Te
\A04
V2
THE PHILIPPINE
eo Near OF SCIENCE:
EDITED BY
PAUL C. FREER, M. D., PH. D.
CO-EDITORS
RICHARD P. STRONG, Pu. B., M. D.
E. D. MERRILL, M. 8.
PUBLISHED BY
THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE
OF THE
GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
C. BoTANY
VoLuME II
1907
WITH 8 PLATES
MANILA
BUREAU OF PRINTING
1907
63494
Mo. Bot.Garden
1908
_
XX.
XXI.
. Christ, H. The Philippine Species of —
. Beceari, O. Notes on Philippine Palms, I .............-..--.. ree
. Merrill, E. D. Index to Philippine Botanical Literature -...........
. Foxworthy, Fred W. Philippine Woods
. Hackel, E. Two New Philippine Grasses
. Merrill, Elmer D. Some Genera and Species New to the Philip-
CONTENTS.
No. 1, January, 1907.
. Copeland, Edwin Bingham, The Comparative Ecology of San
Ramon Polypodiacee
Plates I-IV.
No. 2, April, 1907.
. Clarke, C. B. Cyperaceery of the Philippines: A List of the
Species in the Kew Herbarium
. Merrill, Elmer D. The Occurrence of Antiaris in the Philippines..
- Massee, George. Philippine Myxogastres
. Christ, H. Cibotium Baranetz J. Sm., and Related Forms ........
. Copeland, Edwin Bingham. Pteridophyta Halconenses: A List
of the Ferns and Fern-Allies Collected by Elmer D. Merrill on
Mount Haleon, Mindoro —..02.0000.... SNS se
Plates I-IV.
No. 3, June 15, 1907.
. Christ, H. Spiciligium filicum Philippinensium uovarum aut
imperfecte cognitarum ........
No. 4, July 15, 1907.
. Merrill, Elmer D. The Flora of Mount Haleon, Mindoro...........
- Ames, Oakes. Orchidacee Halconenses: An Enumeration of the
Orchids Collected on or near Mount Halcon, Mindoro, chiefly
by Elmer D. Merrill
. Brotherus, V. F. Musci Hal
- Merrill, Elmer D. Index to Philippine Botanical Literature, IT...
No. 5, October 15, 1907.
Figures 1-55.
No. 6, December, 1907.
. Copeland, Edwin Bingham. Notes on the Steere Collection of
Philippine Ferns
. Copeland, Edwin Bingham. A revision of Tectaria with special
Regard to the Philippine S
pine Flora
Merrill, Elmer D. Additional Identifications of the Species De-
scribed in Blanco’s Flora de Filipinas
Merrill, Elmer D. Index to Philippine Botanical Literature, IIT...
WI
Page.
17
111
113
117
119
153
189
219
241
251
311
405
ERRATA.
Pages 18, 19, for Achrostichum read Acrostichum.
Page 119, title PTERIDOPHYTA HALCONENSES should be PTERIDOPHYTA
HALCONENSIA. :
Page 120, first paragraph, omit: “and for one period of thirteen days while
‘they were at the higher altitudes they encountered constant heavy rain,
day and night, and in this time never saw the sun.”
Page 121, line 9, Blechnun should be Blechnum.
Page 121, lines 20 to 22, omit: “it being a mass granite, marble, white quartz
and with some schist-like rock.”
' Page 122, line 9 should read “related genera such as Prosaptia and Acrosorus,
and in Plagiogyria.”
Page 125, under DENNSTAEDTIA, hypolepoid should be hypolepidioid.
Page 126, line 10, omit the comma after alatam.
Page 128, line 7, diplazoideis should be diplazioideis.
Page 129, line 5, scolopendroid should be scolopendrioid.
Page 129, line 19, diplazoideis should be diplazioideis.
Page 131, line 20, transeuentibus should be transeuntibus.
Page 131, line 24, Extast should be Hastat.
Page 135, line 14, Antropium should be Antrophyum.
Page 136, line 3, Rhizomata should be Rhizomate.
Page 136, line 25, obtusis should be obtuses.
Page 137, line 23, New Caledonia should be New Caledonia.
Page 138, line 9, basicopicia should be basicopica.
Page 139, line 17, membraneceis should be membranaceis.
Page 139, fourth line from bottom, they should be their.
Page 146, line 2, semicolon after crasso should be a comma.
Page 146, line 12, abovatis should be obovatis.
Page 147, line 1, SCHIZAEACEAS should be OSMUNDACEA.
Page 148, line 3, Kge. should be Kee.
Page 151, in list of illustrations, Polypodium caloplebium should be Polypodium
calophlebium. | :
Page 164, line 6 from bottom, for trunctailoba read trunctiloba Pres. Epim. (1849)
1h
Page 177, after line 9, insert:
“C. splendens (J. Sm.) This splendid species seems to be common in the
islands.
“Luzon, Rizal Province, Morong (Loher).
“Mindanao, Davao (Copeland) ; Surigao (348 Bolster); Lake Lanao (503
Mrs. Clemens).”
Page 188, line 9, for Aspidium melanorachis read Aspidium melanorachis.
The secona paragraph should read: “The form which I have identified in
Bull. Herb. Boiss. VI. 1906, 1001, with D. Smithianum (Bak.) Diels is
distinguished by the shorter sori, which touch somewhere before the sinus,
by the rough sealy rachis armed like the cost with sharp prickles, and by
the more truncate lobes. I have this later from Ceylon.” ete.
Add to the footnote for D. dolichosorum Copel. the reference p. 163 this
yolume.
63494——5 : v
VI ERRATA.
Page 206, Memionitis prolifera Retz. should be Hemionitis prolifera Retz.
Page 207, under Dryopteris stenobasis C. Chr. after pinna, insert “attenuated
gradually to the base.”
Page 208, under Dryopteris Luerssenii (Harringt.) C. Chr. impleatibus should
be implentibus.
Page 260, last line, for wnderscribed read undescribed.
Page 264, line 8 from bottom, erase stamen.
Page 284, line 11 from bottom, for Mears read Mearns.
Pages 357, 371 and 400, for Koordersiodendron pinnatum Engl. — Koordersio-
dendron pinnatum (Blco.) Merr.
Page 372, Artocarpus cumingii Trec. should be Artocarpus cumingiana Trec.
The following errata occurred in the make-up at the printing office
after the last page proof had been read :
Page 251, line 11, for expidition read expedition.
Page 255, line 2 from bottom, for Mindor read Mindoro.
Page 256, line 11, for Stepf read Stapf.
Page 265, lines 12 and 13 from bottom, erase from “longis” to “obovate” inclusive.
Page 278, line 14 from bottom, erase entire line except first word and insert
fastuosus (Muell. Arg.) F.-Vill.
Page 290, under Schefflera foetida, line 3, for 4-rariter, read 4, rariter.
Page 294, under Vaccinium hutchinsonii, line 4, for pause read pauce.
Page 295, line 14, for axiliary read axillary.
Page 296, last line, for botanists read botanist.
Throughout the paper entitled ORCHIDACEAS HALCONENSES, wherever the
citation Ames orchidacex, fase. 2 (1907) ined. occurs, read the date 1908.
Page 311, first line, for orchirds read orchids.
Page 313, fourth line from bottom, Merillii should be Merrillii. _
Page 318, line 8, for Bonpl. 3: 222 (1885) read Otia bot. Hamb. 54 (1878).
Page 320, line 14 from bottom, (1882) should be (1822).
Page 322, line 6, for O. aporaphylla read O. aporophylia.
Page 326, lines 8 and 16, for Calanthe triplicatis read Calanthe triplicata.
Page 326, line 9, for Orchis triplicatis read Orchis triplicata.
Page 327, line 11 from bottom, for n. s. 4 read ser. 3, 4.
Page 328, line 2, for alagensis read alagense.
Page 334, line 14, for speciments read specimens.
Page 335, line 11 from bottom, for var. angustun read var. angustum.
Vou. II --. JANUARY, 1907 -. SS NO.
THE PHILIPPINE
JOURNAL OF SCIENCE
EDITED BY
PAUL C. FREER, M. D., PH. D,
_CO-EDITORS een oats S
RICHARD P. STRONG, Pu. B., M. D.
E. D. MERRILL, M. S$.
PUBLISHED BY
THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE ~
OF THE
GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
C: BOTANY
MANILA
BUREAU OF PRINTING
1907
Did oomlndate PUBLICATIONS OF THE BUREAU OF GOVERNMENT
_ LABORATORIES.
rs
No. 1, 1902,. Biological Laboratory.—Preliminary Report of the Appearance in the Phil-
-ippine Islands of a Disease Sue REy, Resembling Glanders. By R. P. Strong, M. D.
No. 2, 1902, Chemical Laboratory.—The Preparation of Benzoyl-Acetyl Peroxide and Its
ge an s intestinal Antiseptic in Cholera and Dysentery. Preliminary Notes. By Paul
eer, M. D.. 3
No. 3, 1903, “Biological Laboratory.—A Preliminary Report on Less at Horses at
in the Philippine Islands. By W. E. Musgrave, M. D., and Norman E. William: Hi
a No, 4, 1903, Serum Laboratory.—Preliminary Robart | on the stud Study of Cattle cane Cara-
baos in_the Phil oe See Li ais Jobling, M. D.
“NO.-5,” gsi al and Tr is, with og 3
Retorene to Biren. te the Philippine Islands. By .W. E. PRA A a D., and Moses: T.
ve 6, 1903. —New or ppd haha Plants, I. The Americatt wee in the Philippine
lora. By Elmer D. Merrill, tanist. (Issued January 20,
. No, 7, 1903, Chemical Dabo —The Gutta Percha nie opbber of the Philippine
Islands. By Penoyer L. Sherman, jr., Ph. D.
No. 8, 1903.—A Dictionary: of the Plant Names of the Philippine Islands. By Elmer D.
errill, Botanist.
No. 9, 1903, Biologicat and Serum Laborat —A Report on Hemorrhagic Septicemia
‘als in the Phil ilippine Pe By Paul G ‘e Woolley ag and and J. W. Jobling, M. D.
No. 10, 1908, Biological Laboratory.—Two Cases of a “Peculiar Form of Head Infection
Sone Hee an Organiom Resembling the Koch-Weeks Bacillus). By. John R. MeDill, M. D.,
an
No. 11, 1903, Rinlonicak Laboratory ‘Bitomblogtcal Division, Bulletin No. 1: Prelimi-
Mary Bulletin on Insects of the Cacao. (Prepared Especially for the Benefit of Farmers.)
; By Charles S. Banks, Entomologist.
enemy fe i Pe were Biological Laboratory.—Report on Some tA sie BE Lesions Pe by
Piatt,
‘morr. ic. Septicemia of Carabaos. By ul G. Woolley, M.
No, 13, 1904, freee Laboratory.—A Fatal Fitton’ ees a Hitherto Undescri! si z
‘ic Bacterium: Bacillus” Aureus Betas. _ By Maximilian H : a
— s
;j G.
sige i Baa u
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pret ee ea |
—New or orthy i
No. 18, 1904, Biologi ia Amebas: Their Ckitivaton and Bt ‘Eti A
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i 19, 1904, Biological Laboratory.—Some Pewereasions on the” ‘Biola ot the ‘cholera es
i } M. S._ Serum Laboratory: V.
Occurrence i Phi e . By Paul G. Woolley, M. D-
« No. 24, 1904, Bioiopical -Laboratory.—Some ms Relating to the Virulence of
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. Strong, M. D.
z “No. 22, Hie, ieee of Governmen: t Laboratories.—I. A Description of the New ae
of the of et kegs cage og Laboratories. By Paul C. Freer, M. D., Ph. D.. HI.
ie oo ae Library of -, Bureau of Government Lownie me may
THE PHILIPPINE
_ JOURNAL OF SCIENCE
4 SECTION C. BOTANY
Vou. IT JANUARY, 1907 No. 1
THE COMPARATIVE ECOLOGY OF SAN RAMON!
POLYPODIACE4.
By Epwity BincHaM CopELAND.
(From the Bureau of Education, Manila.)
INTRODUCTION.
Contemporary biological science is working toward two ends, namely:
(a) The reduction of the processes taking place in living things to
understood reactions of chemistry and changes of physics; this is Phys-
iology. :
(b) Assuming the existence of living things, the causal interpretation
of the forms they assume and the elucidation of their relationships; this
__is Bionomics, sometimes called “Evolution.”
The application of principles established in the study of physiology
to the problem of bionomics is called Ecology. Ecology must work most
’ directly and clearly toward its ultimate aims as a part of bionomics—that
is, the interpretation of form and structure and the elucidation of genetic
affinities—if its systematic aspect is duly and strongly emphasized. That
is, ecological work will contribute more evidently and directly to the
progress of bionomics if its subject is primarily a homogeneous group of
organisms, of whatever rank, than if the theme in the foreground is some
geographical unit or some factor of the environment. Such a piece of
1San Ramon farm, Mindanao.
50146 -
2
work, for instance, was Brenner’s “Klima und Blatt bei der Gattung
Quercus.” ? a
When geographical can be added to genetic unity, then the influence
of local differences in environment, in the selection of adaptive pecul-
iarities and the evolution of species should be especially clear and
instructive. Such a combination of unities is usually impossible in a
work of any scope because of lack of material. However, the homoge-
neous family of Polypodiacew has presented to me, within the radius of
an easy day’s walk in the wilderness back of San Ramon, Mindanao, -
material sufficiently ample to allow me to draw a variety of conclusions.
While directly engaged in collecting on one visit, and on excursions at
irregular times as official work on the physiology of the coconut per-
mitted on a second one, I collected in this neighborhood 186 species in
this family. I do not know that any other family anywhere in the
world will yield such an amount of material; certainly no other will
yield material so diverse in form and adapted to such varying local
conditions. :
In this family are xerophytic, trophophytic, mesophytic and almost
hydrophytic plants. It includes terrestrial and epiphytic herbs, vines,
and subarboreous species; with a remarkable number of peculiar adap-
tations to special conditions, such as the humus-cups of Thayeria and the
ant-chambers of Lecanopteris.
Such remarkable structures as the two just mentioned have ever been
favorite subjects of study; but of greater real importance than the study
of these curiosities, interesting because of their rareness, is the causal
interpretation of more common phenomena, such as length of stipe;
its articulation; the presence or absence of indusia; the permanence of
root hairs; and ciliate or serrate margins. For the explanation of each
of these characteristics this family, as developed at San Ramon, furnishes
concurrent evidence in two or more genera. I believe that the applica-
tion of rich material to such everyday, but too often ignored problems as
these will be regarded as a real service. The range of forms and habitats
could have been widened by including some of the neighboring orders,
taking in the aquatic Ceratopteris, the climbing leaves of Lygodiwm, the
arboreous Cyatheacee, and the peculiarly xerophytic, sometimes rootless
Hymenophyllacee, but the sacrifice of genetic homogeneity is too great
a price to repay me for extending to this wider field.
The subjects in this paper are taken up in the following order:
I. The origin and geographical affinity of the San Ramon fern flora.
II. Local physiography and classification by environment.
III. Adaptations to common environment and to special conditions.
IV. Systematic application of the results.
* Flora (1902), 90, 114-160.
3
I. THE ORIGIN AND GEOGRAPHICAL AFFINITY OF THE SAN RAMON FERN
FLORA.
_ List of species with geographical range.
Name.
General distribution.
Greatest north-
ward range from
San Ramon.
Didymochlena truncatula J. Sm. -_-----------_. PRNWOPIO Sees L
Cyclopeltis presliana (J. Sm.) Berkeley Malaya
Polystichum nudum Copel. Local
FP. aristatum: (SW.) Presl 2 Africa to Polynesia_________
Mesochlena polycarpa R. Br. Malaya
Nephrodium 1712 Local
RUAN at he 1649 do
phrodium 1588 do 5
Nephrodium 1714____ do
Nephrodium 1713 do
Nephrodi erub (Wall.) Diels Tndin, Maldya. oS
Ny eo pdineionta (Willd) Baker 2 oop Ole, MaAlnGCS 50s
N. Don. edie, Malaya oe
N. internedion (plc) BARGY {co oe India, Borneo — ss!
N. blumei (Moore) Hk. Malaya
N. setigerum (Bl.) Baker. India to Polynesia__________
N. Foxii Copel. ined.
N. immersum Hooker Assam to New Caledonia___'
N. (Eunephrodium) truneatum Pr, -_-.___----__
N. canescens (Bl.) f. nephrodiiformis Christ ____
N. (B1.)-.
N. diversilob Pres]
-N. asymmetricum (Fée) Christ
Nephrodi 1647 Local
N. lineatum (Bl.) Pres] Malaya
Di arophvilons (Wal:) Bead, 320 os on India to Australia __________
N. aridum (Don) J. Sm. __| India to Polynesia__________
Nes 1 (BI.) Bak, do
N. ferox Moore Malaya
N, pteroides (Retz,) J. Sim: 22 Bad: to Polynesia -___.____
N. cyatheoides (Kaulf.) Pres] - , Hawaii
N. procurrens (Mett.) Baker India, eideyn EROS NE SERCO
phrodium 1685. Local
Nephrodium 1605, 1677 do
Nephrodium 1571 do
N, Bordenii Christ ined. pa
Meniscium triphyllum Switz. (?) ____--.____---._] India, Java, Borneo________
Aspidium difforme Bl. Malaya
A. decurrens Presl India to Polynesia_____-__--
A. angulatum J. Sm. Java, Borneo, New Guinea_
#Jenurcanum (Preal) Kee? sa ss India to Polynesia -________
A.l var? Local
Psomiocarpa apiifolia Pres]
Stenosemia aurita Presl Malaya, Polynesia_______.__
8. pinnata Copel.
Local
Leptochilus hydrophyllus Copel. do
L. heteroclitus (Pr.) Christensen India, Melanesi
L. latifolius (Meyen) Christensen
Dipteris conjugata (Kaulf.) Reinw, ----_---_---_| Malaya, Polynesia__________|
Arthropteris obli ta J. Sm. Africa to Polynesia.
Luzon,
Do,
Japan.
China.
4
List of species with geographical range—Continued.
Name.
General distribution.
Greatest north-
ward range from
San Ramon.
Nephrolepis cordifolia Presl__.-__----. ---------- Pantropie =: = Sua sree =
N. hi NPR pT ak a aes do
N. laurifolia Christ Celebes
Oleandra colubrina y. nitida Copel. Mind. type in Luzon -_
O. neriiformis Cay. Pantropic ?__
Humata h phylla Desy.
H. gaimardiana (Gaud.) J. Sm.
H. patvuls Wall.) Mettrts a Se
Davallia brevipes Copel.
Malaya, Polynesia _
Burma, Polynesia _
D. denticulata (Burm.) Mett.
Malaya
D. pallida Mett.
D. solida Sw.
D. decurrens Hk.
Borneo, Samoa —2_22--2_--.
Malaya, Polynesia___--_--__
-Microlepia hirsuta (J. Sm.) Presl
M. pinnate (Cay. )J. Ste css oats
M. strigosa (Thunb.) Presl
M. Spelunce (L.) Moore.
Odontosoria retusa (Cay.)
Malaya, Polynesia____--_-~_
India to Polynesia
Pantropic
New Caled
ia, Celebes ____
Dennstaedtia Smithii (Hk.) Moore
Java (?)
Local
D. Williamsi Copel.
D. cuneata (Hooker) Moore
Batjan
Celebes
D. erythrorachis (Christ) Diels
Lindsaya hymenophylloides Bl, -_--------------
Java to New Caledonia____-
L. Merrilli Copel.
L. Havicei Copel.
L. scandens Hook. Malay Peninsula ___-_--_-__
L. gracilis Bl. Malaya
L. blumeana ( Hook.) Kuhn Java, Celebes
L.d posita Willd. India to Polynesia__________
L. pulchella (Hook) Mett. Polynesia.
Coniogramme fraxinea (Don) Diels _____-_---___| India to Polynesia _________
C. serrulata (Blume) Fée Java
Loxogramme conferta Copel.
L. iridifolia (Christ) Celebes
L. involuta (Don) Presl
Syngrammea alismaefolia (Presl) J. Sm, ------__-
Callipteris cordifolia (Bl.) ------_----_____
C. prolifera Bory
C.esculenta (Reta.) J. Si.
-| Africa, Polynesia -___
India to Polynesia______-___
Singapore, Borneo _________
Africa to Polynesia__.
India, Polynesia
Dipl pallidum Bl Java, Q land
D. sp. (near t BL.) 1667 Local
D. bulbiferum Brack.
D. tenerum Pres] Malacca, Polynesia?________
D. Williamsi Copel.
D. dolich um Copel. Local
Dd. reg Presl India, Malacca
D. meyenianum Presl
D. fr Copel. Local_
D. polypodioides Bl India, Malaya, Australia___
Aspleni folium Mett. Malacea to Polynesia_______
A. Phyllitidis Don. India to New Guinea_______
A 1 Bl Malaya
A. epiphyticum Copel.
Japan,
Luzon.
Do.
Do.
Do,
China.
Luzon,
Bohol.
Luzon.
Do.
Japan.
China.
Luzon.
Formosa.
Luzon.
Do.
Do.
Mindanao.
Luzon.
Do.
Leyte.
Luzon.
Do.
Japan.
Mindanao.
Luzon.
Do.
Samar, Negros.
Luzon.
Mindanao.
5
List of species with geographical range—Continued.
Niphobolus varius Kaulf. -.-.----.---------.----
Greatest north-
Name. General distribution, ward range from
n Ramon.
A. subnormale Copel. *_| Luzon.
A. resectum Smith Africa to Polynesia__-.___- ‘Japan.
A. vuleanicum Bl. = Ceylon, Malaya--_-.---.--2-
A. tenerum Forst. India to Polynesia____-.___- Luzon.
Ad mHeeropry Nam Swte es Fl ese ee a do Hongkong.
A. caudatum Forst Pantropie 2csmue2i So 3 Luzon.
As Qunensun: bamsserostarcae ees a do Hongk
A. affine Sw. Ceylon to Polynesia_-_.__-- Luzon.
A. Belangeri Kze. 8 to Amboyna -____-
A dens J. Sm. Borneo to’ Pics 22 ose Leyte.
Athyrium silvaticum (Bl.) Milde --_-___--______ Java, Celebes_ 2... -----..-- _| Luzon.
- Secolopendrium pinnatum J, Sm Do.
8. schi pum Copel Local
St hl: sp.
8. subtrifoliata Copel. Local
Blechnum egregium Copel. _...._-----_-----____ Do.
Adiantum phili L. P. pi Hongk
A. diapt Bl Java to New Zealand_______ Do.
A. mindanaoense Copel. Local
Schizostege calocarpa Copel.___-__--------------|----- sj sie RRR A BREE GSE Ss
S. pachysora Copel. -do -.
Onychium tenue Christ Java, New Guinea Luzon.
Pteris opaca J. Sm Célebestec2 301 Samar or Cebu.
P. longifolia L. C polit: Loo-Choo.
P. mela lon Fée. Luzon.
P. ensiformis Burman India to Polynesia ~----__-- Loo-Choo.
P. quadriaurita setigera Hk, __--_ India, Malaya Hongk
P. pluricaudata Copel. -__-___= _-.______-_-___...] Local
P. excelsa Gaud. Tadia, Hawai" Luzon,
P, tripartita Swtz. Africa to Polynesia —_--__-- Do.
Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn_______-_--__-__ c polita Siberia.
Mi trichoidea J. Sm BONE fied ccaaiinciaf LUZON.
Vittaria alternans Copel Local
V:; faleata Kze. (?) Malaya. Do.
V. minor Fée ‘ Borneo “Philippines.”
Antrophyum latifolium Bl, ____-.-____._______| India, Java_._____-_-_____z
A, plantagineum (Cav.) Kaulf, -----------__----| India to Polynesia ~---._-_.| Luzon
A. semicostatum Bl. Ceylon to Polynesia __.___-_ Do.
A. reticulatum Kaulf. Mad. to Polynesia ___ Do.
Hymenolepis spicata (L. f.) Pres] _---.----..----|----- do. China,
Taenitis blechnoides Swtz. Ceylon to Polynesia __ Luzon.
Java, Mariannes ___--
N. adnascens (Sw.) Kaulf. Africa to Polynesia__.....-.| Luzon.
N. Lingua (Thunb.) J. Sm. __ | India, Malaya —.-......... Japan.
N. nummularicefolius (Sw.) J. Sm, --------------| India to Celebes_-_--------. Luzon.
Prosaptia i Ceylon to Polynesia ______-.| - Do.
P. eryptocarpa Copel. Mind
Polypodium czspitosum Mett. Java. Luzon,
i atum Nees Ceylon to Polynesia -_--_+_- Do.
P. gracillimum Copel. ----_--- Do.
P. pediculatum Baker. Borneo
P. celebi Bl. Sumatra to Celebes_-_-.___-
P. obliquatum BI. India, Malaya Do.
6
List of species with geographical range—Continued.
Greatest north-
Name. General distribution, ward range frem
San Ramon.
P. papillosum Bl. #. Malaya : Luzon.
P. (Goniophlebium) subauriculatum B). -_-----| India to Polynesia ~_--.---- Do.
P. Bedd i Baker Malacca, Burma -____-_---_ Do.
P. (Phymatodes) d Bl. Malaya, Polynesia___--__--_ Do.
P. revolutum (J. Sm.) Christens, -----_--------- Malaya, New Caledonia ___ Do.
P; punotatum (i) Uhrist 12020 Africa to Polynesia_____---_ Do.
P. Zippelii Bl. Java, India. Do.
at folium Bl. ? Malaya, New Guinea____--_
P. dolichopterum Copel. : Local
Polypodium incurvatum Bl. Malaya
P. commutatum Bl. Java
P. Phymatodes L. Africa to Polynesia.
P. nigrescens Bl. India to Polynesia______-_-_
P. Schneideri Christ. Celebes
P. palmatum Bl. Malaya Do.
P. angustatum Bl. save, Celebesca
P. albido-sq t BL Malaya, New Guinea___--.- Do.
P. (Selliguea) caudiforme BI. _---.---.---._--.__ Malaya, Polynesia___-_.---.- 2
P. macrophyllum Mett. £. China to New Guinea -_____ Do.
P. (Myr phila) si Wall. Malaya, New Hebrides_____ Do.
P. (Drynariopsis) h 1 Kze. Java, Celebes. Do.
Lecanopteris pumila BI. Malaya
Photinopteris speciosa (Bl. ) Presl do. Do.
Dryostachyum pilosum J. Sm. a0. Do.
Thayeria Cornucopia Copel. Local
Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J. Sm. India to Polynesia____-_--__ China.
D. rigidula (Sw.) do. Luzon.
Achrostichum aureum L, Pi pi Formosa.
L ides J. Sm. (?) Gelebes (?)c240 2 oo) ugon.
Cheiropleuria bicuspis Presto eee Java to New Guinea________ Formosa.
According to their distribution, as now known, these ferns may be
classified as follows:
Species common to the Malayan region and to China, Japan or
Formosa 31
Malayan species reaching Luzon ‘Ne
Malayan species passing Mindanao but not reaching Luzon. pstoae 8
Malayan species not passing Mindanao. 23
Philippine species not ‘@enBined to Mind 14
Species confined to Mindanao, not to San Ramon 4
Local speci 27
Total 184
The local species and those confined to Mindanao are valueless in a
statistical study of the affinities of the flora, and, in the same connection,
the species confined to the Philippines may best: be regarded as endemic
and left out of account. There are then left 139 species known to occur
outside this Archipelago.
Every one of these 139 species is Malayan, 31 of them being aden in
China, Japan or Formosa also. Nearly half of these 31 are known only in
ri
southern China, including Hongkong. Their migration northward into
that region was almost certainly independent of that into the Philippines.
Of the few remaining species, a few stop at Formosa and a few others
reach as far as Japan. Of the entire 139 species, only a single one,
Pteridium aqulinum, the most cosmopolitan of ferns, has such a dis-
tribution that it could as well be regarded as an immigrant from the north
as from the south. Since it is impossible that many other ferns, and
improbable that any others have come to Mindanao from north of Luzon,
it is likewise unlikely that Pteridiwm is an immigrant from that side,
especially since we have here the lanuginose form usual in the Tropics.
If, as is commonly done, we picture the migrations of plants as waves
rolling on to a land from all sides on which it has points of biological .
contact, we should expect, on geographical grounds, to find such waves
to have rolled on to the Philippines from Malaya on the south and
Formosa on the north. The strength of these waves must depend on
the ease of migration and on the “pressure” of the flora back of them.
The character of the waves must be determined by the partial presssure
of the different constituents of the parent flora.* The ease of migration
' depends upon the distance and the natural obstacles. Whatever their
means of travel, ferns readily cross bodies of water.‘
From its greater proximity and its incomparable wealth of ferns,
it was easy to expect that Malaya would furnish by far the larger part
of the San Ramon fern flora. Still, I did not at all anticipate that the
entire flora would prove Malayan, and “I know of no other case of any
very rich flora which, aside from endemic species, is derived entirely
from immigration from one side. Nor does the endemic element really
constitute an exception here. Polystichum nudum belongs to the cos-
mopolitan “aculeatum” group. Loxogramme conferta is a very isolated
species but in a Malayan genus. ‘T'wo species are placed in Schizostege,
a genus hitherto known only from Hawaii. Schizostege seems to be a
generalized type, intermediate between Cheilanthes and Pteris, and its
discontinuous distribution may be another evidence of antiquity, the
Hawaiian fern flora being strongly Austro-malayan. The other local
ferns all belong to groups characteristic of the islands to the south.
This is no less true of the 14 species peculiar to the Philippines, of
which only Psomiocarpa apiifolia is without very close Malayan cousins.
The non-polypodiaceous fern flora yields altegether harmonious evi-
dence. A notable example is Dicksgnia chrysotricha Hassk., the genus
not being known hitherto from the Philippines.
The conclusion derived from the study of the San Ramon collections
is applicable to the whole of Mindanao. I have at present fully 100
Of course the effectiveness of migration depends also on the power of the
migrants to live, with or without modification, in the new environment.
4*Treub: Notice sur la nouvelle flore de Krakatoa, Ann. Jard. Buitenz. (1888)
7. Schimper: Plant Geography, Engl. Translation (1903), 80.
8
Polypodiacee from various parts of the island, which are not known about
San Ramon. If these be considered each by itself, there is not one which
can be regarded as a probable immigrant from the north.
To return to the wave figure, we see that no wave from north of Luzon
has brought any ferns to Mindanao. Of the many waves from Malaya,
some have reached only to Mindanao, a few to the Visayan Islands, the
greatest force of them to Luzon, and a few still farther. It is not
irrelevant to point out here that the Malayan element is little short of
absolute, even in Luzon. One hundred and twenty-two, or 80 per cent,
of the San Ramon ferns with the outside distribution of which I am at
all acquainted, occur in Luzon. Beside sharing such a proportion as
this of the ferns of the southern Philippines, Luzon has many charac-—
teristic Malayan species still unknown elsewhere in the Philippines.
Beside these, it has a few Himalayan species. Since the accepted distri-
bution of some species such as Nephrodium flaccidum, Meniscium cuspi-
datum, ete., not yet found in China, is from the Himalayas through
Malaya to Luzon, and many species have this range and China in addi-
tion, it is not unlikely that plants now known only from the Himalayas
and Luzon, or even from these and China, have at some time been
continuously distributed through Malaya. Therefore, the existence of
these species is not in itself strong evidence of a direct silent between
Luzon and continental Asia. ’
There are a few ferns known only from Luzon and the regions north
of it: Polystichum varium Pr., P. deltodon Diels, Nephrodium erythroso-
rum Hook., Athyrium anisopteron Christ, and Plagiogyria stenoptera
Diels. Of these, Polystichum varium is as likely to have originated in
one part of its range as in another. The Nephrodium is as likely to have
migrated northward, because the greatest development of its genus and
section (Lastraea), is Malayan. Plagiogyria is most probably a north-
ward migrant from Luzon because the Philippines have about as many
species in the genus as all the rest of the world. Finally, Woodwardia
radicans has been regarded as a northern element of this flora but our
plant is intermediate between the Japanese and Formosan form (W.
orientalis Swtz.) and the widespread typical form found in Java; there-
fore, it is strongly probable that the Japanese plant was derived from
Luzon. The boreal element in the fern-flora even of Luzon is, then,
exceedingly insignificant.®
I have spoken of the Mindanao fern flora as immigrant from Malaya.
The greater part of my evidence proves only a close affinity, but not the
direction of migration. That this has been northward for the ferns as
a whole is indicated by the high proportion of endemic species (showing
the Philippines to be not truly continental islands, while floras are
‘This is by no means so true for the whole of the flora of Luzon. Some
families better represented to the north, such as Compositae, show relatively
large numbers of immigrants here.
a es CCC
9
ultimately of continental origin), the greater aggregate fern wealth
of Malaya as compared with the Philippines, the affinity of the Malayan
fern flora with that of Polynesia, Australia, India, and even Africa
(showing its great age), the scarcity of mammals in the Philippines
and the geological evidence that Mindanao is younger than the highlands
of Borneo. However, Mindanao is, for its area, richer in ferns than any
other large island in the world and it can not be doubted that, in its
measure, emigration southward has occurred and is occurring.
The comparative share of Borneo and Celebes in the composition of
the Mindanao flora is a most interesting question, but one the present
discussion of which may furnish the future with little of more final
value than the evidence of present ignorance of the flora of all three
islands. This much, at least, we can establish, that the connection with
Celebes and presumably through it with other lands to the south and
east, has been much more intimate than most writers in this field have
imagined. San Ramon is at the extreme southwest of “Mindanao, from
which a chain of islands dots the sea at intervals of at most a few miles,
quite across to Borneo. Several of these islands are sufficiently elevated
to bear an abundance of tree-ferns. Migration to or from Borneo looks
exceedingly easy. :
Of the San Ramon ferns, Vittaria minor and Polypodium pedicu-
latum are already known only from Borneo, or Borneo and the Philip-
pines. From their further range, Nephrodium intermedium, Tindsaya
~ scandens, Syngramma alismefolia, Monogramma trichoidea and Polypo-
dium Beddomet may be regarded as added evidence of connection with
Borneo. Not one of the genera notable for its occurrence or develop-
ment in Borneo, such as Matonia, et been Dipteris and Taenitis, is
at all notable at San Ramon.
Valid evidence of floristic affinity with Celebes is furnished by Nephro-
dium diversilobum (even if it is not specifically distinct from N. canes-
cens), Nephrolepis laurifolia, Dennstaedtia erythrorachis, Pteris opaca
and Polypodium Schneideri, known only from Celebes and the Philip-
pines. In a few cases, as in that of the conspicuous Polypodium hera-
cleum, Athyrium silvaticum, and Loxogramme iridifolia, Celebes con-
nects Mindanao with Java. A relationship to the flora of the remote
east and south is shown by Lindsaya pulchella and Odontosoria retusa.
More significant’ than mere community of species is the sharing of
larger or more isolated groups. Lomagramma is probably a good in-
stance in this connection, though its confusion with a Leptochilus has
made its actual range dubious. Thayeria is found in Luzon, Mindanao
and New Guinea.
Judging, then, from our oneal knowledge of the distribution of
Malayan ferns, there is a closer affinity between the fern flora of San
Ramon and that of Celebes than between the former and that of Borneo,
in spite of the fact that the geographical connection with Borneo is
10
very evidently the better. The fern flora of Mindanao as a whole
naturally shows a stronger predominance of Celebes affinities. ‘The most
conspicuous example is Acrosorus, with one species on Mount Apo, one
in Celebes, and a third in Samoa.
II. LOCAL GEOGRAPHY.
San Ramon is situated on the Sea of Jolo, 14 miles from Zamboanga.
The coastal plain here is at most 5 kilometers broad, and at least 50
meters in altitude at the back, from which small mountains rise abruptly.
The back part of this plain, and the mountains, are clothed with virgin
forest, while land near the shore is for the most part in cultivation.
The streams, the largest of which is the Sax River, are superficial on
the plain to which they add more than they erode. Along the Sax a
flood-plain a few meters wide has been developed less than 2 kilometers
into the mountains. Above this, the river descends through a canon, in
most places quité without any level floor, the walls of which are in but few
places too steep to be wooded. At the head of this cafion, at an altitude of
200 meters, the river forks, its two parallel branches entering through
practically impassable gorges. The ridge between these is 600 meters
high at its abrupt lower end. This, and the neighboring ridges and the
mountains nearer the coast, are remains of a plateau, which, 6 kilometers
farther inland, at an altitude of about 800 meters, is still well preserved,
the creeks being hardly 50 meters below its level. From the back of this
plateau, altitude 900 meters, Mount Balabac rises abruptly to 1,200
meters. The summit it flat, but small.
As I find it convenient to classify the vegetation, we have here:
The strand; including all places where the plants are subject to the deposition
at any time of salt from the atmosphere.
The salt marsh; only a few spots, the only fern in which is Achrostichum
aureum,
The savanna-wood, including:
(a) The low jungle; low places near the coast, wet throughout the dry season.
(b) The parang; drier lowlands, without large trees, whether as a result of
the dryness of the soil or because the trees have been removed.
The high forest (in Brandis’ sense) ; a forest containing large trees, in which
there is a pronounced dry season; this includes part of the coastal plain and the
lower mountains and ridges.
The rain forest ; a forest in which the dry season is broken by showers and
practically no plants are deciduous; this includes the high plateau and the slopes’
of Mount Balabac.
The mossy forest; stunted woods with an exuberance of epiphytes; this is
rather feebly developed on the main summit.
Like other classifications, this one is artificial; the several divisions
blend, they are not absolutely codrdinate, and they are not units, but it
is convenient, applicable to the field, and more approximately correlated
with the ferns’ physiology than is any other classification that preserves
any semblance of geographical cohesion. From the standpoint of the
SO
11
fern, environments would be classified almost solely with regard to the
_ physiological dryness of the air. In a general way, a classification can
be made along this line, as this one is; but in detail it is not geograph-
ically feasible, because of great and very local differences. As an
illustration of these; the Negritos of Bataan dig holes more than a meter
deep and hardly 30 centimeters across, to gather a wild yam; these holes
are common in the parang but harbor a fern vegetation characteristic of
rocky gorges in the high forest.
Compared with the moisture, the temperature plays a very minor réle
in the control of the distribution of these ferns, and probably none at
all in the modification of their structures, except indirectly as it influences
their transpiration. Compared with the moisture of the air, that of the
ground is likewise an insignificant factor both in distribution and struc-
ture. This is more true of plants in general than many ecologists seem
to realize, but it is, of course, especially so of a group like the ferns,
a large proportion of which display their independence of ground-moisture
by being epiphytes; moreover, poor water-absorbing or water-conducting
organs increase a plant’s relative dependence on atmospheric moisture ;
ferns have ill-developed conducting systems, as compared with flowering
plants. Tree ferns grow only where the air is most moist, in cafions, or
forested pockets and cirque-like basins, and the few scandent Polypo-
diacew, in other than the wettest places, are strongly xerophytic in
structure.
The moisture of the atmosphere and that of the soil are of course
intimately related; if the ground is wet, air standing over it becomes so,
and if the air in a given place has a very drying action on plants it will
have the same effect on the soil. However, the influence of the moisture
of the soil and of that of the air can sometimes very readily be distin-
guished ; for instance, in the cases of plants of different height, growing
together on the same ground, it is wholly dependent on the atmosphere
whether or not the taller plant must differ from the shorter. There is
no environment so damp but that on the whole the taller ferns have
more xerophytic leaf-structures than those the leaves of which are close
to the ground ; but the limit of height is very different in different environ-
ments in which the structures of low-growing plants are essentially alike.
The soil in the low jungle never dries; but there are times when the air
does so, sufficiently and for a long enough period of time to make it an
impossible habitat for any of the giant ferns of the rain forest or of any
ferns of like structure and stature.
In the following table are listed the ferns of the several habitats the
structure of which I was able to study with fresh material; the thickness
of frond and of outer wall of each epidermis, the presence or absence of
chlorophyll in the epidermis, and of a chlorophyll-less hypodermis, the
number of stomata per square millimeter, and the average length and
width of a stoma are given.
12
STRAND,
fhe pc Rjnciner ane Stom- es
é Thick | Loe 0} | Nees © ony ata per
upper | lower hyll Hypo- length and
Name. new opt: epi- fh epi- | dermis. | SOUHi® | width of
* | dermal | dermal | dermis. meter stomata.
wall. wall. :
; mm. B BK BE
Davallia denticulata__._.__| 0.27 2.5 4.5 _ + 116 39 x 30
D. sou Gy SS 221 3 a = +: 140 40 x 29
Niphobolus adnascens-__--| 1.49 10 10 =- + 28 51 x 30
Polypodium sinuosum ____ 57 5 5 — + 28 47 x 45
Asplenium macrophyllum +22 9 6 5 a 60 37 x 36.
A. museefolium —___------- eB 5 7.5 oS fof 56 x 49
Average --..---- .. oe 58 5.75 6.5 163% 833% 36.3} 45 x 36.5
SALT MARSH.
ye 3 : |
Achrostichum woreom... 0.30 5 | 3.5 ~ + _ 220 47 x 84 |
LOW JUNGLE. |
Nephrodium p 0.10 3 95 + = 107 36 x 19
Nephrodium (1677) ------- - 065 2 A + - 110 30 x 16
Callipteris prolifera_______ 14 1.5 23 + _ 60 37 x 25
Callipteris esculenta _-_-__ 229: 2 1 + ae 450 31 x 20
Polypodium Schneideri-__-_ Sty 4 3 2 + sat 68 46 x 30
Average 2-2 cusp 12:8: 2.3 1.5 90% 0 159 31.2 x 22
PARANG.
Nephrodium aridum______' 0.10 5 2.5 | Trace. _ 200 32x 17
N. cucullatum —-__---.---- .14 6.5 2 Trace - 360 36 x 19
N.p id -10 3 1.5 + =— 250 27 x 18
Nephrolepis hirsutula ___- +23 3 3 = =— 132 45 x 26
Pteris longifolia ~__----_- 18 3.5 2 + _ 84 51 x 82
P; enalformis 322 3- +12 2.5 2.5 + —_ 56 47 x 23
AVOTARO. 525505555 ch -145 3,92 2.25 663% 0 | 180.3 | 39.7 x 22.5
Average for plain___ 135 3.18 1.91 77.3% 0 170,8 | 35,8 x 22.3
HIGH FOREST.
A. GORGES AND OTHER MOISTER PLACES,
Nephrodium (1685) --_---- 0.07 4 2 + od 120 40 x 19
N. syrmati ‘ - 08 2.5 1 + = 400 387 x 19
N. setigerura8 3 4 3 1 + =_ 210 33 X 26
N. POM woo ae -10 2 a + — 200 86 x 21
N. i - 08 1 1 ao = 150 28 x 19
aN, FON ee he 4 3 Trace. = 100 38 x 22
N. Bordenii (1688) +09 3 1 + = 225, 36 X 21
Aspidium angulatum _____ oak 4 1 + — 36 44 x 28
A.1 : 712 2 Ie + _ 60 43 x 26
Leptochilus heteroclitus__ .165 1.5 Lp’ + a 84 51 x 25
Microlepia Speluncee _____ -19 4 3 + a 92 60 x 30
13
HIGH FOREST—Continued.
A. GORGES AND OTHER MOISTER PLAces—Continued,
Thick an peer Chloro- Boag on Average *
Name. ness of | UPPer lower | phyll Hypo- square length and
frond. epi- epi- in epi- | dermis. milli- width of
, dermal | dermal | dermis. meter, | Stomata.
wall. wall
mm. BK B B&B
Odontosoria retusa____---- 0.175 1.5 3.5 + - 36 65 x 38
Dennstedtia cuneata _---- 13 4 3.5 Trace. _ 285 41 x 21
Diplazi tener 24 2 a + _ &8 53 x 43
. Diplazium Williamsi-___-_- 15 1 + — 64 43 x 23
D. meyeni = 3085 |. 1.5 1 + - 128 41 x 20
: D. polypodioid -10 1 + _ 800 25 x 20
4 Asplenium subnormale | .22 1 1 + — 28 65 x 84
1 drium pi t 284 2.5 2 + _ 24 58 x 34
Adi: philipp - 08 1 1 au ~_ 80 33 x 29
’ Pteris tripartita ----------- -13 2 1 7 + _ 148 29 x 25
Polypodium macrophyl-
lum . .-..----------------| - 80 1.5 1.5 + -—- 26 58 x 31
AVerage fo0.52<---55) 145 2.32 1,55 95.5% 0 126.5 | 43,5 x 26.1
B. TERRESTRIAL IN DRIER Woops.
(1) DIMORPHOUS ROSETTE-FORMERS.
Psomiocarpa apiifolia -.--}. 0.11 4 1.5 + _— 38 53 x 25
Stenosemia aurita -------- -13 1.5 + _ 50 46 x 32
Ss. pinnata. ay sj 1.5 1 as thee. 40 53 x 36
Leptochilus latifolius----_ «21 3 if + _ 52 45 x 30
Average.-...-.------| .165 2.5 it 100% 0 |
Ss (2) WITHOUT PRONOUNCED ROSETTE-HABIT.
Cyclopeltis presliana___---| 0.32 5 2 + oa 24 60 x 37
Polystichum arista ee] 17 3 2 Trace. — 44 64 x 34
2 bu ef ee 4 2 + - 140 41x 19
Aspidium difforme_ 34 oe 1 + = 56 61 x 36
A, decurrens__-----. ~24 3 1.5 + - 44 43 x 31
Microlepia pinnata -- pee: 4 4 + - 28 72x 51
Lindsaya gracilis -____---- .09 6 8.5 + - 42 45 x 32
L. decomposit 095 1.5 1.5 + - 80 48 x 34 ‘
Syng alismefolia__| . 45 4 3 + = 24 77 x 57
Callipteris cordifolia__-__- 51 4.5 a: + _ 13 87 x 51
Diplazium pallidum ------ 25 3 2 + =) . 2666 3.52 2.78 | 83.22% 5. 08% 46.4 | 54.1 x 33.7
MOSSY FOREST.
: A. TERRESTRIAL. “
Dipteris conjugata_-_-----' 0.15 5 3 + - 300 81 x 23
Oleandra colubrina (?) --- 24 5 3 — + 232 32 x 28
Dennstaedtia erythrora-
chine ste ee +23 1 2 + - 56 63 x 85
Ayerage 2s. 32a 207 4,67 2.67 663% 335% 196 42 x 28.7
B, EPIPHYTIC.
Lindsaya Havicei____----- 0.10 2.5 1 + _ 55 62x33
L. hy phylloid .18 1 = + = 35 66 x 40
L. pulchell -19 1.5 1 + = 22 66 x 34
Polypodium cucullatum__} .17 5 5 + _ 28 58 x 45
P, gracillimum _..--------} *.10 3 3 * = 20 Bt x 36
P. celebi 46 z 1.5 ot Sige 168 40 x 38
P. obliquatu Bh Fe 2 + po 55 50 x 38
Average for epi- |.
YEO 2.86 2.07 | - 100% | 0% 54.7 | 64.4 x 37.7
Average for mossy
forest .< == oop 209 3.4 2.25 : 90% 10% 113.5 | 50.7 x 35
Average for ter-
restrial{. sp 186 2.95 1,82 | 90.34% | 2.27% 105.2 | 49.1 x 29.5
Average for epi- e
phyiet - 3498 4. 65 4.48 | 59.88% | 27.78% 48.3 | 52.2 x 35.7
Average for all_____- | .2663| 8.77} 8.09 | 75.74% | 14.50% | 77.9 | 50.6 x 82.5
17
A great many ferns range over more than one of these formations,
both because they are not finely adapted to exact conditions—as, indeed,
it is especially natural, in a mountainous country ® that they should not
be—and because, as already stated, the formations are not in most
cases sharply bounded. In the table each plant. is ascribed to the for-
mation where the specimens represented in the table were collected;
this was also the formation of which, on the whole, the plant seemed to
me most characteristic.
THE STRAND.
The characteristic strand fern of the Philippines is Niphobolus ad-
nascens, which is found on the tree trunks over almost every beach in
the Islands. Associated with it on the coconut boles and trunks at San
Ramon are a small Davallia solida and a remarkably dwarfed D. denti-
culata. A diminutive form of Psilotum nudum grows with them. and New ‘Zea-
land, is remarkable among Philippine Polypodiacee for its tall and
graceful stem. On trunks deeply covered with vegetation, some small
ferns have stems standing out radially, with a dense, apical tuft of
small fronds, Among these are Viltaria minor, and all the Polypodia
with nonarticulate stipes. A large number of ferns lift the fronds
above competition with their terrestrial neighbors by assuming the scan-
dent habit. Such are Nephrodium 1712, all scandent species of Lepto-
chilus, Arthropteris, Nephrolepis volubilis, all scandent Lindsayw except
L. gracilis, Asplenium epiphyticum, Lomagramma, and Stenochlaena.
The majority of these maintain their comection with the ground, but
are still, if we classify all ferns as either terrestrial or epiphytic, rather
to be regarded. as belonging to the latter class, because of their exposure.
Numerous other ferns keep to the ground or to their original aérial
support, but remove their leaves from competition with one another by
a creeping habit and by bearing them at considerable intervals. Neither
the geotropism of the stem, determining whether it shall be prostrate
“This Journal (1906), 1: Suppl. 161. :
Christ: Bull. Herb. Boissier (1898), 7, 149. Pl. 6. It is usually more
slender than this figure shows,
50146——-4
Mv. Bot.Garden
1908
.
50
or erect, nor its symmetry, radial or bilateral, seems to be a very deep-
seated or firmly fixed character, for both change in many instances within
universally recognized generic or subgeneric limits, as in “Gontopteris”
and Eu-Polypodium. The correlation between length of stem and length
of stipe is too obvious to need any discussion; ferns with scandent or
wide-creeping rhizomes have short stipes, while those with erect rhi-
zomes have the tufted stipes long enough to separate the fronds.
Fleshy rhizomes serving as water-reservoirs are found in Drynaria
and its relatives, most notably in Polypodium heraclewm,** and less
developed in Photinopteris and Polypodium affine. The rhizome and
stipe of Scolopendrium pinnatum are fleshy, as is the stipe of Antrophyum
latifolium.
All rhizomes are protected against loss of water at the apex, and many
throughout their length, by scales which vary in form, size, and texture.
Exceedingly harsh palee are found on Dipteris and Dennstaedtia Wil-
liamsi, two ferns with notably stout rhizomes. It is very probable that
these are protective against animals, such as deer and hogs which are
very numerous, but which never, so far as I have observed, touch these
species. Similar scales protect the fleshy crowns of various Cyatheacee.
The muricate stems of Stenochlaena, and muricate stipes of Dennstaedtia
erythrorachis, Diplazium polypodioides and other species, as well as of
Athyrium silvaticum probably have the same function. Dead bases of
stipes must provide other rhizomes with an unpalatable mantle, but most
fern stems are too hard to need protection of this kind.
Many stems contain chlorophyll when exposed to the light. It is
regularly present in those of Polypodium accedens, P. dolichopterum,
P. commutatum and P. Schneideri. :
Light correlations —The correlation between length of rhizome and
length of stipe has just been mentioned. A similar correlation exists
between length of one or the other of these and the development of
the lowest pinne. Deltoid fronds—that is, fronds with elongate lowest .
pinne—would seriously interfere with each other’s light if they were
not borne on wide-creeping rhizomes, as is the case in Davallia and
Humata; or on very long ascending stipes, as is true of most species
of Aspidium, Nephrodium sparsum, N. intermedium, Dennstaedtia ery-
throrachis, Adiantum mindanaoense, Schizostege pachysora, Pteris excelsa
and P. pluricaudata; or on comparatively short, but more horizontal
stipes, as in Leptochilus latifolius and Psomiocarpa apiifolia. Fronds
with short stipes, unless these are very remote, usually have the pinne
reduced toward the base; illustrations with creeping rhizomes are N eph-'
rodium aridium, Arthropteris, Lindsaya hymenophylloides, L. Havicei,
Polypodium celebicum, P. obliquatum, Prosaptia, Drynaria (normal
* Goebel: Pflanzenbiologische Schilderungen (1889), 1, 202. However, Profes-
sor Goebel is in error when he cites the Hymenophyllacew, because they have no
store of water, as being quickly killed by dry air.
51
fronds) and Dryostachyum pilosum. Under the same conditions, entire
fronds are narrowed below, as in Scolopendrium schizocarpum. Among
tufted fronds, such forms are the rule, as in Diplazium, Blechnum, Poly-
podium cucullatum, etc., and, as an example with entire fronds, P.
carspitosum may be cited. All the lower pinne are sometimes equally
and extremely reduced, the largest ones being immediately above these ;
such fronds are physiologically like those with long stipes and large,
lowest pinne ; illustrations are Nephrodiwm cucullatum, N. 1685, and
N. Bordenii. e
Fronds with broad bases which are so placed as not to overlap, might
lose considerable light between the stipes, but in general this space is
utilized. A long, broad wing on the stipe sometimes extends the assim-
ilating area, as may be observed in Aspidiwm decurrens, Leptochilus
latifolius and Polypodium dolichopterum. In many ferns the lowest
_ pinne are flexed forward so that they practically fill the space between
the frond bases; this is the case with Nephrodium procurrens, N. diver-
silobum, N. cucullatum (lowest functional pinne), N. 1685, N. Bordenii,
Humata gaimardiana, Asplenium caudatum, Polypodium Schneideri and
Achrostichum. Asplenium subnormale has the stipes sufficiently erect
to bring the large lowest pinne near together and the rachis is bent
strongly outward just above these, the upper parts of the fronds being
divergent and nearly horizontal. Similarly, the close-set fronds of Chei-
ropleuria are curved outward and downward above the often cuneate base,
so that most of the frond slopes downward toward the apices. In many
cases such as Nephrodium canescens, N. 1677, Diplazium dolichosorum,
D. 1667, and Athyrium silvaticum, the lower pinne are deflexed into
the space otherwise lost between the frond bases. Deltoid fronds usually
reach the same end by a strong basiscopic development of the lowest
pinne; this is true in most species of Aspidium, Humata, Davallia, Chei-
lanthes, Pteris and other genera.
Since half the margin of a frond is longer than its axis, most pinnae,
being narrowed toward their apices, lose considerable space between their
distal ends. This form economizes the conduction of water and food
and is mechanically good because it is compact, but it involves a waste
of light, which is saved by Nephrodium diversilobum and N. Bordenii,
which broaden toward almost truncate apices. N. 1677 has its pinne
somewhat narrow near the base, where they bear large, foliose auricles.
The pinne, as well as the fronds of ombrophilous plants, as is to be
expected, are in general fitted together so as to utilize all possible light
consistent with the disposible surface. Notably perfect mosaics are
presented by Davallia solida, Dennstaedtia Williamsi and all fronds with
trapezoidal or “lunulate” pinne or pinnules, such as are presented by
Polystichum amabile, Didymochlaena, Lindsaya scandens, L. pulchella,
Asplenium resectum, and Adiantum. The pinnex of Lindsaya pulchella
would overlap wastefully were they not set at such an angle that they act
like a grating. S
52
ROOT, .
Perhaps the most interesting specialization of the roots of ferns,
but one which I have seen mentioned nowhere else, is the massing
of very numerous roots, all densely covered by a felt of long, brow nish,
persistent root-hairs which form a structure for the storage of water.
Appropriately to their function, these masses of hairy roots are commonly
found on ferns growing on naked rocks or tree-trunks, but never on
ferns with abundant soil, nor on trunks laden with moss. Persistent
root-hairs as organs of attachment are very common among ferns and
other plants, and it is doubtless through roots clinging by such means
that these water-stores have been evolved. Obviously, too, the deepest
‘roots in every mass of this kind still fasten the plant to its support, but
that more than the deepest layer in a mass, which is sometimes more
than 2 centimeters thick, can serve in this way is of course impossible.
There is every gradation from these thick pads down to those so thin
they may serve for attachment alone, as is the apparent case with
Polypodium macrophyllum. San Ramon ferns with a sufficient mass of
felty roots so that they must store water are Nephrodium Foxti (on
rocks), Davallia pallida, Loxogramme conferta (few), L. iridifolia, As-
plenium tenerum, A. Belangeri, Antrophyum latifolium, A. reticulatum
(very thick pad), Niphobolus nummulariefolius (few), Polypodium
accedens (few), P. 1741 (few), and P. nigrescens, beside all humus-
collecting species. Fuzzy roots are found on Antrophyum plantagineum,
Polypodium Zippelii, P. angustatum, P. albido-squamatum, P. cqudiforme
and Dryostachyum pilosum, growing on submossy trunks or subnaked
rocks, the hairiness of the roots of P. angustatum being evidently depen-
dent on the nakedness of their substratum. In contrast with the
preceding, the following epiphytes on mossy trunks have fine, naked
roots: Humata parvula, Davallia brevipes, Microlepis ciliata, Lindsaya
Havicei, L. pulchella, Prosaptia contigua, Polypodium celebicum and P.
palmatum.
Asplenium epiphyticum has roots of two kinds; those of unlimited
length, positively geotropic, forming a jacket around the stem, diarch,
flanked by sclerenchyma, unbranched, with hairs along the sheltered
side; and roots 2 to 3 centimeters long, slightly negatively geotropic,
freely branched, closely appressed to the support, clinging by copious hairs,
of similar structure to the preceding but with more sclerenchyma. These
are the clinging roots. The former, under favorable conditions, will
reach the ground and then branch. A. scandens likewise has roots of
two kinds. In various scandent ferns stems are massed, and hold water
as these two Asplenia do by means of the stems and mantles of roots, and
in a few cases, an in Lindsaya Merrilli, persistent, decurrent leaf bases
or stipes are useful in the same way.
The bracing “roots” of Nephrolepis are very familiar objects. Those
of several species of Diplazium are very stiff and somewhat spreading
ee
53
above the ground. It has already been mentioned that Achrostichum
aureum sometimes has pneumathode-roots which are not greatly differ-
entiated.
IKUMUS COLLECTORS.
The amount of study which has alreidy been devoted to two of the
most extraordinary specializations of ferns, those for collecting humus
and for association with ants, spare me the necessity of entering into the
details of either. Of humus-collectors, we have at San Ramon the nest-
builders, Asplenium musaefolium, A. Phyllitidis and Drynaria rigidula;
Polypodium punctatum, which makes brackets of leaf-bases interlaid
and overlaid with humus and detritus which are sometimes 15 centi-
meters broad and almost as deep, but which does not normally form
round nests; P. heraclewm and Drynaria quercifolia, which, in their best
development, form spiral brackets, the supporting leaves being in a single
series, but imbricate; and Vhayeria, which makes a most perfect, inde-
pendent receptacle with each leaf. Other Philippine humus-collectors
are Dryostachyum splendens in Mindanao and Luzon, and “Polypodium”
meyenianum in Luzon. This character of D. splendens is not generally
recognized and my determination might be in error, but it is based on
a comparison with a plant of the type number of Cuming’s collection.
Thayeria is so remarkable and recent a discovery that I take the
liberty of repeating a part of the description, from this JourNat
(Volume I Suppl. (1906) page 165). “Fronde solitaria in ramo laterale
rhizomatis endogena, cornucopieforme; ramo in fundo cornucopie in
radiculas multas dissipato.” “In its humus-collecting structures Thay-
eria is wholly unlike any other known plant, the specialization having
gone beyond the frond to the rhizome. Each leaf is a unit, a complete
receptacle, wholly out of contact with the main rhizome. It is the
most perfect of the humus-collecting organs developed in its group,
- the material collected being inclosed on all sides and protected against
desiccation with a throughness not attained even by Asplenium Nidus.
The specialization of the branch end as a root bearer in the bottom of
the cornucopia is a very novel feature.”
MYRMECOPHILY.
Our two remarkable myrmecophilous ferns, Polypodium sinuosum and
Lecanopteris, have recently been thoroughly studied by Yapp,*" in whose
paper the previous literature is summarized. With regard to the anat-
omy, there is nothing essential to add; but with regard to the signif-
icance of the bizarre form and structure of these and other myrmecoph-
ilous plants of this region, Yapp followed Treub and Goebel in a
puzzling oversight of the service rendered the plant by the ants, which
insects furnish their hosts with mineral food.
* Ann. of Bot. (1902) 16, 185.
54
Our myrmecophilous plants are, without exception, epiphytes. As
such, they are exposed to dearth of water and dearth of mineral food.
When they protect themselves against injury by the former by using
devices to reduce the transpiration, they aggravate the latter difficulty.
Epiphytes have many ways of overcoming their difficulty of obtaining
mineral food, such as the maintenance of remote ground-connections ;
parasitism; complete exhaustion of their own dead parts; codperation in
the accumulation of an aérial “soil,” in the mossy forest and in tree-top
gardens at lesser altitudes; special humus-collecting. structures, such as
have just been described; the insectivorous habit, in Nepenthes, and
the attraction of insects‘for the sake of the débris they bring, or for
their excreta or their carcasses, as is the case with the plants now under
discussion. The plants waste none of their parts to support the ants,
offering them only a tolerably moist shelter, and this is very evidently
a sufficient inducement for the ants to seek them, for I have never
found a healthy individual of one of these plants without its tenants.
The latter are not specialized in adaptation to their specific hosts, for the
same ants inhabit the chambers of different plants; for instance I have
found one kind in Polypodium sinuosum, Myrmecodia, and Hydnophy-
tum all in a single tree. Although ants have not the reputation of being
untidy housekeepers, the chambers which they occupy are never really
clean. The plant can of itself effect the quick removal of liquid ejecta;
if can get rid of solid ones, only as they are dissolved. I have found ‘a
fungus in an apparently healthy Polypodium sinuosum, growing in the
lining of the chamber and at first imagined that it might be analogous in
function to mycorhiza, but it is not always present and it was probably
merely accidental. Both of these ferns are without other roots than
such as are necessary for their firm attachment and they habitually
grow on bare branches, without any mass of other epiphytes; therefore,
they would be in especial straits for mineral food if it were not for their
tenant ants. Nevertheless they are conspicuous for the very ready falling
off of their leaves, conclusive evidence that they are not in practice obliged
to husband their ash-constituents. The facts that Polypodium sinuosum
can live after its chamber is plugged (Goebel), and that Hydnophytum
and Myrmecoidea can grow and develop their chambers without the pres-
ence of ants (Treub), do not prove that the ants are useless to the plants
any more than the power of Drosera to live under favorable conditions
without insects is a demonstration that the plant is not insectivorous. Of
the two ferns, Lecanopteris is the more highly developed in myrmecophily,
not only in grosser, conspicuous characters, but also in the perfection of
its chamber, the walls of which, as described and figured by Yapp, are
made up of pockets, which are doubly serviceable as collectors of possible
food, and as increasing the absorbing area.
The doctrine that these stems are enlarged as water-reservoirs, and
chambered and the reservoir-tissue removed because they are too fleshy,
55
has a fit companion in that other which interprets the leaves of Dischidia
as protectors of the roots, but does not tell us what purpose roots serve
in such a place.** As a matter of fact, these plants are also myrmecoph-
ilous, the leaves furnishing shelter for ants, and the ants furnishing food
which the roots absorb. Dischidia is rarely without ants and rarely
without a considerable amount of débris about the roots inside each leaf
brought by them. There are other Asclepiadacee, epiphytic without
evident structural modifications, the roots of which are invariably in
aérial ants’ nests.
In all these cases it is likely enough that the plant derives some
organic as well as mineral food from its tenants.
REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES,
The principles underlying the adaptations of the reproductive struct-
ures of ferns (sporophytes) are very simple. The sporangia must be
protected during their development against injury by desiccation or other-
wise; the mature spores must dry thoroughly enoughly to be easily and
well scattered ; and the drying of the spores must not involve too great a
desiccation of the frond, for an insignificant number of Philippine ferns
suffer an annual loss of their leaves. The structures found in ferns
are a compromise between these rather antagonistic principles.
Ferns almost always protect their sporangia, at the same time that
they avoid interference with the illumination of the assimilating organs,
by restricting the former to the nether surface; our physiological ex-
ceptions are Psomiocarpa and Stenosemia, the vegetative and reproductive
fronds of which are distinct, and Lecanopteris, which may not be entirely
dependent on photosynthesis for its organic food.
_ For the sake of facile nutrition and to preserve the normal exercise
of its functions by the nether epidermis, the sporangia of practically all
ferns, the vegetative and reproductive fronds (or pinne) of which are
alike, are collected into sori. Most ferns protect these sori by means
of indusia. At San Ramon, 60 per cent of all Polypodiacee have indusia,
the remaining 40 per cent including 13 members of the old genus A chros-
tichum and a number formerly put into Gymnogramme, beside all those
with well-defined nude sori. In the indusiate list are included the
Pteridee (not including “Gymnogramme’’), they having, bionomically,
indusia as truly as any ferns do. Any full discussion of the forms and
origin of indusia would be superflous here, in view of the attention they
have received as most important structures in taxonomy, but it is per-
tinent to the subject of this work to point out that their structure fits
the local demands upon it. Thus, it is leathery in the two strongly
8 Scott and Sargant, in Ann. of Bot. (1893), 7: 243, suggest that the roots are
to absorb water, those in the inverted pitchers of D. rafflesiana condensing the
water transpired by the interior of the leaves.
. 56
xerophytic genera, Davallia and Humata, but not in their mesophytic
relatives, Microlepia and Leucostegia, and in Asplenium it is the xero-
Z phytic section, with entire fronds, which has by far the firmest indusia.
‘A heavy coating of hairs protects the sori as well as the stomata against
undue loss of water in Niphobolus lingua and various of its congeners.
While the function of paraphyses is in general to protect against water
rather than desiccation, there are some ferns the paraphyses of which
cover the sporangia so thoroughly that they must serve in their time in
both ways. Among these are Achrostichum, Lomagramma, Cheiro-
pleuria, various Vittariew, Hymenolepis, and Polypodium subauricu-
latum; and, most conspicuously of all Philippine ferns, Polypodium
lineare Thunb., of Luzon. :
The protection of the sorus by the folding backward of the margin of
the frond is familiar to all in the “indusia” of most Pteridew. The same
effect is reached very thoréughly by two of our species of Polypodium—
P. cucullatum and P. gracillimum—which have one half of each pinna
wholly or partly folded backward against the other half, covering the
single sorus. This, or a convexity approaching the same effect, charac-
terizes Presl’s'genus-Calymmodon. In Acrosorus, the folding is complete
and permanent, the edge being grown fast and the sorus opening toward —
the apex.
"Numerous ferns protect their young sori by more or less completely
sinking them below the level of the frond’s surface. According to the
_extent of the immersion and the thickness of the frond, the spots occupied
by the sori may or may not be prominent on the upper surface of the
frond. When they make moderately convex spots it strengthens the
frond mechanically, so that the fertile part of the frond of Nephrodium
Foxii, for instance, retains its form for some time after the sterile part
begins to wilt. Ferns with indusiate sori moderately immersed are
Didymochlena, Nephrodium Foxu, N. immersum, Microlepia hirsuta,
Humataimmersa, and Davallia pallida. In Asplenium Phyllitidis (fig.
19) and its immediate relatives, they are sunken approximately half
the depth of the frond, opening obliquely, and the part of the frond
outside them merging into the indusium. In Scolopendrium pinnatum
(fig. 20) the double sori are immersed, the entire broad depression being
coyered by the indusia. Non-indusiate sori shallowly immersed are
found in some species of Antrophyum, Loxogramme conferta, Taenitis,
Polypodium pediculatum, P. Phymatodes, P. palmatum, P. angustatum,
P. sinuosum, P. heracleum, Drynaria rigidula and Lecanopteris. Poly-
podium revolutum and P. cawspitosum have them deeply immersed in
fleshy fronds. This goes farther in P. celebicum, and reaches an extreme
in the less fleshy fronds of P. obliquatum (fig. 21), which has the cavity
deepened by a crater-like rim. In this species and its immediate relatives
(Cryptosorus Fée) the cavity is closed when the sorus is very young, but
opens later. In Prosaptia, the cover has become permanent, and the
57
sorus opens toward the margin of the frond. In Monogramma and Vit-
taria (fig. 22), the sori are in deep slits, the effect being as in Asplenium
Phyllitidis, but the protection of the more open slits is perfected by capi-
tate paraphyses. In Polypodium incurvatum, and more prominently in
P. subauriculatum, P. nigrescens, P, Schneideri and P. papillosum, the
sori are “immersed” for several times the thickness of the frond, forming
very prominent projections from the upper surface.
The structures which serve to prevent the desiccation of young sori
serve also, without exception, to make their exposure to liquid water
impossible and there are a considerable number of ways in which they are
adapted to perform this latter function well. In other cases, structures
at first clearly protective are done away with or changed in such a way
as to make the mature sporangia as exposed as possible. Thus, in a
large part of our Nephrodia and in many of their relatives, the indusia
partly or completely disappear as the sporangia mature. The segments
of Polypodium cucullatum and P. gracillimum flatten out, as do, in
varying measure, the reflexed margins of the’ Pteridew. The indusia of
the Aspleniew curl or bend outward to permit the drying and scattering
of the spores. In Asplenium scandens, and without doubt in many other
species, the indusia are motile, bending outward when dry, but closely
appressed when wet. This movement deserves careful, study, both as to
its commonness and its mechanism. I have noticed it to exist, but in a
less pronounced manner, in Onychium.
The indusia are beset with hairs, which I interpret as water-repellant
structures, in Nephrodium procurrens, N. aridum, N. cucullatum (few),
N. 1677, N. Bordenii, (decidedly hispid), Microlepia strigosa (long basal
hairs), and Adiantum diaphanum; and glandular-hairy or glandular-
ciliate in Nephrodium 1712, N. setigerum (with fugacious indusia),
N. 1685, Aspidium angulatum (fig. 23), and Oleandra colubrina, nitida.
It has already. been stated that paraphyses are in general water-repellant
structures, in adaptation to which function they are provided with oily
heads. Among the San Ramon ferns provided with these are Aspidium
leuzeanum, Oleandra neriiformis, Microlepia pinnata, Dennstaedtia Wil-
liamsi, Vittaria, Anthrophyum, Taenitis, Hymenolepis, Polypodium
subauriculatum, Lomagramma, Achrostichum and Cheiropleuria. The
paraphyses are in part a substitute for indusia and often occur on ferns
such as the Achrostichew, which could not have indusia; but they are
not rarely present in indusiate sori. They are notably developed on
Lomagramma and Achrostichum (fig. 24), the brown color of the fruiting
surface of the latter being due to them, while the sporangia are green.
The branched form, like the oiliness, is evidence that they are specialized
for protection against water rather than against desiccation.
Hairs on the end of the sporangia have the same effect. They are found
in a number of species of Nephrodium, such as N. setigerum (glandular),
N. diversilobum (fig. 25), but not in N. canescens, and Meniscium.
58
These hairs on the ends of all mature sporangia make the whole sorus
incapable of being wet. j
Spores of ferns are in general not readily wet, because of their waxy
and often rough or reticulate surfaces. They are rough, for instance,
in Nephrodium procurrens, N. 1677, N. Bordenii, Aspidium angulatum
and Asplenium resectum; granular in N. setigerum, and reticulate in
N. 1685. Their resistence to wetting not merely facilitates their dis-
persal, but also insures them against germination under too temporarily
favorable conditions.
The immersed sori of Prosaptia contigua and several species of Poly-
podium are very effectively protected against any danger of wetting by a
few long brown hairs standing across the mouth of the pit.
Very numerous ferns provide, in a variety of ways, that the dryness
necessary for the dispersal of the spores shall involve the least possible
danger of desiccation of the vegetative frond. One very simple means to
this end is the location of the sori on the margin, or even on teeth.
The marginal or apical position of the sori has been assumed ‘inde-
pendently by the plants in many different groups of ferns. Mindanao
illustrations are the Hymenophyllacew, Dicksoniew, Psomiocarpa, ete. (in
bionomic effect), Nephrolepis acutifolia, many Davallie and Humate,
Dennstaedtia, Odontosoria, Lindsaya, the Pteridew, Prosaptia, Acrosorus,
Lecanopteris, and Lomagramma. As the primary purpose of this posi-
tion of the sori is to insure the dryness of the sporangia and spores, it is
characteristic of plants growing in the most moisture-laden atmosphere ;
as in the rain and mossy forest where the Hymenophyllacew, Dicksonia,
Dennstaedtia, Lindsaya and Lomagramma are examples, or along creeks,
in the case Odontosoria; they also occur on some vigorous xerophytes such
as Davallia, Humata, Nephrolepis acutifolia, and Lecanopteris. The
relation between the atmospheric moisture-conditions and the position
of the sori is well illustrated by ferns other than those with sori actually
on the margin. Diplazium meyenianum is much more constantly re-
stricted to moist hollows than is its occasional companion, D. polypod-
ioides, the former having flat segments, with long sori reaching the
margin, while the latter has short, costal sori, protected against liquid
water by the concavity of their surface of the segment. Asplenium Phyl-
litidis of the rain-forest has long sori reaching nearly or quite to the
margin, while A. musaefolium of the high forest and strand has them
short and costal. It is common in Nephrodium § Goniopteris, and the
Lastrea species of similar form, for the sori to be more nearly costal
at the ends of the segments than at the base; N. 1685 isa good exainple.
The tooth position is obviously drier than the merely marginal: The
Lindsaye growing in the moistest places are deeply cut—even finely
dissected in L. blumeana, and in L. capillacea Christ, of the mossy forest
of Tuzon. As a rule, these sori lack just enough of being marginal to
Oy RE Re
59
be out of danger of liquid water, the end of the segment projecting
slightly farther than that of the indusium, and often being toothed—
with one tooth in L. Merrilli, with three in L. capillacea. Yapp suggests
that the peculiarly placed sori of Lecanopteris will let the spores escape
only when there is wind enough to be likely to scatter them into such
places as the plant normally oceupies, which are in the crowns of lofty
trees.
It is probable that a considerable majority of all ferns have the fruct-
ification developed toward the apex rather than toward the base of the
frond, obviously fayoring the greater dryness of the fertile region.
There are all grades of specialization in this respect, from that in which
the preference of the sori for the distal end is doubtful, or not empha-
sized, as is the case in many species of Nephrodium, Polypodium, ete.,
through those in which the restriction is clear and constant, as in
Asplenium musaefolium, and those in which the fertile region is
moderately restricted in its development in area, as Niphobolus adnascens,
N. varius, Polypodium accedens, and P. angustatum, or otherwise modified
in form, as in some species of Nephrolepis, or in structure, as in Ony-
chium and Achrostichum, to those with the most completely metamor-
phosed fertile region, as Dryostachum, Photinopteris, and Hymendlepis.
In these extreme cases, the fern seems to gain the most of the advantages
of dimorphism, with decided economy of material, and still more in
the conduction of food to the fertile part. 2
The adequate dryness of the mature reproductive structures, without
jeopardy to the proper performance of the vegetative functions, is accom-
plished in many ferns by a specialization of entire fronds for one or the
other end. In many ferns there is little or no specialization other than
a difference in the length of the stipes, those of the fertile frond being the
longer. Among the ferns the dimorphism of which does not involve a great
reduction of the assimilating area are Nephrodium diversilobum, Syn-
gramma, Pteris ensifolia, P. pluricaudata, Taenitis, Niphobolus adnascens,
N. Lingua, Polypodium palmatum and P. sinuosum. All of these have the
fertile fronds with the longer stipes. In Pteris there is a difference in
the margin, and in P. ensifolia the fertile frond is less compound than
the sterile. 'The fertile fronds of Polypodium sinuosum yield to drought
and fall off before the sterile. Other ferns with a moderate reduction
of the assimilating area of the fertile frond are Humata heterophylla,
H. parvula, Lorogramme conferta, Niphobolus nummulariefolius, Poly-
podium incurvatum and Drynaria rigidula. These also either have longer
stipes of the fertile frond or else, as in N. nummulariefolius and L.
conferta, the fertile frond is itself elongate, while the sterile frond is
more or less round. The stipe of the fertile frond of Humata parvula is
5 to 8 centimeters high, that of the sterile frond 1 to 1.5 centimeters.
Drynaria rigidula has the pinne of the fertile frond more serrate than
60
thoge of the sterile and much more readily deciduous. Humata hetero-
phylla has the sterile frond entire, but the fertile one toothed or lobed.
The significance of these differences in maintaining the dryness of the
fruiting surface has been made clear by a preceding discussion of the
value of such margins.
As a general rule, among these moderately dimorphous ferns, the
stomata are, area for area, more numerous on the fertile frond than on
the sterile, as the following table illustrates, the numbers being the
stomata per square millimeter.
Sterile. Fertile.
Nephrodium diversilobum 140 200
Aspidium “angulatum Sige) 180
- Loxogramme conferta 8 28
Niphobol mulariefolius 64 100
Polypodium d : 23 52a"
The stomata of the fertile and those of the sterile frond of Cheiropleuria
differ in the series of divisions by which they are formed, the latter being
. unlike those which I have found in any other fern (figs. 26, 27.)
There still remain a few ferns in which the differentiation has gone
so far that the assimilating, but not spore-bearing, surface of the fertile
frond has practically been obliterated. These are Leptochilus and Cheiro-
pleuria, still with some expansion of green lamina, the nether surface
of which is completely covered, at least at maturity, with sporangia;
Blechnum egregium, the fertile pinne of which are expanded at the
base only ; and Psomiocarpa, Stenosemia, Stenochlena, and Lomagramma,
whose fertile fronds are almost completely without assimilating surface.
Of these, Stenochlena and Lomagramma are scandent, all the others
except Blechnum egregium haying the stipes of the fertile fronds notably
long. The two scandent genera have the pinne articulate to the rachis,
and the pinne of the fertile fronds of both are much more caducous than
those of the sterile. This, with the further fact that only plants of a very
considerable age are fertile, makes fertile fronds of both hard to find.
The fructification of Lomagramma originates on the nether surface but
becomes lateral, as exposed as possible, by the curling of the frond
(fig. 28). :
The fertile frond of Blechnum egregium as well, seems to be both rare
and transitory, and on all these ferns they are to be found only in season.
Leptochilus (most species), Psomiocarpa and Stenosemia are terrestrial
plants characteristic of the border between high forest and savanna-wood.
Their close neighbors are Nephrodium diversilobum and Aspidium angu-
latum. To endure the dryness of the dry months, these plants have
their fronds close to the ground; such species as Psomiocarpa apiifolia,
Leptochilus latifolius, and their Luzon associate, Hemionitis arifolia2®
are often real rosette-formers. If their spores were matured at this time,
4 Fertile apical region.
*® Whitford, 1. ¢., 399. “All but geophilous during the dry season.”
61
they would need no especial devices to insure their dryness, but they
would have only a very remote prospect of germinating, and when the
spores are formed, when they do have a chance to germinate, they would
be very unlikely to become dry enough to scatter if borne in the position
of the vegetative frond.
To summarize: dimorphism, whether merely begun, or highly devel-
oped, whether a character of whole fronds or of their parts, has in all
cases the object of permitting the proper dryness of the mature sporangia
without an improper desiccation of the vegetative structures. This is
done by merely raising the reproductive structures farther above the
substratum; or (rarely) by special structural devices, such as notched
margins; by a restriction of the assimilating surface of the reproductive
frond or region, so that it may be sacrificed in emergency; or by a more
complete elimination of the vegetative structures in constitutionally
ephemeral fertile fronds. :
IV. TAXONOMY.
‘In discussing the San Ramon ferns from the systematic side, I shall
hold myself chiefly, but not absolutely, to the local material, and in using
this I shall be contented with pointing out some characters observed
in groups which locally are notably well represented, and in suggesting
briefly the probable genetic affinities of these ferns.
The past decade has been that of the greatest advance in systematic
pteridology, because it has seen the general and surely the final aban-
donment of the idea that any single structure is of equal importance in the
natural classification of all groups of ferns, or is even in every case of any
value at all. The indusia are very useful in the proper characterization
of many genera and tribes, but are not always of certain specific value
in Nephrodium, or Aspidium. The shape of the sorus is sometimes of
generic or even tribal value as a diagnostic character, but is variable in
some species—and individuals—of A spidium, Athyrium, and Phymatodes.
In 2 single species of Leptochilus, L. lanceolatus Fée, the sporangia may
be in distinct sori, or may cover the whole nether surface. The veins
are sometimes free, sometimes anastomosing, on single individuals of
Schizoloma fuligineum. and Polypodium californicum. Dryostachyum
splendens, descended from ferns with articulate stipes, has sometimes
evident vestigial articulations, sometimes apparently none; yet each of
these characters, presence of indusia, shape of sorus, venation, and
articulation of stipe, has sometime been held to be a fit basis for the
initial or general classification of all Polypodiacee.
Since all of these characters, and all other real characters are, phylo-
genetically (not, so far as we know, ontogenetically), adaptations to the
environment and since the family is an old one and environments not only
change, but are seldom found to be sharply differentiated, and the dis-
semination of spores is unceasing, it would be very wonderful if there
62
were a single character by which all ferns could be divided into great
and natural groups, or if any character were of equal value in all groups.
The fixedness of any character depends partly on grounds we understand,
or certainly will understand with sufficient study along familiar lines
that is, on the relation of the character in question to the environment
of the plant or group in question—and in part, or ground we can name,
but do not yet know how to investigate; that is, the different heredity-
strength among variations (including mutations), and characters already
called hereditary.
While the applicability of no character is universal, neither are there
uniformly fixed limits to the value of any character. The margin of the
frond is unstable in many or most genera, yet entire margins characterize
the simple fronds of Vittariew, and genera in various other tribes, and
a simple and entire Lastrea, or Athyrium, or Microlepia, or Schizostege
is unknown. Even geographical characters are useful. The whole of
the character of not a few genera, as Prosaptia, Niphobolus, and Achro-
stichum, is intelligible when, and only when, the habitat is included and
recognized as the dominant character of all. More broadly geographical
characters are of value too, for no plant has progeny in places inacces-
sible to its reproductive structures. The relative antiquity of groups,
as definable by their present characters, is important evidence in judging
their relationships. If a species or genus is confined to one locality or
one part of the world, it is probably not very ancient. If it has a very
wide and continuous distribution, its age can not be less than sufficient
to permit such a dissemination. Our oriental Prosaptia, Acrosorus,
_ Loxogramme, “ Schellolepis,’ Niphobolus, Drynaria, Dryostachyum,
Thayeria and Lecanopteris, and the American Lepicystis, Campyloneuron
and Phlebodium must all be younger groups than the cosmopolitan
Polypodium, ancestor and cousin at once of them all. A group with
wide and discontinuous distribution must be ancient enough to have
become widely distributed, and to have died out in the intermediate ter-
ritory; it may not be older than a group with equally wide continuous
distribution, but its minimum probable age is greater.
I have tried to become so well acquainted with the San Ramon ferns
that I might know, each species and larger group as the sum of its
characters and not by any single character; so that I might fairly judge
in each of the stability and diagnostic value of each character, and
recognize the more elusive peculiarities, as well as those which lend -
themselves readily to description. Success in such an attempt is at
best a matter of degree, but the probable degree is very much greater in
the field, especially in the field with some laboratory equipment, than it
is in the herbarium.
T have also tried to decide what might fairly be regarded as a primitive
form of Polypodiaceous fern, Such a fern must be a very generalized
type, not highly specialized in adaptation to any conditions; it should
63
be, or have been, world-wide in distribution; it should be found, in its
essentials in the various tribes, excepting as some tribes may probably
be derived from others, rather than directly from the primitive form;
and, in the more ancient tribes, it should be possible to outline the devel-
opment of the more recent and more specialized genera from those most
like the generalized primitive form.
I believe that this primitive fern, through whatever stages it may
have been evolved, from which all Polypodiacew have been derived, was
a terrestrial plant of humid woods, with a short, stout rhizome, with
ample, compound or decompound leayes, the fertile and sterile not differ-
entiated, with nonarticulate stipe, and with small, distinct, more or
less round sori. I shall show that such ferns as these meet every demand
laid down in the preceding paragraph. Nearly or exactly this primitive
fern exists now in the genus Nephrodium, more particularly in the
subgenus Lastrea. As is true of all generalized types, it is impossible
by any character, or any practicable combination of characters, to diagnose
Lastrea as a natural group, retaining all species which as a matter of
highly probable genetic affinity should be included and excluding all
plants the genetic affinity of which is very remote. Lastrwa merges into
Goniopteris through species with a single pair of irregularly anastomos-
ing veinlets; or else, as at least in part is probably the case, we include
in Lastrea a considerable number of species descended through Goniop-
teris but with free veins; in either case the natural separation of the two
groups is not feasible. The line between Lastrwa and Pleocnemia is but
little less vague.
The indusium of Lastrea is utterly inconstant. The lines between
Phegopteris and Dryopteris and between Goniopteris and Cyclosorus
appear to me to be purely artificial; nor is the shape of the indusium,
when present, invariable. It is not rarely peltate in Nephrodium immer-
sum, just as it is sometimes reniform in Aspidium angulatum, and in the
plant known as Mesochiaena it is diplazioid in form. Again the sorus is
elongate, in those immediate relatives of Nephrodiwm urophyllum some-
times called Menisciim. And even the nonarticulate stipe is not a con-
stant character, for my No. 1712 is unmistakably a Lastrea, with as
evidently articulate a stipe as that of any other scandent fern. While
the fronds are characteristically compound, there are exceptions, and
there are species, both in Lastrwa and Goniopteris, with the fronds sub-
dimorphous.
As Nephrodium is altogether the most generalized and indefinable
genus of ferns, its general characters—compound, ample, thin fronds ; non-
articulate stipe; short, stocky rhizome, and round sori—ean be accepted
as those of the most generalized, and therefore primitive Polypodiacee.
Lastrea is also thoroughly cosmopolitan.
Goniopteris is more specialized, having a relatively stable frond-form,
almost always simply pinnate, and firmer texture. Glandular trichomes,
64
occasional in Lastrea, are common in Goniopteris, and hair-like trichomes
are found in some species on frond, indusium, and even on the sporangia.
The group is also characterized on the whole by numerous small stomata.
Mesochlaena is a Goniopteris in form, texture and even in the charac-
teristic pubescence, and, in a genus notable for the instability of indusium
characters should hardly be separated by the indusium alone., As a
matter of fact, the more fundamental peculiarity is the elongation of the
sorus, which is very moderate, but sufficient on mechanical grounds to
effect the division of the indusium as in Diplazium. The recognition of
Meniscium as a genus characterized by elongate sori is generally and
_ properly abandoned. Though a very large and pantropic group, Biatop:
teris has a narrower range than Lastrea.
Both Polystichwm and (through Pleocnemia?) dipdian sare so
intimately related to Lastraa that the proper assignment of species is
sometimes difficult and-able botanists are not wanting who would still
include all in one great genus. . Polystichum is probably older *° than As-
pidium, being cosmopolitan, while Aspidiwm is tropical, and rather nearer
in character to Lastrea, but the indusium characters of Polystichum
are hardly as unstable as those of Aspidiwm. In the latter the reticulate
venation is directly correlated with the simplification of the frond. The
indusium furnishes valid characters for most species of Aspidiwm, and,
like any other character, is to some extent a guide to affinities; but the
distinction of Sagenia, Tectaria and Arcypteris, genera to be recognized
by this character alone, breaks up some certainly natural groups. I
am not ready to judge the real naturalness of Pleocnemio, as a genus.
Judging by its distribution, Didymochlaena must be a rather old
genus. Its aspect suggests that it may be descended through Polystichum.
Cyclopeltis, a likewise homogeneous genus in the tropics of both hemi-
spheres, is generally recognized as an offshoot of Polystichum.
In the group of small genera split out of Achrostichum and included
by Diels in Aspidiew, dimorphism has so obscured most other characters
that it is not easy to be sure of their real affinity. However, the group
as a whole is almost certainly unnatural, for I can not imagine our two
so-called Polybotryw to be congeneric, or that both are intimately related
to Stenosemia or Leptochilus. In view of their conspicuous morph
logical and geographical isolation, both of the former ought clearly a
be restored to generic rank, as Hgenolfia and Psomiocarpa. The former
may, with a high measure of probability, be regarded as derived from —
Polystichum, in which genus P. auriculatum is the most similar species
in this part of the world ; but a direct Lastrwa ancestry is not impossible
and it sometimes approaches Leptochilus. Neither the loss of ‘the
indusium, nor a considerable dimorphism is any novelty in Polystichum.
Psomiocarpa is possibly more doubtful, but I do not believe that
© That is, as a “group with its present characters; all plants may be apenas to
have an equally long ancestry.
65
it can have originated elsewhere than in Lastrea. The fertile frond
is too reduced to offer any clue, but the sterile is altogether Lastrea-like.
As it is, so far as known, strictly endemic in the Philippines it is
quite reasonable to look for its ancestry among the most similar Phil-
ippine ferns.
With the same measure of probability, Stenosemia may be regarded
as an offshoot of Aspidium, not, in spite of the sparingly anastomosing
veinlets of Pleocnemia, but of Euaspidium. A. Griffithii is a species,
in the most similar Aspidium group, with “sori” anastomosing along
the veins. Indusia, if present in the ancestral forms, would inevitably
have been lost in the reduction of the fertile frond. Leptochilus must
also be derived from Aspidium. L. lanceolatus is still occasionally
found with the sporangia confined to the main veins (as in Loxo-
gramme) ; and LL. latifolius usually has the “sori,’ at least until they
are old, anastomosing along the veins instead of covering the frond,
being in‘ this respect like its possible relative Hemionitis. The insta-
bility of the frond-form of many species of Leptochilus is a taeahian
phenomenon.
If the Woodsiew of the Natirlichen Pflanzenfamilien are a homo-
geneous group, it has a common origin with the Aspidiew, the most
primitive representatives of the two groups being much closer together
in all respects than either is to the highly specialized members of its
own tribe. In fact, they are so alike that it is impossible to call either
the more primitive, and I have ascribed that place to Lastrwa only on
geographical grounds, and because it is now a great and conspicuous
group. The primitive member of Woodsiew is Acrophorus. The gen-
eralized character of this fern is shown by its history. Hooker, who
calls it Davallia (§ Leucostegia), remarks: * “Blume arranges it in Aspi-
dium, and expresses no doubt as to the propriety of so doing. Presl
makes a distinct genus of it, and places it between Cystopteris and Leu-
costegia.. Judging from his figure, I do not see how it differs from
_ Davallia, but he says ‘hocce genus Cystopteridi valde affine est, differt
soris in venulis apicalibus, and under Leucostegia he says “Acrophoro
affinissimum est?” Diels *? says-of it “Habituell an Diacalpe erinnernd ;
durch die gleichseitige Entwickelung der Segmente sowohl wie das Indu-
sium von den Davallieen zu unterscheiden,” the indusium being “breit
eiférmig, am Grunde angewachsen, sonst frei.”
_T have no doubt that all these authors were describing the same species,
and that, so far as insufficient material is ever a justification, each was
justified in his view as to the affinity of the plant. When I first found
the plant, hitherto unknown in the Philippines, I ascribed it to Lastrea
as unhesitatingly as Blume had done; but it is indeed strikingly like
1 Species Filicum 1: 157.
*2 Nat. Pflanzenfam. I, 4: 164.
50146—_5
66
Diacalpe in aspect and likewise suggestive in the same way of several
species of Lastrea, and, more remotely, of Monachosorum. I have a
single specimen, the majority of the indusia of which are reniform and
fixed by the sinus, as in Nephrodium, but which has certain of them
fixed by the base, more or less broad, and a few, unequal-sided, exactly
like those of Athyrium. J should not know where else to look for the
origin of Diacalpe, if not in Acrophorus.
On the internal evidence of the Davalliew, Microlepia is certainly
to be regarded as the central genus, to which most other genera are
evidently related; and I am strongly inclined to believe that it is also
the most primitive, although a possible relation between Leucostegia
and Acrophorus has just been mentioned. In habitat and aspect, and
in all essential characters except the indusium, Microlepia agrees with
some of the most: primitive Aspidiew (Lastraw). M. strigosa and M.
rhomboidea are strikingly Polystichum-like in aspect, but I do not
regard this as due to affinity. Of the other genera of the Davalliew.
Wibelia is sometimes included in Microlepia, and is certainly near it.
Of all our ferns it is the most constantly unstable in form. A fern of
my Mount Apo collection stands so exactly on the line between Microlepia
and Dennstaedtia that it might be included in one practically as easily
as in the other. Because the sori are not always quite marginal, and
by the structure of the receptacle, which I do not regard as really diag-
~ nostic, I described it as Microlepia, M. dennstaedtioides ; but Christ was
rather disposed to call it Dennstaedtia. Dennstaedtia is still too clearly
a natural group to lose its generic identity because it is intimately related
to its parent.
In Microlepia, as in Lastrea, there is at San Ramon a solitary epiphytic
species, M. hirsuta,** the stipe of which is appropriately articulate. While
it is hardly probable that this species is an ancestor of our epiphytic
Davalliaee, it shows how easily they may have originated in Microlepia.
Davallia is the nearest epiphytic genus, and there is also in Mindanao a
Davallia, D. wagneriana, the lowest pinne of which are not enlarged,
but it differs from M. hirsuta in several important respects, ~~
Unless, which is hardly probable, Leucostegia had an independent
origin without the Davalliew, it may best be regarded as a near derivative
of Microlepia, though Davallia pallida approaches Leucostegia’in the
large free part of the indusium.. Humata is probably derived from
Leucostegia, the strong resemblance to Davallia being in adaptation to
their common environment. However, there are other points of possible
contact between all these genera, and real affinities are still somewhat
a matter of guesswork. Even the natural generic limits are not certain.
“This argument loses none of its force if the species be removed from Micro-
lepia, as a separate genus; its affinity to Microlepia is unmistakable, whatever
name it bears.
67
Microlepia is undefinable because generalized. Leucostegia may also be
primitive, or it is possibly heterogeneous but it is as natural a group as
is made by combining it with Humata, and its union with Davallia seems
to me still less proper. Z
My reasons for believing that the nearest affinity of Oleandra is to
Humata have already been published.*t These do not constitute good
proof, but they are the best evidence we have as to the affinities of
Oleandra; but Oleandra would appear from its distribution to be the
older group.
The mutual affinity of the other genera treated as Davalliew is still
more dubious. Arthropteris seems to me to be very near Lastrea, in
which group its first species was described. Our scandent Lastrea (No.
1712) shares with Arthropteris the articulate .stipe and the terminally
placed sori. In spite of the very striking resemblance between their
fronds, comparing, for instance, Arthropteris ramosa with Nephrolepis
Lauterbachti or Nephrolepis cordifolia, the affinity of these two genera is
by no means above doubt, and if one is descended from the other, it is
not a proven fact that Arthropteris, in spite of its apparently much closer
affinity to Lastrea, is the parent, for Nephrolepis is shown by its distribu-
tion, and still more by its conspicuous morphological isolation, and by
the diversity of its fructification, to be a very ancient genus.
Nephrolepis acutifolia is like Schizoloma in two conspicuous characters,
the articulate pinne and the unbroken marginal sori, but this is probably
only a coincidence. The latter genus is an unmistakable relative of
Lindsaya, and, less intimately, of Odontosoria, but the common ancestry
of the group is doubtful. Of the three, Odontosoria seems the nearer
to Microlepia. ‘The group is certainly terrestrial in origin.
Monachosorum is, as Diels says, “habituell an Davallia erinnerndes,”
but the suggestion of Leucostegia is stronger; and this is due almost
exclusively to their common share in the aspect of Acrophorus and various
species of Lastrea; that is, Monachosorum is more like the generalized
ferns than like the more highly developed ferns of any tribe, and its
assignment to any tribe, by our present knowledge, is purely arbitrary.
The most primitive genus of the Aspleniew is unquestionably Athy-
rium. It is a generalized group, sharing, on the one hand, the characters
of Diplazium and Asplenium, and merging into both, and on the other,
being indistinguishable from Lastraa. Athyrium cyclosorum Rupr., of
Asia and western North America, usually regarded as a form of A. filix-
femina, is Lastreoid in its indusia. I have recently described a new
* Polypodiacee of the Philippines, Govt. Lab. Publ. (1905) 28: 48. “The
resemblance to * * * the simple species of Humata—the creeping, scaly
rhizome, the articulate stipe, the free, forked, closely parallel veins, the shape,
attachment, and texture of the indusium, and its opening obliquely toward the
apex of the frond—all these can not well be construed otherwise than as evidences
of real affinity.”
68
species as Athyrium, A. hyalostegium, so Lastrea-like in character that
I should not have hesitated to accept a former name in either group.
Aspidium Fauriei Christ is likewise rather an Athyrium, but on the
border. Athyrium meets all the demands previously laid down of a
fern to be regarded as primitive.
The constant restriction of the sorus to one side of its vein is the
most obvious character distinguishing Asplenium from Athyrium, while
the equal and long development of both sides of the vein, and the conse-
quent breaking apart of the halves of the indusium, characterize Dipla-
zium. The larger part of Athyrium is nearer to Diplazium, and, as the
genera are usually construed, there is probably more than one point of
contact; that is, the line between them is not quite natural and can not
be made sharp. Most Athyria share the stout habit and rather harsh,
dark palexw of Diplazium. Diplazium as a natural group is also charac-
terized by the exceedingly deep and irregular cells of the nether epidermis
(figs. 29, 30). Athyrium silvaticum shares this character also, and is
yery much nearer to every species of Diplazium than it is to the primitive
Athyria. Yet, if a line is to be drawn between the genera, the indusium
“must be the diagnostic character, leaving Diplazium, what Athyrium can
not be made, a clear-cut, definable, and within itself a natural group;
but, even so, I have some apparently undescribed plants not positively
referable to one or the other. :
Callipteris is an offshoot of Diplazium, still so close that its generic ©
separation is a matter of taste. Diplaziopsis, of Christensen, long known
as Allantodia, is a near derivative of Callipteris, confined to this part
of the world. ates ;
Blechnum is an old group. The distribution of the genus, and of
some species attests this, as do its general morphological isolation and the
varied specializations of different species. A very close connection with
any other forms is no longer to be expected. The merging-point between
Eublechnum and Lomaria must be older than one subgenus and is likely
to be as old as either, and is therefore most likely to give a clue to the
affinities of both. Blechnum egregium is in this position. It is a stout
but not very large fern, with stout, erect caudex; rigid, black, partly
subaérial roots; harsh, black pale, and very deep epidermal cells of the
upper surface of the frond, those of the nether surface being very irregular
(fig. 31). These are all notable characters, and their combination in
this Blechnum, and in Diplazium, and in Athyrium. silvaticum - is
unmistakable proof of affinity.
The nearest affinity of Asplenium is to the more primitive part of
Athyrium. Within itself, it is as diversified in form as might be
expected of a nonprimitive genus growing in every land in all save
extreme habitats. But, unlike our other large genera, it is clearly
definable, and has not given rise to a large number of other groups
conveniently distinguished as genera. The reasons for this are that
69
it is not, as Lastraa is, primitive, and that it is not so particularly
fitted to any set of widespread conditions—as Polypodium is to the
epiphytic habitat—that it can become dominant under them and then
become further specialized under peculiar subordinate conditions.
Of our fern genera, only two, Scolopendrium and Stenochlaena, can
be treated at all positively as derived from Asplenium. The case of the
former is already well known. If my 8. pinnatum is what it is called,
which I do not doubt, the genus T'riphlebia owes its origin to an error,
for its sori originate exactly as in S. vulgare.
Asplenium epiphyticum is a fern described from material collected
on the Gulf of Davao. It is common along the lower border of the
high forest at San Ramon, and I have now specimens from Surigao. Its
resemblance to some other scandent Asplenia with simple fronds was
strong enough to demand some care in the diagnosis; yet Christ says
it is unmistakably Stenochlaena, and, indeed, its vegetative structures,
root, stem, and leaf, are apparently identical with those of occasional
immature forms of S. aculeata (Blume) Kunze.** Knowing a fern as
well as I do this one, and never having seen any indication that it is
other than Aspleniwm in its fruit, or has any other structures that as
an Asplenium it might not have, I can only believe it to be an Asplenium ;
but neither can the affinity to Stenochlaena be mistaken. In my opinion
we have in S. aculeata a very striking and perfect example of the repeti-
tion in the development of-the individual of the race-history of Steno-
chlaena, proving beyond any doubt that it is an offshoot of Asplenium.
The remarkably complete preservation of the race-history in this case
is because the forms which are gone through are themselves well adapted
to the environment.
It is not impossible that Coniogramme is also an offshoot of Asplenium,
but the evidence on which any particular ancestry might be ascribed to
this genus and to Syngramma is still inadequate.
The Pteridew are so poorly represented in the Philippines that a
discussion of the affinities of most of the group is not called for here.
I have already pointed out the interesting position of Schizostege as a
probable ancestor of Pteris and Cheilanthes. The genus was first de-
scribed by Hillebrand from a very rare Hawaiian plant. Baker reduced
it to Cheilanthes, and Christ, with rather better reason, transferred it
to Pteris. My Mindanao plants agree in every essential character with
the Hawaiian, but in aspect incline toward Cheilanthes, rather than
toward Pteris. In the irregular and imperfect marginal anastomoses,
Schizostege stands directly between Cheilanthes and Pteris. Its antiquity
is attested by its discontinuous distribution. The resemblance of S.
Lydgatei to P. quadriaurita suggests that the latter may be the most
primitive form of Pteris, and this idea receives some support from the
® Underwood: The Genus Stenochlaena. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. (1906), 33: 40.
70
wide distribution of this species and the great number of clearly derived
forms, with simple and with reticulate veins.
The suggestion that Hypolepis tenwifolia is really a Lastrea, or near
it, is not new,** but even if this be its nature it may not throw any light
on the origin of the real Pteridew, in which group this species is at
best a rather foreign element.
Nowhere else in the world do the Polypodiew reach a development com-
parable either in number of species or in diversity, as is shown by the
number of genera, to that attained in this Archipelago. They therefore
present an especially advantageous field for local study. Within this
great tribe, it seems too clear for question that Hupolypodiwm is the
parent, the center from which the other groups have been derived, but
Eupolypodium itself, whatever its antiquity, is not in its characters a
primitive group, being so specialized in adaptation to a habitat different
from that of primitive ferns that it and its progeny have, the world
over, become the predominant epiphytic ferns. Articulate stipes and
comparative simplicity of frond are conspicuous adaptations to this
habitat, and are characteristic of this tribe, but these same characters
are, as has been seen, assumed by epiphytic plants of diverse origin.
and the articulation is readily lost under conditions that render it
superfluous. These facts make the tracing of the true origin of the
tribe a difficult, perhaps an impossible, task.
The articulation of the stipe may be of utility to a fern of cold
countries, such as Polypodium vulgare, permitting the ready casting of
the leaves. Such a fern would readily adopt the epiphytic habit, under
favorable conditions, and might have given rise to this tribe, but we
have no evidence of the development of articulate stipes by a terrestrial
fern, and. know that it has not oceurred in most terrestrial ferns, even —
in cold regions. Therefore, it seems more reasonable to believe that
P. vulgare has retained the articulations of epiphytic ancestors, being
probably a plant the terrestrial habit of which, has permitted it to
remain where it now lives, dating its origin from a time when the
climate of the same region was favorable to epiphytie vegetation. Or,
more probably, Polypodiwm may have been derived from primitive ferns
which evolved the present characters of the tribe in adaptation to
epiphytic life. In this case, the ancestry was probably in Lastrea,
considering the instability of the indusium of this subgenus, and the
known fact that it can develop articulations when an epiphyte. In the
preceding section of this paper it was shown that in various minor
groups within Polypodium there are species the stipes of which are
inarticulate. It is not possible by any usable definition to exclude these
species of Hupolypodium from Lastrea and any one of them can readily
be imagined to- be a connecting link; but there is little reason to
* Polypodiacee of the Philippines. Govt. Lab. Publ. (1905), 28: 95.
vas
believe this of one rather than of another, and all of them known to
me impress me as being of almost certain Polypodioid derivation. P.
Merritti, of Mindoro, is superficially one of the most Lastrea-like. It
has a short rhizome, inarticulate stipes, a pinnate frond with obscurely
toothed pinne, and glandular pubescence, but the glandular trichomes
are very unlike those of Lastrwa, and the plant is distinctively Poly-
podioid in the pale and in the attachment of the pinne.
In my opinion, Polypodium, in the broad sense in which the genus is
usually construed, is more cumbrous than is justified by its unquestion-
able naturalness. No group of whatever rank is justified except by
naturalness (or by ignorance). ‘The tribe is natural and among its
various subdivisions can be seen every measure of consanguinity. A
genus should be convenient as well as natural, and it ought not, within
itself, to be more diverse than can well be avoided. Our Polypodia fall
into four natural, readily recognizable, and definable groups: Polypodium
in the narrower sense, Goniophlebium, Phymatodes, and. Drynariopsis
(P. heracleum) ; to these Myrmecophila, but not Selliguea, should per-
haps be added. However, the scope of this paper does not include the
settling of generic nomenclature where taste alone is at stake, and in-
dividual initiative in such a matter may well await the joint action of
pteridologists. I therefore follow Diels and Christensen, so far as they
agree. :
Within Lupolypodium are several groups which in their full develop-
ment are well characterized by the form of the frond, a character which,
even if they did not intergrade, would but weakly justify their elevation
to generic rank. Yet they are natural groups. The most probable
central group is that with the fronds pinnate or nearly so, and superficial
sori, representatives of which are P. minutum and P. macrum. From
these, a series of forms can be found leading to Blume’s Ctenopteris,
P. celebicum and P. obliquatum, with very deeply immersed sori. From
this latter group, as has already been shown, Prosaptia has been derived.
Polypodium papillosum is a rather aberrant species, suggesting Gonio-
phlebium in some respects, but not so much so that I would wish to
combine them, nor would I treat it as a distinct genus (Thylacopteris
Kze.).
Polypodium trichomanoides is intermediate between P. macrum and
the Calymmodon group, the best known representative of which is P.
cucullatum. From this group, as has already also been shown, Acrosorus
has been derived.
Through such forms as P. solidum and its variety denticulata, or
through species like P. loherianum and P. pleiosoroides, with irregular
margins, the P. macrum group is connected with the large section with
entire fronds, called Grammitis by Blume, who recognized, however, that
the sorus was not always elongate. When ferns in any group have
72
developed a considerable area of uncut lamina, whether by the shortening
of the sinuses between lobes, or otherwise, there has been a tendency
toward an anastomosis of the veins. The illustrations of this are very
numerous, as in the evolution of Goniopteris and Aspidium from Las-
trea; of Callipteris from Diplazium; of the Nidus group in Asplenium ;
of Pteris biaurita from P. quadriaurita; of Goniophlebium and Phyma-
todes from Hupolypodium. In Prosaptia, the least divided species, with
broadest segments, P. Toppingi, has usually some anastomosing veins.
From the Grammutis section has been derived Loxogramme, characterized
by the anastomosing veins of the usually ample but simple and entire
fronds, and also by the total loss of articulate stipes. These two. char-
acters together, in a group certainly independent of Phymatodes, amply
warrant the recognition of Loxrogramme as a distinct. genus. Its most
Grammitis-like species is L. parallela; at the other extreme, it contains
one species with dimorphous fronds, LZ. conferta.
It is more than possible that Blume was correct in treating An-
trophyum and Loxogramme as relatives; I know of no other likely origin
for the Vittariew, and the resemblance of these two genera is certainly
strong. If this be the origin of the tribe, Vittaria is an offshoot of
Antrophyum and Monogramma is, in any case,-derived through Pleuro-
gramme from Vittaria.
Goniophlebium** and Phymatodes are independent in origin from all
the preceding offshoots of Polypodium and nearly or quite independent
of each other. The former is a small, compact, uniform, therefore very
natural group, confined to this part of the world, the union of which
_with the American so-called Goniophlebia is quite unwarranted.
Phymatodes,** too, is a natural group, but very far from compact and
uniform, being internally diverse and the parent of numerous highly
specialized groups commonly treated as genera. In view of their un-
stable venation and evidently broad affinities, it seems probable that
the oldest representatives of Phymatodes are small ferns with simple
fronds, the fertile and sterile alike, and without specialized fertile region
(Craspedaria, in part). Such fronds are found on young plants of
various Phymatodes species, more complicated at maturity. Grammitis
is the probable source of this group. Within the Craspedaria group,
specialization has taken place in the dimorphism of the fronds of most
species, and in the nearly related species, P. accedens, the sori are
restricted to the specialized apex. I believe that both 7 ymenolepis and
Niphobolus have been derived from some ancestor not very unlike P.
* J. Smith’s Schellolepis is the original Goniophlebium of Blume, P. cuspidatum
being the first species mentioned, and the whole subgenus being Malayan. Flora
Javae (1828), TI, 132. Ae
“Tf raised to generic rank, it must probably be called Selliguea. Pleopeltis
would be-an older name; but it (P. angustum) has certainly been distinct from
Phymatodes much longer than Selliguea has. :
73
accedens. Drymoglossum and Niphobolus are unmistakably related, and
Elaphoglossum is probably parallel in genesis to Niphobolus, with a
reasonably near common ancestor. Elaphoglossum is no small genus
in the Philippines.
From the Craspedaria group are descended the species of Phymatodes
with more ample, entire fronds, among which several natural groups
are more easy to recognize than to define. From one of these, perhaps
from some-such fern as P. triquetrum, the Selliguea group is derived.
More than one of these groups with entire fronds has descendants with
the fronds deeply pinnatifid, as in P. phymatodes. One of the most
natural of the latter groups with the fronds almost pinnate, is exceedingly
thin in texture, and inhabits water courses and very moist banks.
Among its species are P. insigne and P. dolichopterum. P. ellipticum
is an outgrowth of this group, and is, therefore, not intimately related
to the other species called Selliguea. Another group of the pinnatifid
species includes P. incurvatum and P. palmatum. The former is de-
cidedly dimorphous, and strongly suggests the probable ancestry of
Christiopteris. Cheiropleuria, too, has possibly its source here, but I
strongly suspect that both it and Taenitis are Aspidioid in origin. An-
other group in Phymatodes is Myrmecophila (Aspidopodium), the com-
monest species of which is P. sinuosum. This group has given rise to
Lecanopteris.
Finally, the most diversified and highly specialized outgrowth of
Phymatodes is the Drynaria group of genera. Within the usually ac-
cepted limits of Phymatodes, P. musaefolium and P. (Drynariopsis)
heracleum lead to this group, from the large group of species with
ample, entire fronds. From some such plant as P. heracleum, Drynaria
has evolved by the restriction of the humus-collecting work to distinct
fronds. From a similar ancestor, Aglaomorpha and Dryostachyum have
been evolved by the restriction of the fertile region to the apex of the
frond and the fusion of the sori. From these, Thayeria, the most highly
specialized of the group, has probably been derived. The Drynaria
group is a very natural one, characterized by its habit, by the fleshy
rhizome, and its scales, by the frond form (exception, D. rigidula) and
venation, and by the remarkable cutting-off of the segments. Photinop-
teris is a probable relative of Dryostachyum, the affinity being indicated
by the location of the fertile region, absence of definite sori, and the
glands at the bases of the pinne ; young fronds of D. pilosum have rows
of lime dots.
The Phymatodes group, as a whole, is xerophytic and characterized
by the presence of a specialized hypodermis beneath the upper epidermis.
The cells of this tissue are irregular in surface view, very often more
so than the epidermis; sometimes one, sometimes the other has the
thicker walls. Under conditions that render the hypodermis unnecessary
50146——6
74
as a protective structure, it loses its ecological character, but usually
maintains to a recognizable extent the characteristic form of the cells;
in such cases, intercellular spaces are often formed by incurrent folds
of the walls. In my notes such a structure is mentioned in P. accedens,
P. revolutum, P. Zippelii, P. dolichopterum, P. 1741 (musaefolium?),
P. incurvatum, P. commutatum (fig. 32), P. Phymatodes, P. Schneideri,
P. palmatum, P. angustatum, P. albido-squamatum, P. (Selliguea) cau-
diforme (fig. 33), P. sinuosum (fig. 34), Lecanopteris (fig. 35), P. hera-
cleum, Drynaria rigidula, D. quercifolium, Dryostachyum pilosum (fig.
36), Thayeria (fig. 37), and Photinopteris. It also occurs in P. subauri-
culatum ; but is wanting in Taenitis and Chetropleuria, and in P. angus-
tum, the type species of Pleopeltis. This is one reason why, if I were
raising the subgenera of Polypodium to generic rank, I would keep
Selliguea, including Phymatodes, distinct from Pleopeltis.
Fig.
23.
24.
ILLUSTRATIONS.
PLATE I.
- Davallia decurrens. Transverse section of rachis of pinna. X 20.
. Stenosemia pinnata. Sinus seen from above, with hairs. X 20.
- Humata parvula. Transverse section, nether epidermis. X 320.
. Davallia brevipes. Same. X 320.
. Asplenium squamulatum. Same. X 320.
. Scolopendrium pinnatum. Cell of upper epidermis, surface view. X 320.
. Vittaria falcata (?). Spicular cell, surface view. X 175.
. Same, in transverse section. X 175.
Polypodium revolutum. Stoma. X 320.
Niphobolus nummulariefolius. Stoma. X 320.
. N. varius. Stoma, transverse section. X 320.
. Same. Surface view; limit of exterior chamber shown by dotted lines.
X 320.
. Stenochlaena subtrifoliata. Stoma. -X 320.
. Polypodium caespitosum. Transverse section of frond. X 75.
P. accedens. Surface view; upper epidermis dotted, hypodermis in solid
lines. X 175.
P. sinuosum. Tangential (“surface”) section of upmost green layer.
X 320.
PLATE II.
. Drynaria quercifolia. Surface view; upper epidermis dotted, hypodermis
in solid lines. X 320.
. Niphobolus adnascens. Mesophyll cell, in water. X 175.
. Asplenium Phyllitidis. Section across two sori. X 20.
. Scolopendrium schizocarpum. Section across double sorus. X 20.
. Polypodium obliquatum. Section of sorus. X 41.
. Vittaria alternans. Transverse section of frond, showing paraphyses, but
without sporangia. X 20.
Aspidium angulatum. Indusium, with depressed center. X 27.
Achrostichum aureum. Paraphysis head. X 175. :
25. Nephrodium diversilobum. Sporangia. X 75.
26. Cheiropleuria bicuspis. Stoma of fertile frond. X 175,
27. Same. Stoma of sterile frond. X 175.
28. Lomagramma pteroides (?). Half of transverse section of frond, sporangia
wanting. X 27.
29. Diplazium bulbiferum. Epidermis of nether surface. X 175.
75
76
PLATE III.
Fic. 30. Diplazium pallidum. Epidermis of nether surface. X 175.
31. Blechnum egregium. Same. X 320. ae
32. Polypodium affine. Surface view; upper epidermis dotted, hypodermis in
solid lines. X 320. : en
33. P. caudiforme. Upper epidermis in solid lines, hypodermis dotted. X 75.
34. P. sinuosum. Upper epidermis in solid lines, hypodermis dotted. X 175.
35. Lecanopteris pumila. Upper epidermis dotted, hypodermis in solid lines.
X 175.
36. Dryostachyum pilosum. Upper epidermis in solid lines, hypodermis
dotted. X 320. —
37. Thayeria Cornucopia. Upper epidermis dotted, hypodermis in solid lines.
X 75. ee
see _ PLATE Iy.
Genealogical tree of Polypodiacese. —
CoPELAND: SAN RAMON POLYPODIACE. ] (PHIL. JouRN. Scl., Vou. II, No. 1.
2p it [J Ak
COPELAND: SAN RAMON POLYPODIACE2. }
[PHtn. Journ. Sci., Vou. II, No. 1.
Priate Il.
COPELAND: SAN RAMON POLYPODIACEZ. } [PHIL. Journ. Sct., Vou. II, No. 1.
Piate III.
COPELAND: SAN RAMON POLYPODIACEA.] (PHIL. Journ. Sct., Vou. IT, No. 1.
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5 CRLINTT
PREVIOUS PUBLICATIONS OF THE BUREAU OF GOVERNMENT
LABORATORIES.
‘0. 1, 1902, Biological Laboratory.—Preliminary Report of the Appearance in the Phil-
ee ee he of a Disease Clinically Resembling Glanders. By R. P. Strong,
0. 2, 1902, Chemical Laboratory.—The Preparation of Benzoyl-Acetyl Peroxide and Its
Use as an Intestinal Antiseptic in Cholera and Dysentery. Preliminary Notes. By Paul
C. Freer, M. D., Se D.
No. 3, "1908, B logical Laboratory.—A bray gh Seer on EARS ge aera ot Horses
in the Philippine 4 Islands. By W. E. ate ve, M. D., Norman illiam:
No. 3, Serum Laboratory. inary Report on the Study of Hintuypest of
Cattle and Carabaos in the ated Islands. By James W. Jobling, M. D.
- No. 5, — Biological Li aboratory.—Trypanosoma and Trypanosomiasis, with Special
Reference to Surra in the Philippine Islands. By W. E. Musgrave, M. D., and Moses T.
Clegg.
7 6, 1903.—New or Noteworthy Plants, I. The “Seeiak Element in the Philippine
Flora. By Elmer D. Merrill, Botanist. (Issued January 20, 1904.
No. 7, pig Soe cay . Eaboratory: eta 5 Gutta Percha ae Rubber of the Philippine
Sherman,
No. 8, 1908.—-A' A desteess of the Plant Names of the Philippine Islands. By Elmer D.
Merrill, Botanist,
No. 9, 1908, Biological and Serum Laboratories—A Report on Hemorrhagic Septicemia
als in "the @ Philippine Islands. By Paul G. Loree M. D., and J. W. Jobling, M. D-.
No. 10, 1908, Biological Laboratory.—Two Cases of a Peculiar Form of Hand Infection
Sige to = Organism on bling the Koch-Weeks Bacillus). By John R. McDill, M. D.,
and Wm. erry,
_ No. 11, 1908, Biological Laboratory.—Entomological Division, Bulletin No. 1: Prelimi-
nary Bulletin on Insects of the Cacao. (Prepared Especially for the Benefit of Farmers.)
‘les S. Banks, Entomologist.
No. 12, eth ‘Biological pete —Report on Some Pulmonary Lesions ecu’ by
Bacillus morrhagic Septicemia of Carabaos. By Paul G. Woolley, M.
No. 18, 904, Biological Laboratory.—A Fatal Infection by a Hitherto Witdeseribed
romogenic Bacterium: Bacillus Aureus Fetidus. By Maximilian Herzog, M. D.
No. + o Serum Laboratory: Texas eens in the sees pass Islands — _ ng
J. W. Jobling, M. D., and Paul G. Woolley, M. D. gical La
cal letin No. 2: The Australian BR a (Boophitas Australis porate)
No. 15, 1904, Biolo and Serum Laboratories. Report on, Bacillus Violaceus Ma-
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No. 46, io perigee Laboratory.— Weg ee lation pees Asiatic Cholera:
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No. 19, — Biological Laboratory.—Some Observations on the Biology of the » Gtinterk
_ No. 20, 1904. ¢ : I. Does Latent or Dormant Plague Exist Where
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M.D. and Waiter Sorrell, D. V. 8 Tit Pinte (Pano ¢ BY
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No, 23, 1904, Biological Laboratory.—Plague: Bacteriology, Morbid Anatomy, and His ae
ee ee eee Cee
odie arta setae on Pathotogicat Significance ot :
THE PHILIPPINE
JOURNAL OF SCIENCE
C. BOTANY
Vou. II APRIL, 1907 No. 2
CYPERACEA OF THE PHILIPPINES: A LIST OF THE
SPECIES IN THE KEW HERBARIUM.
- By C. B. Crags.’ —
(Kew, England.)
The present list contains only the species in the Kew Herbarium and
not quite all of these. I have added some of the more importaut
synonomy relating to the Philippines and adjacent lands. The short
notes on the genera and species are not given as sufficient diagnoses,
_ but are intended to be useful to assist collectors in the field. _
The present list is not therefore complete i in any respect for Philippine
Cyperacee, which perhaps is of minor importance when so many species
and localities are being constantly added. The list will have the merit
that each species stands on plants: examined, eda ae various sie
may not seis anc have been determined correctly. — ” “a
a KYLLINGA Rott. .
_ In all the Philippine species of this genus, the apes is Lnutted,
* Rhizome creeping. cee
1. Kyllinga paren: Rotth, Deser. Bis! Ae., _(T3) 13. t. to fe 4. syn.
quibusdam excl.
Keel of the fowuntnl glume crested, searious, . fol of ‘i ec
_ Hook. f. Fi. Brit. Ind. 6: 588 ng Voy, 2: 85; Merrill,
Jour ee ratt Meee att. Cre. 67;
78 CLARKE.
Mig. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 292. K. monocephala var. Mindorensis Boeck. in Linnea
35 (1867-68) 428; Vidal, Phaner. Cuming. Philip. 155; Rev. Pl. Vase. Filip. 284.
(K. Mindorensis is no variety of K. monocephala; it is the typical state of the
species. )
Puiuirines, (Callery); (Llanos); (Moseley); (1558 Ouming, hb. Kew).
Luzon, (Kastalsky) ; (Leclanches); (1860 Wichura); (3981 Vidal); (86 pro
parte, 3160, 5103 Merrill) ; (6026 Leiberg) ; (457 Topping); (3283 Ahern’s
collector). MINDANAO, (249 DeVore € Hoover) ; (548 Copeland).
Common in the warm regions of the Old World, as in East Asia and Polynesia.
From South America I have seen two examples only, which 1 suppose to be
“allata.”
2. Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb. Deser. et Ic. (1773) 13. t. 4 f. 3.
Keel of the flowering glume not crested, green, minutely scabrous or
with a few scattered hairs.
Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 588. Kyllinga triceps Blanco FI. Filip. 34, non
Rottb; Steud. Cyp. 72. K. rigidula Steud. Cyp. 71, quoad pl. Philippensem;
Miq. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 294. K. caespitosa var. robusta Boeck. in Linnea 35
(1867-68) 413, minime Nees; Vidal Phaner. Cuming. Philip. 155; Rev. Pl. Vase.
Filip. 283.
PHILIPPINES, (552 Cuming). Luzon, (772, 1656 Loher); (86A Merrill).
BASILAN, (43 DeVore &€ Hoover). MINDANAO, (101 Clemens); (585 Copeland).
The warmer parts of both hemispheres; the commonest species of the genus.
3. Kyllinga intermedia R. Br. Prodr. (1810) 219.
Slender, with small lateral globose or depressed heads; keel of the
flowering glume green, smooth, not crested.
. Benth. Fl. Austr. 7: 521; Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 36 (1903) 223.
Kyllinga oligostachya Boeck, in Linnea 35 (1867-68) 407. Kyllinga monoceph-
ala Seem. Fl. Viti. 318, pro majore parte, non Rottb. K. brevifolia Boeck. ! ms.
in A. Dietrich No. 717. ‘
Luzon, Benguet, (4371, 4421, 4695 Merrill) ; (6494 Elmer): Lepanto, (4618,
4624 Merrill).
Frequent in north and east Australia. I also refer to this species plants
collected in Formosa and Fiji. It is hardly more than a variety of Kyllinga
brevifolia Rottb., as indeed Boeckeler sometimes esteemed it. The distribution in
Formosa and Fiji might therefore be disputed.
4. Kyllinga pungens Link. Hort. Berol. 1 (1827) 326.
Rhizome stout, conspicuously squamose; leaves and bracts short; keel
of flowering glume not crested.
Dyer Fl. Trop. Afr. 8: 269, 277. K. obtusata Presl Rel. Haenk. 1 (1828)
183; Boeck. in Linnea 35 (1867-68) 418. K. bifolia Miq. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3:
293. Oyperus aphyllus Hassk. Cat. Hort. Bogor. (1844) 24.
Luzon, (Loher); (4649 Merrill) ; (6495 Elmer).
Abundant in tropical America, frequent in tropical Africa. TI have, in all, four
examples from Malaya, none from India.
CYPERACE OF THE PHILIPPINES. ; 79
** Tufted. i
.5. Kyllinga cylindrica Nees ! in Wight Contrib, (1834) 91. !
Stems tufted, rootstock hardly any; heads 3-1, the central one usually
cylindric. 3
Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 588; Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soe. 36 (1903) 223,
Luzon, Benguet, (6500 Elmer). Mrnpanao, Lake Lanao, (102 Clemens).
Frequent in warm regions of the Old World, Africa, Asia to tropical Australia.
The representative species in the New’ World is Kyllinga odorata Vahl, which
may be treated as a geographical variety. CaN
SPECIES EXCLUDED FROM KYLLINGA,
KYLLINGA ALBESCENS Steud., based on 1418 Cuming, is Lipocarpha orgentea
R. Br.
2. PYCREUS Beauv.
In all the Philippine species of this genus the nut is reticulate, not
zonate.
1. Pycreus sanguinolentus Nees in Linnea 9 (1834) 283.
Stem decumbent, clothed by leaf-sheaths one-third the way up; ; heads
of spikelets simply umbelled.
Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 590; Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 36 (1903) 206.
Oyperus sanguinolentus Vahl Enum. 2: 351; Mig. in Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. 2:
140. ©. Eragrostis Vahl Enum. 2: 322 ? (syn. Retz. excl.) ; Moritzi ! Verz.
Zoll. Pfl. 96; Benth. Fl. Hongk. 385; Hemsl. Bot. Challenger Voy. 2:. 85.. 0.
areolatus R. Br. Prodr. 216. ©. atratus Steud. ! in Zoll. Verz. Ind. Archip. heft.
2, 62; Mig. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 259.
Luzon, Benguet, (4706 Merrill).
Old World, from the Black Sea to Australia, and from tropical Africa to
Manchuria; a common plant. ’ ;
2. Pycreus pulvinatus Nees in Linnea 9 (1834) 283.
A slender annual, heads (short spikes) umbelled, pale; glumes mu-
cronate. :
Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 36 (1903) 206. Pycreus nitens Nees in Nova
Acta Nat. Cur. 19 (1843) Suppl. 1: 53; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 591. Cyperus
pumilus L. Amoen, Acad. 4 (1788) 302. Cyperus nitens Retz. Obs. 5 (1789)
13 2; Miq. in Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat 2: 140 ?; Vidal ! Rey. Pl. Vase. Filip. 283;
Phaner. Cuming. Philip. 155. 0. Wnologiiie Steud. ! _Cyp. 3; Miq. Fl. Neder],
Ind. 3: 255.
PHILIPPINES, (559 Cuming); (198 Chamisso). Luzon, ‘sane Ahern’s col-
lector).
Old World, from tropical “Africa to China and north Raia a common
plant. Once beh tage from Martinique. Received in five collections from Florida
(named err hige 2a I lepi )-
80 CLARKE.
3. Pycreus polystachyus Beauv. Fl. d’ Owar. 2 (1807) 48. ¢. 86. f. 2.
Moderately stout, heads (short spikes) in a dense umbel or compound
head; glumes muticous.
Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 592; Hemsl. Journ. Linn. Soc. 36 (1903) 205.
Cyperus polystachyus R. Br. Prodr. 214; Benth. Fl. Hongk. 385; Mig. Fl. Nederl.
Ind. 3: 258, Suppl. 260, non Rottb. ©. odoratus Linn. ! Sp. Pl. ed. 1, 46, ed. 2,
68 et herb. propr., pro majore parte. C. teretifructus Steud. ! in Zoll. Verz.
Ind. Archip. heft. 2, 62, et Cyp. 3. ;
PHILIPPINES, (196 Chamisso) ; (1870 Wichura). Luzon, (876 Jagor); (792
Loher) ; Panay, (98 Copeland). .
In all warm countries, especially near the sea, one of the most generally
distributed and abundant species of Cyperacee.
Sir J. D. Hooker (in Trimen Fl. Ceylon 5: 20) says that this species may
have a 3-fid style. Unfortunately the sheet from Ceylon, 800 Thwaites, contains
Pycreus polystachyus Beauv., mixed with Cyperus Zollingeri Steud., which latter
was dissected by Hook. f., and found with 3-fid styles,
Var. 8 laxiflorus Benth. ! Fl. Austral. 7: 261.
Spikes (and umbels) opened out, the spikelets often quite solitary.
- Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 592: Cyperus paniculatus Rottb. Deser. et Ic. 40;
Hook. et Arn. Bot. Beechy Voy. 99.
Luzon, (877 Jagor) ; Manila, (Wichura).
Tn all warm countries, especially near the sea; a common plant.
4, Pycreus sulcinux C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 593.
Slender; umbel and spikes very loose; spikelets elongate; nut un-
symmetric, subconcave on the margin next the axis.
Cyperus sulcinue C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc, 21 (1884) 56.
Puiuippines (Moseley). Luzon, Benguet, (4289 Merrill); (6579 Elmer).
Mrnpanao, Lake Lanao, (44 Clemens).
Scattered throughout the warmer regions of the Old World. Frequent in
India. -
5. Pycreus globosus Reich. Fl. Germ. Excurs. (1830-32) 140.2°
Umbel simple or reduced to one head: spikelets clustered, usually
pale or greenish.
: Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 36 (1903) 203. Pycreus capillaris Nees in
Linnwa 9 (1834) 283; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 591. Cyperus globosus .Allioni
Fl. Pedem. Auctuar. 49. ©. vulgaris Kunth Enum. 2: 4 ; Benth. Fl. Hongk.
385; Miq. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 256. ©. mucronatus Moritzi | Verz. Zoll. Pfl. 95.
C. jungendus Steud. ! in Zoll. Verz. Ind. Archip. heft 2, 63, et Cyp. 3. ©. trachir-
rhachis Steud. ! 11. ce. 62, 3. O. flavescens Benth. ! Fl. Austral. 7: 259 (excl.
syn.) ; Miq. in Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. 2: 140, 211.
PHILIPPINES, (875 Jagor).
Old World, from Spain to Japan and north Australia,
- : a common plant.
Rare in tropical Africa, :
CYPERACEA OF THE PHILIPPINES. 81
Var. 8 Nilagiricus Clarke in Hook f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 592.
Spikelets narrower, often chestnut-colored or black. =
Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 36 (1903) 204. Cyperus Nilagiricus Steud. !
Cyp. 2. OC. Junghuhnii Mig. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 260.
Luzon, Benguet, (791 Loher) ; (6483 Hlmer) ; Lepanto, (4630 Merrill).
Warmer parts of the Old World, especially in the mountains; a common plant.
Frequent in Africa, Japan, India and China.
PHILIPPINES SPECIES OF CYPERUS WITH 2-FID STYLES; NOT IN THE KEW
HERBARIUM,
Cyprrus ALBUS Pres] Rel. Haenk. 1: 174. “Stylus bifidus,” “Nux oblonga,”
“Spicule dense fasciculatae.” »
Luzon, fide Presl.
Cyperus Luzonensis Presl Rel. Haenk. 1: 174.
“Stylus 2-fidus,” “Nux elliptica.”
Luzon, fide Presl. ae
An example of Llanos, marked “OC. luzonensis Presl,” is not Presl’s plant, as
the styles are all 3-fid; it is Mariscus microcephalus Pres] below.
3. JUNCELLUS ©. B. Clarke.
1. Juncellus pygmaeus ©. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6 (1893) 596.
Style 2-fid.
Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 36 (1903) 207. Cyperus pygmaeus Rottb. Deser.
et Icon. (1773) 20. t. 14. f. 4, 5; Mig. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 261.
Luzon, (769 Loher).
Old World, from Africa to Korea and north Australia; a common weed.
In the genus Cyperus, we have in many species the primordial nut equally
trigonous; in the majority of species the nut is more or less flattened on the
anterior face (the back, of authors) so that the nut is approximately plano-
convex in section, the style remaining always 3-fid. In Juncellus the “dorsal”
flattening appears to have been carried so far that the style is 2-fid; in two
species of Juncellus, however, the style is 3-fid or 2-fid indifferently. There is
thus no difference in structure, and no definite line to be drawn between Cyperus
and Juncellus. The only reason for retaining Juncellus as a genus is con-
venience, even after it has been taken out, Oyperus being inconveniently large.
4, CYPERUS Linn.
Style 3-fid. Spikelets persistent. Glumes deciduous.
Sect. 1. PycnosTacHE®. Spikelets digitate or clustered; not spicate.
1. Cyperus tenellus Linn. f. Suppl. (1781) 103.
Stem 5 to 15 cm. long; with one lateral cluster of 1 to 4 spikelets;
glumes obtuse. .
Benth. ! Fl. Austr. 7: 265 (syn. dub. (. modestulo Steud. exel.).
Luzon, Benguet, Pauai, (4740 Merrill), in a cold swamp at about 2,200 m.
Cape of Good Hope; in Australia rare. No. 4740 Merrill is a very small
plant; it may possibly represent a new species near OC. tenellus.
82 CLARKE.
2. Cyperus leucocephalus Retz. Obs. 5 (1789) 11.
Stem with one dense globose head, 8 to 14 mm. in diameter.
Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 602; Vidal, Rev. Pl. Vasc. Filip. 283; Phaner.
Cuming Philip. 155. Cyperus Sorostachys Boeck. in Linnea 35 (1867-68) 588.
Sorostachys Kyllingioides Steud. Cyp. 71; Miq. Fl. Neder]. Ind. 3: 296.
PHILIPPINES, (1417 Cuming).
Old World, in warm countries, from Senegal to Cochin-China and north
Australia; also in Brazil, but less frequent.
3. Cyperus uncinatus Poiret in Lam. Encycl. 7 (1806) 247.
Annual, 5 to 15 em. high; heads umbelled; glumes with a hooked
mucro. : 2 :
Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 36 (1903) 219. Cyperus cuspidatus H. B. K.
Noy. Gen. et Spec. 1 (1815) 204; Vidal, Rev. Pl. Vase. Filip. 282; Phaner.
Cuming Philip. 155. OC. solutus Steud. Cyp. 14; Mig. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 263.
PHILIPPINES, (676 Cuming). Luzon, (713 Loher). Mrypanao, Lake Lanao,
(Clemens).
In the warmer parts of both hemispheres; a common species.
4. Cyperus difformis Linn. Amoen. Acad. 4 (1759) 302.
~ Annual, 30 to 65 em. high; spikelets very small, closely agglomerated,
umbel compound (or simple).
Miq. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 369; Hook f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 599; Vidal Rev. PI.
Vase. Filip. 283; Phaner. Cuming. Philip. 155; Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 36
(1903) 210. Cyperus subrotundus Llanos Fragm. Pl. Filip. 14, fide Naves et
Villar. ;
Luzon, (549 Cuming) ; (726 Loher) ; (3650 Merrill); (5680, 6298 Elmer).
Warmer Europe, Africa, warmer Asia, Australia, Polynesia; an abundant
species. From America I have but two examples, one from New Mexico and one
from Michoacan (Mexico).
5. Cyperus Haspan Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 1, 45, ed. 2, 66 partim.
. Root in the second year creeping ; plant 3 to 6 dm. high, scantily leaved ;
umbel usually compound.
Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 600; Mig. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 267; Hemsl. in Journ.
Linn. Soe. 36 (1903) 213. :
Luzon, (724, 725 Loher) ; (54 Merrill); (5845 Elmer) ; MInDANnao, (1999
Wichura) ; (Clemens) ; (582 Copeland).
Tropical and subtropical countries throughout the World; an abundant species.
The type specimen in hb. Linn. propr., marked by him C. Haspan, is not this
species, while among the pieces of C. Haspan scattered through his Herbarium,
‘Linneus has named no one “C. Haspan.”
6. Cyperus flavidus Retz. Obs. 15 (1789) 13.
An erect, short-lived annual, becoming, in three months, yellow or
blackish.
Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 600.
PHILIPPINES, (Llanos). Luzon, (718 Loher) ; (3657 Merrill).
Tropical and subtropical Asia ahd Africa; abundant. Also in North Australia.
This is the common small Oyperus of dibbled rice. It rapidly withers as the
rice field dries. It is difficult to draw a line between it and Cyperus Haspan.
.
CYPERACEA) OF THE PHILIPPINES. 83
7. Cyperus diffusus Vahl Enum. 2 (1806) 321.
Large, leaves and bracts 1 to 2 cm. broad; umbel very compound, of
heads of few spikelets (solitary pedicelled spikelets often added) ; points
of glumes spreading in fruit.
Mig. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 264; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 603; Hemsl. in Journ.
Linn. Soe. 36 (1903) 211; Merrill in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 1: 30.
Cyperus elegans Swartz Obs. Bot. 30; Kunth, Enum. 2: 28. 0. longifolius
Decaisne in Nouy. Ann. Mus. Paris 3 (1834) 359; Mig. Fl. Neder]. Ind. 3: 265.
O. moestus Kunth Enum. 2: 31; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 3: 265. 0. scirpoides Pres,
Rel. Haenk. 1: 178, non Vahl. OC. Sorzogonensis Presi 1. ¢. 174.
PHILiIPpiInes, (Micholitz). Luzon, (Wichura); (463, 465 Topping).
Tropical and subtropical, southeast Asia and America, a sylvan (not rice
field) species.
8. Cyperus pubesquama Steud. ! in Zoll. Verz. Ind. Archip. heft 2 (1854) 62.
Glumes mostly puberulous, their points (in fruit) closely, rigidly
appressed to the spikelet; otherwise as in C’. diffusus Vahl.
Miq. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3:.266; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 604. Oyperus Lago-
rensis Steud. ! Cyp. 36; Miq. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 275. ©. Calacaryensis Steud.
! Cyp. 34; Mig. 1. ¢. 275. ©. diffusus Kunth, Enum. 2: 30; Vidal ! Rev. Pl.
Vase. Filip. 283; Phaner. Cuming. Philip, 155, non Vahl.
Puiviprrnes, (445, 533, 534 Cuming). Luzon (5054 Merrill). Mrinpanao,
(280 DeVore et Hoover). ;
Frequent in India and through Malaya to New Guinea.
