourishment for the dead. For this reason it w ee ted by graves, a custom which persisted even into nee times and b ond-—the name becoming perverted into daffodil and being applied to a deren plan Other names refer to some proper of . lant; they are descriptive. Adiantum means need de Te erase hae droops over the 282 waterfall and from whose dry leaves the drops of water roll off. Indeed, Narcissus is connected with a word meaning torpor—from which we de- rive also “narcotic —in reference : the dr useing effect of the heavy odor. It is hard to say which came first, the myth or word. Geranium Aaa the Greek Geranion) means like a crane, lone of the long bill of the pod. Still other names were just names, of unknown antiquity and significance. Lotos apparently just meant plant. But th eople had much the same viewer Ww names as we do. One plant aoe he several pene names: what we now know as a kind of cherry was Kerasos or Lakare. And still oftener ie saine name might do duty ‘(ike “Mayflower” ) fat several different plants. Lotes might be the Egyptian waterlily (a Nymphaea), or the ie tree of the eae Tri lotus-eaters (Zizyphus), or a hackberry (Ce . or even a clover (Tr folium), besides several other things—none = wie we call Dae now. fea names used by the Greeks were taken ae Nie their civilization, by ce sit ators ae imitators, the Ror Their naturalists ee little w, but made aerate cones: Pliny is said to have ens more a 2,000 books in his great work on natural i naturally wrote in Latin, and i was Latin that survived as the the “dark ages,” a ages of bloodshed and political chaos in Europe. Pliny’s names were the names used by medieval scholars when they spoke about plants. Many o hen were the Greek names latinized: Crocus, Hyacin- thus, Nar Sometimes n names replaced the Greer ones: Quercus fi s, Laurus for ues Lilium for Hemera aeS, Rosa for Rhodon, slllum for Molw (Moly). The plants names retained their association with fanciful tales and persons-— . the Romans, especially. they in a sense roper names. Quercus meant not only a kind of tree bas . habitation of a nymph—the Greeks had called her a dryad. During the prosperous days of the Roman Empire, Greek was used as as Latin. Dioscorides wrote in Greek on plants, en for those ee ted in their medicinal properties. Thus the Greek names as well as the oe were preserved into aes times, although ae se was ate in popular use. Hundreds of years passed i in which ae attention was given to pre cision or to art in Bec ith plants—or to any of the gentler arts of civilizatio y pass over the dark a the time of the great herbalists—Mat i, Fuchs, Brunfels, oe d the rest. We find them still using the na of Pliny and Dioscorides, and attempting to trans- late them into ne tongs of the ae ee ther hee still spoke and wrote in Latin—it was not an affectatio but was natural to fo m; it would not have Sea ea to them to do ee ” Bat they also made ‘ 283 efforts to render their knowledge available to-the common, uneducated people. So Fuchs rendered Allium as Knoblauch. Hyacinthus became Gross blaw Mertzenbliim, Klein blaw Mertzenbliim, and Weiss \ ag bliim—three evidently related varieties of the same kind of plan But there was a new problem: Who could be sure that he was using the ancient names for the same plants as those the ancients knew? The Latin and Greek descriptions were often very meager, and rarely were illustrated. 3 tl n- Scilla, another a Delphinium. In the “Hortus Sanitatis” of 1485, Aigilops, which in Greece was a kind of oak, is obviously a columbine; to eeceaiees it was a grass. Smilax, which was a yew to Theophrastus, became some kind of vine, or sometimes a bea’ So confusion multiplied Gane ion and the learned scholars of the 16th and 17th centuries had a hard time deciding which names belonged to which plants. Indeed, they om . necessary to make up new names, for they had many new kinds of pla They a names from Jatin roots, such as Campanula for a hell shaped flov Notic ie “hae in the early days the number of plants recognized was rather saul and each had a name to itself. Even plants which we should lump together as related had often individual names. To Theophrastus the common oak of northern Europe was — but the cork oak was Phellos, the turkey a Aiken ee and other oaks -tigilops, Prinos, and Smilax. Tt is as if we of sugar-tree, ciserle af, red-leaf-iri-spring, and striped-twig, without ever reaiing that they could all be lumped under the name “maple.” There were some exceptions—the two kinds o Hyacinthus noted above, and the ae kinds of Daphne, one of which was a Laurus; another, oleander; and the third, the Alexandrian daphne, a Ruscus. Curio usly, these groupings took in unrelated plants—just as we use the word hemlock for quite unrelated plants——an evergreen tree and a poisonous her! Now when fe herbalists attempted to deal ae ee much greater num- n to ith anum tube: he species multiplied, the words necessary to distinguish them also bite lied, and the nam es grew pretty complex: “Solanum pomiferum fructu rotundo a molli.’ 