ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES. ieee PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY NEW SOUTH WALES, 1880. agers 2) a’ & Es PR aa a a d | EDITED BY PAR Wn we, A. LIVERSIDGE, Professor of Chemistry and Mineralogy in the University of Sydney. THE AUTHORS OF PAPERS ARE ALONE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE STATEMENTS MADE AND THE OPINIONS EXPRESSED THEREIN. AGENTS FOR THE SOCI Messrs. Triibner & Co., 57, tae Hill, London, BX. SYDNEY: THOMAS RICHARDS, GOVERNMENT PRINTER 1881, ae Seed NOTICE. Tue Royat Society of New South Wales originated in 1821 as the “ Philosophical Society of Australasia”; after an interval of inactivity, it was resuscitated in 1850, under the name of the “ Australian Philosophical Society,” by which title it was known until 1856, when the name was changed to the “ Philosophical Society of New South Wales”; and finally, in 1866, by the sanction of Her Most Gracious Majesty the Queen, it assumed its present title. ART, Art, IX, Art, X. Art. XI. ART, Art, XITI.—On ART, Arr, Arr. . I.—ANNIVE Vice- Eecdant (Diagr og: | BE John apes Jupiter. oy » ePe Tebbutt, F. me AS. . V.—Some new penne Stars, marks upon arene . VI.—The Orbit Goma By John rapeg F. R.A. CONTENTS. VOLUME XIV. . L—List or Orricers, Ruues, and List of Members...... RSARY ase by Charles Moore, F.L.S., m) —On the Longitude of the Sydney Observatory. By sition and Magnitudes of Uranus and Binaries. By H. C. Seen A RAS. (Two dia Ae Elements of Comet I, "a (Great Southern VIL.—A new method of printing: soe and other Curves. By H.C. Rael Be, F.R.A.S. . VIII.—Sliding Scale correcting Baro ter Readings By H. C. Saar Bea. F.R.A.S., (Diagram) —On Thunder and Hail Storms. By H. C. Hilesell. B.A., F.R.A.S. et am) .—On som t changes the surface of Jupiter. By H. C. Seni E B.A,,. F. RAS. — diagrams) ...... —Remarks on the ee of ao en Belts, and so: changes observed thereon Opposi ition of 1880, By G. D. Hirs XII. —A ‘tangs of ante collected during Mr. Alexr. Fo. xploration of North-west Austra- lia in 18) 879. By Baro: Focinand von Miieller, K.C.M.G., M.D Ph.D, PRS. ies and its Effects. By W. E. Abbott XIV. ss on ‘9 Fossil Flora of Eastern Australia and Tasmania. By Dr. Ottaker Feis Mv ccctsssunainsv icons XV.—On the hail of the Native Currant. By E. H. ie, M.A., B.Sc. XVI.—On Piturie. By Professor Liversidge................ i xii CONTENTS. Arr, XVII.—On Salt bush and Native Fodder Plants. By W. ART. Arr. XIX. Arr. XX, ART. ART. REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS . XXIV. Coals. By Professor Livers: A. Dixon, F.C.S. XVIII.—Water from a Hot Spring, New Britain. By Professor Liversidge on from a Hot Spring, FijiIslands. By Professor I jiversidg _—The composition of Cast-iron acted upon by Sea- water. “of Professor Liversidge XXI.—On t. o Comp of sone Wood enclosed in Basalt. By Professor Live XXII. "haOe tpnattisini lees eimecsone By Professor Liversidge XXIII.—The Inorganic hee ose of the Coals of New South Wales. By W. A. Dixon, F.C.S. .........:eeeeeeeeees —On the a, ery ‘Z some New South ee nage some New South Wales Minerals. By . XXV.—On PrOtembe TEV G Sis ocnk ss ei ckk cbs ctiecd setee bensyenseset XXVI.—Notes on some Minerals from New Caledonia. By Professor Liversidge XXVII.—Notes on a Collection of Snover Se teal. Rocks of New South Wales y R. Etheridge, junr. F.G.S. (Plate) : son between the Prospect and Kamp XXVIII.—A Com Ginr Schemes of AWater Supply for Sydney. By F. B. pps wee ee eee werner XXIX.—On oe Liverpool Plains. By T. K. ADDO PME. 1 Mah ai hE Sec eied sevens esos XXX Ppnacernimwerad XXXI.—Appirions To THE LIBRARY ¥ PRESENTATIONS MADE BY THE ROYAL Somer o OF mae SoutH WALES PAPER READ BEFORE THE MEDICAL SECTION. The Causation << Prevention of Insanity. By F. Norton Manning, APPENDIX: Abstract of the e Meteorological Observations at the Sydney Observatory. H. C. Russell, B.A., F.R.A.S. RarnFaut Map for the year 1880. H. C. Russell, B.A., FRAS. List oF Pusuications Inpex aerate cas mt E ST ROR ME EE ane ECE i i file we a . ee a eee ee ey ea Re mE ences NE, Sere Bae Ee IAT ny ee ee et a mE NTN eT eS aeeny Pre nee Tees eae es Pe as * = ae » | JOURNAL — PROCEEDINGS ROYAL SOCIETY, THE AUTHORS PAPERS ~ SS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE STATEMENTS : ti AND THE OPINIONS EXPR ESSED THEREIN. AGENTS FOR THE 80 CIETY : * Messrs ‘Tritbner & Co., 57, Ludgate Hill, London, SYDNEY: THOMAS RICHARDS, “1861. NOTICE. | Donations presented to the Society are acknowled, letter, and in the printed Proceedings of the Socie S 2 tte weg a DonaTIons TO THE BuILpINe Fonp, Original List. Abbott, Thomas R.... ies is a hes me ee bott, W. ; me iy oe . : 5 * s ° " 7” oo oe eee hah ) inal, hem . - 4a Fo: : os 5 O a ne a . 4 o oo: ) 'M.Z.8 (two donations)... eS oe E ., E.R.G.S. "ee eas | ¥L ». MLA. oe Clarke, Rev. W. B., M.A., F.B.S., bi "ye ae ies ristie, W. ... ea ih ae Colyer, J. U. an ic ee ee Croudace, aes -s oooooooooSSoooooSoSSooOm . ‘ . . . Ne? het Dn sd 7 ; we er ts ek; fe ae Hay, 1 The ‘Hon, John, M.A.; M. LC. enry (two o do: nations) ae Have Be ped ove . . Holt, lt, The Hon. Thos., M.L.C. ce sae ee H Rev. Thomas eee ; web 8SSann8ans8 & He a ae pe, See ed orton, ay oe, ons F ‘ . wee wee eee woe coe 4 S Stine, OF ae FRCS. eee: ones, P. ae re a aa -Josepheon, ie Fe BG. Sy — bees ae & oe co ° >ooooooSooesooeS peas SSrecer one oor aoe toe A 5 - wee oo —_ eee one oe eee Ses, Knox, Edward S. Leibius, Adolph, Ph.D. ehan, Liversidge, Archibald, F.C.S., F.G.S., Ke. MacDonnell, Whosny erat ae "John, F.G.S. . anning, Fre derick N., M.D. Martin, Rev. George M ca Moir, Jam Moore, Sharlen. F.L.S. Morehead, Mullens, Josiah, FB R. ok... urray, W. G. Myles, OF, “a Norton, J. so 4 Oeil, a W. J., M.D. h Rolleston, Christopher, €. M. G. LL. , R.A, rei The Hon. J., C.M. G,, M. D., LL.D. -, -Bulith Robert, B.A. -Suttor, W. 8 : C.8., “Woolrych, F B. W. - ae rian ©. S. A., M.R.OS.E. 1880, ‘Bassett, W. F., MRCS. .., . Brodubh, WA. Po : Brooks, 3 cit ation“) S ee Daintrey, FE. ... oO Darley, C. W. 3.3 0 Dixson, Dr. he ot = ng be 1 0 Dixson, Dr. oe a yes 0 Dixon, W. A (total donation, £4 ‘4s. * ia alate ae Oe Du Faur, E. . x “¥ 6 Evans, Geo ee 3 3 0 oe Fraser, seach pn Bg | in e, Herm Bc 0 Heron, Henry (tote tal donation, : £17 12s, ) 56° 0..0 Hum K. (total donation 5s.) y ice: aie Hunt, "over (total donation, a 6s.) 0 In nglis, 0 Séiociaara. J. st (total donation, 4 ‘£4 4s, ) 0 Latta, G. J. es ie 0 Lattice Oye ie He otk alt Mae Liversidge, Professor | oa sas he ie ered ee Oar MacPherson, Rev. P., M.A. on ae ae sete eer cad Markey, James, M.R.C.S i 1 0 ae n, Right Rev. Dr ies 0 Moore, Chas., F.L.S. ie Br 0 Morehead, R. te A. Sauer donation, £15) “sf sre teeter + aie | ete. 8) Mullins, IF = ar Vay 5 Parrott, T. a 0 * Pittman, Edward F 0 re ag o s 0 ae 3-3 0 Cuitk, aad: D. Placid _... sa bei bee 9.2 Roberts, John ae Bese Russell, H. C., B.A. - (total d ‘donation, £13 8 8s.) .. ee Soe Charles : 2k ares ae ’. < pee we rae Pye i @ mp = Wilshire, J . F. : eee he ED. s Woolrych, B “B. W, (total donation, Sbjoi. e t ee Wright, H. G . A, M.R.C.S. ae pe en Young, L. H WG. oe a ye ae be eee £108 3 0 : ae : “e “> oa = on me, 2 Dixon, W. A. (total donation, £5 5s.) eo ee oe E. Ross Fairfax = — 231 1010 0 : Griffiths, F. C. 5 5 0 i rk oe Hunt, Robert (total ‘donation, £7 7s. ) 1 6 Leibius, Dr (total donation, £7 bei 0 ersidge, Professor (total sage £12 2s.) je ae a. Moore, Charles (total poe ae iF 0 << Smith, degre J.,C.M.G.,M.D. (total donation, £6 10s. ) iO iP S. (to total donation, £ a hiaky0 Wright, H. G. A., M.B.C.S.E. (total donation, £778.).:.. 11 0 4 0 | 7 iv Annual Subscriptions promised. Dixon, W. A., F.C.8, = . FYiirst,.G. De: x. see ‘ of Hunt, Robert, F.G.S ey ‘ AS os ius, Dr. a : Liversi e, Professor. os wee one ae Moore, Charles, F.L.S. ... igs as ae Russell, cae Wright, H. G. A., M.R.O.S.E. th Peet eed pet fel Jad fem fed fed fr coooooocooso — The Aopal Society of Hew South Hales. OFFICERS FOR 1880-81. HONORARY PRESIDENT: HIS EXCELLENCY Tue Rr. Hon. LORD AUGUSTUS LOFTUS, C.B., &c., &c., &e. PRESIDENT: HON. J. SMITH, O.M.G., M.L.C., M.D., LL.D., &o. VICE-PRESIDENTS: CHARLES MOORE, F.LS. H. OC. RUSSELL, B.A., F.R.AS., F.MS., &e. HONORARY TREASURER: H. G. A. WRIGHT, M.RB.C.S,, E. HONORARY SECRETARIES: PROFESSOR LIVERSIDGE. | Dr. ADOLPH LEIBIUS. COUNCIL: DIXON, ‘ye A., F.CS. MONTEFIORE, E. L. HIRST, G. D ROLLESTON, C., C.M.G. HUNT, ROBERT, F.G.8. Wil LKINSON, CO. 8, F.G.S. ASSISTANT SECRETARY: H. WEBB. INDEX TO RULES. Annual General Meeting... ual Re Annual Report ; Auditors and ‘Audit ‘a eran ce from Council Meetings... Alteration of Rules Fai ‘ae Admission of Visitors a Si of Members Annual Subscription ee ei Hi ov sie oe ” in arrears em nis ew eee eee when due 5 Ballot, iiecliak by, ie i a Pisuaeti Desineen, Dike : - ‘ Branch Societi ie Cabinets and Collections .., Contributions Society ve Corresponding bers ... Council, Electi ms : i, i » Membersof . a . , Vacancies in eo: we » ti . ee “* eee oe eee ”» ” nuorum —_ ee ven — . Candidates for Admission : bat ce - Committees or Sections e ee : n of ‘o ae tie Tibianesis ee ‘ Se ‘ = » Notificationof .. ... bee . : Entrance Fee. as : Expulsion of Members... — Nn 2 >) f~] - a mm lo J n ° ~ nv lcd ao 2 Nn r<) 3 a ys ws med = . As =: big a eS os 6 EN. § wo 4 ” ® o © © o © 3 © © 2 4 3 ~ n ~ nm RoR ~ nN ~ es eS ee eee Se tee Ss SS SS Ss 8 8 we S68 Se - = 2° £238 2.) = = = Se SO OE OO a ea itean of | Seale each J kears Dean of 40 Lears 5e6-8/ Seale of trches On the Longitude of the Sydney Observatory. By Joun Trssvrt, F.R.AS. [Read before the Royal Society of N.S.W., 2 June, 1880.] In June, 1878, I had the pleasure of reading before a General Meeting of the Royal Society of N.S. W.a paper on a proposed correc- tion to the adopted longitude of the Sydney Observatory, and a days subsequently I contributed to the Astronomical Section a cores 8 paper on the same subject. The correction to the longi e, 10h. 4m. 45-74s. E., was based on the longitude of my own Ohiversicat: derived from ten lunar occultations of stars and the m. 15-70s. E., its correction from the ten occultations + 6°84s., the telegraphic difference of longitude + 1m. 28°83s., and the concluded longitude of the Sydney Observatory 10h. 4m. 51:37s. E. East t longitude i is here supposed to be positive. The occultations were all disappearances at the moon’s dark limb, and e corrections of the moon’s places were derived from the pub- lished observations at Greenwich alone. Since 1878 I have been enabled to extend my investigation to thirteen additional occulta- tions, so that it now comprises altogether twenty-three occultation- phases, of which nineteen are disappearances at the dark, and four are reappearances at the © righ t, limb. For the occultations down to the close of 1875 the corrections of the Nautical Almanac io ree 25’ 53 0” a 99995576 will, therefore, represent respectively the g geocentric latitude and the log. — In the sxtjotned table will be found certain data employed in the 20 ON THE LONGITUDE OF THE SYDNEY OBSERVATORY, twenty-three determinations, together with the resulting indiy corrections of the longitude of my pastor: * Tt will be that the mean of the twenty-three corrections is + 611s, am have the derivation of the longitude of the Sydney Ob as follows :— H. Assumed longitude of my a see EN 9 Correction from the occultati Concluded longitude of my Observatory .............++++« Longitude of the Sydney Observatory east of mine . Concluded longitude of the Sydney Observatory ...... T observe in the introduction to the Melbourne ob 1871-5, recently issued from the press, that a comparison 0 errors of the moon’s right ascension derived from bourne observations in 1874 and 1875, with the erre we om 10h. _ 50° Phra E,, a the lo atory. erie minations in 1803 and 1871-234 the ‘value 10h. 4m t between three mo ON THE LONGITUDE OF THE SYDNEY OBSERVATORY, JOJ O]VMOAVFIN' AIA OIOM “HIST “AINE pag UO soIVJY JO MOTNIND0 oy} Jo Soseyd YQOq pur “TEPWIIUg g PUY MN, W Jo doIreIMOddesIp OYI~ “ALON {TE.9 452 useyy rL0 + | E+ P.O 8S 19 16 Ol 8 w]a L68 0€& 6 tuenby gL] 9/81 ‘490 8% 190 - | 8+ PO - 81 FL 86 Si ate | 3 719 ZI 6 maenby ¥ | 9L8T 490 8z OG +] PEt PO — ‘t *1 86 a G2 1 a 9.15 -0¢ tL mrenby ¥ | 9181 490 82 BE + L3- ).0— Fe 6 OIT| Ges 12 9 W 6-28 «LSI sorejuy | o/8t ‘Aqne ¢ eh L+ LS 0 — 0-78 6 QIL| 1S Iz ai O-1F FI BE sorequy | OL8T ‘Aine ¢ €8-0 - 8-F- ).0- -G I OOL] €81F SI UW 29 68 SI voidg | 94g ‘ounr g 80-9 + | 8F- 0- © 18 OOL| €8-IF 8ST a oL BI vordg | 9/8T ‘oune % 2L + | 90- | 68-0- -9L 6% SIL| ZS FI at Lé ye 8 0229 “O'V'H | SL8T ‘3deg 6 ro + | 90- | 66-0- + 6 QIT| 8L9F 1% a L- LT L sorequy | G1sT “adeg 1 OLS + | %I= 9] Bo0- 8-69 9F LIT] 16-8h 68 a €.12 Bt tT Taeqyseg € | C/gT ‘Av Zz 90-8 + EZ 96.0 - Gey LO SL: | PRE GA a GLY 9L 6 stuoay & | e7 gt “fudy gy] 19-9 + | 88- | SFO- 9 GL ZIT] 13-¢¢ 3g a 6FE 98 IT idioog ¢ | $181 ‘Av Og V6+ |] LB- 0 - Gh =19 $9 98 Z al 8¢ §¢ OL woury | PL8T “qaqa Lz 649 + | 8O+ | 6FO- ZSl LG 9Il| 9893 LP ST | A Lt 13 &l Teyqyseg 0 | erst “ydeg Z% cpg + | TIt+ | G0- 9.69 SI 89 | 6LOL Lg a PP 9 9 rney, ,V | eZst ‘tuady fT BL-tI+ | 90- | 88-0- Gee Lb 66 ce 8 t a 9 L ot tuenby | OL8T ‘AON Og re + G.0+ FLO- 93 99 89 2S 66 a Eo et: 8 meg 5 | OLsT “qeq IT ceI- | 0-0 FB-0- e , AL | 6I@r BS a -6F 0 8 rower) g@ | 698T “q9q Fz 60-21+ | ¥0- 10-0+ G8 9F 8 oe a ae 8 999 3 | 698T “qaqa LT aeeLIt | LO+ | FLO+ SFI 3 TL 66 6¢ 3 a ie Ul OT LNeT, W& | SOST ur, z% $0-01 + L-0- 90-0 - Gh ZS 8 | 9ST € TI a 9b Sb L unosig 7 | gost “qaq Lz LZ-#1 + 0-6+ 91-0- 8:66 ZG LOL] 696 02 ST a soo Ie L 19z9** 998T “390 CT eel + | 10+ | 0+ 8-9F O€ IL | SLLo 88 F at LOG 51 9 S9FT ‘O'V'a | 9981 ‘Iudy gt $ “ & “ ] ° ‘8 ‘uu "UY ‘B ‘um .Y ‘opny “d'‘d'N Sal ‘A'dN oe “U0 *O9R OV sua Pa : | -w3{n999 |-m009 30 Our, 22709 greg ek rg. popnyouto) g,uooyy of suON}O9I407 ‘IBIg Jo dov[q quereddy paydopy 10 Covad | Teepe Aloguassedo be sibabid a yh Soe a ae ot hook ee ‘ oth oe Note on the Opposition-Magnitudes of Uranus and Jupiter. By Joun Terssutt, F.R.A.S, [Read before the Royal Society of N.S.W., 2 June, 1880.] In a note which I communicated to the Astronomical Section in May, 1878, I pointed out the was increase in the Nedesirheces : Uranus at each successive opposition, which increase will go o till the opposition of 1882, after which the Pore brightness will diminish. On the evening of 24th April, 1878, sixty-seven days after the opposition, I found the planet to be of: the 54 mag- nitude, the comparison being made by means of a small telescope with Nu (v) Leonis. The star and planet were seen in the same field of view, and were estimated to be equal. On 18th March last, or twenty-one days after opposition, I compared the planet with B.A.C, 3621 and 3622. The comparison, which was made by means of the naked eye and also a small telescope, showed the planet to be about equal to the former but superior to = latter. The . Catalogue gives 54 and 6 respectively as tudes of the stars, so that Uranus may, at the recent Spent be safely recorded as a star of the 54 magnitude. Some idea may formed of its conspicuous character when it is er 1 that I ae mined pretty accurately its distance from Re n ordi sextant. I may here a attention ge the circumstance that J hlter will, at its opposition in October next, be very near its perihelion, ‘and that the planet will in con- sequence be a very brilliant object. At each opposition near perihelion, which occurs every twelve years, it rivals Venus in brilliancy, and may be seen distinctly without a telescope in full sunlight. It was a splendid object in September and October, Observatory, Windso April 27th, ‘Y88o. Some New Double Stars and Southern Binaries. By H. C. Russe, B.A., F.R.A.S., Government Astronomer. [Read before the Royal Society of N.S.W., 2 June, 1880.] It is known to some of the members present this evening that I have for some time past devoted'a A considerable portion of my time to the examination of the doub din Sir John reat Cape Observations. While a oing this work I have frequent peas double stars that he had overlooked ; and I have ooeusiens: The number thus recorded has gradually increased until now it stands at 252. Of this list many are close doubles, probably too ohn He difficult for the optical means which Sir J rschel had at his command, and which — ras his search. Excepting i in the case of tw vee I have not acer rg the of the members. In preparing the list I have been guided by the requirements of those who have telescopes of moderate power, so that some of the doubles are easy, and others very serena in mage such as may be used as tests for instruments of higher pow I In a study of this kind the greutenk'e care is necessary to eel being misled by errors of observation or of accident. I could refer to a published list of southern double stars in which several set down as binaries, or probably in motion, the change in which is not real, but due to the causes mentioned. One curious ce in my own experience may illustrate this. On the 6th - October, 1834, Sir John Herschel found a pretty double star, which is entered in his list as No. 3,416. The magnitudes were 26 SOME NEW DOUBLE STARS AND SOUTHERN BINARIES. both 8, the distance between them 3”, and the angle of position 126° 1’. Two years later he examined the same star, and found the magnitudes the same, but the distance was then 6", and the angle of position 128° 7’. Here seemed unmistakable evidence of motion, and when I turned the telescope to examine the in 1870, by accidentally misplacing the telescope, nly the diameter of the field of view, I found another star of the same general — character, and vik seemed to be Herschel’s star, but the angle Boe to be 192", and the distance 23". When exa os th ats an elliptical orbit that I felt sure here w was a new bin The distance seems large, but it has been proved that there wa be a distance of 22” between two stars in an orbital system, and here was but one second more. The slight difference in right ascension and declination did not attract much attention, because it is not uncommon to such errors in the Cape catalogue. Sule observation, however, revealed no change in my star, searching more carefully I found Herschel’s star, of which ie distance proves to be 5”2, and the position peale 125° 38’, nearly mean between Herschel’s distances, and about the same proving that no appreciable change has taken place in it since ba "Of the new double stars which I perpoes to put before you to night, 22 are in the constellation Crux, as shown in this map, which you will see has in some S ahirced cau the limits of the constellation. For the purpose of showing you their relative — positions with regard to other stars in that constellation, Ihave — had this diagram prepared, which shows, first, the positions of te catalogued stars; second, Sir John Herschel’s 25 doubles ; and, | thirdly, my own with a black circle round each. The first of thet in R. A. 1th, 40m., dec. 57° 20’, is a very pretty double, of vie the distance is 5”, both of the 9th magnitude, and yellow: at ll general list of 252 new ones, com having some poll would make y useful or interesting to to the o “ fs gs elgg) 45m., dec. 58° 38’, when first paar in 1874 Smeg difficult double star, of which the distance was less measuring such a y be best conveyed to the non-00%” by saying that ina large. telescope (7 inches) the two image SOME NEW DOUBLE STARS AND SOUTHERN BINARIES. 27 the stars of this double, formed in the focus, would spay 54 separated by a linear space of one four thousandth part of The angle and distance of this pair have gradually cas 4 1874, until now the distance is over 1”, and there is reason to sup ; system. almost equally difficult is one easily seen by the naked eye: it is usc, the second brightest in the little constellation, under the divided do by the large telescope first in April, 1878. The measured di is only 0°54, and the angle of position 317° 16. It forms » most beautiful object when seen under suitable optical power, and will serve as a capital test for defining f ciao Of the other stars in preteen unnecessary to speak 'y. They are ust a few out of the larger list, and may be interesting. Brvary ome ay thn Seer ea esacvathion Ae oende Gas petied ck the then exi i ions ; e the period of a Te 123 oe a second pt reduced it eoretical dimensions ; but: two wuch-sters forming a binary system not one about the other, but about the common centre of gravity, which, if the stars are equal, would be a point midway 28 SOME NEW DOUBLE STARS AND SOUTHERN BINARIES. between them, so that this seems to be a well marked instance of this curious phenomenon, viz., two immense bodies revolving about a point in space, 7.¢., about nothing ; but this implies more, for while one star appears to us to be going round the other, both would, if we could refer their position to some fixed point, be found to have changed their places in proportion to their motion in their orbits. It so happens that these stars are now favourably situated for detecting such a change with the transit instrument, and they will be regularly observed for that purpose. But from an examination of the Cape adras catalogue it seems evident that the star taken as the fixed one is actually in motion. But the question may be viewed in another way ; unless stars are connected in binary systems, the only test we have of their magnitude is the amount of light they send to us. Now, here we have two stars equal in light and there fore theoretically equal in size, and, as we have seen before, all the observations go to show that if this is a binary the apparent orbit is an ellipse of which one star does not occupy the centre — and therefore, though equal in brilliance, one must be larger than the other. a It was my intention to have placed before you facts relatimg to several other southern binary stars, but the pressure of other — engagements has rendered this impossible now, but I hope at 20 distant date to place before you some of the results of my observ tions of Sir John Herschel’s doubles, and I may then include information I am now obliged to defer. I may say, however, 4 the number of those which give certain evidence of being bmary SOME NEW DOUBLE STARS AND SOUTHERN BINARIES. 8 8 | 9Gr-O88T | OL.0 jocks | vr | ft tor ‘eqqnop ouy Aroq | oceettttttetees * |.8 8 | 98-0881 | €9.0 |992-61 | PI 6¢ | 69 ZI ‘oH fOl OL | 9¢FPL8E | ecg | 00rG0T| & 19 | 69 Z~ cI “MoqqoA 9U3IT | O16 | 8LZ-8L8T 82-T | 80%-61| 8% oo | IF ZI I 6 6 | ZEP-OSST | 8st | ee9.19z| SI eo] Le Zt | et §6 {6 | ZeP-Osst | 00-06 |00L-001| Og Z¢| 1g st | 3t ae Br a ZL IL | ZEP-OS8T 9 or | OL 49] 246 at | It qy3uq fopngmSeur yf ouo orpprar four] wv uy Ajavou sivqs 90143 Jo w10Y}I0U ysoul oy, |" MoTTeA og | g ZL | ZER.O88T &FS | L9F-012| 8 19| 2 Zt | OT ‘qnoqe siv4s opnyimseur yy] Jo Joquinu wl tt Il OL | 62F-O88T | 66-2 (| €89-FET| ZI 09112 at | 6 bein odbteiinat (| cee Il If | GOV-OSST | 90-3t |OGL-I¢ | #8 69] FI Zt | 8 $6 ‘abtiaote sec ogi Iitcatios ssesnenssvennes #11 It | 9aF-08st | c68 |ess.9tc} oc09|s at | L pue 9ZIs ourles qnoqe Tayjouv PPey ours uy bea i" i: Il OL 9ZP-O88T P6-L 8c. LOE 13 09 8 ral 9 "4 Sarpooard {Og puv stony » Jo yyrou oy] yo] eee " | O16 | 92-088 | 486 |0¢¢.01z| 1309|% st | ¢ “UOHSUIPOep UL Z PUue “Wy ,O] UII s.1v4s 9[qnOp sNondidsuos oA uvyy Sse] OU OIR YOFYAL Uy “sdeyS JO Jo4sNIo o[quyrwutor AoA W | seers esesess ai 9P-O88L | 00-0 | 008-18] o609]}0 Zt | F pod toa nd, | ee 118 BH] coponet ff HEME |28C 8" | tas 10 | on tt | 8 ‘aed Aggoag | trees ’ | O€ OL | ZOFOsst | z6 [000.29 | or 19| sem | @ ‘mores og] 6 6 | OBF-IL8t | Loe |eL% | 03 4g] orm | Tt a ° ‘ ° uw ‘Y “syaUUOY ‘sANO[ON sion | Seat | -soumsa | LY | goa | vu | on ‘SSOUD NUMHLACY AHL NI SUVIG HIAA0G AMIN 40 Isr 30 SOME NEW DOUBLE STARS AND SOUTHERN BINARIES. ‘oIqnop: oun -pood x ‘wortyecy “OFT wOMOg 5 Weewerr esd age "SYS JO SULIYS OTGVYIVULI Vv JO o[pptur oy qnoqe { ared pouyop-T[t Suryooy-Azey Ar0a W ‘OPT TOMOT ~ ‘ared 4yStaq Aqjoid Aroq “44 Sra wyvo oul ‘MOUY T 4SOSOTO oy} jo ouo0 ‘mosnyy gf ‘a[qnop osop VW “OTJOUL UT oq 0} stmoos avd styy, ‘odoosetey ‘ur-F[T ‘adoosojo4 ‘ur-F{] ‘osvssed uvrprzeur qSOUI OY} JozJe OF fF eIs opngruseut WZ *SyIVULOY ot 6 | | P-PLSL 6 is | ZerlUst ‘MoTPeA TQOG |G 6 P G6 GEF- TL81 Sevencceseseces OL Ot #8G-SL8T OL L | IGF-TZ8I eee deeeaeeeaees 56 §6 ZF FLST seeaeeeescesens a 008-SL8ST 8 8 pines wears y #8 § | 18%-6L8I eee eeer Tre eT rs eenees ¥0Z- OSST Pee venasecesees 8 ge #ZG-SLST “ORE bet 3 SZL-9L8T gts res? Ng. eae ak ae Or & Pabepesas sé "sINO][ON “sdUpy | gon ‘SUVLG TIAOOG ONILSTUMLNI Maat V CTT LI8-886 | ** * 96-0 LIP1AG] 3h? GL:0 =| OG3-LES} ** OF-0 £€0-9°6 | SE Se 18-3 €&9-F9 | oo Sb a“ ° ¥ ‘ ° ‘90 *opsay vs" uolIsog eueaee oF OL OF OL ‘uw "Y codna © mo aons moO *g ‘00q | Vu | ox SOME NEW DOUBLE STARS AND SOUTHERN BINARIES. 31 Discussion. at Madras, in 1840, when the direction of the line joining them would be nearly in a parallel of latitude, so that bisecting the image tn tha oe ME 4 4 bP - ty Ay | ook oe = Peon bs Poe of either star. The observations at the Cape, in 1876, when the angle of position had become about 54° show when compared with those at Madras that one of the stars had moved 3-1 seconds of are, while the other seemed to be fixed, and these observations prove that the change is in the preceding star, and therefore the angle of position should have been taken on the preceding side; for the purpose of the diagram, however, which was merel motion, this is not material. Mr. Russell saidhewould like todirect attention to one possibility which the diagram reveals, viz., that this may not be a binary star at all, but merely one star passing another by reason of its proper motion. It will be seen that, recent observers ; and a sm possibility of which no one would have more readily admitted than Herschel himself, would at once place this star out of the list of binaries ; already the orbit computed by Jacob has proved too small to include the observations, and the period requires to be increased as we have seen to 144 years, and the uncertainty attending the early observations lends force to the supposition that we have here only the effect of proper motion. [Two diagrams.] Z20Ming | 2Hes_ Q a ' > i = sh pe _ * Bu b | 3 ] F : , a a * 5 +— igh ie Mee . b: a! a *, a >) "ET | s , oe s ‘ 1m - . ‘ je if £ FOLLOWING 7 Sas Seon ; a LJ ‘ *: [a [a io oe eee 4 ij , | : | Pe ¥ bd | | i ; , bt | ‘ f in 5 ns ee on ee Se ee ee te eet tt | e i = : | : ; : | | . S6GGR88! ° ee ee eo a ae ee oe ae | || Li aes Leama a t aimeaire Diagram 1. Pt? Russells paper on Double Stars. DIACRAM SHEWINC OBSERVED POSITIONS 7 iis % iniertniainitaviin H i" OF p ERIDANI. @::: Dunlop. Dasa los 25.900 | Peectebeell SB Sige GFO 835° } SESS f4O4 783 5°-FF3 reels 84S: B70 . feet ere | wh abe HS 3 18 &S+ BBO J se SG 4b B56 rest 1356. O77 - 1856 -08S 1856+ 10% /8Sb-0n7 1257. 9% 1957-976 436 1858-017 BSS eA — (861-338 eee Kissell pera eee ents (870-920 F460 8x8 16 sheds . c - sh78/70 ? 6.088 : * (87% 206 Otay * - 1880 -4435- 6 age jell Power $00 Diagram 2. Mf Russells paper on Double Stars. PHOTO-LITHOGRAPHED AT THE GOVT. PRINTING OFFICE, SYDNEY,:NEW SOUTH WALES. ee @« Russell. @ Russell. E : @~ Russel. Se On the Orbit-Elements of Comet I., 1880 (Great Southern Comet By J. Tessutt, F.R.A.S. [Read before the Royal Society of N.S.W., 7 July, 1880.] Tux comet which forms the subject of the present paper was one get a sight of the head, and then for a few seconds merely, be- tween clouds. Fort unately the weather was more favourable at the Melbourne ptomieren: and Mr. Ellery, and his valued assist- ant, Mr. White, succeeded in obtaining observations on the even- ings of February 3th, 10th, 14th, 15th, 16th, and 17th, and these Mr. Ellery has very kindly communicated to me. On May 21st the Observatory for — 1st came to hand, from which I learned that communications had reached Englan and from Mr. Gill, of = also determination of the comet’s orbit. In a paragraph of the same — of the Observatory it was also stated that Dr. Gould, of the Argentine National Observatory at Cordoba, had observed the comet. The following elements communicated by Mr. Hind had been computed respectively by Mr. Finlay, Chief Assistant at the Cape of Good Hope Observatory, and by Mr. Hind, from an observation by Dr. Gould on February 4th, and from rough places for February 10th and 15th, sent to England by Mr. Gill. These elements, placed in juxtaposition with those computed by Hub- sets for the great comet of 1843, appeared in the Observatory as ollows :— Finlay. Hind. Comet, 1843. Perihelion passage -- 1880, Jan. 27°55d Jan. 27 60274 GMT Longitude be perihelion Be 280° 16’ 279° 6.8 278° 35-1 itude of ascending node. . 123 24°5 419 1 206 Inclination mA ic 75 12 35 39°8 35 38°2 Perihelion distance lea te 0-008001 0°0059390 0°005511 Motion Direct Retrograde Retrograde Sun’s radius, 0-004664 (gun’s mean distance = =a J). system almost grazing the sun’s surface in perihelion, and revoly- _ ing in less than thirty-seven years? I confess I feel a difficulty — in admitting it, notwithstanding the above extraordinary resem- blance of orbits.” It was also stated in the Observatory that, from rough places on February 10th, 13th, and 15th, Mr. Hind had — previously found elements somewhat different from those which communicated. Both sets differed in toto from Mr. Finlay’. e The members of the Royal Society of N.S.W. will not fail to perceive the utter dissimilarity subsisting between the results given by Mr. Hind and Mr. Finlay, but this is not all, for now the — Astronomische Nachrichten has come to hand, bringing more determinations of the orbit, varying as much from one another as those computed by the two astronomers already referred to. The following approximate determinations have appeared in that periodical up to April 8th, the latest date received :— a4 : Liais. Copeland. Gould, Perihelion passage wt. Feb. 10 to 11 Jan, 26 465d Jan. a7 4185d a Berlin M. T. Wash. MoT Longitude of perihelion +. 105° 256 9 280° 26° 50” 4 Longitude of ascending node.. 120 832 46°9 7 50 i mi Inclination of orbit ., «i 60 46 25°4 35. 5 Mae Perihelion distance .. oy 0°08 to 0°10 07038127 Me ORE ea te Direct Retrograde Retrograde The elements given by M. Liais, Director of the Observa at Rio Janeiro, somewhat resemble those arrived at by ! without interest to our Society. In the Herald of the 2 last, T announced that there was between the orbit given Hind and the Melbourne observations a sufficient agre® as ON THE ORBIT-ELEMENTS OF COMET I., 1880, 35 comparison only with o Sculptoris. This circumstance, it will be seen, is an unfortunate one. The three adopted apparent positions of the comet are as follows :— Melbourne Mean Time. R. A. a. PD, a, ha, e, ren, 2: 9... Fae 9 14.9 59: 26:7 ioc wk: 8 we oe 123° 43’ 43” 2 5°62 122 21 8 41 951 120 21 43 mm 0 He ee for) 3 Correcting these times and positions for aberration and parallax and adopting the ecliptic as the fundamental plane, we get the following co-ordinates referred to the mean equinox of the be- ginning of the year :— Feb. Righchrs Greenwich M. T. A=341° 5'34°1” B= -28° 49’ 39°5” boon iy A’=359 36 56 p’=-35 31 01 - - ane = "= 9 57 70 p’=-37 37181 The places of the sun have been taken from the British Nautical Almanac, have been duly corrected for aberration and reduced to the same equinox. The logarithms of the earth’s radius vector have been taken from the same source. Assuming now the proportionality of the rectilinear instead of the parabolic sectors described by the comet to the times of description, I arrived at a value of the ratio of the curtate distances of the comet from the earth for the first and third observations, which, when Lambert’s theorem was satisfied, gave a system of elements differing but little from that communicated by Mr. Hin n correcting the assumption from which the ratio was derived I obtained another system differing considerably from the other. By a comparison of the residuals in longitude and latitude for 2 middle observa- tion, as derived from these two sys Id value of the ratio, which gave finally the kliowig system of parabolic elements :— Perihelion passage .....,.......++0+5 1880, January 27°56330d G.M.T. Longitude of the perihelion ...... 277° 22’ 53”°4 : Longitude of the ascending node 358 22 48 °6 M.Equinox, 1880°0 Inclination of the orbit............ 36 41 41 ‘9 Perihelion distance 0°0067243 Heliocentric motion ............... Retrograde On recalculating the geocentric places from these elements, I obtained the following residuals, in the sense of calculation minus observation :— Feb. 8 Ad cosB =—- 5" 2 AB=+ 05 freee AX’ cos 8’ = + 59 °7 Af’ =- 77 6 ” 16, Ax’ cos RB” = + 0°5 Ap’= + 0:'l 36 ON THE ORBIT-ELEMENTS OF COMET I., 1880. It will be seen that the first and third positions are not perfec satisfied by the elements, but I may state that owing to the. perihelion distance of the comet, the exceedingly small are, scribed by the comet between the extreme observations, and‘ very large anomaly in that arc, the calculation of the orbitis attended with great difficulty. I do not wonder at the conflicting sets of orbit-elements assigned to this body by be eal com tion of the adopted ratio of the curtate distan Ly however, to correct this ratio will not furnish resides within limits of probable errors of observation. It would fore, that the three positions cannot be satisfied on the hy poth of parabolic e motion, and that the orbit is elliptic. On comp the elements which I have thus deduced with those cot - these I now transfer to my paper, in order that the mem» y have the opportunity of comparing them with the lis ¢ due for the late comet. I have roughly corrected the lon or the precession of the equinoxes since 1843. 37 ON THE ORBIT-ELEMENTS OF COMET I., 1880. a ‘a 8 a “U U uoMOW 02900-0 0900-0 9900-0 6900-0 $0100-0 66100-0 teeeeeeeeeeeses* goumastp UOToyled OF Ef TS 98 oF SE Tg 98 TIS 88 ST 98 seeseeseress Qrqaro OY} JO UOTBUTPOUT 0 098 &@ Sos SI I Th & OF O88 18 & *re*** nou Surpuoose Jo opngrsuoy SG BL AF 813 iL OLB AL GLB & BL AL bb porerses**** woreqiied yo epngyiuoy "WIGL "UOT "PLS “9T)"WST "US “PLZ "G91 PUES “UG "PLS “49A\'TART "UOT PLS “49d! “UbP “US "PLS “GOT | UNS UD" PLZ ‘GOH |'"'* “LW ‘suv ‘oSessud uorpeyiog ZC A, SCANT FY LLSnv'T|sreanvy_ W IoLsney|sreaneyy % JoLsnery uosnelD ruueg teoeceeeenaceses Jonndm0o JO OUIUN a "a et i ‘a oY ; uOMOHy 18900-0 89900-0 61900-0 OLF00-0 G0L00-0 66900-0 seeeeeeeeeeeees*® QOUBISIP UOTOYIIOT OF 96 98 98 9§ 98 06 F8 PE 9S sl 98 seeeeeereres Q1qt0 oY} JO UOT}eUTOUT xs 6% 6 Z 8% 9T 9% & oF **+** apou Surpusose Jo opnqisuo'T AF 81S 8 616 69 813 ST 18 ST BLS 88 BLS steeeeeeesss uonoytiod Jo epng{suo0'y "UZ “UOT “PLS “AT MourvzU[d MU66 YOL PAG 4Put FELOOIN, wPs “UOT PL6 Gt O11OUS] sb SPL PG 4a JONTEM F Tepuey MlOs HOLL PLG G9 TONTVM FY [[Vpuoy ayoug UlET “ULL “PLS “G9 ‘LW ‘svg ‘odvssed uolpoywog teeeeseecvessess toanduloo JO OUleN 38 ON THE ORBIT-ELEMENTS OF COMET 1., 1880. On looking down the list one cannot fail to recognize the close resemblance between the elements which I present to the Society and the third orbit calculated by Laugier and Mauvais. Butl wish also to draw the attention of the Society to the fact that these computers assign a period of thirty-five years in their or which so closely resembles mine, and this period it will be observed differs only two years from the interval between the appearance of the comet of 1843 and that of 1880. To their second orbit they assign a period of 175 years, and this it will be seen is commenst- rate with that of thirty-five years. Mr. Hind, in his Treatise onthe Comets, edition of 1852, says :—“ Several comets have been men tioned as probably identical with the great one of 1843, and m particular those of 1668 and 1689, which exhibited tails of unusual len, it were one and the same comet that appeared in 1668, 1689, and 1843, the period of revolution could differ but little from | good grounds for believing that its whole course cannot be Mt ce 4 March and h " mo year, ViZ., on ie arch and the following days. Its brightness was SUC) yg reflected trace was easily distinguished on the sea be ce when it at length came in sight, was comparatively ne eo i ON THE ORBIT-ELEMENTS OF COMET I., 1880. 39 certainty by a careful examination of what is recorded of the older comet. Locating on a celestial chart the situation of the head concluded from the direction and appearance of the tail, when only that was seen, and its visible place, when mentioned, according to the descriptions given, it has been found practicable to derive a rough orbit from the course thus laid down ; and this agrees in all its features so well with that of the modern comet as nearly to remove all doubt on the subject. Comets, moreover, are recorded to have been seen in A.D, 268, 442-3, 791, 968, 1143, 1317, 1494, which may have been returns of this, since the ‘period above men- tioned would bring round its appearance to the years 268, 443, 618, 793, 968, 1143 1318, and 1493, and a certain latitude must ways he allowed for aaknown perturbations. But this is not the only comet on record whose identity with the comet of 1843 has been maintained. In 1689 a comet bearing a considerable resem- blance to it was observed from the 8th to the 23rd of a slotiabte o is this period calculated backwards from 1843-156 will seth us upon & series of years remarkable for the appearance of great comets, paced of which, as well as the imperfect earings rea we have of ir appearance and situation in the heavens, offer t least no ais contradiction to the supposition of their identity ‘with this. Besides those already m Since as indicated ke the peri mm “e ie years, we may specify as probable or possible intermediate of the comets of 7 33(2), 1689 above serena") 1559(1) 1537, 1515, 1471, 1426, 1405-6, 1383, 1361, 1340, 1296, 1274, 1230, 1208, 1098, 1056, 1034, 1012, 990, 925(0), 858(), 684, 852,530, 121, "Should this vie bjec pati or oF 247, 180, 158. may expect its return about the én of 1864 0 or rlercichad of "1865, in which event it it will be observable in the southern dnc the ‘‘Cométographie,” a work indispensable to all who would 40 ON THE ORBIT-ELEMENTS OF COMET 1., 1880, hemisphere both before and after its perihelion passage.” I have made these rather lengthy extracts in order to show the members what interest attaches to the comet of 1843. In connection with the closing remarks of Sir J. Herschel, I may say that a very fine comet did appear in the beginning of 1865, which was o only in the southern hemisphere. It was at: first generally sup- posed by the colonists to be the comet of which Sir J. Herschel speaks, but a determination of the orbit which I published at the be identical with it will again be ransacked in order to obtain, if possible, further evidence of identity. I am extremely anxioust0 refer to Pingré’s Cométographie, Carl’s Repertorium der Cometétt Astronomie and Cooper's Cometic Orbits, which invaluable works unfortunately I do not possess, nor do I think they are to be in the library of the Sydney Observatory. And here I would take the opportunity of respectfully suggesting to those in authority the absolute importance of furnishing that young institution WY copies of certain astronomical works in English, F rench, and | German, without which no Observatory library can be said to be complete. A copious library for reference is as necessary 10° practical astronomer as are his transit instrument, clock, and equa a torial. I will now take leave of the more technical 7 m subject, with an expression of the hope that the orbit-element have now presented to the Society may be found to be much 1 a 4 accurate than any which have yet reached the colony. At a events I believe they will be found sufficiently accurate to serve provisional elements for the reduction of all the southoens them of esting particulars respecting the mee orbit which I have calculated. For the linear ON THE ORBIT-ELEMENTS OF COMET L, 1880. 41 1849,” viz. 20,923,700 English feet or 3,962'822 English miles. It appears now that towards the close of January the comet was rapidly approaching the sun from the regi ing south of the ecliptic. It proceeded, of course, with accelerated velocity towards that luminary, and at thirty-six minutes past 11 o'clock on the morning of the 27th (Sydney mean time) or just twenty-four hours before perihelion, it arrived at a point 9,584,500 miles from the sun’s centre. At twenty-seven minutes 1 o’clock a.m. on the 28th it crossed the plane of the earth’s orbit at a distance of 1,074,600 miles from the same point. Its course now lay on the north side of the ecliptic, and sixty-nine minutes later it arrived in perihelion or that point of its orbit nearest to thesun. The distance between the sun’s centre and the centre of gravity of the comet at this moment according to my elements was 621,380 miles. The semi-diameter of the sun at the earth’s mean - distance, resulting from twelve years’ observations, 1836 to 1847, at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, is 16'1’°82. If we adopt this value and execute the necessary calculation we shall find that at the instant of perihelion passage the comet’s centre was actually only 190,480 miles distant from the sun’s. surface. The heat to which the comet was subjected at this point of its path in space must have been something beyond human conception, and the solar orb itself subtended an angle of 88°, or 165 times greater than its apparent diameter as seen from the earth. Sir John Herschel says that “the comet of 1680, whose perihelion distance was 0-0062, and which therefore approached the sun’s surface within one-third part of his radius (more than double the distance of the comet of 1843) was computed by Newton to have been subjected to an intensity of heat two thousand times that of ot iron,—a term of com- ison indeed of a very vague description, and which modern thermotics do not recognize as affording a legitimate measure of radiant heat.” After leaving perihelion the angular velocity of our i om the sun rapidly increased. At twenty-seven minutes past 1 o’clock in the afternoon of the 28th the comet from the north tothe south side of the ecliptic, at a distance of 1,473,300 miles from the sun’s centre. It thus appears that the comet was only three hours on the north side of the plane of the earth’s orbit, and in this brief Space of time it of course described an arc of 180°, or just one-half of its apparent path in the heavens as seen from the sun. I find by a rough calculation that if the perihelion passage had occurred comet across the sun’s during the interval I have described, was pursuing its path unseen from our planet, and it was not till the Ist day of February that its huge tail was detected from several parts of the southern 42 ON THE ORBIT-ELEMENTS OF COMET I, 1880. hemisphere. On the evening of the 9th it was accurately observed at the Melbourne Observatory, but it had then receded toa dis- tance of 53,885,000 miles from the sun, its corresponding distance from our planet being 62,205,000 miles. On the evening of the 17th the Melbourne observers obtained their last position, the comet having then increased its distance from the sun and to 75,293,000 and 69,508,000 miles respectively. This evening, July 7th, while Iam reading this paper to the Society, it has minor planets. Assuming that our late visitor is the great com of 1843 with a period of 37 years, it will ultimately reach its aphelion at a distance of 2,052 millions of miles or within the orbit of the planet Neptune, and will then commence its retum journey towards the sun, and make its reappearance to the earth's inhabitants about the year 1917, ; Having now given you as much information as lies in my powel, T must take leave of my subject. I trust that in the course of a few weeks we shall receive from Europe information more accurate and detailed than that of which we are at present in possession. The Observatory, Windsor, June 26th, 1880, 43 Note on a New Method of Printing Barometer and other Curves. By H. C. Russrxt, B.A., F.R.A.S., Government Astronomer. [Read before the Royal Society of N.S.W., 5 August, 1880.] THE necessity for a convenient and expeditious method of printing barometer curves has long been felt by all who have had to publish weather maps, and I have therefore no hesitation in publishing what to me at least appears to be one method of meeting this “a is simple enough. The blanks for the curves containing lines at 29:4, 29°6, 29°8, 30-0, 30-2, and 30-4, _and these hee by ' and serves as a printing surface. The whole of this may be done in less time than it has taken to describe it. The advan obvious :— In the first place, it gives a block which can be printed with ordinary type, and has therefore a great advantage over the litho- - graph system, in which the curve has to be printed after the map is aes complete. : As soon as the barometers are reduced the printing Fourth: By this system the blocks fume be placed together for oo peluting, as shown, so that the change in the barometers day to day is seen at a glance. 44 NEW METHOD OF PRINTING BAROMETER CURVES. | It seems hardly necessary to suggest other uses, but no sade SGI be dooind for this method of preparing a block [One dia: | zZram, ’ rf We x a ij a Teg Hesiae + : 1: SPREE mo 3 Me = i Neh oe vd a ; ln Did roe ial 4 jpn oe pai ks eh ad sB Y ; . > Seat ties ue acti se SPECIMEN CURVES. 40 Curve showing state of Barometer. yj @ 8) = 3 E d I ] 4 | Go October 26th. Generally fine and ch N. to N.E\~ bo nd Sle Te < pti an Hg Beare ta EAT REL ee tS og an td Meds ity 47 Note upon a Sliding-scale for correcting Barometer Readings to 32° Fah. and Mean Sea Level. By H. ©. Russert, B.A., F.R.A.S., Government Astronomer. [Read before the Royal Society of N.S. W., 1 September, 1880.] Just eleven years since I had the honour of reading before this - Society a description of the sliding-scale which I then designed and made for the purpose of doing away with the computation which had previously been necessary when the humidity of the air was required from readings of the dry and wet bulb thermo- meters. That sliding-scale has been a useful servant in Sydney and other observatories ever since, and has saved an amount of time which it would be difficult to estimate ; but it only met one temperature and altitude at one in: ion. The scale was made by taking a strip of paper and at one end —say Bathurst, and altitude ; the 0 of the scale was then placed on the table so 48 SsLIDING-SCALE FOR CORRECTING BAROMETER READINGS. barometer or the nearest reading to it was found ; opposite thisa mark was made on the scale and “ Bathurst” written on it. Now, whenever the same reading is received, the scale being placed as before, the marks opposite Bathurst would show the corrected reading ; and since the readings in the columns increase at the rate of 0-01, any other reading being given with the same tempera ture, the same scale would serve to point out the corrected reading required. The table thus prepared was placed upon a cylinder, so that any part of it could be immediately brought up for inspection, and the — scales (some forty-six—one for each degree of temperature) were pre and promised a very great saving of time; but in variation in the atmospheric pressure. The result is the com venient sliding-scale represented in the annexed photo-lithograph. . to begin at 28 inches, in order to reach the high stations. A taken, and corrected for index error for the temperature of en ; and for altitude; the barometer scale on a strip of pape @ “corrected” reading as by computation was found, and | made. Exactl upon it the corrected readings of the barometer for any ' ‘ any troublesome extent. The use of this scale SLIDING-SCALE FOR CORRECTING BAROMETER READINGS. 49 into prominence one of the little troubles of a sa ict com- puter. Itis this. Suppose this morning Mount Victoria sends in a reading of his barometer 26°742, and air temperature 50°, — at Sydney the barometer read 30 ‘021, and air temperature 57°; now the question arises for which of these temperatures, or fage what other, shall I compute the altitude correction. retically, in computing altitude corrections it is assumed that the air is cooler in proportion to the elevation, and therefore the mean of the two should be taken ; but in our practice this is foun to be incorrect, and all the barometers will agree better if they are corrected for altitude at the temperature of Sydney, and the corrections are always therefore computed at the Sydney tem- perature. You will naturally ask why is theory wrong in this instance ; probably the answer would be found in the — con- dition of our atmosphere, which is that of having a warm win QR using the sliding-scale, we follow the old rule of using the Sydney temperature, but when the readings are taken on this line, H eek & they are affected by the right altitude correction, they are by the wrong correction for temperature, for the line is plotted as stated before, so that the temperature and altitude correction for the thermometer a the station in question. It is found impossible to pore for this difficulty in the sliding- scale ; but it is met by adding to the reading found, 2} times the difference between the thermometers when the u upper thermo- meter is lower, and subtracting it when it is higher. It is evident that such a sliding-scale will not give the correct to 0-001 in, but it vill to 0-01, which is more than sufficiently accurate for the purpose of daily weather maps; and if the third place of decimals is taken by estimation, the readings are found sie eat to coincide with the computed readings. I should mention here that as Kiandra, one of the meteoro- —_ ae is at an altitude of 4,640 feet, it — be necessary he scale at 25,000 inches, so ae sliding-scale ontesiéioen of 1, 2, or 3 inches were made to the seer of the barometers, and the scale plotted accordingly. Se — BS x = dX XN 3 x = TS ———— ” Ae a Soe SS SS SS s saMonie+ | / VIYOLDIA cI / VHaNVIN saHoNiot — —~ ea vy = ss SIHINIC + — FIvaiwyv WONT + IS¥NHiVva va | SCALE sPrECeEELerEE v r — | f | nynginog | | Ae a ~ HyGaNNnol~| 4 ¢3ayosr | EEF EREER ih x : — x am = A SLIDING SCALE FOR CORRECTING BAROMETER READINCS Se a <= oi WONT + ae x X AS E= oo a eet VDOWM WOOUMA I~ | AYN TV SANs eT | Ler] NINOIMINIG | 13 ee a ee a eo i. \ \ qi: ——oo [— Es VANYOW { Soil | EF | er ‘ | ee ed ‘ _— + soe L—| ' = ’ _— an a‘ oe ee mel _—— Ube ae | i orot ea : Lee , ie = a | | HIYOMLNIM{~ | ee | ee | | | eee | | eee routed | | ree 4a ee : ee | a Ouse 4 — ie near ' ; | 3 IB a | cp FOuU0ID x6 AdVI LEH pengek | JLSVOMIN pee ae | i | waaa tT] T | | | | | | QO eNO ie © AES IN V4 ON oa rmoOU-O Thunder and Hail Storms in New South Wales. By H. C. Russenr, B.A., F.R.AS. [Read before the Royal Society of N.S. W., 1 December, 1880.] call for some precaution against it in the construction of the build- ing, and the question was referred to me for an answer. After a careful ination of all tl ilabl 1s up to the end of 1878, I addressed to the Commission a letter, the substance of which ma be here quoted :—“ After a careful examination of the recorded ance also with the above, it appears that they are not severe or numerous in wet years. As the present year (1879) may be fairly classed amongst these, the probability of a severe hail-storm is very remote, and would not I think justify the outlay necessary to pro- vide special protection for the glass in the roof of the building.” The examination necessary to arrive at the answer involved some is the great number of storms in the.early of November, or when the earth is ing through the November meteor stre The first table shows the date, place at which i ( line used for thunder-storms was therefore made uniform ; and the number. which in. urse of years have occurred op the same 52 THUNDER AND HAIL STORMS IN NEW SOUTH WALES. day of the month is shown by adding one line to the other ; as for instance, for the 10th of February seven storms are on record, the line is therefore made over seven spaces in the scale. will be seen, is the heaviest record against any day of the year except 8th December, which has an equal number. The diagram shows clearly the preponderance of storms during the summer. TaBLe I.—ReEcoRDED Hai. Storms. Page. | Year. | Month. | Place. Character. | Coef. } {| 1795 | Dees 5 | Hawkesbury .....:......00665 *6 to8 ~ — 10 62 | 1797 | Nov. 8 | Sydney esis 7 2 | 1798 | May 14 a pail ci Pint 10 64 | 1799 | Nov. 15 | Hawkesbury and Sydney..| Seve 5 67 | 1804 | Dec. 10 prose Not severe 4 Sep. 24 | Hawkesbury ..............+++.| Severe(night) 5 2 | 1806 | Nov. 9 ahead Bia aan Seve: 7 22... 2 Re 2 oe ae eens 7 aS). 3 are 6 Hawkesbury soncosectnvpapeee! Light 4 ) | 1809 | Sep. 13 | Sydney a 4 3 | 1810 | Oct. 6 = Sev 7 | | 1812 | Jan, 17 fe Very sons _ 1812 | Sep. 12 ” isl See et ea Musket balls} 5 3 | 1813 | Mar. 10 | Hawkesbury ..s....c..c+000 Neverequal’d) 1? 78 {| 1814; ,, 10] Sydney Very severe 8 79 | 1814 | Dec. 24 Bunbury Curran .........+0+ Severe 4 ) | 1815 | Oct. 1 | Appin Light Mar. 21 | Hawkesbury ...........0.-s0« 2 severe ones 10 83 | 1818 & 23 90 | 1823 | Nov. 13 | Wilberforce ............0++ Severe ‘ 90 | 1824 | Jan. 1 | Sydney 90 | 1824 | May 6 | Prospect Very severe 1 91 | 1824 | Dec. 16 | Hawkesbury ..............:0+ ” 94 | 1826 | Nov. 4] Pe Severe 100 1829 | Jan. 13 8 ydney ” 102 | 1829 | Aug. Bullets 103 | 1829 | Oct. 22 | Parramatta and Sydney ...| Severe 829| ,, 21 | Hunter “ 1 1830 | Feb. Zz , a” 1 107 | 1830 26 | Sydney ” : 1831 | Feb. 21 ” 1 833 | April 30 | Bathurst.... ” 128 | 1834 | Nov. 1 unter ” 1 ” 20 Bathurst aoe ? 7 135 | 1837 | Oct. 31 | Maitland .| Very severe , 135 | 1837 | ,, 28 | Sydney saaa] SOVETE , 138 | 1838 ” 12 Yous sone 2 { 1 1838 | Dec. 18 | Parramatta and Hunter ... ” ’ 139 | 1839 | Jan. 8 | Mameroo...........0.sseeerreees ” eo ] July 20 ae ” i, Manatee 142 | 1839 | Aug. 22 | Sydney ...........- istedmeeyg oe - ——— THUNDER AND HAIL STORMS IN NEW SOUTH WALES. TaBLE I—continued. 53 Page: | Year. Month. Place. Character. Coef. 144 | 1839.| Nov. 17 | Richmond .. ..............0.. Severe 10 144 | 1839 | ,, 14 | Hawkesbury .................. é 8 144 | 1839 | Dec. 16 alan a 9 146 | 1840 | Mar. 25 Serer hoe pres cee = es 6 149 | 1841 ct. 12 | Paterson oa 9 150 | 1847 | July 2 as o 7 150 | 1848 | Jan. 30 Brisbane Water ............ a 7 152 | 1852 | April 5 | Mangrove *” 10 152 | 1858 | Feb. 2 Brisbane Water ............ Very severe 8 152 | 1 INOW 1B fo gg RR a eee Light 4 153 | 1861 | Feb. 16 fo SOB Very severe 8 153 | 1861 | May 3 ee eee vere 7 154 | 1862 | Jan. 25 get TSS Oa ight 4 154 | 1864 | Sept. 15 | Singleton ...............e. 00! Severe 10 154 | 1864 6-10 | Lochinvel wd Sais at Light 4 154 | 1864 | Nov. 4 | Singleton vere 10 TABLE II, ee Nora years 1844 and 1548 to ened = Thunderstorms and ase? at South Head Year. Date. — Hail. || Year. Date. | tounder Hail. 1844 | Oct. 15 Th. 1850 | Jan 2 Th. Seng BS AG at 1848 | Nov. 15 Th. Feb. 11...) Th. . Th. oo a i ao i ee Th. 1849 | Jan. 10...) Th. Mar.) 2 Th. »» deer, me (ied Feb. 16...) Th. eg? 28 a ae % 48 Th. Aprill4 Th. : ” bier Th. pt. 1 Kk eae Hail. eee oes Th. ” 5.. ove Hail. Apel 17 33 he 3 ae Hig : i hs ae 3 ae ” ] le 99 14 Th. eee Hail. ee ao. PY 15 Th. May 19. he Nov. 7 Th. Oct. 20 b h. 30 9 Th. Nov. 15. h. 3a} Ws eed 3 oo 50% he Dec, 8. Th. 2? vee he oe ae Th, Dec. 24.) Th; er FE oc ee ” 3 eee y h. ry 22 se 2 > - . a, » 26::.) Th, 2661 (Jan. 3...) “Th. ” 2 b be < im ” 15 on Th, _ 29... as Th, 16 oo Te, SOS 54 THUNDER AND HAIL STORMS IN NEW SOUTH WALES, TasLe II]—continued. Year. Date. | Thunder. Hail. Year. Date. Thunder.| Hail. 1861 | Jan. 22...) Th. 1853 | Feb. 7...|| Th. aga yore aaa i Th Feb. 16....| Th. Mar. «34.0. (Eli... wih daeade 5 G...... Eh. ps Dene eo a yet MS pe SES Eh. ” 27 wee " bh. Aprill4...| Th. Sept.13...| Th.. ...| Hail. = eat “Eh, Oct. aba” Th. Lo Th. ys eed DR. ons Lees . agen ae Baad bd ° mot. ch. LK, Th. oo Mou /Eh, . SN Sa Es Hail. . vw SEY Th. > Se é > Th. Th. Dec. 8 Th. Th. asee’.! Th, ee ie ee i ij, ee, Th. Th. = = So bg Th. # Th. 1852 | Feb. -6 ... sepa Mar. 28...|. Th Th. April 6...) Th Th. Pun SEB. acs, Hail. | Th. duly ode. 2)... Tis a 8 eis vew’ ff Mail, | Th. aed Th. el Y ne Th. 1855 Jan. 5 ES) Th. Oct. - 7 Th. 2 a i a a ug. ove x Th. Oct 8 | Th. ..| Baile Noy. 22 Th. Nov. 5...) Th Hail. 2? Caer apo eee Hail. ” 28 ... Ti sn he : Dec... 8 Th. a Te ————— and the Many of these dates may be two or three yale as the returns are woe arms 0 date — always specified mo e fully than ‘* days’ thunder,” oF : two days.’ : : : “ dtéddd deddddddddddddddddd ‘dddd dddddd ddddddde Gea) SS Seer ee Bee ee es ee eee et ee ae Bek pee | Se 26 ob OR. SA ee ee ee oe Year and Date. Aurora. | Thunder. | Remarks. | Taste Il—continued. AAS SAAR prea = . . ® 3 TuunpeErstorms, &c., Sydney. THUNDER AND HAIL STORMS IN NEW SOUTH WALES. ont te F E : : - Ei 3 iS. E dddddddddadae éeea ll I adda | ddédddddd dd ddd ddd : She heee & hb o> eae eG fas PEBirigiii: E PR Tt Ee SSeS ass hikwet oP ee ub iy| g2USRe-teonan "bia HRLR poe ee PRR aresoeaR S| “Z522c2282288 Agaadggiaeee geeuusege Ages sEipaieas 56 TaBLE I]—continued. THUNDER AND HAIL STORMS IN NEW SOUTH WALES. Year and | Aurora. | Thunder. | Remarks. || ¥°™®"4/ Aurora. | Thunder. | Remarks. 1862. i Th. Dec. 8 ee f Phe EU eee ayan, “84 onak Th. Dec. 144 one The. oe dean, Of cd Th. Dee. 20}. 2233 The: Ue ee ey eF L.. te Th. Dee Flt iw j Th, Th. Dec. 25 F Phe). (oe yamiidan.: SIF. 2282 Th. Dec. 26 Hey The PS Seti Reb: Fb. ae Th. Dec. 31 The. ad, eethWeb. 164. ed BR Has bi per Th. eee Th. 1 Th, Jan. 1 bag Th. = eee 2 eee The oe Apr EF Eo: cet Th. em 20 eg Th. Aurora? Peb: fly Lh Th. cate Th. Feb. 25 PRis.: sf ae mer Th. cPebs 2Gi ssciks Th. Th. Feb: 27.033 bie, Ee ote iRen, TL ad Th. ...| Hail, large. Feb, 23 -i33 Thy, Th. Mar 3). 438 fy ene Hales iOck Th. jks Th. Mar, 6{ . i234 Th. Th. ce LY eee ere Hail Th. Aug. 12 v eae) errors Hail j|\Nov. 19] ...... Th. ee: ns ne Seria eae | Th. Oct, t oa ik Th, Th. Oct. 26 ht Thy Th. Dec. 9 per te eee Dees: SBP adc Th. TRBR eee ee Pe orien, I ek Th. Jan 4 et bia pe oe mh an BPE oboe Th. an, 10 boc The (bok Saprieb. 10): coe Th. Feb. 2 Lo) Thy, a. Feb, 7 4} This... Violent n. M. 3 2 Th S32 May 16) act |The (f4 coet eb, 10} sau Te Pie Mao 22) Th. vd ne duly BP ik sock, (kad Mar. 19] ca hb. Bonk Gi toe be Pe Sencad et oo). tae * ee. eee Th. ,,...| Hail, re- wis Bont rt OE WE Bt ss Th. : Ss 2 on The ae a ie ES eee Oct. oy wee Th. sch Nov... 400 3a 4r Tes Hailalso\Oct. 20} ...... Nov: Gly saa Ute ia! NOY. 261 i333 Th, Dee 2 ee) Phe pe SING ZL eeeeves wee 20) 3 ney Ph if Dee. 14) wich) Ph: Dec. 20 eeeeee Th, ebenre THUNDER AND HAIL STORMS IN NEW SOUTH WALES. 57 TasLe I1—continued. Yeorand ) aurora, | Maunder | Remarks. || ¥"12"4 | Aurora, | Pounder. Remarks. 1 1 Nov. 23 oid Th. Jan. te Th, eve 2OT ak Th. Feb, 2104 ct Th. it ae Ear Th. Feb. 134 ....85 Th. Dec. 17. ged ee 8S Hail also||Mar 21] ...... Th. iad ug. GOY - ee fs a} au 2a 08 OS GS ee en oe = yeh st | | {| ! ; i ‘on S08 Ok OS on wo 2 Sauenn | PO Lad | a I Bag BT Is HB a EF SERRA RAES BSG REE ia anne roe BHR BRES = cect = rrr = a a I if |} T i BREE Dah s 4 PEC = HHH SEE eae : rt RUBRSBE 2 oad of |i} ERRS $ —— }—+—+ coo BS si % See eeeee : —_— : —— ———| | of Ti Titi i tt ee tT) — aa ZENEEA zm y OSee8 Re Ce er ; Pott Coo > SIS RBESe ees EGESHE | as La ss Hae EL a TT] i BES ae oo 4 oo on on eS Ona ee Ses ee ea UES eeee rrr FA | Bae e 2p 4 = T . | | i + t Bnane8 BEG me SRE RB EE SEES SSS Sen0805 ee + T 1 +44 EPESE REESE EREee Bee ee eretneas emer esena — = ean ~ 1} ++ +++ , t T 1 1 ji + ptt Boek Tee j | 14 | | Geb sens fie pe eee , - cm COC oe of MASS SR | =———— anon at fad COCO oo | ] Por oe mr rt => os ne Ss TI a a8 fs a) RRO S0E C0808 SOR Cee ee ee : C] HH Re ee eee Be ae Ce See eee | | aan oO: aamame Bes Rene Gee 7 : : oe os ee E aan nEe i cl oO a r=) HBERSHSEEERe ; a a ad ' : = } i ist =! > SEEOS DELS ARCs PEE PORES PE ee ee SEScaa5nE - 2 HERR EARRRCE = . i TI I “ eer }_ 4 5! o < i j +4 x! x - | T a8 e I i ; I : i } i i i | { j i | =——— — eee i t a | i i ay j | t | nm { | { i [a | i a i | - bad = t T T } } me Piittiiiiiiti it i =: | TZUSESeoE eee et fl + —~ bad 2] Bees ~t-! H eC af i. ° lil = : . oa GY: i eeuninden ~ w, CCH 2 2 Varese = 7 ; Bs rd makes ° a ters a fi oe HERE Pr? Ee EE Bane sane ‘hated _ HEESEEBG - cot “it S Perna ae + ere Cece pom ] : Coe - Be 2 oe Coco . ZEEE aEGE A < TH iene [ : —— coer er = e+ f ks BaE Rea * Py Pies t= = rerum Ts Omen PEE 3 os pitti. i ° ; +4441 = | 3 Poor Poe = = SS ee Bis PEE : s5B parks a3 P Baas SG8Ea ae fat : ick os o 2 ie oe Be 1 Beare pra Sn F j hae) a ze 4 Z| fe Z| ome se ao Se 4 : ee : an aver Az rareiad = =e Preece i i BS (ats : i Fa A Se “eee He +H Ht - ¥ -— = —t Ol fad = ‘ “ AI stt 2 z > « x > = i = 5 F nae a f Zi 75 Sees el e 5 2 A a Bs fabey im | a = a im [ = a iD ba a i | <=“ iw: ie ns im i ri f “| Se. . Tr im | ke +f i it i . ms ° ro im i ay ” ge if f tf it —— i oe < Perret | ae BS . | a SS f H * ‘ fofalzinalcbtalz] fT a 2 Ba: eg ‘ j J | LI | | Petr | BRS 4. heck, SYDNEY, NEW SOUTH WALES. JUNE | { it PHOTO-LITHOGRAPHED AT THE GOVT. PRINTING QFFI ie SNS = aS ee SD ae hh c be acer SS ~ 4 Fy 2 Das Rag waea ~ aS a ZERSaEReseD ce pat: rR ? By ey BS me i % S er? i) aan ti BSS > Peper: Aor aan .- @ ° aN aoe eT ay = { art wip me (cote frie Coos eee oi Y | » nl Errr et ¢ aoe ap aa ac Qn al a) q a "7 2) a fttt “| * | a paar te ipaaal = | 12 a ea | = EEE [eo H it 2 i EE | 5 | [ T ' ° | im aioe I fa TI + } : ° 5 ry 5a “td “ Pige, e : am Tt a Ty ci fe connate Bhalaielals perc « fs ealeate fi ER ER eS ‘ i 3 4 ee ~ j % { 1 1 pe u zig @ 2 ete eae sm — o: Signi tata - ne i ji e ra * Daa IB 4 - nig aa ee aii fi a a z i ; wal & u eet joezrire Per a blag wag py 20°60 19°71 19°34 yn dee eRe aes 23°67 22567 2455 peveeb iste 29°12 31°86 ” %? H * The letters refer to the same belts in each year. Tt will be seen that these measures F’ and G refer to the two equatorial belts which are situated one on each side of Jupiter's equator, in latitude 18° north and south ; each is about 4,000 miles wide, and very regular in form. In the northern one the air is probably clear, and the light that we see it by is very little, as we should ex from i from all other markings, as if it were above them and made up of & number of bright red bars laid side by side, forming round the planet a magnificent girdle which has a lustre like si 18 oltener a warm brown colour, and although nearly as w defined as the northern one, it is by no means so striking. : Going northwards from the equatorial belts, we find in latitude 36° to 38° another well-defined but usually faint belt, of which I tie more to say presently; and in th th latitud oth which in 1876 was clear enough, but is now often invisible, Probably because the south pole of Jupiter is turned away from sun. On this belt is the now well-known red spot. Besides * See diagram, H 68 RECENT CHANGES IN THE SURFACE OF JUPITER. Next to the great girdles which encircle Jupiter, “the red — is certainly the most remarkable feature me has ever been etected upon it; 30,000 miles long, by 8,500 miles wide, it covers a surface very much greater than that 2 te whole of the earth, and is easily seen with good telescopes, but ina red, and why a different red from any other marking, are questions not yet answer It is generally looked upon as a recent marking, and I have been at some trouble to trace its history, and shall I be beable to show you that it is much older than many suppose. The published account of it is by Mr. F. C. Dennett, in the “ English Mechanic” for 1879, page 277 ; he there asks if any one had seen a pink-coloured patch on the south temperate zone of Jupiter, which he had many times observed, and saw for the first time on July 27, 1878. From a letter in the “ Observatory” for Januaty 1879, it appears that Mr. Pritchett saw the same marking first on J uly 9th, 1878 ; since then there have been many letters on the subject, but I have not seenany earlier date mentioned thanJuly 9th. On referring to my own drawings and notes I find that 1 first saw it separated from the belts on July 8th, 1878; it was then a faint and difficult object to see, but m drawing gives jt a form | recognising it as an old friend that I had re with one made November 2 2, 1880. ‘The drawings are all careit made, estimating the siz e of each marking compare ~ with whole planet, so that ‘east may be put on the paper cl st as possible ; and I find, on comparing them, that P they ee in accord, so much so that I have mines in the dimensions the north side of os spot would be a little more, cm the pe 3 | not changed. eee ys comparing the et June 2 bet with others, I found I had drawn it in the same pe riod 11, 1880; and taking the most recent ° value -of shal! jt bas rotation, it exactly measured this interval, showing ta" RECENT CHANGES IN THE SURFACE OF JUPITER. 69 changed in longitude. Finding the proof of its permanence so looked amongst show it in the same latitude and longitude as my own observations. The colour is there described as reddish and reddish Jeo. but no particular remarks are _— about it. Looking furt. found a drawing made by the keen-sighted ar on 27th November,1857, in which a acanilta form is depicted, but without — its latitude is the same, and the os also ; but too much weight must not be given to this, for a small difference in the period of Jupiter’s rotation (a rather uncertain quantity) would make all the na in such a long period between agreement and disagreemen groun form is no proof to the ential where clouds have so much uence upon visible outline, and the changes in form are r not great. At present both ends are blunt-pointed ; in 1876 the preceding end was round and the following pointed ; and from Earl Rosse’s drawings it appears that the preceding end was pointed and the following end rounded; and such changes are not important. I confess wegen that, before I collated my measures, the impres- The colour I have selected by esnia to represent the colour of the spot is by day-light of a htiok yellow, and when compared With a scale of colour which gives six shades between me and @ mar : It is worth note that the salle of a spot on were uminous this would not be the case. Measures oF THE Rep Spor. In June, 1876, it was 1380 long and 4”-60 in pee: on ber 3, 1880, it was 4”-°35 wide, the length was ot then measured ; on October 7, 1880, it was 15”-73 long and vo 28 in on October 28, 1880, it was measured again, 15”-00 and 4” 26 in sre : € writing about the persistent position of this spot, I may mention that, _ August 6, 1878, at _ 10m. p-m.; * saw a small white spot of striking brilliance, much brighter in fact than 70 RECENT CHANGES IN THE SURFACE OF JUPITER. anything else visible on Jupiter ; it was on the northern side of the south equatorial belt, and a little in advance of the red s spot. At the time there was a great development of colour — ™” belts, and this spot presented a clearly defined disc. It again under similar circumstances on October 5, 1878, se peer not again until October 11, 1880, when it seemed to have into being more brilliant than I had ever seen it before ; it looked like some > shining white substance laid on the dark belt, which it seemed to cut half in two. With a power of 300 it presented a well defined oval shape, the longer axis of which was inclined at about 30° to the dark belt, and its north end preceding. unusual was it that at first L refused to believe it had an existence spot was not visible. I loo ed on Pili arene opportal times before clearly ij but I never saw one with a br time this spot was seen it had the same relative peat There are locaral of these spots on the planet that I a watching closely for some time past. They are are all not round spots, generally less than a second in diameter. It gi an uncommon thing to see their places pene by white + weet much larger, and probably of clouds ; and o el novel @ spot striking change: it was on September 14, 1878, and es seemed to cut the south equatorial ban d alm situation was in the same longitude as the following ete spot. After I had finished my drawing and was ey oak nd disc of the others, and I have never ge it believe, because I have not looked at the right time "for has the same cloud peculiarities as others where ehich E 5s There are some of these cloud-like markings W si eo further investigation will prove to be permanent feat RECENT CHANGES IN THE SURFACE OF JUPITER. 71 lanet, and in some way connected with the white spots, for I have observed that in four instances certainly, and I think in every one, where a spot is visible, there is always to be found on the preceding side of it a cloud-like form, which extends into a diagonal, the end near the spot being the preceding end; in one or two instances the existence of a diagonal in a particular place mountains. The is insufficient to convince one, but quite enough to make the suggestion, and to lead to the hope that we shall know more about it These markings seem much more eas of their number I may mention, that at ten minutes past 8 p.m. on September 19, 1878, I saw no less than five well-defin diagonals extending from the south belt towards the north one, and one coming from the north towards the south: at this time the red spot was just passing off the planet, and next night I examined the part before the spot and found similar rks extending at least one-fifth of Jupiter’s circumference, so that at that time almost the only markings between the belts were diagonal which it cut half in two; it looked like a mass of cloud, more & " Tt i easy a Be lar but exceedingl difficult to ebbedsse ss CBbabe? i th dark shade. 72 RECENT CHANGES IN THE SURFACE OF JUPITER, When the air is favourable the large telescope reveals a series of narrow bands upon which darker markings are sometimes seen ; those in the north cap are fleeting, and the same may be said of a white spot seen there some time since. On the south cap there is a dark marking on the edge which has existed for some time ; this is about the same longitude as the red spot, and from im outline, as if very much disturbed—in fact it features to those which mark a great disturbance in the next the ? it has for a long time, if not always, been marked by a dark a4 half the size of and preceding the red spot. The nearest eg to the equator on the north side is a particularly interest because of the great changes which take place in it. In e “0 formed one of the f (then) ly equal equatorial belts, aie and colour it was inferior to none ; in 1878 it had become papers as it is now, and has so remained until within the past few vas it has often been quite invisible when the equatorial — saw very bright. On the 28th October, at 11 p.m., this yeal than that - a part of it was enlarged, and much darker in wee . usual, and upon ipisaielsilgg hcenihiy I saw two black pes ae part, and noticed that just preceding this the belt W® right in two by a band of white light similar to the three Wack surface. The following night I saw that there were ™ om x and that all this belt following them for . distant thing like half the circumference of Jupiter was V' and this in colour and fully three times as wide as it had been, oe for the diameter of the belt had been increased from S! hundred miles to 2,000 miles, for a length of 120,000 short space of a few days. -RECENT CHANGES IN THE SURFACE OF JUPITER. 73 For the two following nights the air was not in a good state for observation, and I did not see anything about which I will now detain you. I may, however, mention that on November lsta great enlargement, about 20,000 miles long, was seen in the belt north of thisone. On November 10th this belt had become so much enlarged and deeper in colour that it was almost as conspicuous as the north equatorial belt, and the edge of it was most irregular, the whole belt looking as if it were made up of a line of cumulus clouds more disturbed. On the 14th, 8h. 15m. p.m., at a spot then in the centre of Jupiter, the disturbed belt appeared cut down to its inal dimensions, and one-half was the old belt and the other the new one, if I may so express it. I found that this point of contraction was not in the same longitude as the one before men- tioned, but about 120 degrees after it. Since then the appearance of this belt has frequently changed, and when I saw it on the 25th it seemed to be made up of a series of loops or arches, and was more striking than ever. I will not longer detain you with notices of any of the many other changes I have seen ; but I think you must have noticed, in what has been said, that these changes seemed intensified i November ; and the reflection is suggested to me that the earth, in the same period, has been changing its appearance to an outside er. With the t st d earthquakes which have visited the northern hemisphere, and in the long succession of cloudy hich we have experienced, a distant hanges on the : Wea | rth passes through the great meteor stream, is a time at which ais ; y thunderstorms reach Have these meteors, or some external cause, anything to do with the chan which have dashing into the sun with a momentary flash stirred the magnet- ism of the earth, and recorded itself on the self-recording magneto- 74 RECENT CHANGES IN THE SURFACE OF JUPITER. meters at Greenwich, it would not be safe to say that there is no common cause for the changes we have been considering; and I am sure this suggestion would have come to you with far greater force if you could, with me, have watched, between the terrestrial clouds, the many changes going on in Jupiter. Much was missed, I know, for I saw many things after they were done, in a glimpse as it were ; for instance, after a week of clouds here, I saw on November 14 that the whole aspect of Jupiter’s northern hemi- sphere, from latitude 36° northwards, had changed from a bright surface marked by faint belts, to one mass of belts, in which the common ones were lost, and a host of strange markings put m their place. Answers to the questions—how, and when, and why all this took place, were covered up by the clouds that lasted here from November 7th to 14th. a belt of clouds, shining white in the sunlight, probably almost as white as the snow caps ; on the equatorial sides he would see the clearer regions of the trade winds, at times marked by pe restrial air clear at the same time as own, it next to impossible to distinguish forest-covered earth from ocean 5 ponderous cloud bank, black enough to obliterate ev beneath it, and perhaps, most conspicuous of all, wo brilliant white cloud ring which generally surrounds the agile somewhat broken and irregular in outline though it be. i wil ing these cloud features, he would see them travel north am ibe with the changing declination of the sun, and wonder whether few bright points could be the only fixed things on the Just so, I think it is, that we see Jupiter. Our wee 38° by the belts. We see on the polar sides of laty change; almost uninterrupted bright zones, where there is but i rent but from these latitudes towards the equator the case 38” 38° to | at one time we find white zones covering everything from time} 18° on each side of the equator, as we see it at the pee at another time all this is changed, and their place 1 ever-changing light-red-coloured rings as in 1876. ‘RECENT CHANGES IN THE SURFACE OF JUPITER. 75 at one time we see the brightest cloud zone on the planet, = at another a faint red one, which a that between the terr trades is ever chan its fea On each side of this are situated the darkest rings to be tual on the planet, and through these probably is our only chance of seeing the true surface, excepting those momenrenes mountain tops which parting clouds reveal, [Diagrams. ] pretereerret ones) tts htt ae. Pad Se EE eh at te ie ee ke dim Call eee JUPITER AS SEEN WITH 114-INCH REFRACTOR AT SYDNEY, June 2, 1876, eo 2, L880. October 28, 1880. 10.40 p a SMT. ip. S.M.T. 7.10 p.m., S.M.T. 5e5-8! Measures of Japiters Belts at Sydney 7.80pm Jane 23577 1876. N. K 45:78 Measurements of Juputers Bats at Jydney. November 2% 1880 atti dhetr sg oa enna AT THE =n hahaa ape acy OFFICE. SYDNEY, NEW SOUT Remarks on the Colours of J upiter’s Belts, and some changes observed thereon during the opposition of 1880. By Geo. D. Hirsr. [Read before the Royal Society of N.S.W., 1 December, 1880.] T am not able, I am afraid, to add much of interest to the paper just read by Mr. Russell. My own observations of Jupiter this Opposition have not been anything like as complete as I could wish, A long spell of cloudy weather when the planet was in its most ae . : especial atten the colours of the belts and polar regions. For this work tl Silvered glass reflector is particularly suitable, on account of its mati ism. The following is a brief review of some of the salient features of the planet noted during the last three months :-— é North polar shading :——This maintains the fine sea-green tint noted by me first in 1876, but the colour is more pronounced. I red to : light- ; siderably in colour, on some occasions appearing almost — and very ragged ; a large black spot has been noted on it of an “ defined form ; it seems subject to rapid change, as after an Interv: 78 THE COLOURS OF JUPITER’S BELTS. of two revolutions it has appeared so faint as barely to be visible in mid-transit, but I have seen it again on succeeding nights as conspicuous as before. South of the north pole shading, and between it and the northern equatorial belt, runs a narrow purple streak; it com- occasions vines without tdodiee the separa The northern equatorial belt appears fesse as it iat year, of a bright brick-red colour. I say generally, for on one or — — I have noted the entire disappearance of the re h has been replaced sh a dull-brown colour. Two of the series of the most astounding Piseeeat oce arial “on a on™. position due to the sian of the planet: The portio equatorial belt immediately north of the great red spot is oo i noticeable for its rapid 2 ati ; I have noted ae esembling cyclonic action her mixed occasionall with a tinge of crimson lake or s0 et colour. These lattes tints aa not eres and co seen on a fine night. The rose or crimso enerally runs the southern border of the belt. 4 | South of the equatorial band is the great red 4 of a fairly symmetrical shape, both ends being Sightly a af : looks larger to me than it did last year, and the colour 18 ie undoubtedly brighter ; it appears to be now rather that of th red, anyhow its colour is certainly much beac ase bie wing : northern equatorial belt. Two _ — have been seen on favourable occas bal Between the great spot and the et equa mnie band has lately come into view ; I am certain 1 ) prior to opposition; it is remarkable hoe its reddish bro in of the at and appears to me to be an indication of the filling | between the spot and the equatorial ban + has for /gowe The south pole shading still appears to me, aS? + changes av? years past, of a warm grey colour, and no im THE COLOURS OF JUPITER'S BELTS. 79 30th September occurred an opportunity seldom to be met with, for about 9h. to 9h. 30m. the conditions for observing were absolutely perfect with a power of 500, which the mirror bore with ease ; north and south polar shadings were seen to consist of hundreds upon hundreds of the minutest belts, but so fine were they and so close together that the slightest tremor of the atmosphere sufficed to merge them into each other. I tried the experiment several times of placing my warm hand against the outside of the tube, and the slight disturbance of the air inside caused by this instantly obliterated them. It was a beautiful sight, and a fine testimony to the excellence of Mr. With’s mirror. have confined these few remarks chiefly to the colours of the various features of the planet ; in other observations connected with it, abler hands than mine have doubtless turned this opposition to account. 81 A Catalogue of Plants collected during Mr. Alexander Forrest’s geographical exploration of North-west Australia in 1879. By Baron Ferp. von Murnier, K.C.M.G., M.D., Ph.D., F.R.S. [Read before the Royal Society of N.S.W., 7 July, 1880.] species gathered between Nickol-Bay and King’s Sound, as the collections, obtained in the further progress of the journey, were by have gradually grown so extensive, that now nearly half of the whole vegetation of the Australian con : Within the boundaries of the vast West Australian territory. Further searches will doubtless add still much to the phytographic material a permanent footi ere. To this list of names rp Se and their localities I have added Some data from my unpublished diaries of the expedition of 1855 and 1856, in which I accompanied Mr. Aug. Gregory, as T was twenty-three years for the first time revisited by Mr. Forrest and his party, were mostly destroyed on the from Timor to Sydney, so that many of the localities now given from my journal remained ever since ed. 82 CATALOGUE OF PLANTS—N. W. AUSTRALIA. This contribution to the phytography of North-west Australia may also tend to draw additional attention to the cultural resources of the vast region recently explored in so able a manner light of geography has so recently been shed, are adjacent to many safe and spacious harbours ; and when we reflect, how short a dis tance this new country is separated from India, and how easily the products of North-west Australia can be rendered also accts sible through the Suez-Canal not only to the countries on the Mediterranean Sea but also to Britain,—then we may point this newly opened part of the fifth continent as one of the most promising of any fields for immigration, for the safe and ere investment of monetary capital, and for the display of skill assiduity of intelligent colonists. MENISPERMEZ. : a Tinospara smilacina, Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soe. v. supp) P Ord River, Margaret River; Hooker's Creek, Termination Lake (F. v. M.) ais NYMPHAEACEZ. ~-whitte- Nymphaea stellata, Willd. sp. pl. IL, 1153, Near Mt that the noom (F. v. M.). Dr. hae ne para Egyptian 1. coerulea of Savigny is specifically may here incidentally be observed, that We elumbo been noticed near Mt, Elliot by Mr. Fi CaPPARIDEZ. Ord Rive | Capparis lasiantha, R. Br. in D.C, prodr. 1, 247 jones Found as far south as the Gascoyne River by BF 1x, 1 It be united with Gynandropsis, as proj - thar River Cleome tetrandra, in Cand. prodr. L, 240, Wie os panesy Found as far south as the Comet River by "River. Notie owalidea, F. v. M. Fragm. I., 69. Wi cee on the Gilbert River by Captain Armit. CATALOGUE OF PLANTS—N.W. AUSTRALIA. 83 CRUCIFERZ, Lepidiwm pedicellosum, F. v. M. fragm. XL, 27. Ord River. DROSERACER. Drosera Indica, L. sp. pl. 282. Margaret River. MALVACEs. Hibiscus m microchlaenus, F. v. M. Fragm. IL, 116. Margaret River, Ord River; Stirling’s Creek, Termination Lake, F, v. M. Noticed on the Triodia sandhills as far south as the vicinity of Fowler’s Bay by Mr. Tietkens, who observes that the dromedaries delight to feed on this ery Hibiscus panduriform rmis, Burm. Fl. Ind. p., 151, t., 47,f,2. Benn River (south of Connaught aes near Mount Compton, near Depot Poo Hibiscus eee F. v. M. Fragm. II., 13. Margaret River, Humbert River, near Depot Pool, Wickham River Hibiscus Jiculneus, L. sp. pl, 695. Rich fey. country F.0 the crane australe, F. v. M. Fra, "16. po aes River, em River, Negri River (east of edaoaks Ranges) ; Termina tion Lake (F. v. M.). Sida corrugata, Lindl. in Mitch. three Exp. IL, 13. Margaret Abutilon otocarpum, F. v. M. in Transact. Philos. Soc. Vict. 1855, p. 13. Hooker’s Creek (F. v. M.). Malvastrum spieatum, Asa Gray in Plant Fendler. 23. Ord River ; Termination — (F. v. M.), Adansonia Gregorii, F. v. in Hooker's Kew Miscell. IX., 14. Wickham River (F. v. ML). STERCULIACEX. Waltheria Americ na, L. sp. pl., 637. South of Connaught Ranges. Melochia pyramidapa, i sp. pl., din South of Connaught Ranges. B: achychi ton ramiflorum, R. Br. forsf. Plant Javan. rarior. Bruchyehiton sere R. Br. in Horsf. Pl. Jav. rar, 234 East of Hum Corchorus. sidoides, F. v. is Fragm. IIL, 9. _ East of Connaught I 84 CATALOGUE OF PLANTS—N.W. AUSTRALIA, URTICEAE. Trema cannabina, Lour. Fl. Cochin. IL, 562. East of Connaught Ranges, near Mt. Compton ; Wickham River (F. v. M.). Ficus coronulata, F, v. M. in Journ. Neerl. 1861, 242. East of Osca: r Ranges, east of Connaught Ranges. BIxacE®, Cochlospermum heteronemum, F. vy. M. in Hooker’s Kew Sasi Miscellany, [X., 15. Ord River, between ught Rudolph Ranges ; Stirling’s Creek (F. v. M.) ; Glenelg River i iver). e name of this Cochlospermum Gillivrayi occurs on the Endeavour River and at Cape Sidmouth (Dr. Curdie), C. Gregoryi on the Nor man River (Gulliver). : MELIACER. ae Melia Azedarach, L. sp. pl., 384, var. australis. North of Oscar Ranges ; Victoria River (F. v v. M.). re SAPINDACER. Dodonaea platyptera, F. v. M. Fragm. I.,73. At sirting’s Or and in its vicinit ys Dodonaea tt F. v. M. Fragm. 1, 74. South of Rudolph Ran Dataeaie. polyewve F. v. M. Fragm. 1, 74. East of Oscar Ranges Negri River ; Sturt’s Creek “(E. v. ’M). Distichostemon Aiabedieis, F. v. M. in Hooker's pe Miseell. ., 306. Hooker’s and Sturt’s Orosks (F. v. Coane irk er, Halicacabum, . sp. pl., 366. South vod . Austr. L., 463. Ord * fen Hotere atu as and Rudolph Ranges, ae P Pool ; Sturt’s and Hooker’s Creeks oe v. ee De characteris EvPHORBIACES. cae Adriana tomentosa, Cand. in Ann. Scien. Nat. 1 série mL East of Connaught Ranges, near Depot Poo or as! Excaecaria Agallocha, L. sp. pl. ed. secunda, 1451, var. PY | South of Rudolph Range. Miscell dodulars F. v. M. in Hooker's Kew ots On Hooker’s Creek and near the sources: Si arene ana CATALOGUE OF PLANTS—N.W. AUSTRALIA. 85 Andrachne a Benth. Flora Austr. VL, 88. Near Depot Cree v. M.). Probably perennial. Euphorbia Cities F. v. M. in Cand. Prodr. XV, part IT, 20, Near Port Darwin. Euphorbia eremophila, All. Cunningham in Mitchell’s Tropical Austr., 348. Hooker's and Sturt’s Creeks (F. v. M.). FICOIDEz. Mollugo Glinus, A. Rich. Flora ae I, 48. East of Connaught nges; Sturt’s Creek (F. v. Mollugo Spergula, L. sp. pl. edit. | sec., 131. Near Termination Lake (F. v. M.). NYCTAGINE. Boerhaavia diffusa, L. sp. pl., 3. Margaret River. SALSOLACE. Salsola Kali, L. sp. pl, 212. Hooker's and Sturt’s Creeks. Kochia villosa, Lindl. in Mitch. Trop. Austr., 91. Ord Rive Rhagodia nutans, R. Br. prodr., 408. Near Ord River ; Sturt's Creek (F. v. M.). Dysphania pe Bime eee F. v. M. Fragm. I., 61. Between Con- naught and Rudolph Ranges ; ; also at Ni ckol Bay, Mrs. Crouch (spike 6 inches long) ; near Wittenoom Mountains (F. v. M.) AMARANTACEE, Gomphrena canescens, R. Br. Prodr., 416. Margaret Riv —- afinis, F. v. M. in Bent h. Flora Austr. Vie 254. "Sturt’s eek Amarantus Peeters R. Br. Prodr., 414. Sturt’s Creek, F. v. M. t may here brpmenee be observ that A. enervis, of which A. tenwis seems to be a ariety, is either identical with Reacpoccae, Pik pig or Sraate alli it. Ptilotus alopecuroides, F. v. M. Fragm. VI.,227. Upper Victoria River, Sturt’s and Hooker's Creeks. Ptilotus exalia tatus, Nees in Lehm. pl. Preiss. L., 630. ae of often d ee & Sean, Poiret Piston, suppl IV. 520. Hooker’s and s Creeks (F. P shi a corymbosus, BrP Br. Prodr., 415. Stirling’s Creek (F. v. M.). Piilotus peilotrichotdes, F. v. M. fragm. X1., 94, (Psilotrichum capitatum fragm. 238). Near Negri’s River. Achyranthes aspera, L. ‘sp. 4 205. Ord River, Sturt’s Creek M.). ° Ve 86 CATALOGUE OF PLANTS—N.W. AUSTRALIA. PORTULACE. aa ie oleracea, L. sp. pl., 445. sree in the inland region ; uable to travellers as spinage or raw as an antiscorbutic herb on account of its pap sale ; variable in its forms and tant ticularly in the size of its he and on Sturt’s Creek the weber met a variety with foal fully red ae as showy as those of P. grandi iflora. Portulaca napiformis, F. v. M. in Benth. Flora Austr. L, 169. Hooker’s and Sturt’s Creeks (F. v. M.). tals never emarginate as those of P.,.oleracea. POLYGONEZ Polygonum plebejum, R. Br. Prodr., 420. Between Connaught and Rudolph Ranges. Muehlenbeckia Cunninghami, F. v. M. Fragm. V., 91. Hooker's and Sturt’s Creeks (F. v. M.). LEGUMINOS. Jacksonia thesioides, A. Cunn. in Ann, Wien. Mus. IL, 74. Neat Rudolph Range. Jacksonia odontoclada, F. vy. M. in Benth. Flora Austr. IL, 59. Near Rudolph Range. Mirbelia 7 eeu F. y. M. Fragm. IV., 12. Near Termination Lake (F. v. M.). Petals yellow IL Bossiaea phy viloclade F. v. M. in Transact. Philos. Inst. Viet 15 2. Near Mt. Compton. ouiile Crotalaria Cunningham’s, R. Br. ps ace to Sturt’s Vent Austr., 8. Sturt’s Creek (F. v Mueller Crotalaria ‘lintfolia, L. fl. suppl. ee 328, Between M sas ange and Ord Rive 983, Bet on Ord rotalaria pap scab ‘Willd. sp. pl. IIL, iver and eer er Range, Bata Connaught Ranges, nes Mt. Coal 179. Crotalaria orapat, F. v. M. in peices a bees & ee ecurrent stipules ; the specimens small- is new for Australia. River, ; Lotus gata Andr, Botan. Rep. tab., 624. Fitzroy “ of Os r Ranges, Ord River, Humbert River. Psoralea canbe F. v. M, Fragm. IV., 35. Psoralea plumosa, F. v. M. Fragm. IV, 22. (F. v. M.). CATALOGUE OF PLANTS-——N.W. AUSTRALIA. 87 Psoralea leucantha, F. v. M. in Transact. Vict. Institute TIL, 54, Margaret River, east of + Connaught Ranges ; Sturt’s Creek, (F. v.. M.). Psoralea balsamica, F. v. M. in Transact. Vict. Institute IIT, 55. r Ran East of ges, Psoralea Archeri, 7 v. M. Fragm. IV., 21. East of Oscar Ranges, enn River. Psoralea patens, Lindl. in Mitch. three Exped. II., 9. Near Mt. Krauss, between the Connaught and Rudolph Ranges, near Depét Pool ; Sturt’s Creek and Termination ae (F. v. M.). Indigofera linifolia, Retzius observ. IV., 29. Sturt’s Creek. Indigofera monophylla, Cand. prodr, IL, 222. Ord River. Indigofera trita, L. fil. suppl., 335. Negri River, Humbert River. Indigofera viscosa, Lam. Diction. IIL, 247. Between Mt. Krauss and Mueller’s Range. Indigofera hirsuta, L. sp. pl., 751. Near Mt. Krauss; Sturt’s M.). :¥ Tephrosia flammea, F. vy. M. in Benth. Flora Austr. IL, 204 N . M. Tephrosia coriacea, Benth. Flora yolk II., 204 ; var. velutina South of iia sing Ranges. Tephrosia uniovulata, F. v. M. Fragm. X1., a Margaret River, between Muelle Range an Ord Rive Tephrosia rosea, F. vy. M. in Benth. Flora ak IL, 211. East of Tephrosia pa Pers. Synopsis Plant IL, 329. Ord River ; Stirling’s Creek (east of Connaught Ranges). nsona oligophylla, F. v. M. in Benth. Flora Austr. IL, 218. East Oscar Ranges. Nearer the equator than any congener. Mubotas acu aculeata, Pers. syn. pl., 316. Between Connanayt and Rudolph Ranges. thence towards Mt. Compto simpliciuscula, F. v. M. in Benth. A Ace IL, 2153. Sturt’s Creek (F. v. M.). nec aie dark-coloured. Upper petal with or without dots or red spots. Legumes long, erect. Seeds prismatic-oblong, brownish, shining, about 2 lines long. aoe beset with small bulbilles. Pa ee ma grandi Pers. Syno ickham Erytha ight) Benth. in Mitch., Trop. Austr., 218 ; status normalis ; Humbert River. Varietas biloba, Ord River. Ehynchosia —— Cand. Prodr. II., 380. Between Mueller Ord River. Canavalia sslanytia a Prodr. IL, 404. vin! hs ret River. Bauhinia Leichhardtii, in Transact, Vict. Inst. IIL, 50. Margaret River, Ord Fives near Mt. Copii and Depot Pool; Hooker’s and Sturt’s Creeks and Termination Lake i ¥, M.). 88 CATALOGUE OF PLANTS—N.W. AUSTRALIA, Cassia ange Cand. Prodr. II., 945. Margaret River, Ord Rive Cassia dirvinta, ¥ . v. M. Fragm. L., 165. East of Oscar i Humbert River, Hooker’s and Sturt’s Creek (F. v. M Cassia ie Ag te F. v. Ser Fragm. L., 166. Between Mueler and Ord Riv Cassia ‘dealing F. v. M. in Linnea, 1852, p., 389. Margaret Cassia mimosoides, L. nis pl., 379. Between Rudolph Rangeand Mt. Compton. ced by me southward to the vicinity of e Acacia Sentis, F. y. M. in Journ. Linn. —_ III., 128. Near the Rudolph Range, Sturt’s Creek (F. v. Acacia retivenia, F. v. M. Fragm. TIT, 12 3. “Margare aret River. Acacia Wickhami, Benth, in Hook. Lond. Journ Bot Eyam Margaret River. Acacia stipulosa, F. y. M. in Journ. Linn. Soc. IIL, 119. East of the Oscar Ranges, Humbert River. Acacia pallida, F. vy. M. in Journ. Linn. Soe. IIL, 147. ert 2 Seeds greyish-brown, not shining, roundis quadrangular, compressed, 3-4 lines long ; funicle pale brown, replicate near the hilum, but not expanded into a sul Acacia rhe aie Willd. sp. pl. IV., 1083. Hooker’s and Creeks (F. v. M.). Found at Mt. Hale by Mr. Carr. Myrracez. OL Barringtonia acutangula, Gaertn. de fructib. et sem. II., 97, t. 1 - Humbert River, junction of Wickham and Victoria iat Eugenia eucalyptoides, F. v. M. fragm. IV., 55. East of Ru nge. Calycothriz microphylla, A. Cunn. in Bot. Mags 3323. Bast ¢ ar Ranges, between Coane yehy = — Rudolph Rae TL, Wisin aceon Se i F. v. M. in Transact. Phil. pot Vie etween Cobihtight and padalee Range Ru dolph Mela Leucadendron, L. mant. plant, 105. Between ange and Mt. Compton. Melaleuca genistifolia, pe in Trans. Linn. Soc. Ill, cif? Ord Pool. of Conmaght Ranges ‘Ba saat. son pruinosa, Sr in Walp. Rep. IL, O20 a Riy 89. Eucah ppt terminalis, F. vy. M. in Journ. Linn. Bee, mi, 2 s Creek and Stisting’s C Creck (F. v. M.)- Hooke? = : Wesigcas rostrata, Schlecht. Linnaea XX., 655. = Sturt’s Creeks (F. v. M.). a CATALOGUE OF PLANTS—N.W. AUSTRALIA. 89 LYTHRACES. Rotala diandra, F. v. M. (Ameletia diandra, F. v. M. Fragm. IIL, 108). M oy River ; sources of Sturt’s and Hooker's one v. ne oe r an extensive study of the whole order of i Geuiet has shown (Sitzungs-Berichte botan Vereins der Provinz rb sersapnegss 1877, p. 47-49), that the genus Rotala could well be re-es ed, as already conten nia as Bergia to Elatine. To the genus Nesaea, in the limitation assigned by Koehne, we must now also refer Lythrum Arnhemicum, which I separated as a sub-genus under the name of Calopeplis (Fragm. Phytogr. Austr. IIL, 109), its affinity to Nesaea having been pointed out by my- self already in 1862. Ammannia Indica, Lam. a ., 1555. Between Connaught Ranges and Hambért Rive Ammannia multiflora, Roxb. Sime Ind. L., 426. Margaret River. ONAGREZ. Jussiaea suffruticosa, L. sp. pL, 388. Ord River, sources of Hooker’s and Sturt’s Creeks (F. v. moe parviflora, Roxb, flora Ind. L, 419. Sturt’s Creek mee CoMBRETACEZ. : si Jacquini, Roxb. Plant Corom. J., 2; t, 1. Negri River, Margaret rg Sturt’s Creek (F. v. M.). I erminalia platyphylla, F. v. M. oa ii., 150. Near Hooker's and Sturt’s Creeks (F. v M.). HALORAGE. Haloragis leptotheca, F. vy. M. Fragm. IIL, 32. Fitegerald Range, sources of Hooker’s and Sturt’s Creeks (F. v I have restored the specific name of this ies because text of H. acanthocarpa, so that we are left in soy whether it came from an intratropical or extratropical place but some of _ other plants figured in the Atlas next to to H. species obtained in New South Wales. With Z. Pnassvidies all may be forms of one species. ialragis ceratophylla, Endl. ‘Atakt., 16; t, 15. Sturt’s Creek (F. v. M.). 90 CATALOGUE OF PLANTS—N.W. AUSTRALIA. STACKHOUSIACE. Solieeies Pager, Smith in Rees Cyclop., 1819. scr PROTEACEE. : Banksia dentata, L, fil. suppl. pl., 127. East of the te Grevillea aictiex R. Br. in Transact. Linn. Soc. X., 177. Vict Crevillen ‘Chryadendron, R.Br. in Trans. Linn, Soe es “116. Near Mt. Compton. Grevillea miosis, R. Br. in Trans. Linn. Soe. X., 177. Ord Riv Grevillea "Wickhami, Meissn. in Cand. Prodr. ve ene ae’ a variety with the outside of eis ea the style hai : Grevillea Bannack A. Cunn. in R. Br. Prot. nov., 2% Grevillea refracta, R. ¢" in Transact. Linn. Soc. X. 176. Hooker’s Creck (F. v. Hakea arborescens, R. hi in Transact, Linn. Soc. X, 187. ources of Hooker’ s and Sturt’s Creeks. Hakea lorea, R. Br. Proteacee nove, 25. Sturt’s Creek (F. v. e LACEE. ee Santalum lanceolatum, R. Br. Prodr., 356. Bie Nicholson ins ; ooker’s and Sturt’s Creeks (F. v. = Exocarpus latifolia, R. Br. Prodr., 356. Sources of — Sturt RUBIACE. gee Gardenia resinosa, F. v. M. Fragm. I., 54. Sources of Hooxers — and Sturt’s Creeks (E. , ae F. Oldenlandia mitrasacmoides Hedyotis mitrasa Fragm. IV.,37). Sturt’s Creek, near ear Mt. ec." tuldsnaattoues of the Linnea wn Sodiety; of tropical Africa III., 53-65. Of A hitherto thirteen have been desc POSIT. : Erigeron sessilifolius, F. v. M. Fragm. XI, 102. 14 E, australis, Lessing in Linnaea V., 148. Ter (F. v. M.). CATALOGUE OF PLANTS—N.W. AUSTRALIA. 91 Calotis breviseta, Benth. in Hueg. enum., 60. Sturt’s Creek, near Termination Lake (F. v Pterigeron odorus, Benth. Flora Austr. TIL, 532. Ord River. Moonia Sane o Benth. flora Austr. IIL, 540. East of scar Glossogyne tonisfolia, Cass. in dict. sc. nat. LL, 475. po hee Mueller’s Range and Ord River, Sturt’s Creek (F. v. Pterocaulon verbascifolius, Benth. in B. and H. gen. aaa 294, Hum couse Pterocaulon sphacela Benth. in B. and H. gen. plant., 294. Eastern branch of | Fitzroy River, north of Nicholson Plains. Flaveria Australasica, Hooker in Mitch. Trop. Austr., 118. East m, Ca Gnaphalium Fadia, gh 8p. p 852. A variety with ipibeler mostly terminal flower-clusters ; Depot Gnaphalium luteo-album, L. sp. pl, 851. Hetweeti Connaught and Rudolph Ranges. Los Lobelia quadrangularis, R. Br. ameaee 563. Between Connaught Ranges and Humbert River. APOCYNEE. Wrightia saligna, F. v. M. in Benth. Flora Austr. IV., 317. Sources of Hooker’s and Sturt’s Creeks (F. v. M.). arissa Brown F. v. M. ae IV., 45, var. lanceolata. Ord ver, between Conna t Ranges ind Humbert River ; Hooker’s and Sturt’s ee ia v. M.). ASCLEP Sarcostemma australe, R. oR wre 163. Sturt’s Creek (F. v. M.). Cynanchum floribundum, R. Br. Prodr., oe: Between Mueller’s Range and Ord River, Depot Creek (F. ape Microstemma Dake hee has 2, 58. Southern ponder of the Victoria ba bhag from whence I also recorded ACANTHACE®. : Dicliptera gla a, Decaisne herb. Timor., 55. Ord River. Hypoestes aaa R. Br. Prodr., 474. Ord River, Humbert Riv ‘ver. Nelsonia campestris, R. Br. Prodr., 481. Depot Pool. Justicia procumbens, L. Flora Zeilanica, 19. Sturt’s Creek (F. v. M.). a linifolius, L. raope aie sec., «301. Ord River. Ppomea hederacea, Sac el ect. L., 124. East of Oscar Ranges ; flowers in this case 92 CATALOGUE OF PLANTS—N.W. AUSTRALIA. Ipomea erecta, R. Br. Prodr., 487. ieee: Creek, near Fitz- gerald’s Range. Ipomea reptans, Poiret Encycl. Méthod., suppl. IIL, 460. Sturt’s Creek in many places, extending to near Termination Lake, also on Hooker’s Creek (F. v. M.). As regards the dehiscence of its fruit this species holds the same relation to other con- geners as Limnanthemum to Villarsi Ipomea alata, R. Br. Prodr., 484. Sturt’s Creek (F. v. M.). Ipomea heterophylla, R. Br. Prodr., 487. Sturt’s Creek (E. v. M). LIpomea dissecta, Willd. Phytogr., 5t.,2. Near Termination Lake F. dj eens gracilis, R. a Prodr., 484. Sturt’s Creek, near Termina — Lake (F. v. ieure, denticulata, “Chey i in Cand. Prodr. IX., 379. Sources o the Victoria River (F. v. M.). Convolvulus eres, Vahl. Symbol. IIL, 29. Sturt’s Creek EF. v A Ap sa R. Br. Prodr., 488. Noticed by me as far south as Turviivdtion Lake (F. +, : k Breweria linearis, R. Br. Prodromius, 488, Sturt’s Cree Ry (F. v. M.). ; peg pannosa, R. Br. Prodr., 488. Seen by the writer as far south as Termination Lake. SoLan Physalis minima, L. sp. pl., 183. + Depot P ool, Lake Solanum ee R. Br ’Prodr., 417. Near Termination 1as¢ — rf GOODENOVIACEZ. ndsta Goodenia seaevolina, F. v. M. Fragm. L, 118. Hooker's and suit” Creek, near Termination Lake (F. v. M. Goodenia lamprosperma, F. v. M. Fragm. L, 116, mere Goodenia heterochila, F. v. M. Fragm. iL, of Ranges, between the Ord River and ar Ree ‘ig gibbous at the base. Calogyne pilosa, R. Br. Prodr., heb che te Creek ¢: Mee Leschenaultia agrostophylla, F. v. ragm. VL, 8. & Near Fitzgerald Range. ASPERIFFOLIZ. Cressa Cretica, L., sp. pl., 223. Termination Heliotropium ovalifolium, Forsk. Flora Aigyptt Lake (F. saa Depot Poo Ehretia saligna, R. Br. Prodr., 496. East of Conné on Sturt’s Creek far south, not rare (F. v. M.) Trichodesma apo R. Br. Prodr., 496. nges, Margaret River ; in many places nen (F. v. M.). Oldest generic name Pollichia, CATALOGUE OF PLANTS—N.W. AUSTRALIA. 93 Lasts Ocimum sanctum, L. mant. plant, 85, Ord Riv hosma ee Benth. in Wall. pl., Asiat rar. IL, 13. - Near Connaught Ranges ; near Mt. Wittenoom (F. v. oe tae Teac dace, R. Br. Prodr., 503. East of the Oscar Mints in North-west Australia. Teucrium integrifolium, F. v. M. in Benth. Flora Austr. V., 133. Near Mt. Wittenoon (F. v. M.). LENTIBULARIES. Utricularia chrysantha, R. Br. Prodr., 432. Near Fitzgerald Range ; found also by Mr. Thos. Gulliver on the Gilbert and on the Norman River. VERBEN Premna acuminata, R. Br. snl “512. Between Connaught Ranges and Humbert River. Myoporinz. Eremophila maculata, F. v. M., in Papers Royal Soc., Tasm, IIL, 297. Margaret "River; a alieg aware ghee on Sturt’s v. M.). Cree! Pes ie Latrobes, a y. M, report on Babbage’s pl. 17, var. filifolia. Ord Riv Myoporum ‘enuiflium, 'G. Forster, Prodr., 44. Depét Creek _ (¥. v.. ME), ORCHIDE2. te 2 canaliculatum, R. Br. Prodr., 331. Benn River (Con- naught Ranges). PANDANEX. Pandanus aquaticus, F. v. M., Fragm. v., 40. Stirli ing’s Creek (F. v. M.). Fruitlets quite free, 5-7-angled, club-shaped, attenuated at the base, outside “ mewha a the ac : em’s land, rved by Dr. Leichhardt. height and more slender than that of the pers species. Pandanus odoratissimus, L. fil. suppl, 424. Near SP atinngkt Ranges and Mt. Coniptoa asa near Stitling’s Creek (F. v. M.). 94 CATALOGUE OF PLANTS—N.W. AUSTRALIA. FLAGELL Flagellaria Indica, L. sp. pl., 333, "East of the Oscar Ranges, Comm Commelyna agrostophylla, F. v. M., Brain VIIL,59. Port Darwin; sources of Sturt’s Creek, F. v. M. Uni nited by Bentham with C. lanceolata, restored as a species by the present monographer of the order, C. B. Clarke, Esq., who writes to me: “I find e species quite distinct on many grounds, and further be lieve that the Commelynas, which have all the ovary-cells uniovulate, never vary so as to exhibit any 2-ovulate cells I have never found a single instance of variation on this Wycliffe. CYPERACER. Cyperus vaginatus, R. Br. Prodr., 213. Margaret River ; siar’s Hooker’s and Depot Creeks (E. v. M.). Cyperus difformis, L. amoen. acad. TV., 302. Sturt’s Creek (E Comet ts rinervisy Re Br. Prodr., 213. Wiekham’s River (F-veb} Cyperus pulchellus, R. Br. Prodr., 213. Wickham’s River ie M.); found also at Port Darwin by Mr. Holtze, and at oe Palmer River by Mr. Wycliffe. Occasionally fully one ha microcephala, R. append. to Tuck. Ngo, , Whickham’s River, eae Creek and Sturt’s F. v. M. | Upper Victoria Rive, oe 1 Pygmaen, R. Br., ae 240. ear Depot Creek (F. v. so v. x) GRAM Panicum gracile, R. Br. Prodr., 190, Sturt’s Oreck we P. m spinescens, R. Br. Prodr., 193. Upper ere and Sturt’s Creek (F. v. M.); occurs also oD Lachlan and Murray Rivers. cs Perotis rara, R. Br. Prodr., 172. Laer Creek, Termination Lake ¥. Erianthus articulatus, F. v. “at Fragm, VILL, 118 Noe _ Fitzgerald Ran roria Rive ulvus, Kunth enumer. L, 10, oe Hooker’s and Sturt’s Creeks (F. v. CATALOGUE OF PLANTS—N.W, AUSTRALIA, 95 Erianthus Aree Kunth enumer., I., 479. Southern sources of the Victoria River. Andropogon iments R. Br. Prodr., 201. Upper Victoria River, = the sandstone tableland. A state ly grass, but formidable m account of the piercing awns of enormous length. Aniinella Nepalensis, Trin. spec. gram. t., 268. Near the Fitzgerald Ranges pias ti strictus, R. Br. Prodr., 175. Hooker’s Creek (F. Trivaphis mollis, R. Br. Prodr., 185. Near Seema Lake, where I also noticed a Neurachne, and also a Sporobolus _ allied to S. Virginicus, Triodia pungens, R. Br. Prodr., 182. On the sandstone table- land tow sida the sources of the Victoria River, also on Hooker's siet Sturt’s Creek, (F. Chloris megeaplee Lindl. in Mitch. Trop. Austr., 33. Sturt’s Elusine cruciata, dane Encycl. Méthod. t., 48, fig. 2. Termination Lake (F. v. M.). Ectrosia Sarna , R. Br., Prodr., 186. Near Fitzgerald es 2 Sturt’s Creek, wdeaes a delta species also occurs (F. v. M.). Poa ramigera, F. v. M., in Transact. Vict. Inst., 1855, p- 45. Sturt’s Creek (F. v. M.). FILices. Blechnum orientale, L., sp. pl., 1077. of Oscar Cheilanthes tenuifolia, Swartz Synop. a abs Hooker’s Creek and upper part of Sturt’s Creek (F. v. M.). ae aionm awectine L., sp. pl., 1062. ee Victoria River PosrrioNs SHOWN ON THE Map. Ki Moun Fitzroy River. Miieller’s Ranges Fr Margaret River. ollier oe ’s Plains. King Leopold’s Ranges. ver. Moet Heck rt. Co: — Mount Anderson. Rudolph Range Hochstetter’s Plains. um Mount Tuckfield. Victoria River. Mo tt. Depot sg St. ’s Ranges. Wickham River. = Mount Compton Mount Campbell. Cambridge Admiralty Gulf 124 go __ ADMIRAL YT 127 et M* Humbert So yoo ne Sia NS aq < a Ful ohn — Pad : Mins Sein.” es ase Noe ™~ § \ pre a AEF ngScak7 5 bott aise 7M ee ——— of ir a9 cr ST.GEORGE Rat 5 Mt Krau IGES hel SS q mony st eee © "107 Dopot Po. yl a Mt é. pton pe J (25 (2 ( Z rea (40 23—80) ROUTE OF ALEX. FO RRESTS EXPEDITION IN 1879. 97 Ringbarking and its Effects. By W. E. Axssort, Esq., J.P., Glengarry. [Read before the Royal Society of N.S. W., 7 July, 1880.] . . | heredtchtard pty nao Rr by arguments and opinions drawn from all parts of the wor _ The two principal objections urged against the new method of improving the land were: First, that the creeks and rivers would reply, will give my own experience, and summary of the effects that have followed from ringbarking in the In 1869, after having seen the very increase in the grazing capacity of Messrs. White’s runs which followed from ringbarking, 98 RINGBARKING AND ITS EFFECTs. I began on my own run at Glengarry, a is situated on fe Page River, about 12 thilen south-east from Murrurundi, and about 16 miles from the summit of Liverpoo al Range. The greater part of the land ringbarked is about 1,300 feet above sea-level by aneroid barometer measurement, though some of the ridges rise to a-height of 2,000 feet, and one or two of the highest peaks to nearly 3,000. The most of the run and all that which is been ringbarked is of voleanic formation, consisting of black soil flats and basaltic ridges with white box timber. In 1869 and 1870 I ringbarked the greater part of the waa shed of two small creeks and the whole of the watershed of a third ; each of these creeks being about 2 miles long, - io well-defined valleys shut in by high “i of basalt. refer to them in this paper as creeks No. 1, 2, and 3. i have a inquiries about them as far back as 1850, and find that from that date to 1860 they were dry water-courses ‘only holding water for few days after rain, and in a few places in the winter months always ae up comple — in summer and never running # streams at any tim rom ay own ienanthess from 1860 to 1870, I Know ae te, so was done in the to that time, nor paid much attention to them, 1 i. since. ri 1 4 No. 2 creek contains about 850 acres, and is ring 4 ' same way as No. 1, that is about 300 acres of od Of have been left on the head of the creek. The No. 2 is narrower and about the same length a rallel to and divided from it = a soem but the area drained by it does not adjoin either of the former. It contain sabout 500 acres, seems to be less affected by oneness than either 0 RINGBARKING AND ITS EFFECTS. 99 This I attribute to the fact that No. 3 has a rock bottom through the whole of its course, while Nos. 1 and 2 have some gravel beds under which the water may flow. The geological formation of all three creeks is volcanic, there being no stratified rocks as far as I can see in any part of them. All three began to run in 1871, and have continued ever since to run as permanent streams, and in the last drought ending herein the beginning of 1878, though the volume of water w it usually is, the creeks never ceased running, even up to the third year of drought. The three creeks that have been ringbarked flow from west to east, and there is a creek flowing from east to west on the fe pe side 1 +e rae at drainaca o inches), and I wished, by measuring after a considerable period 0! weather, to make sure that I was not over-estimating the per- manent annual outflow. The average rainfall here since 1875 is just 25 inches, and taking the rainfall for the previous five years at Murrurundi, which is fall is still within a few points of 25 inches for the ten years. No raln-gauges were kept in this part of the country before 1870. The water begins to flow in the creeks a short distance below the green timber, sothat in comparing the outflow with the area drain : I have only taken into the calculation the area of drainage that is nugbarked. MEASUREMENTS. No, 1 creek contains :— at 25 for twelve months ... 516,140,625 gallons. Permanent outflow at 264 gallons per minute for a year... i ... - 13,924,800 gallons. or taking 100 RINGBARKING AND ITS EFFECTS. No. 2 creek contains :— 300 acres green timber, nit 550 acres ringbarked. ud all for year at 25 inches.. . 811,953,125 gallons. on Permanent outflow at 11 gallon 5 per i minute for one year 5,781,600 gallons Or about +; of vitwel annual rainfa em taking at rate of rainfall for pre- vious four eeuereigs 88 No. 3 creek contains 800 acres shui ed. all for year at 25 inches.. . 453; 750,00 gall Permanent outflow at 20 gallons per minute for one year “ 10. 713.00 Or about ~; of annual rainfall, or oi as a rate of previous four ra months, These cale all do not take into nape the flood-ate but only the permanent flow, and the quantity of ape passing away during a heavy fall of rain tte be vi able, as the fall of the grodad from the heads of the river, a distance of 2 miles, is about 500 feet. : am unable to obtain the total outflow for a year, but I ti a how it could be done, as the rise and fall is — “be necessary to attend to it day and night d rain was falling. ss My experience in reference to the three creeks = been repeated in every instance where I have had timber barked, and, as far as I can learn, in every part of — yy River watershed the result has been the same as in my case exception has come under my notice, though of course is more apparent in some cases than in others. , There can I think be no doubt that, on f ringbaoking = was dead and the increase in the number of spring& nee . course the first effect mentioned follows from the second he aol! ways :— a an First, the roots of the trees decaying may gener and aft soil drainage, leading the water down into the arses wards allowing it to drain off slowly into - ve avant om is the only cause, one of the very ge barking will be but temporary. - RINGBARKING AND ITS EFFECTS. 101 growing trees and evaporated from their leaves is allowed to find its way to the creeks and rivers. The fact that the Eucalyptus is — the most vigorous growing tree known, and that it has to a possible explanation of the anomaly presented by most of our Australian rivers. If we compare such a river as the Thames in ge with the Hunter in New South Wales, we shall find that, ough the area of drainage is not very unequal, the Hunter having . er area and the heavier rainfall, the outflow of the Thames ad not seen any record of the annual outflow of the Thames, and none has been kept of that of the Hunter, but I take the fact that ae es is navigable for a great part of its course, even to a hei of 250 feet above sea-level, and the Hunter scarcely at all, as proof that the former must have very much the larger quantity of \ water. There must be a reason for this, and though an under- ‘o our rainfall is, as I suppose, peculiar to Australia, then in look- | ard the cause sweat find one that is also peculiar to Aus- ; y “upposing that the evaporation here is greater than in other countries situated in the same latitude either north or south of the Our forest growth is certainly exceptional, whether the two re connected in the way of cause and effect or not. I do not know that we have sufficient data to determine the question 102 RINGBARKING AND ITS EFFECTS. either way at present, but if the work which Mr. Russell has begun in keeping a record of the outflow of some of our rivers is carried on, before the present generation has passed away there will be something on which to base an opinion A few years ago it would have been deemed the very acme of absurdity for any man to destroy the timber on his land for the purpose of producing permanent water, and now it is done every day asa matter of course. That the destruction of the forests will reduce the rainfall is, I think, unlikely. The theory that the amount of rainfall in any country depends on the area of its forests seems to be very generally received, and may have arisen from the fact that where there is a large and regular rainfall there is pretty sure to be a heavy forest growth, but a little thought will show that the forest is the result of the rainfall, not the rainfall of the forest. eae Indeed it is hard to understand how any forest could come into existence if the amount of rainfall were influenced mainly by te forest growth, as the forest would have to precede the rainfall and yet could not grow without it. Be In conclusion, I wish to call attention to a report by Mr Draper, Director of the New York Observatory, America, which was published in the Scientific American supplement for Janualy 3rd, 1880, and which bears on the subject of this paper a question whether deforestation reduces rainfall, or alters ‘sl in any way, is the one which Mr. Draper proposes to himself 2) the answer after supplying necessary data is that it does _ Mr. Draper shows that neither the rainfall nor the temper” of the Atlantic States of America has altered im any apP “states degree within the last century, and these, I think, are the in which, within the last century, a larger amount of de: peer has been done than in any other part of the world. dn i Not being satisfied with the length of time over which the Paris in France, extending over a period of 190 yeas aa slg on examining them that during that time there hail be ae h ii illations there must be very much less forest was two hundred years ago. 103 Notes on the Fossil Flora of Eastern Australia and asmania, By Orroxar Fersrmantet, M.D., Paleontologist, Geological Survey, Calcutta. [Read before the Royal Society of N.S. W., 4 August, 1880.] {xy 1876 the late very lamented Rev. W. B. Clarke, of Sydney. N. 8. Wales, forwarded to me a collection of Australian fossil plants for comparison with the Gondwana plants of India, and ed myself in the German Paleontographica (edited by Dunker and Zittel) in 1878, In 1878 I received another smaller but nevertheless very it is also published in the German Palontographica, 1879, and illustrated by twelve plates, and in a few weeks I shall have the honour of forwarding these papers on the Australian Flora, together with others on the Indian Flora, to Mr. C. 8. Wilkinson. In the meantime I think the following notes may be useful as a general review of the whole work. E flora under consideration belongs to the paleozoic and Mesozoic formations, while the few tertiary plants, which were also sent, will be described later—perhaps together with some more plants with which I may be favoured for description. Fossil plants from the mentioned strata are known at present from Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, and Tasmania ; from all “these districts, except the Colony of Victoria, plants lh ew : Mr. Clarke’s a i fourth edition of his Remarks, &c., and Mr. R. Sehaiiges Cossmanee ar cee Fossils, 1878. 