JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS ; OF THE BOYAL SOCIETY sd OF NEW SOUTH WALES, i 1882. INCORPORATED ISS}. VOL. Vi. EDITED BY A. LIVERSIDGE, F.RS _ Professor of ener aud Mineralogy in the ee ersity of Sydney. crmors OF oT ARE ALONE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE STATEMENTS MAD — ERE OPINIONS EXPRESSED THEREIN. AGENTS FOR THE SOCIETY & ie ay, Siege ill, oS E c. WOTTCE. The Smithsonian Institute, Washington, U.S.A., and Messrs. Triibner & Co., 57, Ludgate hill, London, have kindly undertaken to receive and forward parcels of books and printed matter intended for the Soctety. ¥ 1. ae x hy JOURNAL PROCEEDINGS ROYAL SOCIETY i NEW SOUTH WALES, 1882. INCORPORATED 1581. Vou. xvi. EDITED BY | A. LIVERSIDGE, F. RS, _ Professor of an and Mineralogy in the. cage of Sydney. E AND ink ORIEIORS sahaapcte eat AGENTS FOR THE SOCIETY: ; mea Triibner & Co., 57, Ludgate Hill, London, 3 c. i x ‘SYDNEY: THOMAS RICHARDS, GOVERNMENT PRINTER. ‘Rovat Soctery of New South Wales originated i in i as the & seam segue of Anstralasia” after an in ath CONTENTS. VOLUME XVI. OrFIcERs FOR 1882-83. : thr ateee _Acr or INCORPORATION fi f Ruts, List of Members, &c. Arr. I. "ec aioe Sasi ByH.C. Russell, B.A., F.R. AS, -. Government Astrono ArT. H—On the Daiqunor Barat rite. (Second notice ) y A. Liversidge, F.B.S., ros (Three Plates Me Bas Ant, a) —On the Bingera Meteorite, eh — Wales. ‘By x Sy Liversidge, F.R.S., F.C.S. (One P ie. AT dae EW, ie es wer cca a paca of scitae New. mS ales, &c. ( minary notice.) ieee F.R.S., ‘F.C.S. » (Z'wo ale or il ». V.—Rocks from New Britain ind Nate € reland. a _ notice.) By A. Liversidge, F.R.S., EC.8;:;; hee — Hawkesbury Sandstone. ay Se Rev. J. E. enison-Woods, F.G.S., F.L.8., &c. Aur. ea. —Tropical Rains. By H. C. Russell, B.A., F.R.A. see Government Astronomer. (Six Diagrams) .c.ccceceeesevecee “Ant. VIIL—N ew Method of erasers True North, Chard, District Surve Me oi og the sindeane ew South Wales durin, Well en Years 1872-1881. By Chaistopher Rolleston, - CMG, Re Apion tional: President _ . X.—On some Carboniferous arine Fossils, By the Ter J. aus E Tenison- Woods, - EGS. Ga TLS re. &e. ; nee Mesozoic Fossils from the Palmer River, land. “Boog rei a: ke Tenison. Woods, Bes F.LS., &. (Thee P lates) 6 ap on the # Aiemicis of New Holland. s Be Sane The Royal Society of Mew South Whales. — a OFFICERS FOR 1882-83. HONORARY PRESIDENT: HIS EXCELLENCY Tue Rr. Hon. LORD AUGUSTUS LOFTUS, G.C.B., &o., &c., &co. PRESIDENT: : CHRISTOPHER ROLLESTON, ©.M.G. VICE-PRESIDENTS: ROBERT HUNT, F.GS., &c. F. N. MANNING, M.D. HONORARY TREASURER: H. G. A. WRIGHT, M.RB.CS., E. HONORARY SECRETARIES: PROFESSOR LIVERSIDGE, Dr. ADOLPH LEIBIUS, M.A., F.RS., F.CS., &c. F.C.8. COUNCIL: DIXON, W. A., F.C.S. ge H. C., B.A., F.R.AS. HIRST, M:S., &c. MOORE, C., F.LS. WILKINSON, C. 8., F.G.8. MURRAY, W. G. ASSISTANT SECRETARY: ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES INCORPORATION. _ An Act to incorporate a Society called “ The rt Bs : Royal Society of New South Wales.” Ae December, 1881. ] -HEREAS a Society a (with the sanction of Her Preamble Most Gracious 6 sty “The Royal — a nbers Me ean ih the Right Honorable gee Dandatas Loftus Pc 6. 6 et G.C.B. Honorary President The Honorable John Smith ; Charles Smith Wilkinson Esquire Government Geologist ‘ be deemed and considered Members of the Council And whereas it is expedient that _ the said Society should be incorporated and should be invested with the powers and authorities hereinafter contained Be _. it therefore enacted by the Queen’s Most Excellent Maje by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative Council and Legislative Assembly of New South Wales in Parliament = ee and by the authority of the same as follows :— 1. For the purposes of this Act the following words in inverted commas shall unless the context otherwise indicate rant the meaning set against them respectively— ** Corporation” the Society hereby incorporated “ Council” the Members of the Council at any duly con- vened meeting thereof at which a quorum acco to the Edel at the time being shall be present Secretary” such person or either one of such persons who shall for the time being be the Secretary or Secretaries honorary or otherwise ‘of the said Society (saving and excepting any Assistant Secretary of the said Society). ; 2. The Hon norary President the President Vice-Presidents Officers and Members of the said Society for the time being and all persons who shall in manner provided by the rules and by-laws for the time being of the said Society become members thereof shall be for the purposes hereinafter ac ati a bey paeporete by ihe: poeet or style of ‘‘ The Royal > and ~ » plead imp _ and be defended in all Gourte and places whatsoever and 3. The seis rules and ‘clans of ei said Society shall — Pe to be and shall be the rules and te rs Ae ee. es Ca SE, Pe, RRS 5 ics AO EP or may be inconsistent or stishiciacliibh With co wepemiiek to any of the provisions of this Act or any of the laws now or to be in force in the said Colony. 4, The Corporation shall have power to purchase acquire Power tire | and hold lands and any interest therein and also to sell and tot be. of the said lands or any interest therein and all latids tenements hereditaments and other property of what- ever nature now belonging to the — Society under the Sapp rules and ad gees or vested in Trustees for them shall passing of this Act be vested in and become the Property of the said Corporation subject to all a claims in anywise affecting the same. a The ordinary seid of the Corporation in reference ih its daca shall be managed by the regres and it shall be 1 for individual members t pen in the management of the affairs of the Corporation except as by the rules and by-laws for the time being shall be specially provided. 6.. The Council shall have the general management and Powers of fy superintendence of the affairs of the Le ‘and except- ihg the appointment of President and Vice-Presidents and other honorary officers who shall be appointed as the by-laws of the Society shall from time to time provide the Council shall have the appointment of all officers and raceme re- ! of _». fix the salaries of all officers Provided that if a vacancy shall occur in the Council during any current year of the cts “yong he proceedings it shall be lawful for the Council to elect a member of the Society to fill such eae | for the uncil for the purposes of Corporation of the the fal and chattel property of the Corporation or any part : y settle and agree to the covenants eee and authorities to be- : _ contained in the securities oresaid. ing insufticient to staat engagements cach ™ suember thereof, s! shall i in addition to fs ersiaclipar ion for tt ‘ ee eb then current year be liable to contribute a sum equal thereto towards the payment of such engagements but shall not be otherwise individually liable for the same and no member who shall have commuted his annual subscription shall be so liable for any amount beyond that of one year’s subscription. 8. The Council shall have the custody of the common seal of the Corporation and have power to use the same in the affairs and business of the Corporation and for the execution of any of the securities aforesaid and may under such seal , authorize any person without such seal to execute any de or deeds and do such other matter as may be required to be done on behalf of the Corporation but it shall not be neces- sary to use the said seal in respect: of the ordinary business the Corporation nor for the appointment of their Secretaries Solicitor or other = cers 9. The production of a printed or written copy of the 0 ules and sree of the Corporation certified in writing by the Secretary or one of the Secretaries as the case may be to a true copy and having the common seal of the Corporation affixed thereto shall be conclusive evidence in all Courts of such rules and by-laws and of the same having been made under the authority of this Act 10. In case any of the elections directed by the rules and by-laws for the time being of the Corporation to be mé shall not be made at the times required it shall nevertheless i Sa yi Nee to the Council or to the ra as the case be to make such “orien rg rdinary et of the Council or at any annual or dpeciad oodit meeting held subsequent i 1l. The Secretary or either one of the Secretaries may a are or may be required to be done by the plaintiff or complainant or defendant Pa getline in any proceedings to which the Corporation may be p s INDEX TO RULES. Avnual General Meeting... _ Annual Report Auditors and Audit of pa ay Absence from Council Meetings... i les » Office-t ae Lie of... 4, Vacancies amongst ib the Council Meeti of - for the Election etings ea adi . “Officers and of new Members ; CORRIGENDA. Page 205, last line but seven. For “ page 14” read ‘‘ page 206.” », 214, last line. For ‘‘p. 13” read *‘p. 205.” », 218, line 6, For ‘‘ page 15” read “ page 207.” RULES. (Revised October 1st, 1879.) Object of the Society. I. The object of the Society is to receive at its stated meetings original papers on Science, Art, Literature, and Philosophy, and especially on such subjects as tend to develop the resources of Australia, and to illustrate its Natural History and Productions. Honorary President. II. The Governor of New South Wales shall be ex officio Honorary President of the Society. Other Officers. III. The other Officers of the Society shall consist of a President, who shall hold office for one year only, but shall be eligible for re-election after the lapse of one year; two Vice- Presidents, a Treasurer, and one or more Secretaries, who, with six other Members, shall constitute a Council for the management of the affairs of the Society. Election of Officers and Council. IV. The President, Vice-Presidents, Secretaries, Treasurer, and the six other Members of Council, shall be elected annually by ballot at the General Meeting in the month of May. V. It shall be the duty of the Council each year to prepare a list containing the names of members whom they recommend for election to the respective offices of President, Vice-Presidents, Hon. Secretaries and Hon. Treasurer, together with the names of six other members whom they recommend for election as eet members of Council. ded shall t p | at one meeting =z o he rn an age a a subsequent meeting. XVill Such list shall be suspended in the Society’s Rooms, and a copy ; ia rteen da’ shall be sent to each ordinary member not less than f before the day appointed for the Annual General Meeting. VI. Each member present at the Annual General Meeting shall have the power to alter the list of names recommended by the Council, by adding to it the names of any eligible members not already included in it and removing from it an equivalent number of names, and he shall use this list with or without such alterations as a balloting list at the election of Officers and Council. The name of each member voting shall be entered into a book, kept for that purpose, by two Scrutineers elected by the members present. No ballot for the election of Members of Council, or of New Members, shall be valid unless twenty members at least shall record their votes. Vacancies in the Council during the year. VIl. Any vacancies occurring in the Council of Management during