284 Remember that these men w ere wr iting - in an inflected igh es The d a gender. scl ieee and the adjectives had ‘s ay aes In general, trees were apt to be ought of as eee other plants often as male or neuter (Narcissus, ae Usually the gender bee penis by the termination. Rosa is feminine, so a rose must be Rosa alba, not “Rosa albus.” But cae is not always one —trees, you renenbe, are Saaee feminine. So Quercus alba, n t “Quere ‘us albus.” n hou expended on ae rudiments of Latin grammar will make i pee baffling names even of medieval Hs balists take on some semblance of sense. These men were not inventing a system, not devising a “scientific terminology”—they were ee trying a write precise descriptive phrases in the language that was most natural to them By the eighteenth canes travelers were bringing ae ever ieee multitudes of new species—dried Lae and living pl was ni hard for the experts to name them in the way I have ae Tt was very hard to master the names thus created. The more species ees one name, the greater the num eal of piles required to name each one. Our Huakinthos becomes, in Lin s’ hands, “Scilla radice solida, corynbo aie hemisphaerico” to deca it from another kind which w: Scilla radice solida, floribus ereetusculis paucioribus.” You can imagine what it took to name a lily: “Lilium = verticillatis, Bae aee reflexis, corollis cman” Furthermore, every new author would revamp the names to his taste. The lily just Ce was the “T. iliam See ioes flore flavo ma on nigris oad of anes and the “Lilium Martagon ae e maculatum” of Morison o Linnaeus thought. It is a far ery from My Phespheene a iene pealles and Krinon—both of which names Linnaeus put to other uses. Linnaeus named about 6,000 species lot of plants for any system of nomena He realized that these names were eee so Hs made a very significant invention: a he called ‘the “trivial” n the mann at one side of the ae a of words which was ree name of a plant, he wrote a single adjective. This word was used only once in that ae and became, when t oe nto the genus-name, a sort of label. You oe ee ne ne Seilla bifolia’ or “Lilium canadense” and others d what y beginnings of this history we are relieved of the necessity for trying to characterize the plant we wish to mention—we need only wane it. This is the famous binomial age It certainly met the need. Botanists at once found themselves able to cope with the ie of plants “which descended upon Europe from all 285 parts of the world. The system is as useful today as when Linnaeus in- vented it. It is true that ne still have oe troubles, for it is inevit- able that one plant, by accident, gets more than one binomial. But we can settle that hear, by the arbitrary rule that only the first one will hold. It has bee und necessary also to divide up species into varieties and races, batty on trinomials and even quadrinomials. These are harder to use, but they are systematic and they are not — to ce ; y of every author, as thei dec S were, exce n seed catalogues. The ‘Linnaean binomial names have become nearly standard the whole world over. bie ae nee not interfere with ver eee use - ae names. So he nee in ne fourth century, B.C. we pas ‘to pei bene to Alliwm moly, to Allium ae to Mon he a Mean: to Pua leek, - cee auch and ail doré, and finally—if Milton—you will find the word entering the language again . kate Sealy! for See purposes. NOTICES AND REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS Weberbauer’s Vegetation Sciences, Weberbauer arrived in Per November 11, 1901. He finely be. Of the Peruvian Andes gan an intensive exploration of the coun- EL NDO VEGETAL DE Los ry, collecting 5,200 ni eee of plants AN. PERUANOS. Estudio fito- before returning to Gafnany in se fico. Rais ‘berbauer. 716 7 eter ab in Teackee as BIRkee hough his work on the study, collect- 83 text figures, Ministerio de Agri: ing and apping of the vegetation of eultu Peru. 1945. $12.26. Peru was interrupted by an eighteen Weberb: months’ appointment with the German it long dis e st A and sige bimselt eh mentor “et, te later by an administrative position of 5 26, 871, nearly three years with the Balti : th Mining Company at Pasto Bue: Pro Heidelberg and Berlin (oie 1894). ee of Pallasca, Weberbauer “continued e : his botanical activities for a r half- century. Though at times he was eee his rt seoe! University of Breslau, where he became assistant in aie ‘botany in 1894 and Privatdocent in 1898 niversity of San Marcos at Lima in- Granted a leave of four years wit! termittently since 1920, and many foreign by the Royal Prussian Ministry oy cat. visiting botanists have appreciated the ed them ture and ae Instruction, and assistance rin ance he has generously offer from the Royal Prussian Academy of _ ther 286 t Weberbauer published his “Die Phan cnet der peruanis: snap To in ae it i suc ie peepee to Mac bride’ Ss “Flora of Peru” 1936. p e vegetation of the Peru- vian Andes was TL hed in the next year by a Spanish mee in ima. in pe . cation ative position: ee aed ‘scholarship, it is a con tribution of the first importance. Pub- lished under the a a the Ministry of Agriculture, Weberbauer’s work a masterly printed book pages erman ition hi 3 4 enor oy i their sharp detail and ti at appropriate points eto ihe. text. Some of the line drawings show signs of wear on the type- bed but, nev vertices, they dae il- lustrate the text. There is a full index of the personal names re- plor: serine ee running eer graphy dealing with oe vegeta- tion, numbering 172 iter in the original German edition, has been Heong ht up to date by the addition of 514 titles, Geobotanically the ° s to the of plant Schimper, who plant ee “upon a_physiolog basis.” Geobo- t ally the present edition introduces no innovations cr. The trea is over the tormer. reat- ment of vegetation types has been re- arranged, however, additional subdivisions often added or former sections amplified, all to the greater usefulness of the — Moreover, species characteri sti have been emende hus “Luzula (Nr. 3072)” of the 1911 edition appears 1945 as “Luzula racemosa.” an geographers may aie follow ae practice when publishin: very incompletel known localities af ording ce cision for e present though the complete story time. years after the first nt. ew points that arise from a perusal of the esent thirteen-page synopsis may mentioned Two cereal domesticates ought rst ti e Cheno- podium canihua. “cafiahua,’ and Amar- anthus caudatus, known “coimi,” “quihuicha,” ete., iffe; parts o e eberbauer rightly questions the corr ss of re ng the cultivated aaa as