104 FOSSIL FLORA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA AND TASMANIA, were represented in the above collections; others were already — described before by other authors, and it will, I think, be the best to discuss at first the distribution of the plants according to the mentioned provinces (beginning from north), from which also the classification of the strata will best be seen, and then to give some notes on the flora in systematic order. Although these notes will at the same time also correct several of the misprints which unavoidably occurred in my above work, I yet think it necessary to here draw attention to one especially since it must appear misleading. In the second list given at my first paper on the Australian Flora (1878), on pages 124, 125, the last colut containing the — of the Australian formations, i is totally misprinted, as the tried to correct this list, but after further information from Mr. C. 8, Wil ilkinson, the correlation will have to ies slightly yet. L—QUEENSLAND. Literature—Daintree: “ Geology of Queensland” Bo 7 Geol. Soc. London, 1873). The plants are described by a : Carruthers. We find them again in Mr. R. pbs —— cecal. and re (which app Australe, Carr. Amongst following | plants which I had before me there were the fo rhe true Teniopteris Daintreei, M‘Coy Presl., and an Otozamites (comp. Mandeslohi She species are from the Talgai Diggings, and the pe new for Australia. with some These beds are, as we shall see further on, equivalent beds in New South Wales, Victoria, and Tasmania 2. Paleozoic coal-beds, with plants and mer ote Gms A are found more in the northern po FOSSIL FLORA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA AND TASMANIA, 105 —_ the following genera are mentioned—Glossopteris, Schizopteris, and Pecopteris. (See Carruthers in Daintree, l.c.) These beds are presumably equivalent with the lower coal-beds in New South Wales. There were no specimens from here at my disposal. 8. Devonian, on Mt. Wyatt, Broken River, Canoona River. Mr. W. Carruthers described from these beds a lepidodendroid IL—NEW SOUTH WALES. the numerous papers and works dealing with the geology and palzontology of this province, I mention the follo — Strzelecki: Physical description of N. 8. Wales and Van Diemen’s Land, 1845, with plates. (Fossil Flora described by Prof. Morris. M‘Coy: On the ‘Fosail Botany and Zoology of the Rocks associated with the Coal in Australia. In Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.; 1847, vol. xx. 1st ser., with plates. Dana: United States Exploring Expedition, "Geology, 1849. With plates. Wilkinson, ©. S.: Mines and Mineral Statistics, &., 1875, p. 127, et seg. Clarke, W. B. , especially: Remarks on the Sedimentary hia mat of N.S. Wales. 4th pope 1878, Besides Feistmantel, “Oihkee: : Palsozoische und mesozoische " des Ostlichen Australien. Palwontographica, 1878-7 9. Also Mr. Etheridge’s Catalogue is to be quoted again. The stratigraphical relations are best described by Mr. Clarke in his Remarks, &c.; the flora we find in Strzelecki’s (Morris), MCoy’s, and Dana’s papers; I myself described also several new 3 while Mr. Clarke has especially drawn attention to the Vertical distribution of certain genera of fossil plants. _ The marine fossils waeertelty treated on by Prof. De Koninck, in ile : his w. iques de la Nouvelle- Galles du Sud. Bruxelles, 1876-1877, T proceed in descending order— 1 Mesozoic beds.—Mr. : daseriben in Mines and Mineral 106 FOSSIL FLORA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA AND TASMANIA. were also two specimens from this locality, in which I recognized T'eniopteris Daintreet, M‘Coy, and Alethopteris y; fr beds with the mesozoic = Sea in Queensland and with others in Victoria (see further Rev. W. B. Clarke discusses these beds, i in the fri “Mesozoic or Secondary Formations.” In t tabular list iferous”; in both cases they are therefore represented 98 younger tha the Newcastle beds, which is in 80 mie importance as, according to information received from Wilkinson (in letters dated 30/9/78 and 25/11/79), certam physical characters tend to correlate the Hawkesbury. sie a paleontological point of view are not widely ae e Wianamatta beds, with the Baodhe Man sand- aie in Victoria (see further on), with which h again I have correlated from paleontological evidence the eee relations have been observed. I shall mention this -_ when speaking of the Bacchus pan sandstones. The | from these beds hitherto known a ) a. Wianamatta beds— Fishes': Paleoniscus gracilis, Eg. ; Cleithrolepis ram latus, Eg. Plants: Pecopteris (Thinnfeldia) “it tay Pa (Fstm.); Odontopteris microph fee teris tenuifolia, M‘Coy; Macross matic, Feistm. (1878). oes 0. Harkesbury beds— : pe | Fishes: Cleithrolepis gr g. (Le); 2 oi, | Clarkei, Eg., (ib.) Thnnflda 2 (bee nee _ an aE teroides, Fstm.?; Sphenopteris sp-, sp. (Both Lib i by Professor - McCoy.) / These fossils clearly td that both these rock ee 4 closest relation to each o 7 , Pe ringg! on Sir Ph.): On some Ichthyolites from N. Ss. Wales. 2 Teil th aso) described and illustrated by 2 eet "Fm Wales, the Hoch: sibiny opt FOSSIL FLORA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA AND TASMANIA, 107 3. Upper Paleozoic. Under this heading Mr. Clarke comprised several groups :— a, Upper Coal Measures or Glossopteris beds, also “Newcastle beds.” Thea e beds were by Professor Moy considered bette considerin: stones, and caught all means as older than the indian 8 § beds (Damuda series). The Rey. W. B. Clarke considered them palzozoic, and so does Mr. C. 8. Wilkinson, to which The best bevmed aes where fossils from these beds were collected are Blackman’s Swamp, Bowenfels, Guntawang, Mudgee, Illawarra, Mulubimba, aii Wollongong. The sani hitherto known ar Fishes : Urosthenes A emer Dana (a heterocercal fish). Plants : Phyllotheca Australis, M‘Coy (and two other species which I think do not differ from this one); Vertebraria Australis, MCoy ; Sphenopteris lobifolia, Morr. ; alata, ; , ¥; germana, M'Co lumosa, M‘Coy; flexuosa, M‘Coy. Clieioytirte ‘Pcianl: Bgt; Hnearis, Mt wibeiek ; ampla, Dana; reticulum, Dana; cordata, Dana; teroides, Feistm. ; Wilkinsoni, Feistm. ; parallela, Feistn Gangamopteris angustifolia, Moy; Gang. Ci larkeana, Feistm. ; Caulopteris(?) A Zeugophyllites elongatus, Morr.; Viggerathiopeis spathulata, sp. ‘fean stm.); ogg. media, Dana, sp. (Fstm.) _Brachyphyilum Australe, sce scales of conifers. b. Upper wee beds ; beds with marine animals. e. ne al measures ; beds with coal seams and flora, below din i animals. Th are in so Hb dees Glossopteris, and Néggerathiopsis, appear to take their origin. Acco ccording to ea eek received from the late Mr. Clarke, it appears that two dyin | in these may be distin, separ- ated had lower marine bed Se ice a, higher Levitin arind portion , @ look Socal thar Hill, and Wagmond Terrace, &c., with the following fossils :-—Phyllotheca, sp., Glossopteria 108 FOSSIL FLORA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA AND TASMANIA, Browniana, Bgt., Gl. sor, Fstm, GI. primeva, F'stm., OL Clarke Sor "Ol ciagemagal Néggerathiopsis prisca, Fst Amongst the specimens sent by he late Mr. Clarke there were also fragments of a plant which I took to be Annularia, and which I named Ann. Australis, Fstm. b. A lower group with lower carboniferous plants, at the localities—Arowa, Port Stephens, and Smith’s Creek (near Stroud), with the following fossils :—Calamites radiatus, Bgt., Sphenophyllum, sp., Rhacopteris inequi- latera, Gopp., sp., Rh. intermedia, Feistm., Eh, comp. Romore, Bek Stbg. This flora is certainly very interesting, and in tes strongly the age of Mountain Limestone (Culm), if not Hoar’s ee One circumstance must be mentioned specially, which I was not well acquainted with when I wrote my first paper on the A a. flora. Professor M‘Coy described, from Arowa, a a linearis, together with an Otopteris ovalis, classing consequently ocality also with the other localities of Glossopteris beds (ot Newcastle beds), The late Rev. W. B. Clarke, ctf sent two specimens of Professor Mo 8 Otoptercs ovata trom = clearly show that this bas is the sa hacoptens nequilatera, from Smith’s Oreek (Stroud), and "that the fete Arden has indeed to be classed with this group of beds Professor M‘Coy’s observation of the association of 5 linearis, M‘Coy, with Rhacopteris inequilatera, Gépp» sp 8 of correct one, + So this Glossopteris is the oldest re epresentative the whole genus, fauna; c. Marine Beds ; lower beds with a marine paleozoic Hm of the upper palzozoic. 4. Middle Paleozoic, porcine Beds at Goonoo Goon0o 0 the Peel River, Back Cree Diggings on the do by Mr. W. Carruthers, from Queensland, of which these beds in Queensland were le De New The same can therefore also be said 0 South Wales. pet 5. Lower Paleozoic (Silurian.) In Profesor De Koninck’s a mentioned work, a plant, Spirophyton (?) ea goad quoted from Si lurian beds, at Beton : 42 me from Austral "F Mieetly new fenes; 1 all figured for the first tim b POSSIL FLORA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA AND TASMANTA, 109 Ill.—VICTORIA. The classification of the plant-bearing beds and the description of plants may be found in the following w orks :— M‘Coy: Prodromus of the Paleontology of Victoria. Decades I-v, 187 4-1877. Brough Smyth: Reports of Progress, Geolog. Survey of Victoria, 1876, &e. i ght on the Geology of Victoria, 1860 (Qu. T.G.S8.) The following rocks are a ae — 1. Upper Mesozoic (Bellarine beds). Near Bellarine, at Cape Paterson, on the Wanon River (Coleraine), &c. The fossils Australis, are, neces Australis, Bgt., Alethopteris is, Morr., sp., Teen eris Daintreci, Moy, Zamites + (Podozamites) Nk M Coy. .» Zam, ellipticus, M‘Coy, Zam. longifolius, y: ™, , mee 1 1 pan in n Queensland and are most ite of re urassic age; cere are also equivalent with the mentioned mesozoic beds in New South Wales (Clarence River), and with the mesozoic beds in Tasmania, to be described further 2. Lower Mesozoic ; the Bacchus Marsh sandstones or Ganga- } Beds 8 e, one genus with three species; Gangamopteris obligua M‘Coy, woe angustifolia, M‘Coy, Gangamopteris spathulata, Oy: These beds are of peculiar interest for correlation of the Indian and Australian coal-beds. Certain physical relations appear to : the ve coal formations, which expressed in a formula would appear r thus Soin Damuda series. (Indian rot ten machi division. | Bacchus Marsh Sand-| Hawkesbury beds. aatir group and Kar. stones. (N. 8. Wales.) harbari coal-beds.) (Victoria. ) gegen ce measures a: S. Wales.) 110 FOSSIL FLORA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA AND TASMANIA, 3. Carboniferous. Avon River sandstones ; beds on the Avon River in Gippsland, with Lepidodendron Australe wae which species I believe to be different from Le pidod. nothum, U. ng. 4. Devonian. Iguana Creek beds, at the Iguana Creek, E. Vietori with Sphenopteris Iguanensis, M Coy ; Aneimites Tgwanensis, ih Archeopteris Howitti, M‘Coy ; and Conia atl : M ‘Coy. IV.—TASMANTA. od 7 The position of the plant-bearing beds in Tasmania and Jerusalem basin) is not yet quite clearly er” out, Tas sentatives of the mesozoic ede: in Queensland, eee re of those in N. 8. Wales (Clarence River), and Be (Victoria). | The fossils from these beds in Tasmania hitherto known ares ( elongata, Carr.; Alethopteris Australis, Morr. 5 Pes: asmanica, Feistm.; Zeugophyllites elongatus, Bgt. o the Spring Hill, J erusalem basin. FOSSIL FLORA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA AND TASMANIA, lll “yoorg vuvndy oY} UO Speq uBTMOANT ‘puvpsddry ‘oany uoay ay} UO snodeztuOgavy ‘Bug “wnyjou uospuapoprdary PIA Speq uvruoAe”y spoq ouLreyy ‘OW Yor) 8. ygiug 043 TH “uy AMET Hd FU CPE ‘Bu ‘unyow woupuapopyder YA Bpeq uvruoAeg XT wan Auoys oy} | “(spfoyywoo wx0y]I0NN) WO SEINSVOUT [VOD 19MO'T speq [woo ‘spoq outmeypy soddg (o1ozomyed) toMory speq opysvoMo N costo qeoo saoddq (‘speq-[voo 8,18q, “souOySspues “Ivy pur cae eared) Ysivpy-suyqoovg. omy, 2 “MOISTAIp Atopey, *Spoeq O10zZOseT 1OMOTT Ainqsoyaepy acon ess SC, "pea eames *(snooorm ) ‘UIseq WeTeSNIO, ‘TTTET *(spoq oan ads IOAN] eomereyy aie “svupapuor roddq Surg oy} uo vywayg "spoq o1ozoseyy 4 94} UO Speq o10Z0BETT [v0o o1ozoseyy soddq a = aa amar are mere cer ane cecum cmeneten eps, nn ‘i | “vypuy | “UIUBUISB, BLOPTA | “SOE YINOG MON "puvysuooney a ames reer ee ee ee So Me Bee es Pes ‘(u1oqs4s vUpApuOr) UVIPUT OY} 41 OFUT OL, OsTY T) 481] Au[nqL, Burmorfoy oy9 Aq poqvaysniy! oq uvo so#ed FuroSes0y oyy ur pouoruowr sured ONL, 112 FOSSIL FLORA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA AND TASMANTA, T shall now add a few remarks on the fossils from the plant and coal-bearing beds in Australia (eels of the marine — enumerating them in systematical order Paleoniseus antipodeus, Egerton. 'Wianamatta beds. Cleithrolepis granulatus, Eg. ; the tail of this species not sufficiently — distinct. Wianamatta and Hawkesbury beds. Myriolepis Clarkei, Eg. Hawkesbury beds. (The tail of this species is not known. Urosthenes Australis, Dan. ; a heterocercal fish from the Neweastle beds. . B. Puants.' ‘ a i ras scr : Phyllotheca Australis, Bgt. (pls. vi, fig. 3; 1, 2; xv, ia a This species has in Australia a a distribution be 2 the lower coal measures (below the first marine fauna) into the i: a beds of Queensland and Victoria. In Europe an and Siberia genus occurs in Jurassic beds only ; in — we know it from ; the upper portion of the Damuda seri ——— Australis, M‘Coy. (pl. vi, 1, 2), Systematic a t settled with certainty, but most probably ane here known from the upper coal measures (New wveastle od In India it occurs in the Lower Gondwanas (Talehir . Damuda division). - Calamites radiatus, Bgt. (pl. via, fig. 1; viia, figs. 3, 4) Fon beds at Smith’s Oni Stroud. te ist a Annularia Australis, Feistmn. (pl. vii a, figs. 5, 6); ae only species described from Aus tralia. B es oal measures at Greta, N. 8. Wales. — . : Beenchs ste Sp. (pl. ii, fig. 1). Fragmentary, “© Port Stephens, N. 8. Wales. OB 2, Filices. ites. east this genus six species are described ty Hor ana) from the Neweastle beds. sk Vict Sphenaporieguanens M‘Coy.—From the Iguana Ores ot Sphenopteris elongata, Car¥.—At first described by Mr. “snd from the upper Mesozoic coal-beds in Qu in’ by Mr. Crépin from apparently oquivales bes 4 Jerusalem basin. ' To those species began | have been ewig ry oF in ee ; the ive and fi s will plates of the siccnd mantels on. the Australian flora fi oe et add to the Roman plate numbers of the secon second memoir FOSSIL FLORA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA AND TASMANIA. 113 Aneimites Iguanensis, M‘Coy.—Devonian. Iguana Creek, Victoria. Archeopteris Howitti, M‘Coy.—Devonian. Locality the same. a ae Wilkinsont, Feistm. (pl. via, figs. 3, 4; vii a, 1). r coal measures, Smith’s Creek (Stroud), N.S. Wales. dsbiopeerts Sp. (pl. iv a, fig. 4).—From the same locality. Rhacopteris inequilatera, Cupp. (pl. ii, fig. 3; iii, iv, 1, 23 ia, h 2; . belongs species. Localities—Port Stephens, Smith’s Creek, Stroud, and Arowa, all N. 8. Wales. Rhacopteris intermedia, Feistm. (pl. ii, f. 2).—Port Stephens ; lower coal measures. Rhacopt. comp. Rémeri, Fstm. (pl. iia, f. 2).—Smith’s Creek, Stroud ; lower coal m Rhacopt. septentrionalis i aha iva, f. 5)—Smith’s Creek, Stroud ; lower coal m Thinnfeldia odontopteroides, ae Morr. sp.) (pls. xiv, fig. 5 ; xv, Seon ter er a, xa, and AS eek ake rris d escribed i in Strzelecki’s above-mentioned work, a fossil seid from the Jerusalem basin, as Pecopteris odontopteroides, Morr., without being however able to justify this determination. Prof. M‘Coy placed later the same species with Gleichenites. Mr. W. Carruthers quotes it from Queensland again as Pecopteris Buiiel aoreat and gave two figures. M. aed with considering the beds from which it came as Cad erous. d before, on sasdiaacisibdos with 5S; ‘phenopteris elongata, Carr., leaves no doubt about the opt en are of these Tasmanian beds. I could compare speci- me eensland and Tasmania, and also from the Wiindiiatta and Hawkesbury beds in New South Wales. The comparison has shown that in the ens from all the localities there occurs a dichotomy of the frond pretty that the venati this plant eaaaey from the genus ears and it ragacarteer to me that it should best be classed with Thinnfeldia, under which name I have described it in my above-mentioned oc met for the support of this view I quote its great resemblance to Thinnfeldia from the Rhetic beds of the Aries Republic.’ 1 Paleontographica: Cassel, 1876. 114 FOSSIL FLORA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA AND TASMANIA, A a Bey | rN Pe oe | Tm pe Ee ee on LL as far as known at present, this plant has not been met with below the Hae kecieey beds ; it therefore does not ocewr in the Neweastle beds. The quotation of it in my first memoir on the Australian Flora as being also known from the Newcastle beds, was caused mistake with regard to the locality Clark’s Hill, which I ie to be in the Newcastle beds while it is in the Wianamatta beds In the mentioned memoir I also quoted it as coming dou from the lower seri measures, which referred to the occurrence ¢ this species in Tasm ; this was before I had sufficient informa-_ tion about the pidaition of these Tasmanian beds. We know therefore this plant from the following horizons and localities :— eden a an a. Upper Mesozoic beds. Tpswich (figures in my pl. xv, figs. 3, 5, 6), and Tivoli Mines, ris Mr. W. Carruther’s figures, lc.) ; Jerusalem basi, Tasmania (figures in my first memoir, pl. xv, figs 4 a Morris’ original figures, 1845, and the figures i Crépin’s paper, 1875). ; b. Wianamatta hacks. Clark’s Hill, near Oe New so Vales (figure in my first memoir, pl. xvi, fig. 1, and the sent for description by Mr. C. 8. Wilkinson feat - in my second memoir, pl. x a—xiia Oderigaterts macrophylla, Moy, Wianamatt Z first memoir also wrongly quoted te the Neweas Cyelopteris a da Carr. Upper mesozoic beds, Tivoli Mines yl ; paso Bing yoo alis, Morr. sp. (plate xiv, Aes, 1, ja mesozoic beds a8 Vie iotoris, New 8. W: 5 (Clar however, are mesozoic. Pecopteris ? voreusfolea, Moy. Wianamatta beds, near Cobbity, a doubtful species. Gleichenia iden. Feistm. (pl. ne, fig. 8. Wine Ap to be rently a Gleichenia, but doubtful as Teniopteris Daintreei, M‘Coy (pl. xii a, fig. 5, 5a). =F described this species at first from the upper m 1 Victoria. Later, Mr. W. Carruthers 2 me, 50 land, but the latter seems to differ from the characters, and the identity of these both was have however figured a specimen from the 7 Queensland, which is indeed identical with FOSSIL FLORA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA AND TASMANIA, 115 form. I also could recognize the same species in several specimens from the mesozoic beds on the Clarence River, N. 8S. Wales. Macroteniopteris Wianamatte, Feist. (pl. xiii, fig. 2). Wianamatta beds. Better specimens would be very desirable for further comparison. Genus Glossopteris, Bgt. This genus (a single leaf, with a distinct midrib and netted secondary venation) is in Australia very numerous. ‘This genus was one of the chief reasons of the 08s and consequently considered the pbs beds (including the Newcastle beds) as palewozoic. So much is certain, that Glossopteris in Australia does occur in certain s below marine beds with a paleozoic fauna, and the Neweastle beds most probably belong yet to the paleozoic epoch, but in any case I should think them m younger than those beds below marine fauna. In India it is chiefly known from the Lower Gondwana system (and here in the Damuda series), but a few — were sr found in the Jabalpir group of the Upper Gondwan: sys Glossopteris Brownian Bet. (pls. viii, figs. 3, 4 ; me figs. 1, 3-5, xi, fig. 1; viiia, fig. 1.) Upper coal m Showers pall bei), ~ varius’ lopalities...‘ Laotwer :ecnl arcane at Greta, S. Wales. Glossopteris bia =e (pl. viiia, fig. 2, 2a.) Lower coal measures at Gre bia gots primeva, ag (pl. v, fig. 3.) Lower coal measures at phase’ ogo Clarkei, Feistm. (pl. v, fig. 4.) Lower coal measures, N. 8. Wales. Glossopteris Browniana, var. precursor, Feistm. ot v, figs. 5-7.) N form from the coal measures aan Pa i, oe, teniopteroides, Feistm. (pl. ix, - aes a (pl. ix, fig. 2). Newcastle beds, N. S. Wales. 116 FOSSIL FLORA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA AND TASMANIA, _ Genus Gangamopteris, M‘Coy. Can shortly be described as a Glossopteris without a distinct midrib. Gangamopteris Clarkeana, a (pl XV, ‘ot ®). Upper coal measures (Newcastle beds nh 8. Wales Gangamopteris angustifolia, M‘Coy. Upper coal al nical 8 Wales, and the Bacchus-Marsh sandstones, Victoria ; in the latter numerous. In the Indian Talchir group and Karharbini beds. Gangamopteris obligua, M‘Coy, and Gang. spathulata, M'Coy. Ba acchus Marsh sandstones, Victoria. Both have rT n. Sagenopteris rhoifolia, Presl. (pl. xiia, figs. 1-4, 7). New for Australia. Upper mesozoic beds, Queensland, Talgai Diggings on the Condamine River. Rpenasanet) eeestit Feistm. (pl. xv, fig. 10.) Jerasalen basin, Tasm: 3. Lycopodiacee. Lepidodendron . Ung. (Carruthers cnet 1-5; ia, figs, 1, 2.) Queensland (described by Mr. Wr ee ; Ne ew a Wales ney and pee wi _Devo ods. mentioned y Mr. é Vie Lepid. Australe, M‘Coy. mannan Avon River, I think it different from Lepid. nothum, Carr. cones Australe, Feistm. (pls. iv, fig. 3; Vy fig. 1; - es ae carboniferous, Smith’s Creek (Stroud). a canada me to indicate Prof. Heer’s “ U Cylotigma, 7 (pl. i, fig. 6). Another te oocurring ae odendron ‘nothum, Ung,, im Devonian ay, Gueiekiend and N. 8. Wales. The on i — me is not sufficient to decide whether it is ane former species or not, eee | 4. Cycadeacee. Zamites (Podozamites) Barkleyi, Moy, fe Leg Sema M‘Co Coy, and Zam. longifolius, M bode mesozoic beds, Bellarine beds, Victoria. | a ie 1 A drawing of it, from a photograph, was giveD ys ia memuir, 1878, pl. v, fig. 2. : FOSSIL FLORA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA AND TASMANIA. 117 Otozamites comp. Mandeslohi, Kurr. (pl. xiia, fig. 6). This is the first Otozamites identified from Australia. From upper meso- zoic beds, Queensland, Talgai Diggings, appears very close to Otoz. Zone lohi, a Liassic species, to which I refer it for the prese apeisheitinn: dinpelie Morr. (copy, pl. xiii, fig. 6). Described at first from the Jerusalem basin, Tasmania; later, from the Newcastle beds. It was, by some authors, compared with Schizoneura, also with Néggerathia, but from both it is ually distinguished. Genus Néggerathiopsis, Feistm. (pl. xvi, figs. 2-4, as Noggerathia, and viii a, fig. 3, as V6 éqgerathiopsis, Feistm). Certain leaves were described by Prof. Dana as belonging to the genus Véggerathia ; they came from the Newcastle beds, an this genus was then quoted repeatedly from Australia. Also ian c the also, which in my first memoir (1878) are still quoted as Néggerathia, while x the seco already with the new genus Végger agg ial \ Barsher comparison n has shown that these se Indian and Australian eaves (AG A; Th the Kusnezk basin in the Altai; these were also recen by Prof. Schmalhausen not to be Néggerathia, nae were placed with a new genus i c Cycadeacee. These two genera are certainly very Ye Ph ‘ Frag. tograph. x. 20, Baron von Mueller. * Pituriand Tobases by Dr. Bancroft, Jour. Queensland Phil. Soc., 1879, The anctoftgives the following description of the piturie plant : 50 miles east an 124 THE ALKALOID FROM PITURIE. shrub or small tree about 8ft. high, with a stem at the thickest part at times as much as 6 inches in diameter. ood ligh: close-grained, So seiared, with a smell of vanille when newly cut. — spring up around the tree, from long, rough roots spre ear the surface. Leaves 3 to 34 inches long, pointed at both ends, e742 inch wide, mid-rib distinct, margin slightly recurved ; flower, a funnel-shaped tube, from } to 2 of an inchlong, hie five bluntish divisions, spreading to about Ps inch across. dish lines run from each division down the throat of the Ps as in the genus Myoporum, which latter may be known by having four or five stamens of equal length. The pistil of the pituri ex- tends to the length of tho two longer stamens. Stamens four, two long and two short; anthers, yellow, kidney-shaped, filament attached to the concave tile the anther bursting along the convex margin ; best seen by examining a flower that is just at the poim pocket lens. Ripe berries soon fall off, and should be looked for under the tree, as those gathered from the branches are not mature enough to germinate.” Wilson informs me that the blacks mix the piturie with the ashes of the leaves of a particular plant and usually roll the mix- ture up with a green leaf into the form of a quid before chewing ; the addition of the wood ashes is doubtless made for the same reason that lime is mixed with betel by the Malays and others, namely, for the purpose of slowly liberating the alkaloid during the process of mastication. The quid or bolus is, on cares co-smoking; it does not blacks “a with which i was at one time jeelsted: Asis shed case with other luxuries, it is reserved by the older men for their own use exclusively, neither women nor young men being allowed to use it. The . ed ome it appear to be much the same as those which tt ; te people to smoke and in certain cases chew tobacco. ve made no attempts to experiment upon the piri pe of Aheatieleid, sincethis part of thesubject hasbeen been very fully by Dr. Bancroft and ober observers. _ THE ALKALOID FROM PITURIE. 125 following account of the alkaloid obtained by him from piturie, which is the substance of a paper of his read before the Apothe- caries’ Society of Vienna :— “For the preparation of piturine and pituric acid the branchlets and leaves of Duboisia Hopwoodit, F. v. M., were subjected to exhaustion by boiling water, the infusion evaporated to hone thickness, then mixed with three volumes of alcohol, the resulting anal 1 in water and precipitated by basic acetate of lead. The precipitate Separated by filtration, contained a peculiar acid substance, while the filtrate, after sufficient concentration and after mixing with an excess of caustic soda solution and ether, yielded to the latter the alkaloid which was purified by agitating its etherous solution with diluted sulphuric acid, thereby forming the sulphate of piturine. The aqueous solution of the latter was then again decomposed b caustic soda, the pure alkaloid removed by ether, and the solution evaporated at a gentle heat. It formed a brownish liquid of oil like thickness, heavier than water, of acrid and burning taste and acco odour, much affecting the organs of sight and respiration. Tt is volatile and forms fogs with diluted hydrochloric acid, is of alkaline reaction, and combines thoroughly with acids. precipitate is easily dissolved in an excess of this reagent. Piturine mixes with every proportion of water, alcohol, and ether. Con- solves to a brownish green liquid. The yield was about 1 per cent. of alkaloid from the dried plant. “ Piturine is in some respects allied to nicotine, but more closely akin tothe duboisine of Duboisi myoporoides (R. Br.), the latter being of lighter colour, of bitter not acrid taste, of fainter odour, SS Irritating to the eyes and respiratory passages; its hydrochloride 11 solution is not precipitated by chloride of platinum, but is so solved bya superabundance of that ent. A. Ladenburg, Comptes Rendus, 1880, vol. 90, p. 874-876, how- ar States that the alkaloid of Duboisia myoporoides is identi oe a brillian: y r th gol , fusing 159°C. Also when treated with baryta it is converted into ‘ropine and tropicacid, both of eee Iso obtained fr tropine 1 Metatungstate of soda. 126 THE ALKALOID FROM PITURIE. The great discrepancy between A. Ladenburg’s account and the — Baron von Mueller’s can I think be only accounted for by the eren January, 1879), state seer plainly that the Duboisia myoporoides yields a volatile oily alkaloid, and this is — confirmed by the extract ce the Baron’s letter, already qu me paper Baron von Mueller ec describes pituric or duboisic nati obtained tent: the precipitate given by the piturie on the addition of basic acetate of lea In the Pharmaceutical Society’s J ournal for April 5th, 1879, there is an account of an examination of some piturie made by Mons. Petit, of Paris, in which he comes to the conclusion that the alkaloid is identical with nicotine ; but M. Petit does not seem to have had sufficient material to permit a combustion to be made of the alkaloid ; he had to rely mainly upon its reactions certain chemicals, and apparently was only able to make one deter mination each of the e platinum and chlorine in the platinum salt; the amounts of which apparently roughly es with those required for the chloro-platinate of nicotine, viz., 4 per cent. platinum and 37 per cent. chlorine, the percentages bovis being platinum 34: per cent. and chlorin ent. These results however cannot be regarded as final, since, as will be shown laterom the platinum salt cannot be depended upon, as it is not of uniform composition. Preparation of the Alkaloid. The piturie was extracted with boiling water slightly acidified with sulphuric acid, the liquid concentrated by evaporation and distilled with an excess of caustic soda, the a until reduced to a small bulk; as the residue was of @ colour it was once more distilled with caustic soda, the distillate eutralized with hydrochloric acid and again cenit ‘it oa now nearly colourless, caustic soda was again add , and liquid shaken up with ether. The ether was next removed by distillation at — “= ” a temper ture as — in a current of hydrogen, the hea being raised gradually until it sahbd 140°C., a bath “of alphas acid being used for this purpose. It was allow this temperature for about six hours ; the bath was then and the distillation continued at a still higher tem ee ked flame, the current of hydrogen being still a all the alkaloid, with the exception of a very small pergecone cedhian* Dae tion te ernomaae During the distillation the thermometer temperature between 243° and 244°C, THE ALKALOID FROM PITURIE. 127 I. 60 grammes of the substance gave -622 grm. of the alkaloid, or 1037 {. In this case the alkaloid was not allowed to boil, but was maintained at a temperature of 140° C. ina ee of of hydrogen for several hours, to remove water and traces of am a second experiment 500 grammes of the. vitae gave 34 grammes of alkaloid, or 2°47 °/, when distilled in a current of hy The sitcrie did not contain any non-volatile alkaloid. The alkaloid when freshly prepared is clear and colourless, but with access of air rapidly becomes yellow, and finally brown, especially when exposed to the sunlight. In a sealed tube one imen has remained unchanged during the past eight months. It is soluble in all proportions in water, alcohol, and ether, yielding colourless solutions. On paper it produces a greasy hich i No determinations by weighing have yet been made of its Specific gravity, but it is just a little heavier than water, a drop of it sinking slowly to the bottom of a vessel of distilled water. When freshly prepared its smell is very like that of nicotine ; afterwards, when darkened in colour _ thickened in consistency, the odour is more like that of pyri It is volatile at ordinary decries, its vapour forming a dense fog with hydrochloric acid. Its v. vapour irritates the mucous reve — es very omar and when working with it induced violent c The taste i is acrid and pungent, and very persiste acetate, sulphate, and hydrochloride all become acid on eyapora- tion from the loss of alkaloid. Oxalic acid is the only acid which yields a crystalline salt, but this is more or less mixed with free acid, from the loss of alkalo id by eee lization, an acid salt mixed nd-railide: Leeo free oxalic acid being The acetate, sulphate, and hydrochloride, when kept over strong am mite acid, dry up into hard, brittle, transparent, varnish-like sanding for months. All these compounds are very hygroscopic, “specially the sulphate, and are very readily soluble in alcohol. ye one acid imparts a slightly reddish colour, and nitric acid turns 128 THE ALKALOID FROM PITURIE. Platinic chloride does not precipitate an aqueous solution of the alkaloid (1:100 aq:) so long as the alkaloid is in excess, but when the solution has become neutralised, the addition of another drop ent platinie chloride. All the following tests were — with an aqueous solution of 1 part of the alk aloid to 100 w Mercurie chloride, in the jacaile solution of the alkaloid throws down a white cheesy precipitate, insoluble in an excess of the precipitant, easily soluble in hydrochloric acid; on heating to boiling the precipitate softens, but does not actually melt ; it par difficultly ae in boiling water; on cooling it is in an amorpho Le. A few drops eb mercuric chloride give a white precipitate i F solution of the hydrochloride, which disappears on eer os when the mercuric chloride is in excess, a W te crystals precipitate is thrown down, which is rather easily soluble in water; on coolin ng, agen stals in the a sro per oa light green precipitate, insoluble in an excess of a solution of the hydrochloride the copper sulphate ioe a produce any change. ution few drops of gold chloride added to the aa shaking * give a reddish white precipitate, rae martes idish vaehite larger quantity of the re-agent gives a acid with precipitate, which is persistent, soluble in “hoch ‘ops of gol fe pa solution of the hydrochloride a few ae chloride give a reddish-white precipitate, eo ria i eagent gives Tannic acid giv pri ses 7 precipitate se eo ee solu ie cay iclitle in hydrochloric acid. : THE ALKALOID FROM PITURIE. 129 solution of the hydrochloride there is a greyish-white turbidity y, which disappears on the addition of hydrochloric acid. The double iodide of mercury and potassium (HgI,,2K1) gives a heavy white crystalline precipitate in the aqueous solution. Under the microscope this is seen to be made up of small plates arranged in stellate groups. With hydrochloric acid the pre- cipitate becomes yellow and pasty, but does not dissolve in the faa readily soluble on heating ; on cooling the solution becomes peers solves on heating; on cooling, it is redeposited as a yellow T. : On the addition of a small quantity of an alcoholic solution of iodine a yellowish turbidity only is imparted to the solution, which 1s persistent for some hours; but a greater quantity produces a treating the alkaloid with concentrated sulphuric acid and a i te in powder, the fluid takes the colour of the bichromate ; after a time it changes to a dirty brown and then to green. When warm the change of colour takes place immediately, With manganese peroxide (MnO,) instead of the bichromate, no change takes place in the cold; when warm a faint violet colour is produced. The alkaloid behaves very like nicotine with picric, phospho- molybdic and metatungstic acids; the addition of picric acid throws down a yellow precipitate soluble in hydrochloric aci _ Phosph “ipitate, insoluble in cold dilute hydrochloric acid, easily and armin tine a white amorphous precipitate, soluble only in much dilute hydro- chloric acid when warmed. -fodine.—When iodine dissolved in ether is added to an etherial ‘olution of the alkaloid the fluid becomes brownish red and mother liquor bein. : are easil luble in r Ligt g yellow ; these crystals are _ : alcohol, yielding a aia red obi ; when the a Ys 1S evaporated at the ordinary temperature, indistinc Reedles and oily drops are left behind. “e 1 130 ‘THE ALKALOID FROM PITURIE. When this alcoholic solution is treated with caustic soda in the cold, a smell similar to that of iodoform is emitted, not that of the alkaloid ; from the nicotine compound nicotine is liberated, according to Wertheim (Watt’s Dict. of Chemistry, iv, p. 47). The iodine compound of piturine melts at about 110° C., that of nicotine at 100° C. (Watt’s Dictionary of Chemistry, vol. iv, p. 47). Differences. THE ALKALOID FROM PITURIE. 131 The average of these eight analyses is— arbon Hydrogen . Nitrogen 14°94 And the relative proportions when calculated in the usual way are— Carbon 5°98 Hydrogen 7°96 Nitrogen 1:00 or very nearly 6:8:1. - The formula would therefore be C;H.N, which requires— Theory. Found. Cy = Hs = 76°59 per cent. 76°56 per cent. N 8°51 is 8°48 ” 14°90 I ll tt * 14°94 =, 94 100-00 99°98 To confirm this formula a platinum double salt was prepared in the manner. The crystals so obtained were orange To ensure onaiblé uniformity of composition, the platinum salts were always pre from the same portion of alkaloid with solution of platinic chloride, and as S cent. to 38°40 per cent. ; seven y Yielded between 35-35 and 35°55 per cent. Pt. Nine determina- Hons of chlorine and they varied from 31°32 to 36°86 per ce ti The platinum salt is therefore clearly not of uniform composi- "0 or else very unstable ; it undergoes decomposition with loss of ees a , by adding an excess hy “te *d solution of mercuric-chloride to a solution of the Ydrochloride of the alkaloid, crystallized well in rhombic plates M 132 f THE ALKALOID FROM PITURIE. and prisms ; the double salt was crystallized from boiling water, dried at 100° C., and the amount of mercury and chlorine deter- mined in it. Two analyses eee IL. Mean. Mercury......... a 26 ice cent. 63°09 = 63°175 i 4°60 24°64 = 24°620 The mean results “taiieial in the usual manner come to 1-00 Hg: 2-1955 Cl, or 5 Hg: 10-9775 Cl, or very nearly 5 Hg: 11CL, which would fit to the formula (C,H,N).HCI + 5 H;, which requires 63°31 per cent. oe and 24°7 2 per cent. Cl, while the corresponding compound of nicotine 10H,4N2,HCl + 5 HgCl, would require 64:37 per cent. Hg and 25:15 per cent. CL. Besides, nicotine is said to form under the same circumstances & double salt containing 4 HgCl, instead of 5 molecules of Hg(l, (Vide Watt’s Dictionary of Chemistry, iv., p. 47. The above two analyses appear to make it probable that the true formula of the alkaloid is (C,H,N), or CHiN ¢ ze. double that yielded by its ultimate analysis, but much importance cannot of course be attached to such a compound as (Q; H,N),HOl+ 5HgCl,, in which the amount of alkaloid present is so very small. Alkalimetric Power. 02986 gramme of the alkaloid ppigcan 18°5 cc. py normal amount to that required by nicotine, to form (CH uNo)o H.SO, ; ; the te By weight of nicotine being 162, 00162 x 18:5 = 0:2997 instead of 0- 2986. subject of this ents are ; University Laboratory, for his very 82 ‘377 % 1 94°33 1-703 Magnesi ic- Oe - Ferric 0 nm ee ba Sulphuric oxide . 8 381 Phosphoric ,, «B44 = Silica soluble -° ae pote 10000 7000 ae No. 4 contained or gave up to ether more ore chlorophyll i of the others ; the quantity af this was generally small, a from the colour of the solution. ee By an unfortunate mistake the whole of the original 9 other of No. 6 6 (the blue-bush) was incinerated. In wrt writing hr OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 139 specimen, it was suggested that only the more tender parts of the ts for the high percentage of ash and albuminoids, which are generally higher in immature plants, and the ash would probably be richer in shows. Being then in a different stage of ot | 7 v does not very well bear comparison with those of the other plants. Tho ds Spee 1 £414 er eb dicen Ae oh © rms was at once shown on charring, as the mass in the crucible slowly burnt away after its removal from the fire, and without further annijecat and more or less smoky flame, which was particularly the case with 0. 7, diffusing at the same time a peculiar, somewhat fishy odour, whilst it exhibited no such peculiarity either as to flame or odour. TaBvLaR SrareMenT of the Composition of European Fodder Plants at the time of flowering. E | g 3 4 Meadow Hay. Red Clover. Lucerne. Oaten Hay. BU Wirbh eet beni 3°29 3°64 2-94 4:34 Carbohydrates ...| 48-25 43°79 40-95 49-18 Albuminoids ......| 10-82 16-70 17-06 10°86 Woody fibre ...... 30°35 17 31-41 24 “ccmae Se ee 7-29 6°70 7-64 5°38 ennai 100°00 100-00 10000 100-00 On | On ash. | p ash. | p ash. | plant./ ash. | plant. s+tseeseees] 26°20 | 1°915 | 32°25 | 2°16] | 13°66 | 1-044 | 35-24 | 1° ei 3°06| -205} 2°05) 156] 759) * Chloride sodium ..| 11 384/257 | 260) 199) 275 148 eceteeeeeeeese| 13°88 | 1-002 | 38°19 | 2-225 | 62°83 | 4 pagnesia Bs occbs ee. 4-97 | 362 | 12-04} -806| 4°90) -374) 3°69| “199 Oxide ....., 46| -033| -74| 050/ 1:03) °078/; ‘61/ 033 San phorie oxide.| 6-25} -455| 9°77} -654| $15) °623|1028| “553 Silina * O™4e--.|_ 5°33} +388} 2°95| -191| 3°90, 298) 2°67| 144 vais aes 2982} | 2. 2°65) -178| °81| -062| 25°34) 1-363 No.1. Mean of fifty analyses, representing hay of good quality. Way. No, 2 at's Dict. 2nd Sup, p. 530. no No, 3, Mann of eleven analyses of hay of good . Way. Loe. of a small ber of anal ay. Loe. cit. No. 4. One nall number of analyses. y 5 period of flowering, entire plants. Arndt. Jarsb, Agri. Chem, 858-9, p. 24, 140 ON SALT-BUSH AND NATIVE FODDER PLANTS To arrive at the value of a fodder plant, there are many proper- ties which have to be taken into consideration, besides the actual nutritive value as ascertained by analysis, in determining their suitability for grazing, such as the rapidity of growth of the plant, ability to withstand drought and constant cropping, and accepta- bility in respect to flavour to the cattle. On such points it is ond my power to speak, but it appears to me a subject of suf ficient importance and interest to induce some of those who have the opportunity to make accurate notes on the plants in this direc- tion, and publish the results. The order in which the salt-bushes proper are considered to stand from a grazier’s point of view, are Ist, A. nwmalaria, or old man salt-bush ; 2nd, the dwarf salt-bush, the others not being so much considered. The cotton-bush is considered to be of be judged from the proximate analysis of the immature ee arison with the shows that the regard t0 An examination of these analyses, and a comp examples of well known European fodders given, sh whole of these plants stand in a good position with nutritive value. Like the greater number of the plants of the natural Bee Chenopodiace they contain an extraordinary amount of ash, a preponderance at once strikes one on looking at ae perme of common salt. I can only find one analysis of a plant of” same genus, viz., A. verrucifera from the Kergis Steppe see specimens as high as from 30 to 42 per cent., as determin he EAE author,’ and many of these plants were formerly, and ve ee — are even now for local use, of much importance 2 ® ©” — soda. : ee In the following columns are given the ratios in ee the to ash, the common salt, and the potash stand in relajoh™” 1 Gobel, Watt's Dict., 1-474. oe 2 Watt's Dict. V. p. 176. . OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 141 digestible matter taken as 100, including in that term the ‘oil, carbohydrates, and albuminoids. There is also given the average of the salt-bushes properly so called, omitting the blue-bush, as the analysis was made on a specimen at a different and imperfect stage of growth, and the cotton-bush, as it is a plant of an entirely different character. € great difference between the salt-bushes and European fodders is thus shown conspicuously, and the former are placed entirely by themselves, whilst the cotton-bush, as far as the points considered are concerned, ranges itself with the latter. Ratios of digestible matter of Ash, Potash, and Salt. Digestible. Ash. Potash. Salt. 1 OS AG rear 100 7°417 2 2. Small salt-bush 100 41 5.607 14°590 3. Salt-bush weed 100 45 8°952 3°581 4... 100 47 13°516 5-734 : ——$_—___,, 100 53 13°751 > 7. Old man salt-bush............ 100 51 7°986 15°403 Average 100 47 9°538 7689 8. Cotton-bush - 400 10 2-541 “847 Meadow hay . 100 12 3:207 1°604 clover 100 10 3524 “720 a ee ee Pe 100 12 1-969 581 Oaten hay 100 8 3-277 863 SWE 257A cparnge ee al ce These plants being chiefly used for the pasturage of sheep, we may glance at what effects might be expected to take place on the annals, for there seems little doubt that changes in them must Cecur from a diet so very different to that on which they have been bred from immemorial time in Europe. Youatt, after Speaking of the effect of climate on sheep and their wool, says :— Wool is formed must decrease like every other when sufficient nourishment is not afforded.” i P; in common with other herbivore, appear to require a lenge quantity of soluble chlorides, which, by evolving free hydro- th. Sri¢ acid in the stomach, or rather in the gastric juice, enables - em to digest very considerable quantities of cellulose. Accord. ing to Bidder and” Schmidt,? 1,000 parts of the gastric juice of = i = Ware Dee ta p. 70. 142 ON SALT-BUSH AND NATIVE FODDER PLANTS the sheep contain 9867148 parts of water, whilst out of the remaining 13-852 parts 6-0 consist of soluble chlorides and 1-557 of hydrochloric acid. It is seen that the salt-bushes supply these chlorides in large proportion, and we might therefore expect the digestion to be active and to effect the assimilation of the nutri- tive matter with certainty. i} ki ib 4 Tbe sie 1 4 h} mo | til 4 rape. kee @ pound containing potash called “suint.” This substance forms about one-third of the weight of raw merino wool and about 14 per cent. in ordinary wool, and is readily soluble in cold water. It is used to a considerable extent as a source of potash in where 1,000 tons per annum of potashes are obtained to180lbs.,and this would give, as an average yield from the — The cotton-bush does not differ much in the matter of just considered from ordinary European fod and a piebit cot " | owes its value to the high percentage of carbohydrates W which it tains, in which it stands above all competitors, and from W""" obtains its fattening properties. : Roscoe & Schorlemmer’s Chemistry, vol. II. re re 1962, p- 4 : * Report on Chemical Products in Internati OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 143 In the following columns are given—lIst, the percentage of digestible matter (organic) ; 2nd, the ratio of albuminoids to oil and carbohydrates, or of flesh-forming material to fat-forming, the former being taken as 100 | ‘ | 2. | 8. 1. Dwarf salt-bush 58°58 100 287 2. Small salt-bush 57°96 100 565 3. Salt-bush weed 58°64 100 338 4. 58° 100 362 56°14 100 249 6. Blue-bush 54°71 100 174 7. Old man salt-bush 61°48 100 211 8. Cotton-b 68°09 100 64 WE ee os as xa kc 62°36 100 478 Red clover “1S 100 cerne. . 60°95 100 256 Oaten hay 64:38 100 482 {t will be observed that in every case the total amount of digestible matter in the salt-bushes falls below that in the Euro- pean fodders, with the exception of the old man and the cotton-bush ; but this in all cases is due to the greatly increased quantity of ash, as in none of them is the quantity of indigestible organic matter so great. The ratios of carbohydrates to albumi- noids va ary greatly in the different plants, in some cases ly as low as in the leg ose, in some rising as high and higher than ses the a The exceptionally low ratio in the case of the blue- by examining the plants from the different standpoints alread ret eta may enable us to arive at the proper composition of a both. plant to produce the best result in wool or mutton, or _ conclusion, my thanks are due to Mr. Mair, of Groongal, arandera, and to Mr. Wilson, of the ane "Bank, for pro- rey a me _— plant specimens ; andto Mr. Moore for naming | 145 Water from a Hot Spring, New Britain. By A. Liversipez, Professor of Geology and Mineralogy in the University of Sydney. [Read before the Royal Society of N.S. W., 1 September, 1880.] THE sample of water forming the subject of this note was collected from a hot spring in one of the islands of the New Britain group, by the Rev. George Brown, Wesl missionary, to whom m amounts of but little information as to the actual quantities contained by the Water when freshly collected. € residue left on evaporation to dryness at 100° C. amounted to 36,312 parts per 1,000,000, or 2,541-84 grains per gallon, which 18 about the same as average sea-water. Composition of the Residue, dried at 100° C. ’ Parts Grains sc bateuonins roe = gallon. a. 200 72°6 5°08 Alumina and iron sesquioxide...... “440 159°7 11:18 Calcium sulphate ..................... 1-394 506-2 35°43 a See 2°240 813°4 56°93 Magnesium chloride .................. 4710 1,7103 —‘119°72 Sodium chloride...................... 87°320 31,707°6 2,219°53 Potassium oi trates SS in bined water 3696 1,342°2 93°97 100000 36,3120 2,541°84 —_ —— 147 Water from a Hot Spring, Fiji Islands. By A. Liversiper, Professor of Geology and Mineralogy in the University of Sydney. [Read before the Royal Society of N.S.W., 1 September, 1880.] Wuew at Kandavu, Fiji Islands, in 1876, I heard of the boiling springs at Savu Savu, but to my great regret my stay of three or four days only at Kandavu was too short to allow me to visit them, and I am indebted to the kindness of Dr. T. D. spire R.N., for the sample of water forming the subject of this n The water was contained in clear glass bottles, “a sini and sealed. I mention this because the sample had evidently been collected with great care. On more than one occasion I have received samples of mineral waters which proved to be worthless for chemical irvestigation simply because insufficient care had been exercised in collection and bottling ; this was o teas a source of regret to of stoppered Soe but when stein e there is ae so Convenient and suitable as the large half-gallon bottles known as Winchester quarts. € water was clear and oclor after the deposition of the small amount of matter which it h in suspension, free from smell, neutral, or but gd faintly alkaline. On evaporation to dryness the filtered water left a very white extremely deliquescent residue, be: on ignition fused but did not blacken, thus rode) the absence of any appreciable amount of organic matte 60° F Specific gravity of the water was found to a 10064 at ing the residue at 110° O., was found to be 2 8,320 parts, per tion, or 582-40 per gallon ; but, after driving off the 7,813 ed water at a d heat, the residue was red 6-09 r million, or 546-91 grains per gallon—z.e. it lost rarer oe were carefully sought for in this residue by of Ws = the spectroscope, but none were found. The total quantity we my disposal was but small—some four pints ; perhaps 148 WATER FROM A HOT SPRING, FIJI ISLANDS. a larger quantity would have enabled one to detect their presence. Neither iodine nor bromine could be found although carefully sought for. Composition, Parts per Grains % in residue. million or of water. on. Silica, insoluble 1°681 133°3 9-20 », soluble 074 58 “40 umina and traces of iron sesqui- oxide “534 41°7 2°92 uminium chloride ...............66 1°646 128°6 9°00 Phosphoric acid (P,05):............4 traces. .cs.05 55 Cee Calon chloride: oh. ie.ci. ck cose. 754 23,6529 255°70 e RULLNAGEOY. A decease 4°770 372°7 26°09 Magnesium chloride .................. "154 12°0 “84 dium Pe ia e e ce ncvevs 42171 3,294°8 230°64 otassium EN felviesdeccas 17, 1372 9°60 Carbonic acid traces > wilks s 340 2°52 100000 67,8130 = 546-91 From the above it will be seen that the salts in solution consist of chlorides for the most part, and that the chlorides of poner and sodium largely preponderate over the others; the amount calcium chloride is unusually large. of No mention was made by Dr. Bromlow of the temperature the water. 149 The action of Sea-water upon Cast-iron. By A. Liversivas, Professor of Geology and Mineralogy in the University of Sydney. [Read before the Royal Society of N.S. W., 1 September, 1880.] THE specimen forming the subject of this note was obtained from € screw of the dredge ‘‘Hunter” employed in Newcastle N.S. W. Mr. oriarty, the Engineer-in-Chief for Harbours and Rivers, tells me that the dredge had not been wrecked as I had previously been informed, in fact she is still at work; but that the screw me so rotten as to necessitate its removal. He agcounts for the rapid decay, and very sufficiently, by the iron having been in actual contact with the copper sheathing of the vessel. In the Same letter Mr. Moriarty mentions that an old iron cannon was taken up from the foul waters at the head of Darling Harbour, where it had lain for some twenty years, but the corrosion had only eaten its way in to about +; of an inch. _Even on the most cursory examination the specimen is seen to differ entirely from the original cast-iron, except in form, Been Seems j of graphite, mixed with brown-coloured oxide of iron and a few ice Scattered minute particles of metallic iron; these on Tn colour the external part of the i is of a dull ithin <4: the specimen 1s Of a grey, foll 1s of a rusty brown colour, with darker bands which oioW more or less closely the outer contour lines. pe friable than the very outside of the specimen ; but even this Y contained -04 per cent. of metallic iron; the boss of the 150 THE ACTION OF SEA-WATER UPON CAST-IRON. screw he I understand, only superficially acted upon; the examined by me came from one of the blades. On analysis it was found to have the oneloneg a Carbon we as SOE Tron protoxide jes ves tee) oe Tron sesquioxide_... ~ ig 1:79 Iron, metallic... oe os an “04 Siiiedelces ara ves may ote 62 Phosphorus ... -_ dae ... absent Sulphur oe “ oes “a Silicon a see — ne 5-59 the mixed carbonates of potash and soda, the carbon being burnt off by the addition of potassium chlorate ; ‘the residue was ext with boiling water, the silica rendered insoluble and d in the usual way. — It is interesting to note that the phosphorus has been ¢ apr ; P 3 d that the jar ly present in the original cas re Several balsas of the effects produced by sea-wat Gme coe. his “ Handbook Some cannon-balls lying in the sea on the coast of i | 1692, had retained their form and ve but = _ ee »t, and weight, srry to the knife, did no naa Ce fod, 15 metallic iron Dalene J., Chem. Mey THE AOTION OF SEA-WATER UPON CAST-IRON. 151 Cannon-balls raised at Carlscrona from a sunken vessel, lost fifty years previously, were found to be changed through }rd of their thickness into a porous graphitic mass, which hecame strongly heated when exposed to the air for a quarter of an hour, in f 80 hot as to drive the water off in steam. (Berzelius Lehrb.) Dr. Percy, F.R.S., lately Professor of Metallurgy at the Royal School of Mines, in his volume on the metallurgy of iron and steel, quotes some instances collected by Henry Wilkinson in his work “On the extraordinary effect produced on Cast-iron by the action of Sea-water,” 1841. Amongst them he gives the followimg :—“ Many of the vessels of the Spanish Armada were sunk off the shore of Mull in Scotland, and in 1740 some of the guns of a vessel named the ‘Florida’ were raised. These were both brass and cast-iron guns, and on scraping the latter which were deeply corroded, they a : ose ball ave weighed 30 Ibs., were reduced to 19 Ibs, 3 ozs. The S-inch ¥ 70-Ibs. ones were only 45 Ibs., and although to external appear- ance, the same as regular shot, they fell to pieces red hot on €xposure to the air.