_ THE PHILIPPINE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE VOLUME 22 JANUARY TO JUNE, 1923 WITH 77 PLATES AND 9 TEXT FIGURES MANILA BUREAU OF PRINTING 1923 192375 EDITORIAL BOARD ELMER D, MERRILL, M.S., Editor . R. C. McGrecor, A.B., Associate Editor ALBERT H. WELLS, A.B.; GRANVILLE A. PERKINS, PH.D.; A. P. West, PH.D. T. Dark JUAN, A.B., PHar.D.; F. Agcaoru, A.B.; A. S. ARGUELLES, B.S. Howarp IRVING CoLE, PH.D.; ALBERT E. W. KING Chemistry VICTORIANO ELICANO, B.S.; Roy E. DICKERSON, PH.D. Geology H. W. WabeE, M.D.; Otto ScHést, M.D. Po, spasecionic’ STANTON YOUNGBERG, D.V.M. BENJAMIN SCHWARTZ, M.A., PH.D. Experimental Medicine Lizorio Gomez, M.D., PH.D.; F. CALDERON, B.A., L.M. VICENTE DE JESus, M.D Clinical Medicine — W. H. Brown, Pu.D.; C. F. BAKER, M.A.; H. ATHERTON LEE, M.S. a M. GUERRERO, PHAR. D. Botany ALBERT C. Herre, Pu.D.; C. F. BAKER "ogra W. SCHULTZE LEOPOLDO B. UICHANCO, MS, Sc. ; Zodlogy H. O. Beyer, M.A.; Otto JoHNs SCHEERER, M.A. Anthropology ANNA B. BANYEA, Copy Editor CONTENTS No. 1, January, 1923 [Issued January 24, 1923.] SELLARDS, ANDREW WATSON, and LEIVA, LAMBERTO. Investigations concerning the treatment of amebic dysentery LARDS, ANDREW WATSON, and LEIVA LAMBERTO. The effect of stasis on the development of amebic dysentery in the cat...........- AGUILAR, R. H. Chemical characters of the waters of Angat and Montalban Rivera. ca One plate. oye HERTER, W. Lycopodiaceae pl EMBREY, HARTLEY. The antiscorbutic vitamine in some Oriental fruits oe vegetables Five CHAPIN, Epwarp A. The Elacatide of the Philippine Islands and — regions pl KESSEL, FRITZ. Zur gerkrapmechen Verbreitung der Cucujide (Ce ess ea I Erster Beitrag: One text figure. LALLEMAND, V. Nouveaux cercopides des Philippines ScHWARTZ, BENJAMIN. Effects of extracts of Asearis vitolorum on experimental animals No. 2, February, 1923 [Issued February 13, 1923.] aagyeanigi RALPH W. Natural immunity to infection and resist- to disease, as eanilites by the Oriental, with — reference $e TAAONE 8 Le © text figures, ReaD, B. - and WANG, S. Y. Metabolism in China AwpricH, J. M. A new genus and species of fly reared from the hoof of the carabao. ee ie ee WoopwortTH, H. E., and AsucraFtT, J. B. The foot maggot, ——_ manent Aldrich, a new myiasis-producing fi Fig! Mu, F. A new Philippine Stenocranus (Delphacide, Homoptera)... Two text figures. Muir, F. The genus Myndus in the Malay Islands (Homoptera).... One plate. ili Page. 157 161 iv Contents Muir, F. Two collections of Fulgoroidea from Sumatra One plate. HERTER, W. Lycopodiaceae borneensis SHAW, WALTER R. Merrillosphaera africana at Manila Seven plates. No. 3, March, 1923 {Issued March 17, 1923.] SELLARDS, ANDREW WATSON; GOODPASTURE, ERNEST W.; and DE LEON, WALFRIDO. Investigations concerning yaws GOODPASTURE, ERNEST W., and De LEON, WALFRIDO. The effect of treatment on the Wassermann reaction in yaws SELLARDS, ANDREW WATSON, and GooDPASTURE, ERNEST W. Immunity in yaws SELLARDS, ANDREW WATSON. Public-health aspect of yaws GOODPASTURE, ERNEST W. The histology of healing yaws Two plates. : SELLARDS, ANDREW WATSON, and GoopPasTURE, ERNEST W. Sum- mary concerning the control of yaws Reyes, Luis J. Woods of the Philippine dipterocarps Thirty-one plates. No. 4, April, 1923 [Issued April 10, 1923.] RoHwer, S. A. New Hymenoptera from the Malayan region One text figure. Horn, WALTHER. Philippine species of the genus Prothyma and other Cicindelinze Emprey, Hartiey, A feeding experiment on two hundred lepers at Culion Leper Colony, Philippine Islands One plate. ESAKI, TEISo. An interesting new water strider from Formosa One plate. KuwWANA, INOKICHI. The Chinese white-wax scale, Ericerus pela Chavannes bic lcintacietasad thes set ndueicdnd pewicdecre ak ee ee Eo hee BANKS, CHARLES S. A method of illustrating insect wings One plate. GOODPASTURE, ERNEST W. Histopathology of the intestine in cholera One plate. GOODPASTURE, ERNEST W. Complement fixation in treated and un- treated leprosy... GOODPASTURE, ERNEST W. A poisonous constituent in cholera stools SCHEERER, OTTO. Alexander Schadenberg, his life and work in the Philippines One plate. URNS ee tatarar adda ht ache iatycico ee hc eee e 393 407 Contents MoNsERRAT, C., and AFrrica, C. Certain developmental stages of Ascaris lumbricoides ova in the liver tissue No. 5, May, 1923 [Issued May 5, 1923.] ALEXANDER, CHARLES P. Undescribed crane flies from Formosa and Luzon (Tipulide, Diptera) Muir, F. Achilixius, a new genus, constituting a new family of the Fulgoroidea (Homoptera) One plate. Voss, Epuarp. Indo-Malayische Rhynchitinen (Curculionide) II, Zehnter Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Curculioniden........................ Taytor, Epwarp H. Additions to the herpetological fauna of the Philippine Islands, I Three plates. No. 6, June, 1923 [Issued June 5, 1923.] Gomez, Liporto, and NAVARRO, REGINO. Diphtheria carriers and their significance in the Philippines BNET MiGcuEL. Hypersensitiveness of Philippine dogs to strych- Onaus, F. V. nies lied zur amass: der Philippinischen Ruteliden So cae I late. RoHwer, S. A. New Malayan wasps of the subfamily Psenine........ LEE, H. ATHERTON. A disease of satsuma and mandarin orange acer tay by scans rane foliicolum Nishida e plate and one text fi NELSON, 2 The solid bitumens of Leyte o plates and two text figures CoLE, HowArp IRVING. Heexamethylenetetramine as a reagent in leah toh qualitative chemical analysi 467 483 489 516 641 643 THE PHILIPPINE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE VOL, 22 JANUARY, 1923 No. 1 INVESTIGATIONS CONCERNING THE TREATMENT OF AMCGBIC DYSENTERY By ANDREW WATSON SELLARDS Of the Bureau of Seience, Manila and LAMBERTO LEIVA Of the College of Medicine and Surgery, University of the Philippines INTRODUCTION Ameebic dysentery is one of the more-important diseases caused by protozoa in which laboratory methods for the experi- mental study of its treatment have not yet been established. Many experiments, more or less isolated, have been recorded. In contradistinction to the work of Harris,(6) Vedder (16) showed that in vitro emetine is the active agent in ipecacuanha that is responsible for its toxic action on cultural ameebe. Rogers (12) soon demonstrated, very convincingly, that emetine possesses a definite curative action in entameebic infections in man. It seemed almost superfluous, therefore, to test the effect of emetine on lower animals. Dale and Dobell(3) in a very valuable paper and, later, Mayer(9) reported that emetine has no beneficial action in the treatment of amcebic dysentery in the cat. Notwithstanding the striking benefit produced by emetine in ameebic infections in the majority of patients, the treatment still leaves much to be desired. The development of an appro- priate laboratory method would facilitate the study of the effect of emetine or its derivatives and of other products in amoebic infections. This paper deals with: I. Experiments upon cultural 190404 1 2 The Philippine Journal of Science 1923 ameebze in vitro; II. Results obtained in treating cats infected with Entameba histolytica; and III. Clinical observations. I, EXPERIMENTS UPON CULTURAL AMC@BZ IN VITRO Cultural amobe.—Considerable difficulty is encountered in testing and interpreting the effect of various agents upon amcebe in vitro. The chief obstacle lies in the absence of any reliable method for the artificial cultivation of the pathogenic amoebe. Indeed, it is not yet established that multiplication of the entamcebe has been induced in vitro. Realizing these deficiencies, Vedder tested the effect of emetine on the non- pathogenic cultural amcebe of the limax group. Bouillon di- luted with water (1 to 20) was used, and the substance to be tested was added directly to this fluid culture medium before inoculation. Pyman and Wenyon(11) carried out similar ex- periments, using a solid agar instead of a liquid medium. These authors raise the question as to whether the drugs incorporated in the medium distribute themselves uniformly between the agar and the slight amount of fluid of syneresis on its surface. Entameba histolytica.—Many observers have tested, by direct microscopic examination, the effect of various substances on E. histolytica. This parasite, however, degenerates spontane- ously, and with great rapidity, on removal from its host. The results with a given drug are often inconstant and irregular. As would be expected, the data of various workers are often divergent. Dale and Dobell report an exceptional instance in which ameebe survived the action of emetine at 1 to 100 for a period of one hour. Rogers found that a dilution of 1 to 100,000 caused immobilization in a few minutes, the amcebe being ap- parently dead. The work here reported has been conducted entirely with a limax type of ameba. The substances tested were emetine, _ quinine, neosalvarsan, cholalic acid, benzyl benzoate, papaverine, Castela nicholsoni Hooker, Tinospora rumphit Boerlage, and some miscellaneous control substances. The amoeba used was isolated originally from the stool of a healthy person. The stock cultures were kept on the usual agar medium using 15 grams of agar and 15 cubic centimeters of normal soda per liter of water. No attempt was made to isolate a strain of this amceba from a single cell nor to identify the mixture of bacteria grow- ing with it. A fluid medium was prepared as follows: Peptone, 1 gram; sodium chloride, 1 gram; lactose, 1 gram; artesian water, 1,000 cubic centimeters. Varying dilutions of the agents 22,1 Sellards and Leiva: Ameebic Dysentery 3 to be tested were prepared with this solution and, without sterilization, were immediately inoculated from a suspension of amcebe from a twenty-four hour culture on agar. All incuba- tions were made at 37° C. Observations were recorded at daily intervals until encystment of the amcebz in the control cultures had occurred. A repetition of all tests was made with freshly prepared solutions. The results are recorded in Table 1. TABLE 1.—The inhibition of lima amebez in cultures by various P substances. Substance tested. Dilution. Results. Emetine hydrochloride -------------------- ------------ 1-100, 000 | Bacteria only. Do 1-1, 000, Do. bg Nee oe cao ee epee Ne ore meaner airs ce eee as Dee Ba 1-5, 000, 000 | Occasional amcebze. Die Ae ad ee been pe weewnemesney 1-10, 000,000 | Numerous ameebez. Do. Snipe Pada 1-50, 000, Do. Quinine dihydrochloride__--.-------------------------- 1-100, 000 | Bacteria only. Di sock Bos ck lanbscsacekos saslcrecuugenseenswaus 1-500, 000 | Numerous ameebz. Do 1-1, 000, 000 Do. Cholalic acid (from bile salt) ------------------- ------- 1-500 | Bacteria only. Do nee é 1-1,000 | Moderate number of amecebee. hs ee on es ee ea eee eee eS 1-5,000 | Numerous ameebe. Benzyl b te (suspension) =<<-.22.2--- +6252 --~5- 1-10, 000 i Do ce m 1-50, : Do bathe pts ria enor 1-100, 000 | Occasional amcebe. Do 1-500, 000 erous amcebze. 11 eee 1-1, 000, 000 " Pap SEE ae en 2, SE POR Teen re eee Meret a eee eee ne 1-5, 000 | Ame (precipita- tion). Do oe 1-10, 000 | Bacteria only. Do asl 1-50, 000 | Numerous ameebe Do 1-100, 000 Neosalvarsan 1-500 : 1-1, 000 | Bacteria only. 1-5,000 | Numerous ameebz. Castela nicholsoni _.-..------- 1-5,000 | Bacteria only. 1-5,000 | Moderate number of : Do 1-5, 000 | Bacteria only. Do 1-10, 000 umerous ameebe Tinosp h 1-100 Do 1-200 | Numerous amcebe It is impossible to compare the data in Table 1 with the results of other workers, on account of the variation in the species of amebe that were employed. It is clear, however, that Vedder’s results are again amply confirmed. Quinine, used as the dihydrochloride, exhibited a pronounced restraining effect on these cultures of ameebe; of the substances tested it was second only to emetine. 4 The Philippine Journal of Science 1928 In the absence of any bile salts, a specimen of cholalic acid was neutralized with sodium hydroxide. Its toxicity was rather low. Papaverine was used as the hydrochloride, a salt which is only moderately soluble in water (about 1 to 37) and very much less soluble in physiological saline. Even the higher dilutions (1 to 5,000) prepared with this culture medium showed extensive precipitation. The results obtained were irregular, and duplicate tests showed considerable variation. Benzyl benzoate is almost insoluble in water. Nevertheless, its suspensions in this culture medium inhibited the growth of amecebe to a remarkable degree. Simpler benzene derivatives, ordinarily used to prevent bacterial decomposition, showed no such effect. Abundant growth of amcbe was permitted by benzene itself in a suspension of 1 to 1,000; by toluene, at 1 to 1,000; and by xylene, at 1 to 10,000. Tests with neosalvarsan are necessarily unsatisfactory, since solutions of this drug oxidize rapidly and increase in toxicity at room temperature. However, a dilution of 1 to 5,000 permit- ted free growth of amebe. In one of the tests a solution of neosalvarsan was shaken vigorously for fifteen minutes before diluting with the culture medium. The amcbe grew just as well as in the corresponding dilutions that were not shaken. As would be expected, this initial increase in toxicity produced by shaking could not be detected by tests extending over a period of from one to three days. An active principle of Castela nicholsoni was prepared by a method previously described.(14) This product was only slightly soluble in water. However, a dilution of 1 to 5,000 was usually sufficient to inhibit amebe. Tinospora rumphii Boerlige contains an extraordinarily bitter principle. This plant is known to the Tagalogs as makabuhay, signifying ‘Giver of life.” It is widely used in the Philippines. In India, there is a related species, T. cordifolia Miers; this name is given in the Indian Pharmocopeeia, and the plant is used in the treatment of malaria and syphilis. A bitter prin- ciple of the Philippine species was prepared by A. H. Wells, in charge of the division of organic chemistry of the Bureau of Science. It possessed only an insignificant action against the cultures of this ameba. DISCUSSION In chemotherapeutic work in amebic dysentery, tests of tox- -icity of a drug for limax amebe are not without value for 22, 1 Sellards and Leiva: Amebic Dysentery 5 the purpose of obtaining general orientation. Obviously, the results cannot be applied directly to Hntameba histolytica any more than the effects of experiments on lower animals can be applied directly to man. It is also perfectly clear that the effects in vitro do not imply a corresponding action in the animal body. Vedder, as the result of his work with emetine on limax amcebee, suggested that this drug in solution in the body fluids might be capable of killing or inhibiting Entameeba histolytica in the tissues of the intestinal mucosa, or even in the liver. Subsequent experience has amply justified this suggestion. In contrast to this, the entirely insignificant action obtained in vitro with Tinospora rumphii offers no encouragement for its. use in amecebic infections. II. RESULTS OBTAINED IN TREATING CATS INFECTED WITH ENTAMGBA HYSTOLYTICA Literature.—The treatment of amcebic dysentery in lower animals was undertaken with the purpose of developing a dependable method for the experimental chemotherapy of this disease. The infection of laboratory animals with Entameba histolytica cannot be accomplished with ease and precision. Cats are ordinarily used, and the course of the experimental disease is best understood in the cat. Adult cats are not very susceptible to infection, and in kittens the disease usually assumes a fulminating type which obviously presents enormous diffi- culties in experimental therapy. This is well illustrated by the experience of previous workers. Dale and Dobell became dis- couraged in view of their failure to modify fulminating infec- tions in kittens by treatment with emetine. They concluded that emetine has no direct action on Entameba histolytica, either in-man or in kittens; its undoubted therapeutic effect in man was ascribed, not to any direct action on amcebee, but to some occult alteration of the tissues of the host through which the tissues become more resistant to amebe. This alteration of the tissues was supposed to be produced by emetine in man, but not in cats. Dale and Dobell worked exclusively with small kittens, six to . eight weeks old, weighing 500 to 600 grams. Emetine failed to cure infected kittens and also failed, prophylactically, to prevent infection when administered before the injection of amebs. It was given hypodermically, by rectal injection, and by mouth as the double iodide with bismuth. It is much to be 6 The Philippine Journal of Science 1928 regretted that the authors recorded but little detail of the actual experiments. The total number of animals in which treatment with emetine was attempted is not stated. Two strains of amecebee were employed, one of which was exceedingly virulent, the other somewhat less so. One gathers the impression that the major portion of the work was carried out with the more virulent strain. The number of passages through which the strains had been passed before inoculating cats for treatment is not stated, the authors considering that Entameba histolytica does not adapt itself to its new host with any increase of viru- lence on subpassage. A detailed description is given of one typical experiment in which one kitten failed to respond to hypodermic injections of emetine. This animal and two controls were successfully inoculated with amcebe, all of them showing an incubation period of only one day. The two controls died four days after the injection of amcebe. In testing the effect of emetine, it is very unfortunate that treatment was deferred for one day after the diagnosis was established. The experimental kitten weighed 500 grams and received 5 milligrams of emetine hydrochloride subcutaneously. This produced vomiting and, therefore, 3 milligrams were given on the second and, again, on the third day of treatment. Death occurred on the following (or fourth) day. All three animals at autopsy showed typical ulcers in the large bowel. Kittens were also treated by the rectal injection of 10 cubic centimeters of emetine hydrochloride in 1 to 10,000 dilution. The authors report that certain samples of Entameba histolytica will withstand the action in vitro of emetine at 1 to 1,000, and even 1 to 100, for one hour, and they infected kittens with amoebe surviving treatment by 1 to 1,000 emetine. In no case could they detect any microscopic evidence of injury to Enta- meeba histolytica by treatment for one hour with 1 to 10,000 emetine. It can hardly seem surprising, therefore, that a dilu- tion which is without effect in vitro should also fail to produce curative results in vivo. The failure of emetine to cure kittens infected with the less- virulent strain is recorded, but no experiments are described. One experiment is described concerning prophylaxis with emetine. Two kittens were given 4 milligrams of emetine bis- muthous iodide by mouth. (This compound contains about 30 per cent of emetine.) On the second day, these two kittens and 22,1 Sellards and Leiva: Ameebic Dysentery 7 two controls were injected per rectum with 5 cubic centimeters of an emulsion of the more-virulent strain of ameebe. The admin- istration of 4 milligrams of emetine bismuthous iodide was re- peated by mouth in the two kittens receiving prophylactic treat- ment. On the first day after the injection of amcebe, one of the controls and one of the treated kittens were passing blood-stained mucus and amcebeze. The treatments with emetine were omitted on that day. On the second day after injection of amcbe, the other treated kitten was positive; the remaining control continued negative throughout the experiment. On the second and third days after inoculation, 10 milligrams of the double iodide were given by mouth to the kittens under treatment and then the emetine was discontinued. The infected control died on the fourth day after injection, one of the treated kittens died on the fifth, and the other was killed on the tenth. Typical ulceration was found in all on post-mortem examination. Mayer(9) produced ameebic dysentery in kittens and tested the therapeutic action of emetine, derivatives of emetine, sima- ruba, tartar emetic, papaverine, and other substances. No satisfactory results were obtained. Of sixteen cats none was cured with emetine. Emetathylin was efficacious but very toxic. The observations of Ware(17) in India are of interest. At one of the hill stations, dysentery had given considerable trouble in a pack of foxhounds. Seven animals were affected. Smears from the feces of the first two hounds that were examined showed amcebee extremely like Entameba histolytica. All seven were then injected with emetine, and all responded promptly. Dosages of 1 grain were used for large hounds and 0.5 grain for dogs thesize of a fox terrier. Only one relapse occurred, although some were obstinate cases of several months’ standing. This helpful observation from practice points very directly to the conclusion that emetine was immediately responsible for the recovery of these animals. This conclusion is questioned by Dobell(4) on the ground that the dogs might have recovered without treatment, and because he was not able to cure acute experimental infections in young kittens. TECHNIC OF EXPERIMENTS Several strains of amcebe were inoculated into cats, and the infected animals were treated with various drugs. Attention was directed primarily to emetine, the standard agent for use in man, Quinine and papaverine were also tested, and prelimi- 8 The Philippine Journal of Science 1928 nary experiments were carried out with benzyl benzoate and Castela nicholsoni. Two experiments were carried out on the prophylactic effect of emetine in kittens. Inoculation.—Kittens are remarkably susceptible to Hnta- meba histolytica, though it is difficult to infect adult cats. In any long series of experiments many irregularities occur. A strain of Entameba histolytica, when passed rapidly through kit- tens, often assumes fulminating characteristics. In the earlier part of this work we inoculated animals of various sizes with stools obtained direct from patients, in order to secure infections of only moderate severity for treatment. Later on, strains were sometimes carried through several passages in kittens, and from these older animals were inoculated. Specimens of dysenteric stools from patients were injected per rectum, through a small catheter, into animals under general anesthesia. For subinocu- lation, the kittens were sacrificed at the height of the infection. The lower third of the large bowel was usually uniformly in- volved and free from gross fecal matter. The cedematous and hzemorrhagic mucosa was scraped off with a scalpel and covered with salt solution. These gross particles were rich in amcebee ; without breaking them up unnecessarily, they were injected per rectum, under general anesthesia, into older cats to be used for treatment and into kittens for maintaining the strain. Diagnosis—For the treatment of acute experimental dysen- tery in cats, the first essential is an early diagnosis. It is useless to delay until spontaneous discharge of blood, mucus, and ameebe has set in. After a few passages of a strain in animals, the incubation period becomes remarkably short. By employing large saline enemata, amebe can often be recovered from the injected animals one or two days before spontaneous symptoms appear, and before extensive destructive lesions of the bowel have developed. Even in the larger cats, a diagnosis was sometimes established forty-eight hours after injection. This does not in any sense suggest that one is merely recovering the ameebe originally inoculated or that mere multiplication is taking place without the production of lesions. In the first place, some of these larger animals, showing amebe on the second day, had been examined and found negative on the first day after injection. Furthermore, we have sacrificed and examined two of these older animals. In one, forty-eight hours after injection, the saline enema which was returned showed a minute fleck of blood containing a few active ameebe. On the post-mortem examination of the intestine, one hemorrhagic 22,1 Sellards and Leiva: Amecebic Dysentery 9 area, 3 millimeters in its longest diameter, was found in the lower third of the larger bowel; amcebe were plentiful in this lesion. In another cat, a diagnosis was obtained three days after injection; post-mortem examination at this time showed one superficial ulcer, 5 millimeters in diameter, in the lower third of the large bowel. In the earlier part of the work little attention was given to specimens that failed to show gross amounts of mucus or blood, and in some of these animals incu- bation periods as long as five days have been recorded. Subse- quently, the specimens were examined carefully for even minute flecks of blood or mucus, i 5 earlier diagnoses were obtained. The routine was eventually established of giving saline enemata daily for diagnosis, commencing the second day after the injec- tion of amebe. Treatment.—A few preliminary trials were made in the treatment of infected cats by the subcutaneous injection of emetine. It was not well tolerated and showed little or no effect on the amcbs. Subsequently, emetine and the other drugs tested were given in moderately strong solution by rectal injec- tion. On account of the tendency to expel these therapeutic enemata, the animals were always held head downward for a half hour after injection. Examinations for amcbe were continued daily during the early period of treatment. | Controls —Spontaneous recovery has been occasionally noted in adult cats; it is of rare occurrence. In this work we have not depended in any sense upon the uncertainties of statistical evidence, but rather upon observation of the immediate radical effect of therapy analogous to the establishment of the thera- peutic effect of emetine on ameebic infections in man. From time to time, however, we have arranged for control animals to determine the severity of the various strains of amebz used in this work. Emetine.—Emetine is distinctly toxic for cats. Moreover, repetitions of the effective therapeutic dose are tolerated only for short periods. In our experiments it at once became neces- sary to establish the maximum limits of the tolerated dosage. This was tested chiefly by injections per rectum. Given in this manner, quantities of 10 milligrams per kilogram of body weight caused no loss of appetite, whereas this amount injected sub- cutaneously produced nausea and vomiting almost constantly. Moreover, a distinctly better therapeutic effect was obtained by rectal injection as compared with parenteral administration. 10 The Philippine Journal of Science 1928 The results on normal cats showed that the rectal injection of 10 milligrams per kilogram of body weight for three succes- sive days approaches the danger limit. Except in a few in- stances, the total quantity of emetine used in treatment has not exceeded 25 milligrams per kilogram of body weight. Subcutaneous and rectal treatment—A preliminary test of treatment with emetine was made on an adult cat (No. 1) which developed an acute dysentery after inoculation with a patient’s stool. A subcutaneous injection of emetine (8 milli- grams per kilogram of body weight), sufficient to cause slight vomiting, produced no discernible effect on the amcebee. On the second day, 4 milligrams per kilogram were given subcuta- neously. On the third day of treatment, rectal injections of emetine were commenced, and three days later the amcebee disappeared. A little later normal, formed stools were passed. Treatment was discontinued, and the animal remained in ap- parent health, only to relapse. Treatment was not resumed. Death occurred twenty-seven days after injection of amcbe. The autopsy showed typical ulceration of the large bowel and two ameebic abscesses of the liver. There is a twofold difficulty in the treatment of kittens : (a) being very susceptible to amebic infection, they require maximal doses of emetine; and (0) the rapid development of lesions in the bowel facilitates greatly the secondary invasion by bacteria. Untreated animals frequently die a few days after inoculation ; blood cultures taken during life have showed staphy- lococci, streptococci, Bacillus pyocyaneus, other unidentified bacilli, and in one instance a streptothrix. Early treatment with emetine does not protect against this bacterial invasion. Con- sequently, the situation arose that kittens frequently became free of amcebee under vigorous emetine treatment, only to die in a few days, the blood culture showing a septicemia. Even though this septicemia is of itself an adequate cause of death, distinct care must be exercised to avoid a dosage of emetine which of itself might prove fatal. Even under these disad- vantages, there was frequently sufficient time before death for testing the therapeutic action of emetine. One animal (No. 2), weighing 870 grams, responded promptly to treatment, the stools being negative for blood and amcebze after the first day of treatment. Emetine was discontinued three days later, after a total of 35 milligrams per kilogram of body weight had been given. This is a larger quantity than we have usually employed, but it was tolerated without nausea or loss 22,1 Sellards and Leiva: Ameebic Dysentery 11 of appetite. This kitten became very ill eighteen days after injection of amcebe and was sacrificed. The large intestine showed no microscopic lesions, and no amcebe were found in smear preparations. A blood culture developed a growth of staphylococcus. A similar result was obtained in the case of kitten 16. Two other kittens (Nos. 10 and 13) behaved in a very similar manner, except that the bacterial complications were more acute, and the animals were sacrificed in little more than a week after injection. No amcebe were found at autopsy. It is entirely possible that a recrudescence of the amebic infec- tion might have developed in these animals; but, even if this beneficial result is only temporary, it constitutes a striking contrast to the continuous excretion of amcebze by the untreated kittens. The best results were obtained by securing an early diagnosis in adult cats, giving the treatment by rectum. Two adults (Nos. 17 and 18) showed considerable blood and numerous amoebee on the third day after injection. Emetine in 1 to 1,000 solution was given in a dose of 7.5 milligrams per kilogram to one of these animals and 10 milligrams per kilogram to the other. On the next day, a large normal saline enema was given, but no blood nor amcebee were obtained from either animal. Treatment was continued until one cat had received a total of 22.5 milligrams of emetine per kilogram of body weight and the other 20. These animals remained well for a long period. One eventually died, thirty-five days after injection. The autopsy did not show any obvious cause of death. The large bowel was entirely free from lesions. The other died eighty-two days after injection. The autopsy showed an extensive broncho- pneumonia; the large bowel was free from lesions. These two cats were inoculated from a kitten (No. 20) which developed extensive dysenteric lesions after having received a prophylactic injection of emetine. The virulence of the strain, however, was shown by the acuteness of the initial symptoms in the two treated animals and in an adult control (No. 19), which died six days after inoculation and showed typical ameebic ulceration of the bowel. The radical cure of amebic infection in cats is strongly indicated by this experiment. However, adults do not always escape bacterial complications, even though the amcebe are promptly inhibited by emetine treatment. This was seen in three instances (Nos. 3, 4, and 12). - 2 The Philippine Journal of Science 1928 Inadequate treatment.—In two kittens (Nos. 8 and 9) treat- ment was discontinued before the maximum tolerated dose had been given. In one (No. 8), after the reappearance of symp- toms, a liberal injection of emetine was entirely unavailing; in the other, small doses of emetine were given from the begin- ning. The symptoms subsided temporarily and then returned while the animal was under treatment. Delayed treatment—Some of the animals responded so promptly to emetine that it seemed worth while to try the effect of delaying treatment for a day after the diagnosis was established. In one instance a kitten (No. 7), weighing 800 grams, was passing blood rich in amcebe four days after in- oculation with a patient’s stool. On the next day treatment adult cats the amebic infection was sometimes controlled by a dose of about two-thirds the tolerated amount (Nos. 17 and 18). This favorable result, we assume, is due to the natural resistance of adults to Entameba histolytica. In the more- susceptible kittens, the margin between the effective and the Prophylawis. The extreme Susceptibility of kittens to EF. histolytica is strikingly illustrated by their successful infec- hour later with amebe. All became infected, the incubation period varying from one to five days. In a second experiment, two Kittens were infected after receiving similar doses of emetine per rectum, both showing a decidedly long period of incubation. In these preliminary tests, the use of em promise of affording better results than did the subcutaneous 2 22,1 Sellards and Leiva: Amebic Dysentery 13 injection. These two experiments do not exhaust the possibilities of preventing dysentery in kittens by the prophylactic use of emetine. Quinine.