ry se *yagaria chilo- sis. “Gramalote” ‘ara gra ( “Panicum rede” in de properly aug purpurascens) ed as a forage grass for warmer areas. he Eon “pepino,” formerly referred to mm. vartegatium, now called Sola: Solan the Caen Is it same species as he tea PEPINO I ed in southern Cs Jom Adder i am: For photograph V besbauier see T, a Goodspeed, via Auenters in the ee p. 96, 1941. This plate was roduced in the rep inca enti titled “Caza- dores de Plantas en los An des” (1944). JosepH Ewan, Tulane University, New Orleans, La. pedieae in the New World ieee EMPIRE IN GREEN AND GO: Charles Morrow ea 308 onees os ated ee Henry Holt : oe, $3.50 Ke oe mis his me fone ‘a 1870's to the p ican banana t sult of painstaking research, it would have been vastly te) interesting if. instead of giving a factual hist tory of the number of bunches delivered in each 287 detra ally vid and well wr ea with. life i in the tropics and ihe hardsbins (especially Minor Kei th’s heroic attempts at building a railroad in Costa Rica) that were Sones in erallist ae the banana empir avir just paid 20 cents a pound fo bananas : wish that the pronouncement of the founders of United Fruit, “bananas should Preston, that fo poor people” had rew rena cheap food for prevailed. Monroz Dirnsey. For Christmas THE GARDEN CA Yan Pelt’ Wilson. Barrows Co. s LENDAR. Helen yplliustra ted, M. York, Ht KE OUR OWN MERRY CHRISTMAS. Anne Wertsner. 112 pase) iustt pte ee M. Bar- ro New York, 1946. Me Eac r’s end brings its supply of Gat eae which make irae and eas gifts for arden-minded friends. “The Garden eee a 1948, led by Helen Van Wil n= tains more half a oe dred pleasant photographs, uitable quot: ze) ke yea for engagements and for garden notes. Last year’s small book ae nas same ublisher, “Make Your Merry Field ‘Secretary and “fruits, to enhance the holiday spirit and s Caro: H. Woonwaro. Bi ‘a Bb a IHS Please send me For Sener variety, colorf tion on soils, potting Order from your bookstore or “The most complete book on begonias for American gardens yet published.” ooklist ‘Begonias FOR AMERICAN HOMES AND GARDENS By Helen K. Krauss 1 foliage, exotic ich Hea dies for both indoor. - 65 handsome photo- and oo use, try America’s most popular graphs; 7 full-page tender plant e begonia ! re is a masterly ine drawings; Il account of the history of begonias, the origi our hybrids, their names, paper forma- and propagati THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, 60 Fifth Avenue, New York 11 copies of Krauss: BEGONIAS (@ $4.00. Signed 288 900 B aa rene ONTAS AMERICAN Ht —— AND oar DENS. Helen K. c 228 pages, aerated in- acmillun, New York, 1947. 4. This is a comprehensive work, usefu to ta professional and amateur begonia enthusi Siasts. Mrs has filled a long felt need studying, comparing names and varietie! giving us the best gu to nomen- clature yet published. Her book includes descriptions of more than 900 varieties, and is lig ay illustrated. Partic larly useful are the charts tracing the different begonia classes. ‘Also gee is an Peg say ve chap- ter, as cia es to ae ak me ga rdene giving aile inane oe oa Cacao hsb ti in zation, and insect control, with illus- trations showing the methods, step-by- step. Joy L. Locee. Danielson, Conn. Intelligent Gardening THE LAZY GARDENER. William CG. Pryor, 221 pase pean Longmans, Green, ew York, Someone Sed fan a the lazy people re the ho contribute to ea ee "The hgure out easier He Siete ways of accomplishing things. Used in this wavy, Christmas Seals . » - Your Protection Against Tuberculosis the label of laziness wigs oe rather than ee e, and on this basis William C. Pryor may oe decile himself | az: Certainly he i learned to contemplate the useful shortcuts he ae and the unnecessary chores he doesn’t do, instead of focusing his attentior ren the cd honest toil that all successful gardening requires, even in this of rototillers, T and 2, 4- But after all, it is this frame of mind that holds the key to contentment in gardening or any other activity—when a hobby becomes tedious or nerve-wracking it is because we are ae ie - har a. extracted a full alternating his subject-matter chapters w omments on the ts that each month brings to pass in the garden, ot g 3 GQ oO om Pho Bi eeds i ring vii pies in remarkably little space. ryor’s explanations and nesetions have the eae ee marks the approach ot one who ha: t live ver-long with his the complete novice will wish that some of them could hav n Eaaileaeniee with simple drawings, AN Wie Ince HAM, Ruigers University. Far IF ee pathisuaed LIFORNIA GARDEN Anno NINE ieeanes ee pe at ae pages, illus 7 ated, Rarrows & ine., Nee ork, 1947. $3. The initial appeal of this book will be iY feterence to plant mater ial, nomena and reputable nursery firm Dr. Mitchell's chief ee is on flowering trees and shrubs, both deciduous e i essing AHO thn oreus, the Catalina Hees albaee one of ae earliest of the flowering shrubs, and C, impressus, 289 the Sania Barbara Species ; x aleable r. Mitchell's watt - in ee ready admission of error in his gardening career, but he ltas made of his errors stepping stones of experi- ences and now spe eaks v with deserved au- long-standing ae ship of the Journal of the Califor pore i ural Society gives Dr. Mit ite! hacks of a readable and reliable aut Ronan B, A Li Hn Huntington Botanical Gardens. For ss ae and Oth ANCES IN Baa te Me Tedit iy No oo r ant physiolo- he fo ete and relate speci- Permeability ions by S. C. Flank es ion, Structure and _S: s. ° 5 ‘g Oo certain of the magnesiut ‘tetrapy vivoles as the chlorophylls. . W. Kavanacn. es, News, and Comment e Curators. Beginning Nov 1, oe es Curators on the Garden's pies ific staff bec: Dr. F nuary recent research has heen cerned with antibiotic Basidiomycetes. Coming also from Missouri, Dr. Naylor staff in October