* re complete analyses seemed to have been made of the graphite- ® residues ; hence n comparison could be made between the Composition of this specimen from the “Hunter” and that of others. Dr. Percy refers to some experiments made by Professor Daniell. — of grey cast-iron was acted upon by dilute hydrochloric found to consist of a soft spongy substance, but apparently peer are beet eres th ere arses ; Perey’s ‘Tron ” + Poe 5 6 and Steel, igee 147. 5 J ; oF Redinse and a <4 uy Steel,” p. 146, quoting from the Journal 152 THE ACTION OF SEA-WATER UPON CAST-IRON. heated and smoked in the course of a minute. In another case when a considerable quantity of it had been heaped together it undred specimens of cast and wrought iron and steel, as well as to test the advantages of various protective paints and varnishes 5 they also contain the results of experiments made to ascertain the protection afforded by zinc, &c., to iron structures in contact with water. Mallet states that Priestley was one of the first of those a observed this conversion of cast-iron into a plumbago-like ee mixed oxide of iron and carbonaceous matter, and peat residues frequently but not invariably became hot or spontan y inflammable on exposure to the air. Mallet states that de tain circumstances even the purest malleable iron is conver Te Ae ete, 1 RRS OE eS Bind i tos instances. The bt d in the a7") mentions that some cannon-balls which were foun ee the site of the battle of La Hogue had, after an im ia years, been converted into plumbago to the depth of an their some cases and right through in others ; assum? 3a.lb diameter to have been about 6} inches, the usual size depth of shot, he points out that the iron had been destroy: pee rapid 3} inches during the above number of years,—® much mor? isle rate of action than he obtained from his special expe? ae The foregoing will probably suffice as instances mie Mallet’s i sea-water, brought about more or less by reage! Mr ‘merely THE ACTION OF SEA-WATER UPON CAST-IRON, _ 153 Mallet found that the approximate depth of corrosion fi clear the low: sea-water at end of one century would be as follow: Welsh cast-iron. Hot and cold blast Gril ol 300 i inch. Trish Cold ‘306 _,, Mixed cast irons; sen arid Welsh, Trish and } Wel uty nl Scotch eabit0N. Chiefly hot blast. . 879 4, Staffordshire, Shropshire, and Gloucestershire ) 385 cast-iron. Hot and cold blasts % rey cast-iron, mixed. Skin removed by olanin “S59. 5 Derbyshire and Yorkshire cast-iron. Hotandcold -431_ Wrought-iron. Standard bar, No. 2 Dowlais ... 543 , In another table + he gives the approximate depth of corrosion for the following wrought-irons and steels at the end of one cen- tury in clear sea-water, foul sea-water, in ag Ciesla and when freely exposed s the weather in Dublin Exposed to 1 sea- | Clear fresh- parece iret water. - com Red short bar, Staffordshire..| -276 inch. | -644 inch. | 032 inch. | °335 inch, Common bar, Shropsh he a Sel =. “484 5, 081"; 540, Best bar, Staffordshire......... 316 4, | 423 ,, 039 ,, 361 4, Best Welsh bar, Dowlais...... 278 ,, | 638 » | 353 4, Low Moor boil ia es “S15. 35 ‘ 035, 332 4 mmon boiler plate ......... ‘Sing tt DON 1 ee on | ee Swedish bar, Danemora o77 | 96 7 1-080 |, || “470° =, agote p ectepeeel “ORK 6b BIO tp ORK ay 24 209 ow Blister steel bar, soft... | -298 of SR | DIG yy | WL sw Sheer steel bar, POG seces 313 ” 676 ” 025 2” 389 » Cast s tilted bar, soft 441 ” 559 ” 026 ” ” eae 5; ” ” 156 sciia, t e As in the former table the results were obtained from speci- mens which had been immersed for 732 days. Mallet found that the corrosion of cast-iron, which has had its re one, when the coat of plumbago and rust cat is removed prior to a second immersion. When the and less porous, thus to a greater or less extent it mechani- cally defends from co TTOSsion. oo + Pitish Association Re ports, 1840, vol. at 299, Brit. Association Reports, vol. xiii, 1843, p. 53. 154 THE ACTION OF SEA-WATER UPON CAST-IRON. The rapid action of sea-water upon cast-iron and the commoner varieties of wrought-iron is probably due mainly to the local gal- vanic action set up between the diffused scales of graphite, films Where cast-iron is exposed to the combined action of fresh water and of sea-water, as at the mouths of rivers, the action is hydrogen. The action of acid waters in copper and other mines, and of means affording a passage for the electric current. . h which recently of rain, and he states that it takes place much more rapidly le case of castings made in “dry sand” or “loam” than in those dry sand,” But I am inclined to think that this difference 8 due in part, if not wholly, to the formation of a film of ee ms oxide of iron by the steam from the moisture: the protective & am of such a film has long been known, although it was ch “= ty ot 155 On the peapenbics of some Wood enclosed n Basalt. By A. Liversipez, Professor of Geology and Mineralogy in the University of Sydney. [Read before the Royal Society of N.S.W., 1 December, 1880.] THE specimen forming the subject of this note was found by Mr. C. 8. Wilkinson, F.G.S., at Inverell, where the Macintyre River has cut through the basalt and formed a river cliff; by the forma- tion of this section yan ial fragments of wood and trunks 0 trees are exposed to vi the “ Mines and itso Statistics” published by the Mining pr lap in 1875, Mr. Wilkinson gives the following description of manner in which the fossilized wood occurs, and on Same page ) he iin a diagram showing the position occupied by the particular tree which this specimen w ni— “ An interesting cliff section of basalt may be seen on Mr. Co lin. Ross's oes on the bank of the riveratInverell. The following is a sketch of it :— — ———— Ss 7 eee ee So 09 an ; . C ; Pee. « ¢ Fossil Lea ep Pee fe Nias Z Saaae Rea Nevo “oe we varying shades of deep red and yellow. This breccia is older than st abed, and evidently formed the side of a hill on which plants ee at the time of the basalt eruption ; oo at the junction a te salt and breccia lies a thin bed of red clay, the former of ee in which I discovered numerous stems ©: Sante: Some came woo batter but Tittle altered. ese are very ape thus 88 proving the viscid state of the overflowing basaltic lava, to have ed the small plants without destroying them, and 156 COMPOSITION OF SOME WOOD ENCLOSED IN BASALT, how rapidly it must have cooled. Another interesting relic of the newer pliocene period that this section reveals is the trunk of a tree, about 2 feet in diameter, imbedded in the layer of basalt marked c in the above sketch. “The wood, though much changed, yetretains its fibrous structure most completely. It somewhat resembles the stringy-bark, and may possibly be a species of eucalyptus ; but this is difficult to decide without the aid of the microscope. “Surrounding the tree is a soft substance 2 inches thick, which was probably the bark.” bonaceous substance, but quickly burns to a pale brownish-grey i i graphite, It effervesces with acids, is fragile, and sufficiently soft to - scratched with the thumb-nail. Analysis. Water lost at 100° C.... iad Pier 1254 Combined water ids ik pet eos vee “46 NECN Naeem Ae 35 Bombe ».2. ie ve ae ot Carbon ... se 514 Iron sesquioxide 3 », protoxide 3 Manganese. . Alumina pity Lime 5(16-42,Ca00,) hs esia = 4, M co, oe eg a aca ca Soda Sulphur... ote ee ee des o Sulphuric acid... pe we owt te ar cacid .., a a ri on COMPOSITION OF SOME WOOD ENCLOSED IN BASALT. 157 The lime and magnesia evidently exist as carbonates; a small quantity of the protoxide of iron may also exist in combination i nic acid, as there is ‘28% of carbonic acid left after con- verting all the lime and magnesia into carbonates. The alumina and iron probably exist in the form of silicate, as the amount of silica is nearly sufficient to form a silicate of the formula R,0,, 38i0., or if the water also be taken into account, Al,0,3Si0, 20. s it contains traces of sulphur and of sulphuric acid, small quantities of iron pyrites are probably present. The combined water was determined by heating the powdered substance in a combustion tube and collecting the water in a weighed chloride of calcium tube, and the carbon by combustion filled first, the cell walls were next gradually removed, except those portions represented by the small remaining quantity of graphite- carbon, and replaced by mineral matter as the decay went on, so slowly and quietly that no violence was done to the micro- Scople structure of the woody tissue. 159 On the Composition of some Coral Limestones, &c., from the South Sea Islands. By A. Liversipasr, Associate R. 8. Mines, Beck . ee and Mineralo ogy in the University of Sydn [Read before the Royal Society of of N.S. W., 6 October, 1880.] 1. Reer Cora, New Hebrides. A WHITE crystalline limestone, the fractured surfaces of which present all the on of ara onite ; for the most Lee it with a thin film of purple-coloured organ anic matter, which burns when heated on platinum foil. Before the blowpipe the limestone oe ae and falls to pieces like aragonite. am indebted to the kindness of the late raggye Goatees R.N., for this and the succeeding specimen. This tinguished naval officer always took a very lively Se in the antes and mineralogy of the countries which he visited, and seldom failed to collect and bring back with him re specimens which were procurable. Lasihite: Island of Vati, or Sandwich Island, New Hebrides Group ; from shore at the level of high-water-mar Fp a Hygroscopic moistur i 26 Alumina and traces of i iron sesquioxide 23 Lime 54°62 Magnesia 08 Silica en ee ‘51 ”» soluble oe aie Ses wk 21 ‘Potash ‘ = ie cate ... traces um chloride sie Sing 1:02 Phosphoric acid... ce ue ... traces Carbonic acid . 919 Hygroscopice moisture Organic matter : ee Be Nee... Silica er Alumina and traces of iron sesquioxide 1-973 Manganese ... traces Lime ape. give Ube a . _ 52-094 wot ae : Wee pie otash é Soda... ; 348 orin B Chl ” pie a oe Carbonic acid ie aoe CORAL LIMESTONES FROM THE SOUTH SEA ISLANDS. 161 4. Turr Rock ? This specimen was also collected in 1876 by Dr. Messer, on the island of Vati, one of the New Hebrides, from what he ibes as a raised terrace of coral rock, which crops out above Havannah Harbour, at a height of 525 feet sate sea-level, the highest point of the island being about 1,500 fee The rock is greyish white in colour and sate friable ; but, as be at once apparent from the an alysis, ae is nota limestone, although it may have been found to contain addition of acid it effervesces but pee showing the presence of only a small amount of carbonic acid. gers Hygroscopic moisture, @ 100° C 3°68 Combined water, ta) gre iss 68 ic acid a: OS ca ‘70 A et 21:82 / aceite wes ees ie i | ee labia ply ron sesquioxide ... res i ee Lime eae ae : 1°66 Magnesia ... trace. Potash and soda uy S. c iv oti ae ..» 56°56 Alumina ... oy vide ... 14°80 78:18 Lime bs bee im ... trace. Insoluble in Magnesia 6-76 acid. 06 100-00 The combined water was determined by ignition of the rock to complete fusion; allowance was made for the carbonic acid which was also deren off at the same time. 5. Turr Rock, New Hebrides. Brought by the late Commodore Goodenough, R.N., from the shore, Hei high-water-mark, of Port Sandwic h, M coll knif grain. €. a dull sound when Dare Spenifi gravity, 2° 186. Poa “coral sand rock,” but, as will be seen from the analysis, it is mainly a silicate of alumina. 163 On the Inorganic Constituents of the Coals of New South Wales. By W. A. Dixon, F.LC., F.C.S., Lecturer on Chemistry, Technical College, School of Arts, Sydney. [Read before the Royal Society of N.S.W., 6 October 1880.] which are thrown aside in actual working. Having the residue of hese samples and some others, it appeared that information of . Some interest might be obtained from an examination of the ash, and it was hoped that some light might be thrown on the insoluble constituents of the plants from which the coal has been form , in the case of coals whose ash contains little iron, is an exceedingly tedious process, so that in some of them it was found necessary to determine the residual carbon, and deduct it from the ash was then treated by digestion with hydrochloric ane te of the Colony naturally divide themselves into three and th, namely, those of the Northern, Southern, and Western fields, the character of the ash follows, as a rule, the same divisions, *xcept that the ash of the coal found at Redhead, eight miles south in eweastle, differs from that of the others in its neighbourhood fonts much less iron and alumina, and an increased quantity Silica. With the coals of the Northern district may be taken a a from the Clarence River district, the ash of which was ed from a small hand specimen only. se whole of the ashes showed traces of alkalies, carbonic acid ri of po besides those constituents given, gorep a cenegs “ates very minute. T ing are m the Nort} lds carey The following yses oO 164 INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS OF THE NewcastLE Coat Company’s CoLLIERY Specific gravity of coal, 1-283 ; eee of ash in coal, 4°76; colour of ‘ash, reddis Analysis— Alumina... “sd eee 65 Wodbbscininisd and loss... ‘18 This sample contained no chlorine. 168 INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS OF THE Ash of Coal from the Clarence River. Percentage of ash in coal, 8-75 ; colour, grey. Analysis— Alumina... ne ie: OO Ferric oxide... 4-01 ime 1-26 | Soluble in acid Magnesia ... om = “48 29°70. Sulphuric oxide... ai “21 Phosphoric ,, 96 Alumina... 513) tnsoluble in acid 70-25 Silica Ss a Undetermined and loss 100-00 For comparison with these results samples of of the Australian Agricultural Company’s seam were obtained from Mr. Gregson, who kindly sent me three samples of each Of the roofs two specimens were much alike, and consis shaly sandstone containing a small quantity of coaly matter, whilst specimens; the remaining specimen was very similar in appear ance to that marked Old No. 1 way. The samples were treated in exactly the same manner as the coals; the organic matter —_ burnt off at a dull red heat, and in doing so both gre the roof burnt with a faintly luminous flickering flame, one of floor specimens with considerable flame, and the other with none. Roof Galley Way. Percentage of organic matter and water, 9-97. Analysis of residue— Alumina ia “ee ee Ferric oxide... ane oes oy ME he Lime ds} See an -42 | Soluble in aes Magnesia ... are — ——e 1181 Sulphuric oxide... ne ‘21 Phosphoric ,, vee wae “41 | Chlorine... eee Alumine..: |; w+ 12°31) qpsoluble in acid Silica ae ome veo "37°87 Undetermined and loss 32 100-00 COALS OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 169 Roof Old No. 1 Way. Percentage of water and organic matter, 7:70. Analysis of residwe— Alumina... =a EA hires Ferric oxide... Lime é 1°61 agnesi ae ie 93 Pager oxide... je 37 Insoluble nee we BTS Undetermined ay" 47 100-00 As this was evidently very similar to ‘to the last, the analysis was not carried into greater detail. : Floor Galley Way. Percentage of organic matter and water, 30-95. Analysis of residue— Alumina : 8-26 : Ferric oxide... 2-21 ( Soluble in acid ime pe 42 11°54 Phosphoric oxide 65 2 Alumina... 13-58 ) Insoluble in acid Silica 75°12 \ 88-60 100-24 Floor Old No. 1 Way. a. of organic matter and water, 4°30. Analysis of resid: a ina = a = ee erric oxide: re ey | . . — ot a ee 3] 8-72 Phar oxide sa 16 st tan d Silica 78-73 Se em Undetermined and see vas 12 170 INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS OF THE On glancing at these last four analyses one is struck with the fact that the phosphoric oxide seems to increase with the quantity of organic matter, and that the quantity of alumina in the soluble portion does not bear the same relation to that in the insoluble as it does in the coal ashes. The analyses were not made in expecta ratio between the insoluble and soluble alumina in the various analyses of the northern coals is as follows :— A. A. Company... 1:65 Wallsend ... ... 1:34 Ware 1 3.48 New Lambton ... 1:27 Clarence River ... 1 : 4:4 Redhead. .): <1... 2 Newcastle Co. 1:42 Roof Galley Way 1:05 0-operative bP: 39 oor: Ferndale ... ... 1: 36 ,, OldNo.1 Way 1 : 0-4 These ratios exhibit a surprising difference, and appear to indi- ‘cate that the ash constituents of the coal are not derived simply from admixture of the material of the floor or roof in an t ‘State. Unfortunately the whole of the samples had either been could not be made. - It has been suggested by Dana! that the alumina ps at may have been in some measure derived i bre tycopodiaceous plants as lepidodendron, which suggestion on the iseiiniaaie of Dr. * ‘Aderholdt and Prof. Church on the ashes of various lycopodiums. Alumina found in the plants is generally Aderholdt? found that the ashes of Lycopodium chamee : ‘ sa t every precaution to remove adherent alumina from F cent; * and * Manual of Geology, J. D. Dana, 2nd Ed., 366 (1874). ? Ann. d. Chem. u. Pharm., Ixxxii, 111 (1852). > Chem, News, xxx, 137 (1874). 4J. Pr. Chem., xl, 302, COALS OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 171 Solms-Laubach.' The different ratio of soluble to insoluble alumina in the coal ashes to that i in aes roofs and floor appears to coincide with this view, as if this e ad been assimilated by the plants we may readily iain that it would remain more easily soluble than that which had not been subjected to such Sir Robert Kane’ in some analyses of the ashes of peat gives— Alumina sos Ol?” STE Tee Sand and iiniabise tiingteible'4 inacids 2°17 2:10 7°68 a in the first two of these, even if the whole insoluble matter as alumina, which is unlikely, the ratio of soluble to insoluble ponies be high. Some of the results obtained from peat ashes by Messrs. Kane and Sullivan® point in the same direction. In none of the published analyses of coal ashes that I have seen are the portions soluble and insoluble in acid analysed separately. The eres have evidently been made either by direct fusion with carbonates (or by treatment with hydrofluoric — or by rsecaasin with hydrochloric acid without further examination of the insoluble residue. Neither of these methods could show the lve, in slowness although solution may ultimately be complete. In the extensive series of analyses of British argillaceous iron ores from the coal measures by Messrs. Dick and Spiller given by Dr. Perey, most of which have been made by the double method, it is observable that in not a single instance does the soluble alumina i r on bottom in the deeper parts of the Atlantic and Southern Oceans*, Fete seam that the red ‘tae there found is an organic deposit, being @ residue of the globigerina ooze from which the carbonate of calcium has been removed by solution, and suggests that all or Many clays may be of similar o Church, on the other hand, r regards this red clay as an oxidation product of glauconite, So 2 Sark, d Premidered by Eireabens: te come 2 TR Ch. Pharm., ¢., 297. 4he industrial Resources of Ireland, * Report on the Nature and Process of coger Fo Destructive Distillation of Peat, to the Commissioner for Woods, 1851. Netig 4a Metallurgy, Iron and a 210 to 220 (1864). . = ‘ Xxili 32 ® Chem. News, xxxi, 199. ue 172 INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS OF THE the stony nuclei and silicified shells of polythalamie,' and if this is correct the organic origin of the clay would only be ante- dated. All published analyses of clays being made, like those of the coal ashes, for other purposes take no notice of the solubility of the various constituents, but it seems probable that an exami- nation in this direction might throw some light on the subject, and I hope shortly to take the matter up. The presence of phosphoric oxide in coal ashes is not noticed in many published analyses, but as this substance might easily be overlooked and determined along with, and as alumina or iron, according to the method of analysis employed, its not being in list of constituents does not necessarily imply its absence, unless it is noted as having been looked for. Le Chatelier and Leon Durand-Claye® have given analyses of French coal ashes, showing from 0-2 to 1-5 per cent., and E. Riley® has found in Welsh coals m 0-21 per cent. to 3 per cent. of phosphoric oxide in the ash. seems unlikely that it could be removed from either source by solution and be deposited in the coal. It may be observed, im matter present, and that in the floor from the galley way the ae that the phosphorus compounds offer very considerable resis ae to removal by solution under circumstances which cagaalll analagous to those under which the coal seams were deposited. ee ei 1 Jahresb. f. Chem. 1854, p. 885. ? Bulletin de la Soc. d’Encourag. I’Industrie Nationale, 1873. * Percy’s Metallurgy Fuel, p. 352. + itl * Knapps’ Technology, by Ronalds and Richardson, vol. 1, P “" COALS OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 173 COALS OF THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT. OsBoRNE WALLSEND COLLIE Specific gravity of coal, ; “404 ; prentge of ash, 10-20 ; colou Analysis— ey: umina 30°31 ) Ferric oxide.. 8°68 Lime 1:18 ' Soluble in acid Magnesi traces, 40-51 Sulphuric oxide i Be eeario a traces. umina... 5:24 ont Ferric oxide... a oaaa acid Silica ai 54-76 : 100-51 Innawarra Coat Company, Mount Pleasant Colliery. Specific gravity of coal, 1,354 ; percentage of ash, 8°76 ; 1 rey. Analysis— Alumina Ferric ee ae Lime. Magnes esia Sulphuric oxide riba wg ” Alum: Perio i oxide... Sili Undetermined and loss . traces. Di 34:07 ‘82 | Soluble in acid 41°75 es Oe . traces. | Insoluble in acid 51:19 57°69 100-00 Buii1 CoLiiery, spite gravity of er 1-369 ; ciandeaitebie of ash, 11-28; ur of ash, grey. Alumina Ferric oxide... Ma a: ee oxide pee é Silica 26°84 7°95 -67 | Soluble in acid 3 35-77 traces. 7 60 Insoluble in acid \ 64:53 174 INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS OF THE Coa. CLIFF. Specific gravity of coal, 1:378 ; sec of ash, 10°80 ; colour of ash, greyish white. Analysis— Alumina ta gee 90675) Ferric oxide... ; 5-33 Lime ; ‘75 | Soluble in acid Magnesia ote bak 60 38°84 Sulphuric oxide... ate ‘31 oe Riga ‘a ate one “29 Alumin: ee <2 Ge —— oxide! a. ... traces. { Insoluble in acid a. 57°41 61-02 Woe rntncg and loss ’ 100-00 BERRIMA. Specific gravity of coal, 1-408 ; pacer of ash, 9°40 ; colour of ash, greyish w white Analysis— Alumina ome Bee va IBSIS Ferric oxide.. raat ae 4°68 Soluble in acid ime ve - 58 34-00 Sulphuric oxide te 13 Phosphoric ,, ae ... traces. Alumina... ei 82 in acid Silica ee 75-05 inl Undetermined and loss ‘13 100-00 Kato With these may be taken the eae coal, as the eee of the ash is similar, and differs from the other r Wes tern coals. Specific eras ot eet, 1-400; peroeniele of ash, 10-04 5 of Analysis— ash, greyish white. Alumina. a eae Ferric oxide.. ee ce ‘98 | gotuble in acid Lime a me . traces. 37°10 Magnesia... ‘30 Phosphoric oxide "56 Silica we oye 59 58 a Undetermined and loss 09 100-00 al COALS OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 175 These ashes distinguish themselves from those of the north in mite much less phosphoric oxide ; the average of the former giving 1-5 per cent., of the latter 0:22 per cent. The ratio of the soluble to the insoluble alumina i is greater and the range is also greater, especially owing to including the inland coals with those of the coast, which by Beaicncies are tolerably uniform. The ratios of insoluble to soluble alumina are :— Berrima 1 : 21-4 egy 1 ; 109 j ee sare. 3 ena Wallsend Loe warra wie oh l : 34 a. fk, int “si SL j Sia I of alumina as these ashes would scarcely be so descri s the total al varies in them from 35 per cent. to 40 per cent. they are richer in that than almost any fire-clay. It there- fore a as which 4 1s readily soluble, is Pagan due to an original assimilation by the coal-producing plan COALS OF WESTERN DISTRICT. VALE oF Ciwypp CoLLIERY. Specific gravity of coal, 1-328 ; percentage of ash, 9°72 ; sh, grey. ‘ } oe colour of as unina 22-91) Ferric oxide... 1: Lime oe sh ‘81 | Soluble in acid Magnesia... ... ~—... traces [ =. 26-03 Sulphuric oxide... .... ‘17 Phosphoric ,, 3 59 Alumina * 14-55 1 me oxide. oa. traces; | Insoluble in acid Silica ee a es P7885 Undetermined and loss... “12 176 INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS OF THE EsKBANK. Svecific gravity of coal, 1:329 ; sae of ash, 9:88; colour of ash, grey. Analysis— umina ... eas 3T-TS41 Ferric oxide... oes oo ee Lime sae xen ‘oe -78 | Soluble in acid O61 “ses ain ices 6 24°61 Sulphuric oxide A 16 Phosphoric ,, “DD | Alumina ... a poeple & Oy Magnesia ... Hr ... trace. { Insoluble in acid Silica it ao Redemet Es 75°23 Undetermined and loss ‘15 100-00 Litacow VALLEY Specific gravity of coal, 1340 ; percentage of ash, 9 68 ; colour of ash, greyish white. Analysis— ‘Aleiatinn fee oe ae Ferric oxide... 1-42 Shae Lime 74 | Soluble in acid Magnes bas ae ‘57 23°72 Suloborie oxide... on ‘11 Phosphoric ,, is oes “64 Alumina ... oA #a2 1602 Je in acid Silica. aa 60: a es Undetermined and loss 05 100-00 The ashes of these coals show a notable increase f ptm ol centage of silica, as compared with those of the other solubl nape they differ also in presenting a much lower ratio of before, insoluble alumina. The ratios, taking the insoluble as 1, a8 . 15 Val tO id. ka oes — : oor Lithgow ss The phosphoric oxide is intexmedatek $s Hunter River and Southern districts, but, re we roar te mar the a ditional quantity of insoluble ash as int troduce sources, it would more nearly approach the — COALS OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 177 There still remains to be referred to, the torbanite or kerosene mineral, of which New South Wales possesses deposits of incom- parable excellence, at Joadja Creek, near Berrima, Hartle ing sandstone rock. The following are analyses of the ash of each division of the seam Top Coal. Percentage of ash, 6-71. The ash was slightly pink-coloured and very voluminous, i indeed it occupies about once and a half or ce the space of any of the other ashes examined, and nearly the b bulk of the original coal. Analysis— — and chlorine ... 4:05 Soluble in water. Alum i isi pe BASS Wevtin cs oxide rae a eee Re ag nag lot Lime id is pre 20 94-43 Mag Pitcaiieie oxide 92 Alumina... = 9215 Ferric oxide: enc ... traces. { Insoluble in acid Sili = oe ... 48°86 71-01 Undetermined and loss’... “41 100-00 Torbanite. Percentage of ar 10-27 ; mati UE, 1,098; Analysis— colour of Foxx greyish Al . umina i w. 14-74 Ferric oxide. .; oes re ‘76 Soluble in acid Lime fee Fie ak oT 16-90 Magnesia “45 hk cn acid 65 Alum PTH, ts BO Ferrie 0 iia: ee ... traces. { Insoluble in acid Sili 7712 82-51 Undetermined and te sa 58 178 INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS OF THE Bottom Coal. Percentage of ash, 22°88 ; ash very dense, grey coloured. Analysis— Alkalies... a ..- 0°85 Soluble in water. Lime. 98 | Soluble in ei Magnesia ... a — 36 Phosphoric oxide ... ae “44 Alumina, --- acs ve 119 Insoluble in acid Ferric oxide... on ... traces. 49 Silica ae x 68°63 100-23 The ratios of the insoluble to soluble alumina in these ashes Top coal 1 05 Torbanite Tee ate =e ae Bottom coal ... =, a ee of the upper coal —— in this respect a great difference — all the others ined, whilst the other two are ured exactly the same result as before. The ratio with a increased solubility would, however, only be 1 : 1, which shows a meine difference from all the other coals. imilarity in composition of the ashes of the t torbanite t0 The those of the various coals, including the presence of @ 2 a" quanti of phosphoric oes does not a ar to = ai 2 the ‘nom 7S prot of torbanite the ash ae amounts to ‘10 per cent., 0 ak 7 per cent. is silica, and we can scarcely think that the 2 cme of alumina would suffice for the condensation of so many aa own weight of bitumen. It seems probable, rather, th ir mineral has been formed like coal deen plants either of @ pe kind or under oat conditions. That the conditions, fe tion have something to do with it is borne out by the of the of Mr. Fell, who has had much to do with the working 1 Chem. News, xxxi, 16. we 4 pinay COALS OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 179 mineral in this ae and who informs me that as the “cover” increases the mineral becomes denser and passes into a slaty coal, which does not yield either the same quantity or quality of liquid hydrocarbons on distillation {t is curious to note wink a large percentage of ferric oxide is required to communicate a decided colour to the ashes, and it appears a: pe to judge by appearance of the ins — resent. Thus, some of the Newcastle coals with 9 per cent. or a little over are “decidedly red, whilst the sir J mea Creek coal containing 11 per cent. had only a faint pink colour. Dr. there may “ a large quantity of ferric oxide present without communi its colour, and ascribes this to its being in the form of calcium faerie silicate. In the ashes of our coals there is very little lime, and yet the iron does not communicate nearly the same colour that it does in other instances, as, for example, in —— —. is of a very decided red if it contains 10 per cent. of ferri 0: * Determination of ash in coal, and incineration in general. Zeitschrift f. Anal. Chem, xix, p.131, Chem. News, xlii, p. 41. Rey ate, os Bl PT 2g an eet if = ae at “ oe eon 18] Upon the Composition of some New South Wales Coals. By A. Liversipax, Professor of Geology and Mineralogy in the University of Sydney. [Read before the Royal Society of N.S. W., 8 December, 1880.] Tue following paper contains the results of an examination into the chemical composition of some samples of certain New South Wales coals, “kerosene shale,” and of one or two carbonaceous minerals which, although they cannot properly be classed with the . . pe this. upon by me to that Department in 5. e proportions of moisture, volatile matter, fix ash, coke, and sulphur only were then determined, as information upon these points is uite sufficient for all ordina: oses. Shortly afterwards, as T had the remains of the specimens, I thought it would be desirable to determine the ultimate composition, and to ascertain the fuels, calculated from the percentage amounts of carbon and hydrogen, correspond with their evaporative powers as determined ¥ te ashes were analysed mainly because it was thought that a Knowledge of their chemical composition would be of service to the Course of great importance to many metallurgists to know the com- : coal which he uses, since some of the Constituents may have a bad effect upon the products of his fur- haces, and in some cases even render the metal useless for certain | Methods of Analysis.—I ma h ntion the methods of ‘pom — y perhaps mention the me : analysis followed, since it is sometimes of interest to any one going ss ctr be aateen Picasa me BONE z Annual Report of the Mining Department, 1875, p. 127. 182 _ NEW SOUTH WALES COALS, over similar ground to know what processes were employed ; and when it is wished to compare results it is often a great advantage to be able to use the same methods The proximate were made according to the well known process described in se Crooke’s “Select Methods in Chemical Analysis,” p. 368, in each oal y The specific gravity was determined upon the coal in the form of a coarse powder; the powder was allowed to soak in the specific gravity bottle, placed in a warm place, until air-bubbles ceased to be evolved, when cool the second weighing was proceeded with. dina: Calculated calorific intensity and evaporative pea lated according to the formula given by the same author, Pp. ate On examining the two sets of results, 7.e., the cal ra intensity and the calculated evaporative power as determined all the calorimeter, it will be at once apparent that they do not he cases place the coals in thesame order—there is no doubt that o things besides the absolute quantities of carbon, hydrogen, nt and ash, influence the production of heat and help to a re the value of a coal—we as yet really know very little as to ‘ioe the combustible elements are combined in coals, or whether a are differences in the mode of such combination in different oat —it is most probable that there are—but we do know that there considerable variations in the mechanical structure of coals, “gr must necessarily influence the rate of combustion and the amoun heat generated. vessels wet is a well-known fact that many command anes, ond tote longing to the Royal Navy, the + Mail Com oe: Fitenournal lines ates ccutharn to nertheed coal, mo a former tai ash, th lisad tage f the gr the of ash is considered to be counterbalanced by the ee: but southern coal burns uniformly and does not form a aif orther® when it is desired to get up steam rapidly, then the is preferred, NEW SOUTH WALES COALS. 183 the report’ to the Mining Department upon the theoretical evaporative power of certain piers I pointed out that “ these re ts represent the theoretical, ca c, or evaporative power of the samples, z.c., the weight of water Whisk would be conve steam by the complete combustion of one pound of each of the various coals respective “It must, however, be clearly understood that the actual heat- producing or evaporative power of a coa oal obtained in practice, — very greatly upon the size, construction, and form of both and boiler, as well as upon the method of firing or burning, d oe many other equally obvious circumstances ; it will, alike, as was oy tke case in the passes trials.” Analysis of the Ash.—The ash was prepared for analysis by incinerating the powdered coal in a muffle furnace at a dull red heat ; in order to obtain the ash as expeditiously as possible from a fairly large quantity of coal, a tray 10 x 6 x 1 inch feos. ae made out of stout platinum foil, was used for the incineration Silica, alumina, iron, lime, &c. ; the alkalies were de Separate portions Dr. J. Lawrence Smi rocess, i.¢, by fusion with calcium carbon ammonium chlori d : The phosphoric and sulphuric acids were also determined in separate portions of the ash ; as the proportion of phosphoric acid, where present, was shown by rth qualitative tests to be small, the molybdic acid process was employed, about two grammes weight of ash being taken in duplicate in each case NORTHERN DISTRICT. Waratah COoLuigRY. A. coop firm, bright coal, with well-mark ked lines of lamination, bright layers preponderate. Fracture fairly even, breaking into cuboidal masses. Layers of fibrous ‘¢mineral ¢ arcoal ” or “mother- of-coal” in between the bright layers; these are also to be observed in nearly all the other coals. Specilie gravity, 1-303. Proximate Petes Moi 2" oe Volatile hydrocarbons Sie oe Fixed carbon hc 532 Coke, 59°97 percent. Sulphur rete 12 ; 100-00 ROP omg ee ee * Report of the Mining Department, Sydney, 1877, p. 207. 184 NEW SOUTH WALES COALS. Coke.—Good, firm, bright and silvery lustre, well swollen up, with small caulits ower-like excrescenses. Ash,—Loose and flocculent, reddish colour. Ultimate Analysis. arbon 81°06 Dried at 100° C. Hydrogen 581 xygen 6°52 Sulphur. 1°14 Nitrogen 1°23 sh 4:24 —_— The calorific intensity calculated from the above is 8,271 units According to experiments with the calorimeter 1 Ib. of thse would convert 14-3 lbs. of water into steam. Analysis of Ash. Silica... me = sa oo . doo Tron cc neg ee o ai oe aay ER Ge: i el . absent Magnesia... ae ae one site 30 Mg oy ie x es ie Mae Pacephonts One: :.. oie se ... ‘trace Sulphuric acid ea ne ae ee Erie: Nodular Coal.—A smooth, rounded, nodule of f anthracis ol coal h than the ordinary coal, in which I understand it was am embedded—the rounded form is apparently not due to attrition the action of running water ; but appears to be of a concretionary nature. On being struck with a hammer the massflew to pieces, casi itd been in a state of strain or tension; the fragments W nodules showed conchoidal fracture surfaces. I believe that these are sometimes met with of much larger size. Specific gravity, 1-294. Proximate Analysis. etatys oi by ae olatile drocarbons ses ves vee Fixed cuticle oe Sulphur ~ = vii ecg | | | | | NEW SOUTH WALES COALS, 185 Ultimate Analysis. Carbon ... ee oe ar -- 83°828 Driedat 100°C, Hydrogen ane =“ aa Oxygen one ie vs itrogen 5-47 100°00 ee calorific intensity, 8,235. would y experiments with the calorimeter 1 1b. of this coal convert TD: 92 Ibs. of water into steam Analysis of Ash. Silica a = ee ee Alumina ... re . 2 Tron sesquioxide . 3 Lime Soi a A ive ote 00 a a see tee ove vee v4 19 ee Phos horie acid ... ae seat a Sulphuric acid ; via Sole 100°59 NEW SOUTH WALES COALS, 191 WESTERN DISTRICT. BowENFELLs. ten lustre, rather strongly laminated ; lamine of bright coal thin. Does not soil the fingers. Fracture is in parts large iechind al, Specific gravity, 1:399. Proximate Analysis. Moisture...... w5$ ~2°36 Volatile. hydro- carbons... i. wc PBS —— arbon is en .. 56°54 Sulphur 1:35 100°00 Coke.—Does not cake; only a loose and incoherent black ittecd left. —Heavy, white. Dried at 100" C. Ultimate Analysis. le : ee ee ae gt ydrogen ? Oxygen 9°65 Sebpiner 1°38 Nitrogen 93 ASD ui. 11°67 100°00 Calculated calorific — 7,245. According to experimen: with the calorimeter 1 Ib. of this coal would convert 12°65 lbs. = water into steam. Analysis @ iste Po. = ° Bi Were pt ie ise ce Se Iron reaquioxide me : va rac Mas : se: 36 oe eee os Phosphoric acid (P,O 2). ves tate Sulphuric acid (SO,) ee Sat 22 100-71 EskKBANK. A good compact coal ; soils the fingers ; lustre dull ; lamine ‘not well defined Specific gravity TS35, 192 NEW SOUTH WALES COALS. Proximate Ana saan veh ydro-carbous.. Fixed ie >: 7 con EE Sa Sages: 93 es Coke, 62:88 percent, Sulphur ... 4 100°00 Coke.—Fair, but Page tender. Ash.— t w colour. Dried at 100° C Ultimate Analysis. arbon cep RE ie 72:30 Hydrogen 5-43 som 6°65 8 — 1°60 Nitrogen 85 h 1317 100°00 Calculated calorific intensity, 7,426. ii. eriment with the calorimeter 1 Ib. of this coal would yY exp convert 12°65 lbs. of water into steam. Analysis of Ash. Silica Fe ee y Si of ies ‘a 62°15 Man sesquioxide.... 1:20 ganese it ie ’ i : ke esla Posh 2:10 Soda hits 19 Phosphoric acid ... ae ulphuric ,, ... a Loss we . “68 100°00 VAL E OF CLwy Peon 3% A “compact coal ; sited in on ae whole, the righ layers being fairly numerous ; fracture irregular ; a fresh * does not soil the sian Specific gravity, 1-323. Proximate Analysis. Moisture 210 Volatile hydro-carbons 33°35 Fixed carbon ... —... io Am 9°80 Sulphur... 1°37 , 100-00 NEW SOUTH WALES COALS. 193 Coke.—Hard, compact, and fairly lustrous. Ash,—Of a very feeble grey tint. Dried at 100° C. Ultimate Analysis. ne -98 69°86 Hydrogen 5°82 gen 11°89 Sulphur . 1°40 Nitrogen . 1°02 h 10°01 100°00 Calculated calorific intensity, 7,138. g to experiments with the calorimeter, 1 Ib of this coal m. Accordin: would convert 12:10 lbs. of water into s Analysis of Ash. Silica an — oe ae af 59°55 umina ... $8 os — sea 37°35 Tron sesquioxide ... 2°00 ae traces e tte 53 Magnesia ... traces eotash = =... ef So ‘ * Phosphoric ” Sulphuric (SO,) s 18 100-00 Litacow VALLEY. Has much the ei mae of the Vale of Clwydd coal. Does not soil the fingers Specific gravity, 1 329. Proximate Analysis. i Moisture nat che aa Volatile hydro-carbons - see a Fixed carbon ... sis pe ‘al = 10" 2 Coke, 62°46 percent. Sulphur 100-00 ine oke.—Hlard, compact, and fairly Iustrous—about the same as 194 NEW SOUTH WALES COALS. Ash,—White in colour. Dried at 100° C. Ultimate Analysis ‘arbon 69°41 Hydrogen 6°10 xygen 11°70 Sulphur 1-44 Nitrogen 1-03 sh 10°32 100-00 Calculated calorific intensity, 7,206. According to experiments with the eo 1 Ib of this coal would convert 12:10 lbs. of water into s Analysis of Ash. Silica ; ‘ tes 59°10 Tron oe A “40 — i traces Magnesia ... : we os: : traces Pudehboete acid (P 0 Gys0 ee ‘20 Sulphuric acid (SO,)_... far oie 43 100°23 SOUTHERN DISTRICT. Mount Kemsla. coal of medium brightness, with laminated structure, break- ing with a granular surface in places; splits readily akin | planes of lamination. The bright layers are tender, and small pieces with conchoidal surfaces. Specific gravity 1-363. Proximate bee: Moist : 4 Volatile. hydrocarbons .. oe “ne ae Fixed carbon ae 10°72 Sulphur : bes 100°00 ——— e coke Coke.—Coal does not cake, therefore no tu dull black fritted mass only is left. NEW SOUTH WALES COALS. 195 Ash.—Brilliant white colour. Dried at 100° C. Ultimate Analysis. Carbon 80°67 Hyd 5°30 Oxygen 158 Sulphur “87 Nitrogen “70 h 10°88 100-00 Calculated calorific — 8,276. According to experiments with the calorimeter, 1 Ib. of this coal would convert 13-21 Ibs. ot water into steam. Analysis of Ash. Silica 52°57 Alumina .., 43 Tron sesquoixide 95 traces ese 1°35 Magnesia “60 Potash 15 Phosphoric acid (P,O,) ... ne ie ‘17 Sulphuric acid (SO,)_... ae aie 79 100°40 Movunt Kerra Coan Possesses much the same characters as the last, only soils the fingers rather more readily. Specific gravity, 1-379. Proximate Analysis. i Moisture... ne a 115 Volatile hydro-carbons ... - 2351 Fixed carbon me ais, : nk pts 9-70 | Coke, 74°35 per Sulphur 100-00 Coke.— and much swollen up, with cauli- Pat ike —, Bd, fairly 1 lustrous, muc up 196 NEW SOUTH WALES COALS. Ash.—Loose, brilliant white colour. Dried at 100° C. Ultimate Analysis. mn 78°82 Hydrogen 517 ygen 3°87 Sulphur 1:00 Nitrogen 1:33 oe 9°81 100°00 Calculated calorific intensity, 7,983. According to experiments with the calorimeter, 1 Ib. of He coal would convert 12°92 lbs. of water into steam. Analysis of Ash. Silica ... on roe a nics ws SOO Iron sesquioxide ... Sys wa ... traces Manganese ... et ia pa ... absent Magnesia... ae at ie cia a Potash 10 Soda wee eee ee eee pr al ata si nis ane ... absent Su peat +o eve tee see ” 100°00 This ash practically answers to the formula Al,O; 2 Sid, BERRIMA. 3 A good firm coal, but more tender than the others. The bright ayers present in fair proportion. Specific gravity, 1:364. Proximate Analysis. Moi ie Volatile h dro-carbons ic S28 © Fixed ca: ae a 5385 | Coke, 64:24 per eB” Ash ee ae 10°40 Sulphur 1:28 — Coke.—Bright and lustrous ; very much ‘uch swollen up. Ash.—White. Dried at 100° C. NEW SOUTH WALES COALS. 197 Ultimate Analysis. Carbon i 100°00 The colour of the ash is reddish white. When the portion of the powdered coa is heated : vessel, the gases evolved burn with a yellow -Tuminos se pee smoky flame, and a slightly lustrous coherent differs little in bulk from the original coal. cal Ihave inserted the following analysis here for OF 2 since it is too short a matter to publish separately. gen NEW SOUTH WALES COALS. 199 ALLORA, QUEENSLAND. A specimen of coal from near to Allora, a small township on the Dalrymple Creek, about 14 miles from Warwick. Specific gravity, 1-284. Proximate Analysis. ine, re a Loss at 1 2 os i 5°75 Volatile hydro-carbons _... ee: .. 44°98 Fixed carbon ies we ees 40°59 ABE ccs ad pak vas ste wer U2 Sulphur ze i aa ws = “66 100-00 The coal is bright, with almost a jet-like lustre ; in parts very firm and compact ; free from earthy layers; does not soil the t cally the same as those which appeared in that report, but with such alterations as are rendered necessary by the additional information yielded by the examination of further specimens. LE I. NortHern District CoAL.s. Proximate Constituents. Volatile Fixed Name of Colliery. ect phaarp. em: Ash. am Sp. gr. | Coke. ag Soc SEL PP Beet aueguinde cet eT ee eee 1:95 | 44°09| 4995] 270| 1-41] 1274] 52°65 WWW doetncs de cei rie: 9-95 | 39-01; 54°41) 272) 141) 1287) 57°13 yeep, aa 2-21 | 36-70| 5582| 415| 112/ 1303| 5097 be oa tot ape ae ea o75| s4i7| 57-22| 4:64) 122| 1333] 61°36 Cardiff Mine... ............ 1°85 | 43°35 | 49°49 4°94 34 | 1286 | 54°43 A. A. Coy’s Mine, Newcastle.| 2-20] 33°60| 5752] 535 | 133| 1-207| 6287 tee epee 1741! 4110| 47:90} 780] 1-46} 1323] 55°70 = ta coals in the above table are arranged in order, according to : and the last the largest weight of ash. With the excep- Hon of the specimens from Anvil Creek and the Cardiff Mine it is 200 NEW SOUTH WALES COALS. Speaking generally, the coals which yield a large percentage of volatile hydro-carbons may be said to be the best adapted for the manufacture of gas. It will also be at once apparent that the specific gravity in most cases affords a very good indication of the quality of the coal. As a general rule, ordinary coals which possess a hi specific gravity contain a large proportion of as TABLE II. WESTERN District CoALs. Proximate Constituents. _ Name of Colliery. oa “bydro- et a vn Sp. gr. | Coke. prea Wallerawang .............. 1:95 | 2725 | 61:86 | 8-04 | .... | 1808 | 1 Do. vets 151 | sa24 | 55-74 | 950 | .... | 2ose | OM Vale of Clwydd ............ 210 | 33:35 | 53-38 | 9:30 | 137 | 1323 | 6% Lithgow Valley ............ 1-95 | 3418 | 52:34 | 1012 | 1°41 | 1929 | 6246 Bowenfells ................ 2-36 | 23°35 | 5654 | 1140 | 1-85 | 1309 | None Wide | 200 | 33°55 | 49-07 | 1201 | 157 | 1895 | 628 - is noticeable that the quantity of ash yielded by these western coals is much greater than is yielded by the northern ones, also that the specific gravity is higher as a rule. e ash in all the specimens examined is white and _— whereas many of the northern coals yield ashes of a buff or tint, which are often quite loose and flocculent. It is a common opinion that the relative amounts of _ present in different coals can be approximately estimated by al redness of the ash—on the supposition that the whole of the phur exists in the coal in the form of iron pyrites—but such the case ; on referring to the analyses on the Northern ee coals, it will be seen that some of the coals which left pure oa coloured ashes contained the largest amount of sulphur & that others which left red ashes contained the smallest quantity of sulphur. in Sulphur may be present in coals in vari 8 combination with iron as pyrites, which is the most io w. . ¢ col of all—as sulphuric acid in combination with ; potash ; stituents of the coal, such as alumina, lime, magnesia, OF or it may even exist in the form of organic compounds. NEW SOUTH WALES COALS. 201 TABLE ITI. SouTHERN District CoALs, Proximate Constituents. Volatile} ,,-. Name of Colliery. Loss at | pydro- | Fixed | ash. |sulphur| Sp. gr.| Coke. 100°C. serbian: Carbon. Nattai. 8-2 87°96 4 a 87 Mount Keira 115 23°51 64°65 9°70 99 1°379 74°35 Se en eee 1°70 32°78 53°84 | [10°40 1-28 1°364 24 Mount Kembla... ............ 150} 19°74] 67°18| 10° 86; 1 none Bulli (R. ED ising cca 1-03 61°61 131 54 1-471 74°78 In order that an opinion may be formed with regard to the coals ace. On this account a kind of coal called ‘ brasils,’ which occurs in the middle of the Tenyard coal in South Staffordshire, is preferred for reverberatory furnaces some smelters in Birmingham.”* Neither must the quality or chemical composition of the ash be Percentage of Ash. Minimum. Mean. Maximum. Northern Coal-fields of 2-10 ‘aes wit seven —. sah Sing a boa ee 8°94 10.44 12-91 aR Southern Coalfields of a five samples........... 9°70 10-99 3:17 202 NEW SOUTH WALES COALS. w English aga ee coking coal contains pate 0:79 to 2-49 per cent. ash (see Percy’s Metallurgy, vol. i, p- 99), and averages 168, The Nottinghamshire contains 34 Staffordshire coal varies from 1:55 to 6-44, and South Wales from 1:20 to 7-18 ; Scotch coals from - a to 6°75; so ese as far as the sfetinies of ash is concerned, some of our erm ual to the Welsh and Scotch coals, sik but: little ns ata the English Newcastle coal. A matter to which it is necessary Ne pay careful attention is the proportion of sulphur present in a coal. The presence of a large amount of this element not only lila the use of the coal unpleasant for domestic purposes, but makes it useless for most manufacturing and metallurgical operations. The quantity of sulphur soar: in the New South Wales coals is by no means excessive, and they will in this respect compare not unfavourably with those of aie countries. Percentage of Sulphur. Minimum. Mean. Maximum. | Northern Coal-fields... ... ‘34 1:18 Leg 8 Eee RCT Regen a ey 1°42 157 Southern me cog ‘91 1°28 | vant co (England)! ; ‘BD 97 151 Playfair and De la Beche found during their investigation for the English Government, that the mean pereentage of sulphur was as follow: wai coal wid site ... 1°42 per cent. sulphur Derbyshire 3 bes ae DOL. Heh ie cashire _ ne ie ES, oe ” Newcastle a ei ti OBR gps a Scotland ... i ae ” hand, i sie id Most of the secondary and tertiary coals, on contain a larger onary of enn om ily two or three sometimes as much as even 5-0 or 6° : Composition of the Ashes.—In the table showing the Peat composition of the ashes it will be noticeable there are : ferences in the amounts of silica, alumina, and of iro Some of the ashes, however, in the different groups see fairly well together, and although the samples came districts, yet it may be that they are from an exte (! Vide Percy’s “ Metallurgy,” vol. 1.) NEW SOUTH WALES COALS. 203 “same seam. ‘The composition of the ashes as well as of the coals may help us to correlate the coal seams of the different districts one with the other, 7.¢e., assist in determining their positions in a geological section of the whole of the coal measures as developed in different parts of the Colony. Judging from the composition of the ashes, one would be inclined to say, that not only do certain. of the coals in ‘each district come from the same seam, but that the western coals from Vale of Clwydd and Lithgow Valley belong to the same horizon as the southern coal from Berrima ; but much importance cannot be attached to this matter, certainly it would different parts of the working face. It would be well to take some tons weight of the coal, which should be broken up into pieces of moderate size and well mixed. From this heap portions should thrown into a smaller heap of a few hundred-weights ; after this smaller heap has been well mixed portions should be again removed radially and a third time well mixed ; this last could then doubt- less be regarded as a true sample and not a mere specimen, as a single lump of coal must necessarily be. Too much care cannot Possibly be taken over the collection and preparation of samples. NEW SOU%.i WALES COALS. 13-61 ao 8L:-FL |80 -E |1€ -8t | seo | .°" i : TLY¥ | ‘ 2) 1a | Git | edoy | 9090 lof. les 0 | Get | ono) | oeetl ean ee 6e boat \ sac JG A ow: &6-61 S861 G&-FL |SL-T |18 -6 | 00-T | S&T L8-€ LI -G \28 -8L | 6LE-T | BILD FUNOPL 1G-81 9LZ8 3 OG -T |88 -OL | 48-0 | OL-0 | 8&-T | O€ -¢ |L9 -08 | 898-1 | BIQuISy FUNOPL “‘gopuy) 0698 GLE-G6 |L8G-§ |99G-F | VIL, ac 88-0 | G09-8 \9FG- 16 ad | seeereee Peqqe Ny ‘STVOQ LOIMLSIG] NUTHLAOS “TIT OL-61 SEL ST-€9 | O13 | 10-01 | OFT | 2O-T | 68-IT | 2S | 98-69 | &E-1 | ppsaiD 70 OTA OL-S3L 906L 9F-29 6-1 G8-OL | FFT 60-1 OL-IL | O1-9 TP-69 | 668-T | AeA MOTWT C9.61 CPSL ie 98-G L9.IT | 88-1 6-0 | 9-6 | 9-G | GL-0L | 668-T | STPyUSMOg ¢9-61 9ZFL 88-29 | 00-3 | LI-€L | 09-T | 8-0 | 99-9 | hE | O8-GL | SEE-T | queqyeg ‘STVOD LOIMLSIC] NUMISTAA “TT 2 Los Sh-FG | €48-1 | F0-G | S80 | €0-L | 96-9 | SEF | S628 | 9841 |" our, BIPre) C9-31 6008 OL-SG | FL -1| 86-4 | ShI | OFT | L0-9 | 16-9 | SILL | 838-1 qoory [Ary 16-61 FE08 G9-2G | G8 -T | ole | SFT ToT 9F-OL | SF-9 LE-LL | FLZ-1 oUTPL 8 [[ossny Té-§1 8028 SI-LG | SB -Z| SL | FL | SFI | $86 | 09-9 | TF-8L | L841 ezory) 66-61 CES8 18:39 | 06 -@| L¥G | 98-T | 64-0 | SOL | 8-9 | OL-8L | 164-1 epsVoMEN “OD “VV 0€-FL TLZ8 16-68 1G -@ | F2-F | FLT €Z- 1 Ze.9 18-¢ | 90-18 | 808-T TePUIE AA 16-81 2&8 98-19 | SL -3| LL | G61 89-0 | 80-4 92-9 | 96-64 | SEE. PucsTTe A -q10700 WA te ‘ysy |amyding ovat “ueSAXO bint “uoqazg qT | -nopeo. *quoo aod |°4u00 a0d : “AQLARTD ye00'] q weeys | Aysuoqut| ‘oyog | ‘zoey, oypod: FUT pozOA | OYLIOTeD biucong -U00 JOzUM *£jUo 10yVM Jo dATsNjoxe “yue0 sod uo sodtu0g ‘STVOQ LOIMISIGQG NYMHLUON “T ‘AI WIAVL 205 NEW SOUTH WAi_S COALS. “en hac lose. stl. lose. \sev-1 | guosqu logo-e | 168-49 | er9.6a | ol8-2t | our "9014 ce A2PYS' auasosay »,—" AT 90-0 | 9981} | SL-0 | Z-0 “sees | GT-0 | 9T-0 | OF-0 00-18 QP L9 OF-OL | _ SUILLIOg: 61.0 | LI. | 26-0 | St-0 | 09-0 | ge-T | 99% | 96-0 | go-eF | LO-29 | GL-OL | BEquiey yunoW quesqe |guosqe | OT.Q | ‘**'t | sovay | cowry |guosqe | c0v1y | gg.gF 00-88 OL6 | ello FUNOW *8)D0D poWwISIG UsIYINOG— "TIT op |auesqe| zt. |e. | 96 | ge. « lon | eper | ogee | cit [criti coc pasoqzeqqee a, ZiT | 0. 6-0 | OLS | SLT | S&T i. PO 1 EF-6% CL-29 16-21 | yueq3ysy 2z-0 | 60. | GEO | 98-0 | 908I} | GZ.0 * | ¢9.0 | 9.62 | S169 | OFIL | ST}oyTOMOG, £F-0 | 03 ** | sov13 | 08-0 | ¢8-0 “« | 0F-0 | 96-88 | OL-69 | GLO | Aoi MOST 6E-0 | cov | oovay |quosqe | covey | gc.q | cov | 00% | Ge-Le | S¢69 | 086 | PPAATO Jo OTe A ° “9D0 JIS. wtoq8944 —"TI 9¢.0 : 21-0 | 20% | 6-0 | OL-F es 00:3 0S-OF 91-0¢ GRE reeves outtoads pug ‘yeerQ TLAUy G8-0 | 9081} | €F-O | &L-3 OL-0 | 04-S wd IL-3 ¥8-8E OL-8F 08-L sot) [AUy 90-1 | "| 20-0 | 61-0 | g¢.0 | cov | 18-61 | 06-58 | 90-09 | Geg fv ours Aaedut0n “y “Vy G2-G | F-0 | Gae | 69-0 80-T ¢0-8 09:6 13-6 Le.ge 9€-8E ¥6-F our PIprey I¢-P | GL- 90vl, | 9001} | OF-0 | GE-F | €O-T 60-96 | FUSS 0-68 9-F pues|[?@ AA ot |‘. | goo |-ce-t | 08-0 | 967 | 7" | Lee] BRMe ] OLE | She fe er Nee © ieere al LL.O | 90813 | 61-0 | 28-0 | 9083 | c6.gG |" ’ | OFF | 6668 | FI-8h | GL-% ieee BORE) 8-1 lee 2 | ShGe 67-0 | OG | c8. 1, C9.88 O€:- FF OLS oul, §,[[ossny onmyd | onoud | -wpog | -yswjog “Se | OUT sounk -qubsog | -euyumry | -eomg | 40 odfeyu09 “Ayyreoory “Ing | -S04a -uvy | uoay 0d "8IDOD FORUIEIT UntOY ILO NT —"T ‘HSV 40 NOLLISOaWORQ ‘A HTaAViL 206 NEW SOUTH WALES COALS. KEROSENE SHALE. The name “kerosene shale” is not at all appropriate. The mineral does not possess the properties of a shale, 2.¢., it has not the charac- teristic lamellar or platy structure of a shale. and specimens melting, and emits a luminous smoky flame. When heated in a tube it neither decrepitates nor fuses, but a mixture of gaseous and liquid hydro-carbons distils over. : In colour it varies from a brown-black, at times with a shade, to full black. The lustre varies from resinous to dull. The fracture is usually broad conchoidal, but the concavities are some times very deep in proportion to their breadth, and at times long exible concave-convex strips can be detached. When struck it emits a dull wooden sound. e powder is light brown to grey 5 the streak shini It usually weathers to a light grey colour, and the ae mE the joints also are often coated with a white m. : : It is easily cut into shavings. Thin sections under the ee scope present a reticulated appearance. The network is blac and opaque, enclosing brown and amber-coloured translucent particles. ‘ the Prof. Silliman has proposed the name of Wollongongwe it ne mineral ; but this has not come into general use, neither is 104 appropriate name, since the specimen sent to him was M! Wollongong, but from Hartley. All the Wollongong oil are which I have seen are of quite a different character ; eles true black carbonaceous shales with well marked lamination, ©. often contain fossil ferns, especially the fronds of the glossopter® No chemical examination has yet been made of any of ae Unless it be decided to give the mineral a new name, : suggest that it would be better to call it cannel coal = pa pr rather than kerosene shale, since the oil which it yiel ale, and bably not kerosene, and the substance itself 1s not a si cS moreover it is not very widely separated, either 1D phy or Be perties or in chemical composition, from either torbanite oals. NEW SOUTH WALES COALS 207 1. From Joadja Creek. Black, with a brownish shade ; breaks with a large and well- marked conchoidal fracture. prone gravity 1°103. Proximate Analysis. Loss at 100° C. aS és ee ied | Volatile hydro-carbons ts aa .. 73364 ixed carbon ie ae ew - nm ey ie Sulphur Roe rh cere ie ae = 4. A specimen from Murrurundi, of a dark grey, wey, almost black colour, but spotted with small et8e of a white clay-like sub- stance, gave the following results Proximate Analysis Loss 00° C. ue, wo EGS Volatile hydo- Sulphur... pis aie . ‘911 100-000 Dried at 100° C. Ultimate — posts ... 65°610 Pi aul nitrogen is oe ae eae oe rm , 924 Ash .. 167108 100°000 Analysis of Ash. Silica a ath ies 8 .. 