This species is closely allied to, as well as very like, O. diffusus Vahl, but is
specifically distinguishable.
(8a., CypeRUS Bancanus Migq. Fl. Nederl. Ind. Suppl. (1860) 260, 599; C. B.
Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. 34 (1898) 27; Merrill in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906)
Suppl. 1: 30.
Luzon, (2581 Meyer) ; (291 Copeland), fide Merritt.
Malayan Peninsula and Archipelago, Tonkin; frequent.
This plant is likely to occur in the Philippines, though I have no specimen
before me. Merrill places a ? after his determination.)
Sect. 2. CHorIstAcHEX, Spikelets spicate.
9. Cyperus Iria Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 1, 45; ed. 2, 67, tab. Rheede citat. excl.
Medium large annual, umbel often compound; glumes obovate, ulti-
mately hardly imbricate.
Migq. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 269; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 606; Vidal, Rev. Pl.
Vase. Filip. 283; Phaner. Cuming. Philip. 155; Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soe. 36.
(1903) 213. Cyperus Nuttalii Llanos ! Fragm. PI. Filip. 14.
Purrwrrnes, (Llanos) ; (563 Cuming) ; (3982 Vidal); (874 Jagor). Luzon,
(731, 732 Loher) ; (200 Chamisso) ; (2307, 3651 Merrill) ; (5706 Elmer). Min-
DANAO, (1998 Wichura) ; (602 Copeland). :
A weed in rice fields of the Old World (examples from the Santee Canal in
Florida were introduced from the Old World, fide Chapman).
Var. 8 paniciformis Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 607.
Spikelets 2 to 4-nutted ; racemes nearly linear.
Oyperus paniciformis Franch. et Savat. Pl. Japon. 2: 103, 537.
Luzon, (1867 Wichura).
India, China, Japan and Malaya.
84 CLARKE.
10. Cyperus compressus Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 1, 46, ed. 2, 68.
A green annual, umbel simple ; spikelets much flattened ; glumes acutely
boat-shaped, mucronate.
Mig. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 263 et Suppl. 260, 599; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6:
605; Vidal, Rev. Pl. Vase. Filip. 282; Phaner. Cuming. Philip. 155; Hemsl.
Journ. Linn. Soc. 36 (1903) 210. Cyperus humilis Llanos Fragm. Pl. Filip.
13, fide Naves.
"PHILIPPINES, (546 Cuming); (1960 Vidal). Luzon, (870 Jagor); (715
Loher) ; (199 Chamisso) ; (183 Meyen); (1130 Merrill).
Very common in the warmer parts of both hemispheres.
11. Cyperus distans Linn. f. Suppl. (1781) 103.
Umbel open, compound; spikelets spicate, linear; glumes small, very
remote. :
Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 607; Vidal Rev. Pl. Vase. Filip. 283; Phaner.
Cuming. Philip. 155; Hemsl. ‘in Journ. Linn. Soc. 36 (1903) 211. Cyperus
elatus Presl. ! in Oken Isis 21 (1828) 271; Steud. in Zoll. Verz. Ind. Archip. heft
2, 63; Miq. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 284; Boeck. ! in Flora 62 (1879) 551, non Linn.
Puiippines, (Llanos); (444 Cuming); (Moseley). Luzon, (733, 734
Loher) ; (6302 Elmer); (1133 Merrill).
In warm countries almost throughout the World. An abundant species.
12. Cyperus eleusinoides Kunth ! Enum. 2 (1837) 39.
Umbel compound, rays long, unequal ; spikelets densely spicate; glumes
scarious at the tips, hardly distant.
Mig. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 270; Benth. Fl. Austral. 7: 277; Hook. f. Fl. Brit.
Ind. 6: 608; Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 36 (1903) 212. Cyperus wanthopus
Steud. in Flora 25 (1842) 595; Cyp. 36 (pl. Japon excl.)
Luzon, (728, 729 Loher). ;
Abyssinia and the Dead Sea to Queensland.
13. Cyperus Malaccensis Lam. T.= 1. (1791), 146,
Stem stout, almost 3-winged at the top; leaves few, short; umbel
compound, rather dense; spikelets spicate, linear; glumes obtuse, concave
with incurved margins.
Migq. Fl. Neder]. Ind. 3: 279; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind: 6: 608; Hemsl. in Journ.
Linn. Soc. 36 (1903) 214; Merrill, Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 1: 30.
Cyperus odoratus Linn. ! Sp. Pl. ed. 1, 46; ed. 2, 48; et hb. propr. pro parte.
C. scoparius Decaisne in Nouy. Ann. Mus. Paris, 3 (1834) 359; Miq. Fl. Nederl.
Ind. 3: 279. C. spaniphyllus Steud. ! in Zoll. Verz. Ind. Archip. heft 2, 62;
Mig. 1. ¢. 267. ©. difformis Blanco ! FI. Filip. 32, non Linn.
Puivippines, (Llanos). Luzon, (Loher); (376, 4247 Merrill). MINDANAO,
(1337 Copeland) .
From the Persian Gulf to the Philippines and north Australia.
14. Cyperus pilosus Vahl Enum. 2 (1806) 354.
Spikes 1 to 2 in. long, the rhachis minutely hairy ; umbel simple or
compound ; spikes often subdigitate.
PE oe
h
CYPERACEZ OF THE PHILIPPINES. 85
Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 609; Vidal, Rev. Pl. Vase. Filip. 283; Phaner.
Cuming. Philip. 155; Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 36 (1903) 215; Merrill, in
Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 1: 30. Cyperus venustus Moritzi ! Verz.
Zoll. Pfl. 96, non R. Br. ©. piptolepis Steud. in Zoll. Verz. Ind. Arehip. heft 2,
63; Cyp. 40; Miq. ! Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 279.
PHILIPPINES, (535 Ouming). Luzon, (867 Jagor); (1865 Wichura); (2308
Merrill). MINDANAO, (142 Clemens) ; (827 Copeland).
Rare in tropical Africa; abundant in India, extending to Japan and Queensland,
15. Cyperus Zollingeri Steud. in Zoll. Verz. Ind. Archip. heft 2, (1854) 62.
Umbel compound or simple; spikelets spicate, long linear, yellowish.
Miq. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 264; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 613; Hemsl. in Journ.
Linn. Soc. 36 (1903) 219. Cyperus rotundus Pres]. ! Rel. Haenk. 1: 175; Miq.
Fl. Neder]. Ind. Suppl. 260, 600.
Luzon, (Haenke) ; (Meyen) ; (6473 Elmer).
Tropical Africa, southeastern Asia to Bouru and Queensland; a_ plentiful
species.
16. Cyperus rotundus Linn. Sp.-Pl. ed. 2, 67 partim, nee. Linn. hb. propr.
Stem thickened at base; spikelets flattened, reddish or pale, not yellow.
Miq. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 274; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 615; Vidal, Rev. Pl.
Vase. Filip. 282; Phaner. Cuming. Philip. 155; Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soe. 36
(1903) 216. Cyperus hexastachyus Rottb. Deser. et Ic. 28. t. 14. f. 2; Decaisne
in Nouv. Ann. Mus. Paris, 3 (1834) 358. ©. Hydra Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 27;
Pres], Rel. Haenk. 1: 175. ©. bulboso-stolonifer Mig. ! Fl. Neder]. Ind. Suppl.
260, 559; Kurz in Tidschr. Neder]. Ind. 27 (1864) 222, non Steud. C. laevissimus
Steud. ! Cyp. 32. (. curvatus Llanos ! Fragm. PI. Filip. 15.
Purvipprnes, (557,715 Cuming) ; (1961 Vidal). Luzon, (1869 a, b, Wichura) ;
(2786 Merrill), Samar, (944 Jagor). Panay, (97 Copeland).
In all warm countries; one of the worst pests in cultivated lands.
There is in Linneus’s Herbarium only one example marked by his hand as
Cyperus rotundus ; it is therefore the “type” of the species. It may be Mariscus
Thunbergit Schrader ; it certainly is not our Cyperus rotundus Linn,
17. Cyperus stolonifer Retz. Obs. 4 (1786) 10.
Spikelets nearly terete (very obscurely compressed) ; glumes concave,
obtuse; otherwise as in Cyperus rotundus.
Migq. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 265; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 615; Hemsl. in Journ.
Linn. Soe. 36 (1903) 217. Cyperus bulboso-stolonifer Steud. ! in Zoll. Verz.
Ind. Archip. heft 2, 62; Cyp. 18; Mig. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 266.
Luzon, (717 Loher) ; Manila, (Chamisso).
Southeastern Asia, extending from Mauritius to Formosa and north Australia ;
a frequent, hardly common, species.
18. Cyperus radiatus Vahl. Enum. 2 (1806) 369.
A large erect annual; spikes cylindric, subdigitate; rhacheola of the
spikelet with oblong persistent wings.
Migq. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 277; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 617; Vidal Rev. Pl.
Vase. Filip. 283; Phaner. Cuming. Philip. 155; Hemsl. Journ. Linn. Soc. 36
(1903) 216. Cyperus involucratus Poiret in Lam. Eneyel. 7 (1806) 253;
86 CLARKE.
Decaisne in Nouv. Ann. Mus. Paris, 3 (1834) 360. C. verticillatus Roxb. FI.
Ind. 1:.206 (ed. Wallich, p. 209) ; Mig. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 276. ©. macrosciadion
Steud. Cyp. 37; Miq. 1. c. 277. C. longifolius Decaisne ! in Nouv Ann. Mus.
Paris, 3 (1834) 359.
PHILIPPINES, (537 Cuming). Luzon, Manila, (Wichura); (38 Merrill) ;
(727 Loher) ; (4 Fenia). .
In warm countries throughout the World; an abundant plant.
19. Cyperus exaltatus Retz. Obs. 5 (1789) 11.
Spikes cylindric, peduncled, otherwise as C. radiatus Vahl.
Miq. Fl. Neder]. Ind. 3: 276; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 617; Hemsl. in Journ.
Linn. Soc. 36 (1903) 212. Cyperus venustus R. Br. Prodr. 217; Migq. Fl. Nederl.
Ind. 3: 280. ©. altus Nees in Linnea 9 (1834) 285; Mig. 1. c. 276. OC. elutus
Hassk. in Flora 45 (1862) 191, non Linn.
Puiviepines, (Llanos).
Warm parts of the Old World; abundant. From America I have only two or
three examples.
This plant, much confused with C. elatus Linn., has the anthers ecristate.
20. Cyperus digitatus Roxb. Hort. Beng. 1814 (1813) 81.
A large erect annual; spikes cylindric; rhacheola of the spikelet with
yellow, early soluble, lanceolate wings.
Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 618; Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 36 (1903) 211.
Oyperus strigosus Llanos ha se Pl. Filip. 16, mon Linn. C. auricomus Vidal ms,
non Sieber.
Puirrines, (Llanos) ; (3985 Vidal) ; (714 Loher) ; (2317 Merrill). Mznpa-
NAO, (1997 Wichura).
Warm parts of Asia, Polynesia and America; rare in Africa, where its place is
taken by the closely allied representative, (. auricomus Sieber.
ss Cyperus elatus Linn. Amoen. Acad. 4: 301; Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 67 et hb. propr.
A tall erect annual; spikes cylindric; anthers narrowly oblong ieleon a
lanceolate crest one third their own length.
Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 618. Cyperus racemosus Miq. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3:
270, 278 (syn. excl.) ? of Retz. ©. bispicatus Steud. ! in Zoll. Verz. Ind. Archip.
* heft 2, 62; Mig. 1. c. 285. ©. ewaltatus hb. Vidal, ! non Retz.
PHILIPPINES (3986 Vidal) ; (592 Jagor).
Southeastern Asia, from Madras to Cochin-China and Timor; a rare plant.
PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF CYPERUS, WITH THE: STYLE 3-FID (OR UNKNOWN) NOT
IN THE KEW HERBARIUM.
CYPERUS CAESPITOSUS Llanos Fragm. PI. Filip. 14, non Poiret. ©. dehiscens,
Naves Nov. App. 303, non Nees.
PHILipPInes, fide Llanos.
: CYPERUS ANABAPTISTUS Steud. Cyp. 37. 0. Cumingii Steud. olim in >
nec Cyp. 25..
Luzon ; hb. Cuming fide § Steudel.
Pi ad
CYPERACEA) OF THE PHILIPPINES. 87
CYPERUS MINUTIFLORUS Pres], Rel. Haenk. 1: 351, non Nees. 0. micranthus
Presl, 1. ¢.. 178. OC. breviflorus Dietr. Sp. Pl. 2: 316. OC. multiflorus Kunth,
Enum. 2: 562 (err. typogr.)
Luzon, fide Presl.
CYPERUS PHILIPPENSIS Pres] Rel. Haenk. 1: 174.
Luzon, fide Presl.
CYPERUS SPICATUS Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 173.
Luzon et Mexico, fide Presl.
According to Fenzl? this species must be near Cyperus radiatus Vahl, and (.
elatus Linn.
5. MARISCUS Vahl.
As Cyperus, but spikelets in fruit deciduous. Style 3-fid.
Sect. I. Stem at base apparently thickened by the inflated scariose-colorate
basal leaf sheaths.
1. Mariscus Merrillii C. B. Clarke, sp. nova.
‘Culmo 4 ad 7 em. longo, 1-cephalo; foliis culmo longioribus, basi
inflatis, scarioso-coloratis; capite 10 ad 12 mm. in diam., globoso, spiculis
densissimo; spiculis maturitis oblongo-linearibus,:4 ad 8-floris, sub-2-
nucigeris; glumis lanceolato-elongatis, striatis; nuce anguste oblongo,
sublineari, trigono, nigro; stylo 3-fido.
Luzon, Province of Cavite, Maragondong (4170 Merrill).
Species M. Dregeano Kunth, affinis et similis, ab spiculas nuces angustas
diversa. Spiculae iis M. flabelliformis Kunth, magis simile videntur.
Sect. II. Leaf sheaths herbaceous ; spikelets ripening 1 to 3 nuts.
2. Mariscus cyperinus Vahl Enum. 2 (1806) 377.
Umbel simple, rays short; spikes cylindric, dense, with suberect 2-
flowered spikelets.
Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 621; Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 36 (1903) 220;
Merrill in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 1: 30. Mariscus umbellatus
Moritzi ! Verz. Zoll. Pfl. 98, vix Vahl. M. Sundaicus Mig. ! Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3:
289. Kyllingia cyperina Retz. Obs. 6: 21. Cyperus Manilensis Boeck. ! in Engler
Jahrb. 5 (1884) 501. ;
PuILiePInes, (Moseley). Luzon, Manila, (1871 Wichura); (766 Jagor) ;
(780, 781, 789, 790 Loher) ; (3311 Ahern’s collector) ; (464, 456 Topping); (485
(in part) Whitford) ; (6675 Elmer).
Southeastern Asia, from Ceylon to Petropaulovski and Otaheiti, frequent.
3. Mariscus tenuifolius Nees in Mart. Fl. Brasil. 2? (1843) 46.
Stolons slender; umbel simple, small, spikes loose; spikelets slender,
usually maturing two nuts. : :
Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 622; Schrader ms. Cyperus umbellatus var. lawata
C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. 21 (1884) 201.
Luzon, Arayat, (782 Loher). Mrxpanao, (617 Copeland). eos
India from Behar to Ceylon and to Malacca; a very rare plant in herbaria.
° 2 Denkschr. Acad. Wissen. Wien. 8 (1855) 47.
88 CLARKE.
4. Mariscus Sieberianus Nees in Linnea 9 (1834) 286.
Umbel simple, spikes cylindric, peduncled ; spikelets in fruit spreading
or decurved, maturing one or two nuts.
Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 622; Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 36 (1903) 221.
Mariscus umbellatus Vahl. Enum. 2: 376 pro parte; Miq. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 288.
M. cyperinus Presl ! in Oken Isis 21 (1828) 270, non Vahl. Cyperus umbellatus
Miq. in Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. 2: 142, non Roxb.
Luzon, (783, 784, 785 Loher) ; (6472 Elmer).
In all warm countries; very common.
5. Mariscus Philippensis Steud. Cyp. (1855) 66, char. emend.
Spikes exactly cylindric, very dense with small spikelets.
Mig. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 290; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 1:
30. Mariscus umbellatus Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 181. Cyperus cylindrostachys
Boeck. ! Linnea 36 (1869-70) 383, partim; Vidal, Rev. Pl. Vasc. Filip. 283;
Phaner. Cuming Philip. 155. :
Luzon, (568 Cuming) (No. 1422 in hb. Hooker) ; (1863, 1866 Wichura) ; (3277
Merrill). :
Philippines and Hainan.
This is hardly more that a geographic form of the universally distributed
_ Mariscus Sieberianus. :
Sect. III. Leaf sheaths herbaceous; spikelets ripening 3 or more
(sometimes 15) nuts.
6. Mariscus microcephalus Presl ! Rel. Haenk. 1 (1830) 182.
Large and with large compound umbels; spikelets linear, often 1 cm.
long, brown.
Mig. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 290; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 624 ; Hemsl. in Journ.
Linn. Soc. 36 (1903) 221; Merrill, Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 1: 30.
Cyperus dilutus Vahl. Enum. 2: 357; Migq. 1. ¢. 285; Vidal, Rev. Pl. Vase. Filip.
283; Phaner. Cuming. Philip. 155. OC. Haenkeanus Kunth, Enum. 2: 93. 0. sep-
tatus Steud. ! in Zoll. Verz. Ind. Archip. heft 2, 62; Cyp. 46; Miq. Fl. Nederl. Ind.
3: 284, et Suppl. 260. ©. cuadriflorus (i. e. quadriflorus) Llanos, Fragm. PI.
Filip. 18. C. microcephalus Naves in Blanco FI. Filip. Nov. App. 304, non R. Br.
C. Grabowskianus Boeck. in Engl. Jahrb. 5 (1884) 502. ©. rufus Nees in Linnea
9 (1834) 285. :
Luzon, (538 Cuming) ; (869 Jagor) ; (788 Loher) ; (Meyen) ; (3983 Vidal) ;
(1566 Merrill) ; (5531 Elmer). Cunion, (470 Merrill). Panay, (1656 Cuming).
MINDANAO, (2000 Wichura) ; (581 Copeland).
Usually very large, but as in many species of Cyperacee, small examples occur.
The “type” example of Presl, is very young, the heads being quite small; hence his
inappropriate specific name.
Southeastern Asia; common. Also in Bourbon, Mauritius.
7. Mariscus albescens Gaudich. in Freycinet Voy. (1826) 415.
A strong plant, leaves almost spongy with transverse lines; umbel
compound ; spikelets turgid, ripening 3 to 6 nuts.
Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 623; Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soe. 36 (1903) 220;
Merrill in Philip. Journ. Sei. 1 (1906) Suppl. 1: 30. Cyperus stuppeus Forst. f.
CYPERACEAS OF THE PHILIPPINES. 89
Prodr. (1786) 89. C. pennatus Lam. Ill. 1 (1791) 144; Decaisne in Nouv. Ann.
Mus. Paris, 3 (1834) 359; Miq. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 281; Vidal, Rev. Pl. Vase.
Filip. 283; Phaner. Cuming. Philip. 155. ©. holciflorus Presl, Rel. Haenk, 1: 171;
Miq. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 282. ©. firmus Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 171, fide Boeck.
C. anomalus Steud. Cyp. 37; Mig. 1. ¢. 279. C. imbricatus Llanos, Fragm. Pl.
Filip. 17, fide Naves. ©. ovatus Llanos ! Fragm. Pl. Filip. 15. 0. nitidulus
Vidal ! Rey. Pl. Vase. Filip. 283.
Puivippines, (Llanos) ; (436, 1636 Cuming); (Moseley). Luzon, (786, 787
Loher) ; (4254 Merrill) ; (592, 1305 Whitford). CuLion, (587 Merrill).
Southeastern Asia and Polynesia; common. In tropical Africa, rare. The one
specimen seen by me, from Valparaiso, may have been an herbarium mixture.
8. Mariscus flabelliformis H. B. K. Noy. Gen. et Sp. 1 (1815) 215; Dyer
FI. Trop. Afr. 8: 397; Merrill, Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 1: 30.
Luzon, (405 Whitford). Panay, (96 Copeland.)
Common in tropical America. I have referred to this Kunthian species various
examples from tropical Africa, Java and Polynesia.-
6. TORULINIUM Desy.
Spikelets linear, when mature breaking up into several 1-nutted pieces.
l. Torulinium confertum Desv. in Hamilt. Prodr. Ind. Ocecid. (1825) 15.
A large plant with large compound umbels.
Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soe. 36 (1903) 222. Torulinium ferow Kunth, Enum.
2: 90, in citat. Cyperus odoratus Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 1, 46, partim; Boeck. ! in
Linnea, 36 (1869-70) 407. ©. feraw L. C. Rich. ! in Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris,
1 (1792) 106; Vidal, Rev. Pl. Vase. Filip. 283; Phaner. Cuming. Philip. 155.
C. ferow Vahl. Enum. 2: 357 (saltem pro parte) ; Decaisne in Nouv. Ann. Mus.
Paris, 3 (1834) 359. ©. Haenkei Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 172. ©. cephalophorus
Presl. Rel. Haenk. 1: 170. ©. calopterus Miq. Fl. Nederl. Id. 3: 282 et Suppl.
260. CO. holophyllus Migq. 1. c. 283. Mariscus feraw Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 624.
Puinierines, (868 Jagor). Luzon, (536 Cuming); (5532 Elmer).
In all warm countries; very abundant in America.
For this plant there are 79 published names; but this number does not include
several subspecies, often regarded as varieties. :
7. ELEOCHARIS R. Br.
Culm with but one spikelet, leafless. Hypogynous bristles present.
Subgenus I. Lawxocnioa. Stoloniferous, somewhat robust. Glumes rather
rigid, not (or obscurely) keeled.
1. Eleocharis equisetina Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1 (1828) 195.
Dried stems apparently septate.
Miq. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 302; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 626. Hleocharis escu-
lenta Viellard ! in Ann. Se. Nat. IV. 16 (1862) 37. Heleocharis esculenta ¥.
Muell. Fragm. Phyt. Austral. 8: 239, in citat. H. equisetina Naves, Nov. App.
306. H. plantaginea Vidal, Rev. Pl. Vase. Filip. 284; Phaner. Cuming. Philip. 156.
Luzon, (1255 Cuming). : :
From Madagascar to the Philippines and New Caledonia; a rare species.
90 . CLARKE.
2. Eleocharis variegata Presl ! in Oken Isis 21 (1828) 269.
Dried stems nearly terete, not transversely septate.
Mauritius, Madagascar.
Var. 8 laxiflora Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 626; Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 36
(1903) 229. Scirpus laxiflorus Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 435.
Luzon, (738, 739 Loher).
India and Malaya, frequent; also in Polynesia and Central America.
Subgenus 2. ELEocENUS. Style 2-fid; annuals.
3. Eleocharis ochreata Nees in Linnea 9 (1834) 294.
Leaf-sheaths with a large scarious margin which easily rubs away.
Luzon, (742 Loher.)
Scattered in the warm parts of the Old World; abundant in the New World.
4. Eleocharis atropurpurea Kunth, Enum. 2 (1837) 151.
Margins of the leaf-sheaths herbaceous; hypogynous bristles white,
shining.
Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 627; Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soe. 36 (1903) 226.
Luzon, Manila, (Barthe) (in herb. Paris).
Tropical and warm countries throughout the World.
5. Eleocharis capitata R. Br. Prodr. (1810) 225.
Margins of the leaf-sheaths herbaceous; hypogynous bristles pale-
reddish, or red-brown.
Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 196; Decaisne in Nouv. Ann. Mus. Paris, 3 (1834) 361;
Mig. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 299 et Suppl. 261; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 627;
Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 36 (1903) 227. Eleocharis atropurpurea Presl,
Rel. Haenk: 1: 106, non Kunth.
Luzon, (Llanos) ; (55 Merrill).
In tropical and warm countries; common in both the Old and New World.
Subgenus 3. EvELrEocHaris. Style 3-fid; annuals.
6. Eleocharis chaetaria Roem. et Sch. Syst. 2 (1817) 154, Mant. 90, 540.
Nut conspicuously cancellate.
Moritzi Verz. Zoll. Pfl. 96; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 629. Bleocharis setacea
R. Br. Prodr. 224, in adn., neque H. setacea R. Br. Prodr. 225. Chaetocyperus
setaceus Nees in Linnea 9 (1834) 289; Mig. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 298 et Suppl.
261.
Luzon, Benguet, (741 Loher). :
In southeastern Asia and tropical America, abundant; rare in tropical Africa.
The plant is usually a small annual; but sometimes jhe a slender rhizome 2.5
to 5 em. long, and is (at least.) biennial.
7. Eleocharis afflata Steud. ! in Zoll. Verz. Ind. Archip. heft 2, (1854) 62
et Cyp. 76.
Nut smooth, hypogynous bristles 6, overlapping the nut.
yMiq. ¥. Nederl. Ind. 3: 279; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 629; Hamsal. in ‘Journ.
*, Soc. 36 (1903) 226. Hleocharis subprolifera Steud. ! in Zoll. Verz. acs
CYPERACEAS OF THE PHILIPPINES. 91
Archip. heft 2, (1854) 62 et Cyp. 80; Miq. Fl. Neder]. Ind. 3: 300. JB. pellucida
Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1 (1828) 196, e descript. dubie hue allata. Heleocharis
pellucida et H. afflata Naves in Blanco, Fi. Filip. Noy. App. (1883) 307.
Luzon, Benguet (740 Loher) ; (5751, 6299 Elmer) ; Lepanto (4621 Merrill).
Abundant in southeastern Asia, from India to Japan.
8. Eleocharis microcarpa Torrey in Ann. Lyceum New York, 3° (1836) 312.
Nut smooth, hypogynous bristles wanting.
Heleocharis Schweinfurthiana Boeck. ! in Flora, 62 (1879) 562.
Luzon, (5193 Loher).
Abundant in warmer and tropical Avistibas rare in tropical Africa.
No. 5193 Loher may be taken to be a depauperated state of the common Hleo-
charis afflata Steud. In Eleocharis, as in most large genera of Oyperacea, the
comparison of the Old World species against those of the New World has been
done, as yet, imperfectly.
8. FIMBRISTYLIS Vahl.
Glumes many, placed spirally, or in the section Abildgaardia the lower
ones subdistichous. Hypogynous bristles none. Style-base swollen, with
a constriction or articulation between it and the nut, deciduous, leaving
no button on the nut.
Sect. I. ELeocHaromes Benth.
Culm with one spikelet (rarely one to three).
1. Fimbristylis tetragona R. Br. Prodr. (1810) 226.
Leaves hardly any; nut cylindric-oblong, straw colored.
Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 631; Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 36 (1903) 246.
Fimbristylis abjiciens Steud. in Zoll. Verz. Archip. Ind. heft 2, 62; Miq. Fl.
Nederl. Ind. 3: 316. Scirpus tetragonus Poiret in Lam. Encyel. Suppl. 5: 98,
neque in Lam. Encyel. 6: 767.
Luzon, Manila, (749 Loher). :
_ From India to the Philippines and New South Wales; frequent.
2. Fimbristylis acuminata Vahl, Enum. 2 (1806) 285.
Leaves hardly any; nut obovoid, transversely ridged.
Miq. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 314, var. 8 exel.; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 631;
Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 36 (1903) 230.
Luzon, (748 Loher) ; (3390 Ahern’s collector).
From North India to the Philippines and to New South Wales; frequent.
3. Fimbristylis setacea Benth. ! in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot: 2 (1843) 239.
Stem filiform, epikelet slender; nuts minute, leaves sometimes as long
as the stems.
Fimbristylis acuminata B minor Miq. FI. Nederl. Ind. 3: 314; Vidal, Rev.
Pl. Vase. Filip. 284. F. bursifolia Vidal, 1. ¢. et Phaner. Cuming. Philip. 156.
Abildgaardia brevifolia Steud. ! Cyp. so ef. Rolfe in Journ. Bot. 24 (1886)
59, in nota, Isolepis cochleata Steud. !.Cyp. 100.
Luzon, (675-Cuming).; Manila, (Barthe).
From Burma to the Philippines and to Queensland ; rare.
92 CLARKE.
(Fimbristylis nutans Vahl, Enum. 2: 285, is a species closely allied to F. acu-
minata Vahl, above, and is said to occur in the Philippines by Vidal. I expect
that it does occur, but the two examples on which Vidal relies, viz, Nos. 1413
Cuming and 1975 Vidal, are at Kew and are Fimbristylis schoenoides Vahl,
below. I have seen no Fimbristylis nutans from the Philippines.)
4. Fimbristylis polytrichoides Vahl, Enum. 2 (1806) 248 (polythricoides) .
Nut obovoid, brown-black, smooth, slightly scaly on the shoulders.
Mig. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 315, syn. excl.; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 632;
Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 36: (1903) 241. Fimbristylis albescens Steud. in
Zoll. Verz. Ind. Archip. heft 2, 61; Miq. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 316. F. juncea
Boeck. ! in Linnea 37 (1871) 4, non Roem. et Sch. Scirpus polytrichoides-
Retz. Obs. 4: 11. Abildgaardia Javanica Steud. ! in Zoll. Verz. Ind. Archip.
heft 2, 63; Miq., Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 297, non Nees. :
PHILIPPINES, (129 Chamisso). Luzon, (753, 754, 755 Loher); (4249 Mer-
rill),
India to Japan and to north Australia, frequent. Rare in east tropical
Africa.
Sect. IT. DicHELostyiis Benth.
Style 2-fid. Stem generally with more than one spikelet. Lower glumes
spirally imbricated.
Series A. Spikelets all solitary.
5. Fimbristylis schoenoides Vahl, Enum. 2 (1806) 286.
Stem with 3-1 spikelets; nut obovoid, smooth, minutely reticulate.
Mig. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 315; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 634; Hemsl. in
Journ. Linn. Soc. 36 (1903) 243. Fimbristylis bispicata Nees ! in Linnea
9 (1834) 290; Mig. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 317. F. nutans Vidal ! Rev. Pl. Vase.
Filip. 284; Phaner. Cuming. Philip. 156, non Vahl. Scirpus schoenoides Retz.
Obs. 5: 14. Abildgaardia nervosa Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 180.
Luzon, (1413 Cuming) ; (1975, 3980 Vidal) ; (750, 751, 752, 1975 Loher).
In India very common, extending to the Philippines and Queensland. Re-
corded by Britton in Florida, where occur several Old World plants.
6. Fimbristylis subbispicata Nees in Nova Acta Nat. Cur. 19 (1843)
Suppl. 1: 75.
Stem with 2-1 large cylindric spikelets; otherwise as F. schoenoides
Vahl. .
Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 634; Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 36 (1903) 245.
From India to China and Japan; frequent.
Var. 6 caesia Mig. ! Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 315.
With many leaves; spikelets one or two to a culm, hardly different from
those of F’. schoenoides,
PHILIPPINES, {747 Loher).
Java. :
This species should perhaps be reduced to Fimbristylis schoenoides Vahl, as
several species of the genus occur in leafless and leafy forms. However this
may be, No. 747 Loher — to match exactly the authentic example of
FP. caesia Miq.
*
—
CYPERACEAD OF THE PHILIPPINES. 93
7. Fimbristylis dipsacea Benth. in Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. 3 (1883)
1049.
Umbel nearly simple with (often) 12 spikelets; nut oblong-cylindriec,
slightly curved, microscopically marked with wavy transverse lines.
_ Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 635; Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 36 (1903) 235.
Scirpus dipsaceus Rottb. Deser. et Te. 56. t. 12. f. 1. Echinolytrum dipsaceum
Desy. in Journ. Bot. 1 (Paris 1808) 21. t. 1. Isolepis dipsacea Roem. et Sch.
Syst. 2: 119; Miq. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 309.
Luzon, Manila, (1855 Wichura) ; Laguna, (5105 Merrill).
Tropical Africa antl India, common, extending thence to Amurland, but not
yet received from the Malayan Archipelago.
In this species the very young ovary is often (not always) ornamented with
prominent clavate glands, as shown by Desveaux, which often disappear in the
ripe fruit; a character considered by Desveaus to be of generic value.
8. Fimbristylis dichotoma Vahl, Enum. 2 (1806) 287.
Spikelets numerous, oblong, somewhat angular by reason of the keeled
glumes; nut obovoid, transversely trabeculate between the longitudinal
ribs.
Mig. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 319; Hook. f. Fl, Brit. Ind. 6: 635; Hemsl. in
Journ. Linn. Soc. 36 (1903) 232. Scirpus dichotomus Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 74
et herb. propr. 2
Purirines, (Llanos). Luzon, Manila, (1342 Loher).
Throughout the warmer parts of the Old World; an abundant species.
This species is only distinguishable from Fimbristylis diphylla Vahl, by
characters of trifling importance; examples marked by eminent» cyperologists
F. dichotoma Vahl, are, not very rarely, marked by other eminent cyperologists
F', diphylla.. :
9. Fimbristylis diphylla Vahl ! Enum. 2 (1806) 289.
Spikelets oblong, terete, the glumes less keeled than in F. dichotoma
Vahl, the nuts indistinguishable from those of the latter.
Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 636; Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 36 (1903) 233;
Vidal, Rev. Pl. Vase. Filip. 284; Phaner. Cuming. Philip. 156; Merrill in Philip.
Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 1: 30. Fimbristylis juncifolia Presl, Rel. Haenk.
1: 190. F. communis Kunth, Enum. 2: 234 (syn quibusdam excl.) ; Miq. Fl.
Nederl. Ind. 3: 323. #F. ambigua Steud. ! in Zoll. Verz. Ind. Archip. heft 2,
61; Mig. 1. ¢. 323. F. Philippica Steud. ! Cyp. 116; Mig. l. ¢. 324. F. circinnata
Steud. ! Cyp. 116; Mig. 1. c. 324. F. Nukahiwensis Steud. ! Cyp. 117. F. calo-
carpa Steud. ! Cyp. 117; Mig. Fl. Neder]. Ind. 3: 325. F. squarrosa Mig. !
1. ec. 319, saltem pro majore parte, non Vahl. F'. polymorpha Boeck. ! in Vidensk.
Meddel. Kjob. (1869) 141, 158. Scirpus diphyllus Retz. Obs. 5: 16.
PuritpPines, (Meyen). Luzon, (1854 Wichura) ; (558 Cuming) ; (763, 764,
765 Loher); (1141, 4252, 4632 Merrill); (70 McGregor) ; (6300, 6470 Elmer) ;
(6135 Leiberg). Mrnpanao (2001 Wichura); (545 Copeland) ; (Clemens).
In all warm countries; perhaps the most widespread and abundant of
acee.
es species is here taken in rather a narrow sense, and has about 150
published names. If the species is limited as in Kunth it would have about
53032——2
el
ee
94. CLARKE.
200 published names. The synonyms cited (taken largely from Steudel’s her-
barium) may prevent trouble in looking vainly for his Malayan species in the
Philippines.
Taking the species in the restricted sense, it is most variable, sometimes
filiform, sometimes robust, normally glabrous but frequently very hairy, the culm
often carrying one spikelet only, sometimes 200. The commonest Malayan form
of the species has the nut somewhat scaly or scabrous on the shoulders, the stem
and leaves not rarely hairy (Nos. 756, 757, 758 Loher). -
10. Fimbristylis aestivalis Vahl. Enum. 2 (1806) 288.
Small, tufted, umbel compound or decompound ; gpikelets small; nut
obovoid, straw colored, not transversely barred.
Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 637; Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 36 (1903) 230.
Fimbristylis dichotoma Presl ! Rel. Haenk. 1: 191, non Vahl. F. squarrosa
Steud. ! in Zoll. Verz. Ind. Archip. heft 2, 61. FF. tricholepis Mig. Fl. Nederl.
Ind. 3: 319, et Suppl. 262. Scirpus aestivalis Retz. Obs. 4: 12.
Puivieernes, (Llanos); (Haenke). Luzon, Manila, (Wichwra); (3174 Di-
drichsen) ; (746 Loher) ; Benguet, (743, 744, 745 Loher); (6070 Elmer).
India to Amurland and Australia; common. :
Var. 8 macrostachya Benth. Fl. Austral. 7: 310.
Stronger, with larger spikelets; nut obscurely ribbed longitudinally.
Leyte, (1008 Jagor). :
North Australia.
This variety tends toward Fimbristylis dichotoma Vahl.
1l. Fimbristylis podocarpa Nees ! in Wight. Contrib. (1834) 98.
Nut obovoid, on a conspicuous gynophore, subcancellate but hardly —
transversely barred, otherwise as F’. diphylla Vahl.
Nees in Linnea 9 (1834) 290, et in Hook. et Arn. Beechy Voy. 225, partim;
_ Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 638; Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 36 (1903) 241.
Fimbristylis communis (forma) Kunth, Enum. 2: 234. F. polymorpha (forma)
Boeck. in Linnea 37 (1871) 14.
Luzon, (766 Loher).
India, frequent; extending through Malaya to the Marianne Islands. Also
from Brazil, there are two examples which are referred to F. podocarpa, but
which are possibly depauperated F. spadicea Vahl.
12. Fimbristylis ferruginea Vahl, Enum. 2 (1806) 291.
Umbel often simple; glumes minutely pubescent on the shoulder; nut
obovoid, smooth.
Decaisne in Nouy. Ann. Mus. Paris, 3 (1834) 362; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind.
6: 638; Vidal, Rev. Pl. Vase. Filip. 284; Phaner. Cuming Philip. 156; Hemsl. in
Journ. Linn. Soe. 36 (1903) 235; Merrill, Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl.
1: 30. Fimbristylis cyrtophylla Mig. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 325. F. trispicata
Steud. Cyp. 107; Miq. 1. ¢. 317. Scirpus ferrugineus Linn. ! Sp. Pl. ed. 1, 50,
ed. 2, 74, et hb. propr. partim.
Luzon, (127 Chamisso) ; (1341 Loher); (1396 Ouming) ; (1304 Whitford).
Cunion, (546 Merrill),
CYPERACEA) OF THE PHILIPPINES. ' 05
The warmer parts of the whole World, very common especially near the sea.
This species is very generally named correctly in herbaria, for the reason
that with a lens, and without dissecting the spikelets, the characteristic gray
pubescence of the shoulders of the glumes can be seen.
Series B. Spikelets many, solitary, some paired or digitate.
13. Fimbristylis rigidula Nees in Wight Contrib. (1834) 99.
* Rhizome short, creeping; spikelets, some solitary, pedicelled, some
paired. ‘
‘Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 640; Hemsl. in Journ, Linn. Soc. 36 (1903) 242.
Fimbristylis communis Kunth, Enum. 2: 235 partim. Ff. ferruginea Vidal !
Rev. Pl. Vase. Filip. 284 partim, (i. e., No. 1396 partim).
PHILIPPINES, (1396 Cuming), in herb. Mus. Brit.
India and China, frequent.
Out of 130 species of Fimbristylis, only two have a creeping rhizome.
14. Fimbristylis spathacea Roth. Noy. Pl. Sp. (1821) 24.
Leaves rigid, umbel compound, usually close; spikelets some solitary,
pedicelled, some digitate or clustered ; style 2-fid.
Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 640; Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 36 (1903) 244.
Fimbristylis glomerata Nees in Linnea 9 (1834) 290; Boeck. in Linnea 37
(1871) 47, partim. F. rigida Kunth ! Enum. 2: 246; Moritzi ! Verz. Zoll. Pfl.
97; Steud. ! in Zoll. Verz. Ind. Archip. heft 2, 61; Mig. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 327.
F. ciliolata Steud. ! in Zoll. Verz. Ind. Archip. heft 2, 61; Mig. 1. ¢. 317. F’. lae-
vissima Steud. ! Migq. 1. ¢. 324. Scirpus glomeratus Retz. Obs, 4: 11. Isolepis
Haenkei Presi, Rel. Haenk. 1: 187 partim.
Luzon, (Martens) ; (1857 bis Wichura) ; (1344 -Loher) ; (5683 Elmer).
Tropical Asia, America and the Mascarene Islands; a frequent plant.
Boeckeler regards this species as a 2-stigma form of I’. obtusifolia Kunth and
F. cymosa R. Br.
Sect. III. TRICHELOSTYLIS.
Style 3-fid. Stem generally with more than one spikelet. Lower glumes
spirally imbricate.
Series A. Spikelets all solitary.
15. Fimbristylis tenera Roem. et Sch. Syst. Mant. 2 (1824) 57.
Leaves many short; stems slender, with often 3 to 7 spikelets; glumes
often minutely ciliate-pubescent ; nut sub-tubercular. ‘
Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 642, varr. incl.;- Dyer Fl. Trop. Afr. 8: 412, 420.
Fimbristylis oxylepis Steud. ! Cyp. 110. F. firmula Boeck. in Flora 42 (1859)
69, partim, non Steud. '
Luzon, (760 Loher). :
In.tropical Africa rare; in India frequent; in Malaya rare.
The Philippine example has minutely pubescent glumes, and is altogether
more like the typical African examples than it is to the Indian; the “varieties”
can be maintained only as “forms.”
96 ° CLARKE.
16. Fimbristylis miliacea Vahl, Enum. 2 (1806) 287.
Lower sheaths without leaves, the upper with or without leaves ; spike-
lets numerous, small, globose; nut transversely lineolate.
Mig. Fl. Neder]. Ind. 3: 321; Vidal, Rev. Pl. Vase. Filip. 284; Phaner.
Cuming. Philip. 156; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 644; Hemsl. in Journ. Linn.
Soc. 36 (1903) 239; Merrill in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 1: 30.
Fimbristylis flaccidula Steud. ! in Zoll. Verz. Ind. Arehip. heft 2, 61. F. flac-
cida Steud. ! Cyp. 113; Miq. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 321. Scirpus miliaceus Thunb.
Fl. Japon. 37, non Linn. hb. Isolepis miliacea Link. Hort. Berol. 2: 316; Presl,
Rel. Haenk. 1: 188, var. 8 excl. r
Pumiprines, (Llanos). Luzon, (564 Cuming); (865 Jagor); (759 Loher) ;
(Meyen) ; (85 Gaudichaud) ; (130 Chamisso) ; (1858 Wichura) ; (450 Topping) ;
(3, 2316 Merrill). Panay, (99 Copeland).
In southeastern Asia and Oceania very common. In tropical Africa and
America scattered.
17. Fimbristylis quinquangularis Kunth, Enum. 2 (1837) 229.
Lower leaves longer than the upper, but stems sometimes leafless ;
spikelets oblong; otherwise as F’. miliacea.
Miq. Fl. Nederl: Ind. 3: 321; Hook. f. Brit. Ind. 6: 644; Hemsl. in Journ.
Linn. Soc. 36 (1903) 242. Scirpus-miliaceus Linn. ! hb. propr; an Sp. Pl.
75 partim ?
Luzon, (1340 Loher). Panay, (100 Copeland).
In India very common; extending to the Liu Kiu and the Marianne Islands.
This species is difficult to separate from Fimbristylis miliacea Vahl, the nut
being very similar. The stems are sometimes marked 5-angular at the top.
18. Fimbristylis globulosa Kunth, Enum. 2 (1837) 231.
Uppermost sheath without a leaf; spikelets cuboid-ellipsoid larger than
those of F. miliacea; otherwise much as that species.
Mig. FI. Neder]. Ind. 3: 322; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 644; Hemsl. in Journ.
Linn. Soc. 36 (1903) 237. Fimbristylis efoliata Steud. ! in Zoll. Verz. Ind.
Archip. heft 2, 61; Mig. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 318 et Suppl. 261. Scirpus
globulosus Retz. Obs. 6: 19. Gc NE
PHILIPPINES, (Loher).. Luzon, (3652 Merrill) ; (5582, 5705 Elmer).
In India very common, extending through Malaya to the Marianne Islands.
19. Fimbristylis complanata Link Hort. Berol. 1 (1827) 292.
Bracts usually 2, shorter than the umbel, linear-ligulate with an abrupt
triangular tip; otherwise as /’. quinquangularis Kunth.
- Miq. Fl. Neder]. Ind. 3: 320; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 646; Hemsl. in Journ.
Linn. Soc. 36 (1903) 231, varr. incl. Fimbristylis autumalis Boeck. in Vidensk.
Meddel. Kjob. (1868-69) 141 var. y; Vidal ! Rev. Pl. Vase. Filip. 284; Phan.
Cuming. Philip. 156, non Roem. et Sch. Fimbristylis anceps Steud. ! in Zoll.
Verz. Ind. Archip. heft 2, 61, ef. Boeck. in Flora 42 (1859) 68. F. amblyphylla
Steud. ! Cyp. 116; Mig. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 324. Scirpus ‘complanatus Retz. Obs.
5: 14. Cyperus complanatus Willd. Sp. Pl. 1: 270. Isolepis Willdenowii Roem. et
Sch. Syst. 2: 120; Mant. 69; Pres] ! Rel. Haenk. 1: 189. Isolepis complanata
Roem. et Sch. Syst. 2: 119; Mant. 68, 533; Decaisne ! in Nouv. Ann. Mus.
Paris, 3 (1834) 360.
CYPERACEA OF THE PHILIPPINES. 97
PHILIPPINES, (Llanos); (530 Ouming); (46 hb. Presi). Luzon, (871, 872
Jagor) ; (762 Loher).
Very common in southeastern Asia; common in all warm countries.
Scirpus autumnalis Linn. Mant. 180, is a much more slender plant, the top
of the stem not at all flattened, which is abundant in America. There occur,
especially from Australia, forms or varieties of Fimbristylis complanata Link,
which are difficult to separate from the American F. autumnalis Roem. et Sch. |
However, whether these are to be referred to F. autumnalis or not, I have received
no similar forms from the Philippines; the Philippine Fimbristylis complanata
is a robust plant with the stem conspicuously flattened at the top, often almost
2-winged.
Seriés B. Spikelets in clusters,
20. Fimbristylis cymosa R. Br. Prodr. (1810) 228,
Clusters few, sometimes only one head; nut chestnut black.
Decaisne in Nouv. Ann. Mus. Paris, 3 (1834) 361; Miq. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3:
328; Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 36 (1903) 232. F. multifolia Boeck. ! in
Linnea 38 (1874) 397.
PHILippines, “Toubonia” (1433 Cuming) in hb. Kew (a false number).
Common in Malaya, Oceania and Australia, not extending to India.
There is some doubt about the example above cited, not however concerning
the species. I do not know an island named “Toubonia,” but the ticket is written
up distinetly by Bentham, and it is highly probable that the species in indigenous
in the Philippines.
21. Fimbristylis junciformis Kunth ! Enum. 2 (1837) 239.
Clusters of spikelets very numerous; nut straw-yellow.
- Miq. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 327; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 647. F. brevifolia
Pres] { Rel. Haenk. 1: 192, non R. Br. F. brachyphylla Pres] ! Rel. Haenk.
1: 351, non Schultes. F. Haenkei Dietr. Sp. Pl. 2: 161. F. faleata Kunth,
Enum. 2: 239; Mig. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 326. Scirpus junciformis Retz. Obs.
6: 19. :
Puiiprines, (Presi). Luzon, Manila, (Callery) .
In India, common.
Two bundles of Haenke’s collection, which Presl supposed were collected in
Monterey and adjacent localities in California, were collected in the Philippines.
Sect. IV. ABILDGAARDIA.
Lower glumes of the spikelet two-ranked, the uppermost spiral. Style 3-fid.
22, Fimbristylis monostachya Hassk. PI. Jay. Rar. (1848) 61.
Stem with one, rarely a second, spikelet; nut almost stalked, more or
less tubercled.
Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 649; Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soe. 36 (1903) 240.
Cyperus monostachyus Linn. ! Mant. 180 et hb. propr. Abildgaardia mono-
stachya Vahl, Enum. 2: 296; Moritzi, Verz, Zoll. Pfil. 95; Miq. FI. Nederl. Ind.
3: 297. A. compressa Pres] ! Rel. Haenk. 1: 179; Miq. Vl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 297.
Luzon, (Meyen); (Haenke) ; (1859 Wichura); (761 Loher); (114 Merrill).
Mrinpanao, (145 DeVore and Hoover) ; (398 Copeland). :
Common in all warm countries, very common in India in turf.
98 CLARKE.
23. Fimbristylis fusca Benth. in Benth. et Hook. Gen. Pl. 3 (1883) 1048.
Stem with about 10 spikelets; nut obovoid, verrucose.
Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 649; Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 36 (1903) 236.
Fimbristylis Kamphoveneri Boeck. ! in Engl. Jahrb. 5 (1884) 505. Gussonea
pauciflora Brongn. in Duperry Voy. Coquille, 2 (1829) 171. t. 34. B. Abildgaardia
pauciflora Kunth, Enum. 2: 249; Mig. Fl. Neder]. Ind. 3: 298. Rhynchospora ?
anomala Steud. ! in Zoll. Verz. Ind. Archip. heft 2, 61; Miq. Fl. Nederl. Ind.
3: 337. Isolepis longispica Steud. ! Cyp. 104. :
Luzon, (1343 Loher) ; (2785 Merrill).
From India to the Philippines and Bouru; frequent.
24, Fimbristylis Actinoschoenus Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6 (1893) 650.
Spikelets subcapitate, 3-1-flowered; glumes almost aristate ; nut obo-
void, smooth. :
Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soe. 36 (1903) 230. Arthrostylis Thouarsii Kunth,
Enum. 2: 284; Mig. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 335. A. Chinensis Benth. Fl. Hongk.
397. Actinoschoenus filiformis Benth. in Hook. f. Ic. Pl. 14: 33. t. 1346.
CuLion, (553 Merrill).
Madagascar; Ceylon; Malayan Peninsula to the Liu Kiu Islands.
The three geographic forms of this, from Madagascar, Ceylon and Malaya,
differ somewhat, and have been esteemed distinct species.
9. BULBOSTYLIS Kunth.
1. Bulbostylis barbata Kunth, Enum. 2 (1837) 208, 205.
Stem with one head of spikelets.
Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 651; Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 36 (1903) 247;
Merrill in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 1: 31. Scirpus barbatus Rottb.
Deser. et Ic. 52. t. 17 f. 4.; Vidal Rev. Pl. Vase. Filip. 284; Phaner. Cuming. ©
Philip. 156. 8. capillaris Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 73, partim. Isolepis barbata R. Br.
Prodr. 222; Presl Rel. Haenk. 1: 187; Decaisne in Nouy. Ann. Mus. Paris, 3
(1834) 360. J. involucellata Steud. ! in Zoll. Verz. Ind. Archip. heft 2, 62;
Mig. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 311. J. Cumingii Steud. ! Cyp. 101; Miq. 1. e. 310.
Fimbristylis barbata Benth. ! Fl. Austral. 7: 32.
Puitiepines, (Llanos) ; (Haenke, hb. Presl No. 56); (1508 Cuming). Luzon,
Manila, (1857 Wichura); (204 Chamisso) ; (1337, 1338 Loher) ; (6478 Elmer) ;
(410 Whitford) ; (321, 1121 Merrill).
Warm parts of the Old World; abundant in India. There are also two
collections from Florida and two from Georgia, North America.
2. Bulbostylis capillaris Kunth, Enum. 2 (1837) 205, 212.
Umbel simple or compound, rarely reduced to a single spikelet.
In America, abundant.
Var. ¢ trifida Hook. f. Fl. Brit Ind. 6: 652.
Nut smooth, not, or obscurely transversely undulate.
Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soe. 36 (1903) 248. Bulbostylis trifida Kunth, Enum.
2: 213. Scirpus capillaris Linn. Mant. 321 et hb. propr. Isolepis capillaris
Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 4: 257; Mig. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 311. I. trichokolea Steud. ! in
a)
CYPERACEA! OF THE PHILIPPINES. 99
Zoll. Verz. Ind. Archip. heft 2, 62; Migq. 1. ¢. 308. Fimbristylis capillacea Steud.
! 1. e. 61; Mig. 1. ce. 320.
Luzon, (Loher), (4291, 4487, 4708 Merrill) .
Warm parts of the Old World; abundant.
10. SCIRPUS Linn.
1. Scirpus supinus Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 73, neque hb. propr.
Stem with one head of few spikelets; hypogynous bristles usually 0;
style usually 3-fid; nut strongly transverse undulate.
Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 655; Hemsl. in Journ, Linn. Soc. 36 (1903) 254.
Isolepis supina R. Br. Prodr. 221; Miq. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 309. J. juncoides Miq.
I. ¢. 312, e descript. :
Luzon, (1346 Loher) ; (3654 Merriil).
From France and South Africa to the Philippines and South Australia; very
common.
+ Var. 8 uninodis Hook. f. FJ. Brit. Ind. 6: 656.
Head of spikelets loose, often with one or two short rays.
Isolepis uninodis Delile Fl. Egypt. 8. t. 6. f. 1; Mig. Fl. Neder]. Ind, 3: 311,
partim. J. ambigua Steud. ! in Zoll. Verz. Ind. Archip. heft 2, 62, nee Steud.
Cyp. 91. J. oryzetorum Steud. Cyp. 97. Hleocharis tristachyos Moritzi ! Verz.
Zoll. Pfi. 97.
Luzon, (796 Loher).
From Senegambia to Queensland, frequent.
2. Scirpus erectus Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 6 (1804) 761.
Hypogynous bristles 5 to 6; style 2-fid; nut very obscurely transverse-
undulate; otherwise as Scirpus supinus Linn.
Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 656; Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 36 (1903) 248.
Scirpus debilis Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1 (1814) 55. 8. juncoides Roxb, Hort.
Beng. 1814 (1813) 81; Steud. in Mig. FI. Nederl. Ind. 3: 303 et Suppl. 261.
8. Luzonensis Presl ! Rel. Haenk. 1: 193; Decaisne in Nouv. Ann. Mus. Paris
3 (1834) 361; Mig. 1. c. 304. 8. Timorensis Kunth ! Enum. 2: 162; Migq.
1. ¢. 305.
Luzon, (Meyen) ; (Haenke) ; (1348, 1349 Loher) ; (6301 Elmer).
Abundant in India, China, Japan; common in the eastern United States, also
in Mascarenia, Asia Minor.
The spikelets in this species are terete, and it is easily distinguishable from
Scirpus supinus Linn., the spikelets of the latter being many-angled.
3. Scirpus inundatus Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 5 (1817) 303; Spreng.
Syst. 1 (1825) 207; Benth. Fl. Austral. 7 (1878) 329. Isolepis inundata R. Br.
Prodr. (1810) 222.
Mrinpanao, Mount Apo (298 DeVore & Hoover) ; (1046, 1435 Copeland).
Australia, New Zealand, Norfolk Island, and north Borneo.
4. Scirpus articulatus Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 70 et hb. propr.
Stem leafles, terete, with one dense lateral head of large spikelets.
Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 656.
Purppines, (Moseley). Luzon, (3979 Vidal); (800, 801 Loher).
Abundant in the warmer parts of the Old World.
100 CLARKE. :
5. Scirpus mucronatus Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 1, 50; ed. 2, 73, pro majore parte:
Stem nearly leafless, triquetrous upward, with one dense lateral head
of large spikelets.
Decaisne in Nouv. Ann. Mus. Paris, 3 (1834) 361; Miq. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3:
304; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 657; Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 36 (1903) 252.
Scirpus acutus Presl ! Rel. Haenk. 1: 192. 8. Preslii Dietr. Sp. Pl. 2: 175; Miq.
Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 305. 8S. Javanus Nees in Wight Contrib. 112; Moritzi, Verz.
Zoll. Pfl. 97; Steud. in Zoll. Verz. Ind. Archip. heft 2, 62; Miq. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3:
305. S. Sundanus Mig. 1. ¢. 304.
Luzon, (Mertens) ; cals Vidal) ; (799 Loher); (5948 Elmer); (84, 2261,
4342 Merrill).
Warmer parts of the Old World, abundant in aqutheastera Asia; frequent in
Oceania; rare-in Africa.
Britton reports this plant from Pennsylvania, and Coulter has sent examples
from California, supposedly introduced.
6. Scirpus triqueter Linn. Mant. (1767) 29.
Leaves short; stem triquetrous; umbel lateral, thin; style 2-fid; hy-
-pogynous bristles 3 to 6, retrosely scabrous, not plumose.
Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 658; Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 36 (1903) 255.
Europe, north Asia, Japan, common; also at the Cape of Good ate
Var. 8 segregata Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 658.
"Spikelets mostly solitary ; hypogenous bristles 3-2.
8. subulatus Prain in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 602 (1892) 335, non Vahl.
- Luzon, (802 Loher).
Coasts of the Bay of Bengal; also in New Guinea.
t. Scirpus grossus Linn. f. Suppl. (1781) 104, et Linn. hb. propr.
Very large, the umbel large, compound; hypogynous bristles 6, sca-
brous; style 3-fid.
Mig. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 307 et Suppl. 261; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 659;
Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 36 (1903) 250. Scirpus aemulans Steud. ! in Zoll.
Verz. Ind. Archip. heft 2, 62. 8. maritimus var. 8B aemulans Miq. Fl. Nederl. Ind.
3: 306 (infauste).
India, common.
Var. 8 Kysoor Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 660.
Tubers edible; hypogynous sete villous by reason of flaccid many-celled
hairs.
Scirpus Kysoor Roxb. Hort. Beng. 1814 (1813) 6.
PHILIPPINES, (Llanos). Luzon, (878 Loher); (62 Merrill). MINDANAO
(1336 Copeland). ‘
Frequently cultivated in India. Many examples have been received from the
Malayan Peninsula and Archipelago. ;
8. Scirpus Ternatensis Mig. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3 (1855) 307.
Tall, with nodes and leaves in the upper half of the stem; umbel large,
compound ; style 2-fid.
qe apie ees
ry By — 7
CYPERACEAD OF THE PHILIPPINES. 101
Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 36 (1903) 254. Scirpus Chinensis Munro in Seem.
Voy. Herald (1857) 423; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 662.
Luzon, (797 Loher) ; (5790, 6287 Elmer). 4
In India and China,. common; also received from Tonking, Liu Kiu, Celebes
and the Bonin Islands.
11. FUIRENA Rottb.
l. Fuirena glomerata Lam. Ill. 1 (1791) 150.
Annual, petals subquadrate, clawed, cordate at the base.
‘ Decaisne in Nouv. Ann. Mus. Paris, 3 (1834) 360; Mig. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3:
326; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 666; Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 36 (1903) 256.
Fuirena Rottboellii Nees ! in Wight Contrib. 94; Steud. in Zoll. Verz. Ind.
Archip. heft 2, 61. F. striata Llanos Fragm. PI. Filip. 21. Scirpus ciliaris Linn,
Mant. 182 et hb. propr. !
Puiieptnes, (Llanos). Luzon, (866 Jagor); (767 Loher); (96 Gaudi-
chaud) ; (3653 Merrill) ; (5596 Elmer).
Warm parts of the Old World, very common; a frequent weed in rice lands.
2. Fuirena umbellata Rott. Deser. et Ic. (1773) 70. t. 19, i. e. t. 18 altera, f. 3.
Perennial, petals obovate, narrowed at the base, hardly clawed.
Pres], Rel. Haenk. 1: 186; Moritzi, Verz. Zoll. Pfl. 97; Steud. in Zoll, Verz.
Ind. Archip. heft 2, 61; Vidal, Rev. Pl. Vase. Filip. 284; Phaner. Cuming. Philip.
156; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 666; Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 36 (1903) 256.
Fuirena tereticulmis Pres] ! Rel. Haenk. 1: 186. IF. pentagona Schum. Guin. PI.
42; Miq. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 329.
Luzon, (1254, 1834 Cuming) ; (768 Loher).
Warm countries of both hemispheres, very common.
12. RYNCHOSPORA Vahl.
Style 2-fid. Hypogynous bristles present.
* Culm with one dense head of spikelets.
1. Rynchospora Wallichiana Hook: f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6 (1893) 668.
Nut laterally flattened.
Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 36 (1903) 260. Rhynchospora Haenkei Presl, Rel.
Haenk. 1° (1828) 199; Mig. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 336. Rh. Wallichiana -Kunth,
Enum. 2 (1837) 289; Moritzi, Verz. Zoll. Pfl. 98; Steud. in Zoll. Verz. Ind, Archip.
heft 2, 61; Miq. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 262. Mariscus umbellatus var. procerior
Steud. in Zoll. Verz. Ind. Archip. heft 2, 63.
Luzon, (794, 795 Loher) ; (6510 Elmer). Semerara, (4153 Merrill).
From India to Japan and Queensland, common; rare in tropical Africa.
2. Rynchospora Wightiana Hook. f. FI. Brit. Ind. 6 (1893) 669.
Nut dorsally flattened.
Rhynchospora Wightiana Steud. Cyp. 148. Rh. discolor Steud. 1. ¢. Rh.
longisetis var. F, Muell. Fragm. Phyt. Austral. 9: 75, in obs. Haplostylis
Wightiana Nees ! in Nova Acta Nat, Cur. 19 (1843) Suppl. 1: 101. H. Meyenii
Nees ! ms. partim.
102 CLARKE.
Luzon, (793 Loher).
Malabar Peninsula from Poona to.Ceylon; also in Cochin-China.
There is an American plant (No. 2385 Gardner) collected in Piauhy, Brazil,
which I can not distinguish specifically from R. Wightiana.
** Spikelets copiously umbelled.
3. Rynchospora aurea Vahl, Enum. 2 (1806) 229.
Style-branches 2, very short, almost wanting.
Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 670. Rhynchospora aurea R. Br. Prodr. 230; Presl,
Rel. Haenk. 1: 179; Mig. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 336 et Suppl. 262; Vidal, Rev. PI.
Vase. Filip. 285; Phaner. Cuming. Philip. 156. Rh. articulata Spreng. Syst. 1:
197; Moritzi, Verz. Zoll. Pfl. 98; Steud. in Zoll. Verz. Ind. Archip. heft 2, 61;
Mig. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 337. Scirpus corymbosus Linn, Amoen. Acad. 4: 303.
Puiiprines, (15 hb. Presl). Crsu, (1763 Cuming). Mrnporo, (897 Merrill).
In the warm parts of the World, common in the Old; very common in the New
World.
4. Rhynchospora glauca Vahl, Enum. 2 (1806) 233.
Style-branches 2, long.
Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 671. Rhynchospora laxa R. Br. Prodr. 230; Mig. Fl.
Nederl. Ind. 3: 337. Rh. ferruginea Roem. et Sch. Syst. 2: 85; Presl, Rel. Haenk.
1: 199.
In all warm countries; frequent in India.
Var. 8 Chinensis Hook, f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 672.
Spikelets often ripening two nuts; hypogynous bristles often reaching
the top of the beak of the nut.
Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 36 (1903) 259. Rhynchospora Chinensis Boeck.
in Linnea 37 (1873) 586.
Luzon, Benguet, (5757 Elmer) ; Lepanto, (4623 Merrill).
From Madagascar to Japan and the Sandwich Islands, frequent.
13. SCHOENUS Linn.
1, Schoenus apogon Roem. et Sch. Syst. 2 (1817) 77. 8. imberbis Poir.
Eneyel. Suppl. 2: 251, neque (homonyma) p. 250, nec. R. Br. S. lawiflorus Steud.
! Cyp. 166. 8. Brownii Hook. f. ! Handb. New Zeal. Fl. 298. Chaetospora
imberbis R. Br. ! Prodr. 233. C. tenussima Steud. ! Cyp. 162. OC. Japonica
Franch. et Savat. Pl. Japon. 2: 122, 548, e descript. OC. wmbellulifera Boeck. !
in Flora, 65 (1882) 28. Isolepis margaritifera Nees in Ann. Nat. I, 6 (1849) 46.
Scirpus margaritifer Boeck. ! in Linnea 36 (1869-70) 697. :
Luzon, (1347 Loher).
From Japan to New Zealand; common in Australia.
14. CLADIUM R. Br.
1. Cladium distichum sp. nova.
Glumis 12 ad 16, oblongis, specie distichis; paniculae laxae, ramis
anfractuoso-flexuosis ; nuce parva, sessili, obovoidea, papyracea, viridi-
lutea, grosse laxe rugosa, rostro subnullo, i. e., brevi depresso-ovoideo,
glabro.
CYPERACEA OF THE PHILIPPINES. 103
Plant 1 m. high. Leaves very few, 2 to 7 em. long, linear, rigid.
Spikelets with 3 or 4 short ovate glumes at the base, the upper one
perfecting a nut, succeeded by 10 or 12 oblong, much larger, remarkably
distichous glumes. I detected in the ripe fruit no hypogynous sete.
The species is very like Cladium undulatum Thwaites, but the nut is
smaller and the beak 0.
Luzon, Principe, (1124 Merrill).
A young plant, No. 758 Merrill, Palawan (Paragua) may also be referable to
this species.
15. GAHNIA J, G. et R. Forster.
1. Gahnia Javanica Moritzi, Verz. Zoll. Pfl. (1845-46) 98.
Tall, scabrous; panicle long, compound, dense, of black 1- to 2-flowered
spikelets.
Mig. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 340; Vidal, Rev. Pl. Vase. Filip. 285; Hook. f. Fl.
Brit. Ind. 6: 676; Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 36 (1903) 262. Phakellanthus
multiflorus Steud. ! in Zoll. Verz. Ind. Archip. heft 2, 61. Syzyganthus multi-
florus Steud. Cyp. 153. Schoenus Hasskarlii Steud. ! 1. ¢. 166.
Luzon, Mount Banajao, (1965 Vidal). Minpanao, Mount Apo, (288 DeVore
et Hoover) ; (1038 Copeland).
From Yunnan and Penang to New Guinea and the Viti Islands; frequent.
16. REMIREA Aublet.
1. Remirea maritima Aubl. Pl. Guian. 1 (1775) 465. t. 16.
Spikelets 1-flowered, in dense digitate spikes.
Vidal, Rev. Pl. Vase. Filip. 285; Phaner. Cuming. Philip. 156; Hook. f. FI.
Brit. Ind. 6: 677; Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 36 (1903) 258. Mariscus capi-
tatus Steud. ! in Zoll. Verz. Ind. Archip. heft 2, 63; Miq. FI. Nederl. Ind. 3: 288,
M. pungens Steud. ! 1. ¢. 60; Mig. 1. ¢. 288. M. maritimus Mig. Fl. Neder]. Ind.
Suppl. 600. Cyperus Kegelianus Steud. ! Cyp. 60. Lipocarpha foliosa Mig. ! FI.
Nederl. Ind. 3: 332 et Suppl. 262. .
Purrerrnes, (867 Cuming). Luzon, Manila, (168 Chamisso). Mtnporo,
(881 Merrill), Mrnpanao, (857 Copeland).
Tropical seacoasts of the Old and New Worlds.
17. SCLERIA Berg.
Series A. Many of the spikelets (apparently) 2-sexual.
1. Scleria lithosperma Swartz Prodr. (1788) 18.
Medium sized ; panicle thin, lax; nut white, smooth.
Moritzi, Verz. Zoll. Pfl. 98; Steud. ! in Zoll. Verz. Ind. Archip. heft 2, 61;
Miq. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 344; Vidal, Rev. Pl. Vase. Filip. 285; Phaner. Cuming.
Philip. 156; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 65; Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soe. 36 (1903)
265. Scleria glaucescens Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 202. Scirpus lithospermus Linn.
Sp. Pl. ed. 1, 51. Schoenus lithospermus Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 65 pro parva parte.
Olyra orientalis Lour. Fl. Cochinch. 2: 674.
104 CLARKE.
Puriierines, (1817 Cuming). Luzon, (603 Whitford) ; (3176 Merrill) ; (6144
Leiberg).
Warm regions of the World; very common in Asia, Oceania and America; rare
in Africa. : :
Var. 8 Roxburghii Thwaites ! Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 354.
Rather stouter, nut with transverse wrinkles, at least when young.
Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 685.
Luzon, (805, 806 Loher).
South India.
2. Scleria corymbosa Roxb. Hort. Beng. 1814 (1813) 103.
One to three meters high, panicle large, compound, dense.
Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 686. Scleria androgyna Nees in Linnea 9 (1834)
303.
CuLion, (656 Merrill) .
India, frequent.
3. Scleria Motleyi C. B. Clarke in hb. Kew, ms. in Motley nn. 72, 74, 152.
Minutely loosely floccose all over; nut ellipsoid, with triangular top,
white, with rusty hairs.
Borneo, frequently received.
Var. 8 densi-spicata.
Spikes compound, dense, of many spikelets; bracts linear, caudate,
standing out from the spike.
Luzon, Pampanga, Mount Arayat, (803 Loher).
; Series B. Spikelets all 1-sewual.
(a) Plants medium sized or small; annual or with scarcely any rhizome.
4. Scleria tessellata Willd. ! Sp. Pl. 4 (1805) 315, tab. Rumph. citat. excl.
- Nut tessellated, often minutely hairy.
- Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 686; Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 36 (1903) Lik
Seleria propingua Steud. ! Cyp. 169; Miq. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 343.
Puiirpines, (Loher). Luzon, Wagan (4370 Merrill).
From India to Japan and Queensland; common in India.
5. Scleria annularis Kunth, Enum. 2 (1837) 359.
Nut smooth, sometimes obscurely fenestrate; margin of the disc.
truncate.
Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 687; Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soe. 36 (1903) 263.
_ Hypopyrum annulare Nees in Linnea 9 (1834) 303.
Luzon, (807 Loher).
India and China (Ichang), rare.
6. Scleria Zeylanica Poiret in Lam. Encycl. 7 (1806) 3, exemplo Madagas-
carensi excluso.
Nut smooth; margin of the dise subentire, glandular, colored.
CYPERACEA! OF ‘THR PHILIPPINES. 105
Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. he 687. Scleria lateriflora Boeck. ! in Linnea 38
(1874) 455.
Luzon, (808 Loher) ; (3665, 4617 Merrill).
Ceylon to New Caledonia, scattered. :
This species is very near Scleria annularis Kunth, but the inflorescence is looser
and with divaricate and nodding branches.
(b) Plants more robust, with woody horizontal rhizomes.
* Sheaths of the leaves 3-winged.
7. Scleria hebecarpa Nees in Wight Contrib. (1834) 117.
Nut slightly verrucose, hairy; lobes of the disc lanceolate, appressed
to the nut.
Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 689; Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soe. 36 (1903) 264.
Seleria scrobiculata Moritzi ! Verz. Zoll. Pfl. 98, partim; Steud. ! in Zoll. Verz.
Ind. Archip. heft 2, 61, non Nees. 8. Japonica Steud. ! Cyp. 169. 8. Wichurai
Boeck. ! in Engl. Jahrb. 5 (1884) 510.
Luzon, Manila, (Wichura).
India, frequent, to Japan and the Viti Tatandts’
8. Scleria Chinensis Kunth, Enum. 2 (1837) 357. -
Nut verrucose or tessellate, hairy; lobes of the disc short-ovate, rounded.
Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 690; Hems]. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 36 (1903) 263;
Merrill in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 1: 31. Seleria serobiculata Moritzi
! Verz. Zoll. Pfl. 98 partim.
Luzon, (804 Loher) ; (3964, 3958 Merrill).
China to Singapore, Malaya and Queensland.
9. Scleria oryzoides Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1 (1828) 201. -
Panicle-branches numerous, suberect, long, with many solitary spike-
lets; nut smooth, margin of the disc truncate.
Miq. Fl. Neder]. Ind. 3: 342; Hook. f. FI. Brit. Ind. 6: 691.
Luzon, (Haenke) ; (144 Merrill).
Southern India to north Australia, frequent; also received twice from Mo-
zambique.
10. Scleria purpureo-vaginata Boeck. ! in Engler Jahrb. 5 (1884) 513.
Nearly glabrous, leaves appearing in twos and threes, subopposite; nut
white, tessellated; lobes of the dise short-ovate, obtuse.
Scleria sumatrensis Vidal ! Rev. Pl. Vase. Filip. 285, non Retz.
Luzon, (1936 Vidal); (1852 bis Wichura); (34 Whitford). Necros, (95
Copeland). PaLawan, (353 Bermejos).
Ceram Laut.
The falsely opposite or ternate leaves brings this plant apparently near the
group of Scleria Sumatrensis. The present species has strongly 3-winged leaf-
sheaths which separates it. As regards 8. Sumatrensis Retz., an abundant species,
it has a very tall dise sticking up and encircling the nut up to two-thirds its
- height, which makes the species an easy one to recognize.
106 CLARKE.
** Sheaths of the leaves acutely triangular, scarcely winged. Leaves (falsely)
ternate or opposite.
ll. Scleria scrobiculata Nees.in Wight Contrib. (#834) 117.
Panicle dull grey-purple; lobes of the dise short.
Moritzi ! Verz. Zoll. Pfl. 98 partim; Mig. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 342; Hemsl. in
Journ. Linn. Soc: 36 (1903) 266. Scleria Timorensis Nees ! in Linnea 9
_ (1834) 303. 8. tessellata Decaisne ! in Nouv. Ann. Mus. Paris, 3 (1834) 362,
non Willd. 8. Neesiana Hook. et Arn. Bot. Beechy Voy. 229 (nec S. Neesii
Kunth). 8. Waigionensis Steud. Cyp. 173; Mig. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 345. 8.
_ foveolata Llanos Fragm. Pl. Filip. 103, non Cav. S. Keyensis K. Schum. ! in
Engl. Jahrb. 13 (1891) 267.
PuitrePines, (Llanos); (Moseley); (King). Luzon, (809, 810 Loher) ; (458
Topping) ; (3313 Ahern’s collector) ; (24 Foxworthy) ; (5538 Elmer). Mrnporo,
(1253 Merrill). Minpanao, (591 Copeland). :
From the Andaman Islands to Liu Kiu and New Guinea; scattered, not very
common. :
12. Scleria multifoliata Boeck. in Linnea, 38 (1874) 510.
Panicle red; lobes of the disc 4 to 3 the height of the nut.
Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 693. Scleria tessellata Brongn. in Duperry Voy. -
Coquille, 2 (1829) 164. Carew Amboinica Rumph. Herb. Amb. 6: 20. t. 8. f. 1.
Luzon, Manila, (83 Gaudichaud); Bataan, (460 Topping); Benguet, (4834
Merrill).
Malayan Peninsula and Archipelago; frequent.
Scleria pubescens Zoll. ! Verz. Ind. Archip. heft 2, 61, which is not 8S. pubescens
Steud., I consider a variety only of S. multifoliata Boeck.
13. Scleria Sumatrensis Retz. Obs. 5: 19. ¢. 2.
Disc tall, encircling the nut up to 3 its height.
Boeck. in Linnea 38: 513; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 693. 8S. purpurascens —
Steud. Cyp. 169.
BasiLan (7 De Vore & Hoover).
Southern Bengal to Malaya.
18. DIPLACRUM R. Brown.
1. Diplacrum caricinum R. Br. Prodr. (1810) 241; Brongn. in Duperry.
Voy. Coquille, 2 (1829) 160; Moritzi, Verz. Zoll. Pfl. 99; Steud. in Zoll. Verz.
Ind. Archip. heft 2, 60; Miq. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 345 et Suppl. 262; Hemsl. in
Journ. Linn. Soc. 36 (1903) 267. Scleria caricina Benth. Fl. Austral. 7: 426;
Hook. f. Fl? Brit. Ind. 6: 688.-
Luzon, (736 Loher) ; (3626 Merrill).
: Frequent in India, thence scattered to Hongkong, the Philippines and Queens-
and, ‘
There is no possible line to be drawn between Diplacrum and Scleria. In
Diplacrum the female flower—that is, spikelet—appears terminal; but so it
does in Scleria flaccida very often.
.
CYPERACEA) OF THE PHILIPPINES. 107
19. CAREX Linn.
Subgenus I. VianeanpRA. Style 2-fid; spikelets male at top.
1. Carex brunnea Thunb. Fl. Jap. (1784) 38; ©. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn.
Soe. 37 (1904) 3, 5, cum syn.; Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soe. 36 (1903) 278;
Merrill, Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 1: 31. ;
Luzon, (1346 Whitford) ; (711 Loher); (3197, 3880, 4223, 4224, 4514, 4529,
4731, 4819 Merrill).
From Madagascar to Japan, Australia and the Sandwich Islands ; common.
2. Carex Graeffeana Boeck. in Flora, 58 (1875) 123; C. B. Clarke in Journ,
Linn. Soc. 37 (1904) 3, 5.
Luzon, Benguet, (699 Loker). MtnpAanao, (1250 Copeland). Samoa.
Subgenus IT. Cartcrnica. Style 3-fid; stem with one spike.
3. Carex capillacea Boott, Carex, 1 (1858) 44. ¢. 110; C. B. Clarke in Journ.
Linn. Soc. 37 (1904) 3, 7, cum syn.; Hemsl. 1. c. 36 (1903) 278.
Luzon, Benguet, (705 Loher); (4732 Merrill).
Southeastern Asia, extending from Laristan to Sachalin and to New South
Wales.
Subgenus IIT. CartcanpRA. ei 3-fid; spikes numerous, very many of them
male at the top.
4. Carex scaberrima C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. 37 (1904) 4, 10.
Carex Bengalensis var. y scaberrima Boeck. in Linnea, 40 (1876) 347; Vidal,
Rey. Pl. Vase. Filip. 285; Phaner. Cuming. Philip. 156.
Luzon, Albay, (936 Cuming); Benguet, (4796 Merrill).
Endemic; that is to say, (. scaberrima can not well be made a variety of
CO. Bengalensis Roxb., or of C. cruciata Wahl., unless a large series of admitted
species of this subgenus are reduced to one.
5. Carex fuirenoides Gaudich. ! in Freycinet. Voy. (1826) 412; ©. B.
Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. 37 (1904) 6, 11, cum syn.
Luzon, (109 Merrill). Crsu, (1764 Cuming).
Queensland and the Marianne Islands.
6. Carex Cumingii Vidal ! Phaner. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 156; Rev. Pl.
Vasc. Filip. 286, non Boott; C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc, 37 (1904) 4, 11.
Luzon, (1408 Cuming); (704, 712 Loher); (6449 Elmer); (Alberto).
Endemice.
7. Carex filicina Nees in Wight. Contrib. (1834) 123; Hemsl. in Journ.
Linn. Soc. 36 (1903) 285; C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. 37 (1904) 4, 11.
Luzon, (707 B Loher); (866 Klemme) ; ; (949 Whitford); (4513, 4743 Mer-
rill).
Abundant in India; also in China.
Many admitted species of Carew, and among these is the next, C. continua
C. B. Clarke, are very close to 0. filicina Nees.
8. Carex continua C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6 (1894) 717;
Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 36 (1903) 281; C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soe.
37 (1904) 4, 11; Merrill, Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 1: 31.
Luzon, (707, 708, 709, 710 Loher); (189, 1121, 1145 Whitford); (6985
Elmer) ; (3197 Merrill).
Widely distributed in North India; also in Yunnan.
-
108 CLARKE.
9. Carex rhizomatosa Steud. in Zoll, Verz. Ind. Archip. heft 2, (1854) 60;
Cc. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soe. 37 (1904) 4, 12, cum syn.
Neoros, (1795 Cuming).
Assam, Burma.
10. Carex turrita C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. 37 (1904) 4, 13.
Luzon, Benguet, (700 Lohen). :
Endemic in the Philippines.
11. Carex baccans Nees in Wight Contrib. (1834) 122; Hemsl. in Journ.
Linn. Soe. 36 (1903) 274; C. B. Clarke, 1]. c. 37 (1904) 4, 14.
Luzon, (706, 1948 Loher); (4515, 4555, 4794 Merrill); (6270 Elmer).
Common in north India, extending to Java and Formosa.
12. Carex Loheri C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soe. 37 (1904) 4, 14.
Luzon, (701, 702, 703, 708 bis Loher) ; (4488 Merrill).
Endemic.
Subgenus IV. Eucarex. Style 3-fid; terminal spike wholly male.
13. Carex rhynchachaenium C. B. Clarke in Govt. Lab. Publ. 35 (1905)
5; Merrill, Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 1: 31.
Luzon, Bataan, (6983 Elmer).
Endemic. : =
14. Carex subtransversa C. B. Clarke, sp. nova.
Glabra, mediocris, foliis cum culmo aequilongis, 3 ad 4 mm. latis ; spicis
3 ad 4, ima plus minus remota, summa mascula; bracteis inflorescentia
vix brevioribus; utriculis (rostro incluso) 2.5 mm. longis, globoso-tri-
gonis, 5 ad 8 nervatis, glabris, luride viridibus, in rostrum subito angus-
tatis, rostro cum 3 parte utriculi aequilongo, fere lineari, paullo obliquo;
stylo 3-fid.
Luzon, Benguet, Pauai, (4730 Merrill), 2,100 m. s. m.
CG. transverse Boott similis et affinis, differt utriculos multo minores, matu-
ratos oblique erectos.
: 20. HYPOLYTRUM L. C. Rich.
Style 2-fid. Inflorescence paniculate-corymbose.
1. Hypolytrum latifolium L. C. Rich. in Pers. Syn. 1 (1805) 70.
Nut wrinkled, brown or chestnut, with a small conic whitened beak.
Miq. Fl. Neder]. Ind. 3: 333; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 678; Hemsl. in Journ.
Linn. Soe. 36 (1903) 258; Merrill, Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 1: 30.
Hypolytrum schoenoides Moritzi ! Verz. Zoll. Pfl. 97; Steud. in Verz. Ind. Archip.
heft 2, 61. H. myrianthum Mig. ! Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 333. Albikkia scirpoides
Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 185. ¢. 35; vix Presl in Oken Isis. 21: 269. A. schoenoides
Pres] 1. ce. t. 34. : :
Luzon, (2089 Borden).
In India frequent, extending to Formosa, Queensland and the Viti Islands.
These species of Hypolytruwm are very close together; some botanists include
Mascarene plants in H. latifoliwm L. C. Rich.
CYPERACEA OF THE PHILIPPINES. 109
2. Hypolytrum compactum Nees ! in Linnea, 9 (1834) 288; Nova Acta
Nat. Cur. 19 (1843) Suppl. 1: 73.
Panicle congested nearly into one mass ; beak conic, flattened, whitened,
nearly as long as the nut.
Miq. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 333; Merrill, Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl.
1: 29.
Luzon, (Meyen); (776, 777, 778 Loher); (6011 Leiberg); (782, 2920
Borden) ; (2496 Merrill) ; (51 Whitford) ; (3977 Vidal).
Cochin-China and the Andaman Islands.
I identified two of the above plants with a species from the Aru Islands (as
yet unpublished) ; but Merrill 1. e. says the Philippine plants cited above are
all one species, and I consider that he is correct.
3. Hypolytrum viridinux C. B. Clarke, ms. (1895) hb. Kew.
Spicis parvis; stylo 2-fido; nuce parva, matura viridi, reticulato-
rugosa, rostro vix ullo albescente.
Luzon, Montalban, (775 Loher); Benguet, (6223 Elmer).
Borneo.
This species is allied to H. latifolium L. CO. Rich., but has much smaller spikes
and nuts. In the type (from Sandakan) the nuts are remarkably green.
4. Hypolytrum Philippense ©. B. Clarke, ms. (1887) hb. Kew.
Panicula composita, spiculis parvulis, numerosis, brunneis ; ceteroquin
ut H. latifolium L. C. Rich.
Luzon, Isabela, (3987 Vidal) ; Union, (779 Loher) ; Laguna, (5126 Merrill) ;
Rizal, (77 Foxworthy). Patawan, (744 Merrill).
Endemic. ;
This differs from H. viridinuaw in the very copious panicle; in the type (No.
3987 Vidal) there are about 600 spikes. I have not seen the fruit.
21. MAPANIA
‘Already known from Mount Apo and Mount Data. Very near P. venuloswm BI.
Polypodium obliquatum Bl.
On ledges in the ridge forest at 450 m. alt. (No. 5969).
In the Philippines this is the commonest fern in its group.
India, Malaya.
Polypodium celebicum Bl.
On mossy trees at 1,800 m. alt. (No. 5975).
Not hitherto known from north of Mindanao.
Malaya.
Polypodium decrescens Christ.
Terrestrial on ridges in the mossy forest at 2,200 m. alt. (No. 5974).
Previously known only from the type locality in Celebes and from Mount °*
Data, Luzon. Related to P. celebicum.
Polypodium halconense Copel. n. sp. (Pl. Il, Fig. B.)
Rhizomate ad terram repente, 15 mm. crasso, paleis griseo-fuligineis
lanceolatis 2 mm. longis vestito; stipitibus inter se proximis, ca. 5 cm.
altis, rhachibusque pilis rectis badiis 0.5-1 mm. longis vestitis; fronde
20 cm. alta, 45 mm. lata, utrinque abrupte acuminata, pinnata; pinnis
rectis vel recurvis, decurrentibus nec nisi supremis confluentibus 25 mm.
longis, 3.5 mm. latis, obtusis, $ vel 3 ad costam in dentes divergentes
3 mm. inter se remotos incisis, infimis in auriculas abrupte diminutis
coriaceo-papyraceis, infra pallidis, ad costas apicesque dentium setiferis,
aliter glabris; venulis simplicibus, occultis; soris ad baseos venularum
superficialibus pleurumque oppositis et trans costam confluentibus.
In silvis muscosis, 2,300 m. s. m. (No. 5976).
A relative of P. solidum as shown by the palex, color, texture and form, but
much larger and in all respects more delicate.
PTERIDOPHYTA HALCONENSES. 139
Polypodium tenuisectum Bl. ;
On ridges in the mossy forest 2,200 to 2,500 m. alt. (No. 5978).
Already known from the Philippines, from Mount Apo, Mindanao, and Mount
Canlaon, Negros. ‘
Malay to Samoa.
Polypodium Yoderi Copel.
With the preceding (No. 5977). Hitherto known only from the type collee-
tion from Mount Madiaas, Panay.
Polypodium papillosum Bl.
On boulders in forests at 800 m. alt. (No. 5979); very large specimens.
Malaya.
Polypodium (Goniophlebium) integriore Copel. n. sp.
Rhizomate lignoso repente 3-4 mm. crasso, paleis castaneo-fulvis lan-
ceolato-acuminatis 4 mm. longis vestito vel glabrescente et non calcareo ;
stipite glabro 15-25 cm. alto, stramineo-brunneo; fronde ca. 50 cm. alta;
pinnis linearibus, 20 cm. longis, 15 mm. latis, sub apice valde caudata
vix serrulatis aliter integris vel crenulatis, glabris, membraneceis, basibus
anguste acuminatis, omnibus stipitatis; venis nigris, seriebus areolarum
ca. 3; soris grandibus, leviter immersis.
Ad montem Haleon, epiphyticum 2,200 m. s. m. (No. 6005).
Nearly related to P. persicifolium Desy., which as at present construed
seems to me to include two or more species. P. integriore can be recognized
by its narrow, almost entire pinne, stalked, and with narrow bases. P. persi-
cifolium occurs on Mount Apo® which is its most northern known habitat.
The Apo form is much larger than the Javan, and membranaceous.
Polypodium (Goniophlebium) verrucosum Wall., has previously been col-
lected on the Baco River, near the base of Mount Haleon by McGregor (No.
253). It differs from the preceding most ly in its small and
5
deeply immersed sori which resemble those of P. “haitlabidin Bl.
Polypodium (Goniophlebium) subauriculatum Bl.
Epiphytie on mossy trees at 1,400 m. alt. (No. 6004).
These specimens are remarkable for the very coarsely serrate, strongly
acuminate pinne, and for the very tardy and i pletely decid dense
clothing of scales on the rachis. In the latter respect’ our Philippine plants
usually differ from the Javan. This species is in urgent need of analysis.
Polypodium nummularium Mett.
Epiphytic on mossy trees at 1,800 m. alt. (Nos. 5994, 5995).
Hitherto known only from Luzon, on the mountains about Laguna de Bay.
Some specimens with fronds fertile towards the apex, but with broad sterile
bases suggest P. accedens, and unmistakably approach P. Whitfordi Copel., of
Mount Mariveles. This resemblance is strong enough thoroughly to establish
the affinity of P. nummularium and P. Whitfordi. In Luzon both species are,
as far as known, very stable and distinct in form. Regarding these species as,
like our fern flora as a wholé, migrants towards the north, Haleon may be
regarded as the point of origin and separation; they being so distinct in Luzon
that their close affinity escaped suspicion is to be ascribed to their (however
recent) isolation there.
“Copeland: This Journal (1906) Suppl. 1: 162.
140 COPELAND.
Polypodium lagunense Christ.
Epiphytic on exposed ridges 1,400 to 1,800 m. alt. (No. 5984, 5985).
This species is already known from Mount Maquiling, Luzon, and from Mount
Silay, Negros (Whitford 1535). As a matter of affinity it unquestionably
belongs in the Crypsinus group, the usual classification of “Phymatodes” accord-
ing to the composition of the frond being in this case as unnatural as possible.
The pinne of Polypodium lagunense resemble the whole simple frond of P. num-
mularium, the distinction of sterile and fertile parts being the same in both
species. The simply pinnate frond form of P. lagunense is not yet quite stable,
for Merrill found two plants (No. 5984) with large bipinnate fronds.
Polypodium accedens Bl.
Epiphytie in humid thickets at 150 m, alt. (No. 5992), typical form; and
on rocks along the Alag River at 350 m. alt. (No. 5993).
Malaya and Polynesia.
The plants collected at-an altitude of 350 m. are rather larger than is
usual in this species. Some fronds are typical in form and fertile only at the
constricted apex; others are narrower and fertile almost throughout, while
entirely: sterile ones are notably broad. This variation is in the direction of
P. nummularium and P. Whitfordi, indicating the probability that both have
descended from P. accedens in this locality.
‘
Polypodium punctatum | (L.) Sw.
On rocks along the Alag River at 350 m. alt. (No. 5991); dried fronds reddish
in color.
Africa to Polynesia.
Polypodium monstrosum Copel. var. integriore Copel. in Elmer’s Leaflets 1
(1906) 78. :
On mossy trees at 1,950 m. alt. (No. 6104).
Previously known only from Luzon.
Polypodium validum Copel.
On prostrate logs in forests at 100 m. alt. (No. 5868).
Common in Mindanao.
Polypodium (Selliguea) macrophyllum (BI.) Reinw.
On rocks in wet ravines at 150 m. alt. (No. 5990).
China to New Guinea.
Polypodium (Selliguea) calophlebium Copel. n. sp. (Pl. III, Fig. A.)
Rhizomate ad arbores muscosos late repente, 2-3 mm. crasso, paleis
squarrosis fulvo-ferrugineis 3 mm. longis late lanceolatis basibus peltatis
castaneis vestito; stipitibus erectis, glabris, frondium sterilium 3-6 em.
frondium fertilium 7-10 cm. altis; fronde sterile ovata, ca. 14 em. longa,
5 em. lata, valde acuminata, base rotunda, margine brunnea dura coriacea
glaberrima, supra (sicca) umbrina, infra olivacea; venis primariis validis,
rectis, marginem attingentibus, venulis infra occultis, supra reticulatio-
nem praestantem laxam pulchram efficientibus; fronde fertile lineare, ca.
16 cm. longa, 7-11 mm. lata, longe sursum attenuata, basi acuta, integra
vel crenulata, soris saepius utroque latere costae nigrae uniseriatis, vel
biseriatis at inter venas primarias saepe confluentibus.
PTERIDOPHYTA HALCONENSES. 141
Epiphytica 1,800 m. s. m. (No. 5989).
A species well distinguished by the conspicuous regular venation and by és
fertile fronds so reduced in the majority of Merrill’s specimens as to have a
single round sorus between each two main veins. One frond, fertile towards
the apex only, suggests a near affinity to P. caudiforme. Another possible but
not very intimate relative is P. triquetrum.
Polypodium commutatum Bl.
On boulders along the Alag River at 150 m. alt. (No. 5988).
This is identical with Cuming No. 97 from Luzon, and my No. 1582 from
Mindanao. For the propriety of regarding it as P. commutatum BI. (P. affine
BI.) see this JournaL. (1906) 1 Suppl. 163-4. .
Java. 3
Polypodium Phymatodes Linn.
Epiphytie along the Alag River at 100 m. alt. (No. 5986); the commonest
Philippine form of this species, with acuminate segments.
Africa to Polynesia.
Polypodium palmatum BI.
On boulders at 800 m. alt. (No. 5981).; epiphytic at 2,100 m. alt. (No. 5982) ;
epiphytic and terrestrial at 2,400 m. alt. (No. 5983).
Malaya.
Polypodium glauco-pruinatum C. Chr. (P. glaucum Kze.).
Epiphytic, mossy ridge forest at 1,100 m. alt. (No. 5987). ;
A most distinct species hitherto known only from Luzon.
Polypodium albido-squamatum Bl.
Epiphytic at 1,100 m. alt. (No. 5980).
Malaya to New Guinea.
This species and P. glauco-pruinatuwm have similar dark, long, harsh paler,
_and were growing together on the same tree.
Polypodium (Drynariopsis) heracleum Kze.
Epiphytic in river forest at 100 m. alt. (No. 6007), fronds 2.5 m. Jong.
Malaya to New Guinea.
' DRYOSTACHYUM J. Sm.
Dryostachyum splendens J. Sm.
Epiphytic in ridge forests at 800 m. alt. (No. 6006).
This specimen has’ the expanded humus-collecting leaf-bases characteristic
of the species and distinguishing it from D. pilosum.’ The stipe has the vestige
of an articulation, but even this is wanting in Luzon specimens terrestrial on
cliffs. Its long confusion with D. pilosum makes the range of this plant ques-
tionable. I have it from Luzon and Mindanao.
CYCLOPHORUS Desy.
Cyclophorus angustatus (Sw.) Desv.
Epiphytic and on boulders along the Alag River at 150 m. alt. (No. 5996).
Also collected by McGregor (No. 255) on the Baco River near the base of
Mount Halcon, and in Luzon by Cuming, and by Whitford (No. 810).
India to Polynesia.
7 Copeland: This Journal (1906) 1 Suppl. 165, pl. 26, 27.
53032——5
142 COPELAND.
. LOMAGRAMMA J. Sm.
Lomagramma pteroides J. Sm.
Humid river forests at 150 m. alt. (No. 5854) “climbing 2 to 5 m. on tree-
trunks, very abundant but rare in fruit.” Also collected on the Baco River,
near the base of Mount Halcon by McGregor (No. 235) and in Luzon by Cuming.
In view of the positive statement of Presi,’ and of the evident distinctness
of the plant he there described from the one we have, I can not believe that
Leptochilus lomarioides Bl., is indentical with Lomagramma pteroides J. Sm.
I am treating this plant as L. pteroides on an assumption based on geographical
contiguity. I have another Lomagramma from Mindanao and Palawan, more
coriaceous, more scaly and becoming red as it dries.
ELAPHOGLOSSUM Schott.
Elaphoglossum decurrens (Desv.) Moore.
On trunks in the ridge forest at 100 to 1,000 m. alt. (No. 5853).
Differs from the Javan plant as figured by Blume® only in being more acute.
The margin is cartilaginous and glabrous.
Also known from Luzon.
Java. .
PLATYCERIUM Desv.
Platycerium coronarium (Koenig.) Desv. (P. biforme BI.)
Epiphytic in forests at 350 m. alt. (No. 6037).
Luzon, Negros, Masbate and Mindanao.
India, Malaya.
HYMENOPHYLLACEZ.
TRICHOMANES Linn.
Trichomanes nitidum V. d. B.
On mossy trees at 900 m. alt. (No. 6067.)
Also known from Luzon, Baguio (Elmer 6023) det. Christ.
Java,
Trichomanes bimarginatum V. d. B.
On tree trunks in humid forests at 220 m. alt. (No. 6066).
India to Polynesia and Formosa. $
Trichomanes pyxidiferum Linn.
On boulders along the Alag River at 150 m. alt. typical plants (No. 6064,
6065) and a very narrow form (No. 6063).
Common in the Philippines.
Pantropie.
Trichomanes sp. near 7’. proliferum Bl.
Narrower than Blume’s species, the fertile and sterile fronds or parts of
fronds distinct, the former very contracted and tall, each pinna usually consisting
of one sorus and its stalk.
On damp ledges by streams at 350 m. alt. (No. 6062).
* Epim. Bot. (1848), 177.
* FI. Javae 2: pl. 10.
eae oui ih lac
PTERIDOPHYTA HALCONENSES. 143
Trichomanes Cumingii (Presl) C. Chr. (7. Smithii Hook.)
Epiphytice on Cyathea. in ridge forest at 900 m. alt. (No. 6068).
“Philippines” Cuming ; Mindanao.
Moluccas. —
Trichomanes pallidum Bl.
(a) On mossy trees at 1,000 m. alt. (No. 6069) ; all sterile, the typical plant.
India to Polynesia.
(b) On mossy trees at 1,400 m. alt. (No. 6070). The slender greener form,
1. glauco-fuseum Hook., which is perhaps a good species. This is the commoner
form in the Philippines.
Trichomanes javanicum Bl. (7. rhomboideum J. Sm.).
On ledges along streams in forests at 250 m. alt. (No. 6061).
Very common in the Philippines.
India to Polynesia and Liu Kiu.
Trichomanes Pluma Hook.
Terrestrial, in forests at 1,400 m. alt. (No. 6072). Most of the specimens
are yery large and broad.
Mounts Maquiling, Banajao, Silay and Apo.
Perak to Samoa.
Trichomanes apiifolium Presl.
Terrestrial in ridge forest at 900 m. alt. (No. 6073); amply distinct from
the heterogeneous jumble of plants in my herbarium determined by various
botanists as 7. bauerianum and T'. metfolium.
Throughout the Archipelago usually at greater altitudes and often epiphytic.
Java.
Trichomanes maximum Bl.
By streamlets in humid forests at 250 m. alt. (No. 6060).
Central Luzon and south.
Malaya, Polynesia and Queensland.
Trichomanes rigidum Sw.
On damp mossy boulders, terrestrial, and on cliffs in the ridge forests at 800
to 1,400 m. alt. (Nos. 6074, 6075, 6076, 6077). I can not distinguish 7. Cupress-
oides Desy., to which on geographical grounds this plant would be ascribed.
Common in the Philippines.
Pantropic.
Trichomanes radicans Sw.
Terrestrial in damp ravines at 1,400 m. alt. (No. 6078), a remarkably large
and stout form of this species.
Pantropic and in Ireland, Japan and Alabama.
' HYMENOPHYLLUM Smith.
Hymenophyllum dilatatum Sw.
On banks in forests at 700 m. alt. (No. 6079).
Luzon, Mindanao.
Malaya to Polynesia and New Zealand.
144 COPELAND.
Hymenophyllum fimbriatum J. Sm.
On trees at 1,800 m. alt. (No. 6081), different from H. australe Willd., in form,
texture, and position of the sori; nearer to H. dilatatum.
Luzon (Cuming 218).
H. sp. near H. polyanthos Sw.
On trees in forests at 900 m. alt. (No. 6080), a remarkably lax plant with few
pinnules.
H. sp. near H. polyanthos Sw.
On mossy trees in forests at 1,400 m. alt. (No. 6082), a large plant with long
segments, very peculiar in the symmetry of the pinne; on mossy trunks at 900
m. alt. (No. 6083).
Hymenophyllum demissum Sw.
On mossy trees at 1,400 m. alt. (No. 6086).
Malaya to Polynesia and New Zealand.
Hymenophyllum halconense Copel. n. sp.
Rhizomate filiforme repente primo hirsuto, demum glabro; stipitibus
filiformibus, 2-3. cm. altis, glabrescentibus, sursum laminis decurrentibus
anguste alatis; lamina 4-9 cm. alta, 15-20 mm. lata, bipinnatifida et
segmentis™ interdum furcatis, margine integra, haud ciliata, costa ubique
alata; costa venisque basibusque urceolarum infra rufo-pubescentibus,
supra glabris; urceolis ad segmenta™ infima, acroscopica apicalibus, ses-
silibus, vix ad mediam in lobos rotundatos fissis ; receptaculis exsertis.
Ad arbores muscosos, 1,050 m. s. m. (No. 6084).
Related to H. serrulatum (Presl) C. Chr., rather than to H. ciliatum; differing
from the former in being a smaller fern in all respects, and in its entire margins.
Very small specimens were also collected at 900 m. alt. (No. 6085), which
I believe to be this species, especially as they are in me part sterile. Can this
small form be H. tenellum Kuhn?
Hymenophyllum obtusum H. & A.
On mossy trees at 1,400 m. alt. (No. 6087).
This agrees exactly with my Hawaiian specimens (leg. Hillebrand) in pubes-
cerfce and in the characteristic color, but usually has nothing like the truncate :
fronds of that plant, so that on the whole it is intermediate between H. obtusum
and H. ciliatum.
We have identical specimens from Benguet, Luzon (Elmer 6021) det. Christ.
Hawaii, New Guinea.
Hymenophyllum tunbridgense (L.) Sm.
On mossy trees at 1,100 and 2,000 m. alt. (Nos. 6088, 6089) ; not typical, but
hardly separable from this species.
England to New Zealand and Chile.
Hymenophyllum aculeatum (J. Sm.) Racib.
On trees in forests at 180 m. alt. (No. 6059). Some specimens can hardly be :
distinguished from H. denticulatum Sw.
Luzon.
Ceylon and Malaya.
cr a
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il
PTERIDOPHYTA HALCONENSES. 145
Hymenophyllum denticulatum Sw.
On trees in forests at 900 m. alt. (No, 6071). This and the preceding species
are too close together. Merrill’s No. 6058 collected at 200 m. alt. is almost
' intermediate.
Luzon.
India, Malaya.
CYATHEACE.
DICKSONIA L’Herit.
Dicksonia chrysotricha (Hassk.) Moore.
A small tree-fern on ridges at 1,100 m. alt. (No. 6009).
Also known from Mindanao (Copeland 1456), Mount Apo at 2,000 m. alt., and
from San Ramon at 1,300 m. alt.
Java and (7?) Celebes.
This species is notable for the usual restriction of the sori to the few lowest
pinnules of the major pinne. It is the only arboreous Dicksonia occurring in this
part of the World north of the equator.
CIBOTIUM Kaulf.
Cibotium Cumingii Kze.
On ridges in the mossy forest at 1,400 m. alt. (No. 6008); fronds 2 m. long;
trunk wanting.
This is the usual Philippine form, already known on many Luzon mountains
but previously from no other island. It has but one sorus on each side at the
base of the segment, instead of two or more as is usual in the case of 0. Barometz.
CYATHEA Smith.
Cyathea spinulosa Wall. :
Abundant in forests between 800 and 1,100 m. alt. (No. 6056), the secondary
rachises usually hirsute.
Luzon, Negros and Palawan.
Malaya to India and Japan.
Cyathea sp. near ©. Christii of Negros and Mindanao and C. spinulosa. Stipe
very short, rachis not very spiny nor very red, barely tripinnate with narrow
pinnules ™ (or segments) and glabrous costee. Stem 3 m. high.
Ridge forest at 1,800 m. alt. (No. 6055).
Cyathea tripinnata Copel. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 251.
In the ridge forest at 1,800 m. alt. (No. 6054). “Trunk 15 ft. high, leaves 8 ft.
long. with about 18 pinne on each side.”
Previously known only from the type locality, Mount Mariveles, Luzon.
ALSOPHILA R. Br.
Alsophila latebrosa Wall. (?).
“Tree-fern 20 ft. high, fronds 15 ft. long, pinne about 18 on each side, the
lower ones about 6 inches long, very common in old clearings” (No. 6053).
The rachis and pinne are exactly like those of some of my Indian specimens
of A. latebrosa Wall., but the bases of the stipes are very densely clothed (a)
with long brown hairs; (6) with lanceolate, membranous, almost white scales 2
to 3 em. long with narrow black bases, and (¢) palew intermediate in form. It
seems incredible that these should have escaped description if this is the real
A. latebrosa. -
146 COPELAND.
Alsophila melanorhachis Copel. n. sp.
_ Arbor, caudice 2-3 m. alto, 5 em. crasso; apice basibusque stipitum
paleis lanceolatis 1 cm. longis rigidis castaneis pallido-marginatis vestitis ;
stipite 60 cm. longo, nigro, deorsum pulcherrime brunneo-punctato, ubi-
que rhachique asperulis, supra paleis angustis crinitis fulvis vestitis;
fronde 150 em. longa, tripinnata pinnis utroque latere ca. 12, inframed-
ialibus maximis, 50 em. longis, 13 cm. latis, fere horizontalibus, acumi-
natis, pedicellis ca. 1 em. longis; rhachibus supra paleaceis, infra potius
nigro-glabrescentibus; pinnulis distinctis utroque latere fere 30, brevi-
stipitatis 7 cm. longis, 1 em. latis, serrato-acuminatis, deorsum ad rhachin
infra perpaleaceam paleis biformibus, supra breve denseque villosum
pinnatis; pinnulis" anguste abovatis, obtusis, adnatis, minute nec lente
crenato-serratis, tenue coriaceis, supra subnigris, glabris, infra atro-oli-
vaceis, costis deorsum paleis bullatis ciliatis obtectis, aliter glabris; ve-
nulis sterilibus inferioribus plerumque furcatis, fertilibus simplicibus ;
soris costalibus; pinnulis prasertim fructuosis contractis, soris Jaminam
totam complentibus.
In silvis muscosis, 1,800 m. s. m. (No. 6052).
A most striking species remarkable for the dark color of the whole frond and
especially for the shiny black stipe and rachis.
SCHIZAEACEA.
SCHIZAEA Smith.
Schizaea dichotoma (L.) Smith.
On ridges in humid forests at 250 m. alt. (No. 6050).
Madagascar to Polynesia.
Schizaea digitata (Linn.) Smith.
In ridge forests at 450 m. alt. (No. 6049).
India to Polynesia.
LYGODIUM Sw.
Lygodium scandens (L.) Sw.
In old clearings at 700 m. alt. (No. 6051) ; a very round-leaved = found lee
in Formosa.
Throughout the Philippines, not common.
Africa to Polynesia.
Lygodium Merrilli Copel. n. sp. (Pl. IV.)
Species distinctissima pinnis sessilibus, pinnulis pinnatis, pinnulis™
haud articulatis, segmentis fertilibus sparsis, venulis ubique anasto-
mosantibus.
In dumetis scandens, 300-m. s. m. (No. 6057).
-In all probability a relative of Lygodium flecuosum, rather than of ee other
species with reticulate venation.
PTERIDOPHYTA HALCONENSES. 147
SCHIZAEACE/5.
OSMUNDA Linn.
Osmunda bromelizfolia (Presl) Copel. (Nephrodium (2?) Presl, Rel. Haenk.
1 (1825) 33.)
On steep river banks at 100 m. alt. (Nos. 5852, 5851). Cuming’s No. 173 from
- Luzon is this plant, and it seems to have been collected recently by Loher.
This species is distinguished from our common and widespread Osmunda
banksiefolia, exactly as was done by Presi” in that the latter “differt pinnis
oppositis brevius petiolatis brevioribus inaequalateribus, basi cuneatis, undique
inciso-serratis, serraturis convexis, venulis bifidis,” only the position of the pinne
is inconstant. Bromeliefolia is the older of the two specific names.
GLEICHENIACEE.
GLEICHENIA Smith.
Gleichenia dicarpa R. Br.
In open heath-lands at 2,500 m. alt. (No. 6048), a small form, in some spec-
imens approaching the var. alpina, found on Mount Apo and thence to New
Zealand. We have this also from Mount Pulgar, “Palawan.
New Caledonia, Tasmania.
There is also on Mount Apo a plant hardly as scaly as Gleichenia vulcanica Bl.,
but referable to it, which, according to my field notes, intergrades with @. alpina:
if the notes are correct, these species are properly united in Species Filicum.
Gleichenia linearis (Burm.) Clarke. *
Scandent on mossy ridge at 1,800 m. alt. (No. 6047), a very large handsome
form.
Common in the Philippines.
Pantropie.
Gleichenia dolosa Copel.
“On steep semi-forested slopes of ridge at 1,900 m. alt. (No. 6046). The cost
are decidedly scaly, but this is true of some specimens from Mount Mariveles
as well. é
Luzon, Mindanao.
Gleichenia glauca (Thunb.) Hook.
Scandent on exposed ridge at 2,000 m. alt. (No. 6045), the horizontal pinne
about 6 ft. long.
Luzon.
India to Japan and Polynesia.
Gleichenia laevigata (Willd.) Hook.
In thickets at 700 m. alt. forming dense growths (No. 6044).
Luzon, Mindanao.
Malaya.
. ” Rel. Haenk. 1: 34.
148 COPELAND.
MARATTIACE/S.
ANGIOPTERIS Hoffm.
Angiopteris pruinosa Kge. (determined after Christ).
Common in forested bench-lands along the river at 100 to 200 m. alt. (No.
6043). Fronds 5 m. long; petiole 1.3 m. long, as thick as one’s wrist; pinne
about 13 on each side. ‘
Negros (Whitford 1652) det. Christ. Panay, Hlmer. Luzon, (Mangubat 1292).
Angiopteris angustifolia Presl.
In forests at 700 m. alt. (No. 6042) ; fronds about 8 ft. long, pinne about 8 on
each side, costa broad, slightly sealy.
Java.
OPHIOGLOSSACEZE.
OPHIOGLOSSUM Linn.
Ophioglossum pendulum Linn.
Epiphytic along the river at 100 m. alt. (No. 6041), a very large form, the
lamina reaching a width of 6 em. On mossy trunks at 1,800 m. alt. (No. 6040),
a comparatively small form. The fertile segment is almost invariably forked in
Philippine specimens.
Throughout the Archipelago.
Mauritius to Hawaii.
Ophioglossum intermedium Hook.
Terrestrial and on very rotten logs in forests at 900 m. alt. (No. 6039),
variable in form, the sterile segment sometimes widened and bluntly lobed at
the apex, always exceeded by the fertile segment.
Borneo, Java.
Ophioglossum sp. near 0. pedunculosum Desv.
On very steep banks in shaded ravines at 900 m. alt. (No. 6038). This plant
has a very fine costa and a narrower base and more lax venation than typical
O. pedunculosum.
PSILOTACEZS.
TMESIPTERIS Bernh.
Tmesipteris tannensis Bernh.
On tree-ferns at 1,800 m. alt. (No. 6024).
Found also on tree-fern trunks on Mount Data, Luzon, and on Mount Apo,
Mindanao, at 1,800 to 2,100 m. alt.
New Caledonia, Samoa, New Zealand.
PSILOTUM Sw.
Psilotum complanatum Sw.
Epiphytic in humid forests at 150 m. alt. (No. 6021). Previously collected on
the Baco River, near the foot of Mount Halcon by Merrill (No. 4081).
Java, New Guinea.
”
PTERIDOPHYTA HALCONENSES. — : 149
LYCOPODIACEZE.
LYCOPODIUM Linn.
Lycopodium serratum Thunb.
On ridges in the mossy forest at 2,400 m. alt. (No. 6022), a very slender form,
also in the mossy forest at 2,200 m. alt. (No. 6023).
At similar elevations in the mountains of northern Luzon.
India to Japan and Polynesia.
Lycopodium Hippuris Desv.
Terrestrial and erect on ridges in the mossy forest at 2,400 m. alt. (No. 6027).
Java to Samoa.
Lycopodium verticillatum Linn.
Pendent from mossy trees, 1,400 m. alt. (No. 6026).
Luzon (teste Warburg).
Pantropic.
Lycopodium squarrosum Forst. |
Epiphytic near the Alag River at 100 m. alt. (No. 6028).
Throughout the Philippines, but nowhere abundant.
India to Polynesia.
Lycopodium Plegmaria Linn. |
On mossy trees at 1,400 m. alt. (No. 6034) and at 1,900 m. alt. (No. 6035).
Central Luzon to Mindanao.
Africa to Polynesia.
Lycopodium filiforme Roxb. (non Swartz).
Epiphytic on mossy trees in humid forests at 200 to 300 m. alt. (No. 6036),
a form with rather large leaves of the characteristic shape.
Central Luzon, Negros and Mindanao.
Monsoon region.
Lycopodium halconense Copel. n. sp.
Species L. laterali R. Br. affinis, differt statura minore, vix 10 cm.
alta, foliis 3-4 mm. longis plerumque valde inflexis, ramis fertilibus ca.
7 mm. longis, deciduis.
Ad pseudericetum, 2,400 m. s. m. (No. 6031).
Altogether heath-like in aspect, being densely branched near the base, with
close, erect branches.
Lycopodium cernuum Linn.
(a) On open heath at 2,400 m. alt., with the preceding (No. 6030).
The same form grows in similar habitats on Mount Apo, Mindanao, at 2,850
m. alt. An L. vuleanicum BI. ?
(b) In forests on steep slopes, 2,200 m. alt. (No. 6029). The form with very
fine leaves found throughout the Philippines and Tropics generally.
Lycopodium casuarinoides Spreng.
Scandent 10 to 15 ft. on exposed ridge at 2,100 m. alt. (No. 6032).
Also in Benguet, Luzon, at similar altitudes.
India, Malaya.
53032——6
150 COPELAND,
Lycopodium complanatum Linn., var. thyoides H. B. K.
In open heath-lands at 2,400 m. alt. (No. 6033).
Also in the mountains of northern Luzon.
The species throughout the North Temperate Zone.
EQUISETACE.®.
EQUISETUM Linn.
Equisetum ramosissimum Desv.
Abundant along the Alag River at 100 m. alt. (No. 6025);
Northern Luzon.
Cosmopolitan.
Prats tf: A:
B.
bi ey
B.
TEE, cA.
B.
ave
ILLUSTRATIONS.
[Plate I by T. Espinosa, all others by Hugo Navarro.]
Diplazium brachysoroides Copel., a single pinna. Reduced 3.
Plagiogyria falcata Copel. Reduced 3.
Diplazium Merrilli Copel. Reduced 3.
Polypodium halconense Copel. Reduced 3.
Polypodium (Selliguea) caloplebium Copel. Reduced 4.
Polypodium paucisorum Copel. Reduced ¢.
Lygodium Merrilli Copel. Reduced 3. :
, 151
[Puiu. Journ. Sct., Vou. II, No.
CopELAND: PTERIDOPHYTA HALCONENSES. ]
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4 cm. longa 1 cm. lata bipinnatifida oblonga, basi et apice attenuata,
pinnis ca. 6 utrinque arcuato-reflexis, alternis, 1 em. longis, flabellato-
partitis, laciniis 4 aut 5, linearibus, vix 1 mm. latis, parce aristato-serratis.
Soris raris, prope basin costae positis, pedunculatis, campanulatis, valvis
erecto-patentibus ovatis, 2 mm. longis. Textura rigidiuscula. Colore
fusco.
Neeros, Mount Silay (1549 Whitford) May, 1906, alt. 1,100 m.
6. Hymenophyllum pycnocarpum vy. d. Bosch Hym. Jay. Tab. 37.
Laeve. Fronde ovata, tripinnatifida, rhachi alata, soris terminalibus
paniculatis, valvis trigono-acutis.
Luzon, Province of Laguna, Mount Maquiling (Loher) January, 1890, January,
1906; Province of Tayabas, Mount Banajao (922 Whitford) October, 1904.
Hymenophyllum subdemissum Christ, Bull. Herb. Boiss. 6 (1898) 140, should
be united with this species.
7. Hymenophyllum Blumeanum Sprengel, Syst. Veg. 4: 131.
Luzon, Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles (3232 Merrill) October, 1903, the
lanceolate form figured by Van den Bosch Hymen. Jav. Tab. 36, 2. H. polyanthos
Christ (non Sw.) Bull. Herb. Boiss. 6 (1898) 139, should be referred here.
8. Hymenophyllum paniculiflorum Presl, Hymen. (1843) 32, 55.
A small plant recognizable by its large sori which are ovoid or globose,
terminal and occupying all the segments at the summit of the frond.
Luzon, Province of Benguet, Mount Tonglon, 2,250 m. alt. (Loher) April, 1904.
Identical with specimens from Java, leg. Giesenhagen and Raciborski, and with
specimens from Japan, leg. Faurie.
I am now of the opinion that H. discosum Christ, Bull. Herb. Boiss, 6 (1898)
140, should be united with this species, although the sori are much broader and
more round than those in the Javan plant, leg. Giesenhagen.
9. Hymenophyllum demissum (Forst.) Sw. in Schrad. Journ. 1800* (1801)
100,
Luzon, Province of Tayabas, Mount Banajao (Loher) February, 1906..
This plant is identical with the form found in New Zealand and Celebes, low,
with small sori, the rachis winged only near the summit. H. productum Kze.
Bot. Zeit. (1848) 305, Van den Bosch Hymen. Jay. Tab. 45, of Java, is a larger
plant with triangular elongated valves and winged stipes.
156 CHRIST.
10. Hymenophyllum formosum Brackenr. U. S. Explor. Exped. 16 (1854)
268. t. 32. f. 3.
Mrnpanao, Mount Apo (1442 Copeland) October, 1904, alt. 1,800 m.; (340
DeVore & Hoover) May, 1903. Our plants match the form represented by Tab. 4
Van den Bosch, Hymenophyllaceae Javanicae.
11. Hymenophyllum Junghuhnii Van den Bosch Hymen. Jav. 60. Tab. 49.
Luzon, District of Lepanto, Bagnen (1921 Copeland) November, 1905, alt.
1,950 m. MinDANAO, Province of Misamis, Mount Malindang (4638 Mearns &
Hutchinson) May, 1906. :
A form with very large sori and with broad segments.
The Philippine plants referred by various authors to H. dilatatum Sw., are :
referable to the two above species.
12. Hymenophylium australe Willd. Sp. Pl. 5: 527.
Luzon, District of Lepanto, Mount Data (1873 Copeland) October. 1905;
Province of Benguet, Mount Tonglon (Loher) ;- (5053 Curran) August, 1906.
MrnDANAO, Mount Apo (324 DeVore € Hoover) May, 1903.
The Philippine form has very narrow segments and is very compound, quadri-
pinnatifid. Under the lens the margins are very finely denticulate.
TRICHOMANES Linn.
13. Trichomanes parvulum Poir. in Lam. Eneycl. 8: 46.
Luzon, Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles (177 wee May, 1904.
14. Trichomanes diffusum Blume, Enum. 225.
Luzon, Province of Laguna, Mount Maquiling (5137 Merrill) March, 1906,
300 m. alt. Mtnpanao, Province of Zamboanga, San Ramon (1652. Copeland)
April, 1905, 700 m. alt.
- 15. Trichomanes nitidulum Van den Bosch Hymen. Jay. 21.
Luzon, Province of Benguet, Baguio (6023 Elmer) March, 1904.
16. Trichomanes rhomboideum J. Sm. in Hook. Journ. Bot. 3: 417; Van den
Bosch Hymen. Jay. Tab. 24.
Luzon, Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles (3121 Merrill) October, 1903;
(206 Copeland) January, 1904.
This form, of the Cephalomanes-group which is richly developed in the Philip-
pines, is distinguishable by its rounded pinne, its elongated aristate teeth and
long sori. :
17. Trichomanes Javanicum Blume, Enum. 224; Van den Bosch Hymen. Jav.
Tab. 22.
Luzon, Province of Rizal, Mabacal (Loher) March, 1906; Province of Laguna,
Mount Maquiling (Loher) January, 1906; Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles
(263, 513 Whitford) July, 1904; (2397 Borden) January, 1905; (2420 Meyer)
January, 1905; (207 Copeland) February, 1904. Nercros, Gimagaan River (1603
Whitford) March, 1906. Patawan (578 Foawworthy) April, 1906.
Common and widely distributed in the Philippines.
Var. intercalatum n. var. : :
‘Soris margini anteriori, apici saepeque parti superiori marginis pos-
terioris impositis numerosis (12) longe exsertis campanulato-clavatis ore
non dilatato, dentibus marginis posterioris elongatis aristatis conspicuis.
Pinnis saepe dissectis.
Luzon, Province of Laguna, Mount Maquiling (Loher) January, 1906; Province
of Rizal, Oriud (Loher) February, 1906; Province of Benguet, Sablan (6214
Elmer) April, 1904.
SPICILIGIUM FILICUM PHILIPPINENSIUM.. 157
POLYSTICHUM Roth.
' Polystichum, of the essentially Chinese group of P. auriculatum, is well repre-
sented in the Philippines. The first form known was Phegopteris nervosa Fée,
Mem. 6. 13. Tab. 2. Fig. 4, which I do not hesitate to reduce as a variety of
Polystichum deltodon. The rich Chinese material that I have at my disposition
has convinced me that there are but slightly marked differences by which the
Philippine plant can be distinguished. .
18. Polystichum deltodon (Bak.) Diels in Nat. Pflanzenfam. 1* (1899)
191. Aspidium deltodon Baker in Gard. Chron. 14: 494,
Var. nervosum (Fée Gen. 244; Mem. 6: 13. Tab. 2. Fig. 4, Phegopteris).
Differt a typo montis Omi, Chinae occid., leg. Faber 1045 statura
majori, pinnis magis numerosis (usque ad 50 utrinque) minus acutis.
Luzon, Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles (Loher) November, 1894, alt.
1,400 m.; Province of Benguet, Baguio (5916 Hlmer) March, 1904.
19, Polystichum Copelandi n. sp.
Rhizomate caespitoso foliis fasciculatis, stipite tenui 2.5 em. longo
cum rhachi squamis subulatis nigris parce vestito, viridi, fronde lanceolato-
lineari, basi non attenuata, acuminata, usque ad 20 cm. longa, 2 cm. lata,
pinnata pinnis densissime imbricatis inferioribus deflexis ca. 50 utrinque
rhombeo-acutiusculis marginibus parallelis 1 em. longis basi fere 0.5 cm.
latis, postice cuneatis, antice truncatis acute auriculatis, postice integris
antice minute dentatis dentibus ca. 10 haud aristatis, nervis furcatis,
soris postice deficientibus antice ca. 6, 1 mm. a margine remotis minutis
uniseriatis rufis impressis, indusio minuto fugaci rotundo umbonato.
Textura herbacea, faciebus calvis, colore flavoviridi, opaco.
Luzon, District of Bontoe, Sagada (1901 ee) November, 1905, alt.
1,600 m.
Very near the small group of P. hecatopteron Diels, and strongly resembling
i Dielsii Christ in Bull. Acad. Mans. (1906) 238, from which it differs in its
smaller size, its short stipe, the pinne not obtuse but pointed, the teeth more
pronounced and the sori less marginal.
20. Polystichum obliquum (Don) Moore Ind. (1858) 87. Aspidium obli-
quum Don Prodr. 3. A..caespitoswm Wall. Cat. No. 367,
Var. Luzonicum n. var.
Stipite debili 17 em. longo, fronde 25 cm. longa 5.5 em. lata, pinnis
imbricatis oblongo-rhomboideis 3 em. longis basi 12 mm. latis acutis
acute auriculatis, margine fere integro sed dentibus parvis dejicientibus
aristatis ciliato, soris biseriatis sed antice pluribus (ca. 10) medialibus
minutis. Nervis occultis, textura herbacea, opaca.
Luzon, Province of Benguet, Trinidad (1812 Copeland) October, 1905, alt.
1,200 m.
Very close to the plant from China, India, Annam (leg. Cadiére) and of Japan,
but larger, the teeth very faint, scarcely visible but nevertheless aristate.
58. CHRIST.
ASPIDIUM Swartz.
21. Aspidium (Pleocnemia) Angilogense Christ. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. Il.
6 (1906) 1003.
I do not hesitate to refer here Pleocnemia Cumingi Presl, Epim. Bot. 410,
and regret that this specific name which has priority, is inappropriate in Aspidium
because of the later use of the same specific name under Aspidium by several
authors, Kunze, Sturm. In addition to the localities in Luzon cited by me in
the original description of the species, Dr. Copeland has found it in Mindanao,
San Ramon, April, 1905, No. 1698, alt. 600 m. He adds “Fronds 2 to 3 m. high,
deltoid, stipe 2 m. high, stout, rhizome 10 to 20 em. thick, ascending. Presl,
without doubt after Cuming’s notes says “arbor viginti-pedalis.” In other
characters I find our species to be very near Nephrodium chrysotrichum Baker
from Samoa; Upolu, Apia leg. Betche 1880; Falwao leg. Reinecke 90, 94; Savai,
leg. Reinecke 90b; Upolu, leg. Reinecke 94. The two collectors give the height
of the Samoan plant as from 20 to 40 feet, with black trunks. It is certainly
the largest arborescent fern outside of the Cyatheaceae.
22. Aspidium profereoides n. sp.
Fronde sterili longissime stipitata, stipite 45 cm. longa pennae cygni
crassitie cum rhachi castaneo sulcato opaca squamis subulatis 0.5 em.
longis setisque brunneis sparso vestito, fronde ultra 50 em. longa 32 cm. lata
deltoideo-oblonga pinnata parce bipinnatifida, pinnis infimis nec abbre-
viatis nec postice auctis caeteris aequalibus, pinnis remotis recte patentibus
ea. 15 utrinque infra apicem acuminatum inciso-lobatum, sessilibus, 18 em.
longis 3.5 em. latis lanceolatis acutis usque ad mediam laminam incisis,
ala utringque 0.5 em. lata et ultra, lobis angulo angusto obtuso separatis
12 mm. longis 1 em. latis ovato-obtusis, ca. 18 utrinque, infimis aliquantum
auctis et rhachin tegentibus, subintegris, nervis non prominentibus, in
lobis pinnatis, 6 ad 8 utrinque, infimis areolam angulosam angustam secus
costam, superioribus 1, 2 aut 3 areolas laterales secus costulam formantibus,
ab areola costali ad sinum 3 aut 4 areolis intercalatis. Nervulis inclusis
nullis. Textura flaccide herbacea, colore obscure viridi, opaco, faciebus
imprimis costis furfuraceo-puberulis. Folio fertili sterili longiore ; stipite
70 cm. et ultra, fronde 50 em. longa, egregie contracta, pinnis valde
remotis, 10 cm. longis, 2.5 em. latis, ad alam angustam incisis, lobis
lineari-lanceolatis falcatis 4 mm. latis, soris 1.5 mm. latis rotundis
mediis brunneis, indusio flaccido atrobrunneo mox corrugato sine dubio
reniformi.
Aspidium eacellens Blume Enum, 120 differt ex descriptione Presliana 1. ¢.
frondibus monomorphis, segmentis acutis.
MinvAnao, District of Davao, Todaya (1467A Copeland) October, 1904, alt.
1,205 m. “Rootstock short, ereet” Copeland, :
A marked species with nerves of Proferea Presl, Epim. 619, and pronounced
dimorphism.
7
SPICILIGIUM FILICUM PHILIPPINPNSIUM. 159
LEPTOCHILUS Kaulfuss.
23. Leptochilus heteroclitus (Presl) C. Chr. Ind. Fil. (1905) 11, 385.
Acrostichum flagelliferum Wall.
This species, widely distributed from British India, throughout Malaya, and
in the Philippines especially, offers in the latter region a variability that ap-
proaches that of Dryopteris canescens, The apices of the sterile leaves are elon-
gated into linear lash-like appendages which are proliferous and usually take root,
the young plants emitting a fascicle of leaves entirely different from those of
the adult ones. Often they are not simple linear leaves, with the lateral lobes
more or less aborted, but frequently are singularly compound, enlarged and deeply
incised. Often the little plants are fertile, and the fertile fronds offer irregular-
ities analagous to the sterile ones. In other characters the differences are
frequently strongly marked, and the various forms might readily be considered
to represent distinct species. I have enumerated below the forms, that in my
conception of this species, should be considered as varieties or subspecies, and
although several of them have acquired a certain stability, certain characters are
constant in all of them, showing their close relationship to L. heteroclitus and
probable derivation from that species. :
Var. eurybasis n. var.
Rhizomate repente, pennae anserinae crassitie, cum stipite basi squamis
minutis dilute brunneis crispis sparso radicoso. Foliis sparsis sed appro-
pinquatis, foliorum sterilium stipite 8 cm. longo flexuoso tenui griseo,
fronde 13 em. longo deltoideo-ovata, pinna terminali decurrente et cum
pinna laterali proxima parva plus minus concreta, basi cuneata, acumi-
nata, nee caudata nec prolifera, 8 em. longa, 2.5 cm. lata oblonga par-
viloba, lobis 10 vel pluribus utrinque subrotundis 3 mm. latis acute
denticulatis, pinnis lateralibus 3 aut 4 utrinque, mediis 3 em. longis, 1
em. latis cuneatis obtusis decurrentibus serrato-lobulatis, infimis valde
postice auctis deltoideo-ovatis petiolatis nec decurrentibus, basi profunde
incisis, caeterum serrato-lobatis. Nervis lateralibus rectis a costa ad
marginem protensis 4 mm. distantibus, series plures areolarum yalde
irregulariarum, minores areolas nec nervulos liberos includentium con-
tinentibus. Colore atrato, textura herbacea, opaca. Foliorum fertilium
lamina aequilonga sed angustiore, pinna terminali 5 cm. longa lanceolata
acuta profunde lobata decurrente, pinnis lateralibus 4 utrinque obtusis,
2.5 em. longis, 1.5 cm. latis, ovatis sessilibus aut adnatis, sed pinnis infimis
petiolatis auctis, parte terminali late cuneato-ovata lobata, pinnulis late-
ralibus similibus minoribus.
Mrnpanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley (552 Mrs. Clemens) May, 1906, alt.
660 m.
Differing from the type by its aberrent fronds being in part bipinnate, deltoid
at the enlarged base, posteriorly deeply incised; even the fertile fronds are some-
times bipinnate at the base.
160 CHRIST.
Var. Foxworthyi n. var.
Pinna terminali lineari vel oblonga acuminata grosse dentata longe
decurrente interdum radicante, pinnis duabus lateralibus rudimentariis
minutis, 0.5 cm. aut ultra diametro, ellipticis aut rotundatis, pinna fertili
terminali lineari-lanceolata duobus lobulis lateralibus ovatis suffulta.
Planta vix 20 em. alta.
Luzon, Province of Rizal, Bosoboso (68 Foaworthy) January, 1906.
Small, very narrow and very simple in comparison with the type, but closely
related by the shoots developed along the upper parts of the leaves. :
Var. inconstans (Copel. in Govt. Lab. Publ. 28 (1905) 43 pro specie).
In view of the fact that two varieties show a progressive intergradation
between the type and the species described by Copeland, I have not hesitated to
consider the latter as a variety of Leptochilus heteroclitus, a form still more
reduced than the preceding, characterized by its very small size, the apices of the
leaves often linear, the shoots very irregular. Var. Fowworthyi is almost exactly
intermediate between the type and the variety inconstans.
Luzon, Province of Bataan, Lamao River (3128 Merrill) April, 1904; (251
Copeland) January, 1904; (1124 Whitford) March, 1905; Province of Rizal,
Mabaeal (Loher) March, 1906.
This variety seems to be rather widely distributed in the Philippines; I have
specimens from Christmas Island (Straits Settlements) leg. Ridley that closely
approach it. ; °
Var. Linnaeanus (Fée Acrost. 87 pro specie). ‘
I believe that this form can be reduced, with a sufficient degree of surety, as
a variety of Leptochilus heteroclitus, as a derived form of that species, in spite
of its uniformly elongated and very narrow leaves. Its texture, its, nerves,
although strongly simplified, its proliferous leaves and the strong resemblance
of its offshoots to those of the normal form support this contention. We have
then a series almost complete from the type, that seems to be always triphyllous
in the Philippines, to the form with absolutely linear and undivided leaves.
Luzon, Province of Rizal, Manap River, near Montalban (Loher) 1892.
24. Leptochilus diversifolius Blume, Enum. 103 et Fil. Jav. Tab. 12. —
Minpanao, San Ramon (1543 Copeland) November, 1904, alt. 100 m.
Discovered by Blume in Java and generally confounded with L. heteroclitus,
from which it is sufficiently distinet. Conf. Raciborski Pterid. Buitenz. 48,
ATHYRIUM Roth.
25. Athyrium anisopteron Christ, Ann. Acad. Mans. (1907).
Luzon, Province of Benguet, Mount Tonglon (Loher) 1894, alt. 2,250 m.;
Pauai (1967 Copeland) November, 1905, alt. 2,150 m.
This is the plant that I have previously considered as Aspidium Fauriei var.
elatum Christ,’ and which Copeland, MSS., referred to Nephrodium. Makino®
treats it with reason under Athyrium. After an examination of abundant material
I have divided this species into several, the representative in the Philippines
being A. anisopteron, a species of a Chinese group already known from Yunnan,
leg. Henry et P. Duclouz.
5 Bull. Herb. Boiss. 6 (1898) 193.
° Bot. Mag. Tokyo 17: 160.
SPICILIGIUM FILIGUM PHILIPPINENSIUM. 161
26. Athyrium nanum n. sp.
Rhizomate obliquo brevi aut subrepente, foliis subfasciculatis paucis—
(3 ad 4) stipite tenui fusco squamulis tenuissimis setulosis rufobrunneis
patentibus cum rhachi pubescente fere 0.5 ad 1 em. longo, fronde lan-
ceolata 6 cm. longa, 7 mm. lata in longam apicem pinnatifidum prolon-
gata, fere usque ad basin alata et utrinque 5 aut 6 pinnis remotiusculis
praedita, pinnis segmentisque erecto-patentibus, 2.5 ad 5 mm. altis supe-
rioribus basi aequalibus integris oblongis inferioribus inaequalibus antice
auriculatis subcrenatis infimis inaequalibus crenato-lobatis, puberulis, ner-
vis furcatis vix pinnatis, soris ca. 5 pro segmento, vix 1 mm. longis,
ovatis, ochraceis, indusio lanceolato rarius aspidioideo reniformi. Colore
laete virente, textura flaccide herbacea.
Minpanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley (656 Mrs. Clemens) July, 1906.
The smallest species of the genus known, pinnatifid and in part only simply
pinnate, distinguished by its rather strongly winged rachis.
27. Athyrium drepanopteron (Kze.) Moore. Aspleniwm owyphyllum (Wall.)
Hook. Polypodium drepanopteron Kze. Linnea 23: 278, 318. Lastrea eburnea
J. Sm. Bot, Mag. 72 (1846) Comp. 34. :
Luzon, Province of Benguet, Baguio (6498 Elmer) June, 1904; found also by
other American collectors. :
A continental type extending from Japan to Yunnan and north India.
28. Athyrium Benguetense n. sp.
Rhizomate ut videtur repente aut obliquo tenui nigro, stipitibus ap-
proximatis paucis tenuibus stramineis 25 cm. et ultra longis, basi
squamulis lanceolatis brunneis 2 mm. longis sparsis vestitis, rhachi et costa
puberulis, planta aliter nuda, fronde caudato-acuminata lanceolata 30
em. longa-9 em. lata basi non attenuata bipinnatifida, pinnis patentibus
sessilibus (costa straminea) remotis, infimis subdeflexis, ca. 25 infra
apicem lobatum, 5 cm. longis 16 mm. latis lanceolato-acuminatis fere ad
rhachin incisis, segmentis subpectinatis ca. 18 utrinque 2.5 mm. latis,
lineari-oblongis obtusiusculis subcrenatis aut integris, nervis 6 ad 8
utrinque simplicibus obliquis, soris mediis 6 ad 8 utrinque, rotundis
vix 1 mm. latis ochraceis, indusio tenuissimo rotundo reniformi hyalino
umbone obscure, mox evanido. Textura flaccida, colore atroviridi.
Luzon, District of Lepanto, Mount Data (Loher) February, 1894, 2,250 m. alt.;
Province of Benguet, Pauai (1948 Copeland) November, 1905, alt. 2,150 m.
By its aspidioid sori a Dryopteris, but in all other respects a true Athyrium,
very delicate and with segments almost entire.
29. Athyrium Copelandi n. sp. -
Rhizomate ramoso breviter repente crassiuseulo atrato, stipitibus
plumbeo-stramineis basi squamis lanceolato-subulatis brunneis parce ves-
titis, supra cum rhachi furfuraceo-squamulosis, 9 cm. longis, fronde 14
cm. longa, 6 cm. lata oblonga, basi non attenuata longe acuminata, pinnis
162 CHRIST.
ca. 15 utrinque (rhachi versus apicem alata) sessilibus superioribus adna-
tis et decurrentibus, faleatis, inferioribus remotis, grosse lobatis 3 cm.
longis 1 em. latis lobis ca. 6 utrinque infimis antice maximis, 4 cm. longis,
3 cm. latis, triangulari-ovatis, acutiusculis subcrenatis, nervis in lobis
pinnatis 3 ad 4 utrinque, obliquis, soris 2 ad 3 mm. longis 1 mm. latis,
turgidis ovato-lanceolatis, omnino tectis, indusio leviter curvato, griseo,
membranaceo, persistente, soris rufo-ochraceis. _Textura coriacea, colore
atrovirente subtus pallido, faciebus glabris.
Luzon, District of Lepanto, Mount Data (1909 Copeland) November, 1905,
alt. 1,700 m.
A small alpine species intermediate between Athyrium acrostichoides (Sw.)
Diels and Diplazi Japoni (Thunb.).
DIPLAZIUM Swartz.
30. Diplazium bulbiferum Brack. U. 8. Expl. Exp. 16 (1854) 141. Tab. 18.
fk
Rhizomate pollicis crassitie, oblique erecto, radicibus nudis crassis et
longis semi-supraterraneis suffulto, foliis fasciculatis sed paucis, stipitibus
basi atratis squamisque subulatis nigris 0.5 em. longis vestitis, superne
raris setis nigris sparsis, 15 ad 25 cm. longis, tenuibus, fronde 20 ad 30 cm.
longa, 13 cm. lata, ovato-oblonga apice pinnatifida-acuminata pinnata,
ad basin apicis rhachi gemmifera et interdum vivipara, pinnis infimis
aliquantum abbreviatis et deflexis, pinnis fere omnibus versus apicem
usque egregie petiolatis, petiolo 3 ad 5 mm. longo, horizontali, pinnis 8
ad 10 utrinque infra apicem pinnatifidum, oblongis acutis nec caudatis
ca. 4 em. rarius magis longis 18 mm. latis basi inaequalibus postice cuneatis
antice auriculato-truncatis grosse crenato-serratis lobulis brevibus raro
ultra 3 mm. longis 8 ad 5 mm. latis decumbentibus, acutiusculis, nervis
utrinque in lobulis pinnatis plerumque>2 aut 3 utroque costulae latere
obliquis, soro plerumque duplici (diplazioideo) protenso 7 mm. longo
brunneo anguste lineari nervulo anteriore imposito, soris irregularibus
brevibus aliis nervulis insidentibus, indusio tenuissimo diaphano decolori.