the year may be filled up by the Council. Candidates for admission. VIII. Candidates must be at least twenty-one years of age. Every candidate for admission as an ordinary member of the Society shall be recommended according to a prescribed form of certificate by not less than three members, to two of whom the candidate must be personally known. Such certificate must set forth the names, place of sie and qualifications of the candidate. The certificate shall be read at the three Ordinary ceneed Meetings of the Society next ensuing after its receipt, and during the intervals between those three meetings, it shall be suspended in a conspicuous place in one of the rooms of - Society. = MALONE 7s cab en ae e ee i ae ae es eS 8 xix The yote as to admission shall take place by ballot, at the Ordinary General Meeting at which the certificate is appointed to be read the third time, and immediately after such reading. At the ballot the assent of at least four-fifths of the members voting shall be requisite for the admission of the candidate. Entrance Fee and Subscriptions. IX. The entrance money paid by members on their admission shall be Two Guineas; and the annual subscription shall be Two Guineas, payable in advance ; but members elected prior to December, 1879, shall be required to pay an annual subscription of One Guinea only as heretofore. The amount of ten annual payments may be paid at any time as a life composition for the ordinary annual payment. New Members to be informed of their election. _ X. Every new member shall receive due notification of his election, and be supplied with a copy of the obligation (No. 3 in Appendix), together with a copy of the Rules of the Society, a list of members, and a card of the dates of meeting. Members shall sign Rules—Formal admission. — XI. Every member who has complied with the preceding Rules shall at the first Ordinary General Meeting at which he shall be present sign a duplicate of the aforesaid obligation in a book to be kept for that purpose, after which he shall be presented by some member to the Chairman, who, addressing him by name, shall say :—‘‘In the name of the Royal Society of New South Wales I admit you a member thereof.” _ Annual subscriptions, when due. XII. Annual subscriptions shall become due on the Ist of May for the year then commencing. The entrance fee and first year’s subscription of a new member shall become due on the day of his election. xx Members whose subscriptions are wnpaid not to enjoy privileges. XIII. An elected member shall not be entitled to attend the meetings or to enjoy any privilege of the Society, nor shall his name be printed in the list of the Society, until he shall have @ paid his admission fee and first annual subscription, and have returned to the Secretaries the obligation signed by himself. Subscriptions im arrears. XIV. Members who have not paid their subscriptions for the current year, on or before the 31st of May, shall be informed of the fact by the Hon. Treasurer. No member shall be entitled to vote or hold office while his subscription for the previous year remains unpaid. The name of any member who shall be two years in arrears with his subscriptions shall be erased from the list of members, but such member may be re-admitted on giving a satisfactory explanation to the Council, and on payment of arrears. At the meeting held in July, and at all subsequent meetings for the year, a list of the names of all those members who are in arrears with their annual subscriptions shall be suspended in the Rooms of the Society. Members shall in such cases be informed that their names have been thus posted. Resignation of Members. XV. Members who wish to resign their membership of the Society are requested to give notice in writing to the Honorary Secretaries, and are required to return all books or other property belonging to the Society. Expulsion of Members. XVI. A majority of members present at any ordinary meet- ing shall have power to expel an obnoxious member from the Society, provided that a resolution to that effect has been moved and seconded at the previous ordinary meeting, and that due notice of the same has been sent in writing to the member i2 question, within a week after the meeting at which such resolution q has been brought forward, vee hie 3 . xxi Honorary Members. XVII. The Honorary Members of the Society shall be persons who have been eminent benefactors to this or some other of the Australian Colonies, and distinguished patrons and promoters of the objects of the Society, Every person proposed as an Honorary Member must be recommended by the Council and elected by the Society. Honorary Members shall be exempted from payment of fees and contributions: they may attend the meetings of the Society, and they shall be furnished with copies of the publications of the Society, but they sball have no right to hold office, to vote, or otherwise interfere in the business of the Society. The number of Honorary Members shall not at any one time exceed twenty, and not more than two Honorary Members shall be elected in any one year. Corresponding Members. XVIII. Oats Members shall be persons, not resident in New South Wales, of eminent scientific attainments, who may have furnished papers or otherwise promoted the objects of the Society. Corresponding Members shall be recommended by the Council, and be balloted for in the same manner as ordinary Members. Corresponding Members shall possess the same privileges only as Honorary Members. The number of Corresponding Members shall not exceed twenty-five, and not more than three shall be elected in any one year. Ordinary General Meetings. XIX. An Ordinary General Meeting of the Royal Society, to be convened by public advertisement, shall take place at 8 p.m., on the first Wednesday in every month, during the last eight months of the year; subject to alteration by the Council with due notice. » xxii Order of Busmess. XX. At the Ordinary General Meetings the business shall be transacted in the following order, unless the Chairman specially decide otherwise :— 1—Minutes of the preceding Meeting. 2—New Members to enrol their names and be introduced. 3—Ballot for the election of new Members. 4— Candidates for membership to be proposed. 5—Business arising out of Minutes. 6—Communications from the Council. 7—Communications from the Sections. 8—Donations to be laid on the Table and acknowledged. 9—Correspondence to be read. 10—Motions from last Meeting. 11—Notices of Motion for the next Meeting to be given in. 12—Papers to be read 13—Discussion. 14—Notice of Papers for the next Meeting. Annual General Meeting —Annual Reports. XXI. A General Meeting of the Society shall be held annually in May, to receive a Report from the Council on the state of the Society, and to elect Officers for the ensuing year. Treasurer shall also at this meeting present the annual financial statement. Admission of Visitors. XXII. Every ordinary member shall have the privilege of introducing two friends as visitors to an Ordinary Gen Meeting of the Society or its Sections, on the following com ditions :— 1. That the name and residence of the visitors, together with the name of the member introducing them, bé entered in a book at the time. 2. That they shall not have attended two consecutive meetings of the Society or of any of its Sections in the current year. The Council shall have power to introduce visitors » ance of the above restrictions. xxiii Council Meetings. XXIII. Meetings of the Council of Management shall take place on the last Wednesday in every month, and on such other days as the Council may determine. Absence from Meetings of Council.— Quorum. XXIV. Any member of the Council absenting himself from three consecutive meetings of the Council, without giving a satis- factory explanation in writing, shall be considered to have vacated his office. No business shall be transacted at any meeting of the Council unless three members at least are present. Duties of Secretaries. XXV. The Honorary Secretaries shall perform, or shall cause the Assistant Secretary to perform, the following duties :— 1. Conduct the correspondence of the Society and Council. 2. Attend the General Meetings of the Society and the meetings of the Council, to take minutes of the pro- ceedings of such meetings, and at the commencement of such to read aloud the minutes of the preceding meeting. 3. At the Ordinary Meetings of the members, to announce the presents made to the Society since their last meeting ; to read the certificates of candidates for admission to the Society, and such original papers communicated to the Society as are not read by their respective authors, and the letters addressed to it. 4. To make abstracts of the papers read at the Ordinary General Meetings, to be inserted in the Minutes and printed in the Proceedings. 5. To edit the Transactions of the Society, and to superintend the making of an Index for the same. 6. To be responsible for the arrangement and safe custody of the books, maps, plans, specimens, and other property of the Society. XXIV 7. To make an entry of all books, maps, plans, pamphlets, &c., in the Library Catalogue, and of all presentations — to the Society in the Donation Book. ‘a 8. To keep an account of the issue and return of books, &e., borrowed by members of the Society, and to see that the borrower, in every case, signs for the same in the Library Book. 9. To address to every person elected into the Society a printed copy of the Forms Nos. 2 and 8 (in the Appendix), together with a list of the members, a copy of the Rules, and a card of the dates of meeting; and to acknowledge all donations made to the Society, by Form No. 6. ; 10. To cause due notice to be given of all Meetings of the — | Society and Council. . 11. To be in attendance at 4 p.m. on the afternoon of Wednesday in each week during the session. 12. To keep a list of the attendances of the members of the Council at the Council Meetings and at the ordinary General Meetings, in order that the same may be laid before the Society at the Annual General Meeting held in the month of May. The Honorary Secretaries shall, by mutual agreement, divide the performance of the duties above enumerated. The Honorary Secretaries shall, by virtue of their office, be members of all Committees appointed by the Council. Contributions to the Society. XXVI. Contributions to the Society, of whatever character, must be sent to one of the Secretaries, to be laid before the Council of Management. It will be the duty of the Council to arrange for promulgation and discussion at an Ordinary Meeting such communications as are suitable for that purpose, a8 well as a to dispose of the whole in the manner best adapted to promote — the objects of the Society. a xxXV Management of Funds. XXVITI. The funds of the Society shall be lodged at a Bank named by the Council of Management. Claims against the Society, when approved by the Council, shall be paid by the Treasurer. All cheques shall be countersigned by a member of the Council. Money Grants. XXVIII. Grants of money in aid of scientific purposes from the funds of thé Society—to Sections or to members—shall expire on the 1st-6f November in each year. Such grants, if not expended, may (e re-voted. 