Assistant in Dr. iR inboratory. The following year he he- an to take over certain phases of edu- * oni efly con substances from Bobbink & Atkins NURSERYMEN AND PLANTSMEN Most of the unusual Roses, Trees and hrubs not pi agi will e found growing in this great TM oe Dtet as ne in the nals of RDS Horticulture. Visitors Always Welcome Catalogue Upon Request Bobbink & Atkins Paterson Ave., E. Rutherford, N. J. 290 tion, and Oct. 1 he was made Assistant Cir ater. He has since heen given charge of museum exhibits. Since Se prenbe: “gat L has ae. a course in Nature Stu for achers, in co- operation with ae Bound ot Ed with increasing enrollments every term. He has also taught classes at ine ae : 845 pn the Garden's sound aad Calc film, "The Gilt of Green.” Antibiotic Research. Under the title of “Fungi Against Bacteria,” the antibiotic he labo: jes of nt Dr. William J Robbi ns at the Ne Ye Botanical Garden is the ae he five-page illustrated feature in ctober number of Science isirated magazine. The pictures ges in he sear for substances nce he een oe which will be os ao disea Hon oducing bacteri: t en of The firs Volume “TI a Chines Botanica, issued D. the summer of 1947, contains ie . W. Rickett’s ea ° a Royal Botanical Expedition pain.” his is the ation of the General Aachive ~ Me ico when he was there on a cultural mission ar- ranged by th ordinator of Inter- Tee ad is illus- nts, ae ot old the author’s own ph se ae One t ist of their in the New World Lee The work, in 86 with old pri Ee with d rde ro) a the 18th century. A revi of the york will be Anise in this TT eunial w ork Botanical Flower Sho: pee New eae “exhibited wild flow- ers and Fruits at ec Saal dane: how of the oe b of New Jersey Upper Monte t, 2 and Jogia. Dr. Donald P. Rogers be- of aloe. s CO. ze g of t oe since 4, and pena w ‘th it since its beginning in 1909. Group. » Members’ Day Pro; Horticultural Council. The keynote ad- dress on the op cone day of the Second National Horticlt Congress of the 0 Inc, meeting given 2 topic was “The Place in oe Life of the Nation.” of Hortick ture cers Sie Council, which is October. At niversity in or Arbor on Oct. 28 f e ae on “The Origi and Dispe = of Plants.” The follow- ing day, a t Michigan State i oe Natural Populations as View ds Returning to a discussion Bis te around the topic of the ae sible re- lat: of cobacdel displacement to the distribution of modern and fossil plants. e also gave a lecture Ghee on “Com- hee Species—Their Causes and Composi- s. Previous to the os ember Pp conserv: stories and crysantbemu ord: ers by Dr. R. A. Howard and G, L. rock. Among other groups which have made special tours through the Garden i be o : QO 2 & 8 or Sept. 20 after a tour of the outdoor ngs. plantir 3s. D : Lectures. Dr. R. a teks ard tool of Dr in the series on Peer fore H. N. Moldenke in a lecture be- th i of systematics he. “Philade Iphia Acad- Holland Dames Nov. 11. On Oct. 15 he emy OE Natural Se Oct. 18, speaking talked on “Marvels in Adaptation Among on ae eee of morpho slogic al char- our Local Plants” before the Summit, acters in establishing the higher categories N. J., Nature Club. f plese: The Dwight School, Englewood, N. J., ssa Paintings, The 400 floral paint- and the Woman’s Club of Ridgewood, done with water colors on lambskin N. J., hear ¢ ae Howard speaks on pe pee by Pancrace Bessa in the early Do mingo, ps ee ais rica” at t part of the 19th century, which were lectures peu in Oct exhibited at the New York Botanical Alexander talkced before the Garden in the autumn of 1946, were placed ion in B if., Nov. * Peekskill Garden Club Oc! t. 7, on “Garden- ‘+ ing wit th ae ait spied 17 an e paintings were brought Dr. owe e Garden’s to North America by rs. Flora di two i Fie Bias bi ne Life of | Campos-Porto Castafio Ferreira, daughter Man” and “The Gift of Green” at the of the owner of this renowned collection, Torrey Botanical Club meeting at Hunter Paulo de Campos-Porto, er director ‘College Nov. of the Botanical Garden at Rio de Dr. ie ie Can: mp addressed the Larch- Janeiro, and by her cousin, Rodrigo mont n Club, an ieee te of the Claudio de mpos Goulart. After the eeacr naa n, Nov. 3 0 n America’ an introductory exhibit of a selection of 150 Plants for American Ga: ae of the paintings, opening with the Mem- “Plants of the Bible” was The subject bers’ Day Program of October 6, 1946, aly ot Tle We suggest indoor plantings in January, Febru- ary and Ma i ive bl To make this easy for you, we can ship you units Normally bloom 30 days alter planting. Cultural instructions provided. 12 pips for $2.50, 25 for $4.50. If you pane units of 25 pips shipped at intervals aed above, let us know with your order. OR WORLD'S FINEST HORTICULTURAL BOOK-CATALOG Almost 200 pages. The finest new introductions x ie t Hilltop, Natura colon "nsw Customers whe purchased from Wayeide Gardens in aes will receive their ¢ atalogs in duc time. "We in 1947 enclose ‘with their aaa S0c, in coin or stampa to cover postage and handling costs. Wanside & 51 Mentor Ave. Mentor, Ohio for lovely, delicate ooms throughout winter and early spring 292 at the New York Botanical Garden, they Maas a in several other museums his unique collection, whieh, is eee ene complete, Saag ie Ea tee which were made for fae eas pubheaue on de fers Ce De L’Amateur” between 1810 d 18: ‘cal Meee At the two-day con- ay ial 3B 3 3 roup Nov. 3 on “The ‘Growth Require- meats of the Dermatophytes.” John Sloane. he death of M York Ci and February, 1946, the home of Mrs. Sloane. Princeton Conference. Dr. Willi Robbins ae a meeting of the Ad- visory on uncil the Department of Biology at Procte University Nov. 8 Francis E. L In ae Calif., on Oct. 17, Perret “he d al ook place ve A Og losely aeccated! with the ‘New e ir , he explored the delta Sipe under the Garden’s auspices. His subsea aude