Textura herbacea, planta laevi, colore supra atroviridi, subtus pallido,
opaco. 5
MrnpAnao, Davao (701 Copeland) March, 1904: San Ramon (1678. Copeland)
March, 1905; Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley (167, 252 Mrs. Clemens) February,
1906. Luzon, Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles (6010 Leiberg) July, 1904;
(234 Whitford) May, 1904; (238 Copeland) January, 1904.
A species of the D. silvaticum group, but smaller, proliferous, its pinne distant,
generally short, shortly pointed and long petioled, unequally auriculate, slightly
lobed, one long sorus and some short ones on each lobe, very pale beneath. The
specimen from San Ramon is very large with 16 pairs of pinne 12 by 2 em.,
and more deeply lobed than the others.
I think that the plant that I took for D. silvaticum Presl in my first paper
on Loher’s Philippine ferns,” and of which I have not a specimen at hand, is
7 Bull. Herb. Boiss. 6: 153.
SPICILIGIUM FILICUM PHILIPPINPNSIUM. 163
perhaps referable to the above species which seems to be widely distributed in
the Philippines. D. petiolare Presl, Epim. 446, a species that I have not seen,
differs, according to the description, in its linear pinne and pubescent rachis.
Diplazium silvaticum is to me more and more a “collective species” worthy of
being segregated into several distinct forms.
31, Diplazium atratum n. sp.
Stipite 25 cm. et ultra longo basi incrassito digiti diametro sulcato,
ebeneo aut atroviolaceo, opaco uti tota planta, basi latere ventrali more
cyathearum squamis subulatis 1.5 em. longis nigris dense vestito, planta
aliter subnuda aut minute furfuracea, fronde late deltoidea acuta 60 em.
et ultra longa basi 45 cm. et ultra lata, bipinnata, pinnis remotis petiolo
2 ad 3 cm. longo praeditis superioribus subsessilibus, recte patentibus,
utrinque ca. 20, infimis haud reductis, usque ad 30 cm. longis, 10 em.
latis, longe acuminatis, basi attenuatis pinnulis ca. 20 infra apicem
incisum ultra 1 cm. distantibus, recte patentibus inferioribus petiolulatis
e basi lata lanceolato-acuminatis, ultra mediam laminam basique fere
ad costam incisis, lobis ca. 15 utrinque porrectis 3 mm. longis trigono-
falcatis acutis margine serrulato saepe reflexo pinnis superioribus pinnulis
similibus, nervis 4 ad 7 utrinque obliquis crassis simplicibus, soris nervosa
costa fere ad marginem segmentibus valde obliquis convexis atrobrunneis,
linearibus simplicibus, indusio lineari coriaceo brunneo _persistente.
Fronde glabra, textura rigide, fere lignoso-coriacea, colore atrofusco,
opaco.
PALAWAN, Victoria Peak (714, 683, 663 Foxworthy) March, 1906, alt. 600 to
1,100 m. :
The plant with its hard woody texture and its dark color must be in sharp
contrast to the surrounding vegetation. It is a very stiff coriaceous species
with ample, deltoid, bipinnate fronds, the pinne petioled, the pinnules narrow
and deeply incised, the lobes angular, narrow, their margins reflexed, the stipe
and axial parts black, the frond itself blackish. The species has the general
appearance of a Dicksonia or a Cyathea.
32. Diplazium crenatoserratum (Blume Enum. 177, Asplenium).
Mrypanao, San Ramon (1667 Copeland) March, 1905, alt. 650 m.
This species has not previously been reported from the Philippines; the above
specimen matches material in my herbarium from Singapore leg. Hose, Java
leg. Lefebre, Borneo leg. Grabowsky, Hose, Niewenhuis, Celebes leg, Sarasin and
Sumatra leg. Schneider.
33. Diplazium Smithianum (Baker) Diels Nat. Pflanzenfam. 1* (1889)
228. Asplenium Smithianum Baker Syn. 245,
I am unable to distinguish from this species No. 2667 Merrill from Bosoboso,
Rizal Province, Luzon, determined by Copeland as D. dolichosorum Copel. The
type of Copeland’s species is from Minpanao and he does not mention the Luzon
plant in his diagnosis. Loher has previously found D. Smithianum in Luzon,
and I have specimens from Celebes, leg. Sarasin, Koorders and Warburg (No.
15314) and from New Guinea, Sattelberg, Weinland, 1890. It is also found in
Ceylon.
164 CHRIST.
ASPLENIUM Linn.
34. Asplenium exiguum Bedd. Ferns. 8. Ind. t. 146.
Luzon, Province of Benguet, Adouay (1845 Copeland) October, 1905, alt.
900 m.; Baguio (4887, 4860 Curran) August, 1906.
An ‘Aas type.
I have specimens from Simla leg. Blanford, Massuri leg. Hees Bhotan leg.
Griffith No. 2812, Yunnan leg. Delavay and from The Nilgiris, southern India,
leg. Gamble. It has not been found in Japan.
35. Asplenium Elmeri n. sp.
Rhizomate brevi radicoso, squamis castaneis subulatis coronato stipi-
tibus fasciculatis 7 ad 12 cm. longis cum rhachi atrorufis subintentibus,
squamulis patentibus subulatis brunneis vestitis, rhachi in parte superiore
sed infra apicem prolifera, fronde oblonga acuminata basi attenuata 20
em. longa 6 ad 8 em. lata, bipinnata sive tripinnatifida, pinnis petiolatis, -
16 ad. 20 utrinque recte patentibus remotiusculis breviter petiolatis,
costa libera supra breviter alata, pinrfis ovato-elongatis acuminatis apice
grosse dentato lanceolato, pinnis 2 ad 3 em. longis, 1.5 em. latis remotis
paucis 2 rarius 3 utrinque, petiolulatis ovato-cuneatis obtusis grosse
dentatis 8 mm. longis 3 mm. latis, pinnula basali anteriore aucta et rhachi
approximata, nervis in segmentis flabellato-furcatis, soris 2 aut 3 in
segmento, lanceolatis 4 mm. latis atrobrunneis indusio griseo anguaty
persistente. Colore opaco atroviridi, textura herbacea.
Luzon, Province of Benguet, Mount Santo Tomas (6538 Elmer) June, 1904:
District of Lepanto, Mount Data (1858 Copeland) October, 1905.
Loher has found the same species previously on Mount Mariveles, Province of
Bataan, Luzon, September, 1893, but his specimens are larger, 55 cm. tall.
Very nearly the same species is found in Celebes (1322 Sarasin) November,
1895, but in Sarasin’s plant the segments are longer and the rachis is -also
proliferous. A small species resembling Aspleniwm cuneatum Lam., and A.
praemorsum Sw., which are frequently found in herbaria under the name A.
laserpitiifolium, and sometimes under the name A. contiguum. A good species
characterized by its stipe and rachis being covered with scales.
I no longer maintain as a Philippine species Asplenium nitidum, that I previ-
ously credited to Luzon.s I have not seen from the Archipelago the large plant
with long pinnules which are auricled and deeply incised such as is represented
in Malacca, by specimens leg. Ridley and in os leg. Niewenhuis, ete.
_ 36. Asplenium praemorsum Sw. Prodr. 130.
Luzon, Province of Benguet, Pauai (Copeland) November, 1905, alt. 2,200 m.
A small form with narrowly cuneiform segments previously found in Luzon
by Loher,
37. Asplenium truncatilobum (Presl) Yarachia trunctailoba Presl Epim.
(1849) 437. Asplenium arayatense Christ Mss.
Luzon, Province of Pampanga, Mount Arayat (3816, 3909 Merrill) May,
October, 1904: Province of Laguna, Mount Maquiling (Loher) 1906: Province
of Zambales, Mount Pinatubo (Loher) February, 1906: Province of Benguet.
Adouay (1857¢ Copeland) October, 1905.
’ Bull. Herb. Boiss. (1898), 6, 153.
SPICILIGIUM FILICUM PHILIPPINENSIUM. 165
The specimens have been referred by the collectors with doubt, sometimes
to Asplenium hirtum Kaulf., sometimes to A. caudatum Forst. They have more
the appearance of A. horridum Kaulf., but differ from the latter in being smaller,
with shorter pinne, the lobes less numerous, truncate at the apices, and the
stipe particularly villous. I believe that the specimens cited above are identical
with the species clearly described by Presl.
38. Asplenium horridum Kault. Enum. 173.
MinpAnao, District of Davao, Mount Apo (319 DeVore et Hoover) 1903.
Very typical and agreeing with specimens from the Sunda Islands and
Polynesia. -
39. Asplenium militare Copel. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 254.
Minbanao, District of Davao, Mount Apo (321 DeVore et Hoover) May, 1903;
(1505 Copeland), 1,800 m. alt., a specimen with more deeply lobed pinne.
A species remarkable for its r blance to Aspleni serra Langsd. et Fisch.,
of tropical America, very large with broad lanceolate pinne which are lobed and
finely denticulate, the sori short and close to the costa.
40. Asplenium cuneatum Lam. Encyel. 2: 309.
This group, diffieult everywhere, is particularly polymorphous in the Philip-
pines. A form that can be admitted to the Philippine — without doubt, is
the following:
Var. tripinnatum Fourn. Fil. Nov. Caledon, 307. ‘
Tripinnatifidum, segmentis brevibus ovato-cuneatis.
MINDANAO, District of Davao, Mount Apo (318 DeVore et Hoover) May, 1903:
Province of Zamboanga, San Ramon (1728 Copeland) April, 1904, alt. 600 m.
Luzon, Province of Rizal, Montalban (Loher) March, 1906.
41. Asplenium laserpitiifolium Lam. Encycl. 2: 310.
This species:in the young state is perhaps sometimes confused with the
preceding, but Fowrnier 1. ¢., indicates a good distinctive character. In A.
cuneatum the sori are narrow, flabellate and reach to the border of the pinne,
- while in A. laserpitiifolium they are convex and are confined to the middle of the
pinne.
Luzon, Province of Benguet, Baguio (6029 Hlmer): Province of. Bataan,
Mount Mariveles (176 Whitford) May, 1904. ‘
Var. subvenustum n. var. :
This is a reduced form 30 to 45 em. high with very much divided fronds and
slender stipes, the pinnules 5 mm. long, sometimes longer, triangular, flabellate,
the sori small, short, two or three on a pinnule, resembling Adiantum venustum
Don. The specimens are not young plants, but appear to be full grown and
constant in the above characters.
Luzon, Province of Rizal, Bosoboso (1097 Ramos) July, 1906; (80 ‘Foxworthy y)
January, 1906: Province of Cavite, Mendez Nufiez (1037 Mangubat) August, 1906.
42. Asplenium affine Sw.; Schrad. Journ. 1800? (1801) 56,
' After comparison with specimens from Bourbon and Africa, I admit to the
Philippine flora as this species, a specimen with bipinnate fronds, the pinnules
elongate-rhomboidal, 2 cm. long, unequal, irregularly dentate, slightly incised,
the sori numerous, straight, narrow, elongated, and parallel. In texture this
species is firmer than the preceding one.
Minpanao, District of Davao, Todaya (1502 Copeland) October, 1904, alt.
725 m.
166 CHRIST.
43. Asplenium insititium Brack. U. S. Explor. Exped. 161. pl. 22. f. 2.
Luzon, Province of Benguet, Baguio (6012 Elmer) March, 1904.
I have identified this plant after comparison with specimens from the Sand-
wich Islands, leg. Hillebrand and Baldwin, and from New Caledonia leg. Franc.
It is the form that Copeland in his Polypodiaceae of the Philippines, 84, supposes
to be the variety bipinnatifidum of A. contiguum Kaulf., but it belongs evidently
in the section with A. cuneatum. :
STENOCHLAENA J. Sm.
The species of this genus often can not be determined with certainty without
utilizing the characters shown by. the secondary leaves. Unfortunately these
secondary leaves are as yet imperfectly known in many species, for frequently
when adult and soriferous leaves are found, the secondary leaves are not to be
found, and without the three forms and without the certainty of their having
come from the same plant it is often difficult if not impossible to identify these
forms of Stenochlaena with trimorphous leaves. :
Underwood® separates the species of Stenochlaena of the Old World, which
have the veins springing directly from the midrib, into two groups: 1, Terat-
ophytlum with trimorphous leaves and with spiny naked rhizomes, and 2,
Lomariopsis with rhizomes covered with scales but spineless. However, our
knowledge of the last group is not sufficiently complete to determine whether or
not the secondary leaves are present or lacking, but I am of the opinion that
they are present, at least in some species.
From the Philippines I am able to record the following species:
44, Stenochlaena aculeata (Blume) Kunze Bot. Zeit. 6: 142. Lomaria
aculeata Blume Enum. PI. Jav. 205.
Luzon, Province of Rizal (Loher) March, 1906; (2695 Ahern’s collector) conf.
Verhandl. Schweiz. Nat. Forsch. Gesellsch. (1906) Tab. 8; Province of Benguet
(6264 Elmer); northern Luzon (Warburg). Mrnpanao, Mount Batangan
(Warburg).
The secondary leaves of this plant agree very well with those figured by Hooker
Sp. Fil. 1: 56. B, for Davallia achilleaefolia Wall., which is cited by Underwood
as a synonym of S. aculeata. I do not hesitate to identify with this species the
form described by Copeland as Aspleni piphyti (Perk. Frag. Fl. Philip.
(1905) 184), and Dr. Copeland himself admits in his Comparative Ecology of
San Ramon Polypodiacex,” that this plant is “apparently identical with occasional
immature forms of S. aculeata”? This form constitutes simply, as I have demon-
strated in Verhand. Schweiz. Nat. Forsch. Ges. (1906) Tab. 5, the metamorphosis
of the secondary leaves to the adult ones, combined with asplenioid sori which
appear on the metamorphosed leaves as a reminder of the origin of the genus,
which is from the vicinity of Asplenium. I have a specimen from Dr. Copeland
which has beside scolopendriform leaves, a portion of the rhizome. with spines
and with tripinnate leaves similar to those figured by Hooker for Davallia
achilleaefolia.
Copeland found his Asplenium epiphyticum without the adult form of Steno-
chlaena, which shows that the species of Stenochlaena are not always normally
developed, but remain sometimes in a stunted condition. An analagous case is
found in the Philippines in Leptochilus heteroclitus.
® Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 33 (1906) 35.
0 This Journal, Bot. 2 (1907) 69.
r
SPICILIGIUM FILICUM PHILIPPINENSIUM. 167
Mindanao, Surigao (260 Bolster) 3, Davao (699 Copeland) ; San Ramon (1572
Copeland). ;
The same plant with simple leaves but with their bases cut into irregular
pinnate segments has been called by Bory, Scolopendrium Durvillei (Kunze
Schkuhr Suppl. Tab. 5.). :
MinpDAnaAo, Mount Batangan (14111 Warburg).
45. Stenochlaena Williamsii Underw. in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 33 (1906) 41,
Luzon, Province of Bataan, Lamao River (368 Barnes), det. Copeland. :
The specimens agree well with the description of the species. The secondary
leaves, which I presume belong with the specimens cited, but without being able
to determine this point with certainty, differ from those of the preceding species
in their linear, more elongated segments and with a tendency of the frond to
become gradually larger and to present auricles at the anterior base of the
pinnules, a point of union with Asplenium of the cuneatum group, conf. Verhandl.
Schweiz. Nat. Forsch. Gesell. (1906) Tab. 6. The secondary leaves mentioned
above are those of specimens from Mindanao (Warburg), Luzon (Warburg) and
North Celebes, Bojong (15321 Warburg). ‘ :
46. Stenochlaena arthropteroides Christ in Bull. Herb. Boiss. Il. 6 (1906)
998. .
Luzon, Province of Rizal, Montalban (Loher) January, 1906, a very similar
form, but slightly larger from the Lamao River, Province of Bataan (85 Barnes).
This species is distinguished by its very unequal and crenulate pinne, one
specimen with secondary leaves bearing also some adult leaves, which, although
small, are strongly crenulate. The secondary leaves are rather large, 10 em.
long, 4 cm. wide, nearly sessile, tripinnatifid, the rachis reddish, flexuous, the
pinne ovate, obtuse, 2 cm. long, 1 em. wide; the pinnules serrate, cut into linear
segments which are obtuse, often bi- or tri-furcate, 2 mm. long, 0.5 to 1 mm.
wide, the color very dark green.
47, Stenochlaena subtrifoliata Copel. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl.
152.
Mrnpanao, District of Zamboanga, San Ramon (1749 Copeland), alt. 750 m.
Judging from the above authentic specimen this is a very distinct species,
characterized by the cartilaginous borders of the adult pinne.
48. Stenochlaena palustris (Burm.) Bedd. Polypodium palustre Burm. FI.
Ind. (1768) 234,
MINDANAO, Davao (532 Copeland).
The typical form, identical with specimens in my herbarium from Java, Ceylon,
Himalaya and Samoa.
ra
49. Stenochlaena sp. <
This is the plant described by me in Bull. Herb. Boiss. Il. 6 (1906) 997, and
which approaches 8. Milnei Underw. ex descr., but which it is impossible for me
to identify specifically because fertile fronds are lacking.
DAVALLIA Sm.
50. Davallia decurrens Hook. Sp. Fil. 1: 167. t. 94 B.
This species, found by Cuming, is cited by Copeland in his Polypodiacee of
the Philippines 54, without exact locality. It appears to be rare. I have
specimens from Montalban, Province of Rizal, Luzon, collected by Loher in
March, 1906, that agree exactly with Hooker’s figure, except that Loher’s
specimens are smaller, and have bi- to tri-pinnatifid fronds instead of tri- to
quadri-pinnatifid ones.
168 CHRIST.
51. Davallia vestita Blume Enum. (1828) 233.
’ Luzon, Province of Pampanga, Mount Arayat (3878 Merrill) May, 1904:
Provineé of Tayabas, Motnt Banajao (Loker) February, 1906, Necros, Mount
. Silay (1516 Whitford) May, 1906.
- This species does not seem to be rare in the Philippines. The specimens are
less scaly than those of Java and Celebes.
52. Davallia pusilla Mett. Ann. Se. Nat. IV. 15 (1861) 79. ‘
_ Minpanao, Province of Zamboanga, San Ramon (1665 Copeland) 1905.
Copeland™ has identified this number as Humata parvula J. Sm., but my
specimen agrees exactly with specimens of Davallia pusilla from New Caledonia
leg. Franc. ~ ; -f
MICROLEPIA Presl.
53. Microlepia Sablanensis n. sp.
Tripinnata, ampla, rhachi opaca fulvostraminea, brevissime et molliter
puberula, pinnis 35 cm. et ultra longis, 9 cm. latis, elongato-caudatis,
breviter petiolatis basi vix abbreviatis, pinnulis pectinato-confertis nume-
rosis (40 et ultra utrinque) recte patentibus, fere sessilibus, acuminatis,
basi inaequali, segmento infimo anteriore aucto, libero, ad rhachim ad- .
presso, ad rhachim incisis, segmentis ca. 20 utrinque confertis angulo
angusto separatis oblongis, obtusis, 0.5 cm. longis, 2.5 mm. latis, inae-
qualibus, postice subintegris cuneatis, antice truncatis, crenatis, lobulis
plerumque 3 minutis, nervis manifestis, in lobulis bi- aut tri-furcatis,
soris minutis, 2 aut 3 plerumque antice in sinubus lobulorum positis,
globosis, indusio inconspicuo semicupuliformi tenuissimo. Textura her-
bacea, costis nervisque subtus pilosis, facie superiore laevi, sed opaca,
colore obscure viridi.
Luzon, Province of Benguet, Sablan (6231 Elmer) April, 1904.
Differing from Microlepia speluncae (L.) Moore in its larger fronds, finer
pubescence, the pinnules more numerous, the segments smaller, less unequal and
the denticulations finer.
DENNSTAEDTIA Bernh.
54. Dennstaedtia Smithii (Hook.) Moore Index. 308.
Luzon, Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles (1133 WHO e) March, 1904:
Province of Rizal (91 Foaworthy) January, 1906.
The specimens cited above agree exactly with the figure given by Hooker,” but a
species very close to this, recently described by Copeland, seems to be more common
and widely distributed. It is larger, more pubescent, and with the basal pinnule
of the III order anteriorly very much augmented. It is:
55. Dennstaedtia Williamsi Copel. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl.
148, of which I had prepared the following diagnosis before learning that —
had already described the species. ; :
Amplissima, quadripinnatifida, stipite 2 m. alto, 2.5 cm. e dinhisiro,
tereti, rufo-testaceo, dense cum rhachi pilis strigosis patentibus 2.5 mm.
longis fulvis tomentoso postea glabrata, frondibus 2 m. altis, fasciculatis
uThis Journal 1 (1906) Suppl. 147.
2 8p. Fil. 124. 28D.
SPICILIGIUM FILICUM PHILIPPINENSIUM. 169
(Copeland) pinnis petiolatis, 90 em. longis, 30 cm. latis oblongis acumi-
natis basi haud attenuatis. Pinnulis ca. 35 utrinque, infimis remotis,
reliquis approximatis, petiolulatis, infimis 16 cm. longis, basi 6 cm.
latis, acuminatis, oblongis, antice basi valde auctis, i. e., pinnula! 5
em. longa lanceolata, rhachi adpressa et pinnularum! proximam at-
tingente et superante, basi pinnulae!™ posteriore cuneata, pinnulis!™!
valde abbreviatis praedita, Pinnulis"™! imbricato-confertis ca. 25 utrin-
que, lanceolato-obtusiusculis, basi inaequali antice aucta, brevissime
petiolatis, 2 cm. longis, 0.5 cm. latis, usque ad costulam alatam incisis,
segmentis ultimis oblongis obtusis inaequalibus antice crenatis 0.5 em.
longis, 2.5 mm. latis, costis nervisque adpresse rufo-pubescentibus, nervis
in segmentis pinnatis furcatis manifestis, soris in sinu dentium. positis,
uno rarius pluribus pro segmento, marginalibus, 1 mm. diametro, globosus,
brunneis, indusio superiore (marginali) manifesto deflexo, inferiore
sporangiis conferto. Textura coriacea rigida, colore griseo-virente, opaco.
MINDANAO, Province of Zamboanga, San Ramon (1632 Copeland) February,
1905: District of Davao, Mount Batangan (14134 Warburg): Lake Lanao,
Camp Keithley (375 Mrs. Clemens) March, 1906. Luzon, Province of Rizal,
Mount Batay (Loher) April, 1905; Arambibi River (Loher) March.
56. Dennstaedtia Hooveri n. sp.
Amplissima, rhizomate repente, fronde 2 m. alta, subdeltoidea, quad-
ripinnatifida, stipite 1.5 ad 2 m. (Copeland) rhachi digiti crassitie, cum
costis costulisque pubescentia brevi strigosa rufa tecta, pinnis 60 cm.
longis, 18 cm. latis breviter petiolatis basi vix attenuatis, acuminatis,
pinnulis alternis approximatis petiolulatis, ca. 35 utrinque, e basi lata
et antice aucta oblongis acutis, 9 em. longis basi 3 em. latis, costa haud
alata, pinnulis!!! ca, 18 utrinque, fere imbricato-confertis, ovato-obtusis
inaequalibus, basi posteriori cuneatis, antice truncatoauctis 1 cm. longis,
0.5 em. latis usque ad rhachin incisis, segmentis'Y 3 aut 4 utrinque,
cuneato-oblongis obtusis, 3 mm. longis 2.5 mm. latis crenato-lobatis, iis
pinnarum sterilium elongatis dentibus acutiusculis, nervis in segmentis
pinnatis et furcatis, faciebus utrinque pilosis, pilis albidis tortuosis,
soris 1 mm. latis rotundatis, uno rarius pluribus pro segmento, in dente
obtuso brevi basilari posito, indusio tenuissimo mox evanido infero semi-
cupuliformi membranaceo-griseo. Textura tenuiter herbacea, colore
obscuro-viridi.
Minpanao, District of Davao, Mount Apo (DeVore & Hoover) May, 1903:
Province of Zamboanga, San Ramon (Copeland) May, 1905, alt. 850 m.
A species related to D, flaccida (Forst.) Bernh., of Samoa, characterized by
its long and rather frequent villous hairs, the pinnules of the third order broad,
irregularly parted and serrate-imbricate, and a rather pronounced dimorphism
between the fertile and sterile fronds. Texture thin. Rachis and cost covered
with a reddish pubescence. It is distinguished from D. flaccida by its lobes and
pinnules being narrower and in its shorter pubescence, otherwise very similar to
that species.
54744 2
170 CHRIST.
HEMIGRAMMA nov. gen.
Foliis rosulatis simplicibus aut irregulariter pinnatipartitis, dimorphis,
soriferis contractis, nervatione sagenioidea, i. e., pinnata, inter nervos
laterales multifarie areolata, nervulis liberis inclusis, soris lineatis ramosis
nervos anastomosantes sequentibus, ipsisque irregulariter anastomosan-
tibus et reticulatis.
57. Hemigramma Zollingeri (S. Kurz) Hemionitis Zollingert S. Kurz in
Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 39:* 90. t. 5.
I believe that some of the specimens on which Dr. Copeland based his new
species, Hemionitis gymnopteroidea * should be referred to Hemigramma Zolling-
eri, Copeland states that his species can be distinguished from H. Zollingeri by
the copious free veinlets in the sterile frond. In my specimens of the species
from Batavia, Java, ex Herb. Hort. Bot. Bogor., and from Celebes, leg. Sarasin, the
veinlets are also very numerous, even as Kurz himself shows in the figure cited
above; moreover the constantly contracted fertile fronds of Hemionitis gymnopter-
oidea are not a peculiarity of that species, as in my specimens from Montalban,
leg. Loher, they are 1 em. wide and present the oblique lozenge-shaped soriferous
bodies as do the specimens from Java.
Var. major (Copel) Hemionitis gymnopteroidea forma major Copel. 1. e.
Rhizomate crasso obliquo rudimentis stipitum tecto, foliis fasciculatis
paucis (3 ad 4) stipitibus, basi incrassatis usque ad 16 em. longis basi
squamis subulato-setiformibus patentibus nigris usque ad 1 cm. longis
dense barbato, caeterum parcius sparso, lamina sterili 20 ad 25 cm.
longa saepe basi aequilata, interdum simplice ovato-acuminata medio 7
cm. lata repanda aut obtuse lobata, saepius profunde pinnatifida aut
basi pinnata, valde irregulariter lobata, apice aucto et elongato usque
ad 8 cm. lata,, pinnis usque ad 3 utrinque, ovatis repandis acutis aut
obtusis, pinnis basalibus saepe postice cordatis, omnibus ala plus minus ~
lata junctis, fronde saepe decurrente, lamina fertili valde contracta, 8 cm.
longa, 4 cm. lata, 2 pinnis utrinque 5 cm. longis 3 mm. latis et apice
irregulariter lobato, nervis lateralibus 12 ad 15 utrinque pro pinna,
patentibus, rectiusculis, manifestis, fere ad marginem protensis, ca. 5
areolas rectangulas includentibus, quae nervulorum reti nec non nervulis
crebris liberis furcatis repletae sunt, pinnis soriferis irregularibus, spo-
rangiorum nervulos sequentibus fulvis tectis. Textura herbacea mem-
branacea, fere diaphana, colore laete virente, opaca.
Luzon, Province of Bataan, Lamao River (2124 Borden) December, 1904:
Province of Rizal, Montalban (Loher) September, 1891. Mrnpanao, Province of
Zamboanga, San Ramon (1780 Copeland) May, 1905.
It does not form a nearly sessile rosette like the species, but the leaves are
fascicled and stipitate and the sterile fronds, like the fertile ones, are pinnatifid
and even pinnate. The size is much larger.
This form imitates strangely Leptochilus latifolius (Meyen) (Gymnopteris
taccaefolia J. Sm.) in the protean variation of the fronds and in its habit.
- Normally to rate the large plant as a variety would not be comprehensible, from
8 Perk. Frag. Fl. Philip. (1905) 183.
SPICILIGIUM FILICUM PHILIPPINENSIUM. 171
the study of dried plants alone, without the evidence given by Copeland, and the
absolute identity of the venation, tissue and its general structure. It is a
striking example of the strange and luxuriant forms found in the Philippines.
Leptochilus latifolius is distinguishable from our plant by its firm texture,
not diaphanous, its color, black when dry, its proliferous fronds and its areolw
supplied with a network of very irregular nerves.
Diel’s procedure in placing Hemionitis Zollingeri in Syngramme is to me an
unnatural arrangment. The ancestry of the plant is rather in the Aspidieae,
analagous to Stenosemia, and accordingly the above new generic name is proposed
for it. :
CONIOGRAMME Fee.
58. Coniogramme fraxinea (Don.) Diels in Nat. Pflanzenfam. 14 (1899)
262. Diplazium fraxi Don Prodr. Fl. Nepal. (1825) 12,
This genus is in need of revision and contains a plurality of forms which
doubtless can be studied with better results in the field than in the herbarium.
In addition to the ordinary form with bi- to tri-pinate fronds which are membra-
nous and serrate, Copeland indicates, without name, another one that usually
has entire and simply pinnate fronds. This latter form is very close to one found
in China that I have described as the variety spinulosa™ but the Philippine
form is larger and with nearly entire margins, and J call it:
Var. Copelandi n. var.
Mrnpanao, Province of Zamboanga, San Ramon (1746 Copeland) April, 1905.
Luzon, Province of Rizal, Mabacal (Loher) March, 1906. The same plant, but
denticulate, has been found in Benguet Province, Baguio (6032 Hlmer) March,
1904.
LINDSAYA Pry.
59. Lindsaya falcata Dry. Trans. Linn. Soe. 3 (1797) 41. ¢. 7. f. 2.
Negros, Gimagaan River (66 Copeland) January, 1904; (1568 Whitford)
May, 1906. ,
The above specimens agree exactly with material from tropical America. It
is rather remarkable that this species, like Lindsaya lancea (Linn.) Bedd., should
be found in tropical America and again in the orient.
PTERIS Linn.
60. Pteris quadriaurita Retz. Obs. 6: 38. :
Stipite cum rhachi plerumque glabro, styamineo, segmentis oblongis,
basi conjunctis, nervis liberis, subtus manifestis, textura herbacea, colore
laete virente.
Luzon, Province of Rizal (111 Foaworthy) January, 1906; Mabacal (Loher)
March, 1906: Province of Zambales, Mount Pinatubo (Loher) February, 1906:
Province of Bataan, Lamao River (239, 240 Copeland) February, 1904: Province
of Union, Bauang (5619 Elmer) February, 1904.
The above specimens represent the typical form of this polymorphous species,
being membranous in texture, the nerves manifest on the lower surface and not
united, the segments oblong united at the base, the stipe and rachis generally
smooth. The numerous derived forms of this group which are found in the
Philippines can be grouped as follows:
4 Govt, Lab. Publ. 28 (1905) 67.
% Bull, Soc. Bot. France (1905) 52,55.
172 CHRIST.
61. Pteris biaurita Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) 1076.
Luzon, Province of Benguet, Mount Tonglon (Loher) ; Buguias (1895 Copeland)
October, 1905; Manila (Usteri) December, 1902. PALAWAN, (594 Foxworthy)
April, 1906.
A subspecies fiseastliag the typical form, but the nerves forming a costal
areola which is sometimes narrow and difficult to find, sometimes rather large
and distinct.
62. Pteris Blumeana Agardh Pterid. 22.
Stipite rhachique, saepe etiam costis, rufostramineis, castaneis aut
atratis verrucis minutis asperis, segmentis linearibus Ree plus minus
liberis, numerosis, pectinato-confertis, nervis liberis subtus tenuibus minus
manifestis, textura coriacea rigida, colore obscure viridi saepe glaucino.
Minpanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley (255 Mrs. Clemens) February, 1906:
District of Davao, Mount Dagatpan (Warburg); Santa Cruz (254 DeVore &
Hoover) April, 1903: Province of Zamboanga, San Ramon (1596, 1599 Copeland)
January, 1905. Luzon, Province of Benguet, Sablan (6213 Elmer) April, 1904.
A subspecies with coriaceous texture, linear segments slightly or not at all
united at the base, free veins which are very slender and scarcely visible above,
its color dark and often somewhat glaucous, the stipe and rachis dark, reddish
or blackish and somewhat verrucose. It is a Malayan form that I have also
from Java, Tjibodas, leg. Raciborski, 1897; Perak, leg. Ridley No. 9543; Khasia,
leg. Austen, det. Clarke “Var. Khasiana,” and Yabim, near Limbang, German New
Guinea, leg. H. Zahn, 1905. I believe it to be identical with Pteris Blumeana
Agardh, as deseribed by Hooker * and by Raciborski.”
Var. asperula J. Sm. in Hook. Journ. Bot. 3 (1841) 405, et Hook. Sp. Fil.
3: 181, t. 185 A; var. setigera Hook. 1. ¢. :
Costis setulis albis 1.5 mm. longis superne regulariter ciliatis.
Basttan (93 DeVore & Hoover) April, 1903. MrInpANAO, Province of Zam-
boanga, San Ramon (1651 Copeland) February, 1905.
63. Pteris Whitfordi n. subsp. (P?. Whitfordi Copel. in Philip. Journ. Sci.
1 (1906) Suppl. 255, pro specie).
A typo differt colore atroviridi, textura coriacea, segmentis angulo
acuto erecto-patentibus usqug ad costam separatis, sinu fere nullo, stipite
valido, paleis brunneis 0.5 cm. longis lanceolatis basi vestito, planta
magna 60 ad 70 em. alta, nervis manifestis.
Nereros, Gimagan River (1660 Whitford).
64. Pteris parviloba subsp.; Christ in Bull. Sci. Fr. et Belg. 28 (1898)
264. t. 12.
Statura gracili, stipite tenui, rufostramineo, scaberulo, fronde late
deltoideo, pinnis infimis auctis et valde deflexis, segmentis confertis
lineari-oblongis, brevibus, basi plerumque liberis, nervis tenuibus subtus
** Sp. Fil. 3: 180.
“ Pterid. Buitenzorg 156.
SPICILIGIUM FILICUM PHILIPPINPNSIUM. 173
manifestis, textura papyracea rigidiuscula, colore dilute ochraceo-viridi,
soris et indusiis saepius angustissimis, facie superiore saepius setis rigidis
scabra.
Luzon, Province of Bataan, Lamao River (241 Copeland) February, 1904;
Province of Benguet, Baguio (5816 Hlmer) March, 1904; Ambuklao (1827
Copeland) October, 1905: Province of Pampanga, Mount Arayat (3814 Merrill)
May, 1904; Province of Rizal, Montalban (Loher) October, 1890, November,
1905; Angilog (Loher) March, 1906. Patawan (741, 662 Foaworthy) March,
April, 1906.
A slender small form, the fronds rather short and broadly deltoid, the stipes
rough, slender, tawny, the segments pectinate, free at the base, papyraceous,
yellowish in color, the sori and indusia generally very slender. This form is
often found strongly reduced in size, resembling Pteris @revilleana, I have the
same form from Sikkim “Pteris aspericaulis Wall.” leg. Dr. Jerdon, and from
Cao Bang, Tonkin, leg. Dr. Billet, 1906.
Var. pluricaudata (Copel. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 156, pro
specie) .
Fronde minuta 10 em. longa et lata pedata Sige, io segmentis
imbricatis vix 1 em. longis.
Luzon, Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles (3755 Merrill) January, 1904.
65. Pteris ensiformis Burm. FI. Ind. 230, var. permixta n. var.
An insular form, characterized by the apex of the fertile frond being elongated
into a linear caudiform appendage much exceeding the plant, furnished with
irregular short obtuse horizontal lobes as in P. heteromorpha.
Panay, Capiz (56 Copeland) January, 1904.
66. Pteris cretica Linn. var. stenophylla Hook. et Grev. Ie. Fil. (1829)
t. 130. P. digitata Wall. Cat. 91.
Luzon, Province of Rizal (53 Fowworthy) January, 1906; District of Bontoc,
Sagada (1903 Copeland) November, 1905, identical with specimens from India,
Gharwal, Bhatta Massuri, leg. Hope; Sikkim, Tendong, leg. Gamble, No. 10340.
Pteris cretica is exceedingly variable in the Philippines, I have not seen from
the Archipelago forms resembling those of Europe, but the above specimens
match closely P. stenophylla, with 3 to several pinne at the summit of the
frond, more or less fan-like, the tips elongated. Texture normal, firm, shining,
light green.
67. Pteris intromissa n. subsp.
Differt a typo P. creticae pinnis et segmentis angustioribus magis
decurrentibus, obscure aut plumbeo-viridibus fere glaucinis, opacis, tex-
tura tenuiter papyracea soro angustissimo, nervis tenuissimis suboccultis.
Rhizomate brevi, radicoso, stipitibus fasciculatis, tenuibus rufo- aut
fusco-stramineis opacis, fronde 30 cm. longa et lata, apice ternata, infra
pinnata, pinnis oppositis, mediis simplicibus infimis profunde bi- aut
tri-partitis, decurrentibus lineari-lanceolatis aut linearibus caudatis, 20
em. longis, sterilibus 12 mm. fertilibus 6 mm. latis, sterilibus a basi
ad apicem, fertilibus apice acute serratis, nervis tenuissimis parum
manifestis, simplicibus aut furcatis, obliquis soro indusioque angustissimo
174 CHRIST.
0.7 mm. lato. Textura tenuiter papyracea, colore opaco obscure viridi
subglauco. ‘
Mrnpanao, District of Davao (700 Copeland) March, 1904. Luzon, Province
of Benguet, Sablan (6160 Hlmer) April, 1904: Province of Rizal, Montalban
(Loher) 1896; Province of Bataan, Lamao River (3122 Merrill) October, 1903.
The same species is found in China, Swatow, leg. Henry.
VITTARIA Sm.
68. Vittaria Merrillii n. sp.
Rhizomate -pennae corvinae crassitie, horizontaliter et longe repente
vix ramoso non caespitoso, setis tenuissimis 0.6 cm. longis erectis
atrofuscus tecto, stipitibus remotis basi articulatis et setulosis, tenuibus,
1 mm. diametro pendentibus, flexuosis, 20 em. longis, et tandem in
laminam decurrentem sensim transeuntibus, fuscostramineis, lamina
60 cm. et ultra longa, 1 cm. usque ad 1.8 cm. lata lineari, acuminata
sed saepe dilatata et irregulariter bi- ad quadrifida, lobis falcatis acutis
1.5 em. longis, costa tenui saepe inconspicua, nervis valde elongato-
obliquis tenuibus, seriebus 4 ad 5 utrinque, soro angustissimo, stricte
marginali, indusio 0.7 mm. lato pallido tecto. ‘Textura flaccida, colore
dilute virente, opaco.
Minpanao, District of Davao, Mount Apo (1516, 1192 Copeland) October,
April, 1904, 1,200 to 1,550 m. alt.; Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley (104 Mrs.
Clemens) January, 1906, alt. 660 m. Mrnporo, Baco River (4044 Merrill)
March, 1905, near sea level. :
A species related to Vittaria elongata Sw., but with very slender and elongated
stipes, the fronds very broad with a tendency to become enlarged and cleft at
the apex, the rhizome elongated and running like that of Polypodiwm. The
forking of the fronds reminds one of Hecistopteris, and of its affinity with
Vittaria which Goebel, based on anatomical characters, has asserted.
69. Vittaria pachystemma n. sp.
Rhizomate repente more Polypodii, pennae anserinae crassitie, setulis
crispatis raris nigris coronato, aliter nudo, stipitibus non fasciculatis
sed approximatis basi articulatis cum costa rufostramineis, 6 cm. longis,
2 mm. et ultra latis, sensim in laminam transeuntibus, lamina 25 ad 30
em. longa falcata lineari-lanceolata acuta nec longe acuminata 12 mm.
lata, costa plana sed manifesta 1 mm. lata rufostraminea, soris angus-
tissimis a basi laminae ad apicem continuis, submarginalibus, indusio
vix 0.5 mm. lato pallido. Textura succulenta sicce coriacea, opaca, colore
lurido-glaucina, planta nuda.
MrnpANAO, Province of Zamboanga, San Ramon (1589 Copeland) January,
1905, alt. 500 m.
A species with lent coria paque pointed falciform leaves and thick
stipes. ; ,
70. Vittaria Philippinensis Christ in Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 6 (1906) 1007.
I have a specimen, quite identical with this species, from the Liu Kiu Islands,
Okinawa, Matsumura 213.
SPICILIGIUM FILICUM PHILIPPINENSIUM. 175
71. Vittaria subcoriacea n. sp.
Rhizomate uti videtur breviter repente, squamis tenuissimis setaceis
nigrofuscis 0.5 cm. longis cum foliorum basi dense vestito, foliis fascicu-
latis (ca. 8) breviter stipitatis, i. e., lamina in stipitem 3 ad 5 cm. léngam
sensim decrescente, costa stipitis valida, lucida, castanea, sed in lamina
sensim applanata minusque manifesta, fronde 55 cm. longa lineari 8 mm.
lata acutiuscula, margine late (2 mm.) reflexo adpresso, in angulo sorum
1 mm. latium omnio tegente, soro margineque infra medium folium
incipiente et ad apicem continuo, nervis facie superiore prominentibus
fere_longis simplicibus valde obliquis. ‘Textura suberosa, folio sicco
1 mm. ecrasso, fragillimo, colore ad basin plantae atrocastaneo, supra
ochraceo-viridi, facie minute rugulosa puberula.
PALAwAN, Victoria Peak (669 Foaworthy) March, 1906, alt. 1,100 m.
Characterized by being brittle succulent, thick, the costa very strong, shining
below, flattened and not prominent above, the naked margins broadly reflexed,
under which the soriferous line is completely hidden, nerves simple, long, very
oblique.
PLEUROGRAMME (BI.) Presl.
72. Pleurogramme Loheriana Christ in Bull. Herb. Boiss. Il. 6 (1906) 1006.
Luzon, Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles (1388 Copeland) August, 1904;
(127 Whitford) May, 1904; District of Lepanto, Mount Data (1883 Copeland)
November, 1905, a form with bifurcate pinne. MinpAnao, Province of Zam-
boanga, San Ramon (1763 Copeland) May, 1905; Province of Misamis, Mount
Malindang (4619 Mearns & Hutchinson) May, 1906.
It is related to P. pusilla (Blume), (Vittaria falcata Kze.) differing from
that species in having the soriferous line sunk in an exactly marginal groove,
that is to say, placed in the thick tissue of the leaf, so that it presents a border
of sporangia emerging from the groove, while in P. pusilla the sori are arranged
in an intramarginal groove that does not reach to the border of the frond.
ANTROPHYUM Kaulfuss.
73. Antrophyum Clementis n. sp.
Folio elongato-lanceolato caudato in apicem et in stipitem alatum
sensim excurrente, cum stipite 30 cm. longa, medio latissima ibique —
22 mm. lata, costa flava vix 8 cm. longa mox omnino desineute, areolis
fere 2.5 cm. longis 2 mm. latis fere 12 in folii diametro, verticalibus,
soris filiformibus atrobrunneis submarginalibus (seriebus fere tribus
utrinque) folio medio soris destituto, longitudine valde irregulari, ab
0.5 cm, ad 7 em. longis, verticalibus, haud conjunctis, 2 mm. distantibus
non conyexis sed sulco minimo faciei superioris respondentibus. 'Textura
subdiaphama herbacea, colore smaragdino, folio margine tenuissimo
hyalino cireumdato.
MINDANAO, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley (119 Mrs. Clemens) January, 1906,
alt. 660 m.
Characterized by its frond when dry being light green, the stipe with decurrent
margins, the costa ceasing at the base of the frond, the apex sharp and elongated,
the tissue diphanous, the sori vertical and not joined.
176 CHRIST.
ELAPHOGLOSSUM Schott.
74. Elaphoglossum Copelandi n. sp.
Rhizomate repente lignoso, fere digiti minoris crassitie, nigro, setulis
subulatis atrobrunneis parce vestito, stipitibus subarticulatis, approximatis
nec fasciculatis basi atrofuscis squamis lanceolatis parvis brunneis sparsis,
25 em. longis, rufostramineis, sulcatis, pennae corvinae crassitie, squamulis
atratis fimbriato-laceratis vestitis, fronde sterili lanceolato-elongata usque
ad 43 em. longa, 2.5 em. lata versus basin apicemque acutum attenuata
nec decurrente, costa manifesta prominente rufa, nervis occultis hori-
zontalibus 1 mm. distantibus ad marginem sensim protensis nee clavatis
simplicibus aut basi furcatis. Textura chartacea firma, colore obscure
brunneo, subnitente, facie superiore squamis sparsis notata, inferiore
densius squamis vestita, margine costaque squamis majoribus valde fim-
briatis cinnamomeis passim ciliata, squamis peltatis longe ciliato-fimbria-
tis ciliis numerosis (20 ad 30) squamis partim minoribus hyalinis nec
coloratis partim majoribus cinnamomeis, i. e. cellulis nucleis rufo-fulvis
impletis. Frondis fertilis stipite usque ad 40 em. longa, lamina 35 cm.
longa, 1 cm. lata lineari, latere superiore densissime squamoso, inferiore
omnino sporangiis brunneis impleto.
‘“Mrnpanao, District of Davao, Mount Apo (1014, 1541 Copeland) April,
October, 1904, alt. 1,800 m.
A large species related to Elaphoglossum petiolatum (Sw.). Scales large,
peltate, deeply pag one some of them colorless, other larger and with dark brown
centers. j
75. Elaphoglossum petiolatum (Sw.) Urban Symb. Ant. 4 (1903) 61.
Acrostich petiolat Sw. Prodr. (1788) 128; A. viscosum Sw.
Luzon, Province of Benguet, Baguio (6509 Elmer) June, 1904; (5125 Curran)
August, 1906; Daklan (1838 Copeland) October, 1905.
A form with lacerate and fringed, reddish, very abundant scales, the fertile
fronds 30 em. long, the sterile ones 1.5 em. wide.
Previously collected in the Philippines by Cuming, but not included by Cope-
land in his Polypodiaces of the Philippines.’*
76. Elaphoglossum laurifolium (Thouars) Moore Ind. 16. Acrostichum
laurifolium Thouars FI. Trist. d’Acunha 31.
Luzon, District of Lepanto, Mount Data (1866 Copeland) October, 1905.
Differs from E. latifolium of tropical America by its long creeping rhizome,
its distant long stipitate and sharply pointed leaves and its smaller size.
Ceylon through Malaya.
CYCLOPHORUS Desy.
77. Cyclophorus Lingua (Thunb.) Desv. Prodr. (1827) 224. Acrostichum
Lingua Thunb. Fl. Jap. 330. -
Luzon, Province of Benguet, Baguio (1816 Copeland) October, 1905. Mrnpa-
NAO, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley (118 Mrs. Clemens) January, 1906; District of
Davao, Todaya (1303 Copeland) April, 1904.
8 Govt. Lab. Publ. 28 (1905).
+ a, Diente tines
SPICILIGIUM FILICUM PHILIPPINENSIUM. 177
This plant of temperate and southern China and of Japan, Liu Kiu Islands
and Formosa, has been indicated by some authors as extending to British India,
but the very rich material in my herbarium, following Giesenhagen’s revision,
does not show this range. The most southern specimens I have seen are from
Annam, leg. Cadiére, and Tonkin, leg. Billet. The species appears again in the
Philippines with many other characteristic Chinese forms. That even the rare
species of the Philippine flora are found to be widely distributed in the different
islands of the Archipelago, as is the case with the present one, is some evidence
as to the unity of the group.
POLYPODIUM Linn.
78. Polypodium phyllomanes Christ in Bull. Acad. Mans. (1902) 210, var.
ovatum (Wall.) P. ovatwm Wall; Hook. et Grev. Icon. Fil. (1827) ¢. 41.
Luzon, District of Lepanto, Mount Data (1908 Copeland) November, 1905,
alt. 1,800, m.
This essentially Chinese type, widely distributed in China and extending into
British India only in the high valleys of Bhootan, Khasia and Sikkim, appears
again in the mountains of northern Luzon with many other characteristic Chinese
plants. The specimens agree perfectly with the slightly elongated form of China.
79. Polypodium hemionitideum Wall. Cat. (1828) 284.
Luzon, Province of Benguet, Baguio (967 Barnes) May to June, 1904, found
previously in Luzon by Warburg.
A continental type, China, Yunnan, leg. Henry; Formosa, leg. Faurie, Mat-
sumura; India, Khasia, leg. Austin, Clarke, Blanford; Sikkim, leg. Jerdon; also
reported from the Nilgherries, southern India.
80. Polypodium suboppositum Christ in Bull. Herb. Boiss. IT. 6 (1906) 995.
Luzon, District of Lepanto, Bagnen (1964 Copeland) November, 1905, the type
from Mount Pinatubo, Province of Zambales, Luzon (Loher).
81. Polypodium Sablanianum n. sp.
I have previously treated the polymorphism of the Microsorium™ type of
which the best known representative is P. punctatum (L.) Sw. The present new
form, from its venation is almost exactly intermediate between P. punctatum Sw.,
and P. myriocarpum Mett. In the former, the lateral nerves are very regular,
oblique, reaching the margin and inclosing 4 or 5 areolw, which are elongated,
rectangular, between the rachis and the margins; these areole are about equal,
and the network of nerves is weak, inclosed in and more or less hidden by the
fleshy tissue. In P. myriocarpum on the contrary, the lateral nerves do not
reach the margin of the frond, and inclose only one large areola along the rachis
and another narrower one between it and the margin, and the veins are strong
and rather prominent. P. Sablanianuih has an even more delicate texture than
P. myriocarpum, and its nerves are slender, not prominent and form a single
very large square areola, at the side of which is another very narrow obscure
one. The plant is larger, 73 em. long, 5.5 em. wide, the apex of the frond long
caudate, the base long decurrent, the stipe very short. Texture membranous,
color bright green, the costa light yellow, shining, the fronds which appear to be
solitary and not fascicled have undulate margins, the rhizome is climbing, _
brown, as thick as a goose quill, covered with stiff subulate dark brown 4 mm.
long scales.
Luzon, Province of Benguet, Sablan (6142 Elmer) April, 1904.
1 Bull, Herb. Boiss. 11. 6 (1906) 993.
178 CHRIST.
82. Polypodium flaccidum n. sp. (Phymatodes.)
Rhizomate repente pennae anserinae crassitie, griseo-brunneo nec
glauco, radicoso, stipitibus solitariis articulatis basi parcis setulis nigris
praedito aut glabris, tenuibus, stramineis, 6 ad 8 cm. longis sed ob
laminan longe decurrentem fere usque ad basin alatis, fronde 40 em.
longa 18 em. lata, ovali, longe sensimque decurrente et lobo simplici
caudato 18 em. longo terminata, 4 aut 5 lobis lateralibus ala costali
utrinque 13 mm. lata, lobis remotis 10 em. longis, 1.5 cm. latis acutissime
caudatis sinubus vastis rotundatis 2 ad 3 em. latis interjectis, marginibus
integris rhachi costisque stramineis manifestis, nervis lateralibus curvatis
tenuissimis versus marginem evanidis, areas et areolas numerosis oblon-
gis nervulos furcatis includentibus, soris irregulariter bi- aut triseriatis
numerosis 1.5 mm. latis rotundatis fere planis ochraceis, facie superi-
ore macula obscura vix impressa notatis, fovea marginata sorali deficiente.
Textura flaccide papyracea, diaphana, colore dilute virente.
Luzon, Province of Rizal, Bosoboso (1087 Ramos) July, 1906.
A species near P. phymatodes, but distinguished by its long decurrent frond,
thin and diaphanous texture and small irregular sori which are not immersed
in pits.
83. Polypodium palmatum Blume Fil. Jav. 150.
Copeland® credits Polypodium trifidum: Don to the Philippines, but as he
presumes, 1. ¢., all the specimens from the Archipelago are referable to P.
palmatum Blume, also those that I have cited previously for P. trifidwm.”
Typical P. trifidum is an essentially Chinese species which does not extend to
Japan nor to the Malayan Archipelago.
84. Polypodium productum n. sp.
Rhizomate breviter repente radicoso squamis minutis 2 mm. longis
setaceis sparso, foliis approximatis nudis 63 cm. longis in stipitem
stramineum 10 cm. longum sensim decrescentibus longe et acute acumi-
natis, medio 1 ad 12. em. versus apicem 4 mm. latis, costa prominente,
straminea margine anguste revoluto, nervis occultis, soris 30 ad 50
utrinque marginalibus impressis versus apicem ultra marginem protrusis
ovatis 4 mm. longis, 2 ad 3 mm. distantibus. Textura rigide coriacea,
colore flavovirescente sublucido.
MrNDANAO, Province of Zamboanga, San Ramon (1585 Copeland) January,
1905, alt. 175 m.
A species related to P. longifolium Mett., which is also found in the Archipelago,
PALAWAN (631 Foaworthy) April, 1906, differing from the latter in its firm
texture, pale color, shining, the fronds narrower and long acuminate at the
apex, the margins inflexed and the sori much elongated. P. longifolium is
broader, the apex not sharp, the texture less firm, opaque, dark brown when
dry, the sori often more rounded. :
*® Govt. Lab. Publ. 28 (1905) 129.
* Bull. Herb. Boiss. 6 (1898) 200.
Se Ce, a
ite
SPICILIGIUM FILICUM PHILIPPINENSIUM. 179
GLEICHENIA Smith.
(§ Diplopterygiwm.)
On examination of the Philippine forms of this group with the aid
of survey given by Presi *? it is possible to distinguish the following forms:
°85. Gleichenia excelsa J. Sm. in Hook. Journ. Bot. 3: 420, nomen nudum;
Hook. Sp. Fil. 1: 5. Tab. 4. B; Presl 1. c. 385.
Luzon, Province of Benguet, Baguio (6006 Elmer); (Loher) March, 1897.
This species is distributed from northern India to central China and Java.
Shillong (Clarke 37478); Munipore (Watt 6139). Penang Hills (Ridley).
Yunnan, Mengtze (Henry 9167); Moilim (Hgbert 1897); Hongkong (Faber
1091) ; Ningpo Mountains (Faber 219). Java (Schiffner).
86. Gleichenia glauca (Thunbg. Fl. Jap. 338, Polypodium) Hook. Sp. Fil.
1: 4 (Swartz Syn. 164, 390, Mertensia).
Luzon, Province of Tayabas, Mount Banajao (Loher) February, 1906, alt.
2,250 m.
Identical with specimens from Japan except for a covering of reddish hairs
along the cost in young plants. The discovery of this species in the Philippines
‘augments the number of species of the temperate regions of the East that extend
to the highlands of the Philippines. It is on the whole rather a remarkable
distribution, for in this group it is the only species found in Japan, while from
China I know G@leichenia excelsa, G. gigantea Wall. (Yunnan, Delavay) and the
following: a
87. Gleichenia laevissima Christ in Bull. Acad, Mans. (1902) 268.
Luzon, Province of Benguet, Pauai (1954 Copeland), 2,000 m. alt.
Still another Chinese type, of which I have specimens from Yunnan (Delavay)
and Lu Mount (Faber) August, 1897.
LYGODIUM Sw.
88. Lygodium Basilanicum n. sp.
Axibus ochreis tenuibus vix ultra 1 mm. crassis, pinnis petiolatis, pe-
tiolo 3 cm. longo angustissime alato, pinna ambitu semirotunda 12 cm.
longa et lata, dichotoma, partibus petiolulatis (petiolo 0.5 em. longo
alato) pedatifidis, 3 aut 4-lobis, centro indiviso, 1 ad 2 em. longo et lato,
lobis patulis, 9 cm. longis, 6 mm. latis, linearibus acuminatis integris
tenuissime marginatis, lobo basali deflexo, costis tenuissimis manifestis
rufostramineis, nervis prominulis obliquis 2 aut 3-furcatis, confertis, lobis
fertilibus medio aut infra medium subito usque ad alam 1 mm. latam
contractis, sporophyllis pectinato-confertis, 2.5 mm. longis, 1 mm. latis,
utrinque circa 8 sporangia gerentibus brunneis munitis. Textura coria-
cea nec papyracea, colore sicce brunneo, opaco.
BASILAN (28 DeVore et Hoover) April, 1903.
A small species of the circinatum group, differing from L. circinatum by its
pinne being dichotomous and with petioled pedately arranged pinnules, the
segments not dimorphous but narrowed and bearing the sporophylls on the upper
half. Di i of L. Jap
2 Epim. Bot., 384.
180 CHRIST.
CYATHEA Sm.
89. Cyathea rufopannosa n. sp.
Stipite erecto arboreo, 2 m. alto aut altiore, anguloso, 3 cm. diametro,
stipite digiti crassitie, ceylindrico, 55 em. alto, castaneo, basi verrucis
numerosis brevibus sed huic inde pungentibus scaberrima et squamis 1.5
em. longis lanceolatis acuminato-falcatis dure scariosis nec diaphanis
lucidissimis castaneis tecta, undique cum rhachi et costis indumento
furfuraceo fibrilloso spisso tecto, fronde late ovata usque ad 1.5 m. longa
(Copeland) fere 60 cm. lata versus basin attenuata, rhachi digiti crassitie
verrucis cabra rufotomentosa et setulis subulatis fibrillosa, pinnis remotis
uti videtur ca. 15 utrinque, infra apicem pinnatisectum, infimis deflexis,
mediis 37 em. longis (infimis 22 cm. longis) 11 cm. latis, sessilibus, ad
basin paulum attenuatis, acuminatis, pinnulis ca. 30 utrinque, approxi-
matis 5.5 cm. longis 1.5 cm. latis lanceolatis acutiusculis nec caudatis,
usque ad rhachim incisis, segmentis pectinatis ca. 20 utrinque, ligulatis,
obtusiusculis, crenulatis, infimis posterioribus dentatis, 5 mm. longis,.
2 mm. latis parce setulosis, nervis furcatis ca. 8 utrinque, costis pinnul-
arum subtus squamis lanceolatis rufis nec non squamulis bullatis um-
bonatis rufis dense obtectis, soris parvis paucis costae pinnulae approxi-
matis ultra medium segmenti raro protensis, confertis rufis 1 mm. latis,
indusio brunneo-rufo irregulariter confracto more Amphicosmiae. 'Text-
ura herbacea, colore partium frondosarum laete virente, partium axialium
rufo-cinnamomeo.
Mrinpvanao, Province of Zamboanga, San Ramon (1730, 1735 Copeland) April,
1905, alt. 1,200 m.
A striking species, the base of the stipe with short sharp spines, the scales at
the base of the stipe large, firm, shining, dark brown, the axial parts and even
the cost covered with a dense fibrillous brick-red pubescence, the fronds tripin-
natifid, the pinnules and segments serrate, the latter small, slightly dentate,
the sori small, reddish, borne near the costa.
90. Cyathea Loheri Christ in Bull. Herb. Boiss. IT. 6 (1906) 1007.
This species was discovered by Loher on Mount Banajao and on Mount
Maquiling, Luzon. A form occurs on Mount Tonglon (Santo Tomas); that is
sufficiently distinct to warrant being described as a variety.
Var. Tonglonensis n. var.
Stipite rugoso et cicatricoso, squamis subulato-setaceis basi verrucosis
flexuosis flaccidis atrobrunneis ultra 1 cm. longis patentibus, nec rigidis
_adpressis scarioso-argenteis tecto, costis densissime squamis bullatis brun-
neis tectis, segmentis minoribus dense pectinatis.
Luzon, Province of Benguet, Mount Tonglon (4991 Curran) August, 1906.
It is possible that Alsophila lepifera J. Sm. apud Hook. Sp. Fil. 1: 54, is
the same as Oyathea Loheri, but the description of the former is too incomplete
to verify this.
SPICILIGIUM FILICUM PHILIPPINEPNSIUM, 181
91. Cyathea Negrosiana n. sp.
Stipite digiti et basi fere pollicis crassitie, basi atro-, supra cum
rhachi costisque rufo-castaneo, verrucis minutis creberrimis, scaberrimo,
lucido, basi squamis subulato-setaceis flexuosis lucentibus atrofuscis 2
cm. longis dense yestito, ob pinnas abbreviatis inferiores valde descen-
dentes solummodo 15 aut 20 cm. longo, fronde tripinnata ultra 1 m.
longa 25 em. lata, ovato-acuminata versus basin sensim attenuata, pinnis
remotis, 10 ad 15 utrinque, erecto-patentibus mediis longissimis, 35 cm.
longis, 14 em. latis, caudato-acuminatis, sessilibus, versus basin non
attenuatis, pinnulis remotiusculis, 1.5 cm. distantibus, sessilibus, ca, 20
utrinque infra apicem pinnatifidum, 7 cm. longis, acuminatis, 14 mm.
latis, fere usque ad costam incisis, segmentis approximatis falcato-
lanceolatis, acutiusculis, 7 mm. longis, 2.5 mm. latis, obtuse crenulatis,
costis costulisque dense squamulis ovatis bullatis rufo brunneis more
C. Loheri vestitis, nervis basi furcatis, 8 aut 10 utrinque, soris costulis
adpressis, 3 aut 5 utrinque minutis, indusio griseo-brunneo primum
globulari nitidulo mox confracto, frustulis squamiformibus irregularibus
receptaculum nigrum elevatum circumdantibus. Textura herbacea,
colore atroviridi, opaco.
Neeros, Mount Silay (1536 Whitford) May, 1906, alt. 1,000 m.
This species was determined by Copeland as Cyathea Christii, but it is
distinguished from the latter by its axial parts being richly covered with
- furfuraceous scales, by the cost being covered with rounded inflated scales, by
its membranous texture and very reduced size.
92. Cyathea ferruginea n. sp.
Stipite pennae cygni crassitie cum rhachi subnitido, anguloso, castaneo,
floccoso-paleaceo sublaevi, pinnis 26 cm. longis, 11.5 em. latis stipitatis
ovato-acuminatis basi aliquantum attenuatis, i. e., pinnula infima abbre-
viata, costis pinnarum indumento floccoso paleaceo squamis rufis crispis
e basi ovata subulatis crispulis patentibus rufis constituto tectis, pinnulis
ca. 15 utrinque infra apicem lobatum, remotis, i. e., spatio 2 cm. lato
separatis, lanceolatis, acutis nec caudatis sessilibus 6 cm. longis, 11 cm.
latis, ad alam angustam incisis, segmentis ca. 14 utrinque confertis,
angulo fere nullo interjecto, falcatis acutiusculis aut obtisis, ovatis, 0.5
em. longis, 3 mm. Jatis, minute crenulatis, costulis pinnularum supra
puberulis subtus omnino squamis rufo-griseis ovatis adpressis acutis 2
mm. longis tectis, faceibus fere glabris, nervis 6 plerumque furcatis,
soris mediis 4 aut 5 utrinque, cinnamomeis, vix 1 mm. latis, confluen-
tibus, indusio fugaci vix conspicuo, frustulis cum squamulis mixtis.
Textura herbacea, colore dilute viridi, opaco.
Patawan, Mount Pulgar (560 Foaworthy) March, 1906, alt. 1,150 m.
A small species 2 m. high, acaulescent according to Foxworthy’s notes, growing
just below the summit of the mountain on an exposed ridge in the mossy forest.
182 CHRIST.
ALSOPHILA R. Br.
93. Alsophila calocoma n. sp.
Caudice arborescente, stipite ad basin coma densissima et pulcherrima
squamarum scariosum argenteo-lucidarum pallidorum sed apice rufarum,
e basi 3 mm. lata ovatorum, longe subulato caudatarum aristatarumque,
usque ad 4 aut 5 em. longarum ornato, aliter inermi, sed verrucis minutis
rugoso, rhachi tuberculis verrucosis creberrimis rugosissimo, squamu-
lisque furfuraceis sparsa rufo-ochracea, opaca, fronde tripinnatisecta,
pinnis amplis 75 em. longis, 25 cm. latis acuminato-caudatis petiolatis
(petiolo 2 ad 3 cm. longo) pinnulis confertis 20 ad 30 utrinque infra
apicem lobatum, fere sessilibus, 15 em. longis, 2.5 cm. latis e basi lata
lanceolato-acuminatis, infimis haud abbreviatis, supremis late adnatis
et decurrentibus, costis rufo-brunneis tenuibus, cum costularum parte
inferiore subtus serie squamularum candidarum lucidarum ovatarum
adpressarum ciliatorum elegantissime vestitis, partibus foliaceis plantae
laevibus, pinnulis usque ad costam incisis, segmentis falcato-ligulatis
obtusiusculis aut acutiusculis, 11 mm. longis, 3 mm. latis, fere integris
rarius crenulatis, pectinato-confertis, inferioribus liberis, i. e., basi spatio
‘separatis et aliquantulum angustatis, ca. 35 utrinque, nervis ca. 12 tenuis-
simis furcatis saepe tri- sive pluries-furcatis, soris 8 ad 10 utrinque, mediis
1 mm. latis sese tangentibus nec confluentibus cinnamomeis globosis
receptaculo minuto elevato nigro, textura flaccide herbacea, colore glauco-
aut plumbeo-viridi, supra obscuro, subtus pallidiore.
Luzon, Province of Rizal, Mount Alabut (Loher) February, 1904, alt. 1,900
m.; Angilog (Loher) March, 1906; Province of Benguet, near Baguio (Loher)
March, 1897.
A beautiful species characterized by the shining hairs on the stipe and the
shining white or metallic scales on the under surface of the segments.
This is the species that I had previously identified * as A. lepifera J. Sm., but
I am now convinced that it is a distinct species. The short description of
A. lepifera J. Sm., given by Hooker *™ is quite insufficient from which to identify
Smith’s species, except that it appears to be near, if not identical with A. to-
mentosa (Blume), as Christensen supposes in his Index Filicum 44, or perhaps
the same as Cyathea Loheri Christ. A. calocoma is distinguished from A.
latebrosa, with which it shares the character of the costal and costular scales,
by its whitish scales and by its basal segments being free and attenuate toward
‘the base, as well as by the marked glaucescence of the frond. In A. latebrosa
I have never observed the exceptionally long scales which are shining, silvery or
somewhat golden in color and strongly pointed, 4 to 5 em. in length, such as are
found in A. calocoma. It is a delicate species with trifurcate nerves and a very
rugose rachis. :
Var. congesta (Alsophila lepifera var. congesta Christ in Bull. Herb. Boiss.
6 (1898) 137).
This variety is identical with the type in having the same very large basal,
searious, silvery, subulate, 5 cm. long scales which are 4 mm. wide below,
* Bull. Herb. Boiss. 6 (1898) 137.
“Sp. Fil. 1: 54.
SPICILIGIUM FILICUM PHILIPPINENSIUM. 183
yellowish rhachis which is very rough with small spines, small whitish costular
scales, and the basal segments free, remote and narrowed below, but it is readily
distinguishable from the type by its shorter narrower segments which are more
faleate and more strongly serrate. The pinnules do not exceed 8 em. in length,
In general appearance quite different from the type, but having the same essential
characters. It appears to be an alpine form of the species.
Luzon, Province of Rizal, Arambibi (Loher) March, 1903; Province of Benguet
(6504 Himer) June, 1904.
94. Alsophila latebrosa (Wall.) Hook. Sp. Fil. 1: 37.
The ordinary form of this species so common in India, the Malayan Peninsula,
Java, Borneo, Celebes and Amboina (herb. Christ), is not known to me from the
Philippines, where the species is represented by a form notably larger. It is
the same as with Alsophila contaminans, which is represented in the Philippines
by the large variety Celebica. ;
‘
Var. major n. var.
Rhachi fulvo straminea, laevi aut minutissime furfuracea, pinnis ca.
28 utrinque infra apicem, 55 cm. longis, 18 cm. latis fere sessilibus
oblongo-acuminatis, pinnulis confertis recte patentibus sessilibus 9 em.
longis, 2 cm. latis oblongo-caudatis, usque ad costam tenuam nigram
incisis, segmentis imbricato-confertis rotundato-obtusis rectis oblongis ca.
20 utrinque 1 em. longis 2.5 mm. latis, crenulatis, nervis ca. 9 utrinque,
tenuissimis basi furcatis saepe trifurcatis, costula squamulis rotundis
peltato-umbilicatis 0.3 mm. latis flavis elegantissime vestitis, fronde
caeterum glabra, tenuiter herbacea, colore obscure viridi subtus pallido,
opaco.
Minpanao, Province of Surigao (325 Bolster) May, 1906: District of Davao,
Mount Batangan (Warburg).
The costular scales in A. lepifera are white, oval and larger than in the above
variety. ;
DICKSONIA L.’ Herit.
95. Dicksonia Copelandi n. sp.
Ampla, basi stipitis coma densa pilorum tenuissimorum 7 mm. lon-
gorum rufobrunneorum coperta, stipite plantae junioribus iisdem pilis
vestito, rufostramineo, subnitente, pinnis deltoideo-acuminatis, petiolatis,
45 em. longis 24 em. basi latis inaequalibus, antice auctis, pinnulis! ca.
20 utrinque confertis, inferioribus mediisque deltoideis, infimis 15 em.
longis 12 em. latis petiolatis, acuminatis, pinnulis™ deltoideo-oblongis
acuminatis ca. 12 utrinque, subinaequalibus, infimis 6 cm. longis 3 cm.
latis, petiolulatis, pinnulis'Y infimis 1.5 cm. longis basi 8 mm. latis
liberis oblongis acutis subinaequalibus profunde serratis, dentibus trigono-
acutis mucronatis, nervis suboccultis in pinnulis!Y pinnatis furcatis, soris
in dentibus terminalibus sed mucrone superatis, uno pro dente, praecipue
antice positis, numerosis, brunneis 1 mm. latis globosis coriaceis irregu-
lariter bivalvis. Textura coriacea, costis nervisque pilosis, facie superiore
glabra subnitente, colore ochraceo-viridi.
,
184 CHRIST.
Luzon, Province of Benguet, Baguio (Loher), March, 1897, alt. 1,400 m.;
(6025 Elmer) March, 1904: District of Lepanto, Bagnen (1912 Copeland)
‘ November, 1905, alt. 2,000 m.
A species closely related to D. straminea Labill., but strongly pilose, larger,
quadripinnatifid, the pinne and pinnules broader and more strongly serrate,
broadly deltoid, the pinnules of the third order broader the lobes shorter and
’ proader. Resembling the South American D. coniifolia Sw.
MARATTIA Smith.
All the Philippine forms of this genus that I have examined have been identified
after the classification in the monograph of DeVriese and Harting, in which work
the diagnoses are by no means comparative and in which the differences between
related species are not noted. The number of species is so large and their
characters so uniform that the distinctive characters of each species should have
been emphasized. At any rate the group merits more attention than the succes-
sors to the two Dutch botanists have given it, for certainly the forms are very
numerous and can not all be reduced to a single species. The morphological
differences between young and adult fronds are very great, and the latter, even
the fertile ones, frequently present characters that are ordinarily found only
in young fronds. In diagnoses the adult parts only have been considered.
IT have been able to elucidate here, with a fair degree of certainty, the
following forms:
96. Marattia sambucina Blume. Enum. (1828) 256; DeVriese et Harting
Monog. 6.
Textura firmiter chartacea, rhachi laevissima flava, pinnulis sessilibus
basi acute cuneatis, acutis, adultis 7.5 raro 11 cm. longis, 1 ad 1.4 cm.
latis, margine omnino dentatis, dentibus obliquis raro patentibus, synangiis
1.5 mm. a margine remotis 1.5 mm. longis non contiguis late ovatis,
6 ad 8-loculatis. Colore pallide viridi.
Luzon, Province of Benguet, Mount. Tonglon (Loher) April, 1906; Baguio
(Loher) January, 1893: Province of Union, Castilla (Loher) March, 1906.
This is the most widely distributed form, identical with specimens from Java
leg. Raciborski and from Celebes leg. Sarasin. It is the form previously con-
sidered by me as M. frawinea.”
97. Marattia silvatica Blume Enum. (1828) 256; DeVriese et Harting Monog.
6. III. 25.
Firmiter chartacea, rhachi laevissima flava, pinnulis petiolulatis, basi
acute cuneatis acutis, adultis.9 em. longis 13 mm. latis, margine omnino
dentatis, dentibus brevibus patentibus, synangiis fere marginalibus, fere
contiguis, 2 mm. et ultra longis, oblongis, 12 ad 15-locularibus. Colore
pallido.
Luzon, Province of Benguet, Baguio (5833 Elmer) March, 1904.
98. Marattia pellucida Pres] Suppl. Tent. Pterid. 10; DeVriese et Harting
Monog. 6.
Herbacea, rhachi flava, laevissima, pinnulis petiolatis, basi abrupte
cuneatis, apice abrupte acuminatis, adultis 10 cm. longis, 14 mm. latis,
* Bull. Herb. Boiss. 6 (1898) 207.
SPICILIGIUM FILICUM PHILIPPINENSIUM. 185
margine omnino dentatis, dentibus brevissimis apertis, synangiis 1 mm.
a margine remotis non contiguis brevibus 1 mm. longis oblongis 8-locu-
laribus. Colore dilute viridi-plumbeo, nervis egregie pellucidis.
Minpanao, District of Davao, Mount Apo (1455 Copeland) October, 1904,
alt. 1,550 m.
99. Marattia vestita n. sp.
Ampla, caudice 2.5 em. crasso, opaco, rufobrunneo dense pustulis
atque squamis ovatis flaccidis 1 cm. longis et 0.5 em. latis minoribus
et angustioribus mixtis scabro, rhachibus rufofuscis supremis ochraceo-
rufis opacis et abunde cum costis squamis lanceolatis brunneis squamu-
lisque fibrillosis vestitis, pinnis oblongis 70 cm. et ultra longis 30 em.
latis, petiolo 7 em. longo praeditis, basi attenuatis, acuminatis, pinnulis
petiolatis ca. 10 em. remotis 20 cm. et ultra longis, 15 cm. latis basi
attenuatis, pinnula terminali praeditis, pinnulis™ alternis valde (2.5
cm.) remotis basi articulatis infimis brevissime subpetiolulatis, basi
acute cuneatis, acuminatis, 9 cm. longis, 12 mm. latis, lanceolatis, margine
omnino dentatis, dentibus patentibus apertis, nervis conspicuis fere 2
mm. remotis nigris simplicibus, soris minutis remotis oblongis 1 mm.
longis ochraceis 5-locularibus subclausis. Textura firmiter sed tenuiter
chartacea, colore supra obscure, infra pallide viridi, opaco.
MinDAnao, District of Davao, Mount Apo (1179 Copeland) April, 1904.
A species peculiar in its axial parts being not polished or shining but dull,
dark colored, rough, and with numerous scales. The denticulation is very open
and the synangia are smaller than in any other species known from the
Archipelago.
100. Marattia Ternatea DeVriese et Harting Monog. 4. t. 3. 16.
Chartacea fere coriacea laevissima, pinnulis petiolulatis, petiolis squa-
mulosis, planta caeterum glabra, rhachi ochraceo-plumbea, pinnulis basi
cuneato-ovatis, acutis, lanceolatis, 12 ad 20 cm. longis, 2 ad 2.4 em. latis,
minute denticulatis et ob marginem inflexum fere integris, nervis valde
remotis (ultra 2 mm.) ochraceis, synangiis remotis, oblongis, ultra 3
mm. longis, 15-locularibus, 1.5 mm. a margine remotis. Colore supra
obscure, infra palidissime viridi.
Luzon, Proyince of Bataan, Mount Mariveles (2082 Borden) September to
December, 1904; (1116 Whitford) May, 1905.
In this species the pinne are larger than in any other one known from the
Archipelago, their borders in part nearly entire and in part dentate.
ANGIOPTERIS Hoffm.
Angiopteris offers in a still greater degree than Marattia the lack of palpable
differential characters, and the differences between the various forms, quite
distinct to the practiced eye, are difficult to diagnose properly. I believe it
possible to distinguish the following species:
547443
186 CHRIST. »
101, Angiopteris cartilagidens Christ in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 6 (1906) 207.
Luzon, Province of Benguet, Baguio (Loher), alt. 1,400 m.
One of the most sharply defined species, characterized by its dentation, texture
and scales. ig
Endemic.
102. Angiopteris similis Pres! in DeVriese et Harting Monog. Maratt. 17.
Minpanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley (115 Mrs. Clemens) January, 1906,
alt. 660 m.
A species with thinly papyraceous texture, shining, pale green, the nerves
- yecurrent, slender, slightly visible, the sori small, dark brown, close to. the
margin, the pinnules large, 18 em. long, 21 mm. broad, the teeth prominent only
at the sterile apices.
Java.
103. Angiopteris angustifolia Pres] ex DeVriese et Harting Monog. Maratt.
18. ;
Luzon, Province of Bataan, Lamao River (3791 Merrill) January, 1904. NE-
Gros, Gimagaan River (1659 Whitford) May, 1906. Mrnpanao, Lake Lanao
(Mrs. Clemens) April, 1906: Province of Surigao (240 Bolster) April, 1906:
District of Davao, Todaya (1459 Copeland) October, 1904.
This seems to be the most widely distributed species in the Archipelago, and
was first ‘collected by Cuming. It is distributed from Annam, leg. Cadiére, to
Formosa, leg. Fawrie, south to the Sunda Islands. ee
104. Angiopteris caudata DeVriese et Harting Monog. Maratt. 20.
Luzon, Province of Benguet, Mount Tonglon (Loher) April; 1906; Baguio
(5126 Ourran) August, 1906; (5930 Elmer) March, 1904: Province of Laguna,
Mount Maquiling (Loher) June, 1906. : :
Pinnules strongly narrowed, the upper ones 8 mm. broad, very gradually
narrowed into the long pointed apex. The pinne resemble those of Pteris
longifolia Linn.
105. Angiopteris pruinosa Kze. Schkuhr Suppl. 1: t. 91.
_ Necros, Gimagan River (1652 Whitford) May, 1906.
Fronds bluish white beneath quite similar in color to those of Lomaria glauca
lume. f
CHRISTENSENIA Maxon,
106. Christensenia Cumingiana n. sp. :
Omnium reliquarum formarum adhue cognitarum minima, rhizomate
crasso, brevi, carnoso, radicoso, foliis approximatis, junioribus subfasci-
culatis, stipite usque ad 14 em. longo cum costis nervisque rufostramineo
furfuraceo, fronde tam simplici ovata breviter acuta basi subcordata
8 ad 13 cm. longa 3 ad 5 em. lata, repanda aut grosse dentata, quam
tripartita, pinna centrali late ovata 11 cm. longa 5 cm. lata acuta longe
et anguste cuneata, lobato-repanda, pinnis lateralibus adnatis valde inae-
-qualibus postice cordato-auctis, antice anguste cuneatis 9 em. longis 3 cm.
latis, nervis manifestis, ca. 10 utrinque, rectis patentibus interstitio ca. 1
em. lato, facie superiore laevi inferiore albida, stomatibus rotundis dense
tecta, laevi, synangiis vix 1.5 mm. latis (deciduis aut immaturis) brunneis
inter nervos biseriatis, ca. 4 pro serie. T'extura modice succulenta.
SPICILIGIUM FILICUM PHILIPPINPNSIUM. 187
MINDANAO, Province of Zamboanga, San Ramon (Copeland s. n.) Mareh, 1905.
alt, 200 to 650 m.
All the other species of Ohristensenia (Kaulfussia) known to me have the
lateral pinne rather strongly petioled. DeVriese and Harting have indicated in
their Monograph of the Marattiaceae 14, that the Kaulfussia found by Cuming
in the Philippines, which was considerably smaller than the other known forms,
might perhaps prove to be a distinct species. In comparison with specimens from
Assam, leg. King; Selangor, leg. Ridley; Java, leg. Raciborski, and Sumatra,
leg. Schneider, the specimens from MINDANAO are very reduced. The fertile
frond is often simple and when it is tripartite the lobes are joined at the base,
not petiolate, and very unequal, whitish beneath.
BOTRYCHIUM Sw.
?
107. Botrychium lanuginosum Wall., var, Nanum n. var.
Luzon, Province of Benguet, Bugias bebe Copeland) October, 1905, alt. 1,550
m., with the large form.
Like our European Botrychiwm this large species has also’ a dwarfed form,
about 17 em. high, the fertile frond with its stipe about 10 em. high,
SUPPLEMENT.
There are two forms hitherto confounded as Aspidi dunatum Wall. or
even as A. cicutarium Sw., which is a yery different West Indian species... After
a careful examination and comparison with other specimens of the Malayan and
wider Asiatic area, I can indicate the following ‘diagnostic points:
Aspidium Sbadunacane Wall. “Cat. 377 non Hook. et Grev. Ie. Fil.. 202.
Sagenia J. Sm. Hook. Journ. Bot. 4: 184. Pres] Epimel. 60.
‘Stipite rufo glaberrimo lucente, basi squamis ovatis acutis 0.5 cm. Iongia
flaccidis brunneis sparso. Rachi laevi lucida flavido-rufa. Pinnulis
ovato-lanceolatis acutis, lobis late ovatis obtusis sive subacutis. -Faciebus
pilis albidis brevibus pubescentibus, marginibus ciliatis. Nervis ad mar-
ginem protensis, nervulis luteo-brunneis tenuibus abunde anastomosan-
tibus, nervulis inclusis clavatis frequentibus. Colore laete virente, textura
diaphana. Indusio orbiculari-reniformi margine pallidiore.
Luzon, Bontoe, Sagada (1899 Copeland) : Province of Rizal, Bosoboso - (1033
Ramos).
A common species in tropical Asia, ;
Wynaad, Malabar, leg. Bicknell ; Anamalays, Province of Madras, leg. Beddome ;
Mereara Coorg. 1,100-1,200 m., leg. Richter; Koon Beeling, Burma, leg. Brandis ;
_ Ceylon, leg. Wall. ; Yunnan, leg. Henry 10341, 10354; Sze tchuen, Mount Omi, leg.
Wilon 5376. Viti, Plewa River, leg. Moore; Tahiti, leg. Radeond.
Aspidium Malayense n. sp.
Stipite opaco vix subnitente brunneo, basi squamis ad 1 cm. longis
lanceolato-subulatis rigidis atrobrunneis, caeterum cum rachi squamis
setaceis atratis plus minus dense vestita. Rachi fere opaca fusco-aut
olivaceostraminea pinnulis Inceolato-angustatis caudatis, lobis acutis
ovato-lanceolatis grosse dentatis. Faciebus fere laevibus nec ciliatis.
Colore sicce griseo-aut atroviridi, textura opaca. Nervis lateralibus
188 CHRIST.
ad marginem protensis, nervulis nigris crassis, solummodo secus costas
anastomosantibus, nervulis inclusis clavatis raris aut nullis, parce indusio
brunneo peltato.
Luzon, Laguna Province, Majayjay (Loher) 1891; Bataan Province, Lamao
River (1959 Borden, 217, 1396 Copeland); northern Luzon (Warburg). MIn-
DANAO, Todaya, Davao (1468 Copeland).
I have the same species from Malacca, Johor, leg. Ridley 10976; Singapore, leg.
Hose (1894).
Aspidium melanorachis Bak. Journ. Bot. 1888. Nephrodium. 315 Sarawak,
Borneo, leg. Hose is very near. :
Differt squamis atropurpureis linearibus flaccidis flexuosis, rachi cos-
tisque atropurpureis, fronde ampliore, faciebus dense pubescentibus, soris
magis numerosis, irregulariter sparsis nec stricte biseriatis, minoribus,
indusio tenui griseo mox evanido, nervi valde anastomosantibus, nervulis
inclusis multis.
Diplazium vestitum Pres] Epimel. 87, 1849. Hook. Ie. 11. 46”
By comparison with Hooker’s figure of Cuming’s specimen from Leyte, I have
identified as this species the plant found by Loher at Mabacal and Angilog,
Rizal Province, March, 1906. It is very much larger than the one represented
by Hooker; but all the details correspond perfectly, especially the axial parts
covered ‘with scales and furfuraceous down. The lateral nerves and the sori
converge in the sinus between two lobes, but they do not touch before the sinus.
The stipe, which attains the size of a finger, is rough with small warty projections.
The same plant from Celebes leg. Koorders 16986.
I distinguish this from the form which I have identified in Bull. Herb. Boiss.
vi. 1906, 1001, with D. Smithianum (Bak.) Diels by the shorter sori, which
touch somewhere before the sinus, by the rough scaly rachis armed like the cost
with sharp prickles, and by the more truncate lobes. I have this from Ceylon,
leg. Wall. 38/275, from Celebes, Bojong, leg. Warburg 15314, Sarasin 108, and
from New Guinea, Sattelberg, leg. Weinland 1890.
I must say that these two forms are exceedingly similar and appear almost
like one specific type in the wider sense. Diplazium dolichosorum Copel. is inter-
mediate between D. vestitum Pres] and D. Smithianum; the sori are those of the
former, but the imperfect pubescent covering and the truncate lobes are as in the
second.
1 New Phil. Ferns, 1. ¢., 151.
|
THE: PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF DRYOPTERIS.
By H. Curist.
(Basel, Switzerland.)
Some time ago Mr. Himer D. Merrill, Botanist of the Bureau of
Science, Manila, sent me all the Philippine material of the genus
Dryopteris from the herbarium of that institution, in order to give me an
opportunity to prepare a classified list of the species found in the
Archipelago. The collection contains many of Cuming’s plants, and a
large number of specimens collected by the American botanists since
the occupation of the Philippines by the United States. In addition
to the above material I have also received from Dr. #. B. Copeland
a notable collection, and Mr. Loher has had the kindness to furnish
me with an additional and very interesting collection, supplementary
to the one he sent me in 1897 and which was the basis of my work
“Wilices Insularum Philippinarum.”' Since the publication of the above
paper some important works of Dr. Copeland have notably advanced
our knowledge of the ferns of the Philippines. In his Polypodiacee
of the Philippine Islands,? Dr. Copeland admits 60 species of Nephrodium,
compiling the descriptions of all the species credited to the Philippines,
even of those species of which he had not seen specimens. In my present
paper I have not attempted to account for all the species of the genus
that have been credited to the Archipelago by various authors, but
have considered only those of which specimens are before me. In.a
group so difficult as Dryopteris and so subject to diverse interpretation,
it appears to me that the latter treatment is the surest, even if com-
pleteness is sacrificed.
I have limited Dryopteris in the sense of Christensen’s Index Filicum ;
that is, excluding Pleocnemia and Sagenia and treating only Lastrea
(including Phegopteris) and Nephrodium proper (including Goniopteris,
Mesochlaena and Menisciwn). As the Philippines are particularly
rich in species and forms of Dryopteris, the task of treating all the
species was sufficiently arduous. In regard to nomenclature I have
followed Christensen’s Index Filicum and accepted the generic name
1 Bull. Herb. Boiss. 6 (1898) 127-154; 189-210.
2 Govt. Lab. Publ. 28 (1906) 18-32.
189
.
190 CHRIST.
Dryopteris, in spite of the sacrifice of personal opinions and in spite
of being obliged to discard names that have been in constant use for a
- century and’which are known to all botanists.
Nowhere else is the type of Nephrodiwm with anastomosing veins so
diversified as in the Philippines. There are in the Philippines forms
with very narrow pinne, and some special characters are found in the
species of this region more often than in those of other parts of the
world. These characters are: Pinne attenuated toward. their bases,
the lower ones deflexed, the pinne degenerating into auricles at the base
of the frond, sometimes abruptly, sometimes gradually. In other equa-
torial regions species with these characters are rather rare. In tropical
America, Dryopteris sagittata (Sw.) is almost the only known species
of the group where the frond is abruptly reduced at the base, the lower
pinne being represented by auricles, and D. refracta (Fisch. & Mey.)
is one of the rare examples of a species with deflexed pinne. The Ma-
layan region offers the most frequent examples of species presenting
the two last characters, for example D, sagittifolia (Blume) of Java,
but even in the Malayan region such species do not approach in number
those of the Philippines,
There is in the Philippines a tendency a “insular” reduced types
which is rather interesting. These reduced types elsewhere are rare,
and abnormal. The irregularity and reduction of the fronds and even
the dimorphism of the fertile fronds is normal in Dryopteris canescens
(Blume) as found in the Philippines, and D. glandulosa has analogous
tendencies. These variations do not as yet appear to be constant, and
they offer some subspecies and varieties of doubtful value, which are
discussed later under the two above species. In the Archipelago more-
over are analogous variations in other genera, for example the singularly
stunted forms that are grouped under Leptochilus heteroclitus (Presl)
(Acrostichum flagelliferum Wall.), and some species of Pteris, such as
P. ensiformis Burm,, and P. heteromorpha Fée. In the West Indies,
Cuba, Jamaica, Porto Rico, Santo Domingo, ete., analogous insular forms
are found in Polystichum, Fadyenia, Sagenia and especially in Dryopteris
reptans (Gmel.) which there offer multiple reduced forms. I am sure
that the very prolonged isolation of these archipelagoes plays some role
in the occurrence of these variations, although it is not possible at present
to specify just what this influence is.
The wonderful variations of Dryopteris canescens, which are found
in. other parts of Malaya (Celebes) only as rarities, but which are
developed in the Philippines into a bewildering series of forms, appear
to me to throw some new light on the “aberrant forms” of the old
school of pteridologists. By the variations of Dryopteris canescens,
‘ which present an unbroken and insensible transition from a true Neph-
rodium to a plant entirely achrostichoid as to the sori, the affinity of
PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF DRYOPTERIS. 191
Leptochilus, Gymnopteris, Polybotrya, Egenolfia, Stenosemia, and Cae-
nopteris with Aspidiwm, in a broad sense, appears to me to acquire a new
support; and what is more, although perhaps in the cases where it has
not yet been possible to find the aspidioid type of all acrostichoid plants,
it is probable that the aspidioid type has not been preserved or that it
has been so modified as to be unrecognizable. Be that as it may,
for Stenosemia one must admit the immediate descent of Pleocnemia
membranifolia (Dictyopteris Chatlagramica Clarke) as Beddome has
asserted.* Likewise I now connect my Gymnopteris Bonu * from ‘Tonkin,
directly with Aspidium repandum Willd. The contention that “Acros-
tichum” is only “Aspidium” with reduced fertile pinne, appears to me
to be better established than ever. Is this a step in advance in the
development or a degeneration? ‘The example of Dryopteris canescens,
where the incontestable deformation of the pinne both fertile and
sterile, is accompanied by the acrostichoid formation as to the soriferous
parts, appears to me to point strongly to the latter; that is to say,
an aberration and weakening of the type, which one can scarcely call
only teratological, because the influences that have caused the changes
are unknown.
OBSERVATIONS.
1. In my Filices Insularum Philippinarum * I have noted Aspidiwm
Fauriei var. elatius Christ and A. grammitoides. Both belong in Athy-
rium, with aspidioid sori, as is the case with Athyrium oxyphyllum which
is found in the Philippines with absolutely aspidioid sori.
2. In his Polypodiacew of the Philippine Islands,° Copeland includes
Nephrodium asperulum (J. Sm.) Copel. The species was based on No.
63 Cuming, Polypodium asperulum J. Sm., and the specimen in the
Herbarium of the Bureau of Science is * me Microlepia “eit,
(Linn.) Moore, with submarginal ‘sori.
3. Copeland? admits Nephrodium rugulosum (Wabill.) Copel., but to
me the plant indicated is Hypolepis. Species of Hypolepis with the sori
more or less intramarginal give rise to some doubt as to their proper
disposition. There is a form in the Philippines which has a rhizome
often, if not always, creeping, which is generally a good character of true
Hypolepis and which indicates the relationship of that genus with
Pteridium. ‘This. form was considered by me at first as Dryopteris
setigera (Blume) O. Ktz., and later as Aspidiwm vile Kunze, of Java,
with which it has a great resemblance. It has been collected on Mount
Apo, Mindanao, by Copeland (No. 1462) October, 1904, and on Mount
* Suppl. Ferns Brit. Ind. 48, 40.
* Bull. Herb. Boiss. II 4: 610.
5 Bull. Herb. Boiss. 6 (1898) 193.
* Govt. Lab. Publ, 28 (1905) 25.
2 Es. 66:28.
192 CHRIST.
Arayat, Luzon, by the Bolster (Nos. 79, 98.) The rhizome seems to be
very slightly creeping, the sori are submarginal at the anterior base of
the lobes and the texture of the plant is rather thin and not coriaceous
as in specimens of Aspidiwm vile from Java leg. Raciborski. After
examining the material at present available, I do not consider that this
doubtful species can be referred with certainty to Dryopteris.
4. Aspidium varium Sw., is to me a Polystichum, and for this reason
this Chinese type, which is also found in-northern Luzon, is not con-
sidered in the following list:
DRYOPTERIS Adanson.
I. NEPHRODIUM (including Mesochlaena, Goniopteris and Meniscium).
1. Dryopteris megaphylla (Mett.) C. Chr. Ind. Fil. (1905) 277. Aspidium
megaphyllum Mett. Ann, Lugd. Bat. 1 (1864) 233. Aspidiwm pennigerum Blume
fnum. (1828) 153. Nephrodium pennigerum Bedd. Handb. (1892) 73.
Haud male quadrans cum specimine Javanico a Raciborski lecto et
determinato, conf. Raciborski Pterid. Buitenz. 190, sed planta Mindana-
ensis gaudet rhizomate erecto, radicibus multis simplicibus et stipitum
fasciculatorum basi oriundis suffulto, quum Raciborski plantae Javanicae
rhizoma repens stipites que remotos attribuat. Beddome recte monet
“Caudex erect.”
Minpanao, District of Davao, Todaya (1236 Copeland) April, 1904; Province
of Zamboanga, San Ramon (Copeland) March, 1905.
Malaya.
2. Dryopteris truncata (Poir.) O. Ktze. Rey. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 814. Polypo-
dium truncatum Poir. in Lam. Eneyel. 5 (1804) 534, 3
Nervis 6 utrinque quorum 2 ad 3 junctis, lobis rotundatis aut conyexe
truncatis.
Luzon, Province of Laguna, Pagsanjan (1995b Copeland) February, 1906;
Los Bafios (Alberto) May, 1905: Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles (391
Topping) May, 1904: Province of Benguet, Baguio (4948 Curran) August, 1906.
Minvanao, Province of Zamboanga, San Ramon (1674 Copeland) March, 1905.
BAsILAN (88 DeVore & Hoover) April, 1903. ;
Malaya.
3. Dryopteris abrupta (Blume) 0. Ktze. Rey. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 812.
Aspidium abruptum Blume Enum. (1828) 154. Nephrodium abruptum Hook. Sp.
Fil. 4 (1862) 77. t. 241. B.
Nervis utrinque quorum 4 aut 5 junctis, lobis horizontaliter aut con-
cave truncatis, apice denticulatis.
MINDANAO, Province of Zamboanga, San Ramon (Copeland) February to
Mareh, 1905.
Malaya.
Searcely more than a subspecies of the preceding.
4. Dryopteris adenophora ©. Chr. Ind. Fil. (1905) 251. Nephrodium hirsu-
tum J. Sm. in Hook. Journ. Bot. 3 (1841) 412; Hook. Sp. Fil. 4: 70. t. 140, non
Don, nee Bory.
os
f*
PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF DRYOPTERIS. 193
Luzon, Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles (419 Topping) May, 1904; (1312
Whitford) January, 1905: Province of Tayabas, Mount Banajao (968 Whitford)
October, 1904: Province of Zambales, Mount Pinatubo (Loher) February, 1906:
Minporo, Baco River (276 McGregor) May, 1905. Nereros, Gimagaan River
(1658 Whitford) May, 1906.
Philippines and Celebes.
5. Dryopteris ferox (Blume) O. Ktze. Rev.-Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 812. Aspidium
ferox Blume Enum. (1828) 153. S
Luzon, without locality (172 Cuming) “Goniopteris aspera J. Sm. Polypodium
asperum Roxb. in herb. Linn, Soc.” J. Smith in Hook. Journ. Bot: 3 (1841) 396:
Province of Benguet, Sablan (6232 Hlmer) April, 1904; Baguio (320 Topping)
January to February, 1903: Province of Cavite, Mendez Nuiiez (1355 Mangubat)
August, 1906. Murnporo, Baco River (237 Mc@regor) May, 1905. MINDANAO,
Zamboanga (1578 Copeland) 1905; Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley (107a Mrs.
Clemens) January, 1906.
Malaya.
Var. calvescens n. var.
_ Pustulis et setis axialibus fere evanidis.
MINDANAO, Province of Zamboanga, San Ramon (1721 Copeland) 1905, alt.
800 m.
6. Dryopteris Todayensis n. sp.
Rhizomate oblique erecto, supraterraneo, radicoso, paucos (ca. 3)
stipites emittente, fere nudo, atrobrunneo, digiti crassitie. Stipite crasso
fere digiti minoris, solido griseo-brunneo nudo aut paucis squamulis
lanceolatis brunneis parce obsito, 40 em. longo, fronde 70 em. et ultra
longa 20 em. lata oblongo-acuminata pinnata, versus basin vix attenuata
sed abrupte secus stipitem utroque latere in 8 ad 10 auriculas breves
rudimentarias transeunte, rhachi brunneo-grisea puberula, pinnis con-
fertis sessilibus 40 ad 55 utrinque, basi subcallosis tuncato-cuneatis
subinaequalibus, caudato-acuminatis, 11 cm. longis basi 11 mm. latis usque
ad mediam partem incisis, ala utrinque 3 mm. lata relicta, lobis confertis
ca. 45 utrinque lanceolato-acutis valde falcatis 3 mm. longis 2 mm. latis,
nervis tenuibus non prominulis 7 ad 8 utrinque, areolam unam costalem
formantibus, secundis in sinum acutum excurrentibus, caeteris liberis,
facie inferiore puberula, superiore glabra, exceptis costulis costulisque
adpresse pilosis, soris minutis, brunneis, mediis, indusio parvo reniformi
brunneo integro puberulo. -Textura flaccide herbacea, colore atroviridi.
Differt a D. truncata lobis falcatis profundioribus, nervisque pluribus.
MrinpDANAO, District of Davao, Todaya, on the slopes of Mount Apo at 1,200
m. alt. (1463 Copeland) October, 1904. NeGros, Gimagaan River (1658 Whit-
ford) May, 1906.
A species of large size, the frond abruptly narrowed at the base, the stipe
with numerous small auriculate pinne, the lobes narrow, the lower surface
slightly pubescent, the nervules forming one costal areola, the sori very small,
the color a very dark green. A similar plant, but the stipe without auricles,
is represented by No. 607 Copeland, from Davao.
194. CHRIST.
vis Dryopteris Mindanaensis n. sp.
Ampla, fronde deorsum non attenuata, undique puberula, uno doubusve
nervis junctis, indusio ciliato, ab omnibus formis e vicinitate D. parasiticae
etiam a D. latipinna (Hance) magnitudine lobisque vel disting-
uenda indusio ciliato.
Rhizomate uti videtur repente aut valde obliquo, foliis remotis haud
fasciculatis, stipite 830 cm. longo, rufo-plumbeo, pennae anserinae cras-
sitie, uti tota plante brevissime puberulo, sulcato, basi squamis ovatis
acuminatis 4 em. longis brunneis opacis vestito, fronde 70 em. longa 40
cm. lata, ovato-acuminata in caudam longam incisam_protracta, basi
haud aut vix attenuata, pinnis utrinque ca. 28 infra apicem patentibus,
modice approximatis, sessilibus, basi haud attenuatis, 20 cm. longis,
2.5 cm. latis caudato-acuminatis, usque ad mediam partem inter marginem
et costam incisis, lobis ca. 45 ad 50 utrinque, pectinato-confertis, subfal-
catis, obtusis sed mucronulatis, 7.5 mm. longis, 4.5 mm. latis, sinu fere
nullo interjecto, costis nervisque stramineis, dense et albido-puberulis,
nervis 10 ad 12 utrinque, simplicibus, costalibus aut etiam secundis
junctis, soris 5 ad 8 utrinque, 1 mm. latis rotundis dilute brunneis,
indusio flaccido, griseo, ciliato. ‘Textura herbacea, colore laete virente
opaco.
MINDANAO, District of Davao (607 Copeland) 1904.
8. Dryopteris invisa (Forst.) O. Ktze. Rev. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 813. Poly-
podium invisum Forst. Prodr. (1786) 81.
Luzon, Province of Benguet, Baguio (6573 Hlmer) June, 1904. PALAwAN
(Paragua) Point Separation (824 Merrill) February, 1903.
Polynesia.
A species still more pubescent than the preceding, and a third or one-half
smaller, fronds somewhat abrupt below by the pinne gradually becoming shorter,
but without auricles, the pinne somewhat distant, narrow, the lobes triangular,
the texture more coriaceous, the color a light yellowish green. Nerves forming
one areola, the sori larger, brownish, the sporangia hairy. I have identified the
above specimens with this species after the description given by Baker in Synopsis
Filicum 290 under Nephrodium imwisum Carruth. Copeland in his Polypodiacee
of the Philippines, 30, accepts this species, and repeats Baker’s description with
a slight modification “sori in rows close to the midribs,” while Baker says “sori
midway between the midrib and edge,” the latter being the case with our
specimens. Baker also says “common in the Polynesian Islands.” I have but
one specimen from the Solomon Islands leg. Betche, which agrees well with the
description, but in-which the base of the frond is abrupt, not narrowed, and with
one auricle on the stipe. A critical species.
9. Dryopteris cucullata (Blume) Aspidium cucullatum Blume Enum. (1828)
151. Dryopteris unita O. Ktze. Rev. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 811.
Luzon, without locality (254 Cuming) “Nephrodium canescens Presl—Aspi-
dium canescens Wall.” J. Sm. in Hook. Journ. Bot. 3 (1841) 411. Province of
Rizal (2690 Ahern’s collector) January to March, 1905: Province of Benguet,
Twin Peaks (6468 Himer) June, 1904: Province of Nueva Ecija, Carranglang
(284 Merrill) May, 1902: Province of Tayabas, Atimonan (662 Whitford) Au-
gust, 1904, CrBu (28, 29 Barrow) May, 1904. Mrtnpanao, Province of Zam-
=e.
-
_
PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF DRYOPTERIS. 195
boanga, (1575, 1575a, 1575b Copeland) 1905; District of Davao (390 Copeland)
March, 1904; Santa-Cruz (218 DeVore & Hoover) April, 1903; Mount Apo (378
DeVore & Hoover) May, 1903.
Malayan region to the Seychelles.
It is impossible for me to follow Christensen’s Index in treating this species
as D. unita and renewing the confusion that has exsisted for a long time regarding
Nephrodium unitum R. Br. (=Dryopteris gongylodes), Blume’s name is here
accepted for the species. There is a limit even to the virtues of priority !
. Var. mucronata (J. Sm.) Nephrodium mucronatum J. Sm. in Hook. Journ.
Bot. 3 (1841) 412.
Inter typum et N. callosum (Bl.) intermedia... N. cucullato typico
major, pinnis 2 cm. et ultra latis, nervis utrinque plus minus 12, quorum
6 junctis, soris minutis submarginalibus, pinnis infimis versus basin
angustatis, insertione pinnarum callosa, omnio puberula. WN. callosum
magnitudine et glabritie differt. :
Luzon, without locality (182 Cuming nec 268). Mtnpanao, Lake Lanao,
Camp Keithley (107 Mrs. Clemens) January, 1906.
10. Dryopteris arida (Don) O. Ktze. Rey. Gen. Pl. 2 ee 812. Aspidium
aridum Don Prodr. Fl. Nepal. (1825) 4.
Luzon, Province of Nueva Ecija, Carranglang (283 Merrill) May, 1902:
Province of Benguet, Trinidad (212 Topping) January, 1903. Minporo, Baco
(879 Merrill) April, 1903. Minpanao, District of Davao, Davao (447,326
Copeland) March, 1904: Province of Zamboanga (1576 Copeland) 1905: Lake
Lanao, Camp Keithley (Mrs. Clemens) January, 1906.
No. 279 Cuming “Nephrodium mucronatum J. Sm.” appears to differ from this
species in its pinne being more strongly hastate at the base and in being more
strongly villous. Dryopteris arida of the Philippines is usually more strongly
villous and the pinne are shorter and more distant than in the form found in
India (Dehra Dun, leg. Blanford) .
Malaya.
11. Dryopteris aenusshics as O. Ktze. Rev. Gen. Pl. 2 (1801) 812.
Aspidium Schkuhr Krypt. 289. Nephrodiwm unitum R. Br.
Luzon, without locality (259 Cuming) “Nephrodium unitum R. Br.” J. Sm.
in Hook. Journ. Bot. 3 (1841) 411: Province of Cagayan (133bis Bolster) July,
1905: Province of Nueva Ecija, Carranglang (283 Merrill) May, 1902: Province
of Bataan, Mount Mariveles (1239 Borden) June, 1904. Minpanao, Province of
Zamboanga, San Ramon (Copeland) March, 1905.
Tropics of both hemispheres, as far north as Algeria.
12. Dryopteris hispidula (Dene.) 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 813.
Aspidium hispidulum Dene. Nouv Ann. Mus. 3: 346.
Luzon, without locality (268 Cuming nec 182), “Nephrodium mucronatum
J. Sm.” in Hook. Journ. Bot. 3 (1841) 412.
Cum planta Borneensi a cl. Niewenhuis lecta exacte convenit, sed
minus cum speciminibus aliter collectis. ;
A specimen from Baguio, Province of Benguet, Luzon (5108 Curran) August,
1906, appears to me to be intermediate between Dryopteris basilaris and D.
hispidula.
Borneo and the Philippines; its other distribution in Malaya uncertain.
196 : CHRIST.
13. Dryopteris basilaris (Presl) C. Chr. Ind. Fil. (1905) 254. Nephrodium
basilare Presl Epim. Bot. (1849) 258, nomen. Nephrodium philippinense Bak.
Ann. Bot. 5 (1891) 327.
This species is one of the most distinct, most important and most widely
distributed of the genus in the Philippines, and is characterized by Baker as
follows:
“Rootstock and complete stipe not seen. Frond oblong-lanceolate, bipinnatifid,
2-3 ft. long, 1-14 ft. broad, moderately firm, glabrous, rachis naked. Pinne
] late, inate, 8-9 in. long, 4 in. broad, cut down less than half way to
the rachis into oblong erecto-patent lobes 4 in. broad, lower pinne not dwarfed,
veins simple, 8-9 jugate. Sori medial, indusium firm, glabrous, persistent.
Near arbuscula, but lower pinne not gradually dwarfed.”
It was on specimens Nos. 10, 84 and 338 Cuming that Baker based his
imperfect description, and of these I have before me a specimen of the second
number. Based on this number, and the abundant material collected by the
American botanists in the Philippines, the following detailed description is given:
Rhizomate obliquo suberecto valde radicoso crasso, foliis subfasciculatis
(4 aut 5) stipite basi suleato-dilatato, squamis subulatis usque ad 2 cm.
longis brunneis e basi lanceolata filiformi-elongatis vestito, rufostramineo,
glabro lucente, tereti, basi pennae cygni crassitie, 45 cm. longo, fronde
usque ad 65 cm. longa, 20 em. lata late ovata acuminata, pinnata, basi
abrupte terminata, pinnis infimis haud abbreviatis, sed stipite utrinque
8 aut 10 auriculis obtusis rudimentariis remotis instructo, pinnis alternis
erecto-patentibus numerosis sessilibus aut brevissime petiolatis, pinna
terminali saepius valde elongata aut basi bifida, pinnis lateralibus approxi-
matis, ca. 35 utrinque, 14 em. longis, 1 cm. latis caudato-acuminatis lan-
ceolato-linearibus, basi antiore recte truncata, posteriore semicordata,
marginibus lobatis usque ad tertiam partem, lobis decumbentibus 3 mm.
longis oblongis subobtusis, costis pallidis manifestis, nervis 5 ad 8 utrin-
que, infimis aream unam formantibus, soris minutis mediis 5 utrinque,
indusio griseo persistente. Colore brunneo-viridi, textura subcoriacea
rigidiuscula, planta glabra.
Luzon, without locality (84 Cuming) “Nephrodium caudiculatum Presl” J.
Sm. in Hook. Journ. Bot. 3 (1841) 411: Province of Rizal, Antipolo ((uerrero)
June, 1903: Province of Cagayan (163, 175 Bolster) August, 1905: Province of
Bataan, Mount Mariveles (407 Topping) May, 1904; (6666 Hlmer) November,
1904; (224, 225 Copeland) February, 1904; (371, 108 Whitford) June, 1904;
(2554 Merrill) June, 1903: Province of Tayabas, Sampaloe (12759 Warburg) :
Provinee of Benguet, Baguio (4915, 4946 Curran) August, 1906: Province of
Cavite, Mendez Nuiiez (1304 Mangubat) August, 1906: Province of Isabela,
Malunu (Warburg). Minpanao, Davao (637 Copeland) March, 1904: Province
of Zamboanga (1685 Copeland).
Widely distributed in the Philippines; endemic.
14. Dryopteris Luzonica n. sp.
A species, resembling the preceding, and like it widely distributed in Luzon,
but well characterized by its very thin texture, bright green color, its pinnee
horizontal, in rather remote pairs and dilated at the base, the lobes obtuse,
Mex
*
mt
a ee
PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF DRYOPTERIS. 197
often truncate, the pinne strongly elongated into a filiform apex, the apex of the
frond rather pinnatifid and terminated by one pinna, the stipe having generally
one or two pairs of auricles. I shall content myself with indicating here the
characters by which it differs from Dryopteris basilaris :
Basi stipitis squamis destitutis aut minutis brevibus, stipite gracili
sed pinnis infimis abbreviatis, et stipite auricula una, rarius pluribus
instructa, flavostramineo, fronde acuminato apice pinnatifida minus
abrupte terminata pinnis remotioribus inferioribus mediisque horizonta-
libus, oppositis, basi antice et postice dilatatis quasi utrinque stipulatis,
lobis brevioribus apice truncato-obtusis sive abruptis et denticulatis, tex-
tura diaphano-tenui, nervis plerumque 5, soris ochraceis, indusio tenuis-
simo mox eyanido, colore dilute smaragdino.
Luzon, Province of Rizal, Bosoboso (1083 Ramos) July, 1906; (89 Foxworthy)
January, 1906; Antipolo (Guerrero) June, 1903; (Loher) March, 1906, March,
1893: Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles (1239 Borden) June, 1904: Province
of Cavite, Mendez Nuiiez (1289, 1302 Mangubat) August, 1906: Province of
Laguna, Los Bafios (Loher) January, 1906; Mount Maquiling (Loher) January,
1906; Pagsanjan (1995a Copeland) February, 1906; (514 Topping) 1904: Proy-
ince of Batangas, Mount Malarayat (2002 Copeland) February, 1906: Province
of Cagayan (120 Bolster) July, 1905: Manila (Rothdauscher) 1897 in Herb.
Monae: Province of Isabela, Malunu (11577 Warburg).
Var. puberula n. var.
Rhachi costis et nervis puberulis.
Luzon, Province of Cagayan, Tabug (175 Bolster) August, 1905.
Var. polyotis n. var.
Pinnis latioribus, basi 16 mm., brevius acuminatis, et stipite usque ad
basin auriculis numerosis (ca. 20 utrinque) vestitis.
Luzon, Province of Rizal, Montalban (5064 Merrill) March, 1906. MinpAnao,
Province of Zamboanga, San Ramon (1571 Copeland) December, 1904.
15. Dryopteris parasitica (Linn.) O. Ktze. Rev. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 811.
Polypodium parasiticum Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) 1090.
Luzon, without locality (83 Cuming) “Nephrodium molle R. Br.” J. Sm. in |
Hook. Journ. Bot. 3 (1841) 412. Province of Rizal, Bosoboso (1084 Ramos)
July, 1906: Province of Tayabas, Malicboi (Ritchie) May, 1903; Atimonan
(8 Gregory) August, 1904: Province of Laguna, Pagsanjan, (1995 Copeland)
February, 1906. Mrinpanao, Province of Zamboanga (1605 Copeland) 1905:
District of Davao (607 Copeland) March, 1904. PaLawan (Paragua) Ewiig
River (720 Merrill) February, 1903.
Tropics of both hemispheres.
Var. falcatula n. var.
Differt a typo pinnis inferioribus oppositis, refractis, basi antice sti-
pulatis, segmentisque profundius incisis falcatis acutioribus, aliter typo
conformis. An Nephrodium molliusculum Wall. Cat. ?
MINDANAO, Province of Zamboanga (1677 Copeland) 1905.
198 CHRIST.
16. Dryopteris procurrens (Mett.) O. Ktze. Rev. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 813.
Aspidium procurrens Mett. Ann. Lugd. Bat. 1: 231.
Luzon, Province of Laguna, Pagsanjan (1992 Copeland) February, 1903:
Province of Rizal, Bosoboso (1094 Ramos). July, 1906: Province of Bataan,
Mount Mariveles (226, 1389 Copeland) February, August; 1904. CuxLton (589
Merrill) December, 1902. MinpAnao, Province of Zamboanga (1693a Copeland).
Malaya.
From repeated examinations of material from the Philippines I have not been
able to determine with certainty the form described by Hooker, Synopsis 292, as
Nephrodium latipinna, as that species is represented by specimens from Hongkong
and Tonkin (leg. Cadiére).
17. Dryopteris heterocarpa (Blume) O. Kuntze Rey. Gen. Pl, 2 (1891) 813.
Polypodiwm heterocarpum Blume Enum. (1828) 155.
Luzon, Province of Laguna, Mount Maquiling (2027 Copeland) press 1906.
Sunda Islands.
18. Dryopteris canescens (Blume) ©. Chr. Ind. (1905) 256. Polypodium
canescens Blume Enum. (1828) 158. Gymnogramme canescens Blume Fil. Jav.
93. t. 40. Aspidiwm canescens Christ. Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 15': 130.
The Philippines share with Celebes a gees oa of forms of this species, interest-
ing because of the numerous more or less “insular” forms into which it is
divided. I refer the reader to what I have said regarding it in Ann. Jard. Bot.
Buitenzorg 1. ¢., where I have shown its affinity to the group containing P.
parasitica of whtoh it appears to be a weakly derived species, weakly derived
because of its generally reduced dimensions, the indusium frequently lacking,
and its sori irregular, but above all in the variation in the form of the fronds
which present all forms of pinne from those linear and elongated to those
variously cut, lobed and dilated in a most bizarre manner, and finally in the
dimorphism and narrowness of the fertile fronds which have much elongated
stipes and the pinne so narrowed that the sori lose their distinctness and form
a mass which entirely covers the narrow fertile pinne, in this latter ee
resembling those of Hgenolfia appendiculata,
In Celebes I have distinguished three forms—nephrodiformis, which is scarcely
dimorphous; gymnogrammoides, with the fertile fronds somewhat reduced; and
acrostichoides with the fertile pinne narrowly linear. For the species as it
occurs in the Philippines, this distinction does not suffice, and it is necessary to
distinguish a large number of forms, some of which have acquired the value of
subspecies, or perhaps in some cases, of species. ‘These forms I characterize as
* follows: |”
Var. lobatum n. var.
Statura minore, stipite longiore (20 cm., frondis 20 cm.) pinnis minus
numerosis, latioribus, lobis latioribus, paucioribus, profundioribus nervis
flexuosis, interdum irregularibus, aream unam costalem formantibus,
pubescentia sensiore grisea imprimis costas nervosque tegente, et soris
indusiis carentibus, saepe irregulariter elongatis.
Luzon, Province of Rizal, Mabacal (Loher) March, 1906: Province of Ben-
guet, Baguio (1866 Copeland) November, 1905.
Java, Celebes,
This variety more or less resembles the large form figured by Blume and
approaches a small D. parasitica, but the stipe is relatively longer, 20 em., the
frond 20 cm., the pinne less numerous, longer, the lobes longer and more numerous
and more deeply divided, the nerves very undulating, forming one costal areola,
pubescent,
ax
Ms
.
PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF DRYOPTERIS. 199
Var. degener n. var.
-Rhizomate elongato subrepente, pinnis ovatis saepe obovatis basi.
attenuatis, obtusissimis, obtuse crenato-lobatis, apice frondis elongato
lato obtuse lobato, pinnis sterilibus brevius (6 em.) fertilibus saepe longius
(usqaie ad 25 cm.) stipitatis, pinnis fertilibus remotis, soris irregulariter
sparsis plus minus rotundis. Tota planta a 20 cm. usque:ad 42 cm.
alta, textura crassiuscula, colore obscure fere atroviridi, pubescentia
imprimis rhacheos densa, strigosa, brunnea.
Luzon, Province of Rizal, Angilog (Loher) February, 1906, the larger form;
Montalban (Loher) March, 1906, the smaller form.
This is an accentuated variation. of the normal form, the length of the merely
lobed apex and the pinne, scarcely coarsely crenate, giving the plant a singular
aspect.
Var. subsimplicifolia n. var.
Smaller, distinguished from the preceding by its one distinct terminal elongated
pinna, nearly entire, and in the lateral. pinne being vey slightly developed and
auricle-like.
Luzon, Province of Tayabas (Infanta) (784 Whitford) September, 1904.
19. Dryopteris diversiloba (Presl) n. subsp. Nephrodium diversilobum Présl
Epim. (1849) 47; Mett. Aspid. 100. Goniopteris asymmetrica Fée Gen. 253.
Rhizomate debili, elongato, plus minus repente, stipitibus plus minus
fasciculatis fere caespitosis aut subsolitariis, debilibus flexousis 8 cm.
longis, fronde oblonga 10 em. longa, 7. cm. lata, pinnata, pinnis subpe-
tiolatis rhombeis aut lata ovatis obtusis aut in apicem lanceolatum
prolongatis 5 usque ad 7 utrinque 4 cm. longis, 2.5 cm. latis basi
saepe attenuatis sive hastulatis aut subcordiformibus, crenatis, apice
lobatis lobis valde irregularibus, brevibus et usque ad 2 aut 3 cm. longis,
lanceolato-obtusis 2.5 mm. latis mixtis. Apice frondis saepe lato, valde
elongato, lobato; pinnis fertilibus vix contractis, saepe apice solummodo
sorifero, soris minutis exindusiatis numerosis irregulariter sparsis rariter
seriatis saepe elongatis. Tota planta griseo pubescente, textura herbacea,
colore dilute viridi-griseo.
Luzon, Province of Nueva Viseaya, Quiangan (162 Merrill) June, 1902:
Province of Rizal, Mabacal-(Loher) March, 1906; northern Luzon (11611 War-
burg) 1888. NecRos, Gimagaan River (83 Copeland) 1904. MrInpanao, Province
of Zamboanga, San Ramon (1547, 1774, 1754 Copeland) November, 1904, April,
May, 1905: Province of Misamis, Mount Malindang (4613, 4710 Mearns &
Hutchinson) May, 1906: District of Davao (698 Copeland) March, 1904:
Province of Surigao (252 Bolster) April, 1906.
Apparently common and widely distributed in the Philippines; endemic.
This is a form of the D. canescens group, but so accentuated, and at the same
time so widely distributed (it should be one of the most common ferns in the
Archipelago), that it should be recognized as a subspecies. A small plant, almost
turf forming with elongated, weak and often running rhizomes, the fronds not,
or but little dimorphous, the pinne few, short, broad, nearly square and very
irregularly lobed, the lobes sometimes short and obtuse, sometimes greatly
elongated. The specimens with the elongated pointed pinne have the appearance
200 j CHRIST.
of a sufficiently distinct species, but often the long and short pinne are found on
the same plant. The frond is often terminated by a single simple pinna, but some-
times it is pinnatifid. The pinne are slightly petioled, somewhat hastate and
slightly cordate at the base, slightly lobed toward the base, but nearly always
with some strongly elongated and unequal lobes toward the apex which is
abruptly truncate. The stipe is always slender and flexuous, about 8 em, long,
the frond about 10 em. long, the lateral pinne 5 to 7 on each side, 4 em. long,
2.5 em. wide, the terminal one 5 to 10 em. long. The sori are small, very
irregular, sometimes few, sometimes very numerous often occupying only th
terminal part of the frond. . :
Var. acrostichoides (J. Sm.) Nephrodium acrostichoides J. Sm. in Hook.
Journ. Bot. 3 (1841) 411; Christ Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 15' (1898) 130.
The sterile frond is more or less that of D. diversiloba, but the fertile frond
is very long stipitate and the pinne are strongly reduced in width, approaching
those of Gymnopteris and Egenolfia. Two subvarieties are distinguishable:
Subvar, rhombea, n. subvar.
Frondis fertilis stipite debili flexuoso valde elongato, lamina 7 cm.
longa, pinnis 5 utrinque, apice frondis elongato lobato acuminato, pinnis
rhomboideo-lanceolatis usque ad linearibus, subpetiolatis, basi truncatis,
obtusis, crenulatis, 8-4 mm. latis, soris confertis aut seriatis aut omnio
confluentibus, areola una.
Sterile pinne with the form of those of D. diversiloba, the frond with the
stipe 12 em. long, the fertile frond, including the stipe 25 em. long, the stipe
being about 18 em. long.
Luzon, without locality (149 Cuming); Province of Rizal, Bosoboso (1084
Ramos) July, 1906: Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles (3130 Merrill) Oc-
tober, 1903; (Copeland) August, 1904; (6153 Leiberg) July, 1904: Province of
Tayabas (Infanta) (784 Whitford) September, 1904. Munpanao, District of
Davao (503 Copeland) March, 1904.
Philippines and Celebes.
Subvar. lanceola n. subvar.
Differt a praecedente pinnis sterilibus lanceolatis margine fere integris |
apice obtusis aut acutiusculis, apice frondis valde elongato fere caudato,
areola una huic inde duabus.
Luzon, Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles (250 Copeland) January, 1904:
Province of Rizal (140 Foxworthy) January, 1906. NeEGRos, Gimagaan River
(1600 Whitford) May, 1906. Mrnpanao, Province of Zamboanga (Copeland)
1905.
A specimen from San Ramon (Copeland) April, 1905, offers the maximum
reduction, the fertile pinne being reduced to a width of 2 mm., and the sori
accordingly having the appearance of a string of beads as is the case in specimens
from Celebes leg. Sarasin. :
20. Dryopteris acromanes n. sp.
Rhizomate brevi crasso radicoso, foliis fasciculatis, stipite rufo-aut
plumbeo-stramineo, tenui, 15 ad 30 cm. longo, fere nudo, fronde oblongo-
acuminata, 17 cm. longa, 9 cm. lata, pinnata, pinnis ca. 7 utrinque
infra apiceme longatum lobatum, petiolulatis, basi lata truncata sed
>
*.
PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF DRYOPTERIS. 201
pinnis infimis basi attenuatis et deflexis, haud abbreviatis, pinnis obovatis
sive rhombeo-elongatis 4.5 em. longis, 3 em. latis versus apicem latissimis
ad mediam laminam sive ultra incisis lobis ovatis rotundato-obtusis 3
em. latis ca. 8 utrinque, versus apicem pinnae repente elongatis, fronde
fertile conformi, nervis ca. 8 utrinque aream unam costalem formantibus,
soris magnis-brunneis rotundis ultra 1 mm. latis, in lobis submarginalibus
(lamina media soris destituta) brunneis exindusiatis. Faciebus tenuis-
sime puberulis, textura herbacea, colore obscure viridi.
Luzon, Province of Laguna, Mount Maquiling (Loher) April, 1906: Pree
of Rizal, Ampalit (Loher) April, 1906.
No. 51 Cuming “Polypodium adfine Reinw.” in Herb. Bureau of Science,
approaches Loher’s specimens cited above, except that the sori are not confined
entirely to the lobes and are less marginal.
In many respects similar to D. canescens var. lobatum, but the accrescence of
the pinne toward the apex and the increasing length of the lobes toward the
tips of the pinne is more accentuated. The sori are large, marginal, bordering
the lobes in a single series and the plant has not the harshness and grayish color
that distinguishes D. canescens, so that the present form can hardly be referred
to the preceding as a subspecies.
21. Dryopteris xiphioides n. sp.
Rhizomate obliquo repente, stipitibus debilibus valde approximatis
numerosis aequilongis 30 cm. longis rufostramineis, fronde pinnata 20
em. fonga 11 cm. lata, late ovato-elongata, ad basin vix attenuata, pinna
terminali 10 cm. longa basi aut, libera aut pinnis lateralibus valde
abbreviatis vicina sive connata, 13 mm. lata acuminata lanceolata crenata,
pinnis lateralibus 4 aut 5 similibus sed haud ultra 7 em. longis, nervis 3,
rarius 4 omnibus junctis, soris paucis minutis exindusiatis, tota planta
parce griseo pubescente, textura herbacea, colore griseo-viridi.
Minpvanao, Province of Zamboanga, San Ramon (Copeland, s.n.) April, 1905,
alt. 800 m.
A species of the D. canescens group, remarkable by its very elongated falcate
pinne which are not reduced toward the base of the frond and but slightly lobed.
22. Dryopteris Merrillii n. sp.
Rhizomate erecto radicoso crasso, foliis fasciculatis numerosis, stipite
rufostramineo flexuosa vix pennae corvinae crassitie basi squamulis mini-
mis ruguloso aliter nudo (rachi facieque frondis parce puberulis) 18 ad
20 em. longo, fronde ovato-oblonga acuminata, 20 ad 29 cm, longa, 12.
em. lata, apice elongato lobato, pinnata, pinnis confertis patentibus
infimis interdum reductis et deflexis, egregie petiolulatis, falcato-lanceo-
latis, acutis, 6 cm. longis, 12 mm. latis, basi verticaliter truncata egregie
hastata, antice plus minus aucta, pinnis dentato-serratis dentibus decum-
bentibus, nervis goniopteridis, pinnatis inter costam marginemque areas
4 ad 5 formantibus quaque area nervulum liberum porrectum includente.
Fronde fertili longius stipitata, pinnis angustioribus magis remotis.
Adsunt pinnae fertiles 6 mm. 5 mm. et 2 mm. latae! Soris confertis
547444
202 : CHRIST.
4 ad 5 seriatis aut confluentibus minimis brunneis rotundis exindusiatis.
Textura herbacea, colore laete virente. c
PALAWAN (742, 862 Foxworthy) March, April, 1906. Mrnpanao, Province
of Surigao, Surigao (26 Bolster) March, 1906, the latter very small, about 23
em. high, resembling a specimen from Borneo leg. Ridley, 1901.
This presents-the appearance of a well-established species. It is large, fascic-
ulate, with a definitely established dimorphism, and is readily recognizable by
its numerous pectinate lanceolate pinne, stipitate and manifestly hastate at
the base, the nerves forming several areole. In some respects it resembles
- Egenolfia appendiculata and:might be mistaken for that species except that the
bases of the pinne are equal.
23. Dryopteris Philippina (Presl) ©. Chr. Ind. Fil. (1905) 284. Physe-
matium philippinum Pres] Epim. (1849) 34. Lastrea exigua J. Sm. in Hook.
Journ. Bot. 3 (1841) 412. : '
Luzon, Without locality (251, 272 Cuming): Province of Rizal, Montalban
(Loher) March, 1906. MtnpAnao, Province of Zamboanga, San Ramon (1705
Copeland) 1905: Province of Surigao (307, 327 Bolster) May, June, 1906.
This is a reduced form of D. Merrillai with obtuse pinne, more simple venation
and the pinne auriculate only anteriorly.
24. Dryopteris microloncha n. sp.
Nana, rhizomate crasso obliquo atrobrunneo radicoso, foliis numerosis
fasciculatis, stipite raris squamulis brunneis sparso rufostramineo 2 ad
3 cm. longo tenui, rhachi stramimea parce furfuracea, planta aliter nuda,
fronde oblonga 16 ad 24 cm. longa, 4 ad 6 em. lata acuminata et in
longam cuspidem lobatam excurrentem versus basin sensim auriculis
obtusis rotundatis, demum 5 aut 3 mm. longis et latis decrescente, pinnis
ca. 12 utrinque, mediis 3 em. longis, 0.5 cm. latis sessilibus e basi hastu-
lata sive utrinque sed antice magis auriculata sensim acuminatis, vix ad
tertiam laminae partem incisis, lobulis truncatis, nervis in lobulis parce
pinnatis, infimis irregulariter junctis, soris numerosis. minutis brunneis
irregulariter triseriatis, undusio atrobrunneo orbiculari, persistenté.
Leyte (317 Cuming) “Nephrodium caudiculatum Pres)” J. Sm. in Hook.
Journ. Bot. 3 (1841) 411. Luzon, Province of Rizal (54 Foaworthy) January,
1906; Morong (1381 Ramos) August, 1906: Province of Cavite (1304 Lop
August, 1906.
A small plant resembling D. Amboinensis (Willd. Sp. Pl. 5: 208, isin),
but even smaller than that species, with numerous obtuse auricles on the stipe,
narrow pinne which are scarcely incised, and more numerous sori.
‘25. Dryopteris polycarpa (Blume) Aspidiwm polycarpum Blume Enum.
(1828) 156. Mesochlaena polycarpa Bedd. Ferns Brit. Ind. Suppl. 13.
Samar (327 ? Cuming) 1836-40. The interrogation point concerns only the
number in Cuming’s series, and not the plant itself, the identity, of which is
incontestable.
I do not consider that the elongated sori and their ipetgincnant in horizontal
lines merits the generic separation of this form, as in all other respects it is a
trie WV; ephrodium,
Malaya.
PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF DRYOPTERIS. 203
26. Dryopteris chamaeotaria n. subsp.
Rhizomate subrepente, stipitibus approximatis, tenuibus, flexuosis, 10
ad 13 cm. longis, parce puberulis et squamis pallide fuscis subulatis
sparsis, rufostramineis, fronde ovata 13 cm. longa 7 cm. lata, magna
pinna libera ovato-acuminata basi grosse lobata 6 cm. longa 2 cm. lata
terminata, 2 vel 3 pinnis lateralibus utrinque, alternis, petiolulatis, su-
premis dadnatis, similibus sive valde reductis ovato- aut rhombeo-obtusis,
nervis pinnatis, 4 areolas inter costam marginemque formantibus, soris
fere 1 mm. latis rotundis, usque ad 5 pro lobo utroque costulae latere,
uti videter exindusiatis, rhachibus faciebusque minute puberulis, textura
herbacea, colore laete virente.
Luzon, Province of Bataan, Lamao River, Mount Mariveles (1369 Whitford)
September, 1905; (387 Topping) May, 1904; (6970 Elmer) November, 1904.
A small deformed plant connected with the type of D. Otaria, analogous to
the relationship between D. diversiloba and D. canescens, an insular reduced
form with feeble characters.
27. Dryopteris Otaria (Kunze) O. Ktze. Rev. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 813. Peete
ium Otaria Kunze; Mett Aspid. 34. n. 73.
PaLawan (764 Merrill) February, 1903.
Rare, but distributed across the Malayan region.
28. Dryopteris Ramosii n. sp.
Habitu cum Meniscio triphyllo v. elato valde conyeniens, pinnis valde
remotis, paucis, fere integris, caudatis, gemmaque minuta axillari pecu-
liaris. Planta debilis, textura tenui.
Rhizomate breviter repente crasso radicoso brunneo, foliis paucis ap-
proximatis, stipite flexuoso basi incrassato squamulis paucis brevibus
sparso rufo-stramineo, ad basin pennae anserinae, porro vix corvinae cras-
sitie, 35 usque ad 60 cm. longa, frondem multum superante ; tota planta
nuda; fronde 20 ad 35 cm. longa, oblonga, pinnata, pinnis valde remotis,
5 em. distantibus, alternis, paucis, 1 ad 4 utrinque cum pinna terminali
longe petiolata, pinnis erecto patentibus basi cuneatis, fere sessilibus,
ovato-oblongis 12 ad 15 em. longis, 3 em. latis, longe et abrupte caudato
acuminatis, margine subintegris aut repando-cuneatis, in axilla rhachiali
saepe gemma rotunda minima praeditis, costulis manifestis sed tenuibus
a costa ad marginem protensis 6 mm. separatis, nervis ca. 8 ad 10 utrinque,
omnibus more Meniscii junctis et nervulos intermedios longitudinaliter
junctos emittentibus, soris minutis, brunneis, rotundis, 7 aut 8 utroque
costulae latere, costulae approximatis, indusio nullo. Textura herbacea
aut papyracea, colore obscure viridi, subtus pallidiore. D. otaria longe
recedit pinnis lobato-serratis, indusio ete:
Luzon, Province of Rizal (1792 Ramos) January, 1907. Minporo, Mount
Haleon (6093 Merrill) November, 1906.
204 CHRIST.
29. Dryopteris pteroides (Retz.) O. Ktze. Rev. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 813.
Polypodium pteroides Retz. Obs. 6: 39.
Mrnpanao (293 Cuming) “Nephrodium Cumingii J. Sm.” in Hook. Journ. Bot.
3 (1841) 411: Lake Lanao (254 Mrs. Clemens) February, 1906; Province of
Zamboanga (1604 Copeland) 1905; District of Davao (636 Copeland) March,
1904. BaraBac (420 Mangubat): Minporo, Calapan (984 Merrill) April, 1903.
Cunton (487, 594 Merrill) December, 1902. ‘Luzon, Province of Rizal, Montalban
(Loher) March, 1906: Province of Pampanga, Mount Arayat (54 Bolster) March,
1905. PaLawan (271 Bermejos) December, 1905.
Throughout the Malayan region.
30. Dryopteris extensa (Blume) 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 812.
Aspidium extensum Blume Enum. (1828) 156.
BaLaBAc (415 Mangubat) April, 1905. No. 391 Cuming, distributed in
Cuming’s Philippine series, was from Matacca, fide J. Sm., Hook. Journ. Bot.
3 (1841) 411, sub Nephrodium cumingii J. Sm. It is referable to Dryopteris
extensa, ' i$
Throughout the Malayan regien.
31. Dryopteris Bordenii n. sp.
Rhizomate elongato obliquo crasso, radicoso, squamulis minutis lanceo-
latis crispis dilute brunneis sparso, foliis paucis subfasciculatis, stipite
firmo usque ad 30 em. longo, saepe breviore, plumbeo- aut castaneo-
stramineo, puberulo auriculis parvis triangularibus subacutis saepe ad
meros lobulos minimos aut ad callos reductis, cire. 10 utrinque, instructo,
fronde ovata basi haud attenuata sed pinnis inferioribus valde deflexis,
25 usque ad 35 cm. longa, 15 ad 20 cm. lata, acuminata, pinnata, pinnis
infra remotiusculis, supra confertis alternis, inferioribus ad basin valde
attenuatis, acuminatis, lanceolatis, sessilibus, supremis, adnatis, ca. 15
utrinque infra apicem pinnatifidum recte patentibus, 10 cm. longis
16 mm. latis, basi truncatis, inferioribus attenuato-cuneatis, usque ad
mediam laminae partem incisis, ala 0.5 cm. lata relicta, lobis obliquis
subfalcatis pectinato-confertis, sinu fere nullo interjecto, obtusis, inte-
gris, ca. 25 utrinque, 3 mm. longis, 2.5 mm. latis, nervis parum con-
spicuis, 7 utrinque, una area costali et secunda sinu applicata, rhachi
faciebus costis costulisque breviter pubescentibus, soris mediis parvis
atrobrunneis, sporangiis laevibus, indusio minuto obscure griseo reformi —
mox evanido. Colore obscure viridi, opaco, textura herbacea.
Luzon, Province of Bataan, Lamao River, Mount Mariveles (1237 Borden)
June, 1904; (6823 Hlmer) November, 1904: Province of Rizal (66, 78 Foa-
worthy) January, 1906: Province of Pampanga, Mount Arayat (493 Topping)
February, 1904: Province of Tayabas, Mount Banajao (Loher) February, 1906.
PALAWAN (571 Fowworthy) April, 1906. ;
The frond has the configuration of that of P. sagittaefolia, the base of the
frond being abrupt and the pinne being replaced by reflexed and pointed auricles
which oecupy the stipe to the base. D. Bordenii however does not belong, like
D. sagittaefolia, in the group with D. parasitica, not having hairy sporangia.
The rhizome is oblique, elongated, the roots strong, the scales very small
lanceolate and twisted.
PHILIPPIND SPECIES OF DRYOPTERIS. 205
32. Dryopteris moulmeinensis (Bedd.) C. Chr. Ind. Fil. (1905) 278. Nephro-
dium moulmeinense Bedd. Ferns Brit. Ind. Correct. (1870) ; Hooker Synopsis 503.
Minvoro, Baco River (997 Merrill) April, 1903. Mrnpanao, Province of Zam-
boanga (1613 Copeland) 1905; San Ramon (Copeland) May, 1904: District of
Davao, Todaya (1240 Copeland) April, 1904; Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley (117
Mrs. Clemens) January, 1906.
Throughout the Malayan Region.
33. Dryopteris urophylla (Wall.) C. Chr. Ind. Fil. (1905) 299. Polypodium
urophyllum Wall. Cat. (1828) 229; Hook. Sp. Fil. 5: 9.
Luzon, Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles (6090 Leiberg) July, 1904:
Province of Laguna, Mount Maquiling (2025 Copeland) March, 1906. MinpANAo,
Province of Surigao’ (223 Bolster) January, 1906: Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley
(Mrs. Clemens) March, 1906; District of Davao (952 Copeland) April, 1904.
Widely distributed in Malaya.
Var. pustulosa Copel. MSS. pro specie.
“Nearest N. moulmeinense, from which it differs in the subhispid, rough-pustu-
lous surface” Copeland.