—For the most part indifferent or poor results have been reported in the treatment of amcebic dysentery by quinine, although this drug is toxic for cultural amcebe in vitro and produces very definite effects therapeutically in malaria. A few years ago Brooke(1) reported rather favorable results in the treatment of chronic amoebic infections in man. Our first test of quinine on animals was made with a cat (No. 27), which for two days had failed to show any response to papaverine. Under large doses of quinine dihydrochloride (200 milligrams per kilogram in 1 to 50 solution) the symptoms improved promptly, and the amcebe for a short time became very scarce, though it was not possible to eradicate the infec- tion. This temporary improvement under quinine of a well- established infection is in marked contrast to the failure of emetine under similar conditions. A second animal (No. 29) was treated by rectal injection with quinine in 1 to 100 dilution, immediately after the diagnosis was established. On the next day there was little change; another injection of quinine was given (200 milligrams per kilogram of body weight), increasing the concentration® to 1 to 50. After a half hour some mucus was expelled which was free from ameebx. On the next day the stools were negative. Quinine was given once more (200 milligrams per kilogram) and then discontinued. The animal remained in good health for many days, and the stools were formed and negative for blood and amcebe. Then a relapse occurred. No further treatment was given, and death took place thirty-one days after the inoculation with amebe. A third cat (No. 30) was treated more intensively. After an incu- bation period of three days, this animal was passing blood- streaked mucus rich in ameebe. Injections of quinine (200 milli- grams per kilogram of body weight in 1 to 50 dilution) were com- menced at once and continued daily. On the day after the first treatment, the stool showed a trace of tarry blood, and one ameba was found. Thereafter the specimens were negative for blood and amcebe. On the seventh day of treatment this cat, though strong and active, showed slight muscular tremors and a little nystagmus. Quinine was therefore discontinued. This animal has remained free from symptoms, and no amcebe have subsequently been found; the last observation was made forty days after inoculation. 14 The Philippine Journal of Science 1928 Papaverine—The use of papaverine in protozoan infections has been suggested from time to time, on account of the occur- rence of chemical groupings in this alkaloid similar to those in emetine. Pick and Wasicky(10) noted that quinine, emetine, and papaverine were decidedly toxic for cultural amcebe; emetine, however, was slightly weaker than the other two. Macht and Fisher(8) ascribe the toxic action of papaverine on parameecia to the benzyl grouping. Two animals were treated with papaverine by rectal injection in relatively large dosage. Nothing more than a very transient restraining effect on the amcebe was observed. The first cat received 50 milligrams per kilogram of body weight; on the next day a saline enema was returned which showed one blood clot and many degenerating cells resembling amcebe; one non- motile amoeba was found. The same dosage of papaverine was repeated. On the following day this cat was passing blood frequently. Numerous active amcbe were present and treat- ment with quinine was started. The second cat treated with papaverine received 50 milligrams per kilogram of body weight. On the following day no amcebe were seen; 75 milligrams of papaverine per kilogram were given. On the next day a few amcebee were present, and death occurred during the night. At autopsy, typical lesions were found, and sections of the bowel showed definite amcebze. Benzyl benzoate—Macht(7) reported favorable specific action of this drug in several cases of amcebic dysentery. The details of one case were given, but the record is without value. No microscopic examination of the stools was noted either before or after treatment, the opinion being based upon the patient’s statement concerning the number of stools. We have had an opportunity to test the action of benzyl benzoate in only one animal. Two days after injection with amcebe, a saline enema was returned with copious amounts of blood and numerous ameebee. A suspension of benzyl benzoate (0.5 cubic centimeter per kilogram) in normal saline was injected per rectum. A little was expelled a half hour later and no living ameebz were found. The next day the cat was passing blood freely, and the amoebee were very numerous and active. The same dosage was repeated. Death occurred during the night. Although this infection was evidently a rather severe one for treatment, it is significant that benzyl benzoate failed to show any restraining influence, 22,1 Sellards and Leiva: Amebic Dysentery 15 Castela nicholsoni.mA few preliminary tests were made with Castela nicholsoni (chaparro amargoso), but no satisfactory re- sults were obtained. The preparation that was employed is described later in connection with the treatment of dysentery in man. It was extremely toxic for cats, 1 cubic centimeter per kilogram, per rectum, proving fatal. Dosages that showed some therapeutic effect were not tolerated well. If successful results are to be obtained in treating cats with Castela nicholsoni, con- siderable experimentation will be required to determine the most favorable mode of its employment. The general results of these experiments are summarized briefly in Table 2. DISCUSSION In these investigations on the treatment of experimental amcebiasis, quinine was found to possess one distinct advantage over emetine, in that animals would tolerate the continued rep- etition of effective therapeutic doses. However, it is obviously unsound to draw any final conclusions from limited experience with one or two strains of amcebe. From a clinical standpoint it is seen that the amount of qui- nine necessary to control ameebic infection in cats is very large. One animal (No. 29) eventually relapsed after receiving about 500 milligrams per kilogram of body weight. The minimal ef- fective dose of quinine was not determined. Neither have we tested the effect of quinine administered by mouth or by par- enteral injection. In the treatment of patients with quinine, very dilute solu- tions (1 to 5,000) are ordinarily recommended, the concentra- tion being increased later to 1 to 1,000 or 1 to 500. We are not aware of any evidence that this preliminary injection of dilute solutions decreases the susceptibility of the bowel for the more-concentrated injections. It is conceivable that the prelim- inary treatment results chiefly in the loss of time and that, if quinine is to be used, treatment might well be commenced with stronger solutions. Throughout these experiments we have depended upon the administration of emetine by rectum in rather strong solution. Subcutaneous injection was discontinued on account of the very unfavorable preliminary test. In those special patients in whom emetine by intramuscular injection produces no response, it would seem to us that rectal injection might be worthy of consideration. Obviously, this mode of administration has not met with favor as a routine procedure. Moreover, the simple, 16 The Philippine Journal of Science 1928 TABLE 2.—Treatment of experimental amebic dysentery. EMETINE HYDROCHLORIDE. Dosage Cat Weight ae tc Behavior under treatment. No. period. |of body eight. g. Days. 1] 2,200 6 28 os -ounaneare’ Death twenty-seven days after inoculation. (a) 1,000 + ba ea inoculation. Extensive lesions. (a) 1, 450 YD RENEE Som Death seven ‘heirs after inoculation. Extensive lesions. 270 6 35 Negative for amcebz. Septicemia. Sacrificed eighteen days after inoculation, 8} 1,830 5| 380 | Partialresponse. Death ( ia) nined f lati 4) 1,500 5 30 Negative ~_ amoebe. Beg thie: Sacrificed nine days after inoculati 5 | 1,850 ch Seas ee Control pete 8and 4) abundant amcebe. Death six days after inoculation. 6} 1,740 Cs pee Control (Nos. 3 and 4) abundant amcoebz. Death nine days after inoculation. q 800 4 20 Delayed treatment. No response. Death seven days after inoculation 8 740 4 30 Partial response. — bee days ane nets 9 520 4 15 Partial response. i lati 10 770 4 20 Negative for ee Senticemis no pneumonia. Sacrificed nine days after inocu 11 680 a NSN Te Control (Nos. 8, 9, 10) pitara amcebx. Death thirteen days after iaheshitioas 12} 2,400 2 |25-30 Negative for amoebze. Pneumonia. Sacrificed eight days after inoculation. 650 3 25 yay cae se Sam Control (Nos. 12 and 13). Death eighteen days after inocula- : ion. Extensive amoebic ulceration. 15 | 1,940 CG Benes ies Control (Nos. 12 and 13). Death seven days after inoculation. Ameebic ulceration of bowel. 16 970 3| 22.5 | Negative for amebe. Septiczemia. Sacrificed eleven days after inoculation, 17 | 2,520 3| 22.5 | Negative for amcebe. Death eighty-two days after inoculation. 18 | 2,070 8 20 | Negative foramebz. Death thirty-five days after inoculation. 19 1,700 fj Re a Control (Nos. 16, 17, and 18). Death six days after inoculation. PAPAVERINE HYDROCHLORIDE. 27 1,800 3] 100 Amecebee present. Changed to quinine treatment. 23-}- 1,220-}--- 10}. -125 Amoebz present. Death thirteen days after inoculation. QUININE DIHYDROCHLORIDE, 29} 1,440 10 | ©500 | Negative for amebz, then relapsed. Death thirty-one days after inoculation. 80} 1,360 8 (51,200 | Negative for amcebz. Remained well. BENZYL BENZOATE. 31 /| 1,570 2| (*) | Ameebe abundant. Death four days after inoculation, $2 1,680 Si Control. oe ulceration. Death five days after inocula- e & Control. » Partial loss, £1 cubic centimeter, 22,1 Sellards and Leiva: Amebic Dysentery 17 straight, large bowel of the cat permits local treatment more readily than in the case of man. Occasionally the intravenous injection of emetine is recom- mended. This route permits the maximal toxic action of emetine on the patient and would seem to us to be the poorest mode of administration. For the treatment of abscess of the liver without operation, the theoretical possibility suggests itself that a very slightly greater concentration of emetine might be ob- tained in the liver by rectal rather than by intramuscular or intravenous injection, with perhaps a little less of the general toxic manifestation. The beneficial effect of emetine on amcebic dysentery in cats provides an experimental method for studying the strains of amcebee from patients who fail to respond to emetine therapy. These patients may, theoretically, be infected with some emetine- resistant strain of amcebe, or the failures may be due to the vague condition of lowered resistance of the patient. The dis- tinction between these two possibilities has not been approached experimentally ; indeed, the solution of the question may lie in some simpler explanation. COMPARISON OF EMETINE TREATMENT OF AMC:BIC DYSENTERY IN MAN AND IN EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED ANIMALS The interpretation of the therapeutic action of emetine in ameebic dysentery in cats necessitates some detailed study. The complete picture requires consideration, not only of the protozoélogical and pharmacological features, but also of the pathology of the experimental disease and its bacteriology, as well as an accurate knowledge of the clinical behavior of patients under treatment. The details of the pathology of the disease appear to us to be worthy of discussion. In young kittens the disease commences in the lowermost portion of the large bowel, producing an intense diffuse inflammation without any trace of normal mucosa in the infected area. In some kittens, sacrificed one day after injection, it appeared that the process begins diffusely, and not as discrete ulcers. In man, in neglected cases coming to autopsy, it is characteristic that large islands of normal mucosa are found in the affected areas. In older cats, the process approximates much more closely the conditions found in man. In two animals, which we have already men- tioned, the infection started with a discrete lesion instead of a diffuse generalized inflammation. In cats, as contrasted with kittens, the disease begins less abruptly, runs a slower course, 190404———2 18 The Philippine Journal of Science 1928 and there is usually more opportunity for treatment with emetine before a fatal bacterial invasion terminates the experiment. The clinical behavior of patients under emetine treatment is by no means uniform. Occasionally the symptoms and the amoebee persist under emetine therapy in cases of only ordinary severity. Shepheard and Lillie(15) studied eighty cases of Entameba histolytica carriers which failed to respond to treat- ment with emetine bismuthous iodide. Extremely acute infec- tions have been described in which emetine was without value. Although it has not been demonstrated, it seems probable that bacterial invasion might occasionally be an important factor in these acute cases. Notwithstanding the marked differences between experimental infection and the spontaneous disease, it seems to us that the action of emetine on ameebic dysentery in cats reproduces with very reasonable faithfulness the effects seen in man. Moderately severe infections in adult cats were eradicated by the early and vigorous use of emetine. Inadequate dosage or delay in treatment gave imperfect results or ended fatally, just as we have seen happen altogether too frequently in the practice of medicine in the Tropics. Indeed, it is useless to trifle with minimal dos- ages of emetine. The absence of any beneficial effect in the treatment of well-established hyperacute experimental infections is closely paralleled by the behavior of fulminating cases in man. Our experimental evidence does not agree with the statement that emetine is specific for Entameba histolytica only in certain special hosts. (5) The production of dysentery in kittens receiving prophylactic dosages of emetine seems a little surprising at first glance; the conditions, however, are highly artificial. These strains had been well adapted to their new host by several rapid sub- passages. Animals at an extremely susceptible age were selected for the test. Moreover, the quantity of the ameebic material injected was enormous, corresponding in Dale and Dobell’s work to 600 cubic centimeters for a man of 60 kilograms. Furthermore, actively multiplying tissue-invading forms were injected directly into the rectum, in contrast to the ordinary spontaneous infection with the encysted stage introduced by mouth. In our own work the prophylactic use of emetine per rectum resulted in a marked prolongation of the period of in- cubation. Curiously enough, this partial failure in the prophy- lactic action of emetine is offset in a measure by the beneficial 22,1 Sellards and Leiva: Amebic Dysentery 19 action which it exhibited in several instances when administered therapeutically to infected kittens. These experiments furnish no direct evidence concerning the mechanism of the action of emetine in ameebic dysentery. In the recovery of patients, we must consider both the resistance of the host to amcebe and the effect of emetine. Clinical evidence is very convincing that the normal individual exhibits considerable natural resistance to Hntameba histolytica, lead- ing ordinarily to spontaneous remission of symptoms even in untreated patients. Emetine is not only moderately toxic for amcebe in vitro, but is also distinctly toxic for mammals. It does not seem likely to us that E. histolytica in its host can entirely escape this toxic action. The maximal therapeutic doses of emetine are relatively small, but they are cumulative in their effect. Until there is experimental evidence to the contrary, we prefer to adhere to the following working basis: That recovery from amoebic dysentery in man and in lower animals results from the combined action of the natural resistance of the host and a moderate action of emetine on the amcebe. The sum- mation of these two factors is necessary for radical cure. A lowering of either allows the disease to progress. Minimal doses of emetine do not modify the course of the infection. The effect of feeble natural resistance of the host is beautifully illustrated by the fulminating infections seen in young kittens. A comparison of the effective dosage of emetine in man and in experimental animals is difficult, on account of the severity of the artificial infection. Moreover, patients are treated by small doses over a period of many days or weeks, whereas the animals must be treated intensively for a short period. The following outline (Table 3) shows the relation between the ordinary therapeutic dose used in man and the quantities that we have employed. These have been arranged to show both the initial dose required to check the symptoms and the total quantity for eradicating an infection. The latter is extremely variable in man, and the figures given represent optimal results. , TABLE 3.—Showing the amounts of emetine hydrochloride used in the treat- ment of amebic dysentery in man and in cats; milligrams per kilo- gram of body weight. In man. In cats. Initial dose 2-4 7-10 Total quantity 18-30 20-30 20 The Philippine Journal of Science 1923 These figures are of only general interest. In the first place, emetine hydrochloride was given to the infected animals by injection per rectum, whereas this alkaloid is usually given in- tramuscularly in man. The figures for patients are based, for convenience, on an average body weight of 60 kilograms. The initial dose in man of 2 milligrams per kilogram (that is, 2 grains) on the first day of treatment is slightly larger than the routine usually recommended. However, it is the quantity that we ordinarily employ; but, even with this amount, the symptoms are not checked as promptly as with the 10-milligram dose used in animals. The maximal initial dose in man, 4 milligrams per kilogram, represents the dosage occasionally used by Rogers (13) in severe cases; that is, 4 grains on the first day of treatment. It has not come into general use, even in especially severe cases. The figure of 18 milligrams per kilogram for the total quantity in man for the first course of treatment is taken from Wenyon and O’Connor’s(18) recommendation of 1.5 grains of emetine hydrochloride for twelve consecutive days. ; SUMMARY 1. The treatment of amebic dysentery in kittens is seriously complicated by the acuteness of the amcebic process and by the secondary bacterial invasion. The disease in young kittens is not strictly comparable to ameebic dysentery in man, on account of the differences in pathology of the two conditions. 2. Suitable conditions for experimental therapy can be se- cured by infecting adult cats with a moderately virulent strain of Entameba histolytica. In order to secure successful results an early diagnosis is imperative, and vigorous treatment must be instituted without delay. 3. Infections with E. histolytica were produced in cats and treated successfully with emetine and with quinine. Papaverine was inefficacious. Emetine and papaverine have certain active chemical groupings in common; namely, the four methoxy radi- cals. Quinine has one methoxy radical; its general structure is unlike papaverine and, presumably, unlike emetine. 4. In the treatment of cats with quinine very large doses were required; but, in contrast to emetine, repetitions of the thera- peutic dose could be tolerated for many days. 5. Experimental ameebic dysentery is a somewhat artificial condition; nevertheless, it responds to emetine in a manner similar to the action of emetine in spontaneous dysentery in man, 22,1 Sellards and Leiva: Ameebic Dysentery 21 ABSTRACT OF EXPERIMENTS The accompanying notes give brief abstracts of the more- important experiments. Many unfavorable results have been included to illustrate the conditions essential for success. The drugs used for treatment have always been given by rectal in- jection, except where otherwise noted. The enemata that are recorded refer exclusively to saline injections given for the purpose of diagnosis. The microscopic examination of stools refers only to perfectly fresh specimens that were passed while the animals were under observation in the laboratory. Negative examinations for amcebe are not recorded in the autopsy of animals that were found dead; such reports might be misleading, on account of the rapid degeneration of amcebe after death of the host. No blood cultures were made on animals that were found dead. TREATMENT WITH EMETINE Toxicity.—_Emetine hydrochloride was used in 1 to 1,000 dilu- tion in water. The following tests were made to determine its toxicity. Six adult cats weighing 1,800 to 2,400 grams were given daily doses-of 10 milligrams per kilogram for three suc- cessive days. The injections were made subcutaneously in two, and by rectum in the other four, the animals being observed for two to three hours after injection to be sure that no loss took place during this period. On the fourth day -both of the cats receiving subcutaneous injection were found dead. Of the animals receiving injections per rectum, one was nauseated on the fourth day and died during the night; the other three remained well. STRAIN I; FIRST PASSAGE; CAT 1 October 28, 1920. Weight, 2,200 grams; injected with amcebe direct from patient. November 8. Weight, 2,100 grams; enema, copious amount of blood and numerous amceebx; incubation period six days; injected subcutaneously with 8 milligrams of emetine per kilogram; slight vomiting; during the day three bloody stools rich in amcebe were passed November 4. Weight, 2,000 grams; enema, blood and active EZ. hystoly- tica; emetine, 4 milligrams per kilogram injected subcutaneously. November 5. Weight, 2,000 grams; passing blood rich in ameebe not actively phagocytic; emetine, 8 milligrams per kilogram per rectum November 6. Weight, 1,940 grams; yellow fecal stool rich in amusbes: emetine, 4 milligrams per kilogram per rectum. November 7. No examination. November 8. Weight, 1,790 grams; semiformed stool slightly blood- streaked; no amcebe; enema, no blood nor amcebe; emetine, 4 milligrams per kilogram per rectum. November 9. No stools. 22 The Philippine Journal of Science 1923 November 11. Enema, negative. November 12. Nauseated, refuses food; suppression of urine ; 200 cubic centimeters of normal saline injected intraperitoneally. November 12. Weight, 1,900 grams; appetite good; voids freely; enema, negative. November 18. Weight, 1,950 grams; formed stool shows no blood nor amcebe. November 20. Weight, 1,850 grams; freshly passed stool is negative. November 24. Found dead; several active ulcers in the intestine and two ameebic abscesses in the liver; total emetine, 28 milligrams per kilo- gram within five days. Of two control animals one, weighing 1,000 grams, showed an incubation period of three days and died on the sixth day after injection of amb; the other, weighing 1,450 grams, had an incubation period of four days and died three days later. In the next experiment one kitten and five adult cats were injected with a patient’s stool, rich in blood and mucus and containing numerous active amebe. None of the adults became infected. STRAIN IL; FIRST PASSAGE; CAT 2 August 31, 1921. Weight, 870 grams; inoculated direct from patient. September 6. Enema, abundant blood, mucus, and ameebe; incubation period six days; emetine, 10 cubic centimeters per kilogram; an hour later a small bloody specimen was passed showing a few motile amcebe and many degenerated forms. September 7. Weight, 820 grams; enema, no blood, mucus, nor amcebe; emetine, 10 milligrams per kilogram; two hours later a fecal stool was passed ; microscopically red blood cells were seen but no amcebe. September 8. Weight, 870 grams; two soft fecal stools in cage; enema, negative; emetine, 5 milligrams per kilogram intramuscularly. am. and 6) were injected with amcebee; two were treated, bacteria] complications developing very early, and two were reserved for controls. 22,1 Sellards and Leiva: Amebic Dysentery 23 > FIRST PASSAGE; CAT 3 September 28, 1921. Weight, 1,830 grams; injected direct from patient. October 3. Enema, copious amount of blood sed in amcebe; incubation period, five days; emetine, 10 milligrams per kilogr October 4. Weight, 1,800 grams; stool of ae consistency; ; no fresh blood and no ameebe; emetine, 10 milligrams per kilog October 5. Weight, 1,720 grams; tarry stool Pha no adie: emetine, 10 milligrams per kilogram. October 6. Enema, some blood and after long search one ameba was found. October 7. Found dead; broncho-pneumonia; no inflammation nor ul- ceration of the aks Dowel: total emetine, 30 milligrams ‘per kilogram within two days STRAIN III; FIRST PASSAGE; CAT 4 September 28, 1921. Weight, 1,500 grams; injected direct from patient. October 3. Enema, fresh blood showing many active amcebe; incuba- tion period, five days; emetine, 10 milligrams per kilogram. October 4. Soft fecal stool, no amcebe; enema, no blood nor amebe; gor 10 milligrams per kilogram. tober 5. Weight, 1,400 grams; ee 10 milligrams per kilogram. renee 6. Enema, no blood nor cebee, October 7. Very ill; sacrificed; no Seiad: one ulcer, 7 millimeters in diameter, in lower third of large bowel; no amebez found; blood culture showed a staphylococcus; total emetine, 30 milligrams per kilogram within two days. STRAIN III; FIRST PASSAGE; CAT 5 Control for Nos. 3 and 4, September 28, 1921. Weight, 1,850 grams; injected with amcebe. October 3. Positive for amcebe; incubation ee five days. October 4. Dead; typical ulceration of intest: STRAIN III; FIRST PASSAGE; CAT 6 Control for Nos. 3 and 4 September 28, 1921. Weight; 1,740 grams; injected with amcebe. tse 4, Passing mucus containing a few amcebe; incubation period, six day Oetobiek 7. Dead; typical ulceration of intestine. STRAIN III; FIRST PASSAGE; CAT 7 Delayed treatmen September 11, 1921. Weight, 800 grams; injected with a September 15. Passing blood rich in amcebe; ‘nemiarsn pitied: four days; no treatmen September 16. Bloody stools rich in amcebxe; emetine, 10 milligrams per kilogram; sae aaa minutes later a stool was passed containing many degenerating amce September 17. sci bloody stools, numerous active amcebe; eme- tine, 10 milligrams per kilogram. September 18. Found dead; extensive typical lesions of the lower third of the large bowel; amcebz still motile; total emetine, 20 milligrams per kilogram within one day. In the next experimént, four kittens were inoculated. All became infected and three were treated. 24 The Philippine Journal of Science 1928 TRAIN IV; FIRST PASSAGE; CAT 8 September 24, 1921. Weight, 740 grams; injected direct from patient. September 28. Enema, considerable blood and many amoebe; incuba- tion period, four days; emetine, 10 milligrams per kilogram; after ten minutes a few drops of fluid were expelled; this was rich in motile amecebee, but they became rounded up and many degenerated while under observa- tion during the next fifteen minutes. September 29. Weight, 720 grams; passing blood containing amcebx; emetine, 10 milligrams per kilogram. September 30. Weight, 750 grams; formed stool, negative; enema, negative; no treatment. Enema, negative. October 3. Passing a little blood rich in amceebz; emetine, 10 milligrams per kilogram, October 4. Dead; intense inflammation of the lower portion of the large bowel; total emetine, 30 milligrams per kilogram within five days. STRAIN IV; FIRST PASSAGE; CAT 9 September 24, 1921. Weight, 520 grams; injected direct from patient. September 28. Enema, copious amount of blood and many amoeba; incubation period, four days; emetine, 5 milligrams per kilogram. September 29. Soft yellow stool showed no amebe and no gross blood; emetine, 5 milligrams per kilogram. September 30. On starting to introduce the rectal tube, a well-formed stool was passed; no blood nor amebm ; enema was returned with one small fleck of blood containing a few amebe ; emetine, 5 milligrams per kilogram. : October 1. Enema, blood and amebe. October 2. Enema, blood and amebe. October 3. Found dead; extensive broncho-pneumonia on the left side; slight inflammation and a few minute ulcers in the lower portions of the bowel; total emetine, 15 milligrams per kilogram within two days. STRAIN IV; FIRST PASSAGE; CAT 10 September 24, 1921. Weight, 770 grams; inoculated direct from patient. September 28. Enema, abundant blood, mucus, and amoebe; incubation period, four days; emetine, 10 milligrams per kilogram. September 29. Soft fecal stool, negative for blood and amcebe; emetine, 5 milligrams per kilogram. September 30. Weight, 720 grams; enema, negative; emetine, 5 milli- grams per kilogram. October 1. Enema, negative, October 3. Sacrificed; no pneumonia; some pus in large bowel but no amcebz found; blood culture gave a growth of streptococcus; total emetine, 20 milligrams per kilogram within two days STRAIN IV; FIRST PASSAGE; CAT 11 - Control for Nos. 8, 9, and 10. September 24, 1921. Weight, 680 grams; injected with amebe. September 29. Abundant blood and amcebe; incubation period, five days. October 7. Dead; no pneumonia; extensive lesions throughout the large . bowel; ameebe present but not motile. 22,1 Sellards and Leiva: Ameebic Dysentery 25 Of seven animals inoculated with Strain V in the second passage, four became infected (Nos. 12 to 15). STRAIN V; SECOND PASSAGE; CAT 12 November 13, 1921. Weight, 2,400 grams; injected with a November 15. Enema, trace of blood and several active nee incu- bation period, two days; emetine, 10 milligrams per sph iae. November 16. Weight, 2,350 grams; enema, no gross blood; micro- scopically, a few red cells, no amcebe; emetine, 10 milligrams per cheghaxs. November 17. Weight, 2,320 grams; tarry stool; no amcebe; emetine, 5 milligrams per kilogram, expelled almost oe eae 2.5 *nilltorsnis per kilogram repeated subcutaneously. November 18. Weight, 2,250 eed enema, negative; me sayin" 5 milli- grams per kilogram returned at o November 19. Weight, 2,270 ena enema, eso November 20. Weight, 2,150 grams; enema, negativ November 21. Ill; sacrificed; extensive broncho-penum sinks on right side; no inflammation of bowel, no amcebe found; total emetine, probably 25 to 30 milligrams per kilogram within three days. STRAIN V; SECOND PASSAGE; CAT 13 November 13, 1921. Weight, 650 grams; injected with amcebe. November 15. Enema, negative November 16. Enema, sbundant mucus and many active amcebex; in- cubation period, three days; emetine, 10 milligrams per kilogram; con- siderable loss after fifteen minutes; 2.5 milligrams per kilogram repeated subcutaneously. November 17. Enema, feputives emetine, 2.5 milligrams per kilogram subcutaneously. November 18. Weight, 570 grams; small bloody stool rich in amebe; emetine, 5 milligrams per kilogram; retained. November 19. Enema, negative; emetine, 5 milligrams per kilogram. November 20. Enema, negative. November 21. Ill; sacrificed; extensive bilateral broncho-pneumonia; some hyperemia of the lower portion of the large bowel; no amcebe found; total emetine, not over 25 milligrams per kilogram, STRAIN V; SECOND PASSAGE ; CAT 14 > Control for Nos. 12 and 13. November 13, 1921. Weight, 1,820 grams; injected with amcebe. November 16. Passed abundant mucus; one amceba found. November 21. No stools. November 22. Passing copious amounts of blood and mucus rich in amoebee. December 1. Dead; weight, 1,540 grams; had been passing blood and mucus continuously; extreme ulcerations throughout entire large bowel. , STRAIN V; SECOND PASSAGE; CAT 15 Control for Nos. 12 and 13. November 13, 1921. Weight, 1,940 grams; injected with: amecebe. November 15. Enema, blood clots but no amcebe. November 16. Enema, mucus but no amebe. 26 The Philippine Journal of Science 1928 November 17. Enema; trace of blood and several active amcebe; incu- bation period, four days. November 18. No stools. November 19. Soft fecal stool containing a few amebe. November 20. Dead; inflammation in lower bowel with two distinct ulcers, Six adult cats and one kitten were inoculated for the fifth passage of this strain. Three of the cats remained well. STRAIN V; FIFTH PASSAGE; CAT 16 December 1, 1921. Weight, 970 grams; injected with amcebe. December 4. Enema, mucus, blood, and numerous amcebe ; incubation preparations showed no ameebe; emetine, 7.5 milligrams per kilogram; December 6. Enema, negative ; emetine, 7.5 milligrams per kilogram. December 7. Weight, 900 grams; firmly formed stool; no blood nor amoebe, December 8, Enema, no blood nor amoebee. December 10. Enema, negative. December 12. Dying; septicemia; total emetine, not over 22.5 milli- grams per kilogram within two days. STRAIN V; FIFTH PASSAGE ; CAT 17 December 1, 1921. Weight, 2,520 grams; injected with amcebe. ecember 4. Enema, moderate amount of blood and numerous amcebse ~ emetine, 7.5 milligrams per kilogram. ecember 5. Weight, 2,500 gTams; enema, mucus; no blood nor amebez seen; emetine, 7.5 milligrams per kilogram. ecember 6. Weight, 2,520 grams; enema, negative; emetine, 7.5 milli- grams per kilogram. December 7. Weight, 2,500 grams. December 8. Weight, 2,520 grams; enema, negative, December 9. Weight, 2,450 grams; enema, negative. December 15. Enema, firmly formed feces; no blood nor amcebee. January 16, 1922. In good condition; enema, negative. February 21. Found dead; bilateral broncho-pneumonia; no lesions in large intestine; total emetine, 22.5 milligrams per kilogram within two days. . STRAIN V; FIFTH PASSAGE; CAT 18 December 1, 1921. Weight, 2,070 grams; injected with amcbm., December 4. Enema, abundant blood and numerous ameebe; incuba- tion period, three days; emetine, 10 milligrams per kilogram; slight bloody discharge after fifteen minutes; practically all of the amcebss are rounded up, and some are disintegrating. December 5. Enema, negative; emetine, 10 milligrams per kilogram, December 7. Negative, December 12, Enema, firmly formed stool, negative, December 18. Formed stool, negative. . 