included the plankton of the mouth of the river. In 1903 he col ae site on Garden. is private herbarium of plants col- lected on the Pacific slope and in eastern North America was one of the first Dominica for the groups to be hg aa into the Her- harium of the Nev ork Botanical Da Ey = a ie} = on the of a pub- authority and author the subject Dr. Lloyd was an insectivorous plants, comprehensive book on lished : 1942 by Chronica Botanic: Company. Sp dee oe years in the southwestern states before going ill, was one of the wearlieat experi- menters 3 in ee bela i States with guayule of Director. Dr. E. E. Naylor has been elected to the list of directors of the School ace oe ie New York, succeeding . B. Stou N.A.G. Officers. The n i National Association ames ack, Superintendent of “the estate of Mrs, Fla gler at Rye, N. Y. Mr. Jack “has new president of ot Gardeners sey, “Superintendent of oe Burden estate a Kisco. was formerly greenhouse foreman and chief ee to the horti- culturist at the New rk Botanical Garden, and also an Peres in the Garden’s educational program. Lily Society. One of the directors elected at the organization meeting of the North American Lily Society in Boston July 9 is Mrs. Mo aie of P eekskill, a member of the $ praia and Advisory Council. An- other Ea Norman Henry of Giadwyn, Pa., ‘an | annual member of the w York Botanical Garden. The presi- dene is he L. H. MacDanicls of Cornell University Garden Club Programs. Through a lec- ture program sponsored by the Garden’s Manhattan doze! been ee putes. given by Mr: "Pdward Jerome, who has charge of these programs. ubs_ in Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, New Jer- sey, ew York have taken advantage’ of this service. 293 INDEX TO VOLUME 48 1947 and Co inet are ace en ne €s a the one subject. Aste eke ‘indicate “Hstrasons ng an when rt ile ind on the pages oe Many of the references in the monthly Notes, News, All piece names of pies ts are copia the common nam we major por of an article is devoted t Books rev hewed are dees ‘lphabetcally oy puters name in a sep p eee page 299. The year’s Table of Contents will be Annona glabra 183, 185, ALA 43 Annual meeting’ 43 Xbel Joel ut—Vermonter and Saga Harold E, March cover, Bryologist® (Inez M. Haring) Saianan 68168 ieee soa Scherzerianum belia sanguinea 7 ‘ \berconway, Lord 96 ativital cesearehe d thies concolor 38; homolepis 7, 7 ye 38; Nordmanniana 38; Veitchti freien “i en 248 183", vies nilotica 184 nthus ebractcatits 133; tltct- ae 133 feer nigrum 278; nikoense 7; platanoides 38; date erectum 70*, 273*, see tones 254, 262; phe accharinum 38; sa ae onsen 85 feonitum aufumnale 58; chinense 132, 135*, {erostichum aurenm , May cover, 142 oes ma i: lain, Brother William ae 146 ler, E. J. 166, 167, Nov. lan, H. H. 2 n, R. C. ee cover, 149, 152* 'Nitm 280, 282, 283, 284 Upinia antillarum 166 Mazon 1 ‘melanchic eer gra: endif rubescens 272, Rose Society 149 " Plant Tax- 278 merica: Merican Society onomists ae 24 nehel, Mar achusa moos andro, 183 ae 250 niba bracteata 86 ies i 190 Armstrong, J Art ee (Winslow Homer) 5, 96 (Se also Exhibits in the ‘useum Building) rthur Koehler Waiting Forest Resources of the American Tropics 67-70 Ar oe oe wnburgkit 56 Asparagine Astrocaryum ae 115 fei yokoscense 7 ett, Mr: “ rs. rae 168 y, Geo 4. Jr. (rvw) 22 paiies ie aa tant Puslocey's Jungle 1 32 ‘Azolla tpalieey:, bast Bailey, Ralph 151 Baldwin, Henry de Forest 166, 67 Baldwin, Sherman 267 Barnhart, ae ae o 169 ea. Haan Ralph A. ere Lover in the Carib- bee Island: VI. aba to Montserrat* we dhe oa Carib- 18 Best, “ hon oes eck, Donald 98 ae ‘dwin 0, 97, April cover; (rvws) a 172 Begonia foliosa 90, 91; semper- flor ne 176-177 Beilschmicdea pendula 86 Berger, Fae ah 193 Bertram, ‘Ern L. 233, 264*, 263 Bessa paint wey cthla nigra pyrifera 39; pendula aa remo 4 Birdsey, Monroe Birds in une oe _ a 7 . "C. Ro i anical Garden at Nikko* -i1 eee Mrs. Paul J. 151 Blake, . - 242 Board of Managers 43, 267 Bohbbink re Atkins 264 Bobbink, Lambertus C. 149, June cover Books on coe ai EA 76 Botanical oe ikko* C. Blackburn wee peas Sexe of America 241 Boucet, A: (B. Letcher 10-217 Britton, oS Gertrude 165 Brittonia Broadcas Planing a Woodland Garden Next Spring (Helen S. i 1]) 18-19 Plant Products (José Garrido Torres) 116 Suitable Trees for the Home € Brazil 115- from iugata 137, 138 Brunucra macrophylla 155 Bryophyllum calycinum 81; pin- natnm 81 Buchbinder, Leon (rvw) 100 86*, 188* 2, 6. avidi 62; variabilis 62 Bumelia obovata 186 sales ham, Mrs. eee 43 rs Bringing in the nae 210-217 Buxton, Bessie R. Legend of ie ene 94-95 Byrsonima lucida Cc Cactus intortus Camp, W : ,» 74, 122, 168, 241, , May cover; (rvws) 190, 24 (Some Additional eee on in Naranjilla) 159-160 mpan 283 aa maritima 188 Canella etre 186 nker 236-237 Teen th Oliver B) 74, March 239 (Mrs. cover; . 86 Mrs. Spencer Cardin pies “ates zu carolinia 273", 7 9 ra (pollen) 2527 vy nuciferum 166 Casearia guianensis 185 Castanca Ceiba ssc (pollen) 252 pallida (pol 252 strus ee 9 ¢ 282 ca hrus pauciflorus Centaurea scabiosa aie 248" ratonia siliqta Cerciiphyliom japonicum 7 Cer oe nest Jan. cover wood M. 211 Chaune lie cover Cheney, Ralph H I Milana Medicine and Plant Explora- tion 57-60 Chionographis japonica 8 294 Chronica Botanica Chrysanthemum ae 28, 29; 2 295 lencanthemum (pollen) 248* morifolium 28, 29; segetune pollen) 248* she y: es Story ‘hroug! EY ae L Ems- W ie a ay eae Show 195, 232- 235, 263-267" a Chrysobalanns iceco 188 Chrysophyltun a eecene ee intybus cn 8° Cinche pita ae “00 Clarkia concinna (pollen) 248* Clements, Julia 149 ie inerme 135*, 137, - yousis a a a vis 8 pete alba 8 > 15 oe ie 149, 152*, June cover Roses in | Landscaping” 197-203 Columbia Comal iti 186 Mae Sy he and Tnor- ers: (Walter Thoms) a Paes Il. 221- Ge "a rences (staff) 24, 97, 145 Conklin, Alice V. 195 Sieee Coombs, Sara WwW.) ve Cooper, I. G, C. Jan. o Cooper, .o atherine G, Snore rvw) 100 Cope ernicia cerifera 115 E. . J. He 144 Cornus ga 39, 278; kotnsa 39; rugosa 278; Slavinii 278; 78 1 of the Garden 43 Coumarouna odorata 116 rat phacnopyrum fastigi- Crocns 282 Cronquist, Arthur 169 Croton balsamiferum 187 Cunningham, G. H. 173 Curtis, Mrs, Clifford B. 234 es thea 85 : ‘yelamen neapolitantun oe 90 Cynometra 1 ‘wnorslon japonicum & 228; Cyperus lignlaris 86 Cypripedi ent - japonicum D Dacryodes cxcelsa 85, 86, 88* Daphne 281, 283 Daphnopsis caribaca 185 arene “ wiesit 8 ae 132 Ss. ae G. 43 ay ee 89 Digi ilio, Antonio P. ees theca auvantinen 281. Diphots hie 186 Dodge, B. O. 24, 40-41, 97, 15! 