Luzon, Province of Bataan, Lamao River (218 Copeland) February, 1904.
34. Dryopteris cuspidata (Blume) Meniscium cuspidatum Blume Fil. Jav.
102, ¢. 45.
Mrinporo, Baco River (168 Me@regor) April -May, 1905.
This is the typical form of Blume’s species, of which I have identical material
from Java, Tjipges, leg. Raciborski, and from Perak, leg. Hose, and differs from
the plant of northern India (Menisciwm longifrons Wall.) in its fleshy-papyraceous
texture, opaque, the areole less numerous (8 to 12, rarely more) more or less
concealed under the membranous epidermis and not costellate and prominent.
The proliferous shoots in the axils of the upper pinne are also present in the
. Philippine plant, as indicated by Blume in the Javan form.
Christensen in his Index Filicum unites this species, although with doubt,
with Dryopteris urophylla ; however the proliferation in Blwme’s species, and the
membranous epidermis covering and in part concealing the areole sharply
distinguishes D, cuspidata from D. urophylla. D. longifrons differs in having a
very smooth shining surface, the areole in strong relief, and in the form of its
pinne which are elongated and with their margins nearly parallel. In regard
to the elongated sori, | have from Java a specimen with them nearly round. It
goes without saying that diagnoses alone are of little value in indicating the
differences in forms and the slight characters that distinguish these undivided
species of Dryopteris; characters that strike the eye on examination of specimens
are often difficult to express in words in this and parallel cases.
ss _Dryopteris glandulosa (Blume) O. Ktze. Rev. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 812.
Asp glandul Blume Enum. (1828) 144.
Luzon, toe of Rizal, Bosoboso (964 Ramos) July, 1906; Mabacal (Loher) —
March, 1906: Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles (427 Topping) May, 1904.
‘Leyte (298 Cuming). Mindanao, Province of Zamboanga (1718 Copeland).
Differing from the two preceding by its short erect rhizome which is not
creeping. The villosity is slightly glandular.
Sunda Islands and eastern Malaya.
206 i CHRIST.
36. Dryopteris lineata (Blume) C. Chr. Ind. Fil. (1905) 275. Aspidium
lineatum Blume Enum. (1828) 144.
Mrnpanao, Province of Zamboanga, San Ramon (1218 Gopeland) April, 1905,
700 m. alt.
Glabrous, the frond not reduced at the base. It has the appearance of
Cyclopeltis semicordata, but the pinne are less numerous, broader and not
articulate.
' Malayan region.
37. Dryopteris Spenceri (Copeland MSS, Nephrodium) n. sp.
Rhizomate elongato, radicoso, foliis paucis (3) stipite 20 ad 30 em.
longo rufostramineo, pennae anserinae crassitie, fronde 50 cm. et ultra
longa 12 cm. lata, oblonga, pinnata, pinna magna basi saepe petiolata
12 cm. longa 3.5 em. lata acuminata grosse lobata terminata, pinnis
lateralibus sessilibus, oblongis, falcatis, breviter acuminatis, plus minus
crenato-lobatis (lobis 5 mm. ‘latis) 8 cm. longis, 2 em. latis basi
inaequalibus antice truncatis postice semicordato-rotundatis rhachimque
tegentibus, et versus stipitem in auriculas breves trigonas numerosas
(usque ad 10 utrinque) abeuntibus. Tota planta pube brevi griseo
parce obsita, nervis manifestis prominulis, pinnarum lateralium ca.
6. utrinque 3 aut 4 areolas inter costam et marginem formantibus,
nervis pinnae terminalis usque ad 12, saepe furcatis, et 10 areolas cum
areolis aliquot lateralibus (more Pleocnemiae) formantibus, soris numer-
osis, 4 usque ad 10 utrinque, costulis approximatis saepe’ovatis exindu-
siatis. Textura herbacea, colore laete virente.
Minpanao, District of Davao, Todaya (1464 Copeland) October, 1904, alt. 800
m.; Sibulan River (981 Copeland) April, 1904. A plant from San Ramon,
Mindanao (Copeland s. n.) April, 1905, from about the same altitude as -the-
above is distinguishable by its shorter and more numerous pinne.
A very large species of the group of D. Stegnogramme (Gymnogramme aspid-
ioides Blume Fl. Jav. pl. 98.) but very different from that species in having a
large terminal pinna instead of a pinnatifid apex, and with auricles descending
along the stipe.
38. Dryopteris simplicifolia (J. Sm.). Nephrodium simplicifolium J. Sm.
in Hook. Journ. Bot. 3 (1841) 411. :
A reduced insular form of the D. glandulosa type. The plant small, the
terminal pinna only developed, the lateral ones reduced to auricles.
LeyTE (315 Cuming). This is the plant figured by Hooker Sp. Fil. 1: 19. A
sterile frond with the above specimen shows that it is a larger plant than
figured and demonstrates clearly that the species is more especially a reduction
of D. Spenceri. Specimens from San Ramon, Mrypanao (Copeland) February,
April, 1905, have the nerves less pronounced, the terminal pinna narrower and
the pubescence more grayish,
39. Dryopteris prolifera (Retz.) ey Chr, Ind. Fil. (1905) 286. Memionitis
prolifera Retz. Obs. 6: 38.
Luzon, Province of Cagayan (133 Bolster) July, 1905: Province of Tayabas,
Lucena (616 Whitford) August, 1904: Without locality (168 Cuming).
Throughout the Malayan region to tropical Africa.
PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF DRYOPTERIS. 207
40. Dryopteris rubida (J. Sm.) O. Kuntze’ Rev. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 813.
Goniopteris rubida J. Sm. in Hook. Journ. Bot. 3 (1841) 395; Polypodium
rubidum Hook. Sp. Fil. 5: 12.
Luzon (415 Cuming): Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles (272 Whitford)
May, 1904. PALawan (675, 684 Fowworthy) March, April, 1906.
The base of the stipe, which is not described by Hooker, is as thick as one’s
finger, covered with subulate stiff dark brown scales 2 em. long, and also pustular.
Endemie to the Philippines.
41. Dryopteris triphylla (Sw.) C. Chr. Ind. Fil. (1905) 298. Meniscium
triphyllum Sw. in Schrad. Journ. 1800: 16. ; :
Luzon (11609 Warburg). Leyte (299 Cuming). Nearos (76 Copeland) ;
Gimagaan River (1606 Whitford) May, 1906.
Malayan region.
Var. elata n. var.
Majus, 60 cm. et ultra alta, pinnis saepius 5, remotis fere lanceolatis
valde elongato-candatis, soris brevibus non junctis.
Neeros, Gimagaan River (1608 Whitford) May, 1906. Luzon, Province of
Rizal, Mabacal (Loher) March, 1906; Angilog (Loher) March, 1906.
Il. LASTREA (including Phegopteris) .
=
42. Dryopteris Loheriana (Christ) C. Chr. Ind. Fil. (1905) 275. Aspidium
Loherianum Christ. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 6 (1898) 191.
Luzon, Province of Rizal, Montalban (Loher) October, 1890; Mount Batay
(Loher) April, 1905: Province of Laguna, Mount Maquiling (Loher) April,
1906: Province of Pampanga, Mount Arayat (3908 Merrill) October, 1904: Dis-
trict of Lepanto, Balili (1910b Copeland) November, 1905.
This species, which has all. the appearances of a Lastrea, sometimes has the
basal nerves joined. :
Endemic to the Philippines.
43. Dryopteris stenobasis C. Chr. Ind. Fil. (1905) 294. Lastrea attenuata
J. Sm. in Hook. Journ. Bot. 3 (1841) 412. :
SAMAR (327 Cuming).
This species presents in the greatest degree the reduction of the lower pinnae,
a character common to so many of the Philippine species. The position of the
species, with its numerous nerves in the very narrow lobes, is uncertain and
seems to approach Nephrodium.
Endemic.
44. Dryopteris orientalis (Gmel.) (. Chr. Ind, Fil. (1905) 281. Polypodium
orientale Gmel. Syst. 2: 1312.
Var. Webbiana (Hook.) Nephrodiwm Webbianum Hook. Sp. Fil. 4: 85.
Differs from D. orientalis (Polypodium pectinatum Forsk. and Aspidium
albopunctatum Bory) in lacking the calcareous coating on the upper surface
and the lobes more horizontal and more angular, but it is not more than a
variety of the African species. It is found also in Amboina and the Viti Islands,
and appears unexpectedly in the Philippines. The Island of Réunion is the
intermediate place in its distribution.
Miypanao, Province of Zamboanga, San Ramon (1712 Copeland) April, 1905,
alt. 850 m. ‘ :
Eastern Malayan region, rare and widely distributed.
208 CHRIST.
45. Dryopteris Beddomei (Baker) O. Ktze. Rev. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 812.
Nephrodium Beddomei Baker Synopsis 267.
Luzon, Province of Benguet, Baguio (6491 Elmer) June, 1904; (331 Topping)
January, 1903; (4941, 5089 Curran) August, 1906; (1818 Copeland) October,
1905; (Dr. Pond) March, 1904; Tilad (Loher) February, 1904: Mount Tonglon
(5010 Curran) August, 1906.
British India, China and Malaya.
46. Dryopteris immersa (Blume) O. Ktze. Rev. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 813.
Aspidium immersum Blume Enum. (1828) 156.
Luzon (72 Cuming) “Lastrea verrucosa J. Sm.” in Hook, Journ. Bot. 3 (1841)
412. MrinpAnao, District of Davao (695 Copeland) March, 1904: Province of
Zamboanga, San Ramon (1574 Copeland) December, 1904. -
Malaya.
Var. liguiata (J. Sm.) Lastrea ligulata J. Sm. in Hook. Journ. Bot. 3
(1841) 412. Aspidium ligulatum Mett. Aspid. no. 213.
Cesu (343 Cuming) “Lastrea ligulata J. Sm.” 1. ¢.
In examining the above authentic specimen I find but slight differences
between it and D. immersa. The rachis is atroviolaceous rather than of a pale
straw color such as is usually the case with the latter species.
47. Dryopteris Motleyana (Hook.) C. Chr. Ind. Fil. (1905) 278. Nephro-
dium Motleyanum Hook. Syn. 266. :
Nearos, Gimagaan River (93 Copeland) January, 1904; (1485 Whitford)
May, 1906. Mrnpanao, Province of Zamboanga, San Ramon (1713 Copeland)
April, 1905. Parnawan (541 Foxworthy) April, 1906.
Sunda Islands, ahd probably other islands in the Malayan region.
48. Dryopteris Luerssenii (Harringt.) C. Chr. Ind. (1905) 276. Nephro-
dium Luerssenii Harringt. in Journ. Linn. Soe. Bot. 16 (1877) 29.
Ab Aspidium aylode Kunze differt textura magis coriacea, segmentis
acutioribus, ala costali latiore, soris costalibus mox faciem inferiorem
segmenti impleatibus, basi frondis vix aut abrupte attenuata.
Luzon, Province of Benguet, Baguio (Dr. Pond) March, 1904; (181, 236, 214
Topping) January, February, 1903; (6514, 6515 Elmer) June, 1904: District of
Lepanto (1910 Copeland) November, 1905.
Endemic to the Philippines.
49. Dryopteris Foxii (Copeland MSS. Nephrodium) n. sp.
I transcribe here the manuscript diagnosis of the author:
“Rhizomate breve repente vel adscendente, stipitibus confertis 5 ad 10
em. altis, stramineis, glabris, facie superiore canaliculatis, fronde lan-
ceolata 20 ad 30 cm. alta, 6 ad 9 cm. lata utrinque angustata, bipinnata,
pinnis lanceolatis, acuminatis, adscendentibus, infimis remotis minutis,
pinnulis inferioribus lineari-lanceolatis, 8 mm. longis, 1 ad 1.5 mm.
latis, acutis, obscure dentatis, adnatis, remotis, sequentibus confluentibus
demum in caudam subserrantam coadunatis, membranaceis, supra glabris,
infra sparse pubescentibus, pilis albis, brevibus, venulis in pinnulis
maximis plerumque utrinque 5, soris medialibus indusiis reniformibus
glabris, subpersistentibus.”
re
PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF DRYOPTERIS. 209
“A representative of the chiefly American group of Nephrodium oppositum
(Sw.) Diels (N. conterminum Desv.) from which it differs mostly in the medial
instead of submarginal sori. It is very common on rocky banks submerged
during floods.”
Minbanao, District of Davao, Catalonan (940 Copeland) April, 1904; Dayao
(Copeland) April, 1904: Provinee of Zamboanga, San Ramon (1555 Copeland)
December, 1904. Luzon, Province of Rizal, Bosoboso (1084 Ramos) July, 1906;
Arambibi River (Loher) March, 1893; Montalban (Loher) 1906: Province of
Batangas, Santo Tomas (2000 Copeland) February, 1906: Province of Benguet,
Baguio (167, 258 Topping) January, 1903; Sablan (6178 Hlmer) April, 1904;
Baguio (5010 Curran) August, 1906; (6577 Elmer) June, 1904: Province of
Cagayan (Warburg); (119 Bolster) July, 1905: Manila (Rothdauscher) 1879
in Herb. Monae: Province of Zambales, Pinatubo (Loher) February, 1906.
This species has been known to me for a long time, but was considered as
Lastrea ligulata J. Sm. It is described here from the most common form—that
is, rather small specimens—although sometimes it attains a size three times
as large as is indicated in the diagnosis, and even larger. The plant can always
be readily distinguished from D. immersa and D., ligulata (which to me are not
specifically distinct) by its very sharp segments, which are cuneate and decurrent,
and by its light green color and more firm texture. Its affinity is with D.
Koordersii Christ* of Celebes, but that species is distinguishable by its very
peculiar indusium which I have described as follows: “Indusio subgloboso lateral-
iter inhaerente duro crustato valde convexo brunneo nitido adiaphano sorum
margine deflexo (more Matonie) tegente.”
50. Dryopteris quadriaurita n. sp.
Rhizomate uti videtur obliquo coma squamarum subulatarum fere 1
em. longarum rigidarum opacarum castanearum coronato, frondibus sub-
solitariis aut paucis, stipite 33 cm. longo nudo griseo-stramineo tereti
pennae corvinae crassitie, fronde 35 cm. longa 24 cm, lata deltoideo-
oblonga versus basia vix attenuata, pinnis ca. 15 utrinque infra apicem
pinnatifidum sessilibus inferioribus oppositis, infimis declinatis, acumi-
natis 12 em. longis, 2.5 cm. latis ad rhachim incisis horizontalibus remo- - -
tiusculis, pinnulis linearibus, sinu acuto interjecto, acutis, integris, 14
mm. longis, 8 mm. latis, inferioribus liberis, falcatis, infimis rhachi
incumbentibus auctis incisis stipulaceis, costis brevissime puberulis, cum
costulis stramineis, nervis liberis simplicibus obliquis 8 ad 10 utrinque,
soris impressis mediis minutis exindusiatis. Textura coriacea, rigida,
colore laete virente. _
MrnpAnao, Province of Zamboanga, San Ramon (1714, 1713 Copeland) April,
1905, alt. 850 m.
A species with the appearance of Pteris quadriaurita Retz., the fronds not
fasciculate, bipinnate, deltoid-oblong, the pinne eut to the costa and furnished
at the base with incised stipules, the pinnules coriaceous, linear, their margins
entire, the nerves simple, the sori small. It differs from D. patens in its narrow
linear segments.
5 Ann, Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 15": 128.
210 CHRIST.
51. Dryopteris flaccida (Blume) O. Ktze. Rev. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 812. Aspi-
dium flaccidum Blume Enum. (1828) 161.
Luzon, Province of Benguet, Baguio (157, 171 Topping) January, 1903.
Malaya. :
52. Dryopteris erubescens (Wall.) C. Chr. Ind. Fil. (1905) 263. Polypo-
dium erubescens Wall.
MINDANAO, Province of Zamboanga, San Ramon (1612 Copeland) January,
1905, at 75 m. alt.
Malaya.
53. Dryopteris Metteniana Hieronym. MSS. n. sp. sub Nephrodiwm. Lastrea
spectabilis J, Sm. in-Hook. Journ. Bot. 3 (1841) 412, sed Aspidiwm spectabile
Blume Enum. 158 D. syrmaticam amplectitur.
Differt a D. Syrmatico, cui similis dente in sium loborum posito, am-
plitudine, pinnis fere sessilibus et pinnis basalibus postice egregie auctis
bipinnatifidis, texture membranacea, colore atroviridi, soribus plurise-
riatis,
Ampla, nuda, stipite plumbeo-stramineo valido, fronde 70 em. longa
30 em. lata ovata, acuminata, bi- et subtripinnatifida, pinnis patentibus
remotis ca. 15 utrinque infra apicem pinnatifidum, inferioribus breviter
petiolatis, reliquis sessilibus, versus basin postice attenuatis, ovato-oblongis
supremis lanceolatis 18 em. longis 4 cm. et ultra latis superioribus
angustioribus caudato acuminatis, basi cuneato-truncatis subinaequalibus,
usque ad mediam laminam incisis, lobis grossis sinu aperto rotundato
separatis subfaleatis ovatis usque ad 3 cm. longis et 1 em. latis serrato-
crenatis acutiusculis, ca, 15 utrinque, dente in sinu posito, ca. 8 utrinque,
pinnis infimis deorsum valde auctis, pinnula basali deflexa 7 em. longa
profunde lobata, + costis costulisque prominentibus stramineis, nervis
tenuibus bi-aut trifurcatis, liberis, soris mediis minutis brunneis, ramo
anteriore basali nervulorum impositis saepe biseriatis, 6 aut 7 utrinque,
indusio minimo rudimentario griseo. Textura tenuiter membranacea,
colore atroviridi.
Luzon (13 Cuming) “Lustrea spectabilis J. Sm.” in Hook, Journ. Bot. 3 (1841)
412. Mrinpanao, Mount Batangan (Warburg) 1888. The same species is found
in CeLeses, Maros Bantimurung, South Celebes (16586 Warburg) ; Takale Kadjo,
500 m. alt. (Sarasin) February, 1895. :
54. Dryopteris Syrmatica (Willd.) O. Ktze. Rev. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 814.
Aspidium Syrmaticum Willd. Sp. Pl. 5: 237,
Var. petiolosa n. var.
Pinnis longe petiolatis (petiolo 1 cm. et ultra) supremis solummodo
subsessilibus, 16 cm. longis, 3.5 em. latis, soris mediis minutis indusio
griseo tectis. Rhizomate monente Copeland erecto terrestri.
_ Luzon (14 Cuming) “Lastrea spectabilis J. Sm.” in Hook. Journ. Bot. 3
(1841) 412: Province of Laguna, Los Bajios (Alberto) May, 1905. MrnpaAnao,
Province of Zamboanga, San Ramon (736, 1581 Copeland) May, December, 1904:
District of Davao (953, 928, 669 Copeland) ; Mount Batangan (14122 Warburg).
The Philippine plant is distinguishable from those of southern China (leg.
je ti dees Bas
PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF DRYOPTERIS. 2Et
Henry) and India by its very long petioled pinne and smaller size, The same
variety has been found on Christmas Island, Straits Settlements (leg. Ridley).
The type is widely distributed in Malaya.
55. Dryopteris Sagenioides (Mett.) O. Ktze. Rev. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 813.
Aspidium Sagenioides Mett. Aspid. 113, No. 269.
Leyte (302 Cuming). Minpanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley (386 Mrs.
Clemens) March, 1906: District of ies Todaya (1238 Copeland) April, 1904.
dastern Malaya.
56. Dryopteris Boryana (Willd.) C. Chr. Ind. Fil. (1905) 255. Aspidium
Boryanum Willd. Sp. Pl. 5: 285. :
Forma pinnulis ovatis ad tertiam aut quartam partem solummodo in-
cisis, aliter typica.-
Luzon, District of Lepanto (1731 Copeland) November, 1905, alt. 2,000 m.
Widely distributed in the Malayan region, reaching to Japan.
57. Dryopteris viscosa (J. Sm.) O. Ktze. Rev. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 814.
Lastrea viscosa J. Sm. in Hook. Journ. Bot. 3 (1841) 412. i
Rhizomate crasso erecto semisupraterraneo stipitibus vetustis abunde
obtecto nigricante, foliis valde numerosis dense fasciculatis, stipitibus
rigidis pennae corvinae crassitie 12 aut 20 cm. longis, cum rhachi pilis
ochreo-griseis dense tomentosis et insuper squamis ovatis atrobrunneis
0.3 cm. longis vestitis, fronde 25 ad 35 cm. longa, 8 ad 12 cm. lata
oblonga, acuminata, basi ob aliquot pinnas breviores attenuata, binipin-
natifida, pinnis 6 cm. longis, 1.5 cm. latis breviter acuminatis patentibus,
infimis deflexis, remotiusculis, 20 ad 25 utroque latere infra apicem
fobatum, sessilibus, fere usque ad costam incisis, segmentis oblongis
obtusis angulo acuto separatis ca. 15 utrinque, subcrenatis, nervis 6
utrinque simplicibus, soris 1 mm. diametro, mediis rufobrunneis, indusio
persistente conyexo coriaceo brunneo, costis costulis et facie imprimis
inferiore pilis rigidis albidis pubescentibus. Textura carnosula, colore
sicce atrobrunneo, opaca.
Mrypanao, District of Davao, Mount Apo (1022, 1044 Copeland) ; (327/DeVore
& Hoover) May, 1903. Luzon, Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles (1105
Whitford) February, 1905. :
Malacea (401 OQuming) in herb. Parada of Science.
The affinity of this species is with D. polylepis (Fr. et Sav.) of China and
Japan. It is characterized by its thick erect rhizome, its double villosity con-
sisting of large blackish scales and grayish-yellow pubescence, its somewhat
fleshy texture, and its very large brown persistent coriaceous indusia. It has
the general appearance of a small member of the /iliw mas group, but its nerves
are simple. An alpine form.
At isolated points from Perak, Malacca and Borneo.
58. Dryopteris erythrosora (Eaton) O. Ktze. Rev. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 812.
Aspidium erythrosorum Eaton in Parry, Narr. Exp. to China 2 (1856) 330.
Luzon, District of Lepanto, nau (1929 Copeland) November, 1905, alt.
2,000 m. ~
This peculiarly Chinese and Japanese species was found previously in Luzon
by Loher in 1894, Mount Tonglon, Province of Benguet, alt. 2,250 m. It is also
found is Assam, leg. Mann.
212 : CHRIST.
59. Dryopteris marginata (Wall.) Clarke in Trans. Linn. Soc. 2: $2). 4:76
Aspidium marginatum Wall. Cat. (1828) 366.
Luzon, District of Lepanto, Mount Data (1906 Copeland) November, 1905,
-alt. 1,800 m.
A member of the group of D. filiz mas sensu latiori.
The discovery of this essentially Chinese plant, also found in the Himalayan
region in the Philippines, is significant of the continental influence in the flora
of northern Luzon, indicated also by other ferns such as Dryopteris varia, D.
erythrosora ete.
60. Dryopteris hirtipes (Blume) O. Ktze. Rev. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 813,
Aspidium hirtipes Blume Enum, (1828) 148.
Luzon, District of Lepanto, Mount Data (1887 Copeland) October, 1905:
Province of Benguet, Baguio (6529 Elmer) June, 1904; (302, 303 Topping)
January, 1903.
; China and Malaya.
61. Dryopteris filix mas (Linn.) Schott Gen. Fil. ¢. 9. Polypodium filiz mas
Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) 1090.
Var. parallelogramma (Kunze) Aspidi parallelog Kunze Linnea
13 (1839) 146.
Luzon, District of Lepanto, Mount Data (1875 Copeland) October, 1905, alt.
2,250 m.
The tropical variety of the European species, closest to the variety paleacea
Moore; also in Celebes (leg. Sarasin).
Widely distributed in the Tropics of both hemispheres,
62. Dryopteris heleopteroides n. sp.
Rhizomate brevi radicoso crasso, foliis fasciculatis stipite basi incras-
sito brunneo squamis pallide brunneis diaphanis subulatis 0.5 em. longis
vestito, stipite rufostramineo, folii sterilis 6 em. longo parce fibrilloso,
planta aliter nuda, fronde deltoidea 16 cm. longa et fere aequilata, bipin-
natifida, pinnis approximatis, ca. 10 infra apicem lobatum infimis maxi-
mis petiolulatis profunde ad alam angustam pinnatisectis, 8 em. longis basi
3.5 em. latis oblongis obtusis, segmentis ovato-rhombeis obtusis ca. 8 aut
10, infimis maximis 2 cm. longis 1 em. latis obtusis grosse et irregulariter
crenato-serrulatis, pinnis superioribus sessilibus et adnatis, grosse lo-
batis, lobis obtusis trigono-arcuatis, nervis inconspicuis in lobis pin-
natis et furcatis, folia fertili longius (17 cm.) stipitata, fronde deltoidea
10 em. longa, 7 cm. lata, pinnis ca. 8 utrinque, remotis, segmentis rhombo-
obtusis, aequalibus, subintegris, 1 em. longis, 0.5 em. latis soris fere mar-
ginalibus, confertis, ca. 4 utrinque, ochraceis, 1 ad 2 mm. latis, indusio
pallido reniformi bullato subpersistente. Textura subcoriacea, omnino
D. cochleatae aut D. chryocomae, colore pallide viridi, opaco.
Luzon, Province of Benguet, Bued River (1837a Copeland) October, 1905, alt.
1,100 m.
The affinity of this species is with D. filig mas, and more particularly with
Nephrodium cochleatum Don Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 6, by its dimorphism. The pinne
of the fertile fronds are much more reduced than those of the sterile ones. The
PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF DRYOPTERIS. 213
plant is small (always ?), with deltoid fronds, the sterile ones irregularly lobed.
It has the appearance of the forma Heleopteris of D. filizx mas. The presence of
this member of the filie mas group augments the continental and temperate
element in the mountains of northern Luzon, already known to be of considerable
magnitude.
63. Dryopteris Balabacensis n. sp.
Ampla, stipite pennae anserinae crassitie, 55 em. longo, angulosa,
nuda uti tota planta, cum rhachibus rufocastanea sive rufostraminea,
fronde tripinnata deltoidea 50 em. longa et aequaliter aut latiore, basi
tripartita, pinnis 8 ad 10 infra apicem pinnatifidem valde remotis
(primo interstitio 14 cm. longo) petiolatis, petiolo infimarum pinnarum
5 em. longo, pinnis infiniis 30 cm. et ultra longis basi 25 cm. latis,
‘deltoideis, postice acutis, pinnula infima posteriore 13.5 cm. longa —
et 7 cm. lata, pinnulis m incisolobatis, ovato-oblongis 2 cm. latis 4 ad 5
em. longis obtuse lobatis, pinnis superioribus sessilibus oblongis acumi-
natis, ad basin usque ad costam incisis versus apicem lobatis, lobis
extremis postice decurrentibus, oblongis acutiusculis, 8 mm. latis sinubus
acutis dentatis, dentibus decumbentibus, nervis in lobis pinnatis et bi-
aut trifurcatis, manifestis. Textura coriacea, colore ochreo-viridi, niti-
dulo, costis rufostramineis faciebus glabris, soris minutis numerosis
submarginalibus mediisve, indusio nigro coriaceo-carnoso reniformi mox
convoluto persistente praeditis.
BavaBac (392 Mangubat) March to April, 1906. PALawan (698, 712, Fox-
worthy) March to April, 1906. Srpuyan (25 McG@regor) July, 1904.
This species belongs to the D. sparsa group but is larger than that species,
its pinne long stipitate, the base of the frond strongly tripartite, the basal pinne
usually large and compound like the rest of the frond, stipe glabrous, indusium
fleshy, convolute, black. It has the appearance of Sagenia, but the nerves are not
united. ;
64. Dryopteris sparsa (Don) O. Ktze. Rey. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 813. Nephro-
dium sparsum Don. Prodr. Fl. Nepal. (1825) 6.
Luzon, Province of Benguet, Baguio (282 Topping) danas: 1903. PALAWAN
(672 Foaworthy) March to April, 1906. MinpANAO, Province of Zamboanga, San
Ramon (1727 Copeland) April, 1905. ;
Widely distributed in tropical Asia.
65. Dryopteris purpurascens (Blume) Nephrodium purpurascens Blume
Enum. 169; Mett. in Ann. Lugd. Bat. 1: 227; Raciborski Pter. Buitenz. 174, non
Hook. Sp: Fil. 4. ¢. 262.
Differt a D. sparso squamis basalibus subulato-angustatis, fronde qua-
dripinnatifida, pinnis infimis decompositis, magnitudine quadrupla. Icon.
Hook, cit. est D. sparsa.
Minvero, Mount Haleon (6101 Merrill) November, 1906.
The species is also known from Java.
214 CHRIST.
66. Dryopteris subarborea (Bak.) C. Chr. Ind. Fil. (1905) 295. Nephrodium
subarboreum Bak. in Journ: Linn. Soc. Bot. 24 (1887) 259. N. megaphyllum
Bak. 1. ¢. 22: 227. N. inciswm Copel. Polypod. Philip. 26, non Hook. Sp. Fil.
4: 133 quod est D, Boryana.
Minpanao, District of Davao, Mount Apo (1136 Copelond) April, 1904;
(1614a Copeland) October, 1904, alt. 1,800 m. Luzon, Province of Benguet,
Baguio (Loher) 1897, alt. 1,400 m. ihe :
The same species has been found in Borneo, Sarawak, leg. Hose, 1894; Batjan,
leg. Warburg ; Celebes, Lokon, leg. Sarasin No, 719, 1894.
It is related to D. filix mas, sensu latissimo, in spite of its extremely decom-
pound frond and large size. In authentic specimens from Sarawak the segments
are almost entire, while in those from other localities they are strongly dentate.
67. Dryopteris dissecta (Forst.) O. Ktze. Rev. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 812.
Polypodium dissectum Forst. Prodr. 31.
Luzon, Province of Cavite, Mendez Nuiiez (1297, 1311 Mangubat) August,
1906: Province of Laguna, Los Bafios (Loher) January, 1906; Pagsanjan (513
Topping) 1904: Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles (369 Topping) May, 1904;
(198 Whitford) May, 1904: without locality (36, 244 Owming) “Lastrea mem-
branifolia J. Sm.” in Hook Journ. Bot. 2 (1841) 412. Mrnpanao, District of
Davao, Mount Apo (1465a Copeland) October, 1904, alt. 1,200 m.
A plant with blackish hairs issuing from pustules.
Widely distributed in tropical Asia.
68. Dryopteris obscura (Fée) O. Ktze. Rev. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 812. Phe-
gopteris obscura Fée Gen. Fil. 243; Christ, Bull. Herb. Boiss. 6 (1898) 196. t. 5.
Luzon, Province of Laguna, Mount Maquiling (Loher) January, 1906: Proy-
‘ince of Zambales, Mount Pinatubo (Loher) February, 1906: Province of a,
Montalban (Loher) March, 1903: Manila (Usteri) February, 1903.
The same species is found in Annam, Quang Binh leg. Cadiére 1894, Herb. og
Paris 91, 126.
69. Dryopteris Preslii (Bak.) 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 813. Nephro-
dium Preslii Baker Syn. Fil. 272.
‘Baker’s diagnosis is sufficiently clear to datintdctorily. identify this plant.
It is an insular dwarfed form that seems to be related to D. obscura from its
general appearance, although smaller in all its parts.
Bownot (354 Cuming) “Lastrea spectabilis J. Sm.” in Hook. Journ. Bot. 3
(1841) 412. There has been an error, apparently, in copying the label, as
Lastrea spectabilis J. Sm.=Dryopteris Syrmatica, our specimen being entirely
‘different from the latter species. (Baker indicates No. 255 Cuming as the type
of Nephrodium Preslii.) : Phage
Endemic.
70. Dryopteris brunnea (Wall.) C. Chr. Ind. Fil. (1905) 255. Polypodium
brunneum Wall. Cat. (1828) 333. P. distans Don Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 2.
Luzon, Province of Benguet, Baguio (959 Barnes) May, June, 1904: District
of Lepanto, Bagnen (1931 Copeland) November, 1905, alt. 2,000 m.
Widely distributed in tropical Asia.
71. Dryopteris crenata (Forsk.) O. Ktze. Rev. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 811.
Polypodium crenatum Forsk. Fl. Aeg. Arab. 185. :
Luzon, Province of Benguet, Twin Peaks (6480 Elmer) June, 1904; Baguio
(6595 Elmer) June, 1904; Bugias (1851 Copeland) October, 1905: Province of
Rizal, Montalban (Loher) October, 1903.
Widely distributed from China across tropical Asia; Cape Verde Islands.
PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF DRYOPTERIS. 21D
72. Dryopteris setigera (Blume) O. Ktze. Rev. Gen. Pl. 2 :(1891) 813.
Cheilanthes setigera Blume Enum. (1828) 138.
Luzon, without locality (1, 75, 412 Cuming) “Polypodium trichodes Reinw.”
J. Sm. in Hook. Journ. Bot. 3 (1841) 394: Province of Rizal (1084 Ramos)
July, 1906; Antipolo (Guerrero) June, 1903; Tanay (2266 Merrill) May, 1903;
(90 Fowworthy) January, 1906: Province of Cavite, Mendez Nufiez (1355 Man-
gubat) August, 1906: Province of Laguna, Cavinti (Loher) February, 1906:
Province of Benguet, Daklan (1837 Copeland) October, 1905; Baguio (178
Topping) January, 1903. PaLawan (282 Bermejos) January, 1906.. MINDANAO,
Province of Zamboanga (1614, 1691 Copeland) March, 1904: District of Davao
(611 Copeland) March, 1904.
I have previously indicated ® some Philippine specimens as Phegopteris ornata
(Wall.) Bedd., which Loher found at Montalban and on Mount Maquiling. They
now appear to me to be strongly developed forms of Dryopteris setigera, and
I can not identify the Philippine form with certainty with D. ornata as represented
by specimens from Darjeeling (7465 Gamble) 1897.
Widely distributed in China and Malaya.
73. Dryopteris setosa (Presl) C. Chr. Ind. Fil. (1905) 292. Lastrea setosa
Presl Epim, (1849) 40. Polypodium setosum Presl Rel. Haenk. 1: 27, non Sw.
Phegopteris hirta Christ Bull. Herb. Boiss. 6: 195.
Luzon, Province of Rizal, near Montalban (Loher) 1897, in herb. Kew.
Endemic. i
74. Dryopteris intermedia (Blume) O. Ktze. Rev. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 813.
Aspidium intermedium Blume Enum. 161. Dryopteris rhodolepis C. Chr. Ind. Fil.
(1905) 288, ex parte, nee Clarke Trans. Linn. Soe. 2: 526, Nephrodium.
Luzon, without locality (80, 151 Cuming) “Lastrea propingua J. Sm.” in
Hook. Journ. Bot. 3 (1841) 412: Province of Bataan, Lamao River (1240, 1241
Borden) June, 1904; (199 Whitford) May, 1904; (363, 370 Topping) May, 1904.
Neeros, Gimagaan River (1605 Whitford) May, 1906. Mrinpanao, Province of
Zamboanga, San Ramon (1465c, 1765d, Copeland) April, 1905. :
Widely distributed in tropical Asia.
Var. Mannii (Hope) Lastrea Mannii Hope in Journ. Bot. 28 (1890) 145.
Fronde facie fere D. filicis maris Huropeae, valde elongata oblonga
bipinnatifida pinnis regulariter lobatis, lobis simplicibus, pinnis infimis
solummodo bipinnitifidis et postice auctis.
MinpDANAO, Province of Zamboanga, San Ramon (1588 Copeland) ueOuBry,
1905; (1649 Copeland) February, 1905, alt. 500 m.
Assam, leg Mann.
Var. microloba n. var.
Stipite rhachique purpureis, pilis atrorubris patentibus densissime
tectis, pinnulis minoribus 1.5 ad 2 cm. longis et 0.5 em. latis, lobis con-
fertis 6 utrinque, angustis 2 ad 4 mm. latis,
Mrnpanao, Province of Zamboanga (1702 Copeland) 1905, alt. 850 m.
In general appearance quite different from the type.
® Bull. Herb. Boiss. 6 (1898) 196.
216 CHRIST.
75. Dryopteris rhodolepis (Clarke) Nephrodium rhodolepis Clarke in Trans.
Linn. Soe. 2: 526. t. 72.
Major magisque composita quam D. intermedia, pilis atropurpureis
basi pustulatis fere nullis sed squamis rufobrunneis subulatis, lanceolatis
et ovatis mixtis, stipite rhachi costisque abunde vestitis.
Luzon, District of Lepanto, Bagnen (1920 Copeland) November, 1905. MIn-
DANAO, Province of Zamboanga (1773 Copeland) 1905, alt. 1,000 m.
C. Christ has err ly identified Dryopteris intermedia (Bl.) with
D. rhodolepis ( Clarke) in his index Filicum, 288, as Clarke has expressed very
clearly 1. c. 527, distinctive characters of the latter, “primary, secondary and
tertiary rachises with ovate acute subadpressed hyaline rose-mauve scales.”
China and British India, Himalayan region.
76. Dryopteris Copelandi n. sp.
Differt a D. intermedia absentia pilorum atropurpureorum basi pustu-
latorum, indumento squamato, fronde postice non aucta, pinnis angustis
minoribus, segmentis minoribus denticulatis. Potius D. spinulosae quam
D. intermediae appropinquanda. Rhizomate uti videtur obliquo pauca
folia emittente, stipite pennae corvinae crassitie rufostramineo, 30 cm.
longo, cum rhachi costisque abunde squamulis minimis setiformibus
strigillosis rufobrunneis obtecto nec non squamis ovatis obtusis 0.5 cm.
et ultra longis et latis diaphanis dilute brunneis vestito, fronde deltoideo-
oblonga 40 cm. longa 30 cm. lata tripinnata, pinnis ovato-oblongis
- inferioribus breviter petiolulatis remotis (infimo intervallo 7 cm.) acumi-
natis basi vix attenuatis, utrinque ca. 15 infra apicem, pinnis infimis
postice vix auctis, pinnula basali posteriore sequente breviore, pinnulis
ca. 15 utrinque, approximatis, 4 cm. longis, 1.5 cm. latis, valde regulariter
fere usque ad costam pinnatis, segmentis ™ subinaequalibus, basi sub-
decurrentibus, rhombeo-oblongis 6 mm. longis 3 mm. latis obtusissimis,
10 utroque latere, regulariter dentatis, dentibus ca. 5 utrinque acutius-
culis, nervis pinnatis, furcatis, soris rufobrunneis numerosis ca. 3 utrin-
que, exindusiatis, faciebus pilis albidis numerosis pubescentibus, textura
flaccide herbacea, colore laete virente.
Luzon, District of Lepanto, Mount Data (1887 Copeland) October, 1905, alt.
2,250 m.
77. Dryopteris Rizalensis n. sp.
Rhizomate brevi crasso, squamarum rigidarum 1 cm. longarum seti- -
formium brunnearum coma dense vestito. Stipitibus subfasciculatis
pennae corvinae crassitie, sulcatis, 25 cm. longis atrocastaneis squamis
setiformibus atropurpureis patentibus flexuosis 6 mm. longis dense ves-
titis, fronde 32 em. longa, basi 20 cm. lata elongato-deltoidea, basi bipinna-
tifida caeterum pinnata, pinnis falcatis acutis 7 ad 8 utrinque infra apicem
incisum, infimis petiolulatis remotis, basi postice auctis 12 cm. longis, 5
cm. latis deltoideo-elongatis, caeteris lanceolato-oblongis 10 cm. longis, 3.5
em. latis, superioribus decurrenti-adnatis, ad basin profunde, supra ad
*
=
PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF DRYOPTERIS. pal Re
mediam et tertiam partem lobatis, costis omnibus late alatis, lobis obtusis
subintegris, ca. 10 utrinque 1.5 ad 2 em. longis 1 em. latis, rhachi costis
nervisque squamulis brevibus setiformibus aut lanceolatis brunneis
pubescentibus, nervis in lobis’ pinnatis furcatisque flexuosis, soris in
lobis pluribus usque ad 6 utrinque medialibus minutis, 0.5 mm. latis,
pallide fuscis, indusio reniformi flaccido griseo mox evanido. Textura
herbacea, colore pallide virente.
MinpDANAO, Province of Zamboanga, San Ramon (1649 Copeland) February,
1905: District of Davao, Mount Apo (1465b Copeland) October, 1904. A smaller
form from Mabacal, Province of Rizal, Luzon (Loher) March, 1906.
The affinity of this species is with Dryopteris intermedia and D. obscura, but
is less compound, the basal pinne being only bipinnatifid, the pinne and lobes
broad. 2
SUPPLEMENT.
27a. Dryopteris granulosa (Presl) C. Chr. Ind. Fil. 269. Polypodiwm gra-
nulosum Presl Reliq. Haenk. 1. 24 t. 4 f. 2. 1825.
Differt a D. otaria (Kze. Mett.) pinnis crenato-dentatis nec profunde
lobatis, dentibus integris nec spinuloso-serrulatis, nervis conspicuis fere
omnibus junctis et nurvulum rectum sursum emittentibus, soris minutis
exindusiatis. Facie rugosa. D. otaria differt pinnis lobatis, lobis aris-
tato-ciliatis aut serratis, nervis magis abliquis inconspicuis, inferiorbus
solummodo junctis, soris majoribus manifeste indusiatis. Facie glabra.
PaLawan (863 Foaworthy) May, 1906. BataBac (413 Mangubat) March,
1906.
The same plant but larger from Indo-China leg. P. Eberhardt.
547445
NOTES ON PHILIPPINE PALMS, I.
By Dr. Opoarpvo Brccart,
(Florence, Italy.)
An enumeration of the palms growing in the Philippine Islands was
- recently published by me,’ but as the extensive botanical explorations
now in progress in the Archipelago are continually bringing to light
‘numerous new forms of this fine group of plants, it is my purpose to
describe them in these “notes” as material, courteously transmitted
to me at Florence by Elmer D. Merrill, Botanist of the Bureau of Science
at Manila, becomes available.
ARECA Linn.
_ Areca Whitfordii Bece. n. sp.
Major, caudice cire. 10 m. alto, 20 em. crasso. Folia amplissima,
limbo 2.3-2.5 m. longo; petiolo brevi, 15 cm. longo, 2.5-3 em. spisso,
superne profunde sulcato, marginibus acutis, vagina 1 m. longa; seg-
mentis numerosis inaequidistantibus et faciculatis, costulis 2-3 validis-
simis et superne valde prominentibus percursis, basi argute 2—3-plicatis ;
segmentis intermediis circiter metralibus, 4.5-5 cm. latis, falciformibus,
longe acuminatis; superioribus sensim brevioribus et apice obtuse den-
tatis; duobus terminalibus basi unitis, pluricostulatis.- Spadices 45 cm.
longi, 3-plicato-ramosi. Flores d..... Fructus perianthio cyathi-
formi-obconico 15 mm. alto suffulti, elongato-elliptici, 40-42 mm. longi,
18 mm. crassi, fere aequaliter utrinque sensim attenuati, apice truncato,
3 mm. lato, mammillaeformi et in medio breviter mucronulato; meso-
carpii fibris tenuissimis, numerosissimis, pluriseriatis.
A rather large palm, about 10 m. high. Stem 20 cm. in diameter.
(Whitford). Leaves very large; the leaf-sheath about 1 m. in length,
coriaceous, its inner surface silvery white and more strongly striate than
‘the outer; the petiole comparatively very. short (15 cm. long in one speci-
men), 2.5-3 cm. thick, deeply channeled above, its margins sharp; the
pinniferous part 2.3-2.5 m. long, its rachis very robust, round near the
base beneath and somewhat depressed and flattish in the intermediate por-
tion. The leaflets numerons, rather closely set, inequidistant and more or
*Le Palme delle Isole Filippine, in Webbia (1905) 281-359. See also: Palmae
in Perkins, Frag. Fl. Philip. (1904) 45-48.
219
220 - BECCARI.
less fascicled, falciform, very long, furnished with 2-3 very robust and
in the upper surface very prominent and sharp ribs, very slightly or not
at all narrowing below, where the blade, on each side of the rib, is
very strongly plicate downwards; intermediate leaflets about 1 m. long,
4.5-5 em. broad and very long-acuminate; the upper ones are shorter
and obtusely toothed at the summit, the two apical leaflets have many
very approximate ribs, but they are not broader than the others. Spadix
45 cm. long (in one specimen) 3 times branched, with a broad lunate
embracing base and a very broad and short peduncular part (2 cm. long,
3.5 em. broad); the primary branches divided into several alternate
and sinuous secondary ones; these bear the flowering branchlets which
are also sinuous and their lower part bear 1-2 female flowers; Male
flowers Fruiting perianth broadly obconic-cyathiform, 15 mm.
long; its sepals ovate, obscurely keeled on the back; its petals longer
by one-third than the calyx and terminating in a broad triangular
point. Fruit elongate-elliptical, 44.2 em. long, 18 mm. broad, almost
equally tapering to both ends, but with a truncate disciform, mammillate,
3 mm. broad apex and besides shortly mucronulate because of the
_ permanent remains of the stigmas; the epicarp and endocarp are very
thin; the mesocarp is composed of many layers of innumerable very
thin fibers: Seed seen only in a young state.
In the semi-swampy forests called “guipa” by the natives, near sea level
Bongabon River, Mrnporo, No. 1372. H. N. Whitford, January 16, 1906. Ver-
_ nacular name (Tagalog) “Bungan G@ubat.”
A very fine species, probably the largest, or at least the most robust, of the
genus, the trunk being considerably thicker than that of Areca Catechu, if not
so high. A. Whitfordii is related to A. borneensis Becc., but is a much larger
plant and with smaller fruit. On account of this obvious affinity, I presume that
the male flowers of A. Whitfordii are 3-staminate.
Areca mammillata Bece. n, sp.
Gracilis 2 m. alta, caudice 3 cm. diam. Folia metralia, petiolo
longiusculo superne anguste profundeque sulcato, segmentis nonnihil
numerosis, subaequalibus, anguste falcato-sigmoideis, unicostatis, acu-_
minato-caudatis, subaequidistantibus 3-4 costulatis, basi connatis, apice
truncatis et obtuse dentatis. Spadices breves, dense lateque paniculati,
duplicato-ramosi. Flores ¢ unilaterales gemini, inter se valde approxi-
mati et concinni 2.2—2.5 mm. longi, lanceolato-sigmoidei, acuti; stami-
nibus 6; ovarii rudimento profundissime 3-partito, staminibus subaequi-
longo vel etiam longiori. Fructus ellipsoideo-oblongi, basi acutati, circiter
ad tertiam superiorem partem aliquantum coarctati, vertice 3 mm. lato,
discoideo-mammillato et in medio obtuse mucronato, 17-19 mm. longi,
6.5 mm. lati, extus sublente minute granulati; pericarpio tenui; meso-
carpil fibris rigidis, parallelibus, 1-2 seriatis; endocarpio crustaceo,
fragili; semine anguste ovato-conico basi planiusculo, 9-9.5 mm. longo,
5 mm. spisso, raphidis ramulis circiter 10, laxe anastomosantibus.
.
-
PHILIPPINE PALMS, I. 221
A slender palm about 2 m. high (non soboliferous?). Stem 3 cm. in
diameter. Leaves, judging from the fragment seen by me, about 1 m.
in length; the petiole rather long, 8-10 mm. thick, finely striate, subterete
but deeply and rather narrowly furrowed on its upper surface (the
margins of the furrow very sharp) obsoletely longitudinally keeled under-
neath, finely striate (when dry); the rachis convex beneath with a
salient angle above and two side facets where the leaflets are attached;
leaflets rather numerous, thin in texture, membranous-subherbaceous,
all of about the sarne breadth, narrowly falcate-sigmoid and unicostate,
slightly narrowed at the base, and slightly decurrent along the rachis,
very gradually narrowing upwards into a long linear caudate tip; the
mid-costa strong, raised and sharp above; the secondary nerves numerous,
causing both surfaces to be finely striate; usually two of the nerves
on each side of the mid-costa are sligthly stronger than the others,
especially near the base; the margins sharp slightly strengthened by a
secondary nerve; the lower leaflets 45 cm. long and 18-25 mm. broad;
the two apical ones united by their bases into a deeply furcate flabellum ;
each of them 25 em. long and about 5 em. broad, 4—5-costulate, truncate
and almost premorse at the summit and with as many pairs of very
short and obtuse teeth as there are cost. Spadia erect, densely panicled,
twice branched, about 20 cm. long, and 12-14 cm. broad, with 10-12
ascendent-fastigiate main branches which form a dense and _ broad,
panicle, almost without a peduncular part, as the lowest branches
spring from just a little above the insertion of the general spathe. The
spathe is lanceolate, 24 cm. in length and 4.5 cm. in width, somewhat
narrowing upwards into an obtuse tip which is ciliate-fringed on the mar-
gins; main branches 14—15 cm. long divided into 14-15 flexuose fastigiate
branchlets, which carry, in notches of their rather stout angular base, .
from 2 to 12 female flowers, suddenly becoming very slender, very closely
and minutely notched in the remaining and longer portion which is
covered with male flowers. Male flowers very regularly and closely
packed together, very distinctly secund and in pairs at each notch of
the branchlets, inconspicuously bracteolate, 22-25 mm. long, sigmoid-
lanceolate, somewhat flattened or 3-gonous, acute-apiculate; the calyx
very small, its sepals triangular, acute, sharply keeled; the corolla many
times longer than the calyx, its petals lanceolate-acuminate, strongly
striate externally; stamens 6, somewhat shorter than the petals, the
filaments very short, the anthers narrowly sagittate, acuminate-apiculate,
the cells almost parallel but deeply separated at the base; rudimentary
ovary as long as or a little longer than the stamens, represented by 3
subulate bodies united only in their basal part. Female flowers broadly
ovoid; the sepals very broad, twice broader than long, slightly apiculate,
ciliolate on the margins; the petals a little more than one-third longer
than the calyx, imbricate and broadened at both sides in their basal part
222. BECCARL
into a rounded ciliolate small auricle, the central part gradually passing
into a thick triangular, valvate point. Fruiting perianth slightly accres-
cent 8mm. high. Fruit 17-19 mm. long, 6.5 mm. thick, ellipsoid-oblong
with an acute base, somewhat contracted or rather suddenly narrowed
below the summit, which is truncate, circular, 3 mm. in diameter, and
with the remains of the stigmas forming a small blunt mucro in its
center; the outer surface of the fruit is dull, of a rather light color
and finely grained under the lens; the pericarp on the whole is rather
thin, the epicarp being thinly crustaceous, the meésocarp formed by
only two layers of rigid parallel fibers, and the endorcarp also crustaceous
and very thin, brittle and polished inside. Seed narrowly ovoid with a
conical and obtuse top and a flat base, 9-9.5 mm. long, 5 mm. thick ;
the branches of the raphis are about 10 erect from the base, of which
those of the middle pass undivided over the top of the seed and the
others bend laterally and slightly anastomose on the opposite side. The
rumination is formed by brown lamelle and does not reach the center.
The embryo is basal.
In swampy places along the Sariban River, PALAWAN; No. 3816, H. M. Curran
February, 1906. ;
This species seems to be most closely related to A. owycarpa Scheff., from
North Celebes on account of its 6-staminate flowers and the size of the fruit, but
the fruit of A. owycarpa is equally narrowed and acute at both ends, while in
A. mammillata the upper end is narrower than the lower one, and terminates
in a broad discoid mammilate summit. ;
Areca Vidaliana Bece. n. sp.
Gracilis. Folia metralia vel paullo ultra, petiolo subtus rotundato,
supra canaliculato, marginibus obtusis; segmentis membranaceis utrinque
8-10, subaequidistantibus, 2.54 em. inter se remotis e basi lata falcato-
acinaciformibus, 2—3-costulatis et-crebre acuteque nervoso-striatis, apice
acuminato-caudatis, circiter 40 cm. longis, 3-5 cm. latis, duobus termi-
nalibus 3—4-costulatis et apice profunde inciso-dentatis. Flores asym-
metrice lanceo-lati, acuminati, 3-goni, 3-3.5 mm. longi, staminibus 6,
ovarii rudimento profundissime 3-partito, staminibus longiori. Fructus
oblongo-elliptici, 18 mm. longi, 7 mm. lati, utrinque aequaliter attenuati,
vertice 3 mm. lato, discoido-mammillato et in medio obtuso mucronato.
Apparently a slender palm about the size of A. mammillata. Leaves
about 1 m. in length; the petiole round beneath and somewhat channeled
above, its margins very obtuse; the rachis indistinctly ribbed beneath
along the middle in its lower portion and roundish higher up, not
very prominently acute above; the segments 9-10 only on each side
of the rachis, membranous, subequidistant, 2.5-4 mm. apart, broadly .
faleate-acinaciform, about 40 em. in length and 3-5 em. in width, very
slightly or not at all narrowed at the base, very slightly decurrent along
the rachis, gradually acuminate to a falcate point and besides produced
into a linear caudate appendage (this 3-4 cm. in length) usually with
PHILIPPINE PALMS, I. 223
3, and occasionally, 2—4 not very strong cost in the upper surface, the
secondary nerves very numerous and rather sharp on both surfaces, which
therefore appear strongly striate; the terminal leaflets are of unequal
width in the only leaf seen by me and not broader than the others,
having 34 cost, are united only at their bases, and terminate in as many
pairs of narrow teeth as there are costw; each pair of teeth is separated
by a sinus 15-20 mm. deep. Male flowers lanceolate, acuminate, 3-
gonous, more or less asymmetric, 3-3.5 mm. long; the calyx very small
about 0.5 mm. long, its sepals triangular, acute, sharply keeled; the
corolla many times longer than the calyx, its petals lanceolate, acuminate,
strongly striate externally; stamens 6, with short filaments and very
narrowly sagittate acuminate-apiculate anthers; the rudimentary ovary
is a little longer than the stamens and is formed by 3 slender subulate
bodies united only at their basal part. Fruiting perianth 8 mm. high.
Fruit oblong-elliptical, almost equally narrowed at both ends, 18 mm.
long, 7 mm. thick, terminating in a sharply defined disciform, orbicular,
3 mm. in diameter, mammillate surface, the remains of the 3 stigmas
forming a small obtuse mucro in its center, otherwise the fruit is very
similar to that of A. mammiillata.
_PaLawan, No. 3955 Vidal, in Herb. Beccari.
I have described this species from very fragmentary material consisting of
an entire leaf, detached male flowers and only one fruit, nevertheless A. Vidaliana
seems to me to be a very well characterized species on account of its relatively
large hexandrous male flowers and small elliptical fruit; it is related to A. mam-
millata from which it differs in the broader 3-costulate leaflets, larger male
flowers and in the fruit equally tapering to both ends.
PINANGA Blume.
Pinanga insignis Bece. n. sp.
Major, caudice subelato, 12-15 cm. diam. Folia amplissima; vagina
circiter metrali, petiolo subnullo, rachi crassissima, basi 5 em. spissa
et in facie superiori profunde sulcata, in parte media supra bifaciali
et subtus rotundata; segmenta numerosa, aequidistantia, alterna in
parte media 6-7 cm. inter se remota, late ensiformia, rectissima, rigidule
papyracea, subtus glabra et secus nervis secundariis minutissime sca-
bridula, 1—2-costulata, basi aliquantum attenuata, ibique argute 1-2-
plicata, circiter 1.2 m. longa, in acumen rectum symmetricum sensim
attenuata, cuando unicostata apice integra et 4-5 em. lata, si 2-costata
apice profunde bifido et 8-9 em. lata; segmenta terminalia 3—4-costulata,
secus costulas inferiores apice profunde fissa, partitionibus rectis acute
bidentatis. Spadix metralis, fructifer deflexus, parte pedicellari crassa
brevissima, ramulis numerosis spiraliter insertis, 40-50 cm. longis et
5-6 mm. latis, basi subtrigonis, caetero compressis. Fructus concinne
biseriato-pectinati, valde approximati, late ovoido-elliptici, utrinque
attenuati, 24-25 mm. longi, 13-14 mm. lati, in summo vertice acutiuscule
224 oe BECCARI.
mammillati; semine ovato, vertice conico obtusiusculo, basi obliqua non
caudiculata. Perianthium fructiferum depresse cupulare, truncatum,
ad faucem non constrictum, 3 mm. altum, 7 mm. latum.
Stem about 15 cm. in diameter. Leaves very large; leaf-sheath nearly
1 m. in. length, thickly coriaceous, covered externally with appressed
radiate scales of a chestnut brown color; petiole very short or almost
obsolete, the lowest leaflets springing from only a few centimeters above
the mouth of the leaf-sheath; rachis very strong, 5 cm. thick at its
base, rounded beneath in the lower portion and with a deep and broad
furrow above, the margins of this rather sharp, in the intermediate
portion the rachis is convex beneath and above bears the leaflets attached
on board flattish facets on each side of a sharp salient angle. The
leaflets are very numerous, equidistant and more or less alternate;
in the intermediate portion of the leaf they are 6—7 cm. apart, broadly
ensiform, very ‘straight, papyraceous and very rigid, 1- or 2-costate,
somewhat narrowed at the base, and when 1-costate 4-5 em. in width
and gradually acuminate into a straight symmetrical entire point, when
2-costate 8-9 cm. in width and deeply bifid; the coste are very robust,
close together at the base, where the blade is strongly bent downwards
once or twice according to the number of the coste; the two surfaces
are glabrous and finely striate with numerous secondary nerves; the
upper surface is almost shining and polished, the lower very slightly
paler and furnished with very small asperities (visible only under
a lens) along the secondary nerves; the upper leaflets are gradually
shorter but of the same description; the two terminal ones have 3—4
ribs, are deeply parted in as many divisions as are the coste; each
of these divisions is straight, acuminate and again more or less deeply
and acutely cleft at its summit. Spadiz about 1 m. long, composed
of a very short, robust and ceflected peducular part and several florif-
erous branchlets which are spirally inserted at different heights along
the central axis; the branchlets are 40-50 em. long, 5-6 mm. in width,
almost trigonous in their basal part and flattened in the remainder,
and bear exactly 2-seriate glomeruli of flowers; the bract subtending
each glomerule is very short, scale-like, lunate and with the margin entire.
Male flowers....... Female flowers ....... Fruiting perianth
depressed-cupular with a flat base, truncate and not contracted at its
mouth, 3 mm. long, 7 mm. broad; its petals and sepals similar, smooth
externally, their margins round more or less cleft. Fruits horizontally
biseriate and very regularly set, approximate, when quite ripe, 24-25
mm, long, 13-14 mm. thick, broadly ovoid-elliptical, tapering towards
both ends but a little more towards the summit which ends in a conical
mammilate rather more acute point. Seed ovoid, with a conic bluntish
point, 16 mm. long, 11 mm. broad, the base broad, oblique and not
PHILIPPINE PALMS, I. = ae
caudiculate, the branches of the raphis numerous, anastomosing and
forming a network of long and narrow loops.
Not common along the Bongabong River, Minporo, No. 1388 H. N. Whitford,
January 19, 1906. Vernacular Visayan name “Sarauag ;” Tagalog, “Prunbat.”
It is one of the largest and most beautiful species of the genus. Whitford in
his field notes gives 5 m. as the height of the entire plant, but from the dimensions
of the leaves we should estimate a greater height. From the size of the leaf-
sheaths the trunk may be judged to be 15 em. in diameter.
Pinanga modesta Bece. n. sp.
Gracilis, 1.5-3 m. alta, caudice 10-15 mm. diam. internodis 3-6 cm.
longis. Folia 0.6—1 m. longa, vagina circiter 18 cm. longa, petiolo 12-20
cm. longo, basi 6-8 mm. crasso, supra profunde canaliculato, marginibus
obtusis, segmentis utrinque 3—4 et duobus terminalibus, chartaceis, rigid-
ulis, subtus pallidis, subglaucescentibus et sub lente punctulato-puberulis,
superne striatis et minutissime (saepe inconspicue) puntulato-scabridis,
lateralibus acinaciformibus inaequalibus per paria oppositis, sensim
longeque falcato-acuminatis, 3-6-costatis, 30-40 cm. longis, 4-7 cm.
latis, duobus terminalibus basi connatis et apice acute duplicato-dentatis.
Spadia fructifer brevis, 10-12 cm. longus, abrupte deflexus, parte pedi-
cellari brevissima, in ramis perpaucis (3-4) valde compressis digitatim
partitus; fructubus horizontalibus exacte et concinne pectinato-biseriatis,
8-10 mm. inter se remotis, angustissime ovatis, basi coarctatis et acutis,
in parte superiori sensim attenuatis, summo apice papillaeformi, 15-16
min. longis, 6 mm. crassis; semine e basi ovata conico-acuto, 11 mm.
longo, 5 mm. crasso, basi caudiculato. Perianthium fructiferum 2 mm.
altum, 4 mm. latum, e basi plana cupulari, in ore nonnihil coarctatum.
A slender species 1.5-3 m. high. Stem 10-15 mm. in diameter, its
joints 3-6 cm. long, finely dotted with small brown radiate scales in the »
apical young parts. Leaves 0.6-1 m..long, not including the sheath;
this about 18 em. long, finely and sharply striate, more or less scaly
furfuraceous ; the petiole 12-20 cm. long, 6-8 mm. thick in its basal part,
rounded beneath, deeply channeled above, the margins of the channel
obtuse; the rachis very obscurely keeled beneath in its lower portion and
‘flattish higher up; above bifacial from the middle upwards and appressed
scaly-furfuraceous throughout as is the petiole. The leaflets few, usually -
only 3—4 on each side of the rachis and two at the summit, rather firmly
papyraceous, dull, subglaucescent and under the lens finely punctulate-
puberulous beneath, finely striate and punctulate above; the lateral
leaflets are acinaciform, about 40 cm. long, 4-7 cm. broad, usually
opposite, very slightly or not at all narrowed at the base, gradually
falciform-acuminate, with 3-6 acute acoste; the terminal leaflets are
united by their bases, 5-10 cm. broad, with many (6-12) coste and
an equal number of main teeth at their summit, these separated by
deep and acute reéntering angles, the resulting secondary teeth cleft
226 : BECCARL
again at their apices with their two divisions more or less acute or
acuminate. Fruit-spadia deflexed, 10-12 em. long, the peduncular part
very short with only 3-4 digitate strongly flattened, slightly sinuous
branches ; bracts subtending the flowers inconspicuous. Flowers... . .
Fruiting perianth shallowly cupular, 2 mm. high, 4 mm. across, truncate,
narrower at the mouth than at the base; the sepals and petals similar,
very closely imbricated, smooth outside, their margins rounded, entire,
non-ciliate, the sepals somewhat thickened and gibbous at the base.
Fruits exactly horizontally bifarious, 14-15 on each side of the rachis,
very regularly but not very closely set, 15-16 mm. long (including the
perianth), 6 mm. thick, conically acuminate from an ovoid base, suddenly
broadening when just outside the mouth of the perianth, the base acute
included; the apex of the fruit is nipple-like and this is surmounted
by the remains of the stigmas in the shape of a small obtuse mucro.
Seed ovoid, conic and acute above, 11 mm. long, 5 mm. thick, caudiculate
at the base; the branches of the raphe are very few, curved on the
sides and slightly anastomosing.
Minpanao, San Ramon, District of Zamboanga, on ridges at an altitude of
about 600 m. H. B. Copeland, March 5, 1905; also at Camp Keithley, Lake Lanao,
No. 487, Mary Strong Clemens, April, 1906.
This is a small species with the habit and size of the Indian Pinanga gracilis,
readily recognizable by its few acinaciform and underneath pubescent-scabrid
leaflets, the spadix with very few digitate branches and the distichous rather
remote conically ovoid fruits.
Pinanga Curranii Bece. n. sp.
Mediocris, subelata, caudice 7 cm. diam. Folia monnihil ampla,
segmentis numerosis valde inaequalibus, inaequidistantibus attamen non
congestis, subtus fugaciter puberulo-tomentellis, fere rectis, marginibus
parallelibus, intermediis circiter 70 cm. longis, validissime 1—3-costulatis,
2-6 cm. latis, basi vix vel non attenuatis, in parte superiori leviter
curyato-falcatis, apice profunde dentatis, dentibus triangularibus bifidis,
partitionibus rectis acuminatis; segmentis superioribus brevioribus rec-
tioribus; terminalibus latioribus pluricostulatis, apice horinzontaliter
truncatis, breviter obtuseque dentatis. Spadicis ramuli fructiferi 18
cm. longi, valde compressi, sinuosi; fructibus horizontalibus exacte bise-
riatis, ovato-ellipticis, apice obtusissimo, basi parum acutatis, 15 mm.
longis, 9 mm. latis; semine ovato in vertice rotundato, basi nonnihil
acutato, 10 mm. longo, 7 mm. lato. Perianthium fructiferum depresso-
cupulare,-2 mm. altum, 6 mm. latum, in ore non constrictum, immo
paullo expansum. :
A species of moderate size, 7 m. high. Stem 6 cm. in diameter.
Leaves rather large with numerous leaflets ; the rachis in the intermediate
and apical portions triangular in cross section, flat and striate beneath,
more or less bifacial above, puberulous-furfuraceous; the segments very
PHILIPPINE PALMS, I. 227
unequal, inequidistant but not in groups, almost straight, with parallel
margins, glabrous and finely striate by numerous secondary nerves above,
paler and fugaceously puberulous-furfuraceous beneath; the intermediate
leaflets about 70 cm. long with 1-3 very robust and in the upper surface
very sharp cost, 2-6 cm. broad, very slightly or not at all narrowed at
*the base and not at all sigmoid, slightly curved-falcate at the summit,
where they terminate in as many pairs of teeth (or main teeth) as there
are cost, each pair being separated by an acute reéntering angle, 19-30
mm. deep; the single teeth are triangular and also cleft at their summit
-into two acuminate straight points; the upper leaflets are shorter and
straighter than the lower ones, also with their margins exactly parallel
but with the terminal teeth less acuminate ; the two apical leaflets are the
broadest, have 7-8 coste, are horizontally truncate at the summit, where
the main teeth are very short and their divisions very obtuse or rounded
and convergent. Of the spadia I have seen only a few detached fruit-
bearing branches; these are 18 cm. long, strongly flattened, carrying
on each side 18-20 exactly bifarious fruits; the bract subtending the
fruit is very narrowly semiannular, deflexed apiculate in the middle.
Fruiting perianth depressed-cupular, 2 mm. high, 6 mm. across, with
a flat base and a slightly broadened mouth; the sepals and petals similar,
their margins round, ciliolate under a lens; the sepals very faintly
striate outside, slightly thickened but not gibbous at the base. Fruit
very regularly ovoid-elliptic, and very obtuse at the summit, 15 mm.
long, 9 mm. broad. Seed ovoid, with a round top and a more acute base,
10 mm. long, 7 mm. thick; the branches of the raphe are few and slightly
anastomosing.
PALAWAN, in the level forest at about 10 m. above sea level. No. 3515, H. M.
Curran, January 11, 1906.
This is well characterized amongst the species with biseriate fruits by its
large size, the straight, very broadly linear leaflets which are puberulous beneath
and by the small ovoid-elliptical obtuse fruit. In P. speciosa the-leaflets are also
broadly linear and not faleate, but are quite glabrous on both surfaces.
Pinanga Barnesii var. macrocarpa Bece. n. var.
Fructibus 27-32 mm. longis, 17 mm. latis, semine ovato-oblongo,
2 em. longo.
The leaves have 7-9, leaflets on each side of the rachis, instead of
about 15, are broader, with more coste and ‘therefore with more falcate
divisions at their summit than in the typical specimens. The spadix
and fruiting perianth are as in the Luzon plant, but the fruit is some-
what larger than in this (27-32 mm. long, 17 mm. thick), regularly
ovoid-elliptical, equally tapering at both ends and rather acute and mam-
millate at the apex.
Balete, Baco River, No. 275, Mrnvoro, R. C. McGregor, April 22, 1905.
Very similar to the typical form from Luzon, but apparently a larger plant
with the trunk about 2 m. high and 6 em. in diameter.
228 BECCARI.
ONCOSPERMA Blume.
Oncosperma gracilipes Becce. n. sp.
Gracilis, caudice subelato, 4 cm. diam. in parte apicali rubiginoso-
furfuraceo, spiculis 14 cm. longis undique horrido. Folia ampla, vagina
50 cm. longa spiculis nigris armata, petiolo brevi, parte pennifera
circiter 2 m. longa, rachi subinermi, segmentis numerosis aequidistan-
tibus, 4-5 cm. inter se remotis, rectissimis, ensiformibus, apice acuminato-
subulatis, basi attenuatis, subtus secus costam mediam paleolis nonnullis
praeditis; intermediis 60-70 cm. longis, 28-380 cm. latis. Spadix pro
rata inter species affines brevis, 50 cm. longus, simpliciter-ramosus, —
ramulis ad 10 in apice partis peduncularis circ. 12 cm. longae, congestis,
rigidis, crassis, 25-30 cm. longis, 8 mm. spissis, profunde crebreque
serobiculatis; fructibus mediocribus, perianthio circ. 12 mm. lato
suffultis.
A slender palm, 7-10 m. high. Stem 4 cm. in diameter with
internodes 5 cm. long, rusty furfuraceous at its summit, covered through-
out with very slender needle-like unequal, brittle, black, shining spicule,
which vary in length from 1 to 4 cm. and point in different directions.
Leaves about 2 m. long not including the sheath; the sheath is rather
thickly coriaceous, 50 cm. long, rusty-furfuraceous and strongly striated
externally and more or less covered with the kind of spicule described
above, but smaller; the petiole is very short (about 15 cm. in one
specimen) round beneath, flattish above where it is very densely covered
with spicule, which here however are appressed; its margins acute,
the rachis more or less fugaceousiy rusty-furfuraceous with a few
scattered spicule in its lower part, smooth from the middle upwards,
with a flat facet above which gradually narrows into a salient angle
separating the two side facets where the leaflets are inserted, underneath
the rachis is convex at first and flattish from the middle upwards.
Leaflets papyraceous, very numerous, equidistant, 4-5 cm. apart, quite
- smooth (not spinulous) on both surfaces, almost shining above, dull and
slightly paler beneath, straight, ensiform, somewhat narrowed to a
rather acute base (where the margins are strongly deflexed), gradually
acuminate to a subulate point from the middle upwards, longitudinally
plicate along the 2-3 secondary nerves on each side of the mid-costa;
the costa is rather strong and prominent in the upper surface where
the secondary nerves are slender; underneath the secondary nerves are —
prominent and as strong as the mid-costa, which is furnished with a few
linear scales; the intermediate leaflets are 60-70 cm. long, 28-30 mm.
broad; those near the summit are gradually shorter and narrower;
the ultimate ones narrowly linear and though acuminate have the extreme
apex obtuse. Fruiting perianth about 12 mm. in diameter; the divisions
of the calyx and of the corolla broadly triangular and almost equal.
Fruit-spadix about 50 cm. long, divided into about 10 simple branches
My sai elidel
baal Magy uate aaa
PHILIPPINE PALMS, I. 229
almost grouped at the summit of a rather short, undivided, rather
robust, rusty-furfuraceous peduncular portion, this is smooth above
the insertion of the first spathe and densely spiculiferous below; the
branches are all of about the same length, 25-30 em. long and 8 mm.
thick throughout, very closely and regularly hollowed by 4-5 vertical
lines of orbicular, shallowly cupular, scrobiculi, which have below them
a rather conspicuous leaf-like, broadly triangular, acute, deflexed bract.
Fruit, when not quite mature, globose, 12 mm. in diameter, with a dull
and finely granulate surface and with the scar left by the stigmas
almost apical, orbicular, 2 mm. in diameter.
In a ravine in forests about 30 m. above the sea between Pagbilao and Atimo-
nan, Province of Tayabas, Luzon, No. 4010, Elmer D. Merrill, March, 1905,
This differs from the few other species of the genus in its very slender trunk,
in its spadix with few tufted, comparatively short and thick branches, which are
all of about the same length and separate from the main axis at almost the same
level. The fruits I have seen are still very young, but certainly they are larger
than those of O. fil tosa and iderably smaller than those of O. horrida.
ARENGA Labill.
Arenga Ambong Bece. n. sp. Wallichia oblongifolia (non Griff.) Bece. in
Webbia (1905) p. 48.
Caudex crassus et brevis, 30 cm. diam. (Copeland.) Folia am-
plissima, segmentis numerosis, intermediis circiter 70 cm. longis ambitu
elongato-lanceolatis, in utroque margine sinibus 5-6, saepius oppositis,
profunde excavatis, in sinibus 6—7 em. latis, in partibus latioribus usque
ad 8-9 cm., basi longe cuneatis, margine inferiore at basin auricula
brevi rotundata praedito. Spadices simpliciter ramosi, ramis (dum
flores ¢ adstant) 6-7 mm. spissis, fructiferis valde auctis, teretibus,
glabris, digiti minoris crassitie. Flores d in alabastro bene evoluto ovati,
distincte abrupteque apiculati, 15 mm. longi; staminibus circiter 100.
Fructus leviter depresso-globosus 3 em. diam.
Stem short and thick (non soboliferous?). Leaves very large; the
pinniferous part, according to Copeland, is 3 m. and the petiole alone
1-2 m. in length; the rachis in the terminal part is very slender, and in
the intermediate portion about 2 em. thick, not very regularly trigonous
in cross section and with the upper salient angle not very sharp; the
leaflets are numerous, very firmly papyraceous, those attached to a
rachis of 2 cm. in thickness (probably the intermediate ones) are 70
em. long, with 5-6 very large superposed indentations on both margins;
the indentations of one side, generally, almost exactly opposite to those
- of the other side; an entire leaflet, therefore, has 5-6 places where they
are narrower (6—7 cm. in width) than elsewhere (8-9 cm.) and appear
as formed by several superposed reverted truncated cones; on the whole
the leaflets are elongate-lanceolate in outline, slightly and rather gradually
narrowing upwards into a rather broad and not very acute point; the
basal part is rather narrowly, long and somewhat asymmetrical cuncate,
230 BECCARI.
which at its summit is 7-9 em. broad; the margins of those portions
between two indentations are straight and almost smooth in their lower
part, but otherwise they are sharply dentato-serrate and almost spinulous ;
just at the base, the leaflets have their lower margin lengthened into
a short and rounded ear-like lobe, while this is wanting in the upper
margin; the mid-costa is very robust, much more prominent on the
lower than on the upper surface; the secondary nerves are very numer-
ous and very slender and do not run parallel to the mid-costa but
slightly diverge from it, giving to both surfaces, but especially to
the lower one, a finely striate appearance; both surfaces are glabrous,
but the lower one is slightly paler than the upper, and in the young
leaves looks as if it were covered with a very tenuous and adherent
ashy indumentum which disappears with age; near the summit of the
leaf the rachis is very slender and laterally flattened and the leaflets
are shorter and more obtuse than the lower ones; the terminal leaflet
is flabellate-cuneiform and unequally 3-lobed at its summit, being
apparently formed by the union of 3 leaflets. The spadix (which I have
not seen entire) is, from what I can judge, composed of an axial
part carrying several simple spreading branches, which when the male
flowers are full grown and the female one scarcely visible, are 6—7 mm.
thick in their basal part and narrower higher up; but later when the
same branches are covered with sessile, horizontal and spirally arranged
fruits they attain the thickness of 17 mm. and the length of 70 em.,
are terete, glabrous and wrinkled in the spaces between the fruits. The
full grown male flowers, when not yet open, are ovoid, distinctly apic-
ulate, 15 mm. long; the calyx is shortly cupular, its sepals are broader
than high, with round glabrous and entire margins and are more or
less gibbous-calcarate at the base; the petals are ovate-elliptical, concave
or boat-shaped, distinctly apiculate; the stamens are about 100 (those
of the center apparently abortive), their anthers are very narrowly
linear subulate-aristate. Female flowers....... Fruiting perianth
2.5 em. across, formed by coriaceous and also very dark colored segments,
of which the sepals are narrowly lunate and strongly crenate on the
margin and the petals broadly triangular, at least 3 times as long as
the calyx, thickened and obscurely keeled on the back and with their
margin entire or 2—3 dentate and sometimes more or less cleft at the
apex. The fruit is globular, slightly depressed, 3 cm. in diameter
slightly concave in its upper part, where there are 3 prominent lines
radiating from 3 small central clefts, the remains of the stigmas. When
the fruits have fallen the place of their insertion on the branches is
marked by large and circular scars, 12-13 mm. in diameter, surrounded
by 2 very narrowly lunate, blackish or dark chestnut brown coriaceous
bracts, which together form a slightly concave or pateriform caliculum.
‘The seeds are 3 in each fruit, but those seen by me were not quite
mature.
PHILIPPINE PALMS, I. 281
Minpanao, District of Zamboanga; San Ramon, collected by H. B. Copeland
with full grown male flowers and unripe fruit March 16, 1906. Vernacular
name in Chapocano “Cabonegro” and in Moro “Ambung.”
The collector’s “field notes” state that the plant which supplied the specimen
had a trunk 1 m. high and 30 em. in diameter, adding, however, that it “becomes
a tree” and that it is “a source of sago” as is the case with its near ally
A. undulatifolia Bece.* from which it differs in the shape of the male flowers,
these being oblong with a round top in A. wndulatifolia, ovoid and suddenly
apiculate in A, Ambong; furthermore the stamens in the latter are 100, while in
the former they are about 150; the stem of A. wndulatifolia is taller and thinner,
and the leaflets at their base have two auricles one on each margin instead of
one, otherwise the leaflets are extremely alike in the two species.
The leaves of young plants of A. Ambong in their terminal part have a
striking resemblance to those of Wallichia oblongifolia Griff., to which I had?*
doubtfully referred a sterile and very incomplete specimen collected also at
Zamboanga by R. Garcia, No. 653 Ahern. In A. Ambong the scars of the fallen
male flowers are orbicular, about 6 mm. in diameter and show the punctiform
marks of 10-12 fibro-vascular bundles; in A. wndulatifolia there is at least double
that number of these marks and this fact is apparently in correlation with the
more numerous stamens in the latter species.
LIVISTONA R. Brown.
Livistona microcarpa Bece. n. sp.
Gracilis, elata, caudice 20 m. longo, 20 em. crasso. Folia flabellato-
orbicularia, multifida; petiolo gracili marginibus tantum prope basin
spinis brevibus rectis dentiformibus horizontalibus vel raro reversis crebre
armato, caetero subinermis; segmentis centralibus circiter usque ad ter-
tiam superiorem partem connatis, circiter 80 cm. ab apice petioli metien-
tibus, in parte libera 20-30 cm. longis et basi 4—4.5 cm. latis, ab hine
sensim sursum attenuatis prope apicem abrupte angustatis; summo apice
rigido, breviter bifido, partitionibus secundariis breviter acuminatis et
fere pungentibus; segmentis lateralibus angustioribus, in parte libera
40-50 em. longis et apice quam centralibus profundius divisis; divisio-
nibus longe acuminato-setiferis. Spadix, gracilis elongatus, parte axili
subteretei digiti minoris-crassitiae; inflorescentiis partialibus pluribus,
duplicato ramosis, ramulis floriferis 3-5 cm. longis, 1 mm. crassis. Frue-
tus sphaericus parvus, 11-12 mm. diametro.
A tall species. Stem slender, 20 m. high and 20 em. in diameter
(Curran). Leaves forming an almost complete multifid circle; the
petiole long and slender, 3 cm. broad in its basal part, where it is flattish
above and convex beneath and with the margins acute and very closely
armed with small horizontal conical-dentiform spines of which the largest
are 5-6 mm. long, usually straight, horizontal and occasionally retrorse ;
higher up the spines gradually become smaller and more scattered and
2 Malesia 3: 93; see also Beccari “Nelle Foreste di Borneo.” (Firenze 1902)
pp- 329, 385, 593, 596.
8’ Webbia (1905), 48.
232, BECCARI.
finally subtuberculiform; the central divisions of the leaf are united
for about two-thirds their length and occasionally somewhat more, measur-
ing 75-80 cm. from the apex of the petiole to their summit and only
25-30 em. in their free portions which are 4—4.5 em. broad at the base;
from the base the segments gradually narrow towards the summit, where
they are suddenly contracted into a short straight firm not drooping
point; this is cleft to the extent of 4-6 em.; each of the two resulting
divisions is straight, acuminate and with an almost pungent apex; the
lateral divisions are gradually narrower, 2—2.5 cm. broad reach nearer
to the petiole, are gradually more acuminate and more deeply divided
into two long straight setiform points, the filaments in the sinuses are
obsolete or very rudimentary ; the upper main coste are rather prominent
and sharp on both surfaces, which are almost equally green and almost
shining ; the secondary nerves and the transverse veinlets are very slender,
and scarcely visible. Spadia elongated, slender, with several rather
distant branches or partial inflorescences; its main axis rigid, straight,
subterete, the size of a man’s little finger. Primary spathes thinly coria-
ceous, dry, reddish brown, glabrous, tubular-cylindraceous, rather closely
sheathing, obliquely truncate at the mouth, produced at one side into a
blunt point, the margins at the apex more or less crenate and glabrous.
The partial inflorescence is twice branched and forms a small lax, ovate,
20-25 em. long panicle, with 2-3 primary basal branches and not many
‘floriferous branchlets; the peduncular part of the panicle is concave on
the inner side, and convex externally with very sharp edges, erect, and
is almost entirely sheathed by its own spathe, the branchlets are 3-5°
cm. long, subterete, about 1 mm. thick at the base. The flowers are
spirally arranged all around the branchlets and rest on very small de-
scoidal slightly prominent ebracteolate pulvinuli. Perfect flowers not
seen. Fruiting perianth hard, very short, 2 mm. thick and 1.5 mm. high.
Fruit exactly spherical, 11-12 mm. in diameter, black (at least when
dry) with a finely wrinkled surface (when not quite mature) and without
a visible mark of the remains of the stigma; the pericarp 1.5 mm. thick;
the mesocarp grumose; the endocarp very thin. Seed, as far as can be
judged from the immature fruit, exactly spherical with a broad orbicular
hilum.
PALAWAN, in swamps along the Carafiugan River. No, 3784 H. M. Curran.
Distinct from the only two other yet known Philippine species of this genus,‘
by the segments of the leaves which have their summit divided into two short
straight not drooping points, by the petiole armed only at its base with small
closely set spines and by the small round fruit.
The specimens examined by me consist of portions of the leaf and spadix with
not quite mature fruit. :
‘ Livistona Merrillii Becc. and L. Whitfordii Becc.; probably L. Vidalii Bece.,
must be referred to the genus Pholidocarpus.
PHILIPPINE PALMS, I. 233
CALAMUS Linn.
Calamus mollis Blanco var. palawanicus Bece. n. var.
Gracilis subineramis, ocrea spinulosa.
Stem, with the sheaths attached, 12-15 mm. in diameter. Leaf-sheaths
remaining green when dry, more or less longitudinally striate, spineless
or with some scattered small, short and broad-based, sometimes retrorse
prickles. Ocrea dry, reddish-brown, spinulous, or at least tubercled-spi-
nulous. Leaflets more or less inequidistant, often approximate in parsi
on each side of the rachis or almost equidistant, otherwise as in the typical
form but the margins not so strongly spinulous. Spadia with smooth
primary spathes. :
Patawan; No. 3613 H. M. Ourran, January, 1906, in old clearings, locally
quite common. (Male plant) and No. 191, 196 J. Bermejos (female plant)
December, 1905. '
It differs from typical C. mollis Blanco of Luzon in its leaf-sheaths being
smooth or almost so, and in being less spinous in every part. It is scarcely
distinguishable from C. Meyenianus Schauer in the ocrea being more or less
spinulous and the leaflets having more strongly spinulous margins. C. Meyenianus
itself is scarcely a distinct species, and had better be considered as a variety of
0. mollis Blanco.
Calamus Merrittianus Bece. n. sp.
Scandens, amplissimus, caudice vaginato 6-7 cm. diametro. Folia
amplissima, 3 m. et ultra longa; vagina spisse lignosa, spinis gracilibus
valde inaequalibus, 2-4 cm. longis, laminaribus, saepe laciniatis, solitariis
vel confluentibus, inter perplurimas spinulas parvas setiformes immixtis
densiuscule armata. Segmenta numerosissima, aequidistantis, auguste
lanceolata vel ensiformia, supra in costa media et in costulis duabus,
subtus tantum in costa media, setosa. Spadices latissime, paniculati,
spathis primariis et secundariis spinis brevibus vel 10-12 mm. longis,
nigrescentibus, rectis, horizontalibus vel deflexis, armati; spicis foemineis
7-8 cm. longis, crebre bifarie floriferis, parte pedicellari gracili, 2—2.5
em. longa in fundo spathae suae insertis. Fructus parvi, squamis per
orthostichas 21 ordinatis in dorso convexis et non sulcatis, margine minute
fimbriatis.* eo
Scandent and very large. Sheathed stem 6-7 cm. in diameter. Leaf-
sheaths woody, 3-4 mm. thick, gibbous above, rather densely armed with
*This species comes near ©. Merrillii Becec., and belongs to Group XIV, which
in my Monograph of the Genus Calamus in vol. 11 of the Annals of the Royal
Botanic Garden, Calcutta, in press, is characterized as follows: “Leaves prolonged
into a long and clawed cirrus. Leaf-sheaths not flagelliferous. Spadix not flag-
elliferous at its apex, usually shorter than the leaves. Male spadix ultra-
decompound. Female spadix simply decompound, quite different from the male
one. Male and female spikelets stalked or inserted inside at the base of their
respective spathes on distinct pedicels which are as long as their respective
spathes. Fruiting perianth explanate. Seed with ruminate or equable albumen.”
547446
234 BECCARI.
feeble but very unequal spines, some of them having a swollen and broad
base and a slender 2-4 cm. long, flat, laminar, elastic, dark brown, some-
times laciniate blade; of this kind some are solitary and others confluent
or comb-like; intermingled with the large spines are many other very
small, bristle-like, scattered ones unequal, and insident on a tubercled
base. Leaves very large, in one specimen 3.2 m. long in the pinniferous
part, which is regularly armed at intervals of about 10 cm., with half
whorls of extraordinarily strong black claws; the petiole is very robust,
25 cm. long, 3 cm. broad at its base, where it is densely prickly on the
back and on the margins, flattish and smooth above; rachis at first with
a flat surface above, which is bordered on either side with a prickly ridge
gradually becoming narrower and the ridges closer together until they
unite to form a salient smooth angle; underneath the rachis is armed at
first with solitary, and upwards with 2—5-nate rather remote, extraordi-
narily robust, black claws. Leaflets very numerous, equidistant, 3—-3.5
em. apart, narrowly lanceolate-ensiform, papyraceous, green on both sur-
faces, slightly paler beneath, slightly narrowing towards the base, very
gradually and long-acuminate to a subulate and at the sides bristly tip,
faintly 3-costulate, with the mid-costa very remotely and sparingly bristly
only near the summit, the side-coste are tenuous and bear very few,
very long, spadiceous bristles ; underneath the mid-costa alone is sparingly
bristly; the margins are not very closely ciliate with short bristles ;
transverse veinlets not very conspicuous; the largest leaflets, the interme-
diate ones, 40 cm. long, 25-28 mm. broad; the upper and lower ones
somewhat smaller. Male spadia..... Female spadix 2.5 m. long,
forming a large elongate pyramidate panicle, which terminates in a small
and short tail-like prickly appendix and is composed of many partial
inflorescences ; primary spathes tubular, thinly coriaceous, rather closely
sheathing, slightly enlarged above, strongly armed with straight, very
short, or 10-12 mm. long, blackish, horizontal or slightly deflexed spines,
prolonged at the summit into a triangular subulate point, usually split
on the ventral side, glabrous at the mouth; partial inflorescences fur-
nished with a long peduncular part and inserted far inside their respective
spathes, arched downwards; the lower ones, the largest, 50 em. long,
with 14-15 spikelets on either side; the others gradually shorter and
with fewer spikelets; secondary spathes tubular, closely sheathing, very
slightly infundibular, usually longitudinally split, otherwise truncate and
entire at the mouth, produced at the summit into a broadly triangular
point, armed with many small slender scattered, solitary, horizontal
spinules. Spikelets 7-8 em. long, with a distinct slender pedicular part,
which is inserted at the bottom of their respective spathes, arched down-
wards, with 20-22 flowers on each side; the upper spikelets shorter and
with fewer flowers; spathes infundibuliform, exactly truncate and entire
at the mouth, slightly apiculate on the outer side, glabrous and nonstriate;
PHILIPPINE PALMS, I. 236
involucrophorum cyathiform, narrowing towards the base and inserted
at the bottom of its own spathel, flattened, two-keeled and bidentate on
the side next to the axis; involucre cupular, almost entirely inclosed in
the involucrophorum, truncate, bidentate on the side of the areola of
the neuter flower, the areola deep, broadly lunate and sharply bordered.
Female flowers 4 mm. long; the calyx with a polished base, and deeply
parted into 3, ovate, externally striolate, acute lobes; corolla as long as
the calyx, its segments acute, slightly narrower than the lobes of the
calyx. Fruit seen only in its very young stage, and then ovate and
stoutly conically beaked, with the scales in 21 longitudinal series, yel-
lowish, with a rusty, minutely fringed margin, shining, convex and not
channelled along the middle.
Mrnporo: Bongabong River. No. 3912 M. L. Merritt, March, 1906.
Very closely related to @. Merrillii, from which it differs especially in its
primary and secondary spathes, which are prickly in (. Merrittianus and smooth
in C. Merrillti. It is also a near ally of C. Zollingerii, which, however, has quite
differently armed leaf-sheaths.
Calamus Mindorensis Bece. n. sp.
Alte scandens, caudice vaginato 4 cm. diam. Folia in parte pinnifera
circiter 1.5 m. longa; vagina lignosa spinis dimidiato-conicis, minutis-
simis, sparsis, 3-4 mm. longis armata; petiolo valido brevissimo vel
subnullo; rhachi in angulo superiori inermi; segmentis aequidistantibus
utrinque circiter 25, spatio nudo 6-7 em. longo inter se dissitis, utrinque
viridibus, auguste elliptico-lanceolatis, basi et apice acutis, plicato-pluri-
costulatis, suwperne in costa media et in costulis duabus spinulosis, subtus
levibus. Spadices late laxeque paniculati; spathis secundariis auguste
tubuloso-infundibuliformibus, levibus; spicis foemineis vermicularibus,
eracilibus, 10-12 cm. longis, utrinque bifarie 20-22-floris, patentibus vel
horizontalibus, nonnihil arcuatis, exacte ad faucemearum spatharum in-—
sertis. Perianthium fructiferum distincte et si breviter pedicelliforme.
Fructus globosus, parvus, pisiformis, conspicue rostratus; squamis per
orthostichas 18-20 ordinatis, nitidis, convexis nec in medio suleatis, luride
stramineis, apiculo rubello, margine scarioso minute erosulo-denticulato.
Semen globosum.°®
Rather robust and high climbing. Sheathed stem 4 em. in diameter.
Leaf-sheaths woody, 3 mm. thick, greenish with a smooth surface, very
thinly covered with a fugaceous ashy indumentum when young, strongly
®° This species is closely related to O. Moseleyanus Bece., and belongs to Group
XV, of my Monograph, characterized as follows: “Leaves prolonged into a long
and clawed cirrus. Leaf-sheaths not flagelliferous. Spadices usually shorter than
the leaves, not or slightly flagelliferous at the apex. Spikelets not stalked,
inserted near the mouth of their respective spathes. Fruiting perianth pedicelli-
form or almost explanate. Seed with more or less” superficial intrusions of the
integument or distinctly ruminate, embryo basilar or slightly shifted to one side.”
236 BECCARL
gibbous above, feebly armed with very small, scattered, 3-4 mm. long,
horizontal, semiconical, straight spines, which have the tip slightly darker
than the surface of the sheath and the base lighter and tumescent. Ocrea
very short, axillary, liguliform. Leaves cirriferous, large; petiole very
short and robust or almost obsolete, flattish and smooth above, 3 cm.
broad, armed along the margins with rather stout, 8-10 mm. long,
straight, horizontal spines; rachis in the intermediate portion obtusely
trigonous, fugaceously ashy-furfuraceous, with an obtuse smooth salient
angle above, armed beneath with rather remote solitary and binate (up-
wards probably 3-nate) black-tipped claws. Leaflets rather numerous,
(about 50 on the whole), equidistant, not very approximate (6-7 cm.
apart) rigidly papyraceous, green on both surfaces, slightly paler beneath ;
narrowly elliptical-lanceolate, narrowing almost equally towards both
ends, plicate-pluricostulate, base and apex acute, the latter spinulous; the
mid-costa alone rather prominent and sharp above and spinulous as are
two other lateral costule which are near the upper margin; the other
costule are very tenuous and smooth; underneath the nerves are numer-
ous, but devoid of bristles or spinules; the intermediate leaflets are
45-47 em. long and 4.5-5 cm. broad; the lower ones are smaller, 20—25
em. long and proportionally narrower. Male spadiv..... Female
spadiz decompound forming a large diffuse panicle; primary spathes
Renee ; partial inflorescences 40-50 cm. long (the few I have seen)
with 10-12 spikelets on each side; secondary spathes (the spathes of the
partial inflorescences) narrowly tubular-infundibuliform, unarmed, strio-
late, very thinly and fugaceously furfuraceous, produced at the summit
into a broadly triangular acute point; the mouth ciliate with small
paleole; spikelets (when bearing the fruit) spreading or horizontal,
slightly arched, with a distinct axillary callus, inserted just at the mouths
of their respective spathes, 10-12 cm. long (the upper ones somewhat
shorter) with 20-22 distichous flowers on each side; spathels shortly,
very broadly and asymmetrically infundibuliform, obsoletely striately-
veined, slightly produced and apiculate at one side, truncate and decid-
uously ciliolate at the mouth; involucrophorum very shallowly cupular,
immersed in its own spathel, bidentate and laterally adnate to the base
of the spathel above its own; involucre shallowly and irregularly cupular ;
areola of the neuter flower very depressedly lunate. Fruiting perianth
shortly but distinctly pedicelliform; the calyx parted down to almost
the middle into 3 triangular, slightly striately veined, acute lobes, and
. with a smooth base; the segments of the corolla triangular, barely shorter
than the teeth of the calyx. Fruit small, spherical, abruptly and com-
paratively stoutly beaked, 6.5 mm. in diameter (when not quite ripe)
with a small basal acute caudiculum, which penetrates into the perianth;
scales in 18-20 longitudinal series, shining, convex and not channeled
along the middle, of a dirty straw-yellowish color and with a reddish
PHILIPPINE PALMS, I. 237
slightly produced tip, and scarious erosely toothed margins. Seed small,
globose (not quite mature).
Balete, Baco River, Minporo, No. 309 R. C. McGregor, April, 1905.
A very near ally of C. Moseleyanus Bece., from which it differs in its larger
dimensions, in the larger and more diffuse spadix with much longer spikelets and
especially in the smaller fruit with more numerous scales, these being arranged
in 18-20 longitudinal series.
Calamus Reyesianus Bece. n. sp.
Scandens mediocris. Spadix foemineus diffuse paniculatus (non cirri-
fer), spathis primariis elongato-infundibuliformibus, superne spinis
rectis horizontalibus parvis dense armatis; spathis secundariis spinulis
paucis quoque praeditis; spicis foemineis erecto-patentibus, 8-5.5 cm.
longis, utrinque bifarie 7-12-floris, ad faucem earum spatharum insertis,
Perianthium fructiferum latissime obconicum et subexplanatum. Fruc-
tus sphaericus, 15 mm. diam. brevissime abrupteque rostratus, squamis
per orthostichas 18 ordinatis, stramineo-rubellis, linea intramarginali
augustissima saturatiore notatis, in dorso convexiusculis et longitudi-
naliter profunde sulcatis, margine scarioso minute erosulo-denticulato,
apice triangulari obtusiusculo. Semen globosum, 10-11 mm. diam.,
ruminatum.*
Apparently scandent and of moderate size. Female spadix (non
cirriferous): diffusely paniculate, terminating in a small tail-like flattened
appendage, this a few centimeters in length and spinous at its apex;
primary spathes very closely sheathing, thinly coriaceous, elongate-
infundibuliform, densely armed in their upper part with small straight
herizontal spines, flat on the axial side, obliquely truncate and entire
at the mouth, where they are produced at one side into an elongate
triangular point, this keeled on its back. Partial inflorescences (those
of the upper part of the spadix) spreading, 18-20 cm. long, with
5-6 spikelets on each side; secondary spathes narrowly infundibular
with a few horizontal straight spines on their back at the summit,
obliquely truncate, entire and fringed with deciduous paleole at their
mouths and produced at one side into a triangular acute point; spikelets
erecto-patent, inserted just above the mouth of their respective spathes,
3-5.5 em. in length with 7-12 distichously arranged flowers on each
side; spathes shallowly obliquely infundibular, shortly apiculate at
one side, their margins entire and fringed with deciduous paleole ;
involucrophorum coneave, very shallow, immersed in its spathel, produced
externally into a triangular point, which subtends the neuter flower;
involucre shallowly and asymmetrically cupular, bidentate and lunately
excavate on the side of the neuter flower, of which the areola is com-
paratively large, lunate and sharply bordered. Fruiting perianth not
*This species comes near OC. palustris Griff; and belongs, with the preceding,
to the Group XV of my monograph. .
238 BECCARI.
forming a pedicel, very broadly obconic or almost explanate. Fruit
spherical surmounted by a very short beak, 15 mm. in diameter: scales
in 18 longitudinal series, of a reddish straw-yellow color, with a narrow,
darker intro-marginal line, and scarious finely erosely toothed margins,
rather convex, broadly and rather deeply channeled and with a triangular ~
rather obtuse point. Seed globular, 10-11 mm. in diameter, with a not
very closely pitted surface; the chalazal fovea indistinct and very
superficial; albumen ruminate; embryo basal,
Unisan, Province of Tayabas, Luzon, 0. Reyes, October, 1904,
. The type specimen is the terminal part of a fruiting spadix only. The leaves
which, 1 suppose, belong to this spadix, are much like those of Calamus palustris,
to which this species is related, but from which it is distinguished by its perfectly
spherical fruit. The leaves mentioned above belong, very probably, to the lower
part of the stem, as some of them are peripinnate and one terminates with a
short rudimentary cirrus, the leaflets are not numerous, are very inequidistant,
approximate in groups of 2 or 3 on each side of the rachis, with long internodes
between each group; elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, 15-28 em. long, concavo-convex,
suddenly contracted into a bristly. tip, shining above, paler and dull beneath,
with 5 tenuous but acute coste above and with numerous sharp, subparallel
transverse veinlets.
DAEMONOROPS Blume.
Daemonorops Curranii Becc. n. sp. (Sect. Piptospatha).
Non alte scandens. (?). Vaginae..... Folia in cirrum gracilem
solito modo semiverticillatim acileatum abeuntia; rachide superne spinu-
josa. Segmenta numerosa aequidistantis, cireiter 4 cm. inter se remota,
auguste lanceolata vel lJanceolato-ensiformia; intermedia 33-40, cm.
longa, 17-20 mm. lata, aerum pars latior paullo supra basin, in costa me-
dia prope apicem et secus nervos duo superne spinulosa; subtus in costa
media tantum minute spinuloso-setosa. Spadix circiter 60 cm. longus,
inapertus auguste cylindraceus, parte pedicellari brevi spinosa suffultus.
Spathae coriaceae, elongato-spatulatae; inferior extus undique spinis
brevibus deflexis plus minusve digitato-seriatis armato, superiores in
dorso prope apicem tantum spinosae. Panicula fructifera elongato-
oblonga, spicis majoribus 3.5-4.5 em. longis, utrinque distice 6—9-floris;
earum axis acute zig-zag sinuosa. Involucrophorum breviter pedicelli-
forme, 1-2 mm. longum, in axilla callosum apice truncatum. Invo-
lucrum apice planum orbiculare, limbo angustissimo anulari cintum,
involucrophorum breviter superans. Florisa neutri areola parva concava
aedicolaris non tumescens, perianthium fructiferam late obconicum.
Fructus sphericus breviter conice rostratus 12 mm. diametro, squamis
per orthostichas 12-14 ordinatis, stramineis. Semen globosum, leviter
depressum, tuberculato-alveolatum 8 mm. diametro.
Apparently scandent and of moderate size. Leaf-sheaths.....
Leaves terminated with a not very long and slender cirrus, which is
very regularly armed with approximate half-whorls of very sharp con-
PHILIPPINE PALMS, I. 239
fluent claws; petiole..... ; the leaf-rachis (in the intermediate por-
tion) is slightly convex beneath, where it is strongly and regularly armed
with half-whorls of 5-nate claws; and with a very sharp and spinulous
salient angle above and flat sided facets; leaflets numerous, equidistant,
about 4 cm. apart, green and subshining on both surfaces, papyraceous,
very narrowly lanceolate or lanceolate-ensiform, broadest not very far
above the base and thence shortly narrowing downwards, gradually
acuminate to a subulate and at the sides spinulous tip; in the upper
surface the mid-costa is tenuous and sharp, spinulous only near its
summit, and accompanied on each side by a tenuous secondary nerve;
this stronger than some other nerves of the same kind and spinulous;
underneath the mid-costa alone is minutely bristly spinulous; transverse
veinlets very tenuous and sharp especially in the upper surface; the
intermediate leaflets 33-40 cm. long, 17-20 mm. broad. Female spadix
before flowering very narrowly cylindric and elongate, slightly arched;
‘primary spathes at first tubular very obliquely truncate at the mouth and
produced at the summit into a triangular point, later longitudinally
split; the outermost spathe, after flowering, elongate-spathulate, grad-
ually narrowing towards the base into a rather short, flattened, prickly,
pedicellar part, totally and very densely armed externally with solitary
or more or less seriate and confluent, deflexed, short, unequal spines,
which have a reddish brown tip and a lighter swollen base; inner
spathes prickly only on the back, especially near their summit, smooth
on. the margins at the mouth; when in flower-or fruit, the female
spadix is tenuously rusty furfuraceous in every part, about 60 cm.
long, slender, rigid, with 6-7 partial inflorescences; the peduncular part
of the spadix is 7-8 em. long, 7-8 mm. broad, slightly flattened, very
slightly enlarged upwards, armed with deflexed, solitary or confluent
and sugiditate, straight, rather short, deflexed spines; the main axis
(of the spadix) is straight with its lowest (2-3) internodes slightly
flattened, the others obsoletely angular; secondary and tertiary spathes
inconspicuous; partial inflorescences triangular in outline, the lower
ones, the largest, 11-12 cm. long; the upper ones shorter, with 5—7
bifarious regularly alternate spreading spikelets on either side; the
axis of the partial inflorescences straight, very acutely 3-4-gonous; the
lower spikelets, the largest, 3.5-4.5 cm. long, with 6 to 9 bifarious
flowers on each side, their axis very acutely angular and zigzag sinuous;
upper spikelets shorter and with fewer flowers; spathels scarious,
very shortly annular and embracing, produced at one side into a
triangular spreading acute point; involucrophorum shortly but distinctly
pedicelliform, 1-2 mm. long, angular, very spreading or horizontal
when bearing the fruit, distinctly callous im its axilla, truncate and
with a very short triangular point at one side at its summit; involucre
slightly raised above the involucrophorum, its limb represented by a
240 BECCARI.
very narrow annular rim round the flat. orbicular scar left by the
flower. Areola of the neuter flower rather small, concave, niche-like,
not callous. Female flowers 5 mm. long, when in bud, with an ovate
base and a trigonus apex; the calyx very shallowly cupular with 3 broad
acute teeth; the corolla 4 times as long as the calyx, parted down almost
to the base into 3 elongately triangular; sharply striately veined segments.
Fruiting perianth very broadly obconic and therefore not distinctly
pedicelliform. Fruit small, spherical, very shortly and broadly conically
beaked, 12 mm. in diameter when quite ripe; scales in 12 to 14 longi-
tudinal series, polished, narrowly and sharply channeled along the middle
exactly rhomboid, with an obtuse tip, straw yellow with very narrow
almost entire margins. Seed globular, slightly depressed, 10 mm. broad,
8 mm. high, its surface pitted and tubercled.
PaLAwAN, No. 3791 H. M. Curran, February, 1906.
D, Curranié is a near ally of D. elongatus Bl., from which it differs in the
leaves with equidistant leaflets, in the rachis spinulous on the salient angle above,
and in the slightly larger spherical fruit.
INDEX TO PHILIPPINE BOTANICAL LITERATURE.
By Evmer D,. MERRILL.
(From the botanical section of the Biological Laboratory, Bureau of Science.)
The literature bearing directly or indirectly on Philippine botany is
so extensive and so widely scattered that it has been considered advisable
to prepare and publish from time to time lists of useful or essential works
containing references to Philippine plants. Such lists will include short
reviews of monographs of various genera and families that are represented
in the Philippines, short articles, individual diagnoses, ete., and an
attempt will be made to review obscure and rare papers referring to
Philippine botany in the widest sense of the word. Special attention
will be given to recent publications, but the older ones will not be
ignored, if there is any special object in reviewing them. The ultimate
object of this work is the preparation of a complete bibliography of
Philippine botany. ‘The list will be continued from time to time in this
JOURNAL.
Ames, Oakes. Descriptions of New Species of Acoridium from the Philippines.
(Proce. Biol. Soe. Wash. 19 (1906) pp. 143-154.)
Eighteen new species of Acoridiwm are described, all, with the exception
‘of A. williamsii, based on material collected by employees of the Bureau of
Science. The species are as follows: Acoridium williamsti, A. graminifolium,
A. tenuifolium, A. tenue, A. parvulum, A. venustulum, A. strictiforme, A.
anfractum, A. recurvum, A. philippinense, A. turpe, A. oliganthum, A. ocella-
tum, A. merrilli, A. longilabre, A. graciliscapum, A, llatum, and A.
- copelandii. : ;
Beccari, 0. Le Palme delle Isole Filippine (in Martelli’s Webbia (1905) pp.
315-359.) ar
An enumeration of all the palms definitely known from the Philippines,
in which the following species and varieties are described for the first time:
Pinanga speciosa, P. copelandi, P. barnesii, P. elmerii, and P. chinensis (from
China) ; Caryota merrillii; Orania paraguanensis ; Livistona whitfordii, L.
vidalii; Calamus mollis var. major, C. merrillii, C. siphonospathus vars.
sublevis, oligolepis (major), oligolepis (minor) and polylepis.
Beccari, 0. Systematic Enumeration of the Species of Calamus and Daemon-
orops, with Diagnoses of the New Ones. (Records Bot. Surv. India 2 (1902)
pp. 197-230.)
In this paper 164 species of Cal are recognized and 77 species of
Daemonorops, of which the following are credited to the Philippines: Calamus
spinifolius n. sp., C. mollis Blanco, C. Blancoi Kunth, C. cumingianus n. sp.,
©. mosleyanus n. sp., C. vidalianus n. sp. C. siphonospathus Mart., CO. micro-
carpus n. sp., 0. manillensis H. Wendl., and C. dimorphacanthus n. sp. Daem-
onorops fuscus Mart., and D. gaudichaudii Mart. Calamus discolor Mart.,
241
242 MERRILL.
C. curag Blanco and C. meyenianus Schauer are considered as doubtful,
imperfectly known or unrecognizable species. All the species enumerated
from the Philippines are endemic to the Archipelago. :
Brand, A. Symplocaceae. (Das Pflanzenreich, 6 (1901) pp. 1-100.)
A single genus, Symplocos, is recognized, containing 281 species, of which
the following are credited to the Philippines: Symplocos patens Presl, 8.
patens var. ciliata (Presl) Brand, S. floridissima Brand, 8. polyandra
(Blanco ?), Brand 8. ferruginea Roxb., S. oblongifolia (Presl) Vidal, 8S.
cumingiana Brand, and 8. luzoniensis Rolfe, all endemic with the, exception
of 8. ferruginea. (See also Brand in Perkins Frag. Fl. Philip. pp. 36-37.)
Brotherus, V. F. Contributions to the Bryological Flora of the Philippines, |.
(Ofversigt af Finska Vetenskaps-Societet Férhandlingar (1904-05) 47,
No. 14, pp. 1-12.)
Forty species of Philippine mosses are enumerated, mostly from the collee-
tions of Merrill, Copeland and Elmer. The following species are described
as new: Dicranoloma perarmatum, Macromitrium merrillii, Orthomnium lo-
heri, Entodon eastern: Sematophyllum piliferum and Hypnodendron cope-
—— landii.
Buchenau, Fr. Alismataceae. (Das Pflanzenreich 16 (1903) pp. 1-66.)
No species of the family is credited to the Philippines, but since the
publication of the monograph the widely distributed Sagittaria sagittifolia
L., has been found in Mindanao. The other two families considered by
Buchenau in the same work, Scheuchzeriaceae and Butomaceae, are not
represented in the Philippines.
Buchenau, Fr. Junecaceae. (Das Pflanzenreich 25 (1906) pp. 1-284.)
No species of the family is credited to the Philippines, but the widely
distributed Juncus effusus L., is found on the mountains of Luzon and
Mindanao, and at least one other species of the genus is found in northern
Luzon.
Christ, H. Zur Farnflora von Celebes. (Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. Il. 4 (1904)
pp. 33-44.) Y
Forty-nine species are enumerated, many of which extend to the Philip-
pines. %.
Christ, H. Filices Borneenses. Fougeres receuillies par les expéditions des
Messieurs Nieuwenhuis et Hallier dans la partie équatoriale de Bornéo.
(Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. I. 5 (1905) pp. 92-140, plates 1.)
An enumeration of 155 species, many of which are described as new, with
numerous references to species extending to the Philippines.
Christ, H. Filices Insularum Philippinarum. (Bull. Herb. Boiss. 6 (1898) pp.
127-154; 189-210, plates 3.) :
Two hundred and seventy-one species of ferns and fern allies are enumer-
ated, the list being based on the collections made by A. Loker. A number
of species are credited to the Philippines for the first time and the following
described as new: Alsophila lepifera de Sm., var. congesta, A. fuliginosa;
Hymenophyllum subdemissum and H. 3 Lindsaya loheriana and L.
capillacea; Lomaria fraseri Cunn., var. philippinensis; Plagiogyria glauca
Kunze var. philippinensis ; Asplenium loherianum, A. contiguum Kault., val,
bipinnatifidum; Athyrium sarasinorum Christ, var. philippinense ; Aspidium
loherianum, A. grammitoides, A. fauriei Christ var. elatius; Polypodium
‘loherianum, P. subobliquatum, P. sagitta, P. anomalum, P. lagunense ; and
Angiopteris cartilagidens,
PHILIPPINE BOTANICAL LITERATURE. 243
Christ, H. Filices Insularum Philippinarum, II. (Bull. Herb. Boiss. Il. 6
(1906) pp. 987-1011.)
Like the preceding paper based also on material collected by A. Loher, with
some references to specimens secured by other collectors, 102 species being
enumerated, some reported from the Philippines for the first time and the
following described as new: Ohristopteris copelandi, Hy pis rigidissima,
Cyclophorus argyrolepis, Selliguea flexiloba Christ, var. loheri, Polypodium
elmeri Copel., var. separatum, P. mindanense, P. subirideum, P. subdrynaria-
ceum, P. suboppositum, Aspidium batjanense, Stenochlaena arthropteroides,
Asplenium cymbifolium, A. colubrinum, Diplaziwm acrotis, D. inconspicuum,
Athyrium loheri, Dryopteris rizalensis, Agere braeriatai, A. angilogense,
Leptochilus stolonifer, L. rizali Mett., var.
stenolobum, Pleuregramme loheriana, Vittaria philippinensis, V. crispomargi-
nata, Cyathea loheri, C. callosa, C. ad hlamys, Gleichenia loheri, and
G. linearis Burm., var. stipulosa.
Christ, H. Die Farnflora von Celebes. (Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 15 ( 1897), pp-
73-186, plates 5.)
An enumeration of the ferns known from Celebes, 308 species being listed,
with numerous references to species growing in the Philippines.
‘Copeland, Edwin Bingham. Outline of a Year’s Course in Botany. (Bureau of
Education (Manila) Bull, 24 (1906) pp. 1-18.) 4
An outline of the work in botany given at the Philippine Normal School,
Manila, and in the secondary schools of the Archipelago.
Copeland, Edwin Bingham. Key to the Families of Vascular Plants in the
Philippine Islands. (Bureau of Education (Manila) Bull. 24 (1906) pp.
19-32.) .
An analytical key to the families of vascular plants known to be
represented in the Philippines, following the system of Engler and Prantl,
followed by a systematic enumeration of the families, 199 families being
listed.
Copeland, Edwin Bingham. Fungi mrniae Philippinenses. (Ann. Mycol.
(1905) 3: pp. 25-29.)
Twenty-one species described in the ion genera: Lycoperdon, Copri-
nus, Panaeolus, Agaricus and Lepiota. In Govt. Lab. Publ. 28 (1905) pp.
141-146, the above paper is reprinted in English, with the addition of three
half-tone plates under the title “New Species of Edible Philippine Fungi.”
Diels, L. Droseraceae. (Das Pflanzenreich 26 (1906 pp. 1-136.)
A single genus, Drosera, is represented in the Philippines by the following
species: D. indica L., British India to Australia, D. spathulata Labill.,
southern Japan and China to East Australia and New Zealand, and D. peltata
Smith, British India to Australia.
Engler, A. Araceae-Pothoideae. (Das Pflanzenreich 21 (1905) pp. 1-330.)
The following species are credited to the Philippines: Pothos longifolius
Presl, Philippines to Java, Sumatra and the Moluccas; P. scandens Linn.,
British India to Malaya; P. inaequilaterus (Presl) Engl, Philippines and
Sumatra; P. .ovatifolius Engl., end ; P. philipp Engl., endemic;
P. luzonensis (Presl) Schott, demic; Poth idi lobbii Schott, a
monotypic genus, Philippines, Celebes and the Moluccas. No form of Acorus
is credited to the Archipelago, but the genus is represented in Luzon by
forms referred to A. calamus L., but of which I have seen only sterile
specimens. The Philippine form is possibly referable to A, gramineus Soland.
244 MERRILL.
Graebner, P. ‘Typhaceae and Sparganiaceae. (Das Pflanzenreich, 2 (1900)
Typhaceae pp. 1-18; Sparganiaceae pp. 1-26.)
Of the Typhaceae, Typha angustifolia L. subsp. javanica Schnizl. is the ~
only form credited to the Philippines. The ai tsa a are not areaaaa
in the Philippine flora.
Harms, H. Hinige neue Arten der Gatimpes Cynometra und Mantltoa’ (Notiz-
blatt Kgl. Bot. Gart. und Mus. Berlin 3 (1902) pp. 186-191.)
Several species are described in both genera, including two from the
Philippines, Cynometra simplicifolia and C. warburgit.
Hayata, B. Compositae Formosanae. (Journ. Coll. Sci. Tokyo 18 (1904) No. 8,
pp. 1-45, plates 2.) 5 ;
An enumeration of all the Obinpastiae known from Formosa with analytical
keys to genera and species. The same species are again enumerated by
Matsumura and Hayata in their “Enumeratio Plantarum in Ansula Formosa
sponte crescentium,” ete.
Hayata, B. Revisio Euphorbiacearum et Buxacearum Japonicarum. “ (Journ,
Coll, Sci. Tokyo 20 (1904) No. 3, pp. 1-92, plates 6.)
The article contains analytical keys to the genera and species, with
descriptions of both. Formosan species are included, 24 genera and 65
species of Huphorbiaceae and 2 genera and 3 species of Buaaceae being
recognized, many of the former extending to the Philippines.
Hayek, August von. Verbenaceae nove herbarii Vindobonensis. (edde’s Re-
pertorium 2 (1906) pp. 86-88.)
Several species of Verbenaceae are described as new including one, Calli-
carpa elegans Hayek n. sp. |. ¢. 88, from the Philippines, the type being
No. 1460 Cuming.
Koehne, E. Lythraceae (Das Pflanzenreich 17 (1903) pp. 1-326.)
The following species are credited to the Philippines: Rotalia mexicana
Cham. et Schlecht., var spruceana (Griseb.) Koehne, R. ramosior (L.)
Koehne, R. leptopetala Koehne, &. indica (Willd.) Koehne, all widely
distributed; Ammannia coccinea Rottb., subsp. longifolia Koehne, A. baccifera
Linn., forma typica, Koehne, subf. contracta Koehne et subsp. viridis (Hor-
nem.) Koehne, all widely distributed; Pemphis acidula Forst., a strand-plant
extending from Africa, tropical Asia to Malaya, Polynesia and Australia;
Lagerstroemia indica LL. (introduced and cultivated only !) L. speciosa (L.)
Pers., L. batitinan Vid., L. piriformis Koehne} L. paniculata (Turez.) Vidal,
the last three endemic; Lawsonia inermis Linn., introduced and cultivated.
Laguna, Maximo. Cien Helechos de Filipinas dispuestos con arreglo 4 la tltima
edicién (1874) de la “Synopsis Filieum” de Hooker y Baker. (Ann. Soc.
Hsp. de Hist. Nat. 7 (1878) pp. 1-19.)
An enumeration of 102 species of Philippine ferns, collected by Baranda,
containing no descriptions and apparently no changes in nomenclature, but
calling attention to the validity of some of Cavanilles’ species, notably Lygo-
dium semihastatum.
Maiden, J. H. On the Identification of a Species of Eucalyptus from the Philip-
pines. (Proc. U. S. Nat.-Museum 26 (1903) 691-692.)
One of the few species of this characteristic Australian genus found north
of Australia, was collected by the botanists of the Wilke’s U. S. Exploring
Expedition near Zamboanga, Mindanao, in January, 1842, and described by
Asa Gray under the name given it by the collector, Hucalyptus multiflora
Rich. After examining the type Mr. Maiden reduces it to Rucalyptus
naudiniana F, y. Miiller, a species of the Bismark Archipelago.
|
PHILIPPINE BOTANICAL LITERATURE. 245
Martelli, U. Le Composite raccolte dal Dottor O. Beccari nell’ arcipelago Malese
e nella Papuasia. (Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 15 (1883) pp. 281-305.)
An enumeration of the Compositae collected by Dr. Beccari, many of which
extend to the Philippines.
Matsumura, J., and Hayata, B. Enumeratio Plantarum in Insula Formosa
sponte crescentium hucusque rite cognitarum adjectis descriptionibus et
figuris specierum pro regione novarum. (Journ. Coll. Sci. Tokyo 22 (1906)
pp- 1-702, plates 18.) :
An enumeration of all the plants known to the authors from Formosa
with the descriptions of some new species, about 1,912 species being enumer-
ated of which about 775 are known to extend to the Philippines. Undoubt-
edly the former number will be considerably iricreased as more extensive
explorations are made in Formosa, and the latter will be increased when we
shall have obtained a more thorough knowledge of the flora of northern
Luzon and of the Batane Islands. The work on the Formosa flora is being
prosecuted by Dr. Hayata and lists of additions are being published by him
from time to time in the Botanical Magazine, Tokyo. ;
Merrill, Elmer D, Botanical Work in the Philippines. (Bureau of Agriculture
(Manila) Bull. 4 (1903) pp. 1-53.)
An historical account of the work accomplished on the Philippine flora
by various authors, with an account of the Manila Botanical Garden, herbaria
and botanical libraries in Manila, Philippine botanical material in Europe
and America and a partial bibliography relating to Philippine botany.
Merrill, Elmer D. Report on Investigations Made in Java in the Year 1902.
(Forestry Bureau (Manila) Bull. 1 (1903) pp. 1-84.) -
In the enumeration of the Philippine plants identified at Buitenzorg
(Plante Aherniane, pp. 15-55) 66 families, 225 genera and about 400
species are listed, several genera, Wallaceodendron, Erythroxylon, Walsura,
Actephila, Gynotroches, Lepiniopsis, and Couthovia, are reported from the
Philippines for the first time and 5 species are described as new, Hvodia
mindanensis (=E. latifolia DO.!), Semecarpus macrophylla, Palaquium
ahernianum, Vitex philippinensis and Ti ius philippi is. Various errors
in identifications have been corrected in later publications, but others remain
: to be considered. Among the apparent errors in identifications Pinus khasia
is a form of P. insularis, as is the species following enumerated without
name. Quercus philippinensis, is not DeCandolle’s species but is Q. celebica,
Artocarpus blumei is probably incorrectly identified and the specimen may
be referable to A. communis Forst. Ailanthus moluccana is not that species
but A. philippinensis Merr., Canarium commune is not the Linnean species
but is C. ovatum. Toona ciliata is doubtful as to the species, the material
being sterile it is impossible to be sure of the identification. Walsura robusta
is not Roxburgh’s species but distinct, W. aherniana Perk. Pterospermum
blumeanum, whether or not Korthal’s species, the specimens are referable to
the earlier P. obliquum Blanco. Saurauia reinwardtiana Bl., specific identity
very doubtful., Arthrophyllum diversifolium Bl., should be excluded, as the
specimen cited is Oroxylum indicum Vent.!, leaf specimens only. Trachelos-
permum, the generic identification is doubtful, fruits only. Zaora amboinioa
can be excluded as the specimen cited is apparently referable to Phaleria.
Undoubtedly other errors in identifications will be found later as the material
is more thoroughly worked over and carefully compared.
246 _ MERRILL.
Mez, Carl. Myrsinaceae. (Das Pflanzenreich, 9 (1902) pp. 1-437.)
Of this large and widely distributed family the following species are
credited to the Philippines: Maecsa lawa Mez, M. haenkeana Mez, M. manil-
lensis Mez, M. denticulata Mez, M. cumingii Mez, M. gaudiohaudii Mez, all
endemic; Ardisia corniculatum (L.) Blanco, A. floridum R. & S., both widely
distributed in the Indo-Malayan region; Ardisia tomentosa Presl, A. philip-
pinensis A. DC., A. disticha A. DC., A. mindanaensis Mez, A. marginata BI.,
A. sulcata Mez, A. scabrida Mez, A. humilis Vahl, A. boissieri A. DC., A.
pirifolia Mez, A. verrucosa Presl, A. grandidens Mez, A. perrottetiana A. DC.,
A, serrata (Cav.) Pers., A. castaneifolia Mez, A. candolleana (O. Ktz.) Mez,
A, scalaris Mez, A. cumingiana A. DC., A. proteifolia Mez, A. warburgiana
Mez, A. saligna Mez, A. crispa (Thunb.) A. DC., A. pardelina Mez, A. sinuato-
crenata Mez, A. jagorii Mez, all endemic except three species; Discocalyx
philippinensis (A. DC.) Mez, D. vidalii Mez, D. effusa Mez, D. minor Mez,
D. cybianthoides (A. DC.) Mez, D. angustifolia Mez, all endemic; Embelia
porteana Mez, E. philippinensis A. DC. both endemic; Rap philipp
(A. DC.) Mez, endemic. Since the publication of the qbnogriph represen-
tatives of 2 other genera, Ambylanthopsis and Labisia have been discovered
in the Philippines, and some species of genera listed above have been described.
(See Mez, This Journal 1 (1906) Suppl. pp. 271-275.)
Palla, E. Scleria luzonensis Palla sp. nov. (Allgemeine Bot. Zeitschr. (1907).
The above new species described, to be issued in Kneucker’s “Cyperaceae
exsiccate,” the type from Mount Arayat, Luzon.
Pax, F. Aceraceae. (Das Pflanzenreich, 8 (1902) pp. 1-89.) _
Of the single genus in the family, Acer Linn., 114 species and many
varieties are recognized, but none are credited to the Philippines. Since the
publication of the above monograph 2 species have been discovered in the
Archipelago, both undescribed by Paw, thus adding an additional family to
the list of those previously known from the Philippines. —
Pax, F., and Knuth, R. Primulaceae. (Das Pflanzenreich 22 (1905) pp. 1-386.)
Of this family Androsace sawifragifolia Bunge, northern India to China,
Japan, Formosa, and Luzon, and Lysimachia japonica Thunb., with about the
same distribution but extending to Java, and L. ramosa Wall., var. typica
R. Knuth, Himalaya, Burma, Java, and Luzon, are the only forms credited to
the Philippines. A few more species are, however, found in northern Luzon.
Perkins, J. Fragmenta Flore Philippine. (Contributions to the Flora of the
Philippine Islands, Leipzig, Gebriider Borntraeger (1904-05) pp. 1-212,
plates 4.)
This work was issued in three fascicles, I, pp. 1-66, March 12, 1904; II,
pp. 67-152, June 30, 1904, and III, pp. 153-212, February 20, 1905. It was
prepared by Dr. Perkins with the assistance of various specialists and was
based largely on the Philippine collections of Warburg, Ahern, and Merrill.
The chief groups treated are Leguminosae, Dipterocarpaceae, Anacardiaceae,
Meli » Pt Ti , Marantaceae, Gonystylaceae, -Burseraceae,
Elaeocarpaceae, Sthiacoae, Mal , Bomb , Sterculi R
and Rutaceae, by Perkins; Symplocaceae by A. ‘Drond ‘Aoanthaccae by G.
Lindau; Fagaceae by O. von Seeman; T'yphaceae by P. Cecelia = Orchidaceae
by R. Schlechter; Palmae by O. Beccari; Sapindaceae by Ba Rivne
Asclepiadaceae by R. Schlechter and O. Warburg Myristi
2 2
PHILIPPINE BOTANICAL LITERATURE. 247
Begoni Ub , Moraceae, Urticaceae, Balanophoraceae, Aristolochia-
ceae, Magnoli , Thymeli , and Hricaceae, by O. Warburg; Hriocaulo-
naceae by W. Ruhland; Gramineae by C. Mez and R. Pilger; Piperaceae by
; C. de Candolle and ferns by E. B. Copeland. In this work no less than 2
genera and 219 species and varieties. are described as new and 1 family,
several genera and many species credited to the Philippines for the first time.
Perkins, J. Zwei neue Meliaceen. (Notizblatt Kgl. Bot. Gart. und Mus. Berlin
(1903) pp. 78-79.) geese
Aglaia harmsiana and Cipadessa warburgii are described, the: descriptions
being translated into English in Perk. Frag. Fl. Philip. (1904) 30, 32.
Perkins, J., and Gilg, E. Monemiaceae. ( Das Pflanzenreich 4 (1901) pp. 1-122.)
Thirty-one genera are recognized, but no representative of the entire
family is cited from the Philippines. Since the publication of the work
Kibara ellipsoidea, K. depauperata, K. grandifotia, and Matthaea chartacca
have been described by Merrill. Kibara coriacea was previously credited to
the Philippines by Rolfe, and Matthaea sancta by Ceron.
‘Pfitzer, E. Orchidaceae-Pleonandrae. (Das Pflanzenreich 12 (1903) pp. 1-132.)
Newwiedia veratrifolia Blume and WN. zollingeri Reichb. f., are credited to
Luzon with doubt, and Apostasia wallichii R. Br., as perhaps growing in
Luzon; Paphiopedil rothschildi (Reichb. f.) Pfitz., var. elliotianum
(O’Brien) Pfitz., P. philippinense (Reichb. f.) Pfitz., and the variety platy-
taenium Desb., P. roebbelinii (Reichb. f.) Pfitz., P. haynaldianwm (Reichb. f.)
Pfitz., P. argus (Reichb. f.) Pfitz., and P. ciliolare (Reichb. f.) Pfitz., all
endemic except the last one, which is also found in the Malayan Peninsula.
Pilger, R. Taxaceae. (Das Pflanzenreich, 18 (1903) pp. 1-124.)
Of this family the following species are credited to the Philippines:
Dacrydium falciforme (Parl.) Presl, Borneo and Mindoro; D. elatwm (Roxb.)
Wall., Malaya, Mindoro; Podocarpus imbricatus Blume, var. cumingti ( Parl.)
Pilger, the variety endemic, the species from Burma to Malaya; D. costalis
Presl, endemic; Phyllocladus protractus (Warb.) Pilger, Philippines, Molue-
eas and New Guinea; Taxus baccata subsp. wallichiana (Zuce.) Pilger,
British India to Malaya and Celebes, other forms widely distributed in
tropical and temperate regions of the World. Since the publication of the
monograph several additional species of Podocarpus have been found in the
Philippines, some identical with previously described species of the Malayan
region, others undescribed.
Prain, D. Novicae Indicae XVIII.—The Asiatic Species of Dalbergia. (Journ.
As. Soc. Beng. 70 (1901) part 2, pp. 39-65.)
Seventy-four species of the genus are recognized, of which the following
five are credited to the Philippines: Dalbergia polyphylla Benth, endemic;
D. tamarindifolia Roxb., Himalayan region to Malaya and Luzon; D. cande-
natensis (Dennst.) Prain (D. torta Grah.) western India to Malaya, Poly-
nesia and Australia; D. ferruginea Roxb., Malaya, Philippines, New Guinea,
and D. cumingiana Benth., endemic.
Prain, D. A List of the Asiatic Species of Ormosia. (Journ. As. Soc. pent. 69
(1900) part 2, pp. 175-186.)
Twenty-two species of the genus are recognized, of which only one is Teand
in the Philippines, the endemic Ormosia calavensis Blanco. A second Philip-
pine species, Ormosia paniculata Merr., has since been described, Philip.
Journ. Sci. (1906) 1. Suppl. 64. ‘
——_
248 MERRILL.
Prain, D. Report on the Indian Species of Pterocarpus. (Stray Leaves from
Indian Forests ; issued with Indian Forester 26 (1900) No. 10, pp. 1-16.)
Five species are idered, especially with a view to the identity of the
species yielding the padouk timber of commerce. But one species considered
extends to the Philippines, P. indicus Willd., but in a footnote on page 10,
the Philippine P. vidalianus Rolfe is reduced to P. echinatus Pers., a species
previously known only from south Celebes.
Rendle, A. B. Najadaceae. (Das Pflanzenreich 7 (1901) pp. 1-21.)
A single genus, Najas Linn., is recognized, containing 32 species and many
varieties, of which the following are found in the seers tags —
foveolata A. Br., N. falciculata. A. Br., and N. graminea Del.
Robinson, C. B. The History of Botany in the Philippine Islands.- “(doutn. N.Y
Bot. Gard. 7 (1906) pp. 104-112.) ;
A sketch of the history of Philippine botany from the year 1587 to the
year 1906, including some data not included by Merrill in his “Botanical
Work in the Philippines.”
Robinson, C. B. Some Affinities of the Philippine Flora. (Vorreya, 7 (1907)
1-4.)
say review of the introduction to Merrill’s “New or Noteworthy melipp lie
Plants, V” Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. pp. 169-246.
Ruhland, W. Eriocaulonaceae. (Das Pflanzenreich, 13 (1903) pp. 1-294.)
Nine genera are recognized of which but one, Hriocaulon Linn., with 193
species, is represented in the Philippines. The species credited to the Phil-
ippines are EH. truncatum Ham., which should be excluded as the specimen
cited from the Philippines, No. 2326 Cuming, was not collected in the Archi-
pelago but in Malacca; H. sewangulare Linn., British India to China and the
Philippines, and H. sieboldianum Sieb. et. Zuce., British India to China, Japan,
the Philippines and Java. One species has been described from Philippine
material since the publication of the above monograph, H. merrillit Ruhl.
Schindler, Anton K. Halorrhagaceae. (Das Pflanzenreich 23 (1905) pp. 1-133.)
Of this family but a single species, Gunnera macrophylla Blume, Java,
Sumatra, Luzon and New Guinea, is credited to the Philippines. Since the
‘publication of the monograph however the following species have been added
to the Philippine flora: Myriophyllum spicatum L., widely distributed;
Halorrhagis micrantha (Thunb.) R. Br., H. philippinensis Merr., H. scabra
var. elongata Schindl., and H. halconensis Merr. :
Schumann, K. Musaceae. (Das Pflanzenreich, 1 (1900) pp. 1-45.)
Five genera are recognized, two being represented in the Philippines, one
Musa by many forms, the other R la by ional cultivated specimens.
The only species of Musa credited to the Philippines by Schumann are M.
textilis Née, the source of abaci, Manila hemp, and forms of M. paradisiaca
L.,‘the common banana and plantain. No attempt is made to reduce the
numerous forms described by Blanco in his “Flora de Filipinas.” Ravenala
madagascarensis Sonn., the “traveller’s palm” has been introduced into the
Archipelago ‘and is occasionally cultivated for ornamental purposes. —
Schumann, K. Zingiberaceae. (Das Pflanzenreich, 20 (1904) pp. 1-458.)
: The following species are credited to the Philippines: Hedychium philip-
pinense K. Schum., endemic; (Brachychilus a genus of two species apparently
erroneously credited to the Philippines in note on generic’ distribution and
in conspectus of species, but under the species the Philippines are not
mentioned) ; Globba brevifolia K. Schum., @. gracilis K: Schum., G. camp-
sophylla K. Schum., @. parviflora Presl, @. pyramidata Gagnepain, @.
oe Git 2. Saas
PHILIPPINE BOTANICAL LITERATURE. 249
ectobolus K. Schum., G. ustulata Gagnepain, G. barthei Gagnepain, @. hetero-
bractea K. Schum., all endemic; Ammomum loheri K. Schum., Alpinia lepto-
solenia K. Schum., endemic; A. pubiflora (Benth.) K. Schum., New Guinea,
Caroline Islands and Mindanao; A. brevilabris Presl, A. pulchella K. Schum.,
New Guinea and Mindanao; A. cumingii K. Schum., A. galanga (L.) Sw., Ma-
laya; A. trachyascus K. Schum., A. macroscaphis K. Schum., A. haenkei Presl,
A. elegans (Presl) K. Schum., A. rufa (Presl) K. Schum., A. parviflora
(Presl) Rolfe, A. rolfei K. Sch., A. mollis Presl, all endemic; Costus speciosus
(Koenig) Smith, var. leiocalyx K. Schum., widely distributed. In addition
to the above species definitely credited to the Philippines others are more or
less common in ‘the Archipelago such as Hedychium coronarium Koenig,
species of Kaemphera, Curcwma longa Linmn., C. zeodaria (Berg.) Rose.,
Zingiber officinale Rose., Z. zerumbet (L.) Sm., ete. (See also Ridley in
' Govt. Lab. Publ. 35 (1905) pp. 83-87.)
Schumann, K. Marantaceae. (Das Pflanzenreich 11 (1902) pp. 1-184.)
Of the 26 genera recognized, 4 are found in the Philippines, represented
by the following species: Donaw arundastrum Lour., British India to the
Malayan Peninsula, Tonkin and the Philippines; Monophryniwm fasciculatum
(Presl) K. Schum., a monotypic endemic genus; Phacelophrynium interrup-
tum (Warb.) K. Schum., P. bracteosuwim (Warb.) K. Schum., both endemic.
Maranta arundinacea Linn., introduced from tropical America, the source of
arrowroot, is commonly cultivated and subspontaneous in the Philippines.
All the above species are considered and figured by Perkins in her Fragmenta
Florae Philippinae (1904) pp. 67-73, plates 3.
Scribner, F. Lamson. Notes on the Grasses in the Bernhardi Herbarium, collected
by Thaddeus Haenke, and described by J. S. Presl. (Rept. Mo. Bot. Gard.
10 (1899) 35-59, plates 54.)
Critical notes on the types of some of Presl’s species, with illustrations,
including many based on Philippine material, deposited in the herbarium of
the Missouri Botanical Garden.
Solms-Laubach, H. Graf zu. Rafflesiaceae and Hydnoraceae. (Das Pflanzenreich
5 (1901) Rafflesiaceae pp. 1-19; Hydnoraceae pp. 1-9.)
The Rafflesiaceae are represented in the Philippines by Rafflesia schaden-
bergiana Goeppert, from Mindanao, and R. manillana Teschem., from Leyte,
Samar and Luzon. To the latter species are reduced R. cumingii R. Br., R.
lagascae Blanco and R. philippinensis Blanco. The Hydnoraceae are not
represented in the Philippines.
Underwood, Lucien Marcus. A Summary of our Present Knowledge of the Ferns
of the Philippines. (Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 30 (1903) pp. 665-684.)
A consideration of the most important works treating the ferns of the
Philippines and an account of the most important collections made in the
Archipelago, with analytical keys to the families and genera of vascular
cryptogams known to be represented in the Philippines, with some proposed
changes in nomenclature, the final summary of vascular cryptogams being
families 15, genera 105 and species 633.
Underwood, L. M. The Genus Stenochlaena. (Bull. Torr, Bot. Club. 33 (1906)
pp- 35-50.)
The entire genus is considered, 23 species being recognized, of which the
following are credited to the Philippines: Stenochlaena laurifolia Presl,
endemic; S. palustris (Burm.) Bedd., widely distributed; S. williamsii n. sp.,
S. aculeata (Blume) Kunze, Tenasserim to Java and Borneo; 8. leptocarpa
(Fée) Underw., Java and the Philippines and 8. smithii (Fée) Underw.,
endemic. -
547447
250 MERRILL.
Vidal y Soler, Sebastian. Catalogo metédico de las plantas leiiosas silvestres y
cultivadas observadas en la provincia de Manila, (1880) PP- 1-48. (Reprint
from Revista de Montes 4 (1880).)
In this work 531 species are enumerated, in which the following new
names appear: Pittosporum fernandezti, Aegle d dra, Dysoaxyl blancoi,
Parinarium racemosum, Medinilla lagunae, Homalium barandae, and Ste:
dendron navesianum, but most of them are scarcely more than nomina nuda.
Many of the errors in identifications were corrected later by Vidal in his
Rev. Pl. Vase. Filip. (1886). The introduction contains much of interest
regarding the types of Philippine forests.
Usteri, Alfred. Beitriige zur Kenntnis der Philippinen und ihrer Vegetation,
mit Ausblicken auf Nachbargebiete. (Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung
der philosophischen Doktorwiirde der Universitiit Zurich, 1905, pp. 1-166,
with 29 text-figures and 2 plates.)