29°643 Alaa 8 ot ee Iron sesquioxide ... a a a Manganese... absent i 1°438 M i ‘250 Potash “748 Phosphoric acid “744 NEW SOUTH WALES COALS. 209 6. Another sample from the Greta Mine gave the following ts :— Proximate cca Loss at 100° C. cae a Volatile —— carbons vile oi Fixed ¢ 25°13 13°21 Fancace 7. From the central part of a section taken from the a seam, where it is m ee from mineral matter. Exhibited a the Agricultural Society’s Show, 1873. Proximate nese Moisture and volatile hye carbons .. 82°24 Fixed carbon 4:97 Ash ee ae os * oe 12°79 100°00 Specific gravity, 1-052. : Ultimate Analysis. Dried at 100° C. arbon 1 Hydro eee 11370 ; a d sulphur a 6" nye, ™ sie - re a 4 gee 100°000 ollowing analyses of Torbanite, Cannel Coal, oal, and Albertite were eceraaly made to see how they one in composition with the New South Wales kerosene shale ToRBANITE. ee a Edinburgh. es lhe Pele colour, | Seat Ugo inde Oa. BUD Eee Scattered over with minute 9 Se particles. Specific vity, : Proximate Analysis. See ie oes eee Po tile hydro-carbons, &c. ees : Fixed carbon —_.. “ . _9°045 Ash (white) ; 20°540 100°000 Does not form a coke—a black powder only is left. “ See “Minerals of New South Wales” p. 37, by A. Liversidge. 210 NEW SOUTH WALES COALS. CANNEL COAL. Wigan, England. 9. Black, well marked Sheichosdat fracture, eae streak and black powder. Specific eravity, 1-259. _Proximate gaansacer Loss 1°464 Volatile hydrocarbons &e. . i ple a Fixed carbon . aes 9 Aer Rete as here ee ii | 32688 ap 100-000 A bright lustrous coke is left, somewhat cauliflower-like in rm. ALBERTITE. ew Brunswick. 10. Intensely black, highly lustrous with well marked conchoidal re. Specific gravity, 1°105. Proximate ee Volatile hydro-earbons, & o . 57°490 pone arbon : — ~~ 42° 424 100°002 The ash is of a very pale brown colour . The coke is highly —, much swollen, hollow, like a bladder with smooth outward surface TA en No. VI. ‘“‘ KEROSENE SHALES” COMPARED WITH OTHER HrpR0-Cseeee | Os. ific : is: | BES | Fixed url SPO No. Locality. an 238 carbon. Ash. |Sulphu Gravity Sing eeu 599 | 1064 2 | Joadja Creek (No.2) ...... 0-44 | 93:961 | 8035 | TOTS | OM) jy o%9 3 | Joadja he No. > eae: 0-04 | 82-123 | 7°160 | 10°340 Lae? 7 | Hertey Wiles 00... 2.6. .... | S224 | 407 | 1279 |” eae) 108 1 | Joadja Croak (MG TN ose 116 | 73°364 | 15°765 | 9175 —_ br. Perey Mold Flints reve | 2191 6-01 Bere Oe CTC) ewes er cicces eee “AQ ors + “een iis | 71382 | 6-467 | 19936 | 0949 - _ Torbanite, Torbane Hill (27, ‘ ey Howes Hr | mar | 765 | mae fe _ Cannel Coal, Scotland (Dr. ose P wh .... | OO77 | 1046 | I 8 | Torbanite, Torbane Hill... 0°720 | 69°695 | 9045 | 2000) 77} an - aber Mine 48 | 6118 | 2513 | 18 110 tite, from Bruns- dete yet we. | 57490 | 42086 | O82] cay Hed 5 Greta ! Mine 1-475 | 53°78 | 27-046 War vies Ve 9 | Cannel Coal, Wigan........ 1-464 | 45°900 | 45519 Pee NEW SOUTH WALES COALS. 211 11. Hypro-carson—WarataH Mine. Amongst the specimens in the oe collection is a ho of grey-coloured shale containing a curious more or less rectangu- lar pipe-like perforation filled with a pices aceous mineral. There is no history to this specimen, but it is labelled “over the Waratah seam,” hence it doubtless came from the colliery of that name, The mineral is jet black, highly lustrous, very brittle, breaking into long more or ess regular our-sided prismatic pieces. ese risms run at right angles to two of the walls of the pipe. The cross fracture is conchoidal—the powder or streak is black. The powdered mineral is insoluble in alcohol, bisulphide of carbon, benzol, ether, ammonia, caustic soda, and odium sul- eal but itis partly soluble in boiling nitric acid, yielding a brown Readily inflammable, does not fuse, burns with a smoky lumi- nous flame and disagreeable smell On platinum foil swells up but slightly. Specific gravity, 1:30. Hardness about 2. Proximate Analysis. Loss at 100° C. Me : : Volatile hydro-carbons & &e. He ‘174 Fixed carbon Be, a3 772 Coke, M : oe 64'836 pl Sulphur ‘ 2380 The ash is of a rich brown colour, light and spongy. No = is found ; the residue is fritted together and slightly alias Ultimate —— | Moisture at 100° C 3° — 70°246 ydrogen 5 Oxygen 17°630 Sulphur 2-380 Ash 1-064 100-000 It does not quite agree with any described mineral, but on the whole it seems to resemble albertite more closely than any other. 5 mposition does not yield a satisfactory formula. It is unnecessary to make a new mineral species of this sub- R 212 NEW SOUTH WALES COALS. 12. Boe Burren. A soft white, somewhat unctuous substance, like fat, = hie. less greasy ; inclined t to crumble to pieces when pressed. Probably a form of adipocer Found bebween Twofold Bay and Brogo. Dried at 100° C. Ultimate Analysis. ‘bon “Ses i? a 80° Hydrogen 5°618 Nitrogen 5461 n 1 Ash. 6-720 100-000 The above results do not afford a satisfactory formula. 213 On some New South Wales Minerals. By A. Liversipex, Professor of Geology and Mineralogy in the University of Sydney. [Read before the Royal Society of N.S. W., 8 November, 1880.] ALUNOGEN. commonly met with elsewhere in the caves and under overhanging ledges of the sandstone rocks of the Colony. Analysis. Water oP ie mae iis iets) 47°S88 Matter insoluble in water bins pace Le Alumina ... ee gee se sa SASS Sulphuric acid ie: wa wv. =84°635 Soda... te = a woes “931 Potash a me oa aes me 337 100-000 The formula for the above is practically Al,0,3SO, + 18H,0. Another specimen from the same place was found to contain a hotable quantity of magnesium sulphate. Analysis. Water by difference on < ... 47°388 Silica sere a Ore ee 1-908 Alumina... 13°113 Sulphuric acid 3-067 A a opt ah 100-000 ANDRADITE—ComMoNn GARNET. Found associated with magnetite at Wallerawang ; of a brown colour, rather dull. ized in rhombic dodekahedra. Com pare the composition of this crystallized garnet with the massive.— magnetite from Wallerawang.) 214 NEW SOUTH WALES MINERALS, Analysis. aemeervs » moisture ... 322 Car =e ae as 1-982 Silica asf tsa ae v5 . 34164 Alumina ... ask its me =a 3°251 Tron sesquioxide ... se i «oy 20435 »» protoxide ... ? ee 931 Manganese protoxide “553 Lime ey ast we ue .. 28°508 Magnesia ... ae “= me ... absent Potash... = a ike vii “341 Soda os a Me a i “186 Loss < ae oe AS ae "532 100-000 ATACAMITE. Crystallized in radiated groups of small acicular crystals. Dark Siberia colour, vitreous lustre, apple-green streak, translucent New South Wales ; but exact locality unknown. Analysis. Water lost at 105° ae vad as 536 : om emmy direct... ape av. 18956 Copper o di er Copper cl hori ide sai > 1328 Silica and insoluble matter vou ee 100°017 BIsMUTHITE. Hydrated carbonate of bismuth, in the form of dull iM or white earthy-looking rolled fragments—usu usually about size of a pea, but sometimes larger pieces are fo ai with a dull earthy fracture. Found with the stream oe most parts of the New England tin district. From Ponds Hardness = 3 to 4. ne Silica .. _4°695 Bismuth trioxide (Bi,O,)... 76-061 umina a es of iron sesquioxide... 1-983 Carbine aci eh . ae wos he Water, age difference _— a vecimen is more or ia above ny not agree with the — formula gi 4 the “hho of the silica, alumina, : : aay NEW SOUTH WALES MINERALS, 215 CACHOLONG. A specimen of opaque porcelain white cacholong — into white opal. ‘id ne to the tongue. Hardness 5-6. From oe Tumut Riv Sp. gr. = 1°884. Analysis. Water lost at 105°C... st eo aoe i it ses OSS Silica 88-811 Alemninis and traces of iron n sesquioxide... 1-206 e ie . 1134 Magnesia ve ve ats eit “485 Loss ... 626 100°000 The loss is probably eerie A a to the difficulty of driving off the whole of the combined w: CHLOROPAL. Found in veins in the basalt at Two-mile Flat, near Mudgee. = eb pistachio- -green colour—earthy, somewhat fibrous in parts powder. Emits an argillace ous odeer when breathed upon. Before the blowpipe blackens, does not fuse, becomes magnetic. ene eohlorie acid is decomposed, silica being left. Does not a = Analysis. Water lost at xs Op oct ie Ae eee >> bin : oe ee a §°224 Silica re ‘ii re) ... 49°657 Tron sesquioxide ae ie dt ye {29108 Manganese es of wet ... traces esia cou a oat f Soda, 5 Potash 170 100°185 Copper. Diffused grains of metallic copper occur in a dark grey porphy- ~ phonolite near Kiama. CHRYSOCOLLA. massive specimen, of a bluish-green colour—much darker oti than within. Breaks with a somewhat splintery and — — Fracture, Brought from rome as a specimen of jasper. = 4. Sp. gr. 2°37 to 2-4 216 NEW SOUTH WALES MINERALS. Analysis. Water lost at 120°C. ... re xii 11°92 red heat ... act See 9 Copper oxide — a a te Tron ie ai Sos trace sien a re 43°11 29 100-00 Which does not answer to the usual formula. It is probable that some of the silica exists in the free state. GROSSULARITE. Lime alumina garnet. From near Mudgee ; of a rich dark brown colour ; translucent. Imperfectly crystallized i in groups of large rhombic dodekahedra. tenes | Silica ae are es 40°17 Alumina ... a oi ... sae Tron sesquioxide . apuape Re 285 | Tron oh se 4G 3165 een :protoxide ts a a 3°700 | ia (it | M Te ee dil cae C logue Re ee 254 | 100°072 | HALLOYSITE. Black ; brittle ; conchoidal fracture ; black streak on zi Somewhat greasy feel; does not atten to the tongue. readily scratched by nail, leaving shiny ‘ Collected by Mr. ©. 8. Wilkinson, F.G.S., from near Berrima Analysis. Water lost at 105°C... ee ie », combined... ne es a Silica up sie oe ee 45°99 oe gay se P ai ee . es ee Te 100°000 HaMatITE. Oty in irregalat common in the Hawkesbury sandstone, a noduless deposi, crevices, —_ as concretionary masses he sand and gives a red streak. Is often more or less mixed other impurities. NEW SOUTH WALES MINERALS. 217 The following analysis was made upon a specimen collected in the neighbourhood of Sydney Sp. gr. 4:49. Analysis. Water lost at el Re ee ee 646 Silica Ss 4°210 Alumina ... ‘71 Iron sesquioxide 90° 3» protoxi 3°632 Manganese trace em ase eal ‘ — agnesia .. ae aa ee ia — Phosphoric acid ... she ube ... absent 100-000 _ The above results show the specimen to be an extremely good ore. HamatitTE, Brown. A massive form, dark ead fe. es black colour ; brown streak. Somewhat vesicular in p From the neighbourhood of J Lee Sp. gr. 3°52. Analysis. Water lost at 105°C. ... ie 1335 bined . = ; 11°872 Tron sesquioxide ... aya ae ne C15 oe lumina ... as aE Ae vi 1-232 is ane: 428 praia "857 Maze esia ... me en ape ea trace Magn Sts ice ee 100°786 HamatitE, Brown. In the massive form. Found with the titaniferous iron ore, Uralla. Sp. gr. 3-611. Analysis. Water ad = 100° C othingwo than a , hydrated silicate of magnesia more or less chai : not hard, are from their great toughens extremely difficult to powder. side One specimen of noumeaite from Mont d’Or passes on One into a layer of pale green jade like mineral breaking bere “a ore _ ing fractur con- otherwise resembling jade. This layer had apparently been _ ofa slickenside. 1 have not yet had time to examine the specimen of Some specimens have been found to contain minute trac? copper. The following analyses, numbered from 1 to 7, were a sets of specimens which I nea carefully freed rom the matt ‘a oon sets were prepared so as to ascertain how wand from te resembling one another in fer eg and a appearance, cs same mine, differed from one another in chemical wndertake Dr. Leibius, of the Mint, Sydney, was kind enough to the analysis of one set of these specimens. : MINERALS FROM NEW CALEDONIA, 233 No. 1. Light green coloured specimens, showing poe: ; from the Bel Air Mine, Ouailou, East Coast Snare a. Cc. d, Water lost at 100° C 10°01 10" oe 12°38 14°47 Combined water at red heat 8°82 7°81 (by diff) 6°77 CA... 48°90 48°25 49°36 44°96 pooner ‘igaeages te 17 56 umina : : Tron sesquioxide ... trace 55 traces 56 Nickel protoxide ... 14°85 14°60 18°75 14°62 Magnesia... pate | ie’ 16°40 17°03 17°43 99-60 Leibius 99°57 Ramiele 99°37 In } ¢ and d the first portion of the water was driven off at 105°C. instead of at 100°C. No. 2. A pale —— very tgagb, from the same large block. ils Water lost at 1 Combined eat as ; 0-36 10: 37 (by difference) Sili = Ct 5 "85 "15 trace ek 0 PE toce ie rae trace Nickel protoxide... ... 11°50 10°20 Magnesia ... we a eee 17°43 99°13 Leibius 100°00 No.3. A dark translucent prittle, botryoidalormammillated form from Boa ane page , Kanala. Water los 100° ey acct avg Co mbined, ye at red heat Sy eS Sili oo ee ina 85 Tron sesqui ioxide .. we we ... brace Nickel tea ce ae cae! tee ee Magnesi De ea cca oe 99°60 Leibius Another aii of this, but of a lighter colour, had the fol-. Water lost at 100° C. ie eee kes ae oe Silica soluble oe ‘70 Alumina 8°65 8°95 10 Tron sesquioxide tee A on Nickel oxide (NiO) lines aoe Maa a 99°89 234 MINERALS FROM NEW CALEDONIA. No. 4. Ofa rich green colour, intermixed with lighter portions, inn and showing a striated and fluted surface next to the of the vein, somewhat like a slickenside in ap ce ; the specimen of white hydrated silicate of magnesia. (See No, 7) formed the boundary wall or casing of the vein. Bel Air mine. Analysis. Water lost at 100° C. see Combined water lost at red ‘heat.. axe ee Silica... ae a re oO 2 Alumina na i ce rap absent Nickel protoxide ... oes itt --- 20°88 Magnesia... ee wee 12°93 99°66 Leibius No. 5. Translucent dark green coloured, brittle le specimens, with mammillated surfaces, from “Naket ety. Analysis. - TI. bio ied at 100° C. , ao TO 6°44 ned water lost at heat 12:39 11°53 (by difference) Silica” dhs se «BO 10 38°35 = traces ; Tron sesquioxide ... ...._ traces 15 Nickel protoxide... ... 29°10 32°52 iis << 32°04 10°61 100°78 Leibius 100-00 No. 6. A translucent pale green variety from Ouailou. nalysis. Water lost at 100° C. a ae cae Water lost at red heat... a oe ili ee ae eee | 48°00 absent m sesquioxide .., say ie cio Nickel ide a ee Nickel protoxide _ m i 101-06 Leibius —The casing from the walls of a vein in of gee noumeaite at the Bel Air m ine, Kanala, consisted of 4 was white very tough hydrated silicate of magnesia which pe ae quite free from nickel, and in others merely toes with striated, green. The surface towards the vein was much grooved, side, and polished, and had apparently formed part of a slicke _ This mineral very closely resembles meerschaum 1m CO ones pices an and in many of its properties. It is, howew ak tougher than ordinary meerschaum, being @ s difficult MINERALS FROM NEW CALEDONIA. 235 apart as rock cork ; it, moreover, presents in parts a more or less well-developed petaloidal structure. The specific gravity is 2°55, meerschaum being only about 1°3 to 16. There are occasiona black dendritic markings within it. One specimen possessing a By pale green tinge gave the follow- results :— ing — Water lost at 100 a S ae oe ee », combin “i s- Silica 51°81 2 soluble . lumina ... so Se ; Tron sesquioxide ... Rp of 7 Nickel oxide (NiO) cv sei me 2°32 Magnesia ... = oe » Soluble ... aie oe arf on “70 a SON TIE 2584 5-36 somniaxide gay ie “157 1°137 Nickel —: he Ge, ee 31-853 24°72 Lime a absent trace 19°083 11°752 14°97 100-000 100-000 100°14 236 MINERALS FROM NEW CALEDONIA. Another ore gave :— 2% Analysis. Water lost at 100° C. a 9°46 ‘s sos tomy by difference ... we Tat Silica : 2: nl ee it soluble ies a 93 Alumina and iron sesquioxide vas ee 1°31 Nickel oxide a ise» Magnesia .. : me of ee — The —_—-~ analyses confirm the statement made in 1874 that the is of uncertain composition ; it from stantielig iil pear hydrated silicate of magnesia to what is also practically only hydrated silicate of nickel. Some specimens which are now being examined quantitatively contain but a very small quantity of magnesia. Garnierite.—Since the receipt of the first specimen in 1874, I have obtained only one or two additional examples of this varity of the hydrated silicate of nickel and magnesia, It is ab once adherence to the tongue, and by its falling to pieces when immersed in water, and (like halloysite) even when allowed to It Pos he remain adherent to the t tongue | for a mom ment or 80. ap een carbonate of copper. I expect this a will be found in New Caledonia, but up to the present I have seen any authentic specimens. CoBaALtT. pee Up to the present the only cobalt-bearing mineral from cae Caledonia which I have had an opportunity to or obalé OF been of one kind, viz, the variety known as earthy ¢o asbolite or “wad,” i.e., = impure oxide of manganese ganese contain m1 cobalt oxide. Ita arently occurs in he form of irre i mammillated surfaces, embedded in an unctuous red clay. is probably derived from _ decomposition of the other — of the distric put. usually se nodules are black or bluish-black in beat red superficially coated either with the sor ery ei or hen first oxide of iron. J understand that they are quite te soft w. MINERALS FROM NEW CALEDONIA. 237 dug up ; they readily stain the fingers, and yield to the knife at ce, cutting like graphite, a, ir. a blue-black shining metallic of a grey-blac Some of the nodules paesnnk 4 a very vesicular structure, like certain kinds of lava. Even the apparently quite compact nodules often enclose patches of the clay, especially t a. the centre. Many o em present a very striking resemblance to the manganese nodules dredged up from the depths a the sea vet the “Challenger.” I do not feel quite justified in ut any ip on aie river Leia. Some nodules of the ore from Unia were examined, with the following results Analyses. Specimen No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. Water _ a 100’ Os 8°68 10°19 10°54 Mine cA, oat 9°74 9°83 Silica... 15°34 15°15 17°20 Alum 8-70 7°65 Tron sesquioxide ...........2...0++ 10°41 10°26 5°51 eke o pea tees ink “BE “87 - en oxide traces traces traces Savant eet peer ee aay 15°67 15°43 13°59 an, ese eroxide (MnO 11°52 9°57 Mangan F ee traces traces traces Magnesia 20:80 20°46 22°63 100°67 100°01 99°87 The following contains but little eee Analysis. Yysrs. Water lost at 100° C. a Se 2°86 Water combined by difference ... wk ee Silica a : 1-06 Alumina Se. : 11°37 Iron nioxide eB sus = 52 C ni ve ‘a aoe Mangan se ide M 0. gt Cees -¢ | c obalt oxid i petox fu os oleae Lim aes : an ne .. absent iteaiedia or ee ae oe ad 1-79 238 MINERALS FROM NEW CALEDONIA. The following analysis of a specimen from Baie des Pirogues shows the presence of nickel in rather larger proportion than usual. Water lost at 100° C. wes vei oO Mage Combined water, by difference ey, re Silica with traces of chrome iron .. 4°476 Alu i ie oe ws. eee Iron sesquioxide ves vis ... 18°396 Chromium sesquioxi is .-. traces Man anganete pero (ind) A ... 277588 Cobalt o: ese via. y EEE ai side 2256 Lim 3a a 2 Gee oe fe Maaciate aif or = $08 Tr 418 Potash set , tes : ai "123 Soda... ae oa ae 216 Phosphoric acid (P,0;) ... 240 oe From the peeaeing analyses it will be seen “that the earthy cobalt ore from New Caledonia differs considerably from those met with in aha places ; baryta is entirely absent, although given by Dana, Descriptive Mineralogy, p. 182 ), but magnesia seems to have taken its place in the asbolite from some of the New Caledonia: Specimen tani’ Unia of poor part Water lost at 100° C, ree ck... mbined water, by difference .. .. 22-901 a a silica .. 1 a oii pen. rt Iron 1 sesquioxide ves ave a ... 10°308 Ceaemeen. sesquioxi xide ... traces Manganese peroxide (MnO,.) 16°598 oe t oxide (CoO a a ic ag ge — eee = geet M nee laa ea oa a3 ish ewan eee em Sulphuric oda Shy Oe oe 1007000 Tron wd Vagnetite.—In theform of call very perfect octohedra di through massive granular chlori lade mine, i, an : schist, highly Red Hematite.—In a red-coloured micaceous on for charged with ste of iron, and in consequence often a MINERALS FROM NEW CALEDONIA. 239 the gossan of a copper-vein ; the iron oxide has apparently been formed at the expense of iron pyrites, since much of the schist is dotted all over with small rectangular cavities, pseudomorphous after iron pyrites. Balade mine Brown Heematite.—A. ‘specimen from Baie du Sud evidently of t size of the entire pseudomorph, made up of minute crystals of pale green-coloured sulphur, &e. Pyrrhotine.—The magnetic variety of iron pyrites (Fe,S,) collected by Mr. Pryor at the Balade mine. Massive, of a brown-yellow colour with metallic lustre, asso- ciated with copperpyrites and transparent quartz, which is diffused through the mass, just as is seen in some of the pyrrhotine from enmais in Bavari S.. In the form of fairly well developed cubes, both isolated and Chromite.—The deposit of chromite or chromate of iron, commonly kn : ‘ developed in New C edonia, as well as of extremely rich quality. _ The ore is met with in the form of alluvial deposits, as well as ‘ situ in the serpentine and other rocks. I am informed that pi of these alluvial deposits are now being worked on a large e. 240 MINERALS FROM NEW CALEDONIA, The majority of the specimens are massive, with a ular, or lamellar structure ; also in the form of more or less distinct lustrous black octahedra, Bias packed gels often the ore is however stained with oxide of iron, and mixed with more or less —— matter. Some of the specimens i oa as much as 66 per of chromium sesquioxide. One specimen ae up of rather large impertechiy ares iron-gray crystals—some nearly half an inch in diameter— found to have the following composition :— Analysis. Silica and insoluble matter! _... eat .. ot ee ie ia — ee mium sesquioxide = iad zs ... 66°54 a protoxide re a ie ... 10°85 esia ... oh won an ces ... 15°03 100°47 The amount of chromium sesquioxide is unusually large; this is due to much of the iron protoxide being replaced by magnesia, the difference being due to the lower equivalent of the latter. The above numbers approximate to the usual formula, RO, R, calities: Petit Mont d’Or, Coumac, Tiebaghi, Ouaghi, masa! Baie du Sud. Non-METALLIFEROUS MINERALS. Coal.—A specimen of the so-called anthracite, from Noumea, came into my possession some tim Torbanite or “ Kerosene Shale.”—A specimen of to kerosene shale labelled peso Caledonia,” exists in the | rd University collection. I cannot however trace its history, ro not know from what part of New Caledonia it is supposed to been brought. It has very much the same appearance and by physical qualities as the New South Wales mineral mrre” does the name of kerosene vert although it is not a shale and does yield kerosene, but a m neral oil of another kind. Analysis. Moisture , 65:17 aac hydro-carbons me a 3-71 1B oh ew a 100°00 ——— The specific gravity is 1-238. rere 1 Free from chromium. MINERALS FROM NEW CALEDONIA. 241 Quartz.—In the form of fragments of colourless and transparent rock crystal, also as vein quartz, both white and tinged with various colours from the admixture of impurities, also in the form of white pebbles cemented together with brown oxide of iron, and mixed with some more or less decomposed mica, similar in appear- ance to the conglomerate from the New England diamond drift ; collected by Mr. Pryor. Chalcedony.—In flat pieces as if set free from fissures, often white outside like chalk flints ; in colour various shades of brown and grey, also quite white as in carnelian. Collected by Mr. Rossiter, from Bouenoumala, Coumac. Chert.—Of various shades of grey through brown to black, and much fissured, from Pointe Nea (?), near Noumea, apparently reaks with the usual square system. lected by Mr. Rossiter, from near Port la Guerre, which were mostly massive cleavage fragments. Mr. Pryor’s collection from e Balade mine contained a few specimens crystallized in rhombo- hedra, and associated with small quartz erystals, taken from the joints of the mica-schist near to the deposits of copper ore. Also et apparently from the lode, intimately associated with copper pyrites. Another variety is of a pure white colour, breaking with a fine ine ture, and presenting much the appearance of alabaster, apparently derived from veins only a few inches across ; where stained with iron oxide resembles somewhat the celebrated gerian onyx marble. It apparently forms the vein stuff of certain portions of the copper veins. are Limestone.—Of a grey or dove colour, suitable for building or Pr imental purposes ; from the Baie de Eiyalion’ oumea, and a m near Coumac. Collected by Mr. Rossiter. ~ . Pryor - me specimens from an outcrop on the Didahot River, near the Balade mine Ra: : great extent of this 949 MINERALS FROM NEW CALEDONIA. Ankerite.—A. variety of this mineral of a pale brown colour was found by Mr. Pryor, at the Balade mine, associated with quartz and copper pyrites; breaks readily into more or less lamellar pieces ; contains manganese, as well as iron, lime, and magnesia, Magnesite.—In the massive form, white, very dense, hard, and breaking with a conchoidal fracture ; somewhat platy structure. A qualitative analysis shows it to be * very pure A concretionary variety was contained i n Mr. Rossiter’s col- lection, labelled ** Barytes from Boudisinili” but on testing barium none could be detected; the specimen had the same peculiarly reticulated surface and mamm millated form as the mag- nesite found on the New South Wales diamond fields. Garnet.—In some cases these are very well crystallized in the form of the rhombic dodekahedron, varying in size from #5 to § e, whilst others are of a rich more or less transparent red, similar to the varieties used for jewellery. The matrix is of two kinds ; the one is a hard and very heavy schistose rock, composed of quartz, glaucophane, and some epidote ; the other matrix is the rather uncommon variety of hornblende known as glaucophane. The faces of the larger rhombic dodeka- hedral crystals occurring in the glaucophane matrix are, as it wer® built up of plates, so that the eda of the garnets would present, if cut through, a step-like sect: Usually each face of the garact crystal is covered or in con contact with a plate of mica ; these mica crystals sia exte = beyond the face of the garnet in ‘one or more directions. the garnet is detached, a mould of it isleft, beautifully lined Mer ae In some cases the garnets have crystallized in thin red films between the plates of mica ; in other places the solid garnet erystals penetrate right through the layers of mica. ; : An gers of the garnets was made with the following results: Sp. gr. 4 Analyses. L I. Mean. Silica 3810... 821, ee umina 22°09 22°27 a DA PROSONIAD ooo Soi crssgsey 21°17 21°35 ert anese Gitte ..2s...6.iiecsciis 5°50 5°58 7°88 768 Magnesi 4°64 4°84 Loss on Soudtion icons 0°33 0°29 99°71 10022 which gives the following formula :— 3 (FeO, MnO, CaO, MgO), a MINERALS FROM NEW CALEDONIA. 243 Mica.—From the Balade mine, in the form of white silvery plates, some of which are about half an inch in diameter; but no well- developed crystals were et Shee by transmitted light the thicker plates present a dull greenish shade. Disseminated through of the masses of mica are sitll red translucent crystals of garnet, and between ms plates of mica films of garnet have occasionally crystallized ou Plates of this silvery white mica are also found sparsely scat- tered through the glaucophane, especially in the glaucophane g the garnets ; in other cases again, the mica is in excess, the glaucophane playing a subordinate part. On Sear this mica was found to have the following com- position Sp. gr. 2:938. Analysis. The e following analysis was prepared on a very small quantity of the material, as it was onl ly possible to collect a very limited amount of this silvery w white mica; hence much importance cannot be attached to i 4°31 Sili 50°60 Alu 25°28 Iron protoxide 3°47 Man, anganese [ protoxide 0°50 Lime 1 boa Magnesia 4° Potesh 6°69 tem 2°49 Ss 0°76 100-00 Neither lithium nor fluorine were present. The above results do not quite agree with any published analysis, nor do they afford a woe iggn formula; but it is Analyses. Water, combi 4:50 446 ai combined ....,. "YT aera ge i ees ee ee i NE ie ae i: Reeercee 51:23 Cee 90: SAL plas vee =p protoxide ......... oes. yp) eee 2-60 Manganese............... Tee ie hs ata 34 Lime ....... BOS ciccacs SRE SES + Mis <2... oe Be hc ocnaeaae a eRe ie PE. caine 693...» 693 . hg eae ow 1-2 99-25 The above corresponds to 2 (JRO, } R,0) 3 SiO, + H,0. id % Pa 244 MINERALS FROM NEW CALEDONIA. Hornblende.—In the form of black and fibrous schistose ma associated with white silvery mica and minute garnets, the three in alternating layers. From the Balade mine. yroxene or Augite—A rolled nodule, made up of confused masses of crystals. From Tonsjete Bay. . Glaweophane.—This rare variety of hornblende seems to be abundant in the neighbourhood of the Balade mine, as Mr. 8 collection contained several specimens some of which differ in colour, structure, and general appearance. one specimen is crystallized ; the crystals are in the form of dark blue-grey silky-looking prisms, seated upon a base of a mica- ceous schist, composed of mica, glaucophane, and garnets, with some quartz. : The prisms are about 4 inch in diameter and from $ to } inch long ; they present no distinct faces, both the lateral and ter faces being more or less rounded ; the prisms are in fact mere pundles of lamellar or capillary crystals. Some of the prisms are completely isolated from the rest, whilst others are more or Jess interlaced and superimposed. ; All the other specimens are massive, with a fibrous crystalline structure, of a peculiar violet colour, passing into a dark slaty blue on the one hand, and into a pale greyish colour on lighter violet varieties have a very beautiful silky Iu streak is of a pale bluish grey. Before the blowpipe it fuses, of tumesces slightly, colours flame yellow, yields a dark glass; eae sodium carbonate yields indications of manganese. Partly solu in acids) H=6-7. 3 This occurrence of glaucophane is of considerable interest, ag it has hitherto only been met with in the Island of Syra, one the Grecian Islands, and at Zermatt. ; ‘pl At Syra it is found associated with garnet, hornblende, mica, in a mica-slate. The New Caledonia mineral is also ciated with garnet and mica, in fact it forms in some cases ©” matrix of these minerals. sen te On analysis it was found to have the following composition * Analyses. L II. er MRO ia cea A i scenes 1°42 1:34 52°79 : Silica 52°71 5288 gad NINA sic i dive daesscrnweyesesee 14:20 14°69 982 Tron protoxide ........ 0.008 89 9°76 traces Manganese «.......:.-.sessenevenee traces traces 4:29 ime 4°31 421 ne Magnesia 11°12 1992 ae Potash ...... 95 ns 526 NS 515 ce ee —— 99°98 Sp. gr. 3:12. MINERALS FROM NEW CALEDONIA. 245 For the sake of comparison I append the analysis of the mineral from the Isle of Syra, Dana’s Descriptive Mineralogy, p. 244 (Schnedermann, J. pr. ch. xxxiv, p. 238), also an analysis by Bodewig of a specimen from Zermatt. Analysis Syra. Zermatt. ts Sais baie 56°49 SD: 4 nade 57°81 | Seeanigs 12°23 Al.O, 12°03 Se eee 10°91 BG: oir cacarecayens 217 — emrberrurtes 50 FeO aan yeaa erens 7°97 MoO: avis oa Roane tet 2°25 Oo. $i Vices sakank SS SE ae aes 9:28 Wa sciskciscecet 33 se ngeane traces 100°39 “to —A rolled nodule—no locality, probably from Tchio. ne.—The rock known as ophiolite or serpentine is very lasely: Revaloped in New Caledonia, forming in fact mountain ranges ; but the mineral known as noble or precious serpentine is not common. Some of the one = _ a very peculiar plum colour and plum-like bloom on its s A specimen of the common massive serpentine was found to contain 0-78 per cent. of nickel oxide.’ Marmolite.—aA foliated variety of serpentine of a green colour, translucent, in flat platy fibres, pas sing into an asbestiform variety, said to be Siioctated with the chroine j iron ore deposits at Tiebaghi Tale.—Of a white silvery or pale green colour, highly lustrous, Possessing a schistose structure, and containing long semi-trans- parent A neine crystals of actinolite Steati ite OE a white colour, translucent, mixed with some ser- pentine ; collected by Mr. Rossiter at Yate ? green variety from Moira, also at the Balade m Chlorite.—In masses of the usual dark olive-green preree break- ing with a —— fracture, presenting rosette-like groups of ; Balade min aolin.—From Om abotelia Of a dazzling white colour, very fate, with a harsh feeling. A creer examination onl made of the specimen on its being found to be practically pure hydrated silicate of alumina, with but a trace of sesquioxide of With little preparation would probably be extremely well roba adapted for the manufacture of porcelain of the best quality. Pe asa Minerals from New Caledonia. Jour. Roy. Soc., N,S.W., 1874, 246 MINERALS FROM NEW CALEDONIA. ~~ Allophane.—From a small island to the south of New Cale- doni nia. As an incrustation, of a pale blue colour ; hardness about 3, brittle, is readily cut with a knife, yields a shining streak, adheres somewhat to the tongue, translucent, resinous lustre, fracture flat conchoidal. Before the blowpipe it loses colour somewhat and becomes more or less white and opaque, splits up, but does not intumesce or fall to a powder ; at first it imparted a pale green tinge to flame, infu- sible, in closed tube gives off water, and with microcosmic salt a skeleton of silica. When strongly ignited with cobalt nitrate a blue mass is left. Gelatinizes with hydrochloric acid. Halloysite.—Of pale tints of grey, yellow, green, and brown— found in the crevices of the rocks at Yate. At some future time I hope to examine some of these speci- mens rather more in detail; many of them appear to be w worth further investigation, but chemical analyses necessarily take end Dr. Leibius, Senior Assayer of the Sydney Branch of the Royal Mint, for his kindness in making for me the seven analyses marked with his Notes on a Collection of Fossils fiom the Palaeozoic Rocks of New South Wales. Part I. By R. Erneriner, Junr., F.G.S., &c., Corr. Member Roy. Socs., New South Wales, Victoria, and Tasmania. [Read before the Royal Society of N.S. W., 4 August, 1880.] INTRODUCTION. New South Wales. nforeseen ci stances, of a varied nature, have prevented my fulfilling a promise to describe these fossils, made to Prof, Liversidge, and I am now only able to partially carry this out, a portion of the collection still remaining to be worked out. or opinion arrived at being either hasty or errcneous. Class—ACTINOZOA. Genus Ruizopnyitium. Lindstréim, 1865. (Kngl. Vet. Akad. Férhandl., 1865, No. 5, p. 287.) Obs. Prof. De Koninck has described from the Upper Silurian rocks of Rockflat Creek, N. 8. Wales, the internal cast of a coral very like that of a Calceola, but which he thinks should more properly be referred to the genus Rhizophyllum. This he has described as R. interpwnctatum, but from the very nature of the — will be at all times difficult to identify other specimens It. Prof. Liversidge has obtained from near Yass three specimens which equally resemble C/alceola with that described by De Koninck. They have truncated bases, in one of which is seen traces of 248 FOSSILS FROM THE PALZOZOIC ROCKS OF N.S.W. vesicular structure, so that in all probability our examples are also referable to Khizophyllum, although from the much more contracted outline of the cone, as compared with L. (?) interpunctatum, I doubt very much if they should be referred to the latter. One of the three specimens is more Calceola-like than the other two, which again resemble Rhizophyllum to a greater extent, and remind us very much of &. Tennessee-ensis (Roemer). — One of the more pyramidal specimens exhibits several scattered tubercules over the convex side of the corallum, representing the bo broken and scattered bases of rootlets. In both these examples the calices are filled with irremovable matrix, but in the more Calceola-like form the characters are to a certain extent exhibited. The central primary septum is visible, bordered on each side by from eighteen to twenty crenulations alternately larger and smaller. Taking into consideration the difference in outline between our specimens and that of Prof. De Koninck, and the unsatisfactory figure of the latter, I am obliged to propose for the pepre ae . ‘ 4 1 ; ure gathered by Prof. Liversidge a distinctive name. Lhizophyllum Australe. Sp. nov. Pl.—Figs. 7 and 8. Sp. char. Corallum conical, having an almost semicircular section ; the angles formed by the union of the convex and flat sides rounded ; tapering to an apex more or less bluntly truncated, and slightly curved towards the convex side. incip — tolerably well marked, having on each side from aighetae twenty other minor septal crenulations, alternately ee ad coarsely wrinkled or ridged, with fine sharp lines or strie between is visible on the flat face. Structure apparently vesicular. Obs. I should have liked to examine the microscopi¢ 8! ue _ . came into my hands, _ Loe. Yass,—in rocks of Silurian age. FOSSILS FROM THE PALZOZOIC ROCKS OF N.S.W. 249 Class—CRUSTACEA. Genus Exorinurvs. Emumrich, 1845. (Neues Jahrb. f. Mineral., 1845, E. punctatus. Salter. Mem. Geol. Survey, Gt. Brit. Dec. vii, 1853, No. 4, p. 6 (for general synonomy). bs. There are sive pygidia and portions of a cephalic shield to belong to this species rather than to any other. It has sone been recorded as occurring in New South Wales, by Prof. De Koninck.' The best of the specimens (a tail) before me ‘possesses all the characters of E. punctatus, the numerously ribbed axis, and smooth central space only occupied here and there by the tubercules, in this case four in number. I find on examining a series of specimens of this species in the British Museum that the number of these tubercules varies much in different individuals. Some from Dudley have : four, as in the epee case, others have five, and again six, whilst Salter describes a as seven in Z. punctatus. Furthermore, the latter states that ‘aaah tubercule-bearing ring is separated by four other rings; but I find that this character also varies quite as much as the actual pees of tubercules, two and three separating them oo as often as fou —Bombala, in a highly fossiliferous shale of Silurian age. Class—POLY ZOA. Genus PrororreTerors. De Koninck, 1877. and size of the meshes. At one point the fenestrules are quite oval, at another almost square, and fragments would well pass for distinct species. It is probably identical with that fi red Prof. De Koninck as sdemate ampla (Lonsdale), but differs to some extent from the typical illustrations given by Lonsdale Loc.—Singleton, in a light-coloured micaceous sandstone S ards the anterior and posterior margins are convexly rounded, reece < r the anterior than the posterior end. Imm below th ths tice: line are visible the elongated cavities left the - relow the hinge-line are visible the elongated caviith Foss. Pal. Nouv.-Galles du Sud. 250 FOSSILS FROM THE PALEOZOIC ROCKS OF N.S.W. In form Anodontopsis Australis is between A. quadratus (M‘Coy),' and A. bulla (M‘Coy).? It is however more oblique and frons (M Coy). Loc.—Near Bombala, in a fossiliferous shale of Silurian age. Genus Conocarpium. Bronn, 1837. (Lethzea Geognostica. Bd. i, p. 92.) Conocardium. » ind. Pl.—Fig. 9. from close under the hinge ; in the~present instance it is central, representing the gape of the shell, here has a radiating line “t each side of it. The produced end of the shell resembles acer C. aliforme (Sow.), but the end again differs. It is too mu flattened and too heart-shaped for the latter species, and has too well-defined a periphery. We have o y an imperfect wos specimen, but in all probability this species will turn out to new type of the genus. of C different from our fossil. sire Loc.—Bungaralahy, Lake Bathurst. Carboniferous! ' Brit. Pal. Foss., p. 272. 8 Jbid., p. 271. : FOSSILS FROM THE PALZOZOIC ROCKS OF N.S.W. 251 Genus PLEUROPHORUS. King, 1844. (Annals Nat. Hist., xiv, p. 313.) Pleurophorus Morrisii. De Koninck. Orthonota? costata. Morris. Strzelecki’s Phys. Deserip., N. 8. Wales, 1845, p. 273, t. 11, f. 1 and 2. Pleurophorus Morrisii. De Koninck. Foss. Pal. Nouv.-Galles du Sud, 1877, pt. 3, p. 281, t. 20, f. 5. Obs. A small example of this species much incrusted with matrix, but with the shell -preserved. ave not seen the internal hinge characters, but the general configuration would bear out Prof. De Koninck’s reference to the genus Plewrophorus rather than to Orthonota. Loc.—Wollongong, in sandstone ; Carboniferous, or Permio-car- boniferous ? Genus APHANAIA. De Koninck, 1877. (Foss. Pal. Nouv.-Galles du Sud, pt. 3, p. 302.) Obs. One valve of a shell before me (Figs. 3 and 4) appears to correspond to some extent with the characters of this genus, though not equally so with either of ies Aphanaia, by Prof. De Koninck. From A. Mitchelli (M‘Coy, sp ) it may be distinguished by the want of the or alate of resemblance between our shell and De Koninck’s Mytilus Big sbyt. Further specimens are required before this form can be definitely determined. Loc.—W ollongong, in sandstone. Class—G-ASTEROPODA. Genus LoxonemA. Phillips, 1841. (Pal. Foss., Cornwall, Devon, &c., p. 98.) Lowonema suleulosa. Phillips, Pl.—Figs. 1 & 2. Melania sulculosa. Phil. Geology of Yorkshire, 1836, ii, p. 228, a. serricpee sulculosa. Morris. Cat. Brit. Foss, 1854, 2nd ed., Sp. Cha Shell elongate-conical, tapering gradually towards the te, of at least ek wits & : Is Pe 252 FOSSILS FROM THE PALHOZOIC ROCKS OF N.S. W. concavely-curved ridges or costze, which are so disposed that if followed in a vertical line from whirl to whirl, assume a zigzag appearance, and are separated from one another by interspaces of at least three times their own width. Obs. The presence of the “ Gilbertson Collection” in the British Museum, wherein the type specimen of Phillips’ Loaonema only difference I am able to detect consists in the raarees more slender form of the Australian variety ; ; the type whirl just below the suture and in the characteristic ornamentation. n the former point both shells agree with Loxonema cons Martin, but otherwise differ. They also resemble L. Lefeboret (De Koninck) to some extent, but in the latter the striz or coste are very much finer, more numerous, and less bent. f Hall i sautheds some time ago and has lately figured several shells from the Devonian rocks of North America, which pele a striking resemblance to the British and ‘Australia: forms, the latter. Loxonema pexata (Hall)' is, indeed, baat lol allied to our shell, whilst L. terebra (Hall)? although h generally it, is too coarsely ribbed. Again, LZ. delphicola (Hall)’ 1s, oT a more slender shell, almost equally near ours as forme 0 occur Eecmmecersr in the Leper: Helderberg Hamilton, a Chem of the North American Devonian, whilst pci (Phill), ), is in England a varboutaats limestone e species or the present, it appears to me that the most correct yy for the Australian shell will be to the latter, more especially “9 have been able to make a direct comparison. They differ ope T can see) only in the Australian form having a little less aspect, and in possessing somewhat coarser ribs. Loc.—Bungaralaby Creek, west side of Lake Bathurst. In addition to the foregoing univalves there are some other : but all in such a sad state of preservation that it is i cy 2 atttempt an accurate determination. best of these internal cast, probably that of tenes subeancellata ted from Black Head, Illawarra. The second which may be meh” valve, having much waterworn example ae a very large ete robability somewhat the appearance of a Maclwrea, but is er oe a depr Euomphalus bie _ Loe. i geacohianced Creek, west af Lake Bathurst, in a dar g>' Pal, N. Ae vol. v, atlas, t. 13, f. 17 and 18. and 7, 2 Ibid., 9 Ibid., t 13, f. 10-5, = ae = 8 FOSSILS FROM THE PALHOZOIC ROCKS OF N.S.W. 253 Class—PTEROPODA. Genus Tentacutites. Schlotheim, 1820. Obs. The late Rev. W. B. Clarke, F.R.S., &c., determined three species of this genus in the Australian paleozoicrocks,' viz., 7. annu- noteworthy that Prof. De Koninck did not describe any species of Tentaculites in his recent work on Mr. Clarke’s New South Wales Fossils. Prof. Liversidge has forwarded to me two handsome sing these masses are preserved as sections of the tubes, and not in relief, it is difficult to express an opinion as to their identity ; but in writers remarks’ of 7. irregularis (Hall)—“ On this same specimen, which has a length of five inches and an averag' breadth of little more than one inch, more than five hundred individuals may. counted ; and the layer beneath for the thickness of a quarter of an inch is composed almost entirely of these fossils, giving more than ten times as many as can be seen upon the surface. * ¥ drome The layers thus covered are known in numerous places over an extent of country from thirty to fifty miles, showing the myri of these creatures that flourished upon the bottom of the ancient sea.” Prof. Nicholson states’ that 7. jissurella of the Devonian rocks of America is “remarkable as occasionally occurring in such extraordinary profusion as to actually form beds of limestone.” Tn the Australian species the form of the shell is an elongated and slender one, the annulations are numerous, sharp, and project some distance laterally, but I have not been able to determine whether intermediate ornamenting strie existed. The preservation of this species in limestone has enabled me to study the structure of the shell-wall by means of thin sections Prepared for the microscope. This subject does not appear to have n investigated to any great extent, one of the few writers who have described it Dr. Richter of Saalfeld. In a paper on bad Thuringian Tentaculites, he states that the structure was not 18. Gold-fields, N. S. Wales, 1860, p. 286 3 ; Pal. New York, i ate iees an. of Paleontology, 2nd ed., ii, p. 52. é Pia te i _ determine the systematic position of the genus. For a 254 FOSSILS FROM THE PALHOZOIC ROCKS OF N.S.W. considered, although perhaps simple mineralization may account for it.! It will be seen from the following notes on the i Tentaculites that the latter of these suppositions is probably the correct one. The late Mr. J. W. Salter also touched upon this subject ina paper on Cornudites and Tentaculites, read before the British Associa- tion in 1845. He described a laminar structure as existing at the thickened nodes or annulations of the shell, the texture being looser here than in other parts of the latter, thus showing & transition towards the structure of the genus Cornulites.’ The sections of the limestone forwarded by Prof. Liversidge, scattered from the random manner in which the Zentaculites are more crowded together in the annulations or circular coste of the shell. These tubuli, so far as I have examined them, do not are seen to be densely crowded with these tubuli, which are necessarily all of the same length, and in each annulation they appear to tend from the upper and lower margins towards centre. When any fragment of the shell contained m the — mass of the limestone is sectioned parallel to the longer 2x18 © tubes are seen as small crowded black dots. Pl—Fig. 10a The internal and external walls of the shells, or yee 4 Tentaculites, correspond with one another, the inner following ' outline of the exterior, as will be seen by a glance at the enlal figure of a portion of one side of a tube. In one or two examples there does appear to be a division oF the shelly matter into lamine, which would give colour to ¥! - Richter’s observations on the presence of the columnar i pid -but as it certainly is not present in all, I to ay aS do not wish much stress on the point. years 1 Zeit. Deuts. Geol. Gesellschaft, 1854, vi, p. 279. ? Brit. Assoc. Report for 1845, pt. 2, p. 57. | ' FOSSILS FROM THE PALZOZOIC ROCKS OF N.S.W. 255 Tentaculites was looked upon as the shelly case or tube of a icolar Annelide, now it is regarded by the best authorities as the shell of a Pteropod. If the structure exhibited by the Australian Z'entaculites should rove to be constant throughout the genus, the following description of that of a Pteropod by the late Prof. Queckett will show how little e two have in common. In most of the genera of this class the shell' “is as transparent as glass, and almost structureless ; but in a large species of C'reseis it was found to be composed of two layers, the outer opaque and minutely granular, the inner somewhat I would propose for it the name 7. Liversidget. : . and horizon—Holmes’ Paddock, on the Macquarie, below Wellington, in a limestone of Silurian or Devonian age! Class—BRACHIOPODA. Genus SprriFERA. (Sowerby.) Phillips. Spirifera disjuncta. J. de C. Sowerby, Pl.—Fig. 5. Be S. disjuncta. Davidson, Mon. Brit. Dev. Brachiopoda, p. 23, t D, 1-5. Obs. Prof. Liversidge has forwarded a white sandstone from near Wallerawang containing the casts of numerous Spirifers having all the appearance and characters of the above species. The hinge line of these shells is long, and the whole surface of the valves Carboniferous rocks, and of Sp. disjuncta, of the Devonian. rds the first it approaches particularly the variety attenuata (J. de ©. Sby.), but after consulting my friend, Mr. T. Davidson, F.R.S., I think the most appropriate reference will be to the Devonian form. Spirifera disjuncta was first indicated as an Australian fossil _ by the late Mr. T. Stutchbury, who found it at Pallal, as —. in ‘ Lectures on Histology, 1854, ii 335-36. ; Parliamentary Blue Book, Dee. 1854, p. 19 (folio, London, 1855). Recherches Foss, Pal. Nouv.-Galles du Sud, 1876, p. 100. ® Sr ey re = - a i, * hess a = es oe he per 256 FOSSILS FROM THE PALAQZOIC ROCKS OF N.8.W. ‘ a “On the Iron Ore and Coal Deposits at jet 1 describes the deposits of iron ore as situated some six miles from t place, and near the junction of the Coal Measures vith the Upper Silurian or Devonian beds, which there crop out to the surface. Loc. and horizon—Walker’s Point, Wallerawang, in a white _ sandstone of Devonian age. Genus ATRYPA. Dalman. Atrypa reticularis. Linn. Atrypa reticularis Saas ae tetpers Mon. Dev. Brach., p. 53, 10, f. 3 and 4 Obs. A small cast of one of the many varieties of this species _ occurs in the fossiliferous sandstone of Bombala. It does not call _ for any further remar . reticularis had been previously met _. with in the Silurian rocks of Duntroon, and the Devonian of Yass i = at retin aed N. 8. Wales,’ and in the Devonian series 0 ata ict Lous im horizon—Bombala, in a mudstone of Silurian age. A. reticularis. var. aspera. Schlotheim. A. reticularis, var. aspera (Schlotheim sp.) Paget ae Mon. Brit. Dev. Brach., p. 57, t. 10, £ 5- Obs. A single and badly preserved example of this variety exists in Prof. Liversidge’s Acorns It “hit interesting ae fro Loe. polite i N. 8. Wales. Genus StropHomeNa. Blainville. Strophomena rhomboidalis. Wilckens, sp. ! _ &. rhomboidalis (Wilckens, sp.) Davidson ,Mon. Brit. Sil. Brach., = t 39, £ 1-21, t 44, f 1a pe 1¢ first of these appears to be one of feite ) the above species, although from its decorticated na aso | , th D 8 oT. 5, as — R. oe — or Wales for 1874, rap MCoy, in in ina as 5 athetg Report, Geol. Survey, Vict., ‘Coy, loc. cit., p, 158. FOSSILS FROM THE PALZOZOIC ROCKS OF N.S8.W. 257 been kind enough to examine this and he considers the deter- mination to be correct, but taking into consideration the state of servation it is perhaps better to express the determination with a note of interrogation. e specimen is small, about the size of the variety fig from Craighead Quarry, near Girvan,’ and some- what resembles this. The radiating semi-ribs are numerous and crossed by a large number of the fluctuating crenulations seen in _ 8. rhomboidalis. 2 ee, The species has been met with before in New South Wales, at Rock Flat Creek, by the Rev. W. B. Clarke.’ oa Loe. and horizon—Bombala, in a mudstone.of Silurian age. “ad ot re i] 1 Monograph, loc. cit., t. 44, f. 1 a and b. if * De Koninck, loc. cit., p. 28. oe zs 258 FOSSILS FROM THE PALHOZOIC ROCKS OF N.S.W. EXPLANATION OF PLATE. Fig. Loxonema sulculosa cue The type specimen contained in the Soi bertson Collection. ,” British Museum, from the English Carboniferous lim aa for comparison with i ig. 2. Loxonema sulculosa ties 8 ? Carboniferous ar Devonian? ih oc Creek, Lake Bath Figs. 3and 4. Aphanaia? sp. ind. Wollongong sandstone. A much berate cast. Fig. 3, exterior of wales Fig. 4, reverse showing Sa of hin Fig. . Spirifera disjuncta (J. de. C. Sby.) A drawing taken from from several — casts of the e — = of the ce — valve. White sandstone of Walker's Point, Wallera nia: Fig. 6. nods Vagal (R. ieee Pin A characteristic specimen of one of the valves. Near Bombala. Figs. 7 and 8. state ? Australe (R. thre ies Pec Near Yass. hel Fig. 7. the largest specimen, obverse an | the broken root-like bases of tubercles, Fig. 8. maller and shorter in which the interior of the calice and the septal ridges are well shown. Fig. 9. crass ee nd. A mutilated specimen from take ‘Bathurst. Ca Poonaterons? “antec. a view of one valve, and the truncated and of both valv: Fig. 10. —- sp. Doelinn: of the weathered surface of a fact aspeines showing the mann which individuals are scattered through Near igoanyees Fig. 10a. An enlargement of a portion, of one of the walls of re showing the ‘tubal clustered at the shell, x Figs. lland 12. Encrinurus pitta eee In visi of Silurian age. Near Bombala. hich N.B,—All the figures are of the natural size except Nos, 11 and 12,1 are x 14. Jour. Roy. Soc. NSW. Vol.14-. 1880 * ae 3 4 oe see aac rest ea : . * ‘< a ae 259 A Comparison between the Prospect and Kenny Hill Schemes, proposing a high-pressure Water Supply for Sydney. By Mr. F. B. Grpps, C.E. [Read before the Royal Society of N.S.W., 6 October, 1880. Tue great importance and the general interest of the question of water supply to this metropolis are, I venture to say, a sufficien not permit any such error of judgment to prejudice you against an impartial and unbiassed verdict on the whole merits of the com- commend themselves to an attentive consideration :—l. The area, storage capacity, and cost of the storage reservoir, 2. The length, character, and cost of the conduits, and their duty. 3. Their com- mercial and economical qualifications. 4, Their sanitary influence respectively. SroRAGE RESERVOIR. supply. to that level at which the outlet conduit is entered. The depth left for settlement of suspended matter must circumstances, such as the area of the reservoir or the the water supplying it; but it should be carefully estimated, as any unnece depth simply implies waste of water. The reser- voirs of Philadelphia forcibly illustrate the influence of different supply sources on this deposit or settlement, for whilst the supply that from the Schuylkill only gives finch annually, that from the i inch, ‘The accumulation of mud in the not only for any accident which may happen to the supply conduit and for the emergencies of different seasons, but aie suse 260 THE PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES. excessive drought. The eminent hydraulic engineer, Mr, Clark,in his Report on the Commissioners’ scheme for water supply to Sydney, in recognition of the above essential qualification of its storage reservoir, thus alludes to it:—‘The prominent feature of the Upper Nepean Scheme is the Prospect reservoir ; it resembles the Yan Yean in Victoria, and affords, like it, a very abundant artificial storage, so essential in a climate liable to extended periods of drought.’ Prospect RESERVOIR. e physical features of the Prospect Reservoir are thus described by Mr. Moriarty, Engineer-in-Chief of the Harbours and broad flat basin, bounded on the north-west and south by a semi- circular amphitheatre of low hills forming the divisio aquarium of Botany Bay, the Hawkesbury, and Port Jackson. Lower down, where it is proposed to place the dam, the dn? contracts about 1} mile in width.” The area and capacity ied the is proposed to draw off only the upper 25 feet of water, quantity available for supply would be reduced to 7, 110 million gallons, equal to nineteen months’ supply for the present tion of Sydney and suburbs, allowing 100 gallons per per ay. It would be of about the same superficial area as the Yan Yean, but considerably deeper, and would contain a larger quantity of water. en the water in the rese rs rae - stand at 195 feet above sea level, and might be drawn bottom of a reservoir—and there is abundant mate i » The kind in the neighbourhood for the formation of ened _ Prospect dam, as measured, is 7, 904 feet sar and 80 puddle, ~The cubical contents of its embankment t, inclusive of el memeM 4 Mr. Moriarty, at £176, 136, inclusive of Dies ee a - works. Its base, after removal of the s ‘ £10,400. even bed of firmshale. The price of the land nd is valued ® j Kenny Hitt Reservoir. % The site of the Kenny Hill reservoir is ye the summit of Pet western flank of the dividing range of the aren = Campbelltown Valley, being the same range W’ canal e traverses to the reservoir, a Ne canal lin enters it nee a og miles from the starting point, in the : THE PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES. 261 _ River, and the Campbelltown and Camden Road passes through it. In descending this flank towards the Nepean River the landscape displays numerous watercourses converging into broad flat valley with small swamps in the centre, whilst lower down the view embraces a grand panorama of the Nepean Valley, f the upper valley in contrast to the steepness of its capacious storage lake. The reservoir at. Kenny Hill when full would cover an area of 1,048 acres, after deducting 50 acres for a long ted at 8,549,000,000 gallons, of which 8,110 million gallons would be available for supply. Atits highest level the surface of the water would be 330 feetabove sea level; when reduced 60 feet, to its lowest supply level, it would still have 56 feet higher elevation than Paddi gton reservoir, and 129 feet higher than Crown-street reser- voir. The bed of the principal valley of the reservoir consists 0: 1 retentive yellow and red clays, which, from superficial observation, appear to vary in thickness from 8 to 12 feet, and to rest occur: of the reservoir. The as measured, is 6,400 feet long and 80 feet high. The cubical contents of its embank- _ | ment is estimated at 1,736,860 cubic yards, exclusive of 256,000 i | cubic yards of clay puddling. Its cost, inclusive of pitching and Tospect dam, s | probably cost about £7,000. ComPARISON OF RESERVOIRS. million gallons less ; that its the cubical contents are only outlet works, in comparison with Mr. Moriarty’s estimate wail ones ar: ie P should not exceed £172,000 whilst the land would = 262 THE PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES, cient depth left to provide for settlement of sediment. It cannot be termed imaginative in assuming the storage of three thousand million gallons unavailable for supply as a great waste of water, a under any ci t , such a great depth as 50 feet for settlement of suspended matter would be excessive, whilst with a water which, by careful analysis, only gives 4-6 grains of solid matter to the gallon it is still more beyond the limits of requirement. Sup- posing the amount of sedimentary matter at 2 grains per gallon and a constant inflow of seventy million gallons daily, it would take five years to cover 400 acres with 1 inch of deposit. The cost of the construction of the dams and outlet works and the pur- chase of the land shows only a difference of £7,000 in favour of the Kenny Hill dam and works. Both dams are solid embank- ments. The water from the Prospect reservoir is drawn through a water tower into a tunnel excavate through the hill on which the dam abuts on its eastern end. The outflow from the Kenny Hill reservoir is through a valve tower into two 36-inch pipes, laid in a tunnel of solid rock, which, enter- ing the Nepean side of the dividing range, debouches on the Campbelltown side. | Service RESERVOIR. zi ie Connected with the Kenny Hill storage reserv' ir, forming, in fact, a very important accessory to it, is a small supply oF! ie ae a. aily for the ines : he 82 million gallons), it vall | next month by a flow of 1,382 m erate million ; ons W salt : THE PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES. 263 _- be amply sufficient to meet the demands of Waverley and Wool- ? probably be less than £30,000. ConDUuIts. The next feature in the respective schemes which claims our attention is the length, character, and cost of their conduits. oting from Mr. Clark’s report, the length and character of the 3 miles ; pipes, 13} miles ; reservoir, 1} mile,—giving a to ce of iles. wei i feet fall per mile, of discharging 85 million gallons daily into the Cataract River, at Broughton Pass. Shortly below this point a i unnel 1 mil Nepean River, the supply is conducted by open canal and a series ucts open educt for 7,989 feet, to a small reser- pe, 48 inches in diameter and 4,628 y- pensa’ below pean, 18 estimated by Mr. Clark 768, That Mr, Clark regarded these estimates as to p one million n and 500,000 gallons to Waverley — dail 264 THE PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES. approximate only may be inferred from the following remark on e lined and unlined construction of the canal :—“ To bring these poritart uantities into estimate with exactness is impossible, and mately ascertained. These surveys and borings could not be com- pleted during the period of my visit.” These estimates seem to have been based on the inference that most of the shale which the canal line crosses is horizontal, and even bedded, and of an imper- meable character, gate the lining of the conduit unnecessary. But there is much reason to doubt the correctness of such an assumption, as though 1 ina a borehole the shale beds might seem to ious, there are good reasons for distrusting the evidence of sight, First the shales occur on ank of a ridge forming an anticlinal axis, whic: exposed, — a most decided i of the — - either side; so aa unless lined, on = de exposed to the a some ite canal enters this shale at Woodhouse Oreck, at 13 miles from starting point in the Nepean River, and will probably ine for at least 15 miles. The whole of this distance will prot side-walls and £2 per cubic yard for bottom pitching, add £391,500 to the above estimate, raising the cost of construction of the above works to £1,562, 258. Conpurr via Kenny HILt. = The character hs the supply conduit for 18} miles, where rof the K nny Hill scheme, being idem enters the se reservoir of t. enn tical with the Plendeck con sails needs no further description: From this it consists entirely of cast-iron pipes. ae ‘ to conduct the supply from the service reservolr two 36-inch pipes, which for the first 691 yards are laid ina tunne piercing the dividing range of the Campbelltown hao Nepean valley 8, and which about 1, 000 yards further on join os rt reyeen ‘ilo ok: Sa having their valve prot ee the centre of one of the eastern valleys of the reservoir, arom ate re through a tunnel rds in ugh a nel 2,500 yards ayn ioht an pre pipeline in a north-easterly direction till it joins the perth pe from Prospect, 84 miles from Sydney. The country” “engineering - a THE PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES. 265 my survey I believe it would cross this spur without any tunnel ; but in any case it would only require a short tunnel of about 400 after which it would descend for over 14 mile—the valley of one of the feeders of Bunbarry Curran Creek. At about 4 miles m the point of inlet it would cross Bow Bowing Creek, 70 feet wide, with steep banks on either side, by another aqueduct 130 feet long ; and, halfa mile further on, the pipe-line would cross under the which is 180 feet wide, with steep banks on either side, by an aqueduct 500 feet long, reaching from the top of the left bank to the top of the right bank, at a height of 40 feet above the river bed, and about 45 feet above sea level. At this point, owing to pressure of time and the dense nature of the scrub, I was com- : ge reservoir to Paddington is estimated at 31 miles, Whilst that from the supply or service reservoir is estimated at 1 mile further, giving a total length of 32 miles of pipes. Estimatep Cost. or ConDvlitT. The estimated cost of this line of conduit is as follows—Tunnel, 691 yards i i per y £10,365 3 tunnel, from reservoir, of 2,500 yards, at £15 per running first section of 266 THE PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES, se for a double line; lead for joints, £800; trenching and laying, ; carriage, at 30s. per ton, £2,838; giving a total of £19,409 per - mile, or of £194, 090 for 10 miles. For the second secti on. of 6 miles ——— valley of George’s River the thickness of depipel would lek increased to 1} inch, capable of bearing a safe head of 412 feet, or a sdodani of 178-39 Ibs. per square inch, whilst it will only be actually exposed to a maximum pressure of 330 feet mile ; cost, at £6 15s. per ton, £7,823 5s. for a single line, or £15, 646 10s. yt double line of piping, which, with lead at £800, laying at £3,000, carriage at £3,476, gives a total of £22,922 10s. per mile, or of £1 37,535 for the whole section, For the tion of 16 miles to Sydney the —— of the pipes would be i inch capable of bearing a safe head of 375 feet, ora “er 162°38 lbs. per square inch, whilst io maximum pressure it will be exposed to is a head 295 feet, or of 127-74 Ibs. per orale weight, 1,023 tons per mile ; cost, at £6 15s. per ton, £6, 905 5s. for a single line, and £13, 810 10s. for a double line of pipes, whi with lead at £800, laying at £3,000, and carriage at £2,558, givesa total of £20,168 10s. per mile, or of £322, 696 for the whole section. Besides the ‘above sums, at leas ms £500 per — 5 have to be added for air and ibn valves, gates, &., nting in all to £16,000, also £35,000 for acinianae £10, 000 for or purchas of land, and £4, 500 for clearing. The entire cost of the Kenny Hill scheme is estimated as follows :—Tunnels and conduit to service as per Mr. Moriarty’s estimate, but including a” additional sum for 5 miles of lining, £207,906; sent , £30,000 ? 36-inch cast-iron pipes, £654,321; valves, gates, &e., : aqueducts, £35, 000 pa of land and clearing, £14,500 ; reservo™ at Petersham, £A, 800 ; reservoir at Waverley, — ars at Woollahra, £5, 000 ; compensation a 933,392. £10,000 ; survey and contingencies, £20,00' ital “21asest The ‘above safe-heads for the pipes are quoted from exposed tables, and ——— to Humber they can be constantly Durty or Kenny Hitt ScHEME. ie In an average season the service ees would be a a sustain the whole s supply, whilst Le lie ; the pipes would be equal to the delivery a 23 y to Crown-street, or 19 million gallons to P. ow. | million gallons to Woollahra, or 10-07 million gallons whilst their minimum duty during a very THE PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES, 267 drought, when we might suppose the service reservoir reduced to 341 feet above sea level, and the storage reservoir to 280 _ above sea level, would be a delivery of two million gallons dail sores one million er" to fecm mane besides seven million gallons to Paddington, or 10-4 million gallons to Crown-stre The ity actually Seanad for ¢ the pipes is to deliver during ordinary seasons, when the supply will joey the demand, two million gallons daily to Waverley heights, 325 feet above sea leve l, one million gallons to Woollahra, 276 feet aad sea level (which one pipe would manage in fourteen hours), and thirteen millions of gallons to Paddington, 214 feet above sea level. The surplus water from the canal would flow over a weir on the western flan of the dam into the storage reserv rvoir. u seasons of drought, plied us of the rainfall on the watersheds of the Upper Nepean and Cataract Rivers, and of the actual flow of water in those Streams, the result of careful observation extending over many farm it would be absurd to suppose such a contingency. The ying section shows at a glance the actual quantities ¢ mpan which can be discharged into the various high and low service reservoirs in Sydney and suburbs from different levels in the supply and storage reservoirs at Kenny Hill. CoMPARISON OF Conpuit LINES. a in favour of the Kenny Mill scheme at once n It is shorter in ce by ney 1 13 miles, and therefore so much the Jeon liable to d: i of construc- much — time (by at once ea with ae ager, of “the Supply reservoir at “ors Hill a supply from the Cataract River could actually be delivered in Sydney in two years, as a line of Pipes could easily be laid within that time) ; but its great advan- *, which far transcends all others, is that it will be able to er an ample supply to — Woollahra, the North oso in fact to the whole of Sydney and suburbs, by gravitation only. ‘reas the duty of the Prospect scheme, as elaborated by Mr. ya 268 THE PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES, Clark, ensures only a low service supply of twelve — gallons daily to Crown-street, of which 1 ion gal pumped to Paddington and Waverley, that of the Kenny ll scheme ensures a supply of three million gallons daily under cirumstances, to Waverley, Woollahra, and the North Shore, and i Paddi gallons except under the most extraordinary and eer cir- cumstances. The advantage claimed for the Prospect. scheme is its power of increment, at a much smaller cost. Acco Mr. Clark’s report, twenty-nine million gallons are brought within 14 miles of Sydney. To deliver this quantity into Crown-street would require two 36-inch diameter pipes in addition to the ee pro- posed works, which, at the same estimate as for the pi ipe-line from Kenny ~~ would cost £293,265. But with one additional — million gallons to Crown-street, and 21 million gallons to sae ton ; so that the actual difference would not exceed £41,895 10s Whilst, with a yet larger increment, this difference would be reduced toa minimum, as the whole conduit as far as would have to be enlarged. That the pipes are equal to to the duty accredited to them may be inferred from the fact alluded to in that even the static pressure of such a column WO! a thickness of over 1} inch to withstand it. of thane wes tions seem tome more imaginative than real, as by @ an 38 application of air momentum, relief and influx ease “ye always accompany the laying of a long pipe- large ‘ amply sions, the different thickness I have al towed “would ber it to overflow and tear away its banks and: de beneath it as to cpt ~ an objection to a Mr. Clark, in his report on Mr. ning’s L c e. carribee scheme, her, woh * anticipated no such ernie: a! twice the head and a longer pipe-line was . toc es as follows :—“ The better plan in such ‘a system 18°00" flow of the water by a sluice placed at or near its w the pipe is left entirely open at its lower end. By THE PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES, 269. Francisco has 34 miles of large supply piping, whilst in London itself some of the mains have a pressure of over 200 feet head. Relief valves could be so fixed that in no portion of the supply pipe need the pressure under any contingency exceed a fixed ing a fracture to occur in the deeper undulations. To still further any chance of accident, an escape valve or sluice-gate might be fixed at the crossing of George’s River, so that, on any ure occurring nearer Sydney, any undue pressure from the closing of valves too suddenly might be obviated by allowing the water to escape into George’s River ; whilst, by using self-acting shut-off valves at the reservoirs, as adopted in the Dublin and Liverpool water-works, the flow into the piping from the reservoirs would be stopped in a few minutes after the occurrence of the fracture. Such ingenuity has been lately exercised in the inven- tion of stop-valves that they can be adjusted at a distance by, an electric wire, so that any chance of accident to a pipe conduit is now very remote. CoMMERCIAL AND ECONOMICAL QUALIFICATIONS. ‘ . : - ‘ . . bl e; ‘@ power always available by which, with but little trou he’can add considerably to his earnings Whereas if water was only available for domestic use, as supplied from Crown-street, “te gallons a head would be amply sufficient ; if it could be supp 270 THE PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES. for the above purposes in sufficient quantity delivered at a high level, more than sixty gallons a head would be used, reducing the rates and adding largely to the income of the Corporation. SanrTaRyY INFLUENCE. - Z er 5 ct a i3°) .® ez Fs Q. E ® =] = g = ae Fa S B a 3 croscopic which would undoubtedly have been pronounced pee another fruitful source of disease, which, by wind, rain, From wise, may be conveyed into the waters of an opt ‘that the observations of M. Miguel and Pasteur, + the aif eggs of bacteria and spores of moulds are always present in ® in considerable quantities, This is ed by, most case’ who adds that a few cubic centim a will, hilst >rofessol bring infection into the most diverse infusions 5 ps of warnll ey, in detailing his experiences, gives ® BO". 4 calth of which should deeply impress all th inter aad use this and future generations. He us tha enic fevel by what: people not wisely, call germe—egn APT Tie | y what people, no ahah by bodies of mee THE PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES. 271 ria. They could be cultivated through twenty or thirty genera- tions, and then when given to the ox or pig would invariably give rise to the characteristic disease. We have no reason even to im that any body capable of causing disease by such means could be anything but a body having the nature of bacterium. Now, teria are just as much plants as mushrooms, cabbages, &c., so that we know under what condition they flourish and what they will do. Bacteria can be sown in Pasteur’s solution just as easily as mustard and cress can be sown in the soil ; in it they thrive, and the liquid becomes milky, and there is no knownmethod by which, if one drop of Pasteur’s solution was placed in a gallon of water its constituents could be estimated. Every cubic inch of such water would contain 50 or 100,000 bacteria, and one drop of it would be capable of exciting a putrefactive fermentation in any substance capable of undergoing that fermentation. For purposes of public health the human body may be considered as such a sub- ce, and we may conceive such water as pure as may be as re- gards chemical analysis, and yet as deadly as prussic acid as b d 7 very advisable to shorten the line of open canal as much as possible, in order to preserve the purity of the water, especially with the terrible example of the effects of a few germs on the population of Lausanne, in Switzerland. The typhoid : fever which devastated that town, infecting a quarter of its inhabitants, oxydising influences of sun and to filtration through sand, and yet produced such deadly results. The shortening of the canal line lushing the sewers and in rapidly disposing of any accumula imjurious matter in the side drains of the streets. Live TREATMENT. : unfavourable comparison of the bright sparkling : that some Vince of bone disease are due to want or deficiency of lime in water, these two facts should i ecessi of applying a lime process to any scheme on for determined Sydney, ress on us the n of supply which may be 272 THE PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES. RECAPITULATION. I have now completed my comparison of the two schemes, and it remains only to recapitulate the principal features in an ised form, that their comparative merits may be more fined. mi and concisely de oy At rvo sicailee aires available for supply, 7,110 million ga ; dam, She “e constru of land and outlet gn £186,536. 2. Pumping and gravitation com- bined deliver 12 million gallons _— 1 million of —— is pumped to on to tadashi Ww. service reservoirs ; estimated saat, mls 562,268. Length of conduit 63 men including 102 miles tunuatlin ng, 3 miles open canal an “rg at scene - piping, * _ 7 es re- The beyond Pros- only 6 eat fall per mile, hic at i is insufficient to provide for eedinient nd to prevent the growth of seen vegetation. Such a long of canal is liable to accident inati Reel required for a con- siderable distan 4, An scchdakeh¢ o the dam would entail the stoppage of all — - the southern line for some besides leading to great loss of tife and destruction of property.. 5. Low delivery at Crown- street reservoir, necessitatin, pumping sta- re clearly Kenny Hit. 1, Area of per impounding re- servoir, 1,048 ; storage available for psc 2 8,110 million eet villi 325 feet ; 1 million allons to Wi lahra, 276 feet ; and the 18 million gallons to din 214 above ea level, at an esti total cost of £1,232,3! 3. Length of seat 50} miles, incl es , recaution in construction, e : “8 ce has shown the safest kind of semper tion, the m A ches acide to the snare pe but THE PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES, 273 7. Owing to want of pressure, this 7. Owing to its high A ressure, this scheme would be ineffectual in pre- scheme come offer great advantages venting extensive Se it for extinguishing eon! wm the manu- enon offer no benefits manufac- facturer and mechanic, for tase turers or eaclinn ics, wo would have fountains and npdradilie ee barely jafliciont head for flushing motors, and for flushing sew sewers. In the above synopsis it appears that the Prospect scheme only supplies twelve m mage sy sania per ery for a pase 8 expen- the eos Hill scheme, its pumping expenses would be in by at least £112,235. For true Babe the Kenny Hill sale uld be credited with this sum, showing a clear balance in its favour of £442,101. By using wrought-iron pipes instead of cast- Dmcureie — Trevor Joyzs, City eer, in g the discussion, said :—The subject of water supply for the ay ty of Sydney is one - 2g been before the public for so long a time that unprofes- spectators may well be pardoned for exclaiming, “ Eno of nee us have a little water, ” and for being a little shy on The engineering faculty, both here ita distance of 63 miles, are fain to admit that the question has been handled in a scientific manner by trained men. eae entered on the duties of City lenges although recognising talent that had conceived the scheme and the scien scientific manner in ; f pres- capacity might be combined witha greater head of p ‘Sure than ‘that obtainable by the Prospect scheme, for, notwith- 274 THE PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES. standing the concurrence of Mr. Clark with the Commission that the pressure due to Crown-street is satisfactory, I am of a different opinion on that point, being satisfied that nothing short of a head of 90 or 100 feet above Crown-street will suffice for the numerous requirements of a city like Sydney. The present pressure is insuf- _ ficient for extinguishing fires without the intervention of an engine—it is insufficient for the actuating of hydraulic lifts, cranes, lathe es, pumps, grinding machinery, &c., &e. If 100 feet be added to the Crown-strect level, then for all levels up to those of the vine Darlinghurst, Surry é, ern, Balmain, Pete dington the fire-engine could be dispensed with, be from instead of rushing to the fire station, harnessing horses, or raising steam and racing dangerously through the streets, onan where the: hose-reel would probably be all ready, bronght there by their comrades living near the station, attach the hose and at once deluge the fire in its. incipient state. My examination of the country was brought as far down the line of conduit as ee peewee without success, when showed me his proposal. In his company I visited the spot, and came to the conclusion that, althought it might not turn out so it might afford the desired Havi ving read that Mr. ing his selection of Prospect as a site for a reservoir, 1 a site were found at a greater elevation he would be i te its adoption, I waited on that gentleman, and found that he caused a survey of the Kenny Hill neighbourhood to be on the face of that he pointed out that the capacity was not 80 eH and that the dam would require twice as much earthwork as at Prospect, me such other defects as that. I, who had on ee . a casual visit to the place, was fain to be content to renee such Since that time Mr. Gipps has menetanho the site, and alterations and new dispositions—and also discovered a pi than the which, being scaled on the plan, is shorter by 12 miles course by Prospect—as to make it appear os ee might well festow a careful sh on both reservoir rm track, as, if proved correct, at least the coveted 100 pressure would be obtainable, sivas with ample storage wie The action of the City Council (wom, have dene deciding t) on the previo ’ in the Aon not of City Engineer) ne: sade est that cause the tie of the scheme to be thoroughly investigat ‘nigh 4 decided me from any expression of opm any opinit ‘a in any way tend to embarrass the inquiry ; a wg hin he the value : reservoir, contents of dam, or of the leve (having only made two brief visits to the might express as to the accuracy of the surve, r m0 spot) when : - THF PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES. 275 actual survey. I have recently learned that the Department has made such modifications as will increase the head at Crown-street —I am not aware to what extent; but, as the head at Prospect is only 170 feet, and from which must be deducted the necessary fall for delivery at a distance of 22 miles, the difference obtained must fall very short of the desired 240 feet above high-water- mark—in fact it can at most not be 10 feet. Not being able to bear testimony to the correctness of Mr. Gipps’s levels or survey, I feel bound to state that his estimates give me the impression of being cut too low ; but Ido not think it necessary for him to a saving in expenditure, as if the scheme is otherwise feasible the additional head obtained would, according to Mr. Clark’s esti- mate, be cheaply procured at a cost of £150,000 over that of the + scheme, that sum being the present value of the cost of ] In the above I will, no doubt, be held to have subordinated the scheme for the irrigation of the county of Cumberland to prunary object of the scheme was a gravitation system for Sydney ; secondly, that I have from an actual experiment at Bacchus Ma. all I could to have promoted their views. It has been said that the introduction of a higher pressure in the mains would be m ing them. This is true with to some of the mains laid in ground impre with salt ; the iron in some pipes in such localities has been s y - kind of plumbago, and the present pressure is ly destroy- ing them ; but the general run are the same thickness as Pressure obtained in the pipes—viz., the bursting of lead services. Y iron abichess al sie attached to the main by a length of x 276 THE PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES. 2 or 3 feet of lead piping, and this, instead of having been of the weight of 9 lb. per lineal yard, is only 5 lb. and no doubta great many of these and some of the iron service-pipes, whicha: greatly corroded, will give way. I have been told that the public will attach great importa: to what I say this evening; I cannot but regret this, as how- ever favourable I may to the examination of the claims urged, I cannot speak of them professionally, not having laid a level or theodolite on the ground, and am here as a agen the closest scrutiny af them before it is sanded % TUART said he had a resolution to propose W. which wold bring the consideration by the Society of Mr. Gipps’s scheme toa head, yet without restraining discussion upon the same. - Commissioners who recommended the scheme now bein ut deserved every credit for the attention they had given to the oaljeod and the Government also deserved every credit for having tained the services of an accomplished psi engineer 4 Mr. Clark to guide their counsels on the same subject as a scientific man had done his duty, and those at the head of the Treasury had done theirs ; but there were two or three ways in which an engineer might be employed in determining upon merits of a water scheme. There might be three or four schemes ela Stuart) scarcely thought that justice was done to Mr. J ning’s scheme, for although the Government assistance, yet he did not have the assistance which was necessary Mr. Clark on - | ms eee tale them which did jook r markabl ausl t : YF ned his official yaar centuries, and to be of such magnitude the es a Society should use its best efforts adop Such an undertaking was not one » to hurry over | Rene the public might be impatient of the discussion eee was causing, there could be no doubt the por wolt® benefit of it. He should therefore Society of New South Wales, being fully alive to pi a ES pi which should provide @ PU = of a water service w a THE PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES. 277 “supply of pure water to the city of Sydney and the rapidly creasing suburbs, and at the same time secure to the present and future manufactories of the Colony the invaluable advantage of hydraulic power, are of opinion that the Government should at once proceed to the full examination of the water scheme pro- pounded by Mr. F. B. Gipps.” The CuarrMan pointed out that, unless the by-law of the Society ruling that notice must be given of every resolution were sus- pended, he could not receive the motion pro by Mr. Stuart. Mr. Stuart then moved that the by-law the Chairman had referred to be suspended. The CuarrMANn remarked that the discussion on the question of water supply had better proceed, and the resolution which had pion proposed thereon could be dealt with afterwards. well serve many man equally well adapted for their establishment. At such places where was a matter well worth consideration. The difference in the cost of the length of dams and capacity of reservoirs contemplated Gipps’s scheme was very satisfactorily met by the great economical advantages of his plan. Assuming that it would cost twice as much at the outset as the scheme at present accepted by a different reticulation of the service-pipes would be required, and Probably the renewal of the larger pipes ; but this expense would 278 THE PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES. water was very objectionable, as he had been convinced by his observations in London and elsewhere, for they were open to pol- lution by the most offensive matter, which became a i to the position of his supply reservoir, or how much the reservoir was capable of extension, although for miles around there was @ investigati ities having no connection, either further investigation by authorities having ae concerned in the question. ' se Mr. Goodlet and Mr. A. Dean spoke in favour of Mr. Gipps® scheme. lessee Dr Betarave observed that the adoption of » highpresom service would reduce fire insurance premiums to half the present rates. Such would be the certainty of extinguishing conta ia tions within narrow limits. There would also be fountams imo streets by means of pipes much more effectually than Wa" now. ‘The tramcars sight be driven as they were ™ Panis atmospheric pressure, instead of by the antiquated, meuply bad motors ; and in many other respects the high-pressure SPP! very much to recommend it. Mr. Jones said the ordinary pipes were for strong enough to bear a high-pressure stra those pipes, which were of very inferior iron, were laid down in the early days of the Colony, none ue reticulation would have to be taken up if the hig were carri out. Mr. Gipps, in reply, said: I propose answer in detail the various objections THE PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES. 279 against my proposed modification of the Prospect scheme. It has been contended—l. That owing to the side and base of the i the Prospect. 3. That a gravitation scheme from Bull’s Hill reservoir has already been rejected by the Commissioners, owing to the expense of iron piping. Tn answer to the first objection, I would point out that the physical and geological character of the country of the Prospect reservoir is nearly identical with that of the Kenny Hill reservoir, so that to admit of the correctness of the above deduction we shall have to assume that 5 miles of canal will be sufficient for settle- ment purposes. But experience in our river system has proved that the water in some of those which have as low a fall as 1 foot becomes muddy, and at times undrinkable or unfit for any domestic purposes, owing to heavy storms 60 or 80 miles higher up the stream. Supposing, however, such a desirable condition could be guaranteed by allowing the water to flow through an open canal, it must then be admitted that the accumulation of sediment in the bottom of the canal would necessitate its constant cleansing ; and I think it must also be allowed that there is, in a sanitary ance. thr patient investigations of Professors Krupp, Kolbe, and Pettenkofer, that cholera, dysentery, and yellow fever are propa- gated through : : bart sania ioe alding trefaction of the various 0: stances, both animal and vegetable, which it would be ble to keep out of an uncovered conduit. In answer to this 280 THE PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES. to the Commissioners, it seems that the Bull’s Hill reservoir was capable of storing only 4,636 million gallons, and that its surface level was 260 feet above sea-level. The area would be 539 acres Kenny Hill scheme, having its reservoir 110 feet higher, its 4a 44 feet lower, and its impounding area so much larger, a8 hardly t admit of comparison. 0 extra outlay would not be large. spension Mr. Poolman seconded Mr. Stuart’s motion for the su fe of the by-law to allow the original resolution to be put wees vote. The motion was lost. ieee eg pany 281 On Wells in Liverpool Plains. By T. K. Asszorr, P.M., Gunnedah. [Read before the Royal Society of N.S. W., 3 November, 1880.] relied upon as permanent in the district in which I reside. I regret that I met with but little success at first, and found exist- tion I possess. I With a view of making the inquiry as complete as possible caused to be printed the following paper, which was distributed throughout the district :— 1. Name of station ? 2. Position of well, parish and portion ? 3. Size of well? 4. Character of surface ? [ eel ee a 5. Notes of all strata passed through, including thickness am character to first water ? “+ 6. Quantity and quality of first water, also remarks on its appearance, i.e. how it came—in rock, gravel, or otherwise ? : =~ account of strata and water to bottom of well? - Dip and amount of strata ? nae State instances (if any) which have 2 — knowledge ere brackish water having been first stru been through and fresh water found ? — at 10. Instances of the reverse (if any) within your knowledge 982 ON WELLS IN LIVERPOOL PLAINS. The object of these questions was to obtain reliable facts as to the flow of water beneath the surface of the earth. It is well known that rivers taking their rise in the mountains flow for many miles and are eventually lost in the lait = it could be ascertained beyond doubt that these rivers may be reached by well-sinking or boring it would impart confidence in ne per- manence of the springs. I believe the area of the watershed of which the water passes Bourke, the Darling, Namoi, Barwin, Gwydir, and all their tributaries, is about 140,000 square miles The average rainfall at and about Bourke wena be 16 inches ; thence towards the main range it gradually increases until the the Darling at Bourke drains very largely, the all,” Mr. Russell says, “ would, I should think, be fully 40 inches.” _ Esti- mating however the rainfall throughout at 16 inches, and reducing it over this large area in the usual way for evaporation and soak- age, and in order to avoid the possibility of error reducing what remains by one-half, the river at Bourke should be 200 feet tes and 200 yards wide, and flow all the year round! At Bourke the — is sometimes nearly dry. Where then does all this < Amst with a view of assisting as far as I can over a limited area ‘unis 1a deceit solving this problem that I have undertaken the collection of facts regarding wells in this district. T can only at gure: supply a paper upon wells in the county of Pottinger. The information I possess respecting any 0 other of the counties in this neighbourhood is of too meagre @ submit. I have obtained, by means of the forms I had printed and a lated, information pomaling about 100 wells in the distriet Gunneda h, and accompanying this paper I have pre 12a showing the position of over 90 wells scattered over an an area country amounting to upwards of 2,000,000 (two ape ware tt Those who have visited Liverpool Plains are of course awa’ = the largest and ehaek of the far-famed pasto: ta situated in this county. The plains are generally level, te | soil; here and there isolated basaltic ridges of no 0 great eat : islands of timber and scrub, and sometimes san occur. The object I had in view in preparing pap position of the wells, the general features of the mf the schedule attached giving the ret aye strata, and of this! ae mation I possess, was to thoroughly reliable data—so — it, goes—Upon more able than I may build up theories. My muissio® only to collect facts. ON WELLS IN LIVERPOOL PLAINS. 283 I cannot begin better than by giving a description of one of the most remarkable wells in the district, number 20 on the plan. It is at Bando head-station, at an elevation, I should say, of 100 or 150 feet above the plain. The country is basaltic; and immedi- ately behind the well rises a range of mountains from 1,000 to 1,600 feet higher than the myall slope upon which the well is situated. The late manager, Mr. W. T. Keene, has obligingly furnished me with the following :—“Size-of the well, 7 feet the ring-barking, several of the little previously dry watercourses are now trickling rills, and convey away from the range, In one instance at least, quite treble the quantity of the overflow from the well. Whether this remarkable state of things is occasioned by the sapping of the timber, or whether it occurs through the Operation of natural causes, I am not prepared to state ; but “" appears somewhat remarkable that the well should have existed for several years and the watercourses retained their no con- dition for a period extending over thirty years, only to develop into permanent springs and streams when the eucalypt: were ved. Instances of Salt Water. Bearing upon question 9 in the form supplied, although not exactly in ee te it, Mr. Keene states :—“I knew of an a stance on Colly Blue (Colly Blue is on Coomoo Coomoo Creek, . plan) where an old well 65 feet caved in. The water in this we was limited and very brackish, and hardly fit for stock. A new m Obtained.” This fact ai to me to be valuable, would prove that the water below the surface is held in channels and may be obtained at very short intervals under widely varying conditions. In the well which caved in the water was obtain : 284 ON WELLS IN LIVERPOOL PLAINS. only 12 feet distant, water, excellent in quality and supply, was obtained at 33 feet. Bando head-station, and situated on the side of the same range of mountains, there are two remarkable springs called Tam- bar. springs are about 100 yards apart, 4 miles from’ the plain, and elevated above it somewhere over 200 feet. In one 65 feet, brackish, limited, and unfit for human use. In thesecond, limited in * dry and stony-looking spot, and flows across the main road from flows from the surface. At Bomera head-station there is a well, not numbered on the plan, only 6 feet deep, where the water almost always remains level with the surface, and the supply is practically mexhausub This well is distant about 12 miles in a south- esterly direction from Tambar, and is situated in a sandstone formation on @ slope about 200 yards from a creek, the bed of which is 40 feet lower than the water in the well, and this creek is frequently ed Some of the land in the vicinity has been cleared, but very 0 sapped. It appears to me to be similar in character gee at Tambar, and the fountain-head must, as in the other case, of i : To the north-west Garrawilla head- enormous quantity of 9,600 gallons per hour. I rod phe spring where it makes its first appearance, and ‘was £100 acres, find the ground quite hollow for a space of ——- 2 ashi and upon listening attentively one could hear the so to be large water under foot. In many places there hapy te a 3 or 4 feet from the surface. A large : washing below this spring, and one of the most extensive Sy power : establishments in the Colony is supplied with water PY I” fe ON WELLS IN LIVERPOOL PLAINS. 285 engines from this dam. The whole area of the valley in which the spring arises does not exceed 2, acres, and the yield per annum at the rate quoted amounts to nearly eighty-five millions of gallons of water. There can be no doubt whatever that the source of this spring is far removed from the drainage area of the valley in which it occurs. On Moredevil Station, near the source of Cox’s Creek, many ears ago, a well was sunk to a considerable depth. The exact reached, when, as the workmen broke through some hard rock, the water rushed in so rapidly that they were compelled to abandon from it. This has continued ever since, through all varieties of seasons, without cessation. I have obtained from Mr. Williams, : I cannot do better than give in own words :—“I have measured the rate at which the water rises in both wells. The rst is 6 feet x 6 feet, and I think 80 feet deep, and is situated within 20 yards of a spring where as a rule the water is on the You will see that after taking out about 2 feet of water, the water rises much more rapidly than it does at the higher level. Pipeclay is I may sa on the surface ; : extends I don’t loi but it is several feet. Water rises as 286 ON WELLS IN LIVERPOOL PLAINS, follows: January 5th, took out 2 feet of water; the first 13 inches rose in 1 hows and 45 minutes; then 2, in ches in 60 I have given Mr. Williams’ statement exactly as it is written, and its value as a record cannot be doubted. My labours would mation been as obliging as the late manager at Bando, and managers rs of Bomera, Moredevil, and Trinkay. To those ‘gentlemen It appeared strange to me that the weather should so much wot these wells and springs ; and in turning the matter over In mind I thought I had discovered the solution in the fact that on id em sunny days the trees must evaporate an enormous quan- tity of moisture, which upon dull days would be retained or rather not drawn from the earth. In the case of the springs at Tambar and Garrawilla, which must have their fountain-head £ distant from where they appear, and the wells of which Mr. ' liams gives the deseription, a little reflection will show 4% d cause of this alternation in the outflow cannot be influence of the vegetation. The springs at Tambar - on thes ea 4 BEEERE not far from the same watercourse, which makes of nearly 7,000 gallons per hour. Coomoo Coomoo d be observed by the map, flows out on the plain, forms Goran ates e a sheet of water some 25 to 30 i very ' eee oe and sometimes lasts for several years, forms in what one a depression in the plain, the borders of which are ® from defined by a ridge of sand. The depth of the water weet a 3 to 7 feet. Several miles to the south-west, Trinkay 80. pe ad for its ironbark forest, is situated. — loose ; able quantity, ON WELLS IN LIVERPOOL PLAINS. 287 The well numbered 59 on the plan is situated on greeter and as will be seen by the Schedule, flows over the surface. I sunk at the base of a conical isolated hill, to a depth of about 60 feet, and at an elevation above the level ont the plain of 120 feet It has continued to flow for fourteen or fifteen years. Well No. 57 on the plan is about 5 miles from No. 59, in a between the latter and the = ain, a about 100 feet lower. This well is described as follows :— 6 fee t by 4 feet ; first 100 feet red soil, with gravel layers scale ining fossilized bones; teeth of diprotodon found at 100 feet; from 100 feet to 150 feet all red clay ; then 3 feet of drift containing little fresh water ; 3 feet of clay same character, then boulders and gravel ; 3 feet ‘of whitish clay strata dipping slightly to the west.” The total depth of this well is 159 feet, and as the surface is 100 feet lower than well No. 59 this would place the bottom 259 feet below the level of the flowing well above described. With regard to the possibility of finding brackish or salt water, passing through it, and then obtaining a supply of fresh, Fag toe in- as ideliown —_ 90 feet cers ; at 50 feet salt water ca’ quantities ; at 90 feet unlimited supply of perfectly 5 feet of sand.” Well No. a . ‘a is esr liustration of the same experience. The desc mn given is :— Size of well, 7 feet 6 inches by 7 feet 6 sahoans 41 fect ded: ; 6 feet of black soil ; 9 — blue clay ; 17 feet whitish clay and gravel; 7 feet of sand ; 2 feet loose water-worn stones and sand mixed ; first water at 25 feet, in clay and gravel ; supply limited ; quality hard and kish ; water at bottom fresh ; supply a abundant.” I have no information of instances of the reverse, i.e. fresh water being found first and brackish afterwards, and most likely for the reason that | ceases. am abundant and luxurious vegetation. With 25 wells on the 164 rm watershed Mooki, I find the cabin 13 feet, and th depth of water in we feet. In 40 deep 7 ra wa Cox’s Creek, na tia seca averages : over nearly 70 miles, Depth of well, 70 re es — of water in well, 18 feet. The average of 24 wells on the w: watershed of Cox’s Creek is as 288 ON WELLS IN LIVERPOOL PLAINS. follows :—Depth of well, 62 feet ; depth of water in each well, 22 feet. I may here mention that west of Cox’s Creek, at a distance of 10 miles or less, loose sandy soil is encountered, and water, I am credibly informed, can be obtained almost anywhere at from 10 to 20 feet from the surface. A sandstone formation extends to the Castlereagh, and is covered with perhaps the grandest iron- bark forest in the Colonies. Of the 89 wells situated on the west- ern watershed of the Mooki and the eastern and western water- sheds of Cox’s Creek, the average depth is 63 feet 6 inches, and the depth of water for each well is 17 feet 6 inches. From one end to the other along Cox’s Creek an unlimited supply of good water may be obtained at an average depth of 50 feet. Of the 89 wells of which I have spoken as lying on the watershed of Cox's Creek and the Mooki, I find that 73 bottomed in sand or gravel with an abundance of good fresh water. Six bottomed in clay, with water brackish or salt ; eight on rock, with water hard to brackish ; one in sand, with water bitter; and one in rock, wi water good. The average depth of these last 16 wells I find to be 90 feet ; three of them reaching the depth of 170, 159, and 130 feet respectively. It will be observed from these facts that water may be obtained at a moderate depth in sand or gravel almost any- where in the county of Pottinger. Of course I am aware that the information I have been able to collect is only a small drop many of these of the most by the name of a “whip” oucket to the other, is suspended over the well. by ee elevate the water. Many thousands of sheep are watered ization 8 superior value of a small well properly tubed w ; ted. I have very little doubt that with boring machine ® ON WELLS IN LIVERPOOL PLAINS. 289 16 inches in diameter could be made (and at one-tenth the cost) which would supply the place of any of the large wells. In most good wells the water shows a tendency to rise to the surface, and in some cases does actually rise and flow over. If wells were bored and tubed so that the water if it did rise could not escape through layers of sand or the fissures in the various strata, the chances of ving flowing wells would be considerably inereased. At a any rate, in attempting to solve the problem “ Where does our rainfall go?” boring machines must be called into requisition, and it may happen, when. our store of general knowledge has been added to by information similar to that which I have endeavoured to place before this sa cep to-night, collected from all parts of the colony, the vast interior plains about the Darling may be rendered as pr fitable and productive as any other of the more favoured portions of this great land. Lieutenant Maury, in his celebrated work on “Oceanic Currents,” begins with the startling sentence “ There is ariver in the ocean.” It may fall to the lot of some member of in the earth,” and, with the assistance of those who are in a tion to render it, to indicate their locality, the depth at which sng may be found, suk how rendered serviceable to mankind. Postscript. rican map which accompanies this paper has_been Prepared by is. Gad ein , Licensed Surveyor, msg A. P. 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WS a f é @® peer Wy, gu ce (anc cee i & aE Sig - 3 gt “ah, eC IE R i a 4 ; ; f ab 23 z 3 eos ; x F ve s Z } ; 3 S.C % Mice : : SS ea f af “2 = SS ; a = SS 2 ay? ay ; g i Shi ° ye es 3 H at we °° ces ; oe, te : CARES Nese) OF at é ec \y 4 a q Sa ff 4 ahs ae Ce: VES Be dean Genius nem wei Eas Cay . a Pg ale et es weld Ue a aoe rer ; £*. r i Rinne” SS Ciiere ANE AY a # I ae gpreng Cree ~_— ar at MT ge % St TPS nT, wa erehekatnds eA) » Pi *y se ao Ahan, a Coottanaeitta 4 i ae hye yn 3 ; Coury Bive ) ae eo iP HO br evereamouunt” q! n t , ae th Wi, Ma, Wf ae by nj ws P YA 5 “i iq ne % Me NG, 2 = > x ef, Ay ars % 7) Ye ie ij ne Oe aa, 4 PLAN OF REFERENCE To A REPORT ON WELLS | K. ABBOIT E, COUN: TY oF POTT! INGER Me: ee a ee PHOTO-LITHOGRAPHED AT THE GOVT. PRINTING OFFICE, SYDNEY, NEW SOUTH WALES. Sid a i ® - ae 3 ®©® Ore ; oe Pies. § PIRIN r | 4 3 ® * pass, ; Be ; t” = i g a ws : ore Away, @ Rie e) WAN PROCEEDINGS. 295 PROCEEDINGS ‘os Te, OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES. WEDNESDAY, 12 MAY, 1880. ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING. Charles Moore, F.L.S., V.P., in the Chair. uring the y, umber of mé Society has lost by death is four, by resignation ten, and by removal fro rs, V1Z, :— Mr. George Bentham, FR.S, V.P.LS, C.M.G., &e, the Royal Gardens, Kew ; Dr. Charles Darwin, F.R8, M.A. €nsington ; Pro: ‘ 5 V.P. Z.8., &e,, the British Museum ; making the total number of honorary members nineteen. Mr. R. Etheridge, jun., F.G.S., &c., of the British Museum, has been elected a correspon 296 PROCEEDINGS. this date; after this is paid, a balance of £200 will be left, which the Council propose for the present to leave in the Bank asa fixed deposit, at 6 per cent. At the Council meeting held on April 28, it was unanimously resolved to award the Clarke "memorial medal for the year 1878 to Professor Owen, C.B., &e. ; G. porated with the forthcoming volume. During the year the Society has held eight meetings, and the majority of the Sections have held regular monthly meetings. The report of the curators of the geological cabinet shows that it contains thirty-six specimens, and the Society’s microscopical cabinet now contains about 200 _ slides.” -_« The following Financial Statement for the year ending 30th April, 1880, was presented by the Honorary Treasurer :-— GENERAL ACCOUNT. rs ch ees 58 0 2 0 ,» Hire of hall and rooms to sundry Societies 1611 0 726 15 6 £784.15 8 EXPENDITURE. ere By Temporary laying on gas in large Hall of University for conversazione .........--- 5 0 0 » Refreshments for 815 persons at conver- eneione 203 Sis. RA I y2 66 »» Sundry expenses—conversazione .....6+++++++++ 17 5 »» Furniture and effects ..........sseceseeeseneeeesers 73 5 8 ” or isc ss bi cntvevuns prewepewes™® 42 12 1 if Printing Sesersbocerebereucee 6:1: ,, Engraving illustrations for Journal .........-- 2517 6 », Stationery pipers 1:43:42 PROCEEDINGS, 297 EXPENDITURE—continued, £ a a. £a d, By Book-binding re ge ES re eaten rea 25 11 11 5 sate i ONS ON Papers) ..........eeaes 6 6 0 » De Brg Hoes Society’s g ois 2 tomembers... 415 6 ? »» Petty tage 32 0 0 »» Freight, sidtaas packing-cases, &c. 1015 3 »» Insurance - books and furniture ........... ¥. S-@ » Gas Accoun 291 6 9 » , Assistant scemennaes salary to 30th April, 1880 (12 months) 8 2 am ae to i 3 30, 1880 eee ities 10 0 0 rvey examinations ...... Ls ” Ditto re poahanente at monthly stieetihign 14 4 0 », Covering and packing exchanges ie presentations to ae Societies ...... i = : » Exchange on country cheques ... .......sc0000 eas. vee 553 8 5 ” — — transferred to Building A/c. 47 5 0 »» Hire 16 11 0 a began see ONG MBUTANCE ........c00500000 29 1 0 shanna 19217 0 »» Balance in Union Bank, 30th April, 1880) ...........40 3810 3 oe 15 8 ore. — Vouchers for the — mentioned in the note to last penny Balance Sheet have been produced. fy a G. A. WRIGHT, Honorary Treasurer. W. H. WEBB, Assistant + Secretary. Audited— R. A. A. MOREHEAD. A. S. WEBSTER. 30th April, 1880, BUILDING FUND ACCOUNT. RECEIPTS. To Amount at ae deposit in Union Bank 200 0 » Balance in U nm Bank, 30th April, isi9 «6-66 9 » Rent of hall to Academy of Art ......:c0-+0+++ 200 0 »» Hire of rooms to sundry Societies ..........++ 16 11 »» New members’ yma fees, transferred eeeeeeeee ope ss 1210 0 £610 16 6 . 298 PROCEEDINGS. EXPENDITURE. = ee aT fa @ By ‘City one Gee aL, 8 ARR Ua CR ane 4..1- 9 », Interest on £2,000 @ “a to 3lst March, 1880. 120 0 0 ;, Insurance on BN ce oesncay, ocskaoees. 5. Dod : : ee 129 1 0 2 t at fi sepa Ist tae 1879. ... 100 0 0 ‘ iy 13th — 100 ie n p 2nd Fal ay 9a00 50:08 a 300 0 0 , Balance in the Union Bank, 30th April, 1880 ..... ...... 18115 6 £610 16 6 H. G. A. WRIGHT, Honorary Treasurer. W. H. WEBB, Assistant Secre retary. Audited, — R. A. A. MOREHEAD. A. 8S. WEBSTER. 30th April, 1880. STATEMENT OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES FOR THE YEAR ENDING 30rn APRIL, 1880. SSETS. £8 4 To Balance in Union Bank to cr apc wal General Account ...... 3810 3 5 a id ptions and entrance fees re 34 13 0 ” urniture, painting, books, &c. oe unknown— en ; 4 ay ia ed “ .. 1,000 0 0 ,, Rent of room due from Sr. Simonetti ERE AALS 13 0 0 .» Hire of hall due from Sr. Simonetti ............sccceeeeeeeeeeeees 110 ” ” ” Uni agai Musical Society ..scs-n 22 ; 9 ” ” De. Renwitk 4 skewer es 1 1 0 2 » ” Mr. H c Dangar .....ssccssessceneees 11 0 ” Barton, M.D. A. ......++esenerrees 1k 9 ” Rooms due for Surv urvey Examination ..........+::1+s0++ 517 » >» Academy of Art—proportion of Gas Account due from 60 May, 1879, to May, 1880 ........sssccceseeerteeeereenenress eas - ema in Wisshoth-ssresk (cost of purchase) . 3,525 18 ;, Balance in Union Bank to credit of Building Fuad “Account 181 pon ;, Amount of fixed Reunite — 300 £5,115 1 9 ILITIES. : ” Triibner & Co.—Periodicals ..... ..c.ccceecseenenesenenerssrenent® 47 9 8 , By Alexander Dean—Bookcases in Library, and es 1a 0 to building, cog cane deus 000 0 0 ” eB Hee Bank—Loan on mortgage.......-:ccssreecesreneseent® - 2,000 70 , Balance of Assets pet "Liabilities D ecimacanenss eaese ee 2, £5,115 1 9 H. G. A. WRIGHT, Honorary Treasuret: Examined— W. H. WEBB, Assistant Secretary- ‘ A; A. —— A, 8. WEBST 30th April, 1880. The statement was adopted. PROCEEDINGS. 299 Dr. P. Sydney Jones and Mr. A. S. Webster were elected Scrutineers for the election of a = members of Co A ballot was then taken, and the followin gentlemen ¥ were duly elected officers and members of Couneil for the current year:— HONORARY PRESIDEN HIS EXCELLENCY THE RIGHT HON. ‘LORD AUGUSTUS LOFTUS, G.C.B., &c., &e. ESIDENT: Hon. Proressor SMITH, C.M.G., M.D., &c., &e. CE-PRESIDENTS : CHARLES MOORE, F.L.S. a. £. RUSSELL, B.A., F.R.A.S., &e. HONORARY TREASURER: H. G. A. WRIGHT, M.RB.C.S.E. HONORARY SECRETARIES Proressor LIVERSIDGE, F.C.S., F. G. S., &e., &e. Dr. ADOLPH LEIBIUS, F F.C.S. COUNCIL DIXON, W. A., F.C.S. MONTEFIORE, E L HIRST, G. D. ROLLESTON, C., C.M.G. HUNT, ROBERT, F.G.S. WILKINSON, C. S., F.G.S. The following gentlemen were duly elected ordinary members of the Society :— ; MB. CM, Edin., M.R.C.S., Eng., Sydney. ydney. The ce: time, and of for she first time ~ unced that a number of copies of two works by Dr. Sebeeaburek. "of Adelaide, had been received, from t the PK for distribution amongst the members upon application, Viz. + 1. “On the Naturalized Weeds and other Plants in South 2. “On the Urari ; the Death eet Poison of the Macusis, an Indian Tribe in British Gui Also, that a small apparatus the ‘me of Dr. Urban Pritchard, intended to facilitate the preparation of animal tissue ~ microscopic examination, had been presented to the Society by Mr. R. A. A. Morehead. iA Three hy and twelve donations were laid upon the table. 300 PROCEEDINGS. The following letters from Mr. Darwin and Professor Owen were read :— Down, Beckenham, Kent. “ Railway § Station, », Canes S.E.R., ear S r, I be ui to soniye ae the receipt oly t your Poe letter of August 7, ic nnounce to me that the Royal Society of New South Wates ns eierecred on me the i nour at Tinceie me one of their honorary members. I request that you will be so good as to express to the Council my plcwiidanente an and thanks for ‘this petite I remain, dear Yours faithfall and obli wipe To A. Liversidge, Esq., Hon. Sec. Royal Society. My dear Sir, London, British Museum, 27 October, 1879. I have been favoured by your obliging letter of August 7th, Rs conveying to me ph ets ying terms my election as honorary member the Royal Socie ky of New South Wales. This mark of the sense of fs — meeting of the sapere of the value of my —— labours I receive as an ample reward ; the m tome as coming from the Colony from which I have na en pres of the most teria subjects ane bours. I return my most grateful and respectfal acknowledgments Believe me, faithfully yours, rm RICHARD OWEN. Professor Liversidge, F.L.S., G.S., &c., Hon. Sec. Upon the recommendation of the Council, Sir Joseph Dal Hooker, M.D., K.C.S.1., C.B., F.R.8., &c., Director of the fer Gardens, Kew, was unanimously elected an hon onorary me: the Societ: Ret The names of the Se of the different Sections of the octets 'y were announced, viz. Microscopy. Page ry Dr. Mo rris. Secretary: P. Pedley. : H. G. A. Wright, M.R.C.S. ; G. D. Hirst; W. Waste: and F. B. Kyngdon. Literature and Fine Arts.