167, om Brooming Disease of Walnut 112-114 Dodonaca 186* wiscosa ie 188 Dodson, Mrs. Loren R. 234, 26 Dormon, ne (rvw) 238 Douscher, Mrs. Charles 151 Douglas, Margar oe ajoba — An il-Produci P of the eee States* 29-32 eee H. Beaman 24 You Collect es (C rac Dryopteris aon 86; lin bata Drypetes ee 86 Dunn, Hamilton W. 195 Du Pont Cen tour 96, 142 E Early, Clifford 151 Karly June in the Garden CArtht W. King) 139-140 sphacrocephalus {pe Echinops Jen) 2 Eddy, Brayton 23 Edueational program 97, 14 » 267, Sept. cover Eisenbrown, Robert W. et’s Take the “Scare” ont + ose Iture 125-127 Harrison 43 Emsweller, S. Chrysanthemum — Its Through the Story 231, 268; Voungianum 2277, 230, 268 Epstein, Harold Re Gardening in West- chest 226-23. Equisetumn 251 Erdtman, G, o You Collect Pollen?* 245- 253 Brig cvon speciosus 281 E, Erythrina Erythrorylnm ovatum 185 Esson, James G. 40; (rvw) 237 Encharidinm concinna (pollen) 248* Engenta 18 Euonymis ite 8; Fortunet radicans pues Osis ee 86, 87*, “nee erett, T. ae cen 240, 266, 83a* Sept. Ewan, Gea (rvw) 285 Exhibits (in Museum une Books .on chrysanthemums 266; chr. emum ts and dise: 3 earl ik ae mushroom models, May cover; Painti (by Melady) July, Oct. covers, (by Lee Adams) ae ‘a Tabea Ho € fs paper-making 7 o 194. Expeditions ( sary 195, 244; (Puerto Rico) 16 Exploration age Explorin seful = (David Pou 49-5 Fagara 86 fava 186; smartinicensis 185 Fagus crenata 5; sylvatica 38 Fairchild, David Ex xploting for Useful Plants* 57 Fai , Mrs. Tappen 40 Faramea occidentalis 86 mas 234 over 226 veomoris* 295 Field Botany 145, 267, Sept. cover Field, Mr. & Mrs. Harold L. Bae Robert H. A, 96 Pind purpurea tylis 4 ferr ies 188 aes Ars. Reginald 43 Fisher, Mrs. Henry J. 44 Fittouia Canis 90 74 “Flora of the “Unicorn “Tapestries” ier he Ls M. 61 over in the Caribbee “isn a J. s. . Saba to Montserrat* 82-89 oa ire Limestone Caribbees* 1 88 Forest ee of American Tropics 67-70 Fosberg, F. R, 45 eee Manyroves* 128- 8 eee Helen * M Mrs. ee 196, 3 (rvw) 4 Franeke, Mrs. Albert Jr. Frese, Paul F. 149, as ae cover pies Charles Ne (rvw) 239 . , 135 , 89 : pide ori ion =Pro- vided for Antiviral Research 141 G Gambling, John 264*, Garden Club Day 96, 168 Garden Club of New Jersey 91, 290 Garden club programs 292 Garden of oie Molds* N aw 01-109 265 (Ruth Ges John C. 265 Fre 32 Helen (Mrs. Charles cit sanisatylea 252 Gottscho, Samuel H. 98, Jan, June, Aug., Nov. covers Graduation exercises 195 Graf, Alfred 1 a Grape breeding 267 Greenland ae 195, 244 Greenwell, Greiff, Victor ae. “May cover; (rvw) 46 srout, A. 143, 163-1657 juarea Rusbyi 59 Guettarda scabra 86, 184 Fuatteria os Guiliehna 55* Gunnell, oe E, March cover Gusmania Bertcrontana 166 Haematoxylon PS a 184 ae idee Ke ss cai ene 2 Hamametis mollis 278 Hamilton, Clyde C. 236; (rvw) 147 Hamilton, Sir William 1 Handful of Plant Names and How sea pact Co: Into uage Rickett) ee 285 Harding, Charles B. 1 267 are, Mrs. Montgomery 145 Haring, Inez 69 Abel Joel Grout—Vermonter and Bryologist* 163-165 arper, Francis aie Mrs: enry 44 Has W. y 151 Hedsoanem pane 89 guianensis 194; mex- I Memevocaltis esculenta 8& Hemitelia Heritiera Bute 133 Hersey, n Nov. cover “ 1 March cover tlipiflors 85 Hippomane mancinella Hirsch, Mrs. Geo: a Hirtella eriendre 8 Hodge, V ae or “Little s’’ of the Andean ighlands* 155-159 Hina, eae 143, May cover H Eton Huntington re Hosack (David) 4: Hosta Bier 8; oie 8 Hotchkiss, Neil 169 Floustonia 1, 4* Heward, oo A. 161-162", Jan., Nov. How the penton Raat: Acquired Its Name (H. W. Rickett) 262 Hoya 133 tigin, Werner 144 Hull, Helen 8. nning a Woodland Garden for Next Spring 18-19 nt, Mrs, Roy Arthur 145 2 = ocarpus Hydrangea pettolaris 9 Hymenaca courbaril 185 ee saxatilis 231, 232* lex paraguariensis 116 nary eee Ree (Gene- viev: ey) 176-177 Inga aa Ingham, Van Inorganic fertilizers 221-226 Interlaken . Stout) 92- International Flower Show 88-91, 185, Wie (rvw) 288 204-210; Seedless Grape* (A. International Rules 122 Titsia as ga 138 Ipomoea pes-caprae 188 Tris ori evistata alba 229, 230 Haeine augustifolia 89; rigidi- 89 eae Mrs. O’Donnell 43 Isocitric acid 80-82 Jack, James B. 40 234, 265, 292 Jack, James S. Jacobus, Martin R. 151 Jameson, Mrs. George M. 151 Jamieson, George 9 Japanese journey 244 Jenkins, Anna E. 243 Jenkins, aie F < eee equoia East of Rocky 110-112 Edward 292 “Oil-Produ lucing a Douglas) 29-32 Jones, Rodney Wilcox 44 Jugiane ‘Seboldione 112, 113*. Juniper book 169 Juniperus couferta 5 296 Kasapligil, Baki 169 Kavanagh, F. W. 145, 289; (rvw) Keiper, Elisabet! Woody Plants Unique and . Noteworthy In the Rockeciee Parks* 269-279 Dn. Giaeine (rvw) 148 Kellogs, Remington 268 Kincaid, Mrs. te E. 196, 234 ing, rthur Early June in Mae Garden 139- 140 Kinne, Lester Kinney, Genevieve A. Indestr: seule exons 176- 177 rehhof, s. J. Koren Ponce 39 pale Sel: rameria arge: ae 58; triandra Kullgren, Mrs. Blanche 265 Kuser, Olivia Erdmann 71 Lacey, . H. B. 151 a racemosa 185 Jane, Joseph J. 151 Lan; rton and Bodol 242 Lantana involucrata 188 Larges equoia East of Rocky har! F. Jen- kins) 110-112 Larix decidua 38; Kaempferi 9; leptolepis 