_ This work contains a sketch of the gonbicy and plant geography of the
Philippines, meterology and climatology, notes on the islands of Guimaras,
Cebu and Negros, a consideration of the different plant formations, notes on
various cultivated plants, sugar culture, etc., and a catalogue of the plants
collected, 1,431 species being enumerated from the Philippines, 1,303 from
Java, 3 from Penang, 65 from Labuan, and about 100 from Singapore. In
the enuméfation of Philippine plants Piper usterii C. DC., and the variety
plurifistulosum C. DC. are described, and. in the Orchidaceae the name
Dendrobium usterii Schltr. appears as a nomen nudum, later described in
Bull. Herb. Boiss, Ul. 6 (1906) 458. Another new species is Selaginella
usterii Hieron., with a very imperfect description. Under the Algae the
following new species are described: Phormidium usterii Schmidle, and
Myzxobactron usterianum Schmidle, the latter the type of a new genus.
Many species are credited to the Philippines for the first. time.
Warburg, 0. Pandanaceae. (Das Pflanzenreich, 3 (1900) pp. 1-97.)
Three genera, Sararanga, Freycinetia and Pand are recognized, the
first with but a single species confined to the Solomon Islands and New
Guinea, the other two genera widely distributed, Freycinetia with 62 species
and Pandanus with 156. The Philippine forms recognized are Freycinetia
ferow Warb., F.. luzonensis Presl, F. -sphaerocephala Gaudich., F. vidalii
Hemsl., #. jagorii Warb., F. philippinensis Hemsl., and F. scabripes Warb.,
all endemic, and Pandanus tectorius Sol. (P. odoratissimus L. f., P. spiralis
Blanco, P. blancoi Kth.). The species described by Blanco, P. ewaltatus, P.
sabotan, P. gracilis, P. malatensis and P. radi are all considered doubtful
species. Since the publication of Warburg’s monograph a second species of
Sararanga (S. philippinensis) has been found in the Philippines, and several
species of Freycinetia and Pand have been described as new, while most
of the species described by Blanco have been satisfactorially disposed of.
(See. Govt. Lab. Publ. 17, 27, 29; Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl;
Elmer, Leaflets Philip. Bot. 1 (1906).)
Williams, R. 8. Notes on Luzon Mosses. (The Bryologist, 8 (1905) pp. 78-80.)
‘ A popular account of some of the species observed while on a collecting trip
in Luzon, including notes on forms observed about Manila, in the Province of
Bataan, and in the Province of Benguet.
PREVIOUS PUBLICATIONS OF THE BUREAU OF GOVERNMENT
LABORATORIES—Concluded.
(Concluded from second page of cover.)
No. 32, 1905.—Biological Laboratory: 1. Intestinal Hemorrhage as a Fatal Complica-
tion in Amebie Dysentery and Its Association with Liver Abscess. By Richard P. Strong,
M. II. The Action of Various Chemical Substances upon Cultures of Ameba.
Thomas, M. D., Baguio, Benguet. Biological and Serum Laboratories: III. The Pathology
of Intestinal Amebiasis. By Paul G. ence ee D., and W. E. Musgrave, M. D.
No. 33, 1905, Biological Laboratory.—Further Observations on Fibrin Thrombosis in
is {Glomerular and in Other Renal Vessels Bubonic Plague. By Maximilian Herzog,
No. 34,.1905.—1. Birds from Mindoro and Small Adjacent Islands. II. Notes on Three
Rare Luzon Birds, By Richard C. MeGregor: <
No. 35, 1905.—I. New or Noteworthy Philippine Plants, IV. IJ. Notes on Cuming’s
“Philippine Plants in the Herbarium of the Bureau ot: Government Laboratories. III, -
Hackel, ‘Notes on sabre! Leen Grasses. ey nat Ridley, “Scitiminer Philippinenses.’’ Vv
Clarke, “Philippine ee By Elmer D. Merrill, Botanist.
No. 36, 1905—A Hand- List of the Birds of the Philippine Islands. By Richara Cc.
McGregor and Dean ©. Worcester.
The previous publications of the Bureau were given out as bulletins in serial number —
pertaining to the entire Bureau. These publications, if they are desired, can be obtained
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CHRIST, H. Spiciligium filicum Philippinensium
novarum aut imperfecte cognitarum ____-_____- 153
CHRIST, H. The Philippine Species of Dryop-
LORS. 2 et a ee 189
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Literature 241
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Vou. II JULY 15, 1907 No. 4
THE PHILIPPINE
JOURNAL OF SCIENCE
EDITED BY
PAUL C. FREER, M. D., Pu. D.
CO-EDITORS
RICHARD P. STRONG, Pu. B., M. D.
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THE PHILIPPINE
JOURNAL OF SCIENCE
C. BOTANY
Vou. I JULY 15, 1907 No. 4
THE FLORA OF MOUNT HALCON, MINDORO.
By Etmer D. Merrit.
(From the botanical section of the Biological Laboratory, Bureau of Science. )
Mount Halcon is perhaps the third highest mountain in the Philip-
pines, it is situated in the north central part of Mindoro and near the
geographical center of the entire Archipelago. Although it is within
100 miles of Manila and within 15 of Calapan, the capital of Mindoro,
it has, so far as we have been able to determine, remained unascended
up to the year 1906. In the latter part of that year a biological and
zoological expedition was organized under the direction and with the
support of Maj. Gen. Leonard Wood, the object being to explore Mount
Halcon, to determine a feasible route to the mountain, to ascend the
highest peak and to secure as much information as possible regarding it,
as well as to make botanical and zodlogical collections. The expidition
was successful in all respects although undertaken at the worst season
of the year—that is, in the midst of the rainy season—and the highest
- point on Halcon was reached on November 22, 1906, twenty-one days
after leaving the coast. The reader is referred to my account of the
ascent of Halcon+ for a narrative and geographical account of the trip,
a description of Halcon and a summary of previous attempts made to
ascend the mountain. .
Before this time Halcon was but little known botanically, although
the English ornithologist John Whitehead had made a small collection
in the year 1895 of plants on Dulangan, a spur of the mountain. This
collection yielded several species of special interest, some undescribed and
1This Journal, Sec. A, Gen. Sci. (1907), 2, 179.
57130 251
252 MERRILL.
others previously known only from Borneo. Bornean types, considering
the proximity of the Philippines to that large island, are rather rare in
the Archipelago. Whitehead’s plants have been considered by Rendle.’
Most of the species collected by Whitehead on Halcon were also brought
in by me on the expedition under discussion. Hugh Cuming collected
in Mindoro, between the years 1836 and 1840. He undoubtedly worked
in the vicinity of Calapan and on the Baco River, at the north base of
Haleon, although he probably did not penetrate far into the interior
of the island. Cuming, in most cases, did not give localities for his
plants; he was never more definite than to give the province or island,
so that we are not absolutely certain as to just what parts of Mindoro
he visited. In 1903 and 1905 I made short collecting trips up the Baco
River, and in 1905 Mr. R. C. McGregor, of this Bureau, collected a con-
siderable number of plants in the same region. In June, 1906, Mr.
M. L. Merritt, of the Philippine Forestry Bureau, accompanied Lieut.
T. H. Jennings on his attempt to ascend Halcon. The party reached an
altitude of 7,250 feet and brought in 165 numbers of plants representing
about 150 species. The plants collected by myself in November, 1906,
are represented by 742 numbers and comprise about 600 distinct species.
The greater part of this material was gathered within a period of thirty
days, from November 2 to December 2, 1906, under very unfavorable con-
ditions. The weather, nearly every day, was more or less fainy, and for
thirteen days in succession, while the party was at and above an altitude
of 4,500 feet, the rain did not cease day or night. As a result of these
conditions much of the collecting was accomplished in the wet, and. all
specimens were of necessity dried by means of fire. . Material once dried
could only with difficulty be preserved, and constant alertness was needed
to protect our collections against moisture when we were in camp, while
packing and moving in the pouring rain, and as we were fording streams.
The material secured by Mr. Merritt was prepared under scarcely more
favorable circumstances.
The present paper is based on the plants collected by Mr. Merritt
and on those secured by myself, 271 species and varieties being consid-
ered ; these are distributed into 83 families and 168 genera. ‘Two genera
are proposed as new and two families are added to the number previously
known from the Philippines, one of these, Centrolepidacee being quite
new to the Archipelago, and one, Iridacew, was previously known to be —
represented in the Philippines only by introduced and cultivated species.
Seven genera and. fifteen species are reported from the Philippines for
the first time, while thirty-nine species are described as new. The above
summary is based only on the material considered in the present paper.
The vascular cryptogams collected on Halcon by me have already been
? Journ. Bot. (1896), 34, 355-358.
THE FLORA OF MOUNT HALCON. Zoe
considered by Dr. H. B. Copeland under the title Pteridophyta Halco-
nenses,* 206 species and varieties being represented in the collection, of
which twenty were described as new, and eight reported for the first
time from the Archipelago. Of the Orchidacew of the Halcon area,
101 species are known of which about 42 are new. These were all sent
to Mr. Oakes Ames and are considered by him in a following paper.
The mosses collected on the expedition have been enumerated by V. F.
Brotherus, Helsingfors, Finland, his paper also following this one. No
attempt has been made to determine the rather extensive collections of
scale-mosses, lichens and fungi collected on the expedition, but it is hoped
that arrangements can be perfected with various specialists which will
result in having these groups considered at a later date. Nearly all the
other material collected by Mr. Merritt and myself has been discussed
in the present paper, but in one or two families, scantily represented
on Halcon, specific identifications have not been made for one reason or
another, and at least three species are not mentioned in this paper, the
material representing them being insufficient to refer them with certainty
to their respective genera.
Halcon is perhaps the most humid mountain in the Philippines,
the rainy season continuing practically for nine months of the year,
from May to January, without interruption, while the remaining three
months are by no means free from precipitation, as we know from
Lieutenant Lee’s experience in the vicinity of Halcon in April, 1904.
The enormous amount of rain in the Halcon area is shown by the rela-
tively very large rivers flowing from the range. Although these in the
maximum are not more than 25 or 30 miles in length, and perhaps they
may be shorter, they have a breadth of from 100 to 300 yards in their
lower parts, and a constant flow of a large volume of water. In the
rainy season the volume of the latter is greatly augmented, all the rivers
being subject to sudden and enormous floods, as is shown by the expe-
rience of Whitehead, Lee and our own party. Whitehead recorded that
the Catuyran River, 200 yards wide at the place where his camp was
located, rose over 20 feet within a period of less than twelve hours.
Epiphytic orchids, ferns and other plants, mosses, lichens, ete., which in
other parts of the Philippines are usually found only at considerable alti-
tudes above the sea, are in the vicinity of Halcon encountered at compara-
tively low elevations, along the Alag and Binabay Rivers, 65 to 200 meters
above sea level, and along the Baco River at approximately sea level,
thus showing that the relatively high humidity is not confined to Halcon
itself but affects the surrounding low country to a considerable extent.
As a result of this high humidity the open grass lands and savannah
forests are entirely wanting on the north side of the Halcon Range,
3 This Journal, Sec. C, Bot. (1907), 2, 119-151.
254 MERRILL.
although open grass country is visible from the high ridges to the south
of the mountain. The high forest, Dipterocarpus type is fairly well
developed, extending up to an altitude of at least 500 meters, but even
this type is quite changed by its environment; terrestrial ferns, orchids
and herbaceous plants being comparatively abundant and epiphytic plants
numerous. The prevailing species of Dipterocarpus, Shorea, etc., disap-
pear above an altitude of 500 meters, and Quercus llanosii, various species
of Lauracee, Acer philippinum, Aralia, Casuarina sp., Englehardtia
spicata, Artocarpus, Unona, Polyalthia, Weinmannia, Eleocarpus and
many other aborescent genera appear, and epiphytic plants become more
abundant. No less than twenty-two species of the genera Hymenophy-
llum and Trichomanes are known from Halcon.
- At and above an altitude of 1,000 meters, the mossy forest type is
encountered on the exposed ridges, at first confined entirely to the crest
line, but as altitude is gained, extending down the lateral slopes for a
greater or less distance. These crest-line forests are characterized by .
arborescent genera such as Agathis, Podocarpus, Dacrydium, Phyllocladus,
Pinanga, Myrica, Drimys, Illicium, Neolitsea, Homalanthus, Ilex, Ele-
ocarpus, Eurya, Ternstroemia, Adinandra, Mearnsia, Clethra, Vaccinium,
Rhododendron, Symplocos, and others, numerous species of epiphytic
orchids, ferns and other plants, and some. terrestrial species, notably —
Burmannia longifolia, the ground, tree trunks and branches being densely
covered with thick masses of mosses, lichens, etc., forming an ideal
habitat for the abundant species of epiphytic and pseudo-epiphytic plants.
The trees are more or less stunted and as altitude is gained this character
becomes emphasized. Scandent or semiscandent species of Vaccinium,
Diplycosia, Schefflera, Smilax, Calamus and Nepenthes clamber every-
where through the dense ridge thickets and the fern Oleandra colubrina
Copel., alone forms such dense masses that it is frequently difficult for
the traveler to force his way through them. ‘There is a constant change
in the vegetation of these ridges as altitude is gained, some genera such
as Drimys, Podocarpus, Nepenthes, Phyllocladus, Agathis, Symplocos,
ete., persisting unaltered from an altitude of 1,000 meters to the summit
of the highest peak, but terrestrial and epiphytic orchids, ferns and
other plants entirely change, those at the higher altitudes being quite
different from those at the lower ones. Mosses and lichens become more
abundant and form much thicker and denser masses on the ground
and trees, whereas Sphagnum appears in the ground cover. ‘There is
less diversity in constituent species on the highest ridges above 2,400
meters than at lower altitudes, but the trees and shrubs on them are
greatly stunted, being reduced to montane brush which rarely exceeds
a height of 3 meters. Epiphytic and terrestrial plants become reduced to
comparatively few species and individuals, while mosses and scale mosses
correspondingly increase in abundance and diversity of forms.
THE FLORA OF MOUNT HALCON. 255
On the main ridge at an altitude of 2,400 meters the montane brush
of the exposed ridges becomes reduced to a mere heath, characterized by
open lands with a scant cover of grasses and sedges, with scattered
dwarfed undershrubs and bushes and some very characteristic herbaceous
plants, a mixture of northern or continental, Bornean and Australian
types. These heath lands cover considerable areas on the south slopes
of the main range of Halcon, but do not extend down to the north slope.
The characteristic species are Lycopodium halconense, Copel, L. cer-
nuum Linn., forma, Gleichenia dicarpa R. Br., Dipteris conjugata var.
alpina Christ, Miscanthus sinensis And., Isachne beneckei Hack., I.
myosotis Nees, Schoenus melanostachys R. Br., Cladium latifolium Merr.,
Gahma javanica Mor., Centrolepis philippinensis Merr., Eriocaulon brevi-
pedunculatum Merr., Dianella ensifolia DC., Liriope brachyphylla
Merr., Patersonia lowti Stapt., Drosera spathulata Labill., D. peltata Sm.,
Rubus rolfei Vid., Halorrhagis halconensis Merr., HI. micrantha R. Br.,
Didiscus saniculefolius Merr., Vacciniwm banks Merr., V. villarii Vid.,
V. whitfordti Merr., Rapanea retusa Merr., Utricularia orbiculata Wall.,
Hedyotis montana Merr., Leptospermum amboinense Bl., Rhododendron
quadrasianum Vid., and Adinandra sp.
The botanical exploration of Halcon has added representatives of two
families new to the Archipelago to our knowledge to the Philippine
flora, seven genera new to the Islands, fifteen species previously des-
cribed from surrounding regions, and many new to science. Consider-
ing the proximity of Borneo to’ the Philippines, and the connecting
chains of islands, the Sulu Archipelago at the south, Balabac, Palawan,
the Calamianes, and the Mindoro chain extending to the north, Bornean
types in the Philippine flora are comparatively rare, but it is not at all
surprising to find a considerable number of characteristic Bornean plants
on Halcon, although Copeland+ in the 206 species and varieties of
vascular cryptogams known from Halcon considered but one Ophioglos-
sum intermediwm, to be of probable Bornean origin. Dacrydium falci-
forme Pilger, Patersonia lowti Stapf, and Didiscus saniculefolius Merr.,
are known only from Mindoro and Borneo, Schoenus melanostachys R.
Br., from Mindoro, Borneo and Australia, Burmannia longifolia Becc.
from Mindoro, Borneo and Malayan Peninsula, Symplocos adenophylla
Wall., from Mindoro, Borneo, Banca, Singapore and Penang, while
Hedyotis eucapitata Merr., is closely related to a species known only from
North Borneo. On the other hand there is a rather remarkable assem-
blage of Australian types on Halcon, all at high altitudes. Among these
may be mentioned Schoenus melanostachys R. Br., Australia, Borneo and
Mindor, the genus being largely developed in Australia, with few species
occurring in the Northern Hemisphere, Centrolepis philippinensis Merr.,
* Loc. cit., 121.
256 : MERRILL.
perhaps the most remarkable find in the Philippines in the history of
recent botanical exploration of the Archipelago, as this small family is
almost entirely Australian, six genera being generally recognized, of
which four, Juncella, Brizula, Aphelia and Alepyrum, are confined to
Australia, New Zealand and Tasmania, and a fifth, Gaimardia of two
species, confined to New Zealand, Cape Horn and the Falkland Islands.
The sixth genus, Centrolepis, is represented by about twenty species, of
which one is found in southern Asia (Cambodia), one on Mount Halcon
and the remainder in south Australia and Tasmania. Dianella caerulea,
the genus being a characteristic Australian one, extends from Australia
through New Guinea to Luzon. Patersonia lowit Stepf, known from
Borneo and Mindoro, is essentially an Australian type, two species of
the genus being found on Mount Kinabalu, North Borneo, one extending
to Mount Halcon, Mindoro, the remaining species, about nineteen, being
‘confined to Australia. Halorrhagis halconensis Merr., the fourth species
of the genus. to be found in the Philippines, is also an Australian type,
the genus being largely developed in Australia and for the greater part
confined to that continent. Didiscus saniculafolius Merr., of Mindoro
and Borneo, is also an Australian type, twelve species of the genus being
Australian, one New Caledonian, and one Mindoro and Bornean. Cla-
dium latifolium Merr., is one of the comparatively few species of the
genus found outside of Australia. The Australian element in the
Philippines has previously been known to be rather large and charac-
teristic, and it is considerably augmented by the species enumerated
above.
I have advanced elsewhere * the belief that Mindoro is probably the one
part of the group which has remained continuously above water for a
longer period of time that any of the surrounding islands, and a part of
it at least may have been so from the time that it was connected with the
great land-mass of the ancient Malayan continent. The geological struc-
ture of the island, especially that part of it in the Halcon area, seems to
be quite similar to that of Mount Kinabalu, North Borneo, so far as I
can determine from available descriptions of the latter, and entirely dif-
ferent from that of the islands in closest proximity to it, namely Luzon
and others. The presence only in Mindoro of the one large mammal
in the Philippines (Bubalus mindorensis) is evidence in favor of the
above hypothesis. Much is known of the avifauna of the island and in
this character Mindoro is apparently related with Borneo through Pala-
wan, rather than with its nearer neighbor, Luzon. The presence of .
a decided Bornean and Australian element in the flora at the higher
altitudes on Halcon also indicates previous and close relationships with
- the great land-masses to the East and South, but I find that this botanical
° This Journal, Sec. A. Gen, Sci. (1907), 2, 201.
‘
THE FLORA OF MOUNT HALCON. 257
evidence is not confined to the higher altitudes of Mindoro, for the char-
acteristic Malayan or Indo-Malayan genera represented by Chrysophyllum
roxburghu and Ochtocharis javanica, both species of low elevations, are at
present known in the Philippines only from this island. However, as
other Bornean and Australian types are known in the- Philippines only
in Iuzon, the botanical evidence alone is not conclusive.
In the present paper and in those by Copeland, Brotherus and Ames
on the Halcon flora, considerably over 600 species are considered, for
the greater part collected on two short expeditions, both made under
very unfavorable conditions for collecting and preserving botanical ma-
terial because of the prevailing rains, Mr. Merritt’s expedition having
been made in June, and my own in November. Considering that in -
this region plants flower throughout the year, different species at different
seasons, it seems very probable that we at present know considerably less
than one-half the species actually growing on Halcon, and that future
exploration will yield much material and many data of value. Halcon
then, like Kinabalu, must still be considered to be very imperfectly known
botanically, the former rather better than the latter, for in Stapf’s paper
on the flora of the latter only about 450 species are enumerated.
PINACE.
AGATHIS Salish.
Agathis philippinensis Warb. Monsunia 1 (1900) 185, ¢. 8. f. EB.
In forests 700 to 2,500 m. alt., abundant, mature cone only collected.
Widely distributed in the Philippines, from northern Luzon to southern Minda-
nao. Endemic.
: TAXACE.®
DACRYDIUM Soland.
Dacrydium falciforme (Parl.) Pilger in Engl. Pflanzenreich 18 (1903) 45.
Podocarpus falciformis Parl. in DC. Prodr. 16° (1868) 685.
In forests at 1,800 m. alt. (No. 5744); also collected by Merritt in June, 1906,
at 160 m. alt. (No. 4425).
Borneo.
This species was previously collected on Haleon (Dulangan) by Whitehead,
and reported by Rendle.? The above specimens exactly match fragments of No.
1697 Beccari, from Mount Mattang, Sarawak, Borneo, kindly supplied me by
Dr. Beccari, except that the leaves of the Halcon specimens are slightly smaller
than in the Borneo plant. An interesting Bornean type in the Philippine flora.
Dacrydium elatum (Roxb.) Wall. ex Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 2 (1843) 144,
t. 2; Pilger 1. ¢. 51. Juniperus elata Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3 (1832) 838.
In forests on exposed ridges at 1,300 m. alt. (No. 5789); also collected by
Merritt at 1,600 m. alt. (No, 4419).
* By. VW Foxworthy, Bureau of Science, Manila.
7 Journ, Bot. (1896), 34, 355.
258 MERRILL.
Tonkin to Singapore, Sumatra, Borneo and the Viti Islands.
This species is widely distributed, at least in the southern Philippines, on the
higher mountains. Necros, Mount Silay (4543 P. del Villar) June, 1906; (4227
Everett) February, 1906. Panay, Mount Madiaas (Yoder) April, 1905. Mrnpa-
NnAO, Mount Malindang (4547, 4548, 4731 Mearns & Hutchinson) May, 1906.
It was first collected in the Philippines by Whitehead, on Mount Halcon in 1895,
and reported by Rendle.*
Dacrydium sp. near D. Beccarii Parl.
In thickets, exposed ridges at 2,600 m. alt. (No. 5714), sterile specimens.
Possibly a young form of the preceding.
PODOCARPUS [’Herit.
Podocarpus imbricatus Blume var. cumingii (Parl.) Pilg. in Engl. Pflan-
‘zenreich. 18 (1903) 56.
In thickets on exposed ridges at 2,500 m. alt. (No. 5563); also collected by
Merritt at 2,200 m. alt. (Nos. 4446, 4471).
The variety widely distributed on the higher mountains of the Philippines,
endemic; the species from Burma to the Malayan Archipelago.
Podocarpus blumei Endl. Sn. (1847) 208; Pilger 1. ¢. 60.
In forests at 1,800 m. alt. (No. 5728).
Previously known in the Philippines only from satel Mariveles, Luzon.
Java to New Guinea.
Podocarpus amarus Blume. Enum. Pl. Jav. (1827) 88; Pilger |. ¢. 68.
In forests at 1,800 m. alt. (No. 5703). Not previously reported from the
Philippines. 5
Java and Sumatra to east Australia. .
Podocarpus neriifolius D. Don. in Lamb. Pin. (1824) 21; Pilger 1. c. 80.
In forests along the Alag River at and below 10 m. alt. (No. 5768). Sterile
material.
Previously known in the Philippines only from Luzon. :
British India to southern China through Malaya to New Guinea.
Podocarpus rumphii Blume Rumphia 3 (1847) 214; Pilger 1. ec. 81.
In forests at about 300 m. alt. (No. 5553). Only sterile material but probably
this species which is new to the Philippines.
Celebes to the Moluccas and New Guinea. :
Podocarpus glaucus Foxworthy n. sp. § Stachycarpus?
Arbor parva 5 ad 6 m. alta, ramulis congestis, foliis congestis, ascen-
dente-patentibus, coriaceis, nitidis, glabris, subtus pallidis, oblongis,
9 ad 17 mm. longis, 3.5 ad 5.5 em. latis, obtusis, basi sensim angusto-
decurrentibus; flores masculi spicati, spicis cylindraceis, 1 ad 1.5 cm.
longis, cirea 3 mm. latis, dense multifloribus. ‘
A small tree 5 to 6 m. tall, much branched, the branches terete,
glabrous, gray or yellowish, the branchlets very numerous, short, crowded
towards the ends of the branches. Leaves crowded towards the ends
of the twigs, erect-spreading, often. appearing subopposite on account
of their contiguity, coriaceous, glabrous, smooth, shining, paler beneath
and the younger ones very glaucous, oblong, elliptic-oblong or spatulate,
§ Loe, cit.
THE FLORA OF MOUNT HALCON. 259
9 to 17 mm. long,°3.5 to 5.5 mm. wide, the apex rounded or obtuse, the
base gradually narrowed and somewhat decurrent, the midrib not prom-
inent above, very prominent beneath, the margins thickened; petioles
broad, 1 to 2 mm. long. Staminate spikes solitary in the upper leaf-
axils, few, cylindrical, 1 to 1.5 em. long, 3 mm. in diameter, densely
‘many flowered, glaucous when young. Pistillate flowers and fruit not
seen.
Borders of thickets on the margins of open heaths at 2,400 m. alt. (No. 5672).
Podocarpus pilgeri Foxworthy, nom. noy. P. celebicus Warb. Mons. 1 (1900)
192; Pilger I. ¢. 78, non P. celebica Hemsl. in Kew Bull. (1896) 39.
In forests at 2,100 m. alt. (No. 5754).
The specimens are sterile but match closely material with fruit, collected on
Mount Malindang, Minpanao, by Mearns & Hutchinson, May, 1906, No. 4673,
which I have referred to the form described by Warburg, both agreeing closely
with a fragment of the type kindly supplied me by Dr. Hngler. Both Warburg
and Pilger overlooked the fact that Hemsley had previously utilized the specific
name celebica, and Hemsley’s species is not included by the later author in his
recent monograph of the family.
Podocarpus sp. § Hupodocarpus.
In forests at 900 m. alt. (No. 5615). Material too imperfect for accurate
identification at this time.
PHYLLOCLADUS Rich.
Phyllocladus protractus (Warb.) Pilger in Engl. Pflanzenreich 18 (1903) 99.
P. hypophylla var. protracta Warb. Monsunia. 1 (1900) 194.
In forests, exposed ridges at 1,300 m. alt. (No. 5788).
Widely distributed on the higher mountains of the Philippines from northern
Luzon to southern Mindanao. The specimens reported from Mount Dulangan, a
spur of Halcon, by Rendle,® collected by Whitehead, as P. hypophylla are probably
referable to Warburg’s species.
Moluccas and New Guinea.
PANDANCE.
FREYCINETIA Gaudich.
Freycinetia multiflora Merrill n. sp. § Oligostigma.
Scandens, ramis ca. 7 mm. crassis; foliis lanceolatis, 20 ad 40 cm.
longis, 1.5 ad 2 cm. latis, apice acutis vel acuminatis, supra basin et
versus apicem denticulatis; inflorescentiae terminales; spadices ? quini
vel sexi, oblongo-cylindrici, 8 ad 10 em. longi, 1.5 em. crassi; pedunculis
3 em. longis, scabriusculis; stigmata 2 vel 3.
Scandent, the branches about 7 mm. thick. Leaves lanceolate, 20 to
40 em. long, 1.5 to 2 cm. wide, the apex acute or acuminate, the base
slightly narrowed, clasping, the margins below and towards the apex
serrulate, in the median portion entire, the midrib glabrous on both sur-
faces or beneath with very few teeth in the upper portion. Inflorescence
® Journ. Bot, (1896), 34, 355.
260 MERRILL.
terminal ; pistillate spadices 5 or 6, oblong-cylindrical, 8 to 10 cm. long,
about 1.5 em. thick, the peduncles 3 cm. long, ferruginous, strongly sca-
brous. Fruits very numerous, the free portions subpyramidal, strongly
ridged. Stigmas 2, rarely 3.
Scandent in forests at 900 m. alt. (No. 5647).
A species possibly as closely related to Freycinetia luzonensis Presl, as to any
other, differing from that species in its longer leaves and more numerous and
much larger spadices. No. 2994 Ahern’s collector from the Province of Rizal,
Luzon, is apparently the same.
Freycinetia globosa Merrill, n. sp. § Pleiostigma.
Gracilis, scandens, ramulis 2 ad 3 mm. latis, foliis late lanceolatis vel
oblongo-lanceolatis, 2.5 ad 7 em. longis, 5 ad 15 mm. crassis, apice brevi-
ter acuminatis, basi abrupte angustatis, denticulatis; inflorescentiae
terminales, spadices ? terni, fructiferi globosi, ca. 2 em. diametro, pe-
dunculis glabris, 1 ém. longis; fructus ca. 1 em. longus; semina 2.5 mm.
longa, anguste linearia; stigmata 4.
Slender, scandent, the branches reddish-brown, glabrous, 2 to 3 mm.
thick. Leaves broadly lanceolate or oblong lanceolate, 2.5 to 7 cm. long,
5 to 15 mm. wide, shortly acuminate, the base rather abruptly, narrowed
into a 5 mm. long clasping petiole, not auricled, the margins slightly
denticulate throughout, the teeth small, often obscure; nerves about 15,
parallel, nearly as prominent as the midrib. Inflorescence terminal,
pistillate spadices globose, red, fleshy, about 2 cm. in diameter, the
peduncles glabrous, about 1 em. long; fruits nearly 1 cm. long, fleshy,
ovoid; seeds numerous, white, narrowly linear, 2.5 mm. long.
Scandent in forests at 1,150 m. alt. (No. 5791).
A species apparently related to Freycinetia ensifolia Merr., from Mount Mari-
veles and to F’. sphaerocephala Gaudich., differing from the former in its relatively
broader, shorter leaves and from the latter in its longer, quite differently shaped
‘and less strongly denticulate leaves which are not auriculate at the base.
GRAMINEZ.
MISCANTHUS Anders.
Miscanthus sinensis Anders. Oefv. Vet. Akad. Forhandl. Stockh. (1855) 166;
Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl., 323. :
In open heaths at 2,400 m. alt. (No. 5704).
On most Philippine mountains. :
Japan and China to Cochin China, Borneo and Celebes.
POLLINIA Trin.
Pollinia sp. near P. monantha Nees; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906)
Suppl., 327. :
In an old clearing at 700 m. alt. (No. 5627).
Apparently identical with specimens from Luzon that Hackel has indicated in
lit. as an underscribed species.
THE FLORA OF MOUNT HALCON. 261
PANICUM Linn.
Panicum sarmentosum Roxb. Fl. Ind. 1 (1820) 308; Merr. in Philip. Journ.
Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl., 360.
In old clearings at 750 m. alt. (No. 5558).
Widely distributed in the Philippines.
India to southern China and Malaya.
Panicum palmzefolium Koenig in Naturforsch. 23 (1788) 208; Merr. 1. ¢.
361.
In an old clearing at 900 m. alt. (No. 5585).
Widely distributed in the Philippines.
Tropical Africa to India, Japan and Malaya.
ISACHNE R. Br.
Isachne beneckei Hack. in Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 51 (1901) 459; Merr. in
Philip. Journ, Sei. 1 (1906) Suppl., 350.
In an open heath at 2,400 m. alt. (Nos. 6203, 6221).
In the Philippines previously known only from Luzon.
Java.
Isachne myosotis Nees in Hook. Kew Journ. 2 (1850) 98; Merr. 1. e. 349.
In an open heath at 2,400 m. alt. (No. 6167); also collected by Merritt, No.
4405, at 1,500 m. alt. June, 1906.
Endemic to the Philippines.
ICHNANTHUS Beauv.
Ichnanthus pallens (Sw.) Munro in Benth. Fl. Hongk. (1861) 414; Merr. in
Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 263.
In an old clearing and in forests at 900 m. alt. (No. 5538); on semishaded
cliffs overhanging the Alag River at 380 m. alt. (No. 5498).
Previously known in the Philippines only from Luzon.
Tropics of both hemispheres.
LOPHATHERUM Brongn.
Lophatherum gracile Brongn. in Duperry Voy. Coqu. Bot. (1829) 50. ¢. 8;
Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 368.
In an old clearing at 700 m. alt. (No. 5543).
Previously known in the Philippines only from Luzon.
British India to southern China and Japan and Malaya.
BAMBUSA Schreb.
Bambusa sp. near B. pygmaea Miq.
In sphagnum in dense thickets at 2,600 m. alt. (No. 6222). ;
A remarkably small species, full-grown plants never exceeding 1.5 m. in height,
and frequently less than 1 m. tall. I have the same form from similar habitat
in northern Luzon (Pauai, Merrill (No. 4733), November, 1905). Unfortunately
- both numbers are without flowers or fruits.
262 MERRILL.
CYPERACE.
KYLLINGA Rottb.
Kyllinga intermedia R. Br. Prodr. (1810) 219; Clarke in Philip. Journ. Sci.
Bot. 2 (1907) 78. ,
At 1,500 m. alt. (No. 4404 Merritt) June, 1906.
Previously known in the Philippines only from northern Luzon.
Formosa, the Philippines, north and east Australia and (?) the Fiji Islands.
CYPERUS Linn.
Cyperus diffusus Vahl. Enum. 2 (1806) 321; Clarke in Philip. Journ. Sci.
Bot. 2 (1907) 83. :
In an old clearing along the Alag River at 100 m. alt. (No. 5692).
Previously known in the Philippines from Luzon and Mindanao,
India to Malaya and New Guinea.
TORULINIUM Desy.
Torulinium confertum Desv. in Hamilt. Prodr. Ind. Oce. (1825) 15; Clarke
in Philip. Journ. Sci. Bot. 2 (1907) 89.
With the preceding (No. 5693).
Widely distributed in the Philippines.
Cosmopolitan in the Tropics.
MAPANIA Aubl.
Mapania humilis (Hassk.) F.-Vill. Nov. App. (1883) 309; Clarke in Philip.
Journ. Sci. Bot. 2 (1907) 109.
In forests along the Alag River at 200 m. alt. (No. 6130).
Previously known in the Philippines from Luzon, Mindoro and Mindanao.
Malayan peninsula and archipelago.
CLADIUM R. Br.
Cladium latifolium Merrill n. sp.
Planta robusta usque ad 1 m. alta, caespitosa, glabra, foliis rigidis,
coriaceis, glabris, ecostatis, basi equitantibus, inferioribus sensim reductis,
planis, lineari-lanceolatis, 2.5 ad 80 em. longis, 1 ad 1.6 em. latis, margine
glabris, apice sensim acuminatis; paniculae oblongae, circiter 10 em.
longae, 4 em. latae, densiflorae, spiculis numerosis, 3-floris, purpurascen-
tibus, 6 ad 7 mm. longis.
Densely cespitose, perennial, the culms about 1 m. high, glabrous.
Leaves equitant at the base, the lower ones gradually reduced and the
lowermost almost scale-like, all radical except one which is borne below
the middle of the culm, 2.5 to 80 cm. long, 1 to 1.6 em. wide, plane,
glabrous throughout, rigid, coriaceous, ecostate, the margins smooth, the
apex gradually acuminate or merely acute, the sheathing lower portions
often purplish, otherwise green, the one culm-leaf about 4 em. long. Culm
erect, terete, striate, glabrous, 3 to 4 mm. in diameter. Panicle oblong, ©
about 10 em. long, 4 em. in diameter, densely flowered, the branches in
alternate fascicles, each fascicle subtended by a broad, inflated often
purplish bract 1 to 2.5 em. long, the apex contracted and produced as
THE FLORA OF MOUNT HALCON. 263
an oblong appendage about 1 cm. long. Spikelets purple, mostly sessile,
rather crowded, usually 3-flowered, the flowers perfect, 6 to 7 mm.
long; three lower glumes empty, ovate to oblong ovate, 2.5 to 4 mm.
long, short acuminate, the three succeeding glumes oblong-ovate, 4 mm.
long, short sharp acuminate, each with a perfect flower, the seventh glume
usually empty. Nut immature, trigonous, with a trigonous glabrous
beak, the style 3-cleft. Stamens 3; anthers lanceolate, 2.2 mm. long,
mucronate-acuminate.
On an open heath at 2,400 m. alt. (No. 5562) (sterile). The type of the
species is No. 2386 Foaworthy from Mount Banajao, Province of Tayabas, Luzon,
March, 1907, alt. 2,250 m. The second species of the genus to be found in the
Philippines.
Undoubtedly most closely related to the Hongkong Cladiwm ensigerum Hance,
but differing from that species in its smooth leaf-margins and much smaller
spikelets. An Australian type.
SCHOENUS Linn.
Schoenus melanostachys R. Br. Prodr. (1810) 231; Benth. Fl. Austr. 7
(1878) 370; Stapf in Trans. Linn. Soe. Bot. II. 4 (1894) 245.
In open heaths at 2,400 m. alt. (No. 6173).
North Borneo and Australia.
This species, new to the Philippines, is widely distributed in Australia, where
the genus is largely developed, and has also been found on Mount Kinabalu in
British North Borneo at an altitude of 1,700 m. It must therefore be considered
both an Australian and a Bornean representative in the Philippine flora. Schoe-
nus apogon R..& S., has been found in northern Luzon by Loher”
GAHNIA Forst.
Gahnia javanica Moritzi Verz. Zoll. Pfl. (1845-46) 98; Clarke in Philip.
Journ. Sei. Bot. 2 (1907) 103.
In rather open thickets, exposed ridge at 2,250 m. alt. (No. 6162).
Previously known in the Philippines from Mount Banajao, Luzon, and Mount
Apo, Mindanao. -
Yunnan and Penang to New Guinea and the Viti Islands.
SCLERIA Berg.
Scleria chinensis Kunth Enum. 2 (1837) 357; Clarke in Philip. Journ. Sci.
Bot. 2 (1907) 105.
At 1,700 m. alt. (No. 4439 Merritt) June, 1906.
Previously known in the Philippines from Luzon, Negros and Mindanao.
China to Singapore, Malaya and Queensland.
CAREX Linn.
Carex filicina Nees in Wight Contrib. (1834) 123; Clarke in Philip. Journ.
Sci. Bot. 2 (1907) 107.
In exposed ridge-thickets at 2,250 m. alt. (No. 6,200); also collected by
Merritt at 1,300 m. alt., in June, 1906 (No, 4384).
Previously known in the Philippines only from the mountains of northern and
central Luzon.
India to China.
” Clarke, This Journal, Sec. C (1907), 2, 102.
264 MERRILL.
HYPOLYTRUM L. C. Rich.
Hypolytrum latifolium L. C. Rich. in Pers. Syn. 1 (1805) 70; Clarke in
Philip. Journ. Sci. Bot. 2 (1907) 108.
In forests at 500 m. alt. (No. 4345 Merritt) June, 1906.
Widely distributed in the Philippines.
British India to Formosa, Malaya, Queensland and the Viti Islands.
PALME.
4 PINANGA Blume.
Pinanga elmerii Becc. in Webbia (1905) 323.
In forests at 900 m. alt. (No. 5555).
Previously known only from the mountains of northern and central Luzon.
Pinanga sp.
In forests at 1,100 m. alt, (No, 5680) ; also collected by Merritt at an altitude
of 1,500 m. in June, 1906 (No. 4468).
Pinanga maculata Porte, was observed in the forest at various places but all
the specimens seen were without fruits or flowers.
Other than species of Pinanga, no other palms, except Calamus, were observed
on the trip. Calamus is represented on Halcon by several species, but no spec-
imens were found with fruit or flowers.
ARACEAE.
ARISAEMA Linn. :
Arisaema polyphylla (Blanco) Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. 27 (1905) 90.
In forests at 1,800 m. alt. (No. 6155).
Endemic in the Philippines.
SPATHIPHYLLUM Schott.
Spathiphyllum commutatum Schott. in Oest. Bot. Wochenbl. (1857) 158.
In forested ravines along a small stream at 700 m. alt. (No. 5486).
Luzon to Mindanao.
Celebes and Amboina.
CENTROLEPIDACE2.
CENTROLEPIS Labill.
Centrolepis philippinensis Merrill n. sp.
Perennis, dense caespitosa, multifoliata, foliis setaceis, ad 1 cm. longis,
basi pilosis, pedunculo 1 ad 2 em. longo, glumis 2, inaequalibus, lan-
ceolatis, 4 ad 5 mm. longis, spiculis solitariis, 4-floris ; stamen ; ovarium
2-loculare.
Perennial, densely cespitose forming close mats or tufts, the stems
somewhat branched, the individual plants: 3 to 4 em. high, the usually
hemispherical tufts frequently 10 cm. or more in diameter. Leaves very
numerous, setaceous, glabrous above, about 1 cm. long, the lower portions
pilose with weak white hairs. Peduncles 1 to 2 em. long, glabrous,
terminal, each bearing 1 spikelet about 5 mm. long. Spikelets 4-flowered,
THE FLORA OF MOUNT HALCON. 265
the glumes unequal, lanceolate, blunt, one 4 mm. long, one 5 mm. long.
Flowers 4, hermaphrodite, each with one hyaline oblong-obovate acute
bract about 4 mm. long. Stamen 1; filament 3 mm. long; anther
oblong, 1-celled, 1.5 mm. long. Ovary 2-celled, the ovules superposed ;
styles two, 2 to 2.5 mm. long.
In open heaths at 2,400 m. alt. (No. 6160).
Perhaps the most interesting discovery in recent botanical exploration of the
Philippines, the family and genus being new to the Philippine flora, both being
largely developed in Australia and New Zealand. Of the six genera at present
recognized in the family, four, Juncella, Brizula, Aphelia, and Alepyrum are con-
fined to Australia, New Zealand and Tasmania, a fifth genus of two species,
Gaimardia, is represented in New Zealand, Cape Horn and the Falkland Islands,
while the sixth genus, Centrolepis, is represented by about twenty species, of
which one is found in Cambodia, and all the others, except the one described
here, in south Australia and Tasmania. Following Hieronymus’ treatment of
the family in Engler und Prantl’s Natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien, the present
species would perhaps fall in the genus Alepyrum, but as Alepyrum Hiern., is
invalidated by Alepyrum R. Br., it has been thought best to describe the present
species under Centrolepis.
ERIOCAULONACE.®.
ERIOCAULON Linn.
Eriocaulon brevipedunculatum Merrill, n. sp.
Planta densissime caespitosa, 5 ad 8 cm. alta, caulibus brevissimis,
simplicibus, foliis congestis, anguste lanceolatis, acuminatis, 2 ad 2.5 em,
longis, 3 ad 4 mm. latis, glabris, pedunculis perbrevibus 0.5 ad 1 em.
longis; capitula semiglobosa, 5 ad 6 mm. lata, bracteis involucrantibus
latiusculis, membranaceis, obtusis, ad 3 mm. longis; flores normaliter
evoluti; perigonia 3-mera,
Densely cespitose, 5 to 8 cm. tall, forming dense tufts. Stems short,
simple; leaves very numerous, densely disposed throughout the entire
length of the stem, the lower ones marcescent, narrowly lanceolate,
acuminate, glabrous, 2 to 2.5 em. long, 3 to 4 mm. wide, spreading,
shining, flaccid. Peduncles solitary, the peduncles 0.5 to 1 em. long.
longis; capitula semiglobosa, 5 ad 6 mm. lata, bracteis involucrantibus
mambranaceous, obtuse, about 3 mm. long, obovate. Staminate flowers
3-merous; sepals free, spatulate, slightly ciliate at the apex, about 2.5
mm. long; petals narrowly ovate, acuminate, 1 mm. long, the gland
prominent; stamens 6, the filaments about 1’ mm. long. Pistillate
flowers 3-merous; sepals free, narrowly oblong or spatulate, obtuse,
slightly ciliate above, about 2.5 mm. long; petals equaling the sepals,
somewhat narrower; style about 1.5 mm. long, the three style-arms
nearly 2 mm. long.
In an open heath at 2,400 m. alt. (No. 6214).
A species well characterized by its densely exspitose habit and short peduncles,
the heads being solitary and included in the densely disposed leaves, not exserted.
266 MERRILL.
CC IMMELINACEAS.
: CYANOTIS Don.
Cyanotis moluccana -(Roxb.) (© lina luccana Roxb. Hort. Beng.
(1814) 81; Fl. Ind. 1 (1820) 172, (ed. Wall. 1: 176.) Cyanotis uniflora Hassk.
Commel. Ind. (1870) 104; Clarke in DC. Monog Phan. 3 (1881) 242; Merr.
in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 34.
In open wet places near Subaan (No. 6227).
Widely distributed in the Philippines.
Malayan Archipelago.
FORRESTIA Lesson.
Forrestia philippinensis Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. 35 (1906) 5.
In forests along small streams at 300 m. alt. (No. 6152).
Endemie to the Philippines, the type from the Baco River near the base of
Mount Halcon.
LILIACES.
DIANELLA Lam.
Dianella ensifolia (L.) DC. in Red. Lil. (1802) #. 1.
In open heaths at 2,400 m. alt. (No. 5504).
On the higher mountains in the Philippines from northern Luzon to southern
Mindanao. ;
British India to southern China, Malaya, Australia, Polynesia, and _ the
Hawaiian Islands.
Dianella caerulea Sims. Bot. Mag. t. 505.
In forests (4469 Merritt) June, 1906. -
Not previously reported from the Philippines, but apparently represented by
the following specimens: Luzon, Province of Benguet (6030 Hlmer); (4441, 4683
Merrill) ; Province of Bataan, Mount Mariveles (226 Whitford) ; Province of
Pampanga, Mount Arayat (76 Bolster) ; Province of Raguna, Mount Maquiling
(5125 Merrill). "i
New Guinea and Australia.
LIRIOPE Lour.
Liriope brachyphylla Merrill n. sp.
Glabra, usque ad 20 cm. alta, foliis confertis, membranaceis, glabris,
anguste oblongis, 2.5 ad 3.5° cm. longis; scapi 1 ad 3, simplices; flores
rosei, racemosi, ad bracteas solitarii ; ovarium superum, 3-loculare, loculis
pluri-ovulatis (ad 15). x
A glabrous perennial herb. Leaves membranous, narrowly oblong,
2.5 to 3.5 cm. long, 3 to 6 mm. wide, somewhat narrowed and hyaline-
sheathing below, the apex acute, all crowded at the base of the scape.
Scapes 1 to 3 from each rosette of leaves, 20 cm. high or less, leafless,
simple, glabrous, 10 to 15-flowered, the flower bearing portion 4 to 5
em. long. Bracteoles linear-lanceolate, 3 to 3.5 mm. long, the flowers
solitary in the axil of each bract, the pedicels about 3 mm. long.
Perianth 5 to 6 mm. long, pale pink or salmon colored, the lobes 6, equal,
lanceolate, acute or blunt, free or very slightly united at the very base,
3-nerved, about 1.5 mm. wide. Stamens 6; filaments 2 mm. long;
7 asi
THE FLORA OF MOUNT HALCON, 267
e
anthers 1 mm. long. Ovary free, superior, ovoid,’ 3-celled, each cell
about 15-ovuled; style simple. Capsule 3+valved, ovoid, membranous,
glabrous, 4 mm. long. Seeds many, narrowly ovoid, 0.8 mm. long,
reticulate.
On seepy slopes, open heath lands at 2,400 m. alt. (No. 5710).
The second species of the genus known, the other, Liriope graminifolia (Linn.)
Baker, being known from Japan to northern Luzon, China and Cochin China. L.
brachyphylla is distinguished from L. graminifolia by its comparatively short
leaves, smaller size, solitary, not fascicled flowers and many ovules.
SMILAX Tourn.
Smilax china Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) 1459.2?
On exposed ridges in thickets 1,300 to 2,600 m. alt. (Nos. 6140, 6211, 6126).
The same form is represented by Nos. 4497, 4749 Merrill from northern Luzon.
Smilax china has previously been credited to the Philippines by F.-Villar. Because
of the lack of pistillate flowers I am not certain of the correctness of the above
identification, but the speciments agree well with the description,
Japan to southern China and Formosa.
Smilax vicaria Kunth Enum. 5 (1850) 262.
In an old clearing at 900 m. alt. (No. 5579).
Endemic to the Philippines.
AMARYLLIDACE.
CURCULIGO Gaertn.
Curculigo glabra Merrill n. sp.
Glabra; foliis usque ad 50 cm. longis, 13 cm. latis, breviter acumin-
atis, basi acutis; petiolo usque ad 40 cm. longo; pedunculo ad 20 cm.
longo; baccis 8 mm. longis.
Glabrous throughout. Leaves up to 50 em. long, 13 cm. wide, mem-
branous, the apex short acuminate, the base acute, somewhat inequilateral,
the nerves prominent; petioles up to 40 cm. in length, glabrous, somewhat
inflated below. Peduncles about 20 em. long, recurved above. Flowers
not seen; bracts ovate, acuminate, 7 to 10 nerved; pedicels 1 em. long.
Fruits many, narrowly ovoid, not beaked, about 8 mm. long, fleshy and
smooth when fresh, rugose when dry, somewhat crowded in a 6 to 8 em.
long head; seeds many, 1.5 mm. in diameter; the somewhat persistent .
perianth lobes 6 mm. long.
In forests at 275 m. alt. (No. 5750).
Well characterized by being entirely glabrous throughout,
DIOSCOREACE®.
DIOSCOREA Linn.
Dioscorea nummularia Lam. Eneyel. 2 (1789) 331.
In an old clearing at 700 m. alt. (No. 5657).
Apparently widely distributed in the Philippines.
Malaya.
57130——2
268 MERRILL.
STENOMERIS Planch.
Stenomeris dioscorezefolia Planch, in Ann. Se. Nat. HI, 18 (1852) 320.
In an old clearing at 700 m. alt. (No. 5775).
Endemic to the Philippines.
IRIDACE2.
PATERSONIA R. Br.
Patersonia lowii Stapf. in Trans. Linn. Soe. Bot. Il. 4 (1894) 241. pl. 20.
9
Open heaths at 2,400 m. alt. (No. 5507). Common, but very few specimens in
flower in November.
Borneo.
The above is the first indigenous representative of this family to be found in
the Philippines, several genera of the Iridacew being credited to the Philippines
by F.-Villar and other authors, but all based on introduced and cultivated species.
Patersonia lowii has previously been known only from Mount Kinabalu, North
Borneo, its occurrence in the Philippines being an addition to the comparatively
small Bornean element already known in the Archipelago.
ZINGIBERACE®.
ALPINIA Linn.
Alpinia brevilabris Pres] Rel. Henk. 1 (1830) 110. ¢. 17.
In forests at 2,000 m. alt. (No. 4458 Merritt) June, 1906.
Widely distributed in the Philippines. Endemic.
Alpinia sp. near A. parviflora Rolfe.
In forests at 900 m, alt. (No. 4361 Merritt) June, 1906.
Material too imperfect and scanty for accurate identification.
MARANTACEZE.
PHACELOPHRYNUM K. Sch.
Phacelophrynum bracteosum (Warb.) K. Sch. in Engl. Pflanzenreich. 11
(1902) 123.
In forests along the Alag River at 100 m. alt. (No. 6132).
Widely distributed in the Philippines, endemic.
BURMANNIACEE.
BURMANNIA Linn.
Burmannia longifolia Becc. Malesia 1 (1878) 244; Rendle in Journ. Bot.
34 (1896) 355.
Terrestrial in the very mossy ridge forests 1,300 to 1,900 m. alt. (No. 5741).
Previously collected on “Dulangao,” or more correctly “Dulangan,” a spur of
Mount Halcon, by Whitehead, and reported by Rendle, 1. ¢.
Malayan Peninsula and Borneo. .
Burmannia sp. near B. clementis Schltr.
In dense forests at 900 m. alt. (No. 5598). The third species of the genus to
be found in the Philippines.
THE FLORA OF MOUNT HALCON. 269
CASUARINACEZ.
CASUARINA Linn.
Casuarina sp. :
Gregarious over an area of about 100 acres at the head of a rivine, 700 m. alt.
(No. 5779).
PIPERACE.
PEPEROMIA Ruiz & Pav.
Peperomia recurvata Miq. Syst. Pip. (1843-44) 107.
On mossy trees and terrestrial, 1,200 to 1,800 m. alt. (Nos. 6107, 6147, 6184).
Malaya.
PIPER Linn.
Piper rhombophyllum C. DC. Prodr. 16*,(1869) 352.
In forests 350 to 1,500 m. alt. (Nos, 5645, 5773) ; also collected by Merritt at
1,300 m. alt, (No. 4293).
Endemic to the Philippines.
Piper sp. :
In forests at 1,800 m. alt. (No. 5592).
Piper sp.
In forests, altitude not given (Merritt No, 4474) June, 1906,
CHLORANTHACEE.
CHLORANTHUS Swartz.
Chloranthus brachystachys Blume Fl. Jay. Chloranth. (1828) 13. t. 2.
In forests at 700 m. alt. (No. 5644); also collected by Merritt at 1,200 and
1,650 m. alt. (Nos. 4380, 4416).
Widely distributed in the Philippines.
British India to southern China and Malaya.
Chloranthus officinalis Blume Enum. PI. Jav. (1830) 79.
In forests at 900 m. alt. (No. 5574).
Widely distributed in the Philippines.
Distribution of the preceding species. d
MYRICACE2.
MYRICA Linn.
Myrica esculenta Buch.-Ham. in G. Don. Fl. Nepal. (1825) 56; Chevalier
Monog. Myric. (1901) 120. var. farquahariana (Wall.) Chey. 1. e. Myrica rubra
Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 41, non 8. & Z.
In forests at 1,700 m. alt. (No. 4433 Merritt) June, 1906.
An exceedingly variable form, identical with material previously reported from
Mount Mariveles as Myrica rubra, the monograph by Chevalier not being available
at the time the identification was made. For variation in the leaf-form of this
species, see Whitford, Vegetation of the Lamao Forest Reserve II, Philip. Journ.
Sei. 1 (1906) pl. 44. f. A= 1-3.
British India to Malaya., the var. farquahariana in the Malayan Peninsula.
270 MERRILL.
Myrica javanica Blume Bijdr. (1826) 517; Fl. Jav. Myric. 7. t. 1; Chev.
Monog. Myrie. (1901) 129.
In dense ridge-thickets at 2,600 m. alt. Ps 5708).
Previously known in the Philippines from Mount Apo, Mindanao.
Java,
JUGLANDACE2.
ENGLEHARDTIA Leschen.
Englehardtia spicata Blume Bijdr. (1826) 528.
In forests at 1,350 m. alt. (No. 5760).
Not common in the Philippines.
British India to Cochin China and Java.
FAGACEA. |
QUERCUS Linn.
.
Quercus Ilanosii A. DC. Prodr. 162 (1864) 97.
In forests at 700 m. alt. (No. 5695).
Widely distributed in the Philippines.
Endemic.
ULMACEZS.
GIRONNIERA Gaudich.
Gironniera celtidifolia Gaudich. Voy. Bonite Bot. (1844-66) ¢. 85.
In forests below 200 m. alt. (Nos. 4325, 4320 Merritt) June, 1906.
Not common in the Philippines.
Endemic.
MORACE.®.
FICUS Linn.
Ficus hauili Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 684.?
In old clearings at 700 m. and in forests at 1,800 m. (Nos. 5748, 6127).
Common and widely distributed in the Philippines.
Endemic?
Ficus rubrovenia Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 44.
In forests at 200 m. alt. (No. 4326 Merritt) June, 1906.
Previously known only from Luzon.
In addition to the above species, Ficus mindoroensis Merr., was abundant in
forests below 200 m. alt., and F. minahassae Miq., was abundant along ae um and
up to an altitude of 1 ,000 m.
< ARTOCARPUS Forst. Z
Artocarpus sp.
In forests at 750 m. alt. (No. 5557). :
Material fragmentary, from fallen branches of a large tree, quite different
from any of the other species represented in our herbarium, —
bate
y
ae
THE FLORA OF MOUNT HALCON. OF4
LORANTHACEE.
LORANTHUS Linn.
Loranthus halconensis Merrill n. sp. § Dendropthoé.
Foliis oblongo-lanceolatis coriaceis verticillatis usque ad 15 cm. longis;
floribus ad 2.5 cm. longis, 6-meris, puberulis, dense fasciculatis; fas-
ciculis axillaribus, pedunculis ad 1 mm. longis, 3-floris.
Scandent, glabrous except the puberulent inflorescence, the branches
stout, terete, light gray. Leaves in whorls of 6, oblong lanceolate, coria-
ceous, glabrous, brown when dry, 10 to 15 em. long, 3.5 to 5 em. wide,
acute or obtuse, the base acute, the midrib stout, the lateral nerves 5 to 6
on each side of the midrib, obscure, the reticulations obsolete; petioles
1 cm. long or less. Inflorescence on the branches below the leaves in the
axils of fallen leaves, fasciculate, puberulent, 5 to 6 or more peduncles
in a fascicle, each about 1 mm. long and bearing three flowers, the pedicels
about 1 mm. long. Flowers yellow, about 2.5 em. long, not inflated.
Calyx densely puberulent, cylindrical, truncate, 3 mm. long, the basal
bract broadly ovate, small. Corolla 6-merous, the lobes united for the
lower 1.5 to 3 mm., puberulent outside, linear, 1.5 mm. wide, the reflexed
portion above the insertion of the stamens lanceolate, acute, 6 mm. long.
Filaments 1.5 mm. long; anthers 3 mm. long.
Parasitic on Ficus minahassae along the Alag River at 100 m. alt. (No. 5664).
Well characterized by its whorled leaves, densely fascicled flowers from the
larger branches and 6-merous corolla.
Loranthus mearnsii Merrill n. sp. § Dendropthoé.
Foliis oppositis vel subalternis, elliptico-ovatis, obtusis, basi acutis,
5 ad 8 em. longis, glaberrimis; racemis solitariis, axillaribus, ferrugineo- —
puberulis, 3-5-floris; floribus usque ad 2.7 cm. longis; calyce 4-dentato ;
- corolla irregulariter 4-lobata, tubo gibbo angulato.
Glabrous except the inflorescence. Branches brownish gray, terete,
glabrous, lenticellate. Leaves coriaceous, glabrous, opposite or subal-
ternate, elliptical-ovate, the apex obtuse, sometimes rounded, the base
acute, 5 to 8 em. long, 3 to 5 cm. wide; lateral nerves 3 to 4 on each side
of the midrib, ascending; petioles 1 em. long. or less. Racemes few,
solitary, from the leaf-axils or from axils of fallen leaves, few-flowered,
the rachis, pedicels and calyces ferruginous puberulent ; pedicels 2 mm.
long, the basal bract of the calyx ovate, acute or acuminate about as long
as the calyx tube. Calyx tube cylindrical, 2 mm. long, the limb 1.5 mm.
long, spreading, 4-toothed. Corolla 2.5 em. long, green except the tips
of the lobes which are red, the tube somewhat inflated, 4-angled, about _
10 mm. long, the lobes 4, irregular, the reflexed portion above the inser-
272 MERRILL.
tion of the anthers linear, 11 mm. long. Filaments 5 mm. long; anthers
basifixed, 4 mm. long.
Parasitic on various trees in forests at 1,800 m. alt. (No. 5733).
Loranthus sp.
On trees in forests at 1,700 m. alt. (4434 Merritt) June, 1906. Apparently an
undescribed species, but with immature fruits only.
BALANOPHORACE.
BALANOPHORA Forst.
Balanophora sp. :
On roots of trees in forests at 1,800 m. alt. (No. 6156). Material too scanty
and imperfect for specific identification.
POLYGONACEE.
POLYGONUM Linn.
Polygonum chinense Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) 363.
Abundant on recent “slides” at 1,900 m. alt. (No. 5780).
Throughout the Philippines at higher altitudes.
India to Japan and Malaya.
MENISPERMACEZ.
STEPHANIA Lour.
Stephania hernandifolia (Willd.) Walp. Repert. 1. (1842) 96.
In forests at 1,800 m. alt. (No. 5701).
Widely distributed in the Philippines.
Tropical Africa, Asia, through Malaya to Australia.
MAGNOLIACEZ.
DRIMYS Forst.
Drimys piperita Hook. f. Icon. Pl. ¢. 896.
On forested ridges at 1,300 m. alt. (No. 6134), and in iinestie on exposed ridges
at 2,600 m. alt. (No. 6206) ; also collected by Merritt at 1,300 and 1,600 m. alt.
(Nos, 4383, 4407).
On most of the higher mountains of the Philippines.
Borneo, New Guinea and New Caledonia.
ILLICIUM Linn.
IHicium sp.
In forests at 1,600 m. alt. (No. 4411 Merritt) June, 1906.
Material very scanty and with fruit only. Perhaps most closely related to
Hilicium evenium King from Perak, although clearly distinct from that species,
ex descriptione. The genus is new to the Philippine flora and its occurrence in
the Philippines must be considered as evidence of previous connection with the
Asiatic continent, the genus being represented in North America, India, China
and Japan, and with three species extending southward to the Malayan Peninsula.
gs
a
ig?
THE FLORA OF MOUNT HALCON. 273
ANONACEZE.
UNONA Linn. f.
Unona mindorensis Merrill n. sp. § Stenopetalum.
Foliis oblongo-lanceolatis acuminatis 10 ad 17 em. longis, basi acutis ;
pedunculis axillaribus solitariis ad 1.2 cm. longis; petalis 6, subaequa-
libus, ovato-lanceolatis, acutis, 1.5 ad 1.7 em. longis, pubescentibus ;
ovulis 3. uniserialibus; carpellis maturis ovatis, acutis, ad 1.5 cm. longis.
A small tree about 6 m. high; branches slender brownish gray, slightly
pubescent, terete. Leaves submembranous, oblong lanceolate, 10 to 17
cm. long, 2.5 to 4.5 em. wide, the base acute, the apex gradually acumi-
nate, dull above, somewhat paler and slightly shining beneath, glabrous
or nearly so; nerves about 9 on each side of the midrib, ascending, distinct
beneath, the reticulations few, indistinct; petioles stout, rugose, 5 mm.
long or less. Peduncles axillary, solitary, about 1.2 cm. long, slightly
pubescent and with one or two small basal bracts. Flowers greenish-
white. Sepals 3, pubescent, triangular ovate, acute, about 3.5 mm. long.
Petals 6, free, spreading in flower, ovate-lanceolate, acute, pubescent, the
outer three about 1.7 cm. long, 7 mm. wide, the inner three 1.5 cm. long,
5 mm. wide. Stamens many, glabrous, 2 mm. long, the connectives
truncate, overlapping. Ovaries about 12, densely hirsute, oblong, 3 mm.
long; ovules 3, parietal in one row; styles 1.5 mm. long. Carpels ovoid,
about 1.5 cm. long, acute, narrowed below into a short stout stipe, brown
when. dry, slightly pubescent.
In forests at 300 m. alt. (No. 5568). A closely related species is represented
by No. 4060 Merrill, from the Baco River, near the base of Halcon, March, 1905.
OXYMITRA Blume.
Oxymitra sp. near O. glauca Hk. f. et Th.
In forests at 180 m. alt. (No..5629). Specimens with fruit only, but undoubt-
edly referable to this genus.
PHAEANTHUS Hook. f. et Th.
Phaeanthus cumingii Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1° (1859) 51.
In forests at 700 m. alt. (No. 5648).
Widely distributed in the Philippines. Endemic.
Phaeanthus acuminatus Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. 35 (1906) 11.
In forests at 150 m. alt. (No. 4321 Merritt) June, 1906.
Known only from Mindoro and Palawan.
GONIOTHALAMUS Blume.
Goniothalamus elmeri Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. 29 (1905) 13.
In forests at 900 m. alt. (No. 4354 Merritt) June, 1906.
Widely distributed in the Philippines. Endemic.
274 MERRILL.
MYRISTICACE#.
HORSFIELDIA Willd.
Horsfieldia merrillii Warb. in Perk. Frag. F). Philip. (1904) 49.
In forests at 100 m. alt. (No. 5772).
Known only from Mindoro,
MONEMIACES.
KIBARA Endl.
Kibara ellipsoidea Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 56.
In forests at 450 m. alt. (No. 4313 Merritt) June, 1906.
Described from material collected on Mount Mariveles, Luzon. Nearly or quite
the same species is represented by material collected near Lake Lanao, Mindanao,
by Mrs. Clemens. Endemic to the Philippines. Mangyan, “Barao-barao.”
LAURACE 5.
NEOLITSEA (Benth.) Merr.
' Neolitsea zeylanica (Nees) Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 56.
In forests at 1,800 m. alt. (No. 5666); also collected by Merritt in June,
1906, in forests at 950 m. alt. (No. 4369).
CRYPTOCARYA R. Br.
Cryptocarya acuminata Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) es 192.
In forests at 450 m. alt. (No. 4342 Merritt) June, 1906.
Known only from Mindoro.
NEPENTHACEZE.
NEPENTHES Linn.*
Nepenthes sp.
: On bowlders in the river bed (Alag River) at 350 m. alt. (No. 5790).
Nepenthes sp.
In thickets along the Binabay River at 200 m. alt. (No. 5785).
Nepenthes sp.
In thickets on exposed ridges 1,500 to 2,600 m. alt. (No, 5774).
DROSERACE 4B.
DROSERA Linn.
Drosera spathulata Labill. Noy. Holl. Pl. Spee. 1 (1804) 79. t. 106. f. 1;
Diels in Engler’s Pflanzenreich 26 (1906) 83. f. 31. A, B.
In open heaths at 2,400 m. alt. (No, 5784), locally abundant.
Previously collected in the Philippines by Cuming, locality not given, probaniy
Luzon.
Southern Japan and China, Borneo, Australia and New Zealand.
As most of our Philippine Nepenthes material, including one ber from
Halecon, collected by Merritt, is in the hands of Dr. Macfarlane, who is mono-
graphing the family, no attempt has been made to identify specifically the speci-
mens here cited.
+
THE FLORA OF MOUNT HALCON, 275
Drosera peltata Smith in Willd. Sp. Pl. 1 (1797) 1546; Diels 1. c. 111.
With the preceding locally rare (No. 6207).
Previously known in the Philippines only from northern Luzon.
British India to central China, and Japan, through Malaya to Australia and
Tasmania.
SAXAFRAGACE®.
HYDRANGEA Linn.
Hydrangea lobbii Maxim. Mem. Acad. Petersb. VII. 10 (1867) 15
In an old clearing at 750 m. alt. (No. 5491); also in forests at 1, 800 m. alt.
(No. 5731), the latter referred here with some doubt.
Previously known only from the mountains of northern and central Luzon and
from Panay. :
Endemic in the Philippines.
PITTOSPORACE AS.
PITTOSPORUM Banks.
Pittosporum resiniferum Hemsl. in Kew Bull. (1904) 344.
In forests at 150 m. alt. (No. 5609); found also by Merritt in June, 1906, at
1,700 m. alt. (Nos. 4421, 4436).
Previously known only from the mountains of central and northern Luzon;
reported with doubt from Celebes by Koorders.
The habit of this species is very interesting, it being pseudoepiphytic, carats
similar to most species of Ficus of the section Urostigma.
Pittosporum odoratum Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. 35 (1906) 16.
In forests at 700 m. alt. (No. 5654).
Previously known only from the mountains of central and northern Luzon.
CUNONIACEE.
WEINMANNIA Linn.
Weinmannia hutchinsonii Merrill n. sp.
Arbor ad 10 m. alta; ramulis fuscis, teretis, lenticellatis, glabris,
junioribus pubescentibus ; foliis imparipinnatis, 4 ad 5-jugatis; foliolis
subsessilibus, lanceolatis, acuminatis, 3 ad 7 cm. longis, 0.7 ad 1.5 em
latis, grosse crenato-serratis ; racemis numerosis, fasciculatis terminalibus
vel axillaribus, pubescentibus; floribus pedicellatis, 4-meris.
A tree about 10 m. high. Branches terete, glabrous, brown, lenticel-
late, somewhat compressed below the nodes, rather slender, the younger
parts somewhat pubescent. Leaves opposite, unequally pinnate, about
13 cm. long, the common rachis 5 to 7 em. long, pubescent; leaflets
4 to 5 pairs, lanceolate, coriaceous, glabrous, 3 to 7 cm. long, 0.7 to 1.5
cm. wide, the apex long, bluntly acuminate, the base inequilateral, acute
or acuminate, the margins coarsely crenate-serrate ; nerves about 12 on
each side of the midrib, slender, the reticulations numerous; petiolules
276 MERRILL. A
wanting. Inflorescence terminal and axiliary of many racemes, 10 em.
long or less, pubescent. Flowers white, 4-merous, pedicellate, the pedicels
1.5 mm. long, pubescent. Sepals 1 mm. long, acute, pubescent. Petals
elliptical, rounded, 1.5 mm. long, very slightly pubescent. Filaments
4 mm. long, glabrous; anthers 0.5 mm. long. Ovary 2-celled, pilose.
In forests at 700 m. alt. (No. 5753).
The second species of the genus to be found in the Philippines, a third, ap-
parently undescribed one, closely allied to the above is represented ‘in our
herbarium from Lake Lanao, Mindanao, coll. Clemens.
ROSACEZ2.
RUBUS Linn.
Rubus rolfei Vid. Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 171.
In open heaths and thickets at 2,400 to 2,550 m. alt. (No. 5715).
Previously known only from the mountains of Luzon and from Mount Canlaon,
’ Negros.
Rubus moluccanus Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) 1197.
In forests at 1,800 m. alt. (No. 5595); also collected by Merritt, in forests at
900 m. alt. (No. 4362).
Throughout the Philippines at higher altitudes.
British India to southern China and Malaya.
Rubus fraxinifolius Poir., is abundant below 1,500 m, alt.
PHOTINIA Lindl.
Photinia luzonensis Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. 17 (1904) 18.
In thickets bordering an open heath at 2,400 m. alt. (No. 6205).
Previously known only from Mount Mariveles, Luzon.
LEGUMINOS.
DESMODIUM DC.
Desmodium ormocarpoides DC. Prodr. 2 (1825) 327.
In open slough along the Alag River at 100 m. alt. (No. 6223).
Previously known in the Fnippings from Luzon.
British India to Java.
.
Desmodium capitatum (Burm.) DC. 1. ¢. 336.
Near Subaan in open grass lands, 10 m. or less above sea level (No. 6224).
Widely distributed in the Philippines.
British India to Malaya.
PITHECOLOBIUM Mart.
Pithecolobium prainianum Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 soe Suppl. 61.
In forests at 300 m. alt. (No. 5702).
Previously known only from the mountains of Luzon.
THE FLORA OF MOUNT HALCON. s QTE
-RUTACEE.
EVODIA Forst.
Evodia reticulata Merrill n. sp.
Frutex 2 ad 3 metralis, foliis trifoliatis, rariter unifoliatis, oppositis
vel suboppositis, foliolis 5 ad 9 em. longis, coriaceis, nitidis, supra glabris,
subtus ad nervos fulvo-pubescentibus, dense reticulatis, obovatis vel
elliptico-ovatis, apice obtusis truncatis vel retusis, paniculis axillaribus,
ad 7 em. longis, dense fulvo-pubescentibus; flores 4-meri, 3 mm. longi,
in ramulis ultimi ordinis congesti.
A shrub 1 to 3m. high. Branches stout, the older ones nearly glabrous,
light gray, the younger ones densely fulvous-pubescent. Leaves opposite
or subopposite, trifoliate, rarely unifoliate, the petioles 1.5 to 2 cm. long,
at first densely pubescent, becoming glabrous and rugose ; leaflets coriace-
ous, shining, densely closely reticulate, glabrous above, fulvous-pubescent
on the nerves and midrib beneath, obovate to elliptical ovate, the base
subacute or obtuse, that of the lateral ones somewhat inequilateral, the
apex obtuse, truncate or somewhat retuse, 5 to 9 em. long, 3 to 5.5 em.
wide; nerves prominent, 9 to 11 on each side of the midrib; petiolule of
the middle leaflet about 1 cm. long, of the lateral ones 2 to 3 mm. long,
pubescent. Panicles in the upper axils, densely fulvous-pubescent, about
” em. long, many flowered; pedicels 1 to 2 mm. long, the bracts and
bracteoles minute. Flowers white, crowded at the apices of the ultimate
branches, 4-merous, 3 mm. long. Sepals broadly ovate, acute very slightly
pubescent, less than 1 mm. long. Petals 4, elliptical ovate, acute, 2.5
mm. long, glabrous. Ovary glabrous, 4-lobed; style about 1.5 mm. long;
stigma capitate. :
In open heaths and in thickets at 2,400 m. alt. (No. 5711).
A species recognizable by its coriaceous leaves which are densely rather pro-
“minently reticulate and pubescent on the nerves and midrib beneath.
POLYGALACE/#.
POLYGALA Linn.
Polygala venenosa Juss. ex Poir, in Lam. Encyel. 5 (1804) 493.
In forests at about 1,200 m. alt. (No. 6166). Found here also by Merritt at
900 m. alt. (No. 4351) June, 1906.
Known in the Philippines from Negros and from Mount Apo, Mindanao.
Java, Sumatra and from near Mount Kinabalu, North Borneo.
EUPHORBIACE%.
ANTIDESMA Linn.
Antidesma leptocladum Tul. Ann. Se. Nat. IIT. 15 (1851) 199.
In forests at 1,800 m. alt. (No. 5717). :
Widely distributed in the Philippines. Endemic?
~
278 : MERRILL.
DAPHNIPHYLLUM Blume.
Daphniphyllum glaucescens Blume Bijdr. (1826) 1153.
In forests at 700 m. alt. (No. 5658).
The same form has been collected in Benguet Province, Luzon, by Elmer (No.
6290). The genus is new tq_the Philippines.
British India to southern China, Corea, ete., south to Java.
: CLAOXYLON Juss.
Claoxylon sp. :
In forests along the Alag River at 160 m. alt. (No. 6519). The same form
collected by Merritt, 250 to 900 m., alt. (Nos. 4329, 4364, 4332), material in poor
condition.
Claoxylon sp.
In forests at 1,800 m. alt. (No. 5668), fruit and pistillate flowers only.
MACARANGA Thouars.
Macaranga hispida (Bl.) Muell. Arg. in DC. Prodr. 15* (1862) 990.
In forests at 700 m. alt. (No. 5646).
Widely distributed in the Philippines.
Moluceas. :
HOMALANTHUS Juss. —
Homalanthus populneus (Geisel.) Pax in Engl. and Prantl Nat, Pflanzen-
fam. 3° (1890) 96.
In forests at 2,200 m. alt. (No. 4452 Merritt) June, 1906.
Widely distributed in the Philippines.
Ceylon to Java.
Homalanthus populneus (Geisel.) Pax in Engl. and Prantl Nat. Pflanzen-
In an old clearing at 900 m. alt. (No, 5593).
Widely distributed in the Philippines. Endemic.
CELASTRACEZ.
EVONYMUS Linn.
Evonymus javanicus Blume Bijdr. (1826) 1146.
In forests at 800 m. alt. (No. 5659).
Widely distributed in the Philippines.
Malaya.
ICACINACE. °
STEMONURUS Blume.
Stemonurus sp.
In forests at 250 m. alt. (No. 4327 Merritt) June, 1906. A single, rather im-
perfect specimen, apparently representing an undescribed species. ~
.
THE FLORA OF MOUNT HALCON. 279
AQUIFOLIACE®.
ILEX Linn.
Ilex fletcheri Merrill n. sp.
Ramis teretis glabris griseis, ramulis angulatis minute puberulis; foliis
oblongo-ellipticis vel lanceolato-ellipticis, acuminatis, basi acutis, integris,
1.5 ad 3.5 em. longis, nitidis, coriaceis, venis obscuris; cymis axillaribus,
-brevibus, paucifloribus, corollae tubo breve, segmentis oblongis, circiter
-2 mm. longis, 1 mm. latis, obtusis.
A shrub 3 m. high or less, glabrous throughout, except the slightly
puberulent branchlets and infloresence. Branches terete, gray, glabrous,
branchlets angular, slender, dark reddish brown, minutely puberulent.
Leaves oblong-elliptical to lanceolate-elliptical, 1.5 to 3.5 em. long, 0.5
to 1.8 cm. wide, coriaceous, glabrous, shining, paler beneath, the base
acute, the apex broadly acuminate or acute and minutely apiculate;
nerves very obscure, nearly obsolete, the margins entire; petioles 1 to
3 mm. long. Cymes axillary, few-flowered, 5 mm. long, or less, or the
inflorescence reduced to a few-flowered fascicle, puberulent the pedicels
about 2 mm. long. Calyx about 1 mm. long, the teeth not prominent.
Corolla tube very short, the lobes 4, oblong, about 2 mm. long, 1 mm.
wide, obtuse. Filaments 1 mm. long; anthers ovoid, 0.5 mm. long.
Fruit red, globose, glabrous, smooth, 2.5 mm. in diameter.
In the mossy forest on exposed ridges at 1,800 m. alt. (Nos. 5716, 5755) ; also
collected by Merritt at 2,200 m. alt., in June, 1906 (Nos. 4475, 4448).
A species characterized by its small entire leaves, puberulent branchlets and
inflorescence and few-flowered cymes or fascicles, the flowers on the younger
: branches rarely solitary. Named in honor of Mr. Horace L, Fletcher, who ac-
companied the members of the Halcon expedition to Calapan.
ACERACEZ:.
ACER Linn.
Acer philippinum Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. 35 (1906) 36.
This species was abundant in forests at 600 to 1,700 m. alt., but was not col-
lected, all the specimens observed being with leaves only. The species was de-
scribed from specimens collected on Mount Mariveles, Luzon, and has since been
collected on Mount Data, Luzon, by the author.
indemic in the Philippines.
BALSAMINACEA3,
IMPATIENS Linn.
Impatiens sp.
tn forests at 1,300 m. alt. (No.°4391 Merritt) June, 1906. Material very im-
perfect, but different from any other species of the genus known to me.
¢
280 MERRILL.
RHAMNACEZ#.
“ALPHITONIA Reiss.
Alphitonia excelsa Reiss. ex Endl. Gen. (1836-50) 1098. A. moluccana
Ts &. B.
In forests at 700 m. alt. (No. 5532). The fresh bark has a strong odor of oil
of wintergreen.
Widely distributed in the Philippines.
Borneo to Polynesia and Australia.
VITACEZ4.
LEEA Linn.
Leea aculeata Blume Bijdr. (1825) 197.
In forests along the Alag River at 100 m. alt. (No. 5605).
This specimen agrees well with Blume’s short description and moreover with
Blanco’s: description of Ticoria aculeata™ which Blanco himself later reduced to
Leea aculeata Blume. It also agrees well with specimens in our herbarium col-
lected on Mount Arayat by Bolster, a topotype of Blanco’s species.
Widely distributed in the Philippines.
Malaya.
ELAEOCARPACEZE.
. ELAEOCARPUS Lim.
Elaeocarpus argenteus Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. 29 (1905) 26.
On ridges in forests at 2,200 m. alt. (No. 4462 Merritt) June, anes.
Previously known only from Mount Santo Tomas, Luzon.
Elaeocarpus pendulus Merr. 1. ¢.
On ridges in forests at 1,800 m. alt. (No. 5727), flowers immature; on exposed
ridges at 2,600 m. alt. (No. 6204), fruit.
Previously known only from Mount Sante Tomas and Mount Mariveles, Luzon.
Elaeocarpus merrittii Merrill, n. sp. § Monocera.
Ramulis tenuis, foliis ovatis vel oblongo-ovatis, acuminatis, 6 ad 9 em.
longis, longe petiolatis, crenato-serratis, subtus in axillis venarum glan-
dulosis, racemis axillaribus, usque ad 10 em. longis, paucifloribus; flores
9 mm. longi, 5-meri; petala dense sericea, apice fimbriata; stamina 20;
drupa 1 ad 1.3 mm. longa, ellipsoidea vel oblongo-ovoidea, 1-sperma.
A tree 10 m. high or less, nearly glabrous. Branches slender, terete,
dark brownish red when dry, the younger ones slightly deciduously
pubescent. Leaves submembranous, ovate or oblong-ovate, 6 to 9 cm.
long, 2.5 to 4 em. wide, the base rounded, the apex rather long acuminate,
the margins slightly crenate-serrate, slightly appressed-pubescent beneath
and along the midrib above, the axils of the veins beneath with prominent
glands; nerves about 6 on each side of the midrib, prominent beneath;
“Flora Filip. (1837), 838.
THH FLORA OF MOUNT HALCON. 281
petioles 2 to 2.5 cm. long, slender, glabrous or nearly so. Racemes
axillary or from axils of fallen leaves, few-flowered, 10 cm. long or less,
glabrous or slightly pubescent. Flowers white, the pedicels 1 cm. long,
densely appressed sericeous. Sepals 5, lanceolate, acuminate, 8 to 9 mm.
long, 2.5 mm. wide, appressed silvery pubescent outside. Petals oblong,
equaling the sepals, very densely silvery appressed, sericeous throughout,
the apex cleft into 5 to 7 linear laciniae 2 mm. long. Stamens 20;
filaments 2.5 mm. long; anthers linear 3 mm. long, one cell with a
short mucro less than 0.5 mm. long. Ovary ovoid, densely sericeous,
3-celled; style 5 mm. long. Fruit elliptical or oblong-ovoid 1 to 1.3
cm. long, dark blue when mature, 1-celled, 1-seeded, the pericarp slightly
fleshy.
In forests at 900 m, alt. (No. 5582) type, also (No. 5616) from the same alti-
tude-and at 1,600 m. alt. (No. 4427 Merritt), June, 1906.
Elaeocarpus sp.
In forests at 1,300 and 1,600 m. alt. (Nos. 4387, 4409 Merritt) June, 1906. The
specimens are with fruit only and apparently represent an undescribed species.
Elaeocarpus sp.
In forests at 700 m. alt, (No. 6148). Specimen with fruit only, but quite
distinct from any of the genera at present represented in our herbarium. :
TILIACEZ.
HALCONIA Merrill, n. gen.
Bracteolae 6. Sepala 4, crassa, valvata. Petala5. Stamina co, libera;
antherae ovatae, versatiles. Ovarium 2-loculare, loculis oo-ovulatis;
stylus nullus. Capsula 2-locularis, dissepimento contrarie compressa,
coriacea, apice apiculata, loculicide 2-valvis; semina ignota. Arbor.
Folia subintegra penninervia et basi trinervia. Cymae axillares.
Halconia involucrata Merrill ’n. sp.
A tree about 8 m. high, the branches terete, brownish gray, glabrous,
the younger parts stellate-lepidote pubescent. Leaves oblong, subcoria-
ceous, 7 to 10 em. long, 3.5 to 5 cm. wide, slightly stellate pubescent
above, beneath pale and densely minutely lepidote and with scattered
stellate hairs, the margins subentire or slightly crenate, the apex acute
or rounded, the base rounded or slightly cordate, strongly 3-nerved, the
lateral nerves very prominent beneath, ascending, including the basal
ones 4 to 5 on each side of the midrib; petioles 1 to 2.5 em. long. Cymes
axillary 14 em. long or less, few-flowered, the flowers in groups of
threes at the ends of the ultimate branchlets, each group subtended by
6, oblong, stellate-lepidote bracteoles. Sepals 4, free, elliptical-oblong,
ultimately nearly 1 cm. long, densely lepidote-stellate. Petals 4, oblong,
282 MERRILL.
densely lepidote-stellate, about 6 mm. long, the apex truncate and ob-
securely 3-toothed. Stamens indefinite, free, the filaments 1.5 mm. long
or less, anthers about 0.3 mm. long. Ovary ovoid, densely hirsute,
2-celled, each cell many ovuled. Capsules flattened at right angles to
the dissepiment, suborbicular in outline, truncate and apiculate at the
apex, about 1.5 cm. long, 2 em. wide, coriaceous, glabrous, at least in age,
2-valved, 2-celled, dehiscing to the base. Seeds unknown.
In forests at 700 m. alt. (No. 5527).
I place the genus here proposed in the Tiliew, between Graeffia Seem., and
Trichospermum Blume, differing from both in its 4-merous flowers and from the
latter in the presence of bracteoles.
DILLENIACEZ:. :
SAURAUIA Willd.
Saurauia latibracteata Choisy in Zoll. Syst. Verz. Ind. Archip. (1854-55)
148; Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. 35 (1906) 41.
In forests 100 to 700 m. alt. (Nos. 5690, 5528).
Widely distributed in the Philippines. Endemic.
Saurauia elegans (Choisy) F.-Vill. Nov. App. (1880) 19; Merr. 1. c. 42.
In forested ravines at 700 m. alt. (No. 5655).
Previously known only from the mountains of northern and central Luzon.
Saurauia philippinensis Merrill n. sp. :
Subglabra, foliis oblongo-ovatis vel oblongo-lanceolatis, glabris, 10 ad
18 cm. longis, acuminatis; pedunculi axillares, fasciculati vel solitarii,
1-, raro 2-flori; ovarium globosum, pilosum, 3-stylum.
A shrub or small tree 7 m. high or less, nearly glabrous. throughout.
Branches slender, brownish, lenticellate, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves
oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, rarely somewhat oblanceo-
late glabrous, chartaceous, 10 to 18 cm. long, 3 to 5 em. wide, the apex
rather sharply acuminate, the base acute or acuminate, the margins
rather sharply serrate ; nerves 12 to 14 on each side of the midrib ; petioles
1.5 to 3 cm. long. Flowers white, the peduncles solitary or fascicled
in the axils of the leaves and in the axils of fallen leaves on the larger
branches, the peduncles slender, somewhat strigose, 2 cm. long or less,
with a small bracteole at about the middle, 1, rarely 2-flowered. Sepals
elliptical to elliptical ovate, acute or rounded, 4 mm. long, the margins
slightly ciliate. Petals glabrous, 7 mm. long, 4 to 5 mm. wide, cleft
at the apex. Stamens 20; filaments 2 mm. long, anthers about 2.2 mm.
long. Ovary somewhat pilose; styles 3, 4 mm. long, slightly united
below.
In forests at 700 m. alt. (No. 5529); from the same locality I refer here No.
5633, alt. 200 m., and also No. 4394 Merritt, June, 1906, alt. 1,300 m. In Minda-
nao the species is represented by No. 4693 Mearns and Hutchinson, Mount Malin-
dang, May, 1906, alt. 1,400 m., and in Basilan by No. 4011 Hutchinson, February,
1906, alt. 540 m.
THE FLORA OF MOUNT HALCON. 283
THEACE.
THEA Linn.
Thea sp.
In forests at 350 m. alt. (No, 4328 Merritt) June, 1906. Material very im-
perfect. and with fruits only, the identity of the genus therefore not certain.
TERNSTROEMIA Nutt.
Ternstroemia sp.?
In forests at 1,600 m. alt. (No. 4473 Merritt) June, 1906. Material very
scanty and with fruits only.
ADINANDRA Jack.
Adinandra sp. near A. dwmosa,
In forests 1,600 to 2,200 m. alt, (Nos. 4410, 4453 Merritt) June, 1906,
Adinandra sp. near A. luzonica Merr.
In forests at 500 m. alt. (No. 4344 Merritt) June, 1906. Material very
seanty and with undeveloped flowers only.
Adinandra sp.?
In open heaths at 2,400 m, alt. (No. 5745).
EURYA Thunb.
Eurya japonica Thunb. FI). Jap. (1784) 191. ¢. 2.
In forests 1,400 to 1,800 m. alt. (Nos. 5671, 6188
at 1,600 m. alt. (No. 4431).
On many of the higher mountains of the Philippines.
Corea and Japan, China, central Asia, through Malaya to the Fiji Islands.
5.
) ; also collected by Merritt
Eurya acuminata Wall., var. euprista Dyer in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 1
(1872) 285.
: In forests at and below 300 m. alt. (Nos. 5749, 6146).
On many Philippine mountains.
British India to Malaya and the Fiji Islands..
RHIZOPHORACE A.
GYNOTROCHES Blume.
Gynotroches axillaris Blume Bijdr. (1825) 219.
In forests at 200 m. alt. (No. 4323 Merritt) June, 1906.
Widely distributed in the Philippines, but nowhere abundant.
Malayan Peninsula and Archipelago.
MYRTACEAE.
MEARNSIA Merrill n. gen.
Calycis tubus anguste campanulatus, ovario adnatus ; limbi segmenta 4,
persistentia. Petala 4, calycis lobis longiora, patentia. Stamina 8, 1-
seriata, libera, filamentis elongatis, filiformibus; antherae versatiles, locu-
lis parallelis longitudinaliter dehiscentibus. Ovarium in fundo calycis
inferum, 2-loculare; stylus filiformis, stigmate parvo; ovula in loculis
571303
284 : MERRILL.
co, multo-seriata. Capsula in calyce persistente inclusa ad apicem de-
hiscens, 2-loculare. Semina oo, anguste-oblonga. Arbor. Folia op-
posita, pennivenia. Flores in pedunculos laterales cymosi vel racemosi.
Mearnsia halconensis Merrill n. sp.
Arbor ad 10 m. alta; foliis oppositis, oblongo-lanceolatis, coriaceis,
acuminatis, glabris, ad 6 cm. longis; cymis lateralibus, paucifloribus,
‘staminibus longe exsertis. ;
A tree about 10 m. high, nearly glabrous throughout. Branches terete,
rough, gray or brownish, the younger branchlets brownish, glabrous,
obscurely 4-angled, the growing tips appressed-pubescent. Leaves op-
posite, oblong-lanceolate, coriaceous, glabrous, 5 to 6 cm. long, 1.5 to
2 em. wide, entire, the margins sightly recurved, cartilaginous, the apex
sharply acuminate, the base acute, glandular-punctate beneath; lateral
nerves numerous, ascending, not very distinct; petioles stout 1 to 2 mm.
long. Inflorescence from the branches below the leaves, the short few-
flowered cymes or racemes solitary or fascicled, the rachis appressed-
pubescent, 5 mm. long or less, the bracts deciduous, narrowly ovate,
2 mm. long, the pedicels 1 mm. long or nearly obsolete. Calyx tube
narrowly campanulate, sparingly appressed pubescent, about 3 mm. long,
the lobes 4, broadly ovate, obtuse or-acute, 1.5 mm. long, persistent.
Petals 4, free, deciduous, glabrous, red, orbicular, 3.5 mm. in diameter,
apex broad, rounded, base narrow. Stamens 8, 1-seriate, free, exserted,
glabrous; filaments red, nearly 2 em. long; anthers ovoid, 0.6 mm. long,
versatile, 2-celled. Ovary inferior, 2-celled, the ovules many-seriate;
style slender, exserted, slightly exceeding the stamens. Capsule about 7%
mm. long, ovoid, slightly compressed, 4-ridged, coriaceous, crowned by
the persistent calyx tube and teeth, 2-celled, many seeded, dehiscing by
a single slit at the apex only and inside the persistent calyx tube. Seeds
narrowly oblong, about 2 mm. long.
On exposed ridges at 1,400 m. alt. (No. 5792.)
The genus here proposed is apparently related to Backhousia Hook. et Harv.,
and to Metrosideros Banks, but appears to me to be very distinct from both and
from all other described genera in this family. It is dedicated to Maj. Edgar A.
Mears, surgeon, United States Army, with whom the author made the ascent of
Mount Halcon.
LEPTOSPERMUM Forst.
Leptospermum amboinense Blume Bijdr. (1826) 1100.
In open heaths and thickets at and above 2,400 m. alt. (Nos. 5746, 5747).
On most of the higher mountains of the Philippines.
Malacea through Malaya to Australia.
EUGENIA Linn.
Two species of Eugenia are represented in Merritt’s material, from forests
below 900 m., alt., but the specimens are,too fragmentary for accurate deter-
mination.
te
THE FLORA OF MOUNT HALCON. 285
GUTTIFERE®.
GARCINIA Linn.
Garcinia binucao (Blanco) Choisy Guttif. Ind. 34; Vesque in DC. Monog.
Phan. 8 (1893) 454.
In forests at 175 m. alt. (No, 4322 Merritt) June, 1906.
DIPTEROCARPACE.
SHOREA Roxb.
Shorea squamata (Turcez.) Benth. & Hook. f. Gen. Pl. 1 (1862) 193.
In forests at 700 m. alt. (No. 5751).
Widely distributed in the Philippines.
Borneo.
Dipterocarpus grandiflorus Blanco, and Shorea guiso Blume were both abundant
from near Subaan to the Alag River ascending to an altitude of about 400 m.
BEGONIACE.
BEGONIA Linn.
Begonia incisa A. DC. in Ann. Se. Nat. IV. 11 (1859) 129; Podr. 15?
(1864) 321.
- In forested ravines at 700 m. alt. (No. 5685).
Widely distributed in the Philippines; endemic..
Begonia pseudolateralis Warb. in Perk. Frag. Fl. Philip. (1904) 51.
Along the Alag River at 200 m. alt. (No. 6154).
Previously known from Luzon and Mindoro.
Begonia sp.
In forests at 1,200 to 1,800 m. alt. (Nos. 5515, 5607).
Begonia sp.
In forests at 1,700 m. (No. 6135).
MELASTOMATACE.
MELASTOMA Burm.
Melastoma polyanthum Blume in Flora 2 (1831) 481; Cogn. in DC. Monog.
Phan. 7 (1891) 354. :
In forests at 1,600 m, alt. (No. 4397).
Widely distributed in the Philippines.
British India to Malaya and northern Australia.
SARCOPYRAMIS Wall.
Sarcopyramis sp.
In mossy forests 900 to 2,200 m. alt. (No. 5793); also Nos, 4386, 4461
Merritt, June, 1906.
This genus is generally considered to be monotypic, the only species recog-
nized by most botanists being S. nepalensis Wall, extending from the Himalayan
region to Jaya and Sumatra. The species here in question is also found on
Mounts Data and Santo Tomas, northern Luzon, and in the intermediate table-
lands (Nos. 4608, 4491 and 4809 Merrill) and also on Mount Apo, Mindanao
286 MBPRRILL.
(Copeland ). Dr. C. B. Robinson, of the New York Botanical Garden, has indicated
the Philippine form, in lit., as a new species, but as his description has not as yet
been published, I do not consider myself free here to publish his specific name.
SONERILA Roxb.
Sonerila woodii Merrill, n. sp.
Caulis erectus vel adscendens, simplex, sparse glanduloso-setulosis ;
foliis consimilis, ovato-oblongis, acuminatis, basi oblique subrotundatis vel
subacutis, margine setuloso-serratis; flores 3-meri; calyx ad 6 mm.
longus; petala pallide violacea, usque ad 10 mm. longa; antherae lanceo-
latae, ad 6 mm. longae.
Erect, unbranched, 10 to 30 em. high, the stems and petioles glandular-
setose or hirsute, terete. Leaves opposite, subequal, membranous, oblong-
ovate, 5 to 10 em. long, 2 to 3 em. wide, the apex acuminate, the base
inequilateral, rounded or subacute, the margins sharply serrulate, very
slightly puberulent and with few scattered setose hairs; petioles 1.5 to
3.5 em. long, glandular-pubescent; nerves about 3 on each side of the
midrib, ascending, distinct, reddish, the reticulations lax. Flowers pink,
nearly 2 em. in diameter when spread. Calyx somewhat cylindrical, 6
mm. long, slightly glandular-pubescent, the three teeth small. Petals
3, 10 mm. long, 5.5 mm. wide, oblong-ovate, abruptly acuminate, the
base contracted, inequilateral. Stamens 3; filaments 5 mm. long; an-
thers lanceolate, 6 mm. long. Style about 10 mm. long. Capsule obco-
nical, trigonous, 6 to 7 mm. long.
In forests 900 to 1,300 m. alt. (No. 5794) ; also collected by Merritt in June,
1906 (No. 4352). Dedicated to Maj. Gen. Leonard Wood, through whom the ex-
ploration of Mount Halcon was made possible.
MEDINILLA Gaudich.
Medinilla myrtiformis Triana in Trans. Linn. Soc. 28 (1871) 86; Cogn. in
DC. Monog. Phan. 7 (1891) 583.
In forests at 700 m. alt. (No. 5682) ; also collected by Merritt at 900 m. alt.
in June, 1906 (No. 4356).
On most of the higher mountains of the Philippines.
Amboina, :
Medinilla ramiflora Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. 29 (1905) -35.
In forests 1,300 to 1,500 m. alt., frequently pseudoepiphytie (No. 5724) ; also
collected by Merritt in June, 1906 (No. 4388).
Medinilla astronioides Triana 1. c. 88; Merr. 1. ¢. 37.
In forested ravines at 700 m. alt. (No. 6149).
Previously known only from Luzon.
Medinilla merrittii Merrill, n. sp.
Ramis teretiusculis; foliis elliptico-ovatis, glabris, coriaceis, oppositis,
petiolatis, Y-nervis, nervulis transversalibus validis; cymis axillaribus,
paucifloribus ; floribus 5-meris; calyx campanulato, 1 em. longo.
THE FLORA OF MOUNT HALCON. 287
Scandent, glabrous throughout; branches light gray, terete, the ulti-
mate ones brownish, slender. Leaves opposite, elliptical-ovate, abruptly
short caudate-acuminate, the base broad, rounded, coriaceous, 11 to 15
em. long, 6 to 9 em. wide; nerves 7, prominent, the transverse nervules
distinct ; petioles 2.5 cm. long. Cymes solitary or fascicled on the bran-
ches below the leaves, the peduncle about 1 cm. long, bearing 3 subsessile
flowers. Flowers about 2 cm. long, 5-merous. Calyx campanulate, trun-
cate, nearly 1 em, long, 0.8 em. in diameter. Petals 2.5 cm. long, 1.4
cm. wide. Stamens 10.
In forests at 450 m. alt. (No. 4336 Merritt) June, 1906.
Medinilla verticillata Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. 29 (1905) 34.
In forests at 700 m. alt. (No. 5660).
Previously known only from northern Luzon.
Medinilla magnifica Lindl. in Paxt. Flower Gard. 1 (1850) 55. t. 12.
In forests at 500 m. alt. (No. 4341 Merritt) June, 1906.
Rather widely distributed in the Philippines but not abundant. Endemic.
Medinilla involucrata Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. 35 (1906) 51. :
In forests at 250 m. alt. (No. 5634); also collected by Merritt at about the
same altitude in June, 1906 (No. 4331). ;
Previously known from Mindoro and Mindanao.
Medinilla cordata Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. 29 (1905) 37.
_ On exposed ridges at 2,400 m. alt. (No. 5757); also collected by Merritt
at 2,150 m. alt. (No. 4445). Specimens not typical, and may prove to be distinct
from the Luzon plant.
Previously known from Luzon only.
Medinilla halconensis Merrill n. sp.
Ramis ramulis petiolis pedunculis bracteis calycibus foliisque dense
plumoso-stellato-tomentosis ; ramulis teretibus ; foliis petiolatis, elliptico-
ovatis, acutis vel acuminatis, nervis 5, lateralibus oppositis, cymis ter-
minalibus, bracteis et bracteolis persistentibus; floribus 5-meris.
Branches slender, terete, densely stellate-plumose tomentose. Leaves
submembranous, elliptical ovate, 4 to 9 cm. long, 2 to 4.5 em. wide,
opposite, above nearly glabrous, beneath densely stellate-tomentose, the
base acute, the apex short acuminate or acute; nerves 5, petioles densely
stellate-tomentose, 1 to 1.5 em. long. Inflorescence a terminal 3 to
5-flowered cyme, 3 cm. long or less, densely stellate-tomentose throughout ;
bracts linear to lanceolate, 1 to 1.5 em. long; bracteoles elliptical-ovate,
white, acute, 2 em. long, 1.3 cm. wide, densely stellate-tomentose. Calyx
about 8 mm. long, tubular, inflated in fruit, the limb persistent, obscurely
5-toothed, stellate-pubescent.
Scandent on tree trunks in forests at 1,050 m. alt. (No. 5642); also collected :
by Merritt at 900 m. alt., June, 1906 (No. 4366).
288 MERRILL,
Medinilla microphylla Merrill n. sp.
Frutex scandens; ramis ramulis petiolis bracteis calycibus foliisque
praecipue ad nervos stellato-tomentosis; ramis teretibus; foliis oppositis,
oblongo-ovatis, 5-nervis, 2 ad 4.5 cm. longis; cymis terminalibus, pauci-
floribus, bracteis roseis persistentibus ; floribus 4-meris.
Scandent along tree trunks, the stems and branches terete, slender, the
younger parts densely stellate-plumose-tomentose. Leaves submembran-
ous, oblong-ovate, 2 to 4.5 em. long, 1 to 2 em. wide, nearly glabrous above,
beneath densely stellate-plumose-tomentose on the nerves, base acute, apex
short-acuminate; nerves 5; petioles 0.5 mm. long, or less. Inflorescence
terminal, usually reduced to a single flower subtended by about 6 pink
bracts. Bracts narrowly elliptical-ovate, base and apex acute, 3-nerved,
stellate-pubescent, 1.8 cm. long, 1 em. wide. Fruit subglobose, somewhat
_ stellate-pubescent, nearly 1 cm. long, the calyx persistent, 6 mm. long, the
tube 2 mm., the lobes ovate, acute, 4 mm. long.
In forests at 900 m. alt. (No. 5599).
Medinilla sp.
In forests at 1,800 m. alt. (No. 5667), specimens in fruit only.
" Medinilla sp.
In forests at 900 m. alt. (No. 4368 Merritt) June, 1906, material in poor
condition.
Medinilla sp.
In forests at 1,300 m. alt. (No. 4382 Merritt) June, 1906. The last three
species enumerated are all distinct from each other and different from any of
the species represented at present in our herbarium, but the specimens are incom-
plete and are accordingly not described here.
ASTRONIA Blume.
Astronia meyeri Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. 35 (1906) 51.
In forests at 550 m. alt. (No. 4347 Merritt) June, 1906.
Previously known from Mount Mariveles, Luzon.
MEMECYLON Linn.
Memecylon preslianum Triana in Trans. Linn. Soc. 28 (1871) 157.
In forests at 100 m. alt. (No. 5604).
Widely distributed in the Philippines. Endemic.
- HALORRHAGACE2.
HALORRHAGIS Forst..
Halorrhagis halconensis Merrill n. sp.
Planta robusta suffruticosa erecta ad 60 cm. alta; foliis oppositis
“vel ad ramos juniores yerticillatis, elliptico-ovatis, ad 3 em. longis,
1 ad 1.5 em. latis; inflorescentiae ad apices caulis dense racemoso-pani-
THE FLORA OF MOUNT HALCON. 289
culatae; flores hermaphroditi 3 ad 3.5 mm. longi in bractearum axillis
solitarii.
Robust, erect, sligtly branched, about 60 em. high, the stems terete,
scabrid, the older ones reddish brown, the younger parts rather densely
clothed with long brittle white hairs. Leaves elliptical-ovate 2 to 3 em.
long, 1 to 1.5 em. wide, those on the older parts opposite, those on the
younger branches in whorls of four, crowded, rigid, coriaceous, scabrid,
sessile or short-petioled, the base rounded, the apex acute, the margins
strongly acuminate-denticulate, both surfaces with scattered coarse white
hairs. Inflorescence terminal, crowded, consisting of many simple race-
mes forming a terminal panicle up to 10 cm. in length and 4 or 5 em. in
diameter, the individual racemes 4 em. long or less, ascending, the lower
ones subtended by leaves. Bracts narrowly lanceolate, 3 mm. long,
1-flowered, the bracteoles acicular, 1 mm. long; pedicels about 1 mm.
long, strigose. Calyx tube 4-angled, narrowly ovate, slightly strigose, not
rugose nor pellucid-punctate but slightly strigose-hispid, the lobes erect,
lanceolate, about 1.5 mm. long, acuminate, glabrous. Petals boat-shaped,
slightly aculeate-hispid on the keel, 2.2 mm. long. Stamens 8; anthers
1.5 to 1.7 mm. long.
In open heaths at 2,400 m. alt. (No. 5700).
The fourth species of this characteristic Australian genus to be found in the
Philippines, readily recognizable by its crowded, opposite and verticillate, very
large leaves (for the genus), and terminal racemoso-paniculate inflorescence.
Halorrhagis micrantha (Thunb.) R. Br. ex Sieb. et Zuce. Fl. Jap. Nat. 1
(1843) 25; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. (1906) Suppl. 1: 216.
With the preceding (No. 5787).
Known in the Philippines from Canlaon Volcano, Negros, and Mount Apo,
Mindanao.
Bengal to Japan, Malaya, Australia and New Zealand,
ARALIACEZ#.
BOERLAGIODEN DRON Harms.
Boerlagiodendron trilobatum Merrill, n. sp.
Frutex glaber 2 ad 5 m. altus; ramulis tenuis, lenticellatis; foliis
glabris, submembranaceis, longe petiolatis, ad 20 em. longis, profunde
3-lobatis, lobis acuminatis, sinuato-serratis; umbellis terminalibus, mul-
tifloribus; ovario 5-lobato.
A slender shrub, simple or sparingly branched, nearly glabrous, 2 to
5 m. high. Branches slender, terete, lenticellate. Leaves alternate, sub-
membranous, glabrous, paler beneath, shining, about 20 cm. long,
3-lobed, the sinus reaching nearly 4 to the base of the leaf, narrow, the
‘lobes narrowly oblong, sharply acuminate, irregularly rather coarsely
sinuate-serrate, the base broadly acute, 5-nerved ; petioles 13 cm. long with
290 MERRILL.
a prominent stipule at the base. Inflorescence terminal, short pedun-
culate, umbellate, about 10 em. in diameter, the primary peduncles about
15, 2 em. long, bearing’a small umbel at the apex and usually 2 secondary
peduncles 1.5 to 2 cm. long, these bearing a dense globose head of
small white flowers. Calyx tubular 3 mm. long, truncate. Petals 5,
valvate, oblong, acute, 3 mm. long. Stamens 5; filaments 2 mm. long;
anthers 1.8 mm. long. Ovary 5-celled. Fruit dimorphous, of the pri-
mary umbels white, fleshy, globose, not ridged, 3-celled, 4 to 5 mm. in
diameter, the seeds aborted ; of the secondary umbels oblong-ovoid, 7 mm.
long, strongly 5-ridged, 5-celled, fertile.
In forests at about 150 m, alt. (No. 5620). A closely related form is represented
by No. 669 Ahern from Surigao, Mindanao.
SCHEFFLERA Forst.
Schefflera foetida Merrill n. sp. § Heptaplewrum.
Scandens, glabra; foliis 6-foliatis; foliolis ovatis vel oblongo-ovatis,
acuminatis, coriaceis, 4 ad 6 cm. longis; paniculis terminalibus, ramulis
divergentibus; ovario 4-rariter 5-loculare.
Glabrous throughout, scandent up to 7 m., all parts when crushed with
a very rank odor; branches gray, the tips very dark colored when dry,
terete. Leaves alternate, the petioles 5 to 10 em. long, digitately 5-foli-
ate ; leaflets ovate to oblong-ovate, coriaceous, shining, 4 to 6 cm. long, 2 to
3.5 em. wide, acuminate, the base rounded or subacute, sometimes in-
equilateral, the midrib prominent, the lateral nerves very faint; petiolules
1 to 3 em. long. Panicles terminal, about 12 cm. long, short-peduncled,
branched along the rachis, the branches few, spreading, the primary ones
(in anthesis) sometimes 10 cm. long, the umbels racemosely disposed
their peduncles 1.5 to 2 em. long, each umbel 6 to 9-flowered, the pedicels
5 to 7 mm. long. Calyx broadly funnel shaped, truncate, about 1.2 mm.
long. Petals united, forming an apiculate calyptra which falls as a
whole, 2 mm. long. Stamens 4, very rarely 5; filaments 4 mm. long;
anthers ovoid, 1.2 mm. long. Ovary 4-celled, the top conical; stigmas 4.
On forested ridges at 1,800 m. alt. (No. 5762). No. 4423 Merritt, from an
altitude of 1,600 m. is apparently the same, the flower buds being very immature.
No. 5678 of my own collection appears also to be a very large diffuse form of the
same species but it is with fruits only and has much larger more acuminate leaves
and very much larger panicles than the type.
Schefflera sp.
In forests at 900 m. alt. (No. 5696) Undeterminable, with fruits only.
Schefflera insularum (Heptapleurum insularum Seem. ) is abundant along the
Alag and Binabay Rivers, and has previously been collected on the Baco River
near the base of Halcon. be
t
THE FLORA OF MOUNT HALCON. 291
ARTHROPHYLLUM Blume.
Arthrophyllum sp.
In forests at 700 m. alt. (No. 5597), flowers immature, apparently representing
an undescribed species.
ARALIA Linn.
Aralia glauca Merrill n. sp.
Arbor ad 10 m. alta, ramis ramulis foliisque inermibus ; foliis bipin-
natis 40 ad 50 em. longis, pinnis 5-jugatis 20 ad 30 em. longis; foliolis
4 ad 7-jugatis, oblongo-ovatis, acuminatis 6 ad 11 em. longis, subtus
pallidis; paniculis terminalibus 50 em. vel ultra longis et latis, ramis
elongatis ad 40 em. longis, ramulis racemose dispositis, 4 ad 6 cm.
longis; ovario 5-loculare.
A spineless tree about 10 m. high, the branches thickened, the ultimate
ones 1.5 to 2 cm. in diameter, lenticellate, striate when dry, glabrous
or nearly so, the large bipinnate leaves crowded at the apices of the
branches, the inflorescence of several large spreading terminal panicles.
Leaves about 50 cm. long, the pinne 5-jugate, opposite, the rachis
glabrous terete, enlarged at the nodes which are prominently jointed, the
petiole 20 to 25 em. long, glabrous; pinne 20 to 30 cm. long, the lowest
pair shorter; leaflets 4 to 7-jugate, opposite, oblong-ovate to oblong-
lanceolate, glabrous, subcoriaceous, dull, the lower surface glaucous, 6 to
11 em. long, 2 to 4 cm. wide, the base rounded or cordate, gradually
narrowed above to the rather prominently acuminate apex, the margins
distantly irregularly sinuate-crenate, the teeth frequently apiculate,
nerves 5 to 6 on each side of the midrib, rather prominent beneath ;
petiolules 1 to 4 mm. long. Panicles at least 50 cm. long and about as
wide, several from the apex of the same branch, the branches racemosely
disposed, about 40 em. long, the rachis thick, about 20 cm. long, slightly
hirsute, branches slightly ferruginous-pubescent, the branchlets and
pedicels rather densely so; branchlets racemosely disposed, slender, 4 to
6 cm. long, numerous, each supplied with many scattered lanceolate
acuminate bracts or bracteoles 2 to 3 mm. long the flowers umbellately
disposed, usually 2 umbels towards the apex of each branchlet and fre-
quently solitary flowers in the axils of the upper bracts below the umbels.
Umbels 15 to 20-flowered, the pedicels 5 mm. long or less. Flowers
(immature) white, petals 1.5 mm. long. Calyx 1.5 mm. long, the lobes
5, broadly ovate, acute, 0.3 mm. long. Stamens 5; anthers 1 mm. long.
Ovary 5-celled ; styles 5, free, 1 mm. long.
In forests at 700 m. alt. (No. 6177), locally rather abundant and recognizable
by being entirely unarmed.
The very spiny Aralia hypoleuca Pres] is abundant on cont * ‘slides” on Haleon
at an altitude of about 1,800 m. It is widely distributed in the Philippines and
has been reduced by Forbes and Hemsley to the very widely distributed Aralia
spinosa Linn.
292 MERRILL.
UMBELLIFER2.
DIDISCUS DC.
Didiscus saniculaefolius (Stapf) Trachymene saniculaefolia Stapf in Trans.
Linn. Soc. Bot. IT. 4 (1894) 167; Hook. Teon. TV. 4 (1895) pl. 2308.
In open heaths at 2,400 m. alt. (No. 6174), locally abundant, but found only
in the open heaths associated with G@leichenia, Lycopodium, Dipteris, Vaccinium,
Leptospermum, Isachne, Drosera, Patersonia, ete.
While the above specimens differ slightly from the description and figure given
by Stapf, still I can detect no constant characters by which the Philippine form
can be distinguished from the Bornean, and without comparison with the type
material I do not care to describe the Halcon plant as a new species. The genus
is new to the Philippine flora, and its discovery is another link in the chain of
evidence regarding possible previous land connections with Borneo on the one
hand, and with Australia on the other. Didiscus saniculaefolius was previously
known only from Mount Kinabalu, North Borneo, being related to the Australian
D, humilis. Of the genus, about fourteen species are recognized, twelve in Aus-
tralia, one in New Caledonia and one in Mindoro and Borneo; of the genus
Trachymene, in which the above species was placed by Stapf, about twelve species
are recognized, all the others confined to Australia.
CLETHRACE ZS.
CLETHRA Linn.
Clethra lancifolia Turez. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. 36? (1863) 231.
In forests at 700 m. alt. (No, 5575); also collected by Merritt in June, 1906
at 2,200 m. alt. (No. 4455).
Previously known only from the mountains of Luzon and Negros.
ERICACEZS.
RHODODENDRON Linn.
Rhododendron quadrasianum Vid. Rev. Pl. Vase. Philip. (1886) 170.
Terrestrial and epiphytic, mossy ridge-forests at 1,350 m. alt. (No. 6158) ;
also collected by Merritt in forests at 1,600 m. alt. (No. 4455).
On most of the higher mountains of the Philippines from northern Luzon to
southern Mindanao, Endemic in the Philippines.
Rhododendron rosmarinifolium Vid. 1. e. 172.
In open heaths at 2,400 m. alt. (No. 5736).
Previously known only from the mountains of northern Luzon; the Halcon
specimens not quite typical, the leaves shorter and broader than in specimens
from northern Luzon. This is probably the form reported from “Dulangao” (a
spur of Haleon) by Rendle, as the Bornean Rhododendron cuneifolium Stapf, and
appears to be rather intermediate between R. rosmarinifolium and R. cuneifolium,
but nearer the former.
GAULTHERIA Linn.
Gaultheria cumingiana Vid. Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 184.
Subscandent in ridge forests 1,800 to 2,200 m. alt. (No. 5725)..
Previously known only from the mountains 9f Luzon and Formosa.
THE FLORA OF MOUNT HALGON. 293
DIPLYCOSIA Blume.
Diplycosia merrittii Merrill, n. sp.
Frutex pseudoepiphyticus scandens, inflorescenttis excepti, glabra;
foliis coriaceis oblongo vel elliptico-ovatis, rariter oblongo-lanceolatis,
breviter acuminatis, 6 ad 10 em. longis, basi acutis nervis utrinque 2
vel 3, subtus prominentibus; flores axillares, fasciculati; corolla ovoidea,
6 ad 7 mm. longa.
A scandent pseudoepiphytic shrub often 6 m. high, glabrous except the
inflorescence. Branches gray or brown, terete, the younger ones angular.
Leaves coriaceous, oblong-ovate to elliptical-ovate, rarely oblong-lanceo-
late, 6 to 10 em. long, 2 to 5 em. wide, the base acute, the apex slightly
acuminate, the margins obscurely denticulate, recurved, paler and glandu-
lar punctate beneath ; nerves 2 to 3 on each side of the midrib, ascending,
impressed above, rather prominent, the reticulations nearly obsolete;
petioles stout, 4 to 8 mm. long, rugose. Flowers pink, fascicled, 2 to 8
in each axil, the pedicels slender, slightly pubescent, 1 to 1.5 cm. long,
the apical bracts two, orbicular-ovate, 1.3 mm. long. Calyx very slightly
pubescent, 3.5 mm. long, the lobes ovate or narrowly ovate, acute, 2 mm.
long. Corolla ovoid, narrowed below, 6 to 7 mm. long, the lobes 5,
ovate, broadly acuminate, 2 mm. long, reflexed. Stamens 10, glabrous;
filaments 3 mm. long; anthers oblong, 1.5 mm. long. Ovary glabrous,
style 2 mm. long. Fruit ovoid or subglobose, soft, fleshy, 1 cm. in
diameter, black when mature.
In ridge forests at 1,400 m. alt. (No. 5670) (type), very abundant, the fruit
edible but nearly tasteless; also collected by Merritt in June, 1906, at an altitude
of from 1,600 to 1,700 m. (Nos. 4413, 4415, 4437). The same form has been
collected in Palawan, Victoria Peak (666 Foaworthy) March, 1906.
Of the Philippine species of this genus, apparently most closely related to
Diptycosta Luzonica (A. Gray) (@aultheria luzonica A. Gray), from Mount
Banajao and Mount Santo Tomas, Luzon. I have before me a single leaf from
the type of Gray’s species, kindly supplied by Dr. J. N. Rose of the U. S. National
Museum. No. 5932 Elmer from Mount Santo Tomas seems to match it exactly.
The species proposed above differs from this in its larger, differently shaped leaves,
much longer pedicels and more prominently nerved leaves, the venation in the
two species being quite different. I have seen no flowers of Gaultheria luzonica.,
VACCINIUM Linn.
Vaccinium mindorense Rendle in Journ. Bot. 34 (1896) 355.
Epiphytic, mossy ridge forests 1,950 to 2,200 m., and terrestrial above 2,200
m. alt. (No. 5676); also collected by Merritt at 1,600 m. in June, 1906 (No.
4414). :
The type of the species was from Mount Dulangan, a spur of Halcon. It
is also apparently represented by sp from Mount Madiaas, Panay (A. FP.
Yoder), April, 1905, and from Mount Apo, Mindanao (Copeland), October, 1904.
Vaccinium banksii Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. 35 (1905) 54.
In an open heath at 2,400 m. alt. (No. 5506).
Previously known only from Canlaon Voleano, Negros.
294 MERRILL.
Vaccinium villarii Vid. Rev. Pl. Vase. Filip. (1886) 166.
With the preceding species (No. 5502).
Extending from the high table lands of northern Luzon to Mount Apo, Min-
danao. Endemic in tle Philippines.
Vaccinium hutchinsonii Merrill n. sp.
Epiphyticum, glabrum, foliis late elliptico-ovatis, abrupte subcaudato-
acuminatis, coriaceis, 8 ad 11 em. longis, 5.5 ad 7 em. latis, basi acutis;
flores usque ad 17 mm. longi, rubri, in racemos bracteatos axillares
dispositi, filamentis pause setoso-pilosis.
A scandent epiphytic or pseudoepiphytic shrub about 5 m. high.
Branches glabrous, light gray or brown, the younger ones somewhat
angular. Leaves broadly elliptical-ovate, coriaceous, glabrous, the base
acute or acuminate, the apex abruptly subcaudate-acuminate, shining,
entire, 8 to 11 em. long, 5.5 to 7 em. wide; nerves about 7 on each side of
the midrib, mostly basal, ascending, distinct, the reticulations distinct ;
petioles 1 to 1.5 em. long. Racemes axillary, glabrous, 8 to 14 cm. long,
the bracts oblong-lanceolate, reddish, membranous, deciduous, glabrous,
acuminate, 2 cm. long, 5 mm. wide; pedicels rather distant, solitary in
the axil of each bract, about 1.5 em. long. Calyx globose, rugose, 3 to 4
mm. in diameter, the teeth 5, triangular-ovate, acute, 1 mm. long.
Corolla red, tubular-campanulate, glabrous, 14 mm. long, gradually
wider above. Stamens 10; filaments 6 to 7 mm. long, with few stiff
hairs below; anthers narrowly oblong, 5 to 6 mm. long, the terminal
tubes half the length of the anthers. Ovary glabrous; style glabrous,
15 mm. long.
Epiphytie or pseudoepiphytic in mossy ridge forests at 2,000 m. alt. (No.
5524).
Most closely related to Vaccini barand Vid., from northern Luzon, |
differing in its much broader, relatively shorter and differently shaped more
numerously veined leaves, shorter flowers and slightly setose-pilose filaments.
Named in honor of W. I. Hutchinson of the Philippine Forestry Bureau, my
companion in the ascent of Halcon. :
Vaccinium halconense Merrill n. sp.
Scandens, epiphyticum; foliis oblongo-elliptico-ovatis yel obovatis,
acutis vel breviter acuminatis, basi acutis, 6 ad 9 em. longis, coriaceis;
racemis axillaribus, rhachidibus pedicellis fructibusque ferrugineo-pi-
losis.
A scandent shrub or subarborescent, 5 to 10 m. high, epiphytic or
pseudoepiphytic. Branches reddish brown, glabrous, terete, the growing
tips slightly pubescent. Leaves coriaceous, oblong-elliptical-ovate or
somewhat obovate, 6 to 9 cm. long, 2 to 3.5 cm. wide, glandular-punctate
beneath and paler than above, slightly shining, the base acute, the apex —
acute or shortly acuminate; nerves about 3 on each side of the midrib,
mostly basal, ascending, not very distinct; petioles stout, 5 mm. long
or less, glabrous or slightly pubescent. Racemes axillary, 5 to 7 em.
long, the rachis, pedicels and fruits ferruginous-pilose but not densely
so; pedicels about 1 em. long. Fruits globose, about 8 mm. in diameter.
THH FLORA OF MOUNT HALCON. 295
On exposed ridges, epiphytic on Podocarpus, at 1,350 m. alt. (No. 5665) ;
also collected by Merritt in June, 1906, at 1,600 m. alt. (No. 4422).
A species distinguishable from all other Philippine representatives of the genus
known to me by its pilose racemes and fruits.
Vaccinium pyriforme Merrill n. sp.
Epiphyticum, glabrum, scandens; foliis elliptico-oblongis vel anguste
elliptico-obovatis, integris, obtusis, 1.5 ad 2 cm. longis, ad 5 mm. latis,
glabris, coriaceis; racemis axillaribus, paucifloribus, 1.4 cm. longis ;
fructibus pyriformibus.
A slender scandent epiphyte, glabrous throughout. Stems slender,
reddish brown, angular. Leaves elliptical-oblong or. narrowly elliptical-
obovate, the apex obtuse, the base acute, 1.5 to 2 em. long, about 5 mm.
wide, coriaceous, shining, pale when dry, entire, the nerves few, indis-
tinct; petioles 1 to 2 mm. long. Racemes axiliary, few flowered, 1.5
em. long, the rachis about 1 cm. long, the pedicels 5 mm. long. Flowers
unknown. Fruit pyriform, glabrous, about 4 mm. long, the apex sub-
truncate and somewhat pubescent inside the persistent obscure calyx teeth.
Epiphytic in forests at 1,600 m. alt. (No. 4424 Merritt) June, 1906. A
species characterized by its small entire leaves, axillary racemes and pyriform
fruit.
Vaccinium whitfordii Merrill n. sp.
Frutex glaber; foliis coriaceis, anguste obovatis vel elliptico-obovatis,
basi acutis, apice obtusis, obscure crenatis, usque ad 1 em. longis; flores
axillares, solitarii, rubri, ad 8 mm. longi; filamentis pilosis.
An erect shrub 0.7 to 3 m. high, terrestrial, or sometimes epiphytic,
nearly glabrous throughout. Branches slender, gray or brown, angular,
the younger ones somewhat puberulent. Leaves 1 cm. long or less,
narrowly obovate or elliptical-obovate, coriaceous, glabrous, the apex
obtuse, the base acute, the margins somewhat crenate especially above;
nerves obsolete or nearly so; petioles about 1 mm. long. Flowers axillary,
solitary, the pedicels slightly pubescent, 2 to 3 mm. long. Calyx 3.5
mm. long, the tube ovoid, the lobes spreading, narrowly ovate, glabrous,
1 mm. long. Corolla narrowly urceolate, red, glabrous, 7 to 8 mm. long,
4 mm. wide below, narrowed above and 2 mm. wide below the mouth,
the lobes 5, ovate reflexed, acute, 1 mm. long. Stamens 10; filaments
3 to 4 mm. long, thickened below, pilose; anthers oblong, 1.5 mm. long.
Style thick, 8 mm. long. Fruit subglobose, or ovoid, glabrous, 5. mm.
in diameter.
On open heatlis at 2,400 m. alt. (No. 5798), a shrub about 70 em. high. Also
found in the District of Lepanto, Luzon, at 1,500 m. alt. (No. 5741 Klemme)
November, 1906, a shrub up to 3 m. in height, and on Mount Silay, Negros
(No. 1534 Withford) May, 1906, epiphytic in the latter place.
A species characterized by its small crenate leaves and solitary axillary flowers.
Vaccinium sp. ee .
Epiphytie in the mossy forest at 1,800 m. alt. (6133). Sterile material, ap-
parently representing an undescribed species.
296 MERRILL.
MYRSINACEAD.
ARDISIA Swartz:
Ardisia elmeri Mez in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 273.
In forests at 1,800 m. alt. (No. 6138) ; also collected by Merritt in June, 1906,
"in forests 2,100 to 2,200 m. alt. (Nos. 4444, 4457).
Previously known only from northern Luzon.
Ardisia racemoso-panniculata Mez l. ¢. 271.
In forests at 450 m. alt. (No. 4334 Merritt), June, 1906.
Previously known only from Mount Apo, Mindanao. Merritt’s specimen is
not quite typical and is very fragmentary, but I consider it referable to this
species.
Ardisia saligna Mez in Engler’s Pflanzenreich 9 (1902) 143.
In forests at 300 m. alt. (No. 5567).
Previously known from Luzon and Polillo.
Ardisia boissieri A. DC.; Mez 1. c¢. 129. : :
In forests at 1,450 m. alt. (No. 5669) ; also collected by Merritt at about 1,000
m. alt. (Nos. 4371, 4855).
Endemic in the Philippines and frequently confused with A. humilis. The
specimens cited above are all with fruit and accordingly the identification must
be considered as somewhat doubtful. ;
Ardisia serrata (Cav.) Pers. Syn. 1. (1805) 233; Mez 1. ¢. 137.
In forests at 1,800 m. alt. (Nos. 5675, 5732, 6145) ; also collected by Merritt
in June, 1906, at 1,300 m. alt. (No. 4372).
Widely distributed in the Philippines.
Borneo.
Ardisia serrata (Cav.) Pers., var. brevipetiolata Merrill n. var.
Foliis breviter (3 mm.) petiolatis, basi anguste rotundato-cordatis.
In forests at 550 m. alt. (No. 4346 Merritt) June, 1906. The type is No. 4049
Merrill from the Baco River, near the base of Halcon, March, 1905. More
abundant and better material may prove this form to be worthy of specific rank.
Ardisia sp.?
An undershrub less than 1 m. high, in forests at 250 m. alt. (No.. 5743),
specimens in fruit only, and possibly not this genus.
LABISIA Lindl.
Labisia pumila (Blume) F.-Vill. Nov. App. (1883) 123; Mez in Engler’s |
Pilanzenreich 9 (1902) 171 (Benth. et Hook.”) var. genuina Mez 1. ec.
In forests at 450 m. alt. (No. 4335 Merritt) June, 1906. i
A monotypic genus extending from Cochin China and the Malayan Peninsula
to Java, Sumatra and Borneo, the variety genuina in Java, Penang, Singapore and
Cochin China, g
Reported from Luzon by F.-Villar, but not found in the Philippines by any
other botanists or collector until discovered by Merritt.
THE FLORA OF MOUNT HALCON. 297
: DISCOCALYX Mez.
Discocalyx sp.
In forests at 1,400 m. alt. (No. 5608), specimens with immature fruit only,
apparently undescribed.
Discocalyx sp.
In forests at 1,800 m. alt. (No. 5508).
RAPANEA Aubl.
Rapanea retusa Merrill n. sp.
Frutex glaber ad 3 m. alta; foliis oblongo-oblanceolatis, coriaceis,
apice retusis, basi cuneatis, 2 ad 5 cm. longis, subtus valde glandu-
loso-punctatis; flores 4-meri, 2 mm. longi, fasciculati; petalis ovatis,
acutis, punctatis usque ad } connatis.
An erect much branched shrub about 3 m. high, glabrous throughout.
Branches brown or gray, the younger ones glandular-punctate. Leaves
oblong-oblanceolate, to narrowly elliptical-oblanceolate, 2 to 5 em. long,
0.5 to 1.5 em. wide, coriaceous, shining above, both surfaces glandular-
punctate, the lower one more prominently so, margins entire, the apex
retuse, the base cuneate; petioles 3 to 8 mm. long; nerves and reticula-
tions obscure. Flowers fasciculate in the leaf-axils, usually about 5 in a
fascicle, the pedicels glabrous, glandular-punctate, 3 to 4 mm. long.
Calyx lobes 4, ovate, acute, nearly 1 mm. long, glandular-punctate.
Corolla 2 mm. long, the lobes 4, narrowly-ovate, acute, glandular-
punctate, united for the lower }. Anthers suborbicular-ovate, about
1.2 mm. long. Fruit globose, about 3 mm. in diameter, slightly glan-
dular-punctate or nearly epunctate, crowned by the style which is
apparently sessile and coarsely lobed.
In open heaths at 2,400 m. alt. (Nos. 5734, 5735); both specimens in fruit;
also collected by Merritt in July, 1906, at from 1,600 to 2,200 m. alt. (Nos. 4426,
4449), both specimens with staminate flowers.
Apparently a distinct species, characterized by its 4-merous flowers, and oblong-
oblanceolate, retuse, glabrous, glandular-punctate leaves, but in the absence of
pistillate flowers I am not sure of its affinity, but it appears to belong in the
group with Rapanea myrtillina, M. platystigma, etc., this group being developed in
New Zealand, Australia, etc., with a single species extending as far north as New
Guinea.
EMBELIA Burm.
Embelia halconensis Merrill n. sp. (§ Pattara?)
Frutex vel arbor erecta, glabra; foliis oblongo-ovatis, integris, 5 ad
7 em. longis; racemis axillaribus, solitariis, 3 ad 4 cm. longis, basi
squamis imbricatis destitutis ; flores 5 et 6-meri, petalis basi breviter
connatis; filamentis quam petalis brevioribus.
-A shrub or tree glabrous throughout, reaching a height of 10 m.
Branches dark gray, slender, lenticellate. Leaves oblong-ovate, entire,
298 MERRILL.
the apex broadly rather obscurely acuminate, the base acute, 5 to 7 cm.
long, 1.5 to 3 em. wide, coriaceous, somewhat shining, glandular-punctate
beneath; nerves 5 to 6 on each side of the midrib, obscure; petioles 6
to 8 mm. long. Racemes axillary, solitary, the basal bracts wanting,
3 to 4 em. long, few flowered, the pedicels 4 to 5 mm. long, each
subtended by small basal bract, the flowers white. Sepals 6, rarely 5,
ovate, acute, about 1 mm. long. Petals 6, rarely 5, symmetrical oblong-
ovate, obtuse, 2 to 2.5 mm. long, epunctate, united for the lower 0.5 mm.
Filaments 1 mm. long; anthers broadly ovoid, 0.5 mm. long. Ovary
rudimentary in staminate flowers, ovoid, glabrous.
In ridge-forests at 1,800 m. alt. (No. 5771).
Rather an anomalous species for this genus because of its usually 6-merous
flowers and with its petals manifestly united below. Careful dissection of many
flowers shows them to be mostly 6-merous, but sometimes 5-merous on the same
branches and even in the same racemes.
PRIMULACEZE.
LYSIMACHIA (Tourn.) Linn.
Lysimachia ramosa Wall. Cat. (1828) n. 1490; Knuth in Engler’s Pflanz-
enreich. 22 (1905) 271.
In forests at 2,000 m. alt. (No. 4443 Merritt) June, 1906.
Previously known in the Philippines only from the mountains of northern
Luzon.
Himalayan region to Java and the northern Philippines.
SAPOTACE AS.
PALAQUIUM Blanco,
Palaquium sp. aff. P. luzoniensi. Vid.
In forests along the Alag River at 100 m. alt. (No. 5767).
Previously known only from Luzon and Mindoro.
Palaquium sp. aff. P. luzoniensi Vid. ,
In forests at 1,100 m. alt., fragmentary imperfect material from fallen branches
of a large tree. :
SYMPLOCACEZS.
SYMPLOCOS Linn.
Symplocos adenophylla Wall. Cat. (1828) No. 4427; Brand in Engl. Pflanz-
enreich 6 (1901) 48.
In exposed ridge-thickets at 2,450 m. alt. (No. 5752) ; also collected by Merritt
in June, 1906, at from 1,500 to 2,200 m. alt. (Nos. 4406, 4428, 4440, 4447).
Specimens of the above were sent to Dr. A. Brand, who has identified them as
above. No specimens with mature flowers were collected, only with immature
buds and mature fruits, the fruit being slightly longer than in the type specimens.
The species is new to the Philippines.
Penang, Singapore, Banca and North Borneo.
THE FLORA OF MOUNT HALCON. 299
APOCYNACEZE.
ALYXIA R. Br.
Alyxia monilifera Vid. Rev. Pl. Vasc. Filip. (1886) 182.
In ridge thickets at 2,500 m. alt. (No. 5713).
Previously known only from Mount Mariveles and Mount Banajao, Luzon.
ASCLEPIADACES.
Seven species of Dischidia and Hoya are represented in the material collected
by the author on Haleon, but as much of our material of these genera is at
present in the hands of Dr. Schlechter for identification, no attempt is here made
to determine the species.
VERBENACEZS.
CALLICARPA Linn.
Callicarpa caudata Maxim. in Bull. Acad. Pétersb. 31 (1887) 76.
In forests at 800 m. alt. (No. 5556).
On the higher mountains from northern Luzon to southern Mindanao. En-
demic.
The Halcon specimen has pure white fruits, while specimens from northern
Luzon have purple fruits.
CLERODENDRON Linn.
Clerodendron sp.
In forests at 1,800 m. alt. (No. 5516).
Apparently an undescribed species, but without flowers, the persistent calyx
and bracts purplish. The same species is represented by No. 5713 Klemme from
Balbalasan, District of Lepanto, Luzon, alt. 1,600 m., also without flowers.
LABIAT As.
SCUTELLARIA Linn.
Scutellaria luzonica Rolfe in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 21 (1884) 315.
On ledges along the Binabay River at 200 m. alt. (No. 5640), a form with
much larger Jeaves than the type.
Luzon and Formosa,
GOMPHOSTEMMA Wall.
Gomphostemma philippinarum Benth. in DC. Prodr. 12 (1848) 551.
In old clearings at 900 m. alt. (No. 5581).
Throughout the Philippines at higher altitudes. Endemic.
SOLANACEZ.
SOLANUM Linn.
Solanum parasiticum Blume Bijdr. (1826) 697; Prain ex King in Journ. As.
Soc. Beng. 747 (1905) 330.
Epiphytic in forests at 100 m, alt. (No. 6157).
This is the form that has been reported from the naa 9 es as Solanum blumei
Nees (873 Cuming), but judging from the descriptions it is nearer 8. parasiticum
Bl. I refer here the following specimens: PHILIPPINES (837 Cuming). MIN-
DANAO, Davao (329 Copeland) ; Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley (428 Clemens).
Malayan Peninsula, Java and Sumatra.
5718304
rd
300 MERRILL.
Solanum nigrum Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) 329.
In old clearings at 900 m. alt. (No. 5571).
Widely distributed in the Philippines; a weed.
Tropical and temperate regions generally.
SCROPHULARIACEA. .
VANDELLIA Linn.
Vandellia grandiflora Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 237.
In forests at 1,500 m. alt. (No. 4401 Merritt) June, 1906.
Previously known only from the highlands of northern Luzon.
TORENIA Linn.
Torenia polygonoides Benth. Scroph. Ind. (1835) 39.
In an old clearing at 1,050 m. alt. (No. 5495).
Widely distributed in the Philippines but nowhere abundant.
British India to the Malayan Peninsula and Borneo.
GESNERIACE23.
TRICHOSPORUM Don.
Trichosporum philippinense (Clarke) O. Ktz. Rey. Gen. Pl. (1891) 478.
In forests at 1,300 m. alt. (No. 6141), ascending to 2,200 m.; also collected
by Merritt in June, 1906, at 1,300 m. alt. (No, 4379).
» Previously knowa only from Luzon.
Trichosporum rubrum Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 227.
In forests at 1,400 m. alt. (No. 5769) ; also collected by Merritt in June, 1906,
at 2,200 m. alt. (No. 4450). :
Previously known only from northern Luzon, with a closely related if not
identical form from Canlaon Volcano, Negros.
DICHROTRICHUM Reinw.
Dichrotrichum chorisepalum Clarke in DC. Monog. Phan. 5 (1883) 53.
In forests at 1,800 m. alt. (No. 6142).
Previously known from the mountains of Luzon, Negros and Mindanao.
CYRTANDRA Forst.
Cyrtandra cumingii Clarke in DC. Monog. Phan. 5 (1883) 263.
In forests at 1,500 m. alt. (No. 5578).
Widely distributed in the Philippines. Endemic.
Cyrtandra parvifolia Merrill n. sp.
Ramis gracilibus, glabris, junioribus plus minus ferrugineo-hirsutis ;
foliis oppositis, lanceolatis vel oblongo-lanceolatis, basi acutis, plus minus
repando-crenatis vel subintegris, 2 ad 4.5 em. longis; pedicellis axil-
laribus, solitariis, elongatis, medio bibracteolatis bracteolis minutis ;
calyce persistente; corolla circa 1.5 em. longa.
A slender shrub 1 to 3 m. high. Branches light gray or brownish,
glabrous, slender, terete, the younger ones more or less ferruginous-
hirsute, Leaves opposite, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 2 to 4.5 cm.