22,1 Sellards and Leiva: Amebic Dysentery oT January 4, 1922. Found dead; lungs normal; no lesions in bowel; total emetine, 20 milligrams per lowranh within one day. STRAIN V; FIFTH PASSAGE; CAT 19 Control for Nos. 16, 17, and 18. December 1, 1921. Weight, 1,700 Sar December 3. Enema, some mucus, ceb: December 4. Enema, blood with Fert amcebee. December 5. No stool. December 6. Enema, blood and numerous ameebe. December 7. Dead; deep ulceration of lower portion of large bowel. PROPHYLACTIC TESTS WITH EMETINE SUBCUTANEOUSLY STRAIN V; FOURTH PASSAGE; CAT 20 November 26, 1921. Weight, 670 grams; emetine, 10 milligrams per kilogram subcutaneously; one-half hour later, amcebe injected. November 27. Formed stool; refuses milk; no emetine given. November 28. Weight, 570 grams; enema, one small clot of blood, numerous active amcebe; incubation period, two days; emetine, 5 milli- grams per kilogram subcutaneously. November 29. Weight, 520 grams; enema, active amcebe and blood; emetine (rectally), 5 milligrams per kilogram. November 30. Passing mucus tae he number of amcebe; emetine (rectally), 5 milligrams per kilo December 1. Sacrificed; cestaniiie lesions of lower part of gut; active ameebe; total emetine, 25 milligrams per kilogram within four days. STRAIN V; FOURTH PASSAGE; CAT 21 November 26, 1921. Weight, 620 grams; emetine, 5 milligrams per kilogram, subcutaneously; a half hour later, amcebe injected. November 27. Enema, mucus and an occasional ameba ; incubation period, one day. Emetine, 5 milligrams per kilogram, subcutaneously; ited. November 28. Small blood-tinged stool, amb numerous; emetine, 5 milligrams per kilogram, subcutaneo November 29. Blood-tinged stools, active amoebe; emetine, 5 milligrams per kilogram (rectally). November 30. Dead; extensive pneumonia on left side; slight superficial inflammation of lowermost part of bowel; total emetine, 20 milligrams per kilogram within three are N V; FOURTH PASSAGE; CAT 22 November 26, 1921. “Welgue. 570 grams; emetine, 5 milligrams per kilogram, subcutaneously; a half hour later, amoebe injected. November 27. Enema, negative; emetine, 5 seine per kilogram, subcutaneously; vomited. November 28. Fecal stool; enema, negative; emetine, 5 milligrams per kilogram, subcutaneously; drank milk freely. November 29. Enema, negative. December 1. Enema, a little mucus; one ameba found; incubation pe- riod, five days; very ill; chloroformed; lungs normal; rectum, moderate superficial inflammation; heart-blood culture, Baoitlus: pyocyaneus; total emetine, 15 milligrams per kilogram within two days. 28 The Philippine Journal of Science 1928 STRAIN V; FOURTH PASSAGE; CAT 23 Control for Nos. 20, 21, and 22. November 26, 1921. Weight, 510 grams; pa iat injected. November 28. Blood-tinged stool; one ee ee found in fifteen minutes’ search; incubation period, two day November 29. Passing blood freely with many ameebe. December 1. Very ill; sacrificed; inflammation of rectum with one large ulcer; blood culture, coarse gram-positive bacillus; one other control for this series died the second day after injection of amcebe; no lesions of wel. PROPHYLACTIC TESTS WITH EMETINE PER RECTUM STRAIN VI; FIRST PASSAGE; CAT 24 December 4, 1921. Weight, 520 grams; emetine, 10 milligrams per kilo- gram; a half hour later, amcebe injected. _ December 5. Emetine, 5 oe per kilogram. December 6. Enema, negativ December 8. Enema, sectors December 10. Enema, negative. December 12. Enema, blood and amcebe; incubation period, eight days. December 13. Sacrificed; extensive inflammation of lower third of large bowel; active amcebe; blood culture developed a staphylococcus; total emetine, 15 milligrams per kilogram within one da ay. STRAIN VI; FIRST PASSAGE; CAT 25 December 4, 1921. Weight, 650 grams; emetine, 5 sme Seaees per kilo- gram; a half hour later, amcebe injected. December 5. Emetine, 5 npr ie per kilogram, December 8. Enema, negativ December 13. Enema, pebative. December 17. Enema, negative. December 19. Found dead; typical inflammation in dete Sh of bowel; total emetine, 15 milligrams per kilogram within two day VI; FIRST PASSAGE; CAT 26 Control for Nos. 24 and 25. December 4, 1921. Weight, 700 grams; injected amcebe. December 7, Enema, abundant blood and amcebe; incubation period, three days. December 12. Dead; typical lesions; two older cats weighing 1,650 and 1,700 grams were inoculated as additional controls for this series, but they failed to become infected. TREATMENT WITH PAPAYVERINE AND QUININE Tests for toxicity—The fatal dose of papaverine for cats is usually stated to be 100 milligrams per kilogram of body weight repeated in one animal; the other was given 75 milligrams per kilogram. Both became extremely drowsy, but recovered, 22,1 Sellards and Leiva: Ameebice Dysentery 29 The lethal dose of quinine for cats was not determined, but in one animal under treatment the quantity was pushed until toxic symptoms developed. The dihydrochloride was used as a routine in 2 per cent solution. After giving the therapeutic enemata the animals were held as usual with the head down- ward for a half hour, but on returning them to their cages, a stool was always passed promptly. Therefore, the dosages recorded in the protocols represent merely the amounts injected, the quantity absorbed being necessarily smaller than the re- corded figures. STRAIN VII; THIRD PASSAGE; CAT 27 Ste 18, 1922. Weight, 1,800 grams; injected with amcebe. rch 21. Enema, trace of blood and a few typical entamebe; incu- hadi, period, three days; papaverine hydrochloride, 2 per cent solution, 50 milligrams per kilogram. March 22, Weight, 1,700 grams; fecal stool in cage; enema, fecal matter and one small blood clot; many degenerated cells resembling amoebe; one nonmotile amoeba seen; papaverine, 50 milligrams per kilo- gram. March 23. Weight, 1,720 grams; passing blood and numerous allied quinine dihydrochloride, 2 per cent solution, 200 milligrams per kilogr arch 24. Enema, no blood nor mucus, one ameeba found; aga "200: milligrams per kilogram, almost completely expelled; repented in the after- noon. March 25. Enema, negative for blood and ameebe; quinine, 100 milli- grams per kilogram. March 26. Weight, 1,650 grams; enema, blood and mucus and nume- rous active amcebe; quinine, 200 milligrams per kilogram. March 27. Weight, 1,650 grams; enema, negative; quinine, 200 milli- grams per kilogram. March 28. Enema, negative for blood and amcebe; quinine, 100 milli- grams per kilogram March 29. Weight, 1,730 grams; enema, negative; no treatment; passed formed stool. March 30. Weight, 1,700 grams; enema, no blood, a few amebz; quinine, 200 milligrams per hati dare March 81. Enema, negati April 1. Weight, : ony pn passed mucus and amcebe; quinine, 200 milligrams per kilogr. April 2. Quinine, "300 milligrams per kilogram. April 3. Enema, a little mucus; several amoebee ; quinine, 200 milligrams per kilogram. April 4. Enema, a little mucus and, — twenty minutes’ search, one ameeba; quinine, 200 milligrams per kilogr. Apri Enema, formed stool saiatee ve blood and amcebe; diately second enema, es and mucus and many amebx; quinine, 200 per nce per kilogra Apri Weight. 1 L670 grams; enema, numerous amcebe; sacri vipweds extensive ‘deer ulcerations widely distributed throughout the large bowel; 30 The Philippine Journal of Science 1928 total papaverine, 100 milligrams per kilogram within one day; total quinine, not over 2,200 milligrams per kilogram within fourteen days. STRAIN VII; THIRD PASSAGE; CAT 28 March 18, 1921. Weight, 1,220 grams; injected with amcebe. March 28, Enema, ood; mucus and a few amebe; incubation period, ten days; papaverine, 50 milligrams per kilogram. March 29. Enema, a little mucus, no blood nor amcebe; papaverine, 75 milligrams per kilogram. March 30. Very drowsy; enema, some blood and a few amcebe; no March 31. Dead; lower portion of rectum is filled with blood and the mucosa shows extensive lesions; sections show amcebe; total papaverine, 125 milligrams per kilogram within one day. TRAIN Vil; THIRD PASSAGE; CAT 29 March 18, 1921. Weight, 1,440 grams; injected with amebe. March 28, Enema, formed stool, some mucus and several amcebe; incu- bation period, ten days; quinine (1 per cent), 100 milligrams per kilogram. March 29. Formed stool in cage; enema, trace of blood and many amcebe; quinine (2 per cent), 200 milligrams per kilogram. March 30. Enema, formed stool; no blood nor amebe; quinine, 200 milligrams per kilogram. March 31 to April 13. Formed stools; enema, no blood nor amebz April 18. Dead; autopsy, lower portion of large bowel contains formed stool; bowel wall is ulcerated and edematous: smears show definite amceebe; total quinine, not over 500 eo per kilogram within two days. ‘AT 30 June 5, 1921. Weight, ‘ it grams; injected with amcebe. June 7. Enema, negative. June 8. Passing blood-streaked mucus rich in amecebe; or aes period, three days; quinine, 200 milligrams per kilogram, in 2 per solution. June 9. Enema, trace of old blood, one ameba; quinine, 200 milligrams per kilogram. June 10. Enema, some tarry blood, no ameebe; quinine, 200 milligrams per kilogram. har 11. Weight, 1,320 grams; enema, negative; quinine, 200 milligrams per June ig ‘Boeke negative; quinine, 200 se eae per kilogram. June 13. Quinine, 200 milligrams per kilo June 14. Weight, 1,280 grams; active par ige strong. but shows slight muscular tremors and a little nystagmus; treatment discontinued. June 17. Enema, negative. June 22. Weight, 1,200 grams; enema, negative. June 28. Enema, negative. July 8. Weight, 1,150 grams; enema, negative. July 15. Weight, 1,150 grams; formed stool; enema, negative; observa- tions discontinued; total quinine, not over 1,200 milligrams per kilogram. TREATMENT WITH BENZYL BENZOATE The toxicity of benzyl benzoate proved to be much greater than we had expected. An adult cat injected per rectum with a 22,1 Sellards and Leiva: Amebic Dysentery 31 1.5 cubic centimeters per kilogram, in suspension in normal saline, died within twenty-four hours. A second cat, injected with 0.5 cubic centimeter per kilogram on two successive days, remained well. STRAIN VIII; FOURTH PASSAGE; CAT 31 June 13, 1921. Weight, 1,570 grams; injected with amebe. June 15. Enema, blood and numerous amcebe; incubation period, two days; benzyl benzoate, 0.5 cubic ee per kilogram; a few drops were expelled containing numerous dead amcobe, June 16. Passing fresh blood pra amoebe numerous and active; benzyl benzoate, 0.5 cubic centimeter per kilogram. June 17. Dead; extensive typical lesions of large bowel. STRAIN VIL; FOURTH PASSAGE; CAT 32 Control for Strain VIII. June 18, 1921. Weight, 1,680 grams; injected with amebe. June 16. Enema, mucus and a few red cells and amebe; incubation period, three days. June 18. Dead; three deep ulcers in large bowel. III. CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS Several plants belonging to the family Simarubaceew are very popular among the peoples native to the Tropics as remedies for the treatment of dysentery; considerable evidence has accumu- lated indicating their favorable action in amecebic infections. Two of the best known are Brucea amarissima (Loureiro) Merrill (B. sumatrana Roxburgh), from which is derived the kho-sam powder of China, and Castela nicholsoni Hooker, or chaparro amargoso, of Mexico. These plants possess an in- tensely bitter toxic principle, but it has not been identified nor even isolated in sufficient quantity for use in clinical work. Favorable results have been obtained in amcebic dysentery with C. nicholsoni, even in cases which failed to respond to emetine. In the work here set forth we have compared the action of C. nicholsoni of central America with other members of the Simaru- bacese occurring in the Philippines, with the object of deter- mining whether some of the local species could be used to advantage in place of emetine. In addition to Castela nicholsoni two species of other genera were available for study; namely, Harrisonia perforata (Blanco) Merrill and Brucea amarissima (Loureiro) Merrill. Few of the poorer Filipinos, even though they live in Manila, ever receive adequate and thorough treat- ment with emetine under satisfactory laboratory control. Sim- plification of the treatment is urgently needed. Treatment of dysentery with extracts of the Simarubacez has always suffered from the disadvantage that no standardiza- tion of dosage has been attempted. In the complete absence of 32 The Philippine Journal of Science 1923 any guiding information concerning the rather feeble commer- cial preparations, it is probable that quantities have been used which fall considerably short of both the tolerated and the effective doses. In our work we have prepared some concen- trated and highly toxic extracts of two of these plants. No attempt has been made to determine chemically the content of the active principle. The fatal dose for rabbits was estimated in order to secure a general guide for commencing the adminis- tration in man. Method of preparation.—The bitter principle of these plants is soluble in either alcohol or water. Elimination of the greater portions of the gums, resins, chlorophyll, and starch can be readily effected by extracting first with alcohol, evaporating almost to dryness, and then extracting the residue with water. For Castela nicholsoni the smaller twigs were ground to a fine powder. The bitter principle of this was extracted by boiling for several hours with methyl] alcohol, in the proportion of 1 kilogram of the powder to 5 liters of alcohol. One extraction removed the bitter principle almost completely.. After filtration the alcohol was evaporated at low temperature, and a tarry residue was left behind. A quantity of residue representing 12 kilograms of the powdered plant was extracted with 200 cubic centimeters of water divided into small portions. This extract was found to be very toxic for rabbits, 0.1 cubic centi- meter injected subcutaneously producing death overnight. For convenience, this quantity of 200 cubic centimeters was diluted to 1 liter. Injected subcutaneously, 1 cubic centimeter of this solution per kilogram killed rabbits within twenty-four hours; 0.5 cubic centimeter produced no symptoms. The extracts of Harrisonia perforata and Brucea amarissimu were very kindly prepared by Dr. H. I. Cole, of the division of organic chemistry of the Bureau of Science. The extraction of these two drugs was carried out more thoroughly than was done in the case of Castela; the toxicity of these extracts represents, roughly but not accurately, the relative toxicity of the corre- sponding plants. Ethyl alcohol was substituted for methyl, The Harrisonia perforata material was shade dried, and the branches and leaves were ground to a coarse powder. Only the seeds of Brucea amarissima were used. A rather dilute prep- aration of Harrisonia was employed, of which 2 cubic centi- meters represented 1 gram of the original plant. Rabbits were killed in from twenty-four to forty-eight hours by the sub- cutaneous injection of 15 cubic centimeters of this solution, but 22,1 Sellards and Leiva: Amebic Dysentery 83 not by 10 cubic centimeters. A more-concentrated solution of Brucea was employed. One cubic centimeter represented 4 grams of the original seeds, and subcutaneous injection of rabbits with this amount resulted fatally in from twelve to twenty-four hours; 0.5 cubic centimeter was without any apparent effect. Clinical results——All of the patients studied were cases of frank ameebic dysentery, seen either in the first attack or during a typical recidive. Five patients were treated with Castela nicholsoni, two with Brucea amarissima, and two with Harri- sonia perforata. Preparations of these plants were always given by mouth, except in one instance, where a few doses were given by injection per rectum. Prompt relief of symptoms, accompanied by the disappearance of amcbz from the stools, was obtained only with Castela nicholsoni. With each of the others, some clinical improvement occurred for a few days, but in three of the four cases the amcebe persisted and the symptoms returned while the patients were under treatment. In four of the cases treated with Castela we have been able to secure an examination of the patient after an interval of sev- eral months. One patient relapsed; three remained entirely free of symptoms, although one was passing cysts of Entameba histolytica. The last case illustrates well that freedom from clinical symptoms does not constitute a biological test for the eradication of entamcebe. However, we would not belittle the value of a drug which affords prolonged clinical relief. SUMMARY 1. Three species, representing three genera of the Simaruba- cee, were tested for their efficacy in treating amcebic dysentery in man; namely, Harrisonia perforata (Blanco) Merrill, Brucea amarissima (Loureiro) Merrill, and Castela nicholsoni Hooker. 2. Harrisonia perforata was not especially toxic for animals; it was readily taken by patients but was inefficacious against amcebee. 3. Brucea amarissima was very toxic for animals, produced nausea readily in patients when taken by mouth, and its action on amoebee was of little value. 4. Castela nicholsoni possesses a distinctly toxic principle, therapeutic doses are well borne by patients, and in five cases it gave prompt relief of symptoms accompanied by the disap- pearance of the ameebe. . After an interval of several months four of the cases treated with Castela were reéxamined. A relapse occurred in 1904043 - 34 The Philippine Journal of Science 1923 one patient; two others remained perfectly well, but cysts of Entameba histolytica were found in the stool of one; in the fourth no symptoms have appeared, and the stool was negative microscopically on two examinations. 6. This work, taken in conjunction with previous experience, suggests that Castela nicholsoni compares very favorably with emetine, both in immediate and in final effects of treatment. The administration of Castela can be effected very simply. Neither Castela nicholsoni nor emetine, as employed at present, is an ideal agent for the eradication of Entameba histolytica infections in man. z ABSTRACT OF CASES CASTELA NICHOLSONI Case 1.—Adult Filipino. Pulmonary tuberculosis. Duration of dysen- tery ten days. Symptoms started with a chill and fever, and bloody mucous discharges as often as fourteen times daily accompanied by tenes- Temperature normal. Stools show numerous Entameba histolytica. Inoculations in kittens produced typical dysentery (Strain II of preceding section). Castela nicholsoni started, 2 cubic centimeters being given daily with the evening meal for six days. After the third day of treatment, the number of stools diminished to two or three daily, the blood almost disap- peared, but the amebe persisted. On the seventh day after starting treatment, an examination of the stools after a saline purge showed a few amcebe; the dosage of Castela was increased to 4 cubic centimeters, given as before, with the evening meal. Three days later no amebe were found bee. This patient was admitted to the hospital seven months later. He was in an advanced stage of tuberculosis, and the symptoms of dysentery had returned. He was put upon routine treatment of the hospital for dysen- tery and responded fairly well. He died four weeks later, tuberculosis evidently being an important factor in his death. The autopsy showed tuberculosis of the lungs and intestine, and also some acute amebic lesions of the large bowel. Case 2.—Adult Filipino. Onset of dysentery, thirteen years ago. The first attack lasted about sixteen months, and there was one severe re- ’ 22, 1 Sellards and Leiva: Ameebice Dysentery . 35 centimeters of Castela was given for four days. On the third day after treatment no amcebe were found in the stools; there was marked consti- pation during the latter half of the first week after treatment was started. Treatment was suspended for eight days, the stools remaining negative for amcebe. Then a second course of Castela was given, using 5 cubic centimeters daily for one week. An examination of the stools four days after the last dose of Castela showed no amcebe. The patient insisted on leaving the hospital, to return to the harvest fields. He has not been seen since Case $—Aduit Filipina. Duration of disease, four months. During this time there have been several partial remissions and a few isolated doses of emetine have been given. At present the patient is having as many as twenty scanty, bloody, mucous stools daily with much tenesmus. She suffers from general malaise, abdominal pain, and marked tenderness along the ascending, descending, and transverse colon. The stools show numerous Entameba histolytica, and kittens were readily infected (Strain IV). Castela was given in 4 cubic centimeter doses daily for one week. Constipation set in after ree second dose. A stool obtained by a saline purge on the third day of treatment showed no blood, mucus, nor amcebe. The patient left the hospital against advice at the end of the first week. This patient was seen nine and one-half months later. She had remained entirely free from symptoms and had gained markedly in weight. An exam- ination of the stool showed no ameebex,’and concentration by the method of Cropper and Row(2) showed no cysts. Case 4.—Adult Filipina. Onset of dysentery three days ago during convalescence from typhoid fever. Large numbers of Entameba histolytica were present in stool; these were virulent for kittens (Strain IV). Daily doses of Castela of 5 cubic centimeters were given for five successive days. Constipation developed on the third day of treatment. A stool specimen examined one week after discontinuing Castela was negative for blood and ameebz. Nine months later the patient was in good health. A speci- men of stool showed no amcebe, and no cysts were found after concentra- tion. A second stool specimen obtained two weeks later after a saline purge was likewise negative. Case 5.—Filipino child, aged 10 years. Duration of disease two weeks. Acute onset with bloody, mucous stools. Entameba histolytica abundant, producing a typical infection in kittens (Strain V). Castela given in 2 cubic centimeter doses daily for eight days. The symptoms improved anu On the second day after starting treatment, no amebe were seen; on the fourth day a single ameba was found; from the fifth day on the examinations were uniformly negative. Ten days after treatment was discontinued the boy was discharged from the hospital. Eight months later he was found to be entirely free from symptoms. A specimen of stool after salts showed four-nucleated cysts of EF. histolytica. BRUCEA AMARISSIMA Case 6—Adult American. Has had dysentery off and on for two years. The stools contained blood and numerous Entameba histolytica. Kittens 36 , The Philippine Journal of Science 1928 were easily infected. Brucea was given in 1 cubic centimeter doses twice daily and caused vomiting on several occasions. During the first five days of treatment the symptoms improved, and the blood gradually disappeared. The amcebe became rather scarce, but never disappeared altogether. On account of nausea, rectal administration of Brucea was started, giving 4 cubic centimeters daily, diluted with 300 cubic centimeters of water. After the third day of rectal treatment, blood appeared in the stools again, the amoebe were numerous, and the patient was transferred to specific treat- ment. Case 7.—Adult Filipina. Onset of dysentery, ten days ago. The stools consisted of blood-streaked mucus; Entameba histolytica present, but in small numbers. Brucea was started in 1 cubic centimeter doses, but caused vomiting very regularly. Nevertheless, three days later the amebe dis- appeared from the stools, but the dysentery continued. The coexistence of symptoms disappeared gradually without further specific treatment. We are not inclined to attribute the disappearance of the amebzx to the mini- mal amounts of Brucea that were retained. HARRISONIA PERFORATA Case 8.—Adult Filipino. Duration of disease very uncertain. The pres- ent attack began about eleven days ago with from six to eight bloody, mucous stools daily. Hntameba histolytica was present in considerable numbers. Inoculation of a kitten produced typical dysentery (Strain VI). Treatment was started with 30 cubic centimeter quantities of a dilute prep- aration of Harrisonia, given twice daily. On the second day of treat- ment, the stools were free from blood, and on the third day no stools were passed; on the fourth day a specimen obtained by a saline purge showed no blood nor mucus, but a few motile amcebe were present. On the eighth day of treatment bloody, mucous stools were passed numerous amcebe. The Harrisonia was discontinued alcohol three times daily. creased in severity and am cretion of blood, containing active amebe later, there was a distinct exacerbation of symptoms. The discontinued and specific treatment started. The qua i ntities of Harrisoni given were tolerated without discomfort. ee 22,1 Sellards and Leiva: Ameebic Dysentery 37 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are much indebted to the physicians and nurses of the Philippine General Hospital and of the San Lazaro Hospital for their hearty codperation. It is a pleasure to acknowledge the friendly help and assistance of the officers of the Sternberg Hospital; we are especially indebted to Maj. E. A. Noyes, Maj. J. E. Ash, and Capt. L. B. Pilsbury. We are very grateful to Dr. Lim Boon Keng, president of the University of Amoy, for a liberal supply of the seeds of Brucea amarissima. BIBLIOGRAPHY oy BRooKE, R. Journ. Am. Med. Assn. 62 (1914) 1009. . CROPPER, J. W., and Row, R. W. Harotp. A method of concentrating ech cysts in stools. Lancet 1 (1917) 179. DALE, H. H., and DosBett, C. Journ. Pharm. & Exp. Therap. 10 sy fete $99. ° . DOBELL, C. hig Ameebe living in Man. New York, Wm. Wood & Co. (1919) 1 DOBELL, C., died O’CoNNoR, F. W. The Intestinal Protozoa of Man. John Bale, Sons & Danielsson Ltd., London (1921) 152. oO £4 8. oD A fep) > tC ts) ie 8 &F meee: °o = ih) “o~ _" CO < Lie} fooee | — harm. & Therap. 11 (1918) 419. D. L, and FiscHer, H. G. Journ. of Pharm. & Therap. 10 (1917-18) 95. - Mayer, M. Archiv. f. Schiffs- u. Tropen-Hyg. 23 (1919) 1 10. Pick, E. P., and WAsicky, R. Wien Klin. Wochenschr. 28 cetaiks 590. 11. PYMAN, F. L., and WENYON, C. M. Journ. Pharm. & Exp. Therap. 10 (1917-18) 237, 12. Rocrers, L. Brit. Med. Journ. 1 (1912) 1424. 13. RoGcers, L. Dysenteries, Their Differentiation and Treatment. London, Oxford Univ. Press (1913) 1 . SELLARDS, A. W., and MclIVER, M. A. Journ. Pharm. & Exp. Therap. 11 (1918) 881. 15. SHEPHEARD, S., and Linum, D. G. Lancet, London 1 (1918) 501. 16. VEDUER, E. B. Bull. Manila Med. Soc. 3 (1911 17. WARE, F. Journ. of Compar. Path. and Therap. 29 (1916) 126. 18. WENYON, C. M., and O’CoNNorR, F. W. Journ. Roy Army Med. Corps 28 (1917) 471. on a5 oc Oo m oos il Cy ° =| zi 5 ° rh ite] e ~ isd 9 : ae) bet Sete - eh BP ete SAH oount a THE EFFECT OF STASIS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF AMCBIC DYSENTERY IN THE CAT By ANDREW WATSON SELLARDS Of the Bureau of Science, Manila and LAMBERTO LEIVA Of the College of Medicine and Surgery, University of the Philippines Extensive experimentation in the transmission of amecebic dysentery to lower animals has served to emphasize three appa- rently unrelated facts: (a) During the subpassage of virulent strains of Entameba histolytica through a long series of kittens, by rectal inoculation, a few individuals from time to time escape infection; on reinoculation these animals are found to be just as susceptible as are normal animals; (b) on the contrary, when the czcum is exposed by laparotomy and the infective material introduced directly through the wall of the cecum into the lumen of the bowel, then infection takes place with surprising regular- ity; (c) in either case, whether the amcebe are introduced into the cecum or injected per rectum, the initial lesions occur in the extreme lower portion of the large bowel. The occasional failure to infect a susceptible kitten with viru- lent amcebee injected per rectum is not of itself remarkable, the conditions naturally being somewhat uncertain as compared with the injection of virulent protozoa and bacteria directly into the tissues. The explanation for the constancy of infec- tion after intracecal inoculation is not immediately apparent. Indeed, some authors, inexperienced in this mode of inoculation, have denied the value of the procedure. The lesions develop, not at the site of inoculation, but at the opposite end of the large bowel. From the location of the early lesions it would be alto- gether imposible to determine whether a kitten had been injected per rectum or into the cecum. In any case, it seems a little strange that the upper two-thirds of the large bowel, which is practically a straight tube in the kitten, should escape damage until after the process has secured a firm foothold in the lower- most portion. It seemed to us not improbable that one single 39 40 The Philippine Journal of Science 1928 factor might have an important bearing on these three features. Certainly, the short and straight large intestine of the kitten presents no striking differences along its course. However, the contents of the proximal two-thirds are fluid, while in the lower third there occur formed feces with moderate secretion of mucus. The question of how Entameba histolytica can injure and penetrate the normal mucosa has been much discussed, but this point of stasis in the distal end of the bowel certainly affords an opportunity for the organisms to gain a foothold. The subsequent dissemination of the lesions indicates that there are no pronounced differences physiologically in the suscepti- bility of various areas of the large bowel. : The importance of stasis as a factor in determining the loca- tion of the initial lesions was tested experimentally. The large intestine of a half-grown cat was exposed by laparotomy under — general anesthesia. A broad ligature was placed around the middle of the bowel and tied tightly enough to obstruct the lumen. A suspension of Entameba histolytica, obtained by sacrificing an infected cat, was injected into the cecum. There was no indication of any postoperative discomfort. Two days later, the animal was sacrificed. Below the ligature the large intestine was practically free of feecal matter and showed no lesions, Above the ligature, in the cecum, 3 centimeters from the point of inoculation, one well-developed lesion was present which contained numerous individuals of E. histolytica. In a second experiment, two adult animals were operated upon in the same way, the ligature being placed at the junction of the upper and the middle thirds of the large bowel. The inoculation of amcebe was made through the tip of the cecum. At the same time, ten other animals that were to be used for other work were inoculated per rectum under general anzsthesia. These ten were injected with amcebe before the inoculations were performed on the two that required operation. The time that elapsed between the sacrificing of the infected kitten for the amecebic material and the completion of the inoculations was one hour and twenty minutes. Of the animals receiving rectal injections, two kittens and one half-grown cat became infected; the other seven remained negative. The two adults, inoculated intracecally, ‘were sacrificed on the third day. Both showed extensive lesions. In one, the bowel below the ligature con- tained only clear viscid fluid in which a few individuals of Entameba histolytica were seen. There was no trace of macro- scopic lesions. Immediately above the ligature, there was 22,1 Sellards and Leiva: Amebic Dysentery in the Cat 41 moderate impaction of feces. In the cecal end there was ex- tensive superficial erosion of the mucosa, with a few hemorrhagic areas. The entamcebe were extremely abundant in the scrap- ings from the mucosa. In the other cat, just below the ligature, there was a very little fluid which contained a few amcebe ; otherwise, the distal portion of the bowel was very dry and it was free from any lesion. The contents of the proximal portion were fluid, and practically the entire mucosa of the cecal end Showed superficial lesions. Enormous numbers of Entamoeba histolytica were present. The results of this experiment are summarized in Table 1. TABLE 1.—Inoculation of amebe per rectum and intracecally. Cat No. | Weight. | Inoculation Result. | : ESSE SMES RS SE ToL aI | g. | 2,370 | Per rectum_| Negative. 