7 Such grants of money to Committees and individual members shall not be used to defray any personal expenses which a member may incur. Audit of Accounts. XXX. Two Auditors shall be appointed annually, at an Ordinary Meeting, to audit the Treasurer’s Accounts. The accounts as audited to be laid before the Annual Meeting in May. Property of the Society to be vested in the President, &c. XXXI. All property whatever belonging to the Society shall be vested in the President, Vice- Presidents, Hon. Treasurer, an Hon. Secretaries for the time being, in trust for the use of the Society ; but the Council shall have control over the disburse- ments of the funds and the management of the property of the Society. SECTIONS. XXXII. To allow those members of the Society who devote attention to particular branches of science fuller opportunities and facilities of meeting and working together with fewer formal Xxvi Section A.—Astronomy, Meteorology, Physics, Mathematics, and Mechanics. Section B.—Chemistry and Mineralogy, and their application to the Arts and Agriculture. Section O.—Geology and Paleontology. Section D.—Biology, i.e., Botany and Zoology, including Entomology Section E.—Microscopical Science. Section F.—Geography and Ethnology. Section G.—Literature and the Fine Arts, including Architecture. Section H.—Medical. Section I—Sanitary and Social Science and Statistics. Section Committees—Card of Meetings. XXXIII. The first meeting of each Section shall be appointed by the Council. At that meeting the members shall elect their — own Chairman, Secretary, and a Committee of four; and arrange the days and hours of their future meetings. A card showing the dates of each meeting for the current year shall be printed for distribution amongst the members of the Society. Membership of Sections. XXXIV. Only members of the Society shall have the privilege of joining any of the Sections. Reports from Sections. XXXV. There shall be for each Section a Chairman to preside — at the meetings, and a.Secretary to keep minutes of the pro- — ceedings, who shall jointly prepare and forward to the Hon. — Secretaries of the Society, on or before the 7th of December in each year, a report of the proceedings of the Section spaces that year, in order that the same may be transmitted to ie Council bead a is restrictions than are necessary at the general Monthly Meetings ‘ of the Society,—-Sections or Committees may be established in — the following branches of science :— Feeney meh XXVii Reports. XXXVI. It shall be the duty of the President, Vice-Presidents, and Honorary Secretaries to annually examine into and report to the Council upon the state of— 1. The Society’s house and effects. 2. The keeping of the official books and correspondence. 3. The library, including maps and drawings. 4. The Society’s cabinets and collections. Cabinets and Collections. XXXVII. The keepers of the Society’s cabinets and collec- tions shall give a list of the contents, and report upon the condition of the same to the Council annually. Documents. XXX VIII. The Honorary Secretaries and Honorary Treasurer shall see that all documents relating to the Society’s property, the obligations given by members, the policies of insurance, and other securities shall be lodged in the Society’s iron chest, the contents of which shall be inspected by the Council once in every year; a list of such contents shall be kept, and such list shall be signed by the President or one of the Vice-Presidents at the annual inspection. Branch Societies. XXXIX. The Society shall have power to form Branch So- cieties in other parts of the Colony. XL. The members of the Society shall have access to, and shall be entitled to borrow books from the Library, under such regulations as the Council may think necessary. Alteration of Rules. XLI. No alteration of, or addition to, the Rules of the Society shall be made unless carried at two successive General Meetings, at each of which, twenty-five members at least must be present. XXxVili THE LIBRARY. 1. The Library shall be open for consultation and for the issue | and return of books daily (except Saturday), between 1:30 and 6 p.m., and on Saturdays from 9 a.m. to 1°30 p.m.; also, on the evenings of Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, from 7 to 10 p.m. 2. No book shall be issued without being signed for in the Library Book. 3. Members are not allowed to have more than two volumes at a time from the Library, without special permission from one of the Honorary Secretaries, nor to retain a book for a longer period than fourteen days; but when a book is returned by @ member it may be borrowed by him again, provided it has not been bespoken by any other member. Books which have been bespoken shall circulate in rotation, according to priority of application. 4. Scientific Periodicals and Journals will not be lent until the volumes are completed and bound. 5. Members retaining books longer than the time specified shall be subject to a fine of sixpence per week for each volume. 6. The books which have been issued shall be called in by the Secretaries twice a year ; and in the event of any book not being returned on those occasions, the member to whom it was issued shall be answerable for it, and shall be required to defray the cost of replacing the same. xxix Form No. 1. Royat Soorrry or New Sourn Wass. Certificate of a Candidate for Election. Name Qualification or occupation Address being desirous of admission into the Royal Society of New South Wales, we, the undersigned members of the Society, propose and recommend him as a proper person to become a member thereof. this day of 1s . From Persona KNOWLEDGE. From GENERAL KNOWLEDGE. Signature of candidate received 18 —This certificate must be signed by difed or more members, to two of whom the candidate must be personally known. The candidate must be at least twenty-one years of This certificate has to be read at three ordinary general meetings of the Society. Form No. 2. Royat Society or New Sovurn WAtzs. The Society’s House, Sir, ydney, Ps I have the honour to inform you that you have this day been elected a member of the Royal Society of New South Wales, and I beg to forward to you a copy of the Rules of the Society, a printed copy of an obligation, a list of members, and a card announcing the dates of meeting during the present session. According to the Regulations of the Society (vide Rule No. 9), you are required to pay your admission fee of two guineas, and annual subscription of two guineas for the current year, before admission. You arealso requested to sign and return the enclosed form of obligation at your earliest convenience. T have, &e., To wa Hon. Secretary. Form No. 3. Royat Socrxry or New Sour WaAtzs. I, the undersigned, do herehy engage that I will endeavour to promote the interests and welfare of the Royal Society of New South Wales, and to observe its Rules and By-laws, as long as I shall remain a member thereof. Signed, Address Date Xxx Form No. 4. Royat Socrery or New Sovurn Wats. The Society’s House, Sir, Sydney, 18 . I have the honour to inform you that your annual subscription of for the current year became due to the Royal Society of New South Wales on the Ist of May last. It is requested that payment may be made by cheque or Post Office order drawn in favour of the Hon. Treasurer. I have, &e., To Hon. Treasurer. Form No. 5, Royat Society or New Sourn WAtgEs. The Society’s House, ydney, 18. I am desired by the Royal Society of New South Wales to forward to you a copy of its Journal forthe year18 _, as a donation to the library of your Society. I am further requested to mention that the Society will be thankful to receive such of the very valuable publications issued by your Society as it may feel disposed to send. Sir, T have the honour to be, Sir, Your most obedient servant, Hon. Secretary: Form No. 6. Royat Socrery or New Sourn Wats. The Society’s House, Sir, Sydney, 18 - On behalf of the Royal Society of New South Wales, I beg to acknow- — ledge the receipt of and I am directed to convey to you the best thanks of the Society for your most valuable donation. I have the honour to be, Sir, Your most obedient servant, Hon. Secretary: . xxX1 Form No. 7. Balloting List for the Election of the Officers and Council. Royat Society or New Sourm Wats. Dat 2 Batxtotine List for the election of the Officers and Council. Present Council. Names proposed as Members of the new Council. President. Vice-Presidents. Hon. Treasurer, Hon. Secretaries. Members of Council. a etarreconen name in place of that proposed, erase the printed name cular, and. write Oppostie $3, in the third, that which you wish to bu LIST OF THE MEMBERS OF THE Roval Society of Hew South Wales. or P Members who have contributed papers which have been publis ished in are also inclu the Society’ etions or Journal ; papers pee in the Transactions call the Phiesophial Society ded. e numera’ ch contributi bs peg vd Me oa Council i coed P2 P4 Abbott, Joseph Palmer, 6 ae Court, Elizabeth-street. Abbott, Thomas Kingsmill, P.M., “The Priory,” East Maitland. bott: n. engarry, ” Winge Adams, Francis, A.J.S. Bank, Sydney. Adams, P. F., Surveyor General, Kirribilli Point, St. Leonards. Ale sander Gorge M., _ 3, Margaret-street. Alger, John, Macquari Allen, ‘sir ” Geor, rge Wigna, M.L.A., 122, Elizabeth-street No Allerding, F., Neg a kee Allerding, H. R., Hunter-street. ma Allwood, Rev. ee Fs Cantab., Vice-Chancellor, University of Sydney, Woo. } Amos, Robert, “ Barneleuth,” Elizabeth Bay Road. Radice. H. , M.A., Aberfeldie, Summer Hill. Atchison, Cun ningham A Archibald, C.E., North Shore r. ’ F . isherten, Ebenezer, M.R.C.S. Eng , Macquarie-street. \tkinson, J.J. O., J. P. , Oldbury, “Moss Vale. Lusten, Henry, Pitt-street Backhouse, Benjamin, “ Ithaca,” Elizabeth B: Backhouse, Alfred P., M.A., “ Ithaca, sg Elizabeth Bay. Baker, E. A., Sydne ey. namngs x Pale The Oriental Bank, Pitt-street. a M.A., Sydney University. be Barkas, Wm . James, Lic. R. Col. Phys. Lond., M.B.C.S. Beg Wi Barker, Francis Lindsay, 130, Pitt-street. William, Stephen-street, Balmain. Bartels, W. C. W., Ri Bassett, W. F., MRC. s.. Ena. Bathurst. | XXxill Des rar W. A., Railwa: ment, P ate , Lic. K. & Cal Phys., Trot, ic. R. Coll. ae 2a. pst Station. : Bedford, Mf z G., M.R.C.S. Eng., Staff Surgeon, Victoria 8 Beilby, E. T., 91, Pitt-stree ~ Thomas By XM. D. Edin., M.R.C.8, Eng., 153, Eliza- Belfield, creat H.. Lyon Terre any Belisario, John, M.D., ’ Lyo nt Clement A =" "24° Co nsusan, 8S. L., Exchan -street. Bennett, a rge F., sane lox teaser Queensland. Berney, ugustus, H ‘ustoms, § — — Henry, L.R.CS., Irei., LEO. P., Edin., Arthurs- leig - Black, Reginald ‘James, Union Club. lack, Morrice A., F.I.A., Actuary, Mutual Provident Society. Blackmann, C. H. 