THE FLORA OF MOUNT HALCON. 301
long, 0.5 to 1.5 em. wide, the base inequilateral, acute, the apex acute or
somewhat acuminate, the tip blunt, the margins slightly repand-crenate
or subentire, submembranous, glabrous above, paler and somewhat ferru-
ginous-hirsute on the midrib beneath or quite glabrous; nerves 4 to 5
on each side of the midrib; petioles 1 em. long or less, ferruginous-
hirsute. Flowers axillary, solitary, long-pedicelled, about 1.5 cm. long,
the pedicels sparingly hirsute, 1 to 2 em. long, slender, bibracteolate at
about the middle, the bracts narrow, 2 mm. long or less. Calyx glabrous
or nearly so, the tube broad, about 3 mm. long, the teeth about 4 mm.
long, broadened at the base, narrowed abruptly and linear-lanceolate
above, persistent and slightly accrescent in fruit. Corolla about 1.5 cm.
long, glabrous, the lobes narrowly-ovate, obtuse, 5 to 6 mm. long.
‘Samens 2; anthers broad, about 1.2 mm. long. Style slightly hirsute.
Fruits ovoid, fleshy, dark purple, glabrous, about 5 mm. long. :
In forests at 1,800 m. alt. (Nos. 5718, 5777). The same species, but with
shorter petioles and somewhat narrower leaves has been collected on Mount Ma-
lindang, Mindanao, at an altitude of 1,700 m. (No. 4753 Mearns and Hutchinson)
May, 1906. A sterile specimen from Canlaon Voleano, Negros, collected by Banks
in March, 1902, with more strongly sinuate leaves is probably referable here.
Cyrtandra sp.
In forests at 900 m. alt. (No. 4350 Merritt) June, 1906.
A characteristic, apparently undescribed species, with very long petioles, but
the material rather imperfect.
Cyrtandra sp.
In forests at 1,400 m. alt. (No. 5770), an undershrub 1 to 1.5 m. high.
LENTIBULARIACE.
: UTRICULARIA Linn.
Utricularia orbiculata Wall. Cat. (1828) No. 1500.
On seepy slopes, open heath at 2,400 m. alt. (No. 6168) ; flowers, pale pene.
Not previously reported from the Philippines.
Southeastern Asia, through the Malayan Peninsula to Mount Kinabalu, North
Borneo.
Utricularia sp.
On rocks along the Alag River at 150 m, alt. (No, 5547). Possibly referable
to the preceding, but the material very imperfect.
ACANTHACEZE.
JUSTICIA Linn.
Justicia luzonensis C. B. Clarke in Govt. Lab. Publ. 35 (1905) 91.
In damp shaded ravines along the Alag River at 150 m. alt. (No. 5622).
Previously collected on the Baco River, near the base of Mount Halcon by Merrill
(No. 1778), April, 1903, and by McGregor (No. 156) March, 1905.
Known only from Luzon and Mindoro.
302 MERRILL.
ERANTHEMUM Linn.
Eranthemum curtatum C. B. Clarke in Govt. Lab, Publ. 35 (1905) 89.
In thickets near the Alag River at 100 m. alt. (No. 6153). Previously collected
on the Baco River, near the base of Mount Halcon by Merrill (No. 1779) April,
1903, and by Mc@regor (No. 144) March, 1905.
Known only from Luzon, Mindoro and Ticao.
STROBILANTHES Blume.
Strobilanthes halconensis Merrill n. sp.
Subglabrus; foliis oppositis, inaequalibus, usque ad 19 cm. longis, 8
em. latis, longe subcaudato-acuminatis; spicis 5 ad 8 cm. longis; bracteis
aculeatis, 5 mm. longis, in paribus distantibus; corolla 2 cm. longa;
filamentis pilis longis ornatis.
_ Erect or ascending, much branched, glabrous except the somewhat
aculeate bracts and sepals, 1 to 2 m. high. Leaves opposite, unequal,
5 to-19 cm. long, 1.5 to 8 cm. wide, ovate-lanceolate, the apex rather
slenderly subcaudate-acuminate, the base acute, the margins subentire or
obscurely crenate-dentate; nerves about 6 on each side of the midrib;
petioles 2 cm. long or less. Spikes many, axillary, solitary, 5 to 8 em.
long; bracts in pairs, rather distant, ovate, obtuse, 5 mm. long, aculeate-
hispid. Calyx segments 5 mm. long, oblong, obtuse, aculeate at the
apices. Corolla white, 2 cm. long; stamens 4; filaments clothed with
stout, brittle, jointed hairs.
In thickets bordering the forest at an altitude of 900 m. (No. 5586). Also
collected by Merritt (No. 4370), at 920 m. alt. in June, 1906.
Perhaps as closely related to Strobilanthes merrillii Clarke, as to any other
Philippine species, but distinct.
STAUROGYNE Wall.
Staurogyne debilis (Andres) C. B. Clarke in herb. Hbermaiera debilis Andres
in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 9 (1867) 452, in nota; Vidal Rey. Pl. Vase. Filip.
(1886) 203.. Ebermaiera elongata Nees in DIC, Prodr. 11 (1847) 721 var. B only.
Erythracanthus elongatus Nees 1. ¢. 78, var. B only.
On ledges along the Binabay River at 200 m. alt. (No. 5554).
Luzon, Negros and Mindanao.
RUBIACES.
HEDYOTIS Linn.
Hedyotis hispida Retz. Obs. 4 (1779-91) 23.
In an old clearing at 100 m. alt. (No. 5694).
Previously recorded from the Philippines only by F.-Villar, Noy. App.* (1883)
107, also represented in our herbarium by specimens from Rizal Province, Luzon,
1108 Ramos ; 3312 Ahern’s collector. |
British India to southern China, the Malayan peninsula and archipelago.
Hedyotis elmeri Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sei. 1 (1906) Suppl: 127.
No, 4381 Merritt, June, 1906, altitude not given.
Endemic in the Philippines.
THE FLORA OF MOUNT HALCON. 303
Hedyotis congesta R. Br. in Wall. Cat. No. 844.
In an old clearing at 700 m. alt. (No, 5531).
Widely distributed in the Philippines.
Malayan peninsula and archipelago.
Hedyotis eucapitata Merrill n. sp.
Frutex vel suffrutex 0.6 ad 1.4 m. altus, ramis ramulisque gracilibus
aut crassiusculis, puberulis, foliis oblongo-ovatis vel lanceolato-ovatis,
acutis vel acuminatis, 3 ad 7 cm. longis, pubescentibus, nervis 3 ad 5
utrinque, stipulis liberis, 4 ad 5 mm. longis, fimbriatis, pubescentibus ;
inflorescentiae axillares, pedunculo 2 ad 4 cm. longo, puberulo; floribus
capitato-congestis, bracteis foliaceis plus minusve involucratis.
Suffrutescent or woody, erect, much branched, 0.6 to 1.4 m. high.
Branches slender or somewhat thickened, brown, pubescent, becoming
glabrous. Leaves membranous, oblong-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 3 to
7 em. long, 1 to 2.5 em. wide, the apex acute or sharp-acuminate, the
base acute, both surfaces pubescent with weak scattered hairs, dull;
nerves 3 to 5 on each side of the midrib, ascending, distinct; petioles
pubescent, 0.5 to 1.5 em. long; stipules pubescent, laciniate, the laciniw
setiform, pubescent, 4 to Y mm. long. Inflorescence axillary, the pedun-
cles pubescent, 2 to 4 em. long, slender, each bearing a single terminal
head of sessile flowers, 1 cm. in diameter or less, the bracts foliaceous,
forming an involucre, the bracts and flowers more or less hispid-pubescent,
the pedicels 1 mm. long or less. Calyx tube about 1 mm. long, the lobes
4, linear or linear-lanceolate, 2.5 mm. long, the mature capsule 2. to
2.5 mm. long.
In forests at 1,800 m. alt. (No. 5726); also collected by Merritt at 1,600 m.
alt. (Nos. 4417, 4430).
A species evidently closely related to Hedyotis macrostegia Stapf, from Mount
Kinabalu, North Borneo, differing from that species in its pubescent, fewer nerved
leaves, much shorter stipules, and other characters. It is distinguished from all
other Philippine species of the genus by its long peduncled capitate solitary
axillary inflorescence.
Hedyotis whiteheadii Merrill n. sp.
Frutex 2 ad 2.6 m. altus, ramis ramulisque crassiusculis tetragonis,
glabris, foliis rigide coriaceis, ovatis, acutis, glabris, nitidis, 1.5 ad 3 em.
longis, basi late rotundatis aut subtruncatis ; inflorescentiae axillares,
pauciflorae, cymosae ; corolla alba, 6 mm. longa.
An erect branched shrub glabrous throughout, 2 to 2.6 m. high.
Branches stout, tetragonous, green or brown, smooth. Leaves ovate,
usually broadly so, 1.5 to 3 cm. long, 1 to 1.8 em. wide, the base broad,
rounded or subtruncate, gradually narrowed above to the acute apex,
rigid coriaceous, shining, the margins often recurved; nerves 3 to 4 on
each side of the midrib, not prominent; petioles stout, 2 mm. long or
less ; stipules 3 to 4 mm. long, usually trifid. Inflorescence axillary, few
flowered, cymose, the pedungles 1.5 em. long or less, the branches few,
304 MERRILL.
the bracts and bracteoles foliaceous, the former oblong-ovate, 0.8 mm.
long, the latter oblong, about 3 mm. long; pedicels 2 mm. long. Calyx
tube ovoid, 2 mm. long, the lobes 4, narrowly oblong, blunt, 1.5 mm. long.
Corolla 6 mm. long, the tube broadenéd above, 3 mm. long, the lobes
somewhat ciliate on the margins, 3 mm. long, oblong. Filaments 1.5 mm.
long; anthers 1.4 mm. long. Style included 2 mm. long.
In dense thickets on exposed ridges at 2,500 m. alt. (No. 5783).
Named in honor of John Whitehead who first attempted to ascend Haleon.
Hedyotis montana Merrill n. sp.
Frutex 1 m. altus, ramis ramulisque teretis vel obscure tetragonis,
dense puberulis, foliis rigide coriaceis, oblongo-ovatis, acuminatis, gla-
bris, nitidis, 3 ad 4 em. longis, dense confertis, basi acutis ; inflorescentiae
axillares et terminales, pauciflorae, cymosae; corolla purpurea, 11 mm.
longa.
An undershrub about 1m. high. Branches stout, terete or obscurely te-
tragonous, brown, rather densely puberulous. Leaves oblong-ovate, rigid,
coriaceous, shining, 3 to 4 cm. long, 1.5 cm. wide or less, the margins
recurved, the apex rather prominently acuminate, the base acute; nerves
3 to 4 on each side of the midrib, prominent beneath, ascending ; petioles
1.5 to 3 mm. long; stipules short, trifid. Cymes axillary and terminal,
all borne near the apices of the branchlets appearing like an interrupted
terminal inflorescence, the peduncles puberulent, 1 cm. long or less, each
bearing about 6 congested flowers, the bracts foliaceous, narrowly ovate.
4 mm. long, the bracteoles smaller; pedicels 0.5 to 1.5 mm. long. Calyx
tube ovoid, 1.5 mm. long, the lobes 4, narrowly oblong, blunt, 2 mm. long.
Corolla purple, 11 mm. long, the tube about 8 mm. long, the lobes 3 to
4 mm. long, narrowly oblong, blunt, slightly ciliate on the margins. Fila-
ments 0.5 mm. long; anthers 2 mm. long. Style slightly exserted, 9 mm.
long.
On an open heath at 2,400 m. alt. (No. 5782).
Closely related to the preceding species, differing in its puberulent branches,
longer narrower leaves which are acuminate at the apex and acute at the base
and with prominent nerves, and much larger purple flowers. -
OPHIORRHIZA Linn.
Ophiorrhiza venosa Merrill n. sp. 3
Herba vel suffruticosa, simplex vel pauciramosa, usque ad 60 cm. alta,
foliis longe petiolatis, membranaceis, oblongo-ellipticis, basi et -apice
acuminatis, glabris, nervis 15 ad 20 utrinque, prominentibus, petiolo 3
ad 5 em. longo; stipulis acuminato-lanceolatis, 3 mm. longis; cymae
terminales, ferrugineo-puberulae.
An erect herbaceous or suffrutescent plant, simple or slightly branched,
about 60 cm. high, glabrous except the inflorescence. Stems stout.
Leaves oblong-elliptical, 13 to 20 em. long, 4.5 to 7 cm. wide, membranous,
.
ss
THE FLORA OF MOUNT HALCON. 305
green above, pale beneath, somewhat shining, glabrous throughout, base
and apex acuminate; nerves 15 to 20 on both sides of the midrib, very
prominent and brownish beneath, spreading, anastomosing near the
margins ; petiole 3 to 5 em. long, the lamina somewhat decurrent-acumin-
ate; stipules lanceolate-acuminate, about 3 mm. long. Cymes terminal,
ferruginous puberulent, the peduncle 4 to 5 cm. long, the branches 4 em.
long or shorter. Calyx 2.5 to 3 mm. long, the teeth 5, short, acute.
Corolla white, 8 mm. long, the tube cylindrical, slightly inflated below,
6 mm. long, the lobes 5, elliptical-oblong, obtuse, 2 mm. long.
In humid forests at 150 m. alt. (No. 5628).
A species characterized by its glabrous, long petioled ree, the nerves sub-
parallel, very numerous and prominent.
Ophiorrhiza oblongifolia DC. Prodr. 4 (1830) 415. -
In forests at 1,200 m. alt. (No. 5496), small leaved form; at about the same
altitude (No, 4385 Merritt) June, 1906, a large leaved form.
Widely distributed in the Philippines. Endemic.
ARGOSTEMMA Wall.
Argostemma solaniflorum Elmer Leaflets Philip. Bot. 1 (1906) 2.
In forests at 1,350 m. alt. (Nos. 6105, 6186) ; also collected by Merritt (Nos.
4470, 4390). j
Previously known only from northern Luzon.
UNCARIA Schreb.
Uncaria philippinensis Elmer Leaflets Philip. Bot. (1906) 38.
In thickets at 700 m. alt. (No. 5530).
Previously known from Luzon and Mindoro.
NAUCLEA Linn.
Nauclea sp.
In forests at 450 m. alt. (4337 Merritt) June, 1906. Undeterminable, the
material being very fragmentary and in poor condition.
MUSSAENDA Linn.
Mussaenda anisophylla Vidal Phanerog. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 178.
In thickets at 250 m. alt. (No. 4330 Merritt) June, 1906.
‘Apparently widely distributed in the Philippines. Endemic.
UROPHYLLUM Wall.
Urophyllum glabrum Jack ex Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, 2: 186.
In forests at 300 m. alt. (No. 5603).
From Burma through the Malayan Peninsula to the Malayan Archipelago.
Urophyllum bataanense Elmer Leaflets Philip. Bot. (1906) 40; Merr. in
Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 129.
In forests at 1,500 m. alt. (Nos. 6144, 6179) ; also collected by Merritt as low
as 450 m. alt. (Nos. 4318, 4339, 4389).
Previously known only from Luzon.
306 MERRILL.
Urophyllum sp.
In forests at 400 m. alt. (No. 5580). Material imperfect, mature fruits only.
Urophylium sp.?
In forests at 900 m. alt. (No. 5573). A form represented in our herbarium
by several specimens from Mindanao, but unfortunately no flowers are available.
RANDIA Houst.
Randia sp.?
In forests at 1,800 m. alt. (No. 5522). Specimens with immature fruits.
IXORA Linn. +
Ixora sp. 2
In forests at 550 m. alt. (No. 5569). A very characteristic species with pure
white fruits and setiform much elongated stipules, apparently undescribed, but
the specimens are without flowers.
PSYCHOTRIA Linn.
Psychotria sarmentosa Blume Bijdr. (1826) 964.
Mount Halcon, without data (No. 5683).
Previously known in the Philippines from Luzon.
British India to Malaya.
Psychotria tacpo (Blanco) Rolfe in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 21 (1884) 312.
Without data (No. 6150). :
Widely distributed in the Philippines. Endemic.
Psychotria diffusa Merrill in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 134.
In forests, 900 to 1,800 m. alt. (Nos. 6176, 6170); also No. 4435 Merritt,
June, 1906, alt. 1,700 m. ‘
Previously known only from Luzon.
In addition to the above species of the genus, no less that six others are
represented by the following numbers, from Halcon, all of them differing from
the material at present in our herbarium. Unfortunately all the specimens are
with fruit only, and accordingly no attempt is here made to describe them. Nos.
4324, 4349, 4365, 4396, 4456 Merritt; Nos. 6131, 6159, 5576 Merrill, :
LASIANTHUS Jack.
Lasianthus copelandi Elmer Leaflets Philip. Bot. (1906) 10.
In forests at 300 m. alt. (No. 5778).
Previously known only from Negros, a species very closely related to L.
appressus Hook. f., of the Malayan Peninsula.
Lasianthus ‘obliquinervis Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 136.
In forests at 1,400 m. alt. (No. 6189).
Previously known from Luzon and Negros.
Lasianthus tashiroi Matsum. in Tokyo Bot. Mag. 15: 37.
In forests at 1,400 m. alt. (Nos. 5739, 5776). :
I have based the identification of the above numbers largely on a Formosan
specimen, No. 1301 Kawakami, so determined by Hayata,
Formosa,
THE FLORA OF MOUNT HALCON. 307
HYDNOPHYTUM Jack. >
Hydnophytum formicarium Jack in Trans. Linn. Soc. 14 (1823) 124.
Epiphytic, in forests along the Alag River below 100 m. alt. (No. 6182).
Malayan Peninsula, Cochin China, Sumatra and Borneo.
Hydnophytum nitidum Merrill n. sp.
Tuber diametro ad 25 em.; cuales ramique lignescentes teretes vel
ramuli juniores leviter compressi, foliis oblongo-ellipticis, coriaceis,
nitidis, obtiusis, 3 ad 6 cm. longis, subsessilibus; flores breviter tubu-
losi, sessiles, ad articulationes fasciculati; corolla 3.5 mm. longa.
Tuber about 25 cm. in diameter, glabrous; the stems glabrous, brown
or gray, terete, the younger branchlets reddish-brown and slightly com-
pressed, 60 to 80 cm. long, branched. Leaves oblong-elliptical, 3 to 6
em. long, 1 to 2.5 em. wide, coriaceous, glabrous, the upper surface
shining, the lower dull, margins slightly recurved, the apex rounded,
the base subacute or rounded, the midrib prominent, the lateral nerves
three or four on each side of the midrib, obscure or nearly obsolete;
petiole very short or wanting. Flowers fasciculate, sessile at the nodes,
few, white. Calyx truncate, glabrous. Corolla 3.5 mm. long, the tube
cylindrical 2 mm. long, barbulate with tufts or hairs at the throat between
the insertion of the stamens, the lobes 4, narrowly ovate, acute, 1.5 mm.
long. Stamens 4, filaments wanting; anthers 0.8 mm. long. Style 3
mm. long, slightly cleft at the apex.
Epiphytic in the mossy forest at 1,400 m. alt. (No. 6181) ; also collected by
Merritt at an altitude of about 800 m. (No. 4358).
A species characterized by its coriaceous shining elliptical-oblong leaves and
small flowers, apparently belonging in the group with H. formicarwm Jack, fol-
lowing Beccari’s classification.*
NERTERA Banks & Soland.
Nertera depressa Banks & Soland. ex Gaertn. Fruct. 1 (1788) 124 1, 26.
On bowlders along shaded streams at 700 m. alt. (No. 5614); also collected
. by Merritt on exposed ridges at 2,250 m. alt. (No. 4459).
On many of the higher mountains of the Philippines.
Widely distributed in Malaya, Australia and South America.
CAPRIFOLIACE 8,
SAMBUCUS Linn.
- Sambucus javanica Reinw. ex Blume Bijdr. (1826) 657.
In old clearings at 900 m. alt. (No. 5572).
Widely distributed in the Philippines.
British India to Japan and Malaya.
1% Malesia 2 (1884-85), 123-175.
308 MERRILL.
4
CAMPANULACEZ.
PENTAPHRAGMA Wall.
Pentaphragma philippinensis Merril n. sp.
Foliis amplis, membranaceis ovatis vel oblongo-ovatis, acuminatis,
basi acutis inaequilateralibus, 20 ad 30 cm. longis, 10 ad 22 cm. latis,
supra glabris, subtus plus minus tomentellis; floribus ad.4 em. longis
5-meris; calycis lobis ovatis, 1.5 ad 2 cm. longis, tubo 5-angulato.
- An erect unbranched suffrutescent herb 1 m. high or less, the stems
thick, glabrous or nearly so, yellowish when dry. Leaves ovate or oblong-
ovate, membranous, 20 to 30 cm. long, 10 to 22 cm. wide, glabrous
above, beneath paler and somewhat tomentose, the margins rather finely
crenate-dentate, the apex acuminate, base inequilateral, acute; nerves 5
to 6 on each side of the midrib, prominent, ascending, the reticulations
lax; petioles 5 to 10 cm. long. Racemes axillary, few or many flowered,
not unilateral, the peduncles short, the bracts membranous about 2 em.
long. Flowers white or greenish white when fresh, yellowish when dry,
5-merous, the pedicels 2 to 3.5 em. long. Calyx tube 1.5 to 2 em. long,
oblong, narrowed below, 5-angled, glabrous, the lobes 5, ovate, acute,
two nearly 2 em. long and 1.3 em. wide, three 1.5 em. long and 0.7
mm. wide. Corolla lobes 5, glabrous, equal, oblong-ovate, acute, about
1 em. long, 0.5 em. wide, the tube short. Stamens 5, filaments 2 mm.
long, the anthers about the same length. Ovary 5-celled, ovules very
numerous; style 5 to 6 mm. long; stigma oblong-oyoid, 5-ridged.
In forests along the Alag River at 100 m. alt. (No. 6136), ascending to 1,500
m. alt.; also collected by Merritt, in June, 1906 (No. 4333). In addition to the
above specimen, the following are referable here, all from Mindanao: Province of
Misamis, Mount Malindang (4702 Mearns & Hutchinson) May, 1906; Province
_ of Surigao (354 Bolster) May, 1906; Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley (229 Mrs.
Clemens) February, 1906.
Apparently most closely related to P. macrophylla Oliv., from New Guinea,
differing from that species, as described in its smaller leaves, longer bracts and 5-
angled, not terete, calyx tube.
The genus is new to the Philippines, the known species being P. begoniae-
folium Wall., from Burma and the Malayan Peninsula, P. scortechinii King &
Gamb., and P. ridleyi King & Gamb., from the Malayan Peninsula and Singapore,
Fs dieandinas Stapf, from Mount Kinabalu, North Borneo, P. sical tat Oliv.,
from New Guinea and P. grandiflorum Kurz from the Moluccas.
COMPOSITE.
MIKANIA Willd.
Mikania scandens (Linn.) Willd. Sp. Pl. 3 (1800) 1743. Willugbaeya
scandens O. Kunze.
In thickets at 100 m. alt. (No. 5699).
Throughout the Philippines.
Cosmopolitan in the Tropics.
_ sai eee
Seer” dad Apa eee oe
THE FLORA OF MOUNT HALCON. 309
PLUCHEA Cass.
Pluchea scabrida DC. Prodr. 5 (1836) 453.
Jn an old clearing at 300 m. alt. (No. 5565).
Luzon to Mindanao. Endemic in the Philippines.
DICHROCEPHALA DC.
Dichrocephala latifolia DC. Prodr. 5 (1836) 372.
In an old clearing at 300 m. alt. (No. 5584).
Previously known in the Philippines only from Luzon,
Tropical Africa, to China and Japan,
LAGENOPHORA (Cass.
Lagenophora billardieri Cass. Dict. Sc. Nat. 25 (1826) 111.
In forests at 2,000 m. alt. (No. 4442 Merritt) June, 1906.
Previously known in the Philippines only from the mountains of northern
~ and central Luzon. :
British India to Japan, Malaya and northern Australia.
SENECIO Linn.
Senecio mindoroensis Elm. Leaflets Philip. Bot. 1 (1906) 155.
In an old clearing at 300 m. alt. (No. 5570); also collected by Merritt (No.
4402) in June, 1906, at 1,500 m. alt., the latter specimens not typical.
Luzon to Mindanao. Endemic in the Philippines.
BIDENS Linn.
Bidens pilosa Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2 (1763) 832.
In an old clearing at 300 m. alt. (No. 5566).
Widely distributed in the Philippines. -
Temperate and tropical regions of the World.
AINSLIAEA DC.
Ainsliaea reflexa Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 242.
In mossy ridge forests at 2,400 m. alt. (No. 5781).
Previously known only from the mountains of Luzon.
LACTUCA Linn.
Lactuca thunbergiana (A. Gray) Maxim. in Bull. Acad. Pétersb. 19 (1874)
530.
. In crevices of bowlders and ledges along the Alag River 100 to 300 m, alt. (No.
6143). .
From northern Luzon to southern Mindanao, but usually at much greater
altitudes.
Japan, southern China and Formosa.
CREPIS Linn.
Grepis japonica (DC.) Benth, Fl. Hongk. (1861) 194.
In an old clearing at 300 m. alt. (No. 5583).
Japan, southern China and India through Malaya to northern Australia.
Widely distributed in the Philippines.
ORCHIDACEAZ HALCONENSES: AN ENUMERATION OF. THE
ORCHIDS COLLECTED ON OR NEAR MOUNT HALCON,
MINDORO, CHIEFLY BY ELMER D. MERRILL.
By Oakes Ames, A. M., F. LS.
Most of the orchirds enumerated in this paper were collected by Elmer
D. Merrill in Mindoro at high altitudes on Mount Halcon. In addition,
those species have been included here which were found near Mount
Halcon during April and May, 1905, by R. C. McGregor, and in June,
1906, by M. L. Merritt. Among the species are many known to come
from Java, Sumatra and Borneo; and, aside from the new ones, which
constitute about half of the orchids in this paper, there are several
interesting additions to the Philippine flora.
I have adopted the sequence of genera proposed by Pfitzer in Engler
& Prantl’s “Die natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien” and have arranged the
species alphabetically under their respective genera. The notes relative
to the geographical distribution of species that occur outside of the Phil-
ippine Islands have been made from lists and floras; therefore they are
not definitive, as closely allied species are not infrequently confused by
authors, and their ranges consequently exaggerated.
The types of the new species herein described are in the herbarium of
the Bureau of Science at Manila. Usually cotypes are to be found in
my own herbarium.
NEUWIEDIA BI.
N. veratrifolia Bl. in Hoev. & De Vriese, Tijdschr. 1: 142 (1834).
Terrestrial, ridge forest, at 2,300 ft. alt. on Mount Halcon, flowers yellow,
Noy. 8, 1906, Merrill (No. 5681).
APOSTASIA BI.
Apostasia Wallichii R. Br. Wall. Cat. 4448 (1828). ,
Terrestrial in ridge forest at 3,000 ft. alt. on Mount Halcon, flowers yellowish
(old), probably white when young, Nov. 10, 1906, Merrill (No. 5521). Terrestrial
in humid forest on ridge at about 1,000 ft. alt. on Mount Halcon, flowers odorless,
"yellowish white, Nov. 2, 1906, Merrill (No. 5639). :
Nepal, Assam, Khasia, Perak, Ceylon, Penang, Sumatra, Borneo, Java, New
Guinea. Doubtfully ascribed to Luzon, P. IL.
311
ag oe AMES.
HABENARIA Willd.
Habenaria (§ Seticaudae) alagensis Ames sp. nov.
Plants about 6 dm. high, leafy at the base. Leaves oblong-lanceolate,
acuminate, acute, about 2 dm. long, about 3 em. wide. Floral bracts
lanceolate, acuminate, very acute, 1.5-2 em. long, shorter than the ovary.
Ovary 3 cm. long, narrowed above into an elongated, slender neck.
Flowers greenish, odorless, in an elongated loose raceme. Lateral sepals
somewhat elliptical, deflexed, 1 cm. long. Upper sepal strongly concave,
1.4 cm. long. Petals 1.4 cm. long, 1 mm. wide, simple, linear above the
dilated base, where they are 2.5 mm. wide and anteriorly protuberant.
Labellum about 1.2 cm. long simple, strongly deflexed beyond the middle,
caudate-tipped. Spur about 2 em. long, very slender above the middle,
strongly incurved and dilated-clavate toward the apex, resembling some-
what the abdomen of an inchneumon fly (Ophion purgatus). Anther
canals much exceeding the stigmatic processes.
Terrestrial in humid forest at 400 ft. alt. along the Alag River, Nov. 5, 1906,
Merrill (No, 5803).
Habenaria angustata (BI.) O. K. Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 664 (1891) —Mecosa
angustata Bl. Bijdr. 404, fig. 1 (1825).
Terrestrial in mossy forest at 8,000 ft. alt. on Mount Halcon, Noy. 20, 1906,
Merrill (No. 5802).
The material on which my determination is based is not very satisfactory for
a sure diagnosis.
Java, Borneo.
Habenaria (§ Mecosa) halconensis Ames sp. nov.
Plant about 3 dm. high. Leaves much reduced, cordate-ovate to
lanceolate, acute about 4 cm. long, 2-3 em. wide, passing above into
clasping lanceolate, acute bracts. Floral bracts exceeding the ovaries,
lanceolate,- acute, about 1 cm. long. Flowers green, in a loose, erect
raceme. Lateral sepals linear-oblong, acute, about 1 cm. long, 2.5-3
mm. wide. Upper sepal broadly ovate, obtuse, 9 mm. long, about 6 mm.
wide. Petals simple, lanceolate, falcate, obtuse, 8 mm. long, 4.5 mm.
wide at base. Labellum simple, linear-oblong, tapering gradually to the
obtuse tip, 11 mm. long, 3 mm. wide at base,-1 mm. wide near the tip.
Spur nearly straight, slightly exceeding the labellum in length, 12 mm.
long. (Uppermost flowers slightly smaller in all their parts than the
lowermost.)
Terrestrial in open heath, at 8,000 ft. alt. on Mount Halcon, Novy. 20, 1906,
Merrill (No. 5835).
The material from which the above description is drawn is somewhat scrappy _
and not well provided with foliage. The flowers are much like those of Habenaria
angustata O. K., but considerably larger and different in detail.
ORCHIDACEAD HALCONENSES. 313
CRYPTOSTYLIS R. Br.
Cryptostylis arachnites (BI.) Hasskarl Cat. Bog. 48 (1844); Reichb. f.
Bonpl. 5: 36 (1857).—Zosterostylis arachnites Bl. Bijdr. 419, fig. 32. (1825).
Terrestrial in forest at 3,000 ft. alt. on Mount Halcon, petioles and leaves
mottled, Nov. 10, 1906, Merrill (Nos. 5478, 5488).
Ceylon, 8S. India, Malay Peninsula, Java, Borneo.
GALEOLA Lour.
Galeola Hydra Reichb. f. Xen. Orch, 2: 77 (1862).—Galeola Kuhlii Reichb.
f. Xen. Orch. 2: 78.—Erythrorchis Kuhlii Reichb. f. loc. cit. t. 119.
Near the Baco River, saprophyte on dead tree trunk, Apr. 11, 1903, Merrill
(No. 1811).—Baco River, Apr.—May, 1905, R. C. McGregor (No. 225).
“Whole plant yellowish, leafless. This species grew on a dead stump near the
edge of an old clearing, in a very humid forest apparently rooting in the ground
at the base of the stump. The Baco Valley is a very broad, mostly heavily tim-
bered plain not much above the sea level (perhaps 10 m.), 6 or 8 miles inland.
It is a very humid locality owing to the proximity of Mount Halcon to the north
and west.”—ield-notes by the collector.
India, Tenasserim, Penang, Perak, Singapore, Malbeen, Java and Sumatra.
APHYLLORCHIS Bl.
Aphyllorchis pallida Bl. Bijdr. fig. 77 (1826), Mus, Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 1: 30.
Terrestrial in humid forest on ridges at 1,000 it. alt. along the Binabay River,
Noy. 2, 1906, Merrill (No. 5810).—Terrestrial in ridge forest, at 2,800 ft. alt.
on Mount Halecon, Noy. 10, 1906, Merrill (No. 5811).
Java.
VRYDAGZYNEA BI.
Vrydagzynea albida Bl. FI. Jay. Orch. 62, t. 19, f. 2. (1858).—FHtaeria albida
Bl. Bijdr. 410 (1825). ‘
Terrestrial in forest at 850 ft. alt. along the Binabay River, flowers white, Nov.
4, 1906, Merrill (No. 6125).
The material on which the above determination is based differs in several minor
details from the specimens preserved at Leiden, which constitute Blume’s type,
but is not sufficiently different for separate treatment at this time.
Java, Sumatra.
: CYSTORCHIS BI.
Cystorchis aphylla Ridl. Journ. Linn. Soc. 32: 400 (1896).
Terrestrial on forested ridge at about 1,000 ft. alt. on Mount Haleon, plant
white, bracts pinkish, Nov. 8, 1906, Merrill (No. 5662).—Sapropyte, ridges in
forest, about 1,000 ft. alt. along the Binabay River, whole plant salmon pink,
base and tips of floral segments paler, Nov. 2, 1906, Merrill (No. 5797).
Malay Peninsula and Java.
HERPYSMA Lindl.
Herpysma Merillii Ames sp. nov.
Plants 1-3 dm. high. Rhizome creeping. Leaves about 5, ovate-
lanceolate, shortly acuminate, acute, rounded at the base, 5-7 em. long,
about 3 em. wide, passing into slender petioles. Base of the petioles
314 AMES.
scarious, sheathing the stem. Peduncle sparsely pubescent, with about 3
lanceolate, scarious, about 1 cm. long bracts below the loose, racemose in-
florescence. Floral bracts linear-lanceolate, acute, scarious, about 1 cm.
long. Flowers white. Lateral sepals linear-oblong, about 1.2 em. long, 2
mm. wide, concave, lightly carinate, cucullate with several hairs at the tip.
Upper sepal similar to the laterals, broader, adhering lightly to the
petals. Petals 1.2 cm. long, spathulate, obtuse, linear below the middle,
free from each other at the base, cohering above the middle by their inner
margins. Labellum adhering to the column, produced at base into a
rather slender bilobed-tipped spur which protrudes between the lateral
sepals; free portion narrow, a little dilated beyond the column, then 4-
lobed; proximal lobes divaricate, oblong, obtuse, 1.5 mm. long, 1 mm.
wide, separated from the distal lobes by a short 1 mm. long claw or
isthmus ; distal lobes divaricate, 1.5 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide, margin
irregular; on the disc two thin longitudinal lamelle, free at the ob-
liquely truncate apex. Two wart-like calli are situated in the spur near
its base, on the dorsal wall. From tip of spur to apex of labellum
1.5 cm.
Terrestrial in damp ravine, by small stream on cameo Halcon, Noy. 9, 1906,
Merrill (No. 5836).
ZEUXINE Lindl.
Zeuxine luzonensis Ames Orchidacer, fase. 2 (1907) ined.
Terrestrial in forest at 2,800-4,000 ft. alt. on Mount Halcon, flowers white
with faint odor, sepals purplish green or brownish, Noy. 13, 1906, Merrill (No.
5841).
CHEIROSTYLIS Bl.
Cheirostylis octodactyla Ames sp. nov.
Related to C. Griffithii Lindl. Plants rather stout in relation to their
height, 4-8 cm. tall, few-flowered. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, 0.72
cm. long, 5-11 mm. wide, 5-6 mm. apart on the stem. Petiol
sheathing at base. Flowers one or two, white, 1 em aT
right angles to the erect stem. Lateral sepals uni
lanceolate, subacute, 8 mm. long. Upper sepa »
somewhat dilated near the base, 8 mm. ls lightly Rtcrine
to the upper sepal, linear-spathulate, about 8 mm. ints, 2 mm. wide near
the tip. Labellum linear-oblong, about 9 mm. long to the tip of the
slightly dilated 8-fingered apex, 2.5 mm. wide at base; on each side a
row of 7-8 sete. Digitate divisions of the apex 3 mm. long.
Terrestrial in very dense mossy thicket on ridge at 8,200 ft. alt. on Mount
Haleon, Nov. 22, 1906, Merrill (No. 5834).
ORCHIDACEA HALCONENSES. 315
GOODYERA R. Br.
Goodyera sp.
Flowers too much withered for analysis.
Leaves slightly mottled, i. e., the veins and veinlets white, above, inflorescence
old, Mount Halcon, Nov. 16, 1906, Merrill (No. 5512).
MYRMECHIS Bl.
Myrmechis gracilis Bl. Fl. Jav. Orch. 64, t. 21, f. 2 (1858).—Anoectochilus
gracilis Bl. Bijdr. 413 (1825).
Mount Halcon, June 15-27, 1906, M. L. Merritt (Nos. 4482, 4460).
Java, Japan. ‘
HAEMARIA Lindl.
Haemaria Merrillii Ames sp. noy.
Plants erect or ascending, up to 3 dm. high, leafy at the base. Leaves
5-7, ovate-lanceolate, acute, 1.5-3 cm. long, 1-1.5 em. wide. Peduncle
pubescent, provided with about 5 closely appressed, lanceolate, scarious
1-2 em. long bracts. Flowers whitish, in a rather dense, short raceme.
Floral bracts exceeding the ovaries, narrowly lanceolate, margin ciliate.
Lateral sepals triangular-lanceolate, obtuse, 1-nerved, about 6 mm. long,
slightly exceeding 2 mm. in width at the base. Upper sepal adhering
lightly to the petals, lanceolate, 1-nerved, about 6 mm. long, slightly
exceeding 2 mm. in width. Labellum about 5 mm. long, broadly ungui-
‘culate from a short, round, saccate base; margins of the claw erect
(involute?) above; the claw is dilated into a transversely oblong, retuse,
mucronate lamina with a crenate or bluntly-toothed margin; claw about
3 mm. long; lamina 4 mm. wide, 2 mm. long. Within the sac 2 roundish
sessile calli are situated.
Terrestrial in mossy forest at 4,300 ft. alt. on Mount Halcon, flowers white,
odorless, calyx greenish, Noy. 13, 1906, Merrill (Nos. 5840, type, and 5819).
HYLOPHILA Lindl.
Hylophila rubra Ames Orchidacee, fase. 2 (1907) ined.
At 4,300 ft. alt. on Mount Halcon, flowers brownish red, June 15-27, 1906,
M. L. Merritt (No. 4378). ;
TROPIDIA Lindl.
Tropidia mindorensis Ames sp. nov.
Plants about 4 dm. tall, slender, graceful, branching. Stems about
2 mm. thick, clothed by the sheathing bases of the numerous, alternate,
linear-lanceolate, acuminate, acute, 3—5-nerved, 10-15 em. long, 1-2 em.
wide leaves. Racemes leaf-opposed, short, few-flowered, not exceeding
3cm. long. Peduncle clothed with imbricating, nervose bracts. Pedicels
comparatively stout, about 5 mm. long. Flowers yellowish white, tinged
with green, odorless, about 1.2 em. long. Lateral sepals about 1.2 em.
571305
316 AMES.
long, 3 mm. wide near the base, oblong-lanceolate, acute. Upper sepal
about 9 mm. long, ovate-lanceolate, acute. Petals narrowly lanceolate,
slightly carinate dorsally along the median nerve, 7 mm. long, about 2.5
mm. wide. Labellum 7 mm. long, apex strongly deflexed, subacute,
saccate ; lamina somewhat rhombic in outline, intramarginally bicarinate.
In humid forest, terrestrial, at 900 ft. alt. along the Binabay River, Nov. 2,
1906, Merrill (No. 5552). 7
In habit 7. mindorensis recalls T. graminea Bl., differing from our species
mainly in its smaller, terminal raceme and flowers. The measurements given
above for the height of the plant apply to specimens which appear to have been
broken. Specimens with roots were not collected by Mr, Merrill.
NEPHELAPHYLLUM BI.
Nephelaphyllum mindorense Ames. sp. nov.
Closely allied to N. pulchrum BI.
Plants about 2 dm. tall. Rhizome creeping, slender, rooting ‘at in-
tervals. Stems purple. Leaves with the under surface uniformly dark
purple, upper surface mottled, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, acute, 8-10
em. long, 3-5.5 cm. wide near the base. Petioles relatively slender,
about 3 cm. long. Peduncles exceeding the leaves, clothed with several
scarious, tubular, acute sheaths. Inflorescence loosely few-flowered.
Bracts about 1 cm. long, linear, acute, scarious, somewhat shorter than
the pedicels of the white flowers. Lateral sepals linear-acute, 1-nerved,
9 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide. Upper sepal similar and equal to the
laterals. Petals oblong, acute, slightly broader above than below the
middle, 1-nerved, about 8 mm. long, 3 mm. wide. Labellum suborbi-
cular, entire 9-10 mm. long, 9-10 mm. wide, with 3 prominent con-
verging lamelle near the apex, which pass basally into the main nerves
of the hairy disc. Spur blunt, inflated, 4-5 mm. long.
Terrestrial in humid forest at about 900 ft. alt. along the Binabay River,
Novy. 2, 1906, Merrill (No. 5623). -
CHRYSOGLOSSUM BI.
Chrysogl vill Bl. Bijdr. 338, f. 7 (1825).
Terrestrial, flower odorless, or nearly so, petals twisted, dark purple | _ the —
middle, Binabay River, Nov. 2, 1906, Merrill (No. 5838).—Mount Halcon, Tune
15-27, 1906, M. L. Merritt (No. 4398). :
The specimens on which the above determination is based agree too well with
C. villosum Bl. to be separated from it specifically. — .
Java, Homers Perak.
DENDROCHILUM BI.
Dendrochilum (§ eetlret arachnites Reichb. f. Gard. Chron. n. s. 17:
256 (1882).
Epiphyte at 6,800 ft. alt. on Mount Halcon, flowers pale greenish, ‘odorless,
Nov., 1906, Merrill (No. 5511). -
Endemic in the Philippines.
F
;
ORCHIDACEAS ~HALCONENSES. 317
Dendrochilum (§ Acoridium) bicallosum Ames Orchidacew, fase. 2 (1907)
ined.
Epiphyte in ridge forest at 2,500 ft. alt. on Mount Halcon, flowers brownish
red, Nov. 28, 1906, Merrill (No. 5812).
Var. minor Ames Orchidacex, fase. 2 (1907) ined.
On ledge in ridge forest at about 1,500 ft. alt. on Mount Halcon, flowers pale
salmon color, odorless, Nov. 8, 1906, Merrill (No. 5663)!
Dendrochilum (§ Acoridium) exile Ames Orchidacew, fase. 2 (1907) ined.
Epiphyte at 6,800 ft. alt. on Mount Halcon, flowers greenish yellow, odorless,
Nov. 15, 1906, Merrill (No. 5721).
Related to D. tenellum Ames and D. Williamsii Ames, from which it differs in
its much shorter leaves and very different labellum,
Dendrochilum (§ Platyclinis) glumaceum Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1841, Mise.
p. 23.
Flowers white, slightly fragrant, Mount Halcon, June 15-27, 1906, M. L.
Merrit (No. 4873).
Dendrochilum (§ Acoridium) hastatum Ames Orchidacew, fase. 2 (1907)
ined,
On bases of trees, flowers purplish, at 6,800 ft. alt. on Mount Haleon, Nov.,
1906, Merrill (No. 5759).—Near same locality, June 15-27, 1906, M. L. Merritt
(No. 4411).
Dendrochilum hastatum is clearly distinguished from all other species known
to be natives of the Philippines by its hastate labellum.
Dendrochilum (§ Acoridium) Hutchinsonianum Ames Orchidacex, fase, 2
(1907) ined.
In dense mossy thigkets, on exposed ridge, both terrestrial and cpipligtie at
8,000 ft. alt. on Mount Halcon, flowers flesh colored, odorless, Nov., 1906, Merrill
(No. 5813).
D. Hutchinsonianum is related to D. pumilum Reichb. f. from which it differs
in its larger proportions and flowers.
Dendrochilum (§ Platyclinis) magnum Reichb. f. Walp. Ann. 6: 240
(1861).
Epiphyte at 6,000 ft. alt. on Mount Halcon, flowers pale brownish, odorless.
Noy. 15, 1906, Merrill (No. 5730).—Epiphyte in mossy forest on Mount Halcon,
Nov., 1906, Merrill (No. 5611).
Although the labellum is not 3-lobed in any of the specimens examined, I am
of the opinion that my determination of the Mount Halcon material, while pro-
visional, is the only safe one, waiting an examination of the type of D. magnum.
From a sketch of the labellum in Lindley’s herbarium at Kew it would seem
highly probable that the 3-lobed character was the result of malformation or
injury. s
Distribution obscure.
Dendrochilum (§ Acoridium) mindorense Ames Orchidacew, fase. 2 (1907)
ined.
Epiphyte with greenish yellow flowers, Mount Halcon, Nov. 15, 1906, Merrill
(No. 5729) —Im same locality, Nov., 1906, Merrill (No. 5795).
Allied to D. recurvum Ames. :
Dendrochilum (§ Acoridium) pumilum Reichb. f. Bonpl. 3: 222 (1855).
Mount Halcon, Nov., 1906, Merrill (No. 6196). : q
Endemic in the Philippines.
218. AMES.
Dendrochilum (§ Acoridium) recurvum Ames Orchidacew, fase. 2 (1907)
ined.—Acoridium recurvum Ames Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 19: 148 (1906).
Epiphyte in ridge forest at 8,400 ft. alt. on Mount Halcon, flowers yellowish,
Nov., 1906, Merrill (No. 5831).—On mossy trees, at 8,200 ft. on Mount Halcon,
Nov., 1906, Merrill (No. 5509).
Dendrochilum (§ Acoridium) tenellum Ames Ochidacew, fase. 2 (1907)
ined.—Acoridium tenelluin Nees & Meyen Noy. Act. Nat. Cur. 19 (suppl. 1):
131 (1843).—Dendrochilum junceum Reichb. £. Bonpl. 3: 222 (1855).
Epiphyte in mossy forest, on ridge, at 4,300 ft. alt. on Mount Halcon, flowers
whitish, Nov., 1906, Merrill (No. 5839).—Near same locality, Nov., 1906, Merrill
(No. 5720).
Dendrochilum (§ Eudendrochilum) Woodianum Ames Orchidacex, fase.
2 (1907) ined.
Epiphyte at 6,800-8, 000 ft. alt. on Mount Halcon, flowers dark red, odorless,
Nov. 15, 1906, Merrill (No. 5816).
This very interesting species belongs to the section Hudendrochilum, character-
ized by a lateral inflorescence produced on a leafless shoot. The floral structure
is mainly that of Acoridium. The species is named in honor of Maj. Gen. Leonard
Wood, through whose interest the expedition to Mount Halcon was undertaken.
Dendrochilum (§ Acoridium) sp.
In habit similar to D. oliganthum Ames. The immature flower shoots and
withered remains of the persistent perianth insufficient for a sure diagnosis.
Mount Haleon, Nov., 1906, Merrill (No. 5540).
MICROSTYLIS Nutt.
Microstylis (§ Eumicrostylis) alagensis Ames sp. noy.
Plant about 25 em. tall, slender, leafy at the base. Leaves lanceolate
to ovate-lanceolate, acute, about 7 cm. long (sometimes those nearest the
base much reduced), about 3 cm. wide. Flowers somewhat congested
near the summit of the elongated peduncle. Bracts linear-lanceolate.
Lowermost flowers purple, those along the middle of the spike yellowish.
Lateral sepals suborbicular, 2 mm. long. Upper sepal elliptic-oblong,
obtuse, slightly longer than the laterals. Petals linear-oblong, 2. mm.
long. Labellum simple, broadly erescentiform, 2 mm. long from its tip
to base of column, with a callus near the base; auricles (which form
the horns of the crescent) triangular, acute, or subobtuse, distant from
each other.
Terrestrial in humid forest at 400 ft. alt. along the Alag River, flowers odor-
less, Nov. 5, 1906, Merrill (No. 5801).—In forests along the Alag River, Nov.,
1906, Merrill (No. 5807) type.
Microstylis (§ Eumicrostylis) binabayensis Ames Sp. nov. .
Plant about 3 dm. tall, leafy at the base. Leaves Sale anche,
acuminate, acute, or subobtuse, 6—9 cm. long, 3.5-8 em. wide, broadest
near the base. Petioles about 2 em. long, those of the lower leaves
sheathing with their bases the bases of the petioles of the leaves above.
Peduncle about 2 dm. long, rather stout. Bracts linear, deflexed, about
5 mm. long, shorter than the pedicels of the large yellow odorless flowers.
ORCHIDACEAS) HALCONENSES. 319
Pedicels of the lowermost flowers about 1 cm. long, very slender. Lateral
sepals elliptic to suborbicular, relatively small, about 3 mm. long, very
obtuse. Upper sepal oblong, obtuse, convex, 4.5-5 mm. long. Petals
linear, about 4 mm, long. Labellum auriculate; auricles (or lateral
lobes) dolabriform, obtuse, 5.5 mm. long, about 3 mm. wide; middle lobe
4.mm. wide, oblong; 6.5 mm. long, from the rounded tip to base of
column ; monocallose at the base. i
Terrestrial in forests at 1,000 ft. alt. along the Binabay River, Dec. 4, 1906,
Merrill (No. 5804).
Microstylis (§ Eumicrostylis) dentata Ames sp. noy.
Leafy plants with elongated strict racemes of small flowers. Leaves 5
or 6, lanceolate, very acute, about 10 em. long, 2—3.5 cm. wide, bases
imbricating, sheathing the stem. Peduncle elongated, 2-5 dm. long,
often copiously bracteate. Bracts linear, deflexed, about 1 em. long.
Lateral sepals elliptic, very obtuse, 2 mm. long, about 1.5 mm. wide.
Upper sepal similar to the laterals. Petals elliptic-oblong, very obtuse,
about 2 mm. long. Labellum 3-lobed, auriculate; auricles obtuse, 1 mm.
long; middle-lobe oblong, bifid, 1 mm. long; on the anterior margin of
each lateral lobe 3 acute teeth are situated; at the base of the labellum
under the column is a minute callus.
In forests at about 3,000 ft. alt. along the Alag River, Noy., 1906, Merrill (No.
5806) type.—In forests on Mount Halcon, Nov., 1906, Merrill (No. 5808).
Microstylis (§ Eumicrostylis) Hutchinsoniana Ames sp. nov.
A species well characterized by the large, rotund, overlapping auricles
of the 3-lobed labellum. Plants about 2 dm. tall. Leaves ovate, acumi-
nate, 4-6 em. long, about 2.5 cm. wide, petiolate. Petioles 2 cm. long.
Peduncle graceful, exceeding the leaves. Bracts linear, acute, the lower-
most, 6 mm. long. Flowers comparatively large, about 5 mm. across,
pale purple, odorless (greenish when dry). Pedicels very slender, 5—7
mm. long. Lateral sepals elliptical, very obtuse, 3 mm. long, margin
very strongly revolute. Upper sepal 3.5 mm. long, somewhat narrower
in relation to its length than the lateral sepals. Petals linear, obtuse,
about 3 mm. long. Labellum 3-lobed, lobes subequal; middle lobe
broadly oblong, rounded at the tip, very obtuse, 3.5 mm. long from tip
to base of column, about as broad as long; lateral lobes rotund or sub-
reniform, overlapping behind the column, 4 mm. long, 3 mm. wide.
Terrestrial in forest at 2,300 ft. alt. on Mount Halcon, Noy. 9, 1906, Merrill
(No. 5809). :
This species in named in honor of Mr. W. I. Hutchinson, who was a member of
the Mount Haleon Expedition.
Microstylis (§ Commelinoides) Merrillii Ames sp. nov,
Distantly related to M. commelinifolia Zoll., from which it is to be
distinguished by the very different, larger leaves and dissimilar flowers.
Plants creeping, rooting at intervals. Roots long, slender, few. Rhizome
320 AMES.
with several tubular bracts.. Leaves numerous, those near the rhizome
often much reduced (1 cm. long, 5 mm. wide), those nearest the in-
florescense ovate-lanceolate, acute, comparatively large (2—4 cm. long,
about 1.5 em. wide). Peduncle graceful, ascending or erect, about.7 cm.
long, provided with deflexed, linear, acute, about 4 mm. long bracts.
Inflorescence loosely few-flowered. Pedicels slender, about 2 mm. long.
Lateral sepals oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, 3 mm. long. Upper sepal similar
to the laterals, but somewhat narrower. Petals linear, 3 mm. long.
Labellum entire, bluntly sagittate, the auricles oblong, falcate, about
2 mm. long.
' Terrestrical at base of cliff in dense forest, at 5,800 ft. alt. on Mount Halcon,
Nov. 15, 1906, Merrill (No. 5820).
Microstylis (§ Eumicrostylis) quadridentata Ames sp. nov.
Flowers similar in structure to those of M. oculata Reichb. f. Plants
about 1.5 dm. tall. Leaves about 6, narrowly lanceolate, very acute,
about 7 em. long, 6 mm. wide, dilated into a sheating base below the short
petiole. Peduncle graceful, exceeding the leaves. Bracts linear, acute,
the lowermost 4-5 mm. long, exceeding the short pedicels. Flowers
purplish, in a rather strict raceme. Lateral sepals elliptic-ovate, very
obtuse, rounded at the tip, 2 mm. long. Upper sepal similar to the
laterals. Petals linear-oblong, about 2 mm. long, obtuse. Labellum
auriculate, auricles triangular obtuse, Jess than 1 mm. long; blade of
the labellum about 2 mm. long with a minute callus at base, shortly
cleft at the apex, bidentate on each side at about the middle; distal tooth
of each pair 1 mm. long, narrower and, longer than the basal teeth.
Terrestrial in damp shaded ravine at 3,000 ft. alt. on Mount Halcon, Merrill
(No, 5805) .—Terrestria] in forest at about 2,500 ft. alt. on Mount Haleon, Nov.
10, 1906, Merrill (No. 5818) type.
CESTICHIS Pfitzer.
Cestichis disticha (Thou.) Pfitzer in Engler & Prantl’s Pflanzenfamilien 2,
pt. 6, p. 131 (1888).—Malais disticha Thouars Orch. Iles Afr. ne 88 (1882) .—
Liparis disticha Lindl. Bot. Reg. sub t. 882 (1825).
On ledge in ridge forest at 1,800 ft. alt. on Mount Halcon, flowers odorless, —
reddish (yellow when dry), Noy. 8, 1906, Merrill (No. 5643) .—Epiphyte in
humid forest at 650 ft. alt. along the Binabay River, Noy., 1906, Merrill (No.
5638).
The material on which my determination is based has the spathulate petals
and very characteristic labellum of the figure in Thouars’s Flore des Iles Australes
de L’Afrique and agrees with C. disticha from Ceylon. The Mount Halcon plants
are very unlike the Liparis disticha Lindl. of Cuming’s Philippine orchids and
should not be confused with it. The Mount Halcon plants are the only specimens
of @. disticha which I have seen from the Philippines. In habit C. gracilis Ames
might readily be mistaken for it, but the floral parts at once distinguish it. The
Cuming plant in Lindley’s herbarium at ee determined by Lindley as Liparis.
ORCHIDACEAD) HALCONENSES. 321
disticha, is (?) Cestichis Merrillii Ames. Lindley’s Liparis gregaria, if I am not
mistaken, is referable to the present species.
Mauritius, Bourbon, Ceylon. (Distribution uncertain as several species wrongly
referred to C. disticha by authors make an examination of material necessary in
giving range.) :
Cestichis (§ Laxiflorae) halconensis Ames sp. nov.
A very distinct bifoliate species, about 3 dm. high. Pseudobulbs about
1.5 em. long, somewhat cylindrical, covered by 4 or 5 distichous, acute
sheaths when immature. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, very acute, 15-20 em.
or more long, about 3 cm. wide, contracted into a winged petiole.
Peduncle graceful, strongly bialate, exceeding the leaves. Lowermost
bracts elongated, linear-acute, 1-1.5 cm. long, those of the inflorescence
about half as long as the slender pedicels. Pedicels of the lowermost
flowers 1.5 em. long. Inflorescence loosely many-flowered. Flowers
grass-green, turning yellow with age. Lateral sepals oblong, very obtuse,
5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide. Upper sepal similar to the laterals. Petals
linear, 5 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide. Labellum 5.5 mm. long, subor-
bicular from an oblong-cuneate base; distal margin crenulate and
obscurely blunt-mucronate; in the middle of the claw is a fleshy sub-
cucullate callus. Column:3 mm. long, rather slender, strongly arcuate
near the summit.
Terrestrial in ridge forest at 1,200-2,200 ft. alt. on Mount Halcon, Noy. 8,
1906, Merrill (No. 5799).
Cestichis Merrillii Ames Orchidacew, fase. 1, p. 11, t. 3 (1905).
Epiphyte in mossy forest at 2,800 ft. alt. on Mount Halcon, flowers brownish-
yellow, Nov. 12, 1906, Merrill (No. 5617).
The Mount Haleon plants have smaller flowers than the type.
Cestichis philippinensis Ames Orchidacew, fase. 1, p. 7, t. 2 (1905).
Epiphyte at 6,800 ft. alt. on Mount Halcon, flowers brownish-yellow, Nov.,
1906, Merrill (No. 5764).
The lanceolate, acute labellum of this species is very chucraeharinte.
OBERONIA Lindl.
Oberonia McGregorii Ames sp. nov. f ag
Closely allied with O. ciliolata Hook f. Plants caulescent, when in
flower about 12 cm. high from base of stem to tip of the densely flowered
cylindrical spike. Leaves distichous, obliquely spreading from below
the middle, ensiform, about 4 em. long, acute. Peduncle relatively stout,
bracteate, minutely scurfy pubescent. Bracts linear-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, acute, ciliate-pubescent, about 2 mm. long, exceeding the pedicels of
the flowers. Ovaries finely pubescent. Lateral sepals ovate-lanceolate, or
triangular-lanceolate, acute, ciliolate 0.75 mm. long. Upper sepal nearly
elliptical, subobtuse, 0.75 mm. long, ciliolate. Petals linear-oblong,
rounded at the tip, much shorter and narrower than the sepals, minutely
ciliolate. Labellum pandurate (or oblong, constricted: at the middle),
S2y AMES.
coarsely several-toothed at the dilated tip, 0.75 mm. long, slightly auricu-
late at base.
Only one specimen seen, found on prostrate tree, Balete, Baco River, April 23,
1905, R. C. McGregor (No. 291).
Oberonia mindorensis Ames sp. nov.
Allied to 0. aporaphylla Reichb. f. Plants caulescent, 1.5-4 dm. or
more tall from base of stem to tip of elongated, slender, densely flowered
spike. Leaves distichous, 5-10 cm. or more long, acute or subobtuse,
obliquely ascending. Upper half or two-thirds free. Spike 1-2.5 dm.
long, about 5 mm. in diameter, somewhat scurfy pubescent. Bracts
linear, about 2 mm. long. Flowers minute, greenish. Lateral sepals
elliptic ovate, or oyate, 1 mm. long. Upper sepal similar to the laterals.
Petals linear, obtuse, 0.75 mm. long. Labellum 1 mm. long, 3-lobed;
middle lobe -emarginate, about 1 mm. wide; lateral lobes not very
conspicuous, prolonged slightly behind the column. In general outline
the labellum is subpanduriform, emarginate, or equally 4-lobed.
Epiphyte on trees at 1,200 ft. alt. along the Alag River, Nov., 1906, Merrill
(No. 5613).
PODOCHILUS BI.
Podochilus cornutus (Bl.) Schlechter Mem. Herb. Bois. no. 21, p. 34 (1900).—
Appendicula cornuta Bl. Bijdr. 302 (1825). :
On rotten log in forest at 600 ft. alt. along the Binabay River, Noy., 1906,
Merrill (No. 5843).—Near same locality on tree fern, in humid forest, Nov.,
1906, Merrill (No. 5541).
India, Malay Peninsula, Singapore, Java, Borneo, China and Luzon, P. I.
Podochilus pendulus (Bl.) Schlechter Mem. Herb. Bois. no. 21, p. 48
(1900) .—Appendicula pendula Bl. Bijdr. 298 (1825).
Epipbyte in forest at 2,400 ft. alt. on Mount Halcon, flowers yellowish, Nov.
10, 1906, Merrill (No. 5858).—On bowlder in forest, Mount Haleon, Noy. 28,
1906, Merrill (No. 5697).
Malay Peninsula, Java, New Guinea and the Philippines.
?Podochilus philippinensis Schlechter Mem. Herb. Bois. no. 21, p. 49 (1900).
Growing on a fallen tree near the Baco River, Apr. 22, 1905, R. C. McGregor
(No. 290).»
' My determination, while Pence sure, is unfortunately based on a single,
imperfect specimen.
?Podochilus refiexus (BI.) Schlechter Mem. Herb. Bois. no. 21, p. 31 (1900) .—
Appendicula refleca Bl. Bijdy. 301 (1825).
Epiphytie on trees along the Alag River, Noy., 1906, Merrill (No. 5842).
Material inadequate for a sure diagnosis, as the flowers are withered, the
labellum is imperfect, and the specimens for the most part are in fruit.
Malay Peninsula, Java and Borneo.
Podochilus xytriophorus (Reichb. f.) Schlechter Mem. Herb. Bois. no. 21,
p- 47 (1900).—Appendicula xytriophora Reichb. f. Seem. Fl. Vit. 299 (1868).
Epiphytic at 500 ft. alt. along the Alag River, flowers odorfess, greenish,
labellum white, turning yellowish, throat purple, Nov. 6, 1906, Merrill (No. 5817).
Malay Peninsula, Borneo and the Philippines.
ORCHIDACEA] HALCONENSES. 823
AGROSTOPHYLLUM BI.
Agrostophyllum Merrillii Ames sp. nov.
Allied to A. saccatum Ridl. Plants stout, about 10 dm. tall, somewhat
similar in habit and general conformation to A. longifolium Reichb. f. but
with different flowers, the petals being broader. Leaves oblong, about
2 dm. long, about 2 cm. wide, rounded at base, tapering very gradually
to the bilobed apex. Sheaths formed by the persistent bases of the leaves,
smooth, about 7 em. long. Inflorescence capitate, dense, about 2.5 cm.
in diameter (3 em. when pressed for the herbarium). Spikelets 3-4-
flowered. Flowers white. Lateral sepals oblong-lanceolate, acute, 5 mm.
long, 2-2.5 mm. wide. Upper sepal oblong, acute, 5 mm. long, about
2 mm. wide. Petals ovate-lanceolate, 5 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide.
Labellum 5 mm. long; hypochil saccate, with blunt, rounded, erect lateral
lobes, which are connected in front by a transverse plate or callus; epichil
very broadly ovate, subacute, 3 mm. long, 4.5 mm. wide, rather fleshy.
Column 3.5 mm. long, bent at the middle, above the bend provided with
a blunt, fleshy, 0.5 mm, long process. Fruit about 9 mm. long.
Epiphyte in forest at 3,000 ft. alt. on Mount Haleon, Nov. 27, 1906, Merrill
(No. 5844).
CERATOSTYLIS BI.
Ceratostylis ramosa Ames and Rolfe Orchidacew, fase. 2 (1907) ined.
Plants somewhat more slender than the type.
Mount Halcon, June 15-27, 1906, M. L. Merritt (No. 4418).
Ceratostylis subulata Bl. Bijdr. 306 (1825).—Ceratostylis .gracilis Reichb.
, Xen. Orch. 2: 92, t. 127. not BI.
Epiphyte on exposed ridge at 4,500 ft. alt. on Mount Haleon, flowers dark
purple, Noy. 14, 1906, Merrill (No. 5766).
British India, Assam, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, Java and the
Philippines.
>
Phaius Lour.
Phaius halconensis Ames sp. nov.
Plants graceful, about 3 dm. high. Leaves 3, lanceolate-acuminate,
acute, tapering to both ends, about 14 cm. long, 1.5-2 em. wide. Scape
rather graceful, sparsely pubescent, about 3 dm. long, clothed at intervals
with loose, tubular sheaths. Floral bracts caducous. Flowers odorless,
white, turning yellowish, about 8 mm. long, pubescent externally and
sparsely so internally on the sepals and petals. Lateral sepals lanceolate,
acute, 9-10 mm. long, 4 mm. wide near the base. Upper sepal similar
to the laterals. Petals lanceolate, 3-nerved, 9 mm. long, slightly exceed-
ing 3 mm. in width. Labellum 7 mm. long, 3-lobed; disc pubescent,
bicarinate to the base of the middle-lobe, 6-7 mm. wide across the middle
when flattened; lateral lobes ovate, obtuse, ragged-fimbriate on the
anterior margin; middle lobe subcuneate, truncate, dentate, 3.25 mm.
324 AMES.
wide at the tip, 2 mm. long, margin irregular or dentate. Column stout,
5 mm. long.
Terrestrial on steep, wooded, damp slopes at about 6,400 oe alt. on Mount
Halecon, Noy. 16, 1906, Merrill (No. 5513).
Phaius mindorensis Ames sp. nov.
Plants about 3 dm. high, branching. Stems slender. Leaves 3-4,
lanceolate, acute, 10-18 cm. long, 2.5-4 em. wide. Bracts tubular,
scarious. Peduncle slender, pubescent, with several tubular, inflated,
obtuse bracts. Raceme loosely flowered. Flowers about 10 in number,
yellowish (buds white). Floral bracts caducous. Ovary densely pubes-
cent. Lateral sepals lanceolate, acute, 7 mm. long, 2.5 mm. wide.
Upper sepal ovate-lanceolate, acute, 7-8 mm. long, about 3 mm. wide.
Petals ovate acuminate, acute, 7 mm. long, 2.5 mm. wide near the
middle. Labellum 6 mm. long, 3-lobed; lateral lobes about 1 mm. long,
1 mm. wide, oblong-truncate, margin with several irregular, short, blunt
teeth ; middle lobe flabelliform, retuse, apiculate, 1.75 mm. long, 3-5 mm.
wide; dise pubescent, bicarinate, the carine extending to the base of the
middle lobe; when spread out the labellum is 7 mm. wide between the
tips of the lateral lobes. Column relatively stout, about 3 mm. long.
Epiphyte in mossy forest at 4,300 ft. alt. on sconesded Haleon, Nov. 13, 1906,
Merrill (No. 5612).
P. mindorensis is closely allied to P. halconensis but differs from it in its
smaller flowers, different labellum and broader leaves.
Phaius sp.
This appears to be a new species but the material is in bad condition and rather
scanty.
Terrestrial in humid forest at 700 ft. alt. along the Binabay River, flowers
odorless, sepals green outside, brown-purple inside, labellum yellowish, Nov. 3,
1906, Merrill (No. 5800).
‘ CALANTHE R. Br.
Calanthe angustifolia (BIl.) Lindl. Orch. Pl. 251 (1833) —Ambyglottis
angustifolia Bl. Bijdr. 369 (1825) —Calanthe phajoides Reichb. f. Bonpl. 5:
37 (1857).
Terrestrial at 6,500 ft. alt. on Mount Halcon, flowers white, aan. Noy. 15,
1906, Merrill (No. 5677).—At 7,250 ft. ape: on Mount. Haleon, June 15-27, 1906,
M. L. Merritt (No. 4454).
Java, Sumatra, and Malay Peninsula.
Calanthe halconensis Ames sp. nov.
In habit similar to C. pulchra Lindl. Flowers pale straw yellow, or
nearly white, labellum riddish-yellow, spur straight. Leaves oblong-lan-
ceolate, acuminate, acute, about 4 dm. long, about 7 em. wide, petiole about
2 dm. long. Scape with several ample bracteate sheaths, about 5 cm.
long. Inflorescence rather densely many-flowered, nearly 2 "dm. long,
ORCHIDACEA): HALCONENSES. 325
about 4 cm. in diameter. Floral bracts fugacious. Pedicels slender,
wiry, 7-10 mm. long. Lateral sepals subfalcate, acute, 11 mm. long, 3.5
wide. Upper sepal oblong-lanceolate, acute, 11.5 mm. long. Petals
oblong-oblanceolate, somewhat acuminate, acute, 1 em. long, 4.5 mm. wide
above the middle. Labellum quadrate, apiculate; plate 4 mm. long,
about 4 mm. wide, sometimes constricted or obscurely lobed near the mid-
dle; obscurely if at all tricallose in the throat on the middle nerves. Spur
glabrous, nearly straight, dilated slightly near the tip, 8 mm. long.
Terrestrial in forest at 2,300 ft. alt. on Mount Halcon, Nov. 9, 1906, Merrill
(No. 5489).
Calanthe McGregorii Ames sp. nov.
Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, acute, about 3 dm. long, about 8 cm.
wide, long-petioled. Petioles about 2.5 dm. long. Scape sparsely pubes-
cent about 9 dm. long, with several tubular, acute sheaths. Inflores-
cence rather strict. Bracts 5-10 mm. long, lanceolate, acute, persistent.
Flowers white, with a yellow spot in the throat, numerous, small.
Pedicels slender, elongated, about 2 cm. long. Lateral sepals oblong,
acute, about 6 mm. long, 3 mm. wide. Upper sepal elliptic-lanceolate.
Petals linear-oblong, acute, somewhat dilated near the middle, 6.5 mm.
long, about 2 mm. wide. Labellum 3-lobed ; middle lobe deeply cleft, the
divisions about equal to the lateral lobes; lateral lobes 5 mm. long, 3.5
mm. wide, oblong, obtuse, broader at the apex than below the middle;
middle lobe 7 mm. long divisions divaricate, spathulate, 3.5 mm. long,
2.5-3 mm. wide at the apex. On the disc near the column several
papille are situated. Spur straight, glabrous, 8 mm. long.
Balete, along the Baco River, March 31, 1905, R. OC. McGregor (No. 177).
Calanthe mindorensis Ames sp. noy.
Leaves Jong-petiolate, petioles about 18 cm. long; lamina ane
lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, acute, about 3 dm. long,
about 1 dm. wide. Scape 4 dm. or more long, sparsely pubescent, pro-
vided with several oblong, closely appressed, acute bracts.. Floral bracts
broadly ovate, acute, about 1 em. long. Pedicels about 2 cm. long.
Flowers very large, odorless, pale violet. Lateral sepals oblanceolate,
faleate, acute, 1.5 cm. long, 7 mm. wide above the middle. Upper sepal
lanceolate, 1.5 cm. long, acute. Petals spathulate-oblanceolate, 1.5 cm
long, 5.5-6 mm. wide above the middle. Labellum 3-lobed; middle
lobe 12 mm. long, 16 mm. wide, cuneate-obcordate or flabelliform, deeply
cleft; lateral lobes 1 cm. Jong, 6 mm. wide, oblong, obliquely truncate ; on
the disc near the colunm is a 3-lobed or 3-plaited callus, beyond which are
several rows of erect papile. Spur curved, glabrous, about 1.5 cm. long.
Terrestrial in ridge forest at 2,300 ft. alt. on Mount Halcon, Nov, 9, 1906,
Merrill (No, 5525).
326 AMES.
Calanthe pulchra (Bl.) Lindl. Och. Pl. 250 (1833).—Ambyglottis pulchra
Bl. Bijdr. 371 (1825).—Calanthe cureuligoides Lindl. Wall. Cat. 7340 (1828).
Terrestrial, border of forest at 2,300 ft. on Mount Haleon, Nov. 8, 1906,
Merrill (No. 5850) .—Terrestrial along the Alag River at 400 ft. alt., Nov. 5, 1906,
Merrill (No. 5849).
Calanthe pulchra has yellow flowers.
Java, Sumatra, Singapore and Malay Peninsula, Malacca, Penang.
Calanthe triplicatis (Willem.) Ames Orchidacee, fase. 2 (1907) ined.—
Orchis triplicatis Willem. in Usteri Ann. Bot. 18: 52 (1796) —Calanthe veratri-
folia R. Br. Bot. Reg. sub t. 573 (1821).—C. furcata Batem. Bot. Reg. 1838, Mise.
. 28. 2 :
: Baco River, March, 1905, Merrill (No. 4065).
After a careful study of the rich collections of Calanthe in the her-
barium of the Bureau of Science I am quite convinced that C. furcata
is untenable as a distinct species. Although the average specimens from
the Philippines are smaller than C. triplicatis they do not exhibit any
structural characters which plainly separate them from it. The lobes
of the labellum are very variable and the spur is frequently simple, with
no indication of a furcate tip. Lindley considered the larger size of the
lateral lobes of the labellum of C. furcata the chief distinction by which
to separate it from C. veratrifolia, but this distinction fails absolutely
if applied to a large series of specimens. Cuming’s No. 2064 in the
British Museum herbarium has large apical lobes on the labellum and
leaves fully 3 dm. long by 6 cm. wide.
Japan to New South Wales, and from S. India to the Fiji Islands, New Guinea,
Java, Cochin China, Ceylon, Formosa, Liu Kiu and Borneo. Very common in the
Philippines.
PLOCOGLOTTIS BI.
Plocoglottis Copelandii Ames sp. nov.—P. acuminata Ames Orchid. fase. 1, _
p. 82 (1905), not Blume.
Rhizome creeping, sheathed with scarious, tubular bracts which persist
-as elongated fibers. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, acute, about
14 cm. long, 4.5-6.5 em wide. Petioles 3-4 em. long rather slender.
Scape about 3 dm. long, graceful, pubescent, with several sheathing,
tubular, obliquely truncate, acute bracts at intervals. Inflorescence an
elongated, rather loose raceme of yellowish, red-brown spotted, odorless
flowers. Rachis of the raceme rather densely pubescent. Floral bracts
triangular-lanceolate, acute, about 4 mm. long, shorter than the pubescent
pedicels of the flowers. Pedicels and ovary together 1.5 cm. long.
Lateral sepals linear-lanceolate, acute, 1.5 cm. long, about 4 mm. wide.
Upper sepal similar to the laterals but somewhat shorter. Petals linear,
gradually tapering from the base to the acute apex, 11 mm. long.
Labellum about 6 mm. long, 5 mm. wide at the tip, oblong-cuneate,
ORCHIDACEAl) HALCONENSES. BE
convex, with a long, acuminate, circinate tip which is invisible from
above, being concealed by the apical margin. Column stout, 6 mm.
long.
The type from Gimogan River, Negros, where it was collected on January 5,
1904, by H. B. Copeland (No. 134).—Growing in leaf mold in forests along the
Baco River, April and May, 1905, R. O. McGregor (No. 308).—Terrestrial in
-humid forest at 700 ft. alt. along the Binabay River, flowers yellowish with purple
spots, Nov. 3, 1906, Merrill (No. 5624).
A careful study of the material collected by Merrill and McGregor in Mindoro
leads me to believe’ that it is conspecific with the specimens collected on the
Island of Negros by Copland and is not the same as Plocoglottis acuminata BL.,
although a closely allied species.
Plocoglottis mindorensis Ames sp. nov.
_ Allied to P. javanica Bl. Plants 6-8 dm. or more tall, very slender,
graceful, not much thickened at the base. Petioles about 2 dm. long.
Leaf narrowly oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, very acute, tapering at both
ends, about 3 dm. long, 2.5-5 cm. wide, smooth. Scape about 8 dm.
long, pubescent, densely so near the summit, clothed at intervals with
tubular, lanceolate, pointed sheaths. Bracts of the inflorescence rather
rigid, triangular-lanceolate, acute, somewhat concave, pubescent, about 6
mm. long. Flowers purplish, rather numerous in loose racemes. Pedi-
cels slender, pubescent, about 1 cm. long. Sepals externally pubescent,
the laterals faleate-lanceolate, about 12 mm. long, 6 mm. wide near the
middle. Upper sepal oblong-lanceolate, 1.3 cm. long, about 5 mm. wide.
‘Petals linear, falcate, obtuse, 11 mm. long, 22.5 mm. wide. Labellum
about 6 mm. long, cuneate-quadrate, about 9 mm. wide near the tip;
in the middle of the anterior margin is a deflexed, triangular, 1 mm. long
tooth.
Terrestrial in humid forest at 650-900 ft. alt. along the Binabay River, Nov.
3, 1906, Merrill (No. 5837).
SPATHOGLOTTIS Bil.
Spathoglottis aurea Lindl. Journ. Hort. Soc. 5: 34 (1850); Gard. Chron.
n. 8. 4: 92, f. 9 (1888).
At 4,250 ft. alt. on Mount Haleon, flowers yellow, June 15-27, 1906, M. L.
Merritt (No. 4375).
Apical lobe of the labellum bilobed. The material on which my determination
is based is not very satisfactory.
Java, Sumatra, Borneo and Malay Peninsula.
Spathoglottis plicata Bl. Bijdr. 400, 401 (1825).
Flowers light purple, odorless, plants growing in damp soil among bowlders
‘along stream, Alag River, Noy. 6, 1906, Merrill (Nos. 5621 5815).
Malay Peninsula, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes, Moluccas, New Guinea,
Solomon and Fiji Islands. Very common in the Philippines.
sco. AMES.
DENDROBIUM Sy.
Dendrobium (§ Grastidium) alagensis Ames sp. nov.
Allied to D. salaccense (Bl.) Lindl. Plants about 6 dm. tall. Stems
3-4 mm. in diameter, very graceful, comparatively slender, clothed by
the tubular, sheathing bases of the numerous leaves. Leaves linear-
lanceolate, acute, about 1.5 em. apart, about 14 cm. long, about 1 cm. wide,
very unequally bilobed at the apex. Flowers 2, pale straw-yellow, green-
ish tinged, leaf-opposed. Pedicels elongated, 1 cm. long, very slender.
Lateral sepal oblong-lanceolate, subacute, 11 mm. long, 7 mm. wide at base.
Upper sepal oblong-lanceolate, 11 mm. long, 3.5 mm. wide, subobtuse.
Petals oblong, obtuse, 8-9 mm. long, about 3 mm. wide. Labellum 9
mm. long, with several raised, longitudinal nerves, 3-lobed, cuneate at
base; lateral lobes comparatively small, triangular, acute or subobtuse,
1 mm. long, 0.75 mm. wide at base; middle lobe suborbicular, 3.5 mm.
long, 3.75 mm. wide; from the tip of the lateral lobes to the base of the
labellum 5.5 mm. .
Epiphyte on trees along the Alag River, Dec. 2, 1906, Merrill (No. 5846).
Dendrobium (§ Virgatae) polytrichum Ames Orchidacew, fase. 2 (1907)
ined.
Epiphyte in humid forest at 800 ft. alt. along the Alag River, flowers white,
fragrant, Nov. 5, 1906, Merrill (No. 5630).
In habit similar to D. setifolium Ridl., having subulate leaves. The flowers,
however, are well characterized by the 3-lobed labellum of which the apical lobe
is provided along the margin with an elongated, copious fringe.
Dendrobium Victoriae-Reginae Loher Gard. Chron. ser. 3, 21: 399 (1897),
var, exile Ames var. noy.
Stems ramose, graceful, slender, 1.5-3 mm. thick. Leaves linear-
lanceolate, 6 em. long, 9 mm. wide below the middle, acuminate, bilobed
at the tip, lobes acute. Lateral sepals 2 cm. long, 6mm. wide. Labellum
2.2 cm. long, 9 mm. wide near the apex. Similar to the type but much
more slender and graceful throughout. Distinguished mainly by the
more slender stems. :
Epiphyte in dense, wet, mossy forest, at 8,000 ft. alt. on Mount Halcon, flowers
odorless, bluish purple, petals white at base, Nov. 20, 1906, Merrill (No. 5503)
type—At 6,500 ft. alt. on Mount Halcon, flowers purplish, June 15-27, 1906,
M. L. Merritt (No. 4438).
Endemic in the Philippine Islands.
Dendrobium sp. ae
Two plants of the section Aporum nF we iba _Indeterminable.
Growing on fallen trees along the Baco River, April-May, 1906, R. C. McGregor
(No. 286).
ORCHIDACEA) HALCONENSES. 329
Dendrobium sp.
Material not sufficient for description.
Epiphyte at 5,000 ft. alt. on Mount Halcon, Nov. 26, 1906, Merrill (No.
5577).
The paucity of Dendrobium species in the collections from Mount Halcon and
its neighborhood is noteworthy.
ERIA Lindl.
Eria aéridostachya Reichb. f. ex Lindl. Journ. Linn, Soe. 3: 48 (1859) ;
Reichb. f.in Seem. Fl. Vit. 301.
Epiphyte at about 6,400 ft. alt. on Mount Halcon, flowers brown-purple, odor-
less, Nov. 15, 1906, Merrill (No. 5518).
Philippines and Fiji Islands; also ascribed to Java and the Malay Peninsula.
Several closely allied species are likely to have been confused in the literature of
distribution under the name H. aéridostachya. Lindley’s plant and Reichenbach’s
Seemann plant agree. é :
Eria (§ Trichotosia) binabayensis Ames sp. nov.
Allied to #. oligantha Hook. f. Plants rather stout, 4-5 dm. tall.
Stems about 5 mm. in diameter. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, tapering
gradually toward the point, about 1 dm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, rigid,
coriaceous, pubescent. Inflorescence leaf-opposed, clothed with dense,
cinnabar-red tomentum. Bracts about 1 cm. long. Raceme short, 3
cm. long, probably becoming longer as the flowers’ develop. Lateral
sepals triangular-lanceolate, densely tomentose externally, 1 cm. long,
about 8 mm. wide at base. Upper sepal oblong, narrower than the
laterals. Petals Jinear-spathulate, subobtuse, 7-8.5 mm. long, 2 mm.
wide above the middle. Labellum 1 em. long, narrowly cuneate at base,
then gradually dilated to within 2 mm. of the tip, where it is con-
stricted and about 4 mm. wide; above the constriction it is again dilated
into a transversely oblong, 6—7 mm. wide plate; dise bicarinate.
Epiphyte in humid forest along the Binabay River, flowers nearly flesh colored,
the narrow petals white, labellum with yellow-purple spots, Nov. 3, 1906, Merrill
(No. 5661).
It is highly probable that the racemes of the specimens examined had not
attained their full length when collected. At maturity they most likely resemble
the racemes of such closely allied species as H. vulpina, B. ferox, and H. velutina.
Eria (§ Hymeneria) compacta Ames. sp. noy.
Roots elongated, much branched. Pseudobulbs approximate, elon-
gated-pyriform, about 5 cm. long, about 1 cm. in diameter at base,
bifoliate. Leaves rigid, coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, 4.5-5.5 em.
long, 10-14 mm. wide. Inflorescence about 3 cm. long. Bracts ovate-
lanceolate, 5 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide, acute, equaling or exceeding
the pedicels of the flowers. Lateral sepals triangular-lanceolate, acute, 6
mm. long, 2.5 mm. wide at base. Upper sepal lanceolate, slightly broader
330 AMES.
than the laterals. Petals lanceolate, acute or subacute, about 6 mm. long,
2 mm. wide, 3-neryed. Labellum ovate-lanceolate, subobtuse, cordate at
base, 4 mm. Jong, 1.75 mm. wide near the base.
At 5,250 ft. alt. on Mount Halcon, June 15-27, 1906, M. L. Merritt (No. 4420).
The type consists of a single specimen and is unfortunately not in good condi-
tion. The flowers are not very numerous, and the only raceme seen may not be
wholly characteristic.
Eria cymbiformis J. J. Smith Ree. Trav. Bot. Neerland. 1: 152 with fig.
1904).
; rae in ravine forest at 4,000 ft. alt. on Mount Halcon, flowers white,
with faint odor, Nov. 26, 1906, Merrill (No, 4847).
Sumatra.
Eria (§ Trichotosia) halconensis Ames sp. nov.
Plant comparatively slender, about 5 dm. tall. Stems about 7 mm.
in diameter near the base, tapering gradually upwards. Leaves linear-
lanceolate, acuminate, acute, pubescent, about 1 dm. long, 7-11 mm.
wide. Racemes leaf-opposed, shorter than the leaves, about 5 cm. long,
somewhat flexuose, densely covered with reddish yellow hairs. Bracts
broadly ovate or suborbicular, 4-6 mm. long, hairy, abruptly acuminate.
Lateral sepals triangular, externally hairy, subacute, 7 mm. long about
4 mm. wide at base. Upper sepal oblong, externally hairy. - Petals
linear, subspathulate, tapering to a subacute or subobtuse apex, 6 mm.
long, 1.5 mm. wide. Labellum 7 mm. long, linear-cuneate at the base,
dilated above, then constricted within 2 mm. of the tip, 3-lobed; lateral
lobes minute, obtuse, formed by the constriction ; middle lobe subquadrate,
apiculate, 3-4 mm. wide; disc with a prominent mid-nerve. Mentum
about 3 mm. long.
Epiphyte on exposed ridge at 4,500 ft. alt. on Mount Halcon, flower pink-
purple, Nov. 19, 1906, Merrill (No. 5742).—Terrestrial on banks in mossy forest,
at 6,000 ft. alt. on Mount Halcon, flowers pink-purple, Nov. 15, 1906, Merrill
(No. 5510) type.
This is a rather poner species, the slender stems sometimes attaining ) dm.
in Jength and less than 1 em. in thickness at base.
Eria (§ Hymeneria) Hutchinsoniana Ames sp. nov.
Allied to H. tenuifollia Ridl. Rhizomes woody, about 5 mm. in-
diameter. Pseudobulbs 5 em—1 dm. apart, abbreviated, 1.5-3 cm. long,
clothed with scarious sheaths, leafy at the summit. Leaves linear-
lanceolate, about 1 dm. long, about 8 mm. wide, acute, tapering gradually
toward both ends. Inflorescence few-flowered, about 6 cm. long, near
the summit of the pseudobulbs. Flowers white and purple. Peduncle,
pedicels, and ovaries covered with rufous or dark yellowish hairs.
Bracts lanceolate, acute, about 4 mm. long, about 1.5 mm. wide.
Lateral sepals triangular-lancédlate; acute, slightly protuberant anteriorly
ORCHIDACEA) HALCONENSES. 331
at base near the apex of the column foot, about 8 mm. long, 2.5 mm.
wide near the middle, broader below. Upper sepal lanceolate, acute,
about 9 mm. long, narrower than the laterals. Petals linear-lanceolate,
or linear-oblong, subobtuse, 3-nerved, about 8 mm. long, 2 mm. wide
near the middle. Labellum ecallose, smooth, 5 mm. long, basal half
with the sides erect (conduplicate when Sik apical half oblong, rounded
at the apex, 2 mm. wide.
Terrestrial in mossy ridge forest at 7,000 ft. alt. on Mount Halcon, very
abundant but only one plant found in flower, flowers white, base of tube purple
within, Nov. 16, 1906, Merrill (No. 5514).
Eria (§ Convolutae) Merrillii sp. nov.
Pseudobulbs about 1 dm. long, very stout, compressed, 3 em. or more
in diameter, diphyllous (sometimes bearing more than 2 leaves). Leaves
oblong-lanceolate, about 3 dm. long (up to 6 dm.), 4-7 em. wide.
Peduncle comparatively stout, arising from near the summit of a pseu-
dobulb (erect? or drooping ?), bearing numerous very large, nearly white,
somewhat purple-tinged flowers in a dense, elongated raceme. Raceme
about 3 dm. long. Bracts triangular-lanceolate, acute, 1.5—2 cm. long,
about 4 mm. wide at base. Ovary very strongly winged, distantly
resembling an auger on account of the spiral turnings of the wings.
Lateral sepals 1.5 cm. long, linear-faleate, tapering to an acute apex
from a 6 mm. broad base. Upper sepal linear, 1.9 cm. long, 3 mm.
wide, tapering gradually to an obtuse tip. Petals similar to the lateral
sepals, 1.6 cm. long, about 4 mm. wide at base. Labellum 11-11.5 mm.
long, 3-lobed; lateral lobes comparatively small, curved, about 1 mm.
long, 1 mm. wide, obtuse, 5.5 mm. from the base of the labellum;
middle lobe 7 mm. long, 2.5 mm. wide, oblong, acute. Through the
dise of the labellum extend 5 prominent nerves or carine.
Epiphyte at 1,250 ft. alt. along the Alag River, flowers very fragrant, with
odor of the swamp Habenaria of the eastern United States, Noy. 12, 1907, Merrill
(No. 5519).
This robust Hria is allied closely to H. rugosa Lindl., FE. striolata Reichb. f.,
E. fragrans Reichb. f., and EH. cochleata Lindl, The strongly developed, spirally
twisted wings of the ovary are very curious and quite distinctive of this species
and HF. cochleata.
Eria (GS Hymeneria) Merrittii Ames sp. nov.
Pseudobulbs rather stout, cylindrical from a stout rhizome, 1-10 em.
long, about 5 mm. thick, 2—-3-leaved at the summit. Leaves linear-
lanceolate, about 12 cm. long, about 1.5 cm. wide, acuminate, acute.
Peduncle short, about 4 cm. long, breaking forth from the upper part
of the pseudobulbs. Bracts lanceolate, acute. Flowers white. Lateral
sepals linear-lanceolate, acute, about 6-7 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide at
base. Upper sepal linear-lanceolate, about equal to the laterals. Petals
571306
°
sou AMES.
narrowly lanceolate, acute, about 6.5 mm. Jong, 1.5 mm. wide, 3-nerved,
acute. Labellum lanceolate, ecallose, smooth, 4 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide
at base.
At 3,950 ft. alt. on Mount Haleon, June 15-27, 1906, M. L. Merritt (No.
4357). *
Unfortunately the material on which the above description is based is not in
good condition.
Eria vulpina Reichb. f. Bonpl. 3: 222 (1855).
Epiphyte in forest at 2,300 ft. alt. on Mount Halcon, flowers purplish, bracts
yellowish red, Nov. 10, 1906, Merrill (No. 5501).
Endemic in the Philippines. Originally collected by H. Cuming on the island
of Bohol.
Eria (§ Hymeneria) Woodiana Ames sp. nov.
Allied to #. ovata Lindl. Stems about 18 em. long, leafy at the
summit, closely sheathed. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, up to 3 dm. long,
3-4.5 em. wide, acute. Inflorescence racemose, much shorter than the
leaves. Flowers pale yellow. Peduncles about 1 dm. long, floriferous
nearly to the base, breaking forth from the leafy summit of the pseu-
dobulbs. Bracts ligulate, acute, about 5 mm. long. Lateral sepals oblong-
lanceolate, acute, 6 mm. long, 2 mm. wide. Upper sepal narrowly lanceo-
late, 6.5 mm. long. Petals narrowly lanceolate, subacute, 5.5 mm. long,
1.5 mm. wide Labellum 3-nerved, about 4 mm. long, orbicular at base,
contracted at about the middle into the oblong, obtuse, apical half,
monocallose at base in front of the claw.
Epiphyte in ridge forest at 3,000 ft. alt. on Mount Halcon, No. 10, 1906,
Merrill (No. 5490).
PHREATIA Lindl.
Phreatia sulcata (Bl.) J. J. Smith Orch. Java 505 (1905).—Dendrolirium
sulcatum Bl. Bijdr. 347 (1825) —Hria suleata Lindl. Orch. Pl. 69 (1830).
Epiphyte in ridge forest at 6,000 ft. alt. on Mount Halcon, flowers white, with
faint odor, Nov. 15, 1906, Merrill (No. 5765).
Java and Sumatra.
Phreatia prorepens Reichb. f. Otia Bot. Hamb. 54 (1878).
Epiphyte in ridge forest at about 5,800 ft. alt. on Mount Halcon, flowers white,
fragrant, Nov. 15, 1906, Merrill (Nos. 5758, 5814, 6190). ;
This very rare species was originally collected by the expedition commanded
by Captain Wilkes which visited the Philippines between the years 1838 and
1842. One of the specimens collected by this expedition is preserved in the Gray.
Herbarium and bears the name Hria (Phreatia) prorepens in H. G. Reichenbach’s.
hand. The material on which my determination is based agrees with this speci-
men in essential details.
Endemic in the Philippines.
ORCHIDACEAS HALCONENSES. 333
BULBOPHYLLUM Thouars.
Bulbophyllum adenopetalum Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1842, Mise. p. 85.
Epiphyte at 3,550 ft. alt. on Mount Halcon, flowers odorless, nearly white,
slightly straw-colored, Nov. 10, 1906, Merrill (No. 5684).
The petals of the specimens collected by Mr. Merrill are rather lanceolate and
acute than spathulate as in Lindley’s colored sketch of the Singapore plants on
which is based the description of B. adenopetalum. The Mount Haleon specimens
agree very well in habit with Cuming’s Philippine specimens in Lindley’s Her-
barium determined as B. adenopetalum by Lindley. Unfortunately I have no
record of the shape of the petals of Lindley’s specimens aside from a copy of his
drawing of the Singapore plant which he received from Messrs, Loddiges in 1842.
This drawing shows a flower very similar to that of the specimens in question,
if the petals are excepted. Notwithstanding the discrepancy that exists between
the petals of Lindley*s drawing and the Mount Halcon plant I refer the material
collected by Mr. Merrill to B. adenopetalum. :
B. adenopetalum belongs to a section of Bulbophyllum which appears to be
very well represented in the Philippines, mainly characterized by the absence
of well-developed pseudobulbs. This section is in great need of careful study
and revision, To it belongs B. dasypetalum Rolfe.
Singapore and the Philippines.
Bulbophyllum (§ Monanthaparva) alagense Ames sp. noy.
Rhizome creeping, slender. Pseudobulbs approximate to each other
or sometimes 2 cm. apart, pyriform, 4-6 mm. long, narrowed above, 3—4
mm. in diameter at base. Leaves ovate, apiculate, 1.2-2 cm. long, 4-9
mm. wide. Apicule 0.75 mm. long, awn-like. Scape very slender,
filiform, exceeding the pseudobulbs, 8-11 mm. long, sheathed at base
by a tubular, truncate, 1-2 mm. long bract. Flower solitary, pale yellow,
nearly white. Pedicel slender, graceful, subtended by a loose, tubular,
obliquely truncate, apiculate, 2 mm. long bract, which is dilated above.
Sepals triangular-lanceolate, 5-7 mm. long, caudate-tipped, the tails
about 4 mm. long. Petals minute, about 2 mm. long, spathulate, acute.
Labellum about 1.5 mm. long, strongly curved, 3-lobed; lateral lobes
erect, half-round, when spread out forming an orbicular plate, 1 mm.
long, 1 mm. wide; middle lobe fleshy, oblong, obtuse, about 1 mm. long.
Column minute with blunt wings.
On mossy branches overhanging the water along the Alag River, at 1,250 ft.
alt., Nov. 12, 1906, Merrill (No. 5494).
Bulbophyllum dasypetalum Rolfe in Ames Orchidacew, fase. 1, p. 98, with fig.
(1905). Aa
Epiphyte at 3,550 ft. alt. on Mount Halcon, flowers odorless, pale yellow, Nov.
10, 1906, Merrill (No. 5649) —Same locality, Nov. 15, 1906, Merrill (No. 6129) —
Same locality on exposed ridge at 4,500 ft. alt., Nov. 14, 1906, Merrill (No. 5719).
Type from Mount Mariveles, Province of Bataan, Luzon.
334 AMES.
Bulbophyllum (§ Monanthaparva) halconense Ames sp. nov. :
Rhizome thread-like, less than 1 mm. thick. Pseudobulbs 1-3 em.
apart, round-pyriform when mature, rugose when dry, about 5 mm.
long, about 4 mm. in diameter at base. Leaves narrowly elliptic-oblong,
very fleshy (not apiculate), 1.5-2.5 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, acute, con-
tracted into a very slender petiole. Scape exceeding the pseudobulbs,
filiform, 1.5-3 cm. long, sheathed at base. Flower solitary, relatively
large. Pedicel filiform, subtended by a tubular, obliquely truncate, apic-
ulate bract dilated at its mouth. Lateral sepals narrowly lanceolate,
caudate-tipped, 12-14 mm. long, about 3 mm. wide near the base. Upper
sepal similar to the laterals, 12-14 mm. long, caudate-tipped. Petals
ovate, acute, 5 mm. long, 2.5 mm. wide. Jabellum lanceolate from a
cordate base, acute, dilated at the middle, 3.5-4 mm. long, 2 mm. wide.
(From dried speciments it appears to have been strongly convex in life.)
Column short with a minute tooth in front at about the middle.
On trees in ridge forest, flowers dark purple, at 4,500 ft. alt. on Mount Hal-
con, Noy. 16, 1906, Merrill (No. 5832). On the same sheet with the type is
a small species of the Monanthaparva section with much smaller flowers and
shorter scapes. : :
Bulbophyllum (§ Racemosae) Merrittii Ames sp. nov.
Near B. cylindraceum Wind.” Roots copious. Rhizome creeping.
Pseudobulbs small, about 1 cm. long, about 5 mm. thick, when mature
surrounded by the elongated fibrous remains of sheathing bracts. Leaves
coriaceous, 7-16 cm. long, 2-3.2 em. wide, rounded at the tip, gradually
tapering into the comparatively slender, about 3 em. long petiole. Scape
slender, exceeding the leaves, provided with several distant, closely ap-
pressed bracts. Bracts of the inflorescence minute, triangular, 1 mm.
long, acute. Flowers in a dense, slender, 4-5 em. long raceme. Lateral
sepals strongly deflexed, ovate-falcate, subobtuse, 3-nerved, 2.5-3 mm.
long, 1.25 mm. wide near the middle. Upper sepal ovate-lanceolate,
subobtuse, 2.75-3 mm. long, about 1.5 mm. wide at base. Petals oblong,
obtuse, 1-nerved, 1.5 mm, long, 0.75 mm. wide. Labellum lingulate,
1.5 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, rounded-obtuse at the tip, very fleshy with
two callus-like thickenings at base. Column minute.
At 1,475 ft. alt. on Mount Halcon, June 15-27, 1906, M. L. Merritt (No. 4338).
Bulbophyllum (§ Monanthaparva) mindorense Ames sp. noy.
Rhizome inconspicuous, concealed by the depressed, 3-4 mm. long
pseudobulbs, which form a continuous, sometimes branching chain,
which is closely appressed to the bark of trees on which the species is
epiphytic. Leaves lanceolate, acute, 6-8 mm. long, up to 3 mm. wide,
shortly petiolate. Scapes filiform, up to 4 cm. long. Flower with a
very long pedicel, apparently wihout a subtending bract, the pedicel
ORCHIDACEAl) HALCONENSES. 335
being fully 5 mm. long. Floral bract tubular, obliquely truncate. Flower
straw-yellow, relatively large. Lateral sepals narrowly lanceolate, acute,
3-nerved, 8 mm. long, 2 mm. wide below the middle, margin minutely
ciliolate. Upper sepal similar to the laterals, about equally long. Petals
linear-oblong, subspathulate, acute, 1-nerved, 3 mm. long, about 0.75 mm.
wide. Labellum linear-lanceolate, 3.5 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide,
Column 1 mm. long, with a tooth or protuberance in front near the base
or below the middle.
Epiphyte in deep shaded ravine at 3,000 ft. alt. on Mount Halcon, Noy. 27,
1906, Merrill (No. 5796).
Pseudobulbs as in B. cernuum (BI.) Lindl.
Bulbophyllum (§ Monanthaparva) pleurothalloides Ames sp. nov.
Rhizome obscure. Pseudobulbs 3 mm. long, much depressed, forming
a chain. Leaves about 1 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, oblanceolate to spath-
ulate, obtuse, minutely apiculate, contracted below into a slender petiole.
Scapes filiform, elongated, exceeding the leaves, 3 em. long, with scarious
sheaths at base, and with a tubular obliquely truncate bract subtending
the solitary, minute, brownish-yellow flower. Lateral sepals lanceolate,
acute, about 4 mm..long, 2.5 mm. wide, 3-nerved. Upper sepal similar
and equal to the laterals. Petals lanceolate, 2 mm. long, 0.75 mm. wide.
Labellum lanceolate-cordate, obtuse, or subsagittate, 2 mm. long, 1 mm.
wide at base, about 0.5 mm. wide near the tip. Column 1 mm. long.
On mossy trunks of trees at 4,500 ft. alt. on Mount Haleon, Nov. 14, 1906,
Merrill (No. 6128).
In habit allied to B. cernuum (BI.) Lindl. but with very different leaves.
The general aspect of the plant when in flower recalls some species of Pleuro-
thallis.
Bulbophyllum vagans Ames and Rolfe Orchidacew, fase. 2 (1907) ined.
Epiphyte on mossy tree trunks in ridge forest at 6,500 ft. alt. on Mount Hal-
con, flowers odorless, straw colored, Nov. 21, 1906, Merrill (No. 6217).
Endemic in the Philippines.
Bulbophyllum vagans var. angustun Ames var. noy.
Differs from the type in its linear-lanceolate, acuminate, acute, 9-13
cm. long, 1-1.5 em. wide leaves.
Epiphyte in mossy forest on tree trunks at 650 ft. alt. on Mount Halcon,
flowers greenish yellow, Noy. 21, 1906, Merrill (No. 6218).
This variety is very remarkable in that it agrees with B. vagans in all respects
except foliage. The leaves of B. vagans are oblong-ovate, abruptly rounded at
base and subobtuse, 4-7 em. long, 3 em. wide.
Bulbophyllum sp. -
At 2,950 ft. alt. on Mount Halcon, June 15-27, 1906, M. L. Merritt (No. 4360).
A single specimen insuflicient for description.
336 AMES.
.
Bulbophyllum sp.
Balete, Baco River, flowers yellowish, April-May, 1905, R. C. McGregor (No.
329).
A single specimen found on a fallen tree trunk.
Bulbophyllum sp.
Epiphyte on exposed ridge at 4,500 ft. alt. on Mount Halcon, Nov. 14, 1906,
Merrill (No. 5833).
A single specimen insufficient for description.
THELASIS BI.
Thelasis carinata Bl. Bijdr. 386 (1825).
Epiphyte in humid forest at 500 ft. alt. along the Alag River, flowers odorless,
brownish, except white tips of petals, Nov. 7, 1906, Merrill (No. 5679).
Java, Sumatra and Borneo.
PHALAENOPSIS Bl.
Phalaenopsis Aphrodite Reichb. f. Hamb. Gartenz. 18: 35 (1862).
Epiphyte in forest at 300 ft. alt. along the Alag River, flower odorless, pure
white, except for the purple-striped and spotted labellum, Dee. 3, 1906, Merrill
(No. 5845). j
Very nearly allied to, if not merely a form of, P. amabile BI.
Philippines and Formosa.
SARCANTHUS Lindl.
?Sarcanthus striolatus Reichb. f. Gard. Chron. n. s. 18: 168 (1882).
On large bowlders in Alag River, at 500 ft. alt., flowers greenish, labellum
white, turning yellowish, Noy. 6, 1906, Merrill (No. 5517).
Endemic in the Philippines.
SACCOLABIUM Bl.
?Saccolabium compressum Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1840, mise. p. 9.
Epiphyte in mossy forest at 6,000 ft. alt. on Mount Halcon, Noy. 18, 1906,
Merrill (No. 5564).
Although the material on which the above determination is based is in fruit,
it agrees well with 8. compressum Lindl. in habit and general aspect.
Endemic in the Philippines.
ANGRAECUM Thouars.
Angraecum philippinense Ames sp. nov.
Plants 3-6 em. high. Roots very fleshy. Leaves oes
obtuse, 2—5.5 em. long, 0.6-1.4 em. wide, on contracted stems. Peduncles
fleshy, stout, conspicuously winged, few-flowered, about 4 cm. long.
Bracts rigid, fleshy, 5 mm. long, conduplicate, triangular, acute. Pedicels
elongated, about 2.5 em. long, including the ovary. Flowers large, white,
odorless. Lateral sepals elliptic, rounded and very obtuse at the apex,
about 2.2 em. long, about 1.5 em. wide. Upper sepal similar to the
petals, cuneate at base, about 2.2 em. long, 14-15 mm. wide. Petals
ORCHIDACEAD HALGONENSES. So:
broadly spathulate, about 2.2 cm. long, 1.5 em. wide, very obtuse.
Labellum 3-lobed; middle lobe oblong, rounded at the tip, 9 mm. long,
about 7.5 mm. wide; lateral lobes somewhat similar to the middle lobe,
but shorter, 4-5 mm. long, 6.5 mm. wide at base. Spur slender, 3.5
em. long. Column about 7 mm. long, rather stout.
Epiphyte at about 2,500 ft. alt. on forested slopes of Mount Haleon, Noy, 28,
_ 1906, Merrill (No. 5698).
THRIXSPERMUM Lour.
Thrixspermum McGregorii Ames sp. nov.
Stem about 5 mm. in diameter. Leaves oblong, faleate, acute or sub-
acute, about 12 cm. long, about 1.5 em. wide. Scapes very slender,
almost filiform, shorter than the leaves, about 6 cm. long, naked, bearing
a short raceme of minute flowers. Floral bracts minute, triangular,
acute. Lateral sepals ovate, subacute, 1.5 mm. long, less than 1 mm.
wide near the middle. Upper sepal strongly concave, narrower than the
laterals, 1.5 mm. long. Petals somewhat oblanceolate or spathulate,
obtuse, slightly exceeding 1 mm. in length, 0.5 mm. wide. Labellum
about 1 mm. long, 3-lobed; lateral lobes semi-rotund, erect, 0.5 mm.
long and about 0.5 mm. wide; middle lobe with a minute lobule on each
side, one in front of each lateral lobe, otherwise fleshy, minute, blunt.
Flowers when spread out 3 mm. across.
Growing on fallen tree near Balete, Baco River, April 23, 1905, R. C. McGregor
(No, 288).
This is a very small-flowered species of a most puzzling group, closely allied to
Dendrocolla Zollingeri Reichb. f. 2
Thrixspermum sp.
Binabay River, Nov., 1906, Merrill (No. 5539). A single specimen.
Thrixspermum sp.
Mount Haleon, Nov. 1906, Merrill (No. 5691). Specimen in fruit.
MUSCI HALCONENSES.
By V. F. BroTHEervs.
(Helsingfors, Finland.)
The mosses below enumerated were collected by Elmer D. Merrill in
his ascent of Mount Halcon, Mindoro, in November, 1906. Thirty-one
species are represented in the collection, of which four are described as |
new.
SPHAGNALES.
Sphagnum Junghuhnianum Doz. et Molk.
In open heaths at 2,400 m. alt. (No. 5707), sterile specimens.
Area: Khasia, Sikkim, Java, Celebes, Batjan and the Philippines.
Sphagnum sericeum C. Miill.
On cliffs in forests at 1,970 m. alt. (No. 6161 ex p.), sterile specimens.
Area: Java, Sumatra.
BRYALES,
DICRANACEZ.
Dicranoloma Blumei (Nees) Ren.
On trees, forested ridges at 1,800 m. alt. (No. ed ex p.), sterile.
Area: Ceylon, Java, Luzon and New Guinea.
Pilopogon Biumei (Doz. et Molk.) Broth.
Terrestrial in open heaths at 2,400 m. alt. (No. 6111).
Area: British India and Ceylon to Japan, Luzon, Malaya and Polynesia.
LEUCOBRYACE.
Leucobryum subsanctum Broth. n. sp.
Dioicum; robustum, caespitosum, caespitibus laxis, albescentibus, niti-
diusculis; caulis usque ad 6 cm. altus dense foliosus, simplex vel furcatus ;
folia sicca laxe imbricata, humida eecto-patentia, haud subsecunda, e
basi ovali, valde concava oyato-lanceolata, acutissima vel apiculo termi-
nata, 5-6 mm. longa, basi cire. 1.7 mm. lata, dorso laevia, marginibus
superne late involutis, integerrimis, limbo inferne 3-4 seriato, superne
sensim angustiore, cellulis alaribus numerosis, lamina bistratosa; bractae
perichaetiit minutae, internae e basi oblonga, vaginante subito lanceolato-
subulatae; seéa circ. 1.5 em. alta, tenuissima, sicca flexuosula, rubra,
339
340 ; BROTHERUS.
apice leviter scabriuscula; theca erecta, minuta, breviter oblonga, stru-
mulosa, sicca indistinete plicatula, nitidiuscula, fuscidula; operculum e
basi conica subulatum ; calyptra cucullata, trifida.
Luzon, Province of Bataan, summit of Mount Mariveles (Nos, 3540, 3549
Merrill) on trees. Mr1nporo, Mount Halcon, on prostrate logs at 1,350 m. alt.
(No. 6208 ex p.); on cliffs at 1,970 m. alt. (No. 6161 ex p.).
Species ob folia cellulis alaribus numerosis praedita cum L. snacto
(Brid.) Hamp. comparanda, sed foliis erectis, acutissimis, dorso leavi-
bus nec non theca erecta, haud arcuata calyptraque trifida optime diversa.
Leucobryum sanctum (Brid.) Hamp.
On logs along the Binabay River, 180 to 240 m. alt. (Nos. 5636, 5601).
Area: Nepal, Malacca, Malaya, Philippines and Polynesia.
Schizomitrium apiculatum Doz. et Molk.
On trees at 1,800 m. alt. (No. 6192 ex p.).
Area: Java, Sumatra, Borneo.
Schizomitrium Nieuwenhuisii Fleisch.
On trees at 1,360 m. alt. (No. 6209).
Area: Borneo.
Leucophanes candidum (Hornsch.) Lindb.
On bowlders along the Alag River at 150 m. alt. (No. 5632).
Area: Ceylon, Malacca, Malaya, New Guinea and Samoa.
ORTHOTRICHACE®.
Macromitrium fasciculare Mett.
On trees at 1,360 m. alt. (No. 5709).
Area: Ceylon and Java.
Macromitrium Reinwardtii Schw.
On branches of trees, exposed ridges at 2,360 m. alt. (No. 6198).
Area: Java, Borneo, Celebes, Luzon, Tasmania and Tahiti.
Macromitrium (Goniostoma) mindorense Broth. n. sp.
Dioicum robustum, caespitosum, caespitibus densiusculis, rufescenti-
bus, nitidis; cawlis elongatus, repens, per totam longitudinem fusco-
radiculosus, densiuscula ramosus, ramis erectis, strictis, vix ultra 1.5 em.
longis, dense foliosis, obtusis; folia ramea sicca laxe adpressa, apice
patentia, flexuosulo humida horrida recurvo-patula, carinato-convaca, e
basi oblongo-ovali plicata lanceolato-subulata, aristata, circ. 0.5 mm.
longa, basi circ. 1 mm. lata, marginibus erectis, subintegris vel superne
minutissime denticulatis, nervo rufescente, in aristam tenuam, hyalinam
excedente, cellulis pellucidis rhombeis, incrassatis, lumine anguste ellip-
tico, basilaribus elongatis, lumine angustissimo, papillis altis praeditis;
bractae perichaetii foliis subsimiles, nervo longius excedente, cellulis om-
nibus elongatis; seta, vix ultra 1 em. alta, tenuissima, sicca dextrorsum
torta, fuscescenti-rubra, scaberula; theca erecta, ovalis, microstoma ore
MUSCI HALCONENSES. 341
plicatula, fuscescenti-rubra, laevissima; peristomium simplex; exostomii
- —s dentes brevissimi, albidi, truncati, valde papillosi. Caetera ignota.
bas On trees, 2,000 to 2,350 m. alt. (Nos. 5559, 6165).
Species pulcherrima, M. cuspidato Hamp. habitu similis, sed notis
supra allatis longe diversa.
Macromitrium Blumei Nees.
In exposed ridge-thickets at 2,540 m. alt. (No. 5505).
bd Area: Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes and Luzon.
MNIACEE.
Mnium rostratum Schard.
On rocks in forests at 1820 m. alt. (No. 5740). _
Area: Widely distributed throughout the temperate, tropical and subtropical
parts of the World. ;
oe . RHIZOGONIACE 48.
Rhizogonium spiniforme (L.) Bruch.
On trees in forests 900 to 1,060 m. alt. (Nos. 5534, 5591).
Area: Widely distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of
* the World. ‘aaah: : ‘
POLYTRICHACE 25.
Pogonatum macrophyllum Doz. et Molk.
Terrestrial in forests at 1,820 m. alt. (No. 5761).
Area: Sumatra, Java, Batjan and Mindanao.
SPIRIDENTACE.
Spiridens Reinwardtii Nees.
On trees at 1,360 m. alt. (No. 5763).
Area: Java, Celebes, Tidor, Batjan, Mindanao, Luzon and New Guinea.
NECKERACE.
Pterobryella longifrons (C. Miill.) C. Miill.
On trees in forests at 1,820 m. alt. (No. 6183).
Area: Luzon.
ENTODONTACE.E.
Symphyodon Merrillii Broth. n. sp.
Dioicus; robustiusculus, mollis, lutescens, nitidus; eualis primarius
filiformis, repens, secundarius 2-3 cm. altus densiuscula foliosus, comp-
lanatulus, obtusus vel sensim subflagelliformiter, attenuatus, pinnatim
ramosus, ramis patentibus, brevibus, strictis, obtusis ; folia erecto-patentia,
concava, oblonga, breviter acuminata, acuta, marginibus erectis, inaequa-
ustissimis, sublaevibus, basilaribus infimis abbreviatis; bracteae peri-
chaetii erectae, internae e basi oblonga, vaginante lanceolato-subulatae,
liter serrulatis, nervis binis, luteis, brevibus, imaequalibus, cellulis ang-
7
:
superne serrulatae; seta usque ad 3 cm. alta, flexuosula, rubra, inferne _
342 BROTHERUS.
laevis, superne scaberrima; theca erecta, oblongo-elliptica, fuscescenti-
rubra, dense spinulosa annulus angustus; peristomium duplex ; exostomit
dentes lanceolato-subulati lutei minutissime papillosi, laméllati; endos-
tomium sordide lutescens, minutissime papillosum, corona basilaris hu-
milis, processus breves, angusti, carinati; spori 0.012-0.015 mm., minu-
tissime papillosi; operculum e basi.conica-recte subulatum. Calyptra
ignota.
On trees at 1,800 m. alt. (No. 6193).
Species 8. Perrottetii Mont: affinis.
RHACOPILACE.®.
Rhacopilum spectabile Reinw. et Hornsch.
On wet rocks along the Alag River at 180 m. alt. (No. 5641).
Area: Sumatra, Java, Mindanao, New Guinea and Polynesia.
LESKEACE.
Thuidium plumulosum (Doz. et Molk.) Bryol. jav.
On shaded rocks along the Alag River at 90 m. alt. (No. 5689).
Area: Ceylon, Malaya, Philippines, New Guinea and Polynesia.
SEMATOPHYLLACE.
Warburgiella cupressinoides C. Miill.
On trees at 1,820 m. alt. (Nos. 5596 and 6192 ex p.).
Area: Mindanao.
Trichosteleum hamatum (Doz. et Molk.) Jaeg.
(No. 5535 ex p.).
Area: Malaya, Mindanao and Polynesia.
Sematophyllum subulatum (Hamp.) Jaeg.
(No. 5535 ex p.), sterile.
Area: Sumatra, Java, Celebes, Luzon and Mindanao.
Acanthocladium Korthalsii (C. Miill.).
"On prostrate logs and on trees at 1,360 m. alt. (Nos. 6281 ex p., 6193 ex p. )-
Area: Malacea and Java.
Acanthocladium Prionodontella Broth.
Terrestrial in forests at 1,300 m. alt. (No. 5499).
Area: Mindanao.
Acanthocladium lancifolium (Harv.) Broth.
On logs along the Binabay River 180 to 300 m. alt. (Nos. 5602, 5637).
Area: Nepal, Malacca, Malaya and Luzon.
STEREODONTACE. - '
Isopterygium albescens (Schwaegr.) Jaeg.
On wet rotten logs in forests at 900 m. alt. (No. 5587).
Area: British India to Japan and Malaya.
&
Ectropothecium Meyenianum (Hamp.) Jaeg.
On wet rocks in shaded ravine at 90 m. alt. (No. 5548).
Area: Luzon.
MUSCI HALCONENSES. 343
HYPNACE.
Rhynchostegium mindorense Broth. n. sp.
Autoicum,; tenellum, caespitosun, caespitibus laxiusculis, depressis,
mollibus, sordide viridibus, haud nitidis; caulis elongatus, repens, per
totam longitudinem fusco-radiculosus, laxe foliosus, dense pinnatim ra-
mosus, ramis erectiusculis, vix ultra 1 cm. longis, laxiuscule foliosis,
complanatis, obtusis; fo/ia sicca contracta, humida patentia, planiuscula,
caulina minuta, plerumque destructa, ramea ovalia-vel ovato-ovalia,
obtusa, cire. 1 mm. longa et cire. 0.5 mm. lata, marginibus infima basi
tantum recurvis, inferne minute, superne argute serrulatis, nervo cras-
siusculo, longe infra apicem folii evanido, cellulis anguste rhomboideis,
pellucidis, utriculo primordiali repletis, minutissime papillosis, alaribus
sat numerosis, quadratis; bracteae perichaetii suberectae, e basi ovata
sensim lanceolato-subulatae, superne serrulatae; sefa vix 1 em. lata,
tenuissima, rubrar scaberula; theca asymmetrica, cernua, ovalis, sicca
deoperculata sub ore vix constricta, leptodermis, lutea; annulus latus,
longe persistens ; peristomium duplex ; exostomii dentes lanceolata, rufes-
centes, dense striolati; apice hyalini, papillosi, dense et alte Jamellati;
endostomium hyalinum minute papillosum, corona basilaris alta, plicata,
processus dentium longitudinis, carinati, rimosi, cilia brevia; sport inae-
quales, 0.015 mm. vel 0.025—0.030 mm., lutescenti-virides, minutissime
papillosi; operculum e basi convexa breviter subulatum.
On damp shaded bowlders along the Alag River at 150 m. alt. (No. 5546).
Species Rh. menadensi (Bryol. jay.) affinis, sed statura multo minore,
foliis obtusis, superne argute serrulatis facillime dignoscenda.
HYPNODENDRACEZ.
Hypnodendron Reinwardtii (Hornsch.) Lindb.
On dead trees in forests at 1,350 m. alt. (No. 5737), forma breviseta.
Area: Malaya and Polynesia.
Mniodendron divaricatum (Reinw. et Hornsch.) Lindb.
On prostrate logs in forests at 1,820 m. alt. (No. 6185).
Area: Malaya.
~»
INDEX TO PHILIPPINE BOTANICAL LITERATURE, Il.
By Etmer D. MERRILL.
(From the botanical section of the Biological Laboratory, Bureau of Science.)
Anonymous. Decades Kewensis, Decas XLII. (Kew Bull. (1906) pp. 200-205.)
One Philippine species. Peracarpa luzonica Rolfe, is described on page 201,
from Northern Luzon, the only other known species of the genus, P. carnosa
Hook, f. et Th., extending from Northern India to Yunnan.
Boorsma, W. G. Ueber philippinische Pfeilgifte. (Bull. Inst. Bot. Buitenzorg
6 (1900) pp. 14-18.)
A consideration of Lunasia amara Blanco and Lophopetalum toxicum Loher,
in connection with the use of the bark as a source of arrow poison.
Ceron, §. Catalogo de las plantas del herbario recolectado por el personal de la
suprimida comisién de la flora forestal. (Manila (1892), pp. 1-231, plate 1.)
A catalogue of a portion of the plants collected in the Philippines by Vidal,
including those enumerated by the latter in his Revision de plantas vasculares
Filipinas (1886), and some collected after the publication of that work. A
number of genera and species are credited to the Philippines for the first time
and one new species is described, Calophyllum vidalii F.-Villar, 1. ¢. 229,
with plate, C. cuneatum Vidal and (C. rolfei Vidal being cited as synonyms.
It is not entirely clear who is the author of the entire work, but Ceron’s
name, then “Inspector general de Montes” for the Philippines appears on page
5 at the end of the introduction, The enumeration of species is however
apparently the work of Regino Garcia.
Chevalier, Auguste. Monographie des Myricacées. (Theses presentées 4 la fa-
culté des sciences de Paris (1901) pp. 1-257, plates 9, reprint from Mém.
Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherbong 32 (1901.)
Three genera, Gale, Comptonia end Myrica are recognized, the latter con-
taining 51 species and many varieties, represented in the Philippines by the
endemic Myrica vidal@ma Rolfe. Other species of the genus have since been
found in the archipelago.
Chodat, Robert. Polygalaceae noyae vel parum cognitae, V. (Bull. Herb. Boiss.,
4 (1906) pp. 233-237.)
Securidaca philippinensis is described as new.
Chodat, Robert. Conspectus systematicus Generis Xanthophylli. (Bull, Herb.
Boiss. XX, 4 (1906) pp. 254-264.)
Xanthophyllum bracteatum, X. philippinense and X. robustwm are described
from Philippine material, the first two endemic, the last extending from the
Philippines to Borneo and Malaca.
345
346 MERRILL.
Chodat, Robert. Monographia Polygalacearum. (Mém. Soc. Phys. et Hist. Nat.
Genéve (1903) pp. 1-500, plates 35.)
Of the genus Polygala 404 species are recognized, but one P. warburgii Chod.,
Philippines and New Caledonia being credited to the archipelago (P. tele-
phioides of Philippine authors, non Willd.). Several other species are how-
ever found in the archipelago, P. venenosa Juss., P. chinensis L., P. polifolia
Presl, P. luzoniensis Merr., and P. septemnervia Merr.
Elmer, A. D. E. Leaflets on Philippine Botany (1906-07) pp. 1-208. Of the
above work 9 articles have appeared, as follows:
Article 1, April 8, 1906, Philippine Rubiaceae, by A. D. E. Elmer, pp. 1-41.
Of this family 149 species representing 42 genera are enumerated, of which
several genera are reported from the Philippines for the first time, Amara-
carpus, Chasalia, Coelaspermum, Galium, Mussaendiopsis, and Tricalysia,
and the followi e. 45 species are described as new: Amaracarpus longifolius,
Argostemma solaniflora, Coelospermum ahernianum, Gardenia whitfordii, G.
merrillii, G. elliptica, G. be pa basen Ixora sparsiflora, I. bibracteata, Lasian-
thus hispidus, L. copel jp is burdens, L. culi , Mu da grandiflora,
M. benguetensis, M diopsis multiflora, Nertera dentata, Nauclea vidalu,
Oldenlandia- igtinsein; O. yoderi, O. benguetense, O. banksti, O. ciliata, Ophior-
rhiza biflora, Psychotria longipedicellata, P. bat , P. subsessiliflora,
P. rubiginosa, P. banahaensis, P. pinnatinervia, P. hevrncaih Randia min-
dorensis, R. samalensis, R. uncaria, R. umbellata, R. fasciculiflora, Sarcoce-
phalus ovatus, Tricalysia tinag ae i ius attenuatus, T. benguetensis,
T. quadrasii, T. obovatus, Uncaria philippinensis, Urophyllum sablanense
and U. bataanense. Many other species are credited to the Philippines for
the first time but without citation of specimens representing them, the in-
ference being that these species are represented in the herbarium of the
Bureau of Science. In some genera, Plectronia, Stylocoryne, ete., new com-
binations are made without references to previously described species. Keys
are given to the species under each genus, but no keys to the genera. Ac-
cording to the date of issue this work antedates Supplement I to the Philip-
pine Journal of Science, on pages 126-137 of which some of the species men-
tioned above are also published. Careful work will be necessary to correlate
these species. No attempt is made to enumerate all the species of the family
credited to the archipelago by various authors, and no synonomy is given.
Article 2, April 10, 1906, pp. 1-21 (42-62). A Fascicle of Benguet Figs,
by A. D. FE. Elmer, Twenty-eight species are listed, of which the following
are described as new: Ficus fastigiata, F. irisana, F. eucaudata, F. confusa,
F. umbrina, F. longipedunculata (Merr.) Elm., F. magnifica, F. rudis arbo-
rea, F', subintegra (Merr.) Elm., F. repandifolius, and F’. integrifolia.
Article 3, April 12, 1906, pp. 63-73. Additional New Species of Rubia-
ceae, by A. D. E. Elmer. The following 14 species are described as new:
Argostemma quadripetiolata, Oldenlandia filifolia, Psychotria subalpina, P.
paloense, P. ellipticifolia, Gardenia morindaefolia, Ophiorrhiza pubescens,
- Ixora meyeri, I, leytensis, Tricalysia purpureum, Urophyllum banahaense,
U. luch e, Timonius arborea and Lasianthus morus. As with article 1, *
this paper antedates Supplement I to the Philippine Journal of Science,
according to the date of issue, where some of the above species are also
published, not always however based on the same material.
Article 4, April 15, 1905, pp. 74-77. Pandans of East Leyte, by A. D. UH.
PHILIPPINE BOTANICAL LITERATURE. 347
Elmer. Pandanus radicans Blanco is redescribed, and P. paloensis and P.
muricatus are proposed as new.
Article 5, July 26, 1906, pp. 78-79. A New Polypodium and Two Varie-
ties, by H. B. Copeland. Polypodium (Phymatodes) monstrosum Copel. is de-
scribed, and the two varieties, leucophlebium and integriore.
Article 6, August 1, pp. 78 bis-82. New Pandanaceae from Mount Bana-
hao, by 4. D. E. Elmer. Freycinetia monocephala, Pandanus banahaensis
and P, utilissimus are described as new.
Article 7, August 16, 1906, pp. 83-186. Manual of the Philippine Compo-
sitae, by A. D. EH. Elmer.. In this paper 60 genera and 103 species are
credited to the Philippines, including introduced and cultivated species.
Ethulia, Centipeda, Epaltes, Anaphalis, Brechtites, and OChrysogonum are
reported from the Philippines for the -first time, and the following species
are described as new: Vernonia lenticellata, V. benguetensis sub B. Vialis
D. C., Hupatorium toppingianum, EB. sambucifolium, Blumea laxiflora, Gna-
phalium oblancifolium, Aster luzonensis, Senecio benguetense, S. confusus,
8. rubiginosus, S. mindorensis, and Chrysog philipp New names
appear in Gynura, G. vidaliana for G, siirduruectine Vid., non DC., and G.
latifolium (Crassocephalum latifolium Moore). An attempt was made to
account for all the species credited to the Philippines by various authors,
important synonomy is given, keys to the tribes, genera and species, and
short descriptions of all the genera and species admitted.
Article 8, December 10, 1906, pp. 187-205. A Fascicle of East Leyte Figs,
by A. D. E. Elmer. Twenty-six species of Ficus are numerated, of which the
following are described as new: Ficus joh i, F. benguetensis leytensis, F.
fiskei, F. guyeri, F. carpenteriana, F. satterthwaitei, F. cassidyana, F. rufi-
caulis paloense and F. latsoni.
Article 9, April 11, 1907, 207-208. A new Trigonostemum, by Otto Stapf.
Trigonostemum philippinense Stapf is described, the genus being new to the
Philippines.
Forbes, Francis Blackwell, and adie: William Botting. An Enumeration of
all the Plants known from China Proper, Formosa, Hainan, Corea and the
Luchu Archipelago, and the Island of Hongkong, together with their Distribu-
tion and Synonomy. (Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 23 1886-1888) pp. 1-521,
plates 14: 24 (1889-1899) pp. 1-592, plates 10: 36 (1903-1905) pp. 1-686,
with an Historical Note, Index, and List of Genera and Species discovered in
China since the publication of the various parts of the “Enumeration.”’) :
In the above work 8,271 species, of which 4,230 are endemic or not known .
to occur outside of the Chinese Empire are enumerated, but Sir William T.
Thistleton-Dyer considers that the most moderate estimate can not put the
whole flora as containing less than 12,000 species. Very many of the species
enumerated extend to the Philippines, especially to northern Luzon, and the
work is quite essential to the student of the Philippine flora.
Giesenhagen, K. Die Farngattung Niphobolus (1901, pp. 1-223, figures 20).
Fifty species are recognized, of which the following are credited to the
Philippines: Niphobolus splendens (Hook.) Giesenh., endemic, N. stict
Kze., British India and Ceylon to south China and Luzon, V. nummularifolius
J. Sm., British India to Malaya, N. 1 Giesenh demic, N. sama-
rensis Giese; endemic, and WN. idnastehé Klf., south China to Malaya and
Samoa. Several other species have since been found in the archipelago.
57130——7
348 MERRILL.
Gray, Asa. Characters of New or Obscure Species of Plants of the Monopetalous
Orders in the Collection of the United States South Pacific Exploring Expedi-
tion under Captain Charles Wilkes, U. S. N., with Occasional Remarks, etc.
(Proc. Am. Acad, 5 (1862.)
On page 324 a single Rperine from the Philippines is described, Gaultheria
(Diply Jel = Dip l ica (A. Gray) Merr.
Harms, H. Anomopanax aks ‘Eine im Herbar des Mus. Bot. Hort. Bogoriensis
entdeckte neue Araliaceen-Gattung. (Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg II. 4 (1904)
pp. 13-16.)
The new araliaceous genus Anomopanawx is deseribed, with three species,
two, A. celebicus and A. warburgii from Celebes, the third, A. piilappingness,
from Mindanao.
Hasskarl, J. K. Ueber einige neue Pflanzen der Philippinen aus der Cumingschen
Sammlung. (Flora, 38 (1865) pp. 401-403.)
Three species are described: Anredera cumingii Hassk. (==A. scandens
Mogq.), Symphorema glabrum Hassk. (==. luzonicum (Blanco) F.-Vill.) and
Tribulus macranthus Hassk. (=T. cistoides L.).
Hemsley, W. Botting. Revision of the Synonomy of the Species of Aleurites.
(Kew Bull. (1906) pp. 119-121.)
Four species of Aleurites are considered in connection with a preceding
article on the source of Chinese wood-oil, A. cordata R. Br., Japan to Formosa
and south China, A. fordii Hemsl., China, A. triloba Forst. (A. moluccana
(L.) Willd.) Malaya and Polynesia and naturalized in many other tropical
countries, and A. trisperma Blanco. The last two are common and widely
distributed in the Philippines, the latter being endemic.
Laguna y Villanueva, Maximo. Apuntes sobre un nuevo roble (Q. jordanae) de
ja flora de Filipinas (1875) pp. 1-8, with plate.
In this work, all the species of Quercus then known from the Philippines
are enumerated, and on page 7 Quercus jordanae is described, with a plate
showing a branch and fruit, natural size.
Massee, George. Revision of the Genus Hemileia Berk. (Kew Bull. (1906) pp.
35-42, with one plate.)
Four species are recognized, of which one, H. vastatriz Berk. & Broome, the
cause of the devastating coffee-leaf disease, is credited to the Philippines, on
leaves of Coffea arabica L., and C. liberica Hiern. (It is abundant on the
leaves of the former throughout the Philippines, and has practically killed
the coffee industry in the Archipelago. )
Maxon, William R. A New Name for Kaulfussia Blume, a Genus of Maratta-
ceous Ferns. (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 18 (1905) pp. 239-240.)
The new generic name Christensenia is proposed, Kaulfussia Blume being
invalidated by earlier use of the same name by Dennstedt and Nees in the
Polygalacee and Composite. Tpil.» Acle.* Baticulin.
Ebony. Molave.* Teak,» Calantas.*
Camagon. Yacal.* Guijo.. © Mayapis.*
Bolongeta. Tindalo.* Apitong.* Red lauan.*
Betis.» Amuguis.* Dita.»
Bansalaguin.* Palo maria.* Cupang.*
Supa.* Banaba, Teluto.
Macaasin.* Anubing. Malapapaya.
Batitinan.* Bancal.»
Aranga.* Tamayuan,
Sasalit.* Sacat.*
Liusin,® Malasantol.*
Tucan-calao. Balacat.*
Alupag. Malugay.*
Catmon.* Banuyo.*
Agoho.* Tanguile.*
Calamansanay. Lanete.
Mangachapuy.* Duguan.
Batete. Santol,»
Lanotan.* Nato.
‘ Dalinsi,
Calumpit.
Talisay.»
Balinhasay
Lumbayao.*
Batino.
* The specific gravity of these woods was obtained from tests made in Manila.
» These woods were grouped by data found in Gamble’s Manual of Indian Timbers.
1 Bur. For. Bull., Manila (1907), 4, 51.
360 FOX WORTHY.
Comparative weights of Philippine and American woods—Continued.
AMERICAN WOODS.?"
Very heavy. Heavy. Moderately heavy. Light. |
Hickory. Ash. White cedar.
White oak. White elm. White pine.
Red oak, © Sweet gum. White Spruce.
Persimmon. . Hard pine. Bald cypress. |
Osage orange. Cherry. Red cedar.
Black locust. Birch, Hemlock.
Hackberry. Maple. Redwood.
Blue beech. Walnut. Oregon pine.
Sour gum. Basswood.
Coffee tree. Chestnut.
Honey locust. Butternut.
Tamarack. Tulip.
Douglas spruce. Catalpa.
Western hemlock. Buckeye.
Soft maple. Poplar.
Sycamore. Willow.
Sassafras. :
* Mulberry. =
Resonance-—We have no commercial wood in the Islands which is
suitable for making good sounding boards. Imported coniferous wood
is usually used for this purpose in guitars and other stringed instruments
of local manufacture, the backs and sides of the instruments being made
of lanotan (Bombycidendron campylosiphon (Tcz.) F. Vill.), lanca
(Artocarpus integrifolia L. {.) or other even-grained ornamental woods.
Moisture content, shrinkage, seasoning—Wood is much heavier when
green than when dry, because of the large amount of water which it
contains ; air-dry it still holds 8 to 10 per cent of moisture and even when
it is kiln-dried there is usually some water left in it. It is exceedingly:
hygroscopic ; a piece which has been very thoroughly dried will, if placed
in a moist place, take up enough water to equalize its moisture content
with that of the surrounding air. This capacity for taking up water is
responsible for the swelling and warping of timber. The loss of water
from the wood causes shrinkage and where this is uneven, checking.
Seasoning—The process by which water is gradually removed from
wood is known as seasoning. In seasoning, certain chemical and phys-
ical changes take place which render the wood stronger, more durable,
and usually harder and heavier. The nature of these changes is rather
imperfectly understood, but it seems probable that certain materials
contained in the pith-ray and wood parenchyma cells become changed
into tannins, resins, and other substances which have a preservative and
strengthening effect. When properly seasoned a wood is always stronger
* The classification of American woods was taken from Roth’s Bull, Timber.,
U, S. Bur. of Forestry (1895), 10.
PHILIPPINE WOODS. 361
than it is when unseasoned. There may be several kinds of seasoning,
as follows:
Natural seasoning taking place in the tree—This results in the formation of
heartwood by the means already indicated. A loss of water occurs simultaneously
with the chemical change taking place, and the deposit of certain substanées in
the cells more than counterbalances the loss in weight, so that the heartwood is
specifically heavier, although lower in moisture content, than the sapwood. This
change from sap- to heart-wood is very important in considering the value of a
timber. Sapwood seems incapable of equaling heartwood, no matter how care-
fully it may be handled after leaving the tree.
Artificial seasoning.—In the standing tree: In some cases, as for instance in
the teak forests in India, the tree is girdled and then left on the stump for a
year or more before being cut. It is claimed that the disadvantages of this
method are that the resulting wood is more brittle than if it is seasoned in the
usual way, and moreover, during the process it is more exposed to the attacks
of burrowing insects. To offset this there is the advantage of rapid seasoning,
with but little checking. For some species this is probably the best method.
In the log: Material left to season in the log usually becomes noticeably checked.
Rapid seasoning is most safely accomplished in pieces of small dimensions.
By air-drying: The greater part of our material is air-dried—that is, seasoned
by standing in piles of lumber exposed to the air. If properly piled, the process
will proceed at a fairly rapid rate and the checking will be very slight. The
pile should be so arranged that the air can reach the wood from all sides.
By kiln-drying: This is accomplished by means of a controlled supply of
artificial heat. Kiln-drying is resorted to whenever it is desired to reduce the
percentage of moisture below that of air-dry wood or whenever especially rapid
seasoning is required. If the operation is carefully performed, the wood is
seasoned with a minimum amount of checking; it is made stronger and is less
liable to decay. Of course, kiln-dried wood will take up moisture from the air, but
it will not absorb it in as great quantity or as rapidly as the air-dried material;
therefore, it actually remains drier than wood which has been seasoned in the air.
The best results are obtained by prolonged and careful air-drying, followed by kiln-
drying. If properly handled, wood is always improved by being kiln-dried.
Unfortunately, the process is not as much practiced with the native woods as it
should be.
Seasoning in fluids: Timbers sometimes are submerged in sea water for years
before being dried, additional strength and durability apparently being given to
them. For many years this has been the process with oak used for shipbuilding
in England. Of course this method of seasoning can only be employed where
the material can be so submerged as to be free from teredo attack. Timbers
oceasionally are encountered which have had a part of their seasoning in fresh
water or in the mud at the bottom of fresh-water streams or lakes, an example
being the swamp cypress logs which are raised from the mud of rivers and bayous
in the southern United States, after having lain there for many-years.
Small pieces of woods for certain purposes are seasoned in gil or other fluids,
All these methods of submerging woods during seasoning have the very great
advantage that the process is thereby made a very gradual and uniform one,
checking being reduced to a minimum. However, these methods are suited only
to special cases.
Heating power.—This varies with the content of carbon and contained
resins, oils, ete. Our best firewoods are usually those with very thick,
dense cell-walls.
362 FOX WORTHY.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES.
It is not the intention here to treat of the chemical composition of
wood or of its behavior under any but the simplest reagents. However,
there are a few very simple tests which may aid in the determination of
particular woods and these are included here:
Molave (Vitea spp.) turns to a bright greenish-yellow when treated with an
alkaline solution; narra (Pterocarpus spp.) gives a fluorescent, blue color to
water; betis (Jllipe betis (Blco.) Merr.) or bansalaguin (Mimusops elengi L.)
will form a lather if the surface of the wood be rubbed with water or saliva;
calumpit (erminalia edutis Bleo.), dalinsi (7. pellucida Presl.) sacat (7. nitens
Presl.), or talisay (7. catappa L.) will color water a dirty, straw-yellow; catmon
(Dillenia spp.) causes water to become pale red.