20 Wi rele ae er ei ae Eee pe on Lote to. OO tis ue Do. Bete i ee | ag oS Da eee Do Bee it ila de. Do GS ik et ee a ee ee ee | ref 1 Mire ee rae Cee Do. yA ee ee ee ane Oe 1806 452553 OG 22 Positive. egative. | eet. R00 a6 A: Positive. ran $60 toc by nha Do. 2,400 | Intraczecal _ Do. | 2, 800 |----- 6 g22 Do. These brief experiments illustrate clearly the importance of stasis as one of the factors in determining the location of the initial lesions in experimental amebic dysentery in the cat. The distribution of the lesions of amcebic dysentery in man varies considerably. In long-standing fatal cases there is nat- urally an opportunity for the various portions of the entire large bowel to become involved. N evertheless, there is a ten- dency for the ulcerations to predominate, first of all, in the cecum and ascending colon and, secondly, in the rectum and sigmoid and also at the flexures. These are obviously points at which stasis is likely to occur. During the past nine months we have on two occasions noted the development of amcebic dysentery during convalesence from typhoid fever. In the observation of more than two hundred cases of Asiatic cholera we have not seen this complication. The ease with which the two adult cats were infected by intra- cxcal inoculation is striking. Following the injections per rec- tum, four adult cats remained well and of four young cats, a g e zZ 4? The Philippine Journal of Science little more than half grown, only one became infected. This illustrates the value of operative procedures for insuring ame- bic infection under special conditions. In our own work, in localities where amcebic cases are common, we ordinarily inoc- ulate several kittens per rectum under general anesthesia, passing a small soft catheter with as little disturbance as pos- sible. However, if young kittens do not happen to be available, or if working in a locality where amebic dysentery is rare, we always inoculate some animals intracecally. By this procedure, the amcebee are introduced into the bowel without breaking up the formed feces in the rectum, the general anesthesia and the laparotomy tending to produce constipation. We have endeavored to utilize some operative procedures in experiments on monkeys. The frequency with which monkeys are parasitized by entamcebz complicates the interpretation of the results of inoculating them with Entameba histolytica. To obviate some of the difficulty arising from spontaneous infec- tion, the following experiment was carried out. A laparotomy was done on a monkey (Pithecus philippinensis) under general anesthesia, and a ligature was passed around the tip of the rather long cecum without interfering with the ileocecal valve. The needle of a syringe was passed through the tip of the cecum, and the amcebe were inoculated directly into this sac. It seemed not impossible that in healthy monkeys lesions might be obtained in this sac and not in other parts of the bowel. Thus far, some suggestive but no conclusive results have been obtained. SUMMARY 1. A laparotomy was performed on three cats under general anesthesia and a ligature placed around the large bowel in order to produce stasis in its upper end. A suspension of Entameba histolytica was inoculated into the cecum. All three animals developed lesions above the ligature. 2. This experiment elucidates one factor in explaining (a) the usual occurrence of the initial lesions of amcebic dysentery in the cat in the lowermost portion of the large bowel; (b) the superiority of intracecal inoculations over injections per rectum for insuring infection with amcebe; and (c) the occasional failure of virulent amcebe to infect susceptible kittens. eB = pees an page aie factor in determining the on 0 e lesions within t i eons oe he large bowel in spontaneous CHEMICAL CHARACTERS OF THE WATERS OF ANGAT AND MONTALBAN RIVERS By R. H. AGUILAR Of the Bureau of Science, Manila ONE PLATE At the request of the Metropolitan Water District of Manila, a systematic study of the quality of the waters of Angat River and its most important tributaries was undertaken by the Bureau of Science. This study, however, was limited to the portion within the mountainous regions northeast of Bulacan Province, comprising an area of about 732 square kilometers. No surface water in the Philippine Islands has ever been so systematically and thoroughly studied as has this river water, not even excluding Montalban River, which is the present source of the water supply for Manila. A survey of the river was made in May, 1921, by a party of chemists of the division of general, inorganic, and physical chemistry of the Bureau of Science for the purpose of taking observations in situ and selecting convenient stations for collect- ing water samples for analysis. Six stations were established along the course of the river, within the territory under observation, and their exact locations are shown in the accompanying sketch (Plate 1). The daily collection of samples, at 6 a. m. and at 6 p. m., began May 21, 1921, and continued for one year. Composite samples made up of seven days’ collections from each station were forwarded to the laboratory in Manila for analysis. In as much as no work of this nature had ever been done on the water from the present source of the Manila water supply, it was thought advisable to locate a seventh station, on Mon- talban River, about 2 kilometers above the dam. The collection of water samples from this station began July 28, 1921. The work of investigation is now far enough advanced (May, 1922) to justify the discussion of the chemical characteristics of the waters, the relation of their various chemical constituents with the general geology of the drainage areas, and their value for industrial purposes. The notes on the survey and the re- 43 44 The Philippine Journal of Science 1928 - gults of analyses and observations on the seasonal variation of the physical and chemical properties of the waters will be the subject of another paper, to be submitted, in the form of a report, to the manager of the Metropolitan Water District, in the latter part of the present year. STATEMENT OF ANALYTICAL RESULTS The statement of water analyses that is now almost univer- sally adopted is the ionic form. This form, however, is not per se sufficient to permit one to judge the chemical character of a water. For this purpose the reacting value of each individual radicle for a given analysis must be determined. Stabler defines the reacting value? of a radicle as the product obtained by multiplying the quantity of that radicle, expressed in parts per million, by its reaction coefficient. The reaction coefficient, on the other hand, is the capacity of a unit weight of the radicle to enter into chemical reaction. Hence, if V = capacity for reaction or valence, W = atomic or molecular weight of radicle, M = quantity of the radicle in parts per million, then, ‘ VxM React Ide 2 eacting value The value wy is the reaction coefficient. The different values of the radicles are thus resolved into quantities that are chemically measurable by a common standard; namely, hydrogen (H), which is the universally accepted standard of reaction. REACTING VALUES OF RADICLES AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF WATERS If the different reacting values obtained according to the above formula are expressed in percentages of the concentration value, the peculiar characteristics of a water due to its mineral- ization will be very much in evidence. Such expressions form the character formula of a water, by means of which it is possible to establish its relation with the general geology of the country. The character formula, or the reacting values, may *The industrial application of water analysis, U. S. Geol. Surv. Water- Supply Paper 274 (1911) 167. 22,1 Aguilar: Waters of Angat and Montalban Rivers 45 also be employed to study its adaptability for use in various industrial works. Adopting the methods followed by Chase Palmer,’ the waters taken from the six stations on Angat River, and the station on Montalban River may be considered under Class 1. *The geochemical interpretation of water analysis, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey 479 (1911) 11. The positive radicles determined in water analysis fall into three groups, as follows: Group A. Alkalies: sodium (Na’), potassium (K’), lithium (Li’). Group B. Earths: calcium (Ca’’), magnesium (Mg”’), iron (Fe”). Group C. Hydrogen (H’). From these three groups, five special properties are possible, according to the prevalence of the reacting values of the groups measured by the sum of the reacting values of their members, namely: rimary salinity, or alkali salinity. Secondary salinity, or permanent hardness. Tertiary salinity, or acidity. Primary alkalinity, or permanent alkalinity. - Secondary alkalinity, or temporary alkalinity. eS CLASSIFICATION OF WATERS If the above groups A and B represent, respectively, the percentage values of alkalies and earths and another group, D, the percentage values of strong acids; namely, sulphates ('’So.), chlorides (’Cl), nitrates (‘NO;), any one of the following five conditions may occur, representing five dif- ferent classes of water: Cuass 1. (D less than A.) 2D Primary salinity. 2(A—D) Primary alkalinity. 2B Secondary alkalinity. Cuass 2. (D equal to A.) 2A or 2D Primary salinity. 2B Secondary alkalinity. Cuass 3. (D greater than A; less than A+B.) 2A Primary salinity. 2(D—A) Secondary salinity. 2(A+B—D) Secondary alkalinity. CLass 4. (D equal to A+B.) 2A Primary salinity. 2B Secondary salinity. Cuass 5. (D greater than A+B.) 2A Primary salinity. Secondary salinity. 2(D—(A+B)) Tertiary salinity (acidity). 46 The Philippine Journal of Science 1928 The following tables show the base data, in parts per million, and the results of computations from which the properties of the waters are derived: TABLE 1.—Results of analyses and computations (station 1). [Period of observations, May 21 to September 11, 1921. Number of composite samples, 14.] path vie 3 Reacting values. Parts per| Mg. per | Per cent. million. liter, (Vv XM) Radicles Ww i (Na) 2 9.1 0. 396 11.79 Potassium (K) 3.4 0. 087 2.58 Calcium (Ca) 15.9 0.794 | 23.68 Magnesium (Mg) 4.9 0. 403 12.00 Iron (Fe 0. 08 001 0. 03 Sulphate (SO«) 10.5 0.218 6.48 Chloride (Cl) 1.2 . 203 6.04 Nitrate (NOs) 0.56 0. 009 0.27 icarbonate (HCOs) : 76.00 1,249 37.18 Concentration value 8.360 | 100.00 Colloids: Silica (Si02) 33 Alumina (AleO:2) 1.03 | Groups: Alkalies 14. 37 . he 5. 66 con acids 12.79 eak acids 87.18 100, 00 Properties: Sey oe a. Primary t 3.1 Ss alkali : econdary nity 71.3 100. 00 GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE WATERS The waters from Angat and Montalban Rivers are charac- terized by primary salinity and primary alkalinity, which prop- erties are generally associated with the older rock formations the alkalies of which are their principal soluble decomposition products. Excess of alkalinity also indicates that the carbonates of the alkalies are present in the waters in sufficient quantities to overcome all permanent hardness. The proportion of silica in these waters j i this connection, Palmer * expresses himself in the gig * Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey 479 (1911) 292, 22,1 Aguilar: Waters of Angat and Montalban Rivers 47 A high proportion of silica in the mineral content of surface waters is thought by many observers to be normal only to small streams flowing TABLE 2.—Results of analyses and computations (station 2). [Period of observations, May 21 to September 11, 1921. Number of composite samples, 14.] Scilla! [a Pe camsmmmmem Averag . analysis. Reacting values. Parts per| Mg. per | Per cent. million, liter. (VM) Radicles: Ww SEIU SUID ese omen eae ies 8.6 0.374 9.89 PRN CID i ca cereninwsaatdniitusidwasavemaseseceecesccccdsu, 4.8 0. 123 3.25 I MN cr a ee 19.6 0.979 25.92 Magnesium (Mg) -_- i 5.0 0.411 10. 88 SRO SUG ccs titidiewvaunie etn i 0. 04 0.001 0.03 pene GOW autieeen ec 7.9 0. 164 4.34 Chloride (Cl) _______ a 7.9 0.223 5.90 PUREE Cpt oes te cs ee 0. 89 0. 0.16 esteem mas bean, nt A OER SOMES EE | 918 1.498 | 39.63 Concentration val 2 Ene | 8.779} 100.90 Colloids: | ete OO 35.0 | MONI SEU occa ca 2.0 | | Groups: | | Alkalies % | 13.14 ee | | 36.83 trong acids | 10,40 ON NOD a ee ee ae | 39.63 | 100. 00 | Properties: | EXIMGEY BANDS cco ee 3° 4 Primary alkalinity | 5.5 Secondary alkalinity | 73.7 | | | 100.0 H Looking over the chemical analyses of some river waters in the Philippine Islands,‘ it is apparent that high silica content is a general characteristic of Philippine river waters; on the other hand, analyses of various river waters in the United States * show on the average a much lower silica content. These results seem to indicate that the tropical climatic condition is * Heise, G. W., and Behrman, A. S., Philippine water supplies, Bureau of Science publication 11 (1918) 148-151. * Dole, R. B., U. S. Geol. Surv. Water-Supply Paper 236 (1909). 48 - The Philippine Journal of Science 1928 TABLE 3.—Results of analyses and computations (station 3). [Period of observations, May 21 to September 11, 1921. Number of composite samples, 14.] Average : analysis. Reacting values. Parts per| Mg. per |Per cent. = million, | liter. (vxM) Radicl WwW Sodium (Na) 9.1 0. 396 12, 20 Po: i (K) 3.6 0. 092 2.83 Calcium (Ca) 15.3 0. 764 23. 55 esium (Mg) 4.5 0.370 11. 40 Iron (Fe) 0.06 0. 06 hate (SO4) 9.2 0.191 5. 92 Chloride (Cl) T4 0. 209 6. 44 (NOs) 0.31 0. 005 0.16 t 'O3) 74.0 1.215 37. 44 Concentration value 8.244 | 100.00 Colloids: Silica (SiO2) 35.0 Alumina (Al203) 2.0 Groups: : Alkalies 15. 08 Earths 85. 01 Strong acids 12, 52 Weak acids 87. 44 100. 00 Properties: salinity SiN Seaay 25.0 Aiea, cfbsearesinineh PEL eee San ee * 5.0 fal Pf 'y IL ts. PV ets raiiiek dwens aduebuumecuiuwsswaue. eet 70. 0 L 100.0 an important factor in the dissolution of the siliceous materials of rocks. It is further observed that the waters of Angat and Montalban Rivers are primarily alkaline; and the solvent action of alkalies on silica, even in very dilute solutions, recognized. The organic matter in these water to be worthy of consideration. has long been s is too small CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND GEOLOGY OF THE DRAINAGE AREAS There is a remarkable similarity in the 7 f the waters at station 5 and station 7 es © acterized by low primary salinity and high primary alkalinity On the other hand, the water at station 1 is characterized by high primary salinity and low primary alkalinity. This ap- parent difference in the chemical characters of the waters at 22,1 Aguilar: Waters of Angat and Montalban Rivers 49 TABLE 4.—Results of analyses and computations (station 4). [Period of observations, May 17 to August 23, 1921. Number of composite samples, 14.] rol sang Reacting values. Parts per . per |Per cent. million. | litter. wx Radicles i (Na) 9.7 bf 422 11.61 Potassium (K) z 1.95 0. 050 1.38 Calcium (Ca) 18.3 0, 915 25.17 Magnesium (Mg) 5.2 0. 427 11.75 I 0.08 0. 008 0. 08 Sulphate (SOx) 10.2 0. 212 5.83 Chloride (Cl) 6.9 0.195 5.36 Nitrate (NOs) 0.25 0.004 0.11 Bicarbonate (HCO:) 85.8 1.407, 388.71 Concentration value : 8.685 | 100.00 Colloids Silica 40.0 Alumina 2.2 Groups Alkalies 12.99 hs 37.00 Strong acids 11.30 ids 38.71 100. 00 Properties Primary salinity 22.6 Primary alkalinity 3.4 Secondary alkalinity |. 0 100.0 station 1 and station 5 is due to the preponderance of sulphates, which probably are oxidized decomposition products of iron pyrites. It is well to note, in this connection, that a portion of the watershed of Talaguio River is situated within the district of the Angat iron mines, and its waters are sampled at station 1 together with the waters of Maputi and Kailugan. With the exception of the saline waters at Talaguio River, the waters of the various tributaries of Angat River and also those of Mon- talban River are characterized by primary alkalinity, indicating the predominating influence of beds of decomposed igneous and crystalline granitic rocks in their drainage basins. Secondary alkalinity, causing temporary hardness, is also a conspicuous property common to all these waters, acquired no doubt through contact with limestone deposits. 1904044 50 The Philippine Journal of Science 1928 TABLE 5.—Results of analyses and computations (station 5). [Period of observations, May 17 to August 28, 1921. Number of composite samples, 14.] Average analysis. Reacting values. Parts per| Mg. per | Per cent. million. i all liter. (VX ising oe ee NO See NORIO GC eo aa, 0.28 0. 004 0.11 NE. CUM cisatea cs 97.5 1,599 42.08 ws conn. cdeecige cticivease RS ee ERR 8.798 | 100.00 =r ORAM nei mand Sioat womus ulna we cuban! Vuk eco): 39.0 PR SAM erties a 2.2 Groups: "eee yangenctt ates oe ne SOREN Be tone 11.39 Matas mntenhinnwnts dinessiSe tig i 38.61 che oe SS ean as me 7.92 \ fepr lames hee eS SORES Si Ce aS! Sites 42.08 100. 00 Properties: at ne 15.9 ee 6.9 ee eee ee 77.2 100. 00 REACTING VALUES AND INDUSTRIAL USEFULNESS In discussing the industrial usefulness of the waters as com- puted from the reacting values of their various constituents, use is here made of the formule developed by Stabler. The expressions, however, are here recalculated in terms of kilo- grams per cubic meter of water. Formula 1.—Lime requirements (100 per cent CaO). CaO = 0.0281 (rFe + rAl + rMg + rH + rHCO, + 0.0454 C ) 7 ' . Formula 2.—Soda requirements (100 per cent Na,CO,). Na,CO,; = 0.058 (rFe + rAl + rCa + rMg +- rH — (2CO, + rHCO,). * The industrial application of w Supply Paper 274 (1911) 165-181, , ater analyses, U. S. Geol. Surv. Water r= reaction coefficient. 22,1 Aguilar: Waters of Angat and Montalban Rivers TABLE 6.—Kesults of analyses and computations (station 6). 51 [Period of observations, May 28 to September 7, 1921. Number of composite samples, 14.] pt ae Reacting values. Parts per| Mg. per | Per cent. million. liter. (VXM) Ww odi (Na) 9.7 0. 422 12.10 Potassium (K) 1.8 0. 046 1,32 alcium (Ca) 2. 17.3 0. 24.78 agnesium (Mg) 6.2 0. 427 12.25 Tron (Fe) 0.07 0. 002 0. 06 Sulphate (SOa) 9.2 0.191 5.48 Chloride (Cl) 6.5 0. 183 5. 25 Nitrate (NO;) 0.29 0. 005 0.14 Bicarbonate (HCOs;) 82.0 1.346 | 388.62 Concentration value 8.486 | 100.00 Colloids: : Silica (SiO2) 36.0 Alumina (A1:0:) 1.9 Groups: Alkalies 18, 42 Ss 87.09 Strong acids 10. 87 Weak acids 38. 62 100. 00 Properties: Primary salinity 21.7 Primary akalinit 5.1 Secondary alkalinity 74.2 100.0 A jdesevs value indicates that no soda is required. Formula 3.—Foaming and priming coefficient. F = 62 (rNa + 1.258 rK). VALUATION Nonfoaming Semifoaming F > 60, but < 200 Foaming F > 200 Formula 4.—Corrosion coefficient. C= 1.008 (rH + rAl + rFe -+- rMg — (rCO, + rHCO,). VALUATION Corrosiv C, positive Noncasteavl (C + 1.008 rCa), negative Semicorrosive (C + 1.008 rCa), positive * * Corrosiveness is directly proportional to the value of (C + 1.008 rCa). 52 The Philippine Journal of Science 1923 TABLE 7.—Results of analyses and computations (station 7). [Period of observations, July 28 to November 16, 1921. Number of composite samples, 14,] rele Reacting values. Parts per Mg. per |Per cent. million liter (VXM) es: Ww Sodium (Na) ________..__ 8.9 0.390 8.99 Potassium (K)_________. ____ 2.5 0. 064 1. 48 WEEE Coe 50 rh ean hig mete tee Pua Hed 25.9 1, 298 29.79 Magnesium (Mg) __......_____ 5.1 0.419 9. 65 AT | ha AIRE osama 0.1 0. 004 0.09 PUNE Od os os 4.7 0.098 2.26 Chlonidete)) os 7.4 0. 209 4,81 Nitrate (NOs) co es ah 0.3 0, 005 0.11 Bicarbonate (HGO:;)___.________ Seal 118.0 1, 858 42. 82 - eommagereniag: eppeesbdensurets ar ceo i Ec) USER 4.340 | 100.00 Colloids: ; scycatcsrtegt te ne ah en SR TEE, DRI CE Or 38.0 veces amptaesek sei nD SEI RCRA See 2.2 Groups: PI ie ei inc sede ccs yd dag sigs 10. 47 stetebt dhs od il x tS rope eS ERIE ONE or Z --| 89.58 eg lmaineearee, ee RIT one OO 7.18 Fe oie cslibnwiiel soc sa epscinds Sci asc 42.82 100. 00 Properties: ee a 14,4 ee ee ee 6.6 sg eee pn oe aT ere CSG MC gn Wa a 79.0 100. 00 serene nent nora oe ee ae EE SES fs Formula 5.—Scale formation. (a) Total scale. Se = 0.001 Sm * + 0.001 Cm» + 0.036 rFe + 0.017 rAl + 0.02 rMg + 0.06 rCa. rCa must not exceed the v (6) Hard scale. Hs = 0.001 SiO , + 0.02 rMg + 0.068 (rCl — rK) Coefficient of scale hardness h — a c alue of (rCO, + rHCO ; + rSO,). +750 ,— rNa * Suspended matter. * Colloidal matter. | | 22,1 Aguilar: Waters of Angat and Montalban Rivers 53 VALUATION Soft scale h < 0.25 Medium scale h > 0.25, but < 0.5 Hard scale h> 0.5 PREFIXES Very little Se < 0.12 Se > 0.12, but < 0.24 Much Se > 0.24, but < 0.48 Very much Se > 0.48 If the percentage expressions of the various constituents are used instead of their values in milligrams per liter, the results must be multiplied by the expression: Concentration value 100 ; TABLE 8.—Application of formulas and — of the waters or industrial purpos [Figures express kilograms per cubic meter.] Chemical treatment. Foaming Co i Scale Station. and priming phodesorghdia® CaO Naz COs; properties. — formation. required.| required. gS ees ee ee 0.046 | None _______ Nonfoam- | Noncor- | Very little ing. rosiv medium seale. pe IRE ere a 0. 054 |..... 0 a do do Do. } 0.045 |... do do do Do. Pe mamen te er ae ee GIS Te Pee Do. | Pi et | 0.061 |_____ Oe oo Ts do do Do. Sos | 0.050 |... 0 ee Cie are Do. Bi Rs ene al Fee) 0. ba ee Reign ea Meh 60 iio oie ual Little ie medium scale. The results shown in Table 8 are self-explanatory as to the quality of the waters for industrial purposes. SUMMARY The general characteristics of the waters of Angat and Mon- talban Rivers are primary salinity and secondary alkalinity. The alkalies are also present in sufficient quantities to overcome all permanent hardness. The high sulphate content of the waters at Stations 1, 3, 4, and 6 is probably due to the oxidized decomposition products of iron pyrites with which Talaguio River appears to be con- taminated. The waters are nonfoaming, noncorrosive, and, from a chem- ical point of view, they may be considered satisfactory for general public consumption. ILLUSTRATION PLATE 1. Topographic map of the Angat River watershed, showing the location of six stations. 55 AGUILAR: WATERS OF ANGAT AND MoNTALBAN RIVERS.] rao ’ : 9 Poe gst nat * Masaligi : * Mt Susun atc ng Se 1 as 2 . [PHurr. Journ, Sci, 22, No, 1. io’ ‘ss’ . ahaa Fe tee 'y e Na ent naj . ~ £ . Sis Se Meare Flas mrsenre LX meas a cabatadn--"*. 5’ yw ’ ae ' : f 5 a . iw % aaa ee o~ kel “ ‘Sig se Dalawan a PLATE 1. ANGAT RIVER WATERSHED, SHOWING THE LOCATION OF SIX STATIONS. LYCOPODIACEAE PHILIPPINENSES Von W. HeErTER Berlin, Germany Vor einem Jahrzehnt sandte mir der bekannte Botaniker der Philippinen, Herr Elmer D. Merrill, Director, Bureau of Science, Manila, eine wertvolle Sammlung’ philippinischer Lycopodien zur Bearbeitung nach Porto Alegre, Rio Grande de Sul, meiner damaligen Wirkungsstitte. Als ich bald darauf, im Jahre 1913, nach Deutschland zuriickkehrte, gelang es die Sammlung nach Berlin-Dahlem zu schaffen, wo ich sie an der Hand des Herba- riums des Botanischen Museums bearbeiten konnte und wo ich im Jahre 1915 ein Manuskript iiber die Lycopodiaceen der Philippinen fertigstellte. Dieses Manuskript verschwand spur- los wahrend meines Sanitiitsdienstes bei der Ostarmee, sodass eine unliebsame Verzégerung der Drucklegung eintrat und ich nach meiner Riickkehr nach Berlin die Arbeit von neuem an- fangen musste. Kurz vor Abschluss der Neubearbeitung iiber- sandte mir im Jahre 1921 Herr Merrill eine weitere, noch reichhaltigere Lycopodiensammlung, die in der Zwischenzeit auf den Philippinen zusammengebracht worden war und die im Verein mit der ersten Sammlung ein recht vollstaindiges Bild der Lycopodiaceenflora jener Inseln ergibt. Im Folgenden habe ich die Ergebnisse meiner Studien der beiden Sammlungen zusammengestellt. ERSTER TEIL SCHLUSSEL DER GATTUNGEN, UNTERGATTUNGEN, SEKTIONEN, UND ARTEN Die Familie der Lycopodiaceen zerfallt in zwei Gattungen: Urostachys und Lycopodium. Genus UROSTACHYS Herter Verzweigung in allen (vegetativen und reproduktiven) Teilen bipartit mit gleichmissiger Weiterentwickelung. Infolgedessen fehlt eine Hauptachse. Wurzeln in Biischeln nahe dem Anfangs- ende der Pflanze, soweit sich dieses am Boden befindet, nur ausnahmsweise Adventivwurzeln an sonstigen dem Substrat gendherten Stellen der Pflanze. Bisweilen Brutknospen am ober- 57 58 The Philippine Journal of Science 1928 en Ende der Pflanze. Sporangien am ganzen Stamm verteilt oder nur an den Zweigenden in undeutlich, seltener deutlich abgesetzten, ungestielten, bisweilen sehr langen und viel ver- zweigten Bliiten, die stets geringeren Durchmesser haben als die vegetativen Teile. Sporophylle (Sporangien tragende Blatter) den Blattern meist gleich oder ahnlich gestaltet und gefirbt, seltener stark verschieden, dick und gekielt. Sporen glatt oder unregelmadssig rauh, mit punktférmigen Vertiefungen. Ge- schlechtsorgane mit Paraphysen. Am Boden oder auf Baumen lebende, aufrechte oder herabhingende, gleichmissig beblatterte Pflanzen. «*, Sporophylle den Blattern gleich gestaltet oder von ihnen verschieden; im letzteren Falle (Sectionen Squarrosurus und Carinaturus) un- merklicher Uebergang zwischen beiden, selten sind deutlich abge- setzte Bliiten vorhanden, dann ist jedoch eine mindestens 2 cm lange Uebergangszone zwischen vegetativem Teil und Bliite vor- handen und letztere ist breiter als 8 mm. Aufrechte Geophyten und hangende Epiphyten.................... Subgenus Euurostachys Hert. 6*. Sporophylle und Blatter véllig oder ziemlich gleichgestaltet. Oft rutknospen vorhanden. Keine eigentlichen Bliiten. e*. Geophyten. Aufrechte, meist 10-20 em hohe Pflanzen. Blatter linearisch oder lanzettlich. Brutknospen vorhanden. Sectio Selaginurus Hert. d*, Hohe 10 cm. Blatter in der Nahe des Blattgrundes am brei- testen, mittlere Breite 0.3 mm.................... 1. U. minimus Hert. d*. Oft 20 cm hoch und héher. Blatter in der Nahe der Blattmitte am breitesten, oft tiber 1 mm. breit. : ; 2. U. serratus (Thunb.) Hert. e*, Epiphyten. Herabhangende, 30-300 cm lange Pflanzen. Blatter fadenférmig. Durchmesser der Zweige (einschliesslich der Blatter) oben und unten gleich. Blatter 3-7 mm lang. Keine Brutknospen. Sectio Tenuistachys Hert. : 3. U. verticillatus (L.) Hert. b*. Sporophylle und Blatter meist recht verschieden gestaltet, jedoch allmahlich in einander iibergehend. Ohne Brutknospen. Ephi- phyten. c*, Bliiten kaum oder deutlicher abgesetzt, Sporophylle und Blatter wenig oder starker verschieden, Sporophylle nicht oder schwach gekielt. Blatter linearlanzettlich, wagerecht abstehend, lederig, flach. Pflanzen kraftig, meist aufrecht. Stamm ohne Blatter, an der Basis oft tiber 5 mm dick..__ Sectio Squarrosurus Hert. d*. Bliten gewéhnlich breiter als 10 mm, seltener an der Spitze nur 6-8 mm breit. Sporophylle abstehend, den Bldttern meist sehr ahnlich, 0.5-1.5 x 6-8 mm gross. 4. U. squarr d*, Bliiten in der Mitte 4-8 mm breit. Seibtons rina acon den Blattern abweichend gestaltet, 1-1.5x4-5 mm groms: 22,1 Herter: Lycopodiaceae Philippinenses 59 e*. Bliten in der Mitte 6-8 mm breit. Blatter glinzend. Sporo- phylle 1.5x5 mm OB oie ous neces 5. U. Magnusianus Hert. . Bliten in der Mitte cod mm breit, Blatter nicht glinzend. Sporophylle 1x5 mm g 6. U. Whitfordi Hert. e*, Sporophylle und Blatter vente: maatnlas erstere stets scharf gekielt. sense! meist schlaff her rabhiingend. Stamm ohne BIRTGr Dis: 3 POT GNC oi sei ecm cdens en Sectio Carinaturus Hert. d*, Blatter feeemanete lederig, wagerecht abstehend, flach, abwarts gekriimmt, Sporophylle miassig Age T7 Toppingi Hert. d*, Blatter aufrecht abstehend, Sporophylle sehr vii und regel- miassig gestellt. - Untere Blatter starr linearisch, Blatter 8 mm lang. . U. carinatus (Desv.) Hert. e*. Untere Blatter lanzettlich, ledétig- 10-12 mm lang. 9. U. Merrilli Hert. a*, Sporophylle von den Blattern stets verschieden, ganz bedeutend kleiner als diese, meist breit eiférmig. Bliiten scharf abgesetzt, oft gegabelt, bisweilen durch fadenférmige Schlankheit ausgezeichnet, meist 1-2, selten bis 5 mm breit. Herabhangende Epiphyten genus Heterourostachys Hert. a Blatter gespitat Sectio Phlegmariurus Hert . Blatter mehr als doppelt so lang als breit. ear *,. Bliiten dicker als 3 mm, wenig verzweigt. Schlaff herabhingend. . U. pinifolius (Blume) Hert. d*, Bliiten diinner als 3 mm, Gebelaste oft stark spreizend und vielfach gekriimmt. e*. Blatter dicht, aufrecht abstehend, fest, lederig, 4-5 x 15-20 mm lang, Stamm oft 3 und mehr mm ohne die Blatter breit; Sporophylle dicht stehend, etwa so breit als die Sporangien, diese meist bedeckend. Robuste Pfianze..11. U. Elmeri Hert. e*, Blatter locker abstehend, meist 10 mm lang oder kiirzer. f*. Blatter 1-3 mm breit. 12. UV. banayanicus Hert. f*. Blatter 4-5 mm breit.................. 13. U. phlegmaria (L.) Hert. c*, Blatter nur wenig linger als breit, eiformig, stumpf gespitzt. 14, U. salvinioides Hert. b*. Blatter nicht gespitzt, umgekehrt eif6rmig. Bliiten 3-4 mm dick. Sectio Nummulariifoliurus Hert 15. U. Delbriickii Hert. Genus LYCOPODIUM (L.) Herter Verzweigung nur in der Jugend (bei alteren Pflanzen meist nur in den jiingeren reproduktiven Teilen) bipartit mit gleich- massiger Weiterentwickelung; spiter kommt durch ungleich- miassige Weiterentwickelung eine Hauptachse zustande, die tiber oder seltener unter dem Erdboden hinkriecht oder im Gestrauch hochklettert. Sie ist bisweilen sehr kurz (Lateralistachys) oder erscheint bei den Halliftriuchern (Cernuostachys) in Form von Ausliufern oder Verbindungsgliedern mehrerer, anschei- nend selbstindiger Pflanzen. Diese Verbindungsglieder fehlen in Herbarien, wenn nur der obere Teil der Pflanze gesammelt 60 The Philippine Journal of Science 1928 worden ist. Wurzeln in regelmissigen Abstanden an der Haupt- achse. Brutknospen am oberen Ende der Pflanze fehlen. Sporangien nie am ganzen Stamm verteilt, sondern in mehr oder weniger deutlich abgesetzten endstandigen oder seitlichen (Lateralistachys) walzen- oder katzchenformigen, von den vege- tativen Teilen meist durch spirlicher beblatterte Zwischen- stiicke von geringerem Durchmesser (Bliitenstiele) getrennten iiten. Sporophylle von den Blattern meist stark verschieden, von bleicher oder braunlicher Farbe, am Rande gezdhnt oder gewimpert, oft zart hautig, nie dick und gekielt. Sporen mit erhabenen, netzartigen Verdickungen oder Stacheln. Ge- schlechtsorgane ohne Paraphysen. Geophyten oder Kletterer, bei denen die Differenzierung in Bezug auf Verzweigung und Beblatterung fortgeschrittener erscheint. a’, Bliiten am Ende der Zweige oder Bliitenstiele. : genus Acrostachys Hert. b*, Bodenkriecher. Bliiten wenige (meist nur 1-20 an jeder Pflanze). Schleimginge fehlen......Sectio Hulycopodium Hert. Clavatostachys d Complanatostachys Hert. olim. c*. Blatter von einerlei Art, radidr abstehend. ane an langen, blattarmen Stielen 1. L. elavatum L. *, Blatter von zweierlei Art, bilateral gestellt, die seitlichen flach, nach oben gekriimmt, abstehend, breit, herablaufend, die vor- deren und hinteren (oberen und tinitevent) kleiner, linear, ange- driic d*. Auch die grésseren Blatter kurz schuppenférmig, bis 2 mm lang, starr spitzig, Zweige mit den Blattern kaum breiter als 2.5 mm. Bliten zu er a am Ende der Zweige. 2. L. complanatum L. d*. Gréssere Blatter bis 5 mm kammférmig abstehend, linear lanzettlich. Zweige xufaeigend, mit den Blattern 5 mm breit. Bliiten einzeln am Ende der Zweige. 3. L. seariosum Forst. b*. Meterhohe Halbstraucher mit ausliuferartiger Hauptachse (die im Herbarium oft fehlt) oder mit der Hauptachse meterhoch kletternde Pflanzen. Bliiten zahlreich, oft 50-100 und mehr. Sectio Cernoustachys Hert. c*, Aufrechte Halbstriucher. Bliiten als kurze walzenformige Kitz- chen stiellos an den Enden der beblatterten Zwei Sporo- phylle mit langer Spitze, gewimpert. Blatter sores mit stark hervortretender Mittelrippe und “yrs angen. rite gt rmuum L. e*. Kletternde Pflanzen. Bliiten als gekriimmte Ki fat an vielfach verzweigten, blattarmen Stielen. Schleimgiinge fehlen d*, Vegetative Teile radiar gebaut. Jugendform mit piriemlich- linearen, abstehenden, Altersform mit schuppigen, a herablaufenden Blattern. Endzweige oft hangen d, r 5. L. casuarinoides gy aac 22,1 Herter: Lycopodiaceae Philippinenses 61 d*. Vegetative Teile bilateral gebaut, zwei Reihen seitlicher, sichelférmiger, oft zusammenhangender und zwei Reihen dor- saler, nebeneinander stehender, kleiner, angepresster Blatter. Ueber 10 m hoch kletternd 6. L. volubile Forst. a*, Wenig verzweigte, niedrige Kraiuter mit reduzierter (in Herbarien meist fehlender) Hauptachse, Aeste aufrecht, Bliiten seitlich aus den Zweigen hervorkommend. Blatter linear. Subgenus Lateralis- enw ee ee ee eee 7. L. halconense Copel. ZWEITER TEIL AUFZAHLUNG DER ARTEN MIT STANDORTEN. BESCHREIBUNG DER NEUEN ARTEN Genus UROSTACHYS Hert. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. Abt. II 1922. Lyco- podium Subgenus I. Urostachys Hert. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 43 (1909) Beibl. 98: 29 Subgenus Euurostachys Hert. op. cit. 30. sensu emend. Sectio SELAGINURUS Hert. 1. ¢. UROSTACHYS MINIMUS Hert. sp. nov. Radix brunnea, fasciculata, pluries bipartita, long. 15 mm, lat. 0.2 mm. Frons viridis, bis-ter bipartita, suberecta v. subflex- uosa, tenerrima, alt. 6-8 cm, lat. 4—6 mm foliis inclusis, 0.5 mm foliis exclusis. Folia viridia, + sexfaria, subdensa, horizontal- iter patentia, tenera, lineari, 2-4 x 0.2 mm. Sporangia defi- ciunt. Planta affinis U. vernicoso, sed multo minor, odore typico Lycopodiacearum. MINDANAO, Davao District, “Mount Apo, Elmer 11560, August, 1909, herb. Manila. “UROSTACHYS SERRATUS (Thunb.) Hert. comb. nov. Lycopodium serratum Thunb. Fl. Jap. (1784) 341, t. 38. Area geogr.: As. orient. subarct., temp., subtrop., trop. Ins. Philipp.: Luzon, Lepanto Subprovince, Mount Data, Copeland 1864: Bontoc Subprovince, Malawey, Vanoverbergh 487: Ben- guet Subprovince, Pauai, Mount Ugo, Mount Tonglon, Bur. Sci. 31987 Santos, 4229, 4464 Mearns, 5810 Ramos, 8382 McGregor, For. Bur. 10835 Curran, Merrill Phil. Pl. 906, Topping 1177, Clemens 9228: Laguna Province, Mount Banahao, Merrill 7510, Copeland s.n., Bur. Sci. 19569 Ramos. MiInvoro, Mount Halcon, Merrill 6022, 6023. NerGros, Canlaon Volcano, Merrill 6954. MINDANAO, Misamis Province, Mount Malindang, For. Bur. 4648, 4649 Mearns & Hutchinson: Agusan Province, Mount Urdaneta, Elmer 14094. An bemoosten Stiimmen in Gebirgs- wildern in Hohen von 1 ,600-2,800 m. Nom, vulgare: Kodlala (Ig.) ; sinang padayo (Bon.). 