'R., 267, Geo ae re Thomas, 31, Darlinghurst Road. B J., of Crown Lands, Albury. tBond : ay Bell’s Chambers, Pitt-street. wW Bowen, George M. C., Keston, "Kirribilli Point, North Shore. Brady, Andrew John, Lic. K. & Q. Coll. Phys. Jrel., Lic. R. Coll. Sur. Jrel., 3, Lyons’ Terrace. Brazier, John, C.M.Z.S., Corr. MRS. Tas., tack oe ag: tone —s Le Gay, M.D. St. Andrew's, L.R.C.8. Edin errace. Brindley, Wat Ne ttage, Bourke-street, Redf Brodribb, W. A. ‘The Mow. MIG M.L.C, F.R.G8., 133, Mantaide- reet. Server Of Whitehall Club, London, 8.W. Burton, Fahey Land Titles Office, Elizabeth-street North. Busby, gota rly ge M.L.C., “ Redleaf,” South Head Bush, Th J Gas Works, 8 . Butterfield, George, 15 Macquaris Place , Ocean oe a urala Station, Allan, LRB.CP., sont i e Hon. Alcssaden, MELLO. Wo Woollahra. XXXiV Campbell, The Hon. Charles, M.L.C., Clanes, South h Kington Cameron, John, Geodetic Surveyor, Surveyor-General’s Office. Campbell, Revd. Joseph, M.A., “« The Pasaiaags’! Glen Innes. — Cane, Alfred, ae a stree Cape, Alfre Syd., “ Karola,” Edgecliff Road. Carruthers, Chas. i, L.K.Q.C.P., L.B.C. S., Zrel., Montague Balmain street, Chandler, Alfred, ‘ 4rel., Lyishunst House, Devo ort eet. Phillips, I, Pacific Fat it Company, 85, Pitt-street. Pickburn, Thomas, M.D. Ader deen, Ch. M., MEB.GS. Eng., 40, Co ollege -stre Eisen “Edna. Fisher, L.S., School of Mines, Sandhurst, Vi Poate, Predera Summer Hill. Potts, F. H., Want-street, Burwood. Quaife, Fredk. Harrison, M.D., Mast. Surg. Univ. Glas. Py ae, Queen-street, ‘Woollahra... Quirk, gga’ M.A. ike Post eset Cook’s River. - Quodling, W. H., “ Couranga, Road, Burwood. — ELS, Pere te Antes Manin tRamsay P3 ra Pl xiii Read, Regi +“ hae 8 = “ig = oe oe .» Coogee. Reading, E , Cas tlereagh- -street, Reid, "Wiliam, pare og x oint ‘Soak Bank, Sydney. Rennie, Edwd., H., M.A., Lond Renwick, Arthur, Sydn., DSc. tog , M.D. Edin,, BA. Syn FRCS . Edin., M. “a ve 295, Elizabeth-stroet. Hgneick. Geo. Jas., TA. D., O.M., Edin., 257, Elizabeth: — eet, a k. Ro , C. J., C.M.G., Robertson, Thomas, ete Se Pitt n, Rey. James Thom M.A.,. Foard Christopher, C.M. G, Anditor- hea Olea street, Presiden: Rose, W., 257, Georg-stet Roser, Carl, M. Ross, J. Grafton, O’Connell-street. Quee he, — Union Club, Rowli r. ; P 26/+Russell, Henry C., B.A. Syd., F.R.AS., FMS. Hon. Mem ma t. Inst., Government Astronomer, Sydney 0 Che 7 E., 88, Pitt-street. f pire, Wynyard Square. pede Rey. E. M., Gl lebe. - 4 James, “ Rothgael, 1,” Croydon Road, Ashfield. Schuctte, Rudolf, M.D., Univ. Gottingen, Lic. Soe. Apoth. Lon lle Scott. Rev. Wiliam, M.A. Cantab., Hon. Mem. Roy. Soe. View arsonage, Bungendore street Serine, Chaves Robert, Berlin Cottage, Fotheringham- Roth, Henry Ling, F.S.8., F.M.S., Foulden Estate, Macho, and. Sahl, Charles L., German Consul, Consulate of the German ; a core i, *Wm. Gillett, M.R.C.S., Eng., Newtown. Ife, Norman, C.E., MI es Rocklei De , Adelon Shepher, 7p, W., oNarweod: ” Milson’s Point, St. Sheppard, Rev. G., B B.A, | Shewen, neghen MB. MD. ” Gale, London, - _ LAverpool teegy. de Park. Sinclair, , CM, Uniy., Glasgow, Gladesville 48 * P6 Fi P10 flaiveny: nae Premier Terrace, 169, William-street, Wool- Slo Bons oe eo, Evans, 360, Liverpool-stree Smedley, vey = ‘Atlala,” 189, eens Woollahra, Smith, Bruce, 103, Elizabeth-stre Smith, Jobat tha tion, ae aD, LL.D., Aberdeen, M.L.C., FOS, Hon. Mem oc. Vie., Professor of Physics n the "University of ‘Sy ol Smith, Marshall, Glanville-street, ghee te 2 Australia, Smith, Robt., M.A. Syd aoe Spring-stree ? of Miguel "3 {Smith, John M‘Garvie, Pitt-s Smi mith, B. B., “ Otis 70, Darl inghurs Smyth, F. L. §., E.R.GS., Wasnan o Court, Elizabeth- street. Spry, James Monsell, Union Club. Starkey, John Thos., Castlereagh-stre Steel, John, L.R.C. P., L.B.C.S8., Bain, 62, College-street, Hyde ar one George Milner, B.A., F.G.S., Mem. Geol. Soc. of Ger- y; Cor. Mem. Nat. Hist, t. Soc, Dresden ; F.R.GS. of idge Road. Stephens, tybomne we he: M.A. Oxon., Professor of Natural His- to he University of of renee 233, Darlinghurst Road. Off Sto Arie J., meral’s ce. Street, John Rendell, B ictley, Elizabeth Bay Road. Strickland, Sir Ed Edwd., x C.B., F.R.G.S., Cindowen,” Manly Strong, Wa Edmund, M.D., Aberdeen, M.R.C.S8., Eng., Liver- ny Shabeh, 1 Alexander, The Hon. M.L.A., Sydney. Stuart, Clarendon, Cross-street, Double Bay. Suttor, Wm. src M.L.A., Cangoura, Bathurst, Tarran' Pigg Sypmyic Lag p pigt tg re esa rl Taylor, Chas., M.D. Syd., M.R.C. a bg Parramatta. Te butt, John, FRAS., ’Observato rvatory, Windsor. ‘3 Thomas, F. he Hunter River NSN. Co., Market-street. ton, Hon. George, M.L.C. Tibbits, Walte: ter Hugh, MRCS, Eng., “Carlisle,” ‘Petersham, | Toohey, J. T., “ Moira,” Burwood. “Mark W., L.R.C.P. Lond., M.R.C.S.E., 211, Macquarie- ra xliv Tucker, William, Clifton, North Shore Tulloh, W. H., “Airlee, % heeds Point poe North Shore, Turner, Gs, Fitzro vy Terrace, Pitt-street, Redfern T George Bawa: pany. Lond., M.RB.C.S.E. Mie "West-strect, Petersham Voss, Houlton H., J.P., Goulburn. Walker, H. O., Australian General Assurance Co., 129, Pitt stree Walker, Philip B., Telegraph Office, George-street. Wallis, William, Moncur Lodge, Potts’s Point. bbe, Ag y A., “ Carabena,’ Milson’s Point, North Shore. .0.S. Eng., North Shore. i ward an t. . Watiorsse, J.. M.A. Syd., “Waima,” Cavendish-street anmore, Watson, C. Russell, M.R.CS., Eng., Morevale, Newtown. — Watt, Alfred Joseph, Hastings, Moore Park » Isaac, Oe cede Bs wi p - S., ham ebster, Rev. am, Manse, Wilcannia. , Albert Bythesea, B.A. M.A. Syd., Head Master of the Sy rammar School, College-street. W. E., “Ste: pd tWesley, Gy enzance, Cornw Bier West, Arthur Annesley, M.D., M. Ch, Trin. Col. Dub., LB. F.R.C.8. Trel., L, Derky HH ouse, Gle’ Westgarth, G. C., eee Hunter-street. Weston, W. J., 6 Spring-street. tWhitfeld, Lewis, B.A. é ro arene. Be School, Syan White, Rev. James 8., M.A., LL.D., Syd., Gowrie, Singleton. White, Hon. James, M.L. 0 “ Cranbrook,” Double a re White, Rev. W. Moore, A.M., LL.D., '£.0.D., T , beth-st: Wilshire, F. .M., R., P.M., Berrima. Wilson, F. be hes Mercantile Bank, Sydney. Wilkinson, C.8., F.GS., Government Geologist, Degertunel ines. Wilkinson, He a 1879 1875 bg Eg | E 5 xlv Williams, Percy Edward, Treasury. Windeyer, W. C., His Honor J udge, M.A., zane ae -street. Wise, George Foster, Immigratio Mth § Wise, Henry, Savings’ Bank, B Barrack-st Wood, Hae, Under Secretary for i iites, Department of Mines. Wood, W. H. OM , Surveyor-General’s Offi Woodhouse, E. B., “Mount Gilea d, Campbellto Teni m-, 110, Fitzroy- eb Uhote Park. Wright, Ber. Edwin H., St. Metiae Bourke, Young, John, Town Hail, George-street. HonoRaRy MEMBERS. Limited to Twenty. M, recipients of the Clarke Medal. eda Dr., Hon. Secretary, Royal Society of Tasmania, Hobart Barlee, 2 His Excellency F. P., C.M.G., Governor of Honduras. ee George, F.R.S. VP.L. 8., C. "M. G., The Royal Gardens, Hata Lewis A., F.LS., F.R.G.S., Brisban Cockle, His Honor Sir James, late Chief Tustice ‘of Queensland, M.A., F.R.S., Ealing, London. Darwin, "Dr. Charles, F.R.S., M.A., F.G.8S., F.LS., &., &e., Bec. De Kéninck, Prof, } M.D., Liége, Belgium. Ellery, Robert : we F. te F.R.A.S., Government Astronomer of Victoria, Me Ibour Gregory, Augustus Chasis C.M.G., F.B.G.8., Geological Sur- veyor, Brisbane. Haast, Dr. Julius von, Ph. D., F.BS., F.G.8., Professor of Geology, Canterbury College, and Director of the Canterbury um, Christchurch, New Zealand. Hastie, "Jaiios, C.M.G.., M.D., E.RB.S., Director of od Colonial Museum and Geological Survey of New Zealand, llington. , KOS, M.D. OB. yEs &e., Huxle ig Sea F.R.S., LED, FG. S., ¥.Z.8., F.LS., &e., a Professor of Natural History in the Royal School of Mines, South Kensington, Lon M‘Coy, Frederick, F.BS., F.G.8., Hon. F.C.P.S., see Professor of Natural Science in the M Univ Government Palwontologist, and Director of the National Museum, Melbourne. P13 P2 | Darwin, Dr. Charles, M.A., F.R.S., &c. xlvi ae se Baron Ferdinand yon, K.C.M.G., ue D., Ph.D., F.B.S., ¥F.L.S., Government Botanist, Melbourn whi teas if iy.. U,b., oD; 20,8;, LLD., ELS., F.G8. oe es has &e., The British Museum, London Schomburgh Dr. _ Director of the Botanic Gardens, Adelaide, South A Walker, Thomas, Yaralla, Concord. Waterhouse, F. G., F.G.S., C.M.Z.S., Curator of the Museum, Adelaide, South Austra lis. a Rey. Julian E. Tenison-, if G.S., F.L.S., Hon. Mem. ta4 ictoria, Hon. Mem y. Soc., Tasmania, Hon: rents Phil. Soc., Hon. Mom. New ealand Tnatitute, Hon. Mem. Linnean Soc.,, N.S.W., &c., Pinko Club, Sydney. CoRRESPONDING MEMBERS. Limited to Twenty-five. — Hyde, V.P. Anthropological Institute, 32, St. George's quare, London, 8. Bthedides Bobet, junr., BG. 8., &c., ue British Museum. Miller, F. B., ¥.C.8., Melbourne Min Ward, a Edward, K.0.M.G., Pe -General, R.E., Cannes, Fra: Oxrrvary, 1881. Ordinary Members. Tight Dr. Sohn Wilson. Dr. J. J. maith, Taylor, Dr. ©. L. Honorary Members. xlvii AWARDS oF THE CLARKE MEDAL. Established in memory of THE LATE Revp. W. B. CLARKE, M.A., F.RS., F.G.S., &., Vice-President from 1866 to 1878. To be awarded from time to time for meritorious contributions to the Geology, ogy, or Natural History of Australia, to men of science, whether resident in Australia or pice 1878. Professor Richard Owen, C.B., F.R.S., The British Museum. 1879. Mr. George Bentham, C.M.G., F.R.S., The Royal Gardens, Kew. 1880, Professor Huxley, F.R.S., The Royal School of Mines, London. 1881. Professor F. M‘Coy, F.R.S., F.G.S., The University of Melbourne. 1882. — James Dwight Dana, LL. hy Yale College, New Haven, Conn., United States of Ameri . Baron miaiae nd von Mueller, sue. M.D., Ph.D., F.B.S., F.L.S., Government Botanist, Melbourne. NOTICE. Members are particularly requested to communicate any change of address to the Hon. Secretaries, for which purpose this slip is inserted, Corrected Address. Address To the Hon. Secretaries, The Royal Society of N.S. W., 37, Elizabeth-st., Sydney. ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. By H. C. Russert, B.A., F.R.A.S., &e., President. (Delivered to the Royal Society of N.S.W., 3 May, 1882.] GENTLEMEN, By a sort of tradition the President of a Society like ours is expected to make his annual address a compressed history of the science of the year; but our distance from the metropolis of science places your President at a disadvantage, for our first meeting is .long enough after all the kindred meetings in Europe to give us in the various periodicals reports of what has been said by the happy Presidents whose duty has been to select the best out of a superabundance. I confess I cannot feel happy in going over ground which has been so well “prospected,” nor could I do so if I felt as competent as those who have preceded me. I hope, therefore, you will not be alarmed at the innovation if I do not follow the traditional path, but endeavour to occupy your attention for a short time with some remarks upon matters, one of which is of great scientific importance, and the other of increasing local The report of the Council has been placed before you, and I wil only refer to one or two matters which I think the Council has not made so prominent as it should have done. And first, with reference to our own work during the past year, the report or the address should, I think, contain a list of the papers read, as evi- dence of our work. _ The list of papers read before the Royal Society of New South Wales, session ending December, 1881, is as follows :—May 4 “Anniversary Address,” by the Hon, J. Smith, C.M.G., MLO 3 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. M.D., LL.D., &e. June 1, “ The Climate of Mackay, Queensland? 