—Chairman re ieee Ck mi : es Secretary: Percy E. W om and T illiams. Fen C.E.; L. W. Hart; A. L Jackson ; Jon Medical. — Chama: Alfred Roberts, M.R.C.S. Sooo rs. Sydney Jones and H. N. M‘Laurin, Ur GA. mittee: Drs. Cox, Schuette, Fortescue, and Wright, M.R.O.S. 7 Mr. Cartes Moore, F.LS., V.-P., then read his address. ie WEDNESDAY, 2 JUNE, 1880. Hon. J. Surrn, C.M.G., V.-P., in the Chair. There were about fifty members present. The minutes of the preceding meeting were read and confi PROCEEDINGS. 301 The following gentlemen were duly elected corresponding mem- bers of the Society, viz. :— Hyde Clarke, Esq., V.-P., Ethnological Institute, London. Major-General Sir Edward Ward, K.C.M.G., R.E., London. F. B. Miller, Esq., F.C.S., Melbourne Mint. And the following as ordinary members, viz. :— Bush, Thos. James, Sydney. Haege, Hermann, Sydney. Hodgson, Wilfred, M.D., Sydney. Willis, Rev. Robt. Speir, Manly. The certificates of ten new candidates were read for the second time, and of five for the first time. hundred (400) members only about one hundred had subscribed to the Building Fund ; he said it was necessary members should more generally subscribe to the fund, and that if they did so the removal of the debt should be an easy matter, as the Government agreed to grant a pound for every two pounds collected. Mr. CLarenpon Stuart asked whether the President was aware that one of the candidates presided at the ballot box at the election 7 of officers and Council on the 12th May last? The Cuarrmay in reply stated that it was part of the business _ of the meeting supposed to be presided over by the Chairman of the €évening, but in order that the other business might go on, a member of the Council was deputed to preside in place of the Chairman at the ballot, which for convenience had to be conducted in the library. He saw no impropriety in a member of the Council so presiding, even although the same member happened to have been proposed as a candidate. : Mr. Srvuarr explained that he did not intend to suggest that there was any impropriety in the proceedings, and he did not think that the results of the ballot were affected in any way. Ninety-one donations were laid upon the table, also a plaster bust of Humboldt, presented by Herr Kretschmann. Mr. Jony Tespurt, F.R.A.S., then read two papers, sont gh On the Longitude of the Sydney Observatory,” and on “The Opposition and Magnitudes of Uranus and Jupiter.” i Professor Lrverstpcr then read a paper by Mr. E. A. Rennie, MA, B.Se., &e., London, “ On the Acids of the Native Currant. , A H. ©. Russert, BA. F.RAS, then read a paper on Some New Double Stars, with remarks upon several Binaries. B Some geological specimens were exhibited by Mr. Makin, of t 302 PROCEEDINGS. WEDNESDAY, 7 JULY, 1880. Hon. Proressor Suiru, C.M.G., V.-P., in the Chair. There were between thirty and forty members present. The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed. The following gentlemen were duly elected ordinary members of the Society :— Beattie, Joseph A., Lic. K. and ee a Phys., Ireland ; Lic, R. Coll. Surg. . Irel., Parram Brown, John Studd, Dubbo. Cox, George Henry, M.L.C., Sydney. Gardiner, Rev. Andrew, M.A., Sydney. Tredale, Lancelot Ue, Gunnedah, Mackenzie, R., North Sho Marano, G. v., M.D., Univ. Naples, Sydney. Plummer, J ohn, Sydney. Winter, Irving, Carroll. The certificates of five new ee were read for the second time, and of five for the first tim At Professor Huxley’s roams ‘Professor Liversidge apologized for the former’s non-acknowled t of his election as a honorary member. Professor Liversidge read an extract from letter in which Professor Huxley expressed his regret for the delay owing to press of engagements, and begged that his best thanks - conveyed to the Society for the honour conferred upon him, * peor readiness at all times to give his services to f forward objects of the Societ : Professor Vives then read a paper by Baron Ferdinand von Mueller, K.0.M.G., F.R.S, &e., “Ona Catalogue of Plante collected during Mr. Alex. Forrest’s Geographical Exploration North-west Australia in 1879.” The Orbit Mr. Joun Tessurt, F.R.A.S., then read a paper on ° The Elements e Comet L 1880, Great Southern Comet, "the same being illustrated by a model. fessor Uereeeace then read a paper by Mr. W. E. Abbott on “ Ringbar and its Effects.” Mr. reform: Preetgg and the Prestpent remarked that Mr Abbott’s statements were not quite in accordance with the ny | of certain other writers upon the subject. Dr. Lers1us exhibited one of the cells used by Dr. W et WEDNESDAY, 4 AUGUST, 1 es Hon. Proressor Surru, C.M.G., fees in n the C There were between thirty and forty members present. The minutes of the last meeting were read an d confirmed. PROCEEDINGS. 303 The ee gentlemen were duly elected ordinary members of the Societ Finlayson, David, Sydney. Forbes, Alexander Leith, M.A., Hill, John James, J.P., LR.O. Bates and LEP. and 8.G.L.M., Lambton, Newcastle. Hill, J “nag Higham, M.D., Univ. Brussels, F.R.C,S. Edin., &c., Sydney. 0a: Robert Sydney. es of five new candidates were read for the second shinies and diree.f for the first time. e Hon. TREASURER announced that a circular had been issued Sisto donations were laid upon the table. The Prestpent, on behalf of the Council, gave notice of motion that, at the next general meeting, a resolution would be moved that the n umber of members be limit ed to . 8. Wixxrnson then read a paper by Dr. Ottaker Feist- mantel, & On Geological Observations made in eae in Queens- = New South Wales, Victoria, and Tasm C. Russewt then described “ A new ag aS of printing Parone and other Curves.” tr. C. 8. Winxryson exhibited a piece of flexible sandstone Pie at Agra, in India. WEDNESDAY, 1 SEPTEMBER, 1880. Hon. Proressor Suir, C.M.G., President, in the Chair. There were about forty members present. The minutes of the last meetin ing were read and confirmed. The following gentlemen were duly elected ordinary members of the Socie. iety -— gy eae Gerald H., Marrickville. Low, Andrew §., Merrylands. Mokinwoy. Hugh Giffen, Newtown. Manfred, Edmund C., Go Oakes, Arthur M.B., Mast. Surg. L.R.C.P. and W., LR.C.S., Edin. Woo. Tisbrkk we certificates of three ar eecaee were read for the second 304 PROCEEDINGS. Twenty-five donations were laid upon the table. Tt was moved that the number of members be limited to 500, therefore have to be postponed. Professor Liverstpcr read a paper on “Hot Spring Waters from New Britain and Fiji”; also one on “The Composition of Cast-iron acted on by Sea-water.” ‘ Mr. H. GC. Russext read a paper on “ A new Barometer Table, and said that the table had that day been brought into operation for the first time. Mr. Russett distributed copies of an improved weather map. Professor Liverstpcr described and exhibited a collection of minerals received from the Balade and other mines ™ ial Caledonia. WEDNESDAY, 6 OCTOBER, 1880. : Hon. J. Surru, C.M.G., President, in the Chair. There were about fifty members present. The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed. i The following gentlemen were duly elected ordinary mem» of the Society :— Ferguson, James W., Sydney. Jackson, Robert, Sydney. Paling, W. H., South Kingston. ee The Sobtiiaton of one new calles were read for the seoond time, and of eight for the first time. elverton, Bournemouth, 9 A My dear Sir, ‘ane, infor®- I have just received with pleasure your letter of he a ously ing me that the Royal Society of New South Wales hav’ iatter mys elected me one of their corresponding members. I cannot es PROCEEDINGS. 305 that this high — is my due on account of my scientific attainments, nor can I ho any future act of mine to show bakes worthy of it. I ee t, _ rab gratefully as a generous recognition of the interest which I felt in the infant growth of the Society, and, with pleasure, as a cause of science in New South Wales. Will you kindly convey my nag to the Royal Society as to an old friend from whom it is a pleas receive a favour, an Believe me, yours a D. WARD To A. Liversidge, Esq., Hon, Sec. Royal Society, N. S. Wales. Royal Gardens, Kew, 5 July, 1880. My dear Sir, I have the sage - acknowledging the Pm od of your letter of 12 May, informing the Royal Society of elected me an we Mea eae of their body ; and of requesting that you convey to the President and Fellows of the iety my sincere thank: ho Z society of gentlemen representing so high a scientific position as Australia’s oldest Colony has ar to. Their flattering recognition of my van e Australia is very acceptable, and I them for it.. The volume f ‘the Society’s Journal has safely reached my hands, and I find the first article to be spec sees - resting to me. eve me ine Sir, most faithtu ours, t Jos. DH HOOKER. A. Liversidge, Esq., Hon. Sec. Royal Society of N. 8. Wal The Presipent remarked that it was cratifying to find that the small honours which the Society was able to give had been so much appreciated. Professor —— — read a paper on “ The Composition of Coral Limestone.” marks upon ae same were made the Rev. J. E Spicneanaan F.G.8., Mr. W. A. Drxon, F.C.8., read a paper sp gag the “ Inorganic Constituents « of the Coals of New South Wales. Dr. Lerervs read a paper by Mr. F. B. Gres, on “ A com pari- son between the Prospect and Kenny Hill Schemes of Water Supply for Sydney.” It was resolved that the discussion upon Mr. Gipps’s paper be adjourned till the next Wednesday. _ ‘The Crarrman announced that the Council had decided to give in the Society’s Hall a meeting of a different character from the form of monthly meeting, and he had been sousen? by t the there would be a notice in the newspapers, but it was not the i in- tion to send out circulars; those present would tak Notice. The — of the Council intended to take upon 806 PROCEEDINGS. beca had eter been put to large expenses connected with the i ildin ancing, He trusted there would be a good ee at the age cea meeting, and regretted they could not in the ladies, as the Society’s rooms would not be large toe ihente WEDNESDAY, 13 OCTOBER, 1880. ADJOURNED ORDINARY MONTHLY MEETING. Hon. Proressor Situ, C.M.G., President, in the Chair. stn — about fifty members present. The following ORT took part in the adjourned discus- sion jibe Mr. Gipps’s paper :—Mr. Trevor Jones, Mr. Clarendon Stuart, Dr. Belgrave, Paitesor Smith, Mr. Goodlet, Mr. Alexander Dean, ‘and Mr. Poolman; Mr. Gipps replied. WEDNESDAY, 27 OCTOBER, 1880. SPECIAL MEETING. Hon. Prorsssor Smirn, C.M.G., President, in the Chair. There were about 100 members present. A lecture was delivered before the members of the Society - William Lant Carpenter, B.A., B.Sc., F.C. _ ban Daily Practical Applications of Electricity in Am The President conveyed the thankcs of the Society to Mr. Carpenter for his interesting lecture WEDNESDAY, 3 NOVEMBER, 1880. : Hon. Proressor Smiru, C. a G. 7 in the Chair. There were about thirty mem prese: The minutes of the last meeting were ae but being incom plete were not signed. The following gentleman was duly elected an ordinary member of the Society :— Scrivener, Charles Robert, Middle-street, Marri . The certificates of eight new candidates were read for ee time, and of five for the first time. Thirty donations were laid upon the table ‘A letter ‘was. roeciesd. fem ties, Aas Count thanking the Society for the poe a it had. taken with respect 1 Mr. F. B. Gipps’s paper upon “The Water Supply for teas “— Professor LiversipcE read a paper on “ Some New South by Minerals,” and one on ‘ Piturie.” The papers were ill specimens and preparations of “ Piturine” and of its salts. PROCEEDINGS. 307 Some remarks upon the latter were made by Mr. Charles Moore, F.C.8., and the Chairman. Mr. W. A. Dixon, F.C.S., then read a paper on “ Salt-bush and Native Fodder Plants.” Mr. Russett then read a paper by Mr. T. K. Abbott, P.M., Gunnedah, on “ Wells in the Liverpool Plains.” Two specimens of serpentine rock from Port Macquarie, pre- sented to the Society by Mr. P. N. Trebeck, were exhibited. WEDNESDAY, 1 DECEMBER, 1880. Hon. J. Surrn, C.M.G., President, in the Chair. There were about forty members present. _ The minutes of the monthly meeting, held October 6, the ad- Journed meeting, October 13, the special meeting, October 27, and the last meeting, November 3, were read and si Mr. W. G. Murray suggested that the minutes of discussions should be limited to the mere record of the names of speakers, but resolutions and notices of motion to be entered in extenso. The following gentlemen were duly elected ordinary members of the Society :— Agdie.¥; G: Murray and P. N, Tressck were appointed Auditors of the accounts to be laid before the Society at the annual tae tty-six donations were laid upon the table, and the thanks of Th y ordered for the same. ‘ role © Cuatrmay announced that a draft Act of Incorporation had Prepared, and would be submitted to the consideration of the es at an adjourned meeting. i C. Russert, B.A., F.R.A.S., then read a paper on “Th Recent Changes on the Surface of Jupiter,” also one upon Sg and Hail Storms.” ;_ G. D. Hirst then read a paper entitled “ Remarks on the wus of Jupiter's Belts, and some changes observed thereon Tt position of 1880,” h ee ha resolved that the meeting be adjourned to = * Zz 308 PROCEEDINGS. WEDNESDAY, 8 DECEMBER, 1880. ADJOURNED MONTHLY MEETING. Hon. Proressor Suitu, C.M.G., President, in the Chair. uae certificates of four new candidates were read for the first ~ ofessor LIVERSIDGE read a paper on “ A specimen of fossilized Wood,” from Inverell, N.S. W. ome remarks upon the same were made by Messrs. C. 8. WILKINSON and W. A. Dixon. Professor LiversiperE then read a paper on “ The Composition of some New Sout ales Coals.’ A erage eens in which the following gentlemen took part —Messrs. A. Dray C. 8. Wiikrnson, ALEXANDER eciaies, WW. A. enien Hon. E. A. Baker, and the OHAIRMAN, e titles * the following papers by Professor LivERSIDGE were poi hn i. é The Composition and Microscopic Structure of some New South Wales Rocks.’ 2. “The Barratta and Bingera Meteorite The draft Act for the incorporation of the ‘Boots was read by Professor LiversipGe. It was moved by Mr. C. Rotteston, C.M.G., seconded by Mr. H. C. Russet, ated duly carried, that the draft as ‘read be approved. The proof of a geological sketch map of New South Wales, com- piled from the original map of the late Rev. W. B. Clarke, M.A, F.R.S., by Mr. C. 8. Wilkinson, was exhibited to the Society the Hon. E. A. Baker, Minister for Mines. A new electric constant bichromate battery was exhibited by Mr. H. ©. Russell, B.A., F.R.A.S.; five cells were shown in action, these were sufficient to keep six inches of No. 20 platinum wire at a white heat. Mr. Russell explained that — of the battery is obtained by allowing the fresh solution to off into the cells at the top whilst the exhausted solution is drawn at the bottom ; the solution is thus kept constantly rene ewed. 309 ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES. DONATIONS—1880. The names of the Donors are in Jtalics. TRANSACTIONS, JOURNALS, Reports, &c. ABERDEEN :—The Aberdeen University Calendar, 1880-81. The University. ADELAIDE :—Addresses delivered at the eH of the Foundation Stone of the South Australian Institute, 7 Nov. Annual Report South ig stralian Institute, "1879-1 1880. ‘overnors, South Australian Institute. Transactions and Pro bee ngs and Report of the Philosophical Society of Adélaide, South ‘Kebtralio. for 1878-79. d Proceedings and Report of the Royal Society ad South ’ wg ety. iy & ‘i he Progress condition of the Botanic Gaden and ne eel Piagpitions ghee the year 1879. rr. Schomburgk. yr opnceng Observations made at the Adelaide Observatory during The the year The Gow bserver. Ade Inide University Calendar for the Academical Ye ar r 1881. ie The rh agit 7 Ada aoe. T second ent’s Report of the Uni ener NP the State os "New Yor te -sevent oun ty-aighth: Twenty-ninth, Thirtieth, and Thirty- — al Report of the New York State Museum of Natural Fitty-cigntd, Fifty-ninth, Sixtieth, and d Sixty-first Annual Report of the e New York Sta brary. — of the ae eee of pe eer on the Normal School. es of the State Library, Albany, New York. aarbock van Sire page Akademie van Wetenschappen Vera Prost d in Amsterd 1878. rhe bear ag rele oo Koninklijke Akademie van Wettens- unde Tweede ery Veertiende Deel. Thane oo 1 Academy of Sciences, Amsterdam. ae of Wiseonain. Vol. IT, 1878-1877. accompanying above The Chief Geologist, Wisconsin TRL : saith Ber der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissen- uy, Angus, Se r, October, N hey, 387% Sivaacy, March April, *Misy, poet Angus Tas Academy. 310 ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY. ‘BIsTRITZ rte Jahresbericht der Gewerbeschule zu Bistritz in — The Direet Boston :—Proceedings of the American sae of Arts and Sciences. New Series, Vol. V. Whole Series. Vol. XIII, Parts II and I. Vv. The Academy. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History. Vol. XIX, ~ III and IV. Memoirs of the Boston Society of Spat px: History. Vol. I Ill, Part I. Numbers The Society. BRAUNSCHWEIG Flea nyr4 sn rs fiir Naturwissenschaft zu Braunschweig, 1879-8' The Society. rey Bag Sg of the Fiat Society of Queensland, for the 1879. hocose upon Economic Tropical Horticulture in Northern es by , ELS. L. A. Bernays Cazen :—Mémoires de piuaitas Nationale des Sciences, ie ne ie Lettres de Caen, 1879. The Academy. Caxcutra :—Memoirs - ~ —— Survey of India— Vol. XVI. Vv. XVII. Parts FT and 2. Do, (Paleontologia Indica) Series a Part ge mes 5 ERI” X Parts 4 and 5. manele of the Canopies Survey of India— Vol. XII. Parts 2 and 3 an XII. L sa 2. by W Scientific Results of ‘the ceo Yarkand Mission Rhynchota pa V6 Distant. rintendent ef: the Geologient Survey of In dia. aie 4” of the aaa Society of Bengal— 187 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10. Nos. 1, 4, 5, 1880. Jeeeial of the Asiatic Bie of Bengal— Vol. XLVIII. Part bea ps 2, 4. ples 3? ” iL REA Nos. 1 and 3. 1880. 1880. jus Extra number to Part i, for 1878. Descriptions of new Indian Lepidopterous Insects. Part Te, Bock CAMBRIDGE M emanel U.S.A. :—Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, oy e (Mass). Vol. Nos. 3, Any Ay , 9, 10, 15, - oe oa and 2, 3, 4, 6; 7; 89s Vv Annual Re rt of the a, of the Museum, 1879-80. The Terrestrial Air-breathing Mollusks of the ( United States and - atau aia of ae rth Ameri “aie pe text and 1 vo pol. plates ae a Cu, Mass waeum. fags wy te Cams mologic: id ne Nos. 69, 70, cay 13,73, 74, 7, 76, 77 ihe Batt Carr a. ses or ae of the South phical Soci Vol. I. 1877-80. I. PartsIand II, 1877-78. The Society oan ee a ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY. 311 CasseL :—Bericht des Vereines fiir Naturkunde zm Cassel. XXVI and XXVII. The Society. seg hse :—Mémoires de la Société Royale des Antiquaires du Nord. ew Tilleg til abies for Nordisk oldkynighed og Historie. 1866. The Society. Dison :—Mémories de l’Academie des Sciences, Arts, et Belles-Lettres de jon. 3 Série, Tome V, 1878-9. The Society. EN :—Archiv fiir Literaturgeschichte. By Dr. Franz Schnorr von Carolsfeld— Band VII, Heft 3 — VIII, Heft 1 : Fihrer durch aie Theme der Kénigl. Sichs. Porzellan-und Gefass- ammlun Verzeichniss a dce Konigl gn Bibliothek z Dresden. Neue Werke, 1876, 1877, 1878. Periodische Litera’ atur, 18 Die ~ sg oferta Ausschmiickung der Albrechtsburg zu Meissen. By Dr. elm Rossmann. a ber die Verwaltung der Kéniglichen Sammlungen fiir Kunst paeacemom + zu Dresden, 1876 and 1877. Zeitschrift fiir Museologie und An a: uititenkunde sowie verwandte Wissen ok ety Erster Jahrgan, : snot von funfzigjihrigen Beobachtungen der Witterung mu Mittheilungen aus dem K. Stem ma Museum zu Dresden. Heft II. Die Decorative Kunst Beitrage zur Ornamentik fiir Architektur und unstgewerbe, by L. Grad er. (Consisting of 10 plates.) Die General Direction der Kin iglichen Sammlungen enschaft zu Dresden eee des Vereins fiir Erdkunde za Dresden— : XVI. Wissenschaftlicher The The Society eg K. Sachsischen ae Bureaus— IV, 1878, Hef d 4, Corres; cet mie 3 = Gesellschaft— oo eat pondenzblatt der Afrikani ri S No. 31. 1 April, 1878. The Sooiety] Desuay : —Proceedings of the — Trish en ts Vol. I. Ser. 2. Nos. 3 to 10 inclusi The Transactions of the Royal Trish pent Vol. X cience, Parts 9 to 15, inclusive 9 =e og Literature, 9 arts 9, 16, Li “a XXV. Parts 1 to 9 inclusive The Academy. oN : ae some gee of the Edinburgh Geological Society— to) IE Body art 3. ke The Society. E gman ngs of fhe R Royal Society of Edinburgh— The Soci ‘ety. Edinb Transctions and | Proceedings of the Botanical Society, oe hacia. M. ce iiber die Senckenbergische naturforschende Gesellschaft, 1878-79. Abhandlungen. 1878-79. Band XI. Heft 4 The Society. Bb2 ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY. GorTINGEN :—Nachrichten von der K. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften und der caval sts-Universitit, for years 1877 and 1878. a Gesellschaft der Wiss senschaften zu Gi Hatrrax (Nova Scotia) PE A and Transactions of the Nova Scotian — of Natural Science vol,’ Vv, Part I. 1878-79. The Institute. Hate (A. S.) :—Nova = — C.L.C.G. Nature Curiosorum. Vols. XXXIX a: Leopoldina. Heft Sie XIV. 6 a RK. Le opoldinisch—Car olinisch Deutsche Akademie ie i Naturforscher zu Halle, A.S., Prussia. HAMBURG :—Mittheilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft in Posy Heft II. 1878-79. aed A Rarng ia) :—Erster Jahresbericht der Gesellschaft fiir wie e zu Hanover, 1880. The Society. HARLEM : iiastods Nrlndaines des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles. Tome XIV. Liv. The Society. Archives du Musée ‘heyter. : Vol. V. Part The Directors. Hosart Town : alee of Tasmanian Salmon Commissioners for 1879. The Secretary to the Com Towa : ee of the Iowa be papa Service. be n. to ye 1878 (in an. to April, 1879 (in inel ») First Biennial Rep ort of the Central Station of the Iowa Weather ice, Comparison by Years of Results of Observations made at the Central tation, Iowa Weather Service, Soe ary te July, 1880. Flag Sign: Diveotiana: ee —— Reporters of ae Weather Servi — emgestrane to the American Association for the Advancement OF cience lteter e Re * of Pkened Loomis, re Sig: U. S. Army. por . The Director, Iowa Weather Service. JENA :—Jenaische Zeitschrift fiir Naturwissenschaft, heransgegeben von der Medicinisch—naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft zu , NF VII. Bd. 1, 2, 3, 4, Heft. 4 Natur Sitzungsberichte der Jenaischen Gesellschaft fiir Medicin un Society wissenschaft fiir das Jahr 1879. The enc oer :—Schriften der Physikaliseh-6konomischen Gesellschaft 7 énigsberg. seit ; and 2, veer pein 1877, 1878, 1879. Whe Society. les. Leiria ete de a Société Vaudoise des Sciences Nature ol. XVI. No, The Society Vi Society —Annual Re ore the Leeds Philosophical and Literary ety "agg 1879-80. ack The z :—Annales de la Société Géologique de Belgique. The Society: Tome V, 1877-78. LILLE :—Société Géologique du Nord. ‘ett. Annales VI, ts 70. The 0 ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY. 313 Lonvon :—Proceedings of the Sore porieiy. Vol. XXIX. Nos. nny , 202, 20 1, Philosophical i aes weg 0 Royal Bact of mg pon os Vol. 164. Pa 1874, e . ~ AP 1875. » 166. y> em 2 166 167. yy 108. Extra volume. » 169. Partsland2. 1878. 170. z a 2. 1872. We 80. 171. _ List of | Fellows, &e. 'D The Society. Journal of the Que wr Microscopical Club. os. 41, 42, 43, 44 The Club. Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society. Vol. II. Nos. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 74. 7. Weis eienme The Society. Journal of the Royal ‘Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 7a 31. Pa MAL. Part 1 1, 2, 3, 4 The Society. TheJ: mate of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. IX. Nos. 2, The Institute. Report of the proceedings “2 the Second International ddgteardiogioal Congress at Rome, 1879 “cosagcae to the Meteorology of the Pacific, N oan or Navigator’s Islands. By R. H. Sectt, M F)R.S. Report of the Meteorological Maines year ending 31 March, 1879. Meteorology of the Arctic Regions. Part II. ggasi ogical rr tnctarr is at Stations of the Second Order, for the 878. Repeat a of the Meteorology of Kerguelen Island. By Rev. 8. J. Perry, 3. Aids to the Study and Forecast of Weather. By W. Clement Ley, The Meteorological Office. Transactions of the Institution of Naval Architects. ae Vol. XXI. 1880. The Institution. aga ee of the Royal gree Society. Wien 3, 4, Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical fecal Societ Vol. XLI. 1879. (18 plates. The Society. dings of the Royal Geological Society. Vol. f. Nos. 11 i 12. Title and aie a for 1879. ; os. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 The Society. Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions. Nos. 449 to 4584 ad to 461, 462 to 470, inclusive. Porta 113, 114, 25 dts , 116, TL 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 126, 124, 1 By Histone’ Sketch of the Progress of Pharmacy in Great t Britain a Jacob Bell and Theo. Redwood. The Society Journal of the Royal United thi Institution. Vol. XXII.” Nos. 1 102, 1 XXIV. Nos. 104, 105, 106, 107. Distribution List of Members on Active Service. 1 ie Faskitution. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. Vol. VI. gi, 314 ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY. Lonpon (continued) gis ic mee the pena Society of London. OL iil. y-October, 1879. is Part 3 Nevo mber, 1879- -February, 1880. arch-July The Society. List of Feiows, Minbar, Licentiates, &c., of the Royal College of Physici The College, The J eeriad of the Linnean a Zoology—Vol. XV. ; 82, 83, 84. pees Mo XVII. Nos. 13, 104, 105, 106, 107, VITt. 08. The Society. Quarterly Sournal of the Motaceulogical Society. ol. VII. Nos , 35. List of Fellows of the Meteorological Society. 21 January, 1880. The Society. Proceedings of = Beige Institution of Great Britain. Vol. IX. No. 70. No. 71. The Institution. Report of the Council ‘of the Royal Colonial Institute. 30 June, 1880. Proccedings of te Royal Colonial Institute. Vol. XI. 1879-80. Lhe Institute. Mareure :—Forty-three (43) Pam: hlets, Medical Theses, &c. . ~ . The larry: Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft zur Beférderung der gesammten Naturwissenschaften zu Marburg, 1878 and 1879 Zur Ernihrungslehre des gesunden Menschen. ByF, W. Beneke. 4 Ueber vier Archimedeische Polyeder hiherer Art. By Dr. Edmun Hess Zur Kereiingis einfacher en und deren Verhiiltniss zur Tuberkulose. Dr. Max Schottelius. Ueber das Volumen des fate ns, &c., &c. ee F. W. Beneke. Ueber die meee — Aorta shioteuciix By F. W. Beneke. ‘ —— bani te der Iliacae communes subclaviae und Carotides Ase By . Beneke. By Dr Der Primitiostreifen bei Vogelembryonen (Hahn and Gans). By Ur. asser. on a Grip lees f° der gesammten Natur- nschaften in Marburg. MELBOURNE :—Reports of the Mining tae and Registrars. Quarter ended 31st Dec., 1879. > Re ae Mar., 1880 2? He \ os Survey of Victoria. ”’No. oT Tapert of Progress, by the or Min Mineral § Statistics of Victoria, for the year 1879. Report of the Chief Inspector of Mines, a or o she Minister of Wie - Second Annual Report of the Government Statist of the proceedings of Friendly Societies, Victoria, 1879. Agricultural Statistics, 1879-80. stralasian Statistics for the year 1879. 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Transactions and Proceedings of the oe Society of Vie ays —— he Oficial Catalogue of 1 of ane Melbourne samersmepgs cies Patents and iain (Victoria). Vol. XI. 1876. The Registrar General. Merz :—Zweiter Jahresbericht des Vereins fiir Erdkunde zu we 205 Minpxzs: gels, Institute. ge er Journal of the Iron and Steel Ins The Institute. Mineapout or etin of he Minnesota Academy of Natural parang be the ears 1876 and 1877. The Academ Mopena :-— Lettere ed ati F Memore el della Bagi Accademia di Scienze, The Academy. gia ~—Tontyainth Fiat Report of the Natural History Society on Annuaire de Ville-Mari 1, 2, 3, and Supplement. e de Ville-Marie. Vol. Ae a 44” Hugnet Latour, Mf. A. Monrrrriier :—Mémoires de la Section des Sciences, Acadé mie i et Lettres de Montpellier. Tome IX. 1] Fase. 1877, tithe said TRelV.1870 de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscow. Moxaouse Ec tin de la Société Industrielle de Mulhouse. J October, Nov. —Dec., 1879. 1880. an.—Feb, , March, April-May, June-July, Aug-—Sep- ; The Society Moycnen : ee ars berichte der Mashienadische eye" Classe der K. of er Wissenschaften iinchen. , 18 The Academy. 316 ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY. Naptss :—Mittheilungen aus der et rege Station zu Neapel. Band I. Heft 1, sie: I Dr. Dohrn, ~ NEUCHATEL : ee de la sais des ar Naturelles de Neuchatel. eX Troisiéme ca Premier The Society. NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE tle-upon-Tyne Chemical Society. General ey Oct: 28, io 2, Dee. 18, 1879. Jan. 22, Feb. 26, Mar. 25, Oct. 28, 1 The Society. NEWHAVEN :—Transactions i met Connecticut Academy ba Arts and Scie mces. Vol. IV. Part The Academy. New York :—Proceedings of the American Chemical Society. VoL I. No. 1, ss 3, 5. 2, 3, 4 ” The Society. Oxrorp :—Catalogue of Books wre to the ga Library during 1879. Radcliffe Observations. Vol. XXXVI. 1876. The gedit Trustees. Paris :—Annuaire des Marées des Cédtes de France, for the year gore e des Marées de la Basse Cochinchine et du Neekin ie the 1880. Hydrographic Notices, South Pacific Ocean, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Renseignements Nautiques sur quelques iles éparses of the South Indian ea. —— des Cartes, Plans, Vues de Cétes, Mémoires, Instructions tiques, &e. (by Pitydiogregibte Francaise). Notice “Météorologiqne of the Seas between China and Japan (by M. J. Revertégat). Chart of “The Indian Sea. 2nd Feuille. One chart. ‘3 The Pacific sae One rece Cs Duin Ointedl de 7 Depbt dea Cartes et Plans de la Marine. Nouvelles — ae Musée d’Histoire lle. Tom = 9? ? Notice sur la Transportation & la Gayen Francaise et & la Nouvelle Calédo E Age gr, wads le progrés de la Therm papeeuienl de France, par M. Situation Economi — et senor de la France, 1879. Annuaire de la Marine et des Coloni nica Rapport au President [ la République sur I’Enseignement Supériet?, Progrés des Etudes relatives 4 ’Egypt et a l’Orient. ad itua eg oe inanciére de Commun a are sur le Progrés de la Stratigraphie. Com ~ en matiéres et en deniers de l’exploitation du Monopole des "1874. a des Compt -General du Matériel du Département de Ja Marine 1874. , 1878. ices Général du ee net la some 7 piaeene Paris. Annuaire de la Société Philotechnique, 1876 and 1878. The Society. ena de gorge tome Polytech: Tar ‘ Polytechnique ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY. 317 PuapELPHtA :—Journal of the Franklin Institute. Vol. CVIII, No. 648. CIX, ,, 649, 650, 651, — 653, 654. 8 », 655, 656, 657, 658 660. C iE The Institute. rea he ‘American Solas Society. ot VII, a and 1 The Society. ey of the ‘Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Part I. Jan., Feb va te ew ch: Peias es Ill. Nov. The Academy. The Eighth babing Bens of the Board of Directors of the Zoological Society of meal Report o 22 April, 1880. The Society. Pisa :—Atti della Societa Toscana di Scienze Naturali. Processi Verbali. ig a 8 »” 1 Gennaio. 14 age 9 Mai. 4 Luglio. . v ol. IV. Fase The Society. Prymovrn :—Annual Report and Transactions of the Plymouth Institution, and Devon and Cornwall Natural History Society. Vol. VIL Part II. 1879-80. The Society. RoE :—R. Comitato Geologico d’Italia Bollettino, No. 11 E12, 1879; 1E2, 3E4, 6 E6, 7 E8, 9 E10, 1880. The Society. Atti dat R. Aceademia dei Lincei. Vol. IV. Fasc. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. oL. x Fasc. 1 The ‘Academy. Bollettino della Societa Geografica Italiana. Ser. Il. Vol. V. aaa 1880. Anno XIV. The Soc SALEM :—Proceedings of the esas Association for the Advancement ot Science. nis 26, 1877. Vol. 27, 1878. The Association. itute Histo: ions. ol. XV. Bulletin of the Essex Eostitate ute ® : The Institute. St. Pererssvre :—Bulletin de PAcademie eer des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg. Tome XXV. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4 The Academy. RT :— Wii 1 1 1 Qotietik und Landeskun' de herausgegeb om von dem K. Se Oe copeaapaanbia Bureau. 1, 2, 4, 5. 880. Bane Halfte 1. 1880. Band II. Heft 1. The Bureau. = OLM :—Fragmenta Silurica e dono Caroli Henrici Wegelin. (Holmiz, 1880) with 20 Sypw. The Royal Swedish Academy of Science. v a ee of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. 0 es rth 23. The Society. of the earner Meteorological Conference held at Sydney, R Nov. 11, 13, and 14, 1879. of Rain ore River Observations in New South Wales during by H. C. Russell, B.A., F.R.A.S., F.M. Reports ‘overnment Astronomer from Trustees of the Australian Museum for ak and 1878. — tag Commissao Central Brazileira de Permutacoes Interna- : Lieut.-Col, R, Peel Raymond, Brazilian Consulate. 318 ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY. SypNeEy (continued) :— List of Papers read before the Philosophical Society of N.S.W. ; also, Rules and List aaiigy mbers. Report of the Truste dens Free Public Library, for 1879. Forty (40) Misce Masoes Pamphlets The Principal Librari n, Free Public ey Sydney. Annual Report of the Departient of Tas MR 879. The Hon. the Minister of Mines. TORONTO : hat Coa ee of the weet Institute. New Se Part The Canadian Journal “of Science Literature, and History. Vol. XV. Nos. 7 an The Institute. TREVANDRUM Preset" g Weta: Observations. Vol. I. By John Allan Broun, F.R.S. The Maharajah of Paap Ge CSL. TRIESTE ae oe Societa Adriatica di Scienze N: aie in a LV. Noy he Society. TRURO utes ae Res Magazine “va Journal of the prt Society of Great Sig aa and Irelan Vol I. Noa: ay 14, 15,16, 17, 18. The Society. basil — del Reale ae Veneto di Scienze, Leen ee Arti— sesto. Serie quin ispensa Prima, Seconda, T Me ore del Re re Tstituto NV enets di Scienze, Lateas ed Arti. Vo Par The Institute. VIENNA —Sitmngericht der K,. Akademie der Wissenschaften Mathe- isch—Naturwiss : Classe w Abt: 1. Band LXXVII. Heft V. Sere Saeepree Fo m0 25 Mageigmomnnts BE» Pee 2° Sys ieee a | i. hi oe Eh cap 2 LXX sy de hg a a avi” Sy ee eee G eV eg iV, ¥. Ofer co etgt fy & € 5 Camere pe te 2 Se eg oe ED Pp OLAS 1 De cp gy ee . 2S BVI ake. pie ii VIll. ~ oR ge Ee oe a ” - XX. ” ’ > mite "The Ac lemy. LXXXI. Zeitschrift der Osterrlcischen Gesellschaft fur} Meteorologie. A aso “wal Heft ., April, May, June, July, Aug, Sept., Oct., hag Dec "1980. . Allgemein e Gicechichte des Zinnes. By E. Reye The dae Mittheilungen de r K. K. Geographischen Genellachaft in Wien, l and 1878, The Society. eer ove dlungen der K. K. Zoologisch-botanischen Geacliechse in aba Mitthellun en der Anthro logischen Gesellschaft in Wien. d x. Nos. “4, 7, The Society. Jahrbuch der K. K. Gustin Reichsanstalt. Band XX Nos. 3and 4, 1879. fos. 1, 2, 3. 1880. Verhandlungen der K. K. Geologischen Reichsanstalt. 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Telegraphic Determination of Longitude of the East Coast of South sai 1878 mere 1879. Hydrographic Office, Bureau of Navigation. Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1879. e Comm sepia 3 -. mee _ Researches on the Motion of the Moon, made at th 8. Nav: servatory, Washington, by Professor N sec 4 ve e U. S. Naval Observatory. coe of the U. 8, Geological and Geographical Survey of the Terri- es. Vo Ma AS Nos. 2, 3, 4. > Be Citalogne of the Publications of the U. 8, Geological and Geographical Survey of the * gar Se etree * ona U.S. Gerlopeat hide Aaectrebion} Survey of Colorado and adjacent - Birds of the Color Vall ey (Coues Bibliogrs bugetaphy of N oe : paar Paleontology. By Drs. C. olson. Nic ‘Tiastraions gpa reas us ona Tertiary Plants of the Western Terri- The tories of the United Sta Director of the Geologieat st Geographical Survey of the Territories. of the eS S. Entomological Commission on the Rocky _ Mountain Locust, 18 The Entomological Commission. 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Palaontology of New Zealand. Part IV. Corals and Bryoza of the Neozoic Period in New Zealand. By Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, Fifteenth Annual Report of the Colonial Museum and Labora’ he Director, Colonial g ae Transactions and Proceedings of the New pee Institute, Vv . 1879. Manual of the N Zealand Coleoptera. By C tain Thomas Broun. ual of the New Ze Coleoptera. y Cap The tut LT; WURTTEMBERG a des Vereins fiir Vaterlindische Naturkunde in Wiirttemberg, 1 ZAGREB (Hun, Vi ngary) :— estnik cw ge eek oC Druztva. Godina I ee 3, 4 Irvojesce hrvatskoga’ Pe cc a Druztva za Godina, a ae MISCELLANEOUS. oe of Donors in Italics.) American Mail, Vol. V Howard Te Autograph lot from Deine Persons (17) seventeen. H. H. Speech on necessity of adopting a Fiscal Policy. John Vickers. Etheridge, R., junr., F.G.S. : ' Notes on the Bivalves in the Gilbertson Collection. On an Adherent uctus and if Notes on Siluri hire. Notice of ——s a of Fests from the Upper Silurian Series of the Pen pro ted ume" seems tee a cm of the Burdiehouse Limestone at Grange Quarry, Burntisland. es ae ee oe Se oo pene eee Pe ee ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY. $21 R., junr., F.G.S.—continued. Palzontol Notes, 1 and 2. Contributions to British Merrstone sa miferous and Post-Ter Description of a New Species o: the Giawek Hemipatagus. iferous Mollusca, ous Polyzoa. er Remarks on Adherent Carboniferous Productide. On our present Knowledge of the Invertebrate Fauna of the Lower iferous or Calciferous Sandstone Series of = Edinburgh neighbourhoo Description of Paleozoic Corals from Northern Queensland. bservations on the swollen condition of Carboniferous Crinoi On the Occurrence of a Macrurous Decapod (An secversey in : tie Red Sandstone in the South-east of Scotlan On the Genus Dithyrocaris in the Lower Carboniferous of Scotland. On Ramipora in the Caradoc. The Author. Foote, A. E. :— Minerals, sony ae of. The Author. Gibson, Geo. A. D.Se., Edin e Sequence and "Duration of the ve Cardilic Movements. The Author. eR aeiden Vo Vol, ti. continued. The Trustees of the Author. i es, ‘Mao Our Australian Cotictim: The Author. Jack, Robert L., F.G.S., Report on the Bowen River Coal- eld. Report on the Geology and Mineral Resources of the District between Charters’ Towers Goldfields and the Coast. Geological Features of part of the Coast Range between the Dal- rymple and Charters’ Towers Sketch Map No. 2, of the District a Charters lee ee Gold-field and the Coast. author. ns wr a Arterial Drainage Laws of Ireland. — wa Prof. Liversidge. Lamb, H., M.A. : Leond ative ont on the ¢ Motion of Fluids. The Author. El Pa sto Filooote wae Professor Liversidge. aan oeta Filosofo. 775. si dreaestal Liversidge, Professor : Ree aternatio onal Congress of Geologists. Paris. 1878. port upon Museums for Technology, Science, and Art, &e. The Author. Manuel du Voyageur. Messrs. J. Wurster & Co., Zurich. Monthly Bulletin, $l, 2. Nos. and 12. | : ee A. B, Foote. Mueller, ‘Baron Baron Ferd. v von, E’C.MG. F.RB.S., &e. * Descriptive Atlas of the Kucalypts of Australia and the adjoining : Sixth, and Seventh Decades. The Author. Industsel B oe deserving Calture in in the Colony of Victoria. Index login : Perfectus ad Caroli Linnzi Species Plantarum. Whe bull Ms — aes for gh ba bees whe vols.) ve, IST to 1 i H. G. A. Wright, MR.CS.L. 322 ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY. Programme and Wood-cut representing the site of yo in Tenens the First Sod os ne First Australian Railw: : Rath, Professor Na farwissenschftliche Carta Erinnerungen an die Pariser Weltaus- (Sections étrangéres es. ) The Author. Sedgwick, -* Professor, M. ee ri R. on a Passage in e President’s Address, delivered at the “Ana ross = eeting Py the Geological Society of London, 15th Febru rofessor Sydney Morning Vierald, from Ist aneene Fag to 31st December, 1880. (inclus on. James Norton, M.L.C. Sydney Tubeimadionnd Exhibition, 1879 : Victorian Court. Official Catalogue of Exhibits. Queensland Court. eee 605 Essay on Queensland. New Zealand Court. Official logue. Handbook of New Zealand, Dy Dr. Hector, C.M.G. Reports of the Oamaru Stone Co. Ld. A Brief Account of the Natives of Western Aus alias 8 to illustrate collection of Weapons, &c., sent to Syaiey Exhibitio Joh ea C.M.Z.S. Southern Science Record, tag land 2, J. Wing. The Australian. Vol. Ill. No. 5. is iV. ee. ve 3, 4, 5. = Mi “yg L 2? VI. E. Sou ee James The Westerly Winds of Brisbane, May to to September. ene rm, Dr. ‘Ose Probenummer Botanisches Contralblatt. ae 1 The Author a Arthur Wiliam, F.G.S. : the T amet ryozoa and Polyzoa. e Occurrence of Recent Heteropora. The Author. Whitaker, “William, m, B.A., F.G.S. : the List of Works on the > Geology, Mineralogy, and Paleontology of Hamys ire Ditto of Cheshire. Bae Ditto 0 of Cornwall. Professor Liversidge. Woods, Rev. W., Ph.D., F.L.S. : ceto the Flora oye on the , Vegetable Kingdom, with special referen ia. _Biant Todigahans | in the Neighbourhood of Sydney. The Author. ward, Henry, F. On a New cba Crab from the Tertiary of New Zealand seers Dr. Hector). Professor PERIODICALS PURCHASED IN 1880. American: Journal of Science and Art. Analyst. Annales des Chimie et Physique. es des Mines. Curtis’s ee Magazine. Dingler’s Polytechnisches Journal. FE i iG ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY, 323 Mechanic. — fiir Analytische Chemie. the Chernical Society. Sci he § Si ety of Arts. and Pisin dbions of the Photographic Society. re Journal of _ eee ren Microscopical Scie Science Gossip. Telegra American phic ournal. Zoologist. Books PURCHASED IN 1880. Aeeepminal Re cot Vols. 16 and 17. ustralian H 1 snl of § Scientific Papers published by the Royal Society, Vols. Elements 7 Agricultural Chemistry and Geology, by Johnston & Cameron. Encylopedia Britannica, Vol. r x is’ Ancient Stone oO lements of Great Britain. Geikies’ Great Ice . Huxley’ 8 Critiques eae » Evidence as to M ’s Place i in Nature. » Anatomy of Mi teloueet Animals » The Crayfi sh. ” Oceanic H ydro ” Vertebrate Fos Fos ia from the Panchet Rocks. ie ot Comparative Osteolo Men of the Time (10th Editze para Nautical Almanac, 1876 an dl ne Society, Vols, 33 and 34. & Sens 8 coy bles, Sender's le Clogae otory., 1680, ntific ae 1833 = 1876. icht der Tec schen Chemie, 1879. heme . at? Dichonars BS Chemistry, Vv Vol. VIII., Part I. tg re acho nary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines , Vols. Je NGRAVINGS. “a of “Sage Men, proofs on India paper (16) sixteen, As ret 25 Portraits of Eminent Men of Science, framed. 24 324 PRESENTATIONS MADE BY THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES. * Exchanges of Publications have been pela from the Societies and Institutions distinguished by risk. Ix the following List the Publications are indicated by numerals as follows :— No. ¥ —Journal of the Royal Society of New South Wales, 1879. », 2.—Report of the Council of Education of New South Wales, 1879. fe ew of the idinitig Department of New South Wales »» 4.—Report of the on Department of New South am 1879, also Portfolio of Map 5. rs Bah by Profemor Livenides upon Museums and Technical AMERICA (UNITED STATES). Albany.—*New York State Library, Albany. Nos. 1, 2,3, 4, 5. ‘Annapolis (Md.)—Naval Academy. No. l. Baltimore.—John S. Hopkins’ University. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Beloit (Wis. oe Geologist. Nos. 1, 3, 4. Boston.—* American Academy of Science. Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5. Swen Society of Natural History. Nos. 1, 3, cos Buifalo-— *Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences. Nos. 1, 3 Gale — of Comparative Zoology, en College. *Editor of ope yche.” Nos. ° 3, 4. Chicago.—Acadainy of Sciences. Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5. Coldwater.— Michigan Library rene “ba: 1, 3, 4, 5. Davenport (Iowa)—*Academy of Natural Sciences. Nos. 1, 3, 4 Hoboken N. J. cra “snes Institute of Technology. Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5 i poli Academy of Natural Sciences. Nos. 1, 3; Newhaven (Gonn.)"Coneotont Academy of Av, Nos. 1, 3, 4,5 —s Nos. Wow York. Nos. 1,34 - atural His 9” School of Mines, Columbia College. Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5: F Penikese Island.—Anderson School of Natural History. Nos. }, % PRESENTATIONS. 325 eg embecrcee, Society. OO A “ a atins Philosophical age Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5. ye *Franklin Institute. Nos *Zoological Society of Philavlelphia. Nos. 1, 3, 4. ny (Mass i Patoay preteen of Sciences. Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5. *Essex Institution. Nos. 1 , 5. tiie Academy of Sciences. Heal 1 3, 3, 5. ry iis for Agriculture. Nos *Dr. F. V. Hayden, Director of Me iolgia Survey of he Territories. os. 1,2, 9 ydro Office. Nos. 1, 2, 5 is * tg wert ria, oe 12 3 & oO ”» War Dep ent. ” *Chief Si some "Officer aw ar a Dapuetailanik Nos. 1 » oe of the Mint (Treasury Department), Nos 1, 2, ” Te: Ser cretary (Treasury Department). Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4. 5 *The Seay (Navy bg artment). Fos, 1, 3, 4. a UES : are Coa: yet avy Department). Nos. 1, 3, 4. ” *B of Navi tie inary Department). Nos. 1, 3, 4. ” The Secretary iDenarlateath of the Interior). Nos. 1, 2, ” FU. ae "National Museum (Department of the Interior). ” Brean of Paucation (Department of the Interior). ”» sPfhce c dada” ‘Affairs (Department of the Interior). ” ices cami (U. S. pend Nos. ” *Chief of Engineers (U. 8. A ei Nes * “,5. ” ~Philosophical Piecge Nos , 5. ” *Ameri ee dica fptens me ” Pennsylvania Avenue, — 5 ” United States Patent Office. Nos. 1, 3, 4. AUSTRIA. eue.— _otigiich en Gesellschaft. der Wissenschaften. os. 1, 2, 3, 4,5 Trieste tSaci Ariatica di Scionme Naturale: Moaaya i4 0. ” *Geo. fi ithe Reichsanstalt. Nos. 1, ct ” *Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften. art 1, ? 4 4, 5. ’ ichische Ges ells chaft fiir pgs ig logie. *Zoolo gisch- Eatesiashe Gesellschaft. ” sk ® "Rapala aca fiir Mounecbane: ‘und Erdmagnetismus. a BELGIUM. os ea des Sciences, des Lettres, et des Beaux Arts. 1,2,3 4, 5. liege.—osit Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5. Sie Sign sis Balague i i, me 4. rg. Nos. l, 2,3, 4,5» 326 PRESENTATIONS. GREAT BRITAIN AND THE COLONIES. ENGLAND, ee ihe Philosophical Society. Nos. 4, 5. The eg (Town) Library. Nos. 2, oi 4, 5. a The Union Society. Nos. 1, 3, 4 ys The University Library. Nos a ee 3, 4, 5. Dudley.—Dudley and Midland logneat and Scientific Society, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. see Bef on Society. Nos. 1, ue ollege of Science. Nos. 4 Jo urnal of Conchology (Office st ros sims ‘No. 1, 3, 4. Liverpool.—*Literary and Philosophical Society. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. ew vanes scene cSt anes tre Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4 Editor, P: cience Review. pe: *Quekett Mascoasugtoat ee Nos. 1, 3, 4. rary. The ames General (two copies). Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4. » “The pological Institute of Great Britain a Ireland. ™ . PF The British Association. Nos. 1. 3, 4, 5. a The British Museum (two copies). Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. ly, By-4 5. 1 Th . » *The Institution of Civil Engineers. on 1, 3, 4, 5. i rah : pase 89 of Naval Architects. Nos. 1, 3, 4. n Soci “s ren 980 Office. » *The al Society. » *The ripeioad Rocisty, South Kensie on Museum. Nos. 1, he 4, », *The Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 1, 3, 4. ss *The Royal Astronomical Society. e Royal Colonial Institute. Nos. e 3 4, 5. » *The Royal College of Physicians. Nos. 1 1, 3, 4, ae The Royal College of Surgeons. Nos. 1, 3, 4. ba *The Royal Geographical Society. Nos. 1, 3, 4 re *The R istorical iety. Nos. 1, 2, 5. a *The Ro stitution of Great Britain. Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5. - *The Royal Mi ged Nos. 1, *The Royal amy — os. 1, 3, 4,5 . *The Ro ay eo . The Royal Sociate of Beets Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5. a gee paca ie oes iP e Treasu i + INos. 1, 3) 4,9. yy Sie Royal. United Servioe Institution. Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5» _ 5 ; Nos. 1, 3, 4. 4, ” sineat T atid te Dept. Nos. 1, 3 a he Zoological Soe x ; Nos. 1, 2. & jen 3, 4 ” “The The Library. poe et : Museum, Nos. I, 2, om “Pharmaceutical Society. of itain,, Nos. }y-3y4 PRESENTATIONS. 327 Manchester—Literary and Philosophical Society. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Middlesboro.—*Iron and Steel Institute. Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5. Newcastle-upon-Tyne.—Natural er omy o of Northumberland. and Du Nos. 1, 3, 4 - The ce Nos. 1 3, fs 5. a *Chemical Society. Nos 1,3, ” North gece Institute of Mining Engineers. Nos, 1, 3, = 2, 3, 4, 5. » “The Bodleian Tibrar. ‘Nos 2, s, 4, 5. » “The Radcliffe Library. Nos. rf 2, 3, 4, 5. » “The Radcliffe Observatory. No. Penzance,—Geological Society of code ie 1, 3, 4. Plymouth.—*Devon and Cornwall Natural History Society. Nos. 1, 3, phe Truro.—*Miners’ Association of Cornwall and Devon. Nos. 1, 3, 4 » *Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Nos. 1,3, 4. oC ied ois and Son. Nos. 1, 3, 4 Windsor.—The Queen’s Library. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. ScoTLAND. Aberdeen.—The University. Nos. I, 2, . 4, 5. ca tecical Soe Society. Nos. 1, 3, 4 cal Soci So No. ar aw Ency yelopaia 5 Britannica, Messrs. A, and C. Black. 2, 3, 4 iio? ogeal Beoleby. No. 1, 3, 4 *The versity. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, b. IRELAND. Publin—Geoto, ical Society. Nos. 1, 3, 4 *Royal Irish A Academy. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. CarE or Goop Hop Cape Town. —*The uation Society. ai 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Halit Hr Dominion or Can. ; (Nova panies —*Nova Scotian cacnenis of Natural Science. > o> & Montreal, (Canada West). ~ Scientific Association. ore 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. ~Fevlogical Survey of pense Nos. 1, 3. Ottawa al Biighoay Hooke iety of Montreal. Ros 1, 3, 4 Seems of Natural Sciences. Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5. —*Canadian Institute. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4,5 328 PRESENTATIONS. I Caloutta.—*The Asiatic Society of Bong “se é 2, 3, 4. o e Geological Museum. s “The Geological Survey of India. sy 7 3, 4 MaovriTIvs. Port gs —The Royal Society of Arts and eure Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. 4 1, Société d’Acclimatation. Nos. New Sovurn WALES. eer: —The a Club. ae & Museum. No. 1. “The Free Public Library. ue Linnean Society of N.S.W. No. 1 ie The Mining Department. ‘s *The Observatory. No + The School of Arts. No. 1 Pa The Union Club. No. 1 ne The Univers No me ditor, y Mi g a o. 1 i" Editor, Sydney Daily Telegraph, No. 1 me Editor, Evening News New ZEA Auckland.—* Auckland Institute. ark i; 2, 3, 4, 5. Christchurch.—Philosophical Society of Canterbnty, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5- Otago.—Otago Institute. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Wellington.—The Philosophical See gee Hos. 1, ra *Colonial Museum. Nos, I, 2, 3, 4, 5. is *New Zealand Institute. Nos. 1, 2. 3, 4, 5. QUEENSLA ge —*The Philosophical Society. eee i i ie 3, 4, 5. *The Acclimatization Society. No. SouTH hoy sa sauonguat Observatory. 1:3, 4. *The South Au ny saian E Institute. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4 ae *The University. Nos. 1, 3, 4 oy *The Government Botanis Nos os. a Royal Society of South Australia. Ne. ‘hy By te Be TASMANIA. ti Hobart Town.—*The Royal pond of Tasmania. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4% eae es Government Saline Nea: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. *The Observatory. No, 1. a *The Mining Department. Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5. i e Public Library. Nos. 3, 5 ” yal Society of Victoria. Nos. 1 3, 4, 5. om *The University. Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5 e ectic Associati Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4 . *The Government Botanist. No. 1. “ *The Ragutrin-Geneen Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. ae Editor, Argus. No. 1 PRESENTATIONS. 329 FRANCE. Bordeaux,—Académie des Sciences, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Qaen—Académie des Sciences. Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5. iion.—* Académie des Sciences. Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5. Lille.—*Société Géologique du Nord. Nos. 1, 3, 4. Montpellier.—*Académie des Sciences et Lettres. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Paris,—Académie oagh> — es ——— Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5. e Edito: a “Depot des Cartes ry Plans de is ‘Marine Nos. 1, 2. N ” e des Mi os. 1,3 ‘a Ecole iaicaite it rate Now 1, y ty 5. » “Ecole Polytechniq 1, 3, 4, 5 decine. 3 ” Faculté des Sciences de la patel Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. ” oo Editor Les Mondes. Nos. 14374. ” Musée d’Histoire Hatnretie. Nos. 1, 3, 4. ” Société Botanique. No. ” The Editor Revue des Cours Scientifiques. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4,5. Ss N t o. ” Société Fy Pie orcibie No. he ” Société de Biologie. No. ” Société de Chirurgie. No. ” eee = eecemeenet dae V'Industrie Nationale. Nos. 1, 2, 3, ” Socises fn a Nos. 1, 3, 4 ar) Sociéte Entom ologiq ue. Nos. Ay 3, 4, i 3 ” *Socié éO. ¥ » Société Météorologique de France. pts 1, 3, 4 ” Société Minéralogique. Nos oa aan des Sciences. Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5. GERM ee Berlin.—Chemische Gesellschaft. Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5. hn *Kinigliche Akademie der Wissenschaften. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. —Natuhistorische Verein der Preussischen Rheinlande und West- mn. Nos. l, weig. ieee fiir ibisvtesonsthel’ zu Braunschweig. Nos. trl —Natarvnecnschafishe — zu Carlsruhe. Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5. Pome hate fiir Naturkunde, Nos. 1, 3, 4, o*Metarviasenschatitiche Gesellachaft gu Chemnitz. Nos. 1, —*Das amare Bureau des Ministeriums des Innern 7 n. ” Kiniglih Ge Gleslogiudons Museum. Nos. 1, 3, 4. 330 PRESENTATIONS. Frankfurt a/M.— “Bepckenbergiagte lap toebends Gesellschaft. in Freiberg (Saxony): ~~ > Beng aed at Sunil Nos. 1, "2, ‘ Naturforschende Gesellschaft zu Freiberg. Nos. Gottigen.— —"Koniatoke alisha der Wissenschaften in Gdttingen. A; 2, ? 4, Gorlitz. —*Naturforschende Gesellschaft i in Gorlitz. Nos. 1, 3, 4,2 5. Halle A.S.— demie der Miciusleaedibdraietietie = Ss. eas ne Nee. 1, 3, 4,5. corneal eg to erin fir: Naber Gesellschaft in Hamburg. Nos. 1, 3, 4 et oe Diteehal vane in Ham- _ = bur, Heidelberg. —Naterhistviach meniattiechs Gesellschaft zu Heidelberg. » 4. Jena.—*Medicin Sa ‘ stir wissene chaftliche Gesellschaft. ‘Nos. 1, 3, 4 onigeberg.—“Di een Gesellschaft. Nos. 1, 3, se! (Saxony) —University Library. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. fiir Erdkunde zu Metz. Nos. 1, 3, 4. Mar Tig -Ciaatiehat zur Beférderung < Gosammten Naturwissen- earpse in Marburg. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4 - *The University. Nos. 1, = . 5. M ran Society. Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5. Munthen— a Sane: der Wiens chathec} in Miinchen. Nos. 2, 3, 4, Stuttgart. ~"enighiches gus ie samiies Bureau zu Stuttgart. 3, 4, 5. Wurttemberg.— —— Verein fir eo, gop Naturkunde in Wiirt- emberg. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4 HUNGARY. Bistritz (in Siebenburgen),—*Direction der Gewerbeschule. Nos. 1, , 4, 5. Zagreb (Agram).—*Société Archéologique. Nos. 1, 3, 4. aw. Bolen tower —- Scienze dell’ Istituto. ‘Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5. ersi os. Florence.—Societa di Anthropo e di gi We sag No. 1 Societa Victoonslngien Badia ey No. Gusinn “Al eean Civico di Storia Wetbeie. Nos. : 3, 4 Milan.—Reale Istituto Lombardo di Scienze Lettere ettere ed Arti. Nos. 1) 3) 5: Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali. Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5. Modena.