62 The Philippine Journal of Science 1928 Sectio TENUISTACHYS Hert. 1. c. 7 UROSTACHYS VERTICILLATUS (Linn. f.) Hert. comb. nov. var. 7 _7 MAXIMA (Hert.) comb. nov. ~ Lycopodium verticillatum Linn. f. Suppl. (1781) 448, Y maximum Hert. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 54 (1916) 227. 7 Var. 8 GIGANTEUS Hert. var. nov. Differt diametro giganteo partium sterilium (12-15 mm) et partium fertilium (8-15 mm). Area geogr. Circumtrop. Ins. Philipp.: LUZON, Ifugao Sub- province, Mount Polis, Merrill Phil. Pl. 1277 coll. McGregor, 6. MINDORO, Mount Halcon, Merrill 6026, y. MINDANAO, Davao District, Mount Matutum, Copeland s. n., y & 8; Mount Apo, Elmer 11659, y: Misamis Province, Mount Malindang, Bur. Sci. 4652, 4653 Mearns & Hutchinson, 8. An bemoosten Stimmen in Gebirgswialdern in Héhen von 1,500-2,400 m. Sectio SquaRRosuRuS Hert. sect. nov. Series Squarrosa Hert. op. cit. 36. * UROSTACHYS SQUARROSUS (Forst.) Hert. comb. nov. Lycopodium squarrosum Forst. Prodr. (1786) 86 (Tahiti?). _ Var. ® TYPIGA. Pars fertilis diam. 12-15 mm, folia majora lat. 1-1.5 mm. > Var. 8 INTERMEDIA. ad Pars fertilis diam. 10 mm. Var. Y TENERA. f f / Pars fertilis interdum ad apicem versus non magis quam 6-8 mm diam.; folia minora, lat. 0.5-0.8 mm. Area geogr.: Regn. paleo-trop.- Ins. Philipp.: BABUYAN Is- LANDS, Camiguin, Bur. Sci. 4142 Féniz, y. Luzon, Bontoc Sub- province, Malawey, Vanoverbergh 489: Benguet Subprovince, Baguio, Elmer 6026, a, Lete 394, a, Topping 230, a, Phil. Pl. 1046 Fénix, a: Tayabas Province, Sampaloc, H oilman 198: Zambales Province, Mount Tapulao, Bur. Sci. 5003 Ramos, B: Pampanga Province, Mount Abu, Bur. Sci. 1969 Foxworthy, B: Bataan Province, Mount Mariveles, Topping 376, a, Whitford 325, a, Merrill 3959, B: Albay Province, Mount Mayon, Bur. Sci. 6463 Robinson, a. PANAY, Iloilo Province, Ulian River, Bur, Sci, 18199 Robinson, p. MINDORO, Mount Halcon, Merrill 6027, a, 6028 B. NeGROS, Canlaon Volcano, Banks. MINDA- NAO, Agusan Province, Mount Urdaneta, Weber 1161 B & y Elmer 14165, 8: Misamis Province, Mount Malindang For Bur, 4656, 4657, 4658 Mearns & Hutchinson, a: Lake Lanao Clemens $.N., a, Lanao-Cotabato trail, For. Bur. 25236 Alvarez, B: Davao District, Mount Apo, Copeland 999, a, Elmer 10783, y In 22,1 Herter: Lycopodiaceae Philippinenses 63 feuchten Waldern, meist an bemoosten Stiimmen, in Héhen von 100-—2,500 m. Nom. vulgare: Padayau (Ig.). ” UROSTACHYS MAGNUSIANUS (Hert.) Hert. comb. nov. Lycopodium Magnusianum Hert. in Hedw. 49 (1909) 91. Frons lat. basi 16-18 mm foliis inclusis. Flores long 6-8 cm, lat. (6—) 8 mm foliis inclusis. Area geogr. Ins. Philipp.: MINDANAO, Lamao District, Camp Keithley, Clemens s. n. Herb. Man., Herb. Berl. Typus der art! UROSTACHYS WHITFORDI Hert. sp. nov. Lycopodium squarrosum var. McGregorii Christ in litt. 1905; var. Whitfordi Christ et var. humilis Christ nom. nud. in Herb. Man. Radix fasciculata. Frons luteo- sive brunneo-viridis, sexies- octies bipartita, primum probabiliter erecta, deinde pendula, long. 60-100 cm, lat. 20-25 mm foliis inclusis. Caulis rigidus, basi diam. 6-8 mm foliis exclusis. Flores bipartiti, long. Saepius 20-30 cm, lat. ad basim 6-8, ceterum 4-5 mm. Folia + duodecimfaria, densissima, patentia, saepius incurvata, acu- mine aut ad basin aut ad apicem spectantia, subrigida, sed non crassa, lanceolata, longe acuminata, nec carinata, nec nitida, 1-2 x 8-12 mm. Sporophylla densissima, erecto-patentia, lanceolata 1 x 4-6 mm, sporangia obtegentia. Sporangia lat. vix 1 mm. Planta epiphytica proxime affinis U. squarroso et U. Magnusiano, quibus floribus longis et 4—5 mm latis differt. Area geogr. Ins. Philip.: Luzon, Tayabas (Infanta) Province, Whitford 798, Typus der Art! PANAY, Capiz Province, Mount Madiaas, Bur. Sci. 30687 Ramos & Edaiio; Mount Salibongbong, Bur. Sci. 35624 Martelino & Edafio. MINpDORO, Baco River, McGregor 293. LEYTE, Dagami, Wenzel 507. MINDANAO, Su- rigao Province, Bolster 358. BASILAN, Bur. Sci. 16219 Reillo. In Waldern, von Meereshéhe bis 600 m. “Nom. vulgare: Lumayi (Tag.). Sectio CARINATURUS Hert. op. cit. 30. UROSTACHYS TOPPING! Hert. sp. nov. Radix ramosissima. Frons sordide brunneo-viridis, long. 20-25 cm, quater bipartita, pendula. Caulis basi 2 mm diam. foliis exclusis. Partes steriles 10 (~15) cm lat. foliis inclusis, abruptim in flores transeunt. Flores bipartiti, long. 10 cm, lat. 10 mm. Folia + octofaria, densa, lineari-lanceolata, plana, acuminata, reflexa, apice ad basim spectante, nervo vix proml- 64 The Philippine Journal of Science 1923 nente, 1 x 8 mm. Sporophylla quinque-sexfaria, densa, erecto- patentia, lineari-lanceolata, acuminata, carinata, 1 x 4—5 mm. Planta epiphytica intermediaria inter sectiones Squarrosurus et Carinaturus, primo visu affinis:U. reflexo videtur foliis an- gustis lineari-lanceolatis planis reflexis. Area geogr. Ins. Philipp. LUZON: Benguet Subprovince, Sablan Trail, Topping 1096 herb. Man. Jan. 1909. UROSTACHYS CARINATUS (Desv.) Hert. comb. nov. Lycopodium carimatum Desv. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 3 (1823) 559. Lycopodium gnidioides Blanco Fl. Filip. (1887) 824, non Linn. Area geogr. As. et Austral. trop. Ins. Philipp.: Luzon, Haenke 48, Herb. Berl., Cuming 2009, 2360 Herb. Berl., Paris, Kew, Delessert: Tayabas Province, Whitford 813, For. Bur. 9575 Cur- ran: Bataan Province, Mount Mariveles, Merrill 152: Laguna Province, San Antonio, Bur. Sci. 14950 Ramos. PoLiLLo, Bur. Sci. 10780 McGregor, 9252 Robinson. MINporo, Baco River, Merrill 1245, MINDANAO, Agusan Province, Bunawan, Taylor 167: Lanao District, Camp Keithley, Clemens 746: Davao Dis- trict, Warburg 14200 Herb. Berl. An Waldbaumen im Flach- land bis zu Héhen von 1,200 m. UROSTACHYS MERRILLI Hert. sp. nov. Radix fasciculata. Frons sordide luteo- s. brunneo-viridis, flaccide pendula, quinquies bipartita, long. 50 em. Caulis basi diametro 1-2 mm foliis exclusis. Partes steriles basi 15 mm, apice 10 mm foliis inclusis, abruptim in flores transeunt. Flores bis-quater bipartiti, long. 30 cm, lat. 4-6 mm. Folia sex-octo- faria, subdensa, erecto-patentia, subregulariter disposita, ovato- lanceolata, plana, non crassa, acuminata, nervo infra prominente, 2-3 x 8-12 mm. Sporophylla densiora, quadri-sex-faria, erecto- patentia, regulariter disposita, non crassa, lanceolata, carinata, 2-2.5x5-6 mm. Planta epiphytica intermedia inter U. cari- natum et U. phlegmariam. Differt ab U. carinato textura laxa foliisque planis. . Area geogr. Ins. Philipp.: Luzon, Benguet Subprovince, Mount Lusod, For. Bur. 15760 Curran & Merritt ; Mount Tonglon (Santo Tomas), Merrill Phil. Pl. 965 (Typus der Art!), Elmer 6619, For. Bur. 5064 Curran; Mount Pulog, Bur. Bot: 8836 McGregor, For. Bur. 16322 Curran, Merritt, & Zschokke; Pauai Topping 1156, Bur. Sci. 31819 Santos, 8477 McGregor: Le- panto Subprovince, Mount Data, Copeland 1872, For. Bur. 10966 Curran: Bontoc Subprovince, Malawey, Vanoverbergh 671. An bemoosten Stiimmen in Gebirgswildern in Héhen von 1,600-2,400 m. 22,1 Herter: Lycopodiaceae Philippinenses 65 Subgenus Heterourostachys Hert. op. cit. sensu restr. Sectio PHLEGMARIURUS Hert. op. cit. ~ UROSTACHYS PINIFOLIUS (Blume) Hert. comb. nov Lycopodium pinifolium Blume Enum. Pl. Jav. 2 (1828) 264. Ich stelle die vorliegenden Pflanzen mit Vorbehalt zu U. pini- folius, vielleicht wiiren sie besser als eigene Art zu betrachten. Das gleiche gilt von einigen Pflanzen von Nordluzon und Min- danao, die ich vorliufig als Varietit betrachte. Var. 8. Differt foliis tenerribus, habitu U. verticillati. Area geogr. Ins. Sund. Ins. Philipp.: BATAN IsLANDs, Batan, Mount Iraya, Bur. Sci. 3828 Féniz. LuZON, Ilocos Norte Proy- ince, Mount Palimlim, Bur. Sci. 33248 Ramos: Abra Province, Mount Posuey, Bur. Sci. 27000 Ramos, B: Benguet Subprovince, Mount Tonglon (Santo Tomas) Topping 1202, Elmer 6619 p.p., Bur. Sci. 5352 Ramos; Mount Ugo, Bur. Sci. 5815 Ramos: Bataan Province, Mount Mariveles, Whitford 166, Topping 359, Merrill 3219: Laguna Province, Mount Banahao, Copeland s.n. MINDANAO, Agusan Province, Mount Urdaneta, Elmer 14080, B: Misamis Province, Mount Malindang, For. Bur. 4620, 4655 Mearns & Hutchinson: Lanao District, Camp Keithley, Mrs. Clemens s. n. An bemoosten Baiumen in Hohen von 1,000-2,400 m. UROSTACHYS ELMERI Hert. sp. nov. Radix densiter fasciculata, long.5 cm. Frons brunnea, viridis vel brunneo-viridis, ter-quater bipartita, primum probabiliter erecta, deinde pendula, long. 30-70 cm, lat. 2-4 em foliis inclusis. Caulis rigidus, basi diam. 3 mm foliis exclusis. Flores ter- quater bipartiti, long. 5-20 cm, lat. 1.5 (-3) mm. Folia + octofaria, densa, erecto-patentia, rarius subhorizontaliter paten- tia vel reflexa, coriacea, lanceolata, acuta, nitida, infra subcari- nata, marginibus subrevolutis, 3-5 x 15-20 mm. Sporophylla densissima, lanceolata, erecto-patentia seu appressa, + quadrifa- ria, subcarinata, sporangia subtegentia, 1 x 2-3 mm. Sporangia lat. vix 1mm. Planta epiphytica proxime affinis U. phlegmariae et U. banayanico a quibus imprimis foliis densis coriaceis majoribus differt. : Area geogr. Ins. Philipp.: Herb. Willdenow “Lycopodium mirabile’. LuzoN, Benguet Subprovince, Twin Peaks, Elmer 6411: Tayabas Province, Bur. Sci. 5805 Savella; Mahaihai Wichura 1932: Rizal Province, Tanay, Merrill 2313, Bur. Sci. 15168 Reillo. Murnporo, Baco, Merrill 1246. CULION, Merrill 497. PALAWAN, Bur. Sct. 372 Bermejos, For. Bur. 3906 Curran. 190404——5 MS 66 The Philippine Journal of Science 1928 MINDANAO, Surigao Province, Bolster 364: Cotabato District, Clemens: Davao District, Warburg 14202. SiBuTU, Merrill 5293, An Felsen und Béumen oftmals am Meeresstrande. UROSTACHYS BANAYANICUS Hert. sp. nov. Radix fasciculata, 5 cm long. Frons griseo- vel brunneo-viri- dis, sexies-pluries bipartita, pendula, long. 100 cm et ultra, lat. 12-16 mm et ultra, foliis inclusis. Caulis subrigidus, postea flaccidus, basi diam. 2-3 mm foliis exclusis. Flores flaccidi, pluries bipartiti, long. 10-20 cm, lat. 1.5-2.5 mm. Folia sparsa, non densa, + 6 pro cm, axim non tegentia, + sexfaria, erecto- patentia, rarius horizontaliter patentia, tenera, lanceolata, acu- minata, bruta, rarius nitida, plana, marginibus subrevolutis, (1-) 2-3 x 8-10 (-12) mm. Sporophylla densissima, lanceolata, erecto-patentia, saepe incurvata, seu appressa, + quadrifa- ria, subcarinata, sporangia subtegentia, 1x 2-3 mm. Sporan- gia lat. vix 1mm. Planta epiphytica proxima U. phlegmariae a@ quo imprimis foliis angustis differt.—Non rara est forma monstrosa perfoliata (*)—Variat foliis tenerrimis habitu U. pinifolii (* *), Luzon, Abra Province, Bur. Sci. 7258 Ramos p.p.: Bataan Province, Mount Mariveles, Whitford 167*, Elmer 6826, Topping 845: Laguna Province, Mount Banahao, Calvin 325, For. Bur. Mount Halcon, Merrill 6034, 6035. PANAyY, Antique Province. Culasi, Bur. Sci. 32433 McGregor*. NEGROS, Cuernos Mountains, Elmer 9498. CAMIGUIN DE MISAMIS, Bur. Sci. 14840 Ramos. “Minpanao, Davao District, Copeland 11 44*, 1450, Warburg 14201: Agusan Province, Mount Urdaneta, Elmer 13858**, An Waldbiumen in Héhen von 1,000-2,000 m. UROSTACHYS PHLEGMARIA (Linn.) Hert. comb. nov. Lycopodium phlegmaria Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) 1101, ed. 2 (1763) 1564. Area geogr. Regn. paleotrop. Ins. Philipp.: Cuming 1997 “Selaginella circinalis,” 2002, 2007 Herb. Delessert. LUZON, Cagayan Province, Lallo, For. Bur. 24849 Barros: Tayabas Province, Mahaihai, Brackenridge in Wilkes U. 8. Explor. Exped. 16 (1854) 326 . gracilescens ; Kabibihan, Bur. Sci. 13001 Ramos: Rizal Province, Barthe: Laguna Province, Siniloan, Warburg 12938, 14022; Mount Maquiling, For. Bur. 26033 Mabesa; Malinao, Baker 8723: Sorsogon Province, Mount Bulu- san, Elmer 15255. POLILLO, Bur. Sci, 9299 Robinson. MIN- 22,1 Herter: Lycopodiaceae Philippinenses 67 DORO, Baco, Merrill 885. LEYTE, Dagami, Wenzel. PALAWAN, For. Bur. 518 Curran. SIARGAO, Bur. Sci. 34985 Ramos & Pascasio. MINDANAO, Agusan Province, Weber 1179: Lanao District, Lake Lanao, Clemens. An Baumen in mittleren Héhen. Nom. vulgare: Tagigongai (Neg.); tagalailai (Tag.). ? UROSTACHYS SALVINIOIDES Hert. sp. nov. Radix fasciculata, pluries bipartita, long. 3. cm. Frons griseo- v. luteo- v. brunneo-viridis, sexies s. magis bipartita, pendula, flaccida, long. 100 cm et ultra, lat. 8-12, rariter usque ad 15 cm foliis inclusis. Caulis flaccidus, basi diam. usque ad 1 mm foliis exclusis. Flores flaccidi, pluries bipartiti, long. 10-20 cm, lat. 1-1.5 mm. Folia subremota, + sexfaria, 6-8 pro cm, axim non tegentia, tenera, horizontaliter s. erecto-patentia, ovata v. subcordata, acuminata, bruta v. nitida, plana, nervo vix pro- minente, 2-6 x 3-6 mm. Sporophylla conferta, ovato-lanceolata, erecto-incurvato-patentia s. appressa, + quadrifaria, subcari- nata, sporangia subtegentia, 1 x 2 mm. Spororangia lat. vix 1 m —Differt ab. U. phlegmaria foliis tenerrimis, horizonta- liter patentibus, remotis, ovatis, paullummodo longioribus quam latis, ab. U. nummulariifolio et U. Delbriickii imprimis foliis acutiusculis. Variat foliorum textura firmiore et teneriore. Area geogr. Ins. Philipp. LUZON, Ifugao ielentae. Mount Polis, Phil. Pl. 1565 McGregor: Apayao Subprovince, Mount Sulu, Bur. Sci. 28879 Fénix: Cagayan Province, For. Bur. 16720 Curran: Abra Province, Bur. Sci. 7258 Ramos p.p.: Bataan Province, Mount Mariveles, Williams 786, For. Bur. 2101 Bor- den: Laguna Province, San Antonio, For. Bur. 9530, 13179 Curran, Bur. Sci. 20610 Ramos. POLILLO, Bur. Sci. 10292 McGregor. CATANDUANES, Bur. Sci.. 30445 Ramos. MINDORO, Binabay River, Merrill 6036; Baco River, McGregor 294. SAMaR, Catubig River, Bur. Sci. 24396 Ramos. PANAY, Capiz Province, Bur. Sci. 30686, 31213 Ramos & Edafio, 35319 Marte- lino & Edafio. LEYTE, Dagami, Wenzel_274. NEGROS, Mount Silay, Whitford & Everett 1502; Cuernos Mountains, Elmer 9499. MINDANAO, Zamboanga District, San Ramon, Copeland 1450, Merrill 8298: Lanao District, Camp Keithley, Clemens: Cotabato District, Warburg 14198: Davao District, Mount Apo, Copeland 1274, Williams 2462, Elmer 10665. JoLo, Clemens 9368. An Biaiumen in mittleren und héheren Regionen. Nom. vulgare: Nito-nito (Neg.). 68 The Philippine Journal of Science 1928 Sectio NUMMULARIIFOLIURUS Hert. sect. nov. Series NUMMULARIIFOLIA Hert. op. cit. UROSTACHYS DELBROCKII Hert. sp. nov. Radix fasciculata, pluries bipartita, long. 2 cm. Frons luteo- brunneo viridis, quinquies bipartita, pendula, flaccida, long. 35 em, lat. 8-15 mm foliis inclusis. Caulis basi diam. 1 mm foliis exclusis. Flores simplices s. bipartiti, long. 10 cm, lat. 3-5 mm sporophyllis inclusis, subquadrifarii. Folia subconferta, qua- drifaria-sexfaria, 6 pro cm, axim fere tegentia, erecto-patentia, subovata, obtusa s. subacuminata, subnitida, plana, marginibus subrevolutis, nervo infra prominente, subcoriacea, 3-4 x 6-8 mm. Sporophylla conferta, -- quadrifaria, lanceolata, acumi- nata, carinata, erecto-patentia, apice subrevoluta, sporangia subtegentia, 1.5 x 2.5 mm. Sporangia lat. + 1 mm. Planta intermediaria inter U. nummulariifolium et species quasdam Phlegmariuri sectionis. Area geogr. Ins. Philipp. MINDANAO, Misamis Province, Mount Malindang, For. Bur. 4654 Mearns & Hutchinson. Genus LYCOPODIUM (Linn.) Hert. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. (1922). ae subgen. II-VI Hert. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 43 ( 1909) Beih. 98: 29. Subgenus hontauiehe Hert. subgen. nov. Subgen. II-V Hert. Lc. Sectio EULYcopopium Hert. sect. nov. Subgen. II-III Hert. l.c. LYCOPODIUM CLAVATUM Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) 1100, ed. 2 (1763) 1564, var, WALLICHIANUM Spring Monog. Lycop. 1 (1842) 90. Area geogr. Regn. subarct., temp., subtrop., trop. Ins. Philipp. : LUZON, Benguet Subprovince, Callery 69, Sablan, Elmer 6257; Baguio, For. Bur. 964 Barnes, Topping 203; Mount Santo Tomas, For. Bur. 5002 Curran, 11096 Whitford, Merrill Phil. Pl. 964, Bur. Sci. 5351 Ramos; Mount Ugo, Bur. Sci. 5851 Ramos; Pauai, Topping 1144, Copeland 1946, Clemens 9114, Bur. Sci. 31903 Santos, 8445 McGregor: Bontoc Subprovince, Vanover- bergh 870: Laguna Province, Mount Banahao, Bur. Sci. 9844 Robinson. An Felsenpartien oftmals in Graslandschaften, etc., in Héhen von 1,200-2,400 m. LYCOPODIUM COMPLANATUM Linn, Sp. Pl. (1753) 1104, ed. 2 (1763) 1567. : Lycopodium anceps Wallroth; Schol. in Linnaea 14 (1840) 674, 8 adpressifolium Spring Monog. Lycopod. 1 (1842) 102. nebst forma monostachya(*), Area geogr. Regn, subarct., temp., subtrop., trop. Ins, Philipp.: Luzon, Benguet Subprovince, Pauai, or Bur. Sci. 4232, 4465 22,1 Herter: Lycopodiaceae Philippinenses 69 Mearns, 31902 Santos; Mount Tabiao, Copeland 1813; Mount Pulog, For. Bur. 16324 Curran, Merritt, & Zschokke,*; Baguio, Elmer 6522; Mount Tonglon (Santo Tomas), Merrill. Phil. Pl. 963, For. Bur. 5001 Curran, 11095 Whitford: Bontoc Sub- province, Bauco, Vanoverbergh 989: Laguna Province, Mount - Banahao, For. Bur. 7982 Curran & Merritt, Bur. Sci. 2398 Fox- worthy. MINpDOoRO, Mount Halcon, Merrill 6033. An freien Felsenabhingen, etc., in den héheren Gebirgen, in hédhen von 1,650-2,400 m. Nom. vulgare: Yoyokau (Ig.). 7 LYCOPODIUM SCARIOSUM Forst. Prodr. (1786) 86. Area geogr. Australia, Nov. Zealand. Ins. Philipp.: MINDANAO, Davao District, Mount Apo, Copeland 1041, 1451, Elmer 11384, DeVore & Hoover 339 p.p., 523 p.p. In freien offnen Land- schaften, auf dem Gebirgsriicken des Berges Apo, Hohe unge- fahr 2,800 m. Subgenus Cernuostachys Hert. op. cit. LYCOPODIUM CERNUUM Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) 1108 (Indiis) et ed. 2 (1763) 1566 [nebst y crassifoliwm Spring Monog. Lycopod. 1 (1842) 80]. Area geogr. Regn. circumtrop. Ins. Philipp.: Cuming 2020, 2335, Labillardiére, herb. Webb, herb. Paris. BATAN ISLANDS, Batan, Bur. Sci. 3830 Fénix. LUZON, Jagor 760, 771: Cagayan Province, Claveria, Bur. Sci, 7568 Ramos: Ifugao Subprovince, Mount Polis, Bur. Sci. 19673 McGregor: Benguet Subprovince, For. Bur. 965 Barnes; Sablan, Bur. Sci. 12611 Fénix; Mount Tonglon, Bur. Sci. 5302, 5866 Ramos;. Pauai, Bur. Sci. 31922 Santos; Baguio, Bur. Sci. 2475, 2758, 2840 Mearns, For. Bur. 4906 Curran, 972 Barnes, Topping 184, 3018, Elmer 5781: Bontoc Subprovince, Bauco, Vanoverbergh 51: Lepanto Subprov- ince, Mount Malaya, For. Bur. 16571 Darling; Cervantes, Bona 40: Tayabas Province, Bur. Sci. 26633, 28656 Ramos & Edano, 9458 Robinson: Laguna Province, For. Bur. 19121 Tamesis, 9541 Curran, Bur. Sci. 15042 Ramos, Merrill Phil. Pl. 644, 957, Elmer 17874, Holman 32, 146, Baker 2348: Bataan Province, Mount Mariveles, For. Bur. 2096 Borden: Zambales Province, Mount Pinatubo, Bur. Sci. 2559, 2583 Foxworthy; Nueva Viz- caya Province, Dupax-Carranglang Trail, Bur. Set. 14270 McGre- gor; Imugan, Bur. Sci. 14405 McGregor; Santa Fé, Bur. Sci. 8276 Ramos; Caraballo Mountains, Merrill 223: Camarines Prov- ince, For. Bur. 21684 Miranda, 27412 Alambra, Bur. Sci. 33624 Ramos & Edafto: Albay Province, Mount Mayon, Bur. Sci. 6494 \ Ne 70 The Philippine Journal of Science 1928 Robinson: Sorsogon Province, Mount Kililibong, Bur. Sci. 23326 Ramos. PouILLo, Bur. Sci. 9094 Robinson, 10286 McGregor. MINDORO, Bacubay, For. Bur. 12106 Merritt; Mount Halcon, Merrill 6029, 6030 y, For. Bur. 4403 Merritt, y; Baco- River, McGregor 266, Merrill 4067. PANAY, Bur. Sci. 35703 Martelino & Edano, 32298 McGregor. LEYTE, Dagami, Wenzel 75, 764, 1023. NercGros, Canlaon Volcano, Merrill 6967, 8029 y; Mount Silay, Whitford & Everett 1529, For. Bur. 6226 Everett. BUuCAS GRANDE, Bur. Sci. 35038 Ramos & Pascasio. CAMIGUIN DE MISAMIS, Bur. Sci. 14784 Ramos. MINDANAO, Surigao Prov- ince, Wenzel 1874, Bolster 304, Ballen 157; Agusan Province, For. Bur. 24507 Sabino, Elmer 14141: Davao District, Mount Apo, Elmer 10554, De Vore & Hoover 339 p.p., 523 p.p. y, Cope- land 1490 y, 1038 y; Lanao District, Camp Keithley, Clemens 43, For. Bur. 20278 Miranda: Misamis Province, Mount Malindang, For. Bur. 4784 Mearns & Hutchinson: Zamboanga District, San Ramon, Copeland 1633, 1633a, 1768. BASILAN, Bur. Sci. 16229 Reillo. An Felsenpartien und freien Abh4ngen, etc., meist in mittleren und hédheren Regionen, selten in Meereshohe, auf- steigend bis zu 2,800 m. Hohe. Nom. vulgare: Duyoko (Ig.); kolo-kolo ( Bon.) ; kuyo-kuyo (Bis.) ; lamong-babae (Tag.) ; lovi-lovi (Bik.) ; yakyakan (Ig.) yuyukau (Ig.). LYCOPODIUM CASUARINOIDES Spring Monog. Lycopod. 1 (1842) 94. Area geogr. As. merid. - or., Ins. Sund., Ins. Philipp.: Cuming #346. LUZON, Benguet Subprovince, Loo, For. Bur. 10944 Curran; Pauai, Bur. Sci. 4231, 4233 Mearns, Clemens 9229; Baguio, Topping 160, Elmer 6376: Bontoc Subprovince, Vano- pean “ha MINDORO, Mount Haleon, Merrill 6032. An reien Gebirgskimmen und Fels il i 6 ‘a0 S408 oe envorspriingen, in Héhen von Nom. vulgare: Kulut-kulut (Bon.). LYCOPODIUM VOLUBILE Forst. Prodr. (1786) 86. Area geogr. Reg. Monsun., Ins. Societ., Nov. Zealand., Ins. Philipp. : LUZON, Benguet Subprovince, Mount Pulog, Merrill 6392; Mount Tonglon (Santo Tomas), Merrill 4826, Topping 1208, Elmer 6240, For. Bur. 11102 Whitford, 4895 Curran: Pauai, Topping 1111, Bur. Sci. 4230 M earns. MINDANAO, Misa- mis Province, Mount Malindang, For. Bur. 4628 Mearns & Hut- chinson. In dichtem Gebiisch auf Bergriicken in den héheren Gebirgen, in Héhen von 2,000-2,600 m. 22,1 Herter: Lycopodiaceae Philippinenses 71 Subgenus Lateristachys Hert. op. cit. LYCOPODIUM HALCONENSE Copel. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot. 149. Area geogr. Ins. Philipp. MINDoRO, Mount Halcon, Merrill 6031. Auf freien Berglehnen, in Héhen von 2,400 m. DRITTER TEIL UBERBLICK UBER DIE GEOGRAPHISCHE VERBREITUNG DER ARTEN Auf den Philippinen sind durch die vorliegende Arbeit 22 Lycopodiaceen und zwar 15 Urostachys- und 7 Lycopodium- Arten nachgewiesen worden. Wie tiberall in den Tropen iiber- wiegen auch auf den Philippinen die Urostachya bedeutend iiber die Lycopodia. Unter den. Urostachyen sind die aufrechten Geophyten (Sect. Selaginwrus) durch 2 Arten vertreten, wih- rend die hingenden Epiphyten mit 13 Arten (Sect. Tenuis- tachys mit 1 Art, Squarrosurus und Carinaturus mit je 3, Phlegmariurus mit 5 Arten, Nummulariifoliurus mit 1 Art) den Hauptbestandteil der lLycopodiaceenflora ausmachen. Unter den Lycopodien sind 3 kriechende Eulycopodia, ferner die 3 Hauptarten der tropischen Sect. Cernuostachys (1 Kriechstrauch, 2 Kletterer) sowie schliesslich 1 Art der interessanten Sect. Lateralistachys (Kriecher), deren iibrige Arten auf das aus- trale Florenreich beschrankt sind, vertreten. Von den 22 philippinischen Lycopodiaceen sind 11 Arten, also die Halfte, auch ausserhalb der Philippinen verbreitet, und zwar kommen 5 Urostachya und 6 Lycopodia auch ausserhalb des Gebietes vor, mithin fast alle Lycopodien, dagegen vehaltnis- miassig wenige Urostachyen. Bis in das subarktische Gebiet hinein erstreckt sich das Areal von 2 Arten: U. serratus und L. complanatum; ersteres ist auf Ostasien beschrankt, letzteres ist tiber vier Erdteile verbreitet. Beide Arten kommen in un- serem Gebiet nur auf den héchsten Gebirgen vor, wahrend sie polwirts auch in der Ebene zu finden sind. Circumtropikal . verbreitet sind 2 Arten: L. clavatum und L. cernuum; ersteres kann als Hochgebirgsform der in den subarktischen und tem- perierten Gebieten auch in der Ebene vorkommenden Hauptart aufgefasst werden, letzteres ist eine iiberall in den Tropen in allen Héhenlagen (im Hochgebirge in der Form y crassifolium) hiufige Species. Im palaeotropischen und australen Florenreich sind 3 Arten verbreitet: U. carinatus (As., Austral.), U. phleg- GL Verbreitung der Philippinischen Lycopodien. | ° : Asie Auf den Philippinen. & | Reg. subtrop. 3 § "et trop. 2 | % E ‘ Reg. . i . = E [palaco- = : 4 s EEL ala! ol al delelelsl ol dlalaleld : S ae & s ginl ¢ a j alaelaladiaifigigigifgidlgiaibGlggigi|2) <|< alajala|d]s fi§lei/zlalalsidlsia &: Jee s Urostochys. | 3. spe abo Boy dec Si pil pened | eis) Sg Rail Bia aemrries caicest) (eames Ucn ieee © tepid Wine Weare ed at 1 come = 1919. serratus f+{4+/—|-—|-[-I-] + Sg 1A bes) tle Neale gel Gl gt 8 co gh Gel ee Ib 3. verticillatus Y & 6 Pele) —)—l—|—-jeit+ een et ee ee ee S (4: semmrecuh f—|+}+]/—-]—-|—-]+] 4+] - +}—|—|+]- +}-—|-|]+/-|-|-| § lets Maonusianus. ede ack eee tS sot E nGyacl Wcanen #ocren's tinamdd Fgmeesh Theses Deron Seer (cath lca teal Wade Mase se (ircnctel Mica on ill Ueoete immed Cex Ss \6. Whitfordi }—{—}-|—|-}—-}-]—-J—-|-}+}-}-}+] + he ae oe | ~ 7. Toppingi eee Pee Po ee get eo ee ee oe | beet Sag to's aed aca hea S 8. carinatus se Be ait cars se a8 Cyl RWWA (crag iad! eea Caer’ pao eee eae Cosel Tha wade oan ah ing cco Re tape es ; pic EER, igh es (EE Fe Od oe nn ene, Pe ay eee ems ee Gere een ng ee eee oe S a (10. pinifolius dG Sik gol hg meal La “ner alee Mae Glee (he 28 ucectl Pyro Oooo Simul fame aed Someta Wear Uy oe aan nee ace a 11. Elmert —|—!—|—|}-}-—/}-—/|+/-]/-|]+]-]4+]-|-|+/-/|-/|-/4+/-|-]4] 8 Ila} 12, banayanicus ee ee ee ee Pee OE -” 1 pllapmaria fe —}+}+}/—-|H)-|-]+}+}/-]+ -|-|+/+]-/+/-|+]-|-l[- 14, salvintoides ee ae ee eed eee ee ose he be et eer ke fe fe oe pe me ie | ee 1b 15. Delbriickii a ete Me cee ets etl cll tenet etl ett ell edt tll toatl ital Mell Olle Bleed ts a all Dell Bl Lycopodium. ; {1. clavatum € 4) +) + ee ee oe mt eet ee ek tle Pi | mm | ee | oe toe fe pa bo | Ial2 complanatum +p tp tp tiny amidst —|!+i—|- Salt Mima ited Uinenetll Witmer Elect Uitccadll trail Hien abet ran Tf ae sg a a x) +/+) + + 16 i 1 +(+[4+[+[4+[4+] 4/4 -f 5 oe - 10 2 4, cernuum 5. easuarinoides volubile Sa S ls, a 7. Herter: Lycopodiaceae Philippinenses 73 74 The Philippine Journal of Science 1928 maria (As., Afr., Austral.), L. volubile (As., Austral.). Auf das palaeotropische Florenreich beschrinkt sind 3 Arten: U. squarrosus (As., Afr.), U. pinifolius (As.), L. casuarinoides As.). Dem australen Florenreich schliesslich gehért 1 Art an: L. scariosum, das im Gebiet auf dem héchsten Gipfel von Min- danao vorkommt. Von den 11 Endemismen, die sich aus 10 Urostachys-arten und 1 Lycopodium zusammensetzen, hat U. minimus (Gruppe des U. selago) seine nachsten verwandten in temperierten-subarktischen Gebieten bezw. auf den Hochge- birgen der Tropen, L. halconense (Gruppe des L. laterale) im australen Florenreich; ersteres kommt auf dem héchsten Gipfel von Mindanao, letzteres im Hochgebirge von Mindoro vor. Die iibrigen 9 Endemismen haben ihre Verwandten in den umliegenden tropischen Gebieten wohnen. Es sind samtlich hingende Epiphyten, die demnach den Hauptanteil auch unter den Endemismen ausmachen. Die Lycopodiaceen der Philippinen zerfallen also in: Drei Arten, die oder deren Verwandte bis in das subark- tische Gebiet hinein verbreitet sind (die Geophyten U. minimus, U. serratus, L. complanatum). Zwei circumtropikal verbreitete Arten (die Geophyten L. clavatum und L, cernuum). Zwei Arten, die oder deren Verwandte im australen Flo- renreich zu Hause sind (die Geophyten L. scariosum und L halconense). Fiinfzehn palaeotropische Arten, die zum kleinsten Teil auch im australen Florenreich verbreitet sind (alle epiphytischen Urostachya und die 2 kletternden Lycopodia). Es sind im Gebiet der Philippinen bisher auf 18 Inseln Lyco- podiaceen gefunden worden. Die auch ausserhalb des Gebietes vorkommenden Arten. Inseln. Urostachys serratus Urostachys squarrosus Urostachys carinatus Urostachys pinifolius Urostachys phlegmaria Lycopodium clavatum € Lycopodium complanatum Lycopodium scariosum Lycopodium cernuum Lycopodium casuarinoides Lycopodium volubile Sa. oboe NI NNR RFNrFAWWOR 22,1 Herter: Lycopodiaceae Philippinenses 75 Die endemischen Arten. Inseln. Urostachys: minimus Urostachys verticillatus y & 38 Urostachys Magnusianus Urostachys banayanicus Urostachys salvinioides Urostachys Delbriickii Lycopodium halconense Sa. 36 CQ 3 iv) y => L~4 G S| ~ 3 & 8 ~ ~~ HH ODD He ME on Am weitesten iiber das Inselreich verbreitet ist demnach von den ausserhalb des Gebietes vorkommenden Arten L. cernuum (auf 11 Inseln gefunden) und von den endemischen Arten U. salvinioides (auf 10 Inseln gefunden). Es folgen von den auch ausserhalb des Gebietes vorkommenden Arten: U. phlegmaria (auf 7 Inseln gefunden), U. squarrosus (6), U. serratus (4), U. carinatus und U. pinifolius (je 8), L. complanatum, L. casua- rinoides und L. volubile (je 2), L. clavatum « und L. scariosum (je 1) ; von den Endemismen: U. Elmeri und banayanicus (je 6), Whitfordi (5), verticillatus y & 8 (3), minimus, Magnu- sianus, Toppingi, Merrilli, Delbriickii, und L. haleonense (je 1). In ihrer Gesamtheit sind also die endemischen Arten dhnlich uber das Inselreich verbreitet wie die nicht endemischen, dagegen zeigt auch hier wieder die Gattung Urostachys eine weit gréssere Verbreitung als die Gattung Lycopodium. Alle Lycopodiaceen sind Gebirgspflanzen; nur wenige Arten gehen bis zum Meeresniveau hinab, so vor allem U. squarrosus, U. salvinioides, U. Elmeri, und L. cernuum. Infolgedessen sind die Hochgebirge der 3 grossen Inseln besonders reich an Lyco- Podiaceen. Es beherbergen : Arten. Mindanao und Luzon, je re Mindoro - Panay und Negros, je : Polillo : Camiguin, Leyte, and Palawan, je A Batan ; Die iibrigen Inseln, je : Auf Mindanao beschriankt sind 4 Arten (3 endemische: U. minimum, U. Magnusianus, und U. Delbriickii, sowie 1 Art die Sonst nur im australen Florenreich vorkommt, L. scariosum). 76 The Philippine Journal of Science Auf Luzon beschrinkt sind 3 Arten (2 endemische: U. Top- pingi, U. Merrilli, ferner 1 Hochgebirgsart der Tropen, L. cla- vatum e). : Auf Mindoro beschrankt ist die einer australischen Untergat- tung angehérende Art, L. halconense. Wichtige Zentren sind: Mindanao: Davao Distr., Todaya (Mount Apo) und Misamis Prov., Mount Malindang, 2,000-3,200 m, mit den 11 Arten: U. minimus, serratus, verticillatus y & 8, squarrosus, pinifolius, banayanicus, salvinioides, Delbriickii, L.,scariosum, cernuum, volubile. Luzon,’ Mountain Prov., Benguet Subprov., Mount Tonglon (Mount Sto. Tomas), Pauai, etc., 2,000-2,400 m, mit den 8 Arten: U. serratus, Merrilli, pinifolius, L. clavatum, complanatum, cernuum, casuarinoides, volubile. Mindoro, Mount Halcon, 2,000-2,700 m, mit den 8 Arten: U. serratus, verticillatus y & 8, squarrosus, banayanicus, L. complanatum, cernwum, casuarinoides, halconense. An diesen 3 Standorten kommen also insgesamt 16 Arten vor, von denen ein grosser Teil—mit Ausnahme besonders der oben genannten 4 bis zum Meere herabgehenden Arten U. squarrosus, U. salvinioides, U. Elmeri, und L. cernuum—auf den 3 Hauptin- seln beschrinkt ist. Die 6 Arten: U. Magnusianus, U. Whit- fordi, U. Toppingi, U. carinatus, U. Elmeri, U. phlegmaria, bevorzugen anscheinend mittlere und niedere Gebirgslagen. Die Mehrzahl dieser Arten kommt—ebenso wie die genannten 3 bis zum Meéresspiegel gehenden Arten—auch auf den kleineren Inseln vor. * Die auf Mindanao nicht vorkommenden Arten sind fett gedruckt. THE ANTISCORBUTIC VITAMINE IN SOME ORIENTAL FRUITS AND VEGETABLES? By HARTLEY EMBREY Of the Union Medical College, Peking FIVE PLATES Less is known of the antiscorbutic vitamine than of the other vitamines. It is soluble in water, and for that reason is often called water-soluble C vitamine. It is also soluble in alcohol and acetone. It is more unstable than the other vitamines and is destroyed by heat—gradually above 50°C. and rapidly above 80°C.(1) It is also affected by catalysis.(2) For instance, if half of a given quantity of raw milk be heated in a glass vessel and the other half in a copper vessel for the same length of time—for thirty minutes at 145°F.—the milk heated in the copper vessel will have lost much more of the antiscorbutic vitamine than the milk heated in the glass vessel. This vitamine is very unstable in the presence of alkalies and is especially sensitive to oxidation. In fact, oxidation is ap- parently the preéminent factor leading to the destruction of water-soluble C vitamine. If a diet be given containing an insufficient amount of this vitamine, scurvy develops. This disease can be cured by the addition to the diet of fresh fruits and vegetables, which are rich in the antiscorbutic vitamine. This paper discusses some research work that was undertaken with the hope of extending our knowledge as to which tropical fruits and foods are valuable as sources of supply of the anti- scorbutic vitamine. None of the vitamines can be determined satisfactorily by chemical means. Their presence can be detected and their rela- tive quantities estimated by feeding experiments only. The guinea pig is very susceptible to scurvy and, therefore, is the best experimental animal for this purpose. Fed on a diet com- “From the laboratories of Union Medical College, Peking; and the Bureau of Science, Manila, Philippine Islands. a7 ’ 78 The Philippine Journal of Science 1928 plete in all other respects, but lacking in this one essential, the guinea pig develops scurvy as early as the fifteenth day and death occurs, usually, on the nineteenth to the twenty-third day. The clinical symptoms of scurvy in the guinea pig are the following: Preliminary loss of weight, swelling of wrist and knee joints, and occasionally hyperemia of the gums with dull- ness of the lower incisors. Fractures of the long bones and general fragility are common. Post-mortem examination shows “hemorrhages found in the muscles, bone marrow, more fre- quently at the end of diaphyses, tooth pulp, costochondral junctions, and occasionally in the skin and lymph glands; enlargements of the ends of the long bones, especially the lower ends of the radius and ulna, the upper end of the tibia, and the costochondral junctions; and swollen lymph glands especially the inguinal and axillary.” (3) The following fruits and vegetables were tested at the Bureau of Science in Manila: Chico, Achras sapota Linnzus. Papaya, Carica papaya Linneus. Pomelo, Citrus maxima Merrill Guava, Psidium guajava Linneus. Lansones, Lansium domesticum Correa. Banana, Musa cavendishii Lambert. Banana flower bud. Coconut, Cocos nucifera Linnzus. Pepino or cucumber, Cucumis sativas Linneus. Kangkong leaves, Ipomoea reptans (Linnzus) Poiret. Camote leaves, Ipomoea batatas (Linnzus) Poiret. In addition to the fruits tested at the Bureau of Science in Manila, another fruit, the Chinese persimmon, Diospyros kaki Linnzeus, was tested at the Union Medical College, in Peking, China. Filipinos usually cook the camote and kangkong leaves and use them as greens. The banana-flower bud is boiled and used as a vegetable by most Filipinos, and to a limited degree by foreigners as well. In our feeding experiment, however, we cut the camote and kangkong leaves fine and gave them raw. ‘In the case of the banana-flower bud and of the coconut, we expressed the juice and fed the undiluted juice, since the guinea pigs would not eat either the bud or the shredded coconut meat. The other foods were given in their raw, natural state. 