38 $ 2 rsen, Paul urie, Alex Laurus 282, 2: Leary, Marie T. 264 Lectures (Invitation) Legend of the Basil* eds R. Buxton) of (Robert W. 25-127 185 » Clarence McK. Jan. cover, ie Lev wvis, aula 194 Licanta da 116 Liltum ne Lily Society 292 Limestone Carihbbees* (J. Beard) 181-188 seer caribaca pe joyd, Francis E, Lobelia cirsiifola 8' Lockwood, — wate A. 4 Logee, Joy (rvw) 288 Lonicere oe a Taraatie! americanus 194 Lovett, Lester = 151 Lownes, Albert Lumnitzera a eae 13251 Lunt, Herber ae Rear on the Nutriti -17 ae a at iii Et =u a ‘Lycopodiuen tortum . Lysichitum camtschatcense 6 M Mackenzie, Mrs. James C. MacMillan, Donald eck Garden vie 263 ppc nivosa Mangifera indica er ioe vegetation® 128-138 Manures 204-210; oe ie ram Kar Vente ee - 116 ‘arcgravia Sintenisit 166 Marchand, Paul 98 Marila racemosa 86 cate Mrs, Allan arsilea collen) rah win, G. a |, 242 Mass . M. Mats ati ru 67 tzke, Edwin B. ay 99 i hn Eva, J Meliosma herbertié 8 Memb: Da: ae 42, ian ea Nov., Pane virginica 142, 155 ee M. G. 98 » Sr. Mary Clare (rvw) Micronesian Mangroves* (F. R. Fosberg) 128-138 Micropholis chrysophylloides 86 Mikania scandens 175 den. Milana, Benjamin L. & Ralph Holt Cheney edicine and Plant Explora- tion 57-60 Moldenke, H. N. Sept. (vw) 191 Monstera deliciosa 90 Moran, A. L. 151 cover, Moseley, Frederick S. Jr. Poe a pays a s. ie 100 Muehlenbeckia a . (rvw) 23 290 ‘yosotis silvatica (pollen) 251* Myxomycetes* 101-109 N Naranjillas, or “Little Ora: of the Andean Hiekinet ae e) 1 ae 139 HH. Hodg oe nil Growing on Dominica* 3: Nathan, Mrs. Richard 265 National Association of Gardeners 292 ees aca a Society 195, Na fee Foundation for Infantile Paraly: Nature ees a Teachers 267, Sept. cover Nauss, Ruth N. My a i of Slime Molds* 10 Sls, as E. 24, 289, 292, Mar April, Sept. covers jan filiflora 183*, 184 ees se ee 166 201 » 41, ew Pest Controls for the Rose Garden (P. P. Pirone) 177- 1 Nicrembergia hippomanica 281 Nikko Botanical aes rden* 1-11 — fruticans 133*, 136*, 7 en alea dejecta North ies ty Society 292 Nye, H.C. NV. a 282 297 Ochroma lagopus 85 Ocimum Basiticum 94*, 95; minimum 94", 95 "Connor, Basil 141 cotca Ompha aga mosia mnchsipeios 86 Ortega, Pompilio 2 Osmunda lancea 9 Oswald, Iugo 243 P Painter's Arboretum 110 y 245-253 188°; vaginatium 35 Bae mollissima Ne is Paterson, Fr: rvw) 2 Paullinia ctpana 116; er 116 Paulownia tomentosa 39 roueine actdula 138 Pennock, Charles st controls for roses <1 fander, ALC arch e 7 cover giganteum 86; oe 90; endlandti 90 ry K. a Ww tamattlipense 194; velutinum 194 Phy. eaten (pollen) 248* esas s bambusotdes 52* Physaria ee 43 aa macrocarpa 116 Pic tes 38; Kosteriana 38; 3 om a 38; orientalis pungens 38 Picrasma excelsa ster Everett, 151 Pilocereus nobilis 187* Piero, Jesus T. 6 Pinus notes 48%; Pinus Mugo mughus fi Slavinii 279; nigva 38; migra * Horibrokioe 279; pumila 9; Stro Piper oo 9 Pirone, a Sedge 233, 266, June, ae Ve New Pest Control for the Rose rden 1 isonta puree s Pak 186; sub- cordata 1 Pitcairnia angustifolia 86, 89 icata 8&9 Pithecettobinm auguiscali 86 Plant Explorer's Jungle Camp* 89-91 Plant Explorers, Nurserymen and Breed mn lers* (John C. Wister) -66 Jant name. 0-: Plant nutrition 1 lant Products re Brazil (Jos: artido Torres) 115-11 Plants As asur sn of Rare Chemicals “Geo Ww. Pucher) 77-82 vHlants, of a Vicinity of New York” 167 vee oe 6; occidentalis 262 "Reber rd 98, hee 244, Sept. cover; (rvw) 2. Plameri a i Podocarpus coriuccius 86, 89 Pollen 245-253 Se ea falcatum 9 ly po. orm. ris dif is 145 oe Hobart 74, 167 Pratt, Mrs. Harold I. 40 Primros for Naturalizing* (Aleita Scott) 153-155 Primula denticulata 153; japon ica 9; nica 153; Polyantha 1 Prunus ee ee fa 39; vars, 277* Pryor, 1. 243 Peedi taxifol folia pyramidata ee Seen a Psilotum 135 Psiconhe as 194; calyentat: 4; schiedianus 194 Preridium nie Ptero es volinensis 133 Ww. re yenson, i Robert, Fie ee 18, 1St Irs. G nH. ale aniara 58 us 282 ee 38; palus- tris 38; rubra Radio programs 122, 240, April, ict. covers Rathbone, Mrs Record, S. J. Remijia pedunculata 60 . William 234 “Review of Juniperus chinensis, et al” 169 a, 2 quinguefolinne 10; Rhamnus Purshiana 59 Rhizophora 128, 129", 130*, 132, 133*, 134, 138* mangle 185; nitcrouat Rhododendron indicum 232; jap- onicum 9; Kacmpferi 9; Keis- hel 142; lateritinm 9; nikocnse 5 9 0 a es oskii 10 doavala aurantiaca ee Mrs. Junius ie “0, 96 a ee grandis 85 H. W. Sept. cover, 74, eo "290; (rvws) 172, 189 oe of Plant Names and ow They reve Come Into aanguage 980.284 Ilow the ‘Ameriéan ee efuired Its Name ‘Ac > ee eee. jJ. 24, 7 141 ree rts, a Ys. at V. 264, 265 sect Kelseyi 279; psendoaca acti + Stay vinli 279 a CH, arold Eps Rockwell F. F. pea Mrs. FL F. ne 7 Pe Donald P. ee ee 290 Rosa 282 altatca 199, 3 blanda she. caroli multiflora 2! nitida 202; imula "200; Ronlettit 201; rubrifolia 202; rug 200, 202 3 setigera i spin. 199, 20 202; Wichuraiana 202 Rose cultu 125-127; pest con- trol 177- io Rosc-Growers’ Day, June cover, 149-1 77, 197 oa in oe (Marian fin) 19 Rat, iret I May Rusen. cover lo va “and Pains 74 oe the Pra Saba to Montservat* (J. Ss. 1 Sapiuim se 85 298 Sassafras albidion $8 Sawin, Mrs. Melvin FE. 40 Scheflera , 13 Schizandra wigra 10 chmitt, Chris G. Jan. cover Scholarships 24 i Schwarten, “Ls azell Seite, a 8 » Alei Mrs. Ernest 1.) “tae ane covers, 234, 264, = ee for Naturalizing* 153-155 Scott, E. LL. 234, 264, °265 Sendder, Mrs. a 44 Seaver, Fred J. 44, 1 Twining Plants* 173-175 a flabellata 86; sciag- 48" PSgE3 Segioia gigautea 110 Sequoiadendron aie 110 Serratula tt tinetor polle ne 248* oy over 4, 96 8 Simmondsia alifoenita? 