Others of our woods will doubtless also be found to give distinct re-
actions with simple reagents.*
3. DURABILITY AND DECAY.
Fungi and bacteria.—These grow abundantly in warm and moist
situations. Wood which is partly submerged, or in contact with the
ground, is most subject to the attack of these organisms, a continual
supply of moisture favoring their development. Piling, railroad ties,
and portions of buildings in contact with the ground give the best
illustrations of destruction by these means, but while wood is always
liable to damage from these causes, they are not the most serious con-
siderations in this climate.
Beetles—Woods frequently are encountered which are completely
riddled by the burrows of wood-boring beetles; these extend in all direc-
tions and very perceptibly weaken the wood. The presence of beetles is
indicated by the open burrows or by fine wood dust pushed out from
them. It is said that no woods are entirely immune from beetle attack.
In the very hard woods, however, it is usually only the sapwood which
is affected. Logs left in the forest or piled with beetle-eaten material
are most subject to attack. Certain woods, such as dita (Alstonia
scholaris R. Br.) and lanete (Wrightia spp.), are particularly liable to
be damaged in this way. No entirely satisfactory means of preventing
beetle attacks has as tp been found.
Anay or “white ants.’—Termites, very generally known in i the Islands
as anay, destroy a great many of the softer woods, completely hollowing
them out until only a shell is left.
Shipworm or teredo.—This is the most serious enemy to piling, boat
keels, and other wooden articles which are immersed in sea water. ‘The
work of these small animals constitutes so serious a nuisance as to render
any but a very few of our very hard woods useless for piling.
* A discussion of the mechanical properties of wood is given in Timber, Bull. 10,
U. S. Bur. For., and for a discussion of the mechanical properties of Philippine
woods the reader is referred to Gardner, Bull. For. Bur., Manila ee ee 4,
(1907), 2d edition. :
ee ee ee eT ee
PHILIPPINE. WOODS. 363
IMMUNITY FROM ATTACK,
Hardness.—A few woods, such as mancono (Xanthostemon verdugo-
nianus Naves) for piling and molave (Vitex spp.) for house construction,
seem to be immune from attack because of their hardness. As a rule
the hardwoods are very much freer from insect and teredo attack than
are the soft kinds.
Taste and odor.—It seems probable that some woods may be safe
from insects because of a taste or odor which is not agreeable to the
invaders. This is supposed to be the case with calantas (Z'oona spp.).
IMPREGNATION AND OTHER ARTIFICIAL MEANS OF DEFENSE AGAINST INSECTS AND TEREDO.
Creosoting—Creosoting, in the very few cases in which it has been
tried in the Islands, has been very satisfactory, but it can not as yet
come into common use because of the present prohibitive cost of creosote
in Manila.
Impregnation with mineral salts may prove effective, if some way can
be found of precipitating the salts in the wood so that they will not
leech out under the action of this moist climate.
Painting a wood has proved effective so long as the painted surface
does not become. cracked.
There is further need of Senos to determine what Philippine
woods are most immune to insect and teredo attack, and what are the
best artificial means of defense.
~
USES OF PHILIPPINE WOODS.
While complete tests have-not been carried out for any Philippine
woods, certain of them have been found to be particularly well fitted
for especial uses, and the effort is here made to group the woods of
commerce ‘according to their use.
1. In places exposed to salt water and teredo attack.—For piling: Liusin,
betis, aranga, mancono, banaba, batitinan, bolongeta, dufigon, dufigon-late, man-
gachapuy, molave, and yacal are used; but the first four mentioned give the
best satisfaction.
In addition to these there is agoho, which by its great hardness and its
normal, tapering shape seems to be well fitted for piling. It seems not yet to
have been tried for that purpose. .
For ship and boat building: Teak, usually of the first importance as a ship-
building wood, is of small importance in the Philippines because of its very
restricted occurrence. It is obtainable only in small quantities. —
For keels and other parts of ships exposed to salt water: Aranga, banaba,
bansalaguin, betis, dufigon, guijo, liusin, molave, narra, palo maria, and yacal
are used.
For small boats, bancas, cascoes, etc., a large number of different woods dre
employed, among which are: Apitong, amuguis, bancal, banuyo, calantas, white
lauan, lumbayao, malasantol, malugay, gachapuy, and tanguil
2. In places where the wood is in contact with the ground.—For corner posts
of houses (harigues): Molave, ipil, acle, agoho, alupag, anubing, aranga, ba-
naba, bansalaguin, banuyo, batitinan, betis, calamansanay, duiigon, duiigon-late,
364 FOX WORTHY.
liusin, macaasin, mancono, mangachapuy, narra, palo maria, sasalit, supa,
tamayuan, tucan-calao, yacal.
For railroad ties: Molave, ipil, acle, betis, aranga, dufigon, yacal, tindalo,
sasalit, supa, anubing, banaba, bolongeta, agoho. In addition to these, the
following have been recommended by the Forestry Bureau’as worth testing:
Toog, dao (Dracontomelum sp.), apitong, amuguis, banuyo, malaruhat (Hugenia
sp.), palo maria.
For paving blocks: Molave is the only native wood which is known to be
satisfactory as a paving block. Several of the woods used for railroad ties should
be tried for this purpose. ia
3. For use as construction timbers—F¥or heavy framing and general high-
grade construction: Acle, agoho, alupag, aranga, banaba, bansalaguin, batiti-
nan, betis, catmon, dufigon, dufgon-late, ipil, liusin, macaasin, mangachapuy,
molave, narra, palo maria, sasalit, supa, tamayuan, tucan-calao, yacal.
For medium-grade construction: Anubing, lumbayao, guijo, malasantol, malu-
gay, lanotan, calamansanay, banuyo, batete, apitong, amuguis, tanguile.
For light or temporary construction: Balacat, balinhasay, baneal, batino,
calantas, calumpit, cupang, duguan, dalinsi, dita, lanete, white lauan, red lauan,
malapapaya, mayapis, nato, sacat, santol, talisay.
4. For use in making furniture and ornaments.—For the better grades of
furniture there are used: Tindalo, acle, palo maria, catmon, teak, supa, ipil,
narra, calamansanay, banuyo.
Cheap furniture is made of guijo, bancal, apitong, calumpit, dalinsi, sacat,
talisay, dita, santol, baticulin, batete, malugay. Tanguile, red and white lauan,
apitong and lumbayao make cheap furniture of excellent quality.
Besides the above-mentioned woods the following are used in cabinet making:
Anubing, aranga, banaba, bansalaguin, camagon, bolongeta, ebony, lanete, lano-
tan, macaasin, tucan-calao, yacal, narra. Lanete, molave, and santol are among
the woods used for wood carving.
Ill, KEY TO PHILIPPINE COMMERCIAL WOODs.
It has been the effort to make this key cover all the woods in the first
three groups on which the Bureau of Internal Revenue collects a tax;
and in addition, such of the fourth-group woods as are commonly found
on the Manila market. The one wood of the first three groups which has
not been included is malacadios. Specimens of wood bearing this name
have been received from.several different provinces. These specimens
represent three or four widely different species. Repeated effort has
failed to discover here a wood bearing the name of “malacadios;” al-
though a number of dealers have said that it is occasionally found in the
_ Manila market. We must, for the present, leave this wood out of our
consideration..
EXPLANATION OF THE TERMS USED IN THE KEY,
Non-porous and porous woods. (See p. 354.)
Seasonal rings (see p. 355).—These are defined by a line at either
margin or by the greater density of structure in the outer part of the ring.
Ring porous.—With one or more rows of large vessels in the early part
of the ring; the later part of the ring having the vessels smaller and
scattered.
FoxXWORTHY : PHILIPPINE Woops.] (Put. Journ. Sct., Vou. II, No. 5.
4
se t
PR Ae MAL
eS
|
{
Fig. 5. TEAK. i
Fig. 7. DITA. Fic. 8, BETIS.
Fic. 10. TAMAYUAN. Fig. 11. DUNGON. Fic. 12. BALACAT.
Pe TE ee ee ee
PHILIPPINE WOODS. 365
Diffuse porous—With the vessels of approximately uniform size and
scattered through the ring.
Wherever the rings have seemed to be doubtfully distinct, the wood
has been included in both sections of the key. This will explain why a
number of woods are found more than onée. :
Unless especially otherwise indicated, the color credited to a given
wood is that of the heartwood.
In using this key, no special equipment is needed beside a sharp jack-
knife and a small lens capable of magnifying as much as five diameters.
The end of the block used should be carefully smoothed with the knife,
so that the different structural features may be seen with the lens.
Ordinarily, the cross section is the only one used, as it shows nearly all
of the points which it is necessary to observe.
- The figures used to illustrate this key have been made with a uniform
magnification of about five diameters.
Key to Philippi cial woods.
a. NONPOROUS WOODS BENGUET PINE (see fig. 1).
5 ; OREGON PINE.
s CALIFORNIA REDWOOD.
aa, POROUS WOODS.
b. SEASONAL RINGS DISTINCT.
c. Ring porous.
d. Wood parenchyma in wavy, tangential lines. :
e. Tangential section showing faint, parallel, transverse lines; distinct,
sweetish, cedary odor; wood coloring water a fluorescent blue.
‘ Narra (see fig. 2).
ee. Not as above.
f. Pale to dark red Banasa. (see fig. 3).
ff. Brownish to dark brownish; vessels containing glistening dark-
colored deposits BATITINAN (see fig. 4).
dd. Parenchyma lines wanting.
e. Moderately heavy to heavy and hard; yellow to very dark brown;
«strong, spicy odor TEAK (see fig. 5).
ee. Light and soft; red; cedary odor ................... CALANTAS (see fig. 6).
ce. Diffuse porous.
d. Wood parenchyma prominent.
e. In concentric lines.
f. Pith-rays very small.
g. Wood.soft and white, with bitter Tastes... Fe . Dira (see fig. 7).
gg. Not white.
h. Wood forming ‘a lather when rubbed with water or saliva; ves-
sels in oblique radial lines.
i. Very hard and heavy; very dark red...............- BANSALAGUIN.
ii. Lighter in weight and eolor; not quite so hard.
Betis (see fig. 8).
hh. Wood not forming a lather when rubbed.
i. Vessels medium size, scattered, not numerous; wood paren-
chyma lines very distinct LIUSIN (see fig. 9).
SET De
366 FOX WORTHY.
ii. Vessels Small, very numerous, in short radial rows; paren-
chyma in very fine, broken lines.. TAMAYUAN (see fig. 10).
ff. Pith-rays.of medium size; very hard and heavy; reddish brown to
chocolate color; parenchyma lines very fine.
DuNeon (see fig. 11).
DUNGON-LATE. :
ee. Clustered about large vessels.
f. Wood white; not heavy.
g. Pith-rays small; wood parenchyma forming a very narrow fringe -
about the vessels BaracaT (see fig. 12).
gg. Pith-rays medium size; wood parenchyma forming a very dis-
tinct fringe about the vessels; very bad odor when first cut.
Cupane (see fig. 13).
ff. Wood not white; heavier.
g. Wood dark brown.
h. Seasonal rings rather narrow; whitish deposits in vessels.
ACLE (see fig. 14).
hh. Seasonal rings broad; vessels without whitish deposits.
Banvyo (see fig. 15).
ie ‘With yellow or reddish tinge. :
. Dark red; parenchyma sometimes forming lines between ves-
sels TucaAN-cALao (see fig. 16).
hh, Parenchyma only about vessels. ‘
i. Yellow to dark reddish-brown; sulphur-yellow deposits in
vessels Tprz (see fig. 17).
ii. Yellowish-red; no yellow deposits in vessels.
TINDALO (see fig. 18).
dd. Wood parenchyma not prominent.
e. Wood white, or grayish.
f. Gray with faint greenish-yellow tinge; very hard and heavy; ves-
sels small and scattered; wood turning bright greenish-yellow
when treated with an alkaline solution... Monave (see fig. 19).
ff. White; moderately heavy and moderately hard; vessels very small,
in short radial lines.
g. Very even grained; tasteless -........-.-.--...1.0- LANETE (see fig. 20).
gg. Less even grained; with bitter taste........... Bartino (see fig. 21).
ee. Not white or grayish.
f. Vessels clogged with white substance; heartwood brownish or green-
ish or greenish-yellow ANUBING (see fig. 22).
= if. Vessels not clogged with whitish deposits.
g. Seasonal ring marked off by a distinct line.
h. Vessels exuding an oil whenever cut across; heavy and hard.
i, Yellowish-brown Supa (see fig. 23).
ti. Reddish-brown; all surfaces stained by the oil.
BatereE (see fig. 24).
hh. Vessels ak exnding an oil; Wak or -pale reddish.
i. Edge of seasonal ring a fine line; hard and moderately
heavy Matueay (see fig. 25).
ii. Edge of seasonal ring a coarser line; wood softer and
lighter; pith-rays more distinct... Dueuan (see fig. am
- Seasonal rings not marked off by a distinct line.
Se Wood purple; with parallel transverse markings in longitudi-
“nal sections -LAanoran (see fig. 27)-
a
FoxworRTHY: PHILIPPINE Woops.] [ PHIL. JouRN. SclI., Vou. II, No. 5.
Fig. 16. TUCAN-CALAO.
Fic. 20. LANETE.
Fic. 22, ANUBING. Fig. 23. SUPA. Fig. 24. BATETE.
Journ. Scr., Vou. II, No. 5.
(PHIL.
PHILIPPINE Woops.]
FoxWworTHy :
NOTAN.
27. LA
Fic.
AN
Fic. 26. DUGU
MALUGAY
25.
Fic
@. 30. SACAT.
Fi
. AMUGUIS.
G. 29
FI
28. LUMBAYAO.
IG.
KF
Fic. 33. TELUTO.
G. 32. SANTOL.
Fi
PAG.
@. 31. ALU
FI
Fic. 36. EBONY
. CATMON
35.
Fic.
MALAPAPAYA.
34,
Fic.
PO ——
PHILIPPINE WOODS. 367
hh. Wood not purple; without transverse markings.
i. Dark red.
j. Vessels large, eaia ved, with red deposits.
LUMBAYAO (see fig. 28).
jj. Vessels whatiane size, scattered, without red deposits,
AMucuIS (see fig. 29).
di, Not dark red.
j. Wood coloring water a pale straw-yellow; moderately
heavy and moderately hard; vessels of medium size,
often in more or less wavy lines in outer part of sea-
sonal ring CALUMPIT,
DALINST.
Sacar (see fig. 30).
TALISAY.
jie Wood not coloring water straw-yellow; vessels scattered,
medium size to small; pale reddish.
-k, Very hard and heavy. ................-.-- ALUPAG (see fig. 31).
kk, Soft and moderately heavy; faint, camphor-like odor
when firstccpt.ceccao oa: Santon (see fig. 32).
bb. SEASONAL RINGS NOT DISTINCT. 2 is
c. Pith-rays broad or very broad. —
d, Wood soft and light; whitish.
e. Tangential section showing numerous fine, parallel, transverse Tikes.
TeLvuro (see fig. 33).
ee, Seaceetara section without transverse lines.
MALAPAPAYA (see fig. 34).
dd. Wood hard and heavy; reddish or purplish; vessels with white de-
posits CarMmon (see fig. 35).
ce, Pith-rays not broad
d. Wood parenchyma in concentric lines or sdniakbanit about vessels.
e. Wood parenchyma in regular concentric lines.
_f. Heartwood black or with black pie very heavy and very hard.
BOLonceta,
is CAMAGON.
Z Epony (see fig. 36).
if. ‘Heartwood not black.
g. Pith-rays of medium size; wil: very hard and heavy ; heartwood.
chocolate color; parenchyma lines very fine.
~Duxcon (see fig. 11)-
DUNGON-LATE.
gg. Pith-rays fine and indistinct.
h. Vessels medium size or small, in irregular radial rows, with
oceasional yellowish deposits.
i. Very hard and heavy; forming lather when rubbed with
water or saliva,
j. Dark : red and: very Wards... ..-.0---------cserete BANSALAGUIN,
jj. Slightly lighter in color and weight... Betis (see fig. 8).
ii. Moderately heavy and moderately hard; not forming a
lather with water or saliva.............- Nato (see fig. 37).
hh, Vessels medium size to large; seattered; without yellowish
deposits; heavy to very heavy and very hard.
i. Wood dark brownish or reddish-brown.... Acono (see fig. 38).
ii. Pale reddish ........ Lrusin (see fig. 9).
60576——2
368 FOXWORTHY.
ee. Wood parenchyma not in regular concentric lines.
f. In very irregular wavy lines.
g. Connecting the vessels; wood heavy and hard; yellowish to dark
reddish-brown or chocolate color........-..- MacaasIn (see fig. 39).
gg. Not connecting the vessels.
h. Vessels of medium size, in irregular, branching lines and con-
taining pale yellow deposits ........ PALO Marra (see fig. 40).
hh. Vessels medium sized, scattered; wood pale reddish; moder-
ately heavy and moderately hard........ Duevuan (see fig. 26).
hhh. Vessels very small, in short radial rows; parenchyma lines
very minute TAMAYUAN (see fig. 10).
ff. Wood parenchyma clustered about the vessels.
g. Vessels large, scattered.
h. Wood brown
ACLE (see fig. 14).
hh. Wood white, with bad odor.............-.-....- Cupane (see fig. 13).
gg. Vessels smaller, in irregular wavy lines; wood with reddish
tinge TucAN-CALAO (see fig. 16).
dd. Wood parenchyma, if om without regular arrangement.
e. Vessels very small to medium size.
f. White; vessels very small. | :
g. With bitter taste Batino (see fig. 21).
gg. Without bitter taste; finer grained... LANETE (see fig. 20).
ff. Not white.
ree g. Dark brown; very hard and very heavy; vessels very small.
h. With slight purplish tinge; oil exuding from freshly cut
vessels; vessels very small................ Mancono (see fig. 41).
hh. With faint greenish-yellow tinge............ Sasauit (see fig. 42).
gg. Yellow; vessels small to medium size.»
h. With pinkish tinge; vessels few and scattered.
CALAMANSANAY (see. fig. 43).
hh, Without pinkish tinge; vessels numerous, small or medium
size; wood with greasy feel _............ Banca (see fig. 44).
ggg. Pale, or dark red. :
h, Pith-rays numerous, crowded, edged with white.
. ARANGA (see fig. 45).
hh. Not as above.
i. Wood heavy and very hard; pale red.... ALupAG (see fig. 31).
vi. Moderately heavy; not very hard.
j. Grain crooked, not smoothing readily with the plane.
_k. Dark red ..... AMUGUIS (see fig. 29).
kk, Lighter in color and weight........... eae BALINHASAY.
jj. Grain ‘straight, working well.
k. Soft; pale red to red; with faint camphor-like odor
when first itst ek a eos Santor (see fig. 32).
kk. Moderately hard; heartwood brownish-red; faintly dis-
agreeable odor when first cut.
MALASANTOL (see fig. 46).
ee. Vessels medium size to large.
f. Without resinous deposits or resinous odor; wood white, with
greenish tinge; pith-rays white and prominent.
“Baricunin (5 (see age ~:
FoxwortHy: PHILIPPINE Woops.] [PuHIL. JouRN. Sct., Vou. II, No. 5.
Fig. 37. NATO. Fie, 38. AGOHO,
°
Fic. 41. MANCANO. Fic. 42. SASALIT.
——
Fic. 483. CALAMANSANAY.
Fic. 46. MALASANTOL. Fic. 47. BATICULIN. Fic. 48. MANGACHAPUY.
FoxWorRTHY : PHILIPPINE Woops.] [Pui. Journ. Sct., Vou. II, No. 5.
Fic. 49. YACAL. Fie. 50. MAYAPIS. Fie. 51. WHITE LAUAN.
Fig. 52. TANGUILE. Fig. 53. GUIJO. Fig. 54. APITONG,
Fic. 55. RED LAUAN,
—S
\ eee ee
PHILIPPINE WOODS. 369
ff. With resinous deposits and, sometimes, ‘Yyesinous odor,
g. Wood without reddish tinge.
h, Very hard and heavy.
i. Straw color or almost white, when fresh.
MANGACHAPDY (see fig. 48).
di. Light to’ dark brown..i.....c.ccetsecsecetee YACAL (see fig. 49).
hh. Soft and light.
i. White to grayish, uneven grain............ MayapPis (see fig. 50).
vi. Grayish; very soft and light; comparatively straight grain.
Wuite LAUAN (see fig. 51).
gg. With reddish tinge.
h. Vessels of medium size.
i. Rather dark and coarse grained, shining, brittle.
2 : TANGUILE (see fig. 52).
ti. Lighter color, grayish-red, dull; heavier and harder; finer
grain GuiJo (see fig, 53).
hh. Vessels large and numerous.
i. Wood moderately heavy and hard; dark, often with purplish
tinge APITONG (see fig. 54).
ii. Soft and light; pale red.................. Rep LAvUAN (see fig. 55).
VI. NOTES ON SPECIES.* ©
ACLE:
Pithecolobium acle (Blceo.) Vid. Fam. LEGUMINOSA.,
(Mimosa acle Blanco.) : *
Acle (T.); anaguep (I., T.); languip, quitaquita, tabalangi (V.).
Philippines. Widely distributed through the Archipelago. Said closely
to resemble the pynkadoo (Xylia dolabriformis Benth.) of India.
Moderately heavy and hard. Sp. gr. 0.610 to 0.693.
Fine grained, durable and seasons well. :
Sapwood whitish; heartwood dark brown, like English walnut. De-
cided peppery odor, causing sneezing when planed or sawed.
Acle chips soaked in water, color the water a dark brown and give it
a slightly aromatic odor. The coloring matter is also soluble in alcohol.
Uses.—Acle is one of the most satisfactory woods for fine furniture
and cabinetmaking. It is used in first-class construction of various
sorts. It is said to be difficult to burn it. It is known to be used for
railroad ties; posts; bridges; chairs; desks; doors; floors; planks; siding
of houses; naval construction ; sides of guitars.
‘In the following species notes, most of the common names have been taken
from Dr. H. N. Whitford’s Check List. The notes on the uses of individual
woods have, many of them, been taken from data on file in the Bureau of Forestry.
The following abbreviations are used to designate the dialect or the region in
which a particular name is used:
Tl. Sur_...... Ilocos Sur. Pang, ....---.---.. Pangasinan
Neg. ......--- Negrito. Betis. ingle Pagllog:
N. Luz.___..- Northern Luzon. | 2, pa SRR Visayan,
Mi iene, | Pa Pepe. Z bali
370 FOX WORTHY.
Structure-—Pith-rays very fine, indistinct in the heartwood because -
of the dark color. Vessels moderately large, scattered, in more or less
wavy lines, surrounded by a fringe of wood parenchyma and containing
whitish deposits.
Banuyo is the wood most often substituted for acle. It may be distin-
guished from acle by its more distinct and wider annual rings, its lighter
color, the absence of whitish deposits in the vessels and by its greater
softness.
Bull. For. Bur. Manila (1906) 4, 59; 2d ed. (1907), 63. Ahern, 1. ¢.,
16-18.
AGOHO.
Casuarina equisetifolia Forst. Fam. CASUARINACEA.
Agoho (T., Il. Sur.) ; agoso (Pamp., T.); aguso (Z.); antong (N.
Vis.) ; aro (Il.); ayo (V.); caro (Il.); karamutan (Moro) ; malabohoc
(V.). Foreign names: Aru (New Guinea) ; beefwood (Australia, Cey-
_ lon, India) ; cassowary tree (India) ; filaro (Santa Lucia) ; horsetail pine
(Trinidad) ; ironwood; ru (India) ; swamp oak, she oak, or botany oak
(Australia) ; whistling pine (Jamaica).
From Queensland northward throughout the Eastern Tropics.
Common along the seacoast from the extreme northern to the extreme
southern parts of the Archipelago, growing in the white sand of the
beach, also back along the streams into the mountains up to 1,000 meters
altitude.
Other species of Casuarina occur but have not yet become of com-
mercial importance in the Archipelago. Their wood may be distin-
guished from that of C. equisetifolia by the much larger pith-rays.
A very hard wood, heavy to very heavy. Specific gravity, 0.704 to
0.942.
Very durable, but little used because of the difficulty of working.
Sapwood very light brown, becoming gradually darker in the formation
of heartwood, with no sharp line of demarcation between the two. Grain
fine and straight. No seasonal rings.
Uses.—Agoho is an extremely fine firewood. It makes an intensely
hot fire, too hot for some purposes. The wood is used for general con-
struction work; posts; boards; charcoal; railroad ties. It is said to
furnish excellent piling in some of the countries where it is grown: It
is not known to be used for piling in the Philippines; but its great
hardness and durability would seem to indicate fitness for such work.
It should also be tried for paving blocks.
Structure —Pith-rays usually very fine and indistinct; but occasional
compound rays are found. Vessels medium size, scattered or in irregular
branching or obscurely radial lines. Wood 5 scsteke ae in fine, con-
centric, wavy lines.
PHILIPPINE WOODS. STL
The wood most likely to be confused with agoho is liusin, which is
useful for the same things and which is lighter in color, with larger and
more widely scattered vessels.
Bull. For. Bur. Manila (1907), 4, 68. :
ALUPAG.
Euphoria cinerea Radlk. Fam, SAPINDACEA.
(Euphoria litchi Blanco. Sapindus cinereus Turez.)
It is probable that other closely related species in the genus Nephelium
furnish some of this wood.
Alipay, alupag (T’.) ; alupag ama, alupe (Pamp.) ; apalong (N. Luz.) ;
bulala (B.); dulit (Neg.) ; halupag (Tayabas).
Philippines.
Heavy and very hard. :
_ Seasonal rings distinct. Diffuse porous. Sapwood very pale reddish ;
heartwood very slightly darker. Fine and straight grained.
Uses.—House construction ; flooring; posts; ax handles.
Structure——Pith-rays very fine and indistinct. Vessels small and
scattered, often two, three or four in a row, separated only by cross parti-
tions. |
Malugay is the wood most like alupag. It may be distinguished from
alupag by its lighter weight, larger vessels and the distinct line at the
end of the seasonal ring.
AMUGUIS.
Koordersiodendron pinnatum Bmai(Bice)Me~. ram. ANACARDIACEZ.
(Odina multijuga Vid. Helicteres pinnata Blanco. COrytocarpa quinquestila
Blanco. Odina speciosa Blume.)
Ambogues (V.); ampopo (C.); bancalari (I.); bancochasi (T].) ;
calumanog (V.); carugcog (B.); dangila (T’.) ; laco-laco (V.); mar-
santog (N. Luz.) ; palo-santo (T.); sambulauan (V.); twi (Neg.).
Philippines, Celebes and New Guinea.
Very widely distributed in the Islands.
Moderately heavy and hard. Sp. gr. 0.690.
Sapwood pale red; heartwood dark red, both sap and heartwood often
with irregular, lead-colored areas; black spots often scattered through
the wood. Seasonal rings sometimes distinct, sometimes not. “Diffuse
porous. Rather fine, but not straight grained, not smoothing readily
under the plane. Said to have a slightly disagreeable odor when freshly
worked.
Uses.—Ordinary construction and cabinet work; posts; rafters; floor-
ing; furniture; inside partitions of houses ; naval construction ; planks;
372 FOX WORTHY.
superstructure of ships; framing; carriage making: recommended for
railroad ties. .
Structure.—Pith-rays fine and indistinct. Vessels small and scattered.
Balinhasay is the wood which is most like amuguis in mericsate. It is,
however, distinctly lighter in color and weight.
_ Other woods of red color are often substituted for amuguis. One local
merchant has been known to have for sale at one time as many as eight
different woods under this one name.
Bull. For. Bur. Manila (1906) 4, 59; 2d ed. (1907) 4, 62. Ahern,
1. @., 25-26.
; ANUBING.
Artocarpus cumingii Trec. Fam. ARTOCARPACEA.
(Artocarpus ovata Blanco.) :
It is quite probable that some of the other species of Artocarpus furnish
some of this wood.
Anabiong (V.); anobion (Pamp.) ; bayuco (V.) ; ubien (1.).
Philippines. :
Moderately hard and moderately heavy. Straight grained.
Seasonal rings distinct. Sapwood white; heartwood greenish-yellow
to brownish. Very disagreeable taste and slightly disagreeable odor,
when fresh.
Uses.—House construction; posts; rafters; railroad ties.
Structure —Pith-rays medium size, distinct, white or lighter than the
surrounding wood. Vessels medium size, scattered, filled with white,
glistening, milky deposit and surrounded by a very thin ee of wood
_ parenchyma.
The wood known as cubi is practically the same as anubing. It may
come from another species of Artocarpus, but is not distinguished.
Antipolo (Artocarpus incisa L. f.) is very much like anubing, but softer.
The wood known as lanca or nunca comes from Artocarpus integrifolia
L. f. This wood is softer and more even in texture than anubing and is
used for the backs and sides of guitars and other stringed instruments.
The only other wood which might be mistaken for anubing is bati-
culin ; this is whiter, softer and without the white deposits in the vessels.
Ahern, 1. c. 21, 22.
APITONG.
Dipterocarpus grandiflorus Blanco. Fam. DIPTEROCARPACEA.
(Mocanera grandiflora Blanco.)
_ Philippines, Borneo, Malay Peninsula.
Dipterocarpus sp.
Anahaon (B.) ; apitong (T.) ; eanunyao (II.) ; duco (N. Luz.).
\
PHILIPPINE WOODS. 373
PANAO.
Dipterocarpus vernicifluus Blanco.
(Mocanera vernicifluna Blanco.)
Philippines.
Balao (T.); bulay (Batangas) ; camiling (Neg.); liga, Malapaho,
panao (‘T’.) ; panantulen (Pang., I1.).
HAGACHAC,
Dipterocarpus lasiopodus Perk.
Philippines.
These three woods pass for the same thing. They are widely distrib-
uted and furnish much of the timber of the Islands.
Moderately heavy and moderately hard.
Sapwood light colored ; heartwood dark, with reddish or purplish tinge.
Grain straight, but coarse. With more or less distinct resinous odor.
Uses.—Ordinary construction; shipbuilding; bancas; cascoes; planks
for ships; ship bottoms and sides; piles; interior finish; rafters; sills ;
recommended for railroad ties.
Structure ——Pith-rays medium size, distinct. Vessels large and scat-
tered. Wood parenchyma scattered, sometimes abundant. Resin-canals
often very distinct. Wood with considerable quantities of resin exuding
when fresh.
Bull. For. Bur. Manila (1906), 4, 51; 2d ed. (1907), 4, 53-54.
Ahern, 1. ¢., 22-24.
Sp. gr., of apitong, 0.620.
ARANGA. -
Homalium tuzoniense F. Vill. ‘Fam. FLACOURTIACEA.
H. Panayanum F. Vill.
H. villarianum Vid.
All Philippine species.
_ Ampupuyot (V., Il.) ; euela, laing (Rizal) ; puyot (V.).
Wood very hard and heavy. Sp. gr. 0.863.
Pale reddish. Fine grained. No seasonal rings.
Uses.—Piling ; high grade construction; boat building; cabinetwork ;
flooring ; posts; paddles for beating clothes (palo-palo) ; rafters ; railroad
ties. A strong and durable wood, which resists the teredo.
Structure.—Pith-rays fine, very numerous and closely packed bending
outward to pass vessels, appearing to be margined with white and taking
up a very large part of the wood. Vessels small, in short radial rows.
Bull. For. Bur. Manila (1906) 4, 61; 2d ed. (1907) 4, 65. Ahern,
l. e. 24-5.
374 ‘ FOX WORTHY.
BALACAT.
Zizyphus zonulatus Blanco. Fam. RHAMNACEA.
(Rhamnus zonulatus Blanco. Zizyphus arborea Merr.)
Aggue (Cag.); aligamon (Il.); balacat (Pamp.); bigaa (Rizal) ;
danlic (Tayabas) ; ligaa (T.).
Philippines.
_ Probably the. other species of Zizyphus furnish some of the wood
known as balacat.
Closely related to the Indian species of Zizpyhus.
A moderately heavy soft wood. Sp. gr. 0.517.
White to light brown. Coarse and straight grained. Seasonal rings
distinct. Diffuse porous. Heartwood slightly darker, but scarcely dis-
tinct from the sap. Faintly unpleasant odor.
Used in light and temporary construction.
Structure.—Pith-rays small but distinct. Vessels of medium size, in
very short, radial rows and sometimes in wavy lines connected by wood
parenchyma, with clear and glistening deposits in the vessels.
Bull. For. Bur. Manila (1906), 4, 67; 2d ed. (1907), 4, 60.
BALACBACAN.
See TANGUILE.
; -BALINHASAY. = ™
Buchanania florida Schauer var. arborescens Engl. Fam. ANACARDIACEA.
Philippines. Frequent but not abundant, usually in small dimensions.
Moderately heavy and moderately hard.
Pale reddish. Rather fine but not straight grained.
Uses.—Light or temporary construction, not durable.
Structure as in amuguis, but slightly lighter and coarser.
BANABA.
Lagerstroemia speciosa Pers. Fam. LYTHRACEA.
(Munchausia speciosa Blco,)
Agaro, alagaa (Cag.) ; banaba (B., T.) ; danioura (N. Luz.) ; maca-
a (Pang.) ; mittla (Pamp.) ; panao (T.) ; soglogan (Neg.) ; eceser ed
(
Throughout the Eastern Tropics. Said to be the same as the jarul
wood of India.
Moderately heavy and hard.
Sapwood very light to pinkish; heartwood dark reddish brown. “Sea
sonal rings distinct. Ring porous. Straight grained.
Uses.—A high grade construction timber, used for boat construction ;
interior partitions and finish; planks; rafters; sills; wharves; piling;
furniture ; carabao yokes ; barrels railroad ties.
PHILIPPINE WOODS. 375
Structure.—Pith-rays very fine. Vessels, one large row in the inner
part of each ring, smaller vessels in more or less broken lines in outer
part of ring. Dark-colored, glistening deposits in the vessels. Wood
parenchyma in wide, wavy, tangential lines in outer part of each ring,
connecting and surrounding the vessels.
Ahern, 1. ¢., pp. 26-28.
BANCAL.
- Sarcocephalus cordatus Miq. Fam, RUBIACEA.
(Nauclea glaberrima Blanco. Nauclea lutea Blanco, )
Baneal (T.) ; bulala (11.) ; cabag (V.) ; nababalos.
Malacca and Ceylon, India, through the Malay Archipelago to north,
Australia. Common throughout the Archipelago on low lands near the
coast. :
Soft and moderately heavy. Sp. gr. about 0.550. ;
Sapwood light-yellow ; heartwood darker yellow, no very sharp line of
demarcation between the two. Seasonal rings distinct. Diffuse porous.
Wood with a decidedly greasy feeling.
Uses.—Small boats; partitions; posts; rafters; flooring; ceilings;
chairs; desks; barrel staves; paddles for beating clothes (palo-palo) ;
tubs.
Structure.—Pith-rays small. Vessels of medium size, usually sub-
divided, in rough radial rows between the numerous fine pith-rays, which
bend around them. Vessels often clogged with whitish deposits.
Ahern, 1. ¢., 28-30.
BANSALAGUIN.
Mimusops elengi L. Fam. SAPOTACEA.
Bansalaguin, cabique (T.) ; duyogduyog (V.); pasac (T.) ; talipopo
C¥)s
pee Tropics. The same as the “bullet tree” or “horse-flesh wood”
of India. :
Very hard and heavy to very heavy. Sp. gr. 0.850 to 0.900.
Sapwood, pale-reddish ; heartwood dark-red. Very fine grained. Sea-
sonal rings present or absent. Diffuse porous. Bitter taste. Rubbing
with water or saliva produces a lather.
Uses.—A first-class construction timber, used for posts; shipbuilding ;
treenails in shipbuilding ; keels; marlin spikes; belaying pins; spokes and
handles of ship’s wheel ; tool handles; turnery.
Structure-—Pith-rays very fine and indistinct. Vessels very small,
in oblique, radial lines, with yellowish deposits. Wood parenchyma in
discontinuous, wavy, tangential lines.
Exceedingly like betis but has finer grain, darker color, greater weight
and hardness.
Bull. For. Bur. Manila (1906), 4, 60; 2d ed. (1907) 4, 64. Ahern,
lL. ¢., 30-31.
376 FOXWORTHY.
BANUYO.
Fam. LEGUMINOSA.
The exact botanical position of Banuyo is not known; but, from its
structure, it is a legume.
Banuyo (T.) ; hamago (B.) ; magtululung (I1.) ; manglati, malatigue.
Masbate, Negros Occidental, Ambos Camarines.
Moderately heavy and moderately hard. Sp. gr. 0.525.
Golden brown, with fine grain, similar to Acle. Seasonal rings dis-
tinct. Diffuse porous.
Uses.—Fine furniture and cabinetwork ; light construction ; flooring ;
interior finish; siding; bancas; outriggers; telegraph poles; recom-
mended for railroad ties.
Structure.—Pith-rays fine and indistinct. Vessels of medium size,
scattered. Wood parenchyma grouped about the vessels.
Differs from acle in being coarser grained, softer, lighter in color and
weight and in the absence of the whitish deposits in the vessels.
Bull. For. Bur. Manila (1906), 4, 62 2d ed. (1907), 4, 65-6.
< BATETE.
The botanical position of batete is not known.
Moderately heavy and hard.
Seasonal rings distinct. Diffuse porous. Very full of oil. Colors
water brown, with purplish tinge.
Uses.—F urniture ; flooring ; interior finish; siding.
Structure —Pith-rays small and indistinct. Vessels few, of medium
size, scattered. End of seasonal ring marked by a distinct line. Oil
exuding from freshly cut vessels and darkening the surrounding wood.
Very much like supa in structure, but sufficiently distinct owing to
the darker color and greater amount of oil.
BATICULIN.
Litsea perottetii F. Vill. Fam. LAURACEA..
(Litsea obtusata F. Vill. and Olax baticulin Blanco also refer to this wood.)
Aban, anago (Il.); ansohan (C.); bacan (C.); baticuling, diraan _
(T.) ; indang (V.) ; marang (T.).
Philippines.
Moderately hard and light.
Straight and coarse grained. No distinct sap- and heart-wood. White
or greenish-yellow. Said to have a pleasant odor when first cut. No
seasonal rings.
Uses.—Light or ordinary construction; partitions; ceilings; boxes;
foundry molding ; writing desks; sculpture; wood carving. —
Structure.—Pith-rays medium size, very distinct, almost white. Ves-_
Ts oS
_ PHILIPPINE Woops. 377
sels grouped 2 to 3 together and then arranged in wavy, tangential lines.
Wood parenchyma a small amount surrounding the vessels.
Ahern, |. ¢., 31-33.
BATINO.
Alstonia macrophylla Wall. : Fam. APOCYNACEA.
(Alstonia batino Blanco. Hehites trifida Blanco.)
Batino (T.) ; tafigitan, tanguilan (V.).
British India and Malaya.
Moderately heavy and moderately hard.
Whitish or pale yellowish. Grain close and tolerably straight. Bitter
taste. Seasonal rings distinct. Diffuse porous.
Uses.—Building ; posts; rafters; boards.
Structure.—Pith-rays fine but distinct and numerous. Vessels small’
in radial rows of 3 to 7. Wood parenchyma scattered.
Ahern, 1. ¢., 33-34.
BATITINAN.
Lagerstroemia batitinan Vid. Fam. LYTHRACEA.
(Lagerstroemia hexaptera Vid.)
Bingas (Il.); boticalag (Pang.); batitian (T., Pamp.); batitinan
(T.) ; bugaron, dumate, lasila (N. Luz.) ; lumasi, lumati, larila (11) ;
magatululung (II.) ; manglate, miao (V.); nathubo, saguimsim (V.) ;
tinaan (B.).
Philippines.
Hard and heavy. Sp. gr. 0.786.
Sapwood light; heartwood dark brown. Fine, straight grain. Sea-
sonal rings distinct. Ring porous.
Uses.—General construction ; posts; sleepers; flooring ; joists; planks ;
rafters; keelsons of ships; masts; piles; telegraph poles.
Structure —Pith-rays fine and indistinct. Vessels, a large row in the
inner part of each ring, outer vessels of ring smaller, in more or less wavy
lines. Black, glistening deposits in vessels.
Wood parenchyma in wavy lines surrounding vessels.
Bull. For. Bur. Manila (1906), 4, 61; 2d ed. (1907), 4, 65. Ahern,
l. e., 34-35.
BETIS.
Iipe betis (Bleo.) Merr. Fam. SAPOTACE.
(Azaola betis Blanco. Payena betis F. Vill.)
Bacayao (Il., Pang., T.); baniti (B.); banicac (V.); betis (T.,
Pamp.) ; pagpagan (Cag.) ; pailan (T.); pianga (Cag., Tl. Sur).
Philippines.
Very hard and heavy. Sp. gr. 0.773.
Dull, dark reddish. Bitter taste. Clear and straight grained.
378 FOX WORTHY.
Seasonal rings present or absent. Diffuse porous. Wood making a
lather when rubbed with water or saliva.
Uses.—High grade construction; shipbuilding; keels of ships; stern-
posts; wharves; piling; posts; doors; rafters; railroad ties.
Structure—Pith-rays very minute. Vessels small, in irregular,
oblique radial rows, with yellowish deposits. Wood parenchyma in
numerous minute tangential lines.
Differs from bansalaguin in being softer and of lighter weight and
color.
~ Bull. For. Bur. Manila (1906), 4, 60; 2d ed. (1907), 4, 63. Ahern,
1. @., 36-37.
BITANHOL.
See Pato Marta.
~BOLONGETA.
Diospyros pilosanthera Blanco. Fam. EBENACEA.
Amara, amaga (V.) ; alintatao (T.) ; apopuyot (Cag.) ; ata-ata (V.) ;
batolinao (Cag.); barlis, bolonguita (T.) ; dalondong (V.) ; calohadia,
caloyanang, galariga (T.); tamil (Yacan); malatalang (T.); tapilac
(Moro).
Philippines.
Very heavy and very hard.
Sapwood light pink; heartwood black or streaked. Grain close and
straight.
Uses.—Fine furniture; inside finish ; gun oe railroad ties ; ants
reported as being used for piling.
Structure.—Pith-rays very minute. Vessels very ‘cna and sean
in small, radial lines. Wood parenchyma in numerous, very fine tan-
gential lines. In the black heart nearly all details of structure are
obscured by the black substance that fills all the elements.
For discussion of this wood in connection with camagon and ebony,
see ebony. i
-CALAMANSANAY.
Nauclea sp. : Fam. RUBIACEA.
Flacourtia inermis Roxb. Fam. FLACOURTIACEA.
Malayan region.
Terminalia calamansanai Rolfe. Fam. COMBRETACEA.
(Gimbernatia calamansanai Blanco. Terminalia bialata Vid.)
Philippines.
Vidal thought it a species of Diospyros, Fam. EBrNacm.
The Terminalia species has been considered the source of this wood,
but I think it more likely that it is a Nauclea. The only examples of
calamansanay which we have as herbarium material are a Nauclea from
PHILIPPINE Woops. 879
Masbate and a Flacourtia from Zambales. The structure described by
Vidal for this wood would seem to be more that of one of the two just
mentioned than of a Terminalia. The structure here described is that
of Nauclea material, but the Flacourtia is very much like it.
Bayabo (Il); bancalauag (V.); bancalauan (T.); bisal (Pang.) ;
calamansanai (T.); camansac (Z.); calamansauan (T.); calumagon
(B.) ; himbabalut (V.); lisae (T.); lumanog (V.); magatalay (1.) ;
magobinlod, maytalisay (V.) ; malacalumpit (B.) ; magatolay (N. Luz.) ;
subo-subo (Z).
Heavy and hard. Yellow, with a rose tint. Close and_ straight
grained. No seasonal rings.
Uses.—Flooring ; masts of boats; beams in interior construction ; fur-
niture; ordinary construction; posts for houses or in contact with the
ground ; siding; shipbuilding; telegraph poles; window sills.
Structure.—Pith-rays very fine. Vessels very small and scattered.
In Flacourtia the vessels contain a reddish substance.
Ahern, 1. ¢., 39-41.
CALANTAS.
Toona spp. Fam. MELLACEA,
This includes the Philippine material which has been credited to Ce-
drela Toona Roxb. and Cedrela odorata Blanco.
Alam (Mindoro) ; balongeamit (B.) ; calantas (T.) ; cantingen (I1.) ;
dampia (I.); danigga (Cag.) ; danupia (Cag.); lanigpa (V.); porac
(11.) ; taratara (T.) ; saggued (Palanan, Isabela) ; sandana (V.).
Light and very soft. Sp. gr. 0.438. :
Sapwood a narrow rim of very pale reddish color; heartwood darker.
Coarse and straight grained ; occasionally a tree is found with a good burl.
The burl is always in demand for furniture.
Distinct, cedary odor. Seasonal rings distinct. Ring porous.
Uses.—Cigar boxes; small boats; furniture; cabinetmaking; pattern
making ; carving; bancas; ceiling; doors; partitions; sides of guitars.
This is the best and in fact nearly the only wood used for cigar boxes
in the Islands. :
Structure—Pith-rays fine but distinct. Vessels large, in spring wood,
gradually becoming smaller toward outer part of ring. Wood paren-
chyma not prominent. Vessels with reddish deposits.
This wood is much like lumbayao, and red lauan. It may be distin-
guished from the former by its very light weight and the more distinct
seasonal rings, and from the latter by the seasonal rings and the cedary
odor. : ;
Bull. For. Bur. Manila (1906), 4, 58; 2d ed. (1907), 4, 61.
Ahern, 1. ¢., 38-39.
380 FOX WORTHY.
CALUMPIT.
Terminalia edulis Blanco. Fam. COMBRETACEA.
(Terminalia angustifolia Blanco. Terminalia belerica Vid.)
Buluang (V.) ; calumpit, (T.) ; cotmoc, calumagun (B.) ; calumanog
(V.) ; calusit (1.) ; magtalisay, (V.); putian (Il.); tabao (V.); taco
(N. Luz.).
Philippines.
Moderately heavy and moderately hard. Ashy-gray to brownish.
Close and twisted grain. Seasonal rings distinct.
Diffuse porous. Wood coloring water a pale dirty, straw color.
Uses.—Interiors of houses; buildings; cabinetwork; house construc-
tion; pillars; rafters; ship knees. :
Structure—Pith-rays fine and indistinct. Vessels, large, 2-parted.
Wood parenchyma scattered in outer part of the ring.
Ahern, 1. ¢., 41-42.
(See also note under “Talisay.”’)
a :
Diospyros spp. Fam. EBENACEA.,
It seems that a number of different species furnish the wood known as
camagon. For discussion of these see “Ebony.”
Amara (V.); amaga (V., T.) ; balatinao, balingaeta (Il.) ; batutinay
(Moro) ; batolinao (Ibanac); caloyanan (Pamp.); calang (Pamp.) ;
himbabalut (V., Masbate); mabolo (T., N. Luz.); malatapay (T.) ;
talang (T., Pamp.) ; tabug (Neg.).
Very heavy and very hard. No seasonal rings. Sapwood whitish or
grayish, mottled ; heartwood black or streaked.
Uses.—Same as for Lat: and ebony. ‘Tops of necks of violins,
guitars, ete.
Structure ——Pith-rays very small and tidistingt Vessels very small
and scattered. Wood parenchyma in numerous, very fine, concentric
lines. In the heartwood nearly all details of structure are obscured by
the black substance filling all - elements.
Ahern, |. c., Nhe .
CATMON.
Dillenia philippinensis Rolfe. Fam. DILLENIACEA.
(Dillenia indica Blanco. Dillenia speciosa Blanco.)
Philippines. ;
It is probable that some other species of Dillenia furnish some of the
wood known as catmon.
Alato (N. Luz.) ; catmon (V., T.) ; malacatmon (T.) ; anagao (Suri-
gao) ; catmon carabao, panguilin (T.) ; palali (B., N. Luz.).
Philippines.
Hard and heavy. Sp. gr. 0.705.
PHILIPPINE WOODS. 381
Sapwood narrow, very pale reddish; heartwood dull, dark reddish. No
seasonal rings. Coarse and twisted grain. Wood staining water a pale
reddish color.
Uses.—Framing of native houses; heavy construction; furniture.
Structure.—Pith-rays broad to very broad, not running straight, ap-
pearing as broad and crooked lines in the tangential section. Vessels
medium size, scattered, containing white deposits.
CUPANG.
Parkia roxburghii G. Don. Fam. LEGUMINOSA.,
(Mimosa peregrina Blanco.)
Baguen, balay-oac (11,) ; butaric (N. Luz.) ; cupang (IL, 'T.).
India, Indo-China, and Malaya. Widely distributed throughout the
Archipelago in lowland forests.
Light and soft. Sp. gr. 0.285.
Almost white in color when first cut, but discolors rapidly. With
strong, disagreeable odor when first cut. Seasonal rings sometimes
distinct, sometimes not. Diffuse porous.
Uses.—Light or temporary construction ; matches ; shoes; paper pulp;
not durable.
Structure.—Pith-rays of medium size, white, distinct. Vessels of
medium size, numerous and scattered, not conspicuously clogged with
secretions, usually surrounded by a white fringe of wood parenchyma
cells. é ‘
Bull. For. Bur. Manila (1907), 4, 2d ed., p. 69.
DUGUAN.
Myristica spp. Fam. MYRISTICACEZ.
is Knema heterophylla Warb.
Tambalao (Z.) ; duguan (T.).
‘Light and soft. Very faint reddish. Seasonal rings distinct. Grain
fine and straight. Diffuse porous. Sapwood slightly lighter than the
heart and with blood-red sap. Wood soft and spongy.
Uses.—Light or temporary construction.
Structure.—Pith-rays fine and indistinct. Vessels small and _scat-
tered. Wood parenchyma a more or less coarse line in outer part of
ring.
DALINSL
Terminalia pellucida Presl. Fam. COMBRETACEA.
Philippines.
Moderately heavy and moderately hard. Coarse and straight grained.
Seasonal rings distinct. Diffuse porous. Brownish, with greenish tinge.
Wood coloring water a pale yellow.
Uses.—House construction; interiors of houses.
382 FOX WORTHY.
Structure.—Pith-rays fine and indistinct. Vessels medium size, nu-
merous, scattered. In the outer part of the ring the vessels are arranged
in more or less regular, wavy lines and are sometimes connected by wood
parenchyma.
(See also note under “Talisay. a
DITA.
Alstonia scholaris (hj) RB. Bre Fam. APOCYNACEZ.
(Echites scholaris 1.) ‘
Andarayan (Cag.); dalipaoyan (II.); polay (Pang.); tanitan (V.).
Tropical Africa to Australia. The “chatwan” of India.
Light and soft. Sp. gr. about 0.45.
White, with pleasant odor. No distinct sap and heartwood. Fine and
twisted grain. Very bitter taste. Seasonal rings distinct. Diffuse
porous.
— Uses —tlight construction and cabinetwork—easily worked; shoes;
ceilings ; furniture; matches; musical instruments; paper pulp; rafters;
resin boxes.
Structure —Pith-rays small but distinct. Vessels few, widely scat-
tered, and of medium size. Wood parenchyma in prominent concentric |
‘lines.
Ahern, 1. ¢., 46-47.
DUNGON.
Tarrietia sylvatica (Vid.) Merr. Fam. STERCULIACEA.
(Heritiera silvatica Vid.) :
Bingas (Il.) ; dufigon (T., a e- Pu aaian CZ),
Philippines.
Very hard and heavy. Small amount of pinkish or brownish sapwood ;
heartwood chocolate brown. Sp. gr. 0.852.
Fine, crossed grain. No distinct seasonal ae Sait disagreeable
odor when fresh.
Uses.—High-class construction work ; naval construction work ; piling ; ;
posts; anchors; beams; boat ribs; bridge construction ; buildings; cog-
wheels ; inner support to keel construction of ships; hoists; keels of saps :
oars ; pillars ; sills; stemposts ; hubs of wheels; railroad ties.
Structure. Plan medium size, prominent, and dark colored.
Pith-ray cells with oblique ends and many cells filled with a reddish
brown substance. Vessels medium size, scattered, frequently with dark-
colored deposits. Wood parenchyma in very fine and very numerous
broken concentric lines. ;
Bull. For. Bur. Mania - nkod 4, 56; 2d ed. (1907), 4, 59.
Ahern, |. ¢., 47-48.
PHILIPPINE WOODS. 383
DUNGON-LATE.
Heritiera littoralis Dry. Fam. STERCULIACEA.
(Helicteres apetala Blanco. Sterculia cymbiformis Blanco.)
Dungon-dungon (V.) ; dufigon-late (T.) ; malarungon (T.).
Tropics of the Old World.
This is the same-species as the sundri of Burma. :
Very hard and heavy, “63-75 Ibs. per eu. ft.”
Widely scattered in mangrove swamps throughout the Archipelago.
Color as in dufigon, but said to haye a larger amount of sapwood.
Uses.—Same as for dufigon.
Structure.—In all respects as in duiigon.
Uses.—Canoes ; outriggers ; firewood ; house posts ; joists ; presses ; ship-
building; telegraph poles and posts for small houses; wheel hubs; same
uses as dufgon, if found in large sizes; small sizes used as ribs for small
boats.
Ahern, I. ¢., 49-50.
EBONY.
Maba buxifolia Pers. Fam, EBENACEA,
Diospyros spp. ;
Ata-ata (V.); balatinao (I1.); caloyanan (Pamp.) ; ebano (Span.) ;
galarigal (T.) ; luyong (T.); malatalang (T.); tanguintin (Surigao).
Tropical Africa to Australia.
Very hard and very heavy. Sapwood ashy; heartwood black, of even
color. Fine and straight grained. No distinct seasonal rings.
Uses.—Cabinetwork; canes; desks; furniture; frames; inlaid work;
shipbuilding ; saber handles.
Structure-—Pith-rays very small and indistinct. Vessels very small
and scattered. Wood parenchyma in numerous, very fine, concentric
lines. All the elements of the heartwood full of a very dense, black
substance.
Ebony, in the commerce of the world, is a heavy, hard black wood
with the characteristic structure of the family Bbenacee. There are,
in the Philippine Islands belonging to the ebony group, woods known
by the names of bolongeta, camagon, and ebano or ebony. The first of
these, bolongeta, is furnished by Diospyros pilosanthera Blanco, and prob-
ably by other species. Diospyros pilosanthera is a fair-sized tree in the
ridge forests. It is of wide distribution in the Archipelago and may be
said to be fairly abundant. Its wood is pink or red, streaked with black,
the black streaks being very much denser and harder than the rest of the
wood.
Camagon is the name applied to the wood of Diospyros discolor Willd.
and other Diospyros species, whenever the sapwood is grayish or mottled
and the heartwood black, with brownish streaks.
By true ebony, in the Philippines, is usually meant the wood of Maba
60576——3
384 FOX WORTHY.
buxifolia Pers., a small tree with white, or light-colored, sapwood and
clear, black heart.
The pure-black portion of any one of these three woods is true ebony.
It is formed from the sapwood by the deposit in all the wood elements
of a very dense, black substance, which causes the wood to become very
heavy, very hard, and very brittle. It will be seen from this that there
are several species of trees in the Islands that furnish true ebony. ‘They
are, none of them, of large dimensions, but they are of frequent occur-
rence and rather wide distribution.
Ahern, |. ¢., pp. 50-51.
Boe: GUILJO.
Shorea guiso (Blanco) Blume. Fam. DIPTEROCARPACEA.
(Mocanera guiso Blanco. Dipterocarpus guiso Blanco.)
Betic (Laguna) ; carucat, catapang (Nueva Viscaya); guijo, guijo-
bitic (T.) ; niquet (Il.) ; saray (Il., N. Luz.) ; yamban, yate, zilan (Il.).
Very closely related to the “sal” wood of India.
Philippines. 3
- Moderately heavy and hard. Sp. gr. 0.688.
Ashy-red. No distinct seasonal rings. Fairly straight-grained, warp-
ing badly. Sap and heartwood distinct ; sapwood very light colored. An
appearance as of seasonal rings often caused by lines of resin canals.
Wood with faint, resinous odor.
Uses.—General construction; shipbuilding; carriage wheels, frames,
and shafts; flooring and girders of houses; inferior furniture; beams;
beams of ships; booms of ships; bridges; casks and barrels; decking;
docks; hubs; keels of ships; masts; naval construction; outrigger sup-
ports ; oars and paddles; partitions; plows; posts; rafters; side planking
of ships; telegraph poles; wheel rims; wheel spokes. :
Structure—Pith-rays small. Vessels medium size to small and seat-
tered. Wood parenchyma scanty and scattered. Resin canals in incom-
plete concentric lines, superficially resembling seasonal rings and whitish _
in color, because of the contained resin.
Guijo and the finer grades of apitong are so much alike that it is
practically impossible to tell them apart. Ordinarily, however, the api-
tong is much coarser grained. For many purposes, it is probable that,
contrary to common opinion, apitong is the better wood.
Bull. For. Bur, Manila (1906), 4, 52; 2d ed. (1907), 4, 55. Ahern,
1. ¢., 52-53.
ERE,
Intsia bijuga (Colebr.) O. Kuntze. Fam, LEGUMINOSA.
(Afzelia bijuga A. Gray. Eperua decandra Blanco. )
Intsia Acuminata Merr.
Tpil (T., V.) ; obien (Pang.).
Intsia bijuga is distributed throughout the Eastern Tropics. It is one
of the most important Bornean woods. TI. acuminata is known only from
the Philippines.
— a es
PHILIPPINE WOODS. 385
Heavy and very hard. Sp. gr. 0.758 to 0.909.
Distinct sap- and heart-wood. Sapwood whitish or light yellow ; heart-
wood dark reddish-brown. Grain straight. Seasonal rings distinct.
Diffuse porous.
Uses.—General high-class construction; posts of houses; sleepers;
electric-light poles; furniture; cabinetmaking; paving blocks; beams;
bridge-construction ; doors; joists ; keels; pillars; rafters; sleepers; stern-
posts ; window frames; railroad ties. ;
Structure.—Pith-rays small but distinct. Vessels of medium. size,
scattered. Wood parenchyma clustered about the vessels. Vessels fre-
quently containing sulphur-colored deposits.
Bull. For. Bur. Manila (1906), 4, 55-6; 2d ed. (1907), 4, 59. Ahern,
l. @., 54-57.
LANETE.
Wrightia laniti (Blanco) Merr. Fam. APOCYNACEA.
(Anasser laniti Blanco. Wrightia ovata A. DC..)
Alanote (‘T.) ; bantolinao (B.) ; tanghas, tiguig (V.).
Philippines.
Moderately heavy and moderately hard.
Seasonal rings present or absent. Diffuse porous. Fine and cross
grained. White or pale yellowish. No distinct sap and heartwood.
Disagreeable odor when fresh.
Uses.—Carving and light construction ; bolo scabbards; boxes; canes ;
cooking utensils; chairs; decoration; furniture; house construction ;
musical instruments; shoes; trunks; turning; wardrobes; window sills
in native houses; the most-used wood for wood carving.
Structure—Pith-rays small and short. Vessels small, in short, radial
rows. *
Ahern, 1. ¢., pp. 57-59.
LANOTAN.
Bombycidendron campylosiphon (Tez.) Warb. Fam. MALVACEA.
(Thespesia campylosiphon Rolfe. Hibiscus grewiaefolius (Hassk.) Mig. Hi-
biscus vidalianus Naves. Hibiscus campylosiphon Tez.)
Philippines.
Moderately heavy to heavy, and moderately hard. Sp. gr. 0.732.
Seasonal rings distinct. Diffuse porous. Sap- and heart-wood very
distinct. Sapwood light yellow or white; heartwood purple. Straight
grained.
Uses.s—Cabinetmaking; carriage building, shafts; flooring; ordinary
construction ; ordinary furniture; planks; planking for ships; shipbuild-
ing ; telegraph poles; sides of guitars and mandolins.
Structure.—Pith-rays medium size, distinct. Vessels medium size or
small, scattered. Tangential section showing fine, parallel, transverse
markings as in narra and teluto. Fig. 27 shows these in longitudinal
‘section.
Ahern, |. ¢., pp. 59-60.
386 FOX WORTHY.
WHITE LAUAN.
Shorea contorta Vid. Fam. DIPTEROCARPACEA.
Shorea squamata Benth. and Hook. f.
Shorea malaanonan Blume.
(Mocanera malaanonan Blanco, Dipterocarpus malaanonan Blanco.)
And probably other species.
Acab-acab (Basilan) ; almon (V.) ; anteng (II.) ; apnit (Il, N. Luz.) ;
bagtican (V.) ; duyong (II.) ; sandana (T.).
Shorea contorta and S. malaanonan are Philippine. S. squamata
occurs in the Philippines and Borneo.
Light and soft. Sp. gr. 0.461.
Both heart- and sap-wood very light colored. Straight and coarse
grained. No seasonal rings; but frequent false rings, caused by lines of
resin canals. Resinous odor.
Uses.—Light and temporary construction; cabinetmaking; inferior
furniture; small boats; bancas; canoes; cascoes; masts; paper making ;
planks for ships; rafts; resin ; shipbuilding ; carriage making ; ; axles; door
panels.
Structure.—Pith-rays medium size, distinct. Vessels medium size,
scattered. Wood parenchyma scattered. Resin-canals numerous, with
white resin.
Bull. For. Bur. Manila (1906), 4, 50; 2d ed. (1907), 4, 52.
Ahern, |. ¢., 60-62.
RED LAUAN.
Shorea sp. Fam. DIPTEROCARPACEA.
Red lauan (T.); mangachapuy (V.).
Moderately heavy to light, and very soft. Sp. gr. 0.542.
Reddish-brown. Coarse, but straight grained.
Sapwood and heartwood distinct ; sapwood very light; heartwood red.
No seasonal rings, but the whitish, concentric lines of resin canals often
present much the appearance of seasonal rings.
Uses.—Light or temporary construction ; inferior cabinetwork.
Structure.—Pith-rays medium size. Vessels large and_ scattered.
Resin canals abundant, with a whitish appearance, because of the con-
tained resin.
Bull. For. Bur. Manila (1906), 4, 62; 2d ed. (1907), 4, 53.
LIUSIN.
Parinarium griffithianum Benth.: : Fam. ROSACEA.
(Parinarium salicifolium Miq. and Grymania salicifolia Presl. are names —
are found applied to liusin by the earlier Philippine writers. )
Cubel (Rizal) ; culitingan (Pamp. oe malapuyao (Tayabas) ; sampinit,
tapgas (Guimaras).
India and Malaya.
Very hard and heavy. Sp. gr. 0.710. :
White and reddish in color. Fine and straight grained.
PHILIPPINE WOODS. Ot
Uses.—Piling ; wharf construction; shipbuilding; keels of ships.
Structure.—Pith-rays fine and indistinct. Vessels medium size or
large, scattered, with some indication of special groupings. Wood paren-
chyma in concentric lines.
Bull. For. Bur. Manila (1906), 4, 64; 2d ed. (1907), 4, 67.
LUMBAYAO.
Lumabayao is unknown botanically. It comes into the market only
from Mindanao. : :
Soft and moderately heavy. Sp. gr. 0.550.
Reddish-brown. Seasonal rings distinct. Ring porous. Coarse and
straight grained.
Uses.—General construction ; house construction ; bancas.
Structure.—Pith-rays small. Vessels of medium size, scattered, the
larger ones in the inner part of the ring. Vessels with bright-red
deposits.
Bull. For. Bur. Manila (1906), 4, 64; 2d ed. (1907), 4, 68.
MACAASIN. ;
Eugenia spp. Fam. MYRTACEA.
Macaasin (T.) ; binolo (B.).
Heavy and hard. Sp. gr. 0.705. .
Purplish brown, occasionally with yellowish or greenish tinge. Fine
grained. No distinct seasonal rings.
Uses.—General construction; cabinetwork; beams; flooring; furni-
ture; interior construction; joists; naval construction ; planks; rafters ;
ship rudders; telegraph poles; posts; window sills; tool handles; wash-
bowls.
Structure-—Pith-rays fine and indistinct. Vessels of medium size,
scattered. Wood parenchyma in wavy, broken lines, connecting the
vessels. :
Macaasin is taken to include the wood of any of the different species
of Eugenia, and it may also include wood of some other closely related
Myrtaceous plants.’ It is quite likely that, as we become better ac-
qcainted with the members of this family, we will be able to recognize
several distinct woods now grouped together under this name.
Bull. For. Bur. Manila (1906), 4, 57; 2d ed. (1907), 4, 61.
Ahern, 1. c., 62-64.
MALAPAPAYA.
Polyscias nodosa Scem. Fam. ARALIACEA.
(Aralia pendula Blanco.)
Bias-bias, bonglin (T., V.) ; tueud laigit (Bataan).
Malaya. oe
Light and soft. Whitish. No distinct sap and heartwood. Sea-
sonal rings usually not distinct. Straight grained.
Te
388 FOX WORTHY.
Uses.—Matches ; light construction ; paper making ;
Structure—Pith-rays medium size to broad. Vessels medium size
and scattered.
MALASANTOL.
Sandoricum vidalii Merr. Fam. MELIACEA.
(Sandoricum harmsianum Perk.)
Cateban (Pamp.) ; malasantol (‘T.) ; panantolen (II.).
Philippines.
Moderately heavy and moderately hard. Sp. gr. 0.640. :
Sapwood white, or pinkish; heartwood, brownish-red. Straight and
coarse grained. Disagreeable odor. No distinct, seasonal rings.
Uses—General construction; bancas; roof timbers ;
Structure——Pith-rays small and indistinct. Vessels small and
scattered.
Bull. For. Bur. Manila (1906), 4, 56; 2d ed. (1907), 4, 60.
MALUGAY..
Pometia pinnata Forst. Fam. SAPINDACEA.
This was first identified from sterile material as a species of Draconto-
melum. When fertile material was secured, it was found to be a Pometia.
Malay Peninsula, Malay Archipelago, and New Guinea.
Thus far, known in these Islands only from Mindoro.
Moderately heavy and moderately hard. Sp. gr. 0.658.
Pale red. Fine and amar ereted- “Seasonal rings distinct. Dif-
fuse porous.
Uses.—General construction; cabinetwork; interior finish; ribs and
planking for small boats. A very tough wood. i
Structure.—Pith-rays small and indistinct. Vessels medium size to
small and scattered. End of seasonal ring marked by a definite line.
Bull. For. Bur. Manila (1906), 4, 63; 2d ed. (1907), 4, 66.
MANCONO..
Xanthostemon verdugonianus Naves. Fam. MYRTACEA.
Mancono (T., V.) ; palo de hierro (V.) ; tamulauan (AS
Philippines.
Very heavy and very hard, the hardest and heaviest of any known
Philippine wood. Sp. gr. 1.2363.
Sapwood, pale reddish; heartwood, dark brown, with purplish tinge.
Fine and straight grained. No distinct seasonal rings.
Uses.—Posts ; pillars; piling; bearings for machinery ; a possible sub-
stitute for gown vite.
Structure —Pith-rays very fine and indistinct. Vessels very small and
scattered. Wood parenchyma sparingly present. Oil exuding from some
of the freshly cut vessels.
Ahern, l. ¢., 65-66.
PHILIPPINE WOODS. 389
MANGACHAPUY,
Hopea acuminata Merr. Fam. DIPTEROCARPACEA.,
Bacuog (Pang.); banacao (Il.); caliot (Pang.); dalindingan (Ba-
taan) ; mangachapuy (T.).
Philippines.
Hard and heavy. Sp. gr. 0.726.
Light yellowish or whitish ; heart slightly darker than the sap. Wood
darkening rather rapidly on exposure to the air. Straight and coarse
grained. No seasonal rings. Faintly resinous odor.
Uses.—Barrotos ; beams in interior construction ; ceilings ; decks ; floor-
ing; house construction; inside partitions of houses; masts; naval con-
struction ; outrigger supports; piles; planks; sacayanes ; waterways.
Structure-—Pith-rays medium size, distinct. Vessels medium size,
scattered. Resin canals present, containing whitish resin.
Bull. For. Bur. Manila, 2d ed. (1907), 4, 68-69.
Ahern, |. ¢., 67-68.
MAYAPIS.
Anisoptera vidaliana Brandis. Fam. DIPTEROCARPACEA.,
(Mocanera mayapis Blanco. Dipterocarpus mayapis Blanco.)
Anisoptera thurifera (Blanco) Blume.
(Mocanera thurifera Blanco, Dipterocarpus thurifer Blanco), which has some-
times been credited with furnishing white lauan is one of the probable sources of
mayapis.
Apu (Cag.) ; dagang (Rizal) ; mayapis (T.) ; paihapy (Z.) ; palosapis
(4., Bataan).
Philippines.
Light and soft. Sp. gr. 0.399.
White and gray; heartwood slightly darker than the sap. Coarse and
crooked grained. No distinct seasonal rings. Slightly resinous odor.
Uses.—Bancas ; boxes; canoes; flooring; light or temporary construc-
tion ; paper making ; rice mortars.
Structure-—Pith-rays medium size, distinct. Vessels medium size,
scattered. Resin canals fairly numerous, with whitish resin. Wood
parenchyma scanty and scattered.
Bull. For. Bur. Manila (1906), 4, 63; 2d ed. (1907), 4, 66.
MOLAVE.
Vitex Jlittoralis Decne. Fam. VERBENACEA.
(Vitex altissima Blanco.)
Vitex pubescens Vali.
(Vitex latifolia Blanco.)
Agubarao (V.) ; amugauan (IL) ; bulaon (T., V., Pamp.) ; calipapa
(Moro) ; molauin (T.) ; salincapa (Guimaras) ; tugas (V.).
Malaya.
Hard and heavy. Sp. gr. 0.778.
390 FOX WORTHY.
Heartwood pale yellow; saptvood only slightly lighter in color. Fine
and usually cross-grained. Seasonal rings present. Diffuse porous.
Slightly acid odor. Bitter taste. Turning greenish-yellow when treated
with an alkali. Staining water a greenish-yellow color.
Uses.—Axles; beams; bridges; cabinetmaking; carabao yokes; cog-
wheels; general high-grade construction; docks; doors; finishing of
houses; firewood; flooring; footings in the ground; futtocks; palo
(wooden club to pound rice) ; posts ; joists; knees ; piles ; pillars ; pinions;
planks; plows; rafters; rice mortars; shipbuilding; cutwater; ships’
knees; ribs; frames; siding of houses ; sleepers ; sternposts ; sugar presses ;
wedges; wheel rims; wheels; undersills; paving blocks; railroad ties.
Structure.—Pith-rays fine and indistinct. Vessels small and scattered.
Bull. For. Bur. Manila (1906), 4, 53; 2d ed. (1907), 4, 55
Ahern, 1. c., 69-74.
NARRA.
Pterocarpus indicus Willd. i Fam. LEGUMINOSA.
Pterocarpus echinatus Pers. :
Pterocarpus blancoi Merr.
Pterocarpus klemmei Merr. iJ
Apalit (Pamp.) ; asana (T.) ; narra (‘T., V.) ; odiao (Pamp.) : sangque
(I1., V.,) taga (N. Luz.) ; urian (Pamp.).
The first two species are widely distributed throughout tropical Asia,
the other two are known only from the Philippines. Said to be closely
related to the “padouk” or “amboyna wood” of India.
Moderately heavy and moderately hard. Sp. gr. 0.580. :
Heartwood white, yellow or red; sapwood nearly white. Grain coarse
and more or less twisted. Seasonal rings very distinct. Ring porous.
Faint, sweet, cedary odor. Turning water a fluorescent blue.
Uses.—Baneas ; bridge construction ; cabinetmaking; carabao yokes ;
cascoes; chests; general construction; doors; dyewood; finishing of
houses ; floors ; furniture ; posts ; planks ; rafters; ships; siding of houses ;
table inks wall ; window sills ; washbowls ; door panels ; ; carriage making.
Structure. tide cae very small. Row of large vessels in inner part
of ring and larger ones scattered in later part of season’s growth. Vessels
surrounded by parenchyma. Wood parenchyma in fine, more or less
wavy, concentric lines. Fine, parallel, transverse lines in tangential and
radial sections.
Bull. For. Bur. Manila (1906), 4, 54; 2d ed. (1907), 4, 57.
Ahern, 1. ¢., 74—76. :
PHILIPPINE WOODS. 391
NATO.
Palaquium spp. Fam. SAPOTACEA.
Banilac (V.) ; narec (V., T.) ; malac malae, palac palac, dolitan.
Light to moderately heavy; soft to moderately hard.
Pale-reddish ; sapwood only slightly lighter than the heart. Straight-
grained. No seasonal rings.
Uses.—Light construction ; flooring ; siding.
Structure.—Pith-rays small and indistinct. Vessels small or medium
size, in short radial rows. Wood parenchyma in numerous, fine, con-
centric lines.
This wood is very often substituted for amuguis.
PALO MARIA.
PALO MARIA DE LA PLAYA OR BITAOG,
Calophyllum inophyllum L. Fam. GUTTIFERA.,
This species is cosmopolitan in the Tropics. It is known as poon in
India.
PALO MARIA DEL MONTE OR BITANHOL,
Calophyllum wallichianum Planch. et Tr.
Calophyllum spp.
Bancalan (T.); dincalan (T.); pamitaogan (V.); zarumayen (Il.).
Hard and moderately heavy. Sp. gr. 0.621. :
Reddish-brown. Grain fine and crossed. No seasonal rings.
Uses.—General construction ;\ masts; hubs; turnery; fine furniture;
bridge building; carriage building; cascoes; decks of ships; flooring;
futtock timbers; house posts; oars; paddles; ships’ booms; bowsprits ;
spars; wagon shafts; keels of boats; recommended for railroad ties.
Structure—Pith-rays fine and indistinct. Vessels of medium size,
in irregular, branching, radial lines ; with sulphur-yellow deposits. Wood
parenchyma in a few, coarse, concentric lines and scattered.
Bitaog, or palo maria de la playa, differs from bitanhol, or palo maria
del monte, in having a much more twisted and crooked grain. It is there-
fore the finer furniture wood. Otherwise these two woods are suitable
for the same things and not distinct in structure.
Bull. For. Bur. Manila (1906), 4, 60-61; 2d ed. (1907), 4, 64.
Ahern, |. c., 77-78.
; PANAO.
For description see Arrrona. Panao is like apitong in all respects,
except that it is less resinous and-has less wood parenchyma. Not
ordinarily distinguished from apitong.
Bull. For. Bur. Manila (1906), 4, 52; 2d ed. (1907), 4, 54.
Ahern, I. ¢., 79-80.
392 FOX WORTHY.
SACAT.
Terminalia nitens Presl. Fam. COMBRETACEA.
Philippines.
Moderately heavy and moderately hard. Sp. gr. 0.589.
Sapwood very light; heartwood gray or brownish-yellow. Coarse and
straight grained. Seasonal rings distinct. Diffuse porous. Colors
water a pale yellow.
Uses.—Light construction.
Structure —Pith-rays medium size, distinct. Vessels medium size and
scattered, occasionally roughly grouped in irregular wavy tangential lines.
Bull. For. Bur. Manila (1906), 4, 55; 2d ed. (1907), 4, 58.
(See also note under “Talisay.”’)
: SANTOL.
Sandoricum indicum Cav. : Fam. MELLACEA.
Southern Asia and Malaya. The false or wild mangosteen of India.
Commonly cultivated for its fruit. : :
Moderately heavy and soft. “Weight about 36 lbs. per cu. ft.”
Pinkish; straight grained. Aromatic odor somewhat camphor-like
but faint. Seasonal rings present or absent. When soaked in water,
producing a reddish tinge.
‘Uses —ULight framing; cabinetwork; house posts; wood carving;
- wooden blocks for shaping hats. This wood is exceedingly easy to work.
Structure—Pith-rays small but distinct. Vessel small and scattered.
Wood parenchyma scanty and scattered.
SASALIT.
Vitex aherniana Merr. Fam. VERBENACEA.
Gualberto (I1.) ; igang (Baler) ; dungula (V.) ; sasalit (T.):
Philippines.
Very hard and heavy. Sp. gr. 0.872.
Pale yellow to dark, yellowish-brown. Fine and wavy grained. Sea-
sonal rings not present.
4 Uses.—Posts and general house construction ; telegraph poles ; railroad
ies.
Structure.—Pith-rays fine but distinct. Vessels small and scattered.
Wood parenchyma scanty or wanting.
Sasalit is exceedingly like molave in structure, but it is much harder
and it does not turn the same bright greenish-yellow as molave, when
treated with an alkali. It also appears very much like yacal; but it
differs in structure by its smaller vessels and its lack of wood eich
It also behaves differently when treated with an alkali.
Bull. For. Bur. Manila (1906), 4, 63-64; 2d ed. (1907), 4, 67.
PHILIPPINE WOODS. 393
SUPA.
Sindora supa Merr. Fam. LEGUMINOSA,
(Sindora wallichii Vid.)
Malapajo (V., T.) ; Pancalian, Paimo (Cag.) ; Yacal-dilao (Ps
Philippines.
Heavy and hard. Sp. gr. 0.729.
Yellow and brown. Fine and straight-grained. Seasonal rings dis-
tinct. Diffuse porous. Faint peppery odor. Colors water a dark red-
dish-brown.
Uses,—General construction ; flooring; interior house trim; furniture ;
cabinetmaking ; baseball bats; bridge construction; door frames ; posts ;
joists ; naval construction ; pillars; door panels; railroad ties.
- Structure.—Pith-rays small and distinct. Vessels medium sized, scat-
tered, exuding oil when first cut. Wood turning much darker as it is
covered by the oil. End of seasonal ring a distinct line.
Supa is said to be sometimes substituted for ipil; but the two woods
are very distinct in appearance.
Bull. For. Bur. Manila (1906), 4, 57; 2d ed. (1907), 4, 60.
Ahern, 1. ¢., 80-81. .
TALISAY. \
Terminalia catappa L. Fam. COMBRETACEA.
(Terminalia latifolia Blanco. )
Asiatic Tropics. “Indian almond.”
Moderately heavy and moderately hard. Sp. gr. about 0.700.
Wood red, with lighter-colored sapwood. Wood coloring water a yel-
lowish color.
Structure.—Pith-rays very fine. Vessels medium size, scattered, some-
times joined by irregular, wavy, short, concentric bands of wood paren- -
chyma. :
The different species of T’erminalia, furnishing our woods known as
calumpit, dalinsi, sacat, and talisay, are exceedingly alike in structure
and are used for the same purposes. Thus far we can distinguish them
only by color, and not certainly by that.
TAMAYUAN.
Strombosia philippinensis (Baill.) Vid. Fam. OLACACEA.
(Strombosia dubia Vid.)
Camayuan (Bataan) ; Tamabayan (T.).
Philippines.
Moderately heavy to heavy and hard.
Dull-yellowish to pinkish. Fine and straight grained. Seasonal rings
present or absent.
Uses.—Posts; house building; joists: roofing; ax handles.
394 FOX WORTHY.
Structure —Pith-rays small but distinct. Vessels small, scattered.
Numerous very fine, irregular lines of wood parenchyma.
Ahern, I. ¢., 84-85.
TANGUILE.
Shorea polysperma (Blco.) Merr. Fam. DIPTEROCARPACEA.
(Mocanera polysperma Bleo.)
(Dipterocarpus polysperma Blco,) :
Adamuy (B.); araca (II.); balacbacan (V.); panansogin, tanguile
Cie
Philippines.
Light and moderately hard. Sp. gr. 0.491.
Sapwood light-colored; heartwood light reddish-brown. Coarse and
straight grained. No seasonal rings. Faint resinous odor.
Uses.—Banceas ; boat building; boxes; canoes ; medium-grade construc-
tion; furniture; house construction ; shipbuilding ; interior cabinetwork.
Structure—Pith-rays medium size, distinct. Vessels medium size,
scattered. Wood parenchyma scattered. Resin-canals scattered.
Differs from red lauan in being heavier and harder and in splitting
more readily. It is also of slightly darker color. Tanguile does not have
such large vessels as red lauan.
Bull. For. Bur. Manila (1906), 4, 55; 2d ed. (1907), 4, 58.
Ahern, |. ¢., 85. ;
“THAK.
Tectona grandis L. f. Fam. VERBENACEZ.
Coloyate, dalondan (V.) ; ticla (T.) ; Yati (V.).
India and Malaya. :
Teak is of infrequent occurrence in the Archipelago. It is known to be
found in Mindanao and on the Island of Basilan. It is reported as
occurring in Jolo, and in some of the other islands, but we have no
herbarium specimens except from the places first mentioned and from
two trees at Tanay, Rizal Province. The teak in the Manila market
is probably imported. ;
Heavy and hard. “Weight 40 to 58 Ibs. per eu. ft.”
Sapwood white, usually small; heartwood dark golden-yellow, turning
brown, dark brown, and finally almost black with age. Grain coarse and
straight. Seasonal rings distinct; ring porous. Distinct aromatic odor.
Uses.—Shipbuilding ; high-class construction ; carving ; furniture. —
Structure—Pith-rays moderately broad to broad. Vessels a row of
large ones in the inner part of the ring, smaller scattered ones in the outer
part of the ring.
Ahern, |. ¢., 86-87.
PHILIPPINE WOODS. 5 395
TELUTO.
Pterocymbium tinctorium Merr. Fam. STERCULIACEA.,
Philippines.
Very light and soft.
White. No distinct sap- and heart-wood.
Uses.—Rafts ; matchwood.
Structure.—Pith-rays large and distinct. Vessels medium size, scat-
tered. Prominent parallel, transverse lines in tangential section as in
narra.
TINDALO.
Pahudia rhomboidea (Blanco) Prain. Fam, LEGUMINOSA.
(Afzelia rhomboidea Vid. Hperua rhomboidea Blanco.)
Balayong (T.) ; ipel (Pang.) ; magalayao (N. Luz.) ; uris (11).
Philippines.
Heavy and hard. Sp. gr. 0.878.
Sapwood white; heartwood saffron or red, becoming very much darker
with age. Fine and usually straight-grained, sometimes with bird’s-eye
grain. Seasonal rings distinct. Diffuse porous. Agreeable odor.
Uses.—Often considered our finest furniture wood; cabinetmaking ;
construction above ground; beams; chairs; desks; doors; floors; posts:
interior finish of houses; joists; naval construction ; planks; rafters ; rail-
ing; siding; window sills; railroad ties.
- Structure—Pith-rays small but distinct. Vessels of medium size,
scattered and surrounded by a fringe of wood parenchyma.
Bull. For. Bur. Manila (1906), 4, 58; 2d ed. (1907), 4, 62.
Ahern, 1. ¢., 81-84.
TUCAN-CALAO.
Aglaia clarkii Merr. ‘Fam. MELLACEA.
Tansuyot (B.) ; tucan-calao (T.).
Philippines.
Moderately heavy and hard. Reddish or brownish. Fine, curly grain.
Seasonal rings present or absent ; if present, then diffuse porous. Faintly
resinous odor.
Uses.—Buildings ; flooring ; furniture; house construction ; shipbuild-
ing; interior finish of houses.
Structure.—Pith-rays small and distinct. Vessels of medum size,
scattered. Wood parenchyma clustered about vessels.
396
3 FOX WORTHY.
YACAL.
Hopea plagata Vid. Fam. DIPTEROCARPACEA.
(Mocanera plagata Blanco. Dipterocarpus plagatus Blanco.)
Biti, callot (1l.); linap (V.); maraga (Neg.); maratuba (Cag.) ;
panigayan, salapugud, taggoy (II.).
It seems likely that one or more other species may furnish some of the
wood known as yacal.
Philippines.
Heavy and hard. Sp. gr. 0.830.
Dirty-yellow to brownish. Coarse and straight grained. No seasonal
rings. Slightly resinous odor.
Uses.—Beams ; bridge construction ; cabinetmaking ; general construe-
tion; desks; doors; flooring; girders; joists; keels; naval construction ;
outrigger supports; piles; posts; rafters; sleepers; sternposts; walls,
exterior; window sills; railroad ties; masts; rudder posts; spokes and
felloes of carriage wheels.
_ Structure—Pith-rays small but distinct. Vessels of medium size,
scattered, frequently a slight border of wood parenchyma about the vessels.
Resin canals present, frequently conspicuous.
Bull. For. Bur. Manila (1906), 4, 53; 2d ed. (1907), 4, 56.
Ahern, 1. ¢., 88-90,
V. INDEX TO PHILIPPINE WOODS.
A.
Page.
Aban 376
Acab-acab 386
Acle 355, 358,
359, 363, 364, 366, 368, 369, 376
Adamuy 394
Afzelia bijuga A. Gray..... ues 384
Afzelia rhomboidea Vid.................. 395
Agaro 374
Agguc 374
Aglaia clarkii Merr.................. 395
Agohe. eee (358, 363, 364, 367, 370
Agoso 370
Agubarao 389
Aguso 370
Air-drying 361
Alagaa 374
Alam 379
Alanote 385
Alato 380
Aligamon 374
Alintatao 378
Alipay 371
Almon 386
Alstonia batino Bleo...........--.--.---- 377
Alstonia macrophylla Wall... 358, 377
Alstonia scholaris R. Br-............ 355,
358, 362, 382
Alupag ........ 359, 363, 364, 367, 368, 371
nip amar oot ee ae 371
Alupe 371
Amaga 378, 380
Amara 378, 380
Ambogues 371
Amboyna wood 390
American woods 360
Ampopo 371
Ampupuyot .... 373
eo 389
hs
35)
359, 363, 364, 367, 368, 371, 391
Page.
Anabiong 372
Anagao 380
Anago 376
Boe Fads) Stas 0 see WHEE PAB yh 369
Anahaon 372
Anasser laniti Blaneo.................... 385
Anay 362
Andarayan 382
PINTO sc sissiae epee 354
myleoptera spp. 357
Anisoptera thurifera (Blanco)
Blume 389
Anisoptera vidaliana ‘Brandis. 389
PUTT TRS 4 011. sean cama cea Bea 355
Anobion 372
Ansohan 376
Anteng ........ ; 386
Antipolo 372
Antong 370
WAGRING oo 358, 363, 364, 366, 372
Apalit 390
Apalong 371
‘Apitong 355, 357,
: 359, 363, 364, 369, 372, 384, 391
Apnit 386
Apopuyot 378
Apu 389
Araca 394
Aralia pendula Blanco.................... 387
Arrange 359, 363, 368, 364, 373
Aro 370
Artocarpus cumingii Trec........... 372
Artocarpus incisa L. f....... 372
Artocarpus integrifolia L. f...... 360, 372
Artocarpus ovata Blanco................ 372
Artocarpus, sp. 358
Aru 370
Asana 390
Ata-ata 378, 383
Ayo 370
Azaola betis Blanco........................ 377
FOX WORTHY.
Bias-bias
Balao sees 357,
Balatinao 380, 383 358, 359, 363, 364, 367, 378, 383
Balay-oae 7 eee 378
Balayong 395 Git ycidenéren campylosi-
Balingaeta 380 phon (Tez.) Warb -.............. 360, 385
Balinhasay _.... 359, 364, 368,374 Bonglin 387
Belongeamit oo oes 379 | Botany oak 370
Bamb 353 | Boticalag 377
Banaba 355, Buchanania florida Schauer var.
359, 363, 364, 365, 374 arborescens Engl........................ 374
Banacao 350 | Dageron =o eS 377
BIRO 20 eo, 359, 364, 368,375 Bulala 371, 375
Banealan 391 |) Bul 389
Banealari 371 | Bulay 373
Bancalauag 379 | Bullet tree 375
Bancalauan 379 | Buluang 380
B h 371 | Butarie 381
PR. 377 a ;
Banil 301| - C.
Baniti Leg St. eRe 375
Bansalaguin 358, Cabiq sre 375
362, 363, 364, 365, 367, 375,378 | Calamansanay .... oes Ss
Bantolinao 385 359, 363, 364, 368, 378
Banuyo 359, | Calamansauan ~...0000..-..eceeeee 379
363, 364, 366, 370, 376 | Cal : 353
Barlis 378 | Calantas 355, 356,
Batet 359, 364, 366, 376 357, 358, 359, 363, 364, 365, 379
Baticulin: ...- 359, 364, 368, 372,376 | California redwood .................... 354, 365
Baticuling 376 | Caliot 389
Satine 2. 358, 364, 366, 368, 377 | Calipapa 389
Batitian 377 | Calohadia 378
Batitinan : 357, | Callot ..... 396
; 359, 363, 364, 365, 377 | Calophyllum inophyllum L........ 391
Batoli 378, 380 Calophyllum spp... 355, 356, 358, 391
Batutinay 380 Calophyllum wallichianum
Bayabo mat Planch, et Tr ee 391
Bayuco 372 | Caloyanan 380, 383
Beefwood 370 | Caloyanang 378
Beetles 362 | Calumagon 379
Bejucos 353 | Calumagun 380 |
Beng pine 354, 357, 365 | Calumanog ...0. een -eneneeeee 371, 380 —
Betic 384 | Calumpit 359,
tt 355, 358, 359, 362, 364, 367, 380, 393
362, 363, 364, 365, 367, 375, 377 | Calusit : 380
ee
\
PHILIPPINE WOODS.
Camagon
358, 359, 364, 367, 380, 383 | Danioura
Camansac
Camayuan
Camiling
Cantifigen
Canunyao
Caro
Carugcog
Carucat
Cassowasry tree 5.
60576——4
Page. | S
355, Danigga
379 | Danlie
393 | Danupia —.
373 | Dao
379} Diffuse porous Ss ee
372 | Dillenia indica Blanco.............-.---.-
370 Dillenia philippinensis Rolfe...
71 | Dillenia speciosa Blanco...
384 | Dillenia spp 2520. sien
370 Dinealan
Casuarina equisetifolia Forst.... 358 | Diospyros discolor Will
Catapang 384 Diospyros pilosanthera Blanco.. 378
Cateban 388 | Diospyros spp...........-.--.-....- 355, 358, 378
Catmon 354, Dipterocarpus grandiflorus
358, 359, 362, 364, 367, 380 Blanco 372
Catmon carabao 380 Dipterocarpus guiso Blanco.......... 384
Cedrela odorata Blanco .............- 379 Dipterocarpus lasiopodus Perk. 373
Cadrela Toona Roxb.......-...2.2--------- 379 | Dipterocarpus malaanonan Blan-
Chatwan 2 co 386
Chemical. properties Dipterocarpus mayapis Blanco...... 389
Coconut palm -............ Dipterocarpus plagatus Blanco... 396
Cocos nucifera L Dipterocarpus polysperma Bleo.... 394
Color Dipterocarpus sp.............. 355, 357, 372
Coloyate Dipterocarpus thurifer Blanco...... 389
Compound pith-rays ................--.- 355 | Dipterocarpus vernicifluus
Concentrie¢ lines, <= 356 Blanco 373
Conifers 354 | Diraan 376
Construction, high grade.............. 364 Dita 355,
Construction, medium grade.......- 364 358, 359, 362, 364, 365, 382
Construction, light or temporary 364) Dolitan 391
Corner posts of houses ...........---- 363 | Dracontomel 364, 388
Cotmoe 380 | Duco 372
Creosoting oo . obo Duguan cake: 358, 359, 366, 368, 381
Cross: secHion giiicie ce ee 356 | Dulit 371
Orytocarpa quinquestila Blanco... 371) Dumate 377
Cubel 386 | Dufgon 359,
Cubi 372 363, 364, 366, 367, 382, 383
Cuela 373 | Dungon-dungon. .........-.-..---------- “383
Culitingan 380: Dufigon-late: 5.22: 359,
Gupang. <..-.cc225 358, 364, 366, 368, 381 363, 364, 366, 367, 383
Dungula 392
: -: PUY ORGY OE oo rn ooae nen 375
Daemonorops accespébcee ween seca geeeeeebenese> 353 \ Duyong 386
Dagang 389 eS
Dalindingan. .........-.--..------------------- 389 ¢
Dalinsi -359, | Ebano 383
362, 364, 367, 381, 393 | Ebony ~................ 358, 359, 364, 367, 383
Daliphoyan ee 382 | Echites scholaris L......................-.. 382
Dalondan 394 | Echites trifida Blanco..............- 377
Dalondong 378 | Endog 353
Dampia 379 | Eperua d d a Blanco 384
Dangila 371 Eperua rhomboidea Blanco............ 395
400 FOX WORTHY.
Page I;
Eugenia spp. 358, 387 Page.
Euphoria cinerea Radlk............. 371 | Igang ........ 4 Oem
Euphoria litchi Blanco........-....-.----- 371 | Ilipe betis (Blco.) Merr............. 355,
Exogens 353, 354 358, 362, 377
= Indang 376
= fetian elinond.......33:-<---:.4---.e 393
False mangosteen .............-.--:.---- 392 | Intsia acuminata Merr................ 384
False 1 rings 355 | Intsia bijuga (Colebr.) 0.
Filaro a 370 Kuntze 384
Flacourtia inermis Roxb ST VAR Bie BD ope in oo cete penne 355, 358
Fungi and bacteria .. ~ 362 | Ipel 395
Furniture and ornamental woods... 364 | Ipil .. 355, 358, 359,
: : 363, 364, 366, 384
G. Ironwood 370
Galariga 378 :
Galarigal 383 K. Z
Gimbernatia calamansanai Blanco 378} Karamutan .....--.----2:c000000200---- 370
Grain 356 | Kiln-drying -................ Besson
Creo we thie rani pore ee ec 355 | Knema heterophylla Warb.... 358, 381
Grymania salicifolia Presl............ 386 | Koordersi ndron. pinnatum
Gualberto 392 mit Aimee, aor ee 357, 371
Guijo. 355,
357, 359, 363, 364, 369, 384 L.
Guijo-bitic BEA aco laco-. aA
Gymnospertis’ cis A 354 | Lagerstroemia batitinan Vid. 357, 377
Lagerstroemia hexaptera Vid.....--- 377
Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.)
Hagach 373 Pers 355, 374
Halupag 371 | Laing 373
Hamag 376 | Lanca 360, 372
Harigues SG3 anette oo oe 358, 362, 359,
Heartwood 354 364, 366, 368, 385
MBALING power s22.53 secs eg 361. Languip 369
Heavy framing 205 <3 364 | Lanigpa 379
Helicteres apetala Blanco.............. 383 | Eanotan 2.2. 359, 360, 364, 366, 385
Helicteres pinnata Blanco............ 371 | Larila 377
Heritiera littoralis Dry... 383 | Lasila 317
Heritiera sylvatica Vid............... 382 | Lauan 355,
Hibiscus campylosiphon Tez......... 385 357, 359, 363, 364, 369, 386
Hibisous grewiaefolius (Hassk) Bee Cavan oc 379, 386, 394
Mig... 385 | Liga 373
Hibiscus vidatianus Naves 385 | Ligaa ae
Pima be te oe a ees 379, 380 | Linap 396
Homalium luzoniense F. Vill... 373 | Lisac 379
Homalium Panayanum F. Vill. 373 | Litsa obtusata F. Ville 376
Homalium villarianum Vid........ 373 | Litsea perottetii F. Vill......... 376
Hopea acuminata Merr 357, 389 | Liusin 2 Say
Hopea plagata Vid... er ao 363, 364, 365, 367, 371, 386
Hopea spp............... 355, 357, 358 | Livistona spp.........--------2-----+-------- 353, 354
Horse-flesh wood ... 375 | Lumanog siete 379
Horsetail: pine (oe 370 | Lumasi 377
PHILIPPINE WOODS.
Page.
Lumati 377
l bayao my 358,
359, 363, 364, 367, 379, 387
Luyong 383
M.
Maba buxifolia Pers................ 358, 383
pL Pe SS NS aa a 330
Macaasin .................... 359, 364, 368, 387
Macabalo 374
Magalayao 395
Mapa CRO 5. i.consecisimcsssecscscitucasnetaes 379
Magatolay 379
»Magatulabimg ccc sicciipcserctecuce 376, 377
Magobinlod 379
Magtalisay 380
Malabohoe 370
Malacadios 364
Malacalampit oni... occ cicscccceees 379
Malacatmon .... =. an
Malad WAS Seca 391
Malapaho : 373
Malnpajo 393
Malapapaya ...... 354, 359, 364, 367, 387
Malapuyao 386
Malaruhat 364
TER YUAN conscience 383
Malasantol . 359, 363, 364, 368, 388
Malate lang i. cmtnnmaer 378, 383
Malatapay 380
Malatigue 376
Malugay 359,
363, 364, 366, 371, 388
M : 357,
359, 363, 364, 368, 388
Mangachapuy —-—.....- 357,
359, 363, 364, 369, 386, 389
Manglate 377
Manglati 376
Maraga 396
AT. ng 376
Maratuba 396
Marsantog 371
Mayapis .............. 357, 359, 364, 369, 389
Maytalisay me Se
Mechanical properties ...0.......000 362
Miao 377
Mimosa acle Blane... 369
Mimosa peregrina Blaneo............ 381
Mimusops elengi L.......... 358, 362, 375
Mittla 374
Mocanera grandiflora Blanco........ 372
Page.
Mocanera guiso Blanco............... 3s4
Mocanera malaanonan Blanco...... 386
Mocanera mayapis Blanco............ 389
Mocanera plagata Blaneo.............. 396
Mocanera palysperma Bleo. 304
Mocanera thurifera Blanco 38y
Mocanera vernicifiua Blaneo........ 373
Moisture. CONtONE. .....-..-:cresoesbssierns 360
Mol Hy B80
Molave 351,
355, 359, 362, 363, 364, 366, 389
Monocotyledones. .........+nerscssseccsesesnes 353
Munchausia speci Blaneo........ 374
PAREN BD sivieisrssectertavarcrrensce 358, 381
N.
Nababalos 375
Naree 391
Narra 355, 356,
358, 359, 362, 363, 364, 365, 390
Nathubo 377
NERO paicicicircicaliccsennss 359, 364, 367, 391
Nauclea glaberrima Blanco.......... 375
Nauclea lutea Blaneo........0000000....... 375
Nauclea sp 378
Nepheli spp. 371
Niquet 384
Nunea 372
0.
Obien 384
Odiao 390
Odina multijuga Vizd.................... 371
Odina sp Blume. 371
Odor 358
Olax baticulin Blanco 376
OVO DING Sc 354, 365
P, ,
Padouk 390
n fois 377
Pahudia rhomboidea Prain.... 356, 305
Paihapy 380
Pailan 377
Paimo 393
Palac palace 391
Palali 380
Pal q i spp. 391
Palms .... 353
Peer AVG oo 353, 354
Ne MRTG icon. 388
402 FOX WORTHY.
Page. | Q.
Pare. marisa. «242... 355, 356, Page.
358, 359, 363, 364, 368,391 Quitaquita 4 ee 369
Palo maria de la playa... 391.
Palo maria del monte 2.2... 391 bas
Palonapin .... B82 | Radial section —__.-::.---.e--ccee-ness- 356
Palo-santo 371 | Railroad ties ... 364
Palosapis ...... 389 EMPRDAEMDS safer ac coet ac? 8 353
Pamitaogan Ger | Resin-canals: 2:2 ore gta a 357
TPs ae ae Se oe 373, 374,391 | Resonance ......-.._--2.--------2-<-3.- 360
Panansogin 394 Rhamnus zonulatus Blanco. 374
Panantolen .. SSS: Rule porous: 222 ee 364
Panantulen Sy SNE) Lo Steen © eee ch ete eeereeeoeree st aS 370
Pancalian 393
Pandans ...... 353 ie i
Pandanus spp. 353, 354 | Sacat ........--.. 359, 362, 364, 367, 392, 393
Panguilin ea 380 Saggued sata F 379
Panigayan S90 t Sasuiviain 20 22 See 377
Parinarium == griffithianum Sal 384
Benth : 386 | Salapugud a
Parinarium salicifolium Miq........ 386.) Salincapa. <2... con ee ee
Parkia roxburghii Don.......... 358, 381 | Sambulauan 371
Pasac 375 Sampinit eS « 386
Prag vinie DOCKS cette sh cec sty sao 364 | Sandana 379, 386
; Payena Were We Ville get caste oe 377 | Sandoricum harmsianum Perk... 388
ta 377 | Sandoricum indicum Cav........--- 392
Piling 363 | Sandoricum vidalii Merr.......-.- 388
Pinus insularis Endl............... Sa OPte manele oo lta 390
Pith 354 | Santo! __.............. 359, 364, 367, 368, 392
Pithecolobium acle (Bleo.) Sapindus cinereus Turez.......--------- 371
Vid SoU, NGS, HU | Rend oe, 354
Pith-tay cells 357 | Saray 383
Cosi 354, 357 | Sarcocephalus cordatus Miq...-.. 375
olay 302°] Sagahit 2-20 Gs 359, 364, 368, 392
Polyscias nodosa Seem......... - 354, 387 | Screw pines ecccccccecececceecseeeceeeeeeeeee 353
Pometia pinnata BOrst-co 3881S Pie ee 355
Poon 391] 5s Me a 360
ae 379 | Secondary pith-rays ...........------ 355
Primary pith-rays 2.2 355 | She oak 370
Pterocarpus blancoi Merr......... 390 | Ship and boat building 363
Pterocarpus echinatus Pers...... 9001 Shinwonk @ ee 362
Pterocarpus indicus Willd....... 390| Shorea contorta Vid.......----- 386
Pena se klemmei Merr 390 | Shorea guiso BI........ 355, 357, 383, 384
erocarpus oe aa ae ve Shorea malaanonan Blume........ 386
’ 2
Pterocymbium tinctori inn ae ete be he * Se fey 394
Bahia ar 354,395 | Shorea. spececcccccscceeneeenee 355, 357, 386
Pati Ce 353| Shorea squamata Benth. and
380 Hook. f 386
Puyot 875) Ghia 360
Pynkadoo 369 | Sindora supa Merr...............----- 355, 393
’ PHILIPPINE WOODS, 403
Page. Page,
Sindora wallichii Vid... 393 | Terminalia bialata Vid... 378
Soglogan 374 | Terminalia calamansanai Rolfe 378
Spiral grain 356 | Terminalia catappa l............... 362, 393
Sterculia cymbiformis Blanco........ 383 | Terminalia edulis Bleo........... 362, 380
Strombosia dubia Vid.................... 393 Terminalia latifolia Blaneo.......... 393
Strombosia philippinensis Terminalia nitens Presl.......... 362, 392
(Baill.) Vid 393 | Terminalia pellucida Presl.... 362, 381
BUEN hin in sn sapcceccacteadeibe 379 | Termites 362
Sundri .... 383 | Thespesi: pylosiphon Rolfe... 385
SUPA © o.oo a ates 355, | Ticla ww «804
; 359, 364, 366, 376, 393 | Tiguig ........ 385
Swamp OOK i..-:..cetcesssren 370 | Tinaan 377
: Tindale 223; 356, 359, 364, 366, 395
a. Toona spp. i
Tabalangi 369 356, 357, 358, 363, 379
Tabangao 374
Tabao ........ 380
TADUD sicieseniernsasenes 380
Taco . 380
Tage: pa 390
Tie ee nace 396
Talang 380
Talipopo : 375
Tallsiy. 359, 362, 364, 367, 393 v,
Tamabayan . 393 | Unien 372
Tamayuan .......... 359, 364, 366, 368, 393 Urian 390
‘Tambalao 381) Uris 395
Tamil 878 oe of wool. 363, 364
Tamulauan _ 388
Tangential section —-.....--.-. 356 v.
mangalad m7 | Vessels ae
estes 356, Vitex a on
Vitex alt a =
Beer arisen sour Vitew latifolie Blanco... 389
— gaz | Vitex littoralis Deene .... 389
scams 395 | Vitex pubescens Vahl... 900
Tafigitan 377 Vitex épp. 351, 355, 362, 363
Tapgas 386 w.
Tapilae 378 |
Taratara : 379 | Weight and specific gravity... 359
Tarrietia sylvatica (Vid.) Whistling pine cece 370
Merr 382 | White ants 362
Taste 358 | Wood 354
SOMK scan 358, 363, 364, 365, 394 | Wood carving 2.0.00... 364
Tectona grandis L. f................ 358, 304 | Wood-fibers 357
TONUGO ooeeeceeeeecvesseee---- 354, 359, 367, 395 | Wood parenchy 357
Teredo d 362 Wrightia laniti (Blanco) Merr. 385
Terminali gustifolia Blanco... 380 Wrightia ovata A, DOL... 385
Terminalia belerica Vid... 380
Wrightia spp... B58, 362
404 FOXWORTHY.
X. Page.
Page. | Yamban 384
Xanthostemon verdugonianus | Yate 384
Wate oo eee has 357, 363, 388 | Yati 394
Xylia dolabriformis Benth............ 369 | 2
% ATOM ONE 6 05.8 05580 EB 391
Wacate ose eos eer 355, | Zilan 384
357, 358, 359, 363, 364, 369, 396 | Zizyphus arborea Merr................ 374
Yacal-dilao p38. 393 Zizyphus zonulatus Blanco...... 374
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CONTENTS.
- : meee ae Z snk = Page.
= FOXWORTHY, FRED W. Philippine Woods. _ 351
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Vox. II DECEMBER, 1907 No.
THE PHILIPPINE
JOURNAL OF SCIENCE
EDITED BY
PAUL C. FREER, M. D., Pu. D.
CO-EDITORS
RICHARD P. STRONG, Pu. B., M. D.
-E. D. MERRILL, M. 8.
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_ No. 23, 1904, Biological Laboratory. —Plague: Bacteriol Morbid Anatomy, and His-
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Nor en Fae 1004, Biological Laboratory—Glanders: Its Di i and Prevention (Together
ui Bayer an id nm Two Cases of Human Glanders Occurring in Manila and Some Notes on
MD. eriology and Polymorphism of Bacterium Mallei). By William B. Wherry,
ats: pane pies © A ps from the Islands of Romblon, Sibuyan, and Cresta de Gallo. By
No. 26, io Biolo, cal —
valcedhe ih. MRR eteraig on iio sad Patil estes ot
—. _ Review f th
ae ieee ‘iY : imer a, a, [dentification of the Species Described in Blanco’s Flora é
04.—1. e Po) Apres :
aa ‘2 tase BAB Sead geo = of the Philippine Islands. II. Edible Philippine
oO. —I. New or Notewo yurce fax
Bt isy Lae te Meceat eee sty Philippine Plants, Tlf. If. abe So of =
om 80, 1905, Chemical A i a
iis Hydration in Solution. By oS N. Lewis, Ph.
- 31 1Laborat &
ae Nema
: er +) AT Dill, D., Manila, P. Il. bsg poidislh
Into the Nitrate and Nitrite Content of Witte’s “ pecial ereni Its
Influence i As Demonstration of the Indol ana en scion. et ‘William B.
(consiided oa uxbea tage chaste:
THE PHILIPPINE
JOURNAL OF SCIENCE
C. BOTANY
Vou. IL DECEMBER, 1907 No. 6
NOTES ON THE STEERE COLLECTION OF
PHILIPPINE FERNS.
By Epwin Brneuam CopELANp.
(From the Bureau of Education, Manila, P. 1.)
- By the kindness of Dr. J. B. Pollock, of the University of Michigan, I
have been fortunate enough to receive fragments of practically all the
ferns collected in the Philippines by Dr. Steere the determinations of
which were published by Prof. Harrington. Although made at Kew, a
few of these determinations are doubtful, and a few clearly are wrong.
The latter include some species described as new, or accredited to these
Islands on the strength of these determinations alone. Some others of
Harrington’s species have since received other names by mistake, or his
names have been misapplied.
_ Pryopteris aoristisora (Harr.) C. Chr. is nearly related to D. canescens
(BL) C. Chr. — Its sporangia are glabrous.
Nephrodium Bakeri Harrington is a relative of D. canescens, as Christ
has pointed out ;? but it is so peculiar that [ can not follow Christ in sub-
merging it in that aggregation. It must rather be known as Dryopteris
Bakeri (Harrington) Copel. n. comb.
Dryopteris Luersseni (Harrington) C. Chr. This plant is included by
Christ * in D. Foxii, being the large form to which he refers, and includ-
-ing a majority of the specimens he cites. I have never regarded these
1 Journ. Linn. Soc. (Botany), (1877), 16, 25. -
2 Ann. Jard. Bot., Buitenzorg (1898), 15, 131.
* This Journal, Bot. Sec. C. (1907), 2, 208
63494 | 405
406 COPELAND.
and the small, typical D. Foxii as identical, and am therefore still dis-
posed to maintain the latter species as originally diagnosed ; hut this may
be an error. The plant called D. Luersseni by Christ is altogether dif-
ferent ; it is a Goniopteris in affinity, in spite of its free veins.
Polystichum horizontale Pr. This is the form determined by Harring-
ton under the general head of “Aspidium aculeatum Swtz.”
Hemionitis Zollingeri Kurz. This is one of our most-named ferns.
It is the same fern described by me as Hemionitis gymnopteroidea in
Perkins Fragmenta (1905), 1, 183. I have since become convinced that
it is absolutely identical with Leptochilus latifolius (Meyen) C. Chr., and
have distributed it under that name, calling attention to its synonymy,
and have treated it as such in my “Ecology of San Ramon Polypodia-
cee.” + Still more recently, Christ has described it as a type of a new
genus, Hemigramma,® distinguished from Leptochilus by the venation
and by the restriction of the sori to the veins. It was with the same opin-
ion of the value of the sorus character that I called the plant Hemionitis,
and that Presl* called it Gymnopteris instead of Leptochilus. If the
plant be maintained as generically distinct, its name must be Hemi- —
gramma latifolia (Meyen) Copel. n. comb., this being a far older specific
name than Zollingeri. Its known range is Malaya and the Philippines.
Asplenium lunulatum Swtz. of this collection is the fern commonly
determined here as A. tenerum Forst. The original specimen at Ann
Arbor is a single imperfect frond. A various lot of Philippine specimens
is now grouped under A. tenerum, but I would not call Steere’s, or any
other of the many collections, A. lunulatum.
Asplenium wightianum Wall. My material of this fern, collected in.
Panay, is insufficient for positive identification, but it shows that the
pinne are too inequilateral to be the species stated, which should therefore
not be accredited to these Islands. The plant is almost certainly A. vul-
canicum Bl., which is found in Negros and as far north as Mount Ma- ~
quiling in Luzon. :
Asplenium Steerei Harrington. This is the fern described by me as
A. laxivenum.* fees
Stenochlaena areolaris (Harrington) Copel. nom. nov. (Lomaria, Har-
rington, l. c., p. 28). The specialized, inflexed margin (indusium), be-
cause of which Harrington described this fern as Lomaria, is very evident
He the specimen sent me, but such a margin is not rare in Stenochlaena.
This is very distinct from its nearest known relative, S. palustris. .
‘Ibid. (1907), 2, 3.
* Ibid. (1907), 2, 170.
*“Sori hemionitidei, nec acrostichacei adsunt inde nec Leptochilo inserendum
est, quemadmodum - is imeli i
= clar. Fée autumat”. Epimeliae Botanicae, Prague (1849),
* This Journal, Bot. Sec.,C. (1907), 2, 132.
SSS OP Lo ral
PAGER MME cea
PHILIPPINE FERNS. 407
Monogramme paradova (Fée) Bedd. (M. Junghuhnii Hook.) is cred-
ited to Formosa by Harrington, but the label of the specimen sent me
reads “Growing in tufts on trunks of trees, Philippine Islands.” The
determination is correct, and this species should probably be added to our
known flora.
Polypodium craterisorum Warrington is unmistakably P. celebicwm
Blume. It is described in error as membranous (1. ¢., p. 32). Elmer
(No. 7760) has collected this fern on Mount Banajao (which is Mount
Majayjay). Some of the fronds are contracted below so abruptly as to
suggest its relative, P. decrescens Christ.
Polypodium hammatisorum Harrington turns out, as I * have antici-
pated, to be identical with P. nummularium Mett.
Polypodium Schenkii Harrington is, as stated by Baker,® our common
P. obliquatum Bl.
$ Ibid. Supp. IV (1906), 1, 256.
° Ann. of Bot. (1892), 5, 467.
A REVISION OF TECTARIA WITH SPECIAL REGARD
TO THE PHILIPPINE SPECIES.
By Epwin Brnenam Coperanp.
(From the Bureau of Education, Manila, P. I.)
TECTARIA Cavanilles.
A genus of Aspidiex, derived from Dryopteris (§) Eudryopteris, char-
acterized by the comparatively undissected fronds, and corresponding
venation of reticulate veins which do not anastomose regularly in pairs, -
fronds more or less deltoid in form, and the fertile and sterile not exceed-
ingly different. ;
It has become possible, with the accumulation in Manila of a large
amount of material, large not only in the number of collections to be
cited, but also in the presence of many specimens of single collections,
to present this confused genus in a way that was not at all possible at the
time of publication of my? Polypodiacee of the Philippines. It has
also become possible to substitute for the artificial grouping of species
according to the indusium a classification which for the most part may
be advanced with some confidence in its naturalness. In many parts this
arrangement is that adopted by Diels in Engler and Prantl’s “Die
Natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien.”
As would be anticipated, the chief difficulty and uncertainty in the
delimitation of groups of species is among the most primitive, just as in
a family it is the most primitive genera which are most difficult to char-
acterize, or even to recognize with certainty. I have already established
the place of Dryopteris (§) Lastraea as among our most primitive ferns,
and as the parental type of Aspidiew. In this group, Dryppteris dis-
secta (Bory) O. K. represents, most nearly of known species, the probable
origin of Tectaria. At a future date I shall show that some “Athyria”
are so near to D. dissecta that their generic assignment is a matter of
judgment. We have in the Philippines a number of species of T'ectaria
which, while in reality and by easy definition members of the genus
Tectaria, are more like this parental type than they are like any of the
1 Publications of the Bureau of Government Laboratories, Manila (1904),
No. 28.
409
410 COPELAND.
well-differentiated groups within Tectaria. In a family it is necessary,
for the sake of identification, to refer these undifferentiated members to
genera, as, in Polypodiacee, to Dryopteris, or Athyrium or Acrophorus,
but within a genus a forced classification would serve no purpose.
The Philippine species apparently too primitive for any finer classi-
fication than as Tectarie, are T. devexa and T. calcarea. T. am-
bigua is apparently isolated in the Philippines, but is a relative of 7.
gigantea. (Aspidium Blume, Enumeratio 159, 1828.) I regard it as
also a likely relative of Stenosemia.
The better differentiated and understood groups are:
a. Cicutarie—Frond in the more generalized forms decompound; as
in T. angustius (Christ, Sagenia, Bull. Herb. Boiss 6 (1906) 165) and |
T. cicutaria (Linnaeus Polypodium, Syst. Nat. 2, p. 1326, 1759) of the
American tropics, and 7’. malayensis. T. latifolia (Forst., Polypodium,
Prod. 83, 1786) and T. melanocaulon belong in this group, and retain
the dissected fronds. A simplification of the fronds is evident in T.
angelicifolia (Polypodium, Schum. Vid. Selsk. Afh. 4 (1827) 228) and
has gone further in T. Hippocrepis (Polypodium, Jacq. Collect. 3 (1789) —
816), T. apiifolia (Aspidium Schkuhr 1809), and in our T. Christii.
b. 1. Crenate.—Simply pinnate plants with indusiate sori in regular
rows parallel to main veins. The several supposed Philippine species
seem safely referable to one, 7’. crenata. ;
b. 2. Trifoliate-Polymorphe.—A group whose common ancestry with
the preceding is probably not exceedingly remote. Fronds less cut and
more ample; indusia mostly fugacious. Sori in regular rows in T'rifo-
late; T. trifoliata Cav., T. subtriphylla (Polypodium Hook. & Arn.
Bot. Beech. Voy. 256, 1838-40), and T. siifolia. Sori scattered in Poly- —
morphe; T. Menyanthidis (not improbably, though not intimately,
related to 7’. crenata), T. Barberi, T. polymorpha, and T. irrigua, and
T. Labrusca (Polypodium, Hooker. Sp. Fil. 5 (1863) 73); these stand
here in the probable order of their differentiation, the most ancestor-like
first. The group is specialized in adaption to a moist, still habitat, as
in gorges. American representatives are 7’. Plumierii (Aspidium Presl. —
Rel. Haenk. 29, 1825), a near relative of 7. trifoliata, and T’. martinicense
(Aspidiwm Spr. Anleitung 8 (1804) 133). The Polymorphe of America.
and the Old World have very likely been derived separately, and might
well be regarded as distinct minor groups.
¢. 1. Decurrentes.—Coarse ferns, with the rachis mostly or entirely
winged, the main veins prominent and the sori in regular rows. T.
grandifolia, T. decurrens. T. draconoptera (Aspidium, Eaton, Mem. Am.
Acad. II, 8 (1860) 211) is an American fern intermediate between this
group and the Vaste.
REVISION OF TECTARLA, 411
c. 2. Vaste.—Like the Decurrentes, but sori scattered. T. vasta
(Aspidium, Blume. Enum, 142, 1828), 7. Bryanti.
d. 1. Pleocnemia.—Fronds ample, at least bipinnate, veins forming a
single series of areolw, without free included veinlets, crown of caudex
_and bases of stipes densely covered with harsh, dark, slender paler.
T’. leuzeana.—The inclusion of various species having nothing in com-
mon except the venation robs Pleocnemia of all naturalness. Dryopteris
dissidens (Mett.) O. K. is sometimes improperly placed here.
d, 2. Arcypteris—Like the preceding, but fronds usually less dissected
and areole more numerous.
T. irregularis.
Tectaria is a genus of tropical ferns the specialization of which for the
most part is in adaption to moist and windless habitats. The general
process of phylogenetic differentiation has been a simplification of the
frond and a correlated anastomosis of the veins. In three of the groups,
this has led to some examples with simple fronds. With increasing
complexity of the venation the sori become scattered. In Pleocnemia
there is an adaption to the same environment by great development in
size.
In this paper I have adopted the principles of nomenclature exemp-
lified in Christensen’s Index, believing that uniformity will most quickly
be reached by general conformity with so valuable a model. According
to these principles, as Christensen states in the fascicle last published,
Tectaria, and not Aspidium, is the “nomen optimum.”
Key to Philippine species.
1, Frond ample, pinne broadly decurrent, and stipe winged.
2. Frond simple.
3. Indusium ting; sori scattered 1, 7. Bryanti
3. Indusium present; sori in rows. 2. T. decurrens
2. Pinne not all connected by the broad wings. 3. 7. grandifolia
1. Stipe not broadly winged; fully developed frond simply pinnate, and none save
the basal and apical pinne deeply cut.
2. Lateral pinne usually not more than 2 pairs, not pinnatifid, the lowest pair
forked or oblique; indusia fugacious. :
3. Not at all dimorphous; margin entire, sori scattered.
4. Pinne ample, ovate with curved margiszs....................... 4. T. polymorpha
4. Pinne contracted, angular. 5. T. irrigua
3. Fertile frond somewhat restricted, sori in rowS.....0.0...20.2.0.0....... 6. 7. siifolia
2. Lateral pinne usually more numerous; or if only 1 or 2 pairs, the lowest
pair not forked and the indusium persistent,
3. Base of pinne round or truncat 7. T. Barberi
3. Base of pinne acute. :
4. Position of sori not marked on upper surface.............. 8. T. Menyanthidis
4. Position of sori evident on upper surface 9. 7. erenata
1. Pinne lobed halfway to the costa, the lowest not forked_.......... 10. T. ambigua
412 COPELAND.
1. Fully developed fronds bipinnate, at least at the base.
2. Fronds 30 em. or less high including stipe, at least bipinnate.
3. Sori few, fronds depauperate-looking 1l. T. ealearea
3. Sori minute and numerous; fronds ample_.........................-.- 12. T. devexa
2. Fully developed fronds more than 30 em. high. :
3. Stipe and rachises black 13. T. mel l
3. Axes not ebeneous, veins forming more than | series of areole.
4. Indusia present.
5. Stipe scaly, frond glabrous. : 14. T. malayensis
5. Stipe (unless at base) smooth, frond ciliate................ 15. T. Christii
4. Indusia absent (Arcypteris) 16. T. irregularis
3. Axes hardly black; veins forming a single series of areole (Pleoene-
mia) 17. T. leuzeana
1. Tectaria Bryanti Copel. nom. nov.
Aspidium, Copel. Perkins Fragmenta, 175; 1905; Polypod. of the
Philippines 34, 1905.
_. Negros, Copeland 82: Basilan, Hallier.
Aspidium Bolsteri Copel. (This Journal I Suppl. (1906) 252) is
probably a very large plant of the same species. -
Mindanao, Surigao Bolster 305. The A. Bryanti reported by Christ
from. Loher’s collection on Mount Maquiling, Luzon, is almost certainly —
different. Sia hs
Aspidium vastum Bl., a relative of T. Bryanti, with indusiate sori, is
taken up as a Philippine fern in my Polypodiaceae of the Philippine
Islands, but probably by mistake. J. Smith in his enumeration of Cum--
ing’s ferns calls No. 356 Aspidiwm alatum Wall., which is synonymous
with A. vastum ; but this number is cited by Hooker Sp. Fil. 4:48, under
A. pteropus Kze. (=T. decurrens) ; and the material distributed under
this number included 7. grandifolia.
2. Tectaria decurrens (Presl) Copel. Elmer’s Leaflets, 1 (1907) 234.
_ Aspidium Presl, Rel. Haenkeanae 28, 1825; A. heterodon Copel.
Perkin’s Fragmenta 177, 1905; A. Copelandi C. Chr. Index 661, 1906.
This is a most variable species, if all the plants I am including in it
are really identical. It was originally stated to have an erect caudex,
but more recent works have described it as having a horizontal rhizome.
As a matter of fact, we find this member horizontal, oblique or erect.
The margin of the frond is entire or variously lobed. Fruiting speci-.
mens with simple and entire fronds occur on Mount Maquiling. Speci- :
mens in our herbaria are: =
Cuming 148, Luzon; Bolster 146, Cagayan (Luzon) ; Whitford 966, —
Elmer 7999, Mt. Banajao; Merrill 1773, 4042, 5872, McGregor 133,
Merritt F. B. 6778, Mindoro; Clemens 378, Camp Keithley, Mindanao;
Copeland 951, 96%, Davao; Copeland 1603, Zamboanga. ed
REVISION OF TECTARIA, 413
3. Tectaria grandifolia (Presl.) Copel. nom. noy.
Aspidium, Presl. Epim. Bot. 64, 1849; A. grande J. Sm. 1841 (name
only), Mett. 1858.
Except as to the indusium, which Presl, probably in error, described
as orbiculate and peltate, and Mettenius described as reniform, the
diagnoses of A. grande and A. grandifolium are sufficiently alike to be
construed as referring to the same species. Both are based on Philippine
plants collected by Cuming, Presl’s being from Panay. No one of Cum-
ing’s plants in Manila is referable here, but Merrill’s No. 5871 fits
Mettenius’ description very closely and agrees with Presl’s wherever it
differs from Mettenius’. As Presl states, it is a relative of 7’. decurrens.
(Panay, Cuming s. n.)* Mindoro, Merrill 5871.
4. T. polymorpha (Wall.) Copel. nom. nov.
Aspidium, Wallich. List No. 382, 1828; Hooker Sp. Fil. 4 (1862) 54.
A, angulatum Christ in Bull. Herb. Boiss II 6 (1906) 1003, non J. Sm.
Mett. :
Luzon, Rizal, Ramos B. 8. 2160; Los Banos and Mt. Maquiling (very
common. below falls), Copeland 2024, Matthew, Elmer 8329, Topping
634, 706; Mindoro, Merrill 5874; Mindanao, Davao, Copeland 1311,
1466.
A polymorphous species indeed. Cordate, simple, entire fronds are
semetimes fertile. The sori are often elongated along their veins, and
the indusia are of various shapes and fugacious. 17’. irrigua is not
sharply distinguished from this species, and the two species succeeding
it are near relatives. From the material I have from the locality from
which Christ reports A. angulatum, I have no doubt that this is the
plant. Christ is also in error in giving the Journal of Botany 3 as the
place of publication of the name; A. angulatum J. Sm. was a manuscript
name first published by Mettenius.
5. T. irrigua (J. Sm.) Copel. nom. nov.
Aspidium J. Smith, Journal of Bot. 3 (1841) 410, Presl. Epim. Bot.
62, 1849, A. lamaoense Copel. Perkin’s Fragmenta 176, 1905.
Luzon, Cuming 31; Lamao Forest Reserve, Copeland 223, Meyer F. B.
2497; Pagsanjan, Copeland 1993; Los Baiios, Copeland 2023, Elmer
8330, Matthew, Topping 686; Indang, Cavite, Copeland s. n, Known
only in Luzon.
This fern grows on rocks in creek beds and on their banks where it
is submerged by floods. It is a smaller fern than the preceding and
much narrower in all its divisions, with comparatively straight margins
forming sharp bases and apices. 7’. polymorpha would be torn to pieces
and destroyed if it grew in the characteristic habitat of 7. irrigua.
2 Collections cited in parentheses were not seen.
414 COPELAND.
6. T. siifolia (Willd.) Copel. nom. nov.
Polypodium, Wild. Sp. Pl. 5 (1810) 196: Aspidium, Mett. 1864.
non Blume, 1828; A. angulatum Copel. Phil. Journ. Sc. I Suppl. (1906)
145, non J. Sm., Mett.; A. biseriatum Christ. Bull. Herb. Boiss. II 6
(1906) 1002.
Luzon, Cuming 4; Pagsanjan, Copeland 1985; Mt. Maquiling, Mat-
thew; Mindanao, San Ramon, Copeland 1776; Palmas Id., Merrill, 5353.
(Mt. Pinatubo, Luzon, Loher). :
The other specimens cited here from our own herbarium are ‘identical
with Cuming’s No. 4 of which our specimens are sterile. The fertile
frond is sometimes almost as ample as the sterile, but more often is
strongly contracted; Mettenius, Aspidium No. 287, says “Folia.....
subdifformia.” In spite of my declaration in this Journat, I Suppl.
(1906) 145, that the plant is without indusia, I must now state that on
immature fronds they can often be seen, and are irregular in form. —
7. T. Barberi Copel. nom. nov. :
-Polypodium Hooker, Sp. Fil. 5 (1864) 100. Aspidium, Copel. Polyp.
Phil. 34, 1905.
Luzon (Laguna, Majayjay, Loher, teste Christ) ; Mindoro, Merrill
5875.
Merrill’s specimens fit Hooker’s description perfectly except that the
kases of the pinne, while broad and unequal, are not cuneate. The
peculiar venation distinguishes this from any other Philippine fern.
8. Tectaria Menyanthidis (Presl) Copel. nom. nov.
Aspidium Presl, Rel. Haenkeanae I (1825) 28; A. repandum J. Sm.
non Willd.
Luzon, Cuming 183 ; Mindanao, Surigao, Bolster 263.
Cuming’s plant in Herb. Bureau of Science is labeled Aspidium
repandum in Smith’s writing, of which we have abundant specimens (Cf.
Presl. Epim. Bot. p. 523). Instead of being, as stated by Hooker, Sp.
Fil. 4: 58. too near A. pachyphyllum, this species is closely related to
T. polymorpha and 1. irrigua, from which it is distinguished by the
long, narrow pinnz and more. persistent indusia. We have fertile fronds
which are simple, trifoliate, and with 3 pairs of lateral pinne.
9. Tectaria crenata Cav. Descr. 250, 1802.
Aspidium repandum Willd. Sp. pl. 5 (1810) 216; A. platyphyllum
Presl, Epim. Bot.; A. pachyphyllum Kze. Bot. Zeit. (1848) 259, at
least as to Philippine plants; (?) A. persoriferum Copel. Perkins ae
menta 177, 1905.
Batanes Ids., Mearns B. S. 3157, 3158, 3159, 3161, 3166: Luzon
(Cuming 224); Benguet Topping 337, 338, Elmer 6171; Mt. Mayon
Mearns B. 8. 2909, 2917; Cebu (Cuming 339, 340), MeGregor B. 8S.
REVISION OF 'TECTARIA. 415
1736; Mindanao (Cuming 290); Camp Keithley, Clemens 160, 251;
Davao, Copeland 929, 146%. The herbarium of the Bureau of Science
has two unnumbered specimens of Cuming’s collection, labeled Sagenia
platyphylla J. Sm. According to Christensen (Index p- 614) this is
A. cicutarium; but he (1. c. p. 8%). interprets A. platyphyllum Presl
which Presl says = 8. platyphylla J. Sm. as A. repandum Willd., which
is my judgment as well. imer No, 7060, from Leyte, is also this species,
in my judgment; it has the ancestral form of the genus 7. emigramma,
Christ.
This is a reasonably variable fern, in form, margin, and indusia; but
the chief difficulty in treating it is not natural, but due to the jumble of
names in use. Willdenow published the name repandum with the avowal
that Cavanilles’ description would fit his plant except that the latter
stated the pinne to be alternate. They are indeed rather more often
opposite, but by no means constantly so. The indusia are peltate and
reniform on the same plants. The manner in which this species has
been shifted between Sagenia and Tectaria illustrates the futility of trying
to maintain in this group genera based on the indusium. The fertile
fronds are sometimes like the sterile, but usually somewhat contracted
(Cf. Sp. Fil. 4; 57); in view of this fact, I doubt the propriety of
maintaining persoriferum as a separate species. Cavanilles says “fruc-
tibus numerosissimis.”
10. Tectaria ambigua (Presl) Copel. nom. nov.
- Digrammaria Presl, Tent. Pterid. 117, 1836. Aspidium profercoides
Christ, Phil. Journ. Se. 2 C. (1907) 158.
Davao, Copeland 1467 A. This is a very distinct species whose
venation and texture, and sparsely hairy sinuses and contracted fertile
fronds strongly suggest Stenosemia. It is related to 7. gigantea
(Blume).
11. Tectaria calcarea (J. Sm.) Copel. nom. nov.
Sagenia J. Sm., Journ. Bot. 3 (1841) 410. Aspidium Pres]. Epim.
Bot. 63. Mett. Aspidium 283.
Leyte, Cuming 310.
A ded peculiar plant known only from Cuming’s collection. Met-
tenius gives an excellent figure (I. c. Plate XVII). Some of the indusia
are peltate, others not so.
12. Tectaria devexa (Kze.) Copel. nom. nov.
Aspidium Kze. Bot. Zeit. (1848) ; 259. A. membranaceum Hook. Sp.
Fil. 5; 105.
Cuming s. n.; Mindanao, Davao, Copeland 898.
This is certainly A. membranaceum Hook. ; I have followed Christensen
in taking Kunze’s name.
416 COPELAND.
13. Tectaria melanocaulon (Bl.) Copel. nom. nov.
Aspidium Blume, Enumeratio 161, 1828.
(Cuming 57) ; Luzon, Cavite, Copeland 1788, Mangubat B. 8. 1295;
Los Banos, Matthew ; Mindanao, Camp Keithley, Clemens 381; Mt. Apo,
Copeland 1466A. A most clearly marked species here, but connected
with the Cicutarie by T. latifolia. ~
' 14. Tectaria malayensis (Christ) Copel. nom. nov.
Aspidium Christ, Phil. Journ. Se. 2 C. (1907) ; 187; A. cicuteelull
of Christ and myself, not of Swartz.
Luzon (Laguna, Loher); Rizal, Ramos, B. S. 1033; Mt. Mariveles,
Copeland 217, 1396 ; Topping, 533, Borden, F. B. 1959; Wdates Suri-
gao, Bolster 386 ; Mt. Apo, Copeland 1468.
15. Tectaria Christii Copel. nom. nov.
Aspidium coadunatum Wall. non Kaulfuss. For a diagnosis of this —
plant see Christ. Phil. Journ. Sc. 2 C. (1907) 187.
~ Luzon, eceeatth, oes 1899; Berm; Topping 229; Mindoro,
Merrill 5869. °
i6. Tectaria irregularis (Presl) Copel. nom. nov.
Polypodium Presl, Rel. Haenk. 25. 1825, Plate IV Hig. D5 be pee
Presl. 1. ¢. fig. 4; Aspidium difforme Bl., Enumeratio 160, 1828; Poly-
- podium Props Bory. Dup. Voy. Bot. I (1828) 263; Phegopians
macrodonta (Reinw.) Mett. Pheg. & Aspid. 1858. No. 68: Polypodium
Cumingianum (Presl.) Hooker Sp. Fil. 5 (1864) 103; Aspidium Whit-
fordi Copel. Perkins’ Fragmenta 176, 1905.
Easy as it is to distinguish the extremes of the forms combined here,
and to find diagnostic characters which look valid when only the extremes
are considered, the differences are found inconstant and the gaps are
bridged over with the accumulation of many specimens. In our herbaria
this accumulation has reached the point where I can no longer see a good
specific distinction between any one of them and some other. In
place of the hitherto recognized species, we will better recognize 3 or 4
inconstant varieties.
a, Var. euirregularis.
_Frond simply pinnate: sori small and very numerous, sometimes much
more so even than Pres] figured, and irregularly ene Presl, surely
in error, credits the type to Mexico. ©
Culion, Merrill 665; Mindanao, Surigao, Bolster 220; Camp Keithley,
Clemens s. n.; San AS Copeland 1569.
Simply oinaate fronds with the sori more like those of the next variety
are: Foxworthy B. S. 1962, Pampanga ; Topping 424, Elmer 6684, Mt.
Mariveles; Copeland s. n. Mt. Maquiling. Elmer 6230, is s simple, but
has the ender upper pinne of var. Brogniartii.
x
REVISION OF TECTARLA. 417
b. Var. macrodon.
Frond bipinnate; sori less numerous and forming irregular (usually
very irregular) rows parallel to the costw and main veins.
Luzon, Cuming 9; Mt. Maquiling, Matthew s. n., Topping 65%, 697;
Mt. Mariveles, Topping 447; Tayabas, Whitford 668. Gregory 144; Min-
doro, Merrill 5873; Samar, Merrill 5198.
Intermediate forms between this and the next variety are: Mearns,
B. S. 2986, Casiguran, Luzon; Topping 335, Benguet; Merrill 1806
Mindoro.
e. Var. Brogniartii.
Bipinnate, the sori restricted to a single, more or less regular, closely
marginal row.
Luzon, Cuming 171; Negros, Whitford 1665, Copeland 2076, typical ;
Copeland s. n. Mogens, has the sori of this var., but the form of var.
euirregularis,
Aspidium Whitfordi is probably a form, rather is a good variety ;
characterized by having the veins conspicuous on the upper surface; in
other respects the plants are mostly referable to var. macrodon. Tuzon,
Mt. Mariveles, Whitford 201; Rizal, Forworthy B. 8S. 76, Ramos B. S.
957; Cavite, Copeland s. n., Mangubat, B. S. 1285.
This species as a whole is a very natural one, distinguished from the
preceding by the color, texture, margins, naked and often irregular sori,
absence of free included veinlets, and coarse, chocolate-colored scales
crowning the rhizome and burying the bases of the stipes. It is the type
of Arcypteris, but is not isolated enough to be given generic rank by itself,
and is no near relative of our other exindusiate species, 7. Bryanti and
T. ambigua. On the other hand is nearly related to Pleocnemia, as is
shown by the venation, the shape of the sori, the texture and the pubes-
cence. But for these many: points of resemblance I should not include
-Pleocnemia in Tectaria.
17. Tectaria leuzeana (Gaud.) Copel. nom. nov.
Polypodium Gaud. Freye. Voy. Bot. 361, 1827.
As distinct as Aspidium angilogense Christ, Bull. Herb, Boiss, II 6
(1906) 1003, appears in its description, and as different as its huge typical
-form is from the more common small forms, I am unable to find any
constant character distinguishing them in the field. Even the few
specimens collected by Cuming seen to me to have been more safely treated
as a single species. At any rate, our specimens of No. 33 (P. Cumin-
giana) and No. 289 (P. leuceana), of Epimeliae Bot. p. 50, are alike.
However, I am not ready to pass positive judgment on the question.
T. leuzeana remains a very variable species even if the arborescent form
is removed from it. We have 7’. leuzeana, s. s., as follows:
Luzon, Cuming 34; Rizal, Ramos, B. 8. 1046, 1091; Cavite, Copeland
418 COPELAND.
1795; Mindanao, Cuming 289, Copeland 1696; Balabac, Merrill 5378.
Specimens referable to Pleocnemia cumingiana Presl, but acaulescent, are:
Merrill 58%6, Mindoro, and Elmer 7062, Leyte.
Aspidium angilogense Christ is represented by: (?) Cuming 33, 107,
Luzon; Matthew s. n., Mt. Maquiling; Copeland 1698, San Ramon, Min-
danao; (?) Clemens s. n. Camp Keithley.
EXCLUDED SPECIES.
Aspidium membranifolium (Pr.) Kze. This is Dryopteris dissecta
(Forst.) 0. K. :
Aspidium heterophyllum Hooker, collected in Samar by Cuming, No.
322. The nearest affinity of this peculiar plant is to Dryopteris canes-
cens.
Aspidium latifolium J. Sm. (Aspidium microsorum Pr.) ? T.
melanocaulon, vel potius T. siifolia.
Aspidium giganteum Bl. This Javan plant is unknown to me in the
Philippines, and is probably credited to these Islands on the strength of
wrong determinations.
TWO NEW PHILIPPINE GRASSES.
By E. HacKket.
Graz, Austria.
ARUNDINELLA Raddi.
Arundinella pubescens Merr. & Hack. n. sp.
Annua. Culmi erecti, 20 ad 30 cm. alti, graciles, teretes, in parte
superiore nuda laxe hirsuti, 3 ad 5-nodes, nodis omnibus in culmi parte
4 vel 4 sitis reverso-barbatis, simplices vel ramo uno alterove aucti.
Folia undique hirsuta, pilis patulis basi plerumque tuberculatis vestiti.