22,1 Embrey: The Antiscorbutic Vitamine 79 For all the foods except persimmon, basal diet 1 was used, which consisted of: Per cent. Whol 87 Rice Say “(tikitik i) 10 Calcium chloride and disodium orthophosphate (equal weights) The mixture of the above was given ad libitum; and, in ad- dition, 30 cubic centimeters of whole cow’s milk, previously boiled forty-five minutes, were given daily. For the persimmon, basal diet 2 was used, which consisted of: Per cent. Whole wheat Yeast 2 Wheat bran 3 Butter 3 Calcium lactate 3 3 Sodium chloride In the case of control guinea pig 3P, orange juice was added and the scurvy symptoms disappeared. Each animal was kept in a separate cage. Each morning all remains of the basal diet for the preceding day were removed, and a weighed amount of the food under examination was put in the cage. After a few hours, if the food was not eaten, it was fed to the guinea pig by hand; then the basal diet was given ad libitum. The guinea pigs were weighed twice a week, and a record of their weights was kept. Autopsy was performed on all guinea pigs that died before the termination of the experiment, to see whether the typical scurvy symptoms were present. The ex- periment in Manila was unfortunately of only nine weeks’ duration, and it would be advisable to continue this work in order to determine the minimum amount of each food that must be administered daily to afford complete protection from scurvy. A group of control guinea pigs was given the basal diets with- out any fresh fruit or vegetable. The Chinese persimmon was fed at the Union Medical College, Peking, and the experiment lasted twenty-four weeks. CONCLUSIONS 1. All of the control guinea pigs died of acute scurvy in from nineteen to twenty-one days. 2. Of the foods examined, pomelo, cucumber, chico, and guava afforded the best protection from scurvy. In each case 10 grams of the food given daily were sufficient to protect “the 80 The Philippine Journal of Science animals from scurvy for a period of nine weeks. Where the charts show deaths on these diets after a few weeks, post-mortem examination showed the causative factor to be pneumonia. 8. Fifteen grams of banana each day gave protection from scurvy for a period of nine weeks. 4. The experiment with lansones had to be terminated after four weeks, because this fruit disappeared from the Manila markets, being no longer in season. A careful inspection of the lansones growth curves shows a steadily decreasing weight, so that 10 grams were evidently insufficient as a protection from scurvy. 5. Fifteen grams each of kangkong leaves and of camote leaves daily gave protection for a period of from seven to nine weeks. ACKNOWLEDGMENT Thanks are due to Miss Sylvia Sleeper, of Manila, and to Mr. Tsan Ching Wang, of Peking, who rendered valuable technical assistance. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. ELLs, N. R.; STEENBOCK, H.; and Hart, E. B. Some observations on the stability of the antiscorbutic vitamine and its behavior to various treat- ments. Journ. Biol. Chem. 46 (1921) 367. 2. Hess, ALFRED F. The antiscorbutic vitamine. Journ. Ind. Eng. Chem. 13 (1921) 1115. 3. JACKSON, LEILA, and Moors, J. J. Studies on experimental scurvy in guinea-pigs. Journ. Infect. Dis. 19 (1916) 478. : ILLUSTRATIONS EXPLANATION OF CHARTS The following charts show the identification numbers of the guinea pigs, the rates of growth, and the number of weeks’ duration of experimental feeding. The numbers above the growth curves are the identification numbers of the animals; the weights of the guinea pigs are shown by the figures on the axes of ordinates; the number of weeks of experimentation is indicated by the numbers on the axes of abscisse. An arrowhead terminating the growth curve indicates the death of the animal in question. If the arrow- head is lacking, the animal was still living at the end of the experiment. Guinea pigs 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, oO, 7,38; 14, 16, 16,21, 28, 2s 34, 36, 37, 39, 41, 43, 44, 1P, 2P, 4P, 5P, 6P, 7P, and 8P died of scurvy. Deaths among the other pigs were due to pneumonia. Basal diet 1 consisted of whole oats, 87 per cent; rice bran (tikitiki), 10 per cent; calcium carbonate (CaCO;),and disodium orthophosphate (Na:HPO;), 3 per cent. Basal diet 2 consisted of whole wheat, 86 per cent; yeast, 2 per cent; wheat bran, 3 per cent ; butter, 3 per cent; calcium lactate, 3 per cent; sodium chloride, 3 per cent. PLATE 1 Fic. 1. Guinea pigs 45 to 50. Diet, 30 cubic centimeters of whole milk boiled for forty-five minutes and basal diet 1. 2. Guinea pigs 17 to 20. Diet, 10 grams of raw chico and basal diet 1. 3. Guinea pigs 9 to 12. Diet, 10 grams of raw guava and basal diet 1. PLATE 2 Fig. 4, Guinea pigs 5 to 8. Diet, 10 grams of raw lansones and basal diet 1 5. Guinea pigs 25 to 28, Diet, 15 grams of raw banana and basal diet 1 ' 6. Guinea pigs 13 to 16. Diet, 10 cubic centimeters of banana flower bud juice and basal diet 1. PLATE 3 Fig. 7. Guinea pigs 21 to 24. Diet, 10 cubic centimeters of fresh coconut juice squeezed from the white coconut meat and basal diet 1. 8. Guinea pigs 1 to 4. Diet, 10 grams of raw papaya and basal diet 1. 9. Guinea pigs 29 to 32. Diet, 10 grams of fresh raw pomelo and basal diet 1. PLATE 4 10. Guinea pigs 83 to 36. Diet, 10 grams of raw pepino and basal diet 1. 190404—_¢ 81 82 The Philippine Journal of Science 11. Guinea pigs 37 to 40. Diet 15 grams of raw camote leaves and b : asal diet 1. . 12. Guinea pigs 41 to 44. Diet, 15 grams of raw kangkong leaves and basal diet 1. PLATE 5 Fic. 13. Guinea pigs 1P to 4P. Diet, 300 cubic centimeters of whole milk previously boiled for forty-five minutes, ad libitum, and basal iet 2. 14. Guinea pigs 5P to 8P. Diet, 25 grams of fresh raw persimmon daily and basal diet 2, ad libitum 15. Guinea pigs 9P to 12P. Diet, 30 cae of fresh raw persimmon daily and basal diet 2. EmpreyY: THE ANTISCORBUTIC VITAMINE.] [Purur. Journ, Scr., 22, No. 1. seratsaneessrsartreres Pa, PUN tt Da FRE SN FS as Pd Os Ut 2 Be 7 : SES AGSa VERE R ARES oo -S SOMBER FS 60s [an cep ee LO SSR NRE eae he oem eee ee 6 ices, | 6 340 Grams, weight of guinea pig. a é & 8 a) 200 [Puturr. Journ. Scr., 22, No. 1. EMBREY: THE ANTISCORBUTIC VITAMINE.] ‘Bid voulnds Jo 3yS1em ‘sureay) ee GG by G es \ cde es arta wane: © [Puiup. Journ, Sct, 22, No, 1. PLATE 3. THE ANTISCORBUTIC VITAMINE.] EmsBrRey ° 2 - Rig - etd . feel eae / @ rived "4 / A: = ~~ / Ke h. ‘ \ 1 1/ \ > | \ Heit aT Hes fo \ 3 iii ae \ ae 4 oe : 2 \ / “haf, _ the ms f \|_ [\& ~ + \ _ a t w \ é : i ¥ . \ om) 4 \: 3 \ LA i; ‘¢ 2 i {t e \ s ee \.. » SS ‘. § \i TAL TS \ sf tt. | \ ae | | aK | ia/ Vo leot te [ “Se Oe ee ee ea Po Ge a io & m 1 1S oO 1 2 2 be; a \ a 5 \ x N east pad N\ N Se. aK wm — COO 6..°0 6190-65 5° 6 Co 22° Oo oo 6° oe 7 1 3m o Bee ~ ie, ae Oo 2 SSSESZES = eegissesikss Se@ss8888F8 8 & “aid vauin3 jo WySIem ‘suey “Bid vauind Jo yy Siam ‘sureIy ‘Bid vaumnd Jo yy Siam ‘survey [Puiuip. Journ. Scr., 22, No, 1. EmprReyY: THE ANTISCORBUTIC VITAMINE,] 4p oo Ip “Bid wound Jo yyF1am ‘sures Pee & $ 3 3 Qs y Ly S eee, 7 a | § oes Z : § |e oO ° °o (eo) So Cc Oo Oo oe o oO Fes o>] ~ © i'e] + o 13 SE \ * she ae PY a Ke % & ae a & 5 fs oO oO oO S22 =§ “Sid voulns Jo WYyZiam ‘sueIn 14 1oP al“ | al? rd — Ss. S © w ¢ ‘Bid vaumnd Jo 7y Siem ‘sures 15 PLATE 5. THE ELACATIDA OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT REGIONS By Epwarp A. CHAPIN Of Washington, D. C. ONE PLATE The material upon which this paper is based was received at various times from Prof. Charles F. Baker, of the Univer- sity of the Philippines. The family has been considered as composed of a single genus, since Ababa Casey was referred by Schaeffer (1917) to the family Cleride. Several species of the family Elacatide are known from the New World; two from Japan and one each from Batjan, Ceylon, and Borneo. The family is usually known under the name of Othniide, based on Othnius Leconte. Elacatis Pascoe has priority of a year. The type genus, Elacatis Pascoe, was erected in 1860 as a member of the Melandryide to include a single species of doubtful affinities. The following year Leconte proposed a new family, the Othniide, for an American insect, Othnius umbrosus, a new genus and new species. A second species was mentioned at the time, but was described from memory only, the specimen being lost. Thus O. uwmbrosus Leconte is the type of Othnius. Elacatis Pascoe has been suppressed as a homonym of Elacates Cuvier, 1829, and Othnius Leconte has taken its place in most of the catalogues. This action was not taken by Kraatz or Lewis but was resumed by Borchmann.: A hasty examination of one of the American species revealed certain characters that may be considered of generic value; if such is the case, Othnius Leconte will stand for the New World forms. ELACATIDA Family characters—Coleoptera genuina; Heteromera; head somewhat triangular, eyes large and prominent, lateral; labrum corneous, antennz 11l-segmented, arising from beneath the Prominent supra-antennal crests, first segment moderately long and thick, second smaller, globular or cylindrical, third * Schenkling, S., Col. Cat. Fam. Pars. 2, Othniide (1910). 83 84 The Philippine Journal of Science 1928 to eighth inclusive cylindrical, ninth to eleventh consider- ably wider, forming a loose club. Mandibles stout and curved. Mentum of males of some species with two tufts of hairs arising within fovez, of females with two fovee. Thorax transverse, margins even or denticulate, anterior angles varia- ble, anterior coxal cavities small, closed behind. Abdomen with five visible ventral segments, the first longer than any of the succeeding. Legs not long, rather stout, claws simple. Type genus, Hlacatis Pascoe, 1860. The material considered in this paper falls into two genera, which may be distinguished inter se by the following characters: Eyes evenly rounded before and behind, anterior angles of thorax not covered by the eyes, lateral margin of the thorax me er catis Pascoe. Eyes developed posteriorly so that they overlie the fe angles of the thorax, lateral margin of thorax without denticles. Parelacatis g. nov. Genus ELACATIS Pascoe Elacatis Pascor, 1860, Journ. Ent. 1 (1860) 52; Lewis, Ent. Mo. Mag. 27 (1891) 248. Generic characters.—Elacatide with eyes anteroposteriorly symmetrical, lateral margin of thorax with three to seven den- ticles, second segment of antenna globular, terminal segment of labial palpus sharply truncate, terminal segment of maxil- lary palpus twice as long as broad (Plate 1, figs. 1, 2, 5, 6, 7). Genotype, Elacatis delusa Pascoe. There are three species belonging to this genus before me, which may be distinguished as follows: 1. Middle portion of prosternum with a few indistinct punctures, lateral portions with punctures somewhat confused........-... E. bakeri sp. nov. Prosternum evenly, coarsely punctured 2. 2. Pronotum with a median smooth line, rest of surface finely punctured. undulata sp. nov. cum subsp. nov. Pronotum evenly, very coarsely punctured, no median smooth line. elusa Pascoe cum subsp. nov. Elacatis bakeri sp. nov. Head finely and densely punctured, eyes finely granulate; somewhat brassy above, piceous beneath; mentum bifoveate, an- tenne piceous, reaching just beyond anterior margin of thorax; thorax broader than long (7:10), convex, lateral margins low on sides with four very feeble denticles, surface densely and rather coarsely punctured, dark piceous with brassy luster, scutellum small, elytra tapering evenly to tips, rather more 22,1 Chapin: Elacatidz 85 finely but not as densely punctured as thorax, pale brown with piceous markings. These markings consist of a round spot in the scutellar angle, a larger round spot slightly postmedian on the suture, common to both, a broken fascia at apical fifth, and the lateral margins narrowly. Underparts almost black, finely punctured, legs dark, tibise and tarsi lighter. Length, 3.7 millimeters. Type.—A specimen, apparently a female, from Penang, (C. F. Baker); United States Nationa] Museum, No. 25054. Elacatis undulata sp. nov. Head distinctly evenly and moderately coarsely punctured, the punctures near the labrum finer than those on frons, fovez on mentum large, almost contiguous, surface above with bright brassy luster. Antenne reaching about the middle of thorax, basal segments pale. Thorax with median smooth line, other- wise rather finely and densely punctured. Lateral margin with four obtuse denticles, luster brassy. Elytra rather long and narrow, finely and evenly punctured, ornamental with a very intricate dark and light pattern (Plate 1, fig. 11). Underparts of thorax nearly black, the abdomen chestnut brown, finely and evenly punctured. Legs chestnut brown, indistinctly ringed with piceous. This species appears to be separable into two subspecies. Typical form: Punctures of thorax coarser, dark markings of elytra well developed, pygidium rather densely covered with long pale hairs. Length, 4 millimeters. Type.—A male from Mount Limay, Bataan Province, Luzon, P. I. (Baker) ; paratypes, three specimens from the same place; United States National Museum, No. 25056. Elacatis undulata subsp. bornensis subsp. nov. : Thoracic punctures not at all confused, dark markings of elytra reduced in extent, pygidium with few short hairs.: Length, 4.5 millimeters. Type.—A specimen, apparently a male, from Sandakan, Bor- neo (Baker) ; United States National Museum, No. 25058. In this species the fovese of the mentum in the males do not have the tufts of hairs sometimes found in the genus. Elacatis delusa Pascoe. Elacatis delusa Pascor, Journ. Ent. 1 (1860) 538, pl. 2, fig. 5. Head rather coarsely and not densely punctured, antenne reaching to middle of thorax, color dark with slight brassy 86 The Philippine Journal of Science 1928 luster. Thorax apparently as long as broad, very coarsely and evenly punctured, lateral margins with five denticles. Elytra evenly punctured, variegated with dark and light brown. Under- parts dark, rather coarsely punctured. Legs dark. Two subspecies can be recognized in the material at my disposal. Typical form: Elytra with three transverse dark bars and with a round dark spot in scutellar angle. Length, 3.5 millimeters. Sandakan, Borneo (Baker 11493) and unnumbered specimens. Zamboanga, Mindanao, P. I. (Baker 7283). Elacatis delusa subsp. pantherina subsp. nov. Elytra with four more or less broken transverse dark bars (Plate 1, fig. 12), no separate spot in scutellar angle. Denticles of thorax slightly more prominent. Length, 3.5 millimeters. Type.—A specimen, apparently a male, from Mount Limay, Bataan Province, Luzon, P. I. (Baker 8292). Paratypes from the same locality and from Mount Maquiling, Laguna Province, Luzon (Baker 11941). Also unnumbered specimens from the above localities. United States National Museum, No. 25055. Genus PARELACATIS novum Generic characters.—Elacatide with eyes produced poste- riorly so as to overlap anterior angles of thorax; thorax with lateral margin more or less obsolete at anterior angles, com- plete at posterior angles, regular, without denticles. Second segment of antenna cylindrical, terminal segment of labial palpus rounded at apex, terminal segment of maxillary palpus only a little longer than broad (Plate 1, figs. 3, 4, 8, 9, 10). Genotype, Parelacatis bakeri sp. nov. There appears to be but one species in the material before me that can be referred to this genus. Parelacatis bakeri sp. nov. Head wide, convex, rather coarsely and distantly punctured, dark, with faint brassy luster. Supra-antennal crests arched, socket of antenna very large. Antenne reaching to about middle of thorax, chestnut brown. Thorax much broader than long (13 : 20), convex, evenly and rather coarsely punctured, basal angles obtuse, surface with brassy luster, pubescence sparse on both head and thorax. Elytra rather suddenly rounded at tips, finely and rather densely punctured, dark with pale marking (Plate 1, fig. 13). Underparts black, rather more densely covered with hairs. Legs brown, the tibie and tarsi paler. Length, 2.5 to 3.5 millimeters. 22,1 Chapin: Elacatide 87 Type.—A specimen, sex uncertain, from Basilan, P. I. (Baker 13420). Paratypes from the same locality and from Davao, Mindanao (Baker 6659) ; Iligan, Kolambugan, and Da- pitan, Mindanao; Tangcolan, Bukidnon Province, Mindanao (Baker 14665) ; Mount Maquiling and Los Bafios, Laguna Prov- ince, Luzon (Baker 958). United States National Museum, No. 25057. ADDENDA Since I sent this manuscript for publication, a paper by F. Borchmann ? on the “Othniide” of the world has come to hand. Borchmann has prepared a very excellent study of the group, and if he has erred it has been on the side of conservatism. In his work a new species, Othnius corporaali, is described with the note that it may belong to a new genus. It appears to be congenerte with Parelacatis bakeri sp. nov., the type of my new genus Parelacatis. Othnius acutedentatus, a new species, is reported from Borneo and Luzon and would have been treated by me as a subspecies of Elacatis delusa Pascoe, so far as I am able to judge from the description. The same is true of his Othnius foveicollis. Borchmann ® has described another species from northern Palawan under the name Othnius ochripes. It is unknown to me REFERENCES Casey, T. L. Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 9 See “apes LECONTE, J. L. Classif, Col. N. Am. pt. 1 (1861) 1 LECONTE, J. L., and Horn, G. H. Classif. Col. N. aoe (1883) 391-392. LEwIs, G. Ent. Mo. Mag. 27 (1891) 248. LEwis, G. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. Me 15 (1895) 276. PASCOE, F. P. Journ. Ent. 1 (1860) 5 REITTER, E. Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. fe “(187 9) 226. ScHAEFFEr, C. Journ. New York Ent. Soc. 25 (1917) 133. * Arch. f. Naturg. 87 (1921) Abt. A, Heft 1, 191-215. * Ent. Mitteil. 10 (1921) 198. ce ES h Tete a ras, Cr el * Spek | me Fic. i EPA SSP ah _ ar bt jt co bo ILLUSTRATION [From drawings by Chapin.] PLATE 1 Elacatis delusa subsp. pantherina subsp. nov., head. Elacatis delusa subsp. pantherina subsp. nov., Hiotak from beneath. Parelacatis bakeri sp. nov., head. Parelacatis bakeri sp. nov., thorax from beneath. Elacatis delusa subsp. puntherina subsp. nov., antenna. Elacatis delusa subsp. pantherina subsp. nov., maxilla. Elacatis delusa subsp. pantherina subsp. nov., labium with palpi. Parelacatis bakeri sp. nov., labium with palpi. Parelacatis bakeri sp. nov., maxilla. . Parelacatis bakeri sp. nov., antenna. - Elacatis undulata sp. nov., elytron . Elacatis delusa subsp. osnthertnk subsp. nov., elytron. . Parelacatis bakeri sp. nov., elytron [PHmir, Journ. Scr., 22, No. 1.. CHAPIN: ELACATIDA.] PLATE i. ZUR GEOGRAPHISCHEN VERBREITUNG DER CUCUJIDE (COLEOPTERA)* ERSTER BEITRAG: LA MOPHLGINI Von FRITZ KESSEL Badenfurt, Sid-Brasilien EINE TEXTFIGUR Ueber den Cucujiden ist in den letzten Jahrzehnten intensiv gearbeitet worden. Besonders Grouvelle hat seit Mitte der siebziger Jahre des vorigen Jahrhunderts sehr viel publiziert; nachst ihm Sharp, Reitter, and andere. Leider fehlt es aber bisher fast durchweg an irgendwelchen zusammenfassenden Arbeiten iiber diese Familie bezichungsweise gréssere Gruppen derselben. Das Material ist in den Zeitschriften fast aller Herrenlinder verteilt, zerstreut sich auf gréssere Zeitraume, sodass eine einigermassen umfassende Arbeit nicht unerhebliche Schwierigkeiten zu iiberwinden hat. Von einzelnen Gruppen der Cucujiden hat, soweit mir bekannt, Grouvelle bis 1914 die Silvaninen und Ancistriinen zusammen- hangend dargestellt. Ich nehme die Cucujide und Lemophleini zunachst noch ohne Riicksicht auf meine friiheren Ausfiih- rungen.? Gerade die Zahl der bekannten Leemophleinen-Arten ist riesig gewachsen. Der Katalog von Gemminger und Harold (1868) zahit 51 Arten; mir sind bis heute schon iiber 220 Arten bekannt geworden, und mit dieser Zahl diirfte auch noch nicht das letzte Wort gesprochen sein. Trotz dieser starken Zunahme ist die Gruppe erst relativ spat (1899) von Sharp in Abteilungen zerstreut worden und zwar wohl nur unter hauptsichlicher Beriicksichtigung der zentral- amerikanischen Arten. Hier mégen zunichst einmal Angaben liber die geographische Verbreitung folgen. * The beetles of this important family, the Cucujide, commonly live under bark. Some of the species that live in stored food products are of great economic concern. The family is extensively ink naga in the Philippines where little is known of the native forms.—EpITo * Archiv f. Naturgesch. 87 Heft 6, 25-35, im iathie Umfange. . 92 rary — . Lzmophleus ater Ol. po i ‘ geoucengontk eure . Lzmophleus clarus Gr., J . ba ote 99 $9 ps PAA MP we . . Lemophleus a. a The Philippine Journal of Science 1923 I, AFRIKA (KONTINENT) Nord- rika. Lemophleus bolivari Gr., Spanisch Guinea Gr., Sierra Leo . Lemo ab eng ‘Sabet rs, Nord-Afrika. Cap er guten Hoffnung. . Lemophleus curtipennis Gr., Spanisch Guinea. Lzemophleus elongatulus Luc., lgier. . Lemophleus escalerae Gr., Spanisch Guinea Lemophleus faneti Grouv., West-Afri " Lxmophleus mirus Gr., Spa- nisch Guin uinea. . Lemophleus misellus Gr., Kamerun. II, AUSTRALIEN Lemophleus bistriatus Gr. Lemophleus contaminatus Gr. Lzemophleus felix Kess. Lemophleus insignis Gr. Lemophleus juvencus Kess. 12. Lemophleus mobilis Gr., San- sibar. 13. Lezmophleus nigricollis Luc., gier, 14, Lemophleus patens Gr., San- ibar. 15. Lemophleus peculiaris Gr., Spanisch Guinea. 16. Lemophleus peringueyi Gr., ‘Cap der guten Hoffnung. 17. Lemophleus perrisi Gr., 18. Lemophleus perspicuus Gr., Cap der guten Hoffnung. 19. Lemophleus plagiatus Gr., Spanisch Guinea. 20. Lemophleus rufipes Luce., gier. 21. Lemophleus suberis Luc., Algier. 22. Lemophleus subniger Gr., Spanisch Guinea. (KONTINENT) 6. Lzemophleus leachi Gr. 7. Lemophleus lepidus Gr. 8. Lzemophleus parvulus Gr. 9. Lezmophleus tasmanicus Gr 10. Lemophleus tuberculatus Gr. Ill, AUSTRALIEN (INSULAR) beccarii Gr. brevis Fairm. dorsalis Gr. Lemophleus Lemophleus Lemophleus Lemophleus Lemophleus ignotus Kess. Iv. Woll., Madera. axillaris Woll., clavicollis Woll., donacioides 9. Lzmophleus insularis Kess. 10. Lzmophleus integer Gr. 11. Lemophleus neglectus Gr. 12. Lemophleus patens Gr. 13. Lemophleus subgranulatus za 14. Lemophleus tricostatus Mon- trouz. . AZOREN UND CAPVERDISCHE INSELN 4. Lemophleus - granulatus - Woll., Madera. 5. Lemophl politissimus Woll., Cap Verde. 6. Lemophleus stenoides Woll., Madera. Ne he noe on on cs OMIA AB ow Kessel: Cucujide (Coleoptera) 93 Vv. BOLIVIA germaini Gr. Lemophleus nigrifrons Gr. Lzemophleus . Lemophleus Lemophleus Lzemophleus Gr. Lemophleus 2. 3. Rhinomalus fulvicollis Gr. VI. BORNEO lepidus Gr. 2. Lemophleus ovalis Gr. VII. BRASILIEN aeneus Gr. castaneipennis curtus Gr. Lemophleus deletus Gr. Lzemophleus grouvellei Gr. Lemophl Lzemophleus Lemophleus Lzemophleus Gr Lemophleus - Lemophleus -. Lemophleus . Lemophleus Grouv. Lemophleus - Lzmophleus Gr. - Lemophleus Lzemophleus Lemophleus mith ith. - Lemophleus - Lemophleus Gr. be - Lemophleus - Lemophleus ‘ say an oeetenl Guadelou megacephalus mixtus Gr. ovipennis Rtt. 14. Lemophleus pilatei Gr. 15. Lemophleus quinquearticula- tus Gr. 16. Lemophleus reitteri Gr. 17. Lemophleus repandus Rtt. 18. Lemophleus stramineus Rtt. 19. Lemophleus straminipennis Rtt. 20. Lemophleus uncicornis Rtt. 21. Rhinomalus elegans Gr. 22. Rhinomalus facetus Gr. 23. Rhinomalus ruficollis Gr. 24. Rhinomalus unifasciatus Gr. pallidipennis 25. Rhinophleus productus Gr. 26. Rhinophleus salpingoides Gr. pallentipennis VIII. CEYLON : atratulus Gr. 5. Lemophleus hypocrita Gr. foveolatus Rtt. IX. COLUMBIA castaneipennis germaini Gr. 8. iteratus Shp. 9, lucanoides macrognathus 8. Lzemophleus subtestaceus Gr. a cet tet pallentipennis Gr. Lzmophleus recticollis Rtt. Lzmophleus semiaeneus Rtt. 11. Lzmophleus seminiger Rtt. megacephalus 12. Lzmophleus suturalis Rtt. WESTINDISCHEN INSELN, CUBA, ETC. bicolor Chevr. 5. chevrolati Gr. commixtus Gr., 6. ‘ Ewhéohlans, hifant Gr., Gua- oupe. Lzemophleus exquisitus Gr., Guadeloupe. Lemophleus _ pallentipennis ry. 7, Lemophleus permixtus Gr. 8. Lzmophleus uncicornis Rtt. 94 bo = 2 or ~] 2A ee rt *Da The Philippine Journal of Science 1928 XI. EUROPA . Lemophleus abietis Wankow., Nord-Europa, Mittel-Eu- ropa. . Lemophleus ater Ol., Mittel- Europa, Siid-Europa. Lemophleus var. capensis Waltl, Mittel-Europa, Siid- Europa. . Lemophleus bimaculatus Payk., Nord-Europa, Mittel- uropa. . Lemophleus brevicornis Thoms., Nord-Europa. . Lemophleus castaneus Er., Mittel-Europa, Siid-Europa. . Lemophleus clematidis Er., Nord-Europa, Mittel-Eu- ropa. Lemophleus duplicatus Waltl, Siid-Europa. . Lemophleus emgei Rtt., Siid- Europa. . Lemophleus fractipennis Motsch., Siid-Europa. 12. Lemophleus hypobori Perris, Mittel-Europa, Siid-Europa. 13. Lemophleus infuscatus Motsch., Ost-Europa. 14. Lemophleus juniperi Gr., Siid-Europa. 15. Lemophleus kraussi Gglb., Mittel-Europa. 16. Lemophleus monilis Fabr., Nord-Europa, Mittel-Eu- ropa. 17. Lemophleus muticus Fabr. Nord-Europa, Mittel-Eu- ropa. 18. Lemophleus nigricollis Luc., salen aay Siid-Europa, Ost-E 19. iibpations poke Gr., Kor- sika. 20. Lemophleus puncticollis Fleischer, Nord-Europa. 21. Lemophleus steppensis Motsch., Ost-Europa. 22. Lemophleus weisei, Nord- Europa. XII. GUATEMALA Deinophloeus ducalis Shp. Lemophleus championi Shp. . Lemophleus distinguendus Shp. . Lemophleus endomychus Shp. . Lemophleus flavescens Shp. . Lemophleus frequens Shp. . Lemophleus germaini Gr. 17. Lemophleus guatemalenus Sh p. 18. Lemophleus hoplites Shp. 19. Lemophleus ignobilis Shp. 20. Lemophleus incisus Shp. 21. Lemophleus insolitus Shp. 22. Lemophleus inusitus Shp. 23. Lemophleus iteratus Shp. 24. Lemophleus optatus Shp. 25. Lemophleus pallentipennis Gr. 26. Lemophleus puncticollis Shp? 27. Lemophleus recticollis Rtt. 28. Lemophleus suturalis Rtt. 29. Parandrita capito Gr. 30. Parandrita deceptor Shp. 31. Parandrita stipes Shp. = der Name puncticollis von Fleischer bereits (1829) fiir eine euro- pdische Lemophleus-Art vergeben wurde, wird an Stelle des Sharp’schen Namens ein anderer zu treten haben. Kessel: Cucujidz (Coleoptera) 95 XII, GUATEMALA—Continued 32. Rhabdophleus concolor Shp. 33. Rhabdophleus costatus Shp. 34. Rhabdophleus dispar Shp. 35. Rhinomalus signatus Shp. 36. Rhinophleus gracilis Shp. 37. Rhinophleus nasutus Shp. 38. Rhinophleus productus Gr. 39. Rhinophleus salpingoides Gr. 40. Silvanophleus bembidium Sh p. 41. Silvanophleus cognatus Shp. 42, Silvanophleus fraudator Shp. 43. Silvanophleus gundlachi Shp. 44, Silvanophleus infimus Shp. XIII. HONDURAS 1. Lemophleus iteratus Shp. 2. Lzmophleus Gr. pallentipennis 3. Lemophleus recticollis Rtt. 4, Silvanophleus gundlachi Gr. XIV. HINTER-INDIEN 1. Lemophleus carinicollis Gr. 2. Lemophleus invertus Gr 3. Lemophleus lepidus Gr 4, Lemophleus mandibularis Gr. 5. Lemophleus rugifrons Gr. 6. Lemophleus spinosus Gr. 7. Lemophleus subtestaceus Gr. XV. VORDER-INDIEN 1. Lemophleus belli Gr. 2. Lemophleus calognathus Gr. 3. Lemophleus ditomoides Gr. 8. Lemophleus indicus Gr. 9. Lemophleus interceptus Gr. 10. Lzmophleus faneti Gr. 11. Lemophleus neglectus Gr. 12. Lemophleus picipennis Gr. 13. Lemophleus sanguinolentus 7. Lemophleus incertus Gr. Hope. XVI. JAPAN convexiusculus 8. Lzmophleus laevior Rtt. 1. Lemophleus G r. 2. Lemophleus dorcoides Rtt. 4, Lemophleus nigrofasciatus Rtt. XVII. JAVA 1. Lemophleus incertus Gr. XVIII. KOSMOPOLITEN 1. Lemophleus Erichs. 2. Lemophleus Steph. alternans ferrugineus 3. Lzemophleus minutus Ol. 4. Lemophleus turcicus Gr. 5. Silvanophleus testaceus Fabr. XIX. MADAGASKAR UND REUNION 1. Lemophleus allnaudi Madagaskar. 2. Lemophleus atratulus Gr., Madagaskar und Reunion. 3. Lemophleus brevipennis Gr., Madagaskar. 4. Lemophleus pagueredt Madagaskar und Reunion. Gr., Gr., 5. Lemophleus cornutus Gr., Madagaskar. 6. Lemophleus fairmairei Gr., Madagaskar. 7. Lemophleus faneti Gr., Ma- agaskar. 8. Lemophleus mirificus Gr., Reunion. 96 The Philippine Journal of Science 1928 XIX. MADAGASKAR UND REUNION—Continued 9. Lemophleus mirus Gr., Mada- gas 10. Lemophleus perrieri Gr., Ma- dagaskar. 11. Lemophleus planulatus Gr., Reunion. . Deinophleus . Lemophleus 42. gcemmarde rafrayi Gr., Madaga: 13. Lanophies eae Gr., Reun 14. Laomopha tenebrosus Gr., Reunio XX, MEXICO ducalis Shp. amulae Shp. hoplites Shp. . Lemophleus minusculus Gr pallentipennis pauper Shp. 9. Lemophleus recticollis Rtt. 10. Lemophleus suturalis Rtt. circumdatus Shp. 12. Lemophleus teapensts Grouv. 15. Parandrita stipes Shp. 16. Rhabdophleus concolor Shp. 17. Rhabdophleus costatus Shp. 18. Rhinomalus anthracinus Shp. 19. Rhinomalus chiriquensis Shp. 20. Rhinomalus vicinus Gr. 21. Rhinophleus nasutus Shp. 22. Rhinophleus productus Gr. 23. Rhinophleus salpingoides Gr. 24, Silvanophleus gundlachi Gr. XXI. NICARAGUA 1. Lemophleus ignobilis Shp. 2. Lemophleus pallentipennis Gr XXII, PANAMA 1. Lzemophleus anticus Shp. 2. Lemophleus breviceps Shp. 8. Lzemophleus carabinus Shp. 7. Lemophleus dives Shp. 8. Lemophleus frequens Shp. 9. Lemophleus immersus Shp. 10. Lemophleus incisus mass ts p. 11. Lemophlzus minutus Shp.‘ 12. Lemophleus _ pallentipennis Gr. 13. Lemophleus striatus Shp. 14. Lemophleus suturalis Rtt. 15. Deinophleus sinuatus Shp. 16. Rhabdophleus chiriquensis Shp. 17. Rhinomalus chiriquensis Shp. 18. Silvanophleus atomarius Shp. 19. Silvanophleus gundlachi Gr. XXIII. PHILIPPINEN 1. Lemophleus philippinicus Kess. XXIV. SUMATRA 1. Lemophleus atratulus Gr. 4, Lemophleus mandibularis Gr. 5. Lemophleus proximus Gr. 6. Lemophleus subtestaceus Gr. Name minutus ist bereits (1791) von Olivier fiir eine kosmopo- litische Lemophleus-Art vergeben. Cf. Bemerkung sub. XII = ray i Kessel: Cucujidz (Coleoptera) 97 XXV. VENEZUELA Lemophleus albofasciatus Gr. nis ie Lzmophleus castaneipen Gr. 3. Lzemophleus pallentipennis 4, Lemophleus obliquefasciatus Gr. XXVI. VEREINIGTE STAATEN YON NORD-AMERIKA . Dysmerus basalis Casey (viel- leicht Synonym zu Lemo- Lemophleus angustulus Lec. Lemophleus biguttatus Say. Lzmophleus cephalotes Lec. Lemophleus DR o9 bo on Lemophleus extricatus Casey. . Lemophleus fasciatus > {0 . Lemophleus floridanus Casey. ao <. 1904047 bo a . Lzemophleus horni Casey. . Lemophleus lecontei Gr. . Lemophleus longicornis . Lzemophleus modestus Say. . Lemophleus puberulus Lee. . Lemophleus pubescens Casey. . Lzemophleus punctatus Lec. . Lemophleus quadratus Casey. . Lemophleus rotundicollis asey. . Lemophleus schwarzi Casey. . Lemophleus terminatus Casey. . Lemophleus truncatus Casey. . Silvanophleus niteus Lee Die Aufstellung zeigt, dass einzelne Regionen, besonders Ost-Asien, in Bezug auf Lemophleus-Arten noch sehr wenig wi ee a Fic. 1, Lemophleus (Brontophleus) uncicornis Rtt.; a, Fihler des Mannchens; 6, Fihler des Weibchens durchforscht sind. Dankbar wire tok, wenn Museen und Pri- vat-Sammler, welche diese Zeilen lesen, meine Studien durch Mitteilung von Fundorten unterstiitzen wollten. Auch bendtige ich fiir meine anatomischen Arbeiten sehr viel Material, fiir das ich im Tausch gegebenen Falle brasilianische Coleoptera oder Lepidoptera abgebe. Be ek mirett Ai : at : . a ea at ILLUSTRATION TEXTFIG. 