— —iAgealtenie Rowale des Sciences, Lettres et Arts de Modene. tsi —Societa Reale Accademia delle Scienze. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 *Zoological Station (Dr. Dohrn). No. 1. 13 Palermo. ——e Palermitana di Scienze Lettere ed Arti. Nos. 1 a Reale Istituto Technico. Nos. 1 , 3, 4, 5 —*Societa Toscana di Scienza Naturale, Nos. lL, 2, 3, 4, 5. PRESENTATIONS. 331 _ Sreegen Pontificia de "Nuovi EE oo 1, 3, 4, 5. Circolo Geographico d'Italia. Nos. 2, *R. Comitato Geologico Italiano. Nos. Siena. —R. Accademia de Fisiocritici. ” Nak ae € Turin.—Reale Accademia delle Scienza. Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5. re Regio Osservatorio della a Regio Universita. No. 1. Venice.—* Reale Istituto Veneto di Scienze Lettere ed Arti, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6. JAPAN. Yokohama.—* Asiatic Society. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4. NETHERLANDS. Amsterdam.—*Académie Royale des Sciences. Sirs: I, 2, 3, 4, 5. Haarlem.—*Société Hollandaise des Sciences. 2 ~ e . 5. » *La Bibliotheque du Musée Teyler. wa NORWAY. Christiania.—*Kongelige Norske Fredericks Universitet. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. RUSSIA Moscow.—*La Société Impériale des Naturalistes. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4. St. Petersburg.—* L’Académie Impériale des Sciences. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. SPAIN. Madrid.—Instituto geografico y Estadistico. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4. SWEDEN. Stockholm.—*Kongliga Svenska Ses oy ne ae ea Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4. The University. Nos SWITZERLAND. Geneva.—*Institute National Genevoie. Nos. 1 4, 5. —*De sg —— Vaudoise des ines Naturelles. Nos. 1, 2, Neuchate].—* cas des Sciences Naturelles. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4 — of Publications sent to Great Brita cee The Colonies and I India ee ye ; a ‘Ken ical. - 4 "i ; Editors of Pesiodicals i. .< Tolel seo 3 The A, LIVERSIDGE, } gon, Secretaries. House, Ss, Noattys Sydney, 4 LEIBIU 335 REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS (IN ABSTRACT). Sections A, B, 0, D, and F, did not meet in 1880. SECTION E.—MICROSCOPICAL SCIENCE. 14 APRIL, 1880. Mr. H. G. A. Wricut, M.R.C.S, in the Chair. Tae minutes of the previous meeting were read and confirmed. The following Committee was elected for the ensuing year :— hairman: Dr. Morris. Secretary: Mr. P. R. Peptey. Com- Mittee : Messrs. H. G. A. Wricut, G. D. Hirst, W. MacponnegLl, F. B. Kynepon. It was resolved to hold the meetings of the Section on the evening of the second Wednesday in each month. The meeting then adjourned. WEDNESDAY, 17 MAY. Dr. Morris in the Chair. It was resolved that application be made to the General Council rag purchase of a microscopical object cabinet to hold 1,000 Mr. T. E. Hewerr exhibited a series of eighteen (18) slides of Entomostraca, fifteen of which were undescribed and new to naD® Monnis called the attention of the meeting to Py) slides of 336 REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS. WEDNESDAY, 9 JUNE, 1880. Dr. Morris in the Chair. Mr. H. G. A. Wricut posers Tolles’ 4th duplex front objective, which had been made to his special order. With this objective Mr. Wright resolved a haaibel of the most difficult diatom test objects, including A. pellucida and NV. oxyphillum in balsam. Mr. H. O. WALKER exhibited specimens of Volvoa globator from the Botany Swamp. Mr. T. E. Hewert exhibited a piece of colonial selenite, a remarkably = specimen, and also drew the attention of the mee eeting to improved form of Bramhall’s illuminator, with a highly polidhéd silver reflecting surface. Mr. Brinviey exhibited a series of polariscopic objects, and Mr. PEDLEY a rich and varied collection of aquatic entomostraca. WEDNESDAY, 14 JULY, 1880. Mr. H. - A, apanescapy M.R.C.S., in the Chair. preparation of fossil oms from a recently discovered depot near Tamworth, by Mr. TL O. Waxker, and beetle by Mr. F. B. as a ceardea insect, badly afflicted with acaride. Mr. G. D. Hirst exhibited Prof. Smith’s vertical illuminator, which he recommended as a very desirable form of illumination for high-angled immersion objectives. The performance of this illuminator on JL. saxonied and other difficult test objects was most gratifying. WEDNESDAY, 11 ALOUATs 1880. Dr. Morgis in the Mr. H. Suarp exhibited photographs of 4. pellucida, executed by Mr. Tolles of Boston, showing the transverse resolved from end to va of valves by 4th and j4th inch objectives of his own constructio: The Cu rebate exhibited a preparation of Odiwm albicans from a patient’s tonsil. This fungoid growth possesses co considerable inte- rest from the fact that to the unaided eye it presents a be si appearance and may readily be confounded with di phibert exudations. Dr. Morris also exhibited a gathering of true rhomboides from Manly. Mr. T. E. Hewerr exhibited an inte sang collection of mites; and Mr. Pepiey, a number of micro Scopic marine crustaceans. WEDNESDAY, 7 SEPTEMBER, 1880. Dr. Morris in the Chair. Professor Liversipce presented for distribution amongst iF members of the Section two samples of diatomaceous deposits, REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS. 337 one from the Richmond River, N.S.W., and the other from Santa Maria, California. Dr. Morris read some notes on encisted Filaria, found in the flesh of the bullock, and exhibited the cyst and portions of the mature and embryo worm under the microscope. The cyst is formed of dense white fibrous tissue, encased in which is found the mature worm with interlaced meshes of tissue corresponding with the folds of the worm. The cyst is about the size of a large Barcelona nut, and many contain more one mature worm, which worm is completely filled with encapsuled and free embryos. It is impossible to ascertain with any degree of certainty how many embryotic worms each mature - ia may contain, but they may be numbered by hundreds of 0 S. Mr, Pepiry exhibited a number of slides of parasitic Zaxodes, WEDNESDAY, 13 OCTOBER, 1880. r. Morris in the Chair. A donation to the Society’s Cabinet was received from Mr. bs E. Hewerr of six slides of insect preparation mounted in glyce- mine. Mr. T. E, Hewert read a note on a species of Cyperidivm remarkable for showing a phosphorescent light when irritated ; he had found this species in Port Jackson, and proposed to call it Cyperidium phosphorescens. Dr. Morris exhibited a number of slides ofa species of V. rhom- ia. He stated that having made on the medium used for mounting ; mounted dry, and in balsam, the highest angled lenses as Tolles and Zeiss resolved them only with the greatest difficulty and but very faintly, whereas When using as a medium various combinations of bisulphide of i the accuracy of Dr. Morris’s observations by direct com- Par 02 Of valves of this rhomboides mounted dry, and in Cee , with preparations of the same valves in the medium p) Posed by Ty that particularly recommended being bisulphide of carbon, oil of cassia, and phosphorus, as safest to work with. The ip ctior definition of the markings in this medium was acknow- edged by all present, WEDNESDA Y, 10 N' OVEMBER, 1880. Dr. Morris in the Chair. Mr. Pepizy or ali iety’s Cabinet, and presented six slides for the Societys ©@ ‘ported a further donation of two slides from Mr. H. O. Walker. 338 REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS, Dr. Wricut called the attention of the meeting to a +; of an inch objective of Mr. Tolles’ construction, of 100° angular ar aperture, and claimed that no amount of deep eye-piecing could break it down. He exhibited a — wes amplified to 2,000 diameters without in any way impairing defining power of the objective. Dr. Morris oxhilited A. pellucida resolved in ©. medium, and also in a preparation of bisulphide of carbon and phosphorus Mr. BRINDLEY exhibited some slides of local Foraminifera. DonaTIONS TO THE Soctety’s CABINET. Mr. T. E. Hewert :—Spiracle of larva of moth; antenna of moth; ee ovinus ; Sp., caprella ; Limnardia sorida. ; parasite of magpie-lar Mr. H. 6. WALKER :—Achnanthes longipes ; palate of slug. Mr. P. R. Pepiey :—Nervous membrane investing spinal cord of cow ; section of human scalp ; section of rush, fungus, spiracles of caterpillar, and gizzard of black cricket. SECTION G.—LITERATURE AND FINE ARTS, INCLUDING ARCHITECTURE. FRIDAY, 16 APRIL, 1880. Mr. E. L. Monrertore in the Chair. The minutes of the previous meeting were read and confirmed. The following officers were elected :—Chairman: Mr. I es A. Morrett. FRIDAY, 28, MAY, 1880. Mr. E. L. Monteriore in the Chair. Mr. Monteriore i on the table etchings by Vion, Ballin, and others ; ms) landscape 5 Gainsborough and studies in chalk by Domenico, Pellegrin Tebaldi, an A Padoeast Rev. "Mr. Horton exhibited : rare German work on Heraldry, WwW. Hane produced photo-tpe of the Katoomba Falls, REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS. 339 Stuart drew attention to a work on “The Bronze Ornaments of the Palace Gates from Balawat,” published under the sanction of the Trustees of the British Museum. It was resolved that the Council should be applied to fora copy of the work for the use of the Section. Copies of the proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archeology were laid on the table by Mr. Sruart. FRIDAY, 30 JULY, 1880. Mr. E. L. Monteriore in the Chair. The Secretary read a letter from the Council declining to accede to the application of the Section to procure a copy of the work on the Bronze Gates of Balawat, whereupon Mr. Stuart stated he would present his own copy to the Section on its arrival from The Secretary laid on the table the first number of a work on tive Art. _ Mx. Monrertorr exhibited some curious and interesting works, including an illustrated edition of Butler’s Hudibras, published in 1709; an essay on Comic Painting, 1788; and fifteen drawings by Henri Regnault. Mr. Trevor Jones read an interesting paper on “Light and Colour, a treatise on some of their properties, physical, and artistic,” illustrated by diagrams and experiments. SECTION H.—MEDICAL SCIENCE. A paper by Dr. Manning on the Causation of Insanity, Pay on August 13th, 1880, was recommended for publication im Society’s Journal. P. SYDNEY JONES, heise: H. N. MAOLAU REN f Hem Boece 2B 340 REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS. The Causation and Prevention of Insanity. By F. Norton Mannine, M.D., &e., ce. [Read before the Medical Section of the Royal Society of N.S.W., 10 September, 1880. ] Ir is one of the glories of our profession that its members have not only been foremost in recognising the importance—but have been the chief workers in the field—of preventive medicine, that they have discerned that prophylaxis has a higher aim than the rapeutics, and that ‘there is a larger and loftier success in pre- venting the diseases of communities than in curing the diseases of individuals.” In mental, as in physical disease, there is more scope for the physician in prevention than in cure, and itis in this direction I would ask your attention this evening. The causation and prevention of insanity is a subject of such importance that I need not apologise for its introduction. As a text for my observations, I place before you two tables which have been prepared with some care, and concerning whi some explanatory remarks are necessary. The first of these shows the assigned causes of insanity in 3,077 patients admitted into the Hospital for the Insane at Gladesville, from January Ist, 1869, to December 31st, 1878, a period of ten years. This table has been prepared from the case books of the Hospital, and I have to thank my friend Dr. Beattie for placing it in its present shape. The causes assigned in the papers forwarded with the patients, often conjectural, and sometimes absurd, have been supplemented by more important, not only as embracing larger numbers, but - based on an improved classification. It sets forth the assigned It will be seen that in the Gladesville table there is no cate iti in the Eng both are found to exist, with a result that the aggr total causes, including those unknown, exceeds t e whol of patients by exactly 30 per cent. In comparing the auc REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS. 341 some corrections necessary, o the somewhat different , it will be seen that though some causes thers there is a singular agreement in the percentages. Taking the main divisions moral and physical, it appears that in New South Wales 16-9 per cent. of the insanity was due to moral, and 57-6 ditions which results in insanity. The causes lie too deep to be g by mere surface investigation, and can seldom be packed mto a word or a sentence. A patient accumulation of an mereasing knowledge the number classified under these headings bi hi Domestic trouble” is no uncommon experience, _, mental anxiety” falls to the lot of most men and women, and iad circumstances” to not a few. The strain falls on almost — the weak give way, and it is this weakness which, in reality, ‘ the chief cause of the insanity. j Je first causes to which I would direct your attention appear in the Gladesville but not in the English table. are iso. = NWP NEE aS thing * I mention the two together because they have some- __,o © common. 342 REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS. districts of the Colony. Happily, however, with the increase of fencing, and with increasing population, this form of isolation, which was formerly a fruitful cause of insanity, is rapidly decreas- ing. Isolation in another form was first brought under my notice by observing that a large proportion of the patients admitted had no relatives or friends nearer than the old country. By a return, which I have had prepared during the last few weeks, I find that more than one half—1,038 out of 2,036—of the inmates of our institutions for the insane on June 30 last were, so far as is or relatives in this Colony. This isolation, which is something terrible to a new emigrant, and which lasts often for years, is kept up by the disparity of the sexes, which at the close of 1879 stood at 409,665 males and 324,617 females, and to some extent prevents marriage ; and it is fostered by the peculiar mode of life both of the miner and the bushman, by the shifting from place to place with the seasons in search of work, and by the restlessn together with the constant change of associates, leads on the one hand to a dwarfing of all those better feelings which are fostered and flourish in home life, and on the other to the development of a miserable selfishness, to a concentration of all thought im one unwholesome direction, to a suspicion and distrust of ever-chang- ing comrades, and at last to evil habits, to introspection, to hypochondriasis, and to the development of delusions of suspicion and fear, which are prominent symptoms in this class of cases. Isolation is most potent as a cause of insanity, as might be ex: pected among men, but it is found among women also, whom have landed in this country quite friendless, and a large number of whom, in an after stage of life, live in terrible isolation, ers, In home- lan steads in the distant bush, from which their husbands are assisted immigration, by which : partly at the expense of friends, is decidedly better eo regard than one which lands on our shores a number of frien rr st increasing population, with less ty ri numbers between the sexes, with more settled modes of life, ge with the growth of a native-born population, this cause of will no doubt lessen and in time disappear. Boe Intemperance in drink appears in thé English beg = causing a percentage of 14°6, and in the Gladesville the PP centage stands at 8-3. It must be remembered that 30 per REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS. 343 must be subtracted from the former to make these proportions of equal value in the two tables. This ill give nearly 10 per cent. as the English rate, and represents, I believe, fairly the proportion of insanity due directly or indirectly to this cause. LT attach the more value to these statistics because they have been collected by a number of independent observers, and are therefore free from the chance of error due to individual and unconscious bias which besets all statistics drawn up by one person. For some years past _ LT have read everything I could find to read on this subject, and have come to the conclusion that the effect of intemperance as a cause of insanity has been largely exaggerated. I put aside at once all that intemperance of statement which seems to be i m the habitual denunciation of intemperance In a ce class of mind drunkenness is the root of all evil, and some of our i an unconscious by the researches of Dr. Grabhan, of the Earlswood Asylum, Dr. Bucknill, and other writers. To quote the words of an asylum ysician in a neighbouring Colony, “intemperance 18 ® cause 80 readily seized, so easily packed into a word, the notice of a patient’s family, his friends, or the public, that a few striking instances engross the mind, and unc for many a dozen others, which without obvious cause enter Unnoticed into the asylum.” In not a few instances in my €xperience, the intemperance stated to be a cause was really &symptom—one of the evidences of a loss of self-control—due to brain disease manifestly existent at an antecedent date to the ee ues strongest argument next to that derived from such yes sag = I lay before you, that intemperance is not so potent a cause 0! TE would ask what is your experience as medic the pathological condition of the habitual drunkard, and T. “% will answer that such cases die of liver and kidney di * apoplexy or of delirium tremens (a very different thing to sanity), but that they do not in any considerable proportion g0 me oc The proliferation of connective tissue 1 one of 344 REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS. prominent pathological changes produced by alcohol in — struc- ture of numerous organs where its effects have been carefully studied. The brain and nerve structure of lunatics should present a corresponding condition if the cause of insanity were drink. The post-mortem rooms of hospitals for the insane afford little or no frequent if these Pome had been drunkards. The — of the drink in which it is taken has perhaps a share in the produetini of insanity, at all events in this Colony, than the quantity. The quality of the beverages supplied in roadside ry ecgene public-houses, and even in Sydney and the lar; as I need hardly remind you, abominably bad. distillation, direct adulteration is largely practised. Kerosene, tobacco, cocculus indicus, and other deleterious substances, are freely used, and there can 8h no doubt that these poisons, to use the See of the Laurea **Confuse the oy St of the blood, And tickling the brute brain within the man’ 8, Make havock among those tender cells.” The system of drinking which is almost unknown in older countries has also not a little to answer for. Short and reckless outbursts of g, alternate with prolonged and often compulsory periods of abstinence. These horrible — on bad liquor may, and no sanity. believe that the amount "of inomiatty caused by drink set down as due to this cause. an intemperance in drink. Calculating the cost of pire mm our hospitals for the insane at from £150 to £200 per bed, and with the high price of labour it has not been much — we have @ primary outlay for these 200 cases of from £30,000 to £40,000, and an annual maintenance rate of upwards of £6, 000 a-year. The prevention of insanity due to drink becomes in ‘oh a vast social as well as a medical enlace solution of whi is, I ong to be largely found— to Ist. In the a of the number of public-houses, 80 48 lessen unwholesome com 2nd. 2 the aswell and Serseit inspection of all liquors 3rd. om ‘ed introduction into common use of sound light apn the many forms of effervescent drinks, and more ee seats REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS. 345 all of ice. The common use of iced water in America, where it can be obtained in every railway carriage and in every village, has done more I believe to reduce intem- perance than anything else ; 4th. In better and more wholesome modes of preparing food, ee other forms of ner ffection, proj Lascertained that there was sexual intemperance. In some cases of insanity admitted into the Hospital, and especially in elderly men with young wives, I have with good reason attributed recovery to the temporary and enforced continence. Lallemand was the first to point out the influence of seminal discharges on certain forms of vesania, and though like almost all iali gerated their influence, he did good service in showing that hypochondria, moral prostration, and true melancholy were sometimes due to this cause. The effects of cent. in the English tables, and these rates will doubtless seem small to all who have read a certain kind of sensational literature, ic cause insanity than the practices which it denounces. There is little doubt but that Masturbation has been too frequently cited as a cause of insanity by. bservers who are without the breadth of view which can only re gathered by a complete scientific and medical education. It is it to exist in th i tamed that it wes not only discarded but regarded with due _ Shor after recovery. 7-7 Hl © 4 g et _ ® 8 =4 ot | o — os =] ge ~~ ° = ® “= — < ® = i | 346 REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS. A reference to the tables will show you the small amount of insanity said to be due to venereal disease—0-4 per cent. in one and 0-6 per cent. in the other. It has been to me a frequent wonder that more cases of insanity were not due to syphilis, and it is certainly curious that in 4,000 admissions primary syphilis was only seen in three cases. Sunstroke, as might be supposed, isa cause of insanity in a much greater degree in New South Wales than in England. It appears in the English table as causing 1:3 per cent., but it should be remembered that this includes numerous cases where the attack urred abroad ; soldiers sent from India to the wards for the Army Department at Grove House e, Bow ; sailors invalided from foreign stations, and admitted to the Hospital for the Insane at Yarmout s Bemdin isolated cases sent from hot countries under Five per cent. of the total number of cases are accredited to it, and I think with good reason. The effect of sun- or heat-stroke in the greater care in avoiding exposure, by insisting on a more rational head covering for the summer months tha a black stove-pipe hat, and by pointing out that after an attack of sunstroke alcohol is an —- or injury to the head is mentioned in both tables as a cause of insanity. In some cases it is a direct, but it is more often a predisposing, cause. It is in cases predisposed by injury that sunstroke, intemperance, agree and other causes ‘ fire which has been already laid. Where injury to the ae exists a caution as to the aaaamea of exciting causes may 0 t_infre- uently save from furth da ’ _ During t the year 1872 1 took : sa sige cae ieee marks may be ~ to put ¢ on record my opinion that sear prolonged beyond the ordinary time, or continued by delicate women even up REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS. 347 ans remov' m the encephalon and disorders of the mind. The influence of uterine and ovarian affections, disorders of the digestive functions, lesions of the stomach and intestinal canal, affections of the liver, heart causes P : a of mental aberration; and we know to-day that there is Ai a single part of the economy, lesions of which may not bring out psychical disorder in predisposed subjects. The ascending . in zy: : ody and brain, and not merely the perturbations of the under- | Goiere bem greatly struck with the number © cases admitted want of esville with symptoms of dyspepsia, and with what for Bangs etter term is designated in the table “Chronic ill- | these to and I cannot but attribute a considerable proportion of if ela want of varied and properly cooked m I doubt i food th 1s any country in the world where with abundance of ~ “here is less variety or less evidence of civilization 348 REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS. preparation. Salt meat and damper are still a frequent if not the continuous dietary of large numbers. Fresh meat is cooked in a manner glaringly monotonous ; milk is untasted by a large pro- portion of the up-country population for months together, and vegetables except potatoes are an infrequent luxury for which numbers have to thank the itinerant Chinaman ; whilst tea, black, milkless, and often sugarless, is drunk at eve in quantities which take away appetite for the more solid and too often unappetising viands. It is no wonder that women, especially during lactation, break down under such a regimen, that men feel a crying, physical, or physiological want which drives them to bursts of hard drinking, or that the digestive powers fail, and with them the nourishment of the brain as well as other organs. A bountiful, a varied, and a nutritious diet is in many cases of service in warding off threatened attacks of insanity, or arresting in its early stages, and this with attention to special symptoms denoting bodily ailment is the main agent in the recovery in not a few advanced cases. ith better modes of carriage and with denser population we shall in time no doubt get a more varied dietary, and it is to be hoped that cookery will be taught as special and compulsory subject in the projected High Schools for Girls, and in the higher classes of our public schools. In the Gladesville table epilepsy is given as a factor to the extent of 5-9 per cent., but in the English table this cause is grouped, as it seems to me unwisely, among other bodily diseases or disorders. I find, however, from some statistics given by the English Com- missioners in 1876, that epilepsy is credited with 6°5 per cent., 80 that probably the potency of this affection in the production of insanity is about the same in both countries, An intere shows its extreme character and potency. In 119 epilepties, pat several four or five each. Dr. Gowers, in his Gulstonian ares published in the Lancet during the current year, states _ out of 1,250 epileptics who came under his care at the National Hospital for Epilepsy and Paralysis, he found distinct hereditary influence in 452, or 36 per cent. Mr. Clarke’s researches REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS. 349 The hereditary transmission of insanity is a subject of the most profound interest, both from a medical and social stand. point, and to a medical superintendent of a hospital for the insane it isa duty increasing in interest with each year’s ex- — —_ have little or no knowledge of the family history or not + 2 England, where the family history of almost every Patient can be tr f per cent., or 375 out of 1,072 patients admitted Dr. Needham, of York, gives 31 per cent., or 350 REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS. 334 out of. 1,029 admissions; whilst in Dr. Thurnam’s well- known statistics of the “Retreat,” 153 cases were known to be due Esquirol observes, that of all diseases insanity is the most heredi- tary, and gives figures showing that in one-fourth of the total number of cases coming under his care this influence was ascer- tained. Guislain estimates it at one-fourth in Belgium, and or about one-fourth. ere is reason to fear that the pro portion of insanity due to hereditary influence is steadily in- creasing. Dr. Ball, Professor of Mental Medicine at the Univer- of the terrible hereditary character of insanity may do something to prevent imprudent marriages, but unfortunately it is not with the prudent and thoughtful that we have to deal. Itis with the wayward, the impulsive, and the improvident, with brains bearing subtle mischief in their recesses, and but little likely to look beyond selfish gratification. The time has not yet arrived for legisla- tive interference. In time to come however, when the liberty of the subject is made more subordinate to the welfare of the com- munity, it will perhaps be found expedient in the interest. future generations to insist on prolonged isolation aries interference in the case of all persons who have been afflicted Dr. mental disease. In the meantime, to quote the words of ble Blandford, “it behoves a physician before whom the tert vi results of imprudence in this direction are paraded day by “ya hold out a warning and to point out the evils which — if, as imprudent union, and the immense amount of insanity REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS. 351 well as epilepsy, chorea, neuralgia, and other nerve disorders, itted from parent to offspring.” It is, in my opinion, not too much to say that any person who marries, except under very ial circumstances, after such a marked and prolonged attac of mental derangement as required hospital treatment, commits a crime against posterity. Five per cent. of the cases in the Gladesville and 4°8 per cent. in the English table are stated to be congenital in origin. Among the causes of congenital mischief are said to be a condition of intoxi- cation or epilepsy on the part of parents during coition or concep- tio; the marriage of near kin; ill health, injuries, persistent sickness, emotional excitement, anxiety and fright on the part of the mother during pregnancy ; injurious compression of the cranial bones and brain from contracted passage or protracted labour ; the misuse of forceps ; and suspended animation after birth, the latter considered by Dr. Langdon Down to be a frequent cause. As to drunkenness or epilepsy during coition or conception as a cause of congenital mental defect, I must confess that I am sceptical, and the truth must be difficult to prove. The effect of the marriage of near kin has been debated at very considerable length. Huth, whose elaborate work on this subject 8 well known, and whose opinions have been widely adopted out- side our profession, scouts the idea that consanguineous marriages ae harmful, and answers the question whether consanguineous marriages give a greater proportion of unhealthy children than non- sanguineous marriages with a decided negative, stating that even where the marriages of blood relations are habitual, deterioration even through the chance accumulation of an idiosyncrasy, practi- cally does not occur oftener than in other marriages. Other observers have, ho ever, come to a different conclusion, and 1 i consangui iage. own experience on the subject is. linn: guineous marriage pe tt ‘le in one family have come under my observation the in w i bee spins ee I Gt which I have known three children in one family idiotic Union of ee 352 REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS. more often acted on. It would be well in many cases family physician could forbid the banns. On the other causes of congenital defect which I have men- tioned it is not my intention to enlarge. : The influence of modern civilization in the production of insanity slavery—when all the physical wants of the slave were atte to; when there was no outlet for mental activity, or need for mental more than eighty out of a population of 800,000; whilst it ca from recent asylum reports that there are now more than 8 insane persons of this race in these two States. said that it is better to be civilized and free with even large chance of : : this ; but the question remains whether the amount of insanity due to our modern civilization is not excessive, and to » large and higher developments as well as in its manufacture of re and struggling classes, and especially in its many ¢ fitted to survive and multiply, has caused and is still causing a higher percentage of insanity than was known in former times. Morbid paychol REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS, 353 Inno epoch has, what for want of a better expression, I will term “mental excess,” been more prevalent than in this. News- rs, medical and lay, have frequently of late pointed out the evils of our present system of stuffing our youth and making all boyhood and girlhood one long period of cramming for examina- tion. The examinations at the London and other aarp and for professions have become almost encyclo their range. The whole tina tends to confuse and disteaot the mind, to unfit it for the work of the world, to stunt originality, and to induce what Mees not inaptly been termed “ brain-fog.” Where there is no absolute break-down at the time, and instances would have ae unharmed. ow no stronger eibesce as to the evil done by overwork at schools and competitive ions than that of Dr. Andrew Clarke, who states that he has discovered auporary albuminuria in 10 per cent. of the can- didates sent to him for examination as to ee health after Pasting g the Civil Service examination for I - Next — the high pressure, the fever sd fret of professional ess life, the haste, competition, and all-pervading quiet, which has had no parallel in other times. The over-work connected with business, the severe mental labour of the ar ta. instances it it is oifioalt to tabulate the cause. It behoves us, I think, as physicians, to inculcate pause and leisure in life, and to encourage the tendency which happily exists in Soe Colony to indulge in out-door sports and amusements of every kin An the English table 22°8 per cent., and in the Gladesville —_ 259 per cent. of the causes are set down as “ unascertained.” Sreater percentage in the Gladesville table is due to the ‘aehsative Means we have for obtaining trustworthy information by ques- relatives and —— and to causes which I have already ‘Be . se that the Sasa of insanity generally requires @ Sy é% p ding 21 years, E.N.E.) Temperature — = i Shade ... 93°1 on the 8th. eShade ... 56°6 on the 10th. Po ... 23°5 on the 8th. Highest in the Sun ... 154°9 on the 8th. west on the Grass ... 49°7 on the 10th. Mean Diurnal Range ... 13°4 Mean in the Shade wii gee (Being 0-2 greater tk that of th tl Z f tk r di g 21 years.) Humidity +. Greatest Amount ... 695°7 on the 17th. ae ve we~=88°0 on the 11th. Mean ie ee (Reine 1-21 at Ce ee ee i © ét 3°. g 21 years.) Rain ... +» Number of Days... 10 Greatest Fall ... 0°528 inch on the 25th. 0 »» 65 feet above greens Total Fall... eee eae 1 126 a 15 in. above ground. (Being 2-495 inches less than that of t th n average of the preceding 21 years.) Evaporation Total Amount... ... 6°700 inches, dzone * «» Mean Amount... peer (Being 16 greater pee eee ren ¢ 44 r at. g 21 years.) mettcity +» Number of Days Lightning 8 Sky +* Mean Amount ; «. 60 Xu Number of Clear Days ... 0 ea ng 0 +» Number observed = a Remarks. fa enter as been fine and wa pop h a small rainfall, e es at Places on an rall wees ei coast and high lend eg Rines' the highest shade tempo we * Kumsjong Horne d at Til Til 115-8, and the greatest fall o rain was 4°750 inc! 360 METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. GOVERNMENT OBSERVATORY, SYDNEY. LatiTupg, 33° 51’ 41”; LonarrupE, 10 4™ 50-81: ; Magnetic VARIATION, 9° 25’ 2” East. FEBRUARY, 1880.—GernERAL ABSTRACT. Barometer ... Highest Reading... 30° Ke inches ed the 2nd, at 10°'20a.m. At 32° Faht. Lowest Reading ... 29° n the 13th, at 5 p.m. Mean Height 29° 395 Wind .. Greatest rere 6°5 lbs. on the 28th. Mean P. . O'4 1b, Number of pavi Calm ins Pre rickcengiaad — Se YP 73. as g 4h ¢£. 41 p a oT years, S & | Temperature Highest in the Shade 79°7 on the 14th. Lowest in the Shade 60°7 on the 19t est Range ... 4°6 on the 5th Highest in the Sun 147-9 on the 19th Lowest on the Gras 57°5 on the 2nd. Mean Diurnal Range O:1 Mean in the Shade 70°8 (B g th PS ae sy k a g 21 years.) Humidity ... Greatest Amount .. 1000 on the 12th. Least we ye ... 56:0 on the 6th. Mean a : (Rat: pur + ret peg el oe poe e 4 91 wears.) Rain .. Number of Days... 20 rain and Greatest Fall ... 0°888 inch on the 9t Total Fall 2-216 ,, 65 ft. above ae : = 3°565 15 in. above grown Evaporation Total Amount 3°492 inches. Ozone... ... Mean Amount (Pot. o-n +h Poa ae Sa a At g 20 years.) Electricity ... Number of Days Lightning 1 Cloudy Sky... Mean Amoun ios Number of Clear ies fe ae 0 Meteors Number o 0 Remarks. to the averages. Pressure and siaipatabiens pre ei have been — "At Syd aS ... Greatest Pressure 23°1 lbs. on the 14th and 29th Mean Pre 0°9 lb. ure.. Ame of Days Calm ... vailing Direction ... 8. mig nS epg Greig ine 0 yee, pe sgh in the Shade ... 949 on the 14th. Lowest inthe Shade ... 53°3 on the eae * 149° 1 on the 14th. Lowest on the Grass... 46°5 a 14" 1 in the Shade (Being 0-2 greater than that of the same month on an average of the preceding 21 years. ) Humidity -. Greatest Amount ... 99°0 on the 9th. Least be i ... 983°0 on the 15th. : : Mean ae : 53 | (Being 6-0 greater than that of the same month on an average of the preceding 21 years.) 1232, inches on the 9th. and 3 ‘Rain... ... Greatest Fall : Number of Days... 13 rain ew. a 1-447 inch 65 ft. above ground. pee Yes ad 2°560 inches 15 in. above ground. = 0-891 inch less than that of the same month on an average of the preceding 21 years.) Evaporation Total Amount 4476 Sn 76 _ Men Anonnt ge of the preceding 20 years. th Number of ae ees 4 Mean Am 6 Number of "Clear Days . 2 Number observ emarks. he great majority - observing er this month has been very dry, and at t ot g - eet oF th SE. st he weath ons the rainfall has — much less than 1 ine er, had abundant rain. Bodalla reports the greatest Pcmcriat viz., 8° 870 “METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. GOVERNMENT OBSERVATORY, SYDNEY. _ LATITUDE, 33° 51’ 41”; LonairuDE, 104 4™ 50-815 ; MaGnetic VARIATION, 9° 25’ 2” East. DECEMBER, 1880.—Geyerat ABSTRACT. Barometer ... Highest ig oe ..» 80°101 inches on the 19th, at 10 a.m . At 82° Faht. Lowest Readin .. 29204 ,, onthel5th, at 9°13 p Mm. Height ... ... 29°771 \ o 1 (7 r So a (Rat A.N9° Inn} £ 41 32. 1 Wind ... .. Greatest Pressure ... 33°6 lbs. on the 3lst. Mean Pressu eed a eee Mamter of Days Calm ... 0 ie reva —- —— tion ... NE. (Pr li ig th for the preceding 21 years, N.E.) Temperature Highest inthe Shade ... 88°9 on the 3rd. Lowest in the Shade ... 53°9 - the 9th. ee 29°3 on the 18th. ‘ a in the Sun . 151°9 oi ithe 13th. Lowest onthe Grass... M n Dit: rnal Range ... 146 Mean i in nine = a 4Oe 41 Lt 7 \ > 5 — 5 # iJ - Humidity ... eerie Amount... —.... 93°0 on the 4th. east ae see 28°0 on the 138th. Rain ... ... Number of “eda > BRain Greatest Fall... .... 0°360 inch on the Sth. nil Res Fall hose So 0530 ,, 65 feet above gro {Rol 711: 1. th. 4h £ 41 0779 5, 15 in. above oe a 91 vears.) cova Total Amount ... ... 6°323 Ozone. ee eee Pinaeced ae fe (Being no f the preceding years.) Electricity ... Number of Days ae 4 Cloudy Sky... Mean Amount “4 5 Number of Clear Da: 0 Meteors --» Number observed ye 2 Remarks. : The tem temperature < been ee only 0°5 aucte the orerne’s and the highe _ shade less than 90° at Sydney ; t fall 0° ‘779 is less than the average ery he inches The majority of the sta 2 ae honk supply ;_but part N i had fine est bein 3°870 inches at — 1 1 — ties: SS : : | | 145 146 147 ; $8 1 @ Beschal : ae eee = yee Seale of Statute Miles : | Y | 23, ei si ' 5 9 Dumble . Gundatloui oe | ' 5 Caidm h ices Eriingonia = a, : N nA Mogul ¥ a ‘ ° Corella ¥ Garacianner he Hill ° 7% Pwator | ? > 2 Sucro le 0 $ < = a : o : f Le : Tene aos t . Nocoleche A o ry ac, Qe, a. $ WS) : ; Y Yancannia « sey Ry a3 + ; N /' ‘ jale Boulka Vaniora : N) Ee i Breewarrin in 30 : . : ? : peo Q ¢ West Bourke a or Barwow a Torowoin Swunp ourke » : EMT Murcnigon | | : : a \ ; ae. : : SS : @ Poolamacca a | : ae De e ‘ . Dungowa c Hoole s Wileannia, 3s Cobare Florida e z o>: ie 4 zs . Worle ; : a: Sas m SA. Poapelloe L et aN 0 Gunyutka & Nelyambo ss Thorndaleo fy * Nowendoc a = y Caiga ge MRobe ; 1 Potiodintnke 7 Z Wp) eee £e \ Meadows O- Butheroo C F » Ny pndooran . pase nee . From aide - ~~~ Se Z . ery gowen C b SS Bomargald Hill AY. Pant } : oP YY : 3 vf got : B ~ Wing Tintinnallagey 4 ® @ [Paddington SHEE arf os -, ae : LP. Shahin ea Fe Ss LPs Weinteriga 8 : i : 8 & I : nM crvina ( @ : por Fiovcaster a : pe ) } } 7 E. NG : se gs Corto s . G,Burrawang sre: arkes J Cooban Lares ar OZ ; ? | ® J ; la PA Asie : $ Clare ig (om \ Athol G ae ce Tugger ae = P ncaira . Toogon ei ‘ ng %, ' Kurra ong ee ees | és eS THe CAMGAD: anck % Heights . 4 Tuggeran Tarcoola : CT Re / ay Ey os Gosfor 5 =o TillTile A) i ae ts Merungie @ \zr2h20 me 3 a a i Eee OV Gareawa AG i i lac pai eer: 2g00n . @Culpotaro VY Hooiigat ; : ge ote OL (Ke Ri : Nuurd Curt HE ©) os am 'g2 Botan SN Se ce e labjeers Bes B, peak yah es pear & MY eapt Cook: janeiag ct ae ; 4 Boy &) pF Wentworth ‘ ‘Mourquong a orang @ South Thonenga Ge Buddigower a KS “Botany Watershed » Mourne “ly onga a m3 eS | foul | / = nt Bi u ig oO Y «Sol Gol ‘ae Yalyogoring Day: ap | & ~ Thelangerin : ah am ’ Cordeaux Rive | " M U R R ae roonga go » iver | & A a | URRU oe SpheySholf ollongong zealigh:tuxed | Paika @ Maude e A fics ae thumbs Lagoon. SEaUAS Hay ) C ool * \ a 'Sprin field Ps Five. Isiands ake Taila’ ake \Yal of Bsus deen R' Murti ee aC leowrarra Euston Woerango é RS AS ertson IEE d PtlBass Balrana Burrabogie > mundry ossvale, / Jamberoo f Pet¢rborough

- f Havel ZZ Murray Dowps a Neos a ae i & ee 2 fae : . A res aypurans SfGso Neue es, ING Oreste C- : e Ulladulla, . Castle Donnington > .., Cooree rilder > any nose apish S) < Burrill hixed ‘a Light. e PT By e } Wallinga . oie : 4 | ° | la 3, . $\ f = es Cocks Brus 6 | Afakoor . ENILIQUIN ON aie jonga t Upright < fe, Lalaltee ; Morven s ligen Wasp l | : alama « ; < Tuppal Be: 20 ermanton | ae s Bay ° 8 AC \ Boomanoomana Sas : = umber A pete Vi - ? Mathoura « oS Ae locumwal ry, . « Woomagama ; ae oa ie Kiandr eyBroulee | a» "s oi ,, ( pee | . “aig B . orlya. | Take Moira a is WY” ass a f Moruy. | & “ " as inder; < e Moruya Heads R % Céllindina : Belvoi ALLA : acs: 2 | = | ? a ile egaR. iy lathra Murrimbula SCALE ? | o R Port Macquarie & ” IV. —Koea Pesticulars oF the Transit of Venus H.C. R ssell, B.A. .—Note on the Bingera Dia = District Arch Lares C.8. a aon. our > Coal and Coal ; 3 Mann ». Vil. Wess vices to “On our Coal and and Coes aie sisal » VIII.—On our Coal and Coal Por ; _.. dames Manning. » IX.—The Sey als of A and t Dideand “Part. “Onaithodel tis Gerard Krefft. oe © a: eee 9 OE AE Martin Gardiner, C.E. TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALE : ; Vol. VIII. ConrTENTS. Article I ss sCegrapuy ‘ ... E. C. Cracknell, Esq. » I1—Hospital Accommodat A. Roberts, M.R.C.8. fg Gieeee —Criinal s ae of Ne ew South wal Chris. Bolleston. a LY, —Description of E “new spec at Terrestrial an ‘Misra 7 ie trom John Brazier, C.M.Z.8. northvenst Aus’ ” V.—tIro n Pyr di Latta, sat ” Wi sytnas: Water Supply by Gravitation James a ning, Esq. » _VII.—Nickel Minerals fro w Caledon Professor Eivesilies, » VITL. ee Soy pi Coal Daposlts at Wallera- Professor Liversidge. A. » IX, —Some ‘of the Results of the Observation? Russell, B.A. fthe Teaiavol Va WRWaed oo ” X—The eee of Venus as ies ae a ew, Wm. Scott, M.A. Ede TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES, 1875. Vol. IX. ConTENTS. (Edited by Professor Liversidge.) PAGE. fas + I.—List of Officers, Fundame i sare By en ito xxix ist of Members =. " exxi to xiii _» L—Proceedings . Ss mee ove a i Mi—AdiiGorstoLimty.. sc «0 a «(Matta 376 LISt OF PUBLICATIONS. PAGE. een ark ee Address, by ne = W. B. Clarke, F.G.S., Vice-Pres lto 56 V.—Notes on “Dear Sea soundings By Rev. W. B. ng F.G. »” e, M.A., ; 57 to 72 » VI—Fac n Mini : 73 to 86 ee, fi 3 =Stanniferous Deposits of ‘Tasmania (Utistraed. y 8. H. Wintle, Hobart Tow 87 to 95 tig gk —Pemiment ‘Water r Supply to Bilnay by " @ravita- y James Manning 97 to 119 IX.— -Moteoge olitae Water Ral y- By James Manning 121 to 123 » Wa “ai nae ply = Sydney by Gravitation (Plans). ning 125 to 134 fear. & —Seientiie ahs By H. C. “Russell, ‘B. Az, * Govern: ent Astronomer . 135 to 150 eae). © 8 i PAGE, Eridani, p age showing he Garnier, M. Jules, discovery of seured pasion = Sieh ania saksidy tya.s he 33 nickel in New Caledonia by ......... 231 Et F.G.S.—On Garnierite, analysis of ................- 236 Galleon. ‘New South Wales Guopraphied eploration of North- Palzozoic Fossi Sense erie 247 west Australia in 1879; by Mr. - Euphorbiacew of N. West Australia 84 Alexander Forrest ......:c.00c01 se o) tive power of New South Geological Observations made in 1876 Wales 182 in Eastern Australiaand Tasmania ; Exploration, act of North- by Dr. Ottaker Feistmantel......... 103 west Australia in 1879; by Mr. Geologists, Congress of, at Paris...... 6 Alexander Porbet lg: RL am 81 | Geology of New South Wales......... 105 Gipps—F.B., A Comparison al the Prospect and Kenn sere es of Water Troe for Sy F Gignons hace from New Caledonia, i... Gad Dishot River, New Caledonia 227 “Bei old, Diahot River, New onia . “gal Ostratons sana z ee Goodenou gh, R.N., the late Commo- or eee Watcnsland, Aasome 103 Goo mathe 5 of N. W. Australia... 92 Ficoidex of N. RC ee 5 | Gramine of N. W. Australia... é ji—Hot Spr ; ing Waters aks te Gro malaeite, Mudgee, analysis of ... 216 f EES aie 145 Tilatia in the flesh of the bullock, ‘Richmond River, N. S. W.; Morris 337 of N. W. Australia 95 H ae ER. eS va 12 “oY Australia ...... 94 Se of Euro- Hail Te ees | by H. C. me hers 139 R “gree on = bush; by ~ es bo cs 1 in New South BSE hse oe 133 on; "Pablo. Of sigs: aciennnsnor ate Mr. Sper Mabeyese, Berrima, ser Of as: as feiticn. of ots rest Aus- ee Caledonia ficjncecacesoarere m 1879 81 laa of Ni W. Aen fishes of a wy ix ’ 112 | Hausmannite (manganese ore), Wel- ints of Tasmania............... 412 lington — analysis of ......... oH in basalt ‘ Hawkesbury beds .......::sesserereerees a ats 3 Ee & basal It, aver, an 155 W. J. Stephen, M.A., on the a Australian Coal Measure ... 112 | Hematite, Sydney, analysis EES from the paosic. s of a brown, Jam a- ee shy B. Btheridgs 9 | YS Grails, snalyain ob cunnn 217 bt Helms, analysis of ae BUtOS vs. steele 223 Hirst, G. D.—Remarks on the Colours of “Tupiters Belts during the ee ae ion ro pe betaine as oe ogg G Homa pen Madge — ie. from New Caledonia 230 Homblende New Colne pk 244 fom New Caledonia, anaijais | Hot Spring Watersirom New Britis gna b ofesor ae Wall | (andradite), from Hydrocarbon, aratah Mine, ana- ae iin, a 213 eeeeeeeeeenersere porvaerareret Cerrer 388 INDEX, B PAGE, PAGE. R I. L Immigration, North-west Australia Labiate, N.W. Australia 93 a field for Ladenb on Piturine 125 organic Constituents of the Coals vead, native, Gundagai, N.S.W. 218 of New South Wales; by W. A. Lead ore ew Caledonia ............ 230 Dixon, F.C.S. 163 | Leguminosex, N.W. Australia ...... 86 Insectivorous Plants —Darwin 16 | Lentibul N.W. stralia ...... 93 Insane, Hospital for the, at "at Glades. Library—Additions to the ...........- 309 vi 340 | Limestone Coral, the Composition of ; ity—The Causation and Pre- by P: Sangre Liversidge iplipais fey vention of; by Dr. F. Norto n Limestone from Minumurra Creek, .S. Ww , analysis OF arcana 219 Tron, f Insanity, nity, Table showing causes a 354 Dr. Percy, F.B.S., effects of sea-water upon < Professor Sere er rer eee ments with acids on ...............0 151 Robert Mallet, F.R.S., on -. effects of sea-water upon .........., , 152 _ Iron ores in New Caledonia............ 238 J on bon the sition and Mag- _nitudes oe Ursa and; by Jo = - Tebbutt, Jupiter. re some pee changes on a surface Pai by H. C. Russell, J ce iter’ s Sie Bates on the lours of, durin e tion of 18: ; by % D. Hirs Naat She ij rapsten ibe belts af pikes 63 clouds . 64 colour of 65 —_ measures of the rede spot. on... 69 K Kaolin from New Caledonia............ Kenn and Pr aor ch of Water itd und for Sip ina—ike comparison between the ; by F. B. 259 Kerosene shale 206 Kerosene shale ash, analysis sabi Hogs 208 amount of 208 gpm shale from Now Osled Caledonia, Ps omctong shales compared with other eg heen | og Saher ee oa etna 210 pews vous’ aaaipa Station ...... 49 bea gro A 137 Ryker SRS Limonite, clay cg iron ore, Waller- awang, analysis Of ...........--eeeeree Limonite, peideetae from Bingera ields, analysis of Literature and Fi chitecture, Section Goce ins—On Wells in a T. K. Abbott, P.M... a8 cicaep Og Professor, on Piturie.. nada n Hot Spring Water from _New! Britain mn Hot Spring Water from as ileus on the peng agoiouee of Cast- iron weg upon by Sea-water ...... a Specimen of fossilized sewerteee . 146 149 eeeeeee eeeetenee ——— on the Composition of Coral Limestone and other Roc 159 the Composition of some ” New South Bale: es 181 e New South Wales as 227 ae rae eeeree eee poe e ewes eens erererrenar® Pocsveceeresseesee see renee oee pes enseeesowosersese ese HOR see eeeene peneveneree® M Madras Star Catalogue ..........++++++* Rf Magnesite, Hex poh a A ase : etite from Wallerawang, 4 ard: Oa eee RCN EAN ry INDEX tudes and Opposition of Uran: Magni pp RAS y John Te butt, 23 m New Caledonia ...... 8 Malic acid in 7 native currant of few Out Wales ....:.c6.c.cccceseone — of N. W. Australia......... 83 \ ore, hausmannite, Wel- di ict, analysis of ......... 222 Marcasite, New ets ae rreet 239 Marmolite, New Caledonia ............ 2 Medical Scien Ge eee pes Hees 339 Meerschaum in New Caledonia ...... 234 Meliacez of N ustralia ........: 84 Members—List 0 Xxxi eget iron ore, Uralla, analysis of .................06+5 Meniipatice, Hoke Creek, Ter- mination Lak Mesozoic beds of New South Wales.. —* Upper (Bellarine beds) oo 109 — Lower, of Victoria ......... 109 Meteorological Observations at the Sydney Observatory ................5 Meteorolo ogical Station, Kiandra...... ical Science. Section E... a8 oo Cabinet—Donations to 338 Mien Stu Stra ture of some New _ South Wales Rocks : by Professor | Liversi versidge we eee New Sauth Wal ; i by Professor Liv Be X a Collection of, from ew Caledonia by essor oo Pee eee eee 1: Copper, New South Wales | yitd New Catedoni 207 oe EB. gold idan copper ores ‘ores 227 ection | Macalaiom, by Professor Lives. 22) 389 New Britain, Hot Spring W from ; by Professor Peiles tn we 145 New South Wales Coals, Inorganic Constituents of ; by W. A AD ixon, New South Wales Coals—On the lp te of some ; by Professor Liv chad South Wales, Geographical Ob- rvations ; by Dr. Ottaker “Feist. may ntel 03 - New South Wales, Geology of......... 105 Paleontology Of..........0++55++ 105 a South Wales Min e; by Professor Liversidge ... 213 New ~e Waes Paleozoic ssils from; by R. Etheridge jox,,3 Nickel in New Caledonia North-west "Anatolia Mr. Alexr. Forrest’s Ge ographical Exploration of, in 1879 St: Moummsaksey analysis of, from New Caledon Nyctaginez af N. W. Australia .. i Nym race near M, were Whitte- me N. W.A 82 0 Observatory, Sydiney.....seccceesereeenes 359 Observations, Meteorological, at om Pi aion so Parramatta ....ccsererees 7 Officers—List Of ......:..csseseseenee eeeees Onagree of N Awe pape 9 Opal from iat 7 onia en eget si DAE Opposition an es 0 ‘aud Jupiter ; re Tebbutt, a Ore shidee 3 of x. W, “Au ptrali® ..c.ctice 93 Orbit Elements of Comet IL 1 1880 (Grea nga ‘Comet ; by John ebbatt, ERAS. 6dr 33 Paleontology of ae South Wales Srcamiy seks New “ooh Wales, Fossils poeta ; by &. any ; , 108 ae i Australia....+++++ 93 Pandanee of N. W. 390 3 = INDEX, AGE. ‘Rey De., ipa on effects of sa Rennie, E. H., M.A., B.Sc., on the vater UPON CASt-IPON .....0..6.2s.se ees 151 ‘Acids of the Native Currant ...... Bite Profesor wbigabees 4 Report, Annual, of the Council ...... or Piturie plant, hy Pre VEE Reports from theSe ctions(inahstract) 335 Piturine, F, von ae “y g tiamicion cis 135 Rhizophyllum Australe, from Yass... 248 —— Ladenburg oM......s...00.ceteeees 125 bce ganache and its Effects ; by W. Liversidge oh pedpenboe of a Abbott —— Nears SO. OE cskech eeecn es Rubiacew of N.W. Australia ......... Pituri : 132 Plants collected cuang. Mr. Alexr. oni Index to xiv Forrest’s Geographica. al Exploration | Russell, H. C., B.A., F.B.A.S.: cee of North-west Australia in 1879; | new Double Stars, with remar b ron Ferdinand von Miieller, - upon several Binaries Dy, fo Spent | n t of printing Plants, Native Fodder and Salt- Barometer and other Curves_..... bush ; A. Dixon, F.C.S. ... 133 pon a Sliding-scale for arwin on Insectivorous ...... correcting Barometer Readings asmania 2 32° Fah. and Mean Sea Level ...... — West Australian .............. on Thunder and Hail Storms composition of European fod- some —— changes on the 139 surface of Jupiter ........6.ssccsseeers ” _Bleatopio orus from Wollongong ...... 251 | Rutile from N ow Caledonia Siatpensaaes lygonex of N, W. Australia ...... 86 _ Portulacese of N. W. Australia ...... 86 _ Positions of p. ‘Eridani ; _ — showing o Salsolacese of N. W. Australia ...... ‘Presentations made by the Royal Salt-bush and Native Todder agit Society of New South Wales ...... 324 by W. A. Dixon, F.C.S ~~ Proceedings ..... 5 | Salt-bush, Dixon on analysis A eee ‘Proteacez of N. W. Australia ...... 90 | Salt-water well, Liverpool Plains... Protoretepora, from Singleton......... 249 | Sandwich Islands, New Hebrides Prospect and Kenn Hill Schemes of eee 4 Water Supply for Sydney—Com- Santalace. ‘of N. W. pees sage parison between; by F. B. Gipps... 259 Bipsielanene of N. W. Australia ...... P Pryor, Mr., on Geology of Diahot Savu Savu, boiling springs at ad River, New Caledonia ............... 299 Scheelite, Adelong, analysis of Publications s—List of.. (Helms): i050 00 cc aeeeeseneccseneonens 223 371 s Pyroxene, Oberon, N.S.W., analysis Schistose pink mineral, analysis of... 225 bs Sea-water, cast-iron acted upon by ; i9 Pyrrhotine, Balade Mine, New Cale- by Professor Liversidge......-..---+-+ donia 23 Becks: Reports ‘nous the (in ab- _ ash Pyroxene, augite, New Caledonia ... 244 | _ StraCt) -....-1-sesseensecze co ae serpentine Fi from New Caledonia ...... 306 ha. e, k Coda ne swekuenee haw ene eer rn Q ‘iy Shale Kerosene, ash, large amount 908 6 Ks > ieee Seinen Scr aes Siderite, pram 3 aoamres Se 224 es Gecloyinal olast vations — Si New South Wales 108 —o or Feiatenante):..: 198 a. for correcting "Barometer > | Readings to 32° ye and Mean . R Sea at by H. C. Russell, a a Raina etSpiney, trom 16i0t01079. | SokdncacadN W. Austin gn (Diagram) thern Comet (Great), Orbit Ele-— Red reef coral, New Hebrides......... 159 ments of Comet we — by J. “ season from New Caledonia eae 228 Tebbutt, F.R.A.S... Rie INDEX. ‘ 391 PAGE ~ PAG! Spirifera from Wallerawang............ Torbanite, from New Caledonia, ana- ~~ red, on Jupiter, measures of lysis 7 orban Hill, Edinburgh, an- Spring Waters, Hot, from New sr geeks ey ; Livers Britain and Fiji; by Professor Tu from New Hiebrides—On oo sicns tex ont hnevevare 145, 146 Composition of ; Liversidge......... 161 Se hniatancs of N. W. Australia.. 90 ome new Double; by H. C. Russell, B.A., F.R. yale uate oa Steatite from New Caledonia ......... 245 Stephen, W. J., M.A. : On the Liaes , U Sterculiasom of N. W. Australia... 83 | Uranus and Ju iter—Opposition and eWalos he recorded in pt South a7 ee ude of; by John Tebbutt, ‘ble . rms, Thunder _ Bails by H. C. Uitione of N.W. Australia .........- 5 Russell, BA, F 6a ROS, 51 Strophomena from eoiete eae 256 Sih proven in coal -« 202 ; Dionea muscipula near ...... 17 Vv — Drosera dichotoma near ...... 17 om tei Tobit RILA.S.. 19 | Vati, Island of, New Hebrides Group 159 Sydney—Rainfal at, fr om 1840 t Ve rben of N.W. Au rennet Ae 1879. (Diagram) 1 Victoria, *cenogia Observations JT OLIN) seccracvesecvevesenns made ; by y Dr. Ottaker J * T viene Geology of, Feistman mar tel ... 109 Table of New ponies Stars in the Southern a, from New ‘Caledoni Eas W pon gee - Staton: oa ee by Dr. Ottaker Feist- ee Wate ter Supply for pias Sydney: om: ee Gis 110 sina rmpet a “ Tebbutt, ies ee pete a Keeany Thi Schemes y de of Z gcsGhbes eels valcessnegecesseatsee® Longitu e of the aes Observa- = Watees, ob i Spring, From =o Fait, the Opposition and Magni- ane Rela dir ins cers 145 ~The Oct Honea af © met Sy We edsintrodueed in South Australis, 133 I, 1880 (Great Southern Co gg | Dr Goboatters Oe aes: Tenorite from New Caledonia ........ Wels Oe on ie 3 entaculi 3 .. 9 Pp. My eseeseeerererss Thunder ss Hail § : a H, © oS on Liverpool Plains—Schedule 290 Russe o ate OE occ isco cena epee ee bee pe einai th | Wake ree Ds os South janamatta DedS .-----+-srrrnertt Bee aoe ioe vlocaig son |, Wolfram with Gaston TOT 95 oe. from East of Connaught analysis Of ..+..+s+sseersteee Ta-stone, Sa a agen Vegetable ar Titanium in New ms th beereveseares Z tanifen 230 Titaniferons iron ore, Uralla, analysis a Phe eeees Zine blende in New Caledonia. ..- 230