7 by H. Ling Roth, F.S.S., F.M.S.: “Notes of a Journey on the Darling,” by W. E. Abbott. July 6, “On Smilax glycyphyllay” by C. R. A. Wright, D.Sc., and E. H. Rennie, M.A., B.Sc. : “On New Zealand Kauri Gum,” by E. H. Rennie, M.A., B. Bo: “Astronomy of the Australian Aborigines,” by Res, Peter M‘Pherson, M.A.: “ The Spectrum and Appearance of the | recent Comet,” by H. C. Russell, B.A., F.R.A.S., FMS. August 3, “On the Inorganic Constituents of some Epiphytic Ferns,” ly W. A. Dixon, F.C.S.: “On New Double Stars and Measures some of Herschel’s,” by H. ©. Russell, B.A, F.RAS., FMS September 7, “On Comet IT, 1881,” by John Tebbutt, F. RAS ) October 5, “On the History, Varieties, Qualities, and Uses af ) Wool,” by P. N. Trebeck. November 2, “ Census of the Genet of Plants hitherto known as Indigenous to Australia,” by Baron Ferd. von Mueller, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., &c. December 7, “ On the Transit of Mercury,” by H. C. Russell, B.A., F.R.AS., FMS! “On the Importance of a Comprehensive Scheme of Water Storage i and Canalization for the future welfare of this Colony,” by F. Be Gibbs, C.E.: “The Influence of Australian Forest Trees 0D the ; Vapourization of Water,” by T. W. Shepherd. A list whi | — of the satisfactory activity of our members. iq Turning now eich matters, I suppose it is right to | with some degree of satisfaction the financial report for last yeat We have paid off a part of our debt, and we have bought som nee) in seeiiors to the periodicals, but I think, upon refl ti have to pay £75 a year as interest upon our liability, ve e moderate effort would at once set this money free, and en#! all joined i in this, peat would grow are an bes uti ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 3 less, especially when the 10s. given to us by Parliament is added to every pound subscribed. This premium upon our liberality ought to be effective as an inducement to wipe out the building debt. I hope the members will feel with me in this matter, and then our indebtedness will speedily cease. Closely connected with this—in fact owing to it—is our inability to publish as soon as read the papers given to the Society. Weeall know that in the present day, when scientific workers are found the world over, it is often difficult to decide as to the priority of discovery, and the date of publication is accepted as the final - appeal. Now, with us, papers are read months before they are published, hence valuable papers prepared here are sent to the old world for publication. Surely we ought to make an effort to prevent this, and secure for the Colony the credit of all its intellectual activity and to authors the benefit of immediate publication. — You will ob in the Council’ rt that our ibuti the biological laboratory at Watson’s Bay amount to £25 from ii Society and £23 18s. from individual members, making a total of nearly £50, The contribution from the Society has given us the right to nominate a worker, who will be received into the labor- atory, with right to use all its appliances free of charge. Thisisa fine opportunity, and should not be lost. Any member wishing to take advantage of it should send in his application to the Secre- es, Some of the critici the last volume of our “Transactions” have contained Rs upon the Society for the small amount of work done by the Sections. Our critics have evidently misunder- Stood the purpose for which our Sections were formed. In kindred Societies elsewhere the Sections work much as do independent Societies devoted to one branch of science, and get through as much work as they can. Our Sections do not stand in the same relation to the Society. They were formed, as the rule says, “to allow those __ ‘Members of the Society who devote attention to particular branches 4 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. of science fuller opportunities and facilities of meeting and work ing together, with fewer formal restrictions than are necessary a the general monthly meeting of the Society”; and when any me ber has prepared a paper it is understood, though not contained ia the rules, that he is not to hide his light by reading it to a small Section, but bring it to a general monthly meeting of the Society, _ for the information of the members there assembled. Hence tt Society and not the Section is credited with it in the annual volume In the British Association a Section is formed of members wit band themselves together with the object of doing a certai work, In ours the member incurs no such liability as compulsory work, and it is probable that there would be fewer members @ the Sections if they had to accept such a responsibility when they | joined. 7 the inducement to work, we know that to the scientific W his work brings its own reward, in the consciousness that a adding to the sum of human knowledge, while he is sttl for the first place amongst the competitors. But in these ™@ it is, as it ever was, the philosopher is often poor, and, we are prepared to undertake the expense of publishing thos? may be deemed worthy, Some day, when the Royal attains the power which we are all working for, we may offer valuable rewards; but I will not believe that “money” ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 5 Turning now from these matters affecting the operations of the Society, I wish to speak for a short time upon two scientific questions which concern us particularly, owing to local circum- stances. Astronomers looked forward to the transit of Venus in 1874 for a solution of one of the most difficult questions—What is the distance of the sun? It was thought by those most competent to offer an opinion, that there had been so many advances since 1769 in the quality of instruments, in the means of determining positions on and dimensions of the earth, and such an advantage in the use of photography, that the error in the solar parallax would not exceed 0-01 of a second. The result, as we all know, did not come up to the expectation. The experience of the observers of 1769, which was made the text-book for those of 1874, proved misleading, and the phenomena observed were so unexpected that it was in many cases impossible to tell the times of contacts within many seconds. And the photographs from which so much had been expected proved a failure, for owing to the irregular distortion of the pictures taken with the English photoheliograph, it was found impossible to measure them with anything like the required accuracy. For a time the idea of using the transit of 1882 as another means of finding the solar parallax was almost given up, so great was the disappointment at the comparative failure of the methods used in 1874; but when the first surprise was over and a calm estimate of the work of 1874 made, it was found that the English and Aus- tralian contact observations gave a better value of the parallax than had been obtained before, and there had been a real gain as to the parallax, and very much learned about the phenomena of the transit which will be of immense value to those who observe the next, although it is acknowledged that atmo- spheric conditions so largely affect the phenomena that the old estimate of possible accuracy must be given up. ite 1881 the result of the measurements of the American photos graphs was published, and it is said they give a good result. ‘The Publication of the result from the American photos., and the 6 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS, _ discussion which has been going on in Europe and America, has thrown much light upon the question at issue ; and within thelast few months (February, 1882) statements have been made as to the accuracy with which photos. can be measured, which may materially alter the intentions of those charged with arranging the work of observing the coming transit, Professor Pritchard has pub lished in the Observatory for February, 1882, his experience astd the “admissibility of photography among other means of accurate measurement of celestial phenomena.” ‘The results of his exper ments made at the Oxford Observatory, in measuring the diameter of the moon, are as follows :—Seven photos. were taken and the extreme difference between the values of the moon’s diameter derived from these was only 0-71”, and the photos. are so small that one second of are is only 1-7000th of an inch (006), and the probable error of determining the position of any point on the photos. is only 0:35, and he remarks : “When such are the resulis_ of the Oxford lunar photos. and the American solar ones, it sels to me a matter of regret that the International Committe) assembled in Paris recently, determined not to adopt the phot graphic method in European expeditions. And in a paper D. P. Todd, assistant in the office of the American Nauticl Almanac, published in June, 1881, he discusses the value of be American photographs as a means of determining the solar pa all a ; and arrives at the conclusion that the probable error of @ singe photograph is only 0°88”, and the probable error of the para derived from the whole number (213) is 0-034”, and the result . parallax is 8-883", : The same photographic instruments which were used by® i American observers of the transit of Venus were used again + was only 0:553”, or consi dlewably lone. thas: :thint Seentll for ¢ photos. of the transit of Venus, As the photos. may be tak oD ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 7 once, and that once perhaps interrupted by a passing cloud, Pro- fessor Harkness urges the use of this method, and thinks it would prove as good as the contact observations, where the acknowledged uncertainty amounts to 0:15". He says :—“The photographic method cannot be defeated by passing clouds, is not liable to any uncertainty of interpretation, seems to be free from systematic error, and is so accurate that the results of a single photo. has a probable error of only 0°553. If the sun is visible for so much as 15 minutes, thirty-two photos. of the sun can be taken, and these will give as accurate a result as the observations of both internal contacts. In view of these facts, can it be doubted that the photo- graphic method offers as much accuracy as the contact method and many more chances of success?” The suggestions made by Professors Harkness and Pritchard have been strengthened by a paper read before the Royal Astronomical Society, by Mr. Maunder, who suggests as a method of avoiding the uncertainty in the measures of the photos. that they should be so taken as to show all the details of the sun’s sur- face, and then Venus could be referred to a spot or other markings ; ‘in fact, that the distance measured on the photos. should be as small as possible. The idea was well received in the Society, though it does not seem to entirely avoid the difficulty, for the position of the spot must be determined, and this is almost impossible with the English instrument, as stated above. The American photoheliograph is nearly free from distortion of the field ; and if at this eleventh hour it should be decided to make use of it, it will be too late for Australia to send to Europe for the instruments, and we should have to be content with the one I have, which ison the American plan, but has a longer focus, and would therefore give a larger and better picture. _ With reference to the probable value of the solar parallax, I take the following from an important paper published in November, 1881, by Professor Harkness, in which he discusses the relative censmer ok ali: the ti Sores methods ehdeaesinine 8 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. I. Trigonometrical, such as the transit of Venus; II. Grave tational, such as that by Le Verrier, who obtained the mass of the earth from its effect upon Venus and Mars; III. The phototachymetrical, that is, by the measurement of the velocity of _ light; and he has collected together a great number of the determi- nations which have been made. After a most elaborate discussion of these, he gives the following tabular statement, which shows — the probable limits of the value of the parallax according to — each method :—I. Trigonometrical: Meridian observations of Mars 8°84”_8-96"; diurnal observations of Mars, 7.