1. Lemophleus (Brontophleus) uncicornis — ; a, Fuhler des Mannchens; b, Fiihler des Weibchen 99 NOUVEAUX CERCOPIDES DES PHILIPPINES Par V. LALLEMAND Uecle, Bruxelles Genus PHYMATOSTETHA Stal Phymatostetha rubens sp, nov. Téte, pronotum, écusson sont rouge-brique, élytres rouge- brique, devenant rouge-jaunatre a la partie réticulée; sur le ver- tex, & sa base, entre les yeux, une ligne transversale, sur le pronotum les 2 fossettes situées en arriére des yeux, une fine bande longitudinale et 4 taches sur les élytres sont noiratres. Le front prés des yeux est légérement brunatre. Voici la disposi- tion des bandes et taches, des élytres: la bande longitudinale s’étend depuis la base sur le tiers antérieur le long du radius; prés du bord externe, de suite aprés le milieu, se trouve une premiére tache s’étendant jusqu’au médian et ayant deux pointes vers l’arriére, entre le médian et le cubitus se trouve la deuxiéme qui est arrondie; en avant de la partie réticulée se trouvent les taches 3 et 4 une au bord externe et l’autre en arriére de la _tache no 2. Les ailes sont enfumées, a base rosée. Rostre, thorax noirs (sauf l’extrémité des protubérances et les hanches rouges) pattes rouges, sauf le milieu des cuisses et les épines des tarses postérieurs qui sont brunes. Le premiér segment de V’abdomen est noir bordé de rouge, les autres sont rouges portant de chaque cété une tache transversale noire, la base des organes génitaux et la tarriére sont noires; la partie supérieure de l’ab- domen est rouge. Pronotum fortement et grossiérement ponctué en séries transversales, la caréne longitudinale est peu marquée, son bord postérieur est concave, arrondi. Le mésothorax pré- sente deux protubérances en avant des hanches médianes, dont la face antérieure est en pente, tandis que la face postérieure tombe droit. Longueur totale, 17 mm.; longueur des élytres, 13 mm. LuzON, Laguna, Mount Maquiling (Baker). Phymatostetha dapitana sp. nov. Espéce voisine de P. mactans White et surtout de flavopicta Distant. La téte est jaune sauf une bande transversale entre 101 102 The Philippine Journal of Science 1928 les yeux & la base du vertex et une tache de chaque coté du front au devant des yeux, qui sont noirs. Le pronotum est jaune portant 2 larges bandes longitudinales noires n’atteignant pas le bord antérieur; écusson noir. Elytres noirs, ils ont 3 bandes et 3 taches jaunes, une large bande droite sur le clavus longeant le bord interne jusque vers la naissance de la pointe de |’écusson, puis s’en écartant elle est plus large a son extrémité qu’a la base; une deuxiéme bande le long du bord externe s’étendant aussi loin que la premiére; un peu en arriére de ces 2 premiéres se trouve une bande transversale légérement ondulée, quant aux taches, les 2 premiéres sont situées en avant de la partie réticulée, une au bord externe et |’autre au bord interne vers la pointe du clavus, la troisiéme se trouve en arriére de celles-ci, au milieu; les ailes sont noiratres; l’abdomen est jaune-foncé a sa face supé- rieure, 4 sa face inférieure le premier segment est noiratre bordé de jaune-foncé et les autres sont jaune-foncé portant 4 taches noires, 2 petites triangulaires 4 la base et au milieu, et une grosse tache de chaque cété; la base des organes génitaux et la tarriére sont noiratres. Longueur totale, 19 mm.; longueur des élytres, 15 mm. MINDANAO, Dapitan (Baker). Phymatostetha cincta sp. nov. Espéce voisine de Phymatostetha circumducta Walker, stali Butler, et hilaris Walker La téte est noire saat les parties latérales du vertex et une tache triangulaire frontale qui sont jaunes; pronotum noir sauf une bande jaune le long des bords antérieurs et latéro-antérieurs, la bande antérieure est de dimensions inégales, large au milieu, elle se rétrécit sur les cétés, en effet les fossettes latérales du pronotum (qui se trouvent en arriére des yeux) occupent cette bande et sont de la méme couleur que le disque; l’écusson est noir, une bande jaune occupe le tiers basal. Les élytres brun- noir sont recouvertes d’une villosité dense et jaune-gris, sur celles-ci se voient 2 bandes transversales, deux bandes longitu- dinales et une fine bordure jaunatre. La premiére bande trans- versale se trouve en avant du milieu et le dieuxéme au devant de la partie réticulée; la bande longitudinale sur le clavus longe le bord interne; elle s’étend jusqu’au niveau du milieu de ]’écus- son, la dieuxéme longeant le bord externe se rétrécit brusquement un peu en avant de la premiére bande transversale et sous la forme d’un mince filet borde l’élytre jusqu’a la pointe du clavus. Les ailes sont enfumées 4 base rougeatre. Thorax ocre-jaune 22,1 Lallemand: Nouveaux Cercopides 103 sauf les protubérances qui sont noires. Pattes jaune-brunatre, sur les cuisses se trouvent 2 bandes longitudinales, noires et la moitié apicale des tibias est foncée, l’abdomen est bleu-violet a sa partie supérieure et jaundtre a sa partie inférieure, sauf le premier segment qui est noiratre mais bordé de jaune et une tache noire de chaque cété sur chaque segment. Un exemplaire que je possede de Balabac a les dessins rouges au lieu de jaunes comme pour ceux de Palawan. La surface du pronotum est rugueuse densement et grossiére- ment striée en lignes transversales, elle porte une caréne longi- tudinale commengcant 4 une certaine distance du bord antérieur ; Vécusson porte une fossette centrale, sa surface est transver- salement striée; les ocelles sont trés proches l’un de l’autre, la distance qui les sépare des yeux est égale a trois fois leur écartement. La face est globuleuse transversalement striée; les protubérances du mésothorax sont situées au devant des hanches médianes elles sont peu élevées, transversales. Longueur totale, 14 mm.; longueur des élytres, 10.5 mm. Cette espéce se distingue de P. stali Butler et hilaris Walker par la coloration du vertex, par la forme de la bande antérieure du pronotum et par la bande de |’écusson. PALAWAN. BALABAC. Type.—La collection du musée de Paris (Ile Palawan) et ma collection (Balabac). Phymatostetha iligana sp. nov. L’insecte est tout noir sauf les taches ou bandes dont la de- scription suit et qui sont jaunes; le bord antérieur du vertex se prolongeant en une tache triangulaire jaune-brun sur le front, les bords antérieurs et latéro-antérieurs du pronotum et une ligne longitudinale médiane; sur les élytres: une bande transversale au devant du milieu, deux taches au devant de la partie apicale, une au bord externe et une autre & l’extrémité du clavus, enfin une troisiéme au milieu de la partie apicale, une bande longitud- inale s’étendant sur le subcosta mais n’atteignant pas la bande transversale, sur le clavus une bande droite partant de la base, longeant le bord interne jusqu’A l’extrémité du pronotum, puis s’en écartant, le bord interne lui-méme jusqu’a la premiere bande transverse est rougedatre; les ailes ont leur base rougeatre. A l’extrémité du front, prés du clypeus existe de chaque cote une tache jaune; les hanches et la base des cuisses, de méme que l’extréme bord de chaque segment, abdominaux sont ‘également jaunes; les protubérances du mésothorax sont bien développées, 104 _ The Philippine Journal of Science 1928 leur extrémité est plus claire. Longueur totale, 16 mm.; lon- gueur des élytres, 12 mm. Cette espéce, par le dessin des élytres est voisine de P. mactans White, flavopicta Distant, dapitana sp. nov. MINDANAO, Iligan (Baker). Genus LEPTATASPIS Schmidt Leptataspis butuanensis sp. nov. L’insecte est noir, sauf une bande transversale rouge qui occupe a peu prés le quart basal des élytres et dont le bord pos- térieur n’est pas droit, la bande s’étend un peu plus en arriére a la partie externe de |’élytre, en dehors du radius; la base des ailes est également rougedtre. Les élytres sont longues 4 peu prés 3 fois leur largeur (16 mm x 6 mm) le médian et le cubitus sont réunis sur le tiers basal. La surface du pronotum est lisse, brillante, finement ponctuée, portant une caréne dans sa partie antérieure, celle-ci se continue par un sillon a la partie postérieure. Les ocelles sont a égale distance l’un de I’autre. Le rostre s’étend jusqu’entre les hanches médianes; les pro- tubérances du mésothorax sont transverses et non en cone, légé- rement dirigées en avant, le bord postérieur du mésothorax est foliacé. Longueur totale, 20 mm.; longueur des élytres, 16 mm.; largueur des élytres, 6 mm. MINDANAO, Agusan, Butuan (Baker). Leptataspis bukidnona sp. nov. Ecusson, pronotum téte et thorax rouge-brun, brillants; moitié basale des élytres ocre-jaune, moitié apicale noire. Sur la partie antérieure existent 8 taches noires, une prés de la base sur le médian et une seconde sur la premiére nervure du clavus non loin de la base, ensuite une bande transversale composée de 4 taches, une prés du bord externe, une deuxiéme sur le trone commun du médian et du cubitus et 2 sur le clavus, séparées par la premiére nervure; enfin une seconde bande composée de 2 taches, la pre- miére prés du bord externe, au devant de la bifurcation du radius, la dieuxiéme entre le médian et le cubitus bifurqués; Yabdomen est noir. Toute la surface de linsecte est recouverte d’une villosité noire. Le médian, le cubitus sont réunis sur le tiers basal des élytres. La surface du pronotum est lisse et brillante finement ponc- tuée, sur la moitié antérieure du pronotum existe une caréne médiane qui se continue par un fin sillon, les protubérances du 22,1 : Lallemand: Nouveaux Cercopides 105 mésothorax sont bien développées, transversales, son bord pos- térieur est foliacé. Longueur totale, 19 mm.; longueur des ély- tres, 14 mm.; largeur des élytres, 5.5 mm. MINDANAO, Bukidnon, Tangcolan (Baker). Genus OPISTARSOSTETHUS Schmidt Opistarsostethus calypso sp. nov. Téte, pronotum, pattes antérieures, |’extréme base et le tiers antérieur du bord externe des élytres sont rouge brique. Tibias et tarses médians et postérieurs brun-rougeatre, tout le restant de l’insecte est noir sauf 7 petites taches rouge-clair sur les élytres, les 4 premiéres sont placées en une série transversale au devant du milieu, la premiére trés petite est située prés du bord externe, la dieuxiéme de méme dimension et trés voisine de la premiére, prés du radius, la troisiéme entre la médian et le cubitus, la quatriéme sur le clavus. Les 3 autres se trouvent au devant de la partie réticulée, une au bord externe, la dieuxieme entre le radius II et le médian, la troisiéme transversale prés de la pointe du clavus sur le cubitus. La surface du pronotum est quelque peu rugueuse, transver- salement et fortement ponctuée, elle montre une caréne médiane trés nette, son bord postérieur est anguleux et concave, les angles latéraux sont arrondis, sur les élytres le médian et le cubitus sont réunis par un rameau transversal. Le rostre s’étend jus- qu’au devant des hanches médianes. Les protubérances du meso- thorax sont transversales, son bord postérieur est foliacé. Longueur totale, 21 mm.; longueur des élytres, 17 mm.; largeur des élytres, 6.5 mm. POLILLO (Edward H. Taylor). Genus RADIOSCARTA novum Front dans son ensemble assez globuleux, partagé en 3 parties nettes, une médiane et 2 latérales séparées par des carenes emous- sées, la partie médiane est trés légérement et transversalement bombée a sillons transversaux peu marqués, sans carene Nl sillon longitudinal médian. Vu de cété et dans le sens de la longueur, le bord antérieur est légérement incurvé, le postérieur est droit et angle formé est un peu plus grand que le droit. Le rostre assez long s’étend jusque prés des hanches médianes. Les élytres ont le bord externe convexe, leur plus grande largeur est situee vers la fin du tiers antérieur, le médian et le cubitus ne sont pas soudés, ils sont réunis par un rameau oblique. Sur les ailes, 106 The Philippine Journal of Science 1923 le rameau transverse réunissant le dieuxiéme au troisiéme sec- teur est situé bien en avant de la bifurcation du troisiéme secteur. La partie antérieure du pronotum et le vertex sont déclives, la distance séparant les ocelles des yeux est le double de leur écarte- ment, le vertex est plus large que long. Le pronotum a ses angles latéraux arrondis, il porte une fine caréne longitudinale. L/’écus- son est creusé en une fossette médiane. Le mésothorax est sans protubérance, en bourrelet transversal. Les tibias postérieurs ont 2 épines, une petite a la base, et une forte au milieu. Type du genre, Radioscarta surigaona sp. nov. Radioscarta surigaona sp. nov. L’insecte est tout brun, sauf le mésothorax qui est ocre-jaune. Le milieu du front, le bord latéral du vertex et une tache au devant des ocelles ainsi que 2 petites taches prés du bord. pos- térieur sont jaunes. Sur le pronotum chez la femelle existe une fine ligne transversalé ondulée jaune, tandis que chez le male existe une large bande transversale jaune, qui occupe 4 peu prés toute la moitié antérieure, mais qui ne s’étend pas jusqu’au bord antérieur: la pointe de l’écusson est jaunatre; sur les élytres se voit au devant du milieu une ligne transversale plus ou moins droite composée de 7 taches blanches, 5 sur le corium et 2 sur le clavus, au devant de la partie réticulée existent 2 taches trans- versales, une au bord externe et l’autre A l’extrémité du clavus, un peu en arriére de celles-ci et sur le milieu se trouve une troi- siéme tache arrondie. Les ailes sont enfumées, les nervures sont noires ; la téte est arrondie A son bord antérieur; pronotum den- sement ponctué, ses bords antérieurs sont droits, son bord pos- térieur est concave et arrondi, l’angle latéral est arrondi, les tibias postérieurs ont 2 épines. Male, longueur totale, 10.5 mm.; longueur des élytres, 8.5 mm.; largeur des élytres, 3 mm. Femelle, longueur totale, 8 mm.; longueur des élytres, 6.5 mm.; largeur des élytres, 2.5 mm. MINDANAO, Surigao, Surigao (Baker). Genus EUGLOBICEPS novum Front globuleux, arrondi lisse 4 Sillons peu marqués A la partie médiane, la forme de la téte rappelle le genre Abidama Distant, la longueur de la partie visible d’en haut est plus grande que la largeur de la partie du, vertex comprise entre les yeux; les ocelles sont petits, plus prés ’un de l’autre que des yeux et séparés par une caréne; le vertex et la partie frontale du vertex sont plats, 4 bord antérieur arrondi: pronotum un peu rugueux, a 22,1 Lallemand: Nouveaux Cercopides 107 fossettes antérieures, bord latéro-antérieur droit, bord posté- rieur un peu concave arrondi, il n’a pas de caréne. Ecusson a fossette médiane. Sur le tiers basal des élytres le médian et le cubitus sont réunis, les nervures sont relativement peu marquées, le réseau apical est bien visible mais peu saillant, la longueur des élytres est a peu prés égale 4 3 fois leur largeur, l’endroit le plus large est au devant de la partie apicale réticulée, le méso- thorax est bombé transverse, sans protubérances. Le rostre a 2 articles d’égale longueur et s’étend jusqu’entre les hanches médianes. Les cuisses antérieures et médianes montrent une fossette longitudinale occupant 4 peu prés toute la longeur et rappelant celle du genre Notoscarta Breddin. Les tarses posté- rieures n’ont qu’une épine. Type du genre, Euglobiceps elongata sp. nov. Euglobiceps elongata sp. nov. Toute la surface de l’insecte, spécialement les élytres et le pronotum, est recouvert d’une villosité dense jaune-gris. Téte d’un brun-acajou, pronotum, écusson (sauf l’extrémité, rouge) élytres brunes, thorax rose, abdomen rose sauf les 2 derniers segments et les organes génitaux (sauf la base de la tarriere, rose) qui sont brunatres; pattes roses sauf les tibias et les tarses antérieurs et médians, les épines et les tarses postérieurs. Longueur totale, 8 mm.; longueur des élytres, 6 mm. ' MINDANAO, Dapitan (Baker). Genus EUBAKERIELLA novum Pronotum rugueux, grossiérement ponctué, 4 caréne médiane, a bord postérieur fortement convexe arrondi. Ecusgon allongé, effilé: élytres & nervures trés fortement sail- lantes, médian et cubitus réunis sur un court trajet, sur toute la surface de l’élytre existent des rameaux transverses. Les protubérances du mésothorax sont bien développées, lé- gérement transverses, son bord postérieur est foliacé. Les ocelles sont petits, A distance égale I’un de l’autre et des yeux, la partie frontale du vertex est nettement séparée du vertex par des sillons et elle se continue sans interruption avec le front qui est globuleux et dont la surface montre des sillons transversaux. Ce genre est voisin de Phlebarcys Schmidt par les nervures sail- lantes, qui occupent 4 peu prés toute la surface de Vélytre (co- rium et clavus) ; il s’en distingue également par la forme du front et le bord postérieur du pronotum qui est convexe. Type du genre, Eubakeriella spectabilis sp. nov. 108 The Philippine Journal of Science Eubakeriella spectabilis sp. nov. Elytres brunes 4 reflets métalliques verdatres sur les 2 tiers antérieurs. Pronotum brun a légers reflets verts, bord antérieur noir-vert et les autres bords sont ocre-jaune; téte noire a reflets verts, clypeus, rostre, pattes, tarriére du male jaunes, thorax noir (sauf une bande latérale jaune du mésothorax) ; l’abdomen est noir, a reflets bleus métalliques 4 la face supérieure et verts a la face inférieure. Toute la surface de l’insecte est recouverte d’une villosité grise spécialement 4 la face inférieure. Longueur et 18 mm.; longueur des élytres , 8 mm.; largueur des élytres, avenen (Corporaal) . EFFECTS OF EXTRACTS OF ASCARIS VITOLORUM ON EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS By BENJAMIN SCHWARTZ Of the University of the Philippines, Los Batios INTRODUCTION During the past few months a number of calves (Indian buffalo and native carabao) of the herd of the College of Agriculture died as a result of heavy infestation with Ascaris vitolorum, a species of rather common occurrence in bovine animals in the Philippine Islands. The animals in question exhibited severe symptoms, which became more intense following the administra- . tion of turpentine as an anthelminthic. As a result of anthel- minthic medication the parasites were killed; but, despite the administration of rather heavy doses of castor oil, they were not eliminated from the intestine, as was shown by post-mortem examination. The symptoms exhibited by the sick calves were those of extreme weakness combined with a rather pronounced toxzemia. Shortly before death the animals exhibited severe nervous re- actions, such as vertigo and epilepsy, these symptoms being followed by complete prostration and death. Post-mortem examination revealed numerous worms, many of which were dead, in the duodenum, a few worms in the stomach, and partially digested worms as well as fragments of worms in different portions of the intestines. Whether the death and resultant disintegration of the worms were responsible for the increase in the severity of the symptoms following the admin- istration of turpentine could not be determined, because the sick animals were treated before I had an opportunity to keep one or more untreated animals as controls. Since the behavior of the sick calves before the administration of anthelminthics was indicative of toxemia, it occurred to me that toxic substances, either true secretory products of the parasites or disintegration products following the death of the worms, might be responsible for the severe clinical manifestation of that parasitic condition. The experiments herein discussed were undertaken with a view of obtaining information on that point. A more-detailed 109 110 The Philippine Journal of Science 1928 series of experiments than those recorded in this paper was planned, but as no specimens of Ascaris vitolorum have been found recently, either in Los Bafios or in abattoirs in Manila, I desire to record the results that have thus far been obtained. TECHNIC Extracts that were used in the experiments described were prepared from worms that were recovered during post-mortem examination of calves that succumbed to ascariasis. Only living specimens were selected for the purpose of preparing the ex- tracts, and the specimens were thoroughly and repeatedly washed in physiological salt solution in order to free their surface from adhering intestinal matter. The worms were then dried with filter paper, placed in a glass dish, and cut into pieces about 2.5 centimeters long. The cut-up worms were placed in a desiccator containing calcium chloride, and after several days’ drying the parasite material was sufficiently crisp to allow pul- verization. Extracts were prepared in physiological salt solution (0.85 per cent solution of sodium chloride) by suspending a certain quantity of triturated worm material in a certain quantity of salt solution, as noted in connection with each series of experi- ments, and allowing the mixture to remain in a cool, dark place for from two to three hours. The mixtures were then filtered, or the fluid was removed by means of a syringe without filtration. Unless otherwise stated, animals were injected intraperito- neally, and the usual aseptic precautions were adhered to in the course of these experiments. All animals used in the experi- ments were full grown. RECORDS OF EXPERIMENTS SERIES I The following extract was used in this series of experiments: One gram of finely powdered worm material was suspended in 10 cubic centimeters of physiological salt solution. Experiment 1.—One and five-tenths cubic centimeters of the filtered extract was injected into guinea pig 1. About fifteen minutes after the injection the animal gave evidence of distress. The following symptoms were most pronounced: Severe scratch- ing, marked trembling and excitation, and a rough coat. These symptoms gradually increased in severity and were followed by weakness in the legs, a tendency to fall down, and finally by paralysis. The animal was kept under observation for several 22,1 Schwartz: Extracts of Ascaris vitolorum 111 hours, during which period the symptoms did not subside. The following day the animal was found dead. Experiment 2.—Guinea pig 2 was injected with the same quantity of extract as was used in experiment 1. The appear- ance and persistence of symptoms and the results were the same as in experiment 1. SERIES II The following extract was used in the experiments of this series: One gram of powder was suspended in 15 cubic centi- meters of physiological salt solution. Experiment 3—Guinea pig 3 was injected with 1 cubic centi- meter of extract. The symptoms were practically the same as those noted in experiment 1. There was a period during which the animal showed evidence of distress by running excitedly up and down the table and emitting shrill sounds from time to time. This was followed by a state of dullness and stupor, and complete prostration. This animal gradually recovered from the injection. It was kept under observation for several weeks, but showed no further symptoms. Experiment 4.—Guinea pig 4 was injected with a quantity of extract equal to that used in experiment 3, but the extract was heated to boiling point and then allowed to cool before it was injected. The results were similar to those noted in experi- ment Experiment 5.—Guinea pig 5 was injected with 2 cubic centi- meters of extract. It exhibited the same symptoms as guinea pigs 3 and 4, but its reactions were more pronounced. This animal was found dead the next morning. Experiment 6—Guinea pig 6 was given 5 cubic centimeters of extract by mouth. The animal became ill immediately after the administration of the extract, ran about excitedly along the table, squealed as if in pain, scratched its face violently, rubbed its mouth with its forelegs, and exhibited other nervous symp- toms. The animal eventually recovered. SERIES UI The powdered-worm material that was used in this and in the following series of experiments was obtained from the same lot of dried worms as was that used in Series I and II. Several months elapsed between the experiments in the first two series and those in subsequent series, and during the intervals the dried-worm material was kept in a tightly corked bottle in a dark place. 112 The Philippine Journal of Science 1923 The extract used in this series of experiments was made up as follows: One-half gram of powdered-worm material was ex- tracted in 10 cubic centimeters of physiological salt solution. Experiment 7.—Guinea pig 7 was injected with 2 cubic centi- meters of the extract. About five minutes after the injection the animal began to exhibit signs of uneasiness. Its fur became rough, its movements were spasmodic, and it ran about on the table very excitedly, emitting guttural sounds. Ten minutes later it showed weakness in the legs, and shifted its weight from side to side. Its eyes were only half open, and it fell down from time to time. About thirty minutes after the in- jection the guinea pig was completely prostrated. It remained under close observation for seven hours and throughout this period was very ill. Its respiration was rapid and shallow, and it was feverish and extremely sensitive to touch. Frequently it squealed as if in pain. The following day the guinea pig was quiet but rather weak. It refused food and drink. Gradually, however, the animal recovered fully from the effects of the in- jection. Experiment 8.—Guinea pig 8 was injected with 3 cubic centi- meters of the extract. The behavior of this animal was similar to that of guinea pig 7, but the symptoms appeared more rapidly and were more marked. This animal was very ill the day after the injection, but it finally recovered. SERIES IV The extract used in this series of experiments, which were performed about three weeks later than the experiments in Series III, was similar to that used in experiments 7 and 8. Bay rats were substituted for guinea pigs in experiments 9 an , Experiment 9.—Rat 1 was injected with 1.4 cubic centi- meters of the extract. Ten minutes after injection the animal became greatly excited, jumped up and down in the glass jar in which it was kept under observation, and scratched itself rather violently. About ten minutes later the rat was dull and list- less, its fur was rough, its back was arched, its head drooping, and respiration labored, and its body jerked involuntarily from time to time. Forty-five minutes after injection the rat lay on its abdomen. This animal was sick for an entire day, during which it was kept under close observation. It remained list- less and weak. The following day the animal was weak and did not eat. It recovered from the effects of the injection in two days. 22,1 Schwartz: Extracts of Ascaris vitolorum 113 Experiment 10.—Rat 2 was injected with 1 cubic centi- meter of the extract. Its reactions were the same as those de- scribed for rat 1, but the symptoms appeared more slowly. SERIES V Three frogs and one turtle were used in this series of exper- iments and extract similar to that used in Series IV was injected in quantities of 1 cubic centimeter to each animal. No definite reactions were provoked, however, the animals ap- pearing quite unaffected by the injections. SUMMARY OF EXPERIMENTS Physiological salt solution extracts of Ascaris vitolorum were quite toxic to guinea pigs and rats. The injection of these extracts intraperitoneally resulted in the appearance of a train of morbid symptoms characterized by a stage of heightened excitability, during which the animal gave evidence of acute distress, followed by a stage of dullness, stupor, and complete prostration, with fatal termination in several cases (experiments 1, 2, and 5). Boiling the extract did not destroy its toxicity (experiment 4), and the administration of the extract by mouth produced painful reactions (experiment 6). Cold-blooded ver- tebrates appeared quite refractory to injection with an extract of Ascaris vitolorum that was toxic to rats (Series V). DISCUSSION OF RESULTS The results of these experiments indicate that Ascaris vito- lorum contains a powerful, toxic substance, or more than one such substance, capable of provoking marked reactions in guinea Pigs and rats. Effects produced in these animals as a result of administering salt-solution extracts of Ascaris vitolorum were similar to the symptoms that were shown by calves heavily in- fested with this parasite. Sick calves suffering from gross infestation with Ascaris appeared dull, listless, with head droop- ing, emaciated, had no appetite, and during the acute stage of the disease which led to fatal results showed marked nervous symptoms, as has already been noted in this paper. The pathogenicity of Ascaris vitolorum to calves has been noted by a number of investigators whose descriptions of the symptoms of the disease suggest a chronic intoxication of the host with resultant nervous symptoms as well as digestive disturbances. 1904048 114 The Philippine Journal of Science The view that the toxic symptoms in helminthiasis are due to the absorption by the host of poisonous substances elaborated by. parasites has been advanced by a number of investigators, who have based their conclusions on the toxic effects produced in laboratory animals following injection with extracts of parasitic worms. So far as I am aware, the experiments de- scribed in this paper afford more conclusive evidence than has yet been offered in favor of a toxemia in a specific parasitic disease because not only were extracts of Ascaris vitolorum found to be toxic, but also the reactions provoked in susceptible labora- tory animals were similar to the symptoms exhibited by nor- mally infested calves. SUMMARY 1. Physiological salt solution extracts of Ascaris vitolorum were found to be toxic to guinea pigs and rats, and nontoxic to frogs and to a turtle. : 2. Toxic symptoms were provoked in susceptible animals by injecting them intraperitoneally with extracts of this worm and in one case by administering an extract by mouth. In one experiment an extract was still toxic after having been boiled. 3. The symptoms exhibited by susceptible animals injected with extracts of Ascaris vitolorum were heightened excitability, followed by a state of dullness and prostration that led to fatal termination in several instances. 4, There was a decided similarity in symptoms exhibited by calves normally parasitized by Ascaris vitolorum to those pro- voked in susceptible animals to which extracts of that para- site were administered. 5. The data presented in this paper afford more-conclusive evidence in favor of a chemical pathology in a specific helmin- thic disease than has been offered heretofore. THE PHILIPPINE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE VOL. 22 FEBRUARY, 1923 No. 2 NATURAL IMMUNITY TO INFECTION AND RESISTANCE TO DISEASE, AS EXHIBITED BY THE ORIENTAL, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SIAMESE By RALPH W. MENDELSON Fellow, Royal Society Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (London) ; Principal Medical Officer of Health, Royal Siamese Government, Bangkok, Siam TWO TEXT FIGURES In applying the principles of preventive medicine and hygiene to conditions as they are found in the Far East the health officer has not only to deal with a complex sanitary problem, which in its intricacy consists of bad water supplies, unheard-of methods of night-soil disposal, a complete inexistence of food- distribution supervision combined with an unlimited disregard for many other primary sanitary principles; but, also, he has first and last to overcome a prejudice, born of ignorance and super- stition, which in its capacity to resist modern western theory and practice is simply Cyclopean. One who has never visited this part of the world, who has only second-hand knowledge of condi- tions as they actually present themselves, has not the remotest idea of what the actual state of affairs is. Parlor sanitarians are uncommonly successful in devising ways and means to be applied in combating the epidemic diseases, but practicing hy- gienists not infrequently discover the impracticability of many of the hard-and-fast rules as decreed, and in no place is this SO pronounced as in the Orient. My experience covers a period of five years. During that time I have, consciously and unconsciously, had my sanitary point of view considerably altered as regards this particular 190998 115 116 The Philippine Journal of Science 1928 part of the world. This is due to the natural immunity to infection and resistance to disease as exhibited by the Oriental. Nature produces rather remarkable results in the way of pro- tection, and a full appreciation of that fact is of extreme im- portance to the sanitarian working in the Far East. Let us first consider a few of the more-important food and water-borne diseases, of which the most important is cholera. This very serious disease must be considered as being and having been endemic in Siam for the last one hundred years. Although it is recorded as present in Java as far back as 1629, the first extensive epidemic outside India seems to have begun in 1817, and by 1820 had extended to China, having traveled via Burma, Singapore, and Manila. It does not seem remotely possible that this part of the country could have escaped the disease at that time, although in the literature Siam is not mentioned as suffering from cholera until 1906 as the result of the severe epidemic that started in India in 1900. Topographically, climatically, and hygienically, Siam is an ideal spot for the propagation of cholera. A vast part of the country occupies an alluvial plain consisting of black, muddy, water- logged clay extensively polluted with decomposing matter. The sanitation is very bad, and practically all water supplies are unfit for domestic use with the exception of that from the modern plant in the City of Bangkok proper, completed in No- vember, 1914, the influence of which is shown in the table of the vital statistics of the recent epidemic. The practice of using untreated fresh human feces for fertilizing purposes is common throughout the country and the distribution of foodstuffs is quite uncontrolled. From the foregoing it is evident that more-ideal conditions could hardly exist for the spread of an acute epidemic disease like cholera. In studying the history of the last epidemic in the City of Bangkok during the period between December 7, 1919, and September 20, 1920, some interesting facts are presented. Re- ferring to the table we find that the east side of the river is supplied with a pure water and the west side of the river with an impure water. The morbidity and the absolute mortality rates are significantly lower on the east side as compared with the west side, yet we find that the case mortality is higher on the east side than on the west. It might be argued that the greater number of cases would account for this, but in my opin- ion the reason is to be found in the fact that the people on the east side, having for the past few years used a perfectly 22,2 Mendelson: Resistance of Siamese to Disease TTT pure water, have lost a certain acquired immunity previously gained as the result of constantly using an infected water supply, while the people residing on the west bank of the river still retain their immunity. TABLE 1.