29-32 Slavin, Bernard H. 269-279 sine va 101-109 ane, Mrs. John 5 29 p piee ae teriana pis ire 86; massout 86; truncata 85, 86, 8s* Small, John A. (rvw) 192 Smilax 283 Solanum 155 ene 90; al 155- Some Remarks on the Nutrition af Plants (Herbert A. Lunt) 11-17 Souneratia 137, 138 cascolaris 130, 134%, 136% Sorbus Aucuparia i 39 eee cnspidatium (pollen) Boe arguta a nippoutes 10 Stachys saxicola fe Stahel, Ge: Stamm, Alfred J. 73 Steichen, Edward, March cover, 9 Stelle, Mrs. ahi L, 23. nara Chaunce: Stokes fund 19 Stout, A. B. March cover, 14 159, 267; (rvw) 217 Interlaken Seedless Grap Str: ” Mrs. Donald B. 40, 14 Str rte densiflorus 19 o - venetis Struthiopteris striata 89 Stuart, James 234 Styrax japonica 10; Obassia 1 Shiraian Sullivan, ma 68 allen, Jason R. ae a Swan, Joseph R. 44, Swanson, C. L. “w) 119 Syagrus coronata Sycomore Fig of Ancient Lin age* (Mary F. Barrett) 25 262 ae hyactuthiflora 64; obla. cnigaris 64, 269 Tabebuia pallida 86, 185, 186 Tanakaca radicans $ Joseph W. 97, 29: 21s 183, 18 ‘Tansey, ee pe: ookle ence cnos TC 5 Porazacuns palustre 280 H. March cover a Teuscher, Henry hi . . Mrs. fein D1 - a Theater ber 26: Peon Sintenisit 166 ‘Thomas Conosis.: ae and’ T organic Fertiliz T. 20 210; If. eee Thorne, Oakleigh L. 267 Thuja Standishit 10 et Tila (pollen) 2 anericana ian 273*, 2) Tillandsia 183 Torres, José Garrido Plant ioe from Bra 115- Torrey Bie Club 44 Townsend, Ronald B. 96; 289 Tradescantia Warsczewicziana 91 Trees for home planting 37-40 (rvw) a pote Plants* (Fred J. Seaver) ee ae ear Cou. in Pract Ce a ee 267, ae ay cover Course for 267, Sept. ‘wo-Year Science Gardeners 195, cover Tyler Arboretum 110 Tyler, Cornelia 196 ae americana ascendens 270, 279 ie a Horticulture 290 Uvuutaria grandiflora 142 ee Oldhami 11; Usinokt oa Balen, J. C. Yan Brunt, Pane Oct. cover Vanilla-Growing Dominica* (Leo H. Naredny) - 37 Fanilla aes 33-. Van Melle, : Van Steenis, oo G. G. J. 97 Vegetable Gardening Must Go On! (Walter Zulch) 124 Vernay Renae rue 122 Remsen Ferontca spic Shei tours oe Viburnum dilatatum 11 Vines, Rel bert A. 98 Vitex 4 Volunteer Associates 141-142 Vricsia macrostachya 166 w Wade, Dewhirst W. 195 cnet ase nee ot the Tropics (Arthur a 67-70 Waring, P. Race oe a Watson, homas J. Weatherby, 'C. AL i Weaver, Richard L. (rvw) 2 Webster, cag No: a ee a Wedell, Cart 19. 299 Weinmannia pinnata 89 3. Weld, Mrs. Philip B. 43 ells, Nelson M. (rvw) 171 Westeott, Cynthia 149, 196 Wester, Horace V. 112 Wetzel, Ruth N. March, April covers Wherry, Edgar T. y ne a len - ae cover AL Je. a inne pee Nicoll eaite 48 Wild, Mr. and Mrs. Clement 197 Winches ster, Mrs. a G. 91 sate display: ohn c. Nee Explorers, Nurserymen and re eders* 61-66 IFisteria i +, 145, March, Ss P. March, 3 dic ody Plants Uatuue aud Not worthy In the Rochester a * (Elisabeth Keiper) 269- wae Richardson 40 Wright, bel Richardson, June cover, Wyman, peat (rvw) 172 Xylocarpus granatwm 132 eas Brothers 264, 265 oung, Clarence H. fae cover Zeller, S. M. 267 Zisuphus 282 ae Walter, March cov fie: Gardening wa Go 24 BOOK REVIEWS Anderson, J. yines pas a in ee Te a ogy Arber, tenes Goethe’s Botany 189 oe Lillian E. See Erdman Association of Vitamin Chemists ale Methods of Vita- min Assay 240 Ayers, eter ane edic The Genus Cype in Mexico 121 Bain, D. mR G. Reeves 9 See Dorothy Floyd. The Gardener 23 8 Southern eaver Buff, Mary & Conrad. Big Tree 23 Canan, Elsie Deane. A Key to Chabot, Ernest. Greenhouse Gardening for Everyone 46 Clissold, Edgar J. The Seed In- dustry 240 Comin, Donald, Onion Production 238 pee Hawai Duke University eh Station Utilization of Seaweeds From the South Atte eee Gulf Coasts for its De- compositio: i ae cteria 121 Ehrenfried Peis What ae Tell Eldredge, T. re ae Forests and the hase of the South cues and 20 193 gees ae Cc. American Wild aa ee W. See Chartes E. Skinner Erlanson, O. The Vegetation of San a eee Republic a a5} ae The World Grows Round My Door 170 Fishbein, William I, See James c Foster, Bunny & Phil. It is Easy to Grow Free, aa Plan Fulf oe ie aret. The Genus Bazzania in Cente) and South America 99 Herbs 120 All Aue House e H. Pla of the Niagara Parks ean of Ontario 72 Haselton, ee Handbook H E. Epipbyllum Pictured n e Physics of Cellulose Fibres Horst (Photographer). Patterns . Cornell : A History 171 mi and Jen Panee ” Around the Garden 21 Jones, George Neville. _ Aaterican Kiplinger, D. lex Laurie Korn, i 4 ’s How! To Garden in the Dallas Area 21 Helen K American Homes and Gar 288 Mary Deputy, Garden- with Shrubs and Small Flowering Trees 100 Laurie, ae Soi Lamson, ing D.C. ae oils and Fertilizers Greer mouse and Garden ae Lavine, Irv: See O. T. Zim- merman Leary, James Co William TI. Fish- nein, & Lawrence C, Salter, DDT and ie “Tosect Problem 192 Leon, Hermano. Flora de Cuba 190 ieee Jean N. Herbs, Spices nd Seasonings 239 none rie & Esther. Garden Lilies Maino, en Sce Howard E. MeMion 300 Mansfield, T. C. Shrubs in Colour oa ae ae fA M. Wi he. Chemical Com- wrest of Foods 238 McClinton, Katharine Morriso: Handbook of Popular Ke 9 seCrdy, M. H. See S. C. Pres- MeMittea, Wheeler. New Riches From the Soil 47 McMinn, Howard E-. Ev. Maino. An Illustrated Manuat of the Pacific Coast Trees Toe Edwin A. Flowering Tropical Trees 120 a cba. Elmer Drew. Merrilleana 172 Meyer, Heinrich. Flowers for Everyone 120 Mitchell, Sydney B. Your’ Cali- fornia Garden and Mine 288 Morris, rman A. Your Book of Garden Plans 219 dal & Julia. Fift Tropical Muenscher, W. C. & Keys to Spring Plants “120 part William Alphonso. Ferns ms ord, (Editor) Advances in pee ee VII 289 Petry, L. C. See W. C. Muen- scher Prescott, §. C., C. E. A, Winslow & M. H. eras Wat Bacteriology Price, George tees. Com- mon-Sense Geology 240 Pringsheim, E. G. Pure Cultures of Al 48 Pryor, William C. The Lazy Gardener 288 John. Poisonous Ramsbottom, Fungi 23 eeves, R. G. & D. C. Bain. Flora of South Central Texas 119 Rodale, J. I. Sunflower Seed— The Miracle Food 121 Salter, Lawrence C. See James C. Lear: Schneider, oe & Nina. Big is Big? ee How Reh Alpine Flowers ~“ N Seott, Ernest L. &