¢., observing 8 it rises and sets, 8-60’-8-79"; asteroids, 8°76’—8-88" ; transit of Venus, 1769, 8°55’-8-91"; transit of Venus, 1874, 8-76-8980"; _ UL. Gravitational methods : By the mass of the earth, 8°80"-8-94"; parallactic inequality, 8-78”—8-91” 3 lunar inequality, 8-66’-9:07". Tit, Phototachymetrical : Velocity of light and equation, 872’- 8°89" ; velocity and aberration, 8-73’-8-90”. In addition to these | we have the value derived from the American transit of Venus photos. in 1874, which is 8-883; but no value derived from the American contact observations has yet been published. We have also the results of the meridian observations of Mars in 1877, published by Professor Eastman, combining—Washington and Melbourne gives 8-971”; Washington and Sydney, 8°885"; Wash ington and Cape of Good Hope, 8-896”, I may mention here, that the Sydney observations of Mars, used in the above determination, ; were the first important ones made with the new transit instr ; ment; and it is satisfactory to see that they givea value of the parallax nearer to the probable value than the others. As to the value of the parallax, you will see that the range is from 8°55h. #0 9:07, i.¢., from 90 to 95} millions of miles, Mr, Harkness says'~ “We only know that the parallax seems to lie between 8°75" aes 890" and is probably about 8-85”, Now, 8-846” (92,400,000 miles) | is the final value of the parallax derived from the English and 4q Australian observations by Captain Tupman and accepted by St George Airy. 7 Reference has already been made to the International Confer ence of Astronomers which was hela in Paris, in October, 188 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 9 for the purpose of securing concerted action in observing the coming transit of Venus. Eleven European and three American States were represented at the Conference ; but the United States were not represented, although it is known that extensive preparations for observing are being made there. Mr. Stone, who represented England, stated that England would have sixteen stations—the principal centres being: 1. The Cape, with three stations, 2. Australia, with the Observatories of Sydney and Melbourne. 3. New Zealand. 4, Jamaica and Barbadoes. 5. Madagascar, and possibly the Falkland Islands. He added that England would do little or nothing with photography; for although the American photos, had turned out better than was expected, the results had been published too late to give time to get the instruments made and adopt their method. It was announced that France would have eight stations, placed as follows:—Florida, Cuba, Martinique, Mexico, Santiago, Santa Cruz, Rio Negro, and Port Desire. Each station will have twoequatorials, an Sand a 6-inch, but photography will only be employed at two, which are not yet named. That Germany would have four stations, and would not make any use of photography. Two stations would be in North America—one in the Argentine Republic, and one in the Falk- land Islands. That the Danish Government would send a party to St. Thomas ; the Netherlands would send a party to Curacoa or St. Martin ; Portugal would have parties at Lisbon, Coimbra, and perhaps one of the Portuguese Colonies ; Austro-Hungary will send a party to South America ; Spain will send parties to Porto Rica and Cuba ; Brazil will have three parties—one at Rio Janeiro, one on the hills 6,000 feet high, and one at Pernambuco— in all thirty-nine stations. The Conference agreed to instructions for observers, which were based upon the proposals of the British Commission, as to the phenomena to be observed at the contacts. It is therefore evident that the astronomical world is determined _ tomake good use of the transit of 1882, and will spare neither Money nor time to ensure a better result than that obtained in 1874. One of the strongest proofs of this is the concerted action that has already been taken. But I will not detain you now by 10 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. quoting the instructions which have been issued. I hope to have another opportunity of placing them before the members. Me You will have noticed that England counts the Observatories of Melbourne and Sydney in her list of stations; and I should like to detain you a few moments by saying what response Sydney is likely to make. Provision was liberally made by Parliament last year to enable the Colony to respond to this new call science, and the money has been placed at my disposal for this purpose. With this I shall be able to provide four high-class 6-inch equatorials, similar to those which are to be used by the European observers, also two of 44 inches. We have remaining from the last transit of Venus one equatorial of 11} inches, one of 74, one of 5 inches, one of 4% inches, and one of 44 ' inches. With these I hope to be able to take up four stations, addition to the Observatory, and place two observers and two telescopes at each point. I cannot yet decide as to the use of photography, for it is of little or no use here without correspond ing observations on the other side of the world ; but I have ready, — if they are called for, one English photoheliograph and one of the American pattern. In Australia, along the east coast, we shall occupy the position which Sir George Airy thinks the best, Vim one where the sun is about 15 degrees above the horizon at the time that Venus makes egress. This gives the largest value of the : parallax factor consistent with such an altitude of the sun a8 : probably admit of accurate observation. If it were not for atmo — spheric interference, or difficulty in seeing distinctly, the best posi: i tion would be that from which the sun would be seen to be rising — : at the time Venus makes egress; and that point is in the centre . of Australia, The gain in parallax factor in such a positiom : however, does not compensate for the uncertainty caused by the atmospheric defects close to the horizon. In order to make the : best of our chances, I have selected elevated points on the er coast of New South Wales, where the observers, being : to 2,700 feet above the sea, may fairly expect to have @ cle view of the sun an hour after after sunrise, or when the egress” ye Place, than they would have if observing near the sea-level: ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. Il In observing the transit of Mercury in November last, the observers were stationed at Bathurst, Katoomba, and Sydney, places which I thought far enough apart to secure different weather ; but to my surprise the weather was practically the same at all places, at the same hour. This led to unpleasant reflections,—it might be cloudy all along the coast on the 6th of December; and I was therefore glad, when the recent Commission went to Lord Howe Island, to take advantage of Mr. Conder’s offer to make inquiry as to the suitability of that island as a station for observing the transit of Venus ; and I am glad to say he thinks it very suitable. An elevated spot iseasy of access, and the weather at the hour and season is almost sure to be fine. I will not detain you with further details; I think I have said enough to show that an effort is being made to make the best possible use of the opportunity and of the means at our command ; and from the active part the Royal Society took in assisting me with certain portions of the work of preparation for the last transit of Venus, I am sure that this information will be at least interesting to the members here present. In this bright land of ours we sometimes get too much of the sunshine ; and our recent experience, indeed the present state of some parts of the Colony is such that I am sure I need make no apology for introducing some considerations which may help us to form a correct opinion as to the possibility of producing rain arti- ficially. From time to time the rain-doctor appears, not with the old “ tom-toms” it is true, but with certain modern counterparts of them. He works with nitroglycerine, with cannon, with electrical machines, with kites, &e. Now, I hope to be able to show you that in the opinion of the highest authorities there may still be a place left for the rain-doctor, if he works reasonably, but not other- wise ; he must not pretend to pull down the clouds with a wire or to frighten them with a few crackers; there must be a correct understanding of cause and effect, i hei is sg epgiasit aE re 12 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. M. Arago tells us that finding the practice of firing guns common in some of the Departments of France, he had tried to trace the origin of the custom, which probably began in 1769, It appears that a retired naval officer, who at sea had seen waterspouts destroyed by cannon shots, made his home in a district that suffered from violent rain and hail storms, and he determined to try the power of shot and shell upon these new foes ; and setting up his battery, he fought his battles o’er again with such success that the district was protected from the violent storms—they could not face the cannon; and the practice became popular in France, and up t0 the year 1806, and even later, many Communes kept a battery of small guns for this purpose, and the Commune of Fleury even went so far as to get a cannon that used a pound of powder for each discharge. M. Arago could not trace what the effect had been, but he at least was not convinced that it had had any good effect, and after a time the practice became obsolete, in spite of the apparent success which had given rise to its general adoption. Volta’s biographer says that “it is well known that Volta thought 4 possible advantage might be found in having large fires during thunder-storms.” He does not give his reason, but it was probably that the smoke of a large fire would serve as a conductor for the electricity, and so prevent dangerous discharges. And Arag? mentions the fact that near Cesena, Romagna, there is a parish which had suffered severely from hail-storms, throughout the extent of which, by the Ourd’s advice, the peasants placed, first mounds of stone every 50 feet, and on these heaps of straw and brushwoot, which they set on fire all over the parish as soon as a storm Wa seen approaching, and for three years they had no hail-storms while their neighbours, who had no fires, had their crops destroyed 7 by hail as usual, To test the effect of the discharge of artillery on the weathet Arago examined the weather record in the Paris Observatory £0" many years, especially on and before and after the days on which — the regular gun practice took placein the fort situated 3,280 ya from the Observatory. The firing took place at this fort on cert? ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 13 days in the week, and from 7 to 10 a.m., and about 150 shots were fired. Now, if these discharges really had the effect then attri- buted to them it must be visible in the weather records, and he found that out of 662 days preceding the practice 128 were cloudy; out of 662 days of practice 158 were cloudy ; and out of 662 days ollowing practice 146 were cloudy, which he thinks goes to prove that the discharge of heavy artillery does not seem to have the effect attributed to it. 7.¢,, of dissipating the clouds, Arago, at one time, struck by the amount of destruction caused by hail-storms, proposed to draw off the electricity by means of wires carried up to great elevations by captive balloons ; but it was seen as soon as he came to the practical consideration of the scheme that each balloon would not protect more than perhaps a thousand square yards—a mere speck of France, and no Govern- ment could endure the expense of keeping up such a number of balloons as would protect the whole country, even if they were of any use ; for itis evident that inastorm, when they would be most wanted, the wind would blow them down, and in later years he was led to doubt the value of such a means of protection. Arago tells us that in tracing the history of the use of cannons he found that bells, especially church bells, had preceded them ; and it was at one time firmly believed that the vigorous ringing of church bells was sufficient to dissipate dangerous storms; and he says— “Savage nations in all parts of the earth send forth deafening clamours to terminate eclipses and destroy dangerous storms,” and the habit seems to be still ingrained in human nature. It is evi- dent, therefore, that up to 1810, or later, the popular idea was that storms might be destroyed or prfvented by fire or guns, and I have been unable to find any reason for the complete change to the pposite opinion which has taken place since then, unless it be that the wants have changed. Australia, like Africa, wants the rain- doctor to make rain, not drive it away. It is not only in Austra- lia, however, that the belief in the artificial production of rain _ exists. In pein ind: the Ciyil War, it was a matter of 14 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. belief in this became so general that farmers began the practice of making large heaps of brushwood on each farm, and when they wanted rain lighting them all together. I cannot find any refer- ence to the results of this system in the Smithsonian publications, in which almost every subject of this kind is dwelt upon ; but the practice seems to have been given up. In 1870, Mr. Edward Powers, 0.E., in a small volume entitled “War and the Weather, or the artificial production of Rain,” en- deavours to prove that rain can be produced by human agency, particularly by heavy discharges of artillery, and cites a number of instances in which great battles have been followed by a speedy downfall of rain. He mentions six cases of this kind in the Mexi- can war, 1846 and 1847; nine cases of battles or skirmishes followed by rain in the American Civil War of 1861, forty such eases in 1862, thirty in 1863, twenty-eight for 1864, and six for 1865; eighteen similar cases from the great battles fought in Europe during the past century, making a total of 137; and he says if these facts are insufficient to convince, it would be vain t0 expect to do so with a greater number. The meteorological editor of Silliman’s Journal, in reviewing this book, justly says “ that the writer has omitted to consider many necessary points in the proof, for in those parts of the earth in which the battles cited were fought, rain falls upon an average once in three days, so that the average interval between rains would be about two days. Now, battles are seldom commenced during rain ; generally some hous elapse to dry the ground before the battle begins. Rain ought, therefore, to fall within about day after a battle. Mr. Powers takes no precise account of und arn of the interval between the end of the battles and the commencement of rain ; nor does he attempt to show that the battle shortens this period ; and, a : over, he says nothing of the cases opposed to his theory. In order | to complete the proof, a much more careful analysis of the facts vs ; required. We are inclined to the opinion that great battles . exert some influence in the production of rain, but we cand? | accept Mr. Powers’ discussion of the facts as proof.” ‘This opinio™ cd ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 15 of the success of Mr. Powers’ work is very valuable, because it comes from a very competent authority in America, where the majority of the cases are said to have occurred, and was within four or five years of the termination of the war, when the means of testing the facts would be within reach. The editor of Silliman’s Journal evidently believes that there are so many facts in favour of the theory that it deserves careful investigation; and another leading writer on meteorological subjects in America, whose opinions on many such matters have had great weight, was firmly convinced, not only that it was possible to produce rain, but that it might be done economically whenever it was wanted. He doubtless had what appeared to him to be sufficient reason for this opinion; but Professor Henry, Secretary to the Smithsonian Institute, and perhaps at the time the most competent man in the world to express an opinion upon this subject, said, in reference to Espy’s idea :—“I have great respect for Mr. Espy’s scientific character, notwithstanding his aberration, in a practical point of view, as to the economical produc- tion of rain. The fact has been abundantly proved by observation that a large fire sometimes produces an overturn in the unstable equilibrium of the atmosphere, and gives rise to the beginning of @ violent storm; but it was not wise in him to met, on the possibility of turning this principle to an economical use.” In 1874 this subject was taken up by Mr. R. D. Belcher, who read a paper before the British Association on “The disturbances of the weather by artificial influences, especially battles, great explosions, and conflagrations.” In it he gives many instances, _ from the siege of Valenci in 1793 to the Ashantee and Carlist wars of 1874, to prove that storms follow immediately upon battles. It is said Solferino was lost through a heavy thunder- ‘Storm which came on and prevented the officers from seeing the _ Movements of the troops, and a similar storm occurred at Sadowa. Further, the sham fights at Aldershot on May 19, June 19 and 20, oo aly 8, 20, 21, 27, and 29, 1874, were in every case followed bya thunder-storm. 16 _ ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 7 Referring to Mr. Belcher’s paper, which the British Association did not think worth publication, Professor Everett, President of the Meteorological Society, said— The subject (cannons and rain) was not a new one. In several parts of America the farmers, iB order to produce rain, gather a large quantity of wood and bum it on their respective farms on the same day. He believed that great battles and great fires tended to produce rain, but rain did not necessarily follow battles or fires.” Not wishing to detain yal over the multitude of observed facts, I have endeavoured to give a condensed account of them, and of the opinions of some of the leading scientific authorities upon the possibility of producing rain artificially. It must, however, be borne in mind that the facts observed may easily mislead, and it would appear that the criticism of the editor of Silliman’s Journal is justified ; for there is a want of scientific accuracy in Mr. Powers’ investigation, ag the matter is so difficult of proof that the mere collection & favourable instances, omitting the important element of i interval or time between the battles and rain, as well as aft battles and explosions not followed by rain, cannot be considert satisfactory evidence. As it is impossible for me to fill in thes details here, I have endeavoured to collect the records bearing upon this matter in Australia. Battles are supposed to be prime movers in such effects ; fortunately, in one respect we have et, to refer to; but it is unfortunate for our present discussion | because the climate of Australia is peculiar, and instances of oe effects on the spot would have been very valuable. We cam only refer to the mimic battle in April, 1881, When this is compa with previous occasions even, we got through a deal of powad For several days before the sham-fight the weather had bee® Ma wet, and on the morning of the day of the fight it began to cla and the day became bright and fine as the firing went on; aad although heavy rain had just ceased, which was proof of abundast miaubeis in the air, there was no return of the rain, eX? | ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 17 We come next to the great fires which have occurred in Sydney ; and in examining these fires I have assumed that if a fire pro duced rain, the rain would fall within forty-eight hours. I think in strictness, for reasons which will appear presently, the time allowed should be much shorter. I have gone back to 1860 (or twenty-one years), and I have not taken every fire, because many were so small that it would not have given a fair expression of our experience to include them. I have, in fact, only taken the large fires and serious explosions, and as I read over the following list you will remember that many of them were enormous confla- grations, causing a constant rush upwards of heated air for many hours in succession ; and if a fire can upset the unstable equili- brium of the atmosphere by causing an uprush of air, some of these fires were just of the character to do it, confined as they were within four walls, and burning furiously for many hours. March 1, 1860, Dean & Co., auctioneers; no rain for days. October 3, 1860, Prince of Wales Theatre ; light rain before and after, does not seem to have been affected by fire. January 24, 1861, Boylson’s flour-mill; no rain for days. June 20, 1861, Curran’s furniture shop ; no rain for many days. August 3, 1862, J. and E. Row, chemists ; raining for two days before, and cleared off the night of the fire. June 20, 1865, St. Mary’s Cathedral ; no rain for many days. July 20, 1865, J. Frazer & Co.’s stores ; the wind had been westerly for days, and changed before 3 p.m. to S. and §.S.E., and the humidity rapidly increased ; the fire was announced at 8.30 p.m., and it began to rain at 9.30 p.m., and during the night and next day 0°60 inch fell. Novem- ber 16, 1865, 24 tons gunpowder exploded at Penrith; no Tain at Sydney. December 14, 1865, Walsh, grocer, three shops; change of wind to south next day, and light rain _ at6.30 p.m, or fourteen hours after, evidently an ordinary change. _ December 21, 1865, Hill’s furniture shop; no rain for days. 4 < 16, 1866, Wearne’s flour-mill; no rain for two days , and then with change of wind to south ; barometer i ing days before March 4, 1866, explosion of nitro-glycerine- 18 ; ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. in Bridge-strect ; no rain for two days, and then with a regular — change. April 18,1867,Sands’ fire; no rain within forty-eight hours. March 1, 1868, Holdsworth’s; no rain within forty-eight