—Cholera in Bangkok City. [December 7, 1919, to September 20, 1920.] | East side of teh gn rh river with impure biguee water. pure water. Population 603, 126 72,610 675, 736 Cases __ 829 684 1, 513 Morbidity per 1,000 1.376 9. 42 2.23 eaths 483 360 843 Case mortality per cent__ 58. 26 52. 63 55.71 Absolute mortality per 1,000 0.800 4.958 1.247 This reasoning is to a degree plausible, although it might be argued that an immunity gained naturally, as the above supposed immunity is theoretically set forth, would be of many years’ duration; yet an artificially produced immunity to cholera is of very short duration and may be figured in weeks. Although Serum reactions fail to demonstrate the presence of specific immune bodies in the circulating blood, it is not beyond a reason- able doubt that, in spite of such negative evidence, the body does possess a marked degree of resistance to the disease, sufficient at least materially to protect it. Turning now to another important intestinal water- and food- borne disease, typhoid fever, our experience has been even more impressive. Having the advantage of observing thousands of patients every year as treated in one of the local charitable hospitals, there can be no doubt as to the value of our observa- tion to the effect that during a period of five years only two genuine cases of typhoid fever have been recognized. We feel that our knowledge of the disease and our methods of diag-, nosis are comparable to those of other workers in the East. Observations of this kind are impressive and cannot but influence one who is a public-health executive in a country not yet willing to accept the primary principles of preventive medicine, let alone the finer administrative details. There is no doubt but that the people have, not in theory only, but in fact also, a marked degree of immunity to typhoid infection. In a series of 600 Widal reactions it was found that 15.5 per cent gave 118 The Philippine Journal of Science 1923 positive results. From the histories of the entire series of cases it would be impossible to state with any degree of accuracy whether or not any of the subjects had ever had typhoid fever. The information elicited from a native in regard to his previous physical condition is of no practical value; at least that has been our usual experience with the lower-class Siamese. In view of the fact that we have, during a period of five years, observed no less than 35,000 patients with only two genuine cases of typhoid fever being diagnosed, and also that at least 15.5 per cent of all the people (based on 600 reactions) do possess specific immune bodies in their blood, we feel that these people now exhibit a marked degree of racial immunity to typhoid in- fection. This we think is the result of having for generations suffered from subinfections caused by the constant use of in- fected water and food. Among the dysenteries we have found the bacillary types to be comparatively rare. On the other hand, ameebic dysentery is not at all uncommon. This tends to support the above ob- servations. The complications of the disease are uncommon, only four cases of liver abscess having been recognized during the five-year period mentioned. Of the inoculation group of diseases plague is the most- important epidemic infection we have to deal with. The condi- tions for its propagation are ideal. There is an unlimited supply of food for the rodent population, and the housing facilities for the same are, as one might say, made to order. Considering the fact that plague has been endemic in the country for many, many years, and in view of the perfection of the conditions for its spread, it is really surprising that there are not more cases each year. From fig. 1 it will be seen that, since 1904 up to and including 1920, there have been only 1,722 cases in a population of over 600,000. From the same graph it will be noted that there is a marked tendency to follow a fundamental wave, the cases increasing in number as well as in severity and extending over a period of from three to four years. The number of cases for 1921 does not appear on the graph, but proved to be one of the lowest that we have had. If this fun- damental periodicity is to continue, its recursion is to be antic- ipated during 1922 or 1923. Fig. 2 is of interest in showing the relationship between the average monthly incidence, the mean atmospheric temperature, and the mean relative humidity. 22,2 Mendelson: Resistance of Siamese to Disease 119 As to any racial immunity that the native possesses to the infection it may be stated at once that serum reactions fail to demonstrate specific immune bodies in the blood. However, we feel absolutely assured that, should a European population be Jan. Feb Map = App. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Total. 1904 3 TT atras nl dada dy 1905 UTS ORY s 7 1906 Ba i) 1907 = - = — ED a Ne w s BAG Monthly incidence. rm 8 | 100 > | | I Fic. 1. Notified cases of plague in Bangkok, Siam. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. | ae 2 FS ePayu ah . es bends 7 5 +. = Se oe SS 3 ns an > XN 8 ee: N“ al ‘ 8 G N eg N -- L | i 7 7 ‘ ws f - B = a ‘ * a N ek < 7 “Ne / i, N 7 * . 7 sy g y — = =] ¥ 7 Cd Fig. 2. Average monthly incidence of plague in Bangkok, Siam, during fifteen years, showing also the mean atmospheric temperature in degrees Fahrenheit and the mean relative humidity in percentages. 120 The Philippine Journal of Science 1923 substituted for the native inhabitants and made to live under native conditions, the European population would be wiped out in a short time as the result of plague. As to some of the other important diseases, I submit the following remarks. It is hardly proper to mention smallpox as an example of racial immunity, as we have been able to vaccinate a sufficient number of the population to keep it in check. The few cases that do develop in the unprotected are very mild compared to the type of smallpox of which the older physicians in Bangkok speak. The average number of cases per year for the last three years has been thirteen. This is considered an excellent mor- bidity rate for an eastern city like Bangkok. We have had in the local general hospital during the last year seven cases of fully developed tetanus with four recoveries. This is of course a small number to cite in support of any theory, yet in the case of a disease like fully developed tetanus we feel justified in recording our experience. We do not feel that it was the treatment that saved these patients; of course, credit is given for the specific effect of the treatment, but it seems almost a certainty that four of these patients with fully developed teta- nus could not possibly have recovered had they not possessed a great reserve of what may be termed “general infection im- munity.” In one of the institutions under the supervision of the med- ical officer of health practically all of the emergency surgery for the entire City of Bangkok is taken care of, as well as a large part of that coming from the interior. To cite the number and variety of cases that illustrate, beyond the shadow of a doubt, the fact that these people do enjoy a marked immunity to infection and primary shock resulting from extensive bodily injury is not the purpose of this paper; but in general it may be stated, without fear of serious contradiction, that they can suffer more-extensive injury, and recover from the effects of the same, than is the case with any other people. In the class of cases that come to operation it has been demonstrated that the peritoneum will take care of a very extensive contamina- tion without showing signs of infection. Space permits me to cite but one case that markedly illustrates the reserve these people possess in the way of bodily resistance. Female patient, aged 32 years, native Siamese. Brought to hospital suffering from extensive stab wounds in abdomen. Injury so extensive that abdominal contents were protruding and wrapped up in an old dirty cloth. Patient several hours previous had been stabbed, wrapped in a 22,2 Mendelson: Resistance of Siamese to Disease 121 sheet and put into an earthen jar and the same thrown into a canal some 4 to 5 feet deep. Patient managed to escape from sheet and jar and reach the bank of the canal where she was found and brought to hospital. Half of omentum amputated. Several large intestinal wounds repaired. Protruding abdominal contents washed with normal saline and replaced. Abdominal cavity not irrigated. Abdomen closed with one small drain. Result, uneventful recovery. The reader no doubt feels that this is a very exceptional case; but, as a matter of fact, cases of extensive injury and complete uncomplicated recovery are so numerous as to justify taking surgical risks that would not be legitimate in a white person. Another interesting observation is the comparative lack of syphilis of the nervous system. Primary and secondary syphilis are rampant; but tertiary, and especially nervous, manifesta- tions are so rare as to be absolutely exceptional. We have notes of only two cases of tabes, and in a local asylum for the insane where we have just completed a series of 544 specific serum reactions we find 17.2 per cent positive; yet the medical officer in charge reports that there is not, as far as he is able to recognize, a single case of insanity that can be traced directly to syphilis. This is certainly not due to any difference between the eastern and the western strains of spirochete, as some authors seem to think. Unfortunately, syphilis of the nervous system is not at all uncommon in Europeans who have contracted their primary infection in Siam. Of the respiratory group of diseases tuberculosis is, of course, the most important. Of the total deaths reported last year 12.5 per cent were reported as due to pulmonary tuberculosis. This percentage stands to be corrected, as we have been able to demonstrate that from 20 to 25 per cent of cases showing signs and symptoms of clinical tuberculosis are, in fact, either mycotic or spirochete pulmonary infections. It is surprising that one does not find a greater number of pulmonary infections, con- Sidering the crowded quarters that thousands of people occupy. It seems that, given even a small chance, the body is to a very great extent able to overcome the tendency to lung infections. A corrected pulmonary death rate (tuberculosis) of 9.5 per cent is not considered alarming under existing conditions, and we feel quite sure that this rate will gradually reduce itself as sanitary conditions gradually improve. In other words, we feel that it is not necessary to carry on a special tuberculosis campaign if we can educate the masses to a point where they will appreciate and apply a few sanitary and hygienic principles. 122 The Philippine Journal of Science 1923 Malaria should have been mentioned under the inoculation group of diseases, along with plague, but for a particular reason we wish to call attention to it now. We have been able to demonstrate malarial parasites, or evidence of them, in about 20 per cent of all of the patients attending a large free clinic in one of our hospitals. The subtertian parasite is frequently found, and we have had several cases of genuine quartan, but pernicious symptoms are infrequent. We have seen only eight cases of cerebral malaria; of these, one is a genuine case of multiple neuritis due to malaria. This is a rare and interesting observation. In view of the small number of cases exhibiting severe nervous symptoms it must be recognized that the nervous system of these people is very resistant to attack from the malarial parasite. In connection with the nervous manifestations of diseases as observed, we wish to call attention to beriberi. This disease is much commoner in the City of Bangkok proper than in the in- terior of the country, no doubt due to the fact that in Bangkok the people eat fine-milled rice while in the interior the rice used is hand milled. This, of course, is not a new point in support of the deficiency theory as to the etiology of the disease; but another point is to be found, in my opinion, in the prominence of the nervous manifestations of the disease as found in the Siamese. I believe this is due to the fact that, beriberi being a deficiency disease, the nervous system along with the rest of the body must naturally suffer from a lack of vital food elements; whereas, if beriberi were the result of a germ infection, I do not think the nervous system of the Oriental would suffer as it does. We feel justified in advancing this as an important point in support of the deficiency theory as to the cause of the disease, in view of our careful observations regarding the effects of germ infection as a whole and the comparative immunity the Oriental nervous system displays to the same. We must, of course, mention the exception, leprosy, which is admittedly an important violation of the general rule; but we do not think this exception completely vitiates the value of further exploring this important field of investigation. CONCLUSIONS 1. Specific immunity to typhoid infection can be demonstrated in 15.5 per cent of the people. This is in the nature of a racial immunity, acquired as the result of using, for many generations, an infected water and food supply. ae Mendelson: Resistance of Siamese to Disease 123 2. Although resistance to certain diseases, such as cholera and plague, cannot be demonstrated by specific blood reactions, it is present in the form of a marked resistance to germ infections as a whole, that is, “general infection immunity.” 3. The nervous system of Orientals is much more resistant to the effects of germ infection than is the nervous system of Occidentals. 4, The natural immunity to infection and resistance to disease, as exhibited by the Oriental, is of real value to the health officer working in the East under present conditions. ILLUSTRATIONS TEXT FIGURES Fig. 1. Chart, showing number and incidence of notified cases of plague in Bangkok, Siam. 2. Chart, showing average monthly incidence of plague in Bangkok, Siam, during fifteen years, showing also the mean atmospheric temperature in degrees Fahrenheit and the mean relative hu- midity in percentages. a METABOLISM IN CHINA By B. E. Reap and S. Y. WANG Of the Peking Union Medical College, Peking, China There has not been, as far as we know, a full scientific study of metabolism in China. Hence there are no records of the nor- mal chemical constituents of the urine of the Chinese. Careful analysis has shown that it would be erroneous for the clinician to take the normal percentages given in western books as repre- senting the normal for patients in China, and the two very brief lists of results published by Neale(11) and by Cousland(6) are so limited in character that we have felt it important to go into the matter more fully, making an examination of all the ordinary urinary constituents. The first study was made upon convalescent surgical patients, who were living on a regular diet, low in protein. The results from diets containing small amounts of protein have been care- fully investigated by various workers in recent years.(2) In seeking to try out and subsequently combat Chittenden’s diet- ary standards, McCay,(9) of Bengal, has produced extensive and interesting work on the low protein diet of oriental peoples, showing how such a diet is sufficient to maintain the total protein Store of the organism unaltered in amount on a nitrogenous supply that would be much below the amount decomposed during starvation; but he also adds that it is impossible to arrange a diet as low in protein content as Chittenden’s standard that will not eventually prove insufficient and unsuitable. The figures in Table 7, for the Bengali students, show how low the amount of nitrogen was. It should be noted that he made no fair estimate of the endogenous metabolism and, with all his exten- sive food survey, he was unable to say whether or not the diets partaken were correct in character and of sufficient quantity to effect the full endogenous metabolism of a strong, healthy man, for he has no figures for creatinine and relied solely on the amounts of neutral sulphur obtained. A similar set of results comes to us from Singapore, where J. Argyll Campbell,(3) in his work on the diet, nutrition, and excretion of the Asiatic, states that the results obtained from 127 128 The Philippine Journal of Science 1923 the examination of urine indicate that the European figures are of little value when dealing with Asiatic patients. In Table 7 are summarized some of his results which show smaller volumes of urine and lower figures for total nitrogen, chlorides, and phosphates for the Asiatic, as compared with the European. He refers these differences entirely to climatic influence; heat and atmospheric moisture are said to account for the desire to lessen food and work, and the lessening of food brings poor physique and less muscular energy. The students of Singapore,(4) Ma- nila,(1) and the Philippines generally have a smaller protein intake than the European, and this has been accounted for by the fact that climatic conditions require the maintenance of a smaller amount of body heat. Of the three, the Singapore student, with no seasonal change and a mean temperature of 80°, eats the least; but we must observe that his protein metab- olism is about the same as that of the Pekingese. The diet shown in Table 1 represents the average amount of food per diem taken by ten convalescent surgical patients. The actual amount of protein consumed was considerably less, for it was found that the patients did not actually get the amount of meat reported as being served to them. Hence the value of the report lies in the results of analyses of the daily urines. The diet is shown because, except for the amount of meat, the amounts of foodstuff may be considered accurate and show how other factors were taken care of. TABLE 1.—Diet of convalescent patients in 1920. ® 105.16 grams. . > 89.44 grams. Break- . Totals Foodstuffs. fast. Dinner. | Supper. per diem. g. is pe a Bread (wheat) or cooked rice 225 270 270 765 Millet gruel 995 455 455 1, 905 25 25 25 75 Vegetables 100 150 150 400 | 15 20 20 55 | Foodstuff per diem. Protein.| Fat. ° |, Catbho- | Calories ' |\Per cent.|Per cent.\Per cent. Bread (wheat) % 9,2 1.3 53.1 2,014 Grebe oa eccrine aaa 0. 86 0.01 5.71 501 Meat 15.6 WG fe cb al 260 Vegetables (as cabbage) 1.6 0.3 5.6 126 i ci REED fa Sites 495 Total 927.26 | »132.51 © 64,41 8, 396 © 438.73 grams. 22,2 Read and Wang: Metabolism in China 129 EXAMINATION OF URINES Methods used for making examinations were the following: Total nitrogen, estimated by Folin’s micro method. Micro-Kjeldahl with subsequent Nesslerization. Urea, soy-bean extract was used. After the action of the urease the ammonia was estimated by Folin’s colorimetric method. Ammonia, by aération method. Creatinine, by Folin’s picric acid colorimetric method. Uric acid, by Folin’s method. Chlorides, by Volhard’s method. Sulphates, by barium gravimetric methods. Phosphates, by titration with uranium acetate. TABLE 2.—Summary of urine analyses of convalescent patients. SS Se i 2 > i ‘ , a EL etel & £13] 3 Bed No. $ & B ie eR es Ge aa el. aie] eiei2\ 42) ty ats Sele oe eo eee eae | Ai < n = Dp s) a} a = Re ra ae a =o Ree Sade seGb cage ceca seus 8 | 2,386 | 1.019] 9.42/| 5.82 | 0.784 | 10.21 | 1.548 | 2.034 | 1.909 | 2.970 ee 4/ 1,690 | 1. .12| 2.42] 0.710] 9.75| 1.061] 1. 1.051 | 2 he 7 | 1,674 | 1.022} 5.67| 3.18] 0.643] 7.05 | 1. 1.646 | 1.5 Wa a see in 10 1.021{ 5.07| 2.67 | 0.452] 5.72 | 0.686 | 0.842 | 0.727 | 1.704 De eye snwen 5 | 1.930 | 1.022] 7.82| 4.43/ 1.254] 9.18/| 1.156 / 1.699 | 1.571 | 2.691 De incwcdanee 8 | 2,841 | 1.023 | 10.20| 4.98 | 0.786] 7.29} 1.824 | 1.922 | 1.599 | 2.699 ie RRR Ris ito 5 | 1,462 | 1.025| 4.77| 1.98] 0.765] 7.47 | 1.094 | 1.387 | 1.256 | 1.703 Bre ntannmaaiien 6 | 1,408 | 1.082] 9.07} 65.16 | 1.261 |.._.._]..._._. 2 087 | 3 D enewts ahecnaay 5 | 2,128 | 1.022] 5.68 |-_----- 1.269 | 7.95 | 1.299 | 1.891 | 1.302 | 1.858 a pte tie aha Piadhaes S| i bao 2 Oe | 8 ae ae 2.219 | 2.144 | 3.305 | salen | 60 1,817 | 1.028 | 7.06 | 4.08 | 0.967 8.08 |'1. 186 | 1.650 1.516 | 2.481 | Table 2 is full of interest as a study of low protein metabolism, it being in accord with other recent work along these lines where workers were able to subsist on as low an amount as 0.5 gram of nitrogen per kilogram of body weight, in wheat, maize, and oats. See the work of Sherman,(13) Rose and Cooper, (12) and many others. _ The volumes of the urine excreted were the same as a normal western average. However, as the urines were collected in the winter months, they do not represent an average annual figure. In the summer time the volumes are extremely low. ANALYSES OF URINES OF NORMAL INDIVIDUALS ON A NONFLESH DIET Subsequently it was thought advisable to analyze the urines of four laboratory helpers who were in apparently good health, 130 The Philippine Journal of Science 1923 and dependable for good codperation in faithfully accounting for everything done. Their diet consisted chiefly of wheat, rice, and beans, and the food value of the average intake amounted to 3,264 calories per day. The four subjects studied were natives of Peking, of about average weight, namely, a little over 50 kilograms. TABLE 3.—Analyses of urines of normal subjects on a nonflesh diet. Name. Waban, | SPCR, | rm talteearem ee eee oe 5 ed) Binns SUN ec Ese GS ae BAR eS aa SnReae ce, 9 g g. g | The Sckah ancse h swae sso} 1.008| 98.920} 6.876| 0.850] 1.264 |-.--.-.-.. Pare onc acen poet ae 1,130{ 1.020| 9.418} 8.125| 0.64 een PS ae et ace 1,220 1.026] 9.211| 7.272) 1.109] 1.499] 0.725 oe mo} 1.027] 6 4.739| 0.672| 1.188 |...------- PUSS ES ye cade 1,000! 1,032| 8.925| 7.225] 0.778| 1.695 |..-.------ ee ee eee 730} 1,030/ 9.424| 7.764] 0.987] 1.278| 0.667 ES ee ee ae 1,150| 1.021} 9 aot 021) 1,006 |...-....-- ie ee 910| 1.027| 10.010| 7.256| 0.866| 1.265 |-------.-- ee Fe ee 730! 1.028| 7.788| 5.881| 0.569| 0.924 |...-..---- B 700| 1.019| 6.600} 4.376| 0.485| 1.686 |...--.---. ote ier a eae, Sk 1,150| 1.025/ 7.580! 6,026] -0.579| 0.927] 0.582 Cc 740! 1.083| 7.622| 6,190] 0.655| 1.010 |---------- Cc des! Laka] 8.08 Ree) 8. 206 | eT Cc 1,140 | 1.004|- 9.590} 7.565) 0,695| 1.169 }-:..-2-..- Cc 970| 1.028| 8.484] 6.916| 0.718] 0.985 |---..----- D 1,130| 1.028 Weel > Leet) oo paw ice. D gi0| 1.088| 11.907] 9.705| 0.810| 1.472 |---------- D 1.045 | 11.027 7.557 0. 783 s+? bade teeter | D gi0{ 1.027| 10.300| 7.587} Lom7|_.....-.-|---------- D 960| 1.026| 11.289] 7.856| 0.860| 1.286 |-----.---- | Average | 924| 1.027| 9.05 7.064} 0.761} 1.198| 0.691 | ® Average of ten determinations each, ANALYSES OF URINES OF STUDENTS ON A NONFLESH DIET Six students, taking the ordinary courses of instruction, pro- vided reliable material for further experiments. They were living regularly on a good mixed diet, fairly rich in protein. It was thought to be of interest to compare the results obtained from such subjects when living on a nonflesh diet for a few days with the results from the four laboratory helpers whose regular diet includes no meat except that taken at special holiday times. The total nitrogen, urea, and ammonia values are ap- proximately the same. Values for creatinine as they appear in Tables 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 show marked differences, indicative of the endogenous metabolism, and to a certain extent a measure of physiological efficiency. One laboratory helper in normal health, but lacking stamina, gave no creatinine in his urine. 22, 2 Read and Wang: Metabolism in China 131 He regularly subsisted on a cereal diet. On several occasions hospital convalescents excreted no creatinine in the urine. Ex- aminations were made in the regular manner, care being taken to see that no interfering factor was introduced ; also satisfactory controls were made with solutions of known strengths of creat- inine. Statistics regarding students under observation. | Nationality. | Birthplace. | Age. | Weight | | eae ; | Yrs. Kilos, pate a ats dl Ohiness.c2 Chekiang _.__.____ 25 62.3 ye Seer BO 236 HMupeh eee 24 66.5 | a eee pe eae 1G ors Cantan eos us 24 8 p 8 SEAM BOs 2s Pianee oo cs. 22 (*) Eo ene | G0 Loge RON co 21 41.8 8 F ee Gi oc 5) 0) 4 Died. > Removed. TABLE 4.—Analyses of urines of students on a nonflesh diet. i Total Urea |Ammonia] Creat- ‘ Name. Volume. pr hitrogen nitrogen.|nitrogen.| inine, |UTicacid. ce. g. g. g. Sena eee ot Sc ee e 1,028 8. 674 7. 655 0.355 1. 285 0. 229 Eke Eee ey an eee ee 1 1.019 9.18 7.153 0. 428 1.440 | 0,490 pans ula Ie mugs 1,170 9.091 OR 1,671 | 0.549 ee , 800 1.015} 10.440 8.365 0. 905 600 | 0.188 Memes le eee 135012 81 7.120 O.02T oe 0.471 es i 1, 100 1, 026 7.050 1s 1 ie tee 0.374 | Average ____...____ 1, 350 1.022 9.168} 7.323) 0.608| 1.499| 0.382 ANALYSES OF URINES OF STUDENTS ON ORDINARY DIET AND ON A DIET OF AN EXCESSIVE AMOUNT OF MEAT Further experiments were made with two other diets con- taining meat, in moderate and in excessive amounts. The terms moderate and excessive refer to Chinese ideas upon this subject. The students were all in good health, taking daily exercise at tennis or other games, and were living upon a normal, middle- class Chinese diet of about 3,500 calories. Such a diet contains a variety of foodstuffs made up into the usual soups and mixed dishes, in which the vitamines and essential proteins are well provided for by many lightly cooked vegetables and various chopped meats. In these experiments it was hoped that we might realize results comparable in nitrogen value to the Euro- pean standard. However, they more nearly approach the results given by Campbell(3) for Singapore workmen, which he attributes to the heat and the humidity. Our results were 1909983——2 132 The Philippine Journal of Science 1928 obtained in an exceedingly dry climate, and mostly during winter when snow was falling. TABLE 5.—Analyses of urines of students on an ordinary Chinese diet, sek Name. Votume.| SPecific | Total | Urea |Ammonis| Creat- lyric acid. ec. g- g. g. F g. Ay 1,410 1.028 | 18.180 10.760 0.790 fas. sy alam ete es 1,200 1.029 | 12. 10. 697 0.727 ss: ee ee As 855 1.088 | 10.688 8.801 0. 697 T-A10-\essscccnss As 955 1.080] 5.7 4, 0.445 RIOT fade eas B 1, 120 1.021{ 8.814 7.320 0.689 1.048 ts oes C1 1,195 1.022 | 9.321 7,310 0. 657 1.195 | 0.3349 rom $20 1.088} 8.2 6.758 0. 626 1.018 | 0.2534 D1 1, 460 1.027} 12.264 10. 177 0.778 BS, eee oe D2 1,500 1.025 | 12.495 11.0 0. 767 4:86 oS ashe B je Reape 9. 8.260 0.773 Lott... eo F 610 1.088 | 8.184 5. 984 0.798 GY E Bogneeredt Gi 1,500 1.021 | 11.535 9. 858 0. 857 PSOne G: 1, 400 1.020} 7.686 5. 950 0.777 i Bs ened H1 480 1.020 546 8.337 0.748 eS Seem one aa Ha 1,370 1.020 | 6.5713 5. 0. 782 ees | Average 1,205 1.027 | 9.852 8. 082 0.727 s+. a pedis ho | TABLE 6.—Analyses of urines of students on an excessive meat diet. Name. Volume. ache Bocas pO le at poreseaeiy so man Uric acid. cc, g. . g. g. 9g. A 1,110 1.081} 12.130} 10.810 0.699 1.655 | 0.805 B 1,300 1.080} 18.728} 11.492 0.696 1.898 |~ 1.300 Cc 770 1.031! 17.265} 15.400 1.091 : 0.394 D 1,200 1.026} 12.000] 10.488 0.857 1.632} 0.588 E 950 1.025} 12.330} 10.156 0. 920 1.826 | 0.468 Fi 1, 400 1.022} 10.891 7.189 0.861 1.582 | 0.546 F2 900 1.032 9.900 1.177 0. 888 1.508 | 0,518 Average —...000 2. 1,090 1,028 | 12.606} 10.308 0. 871 1.605 | 0.587 eats DISCUSSION OF RESULTS Total nitrogen.—As observed by Campbell,(4) in all cases the absolute amount of nitrogen was much lower than that of the normal standard for Europe. However, nitrogen equilibrium has been maintained on very much lower values than those of the normal European standard, a number of modern laboratories having worked on vegetarian diets low in protein. The actual values are judged by the amount of total nitrogen per kilogram of body weight. The results from the normal diet of the students is considerably lower than for the European. Taking our average student weight as representing that of the other sub- 22, 2 Read and Wang: Metabolism in China 133 jects examined, the values for tota] nitrogen per kilogram of body weight would appear much lower still; namely, 0.132 for Chinese (Table 2) and 0.169 for Chinese (Table 3). Until further evidence is available we are led to support Campbell’s and McCay’s view that races who live for generations on low protein diet do not have the physique and energy of those whose diet contains more protein, especially protein from meat. With our present limited knowledge of the exact amino-acid content of our protein foodstuffs, any chance diet low in protein content is not likely adequately to care for the body’s needs. The general lassitude of the people; their lack of initiative; their apathy in face of famines and floods, plagues, poverty, and military oppression appear to originate as much in poor diet as in political or educational poverty. Campbell(4) has attrib- uted these defects to the bulk and indigestibility of the vegetable protein food, and to the tropical climate that induces men to work less -and to desire less food. ‘ The latter factor certainly does not influence the northern Chinese, who experience very cold winters. They are industrious and consume large amounts of cereal food, because there are no good dairy farms to provide better food; and communications are so poor that they cannot look abroad for adequate provision for their needs. Urea nitrogen.—Neale’s(11) observations show the urea nitro- gen to be about 21.87 grams in twenty-four hours. His results were based on determinations made by the bromine method, which is so unreliable as to admit of no discussion; the results from this method are usually too high. Our results are in accord with those of Campbell, showing that Folin’s(7) estimate of about 79 per cent of the total nitrogen is the normal amount to be expected when the total nitrogen output falls to from 7 to 8 grams. However, our determinations, accurately made upon convalescent patients, show an extremely low per- centage (see our discussion of ammonia nitrogen). In any case, no clinician should take the normal European standard as repre- ‘Senting a Chinese standard. Ammonia nitrogen—Folin(8) observes that, when the total nitrogen excretion is only from 7 to 8 grams, the ammonia nitrogen forms about 5 per cent. Campbell,(5) using Malfatti's method, obtained higher percentages indicative of an acidosis which he attributed to a disturbance of metabolism caused by the hot moist air of the Tropics. In Peking, where the long winters are very cold and dry, we obtained even higher values for ammonia nitrogen. In the case of the convalescent patients 134 The Philippine Journal of Science 1928 very high results were obtained, undoubtedly due to extreme acidosis. The excretion of ammonia is regarded as the mechanism whereby the body rids itself of acids formed during metabolism. Some unpublished experiments conducted on urines from osteomalacia cases from Shensi Province show that the subjects had experienced extreme acidosis, causing the bases to be washed out of the system to such an extent that the urine eventually contained very little calcium and the whole struc- ture of the frame was upset. The disease is called locally the acid disease, and is recognized by the lay mind as being related in some way to a disturbance of the acid base equilibrium of the body. Were this disease a rarity it would not call for mention here; but when vital statistics show that 20 per cent of the women of that province die either in or subsequent to childbirth, one is led to attribute the cause to some general factor like an acid-ash diet, injurious to both sexes. but more — conspicuous in the female. During the long barren winters of , northern China the country people subsist on a very limited diet composed almost entirely of cereals. Cereals in general produce an acid ash and may well account for the high ammonia excretion of the Asiatic. McCay (9) in his studies on Bengali prisoners found very high values; namely, an average of 9.61 per cent of the total ni- trogen. In several individual cases, not reported here, very abnormal results were obtained—nearly as high as 20 per cent. Every care was taken to see that no errors were introduced. The urines were preserved, and methods of estimation carried out with normal foreign urines. The results with students’ urines, while not quite so high as those for the Bengali prisoners, exceed those for the Chinese students in Singapore. The more-recent work of Campbell(5) on ammonia excretion leaves no room for doubt that the Asiatic has a high ammonia output. His ideas concerning its possible relationship to excessive sweating or to febrile disease are not supported by conditions in Peking; rather, the high output has been considered to originate from the diet, though one often finds intestinal parasites and intes- tinal disorders that cause putrefaction with a high degree of acidity. Facts concerning such possible causes have yet to be established. If such causes do exist one would look for high values for ethereal sulphates; however, our results show a normal percentage. 135 asm in China Metaboli. Read and Wang 22,2 -————————— 002 “0 TI-L 9o°T $2°0 9°e OLS ‘0 08 € 89°0 00 “Sg 09 “ST 00 °9T 020 °T nt a ae (uozang “HI8H) pavpuyjs uvedoing il Mo Tc aS RAO Maino. circa geotmenccaette Urraahe