Vaginae internodia superantes, teretes, laxiusculae, ligula series pilorum
brevium. Laminae e basi rotundata lineari-lanceolatae, acutae, 6 ad 10
em. longae, 4 ad 7 mm. latae, erectae, rigidulae, nervis crassiusculis
parum prominulis percursae. Panicula elongato-lineari-oblonga, 15 ad
30 cm. longa, basi subinterrupta et laxa, superne laxiuscula vel apice
densiuscula, contracta, angusta (vix 2 em. lata), rhachi scabra et laxe
pilosa, ad ramorum ortum parce barbata, internodiis inferioribus usque ad
9 cm., superioribus vix 2 cm. longis, ramis inferioribus solitariis vel
binis, superioribus binis usque ad quaternis, omnibus tenuiter filiformibus
scaberrimis suberectis, primariis in } inferiore nudis, secundariis pler-
isque basilaribus brevissimis a basi spiculiferis, spiculis secus ramos
geminis, paribus in inferiore parte rami valde distantibus, in superiore
subcontiguis, pedicellis inaequalibus, altero spicula longiore, altero ca.
2-3-plo breviore. Spiculae lanceolatae, 4 mm. longae, pallide viridulae ;
gluma I, 2.5 mm. longa, ovato-lanceolata, acuta, mucronata, 5-nervis,
carina scabra; II, spiculam aequans, ovato-lanceolata, in rostrum sub-
ulatum apice anguste obtusum acuminata, 5-nervis, laevis; III, 3 mm.
longa, ovato-lanceolata, acuta, mucronulata, chartacea, tenuiter 3-nervis,
glaberrima (etiam callo), paleam paullo breviorum floremque ¢ fovens ;
IV 2 mm. longa, lanceolato-oblonga, ex apice obtusiusculo aristam emit-
tens 5 mm. longam geniculatam, tenuiter papillosa, subenervis, callo
minute barbulato. Palea glumam aequans, binervis.
PaLawan; prope Iwahig (B. of S. 856 Foxworthy) Majo, 1906.
Affinis A. hispidae O. Kuntze (A. nepalensi Trin.) quae a nostra differt
radice perenni, culmo robusto multinodo glabro, nodis glabris, laminis
elongatis, panicula oblonga dense haud interrupta, gluma I. III™
subaequante IV callo pilis 4 glumae aequantibus barbata. oe
420 HACKEL.
SCHIZOSTACHYUM Nees.
Schizostachyum hirtiflorum Hack, n. sp.
Ramuli foliiferi fasciculati, folia 5-6 gerentes. Vaginae pilis rigidulis
basi tuberculatis hispidae, ore utrinque auriculatae, auriculis subfalcatis
amplexicaulibus, longe fimbriatis. Ligula interiore margo membran-
aceus angustissimus, externa nulla. Laminae brevissime pedunculatae,
penduculo 1 ad 2 mm. longo fere latiore quam longiore, e basi cordata
lineari-lanceolatae, longe tenuiterque acuminatae, apice setaceo-involutae,
12 ad 20 cm. longae, 1.6 ad 2.2 em. latae, tenues, utrinque virides, supra
glabrae, subtus brevissime parceque puberulae, margine scaberrimae, —
tenuiter nervosae, venulis transversis nullis. Panicula (quae incompleta
adest) magna vel aphylla vel ramus unus alterve apice breviter foliatus, _
rhachi glaberrima, ramis dense fasciculatis 20 ad 60 cm. longis glaber-
‘rimis ramulosis, ramulis solitariis, inferioribus 6 ad 10 cm. longis,
superioribus brevibus, omnibus bractea subcymbiformi 1 ad 2 cm. longa
lamina brevissima vel mucroniformi terminata fultis, spiculas 4 ad 6
saepius remotiusculas, rarius basi plus minus fasciculatis sed nunquam
glomeratis gerentibus, in parte superiore rami vel ramuli spiculae soli- —
tariae, singulis bracteis fultae. Spiculae lineari-fusiformes acutae, ca.
12 mm. longae, hirsutae; glumae steriles 3 ad 4, inferiores breves, ovales, —
obtusae, mucronatae, 7 ad 9-nerves, infra apicem tantum hirsutae, sing-
ulae in axilla gemmulam foliaceam parvam foventes, I, circiter 2.5
mm.; IT, 4 mm.; III, 5 mm. longa; IV, ovali-oblonga, 7 mm. longa,
obtusiuscula, mucronata, involuta, 13-nervis, in 4 superiore hirsuta,
vacua: gluma fertilis (V) spiculam aequans, lanceolata, acuta, involuta,
apice subuliformis, 9-nervis, in } superiore hirsuta. Palea nulla.
Stamina 6, antheris 5 mm. longis apice obtusis. Ovarium (imma-_
turum) parvum, glabrum, stylis in rostrum circiter 10 mm. longum
connatis, stigmatibus 3 brevibus, breviter plumosis.
Luzon ; prope Sablan, Prov. Benguet (6173 A. D. E. Elmer).
_ Affinis S. acutifloro Munro, quod differt a nostro laminibus basi fotun:
datis nec cordatis, spiculis fertilibus (quibus steriles crebrae immixtae .
sunt) 6 ad 8 mm. longis glaberrimis.
SOME GENERA AND SPECIES NEW TO THE
PHILIPPINE FLORA.
By Evmer D. MERRILL.
(From the botanical section, Biological Laboratory, Bureau of Science,
Manila, P. I.)
In recently published papers on Philippine botany many genera and
species have been recorded from the Philippines that were previously not
known to occur in the Archipelago, one of the striking proofs of the
present comparatively limited knowledge that we have of the flora of the
Philippines. As collections of botanical material are made in various
islands of the group, genera and species previously known from sur-
rounding regions are constantly being found, and a few of these, mostly
observed in recently collected material, are recorded in the following
paper.
ALISMACE.
SAGITTARIA Linn.
Sagittaria sagittifolia Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) 993; Buchenau in Engler’s
Pflanzenreich 16 (1903) 46. 8. sagittefolia var. diversifolia Micheli in DC.
Monog. Phan. 3 (1881) 66.
MinpANao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley (888 Mrs. Clemens) November, 1906.
Europe and Asia, extending to Hainan, Formosa, Japan and Java.
This widely distributed species has previously been known as a Philippine
plant only by the doubtful record given by Naves,’ who states that he saw living
specimens in the Island of Panay, and dried specimens in Vidal’s herbarium,
although Vidal does not record the species in any of his published works on the
Philippine flora.
GRAMINE.
Phalaris minor Retz. Obs. 3: 8; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 7 (1897) 221.
Luzon, Province of Benguet, near Baguio (Major H. A. Mearns) April, 1907,
probably introduced.
Southern Europe to British India, South Africa and Australia.
vet (Blanco’s Flora de Filipinas) Nov. App. (1883), 298.
63494——2 421
422 MERRILL.
CYPERACE.
~MAPANIA Aubl.
Mapania macrocephala (Gaudich.) K. Sch. ex Warb. in Bot. Jahrb. 13
(1891) 265. Hypolytrum macrocephalum Gaudich. In Freye. Voy. Bot. (1826)
414, Lepironia macrocephala Mig. Ill. (1871) 64. pl. 27.
Baur Istanp (5409 Merrill) October 8, 1906. In wet forests at 700 m. alt.
Moluccas and the Bismarck Archipelago.
Mapania kurzii C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6 (1904) 681.
Luzon, Province of Tayabas, Atimonan (4001 Merrill) March, 1905. In
forested ravines.
Malayan Peninsula.
This species was so identified by the late C. B. Clarke, but omitted from
his list of. Philippine Cyperaceae.? Mr. Clarke observes that the specimen
might be the closely allied M. multispicata, but it agrees well with No. 11476
Ridley from Singapore, determined by Clarke as M. kurzii, and also with the
description of that species.
SCIRPODENDRON Kurz.
Scirpodendron costatum Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 38° (1869) 85;
Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6 (1894) 684.
PaLawan, San Antonio Bay (5257 Merrill) October 17, 1906. Forming dense
thickets along a small stream at about 10 m. above sea level. The genus new
to the Philippines.
Ceylon, Malayan Peninsula, Java, Australia and Samoa.
ARACE.
CYRTOSPERMA Griff.
Cyrtosperma griffithii (Hassk.) Schott. in Oest. Bot. Wochenbl. (1857) 61;
Engler in DC. Monog. Phan. 2 (1879) 271. Lasia merkusii Hassk. Cat. Bog.
(1844) 59; Pl. Jav. Rar. (1848) 161; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. 3 (1855) 177.
Minporo, Bulalacao (B. S. 1515 Bermejos) September, 1906. Samar, Boron-
gan (5218 Merrill) October, 1906.
Java, Borneo and the Fiji Islands.
This species is rather abundant in the Visayan Islands and was observed
by the author at several localities on the east coasts of Samar and Mindanao in
October, 1906. It is extensively cultivated in some places, notably Borongan,
and probably does not occur strictly wild in the Philippines. At Borongan
and other places where it was observed it was grown in ravines in coconut groves,
the petioles often being 8 feet in length and 3 to 4 inches in diameter and the
leaf-blades 5 feet in length. The genus is new to the Philippines.
MAGNOLIACEZ.
KADSURA Kaempfer.
Kadsura scandens Blume Fl. Jay. Schizandreae (1836) 9 t. 1; Mig. Fl. Ind.
Bat. 1° (1859) 19; King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 58? (1889) 375; Ann. Bot.
Gard. Calcutta 3 (1891) 221. pl. 71. Sarcocarpon scandens Blume Bijar.
(1825) 21. :
* This Journal, Bot. Sec. C. (1907), 2, 109.
NEW PHILIPPINE FLORA. 423
Mrnpanao, Lake Lanao (683 Mrs. Clemens) September—October, 1906. Malay-
an Peninsula to Java and Sumatra, and probably other islands in the Malayan
Archipelago.
The specimens from Mindanao are apparently typical, and with the exclusion
of Kadsura blancoi = Phytocrene! (Icacinacew) from the Magnoliacea, the above
species is the first one of the genus to be recorded from the Philippines, —
ICACINACE/S.
CARDIOPTERYX Wall. (Cardiopteris).
Cardiopteryx moluccana Blume in Rumphia 3 (1837) 277. t. 177. FR;
C. lobata R. Br. var. moluccana Mast. in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind, 1 (1875) 597;
F.-Vill. Nov. App. (1883) 46. ©. rumphii Baill., var. intégrifolia Baill. in DC.
Prodr. 17 (1873) 26.
Mrnpanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley (137 Mrs. Clemens) 1906, in fruit in
February, in flower in July and September.
Baillon gives the distribution of the variety integrifolia=C. moluccana,
as from British India through Malaya to New Guinea, but Hngler in Nat. Pflan-
zenfamilien gives its distribution as from the Moluccas, Ceram and New Guinea.
F.-Villar reported it from Luzon and Panay, but his record of the species as a
Philippine plant has previously never been verified.
VITACE.
PTERISANTHES Blume.
Pterisanthes sinuosa Merrill n. sp.
Glabra; foliis ovatis vel oblongo-ovatis, membranaceis, 11 ad 20 em.
longis, 6 ad 11 cm. latis, apice acuminatis, basi leviter cordatis, margine
grosse distanter sinuato-dentatis; receptaculo oblongo-lanceolato, longe
pedunculato, 11 ad 20 cm. longo, 1 ad 1.8 cm. lato, floribus marginalibus
pedicellatis, floribus sessilibus immersis, 4-meris.
Nearly glabrous throughout when mature, the younger parts slightly
ferruginous-pilose. Branches slender. Leaves ovate to oblong-ovate,
simple, 11 to 20 cm. long, 6 to 11 em. wide, membranaceous, the apex
sharply acuminate, the base somewhat cordate, broad, the margins
distantly and coarsely sinuate-dentate, dull or shining; nerves prominent,
curved-ascending, about. 5 on each side of the midrib; petioles 3 to 5
em. long. Tendrils bifid. Receptacles red (?) apparently somewhat
fleshy when fresh, oblong-lanceolate, 11 to 20 em. long, 1 to 1.8 cm.
wide, long pedunculate, the marginal flowers rather numerous, pedicel-
late, the pedicels about 1.5 cm. long, those on the surface of the lamina
sessile, immersed, very numerous, 4-merous, the petals triangular-ovate,
acute, 1 mm. long, the calyx disciform, truncate, about 1.7 mm. in
diameter.
Mrinpanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley (647 Mrs. Clemens), July—October,
1906, four collections. :
The first species of this very characteristic Malayan genus to be found in the
Philippines and apparently closely related to Pterisanthes polita Miq., of the
Malayan Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo, differing from that species in its
coarsely sinuate-toothed larger leaves and other characters.
424 MERRILL.
STERCULIACEAE.
TARRIETIA Blume.
_ Tarrietia riedeliana Oliver in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 15 (1887) 98.
Mrnpanao, Lake Lanao, near Camp Keithley (Mrs. Clemens) June, 1906.
The second species of the genus to be found in the Philippines, and an addition
to the Celebes element in the Philippine flora now known to be very prominent.
Celebes.
LEGUMINOS 25.
STRONGYLODON Vog.
Strongylodon lucidus (Forst.) Seem. Fl. Vit. (1865-68) 61. Glycine lucida
Forst. f. Prodr. (1786) 51. Rhynchosia lucida DC. Prodr. 2 (1825) 387.—
Strongylodon ruber Vogel in Linnaea 10 (1836) 585; A. Gray Bot. Wilke’s U. 8.
Explor. Exped. (1854) 446. t. 48; Baker in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 2 (1876) 191;
Prain ex King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 66? (1897) 69.
Baur (south coast of Mindanao) (5411 Merrill) October 8, 1906. In thickets
along streams at 150 m. Not previously reported from the Philippines.
Ceylon, Andaman Islands, New Guinea to the Fiji Islands and Hawaii.
RUTACE. °
FAGARA L.
Fagara torva (F. Muell.) Engl. in Engl. und Prantl. Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3*
(1895) 119. Xanthoaylum torvum F. Muell. Fragm. 7 (1871) 140; Hoehr. PI.
Bog. Exsice. (1904) 18, No. 28. Zanthowylum glandulosum T. et B. Cat. Hort.
Bog. (1866) 234, nomen. ;
Minpanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley (667 Mrs. Clemens) September, 1906.
_ The identification of the above plant is based largely on a specimen of No. 28
of Hochreutiner’s Plantae Bogoriensis Exsiccatae in our herbarium. The Min-
danao plant seems to be quite the same. Hochreutiner is authority for the-
reduction of the Javan Zanthoaylum glandulosum 'T. et B., to the Australian
Xanthowylum torvum F. Muell. = Fagara torva (F. Muell.) Engl. An interest-
ing addition to our knowledge of the Philippine flora, the species previously
being known from Java and Australia.
_MALASTOMATACE AD.
OCHTHOCHARIS Blume.
Ochthocharis javanica Blume in Flora 2 (1831) 525 et Mus. Bot. 1 (1849)
40; Naud. in Ann. Se. Nat. III. 15: 307; Triana Melast. 74. t. 6. f. 67; O. B.
Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 2 (1879) 528; King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng.
69° (1900) 14; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1", (1855) 556; Cogn. in DC. Monog. Phan. —
7 (1891) 480.
x
NEW PHILIPPINE FLORA. 425
Minporo, Baco River (F. B. 5518 Merritt) November, 1906, in mangrove
swamps.
Var. longipetiolata Merrill n. var.
Petiolo 1.5 ad 4.5 em. longo, ceteroquin ut O. javanica Bl.
Mrnporo, Subaan (6226 Merrill) December, 1906; Baco River (F. B. 5488
Merritt) November, 1906, in mangrove swamps.
The genus is new to the Philippines, the five known species being Malayan,
the genus therefore a characteristic Malayan one. 0. javanica is found along
the seashore from Tenasserim through the Malayan Peninsula to Borneo, Java,
Banka and Billeton.
VERBENACE.
PETRAEOVITEX Oliver.
Petraeovitex trifoliata Merrill n. sp.
Frutex scandens; foliis oppositis, trifoliatis, glabris vel parce pube-
rulis; petiolo 3 ad “ em. longo; foliolis ovatis vel oblongo-ovatis, acu-
minatis, usque ad 7 cm. longis; paniculis terminalibus, 20 ad 40 cm.
longis, puberulis; flores 8 mm. longi; calycis fructiferis lobis 1.5 ad 2 em.
longis.
A scandent shrub. Branches brown or gray, quadrangular, puberulent,
becoming glabrous, 1.5 to 2 mm. in diameter. Leaves opposite, trifo-
liate, the petiole 3 to 4 em. long, puberulent, the petiolules 4 to 10 mm.
long; leaflets ovate to oblong-ovate, 7 cm. long, 2.5 to 5 em. wide,
subcoriaceous, glabrous or nearly so, somewhat shining, paler beneath,
the apex acuminate, the base rounded, often somewhat inequilateral ;
nerves rather prominent beneath, about 4 on each side of the midrib,
the reticulations lax. Panicles terminal, the lower branches subtended
by leaves, 20 to 40 em. long, puberulent, the axis and branches quad-
rangular. Flowers purple, about 8 mm. long. Calyx puberulent, the
tube 4 mm. long, the lobes in anthesis 4 mm. long, oblong-lanceolate.
Corolla equalling the calyx, the tube 5 mm. long, narrowly funnel-
shaped, puberulent outside, slightly so at the throat inside, the lobes
3 mm. long, oblong-ovate, rounded. Stamens 4; filaments about 4 mm.
long, slightly puberulent; anthers 1 mm. long. Calyx in fruit accres-
~ cent, the lobes 1.5 to 2 em. long, oblanceolate, spatulate, obtuse.
Patawan, Victoria Peak (B. 8. 708 Forworthy) March, 1906, on open steep
slopes at 900 m. alt. Nearly or quite the same species is represented by a
specimen collected by Hallier in February, 1904, at San Ramon, near Zam-
boanga, MINDANAO.
The genus new to the Philippines, but two species previously ance one from
Buru Island and one from New Guinea. The present species is apparently most
closely related to the Buru species, Petraeoviter riedelii Oliv. in Hook. Icon.
Pl. II. 5 (1883) 15. Pl. 1420, the type of the genus, distinguished at once
from that species by its trifoliate leaves.
426 MERRILL.
LABIATZ.
POGOSTEMON Dest.
Pogostemon heyneanus Benth. in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. 1 (1830) 31; Lab.
(1832-36) 154; Benth. in DC. Prodr. 12 (1848) 153; Wight Icon. t. 1440.
F.-Vill. Nov. App. (1883) 164; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. 2 (1856) 961. P. Patchouly
Pellet. in Mem. Soe. Se. Orleans. 5 (1845) 277. t. 7; Benth. 1. ¢.; Mig. 1. ©;
F.-Vill. 1. ¢., Hook f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 4 (1885) 633.
Luzon, Province of Pampanga, Mount Arayat (5025 Merrill) February, 1906,
det. Rolfe as P. patchouli Pellet.: Province of Rizal, Montalban (2442 Ahern’s
collector) January, 1905. In forests and thickets, perfectly wild, not cultivated.
The only record of this plant as a Philippine species that I have seen is
F.-Villar’s, who states that he saw living specimens in Luzon, this record,
like so many of F.-Villar’s and Naves’, being subject to doubt, and accordingly
it has been thought best again to record the species as a Philippine one,
with citation of specimens. I have followed Hooker f., in considering Pogos-
temon heynianus Benth., identical with P. patchouli Pellet., but the former name
being the earlier is retained. In consideration of the fact that Hooker f.
states “perhaps only a var. of P. parviflorus’, it seems probable that the
plant recorded from Luzon by F.-Villar, 1. ¢., as Pogostemon parviflorus Benth.,
was only a form of P. heynianus. I have not seen the species cultivated in
the Philippines and the specimens collected on Mount Arayat were growing
on steep forested slopes at an altitude of about 400 m., remote from any
dwelling or settled region, while Ahern’s collector informs me that the Mon-
talban specimens were from open forests.
British India to the Malayan Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo.
ACANTHACE.
THUNBERGIA Linn. f.
Thunbergia alata Boj. in Hook. Exotic Fl. (1823-27) t. 177; Nees in DC.
‘Prodr. 11 (1857) 58; Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 4 (1884) 391.
: Luzon, Manila (14 Merrill) April, 1902, in waste places; Province of Bataan,
Lamao River (B. S. 1612 Foxworthy) October, 1906. : ;
A native of tropical Africa, now widely distributed in the tropics of both
hemispheres,
The species has apparently been distributed by cultivation as an ornamental
plant, and undoubtedly was so introduced into the Philippines, although I have
not seen Specimens in cultivation in the Archipelago, where it is perfectly sponta-
neous, although not common. It has not previously been reported from the
Philippines.
RUBIACE.
PETUNGA DC. :
: Petunga racemosa (Roxb.) K. Sch. in Engl. und Prantl. Nat. Pflanzenfam.
4 (1891) 80. Randia racemosa Roxb. Hort. Beng. (1814) 15: Fl. Ind. 1,
(1820) 144, Petunga roxburghii DC. Prodr. 4 (1830) 399; Hook. f. FI. Brit.
Ind. 3 (1880) 120; King & Gamble in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 72? (1903) 223.
_Barapac (B. 8. 447 Mangubat) March, 1906, a shrub in forests, no represent-
ative of the genus having previously been reported from the Philippines. An —
Indo-Malayan type. ;
Northern India to Burmah, Malayan Peninsula, Java, Sumatra and Borneo.
.
NEW PHILIPPINE FLORA. 427
RANDIA Linn.
Randia auriculata (Wall.) K. Sch. in Engl. und Prantl. Nat. Pflanzenfam.
4 (1891) 75; King & Gamble in Journ. As. Soe. Beng. 72? (1903) 207.
Webera auriculata Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind, ed Carey & Wall. 2: 537. Stylocoryna
auriculata Wall. Cat. (1828) No. 8402. Cupia auriculata DC. Prodr. 4 (1830)
394. Pseudixora ? auriculata Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 2 (1856) 210, Anomanthodia
auriculata Hook. f. in Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. 2: 87; FI. Brit. Ind. 3 (1880)
108. Randia corymbosa Boerl. in Koord. & Val. Bijd. Boomsoort. Java 8 (1902)
88, non Wight. & Arn.
Necros, Gimagaan River (B. F. 4265 Dverett); (1624 Whitford) May, 1906.
A Malayan type, new to the Philippines.
Malayan Peninsula and Archipelago.
BIKKIA Reinw.
Bikkia grandiflora Reinw. in Blume Bijdr. (1826) 1017; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat.
2 (1856) 156; K. Sch. und Lauterb. Fl. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. Stidsee (1901) 549.
' Srputu (Sulu Archipelago) (5297 Merrill) October 13, 1906. In thickets on
rocky seashores, the genus new to the Philippines, an eastern Malayan and
Polynesian type.
Eastern Malaya to New Guinea and Polynesia.
IXORA Linn.
Ixora congesta Roxb. Fl. Ind. 1 (1820) 76; DC. Prodr. 4 (1830) 486; Hook.
f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 3 (1880) 146; King and Gamble in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 73°
(1904) 76. Pavetta congesta Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 2 (1856) 76.
Minpanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley (237 Mrs. Clemens) February, April
and May, 1906; Mount Malindang (B. F. 4757 Mearns & Hutchison) May, 1906.
An Indo-Malayan type new to the Philippines.
Burma through the Malayan Peninsula to the Malayan Archipelago.
GOODENIACEAX. ~
SCAEVOLA Linn.
Scaevola minahassz Koord. in Meded. ’s Lands Plant. 19 (1898) 513, 628.
Mrinpanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley (690 Mrs. Clemens) September~Oc-
tober, 1906.
North-east Celebes.
I have made the above identification entirely from Koorders’ rather short de-
scription which applies closely to our specimens. According to Mrs. Clemens’s
notes, the plant is a vine 30 to 40 feet in height, while Koorders describes the
species as a shrub 1.5 to 2 m. high, the inference being, from his statement
“frutex 14-2 m. alta”, that the plant is erect, but on page 513 he speaks of it as
a scandent shrub.
The first species of the section Enantiophyllum to be found in the Philippines,
a second apparently undeseribed species being found also in Jolo which is
described below. ’
Scaevola dajoensis Merrill n. sp. § Enantiophyllum.
Herbacea, scandens, ramulis foliisque oppositis, axillis barbatis ; foliis
ovato-lanceolatis vel oblongo-lanceolatis, acuminatis, basi acutis, margine
irregulariter subrepando glanduloso-dentatis ; cymae axillares, pauciflorae ;
corolla flava, 13 mm. longa. =
428 MERRILL.
A scandent herbaceous plant reaching a height of 5 m. Branches terete,
glabrous, slender. Leaves opposite, membranous, glabrous or somewhat
pubescent along the midrib beneath, ovate-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate,
the base acute, the apex long slender acuminate, the margins irregularly
rather coarsely subrepand glandular-dentate, 6 to 9 em. long, 2 to 3
em. wide; nerves 6 to 7 on each side of the midrib, not prominent;
petioles 2 to 5 mm. long, bearded in the axils. Cymes axillary, few-
flowered, the peduncles 1.5 cm. long or less, pubescent. Calyx about
5.5 mm. long, the tube slightly hirsute, narrowly ovoid, 2.5 mm. long,
the lobes lanceolate, 3 mm. long, persistent. Corolla yellow, 13 mm.
long, slightly hirsute outside, densely so within, the lobes 5 to 6 mm.
long, hyaline margined. Stamens glabrous. Style glabrous; stigma
ciliate-fringed. Fruit fleshy, ovoid, dark-purple, about 8 mm. long.
JoLo, Mount Dajo (5324 Merrill) October 11, 1906, scandent in thickets on
exposed ridges at an altitude of 650 m., in the Moro stronghold on Mount Dajo
which was reduced by the American troops in March, 1906.
Apparently most closely related to S u h Koord., from Celebes
and Mindanao, differing from that species in being more glabrous and with
larger leaves which are acute at the base and not pubescent beneath.
ee
COMPOSIT A.
BLUMEA DC.
Blumea sericans Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 3 (1881) 262; Forbes & Hemsl.
Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 23 (1888) 422.
Minpanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley (894 Mrs. Clemens) January, 1907,
- common in open grass lands; not previously recorded from the Philippines.
‘Chittagong, Burma and Martaban to southern China and Formosa.
ADDITIONAL IDENTIFICATIONS OF THE SPECIES
DESCRIBED IN BLANCO’S ‘FLORA
DE FILIPINAS.”
By Evmer D, Merrine.
(From the botanical section, Biological Laboratory, Bureau of Science,
Manila, P. I.)
In April, 1905, I published a work entitled “A Review of the Identi-
fications of the Species Described in Blanco’s Flora de Filipinas’? in
which an attempt was made to correlate the species considered by Blanco
in the different editions of his “Flora de Filipinas,” and to summarize
what was known regarding them, indicating those that were referable
to known and previously described species, those that were apparently valid
and those that were unknown or doubtful. Since the publication of
that paper, one of the objects of which was to serve as a guide in the
collection of material and data that might serve to clear up doubtful
points in Blanco’s work, extensive collections have been made and our
knowledge of the Philippine flora has been greatly extended, while from
time to time certain points regarding Blanco’s work have been cleared
up. Accordingly it is proposed occasionally to publish notes regarding
Blaneo’s species, as the data available seems to warrant such action.
In the preparation of the previous work too much dependence was
placed on the work of Fernandez-Villar, and his identifications of some
of Blanco’s species were then accepted which have since beén found to
have been erroneous. Doubtless in the future as various groups are
carefully monographed, numerous changes will have to be made in his
identifications that were previously accepted by me.
Through the kindness of Dr. C. B. Robinson, of the New York
Botanical Garden, I have received copies of two papers in which references
are made to previous attempts at clearing up Blanco’s species, which
seem to have been overlooked by most, if not all, recent investigators of
Philippine botany. The first paper is that of Walpers, a summary of
the first edition of Blanco’s “Flora de Filipinas” published in Linnea
(1842), vol. 16, Litteratur-Bericht, pages 1 to 68, in which the first
1 Publications of the Bureau of Government Laboratories, Manila (1905)
No. 27. i
429
430 MERRILL.
447 species described by Blanco are enumerated, with Latin: translations
of the species that Blanco described as new, and accepting those that
Blanco ascribed to other authors without question. The paper is of
little value and adds but very little to our actual knowledge of Blanco’s
species. The next paper is by Hasskarl, published in Flora, vol. 47
(1864), pages 17-23, 49-59; this was intended to be a critical review
of the first edition of Blanco’s work, but was apparently discontinued
after the first thirty-three species described by Blanco were considered.
Latin translations of Blanco’s descriptions are given and some critical _
notes, while some new names appear, most of which must fall as synonyms.
Still another reference supplied me by Dr. Robinson, is a review of
Blanco’s “Flora de Filipinas” by George Tradescant Lay in the Chinese
Repository 7: 422-437, 1838. Of this I have seen no copy, but Dr.
Robinson informs me that it is of no scientific importance, data regarding
about 15 species only being abstracted, with additions from the author’s
observations.
In the following paper notes on a number of Blanco’s species are
included, the arrangement following my previous publication,? the page
references following the family names referring to that paper.
MAGNOLIACEZ (p. 15).
Kadsura blancoi Azaola is excluded from the Magnoliacee and referred to
Phytoerene (p. 423).
ANONACEZE (p. 16).
Uvaria lanotan Blanco, ed. 1, 464. Unona latifolia Blanco, ed. 2, 324
Mitrephora lanotan (Blanco) Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. 35 (1905) 71, with
description, synonomy and citation of specimens.
NYMPHAZACEZ (p. 17).
Nymphea lotus Blanco, ed. 1, 456; ed. 2, 317; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 222; F.-Vill.
Nov. App. (1880) 9, non Linn.
Following Conard*® true Nymphea lotus is found in Africa and Wilco
only, while the Asiatic-Malayan-Australian form treated by various authors as
of lotus is N. pubescens Willd., which name should be accepted for the sii, $e
plant.
PITTOSPORACE® (p. 18).
Bursaria inermis Blanco, ed. 2, 124; ed. 3, 1: 122, previously considered, after
F.-Villar, to be probably identical with Pittosporum ferrugineum Ait., is more
probably identical with Pittosporwm pentadrum (Blanco) Merr. The species
was really described by Azaola and not by Blanco, according to the latter’s state-
ment. See Merrill in Govt. Lab. Publ. 35 (1905) 18.
* Ibid.
* Carnegie Inst. Pub. (1905) No. 4, 198.
ADDITIONAL IDENTIFICATIONS. 431
ELATINACEA (p. 19).
Bergia serrata Blanco FI. Filip., ed. 1 (1837) 387. Spergula serrata Blanco
l. ¢., ed. 2 (1845) 271; ed. 3, 2: 140. Bergia glandulosa Turez. in Bull. Soe, Nat.
Mose. 27 * (1854) 371; Rolfe in Journ. Bot. 23 (1885) 210; Vid. Phan. Cuming.
Philip. (1885) 95; Rev. Pl. Vase. Filip. (1886) 51. Mats. and Hayata. Enum.
Pl. Formosa. (1906) 40. Bergia verticillata F.-Vill. Nov. App. (1880) 15, non
Willd.
Luzon, without locality (1058 Cuming), duplicate type of Bergia glandulosa
Turez; (138 R. Marave) 1894-95. Manila (Normal School Students) 1904;
Province of llocos Norte (B. 8. 2304 Mearns) January, 1907; Province of
Zambales, Subic (Hallier) December, 1903; Province of Rizal, Bosoboso (B.
8. 2058 Ramos) February, 1907.
In my treatment of Blanco’s species I followed F.-Villar in considering
this species the same as Bergia verticillata Willd. From the description,
however, it can not be Willdenow’s species, but I can not distinguish it
from Bergia glandulosa Turez., and Blanco’s name being the earlier is here.
retained. The species, so far as is known, is confined to Luzon and Formosa.
GERANIACEZ (p. 26).
Oxalis acetosella Blanco ed. 1, 388; ed. 2, 272, non Linn.
Following B. L. Robinson* Oaalis corniculata Linn., to which Blanco’s
apecies has been reduced, is confined to Europe and the eastern United States,
while the widely distributed form found in southern Europe, the southern
United States and in subtropical and tropical regions of both hemispheres is
a distinct species, Oxalis repens Thunb. Oxal. (1781) 16. In case Robinson’s
distinctions hold good, this name should be applied to the common Philippine
form of Oxalis.
RUTACE (p. 27).
Fagara octandra Blanco ed. 1, 67; ed. 2, 48, non Linn. = Meticope luzonensis
Engl. in Perk. Frag. Fl. Philip. (1905): 161. See Merrill in Govt. Lab. Publ. 35
(1905) 24.
Limonia linearis Blanco, ed. 1, 357; Limonia monophylla Blanco, ed. 2,
_ 252, non Linn==Atalantia linearis (Blanco) Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906)
Suppl. 200 ! A characteristic endemic species.
Cookia anisum-olens Blanco, ed. 1, 359; Cookia anisodora Blanco ed. 2,
253. This is a Clausena as indicated by the author in Govt. Lab. Publ. 17 (1904)
21, and later described by Perkins as Clausena warburgii, Frag. Fl. Philip. (1905)
162. There is no doubt whatever as to the identity of the material cited with
Blanco’s species. In case of objection to Blanco’s poorly constructed specific name,
his second specific name, anisodora, still has priority over Perkin’s name.
SIMARUBACEZE (p. 29).
Ailanthus pongelion Blanco ed. 1, 380; ed. 2, 268, non Gmel., is not A.
malabarica, DC., as determined by F.-Villar, but is a distinet species, A. philip-
pinensis Merr. in Govt. Lab. Pabl, 35 (1905) 25, with synonomy, deseription and
citation of specimens.
* Journ. Bot. 44, (1906) 391.
432 MERRILL.
BURSERACE (p. 30).
Guiacum abilo Blanco ed. 1, 30; Icica abilo Blanco ed. 2, 256—Garuga abilo
(Blanco) Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. 35 (1905) 73 ! @. mollis Turez., is a
synonym, and G. floribunda Deene., ex descr., a quite different species.
CHALLETIACE (p. 32).
Riana tricapsularis Blanco ed. 1, 850; ed. 2, 126—Dichapetalum tricapsulare
(Blanco) Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. 35 (1895) 35. Apparently a very distinct
endemic species.
OLACINEA (Icacinacee ).
PHYTOCRENE Wall.
Phytocrene blancoi (Azaola) Kadsura blancoi Azaola in Blanco Fl. Filip.
- 2 (1845) 594; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 118; Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. 27 (1905) 15.
dra elongata F.-Vill. Nov. App. (1880) 4, non Hook. f. et Th. Phytocrene
luzoniensis H. Baill, in Adansonia 10 (1872) 28, et in DC. Prodr. 17 (1873) 10.
Gy hal U i Llanos ex Baill. ll. ce. as syn.
Luzon, Province of Rizal (1661 Merrill) March, 1903; 2439 Ahern’s eoliented
January, 1905: Province of Laguna (Alberto) May, 1905. ;
Mrnpanao, Lake Lanao, Camp, Keithley (447 Mrs. Clemens) March, 1906.
In my treatment of Blanco’s species’ I idered Kadsura blancoi as a
doubtful species, following F.-Villar in treating it as a Magnoliaceous plant.
However, a careful examination of Blanco’s description shows that the plant
can not be a Kadsura or a Schizandra. The description is very imperfect, but
from the gross characters and the fruit description the species can belong to
no other genus than Phytocrene “fruto en una cabezuela 6 capitulo que
contiene mfs de setenta frutos, de tres lados, 4 manera de los del platano,
musa, apifiados 6 reunidos sobre un receptdculo que pesaba 25 4 30 libras.”
In the one specimen that I have seen in fruit, the heads weighed about 15
pounds. The locality from which the material came, on which the description
of Kadsura blancoi was based, is not given, but the specimens undoubtedly
came from one of the provinces near Manila, Rizal, Laguna or Bulacan. After
a careful consideration of the matter I do not hesitate to refer the species to
Phytocrene, adopting Azaola’s name as the earliest one for. it and reducing
to it Phytocrene luzoniensis H. Baill.
A second species of the genus, perhaps Phytocrene macrophylla Blume, is
Pian tes by material collected near Davao, Mindanao (Nos. 2765, 2995 Wil-
iams).
AMPELIDACE (p. 33).
Cissus pedata Blanco, ed. 1, 71; ed. 2, 52, non Lam = Tetrastigma lanceo-
larium (Roxb.) Planch. ! | Blanco’s description is entirely too short and imperfect
to warrant the above identification from the description alone, but the Tagalog
name Ayo, cited by him, is almost universally and quite consistently applied to
Planchon’s species which is common in the Philippines.
* Publications of the Bureau of Government Laboratories, male (1905),
No. 27, 15.
©
ADDITIONAL IDENTIFICATIONS. 433
‘ LEGUMINOS (p. 37).
Cylista piscatoria Blanco, ed. 1, 589; Galactia ? terminiflora Blanco ed, 2,
411, previously considered by the author to be a distinct species of Millettia,
M. piscatoria (Blanco) Merr. is certainly identical with Derris elliptica (Wall.)
Benth., a species widely distributed from Martaban to the Malayan Peninsula
and Archipelago, (See Merrill in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 66.)
Cytisus quinquepetalus Blanco ed. 1, 598; ed. 2, 581. Following F.-Villar
this was considered to be the same as Desmodium cephalotes Wall., but on securing
specimens it was found to be quite distinct from Wallich’s species and to represent
a distinct species of Desmodium, D. quinquepetalum pervs? Merr. in Govt,
Lab. Publ. 35 (1905) 20.
Negretia mitis Blanco ed. 1, 588; ed. 2, 410, non inti. has been considered
by the author as Mueuna lyonii Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sei. 1 (1906) Suppl.
197. However the validity of the latter species seems doubtful, and it may prove
only a form of Mucuna nivea DC., to which Blanco’s species was reduced by
F-Villar.
Mimosa membranulacea Blanco ed. 1, 739; Reichardia pentapetala Blanco,
ed. 2, 233. This was considered to be the same as Pterolobium indicum A. Rich.,
after F.-Villar, but was later considered by the author to represent a distinct
species. Pterolobium membranulaceum (Blanco) Merr., in Govt. Lab. Publ. 35
(1905) 22, where the species is redescribed.
Bauhinia grandiflora Blanco, ed. 1, 332; ed. 2, 231, non Juss. This is
apparently identical with Bauhinia acuminata Linn., and not at all B. variegata
Linn., to which F.-Villar reduced it. B. acuminata Linn., seems to be widely
distributed in Luzon but is nowhere abundant.
MYRTACEZE (p. 45).
Metrosideros pictapetala Blanco, ed. 2, 295. This species was described by
Blanco in the first edition under the name Legnotis lanceolata, p. 445, as pointed
out to me by Dr. ©. B. Robinson in lit. F.-Villar failed to connect Legnotis of
the first edition with Metrosideros of the second edition, and made no attempt
to reduce the former. I have as yet not succeeded in connecting Blanco’s species
with any known one.
Eugenia lobas Blanco ed. 1, 857; Eugenia cauliflora Blanco ed. 2, 291.
Considered by the author to represent a distinct species and redescribed under the
former name in Govt. Lab. Publ. 35 (1905) 48.
ONAGRACEZE (p. 48).
Balingayum is excluded from this family and referred to Calogyne ((oode-
niaceew) which see (p. 434).
ARALIACE (p. 51).
Nauclea digitata Blanco, éa: 2, 102—Schefflera blancot Merr. in Philip. Journ.
Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 109.
434 MERRILL.
RUBIACE.® (p. 52).
Remijia odorata Blanco ed. 2, 115. I am now of the opinion that F.-Villar
was correct in referring this species to the widely distributed Randia densiflora
(Wall.) Benth.
Serissa pinnata Blanco, ed. 1, 163; Remijia oscura Blanco, ed. 2, 116 Pre-
viously referred by me to Gardenia as a distinct species, G. pinnata (Blanco)
Merr. The species is, however, identical with Hypobatherum glomeratum (Bartl.)
K. Schum. as pointed out by K. Schumann in Engl. und Prantl Nat. Pflanzenfam.
IV. 4 (1891) 156, the synonomy being as follows: Hypobatherum glomeratum
(Bartl.) K. Sch. in Engl. und Prantl] Nat. Pflanzenfam. IV. 4 (1891) 156; Elmer
Leaflets Philip. Bot. 1 (1906) 8. Platymerium glomeratum Bartl. in DC. Prodr.
4 (1830) 619; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 2 (1856) 200; F.-Vill. Nov. App. (1883) 113.
Serissa pinnata Blanco Fl. Filip., ed. 1 (1837) 163. Remijia oscura Blanco
l. ec. ed. 2 (1845) 116; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 207. Randia obscura F.-Vill. Nov. App.
(1883) 108: Vid. Sinopsis Atlas (1883) 29. t. 57 f. B. Gardenia pinnata Merr.
in Govt. Lab. Publ. 27 (1905) 53. Gardenia obscura Vid. Phan. Cuming. Philip.
(1885) 119; Rev. Pl. Vase. Filip. (1886) 153; Ceron. Cat. Pl. Herb. (1892)
95; Merr. in Forestry Bureau Bull. 1 (1903) 54.
Pavetta membrenacea Blanco ed. 1, 59; Pavetta sambucina Blanco, ed. 2,
41, non DC. Erroneously reduced by F.-Villar to Pavetta angustifolia R. et S.
-A distinct species represented by No. 1584 Merrill; Nos. B. S. 996, 1834 Ramos;
Nos. 1862, 3309 Ahern’s collector. Pavetta manillensis Walp. (1843) is a
synonym. Blanco’s name P. membrenacea (1837) being the first published for
the species. ;
Coffea volubilis Blanco, ed. 1, 157; ed. 2, 111 Morinda volubilis (Blanco)
Merr. Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 137, with description.
GOODENIACEZ (p. 56).
Balingayum decumbens Blanco ed. 1, 187; ed. 2, 132—=Calogyne pilosa R. Br.,
or a closely related species, see Merrill Govt. Lab. Publ. 35 (1906) pp. 66-68, for
a discussion of this previously doubtful genus, which was considered by Bentham
and Hooker as belonging in the Olacacew and by F.-Villar as belonging in the
Onagracee.
SAPOTACEZ (p. 57).
Sideroxylon duclitan Blanco ed. 1, 129; ed. 2, 92. Sideroxylon ramiflorum
Merr, in Govt. Lab. Publ. 17 (1904) 43, should be reduced to Blanco’s species.
OLEACE (p. 57).
Mogorium aculeatum Blanco ed. 1, 9; ed. 2, 7—Jasminum aculeatum
(Blanco) Walp. in Linnaea 16 Litt.-Bericht 3, 12, Hassk. in Flora 47 (1864)
50; Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. 35 (1905) 76. The transfer of the specific name to
Jasminum was first made by Walpers fide Hasskarl. The combination is not given
in Index Kewensis. A full description of the species with synonomy is given by
Merrill 1. ¢. coats
ADDITIONAL IDENTIFICATIONS. 435
APOCYNACEZE (p. 58).
Echites repens Blanco ed. 1, 109 non Jacq.; Echites procumbens Blanco ed.
2, 78==Aganosma marginata G. Don. (Holarrhena procumbens (Blanco) Merr.,
H. macrocarpa F.-Vill.)
Echites spiralis Blanco ed. 1, 110; ed. 2, 79, non Wall. = Parsonsia confusa
Merr. in Philip. Journ, Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 118. P. rheedii ¥,-Vill, non Heligme
rheedti Wight.
CONVOLVULACE. (p. 62).
Convolvulus dentatus Blanco ed. 1, 89; ed. 2, 66, non Vahl.==Ipomoea triloba
Linn. (7. blancoi Choisy). Dr. C. B. Robinson, in lit., states that he is of the
opinion that Blanco’s species is identical with Ipomoea triloba Linn., and I ean
not but agree with him after a careful examination of the various deseriptions
and the tropical American material of the Linnean species in our herbarium.
-
ACANTHACEZE (p. 66).
Antirrhinum molle Blanco ed. 1, 503; ed. 2, 353 non Linn. = Hygrophila phlo-
moides var. roxburgii Hook. f.!
VERBENACEZ) (p. 67).
Premna serratifolia Blanco, ed. 2, 342, non Linn. = Premna odorata Blanco,
see Merrill in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 232.
Premna cordata Blanco ed. 1, 489; non R. Br. Premna tomentosa Blanco ed.
2, 342, non Wall.—Premna cumingiana Schauer, see Merrill 1. ¢. 230.
EUPHORBIACES (p. 75).
Phyllanthus niruri Blanco ed. 1, 690, non Linn.; Phyllanthus tetrander
Blanco ed. 2, 480, non Roxb.==Phyllanthus blancoanus Muell. Arg., Mueller’s
species being based entirely on Blanco’s description. To this species I have
referred various specimens in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 74.
MORACEZ (p. 78).
Ficus payapa Blanco ed. 1, 683; ed. 2, 475. Blanco’s description is quite
too short and indefinite from which to determine this species. Material received
under the Tagalog name Payapa seems to be referable to Ficus forstenii Mig. See
Merrill in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 47.
Ficus laccifera Blanco, ed. 1, 673; ed. 2, 468, non Roxb. Material received
from the Visayan Islands under the Visayan name lagnob cited by Blanco for
"this species is identical with Ficus hauili Blanco, known to the Tagalogs as
hauili, which in turn is perhaps not distinct from F. leucantotoma Poir,
SCITIMINE® (p. 83).
Costus nigricans Blanco ed. 1, 3; ed. 2, 3,=Curcuma zeodaria ( Berg.)
Rose.! (See Merril in Philip. Journ, Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 36.
436 MERRILL.
DIOSCOREACEZD (p. 86).
Dioscorea divaricata Blanco ed. 1, 797; ed. 2, 550. Apparently a distinct
species; see Merrill in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 35.
LILIACEA (p. 87).
Smilax latifolia Blanco ed. 2, 548, non R. Br.=Smilax vicaria Kth.!
Apparently a distinct species; see Merrill in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906)
Suppl. 35. 5
PANDANACE (p. 89).
Pandanus gracilis Blanco ed. 1, 778; ed. 2, 536. The species recently de-
scribed by the author, Pandanus whitfordii Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. 17 (1904)
8, may prove to be identical with Blanco’s species although it does not agree in
habit with the form described by Blanco. =
Pandanus exaltatus Blangous . 1, 778; ed. 2, 536. Manifestly two species
are included in the description. — he mountain form is doubtless the ‘one I have
described as Pand arayatensis, and I have identified as Blan
coast form from Semerara Island. :
Pandanus radicans Blanco ed. 1, 780; ed. 2, 537. This is no ‘the same as
P. dubius Spreng., but apparently a valid species as redescribed by Elmer, Leaflets
Philip. Bot. (1906) 74.
GRAMINEZ (p. 91).
Paspal vill Blanco ed. 1, 40; ed. 2, 28, non Thunb. I am now of the
opinion that this is a form of Paspalum scrobiculatum Linn.
Andropogon ramosus Blanco, ed. 1, 37; ed. 2, 25, non Forsk. = Ischaemum
ce me,
rug var. m (Cav.) Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl.
330. : :
Cenchrus hexaflorus Blanco ed. 1, 36; ed. 2, 24. This was previously —
reduced by me to Pennisetum macrostachy Brongn., but I am now of the
opinion that it is the same as Pennisetum compressum R. Br.
Andropogon schoenanthus Linn,, Blanco ed. 1, 39; ed 2, 27. I have con-
sidered (Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 339) that Blanco described the
Linnean species, but it is Ss ee a to be quite sure of this until flowering speci-
mens are received.
INDEX TO PHILIPPINE BOTANICAL LITERATURE,
By Ermer D. MERRILL,
(From the botanical section, Biological Laboratory, Bureau of Science,
Manila, P. I.)
Berkeley, M. J. Contributions to the Botany of H. M. S. Challenger, XXXVIU,
Enumeration of the Fungi collected during the Expedition of H. M. 8. Chal-
lenger, 1874-75. (Journ Linn. Soc. Bot. 16 (1878) pp. 38-54.)
On pages 45 to 48, thirty-five species and varieties of Philippine fungi are
enumerated from “Camiguin, Malanipa and Malamon (Philippines).” Sev-
eral species of fungi are described as new.
Britton, N. L. Botanical Exploration of the Philippines. (Journ. N. Y. Bot.
Gard. 5 (1904) pp. 40-41.)
A short account of R. 8. Williams’ collecting trip in the Philippines,
Conard, Henry 8. The Waterlilies, a Monograph of the Genus Nymphaea. (Car-
negie Inst. Publ. 4 (1905) pp. 1-279.)
In the genus Nymphaea 34 species are recognized, two’ of which are
credited to the Philippines, Nymphaea pubescens Willd. (N. lotus Linn.,
in part and Philippine authors), British India to the Philippines, Java and
Australia, and N. stellata Willd., south and southeast Asia, the Philippines,
Java and Borneo. — %
Engler, A. Beitriige zur Kenntniss der Araceae, X. (Hngl. Bot. Jahrb. 3
(1906) pp. 110-143.)
The following Philippine species are described: Rhaphidophora perkin-
siae, R. copelandii, R. merrillii, R. warburgii; Aglaonema densinervium, A.
latifolium, and Alocasia culionensis, while Epipremnum mirable Schott., is
credited to the Archipelago.
Haviland, G. D. A Revision of the Tribe Naucleeae (Nat. Ord. Rubiaceae).
(Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 33 (1897) pp. 1-94, plates 4.)
Seven genera are recognized of which five are represented in the Phil-
ippines by the following species: Sarcocephalus cordatus Miq., India to
Australia, S. glaberrimus Miq., Celebes and Philippines, 8. junghuhnii
Miq., Malaya; Adina multifolia n. sp., endemic; Nauclea gracilis Vid.,
endemic, NV. philippinensis (Vid.) Hav., endemic, N. strigosa Korth., Borneo,
Philippines, N. nitida n. sp., endemic, N. media n. sp., endemic, N. forsterii
Seem., Philippines to Samoa, N. pepersecrns Korth., Java, Borneo, Celebes,
N. bartlingii DC., end eS lata n. sp., endemic; Mitragyna
speciosa Korth., Borneo and New Guinea, M. diversifolia (Wall.) Hay.,
India to Malaya; Uncaria pedicellata Roxb., India to New Guinea, U.
insignis DC., Borneo, U. velutina Hay., endemic, U. setiloba Benth., Amboina
and U. hookeri Vid., Borneo.
634943
437
438 MERRILL.
Hose, Bishop. A Catalogue of the Ferns of Borneo and some of the adjacent
islands which have been recorded up to the present time. (Journ. Straits
Branch R. A. Soc. 32 (1899) pp. 31-84.)
In this paper 430 species are enumerated, many of which extend to the
Philippines.
Loher, A. Lophopetalum toxicum Loher. (Jeon. Bogor. 1 (1897) pp. 56-67,
ore -
tal t , from Luzon, figured and described, with a note
eae the use of its hack by the Negritos as a source of arrow poison.
Massee, George. Fungi Exotici, II, Philippine Islands. (Kew Bull. (1899)
p- 176.)
Nine species of fungi are recorded from Loher’s Philippine collections,
of which one, Favolus purpureus, is described as new.
Masters, Maxwell T. A General View of the Genus Pinus. (Journ. Linn. Soc.
Bot. 35 (1904) pp. 560-659, plates 4.)
In this paper 73 species are considered, two of which are Philippine,
Pinus insularis Endl., endemic, and P. merkusii Jungh. et DeVr., Luzon,
Sumatra, Borneo and (7?) the Shan States.
Pearson, H. H.W. On some Species of Dischidia with Double Pitchers. (Journ.
Linn. Soc. Bot. 35 (1902) pp. 375-390 with one plate.)
On page 377 Dischidia pectenoides Pearson, is described from Luzon.
Rehder, Alfred. Synopsis of the Genus Lonicera. (Rept. Mo. Bot. Gard, 14
(1903) pp. 27-232, plates 20.)
Of this genus, 150 species, with many varieties and forms, are recognized,
none of which, however, occur in the Philippines. Since the publication
of the work, however, one or two species of Lonicera Have been found in
northern Luzon. ; :
Ridley, H. N.. New or little known Malayan Plants. (Journ. Straits Branch
R. A. Soe. 44 (1905) pp. 189-211.)
Many species are described from different parts of the Malayan Peninsula,
Borneo, etc., including one from the Philippines, Calamus lindeni Hort.,
page 200, based on. a specimen from the Philippines cultivated in the
Botanic Gardens, Singapore. On page 199 Joinvillea malayana is also
described from material collected in Perak, Selangor and Sarawak, also
being found in Palawan. (See Merrill in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906)
Suppl. 181.) In the same work two other papers by the same author are
published, both bearing more or less on Philippine botany, “The Gesneracex
of the Malay Peninstla” 43 (1905) pp. 1-92, and “The Aroids of Borneo”
44 (1905) pp. 169-188.
Ridley, H. N. The Flora of Singapore. (Journ. Straits Branch R. A. Soc. 33
(1900) pp. 27-196.) g
An enumeration of all the flowering plants and vascular eryptogams known
to occur on the Island of Singapore, over 1,900 species being recorded from
an area of a little over 200 square miles. Many of the species enumerated
extend to the Philippines.
Ridley, H. N. Grasses and Sedges of Borneo. (Journ. Straits Branch R. A. Soc.
46 (1906) pp. 215-228.)
- An enumeration of the Cyperacew and Graminew in recent Bornean collec-
tions, 87 species of grasses and 99 species of sedges being enumerated, both
numbers much smaller than in the corresponding groups in the Philippines.
Many of the species enumerated extend to the Philippines.
ua
INDEX TO PHILIPPINE BOTANICAL LITERATUR O, II. 439
Ridley, H. N. Scitaminee of Borneo. (Journ. Straits Branch R, A. Soc. 46
(1906) pp. 229-246.)
Including Zingiberacew, Marantacew, Musacew and Lowiacew 86 Species are
enumerated, many described as new and a few extending to the Philippines.
Ridley, H. N. The Scitaminee of the Malay Peninsula. (Journ. Straits Branch
R. A. Soc. 32 (1899) pp. 85-184.) :
A paper of the same scope as the same author’s Scitaminex of Borneo,
above, about 140 species being enumerated, including many new ones and a
few that extend to the Philippines.
Skan, 8. A. Skimmia japonica Thunb. (Curtess’ Bot. Mag. IV. 1 (1905) Tab.
8038. )
This Japanese species figured and described; recently found also in north-
ern Luzon.
Sydow, H. et P. Novae Fungorum species IIk (Ann. Myc. 4 (1906) pp. 343-
345.) :
Among species described from various parts of the world is one from the
Philippines, Auerswaldia copelandi, on leaves of Caryota.
Sydow, H. et P. Neue und kritische Uredineen IV. (Ann. Myc. 4 (1906) pp.
28-32.) : g
The following new species are described from Philippine material: Uro-
myces hewitte, Uredo davaoensis, U. hygrophile, U. philippinensis, and U.-
wedelie-biflore.
Tavera, T. H. Pardo de. The Medicinal Plants of the Philippines (1901) pp.
1-269+XVI. English translation by Jerome B. Thomas.
A compilation of notes regarding the medicinal uses of various native
plants, arranged according to Bentham and Hooker’s Genera Plantarum,
with descriptions of the species considered. The original work “Plantas
medicinales de Filipinas” was published in Manila in 1892.
Underwood, L. M. The genus Alcicornium of Gaudichaud. (Bull. Torr. Bot.
Club. 32 (1905) pp. 567-596.)
The generic name Alcicornium Gaudich., is accepted for Platycerium, and 13
species are recognized, of which two are found in the Philippines, Alcicor- —
nium coronarium (Miiller) Underw., and A. grande (J. Sm.) Underw.
Wright, ©. H. Pinanga maculata Porte. (Curtiss’ Bot. Mag. IV. 1 (1905) Tab.
8011.)
This previously imperfectly known Philippine species figured and described.
INDEX:.'
[Synonyms in italics. ]
A
Page
Abildgaardia brevifolia Steud............ 91
compressa Presl............ 97
Javanica Steud 92
monostachya Vahl 97
nervosa Pres]... 92
paucifiora Kunth .. “ 98
ACANTHACBAS © w2ieee eee. 301, 426, 435
Acanthocladium Korthalsii (C, Mull.) 342
lancifolium (Harv.)
BEOU sc cencuccne 342
Prionodontella
BPOUhrs cre es 342
Acanthus 18
Acer philippi Merr. 279
ACERACEA® 279
Acoridium recurvum Ames ... 318
tenellum Nees & Meyen.. 318
Acrophorus. 65, 66, 67
Acrophorus stipellatus (Wall.)
Moore 122
POBONOEUE ac sccm 10, 30, 49, 56, 58, 62, 71
Acrosorus: exaltatus ...-:-- 2.2... 136
Merrilli Copel ........ ee 136
Reineckei (Christ) — 136
Acrostichum 18,
19, 22, 30, 31, 38, 44, 45,
51, 55, 56, 57, 59, 62, 64
Acrostichum aureum L...... 6, 10, 12, 34, 53
flagelliferum Wall .....- 159
laurifolium Thouars 176
Lingua Thunb 176
petiol Sw 176
i. Sw 176
Actinoschoenus filiformia Benth........ 98
Adlantim 22s ate ee ee 32, 48, 51
Adiantum di Bl 5,
15, 26, 35, 37, 39, 43, 57
mindanaoense Copel
15, 26, 35, 37, 41, 43, 44,
50
48
venustum Don .
Adinandra Jack........-.-..---
Aganosma marginata G. Don.
Agathis ©
Agathis philippinensis -
1For Index to No.
Page.
Ag] pha : 73
Agrostophyllum longifolium Reichb.
[geet SSS Oaenane te S 323
Merrillii Ames ......° 323
saccatum Ridl ... 323
Ailanthus malabarica DC 431
philippinensis Merr _. 431
pongelion Blanco ... 431
Ainsliaea reflexa Merr. 309
Albikkia sch ides Pres] 108
scirpoides Presl .... 108
ALISMACE4 421
Allantodia 68
Allium 42
Alphitonia excelsa Reiss 280
moluccana T. & B. 280
Alsophila calocoma Christ.... 182
calocoma congesta
contaminans
latebrosa major Christ...... 183
melanorhachis Copel - 146
tomentosa (Blume) 182
Alyxia monilifera Vid - 299
AMARYLLIDACEAD 267
Amaryllis 41, 42
Ambyglotti: gustifolia Bl 324
pulchra Bl 326
AMPELIDACEA 432
Anagraecum philippinense Ames -. 336
Andropogon ramosus Blanco.............. 436
schoenanthus L ...........- 436
Angiopteris 31
Angiopteris angustifolia Presl........ 148, 186
eartilagidens Christ -..... 186
caudata De Vriese et
Harting
pruinosa Kze
similis Pres]
foli
oH
elegans Pres! ...
Anoectochilus gracilis BI)
Anomanthodia auriculata Hook...
ANONACEE
5, see pp. 397-404.
442 INDEX.
Page. |
Antiaris innoxia Blume 112 |
macrophylla R. Br . “ 112
toxicaria (Pers.) Lesch...... 111 |
Antidesma lept Tul 277
Antirrhinum molle Blanco 435
BURP OPRYMER cots oe 18, 39, 42, 56, 72
Antrophyum callaefolium BI -........... 135
Clementis Christ -. 175
latifolium Bl 5, 15,
26, 29, 32, 34, 38,
39, 42, 44, 50, 52
OUSUHGME co ee 18, 57
plantagineum (Cav.)
Maui’ 2 ene 5,
16, 26, 32, 34, 39, 52
reticulatum Kaulf - z
16, 26, 34, 37, 39, 45, 52, 135
semicostatum BI ..........
14, 23, 26, 32, 39
313
Aphyllorchis pallida BI...
APOCYNACEAE
Ea ele Wallichif-R.- Bros: 311
PI la cornuta Bl : 322
pendula Bl 322
Tefleta Biss 322
axytriophora Rcehb., f. 322
AQUIFOLIACE ....
ARACEZ&
Aratia glauca Merr: <2220.0W-2cc22. Fin ay, 291
hypoleuca Presl 291
spinosa L .
ARALIACEA
Arcyria punicea Rost... 113
: serpula Mass - : 114
Arcypteris v 64
Areca borneensis Bece -.-.......-.2:...--... 220
mamillata Bece .. 220, 222, 223
ORVCAT DR Bnei 20 Se Be 222
Vidaliana Bece .... 222
Whitfordii Becce ... 219
Ardisia boissieri A. DC_.... 296
elmeri Merr -. 296
humilis é 296
racemoso-paniculata Mez.... 296
saligna Mez 296
serrata (Cav.) Pers - 296
serrata brevipetiolata Merr.. 296
Arenga Ambong Becc
undulatifolia Bece - zs
Argostemma solaniflorum Elmer........ 305
Arisaema polyphylla (Blanco) Merr.. 264
Arthrophyllum - 291
Arthropteris .......... 42, 44, 46, 48, 49, 50, 67
Arthropteris obliterata J. Sm-........ 3; AG; 28
: ramoda ee Pa 67
Arthrostylis Chi is Benth 98
Thouarsii Kunth ........ 98
Artocarpus 270
Arundinella Rispidae O. Kuntze........ 419
i Trin 419
pubescens Merr. &
Hack
NES lie ee ata yas
A is kyllingioides Steud..
Aspidium eer 21, 27, 49, 50, 51, 61, 64, 65, 72
Page.
Aspidium GOrUp IN JL 1s Bees Agte Snenaenss 192
Swtz .. 406
angilogense Christ.. 158, 417,418 ©
angulatum Christ -...........
gul Copel 414
angulatum J. Sm.... 3,12, 42, 43,
44, 57, 58, 60, 63, 413
REMMI Bc aes 195
Barberi (Hook.) Copel.. 122, 414
biseriatum Christ .........-...- 414
Barberi (Hook.) Copel.. 142, 414
Boryanum Willd ... 211
Bryanti Christ z 412
p Wall 157
Christ 198
c Wall 194
cicutarium Sw.............-...... 125:
187, 415, 416
coadunatum Wall ..- 187, 416
Copelandii C. Chr. . 122, 412
.cucullotum. Blume .. 194
decurrens Pres) --.......::...:..
18, 23, 32, 43, 51,122, 123
OMFORMG BE: soa oo oS tke
13, 23, 35, 44, 416
erythrosorum Eaton .......... 211
lléns Blume 158
t Blume 204
POGi OR eee 68
Faurei elatum Christ. . 160,191
ferox Binie= 0 oe 193
T id Blume 210
giganteum Blume ............ ‘416
glandulosum Blume .......... 205
er itoid 191
Gand dn a ee 413
grandifolium 413
Griffithii —...... 65
heterodon Copel ..... 412
heterophyllum Hook
hirtipes Blume ..........-...:
hispidul Don
immersum yi ct epreenmec ae
intermedium Blume -.
irriguum
latifolium J. Sm-...............
leuzeanum (Presl) Kze.. 3, 12, 15,
22, 25, 31, 36, 43, 49, 57, 122
ligulatum Mett .......-...---.-.- 208
lineat Blume 206
Loherianum Christ 207
Malayense Christ -.. 187, 416
marginatum Wall is 212
megaphyllum Mett ...-..-..--- 192
1 lon Bl 416
melanorachis Bak ............ 188
membranaceum Hook ...... 415
membranifolium (Pr.)
Kae 20.) useage 418
i um Pr 418
1 Bl 123
liq Don 157
Otaria Kunze’ 222i2222220.21-4--2 203
ee ue
INDEX. 443
2 Page. Page.
Aspidium parallelogrammum Kunze.. 212 | Asplenium oxyphyllum (Wall.)
pennigerum Blume .... Hook 161
persoriferum Copel. pellucidum Lam. 132
platyphyllum Pres}... persicifolium J. Sm. oF 132
polycarpum Blume Phyllitidis Don...... 4, 15, 31, 32,
polymorphum Wall.
procurrens Mett.
profereoides Christ
pteropus Kze 413
repand J: 414
repandum Willd .... 191, 414, 415
J ides Mett 211
spectab le Blume. 210
syrmat Willd 210
VOC: BW Sh. 192
vastum BL... 412
vile Kunze... 191
Whitfordi Copel. pe AS
zylode Kunze...22.--.2.-.25. 208
Aspidopodi 73
Asplenium ...........- 25, 48, 56, 67, 68, 69, 72
Asplenium affine Sw............-.--.-----------
~ normale Don.
15, 32, 39, 44, 132, 165
anisodontium . 132
OrOgGtense Christ . 164
B i Kze 5,
15, 33, 38, 39, 44, 46, 48, 52
caudatum Forst.... 5, 14, 24, 32,
35, 39, 44, 47, 48, 51, 165
colubrinum Christ..........- 131
colubrinum taeniophyllum
Copel «:scicg-s3--- aaa = 131
contiguum 164
b t ig
Copel . 166
cuneatum Lam...... 5, 14, 35, 38,
839, 40, 132, 164, 165, 166
cuneatum teninnatans
Pourn::. 6 SS 165
bifoli Christ 130
Elmeri Christ . 164
4,
epiphyticum Copel.
14, 24, 28, 44, 49, 52, 69, 166
exiguum Bedd...... 164
heterocarpum Wall
hirtum Kaulf
horridum Kaulf....
Insititium Brack..
laserpitiifolium Lam..
laserpitiifolium subvenus-
tum Christ..
Lasiopteris Mett.
laxivenium Copel..
Lepturus (J. Sm.) Presl. 132
lunulatum pega 406
macrophyllum § fs 5,
12, 17, 33, es 38, 39, 41
militare Copel --.------- aR ES 165
musaefolium Mett.. 4, $2, 17, 19,
31, 32, 41, 45, 53, 58, 59, 131
Nidus 53
nitidum 164
131
39, 44, 53, 56, 57, 58, 131
praemorsum §w...............- 164
resectum Smith .... 5, 15, 26, 32,
33, 39, 43, 44, 51, 58
scandens J, Sm................
15, 28, 33, 38, 43, 46, 52, 57
scolopendrioides J. Sm...... 131
Serra Langsd. et Fisch... 165
smithianum Baker .......... in EOS
latum Bl 4, 14, 38
Steerei Harrington............ 406
subnormale Copel .......-...- 5;
18, 28, 33, 37, 39, 43, 47, 51
tenerum Forst - 5,14
32, 33, 39, 46, 5: , 132, 406
truncatilobum (Presl)
unilaterale Lam.
vuleanicum Bl ....
164
131
14, 23, 32, 35, 38, 46
‘ wightianum Wall..
Astronia meyeri Merr.........-...-
Atalantia linearis (Blanco) Merr......
Athyrium 61, 62, 66,
Athyrium acrostichoides
Diels
enisoptendn Christscck acc
Christ
Copelandi Christ
eyclosorum Rupr............----
drepanopteron (Kze.)
_ Moore
( Sw.)
oxyphyllum ...
silvaticum (BI.) Milde.. 5,
406
288
431
67, 68
9, 15,
33, 35, 38, 44, 50, 56, 68, 128
toppingianum Copel............
B
Backhousia Hook. et Harv............---. a
Bal hora Forst
Saleh
Balingayum decumbens Blanco...
BALSAMINACEAS
Schreb 4 :
Bambusa pygmaea Miq.......--.--------------
Bauhinia acuminata L...........
grandiflora Blanco.
variegata L
QD. h
Begonia L
BEGONIACE
Begonia incisa A. DC s
pseudolateralis Warb-..........-
Bergia ‘glandul Turcz ... fs
serrata Blanco
verticillata F.-Will
127
284
272
272
433
434
279
261
261
* 433
433
433
285
285
285
285
431
431
431
444 INDEX.
Page Page.
Bidens L ‘ 309 | Callipteris cordifolia (BI.)-.................
Bidens pilosa L.
Bikkia grandiflora Reinw-.
Blechnum Linn.................-
Blechnum egregium,Copel - B, 15,27, 82;
33, 35, 39, ve 60, 68, 130
Wrasecl:: -.c:sacqaset 49
Fraseri winpeag cea
Christ
orientale L..
Patersoni (Spreng.) Mett.. 130
vestitum (Bl.) Kuhn.... 121,130
Blumea sericans Hook. f..--........---...- 428
Botrychium lanuginosum Wall. var.
nanum Christ 187
Boerlagiodendron Harms. 289
Boerlagiodendron trilobatum Merr.... 289
Bulbophyllum Thouars...............-..--..-- 333
Bulbophyllum adenopetalum Lindl.... 333
alagense Ames ..........-- 333
cernuum (Bl1.) Lindl. 335
cylindraceum Lindl.... 334
casi Rolfe...... 333
hal Ames. 334
mindorense Ames... 334
Merrittii Ames -.. 334
vagans Ames & Rolfe. 335
vagans angustum
mien <2 eR 335
Bulbostylis Kunth 98
Bulbostylis barbata Kunth 98
capillaris Kunth .- = 98
capillaris trifida Hook... 98
trifida Kunth.22 2 s.-..... 98
Burmannia L 268
Burmannia cl tis Schltr 268
longifolia Bece.... 254, 255, 268
BURMANNIACHAS | occ ki 268
BURSERACE4 432
Calamus L.
Calamus Merrillii Bece -............-..-.
Merrittianus Becce............
Meyenianus Schauer. ca
Mindorensis Becc................
mollid Bish = 6-54 5ieo at.
mollis palawanicus Becc.... 233
Moseleyanus Becc..........-- 235, 237
palustris Griff
Reyesianus Becc.... 237
Zolli ii 235
Calanthe angustifolia (Bl.) Lindl... 324
furceta Baten Sie 2 326
hal is Ames. 324, 325
McGregorii Ames 325
mindorensis Ames.. . ert 324
phajoides Rehb. f 324
’ pulchra (Bl1.) Lindl........ 324, 326
triplicatis (Willem.) ~ —
Ames 326
veratrifolia R. Br 326
Callicarpa caudata Maxim... 299
Gahipteria?:icc.ccg 20, 31, 41, 47, 68, 72 |
13, 23, 31, 34, 40, 44
esculenta (Retz) J. Sm... 4,
12, 20, 32, 39, 44,49
prolifera Bory ...
Calogyne pilosa R. Br
Calymmodon
CAMPANULACBAD .2..-ecececeteeess pees
Campyloneuron
CAPRIFOLIACEAS
Cardiopteryx lobata var. tialacodnia
WRN Sieg. Atti 423
moluccana Blume ....... 423
rumphii Baill. var. in-
tegrifolia Baill.........- 423
Carex L 107, 263
Carex Amboini Rumph 106
baccans Nees 108
Bengalensis Roxb 107
Bengalensis scaberrima gua 107
brunnea Thunb . 107
capillacea Boot. 4 Be 107
continua C. B. Clarke sive 107
eruciata Wahl ....... = 107
Cumingii Vidal ee LO
filicina Nees ......... : 263
» fuirenoides Gaudich 107
Graeffeana Boeck .... 107
Loheri C. B. Clarke 108
rhizomatosa Steud 108
rhynchachaenium C., B.
Clarke - 108
scaberrima C. B. Clarke a 107
subtransversa C. B. Clarke.... 108
transversae Boott .... 108
turrita C. B. Clarke Bs 108
Casuarina 269
CASUARINACE .. 269
CELASTRACEA 278
Cenchrus hexaflorus Blanco 436
Centrolepis Labill 264
Centrolepis philippinensis Merr.... 255, 264
CENTROLEPIDACES ...........-..---- 252, 264
Ceratopteris 2
Ceratostylis Bl 323
Ceratostylis gracilis Reichb, f... 323
ramosa Ames & Rolf pose 323
subuista. Bilis esk 323
Cestichis disticha (Thou.) Pfitzer.. 320, 321
halconensis Ames .. 321
Merrillii Ames 321
philippinensis Ames .- 321
Chaetocyperus set Nees 90
Chaetospora imberbis R. Br-....-.-.---.--- 102
Japonica Franch. et
CHALLETIACE45
Cheilanthes |
Cheilanthes Boltoni
setigera Blume
ay gts
INDEX. 445
i Page. Page.
Oheiropleuria 2c tae 25, | Cyathea Christii Copel ................-..--.-- 181
27, 29, 30, 32, 38, 56, 57, 60, 73, 74 ferruginea Christ i 181
Cheiropleuria bicuspis Presl. « 6; 15,39. Loheri Christ ise “180, 182
Cheirostylis Bl .................. 314 Loheri Tonglonensis Christ.. 180
Cheirostylis Griffithii Lindl . 314 Negrosiana Christ ..........-..... 181
octodactyla ities Rk Pa 314 ruf Christ 180
Chloranthus brachystachys Blume. 269 spinulosa Wall 145
officinalis Blume . 269 tripinnata Copel 145
CHLORANTHACE© ............ 269 | CYATHEACEE .. ie 50, 145
Chrysoglossum villosum Bl 316 | Cyclopeltis J. Sm...... 81, 42, 43, 44, 64, 123
Christensenia Cumingiana Christ. 186 | Cyclopeltis presliana (J. Sm.) Berk. 8,
Chrysophyllum roxburghii -.. 257 18, 22,123
Christiopteris 73 semicordata .. 206
Cibotium Kaulf 145 | Cyclophorus Desv . 141, 176
Cibotium assamicum Hook 4117 | Cyclophorus angustatus (Sw.) Desv.. 141
Barometz J. Sm.. 117, 145 Lingua (Thunb.) Desv.. 176
» « Baranetg ~..22.0. 117, 118 | Cyclosorus
Cumingii Kunze ...... Cylista piscatoria Blanco.
glaucescens Kunze .... 117, 118 | CYPERACBAD «nn. ess eecseees
sumatranum Christ 118 | Cyperus L 81, 262
Cissus pedata Blanco 432 | Cyperus albus Presl.... 81
Cladium R. Br....... 102, 262 altus Nees: .. 86
Cladium distichum .. 102 aepena in Steud ... 86
ensigerum Hance - ‘sho Steud 89
latifolium Merr ... p Hassk 78
undulatum Thwaites ..........-- 103 areolatus R. BY....-..-.-:+-0-++-- 79
Claoxylon Juss : 278 atratus Steud .... 79
Clausena warburgii Perk 431 esc ; a
Clerodentron L ........-.--- 299 Saini pe ; va
Clethra lancifolia Turez 292 AED SCONEN Ee
CLETHRACEA —.........-- 292 breviforus Dietr oid
Coffea volubilis Blanco. 434 ae Mia
COMMELINACEAE ....... 266 ulboso-stolonifer Steud .....- :
Commelina moluccana Roxb.......--------- 266 caespitosus Llanos m4
COMPOSIT 308, 428 calacaryensis Steud ...
CONIFER 42 calopterus Mia 89
C 27, 69,171 cephalophorus Pres] -
Coniogramme fraxinea (Don) Diels.. 4, ee da is
15, 32, 39, 44, 171 ee *
fraxinea Copelandi cuadrifiorus Lianos - es
Christie oe cumingit ge RE 4
serrulata (Blume) Fée Ps on ayontla dimnnas 85
i ‘ 8
Convolvulus dentatus Blanco 435 ely epee =
CONVOLVULACE® .......----- 435 diffusus Kunth .... 33
Cookia anisum-olens Blanco.. 431 Aittusue Vahl hy 83, 262
anisodora Blanco ... 431 difformis Blanco 84
Costus nigricans Blanco .. 435 d@ifformis L -.-.:.i 82
Craspedaria -...-.--.---------+- 72, 73 digitatus Roxb 86
Crepis japonica (DC.) Benth 309 dilutus Vahl . 88
Cryptocarya acuminata Merr.. 274 distans L. f... 84
Cryptosorus Fée - 56 elatus L ....... 86
Cryptostylis arachnites (BL) Hess: elatus Presl 84
jig Renee ctr Sa ret rege 313 elegans Sw ... , 83
Ctenopteris ve eS cr es
CUNONIACEA 275 : seh pee el i
Cupia auriculata D€ 427 feraz L. ©. Rich 39
Curculigo glabra Merr. 267 | ferent 89
Curcuma zeodaria (Berg.) Rosc.. 435 firmus Presl ... 89
Cyanotis moluccanus (Roxb.)..---- 266 flavescens Benth 80
uniflora Hassk -- 266 flavidus Retz -. 82
Cyathea Sm -- . 145, 163, 180 globosus All .... 80
446 INDEX.
Page. Page.
biiogstr Peens Ce SS Bese 22205. .: 88 | Cyperus teretifructus Steud................ 80
lept Steud 79 trachirrhachis Steud ............ 80
haenkeanus Kunth .. 88 umbellatus Miq. 88
82 umbellatus lawata Clarke... 87
hy Rottb 85 uncinatus: Poir....:.2.2-22..-.0.4 82
holcifiorus Presl-............--.....- 89 venustus Moritz ................... 85
holophyllus Miq 89 R. Br 86
humilis Llanos .. 84 verticill Roxb 86
hydra Michx ... 85 CHIgarts WOM tli ace has 80
imbricatus Llanos . $9 Steud 84
involucratus Poir - 85 li i Steud 85
iria L kas 83 | Cyrtandra cumingii Clarke _................ 300
iria paniciformis Clarke...... 83 parviflora Merr .................. 300
j d Steud 89 | Cyrtosperma griffithii (Hassk.) Schott 422
junghuhniit Miq 81 | Cystopteris 65
Hagelunus Steud .... 103 | Cystorchis aphylla Ridl 313
laevissimus Steud S5 | Cytisus quinquepetalus Blanco... 433
Phe sl ree Steud . 3
halus Retz 82 aa
longifolius Cb ances 2 83, 86 | Dacrydium Soland 30, 257
is Presl 81 | Dacrydium Beccarii Parl................... 258
macrosciadon Steud ............ 86 elatum (Roxb.) Wall...... 257
mal is Lam 84 falciforme (Parl.) Pilger 257,
Manil Boeck 87 : 258
micranthus Presl 87 | D ops Curranii Becc. 238
microcephalus Naves 88 elongatus BIL... s 240
minutiflorus Pres] ................ 87 | Daphniphyllum glaucescens Brame’. 278
t SUE os 83! Davallia Sm 25,
t 4 97 48, 50, 51, 56, 58, 65, 66, 67, 125, 167
mucronatus Moritsa0sct. 80 | Davallia achillaefolia Wall ................ 166
tiforus Kunth 87 brevipes Copel... 4, 14, 24, 38, 52
nilagiricus Steud.................... 81 decurrens Hook.. 4,14,
nitens Retz 18, 32, 33, 35, 167
denticulata (Burm.) Mett.... 4,
paniciformis Ft. et Sav........
p latus Rottb
t Lam
pilosus Wahl ait:
p pis Steud
ecirpoides: Presh 222 sinh
scoparius Decne
ti Steud
solutus —— iiuplsaere eed)
Sor ys Boeck
Sorzog is Presl
hyll Steud
spicatus Presk (ise eee!
lonifer Retz
sirigueus Edan0s cece.
pp Forst. f.....
" subrotundus Lianos................
let Clarke
tenell L. f.
18, 23, 33, 37, 39, 45, 52, 56, 66
pusilla Mett.. 168
solida Sw...
cae My ey
17, 35, 38, 39, 45, 51
Vestitn:” Dimier oie 168
WARNOTIANA (20 oir ei 66
Dendrobium al is Ames 328
polytrichum Ames.......... 328
salaccense (Bl.) Lindl. 328
setifolium Ridl................ 328
Victoriae-Reginae Loher 328
Dendrochilum arachnites Reichb.. 316
bicallosum Ames........ 317
bicallosum minor Ames = 317-
exile Amps.) 0.05... 3-. 317
glumaceum Lindl BAT
hastatum Ames... 317
Hut chinsonianum
Ames
junceum Reichb. f
magnum Reichb. f.
mindorense Ames...
tenellum Ames ...... . 317, 318
Williamsii Ames. me 317
Woodianum Ames........
INDEX. 447
Page. Page.
Dendrocolla Zollingeri Reichb, f-....... 337 | Diplazium brachysoroides Copel. L2F:
Dendrolirium sulcat Bl 332 bulbiferum Brack 4,
taedtia Bernh 25, 27, 13, 28, 43, 44, 162
42, 48, 58, 66, 125, 126, 168 er ratum Bl 163
Dennstaedtia cuneata (Hooker) Moore 4, dolichosorum Copel..........
13, 22, 33, 37, 44 15, 33, 35, 39, 44, 51, 163, 188
dennstaedtioides -........... 126 fraxineum Don ...... Sees: iy KE
erythrorachis (Christ) fraxinifolium Pres] 130
Diels.. 4, 9, 16, 31, 39, 44, 50 fructuosum Copel 4,
flaccida (Forst.) Bernh 126, 15, 25, 35, 44
169 japonicum (Thunb. )
Hooveri Christ... 169 A 7 an Pe ae ege aies 127,162
Merrillii Copel 126 Merrillii Copel 128
punctilobula .--- 39,40 meyenianum Presl.. 4,
scabra (Wall.) Moore.. 125 13, 22, 33, 35, 39, 44,58
scandens (Bl.) Moore.. 125 Oldhami Christ... 127
Smithii (Hk.) Moore.... 4, oligosorum Copel. 128
22, 168 palauense Copel-- 121, 129
Williamsi Copel............ 4, 15, pallidum Bl i2222- 5 -..-.5--- 4,
34, 37, 39, 44, 45, 50, 57, 168 13, 23, 33, 35, 39, 43, 44, 47
Derris elliptica (Wall.) Benth.......... 433 petiolare Presl.............----- 163
Desmodium capitatum (Burm.) DC.. 276 polypodioides Bl --...-..--...- 4,
cephalotes Wall .!.......-.-.- 433 18, 22, 33, 35, 44, 50, 58
quinquepetalum (Blanco) porphyrorhachis Diels...... 128
Mert cise silvaticum Presl......-...--.--- 162
ormocarpoides DC Smithianum (Baker)
Diacalpe Diels ose Sees 163, 188
Dianella caerulea Sims -.......--.------- sorsogonense Presl g24,; 128
ensifolia (L.) DC tenerum Presl 4,
Dichapetalum tricapsulare (Blanco) 43, 21; 39, 43, 44
Merr Hf 432 t tosum ......- 23, 33
Dichrocephala latifolia DC..............-.-- 309 vestitum Presl.... 188
Dichrotrichum chorisepalum a aS 300 Williamsi Copel -.- 4,
Dicksonia L. Herit.........-.------------------= 58, 13, 21, 23, 32, 35, 43, 44, 51
145, 163, 183 Woodii 129
Dicksonia abun (Hassk.) zeylanicum Moore... 128
Moore .. .. 7,30, 121, 145 | piplycosia luzonica (A. Gray)- 293
coniifolia Sw.. 184 merrittii Merr. 293
Copelandi Christ - 183 | pipteris ne 9,
straminea Labill.. 184 25, 32, 35, 37, 39, 42
DICRANACEAS 339 44, 50, 124, 292
Dicranoloma Blumei (Nees) Ren 339 | pipteris conjugata (Kaulf.) Reinw.. 3,
Didiscus humilis.i,...2:i5 Paget 4 16, 124
saniculaefolius (Staptf.) conjugata alpina Christ... 124, 255
Merr -----------eeneeo 255, 256, oa DIPTEROCARPACEAR o--2.----e-e 285
Didymium — Sa. 114 | Dipterocarpus grandiflorus Blanco... 285
seni ces Sehead 114 | Dischidia rafflesiana ----------r— Be
gyrocephalum Mont... 115 | Discocalyx Mez oad
macrospermum Rost 114 | Drimys piperita Hook. f. 272
Didymochlaena Bees OS 51, 56, 64 | DROSERACEA® 274
Didymochlaena truncatula J. Sm . 8,15 | prosera .. 54, 274, 292
DILLENIACEAS 282 | Drosera peltata Smith . 255, 275
DIOSCOREACEAS spathulata Labill - 255, 274
Dioscorea divaricata Blanco. 436 | y-ymoglossum ..... eases 6.3
nmummularia Learns: sso OE) er ata eel en cane eenth ice cteceeecenneese 25,
Diplacrum. caricinum R. Br. ae an : 31, 32, ee 48, 50, 62, 54
Diplaziopsis- --2-----------------" y tOO Ne egereitolia (ind J. Sil.
cin javanica (BL) G:Ghr.... 130 Diyuare apie ver Sed 3 ss: 41, 53, 2
22, 38, 42, 47, 49, 4, 11, 20 20 2
Diplazium — ---2------r ee edu (Sw.) “ 6,
14, 24, 35, 39, 44,
Dipl 53, 56, 59, 73, 74
71
Drynariopsis a:
63, 122, 125, 161, 192
Dryopteris
448
INDEX.
Page.
Dryopteris abrupta (Blume) O, Ktze.. 192
acromanes Christ --......... 200
adenophora C, Chr............ 192
boi i 202
aoristisora (Harr.) C.
1 Age ee fan SEARS 405
arida (Don) O. Ktze........ 195
Bakeri (Harrington)
Copel: sere i 405
Balabacensis Christ ........ 213
basilaris (Presl) C. Chr.. 195,
196, 197
Beddomei (Baker) 0.
Weta ching gee: 5-23 208
Bordenii Christ ae
Boryana ( Willd.) Cc.
Ohms oi onaseiis.. 211, 214
brunnea (Wall.) C. Chr.. 214
eanescens (Blume) C.
UE “NS GEE EO Si apace Rr 189,
190, 198, 199, 201,
203, 405, 418
canescens degener
Christ -- 198, 199
canescens lobatum
Siirist “uss 198, 201
canescens subsimplicifolia
Christ 199
chamaeotaria Christ...... 203
OHS POCOMIRE! eo i2.c- ce, ico 212
hl t 212
Copelandi Christ --.......... 216
crenata (Forsk.) O. Ktze.. 214
eucullata (Blume) .......... 194
cucullata mucronata (J.
Sm.) 195
cuspidata (Blume) 205
dissecta (Forst.) O. igtse! 214,
409, 418
dissidens (Mett.) O. K.... 411
diversiloba (Presl)
Christos sib 199, 200, 203
diversiloba acrostichoides
(32> SM oy teens... 200
diversiloba lanceola
(ELS ya 1 wicrereeet ana neeoc 200
diversiloba rhombea
ICH ovetoens srceercse. 200
erubescens (Wall.) C.
phe, sick Wn RCRa nt Be dpc OSS 2, Sle 210
erythrosora (Eaton) O.
MAGS Ro ae 211;.212
extensa (Blume) O. Ktze.. 204
ferox (Blume) O. Ktze.... 193
ferox calvescens ‘Christ... 193
filix mas (L.) Schott........ 212,
214, 215
filix mas parallelogramma
F (Kunze) 3A 212
flaccida (Blume) O. Ktze.. 210
Ox GAY Ist ca aa 405
glondulosa (Blume) 0.
Kites oS 190, 205, 206
gongyloides (Schkuhr.) O
tS Sicuet ee 195
Page.
Dryopteris granulosa (Presl) C. Chr.. 217
heleopteroides Christ........ 212
heterocarpa (Blume) O.
PER 2 se 198
hirtipes (Blume) O. Ktze.. 212
hispidula (Dene.) oO.
Lal RS setae cee ere 195
immersa (Blume) Oo.
gs 7 ER Shes ae 208, 209
immersa ligulata (J. Sm.) 208
intermedia (Blume) 0.
Kize echo stesnat 215,216, 217
intermedia Mannii (Hope) 215
intermedia microloba
Christ #2 es. 215
invisa (Forst.) O. Ktze.. 194
Koordersii Christ 209
latipinna (Hance) . 194
ligtlata:’.2aicai 209
lineata (Blume) C. Chr. 206
Loheriana (Christ) C.
Chr 207
longifrons mes 205
Luersseni (Harrington)
hr Seis 208, 405
Luzonica Christ .. 196
Luzonica polyotis Christ. s 197
Luzonica puberula Christ 197
marginata (Wall.) Clarke 212
megaphylla (Mett.) C.
Merrillii Christ -...
Metteniana Hieronym...... 210
microloncha Christ .. 202
Mindanaensis Christ 194
Motleyana ~~ (Hook.)
Chir. i ee 208
moulmeinensis (Bead.) ce
Cht 8.22 ee 205
obscura (Fée) O. Ktze.. 214, 217
orientalis (Gmel.) C. Chr 207
orientalis Webbiana
Otaria (Kze.) Mett...
parasitica (L.) O. Ktze.... 194,
197, 198, 204
parasitica falcatula Christ 197
peers 6 eet ok es 209
Philippina (Presl) C. Chr 202
polycarpa (Blume) .......... 202
polylepis (Fr. et Sav.).... 211
Preslii (Bak.) O. Ktze.... 214
procurrens (Mett.) 0.
Rise 2c re a 198
prolifera (Retz.) C. Chr. 206
pteroides (Retz.) O. Ktze 204
purpurascens (Blume).... 213
quadriaurita Christ as 209
Ramosii Christ ee 203
refracta (Fisch. & sy 190
reptans (Gmel.)-..... 190
rhodolepis (Clarke) - 216
rhodolepis C. Chr .......... 215
Rizalensis Christ -........... 216
rubida (J, Sm.) O. Ktze.. 207
INDEX. 449
‘ Page.
seni: eee (Mett.) 0. | Eleocharis chaetaria Roem. et Sch Sent
OA ie ops go Moivre nana 211 3 wast
— (Blume) .... 190, 204 | ear ores Rin Pe
sagittata (Sw.)........<..-.--- 190 rs
setigera (Blume) 0. ee 91
BAG? (gee tee Sat Boe 191, 215 agitate one seeeneeneeeeeseess 90
setosa (Prel.:) ©. -Chr....:. 215 sitarets ae 91
simplicifolia (J. Sm.).....- 206 oonuen aie +80
sparsa (Don) O. Ktze 213 tristachyos Moritzi is
erent Christ - 206 variegata Presl 4
spinw wee:
pea C. Chr. eed ar esa laxiflora Hook.
pratima . 206% pmbelia hal afi hens eee ert th
gre orba: (Bai) Gs Bia Englehardtia spicata Blume............ 254, 270
ENTODONTACEAS © .........---:sccereereeeeeee B41
Syrmatica -...-.-2------- 210, 214 | Rquisetum oe
Syrmatica petiolata as Equisetum raimosissimum Desv.......... "150
se EQUISETACEBAS © -........--------seeeeeeeeeree 150
EMape on ap ire Ch a ps Eranthemum curtatum C. B. Clarke.. 3802
. i a Bria aeridostachya Reichb. f.........--.-- 329
triphylla elata Christ...... 207 pinabayensis Ames 329
truncata (Poir) O. cimbiformis J)°8m ‘.. 330
Ktze : 192, 193 hieata Lindl 331
unita O, Ktze. pred hs | compacta Ames ... 329
urophylla (Wall.) C. Chr 205 ferox 329
urophylla pustulosa trasraus. Reidabot 331
“va 34 gos halconensis Ames .. 330
és Hutchinsoniana Ames -- 330
viscosa (J. Sm.) O. Ktze.. 211 Merrillii Ames 331
ziphioides “Christ 201 Merrittii Ames ... 331
Dryostachyum J. SM.....--.-------- 25, oligantha Hook. f 329
81, 39, 41, 44, 45, 47, 48, dena. Lieto 332
D 59, 60, 62, 73, 74, 141 prorepens Reichb - 332
ryostachyum pilosum J. Sm............ 6, rugosa Lindl — 331
14, 24, 34, 51, striolata Reichb. f.- 331
52, 73, 74, 141 sulcata Lindl ...... 332
splendens J. Sm. -...-- 48, ee 329
53, 61, 141 Benipinaceighbs. f2c0---- 329, 332
ane Woodiana Ames ... 332
Ebermaiera debilis Andres ......-..-.---- . 802 | BRICACBAD .....------------- 292
elongata Nees 302 | Briocaulon previpedunculatum
Echinolytrum dip 93 Merr .. 255, 265
Echites procumbens Blanco ... 435 | ERIOCAULONACE ee BB
repens Blanco 435 Erythracanthus elongatus Nees.. 302
spiralis Blanco -.. 435 Erythrorchis kuhlii Reichb. t... 313
Ectropothecium Meyenianum (Ramp.) Etaeria albida Bl. 313
Jaeg 342 | Eucalyptus -......-- 19
Egenolfia -.... 64 | Eugenia cauliflora Blanco ... 433
Egenolfi pp 36, 198, 202 lobas Blanco -.. 433
Elaeocarpus argenteus Merr... | 9g9 | BUPHORBIACE2® 277, 435
merrittii Merr 280 Burya acuminata Wall.,
pendulus Merr 280 : Dyer. ------------ 283
Elaphoglossum. -..-+.-:--+----------- 28, 32, 34, 73 japonica Thunb 283
Blaphoglossum Copelandi Christ -..... 176 | Evodia reticulata Merr... 277
decurrens (Desv.) Eyonymus javanicus Blume .....-..------ 278
Moore. ...--------+-------7 142
latifolium 176 ¥
laurifolium (Thou- if FAGACE45 270
ars) Moore Fagara octandra Blanco .... 431
petiolatum (Sw.) torva (F. Muell.) Eng 424
ELATINACEAS ...-.-----------~ Ficus forstenii Miq -...---------- 435
Eleocharis afflata Steud hauili Blanco .....-.-----
atropurpurea Kunth 90 laccifera Blanco
atropurpurea Presl - 90 leucantotoma Poir 435
capitata R. Br -....- 90 minahassae Miq -.-.----------------- 270
450 INDEX.
Page. Page.
Ficus mindorensis Merr .................... 270 | Fimbristylis schoenoides Vahl .......... 92
‘payapa Blanco 435 setacea Benth .... 91
rubrovenia Merr. 270 spadicea Vahl .. 94
Fimbristylis abjiciens Steud 91 spathacea Roth 95
acuminata Vahl ... a 91 squarrosa Steud ... 94
acuminata minor Miq.... 91 squarrosa Miq .. 93
Actinoschoenus Hook. f.. 98 subspicata Nees. ... ies 92
aestivalis Vahl -............. 94 subspicata caesia Miq.... 92
aestivalis macrostachya tenera Roem. et Sch 95
Bently. Seca at so 94 tetrasona: ‘Ro Bri.:....-:: 91
albescens Steud ............ 92 tricholepis Miq ............ 94
bigua Steud 93 trispicata Steud -.. 94
amblyphylla Steud 96" Forrestia philippinensis Merr 266
anceps Steud ....... 96 | Freycinetia ensifolia Merr .- 260
autumnalis Boeck 96 globosa Merr 260
autumnalis Roem. et luzonensis Pres] ............ 260
Sch + 97 multiflora Merr eimerg 1]
barbata Benth .. 98 sphaerocephala Gaudich.. 260
bispii Nees 92 | Fuirena glomerata Lam .................... 101
brachyphylla Freeke.. 97 pentag Schum 101
brevifolia Pres] ............ 97 Rottboellii Nees 101
bursifolia Vidal .... 91 striata Llanos .... 101
caesia Mig .......... 92 tereticulmis Presl - 101
calocarpa Steud .. 93 umbellata Rott .. 101
capillacea Steud .......... 99 | Fuligo varians Rost 115
iliolata Steud 95 G
circinata Steud ... 93
complanata Link . z _ 96, 97 | Gahnia Javanica Moritzi -......
* communis Kunth ... 93, 94,95 | Galactia terminiflora Blanco
cymosa R. Br....
cyrtophylla Miq
dichotoma Vahl
dichotoma Pres} .
diphyla Vahl .
1 Benth =
efoliata Steud ....
falcata Kunth ....
ferruginea Vahl
ferruginea Vidal
flaccida Steud
flaccidula Steud
firmula Boeck -
fusca Benth ...
globulosa Kunth ....
glomerata Nees ...
Haenkei Dietr
juncea Boeck
junciformis Kunth 97
juncifolia Pres] ... 93
Kamphoveneri Boeck 98
laevissima Steud .......... 95
miliacea Vahl
monostachya Hassk. 97
multifolia Boeck ... 97
Nukahiwensis Steud 93
nutans Vidal 92
obtusifolia Kunth - 95
lepis Steud 95
Philippica Steud .... 93
podocarpa Nees - 94
polymorpha Boeck. 93, 94
polytrichoides Vahl -..... 92
‘ quinquangularis Kunth.. 96
rigida Kunth 95
Galeola Hydra Reichb. f
Kuhlii Reichb, f..
Garcinia binucao (Blanco) Choisy.... 285
Gardenia, obscura Vid. .......-.....2.222...2-. 434
pinnata (Blanco) Merr 434
Garuga abilo (Blanco) Merr ............ 432
floribunda Decne . 432
mollis Turez 432
Gaultheria cumingiana Vid .. ff 292
U : 293
GERANIACEA& 431
GESNERIACE2 ..... 28, 300
Gironniera celtidifolia Gaudich 270
GLEICHENIACEA
Ptntnhant
Gleichenia alpina ..... Reese
excelsa J. Sm
gigantea Wall -..
glauca (Thumb.) Wook 147,179
laevigata (Willd.) Hook.... 147
laevissima Christ P 179
linearis (Burm.) Clarke... 147
vuleanica BI : 147
rigidula Nees
Glycine. Welda: Porat = ee 424
Gomphostemma philippinarum Benth.. 299
Goni tists
Goniopteris 31,
47, 50, 58, 63, 64, 72, 406
Goniopteris aspera J. Sm 193
asymmetrica Fée . 199
207
273
. 427, 434
INDEX. 451
Page. Page.
Goodyera. 315 | Humata 25, 48,
Graeffia 282 50, 51, 56, 58, 66, 67, 125
GRAMINEZE .. . 260,421,436 | Humata gaimardiana (Gaud.) J.
Gr: itis wAvte =) Wee oe BY 4, 14, 24, 37, 38, 39, 44, 45, 51
Gussonea p 98 heterophylla Desv ................ 4,
* GUTTIFERA 285 14, 24, 37, 39, 42, 48, 59, 60
Gymnogramme 55 56
Cymno pons canescens Blume.. 198 lepida (Pres!) Moore en 125
Gy pteris. 406 parvula (Wall.) Mett...... 4, 14, 24,
Gymnopteris Bonii 191 33, 38, 39, 44, 45, 52, 59, 168
Gynocephalum luzoniense Llanos.. 432 | Hydnophytum 54, 307
Gynotroches axillaris Blume ............ 283 | Hydnophytum formicarium Jack . 307
, nitidum Merr ... 807
H Hydrangea lobbii Maxim 275
Hebei Pay One eis gp tear phlomoides roxburghii cas
angustata (Bl.) O. Ktze.... 312 | pyjophylla rubra Ames ........-.0.-0000--- 315
’haleonensis Ames ............ 312 | py lepi 31, 39,
Haemaria Merrillii Ames.. 315 41, 44, 46, 56, 57, 59 72, 135
HALORRHAGACE A... nnn 288 | Hymenolepis brachystachys Hook ..... 135
Halorrhagis halconensis Merr .........- 255, platyrhynchos (J. Sm.)
256, 288 Kee eee. 135
micrantha (Thunb.) R. rigidissima Christ ......... 185
: TD necessseceeneeeeneesesnncens 255, 289 spicata (L, f.) Presl...... 5,
Halconia involucrata Merr . 281
Haplostylis Meyenii Nees 101 HYMENOPHYLLACE®
Bid cogging Pb a een 101 48, 50, 58, 142
Hecistopt 174 | Hynenophyllum aculeatum (J. Sm.)
Hedyotis Sonaenta Ro BPs ie 303 Racib 144, 155
elmeri Merr 302 australe Willd .... 144, 156
eucapitata Merr 303 Bismarkianum.......... 154
hispida Retz -.. Blumeanum Spren-
macrostegia Stapf el. us ey 155
montana Merr ..... campanulatum
whiteheadii Merr .- Christ 155
Heleocharis afflata Naves ... ciliatum ... marae
equisetina Naves .........-.. 89 demissum Sw........ 144, 155
ta F. Muell 89 denticulatum Sw...... 144
pellucida . 91 dilatatum Sw .......... 143,
plantaginea Vid ....-.-------- 89 144, 156
Schweinfurthiana Boeck.. 91 discosum Christ ...... 155
Heligme rheedii Wight -. fimbriatum J. Sm.... 144
Helminthostachys -..--.---- formosum Brack ... 156
Hemiarcyria serpula Rost halconense Copel ..... 144
Hemigramma Christ holochilum (vy. 4.
Hemigramma a (Meyen) Co- Bosch.) C. Chr... 154
etre incatee eden 406 Junghuhnii Van den
goriawert (S. Kurz).. 170 Piech ie o32 iS 155
Zollingeri major (Co- Merrillii Christ ...... 154
Pel.) s-.-5--:2e002 Pie 170 Weeetl 2 cca. 155
RESO 4 Spieenvur eaeetooer nee 65 obtusum H, & A...... 144
Hemionitis arifolia 60 paniculiflorum
gymnopteroidea f. major PROG) 66 .2cccts sc csdes es 155
Copelessne see ee 170 polyanthus Sw ........ 144
gymnopteroidea Copel.. 406, 170 - polyanthus Christ... 155
Zollingeri Kurz - 170, 406 productum Kze ........ 155
Herpysma. Lindl .......--.--- (313 pyenocarpum v.d.B.. 155
- 313 serrulatum (Presl)
Herpysma Merrillii Ames 154
Histiopteris incisa (Thunb.) J. Sm. 134 0 CBR akin 144,
Holarrhena macrocarpa F.-Vill........-- 435 subdemissum Christ.. 155
procumbens ( Blanco) tenellum Kuhn ........ 144
435 thuidium Harringt-... 154
tunbridgense (L.)
278 Sm .... 155
274 | HYPNACEAS 343
452 INDEX.
Page. K
HYPNODENDRACEA4. ..............---.------ 343 Page.
Hypnodendron Reinwaratii (Hornsch.) Kadsura blancoi Azaola.......... 423, 430, 432
Lindb 343 scandens Blume fe 422
Hypobatherum glomeratum (Bartl.) | Kaulfussia pene 2:
K. Schum 434 Kibara elli id Merr 274
Hypolepis 425 | Kyllinga albescens Steud ................ 79, 109
Hypolepis ifoli 70, 125 Difolia Miq .....-----------------0-- 78
Hypolytrum compactum Nees -........... 109 brevifolia Rottb .................- 78
latifolium L. C. Rich... 108, brevifolia Boeck ee 78
109, 264 caespitosa robusta Boeck... 78
macrocephalum Gaud- cylindrica Nees
doh ot acca aed 422 CYP CTING TREE 2.2 <
myrianthum Miq_... 108 intermedia R. Br...............-
Philippense C. B. Clarke 109 mindorensis Steud -
schoenoides Moritzi -..... 108 monocephala Rottb
viridinux C. B. Clarke. 109 monocephala Seem .......-...- 78
Hypopyrum annulare Nees 104 | monocephala mindorensis
| Bocele ssa 78
1 obtusata Presl - 78
ICACINACE. 278, 423,432 | odorata Vahl 79
Ichnanthus pallens (Sw.) Munro........ 261 | oligostachya Boeck ...........- 78
“Teica abilo Blanco 432 | pung Link 78
Tex fletcheri..Merfsas55i ss 279 | rigidula Steud ...............-.--- 78
Illicium evenium King 272 squarrosa Steud ..........-...-... 110
Ipomoea blancoi Choisy .............-...--- 435 triceps Bianed 23.2055 cca 78
trilnba Lae eee _ 485
Impatiens 279 | L
IRIDACE 252, 268 | LABIATA5 299, 426
Isachne 261,292 Labisia pumila (Blume) F.-Vill........ 296
Isachne b ‘kei Hack 255, 261 pumila genuina Mez ............ 296
myosotis Nees -............----- 255,261 Lactuca thunbergiana (A. Gray)
Ischaemum rugosum distachyum Maxim 309
(Cav.) Merr --..-------20--ec cece 436 | Lagenophora billardieri Cass ............ 309
Isolepis ambigua Steud -.. 99 | Lasia merkusii Hassk : 422
barbata R. Br -.. 98 | Lasianthus appressus Hook. f.. 306
capillaris Ledeb - 98 landi Elmer 306
cochlegta Steud --......-.-----.--- 91 obliquinervis Merr 306
complanata Roem. et Sch...... 96 tashiroi Matsum .... 306
Cumann Steud .... 98 | Lastraea 62,
Roem 93 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74
Haenkei Presl ..-.--c------- 95° Lastraea attenuata J. Sm 207
data R. Br 99 | eburnea J. Sm .
lucellata Steud 98 | exigua J. Sm..
des Miq 99 ligulata J. Sm .
longispica Steud 98 Mannii Hope
margaritifera Nees . 102 membranifolia J. Sm . 214
ili Link 96 propinqua J. Sm 215
oryzetorum Steud 99 setosa Presl ........ se
squarrosa Miq - 110 spectabilis J. Sm 210, 214
supina R. Br ..... 99 verrucosa J. Sm 208
trichokolea Steud 98 viscosa J. Sm ... 211
dis Delile 99 ene 274
Willdenowii Roem. et Sch.... 96 t 2:
Isopterygium pabeecenn (Schw.) Jaeg.. 342 25, 32, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 62, 73, 74 .
Ixora 306 | Lecanopteris pumila BI...........-..-.---. 6, 14, 24
Tora congesta: Roxbin.:02 427 | Leea leata Blume : ® 280
: Legnotis 1 lata Blanco 433
2 LEGUMINOSAB ......--.-.------------- 276, 424, 433
Jasminum aculeatum (Plancoie 434 | LENTIBULARIACEAB ........2.....---.-----+ 301
JUGLANDACEA® 270 | Lepicystis 62
Juncellus pygmaeus Clarke .............. 81 | Lepironia pidata Mig 109
Juniperus elata Roxb a 257 ilis Miq 109
Justicia luzonensis C. B. Clarke........ 301 macrocephala Miq ..-:.....-.- 422
2 65, 66, 67, 124
Leucostegia hymenophylloides (BI.)
Bedd
ESE RA ye ater ve 124
immersa amplissima
WR sae uss aventecsacsere 124
LILIACEA 436°
Limonia linearis Blanco 431
monaphylla Blanco .. “431
Lindsaya 24,
; 30,82, 48, 58, 67, 126, 171
Lindsaya blumeana (Hook.) Kuhn..... 4,
15, 26, 33, 39, 44, 58
eapillacea Christ - 58, 59
cultrata (Willd.) Sw 127
cultrata minor Hook eset
davalloides BL er 127
ita Willd 4,
13, 22, 33
falcata Dry fea se Supe AER 171
flabellata gigantea ‘Hoolks.= 127
gracilis Bl -.........-...---.--- ke 4,
13, 23, 39, 44,49, 127
Havicei Copel
4,
16, 32, 35, 48, 50, 52
hymenophylloides BI -....-.-
16, 38, 43, 44, 48, 50, 126
BL 127
lancea (Linn.) Bedd...
Merrillii- Copel
= re
J
Leh
4,
14, 24; 28, 48, 52
orbiculata (Lam.) Mett.... 127
63494——4
INDEX. - 453
ae
Page y Page.
Leptochilus .. a 49, 60, 61, 64, 65, 123, 159 | Lindsaya pectinata Bl 126
Leptochilus idatus 36 pulchella (J. Sm.) Mett...... 4,
diversifolius Blume ........ 160 9, 16, 42, 43, 44, 48, 51, 52,127
heteroclitus (Presl) C. scandens Hook <0.2................ 4,
TONE crete > 3, 42,.21,:123, 159, 9, 15, 28, 47, 51
160, 190 | Liparis disticha Lindl 320
heteroclitus eurybasis gregaria Lindl . 321
ng fee ne eta ee en 159 | Lipocarpha R. Br ....... 109
heteroclitus Foxworthyi Lipocarpha argentea R. Br.. 109
LL CSS SOE ae Sree 160 foltosa Mig ~-::-:...-...- 103
heteroclitus inconstans microcephala Kunth ...... 110
FS Copel 160 | Liriope brachyphylla Merr ... i 255, 266
heteroclitus Linnaeanus graminifolia (Linn.) Baker.. 267
z MOG ep i6 cei Pi os ecto Livistona Merrillii Becc - 232
hydrophyllus Copel microcarpa Becc.
peeerns iat oney fagsbees ceaehe Vidalii Bece ....
is latus Fée Whitfordii Becc ..
latifolius (Meyen) C. Lomaria
= Chr. 3,18, 23, 43, 50, | Lomaria 1 Bl
2 ; 51, 60, 65, 170, 406 iy gt: gilda epee emai
’ lomarioides Bl .....- MIBGERS BL oh See fo
Zollingeri (see, Fée:..... Lomariopsis
Leptospermum Lomagramma ... 9, 29,
Leptospermum amboi Bl 32, 39, 44, 49, 56, 57, 58, 60, 142
pape .255, 284 | Lomagramma pteroides J. Sm............ 6,
LESKEACEAS 342 16, 28, 142
LEUCOBRYACEA: ....... Keceerecesereeneeeeee 339 | Lophatherum gracile Brongn.............. 261
Leucobryum sanctum (Brid.) Hamp... 340 | LORANTHACBAD oo. cece eeeenne 271
_ subsanctum Broth’ ........ 339 | Loranthus halconensis Merr ............ 271
Leucophanes candidum (Hornsch.) Mearnsii Merr 271
‘ Lindb ... : wig Loxogramme 25, 48, 49, 62, % 72
Loxogramme conterts ODS) sa. perstwesisce coo fe
14, 34, 39, 41, 44, 52, 56, 59, 60, 72
involuta (Don.) Presl .. 4,
14, 44
iridifolia (Christ) 4, 9,
14, 40, 41, 44, 45, 52
DRPO NOIR 6: cocci coo csens cco 72
Lycogala epidendrum Rost 113
LYCOPODIACE AG. ence cigeecceegs se 149
Ly di 30, 149, 292
easuarinoides Spreng.. 120, 149
cernuum Linn ............ 149, 255
complanatum thyoides H.
Bese cbinti ic 120, 150
filiforme Roxb .. 149
, halconense Copel -....... 149, 255
Hippuris Desvy ................ 149
lateralis R. Br 149
Phi ia L 149
serratus Thunb .............. 149
squarrosum Forst 149
verticillatum L
yitleanictm Blsigeiscs::.-. 4s.
LOCI: eee aa
Lygodium basilanicum Christ - 179
circinatum ....... 179
flexuosum 146
japoni 179
Merrilli Copel 146
scandens (L.) Sw... 146
Lysimachia ramosa Wall .................... 298
454 INDEX.
M | Page.
Page. | MENISPERMACE/®
Macaranga hispida (BI.) Muell. Arg.. 278 |-wresochlaena ©...
Macromitrium Blumei Nees é 341 | Mesochlaena polycarpa. .......
cuspidatum Hamp .... 341 polycarpa Bedd 202
specie tagepenes eck 340 Metrosideros Banks ................ 284
mindorense Broth 340 | Metrosfderos pictapetala Blanco....... 433
Pee WALEED elias 340 | Microlepia........... 48, 56, 62, 66, 67, 126, 168
MAGNOLIACEAE ....002.22.2..+ 272, 422, 430 Mricralépin: aiata ee ear : 52
ri RigmapleeRigiods anther aay dennstaedtioides 66, 126
Mapania Aubl co Goce eee 262, 109 4 ae - ?
Mapania macrocephala (Gaudich.) K. eee) Lresl 2. es
Ben es ee 422 15, 28, 29, 35, 37, 48, 56, 66
Pia oe dik aos pee pinnata (Cav.) J. Sm...... nore
earcaaeae ispiaies os 22, 82, 34, 39, 43, 44, 48, 57
MARATTIACE.E he 148 sablanensis Christ ait 168
Mav athinn 31, 184, 185 Speluncae (L.) Moore...... 4,12,
Marattia fraxinea ..... 184 fs 22,51, 39, 25, 168, 191
pellucida Presl . 184 strigosa (Thunb.) Presl.. 4, 15,
Huta: Blame 184 33, 37, 44, 57
silvatica Blume .................- 184 | Microstylis alagensis Ames 318
ternatea De Vriese et Hart- binabayensis Ames - 318
fie Sone pes eee 185 commelinifolia Zoll 319
vestita Christ - 185 a = 319
MARANTACE! 268 Hutchinsoniana Ames .... 319
Mariscus albescens Gaudich 88 + Merrillii Ames -... 319, 320
capitatus Steud ... 103 oculata Reichb. f 320
cyperinus Vahl .. 87 quadridentata Ames ...... 320
cyperinus Presl gg | Mikania scandens (Linn.) Willd...... 308
ferax Hook. f.... g9 | Millettia piscatoria (Blanco) Merr.... 433
flabelliformis H. B. K......... g9 | Mimosa membranulacea Blanco .
maritimus Miq .. 103 | Miscanthus sinensis Anders...........
merrillii Clarke .. g7 | Mitrephora lanotan (Blanco) Merr.... 430
microcephalus Pres} .......... 3g | MNIACEAS 341
philippensis Steud —.......... gg | Mniodendron divaricatum (Reinw. &
pungens Steud ....... 103 Hornsch.) Lindb. 343
sieberianus Nees sg | Mnium 41, 42
i Miq g7 | Mnium rostratum Schrad .................. 341
ifolius Nees 87 | Mogorium U Blanco. 434
umbellatus Pres] ................ ss | M h um 67, 121, 122
umbellatus 87 | Monachosorum subdigitatum (BI.)
umbellatus 88 Kuhn 122
umbellatus procerior Steud 101 | MONEMIACEA® .......2. 2. 274
Matonia 9 | MORACEAE 270, 435
Mearnsia:' Merritt 283 | Monogramma 29, 33,
Mearnsia hal is Merr 284 36, 38, 42, 57, 72, 134
Mecosa angustata Bl 312 | Monogramma dareaecarpa Hook ...... 28,
Medeol ¢ 121, 134
Medinilla astronioides Triana -.. Junghuhnii Hook ........ 407
cordata Merr paradoxa (Fée) Bedd.. 407
hal is Merr trichoidea J, Sm 5, 9,
involucrata Merr .... 15, 28, 134
magnifica Lindl 287 | Morinda volubilis (Blanco) Merr...... 434
merrittii Merr 286 | Mucuna lyonii Merr .... + eee
microphylla Merr 288 433
myrtiformis Triana .. 286 | MUSCI 339
ramifilora Merr 286 | M isophylla Vidal ............ 305
verticillata Merr MYRICACEAD 269
MELASTOMATACEZE .. Myrica esculenta Buch.-Ham ............ 269
Melastoma polyanthum Blume .......... 285 esculanta farquahariana
Melicope 1 is Engl 431 (Wall) 269
Memecylon preslianum Triana .......... 288 javanica Blume 270
Meniscium ............ 32, 43, 44, 46, 57, 63, 64 rubra Merr ...... 269
Meniscium pidatum 8,205 | Myrmechis gracilis Bl 315
: triphyllum Swtz _. » | Myrmecodia 54
15, 39, 203, 207 | Myrmecophila 71, 73
INDEX. 455
Page. Page.
MMAICES SICA CHAO o. ocoeet ta dpsiletesciees 274 | Nephrodium lineatum (BI.) Presl ... 3
MYRSINACEAS _ Luerssenii Harringt 208
MYRTACEA® megaphyllum Bak . 214
: moulle R. Br .. 197
N. molliusculum Wall 197
Nauclea Linn 2artine anti es 305 Motleyanum Hook ........ 208
Nauclea digitata Blanco ...........-..-..... 433 | ° moulmeinensis Bedd .... 205
NECKERACEAS 341 mucronatum, J. Sm.......- 195
Negretia mitis Blanco .............-.-..----.. 433 oppositum (Sw.) Diels.. 209
Neolitsea zeylanica (Nees.) Merr...... 274 pennigerum Bedd . 192
Neottiopteris 48 philippinense Bak
NEPENTHACEAD .........--.. ss. ces 274 Preslii Baker
SMENOIE CGI ob akc cksids cane 28, 54, 274 procurrens (Mett.)
Nephelaphyllum mindorense Ames.... 316 1S AE BONE ROD EO 3,12,
pulchrum Bl ............ 316 34, 43, 44, 51, 57, 58
Nephrodium 20, pteroides (Retz.) J.
22, 57, 58, 59, 60, 63, 66, 160 Bi > 5-43: 8, 12, 37, 43, 44, 47
Neer abruptum Hook are Coo purpurascens Blume .... 213
acrostichoides J. Sm 200 rhodolepis Clarke .......... 216
aridum (Don) J. Sm... 3,12, rugulosum (Labill.)
37, 47, 50, 57 Copel: .ii.0..:_...., aime 191
asperulum (J. Sm.) setigerum (BI.) Baker.. 3, 12,
SMO Osco ci sncnsmonsce 191 22, 33, 37, 44, 57,58
asymmetricum (Fée) simplicifolium J, Sm.... 206
Prat isin the 3 sparsum Don ..........-....- 3,15,
Bakeri Harrington 405 26, 33, 39, 40, 44, 50, 213
basilare Pres! 196 subarboreum Bak ........ 214
beddomei Baker ... 208 syrmaticum (Willd.)
blumei (Moore) HK . 4g Baker wii2sct.ccccendiae 3, 12,
Bordenii Chet 6, 12, 835, 36, 41, 42, 44, 47
3
35, 37, 44, 51, 57,58
195
callosum (BI.).-
canescens Pres] 194
canescens (BI.) -.- 3, 15,
26, 27, 33, 37, 43, 44, 51, 57
canescens (Bl,) f. neph-
rodiiformis Christ -... 3;
caudiculatum Presl .
chrysotrichum Baker...
—cochleatum Don
eucullatum (BI.) Bak. 3,12,
37, 44, 47, 51, 57, 195
git J. Sm 204
cyatheoides (Kault.)
Presl 3, 15, 36, 43
diversilobum Pres] .... 3, 9, 13,
23, 36, 43, 44, 51,
57, 59, 60, 199
erubescens diidighicc )
3
erythrosorum Hook....... 8
. ferox Moore......-------------- 8, 12,
flaccidum -..
Foxii Copel .
21, ‘37, 43, 47, 52, 56
hirsutum J. Sm . 192
immersum
22, 37, 43, 44, 56, 63
incisum Copel -..-- hate yee 214
intermedium (BI.)
Baker
latipinna
truncatum Pr ...
unitum R. Br ..
urophyllum
(Wall. )
Nephrolepis
Nepholepis acutifolia
barbata Copel -
cordifolia Pres] ..
exaltata (L.) Schott........
hirsutula Pres] .......--.--.--.
17, 37, 44, 124
laurifolia Christ Hise SF
, 23, 32, 44
Leuterbeck tt 205.2 67
ruf Presl 124
Pare 49
Nertera depressa Banks & Soland..... 307
Neuwiedia veratrifolia Bl . B11
Nipa 18
Niphobolus 17,18
25, 37, 39, 40, 44, 45, 46, 62, 72, 73
Niphobolus adnascens (Sw.) Kaulf.... 5, 12,
17, 41, 46, 59
a Gardneri ... ee 45
Lingua (Thunb.) J. Sm.. 5,14,
24, 46, 56, 59
nummulariaefolius (Sw.)
Ge RI ke iin sty plecstocsng sans 5, 14,
: 23, 46, 52, 59, 60
stig 45
varius Kaulf ..........-..-.-.... 5,14,
40, 41, 46, 59
456 INDEX.
Page. Page.
Nothochlaena densa .................-2--..----- 23 | Panicum palmaefolium Koenig ........ 261
NYMPHAEACEZ 430 sarmentosum Roxb . 261
Nymphaea lotus Blanco .. 430 | Parsonsia confusa Merr 435
pubescens Willd 430 rheedii F.-Vill ... 435
Paspalum scrobiculatum L 436
o villosum Blanco .. . 486
Oberonia aporaphylla Reichb. f.. 323 | Patersonia 268, 292
ciliola Hook. f.
McGregorii Ames
mindorensis Ames -.
Ochthocharis javanica Blume
Javanica var. longipe-
tiolata Merr ...
Odont ja
32, 33, 44, 48, 58, 67, 126
Odontosoria chinensis (Linn.) J. Sm tar
retusa’ (Cav). oo 4, 9,
18, 21, 22, 37, 38, 39, 126
OLACINEAS 432
OLEACE2 434
Oleandre 22.5363 30, 44, 48, 67, 124
Oleandra colubrina (Blanco.) Copel.. 124
colubrina v. nitida Copel.. 4, 16,
32, 34, 39, 41, 57, 124
neriiformis Cav 4, 24, 33, 57
Whitmeei Bak =. 121,124
Olyra orientalis Lour ... 103
ONAGRACEZ® ............. 433
Oncosperma filamentosa 229
gracilipes Becc ... 228
PROB 555s 22, 32, 33, 44, 57,59
Onychium tenue Christ. 5,13
OPHIOGLOSSACEAD 148
Ophioglossum
Ovhiog) Pax
di 121,
148, 255
pedunculosum Desy ... 148
pendulum Linn .. 148
Ophiorrhiza oblongifolia DC . 305
venosa Merr . 304
ORCHIDACEA 311
Orchis triplicatis Willem 326
ORTHOTRICH AGIAN 252i tis * 340
0 da . 42,147
oO ad h: kei 2nli sie 147
bromeliaefolia (Presl.)
Copel 147
Oxalis acetosetia Blanco 431
corni 5 8 ty 431
repens Thunb 431
Oxymitra glauca Hk. f. et Th...
Me
Palagium Blanco
PALMAD oc
PANDANACEZ |
Pandanophyllum hunite Hassk.
Pandanus arayatensis Merr
dubius Spreng _.
exaltatus Blanco
gracilis Blanco _..
radicans Blanco _.
whitfordii Merr
Patersonia lowii Stapf —..........
Pavetta angustifolia R. et S.:.
gesta Miq
illensis Walp
membrenacea Blanco .. 434
sambucina Blanco 434
Pennisetum compressum R. Br ... 436
macrostachyum Brongn. 2 436
Pentaphragma aurantiaca Stapf........ 308
begoniaefolium Wall.. 308
grandiflorum Kurz .... 308
macrophylla Oliv........ 308
philippinensis Merr.... 308
ridleyi King & Gamb.. 308
scortechinii King &
Gamb 308
Peperomia recurvata Miq. 269
Petraeovitex riedelii Oliv. 425
trifoliata Merr ... 425
Petunga racemosa (Roxb.) K. Sch... 426
rozburghtt. DO -.u...2............. 426
Phacelophrynum bracteosum (Warb.)
1 SS 268
Phaeanthus acuminatus Merr 273
cumingit:, Mig: jc. 2c0........ 273
Phaius hal is Ames 323
mindorensis Pai a. ee. 824
Phakell ltiflorus Steud ...... 103
Phal i bile B 336
Aphrodite Reichb. f...... 336
iar minor Fs a epee 421
63
Phiegopteris hirta Christ . 215
macrodonta (Reinw.)
Mott cata... 416
nervosa Fée ... 157
obscura Fée . * 214
ornata (Wall) Bedd...... 215
Phlebodium 62
Photinia 1 276
Photinopteris 25,
31, 34, 37, 41, 42, 47, 50, 59, 73, 74
Photinopteris speciosa (Bl.) Presl.. 6,
14, 23, 24
Phreatia prorepens Reichb. f............ 332
sulcata (Bl.) J. J. Sm........ 332
Phyllanthus blancoanus Muell. Arg.. 435
niruri Blanco «............... 435
Phylloclad
Phyllocladus hypophylla ...
hypophylla var. pro-
tracta Warb .............. 259
protractus (Warb.)
oes essa ath pesedcnee 259
Phymatodes 29,
25, 45, 47, 49, 61, 71, 72, 73, 74
INDEX. 457
j Page. Page.
Phymatodes sinuosum 45 | Podochilus cornutus (Bl.) Schlecht.. 322
Physarum cerebrinum Mass 114
cinerum Rost .... fe 114
rubiginosum Rost ............ 114
Phy ti philip y ior | Gees 202
Phytocrene plancoi (Azaola) Merr... 432
luzoniensis H, Baill ........ 432
macrophylla Blume ...... 432
Pilopogon Blumei (Doz. & Molk.)
Broth 339
PINACEA + 257
Pinanga Barnesii macrocarpa Becc.- Ay &
Curranii Bece 226
elmeri Becc 264
gracilis a 226
insignis Bece ; 223
maculata Porte - 264
modesta Becc .. 225
: peci 227
PIPERACEA 269
Piper rhombophyllum C, DC 269
Pithecolobium prainianum Merr 276
PITTOSPORACEA®
Pittosporum ferrugineum Ait ....
odoratum Merr
pentandrum (Blanco)
Moris os 430
resiniferum Hemsl 275
Plagiogyria (Kze.) Mett -.......-....--- 122, 133.
Plagiogyria Christii Copel hey 188.
euphlebia Mett 133
falcata Copel = 133
oe CELEBS Sos | 2) 5 oe 133
ptera Diels 8, 133
tuberculata Copel........ 120, 133 |
tuberculata latipinna
Copel -.- a
Platycerium Desv -
Platycerium coronarium (Koenig)
Pl
Pl ia
membranifolia..
Pleopeltis -..--.-..--------- 72, 74
Pleopeltis angustum 72
Pleurogramme (BI.) PF remk::..- 12; 134, 175
Pleurogramme loheriana Christ .... 134, 175
pusilla (Blume.) -..... 175
Plocoglottis acuminata Ames - ¥ 326
Copelandii Ames 326
javanica Bl 327
327
mindorensis Ames -.
Pluchea scabrida DC....-..--.----
Podocarpus L’Hérit.........-..-
amarus Blume
falciformis Parl -
glaucus Foxw
imbricatus cuming ii
(Parl) Pilg --------------- 258
neriifolius D. Don -..------- ace
ilgeri Foxworthy
om 258
rumphii Blume
pendulus (Bl.) Schlecht.. 322
philippi is Schlecht 322
reflexus (BL.) Schlecht... 322
xytriophorus (Rchb. f.)
Sobiecht 7c 322
Pogonatum macrophyllum Doz, &
Molk 341
Pogostemon heyneanus Benth .. 426
parviflorus Benth 426
Patchouly Pellet ... 426
Poinciana regia 114
Pollinia monantha Nees .. soa 260
POLYGALACE® 277
Polygala v Juss 277
POLYGONACEA 272
Polygonum chi Linn 272
POLY PODIAOGBAD 555560cd BBE. 122
Polypodium ...... 30, 45, 48, 56, 58, 59, 62, 69,
70, 71, 72, 74, 122, 136, 174, 177
Polypodium accedens Bl .... 6, 16, 45, 50, 52,
59, 60, 72, 74, 139, 140
adfine Reinw ssscsc.cc2...:--.- 201
affine.... 31, 32, 33, 37, 39, 47, 50
albido-squamatum BI.. 6, 14, 23,
24, 39, 44, 45, 47, 52, 74, 141
angustatum BI ................ 6,
16, 33, 39, 44, 52, 56, 59, 74
asperulum J. Sm
asperum Roxb -
Beddomei Baker”
Brogniartii Bory ............ 416
br Wall 214
caespitosum Mett........ 5, 16, 29,
34, 39, 41, 43, 44, 51, 56
ealifornicum re 61
calophlebium Copel 140
“canescens Blume ......-..-.- 198
diforme Bl 2 6, 16,
28, 32, 39, 45, 52, 74, 141
celebicum B.... 5, 16, 34, 36, 39,
44, 50, 52, 56, 71, 121, 138, 407
commutatum BI . 6,
14, 23, 50, 14, 141
craterisorum Har-
407
214
eucullatum Nees. & BI... 5, 16,
30, 38, 43, 44, 49,
51, 56, 57, 71, 137
cucullatum planum
COREE ioe cctcepontenn 137
Cumingianum (Presl.)
Hook 416
idatum . 72
decrescens Christ -..........- 120,
dissectum Forst
distans Don
dolichopterum Copel .- 6, 15, 26,
32, 34, 39, 40, 43, 50, 51, 73, 74
drepanopteron Kze ... 161
ellipticum -....------ a 73
erubescens Wall... 210
138
erythrotrichum Copel.
458 INDEX.
: Page. | Page.
Polypodium fie moe Linn evNs one 212 | polpodian: pteroides Pres] .........--- 204, 416
idum Christ punctatum (L.) Sw........ 6,
glauco-pruinatum CG: | 16, 34, 53, 140, 177
Ohr (a0 ase 141) revolutum (J. Sm.)
gracillimum Copel -. a 16, 30, | Cars 6, 14, 23, 33, 39, 56, 74
33, 39, 56, 57, 137 rivulare .......... 21
granulosum Presl -.. 217 rubidum Hook . 207
halconense Copel .... 138 sablanianum Christ........ 177
hammatisorum Har- sagittaefolia -................... 204
WU OAON ates 8 eck oS 407 Schenkii Harrington 407
hemionitideum Wall. 177 Schneideri Christ —.-........ 6,
heracleum Kze ...........----- 6, 9; 12, 22,.32,.34;
9, 14, 31, 32, 33, 44, 45,
50, 53, 56, 71, 73, 74, 141
heterocarpum Blume ...... 198
incurvatum BL... 6, 14, 24, 32,
= he 34, 39, 45, 57, 59, 73, 74
insigne 73
integriore 139
i Forst 194
jagorianum Mett. 136
lagunense Christ -- 140
leuceanum Gaud 417
lineare Thunb 56
loherianum 71
longifolium Mett 178
macrophyllum Mett 6,
13, 22, 34, 39, 47,52, 140
macrum 30, 49, 71, 138
Merritti
minutum
monstrosum Copel -....----- 140
monstrosum integriore
Bopels- so ee a 40
folium Bl a 6,
16, 31, 33, 73
myriocarpum Mett -. ATT.
nigrescens Bl -.............-- 6,
14-235, 52,50
nummularium Mett -...... 139,
140, 407
obliquatum BI .... 5, 16, 39, 41,
43, 44, 50, 56, 71, 138, 407
orientale Gmel ...-.....------, 207
ovatum. Wall. 20. --------3:- 177
palmatum BL.... 6, 16, 33, 34, 39,
47, 52, 56, 59, 73, 74, 141, 178
palustre: Burm. = -..:........- 167
p BL 6, 16,
_ 28, 82, 33, 44,57, 71, 139
par 197, 198
paucisorum Copel............ oS
pediculatum Baker ........ 5, 9,
16, 28, 39, 49, 56
persicifolium Desv ........ 139
phyllomanes Christ ........ 217
phyllomanes ovatum
CWathy 0 att
Phymatodes L -............... 6, 14,
32, 38, 39, 44, 47,
_ 56, 73, 74, 141, 178
productum Christ
44, 50,51, 57, 74
sessilifolium -.........--........ 137
setosum <.:-.-2i5 S25) 136, 137, 215
setosum calvum Copel... 136
sinuosum Wall .- 6,
12, 1% 32, 41, 53,
54, 56, 59, 73, 74
BOUGIR 6 2 sre es 71, 138
solidum denticulatum .... 71
subauriculatum BI......... 6,
16, 28, 32, 45,
56, 57, 74, 139
subevenosum Baker ........ 137
subfalcatum Bl .... 138
subfaleatum sorte’
grum Copel 138
suboppositum Christ 177
tenuisectum Bl .... 49, 121, 138
trichomanoides ... 71
trichodes Reinw .- 215
trifidum Don .. es 178
SEU uetY UI: 52 ey.--2.-S 73, 141
truncat Poir 192
urophyllum Wall 205
validum Copel .. 140
venulosum BI .. 138
verrucosum Wall ... 139
Sa 70
. 139, 140
; Yoderi
Zippelii Bl. 6,
j 16, 32, 44, 46, 52, 74
Polystichum ...... 25, 32, 35, 44, 64, 123, 157
Polystichum aeculeatum batjanense
aristatum (Sw.) Presl 3;
13, 23
auriculatum -.........--.-.. 64, 157
earvifolium (Kze.) C.
Dielsii Christ -...
horizontale Pr ....
hecatopteron Diels -...... 167
nudum Copel ...............- 3, 7,15
obliquum (Don.) Moore.. 157
obliquum Luzonicum :
157
8
es
a
INDEX. 459
POLYTRICHACEA®
Premna cordata Blanco .. 435
cumingiana Schauer 435
odorata Blanco ....... 435
serratifolia Blanco ................ 435
t t Blanco 435
PRIM UL ACH rt eateries 298
Prosaptia 29,
32, 50, 56, 58, 62, 71, 72, 122, 136
Prosaptia alata =n 136
contigua Pres]. .....:-..-..-..---
16, 52, 58, 136
contigua monosora 136
cryptocarpa Copel . 5,
16, ‘39, 40, 41, 44
polymorpha Copel
Toppingii .-......
Pseudixora auriculata Miq .
PSILOTACE&
Psilotum Sw
gaan: complanatum Sw.....--.-..-..-- 148
nudum
Psomiocarpa --.-2:..c-0<.--4202---at-e0
Psomiocarpa apiifolia Pres] -.......-.--.- 8
7, 18, 23, 33, 50, 60
Psychotria diffusa Merr 306
sarmentosa Blume 306
tacpo (Blanco) Rolfe 306
Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn.. 134
Pterisanthes polita Mig 423
sinuosa Merr . is 423
Pieris... 7, 20, 49, 51, 59, 69, 133, 171
Pteris aspericaulis Wall - aa 173
biaurita «.4-s28---.=- 2 72, 172
Blumeana Agardh 172
Blumeana asperula J. Sm. 172
Blumeana setigera Hook 172
cretica = 173
cretica stenophylla Hook. et
Greve 3.
digitata Wall
ensiformis Burm ..
- 33, 35, 38, 42, 59, 173, 190
ensiformis permixta Christ - 173
excelsa Gaud .......----- 5, 15, 44, 47,50
grevilleana 17
heteromorpha Fée
intromissa Christ -
longifolia L ...... 5, 12, 32, 44, 47, 186
mapiadoeacion Fée 5 lke en
20, 22, 44, 47
133
nemoralis Willd
opaca J. Sm a Sy ee
13, 20, 22, 32, 39, 40, 44, 47
parviloba Christ -....--------------~ 172
parviloba pluricaudata Copel.. 173
pluricaudata Copel -.----:.-----+-++ 5, 13,
23, 33, 44, 47, 50, 59
quadriarita Retz -...-.-.-- 133, 171, 209
quadriaurita setigera Hk ........ 6,
13, 20, 23, 43, 69, 72, 133
stenophylla_ ----- 173
tripartita Swtz --
Whitfordi Christ -.-..-.----------~
Pterobryella longifrons C, Mull...
172
341
Page
Pterolobium indicum A. Rich.............. 433
membranulaceum
(Blanco) Merr 433
Pycreus capillaris Nees ... 80
globosus Reich ... 80
globosus nilagiricus Clarke 81
nitens Nees 79
polystachyus Beauv .. 80
polystachyus laxiflorus,
Benth Himsa 80
pulvinatus Nees 79
sanguinolentus Nees 79
suleinux Clarke 80
Q
Quercus 28, 30, 270
Quercus Nanosii A, DC..........-........- 254, 270
R
Randia auriculata (Wall.) K. Sch... 427
corymbosa Boer] .........-....----- 427
densiflora (Wall.) Benth. 434
obscura F.-Vill oe 434
Roxb --, 426
epee myrtillina -.. 297
platystigma .
retusa Merr ..
Reichardia pentapetala Blanco .......
Remijia odorata Blanco ..........--------- 434
oscura Blanco ... 434
Remirea maritima Aubl - 103
RHACOPILACEZ ..... me 342
Rhacopilum — spectabile Reinw. &
Hornsch .. 342
RHAMNACEZ ....... 280
341
RHIZOGONIACEA®
Rhizogonium spiniforme (L.) Brith. 341
RHIZOPHORACE4 2
Rhododend ifoli Stapf .....- 292
quadrasianum Vid.. 255, 292
rosmarinifolium Vid. 292
Rhynchosia lucida 424
Rhynchospora anomala Steud .. 98
articulata Spreng 102
aurea Vahl ... 102
aurea R. Br 102
102
discolor Steud .......-.--- 101
ferruginea Roem. et
Bi 102
glauca Vahl - 102
glauca Chinensis Hook
f So BOS,
101
102
101
Wallichiana Hook f.... 101
Wallichiana Kunth .... 101
Wightiana Hook, f...... 101
101
hostegi 343
Rhy
mindorense Broth... 343
Riana tricapsularis Blanco
ROSACEAE. .......---------
460 INDEX.
Page.
RUBIACEA® . 302, 426, 434 | Scirpus Chinensis Munro ..
Rubus fraxinifolius Poir - 276 ciliaris Linn
1 Linn 276 pl t Retz
rolfei Vid . 255, 276 corymbosu8 Linn .................-
RUTACEZE ..... - 277, 424, 431 debits. Purach © iis: ese
dichot Linn
Gyphayilea Rote: =. 0:0 sans
s labi p Lind) 22... 336 dip Rottb
Saccoloma:-Kaulf Ar a) veland, Geolo gist.
1905, Bulletin No. 5. me "Coal Deposits of Batan Island, Warren D. agg cs Te
M. A, Geologist.
LIST OF PREVIOUS PUBLICATIONS OF THE ETHNOLOGICAL SURVEY (NOW
DIVISION OF ETHNOLOGY, BUREAU OF SCIENCE).
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in the ornithological series were published by The Ethnological
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Laboreeee
CONTENTS.
COPELAND, EDWIN BINGHAM. Notes on
the Steere Collection of Philippine Ferns__.._ 405
COPELAND, EDWIN BINGHAM. A Revision
of Tectaria with Especial Regard ‘to the Phil-
ippine, Species. v2 eran Gees oe Se One 409
HACKEL, E. Two New Philippine Grasses____ 419
MERRILL, ELMER D. Some Genera and Spe- |
cies New to the Philippine Flora____--______ 421
MERRILL, ELMER D. Additional Identifica-
tions of the Species Described in Blanco’s
Flora de Filipinas _ Pre aes Ss ens 429
MERRILL, EF i
Botanical Lit at... WI Se Se ae Aa 437
Title-page, Table ©‘ tents, and Index tos
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