hours — : January 5, 1869, St. Mary’s Temporary Cathedral ; norain within — forty-eight hours. February 9, 1870, Blackwall wool stores, great fire ; no rain within forty-eight hours. September 20, 1870, six houses in Hunter-street; no rain within forty-eight hours. De i cember 11, 1870, Pemell’s mill ; no rain within forty-eight hours ' January 6, 1872, Prince of Wales Opera House and four houses 1 in King-street ; had been a showery afternoon ; at 9 p.m. cleared up, and was fine weather; shower fell at 3.30 a.m. of the 7th, but this and the other showers together only measured 0-04 inch} — no other rain fell for two days. May 17, 1872, Barker's tweed factory ; shower at noon, clearing at 9 p.m.; showers after 430 a.m. of 18th; total; 0-08 inch; vain hanging about on 16th” and 17th. December 14th, 1874, Booth’s saw-mill ; no rain for | - many days. August 3, 1875, 11-40 p.m., Lane and Chester, larg? fire; rain 7-45 p.m. to 9 p.m., then no rain till 6°45 a.m. of 4thy clearing up, no rain for many days after. September 21, 187, : 12°30 p.m. store and three dwellings, Kent-street North ; hot wind” all day, changed to S$, at night, and next morning light rains only 0:21 in. October 1, 1875, extensive bush fire, Rose Bay _ hill; no rain for many days. November 2, 1875, Fairfield, Liverpool, large bush fire; railway station caught fire, and 1,000 tons of wood were burnt, together with shed near railway stations ; no rain for many days. December 26, 1875, 5-58 p.m., Mort and 4 Nicolle, meat-preserving works; there was a heavy shower 02 wes 25th and rain was hanging about; on 26th it was cloudy, and clouds cleared in the evening, thunder-storm next day. September ; 16, 1876, 2-35 am., M‘Lauchlan, carpenter's shop; large fires strong gale sprang up and extended fire ; no rain for days. Apel _ 23, 1877, 4-27 am., Hanks’ grocery store and other premises; ~ -rainfordays, September 8, 1877, 10-30p:m., boatbuilder’s place, Bat main ; began to rain two days after, with change of wind to" February 26, 1878, 3:38 am., Olsson, general dealer, tem Moy Shops. and some timber; light rain thirty hours after fire. ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 19 12, 1878, 2.40 am., Dixon-street, fuel merchant, large fire ; no rain for days. August 6, 1878, 1.55 a.m, Hotel, large house ; no: rain for days. November 27 1878, 12.18 a.m, hay and corn dealer’s and other buildings, 681, George- street, large fire; change of wind day before fire, to E.S.E., 0-006 in, of rain fell om the 27th. January 3, 1879, 12.34 a.m., Burwood Congregational Church; no raim for days. July 16, 1879, 10.33 p.m., store; 687, George-street, and other premises; no rain for days. October 28, 1879, 1.20 p.m., two 3-story produce stores, very large fire, no rain for days. January 11, 1880, 7.13 p.m., music store and other premises, 610, George-street ; no rain for days. May 6, 1880, 1.37 a.m., Fresh Food and Ice Company, large fire ; no rain for days. May 26, 1880, 10.35 p.m., hay shed, cottage, stable, &c., Foss-street, Glebe ; raining all 26th till evening, and again during the night’; rain only 0-11 in. May 28, 1880, 6.7 am., Shale, and Oil Company, 150 barrels of oil burnt; raining on 27th, cleared up on 28th. July 22, 1880, 11.40 p.m., Victoria Theatre, large fire; no rain for ten days. July 25, 1880, 12.25 am., Read’s carpet warehouse and other premises; no rain for days. We have here forty-two fires, extending over a period of twenty- one years, and there is not one instance in which rain has followed within the forty-eight hours as an evident consequence of the fire.. Now several of these fires began when it was raining, and seemed _ & produce no increase in the fall—indeed, in many cases it looks as if the fire had stopped the rain ; and if these instances had been taken out to prove that large fires drove away the eh the evidence would seem almost conclusive. It may perhaps be said that none of these fires were large enough to make it rain ; but if _ fires ever have such an effect, some of our fires, occurring as they s did under most favourable conditions, should have done it; for E instance, when the Prince of Wales Theatre and houses in King- | Saas burnt. = oe of the hay dagh tees the fire wi sa the pit of suai, an and for ‘eo 20 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. some hours after, the rain ceased, and at 3.30 a.m., another very — light shower fell, and that was all for days. Now the shower a — 3.30 a.m. and all those in the afternoon, only made up @ 0:04 inches ; the rain was therefore little more than mist ; some — _ times one night’s dew will measure more than that.. Again, whet — J. and E. Rowe's fire (wholesale chemists) took place, it had been — raining for two days before, and the next morning after the fire the weather cleared up. You would notice that amongst the list of fires I have put t¥0 important explosions—the first that of 24 tons of gu” powder which was ona dray at Penrith, and was accidentally — exploded, without any rain following ; the other the great explosion , of nitro-glycerine on March 4, 1866, when two stone stores wel? — destroyed, and no rain fell; and one fire at Liverpool, where in | the midst of a great bush fre 1,000 tons of wood and a shed wert burnt without -any rain following. This gives us a meas | quantity of heat, and must have been very far in excess of any | ordinary city fire. Now, with regard to bush fires, it is a common — belief that they produce rain, and I have had some cases reported © | me where rain has followed the fire, apparently caused by it, but 7 my own long experience of bush fires I cannot recollect one instan® — _ in which it was obvious that rain followed the fire ; and I think I need only mention the great fires which have raged in the neigh } bouring Colony of Victoria as well as here, during the last ihe months, as proof that such fires frequently take place without "a drop of rain following. And if these fires had not sufficient intensity, we can refer to the memorable Black Thursday, Feb ruary 6, 1851, in Victoria, when, as if to make a culmination of all the fires that had been burning in Australia for weeks, the came a fearful hot wind, which fanned the flames in Victoria until in their mad career they leaped from tree to tree, and became 8 | ‘hot and furious that it seemed as if all nature was on fire. Ye _ Violent as was this disturbance, no rain followed it for maDY days 7 _ A correspondent in the country, il believes that rain may = produced semaiea sends me the followi £ the effect | ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. aa’ of bushfires :—On January 1, 1881, a heavy bush fire came across from the Darling to Cobar, and burnt up the heavy grass on some —unstocked country ; it continued burning for ten days, and on January 10 we had 1°48 inch rain. Another case was observed in the Wimmera district, Victoria, where, during a heavy bush fire in the mallee scrub, a thunder-storm gathered and put out the fire with rain. Another observer worked at three large bush fires, and each time the fires were put out by rain. These instances are given as evidence in favour of the idea that the fire caused the rain ; but none of the meteorological circumstances are stated, and it is impossible therefore to say that there would have been no rain if there had been no fire ; but, as the date of one instance is given, I am able, by reference to the weather maps, which are pub- lished daily, to say with some degree of certainty that if there had been no fire there would still have been rain. The date of the rain is January 10, 1881 ; on January 7, 8, and 9, southerly and S.E. winds had been blowing on the coast, causing a fall of temperature, which did not reach the interior generally until the 10th, and the temperatures of the 10th show a great fall from 20° to 25° in the interior, and especially in the district Bourke to Dubbo ; the result was that rain fell at nineteen other stations in addition to the one referred to near Cobar. At Euston 2°59 inches fell, at Wentworth 1-85 in., Moree 0°32 in., and others which need not be mentioned. Now, it would not be safe to assume, without further evidence, that the fire about Cobar caused a general south- erly wind and a fall of 20° in the temperature, and rain at such distances from the fire as Wentworth and Euston ; butit is highly probable that the fire had nothing to do with the rain. _ It would be interesting if we could examine every case of this — | ‘Sort and see if the rain was due to the fire or to ordinary meteoro- _ logical changes. From what has been said already, it is evident that some of the most competent authorities in England and Ame- ia ‘ Tica think that under certain circumstances rain may be produced artificially. Unfortunately for us, they all carefully avoided saying — What the circumstances were. But I think we may form some 22 : ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. idea of what they are from a consideration of the natural conditions under which rain is deposited. I am not going to ask you to fol low me through the elaborate investigation of this question by Sit _ W. Thompson, M. Peslin, Dr. Hann, and others. It will be sufi cient to say that they have proved that the principal cause in the formation of rain is the ascent of saturated or nearly saturated ait, and that the rain caused by the mixing of two currents of ait bears a very small proportion to the whole. Their investigations have further taught us that air as it rises, whether from the effect of heat or up-draught, loses 1° of temperature for every 180 feet which it ascends; reached, a cloud is formed, and the latent heat given out by the condensed vapour warms the air so much that it has to rise 286 feet to lose 1° of temperature. Its upward velocity is therefore accelerated, and its moisture rapidly precipitated ; and this must g? on until it loses the excess of moisture and reaches the temperatwr® _ of the surrounding air, These are facts which have an important bearing upon our inquiry, and these laws may be seen in operation any calm fine day in the formation of cumulus clouds. Where the sun acts upon moist earth or water, it causes, first heat, then ev poration and an upward motion of the moist air, which, when # reaches the altitude and the temperature of the dew-point, co® denses into a cumulus cloud ; the central parts, heated by the hes given out by condensation, rush upwards, rolling masses of cloud out of the top as the condensation increases—the extent of the cloud forming a measure of the activity of the forces which gav? rise to it. A curious and instructive instance of this phenomenon in nature — is found in the equatorial region of calms. Here the sun almost invariably rises in a cloudless sky, which remains clear until about noon, when heavy masses of cloud begin to collect and, rapidly inereasing, form a dense black covering from which rain ee down in torrents ; s . but if, as it ascends, the dew-point ® — ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 23 reproduce the same effects. These phenomena are strictly in accord- ance with the known laws of atmospheric condensation, At the Equator the calm belt is supplied with air from the trades, which are almost saturated with moisture, and this air, resting on the ocean under a vertical sun, the saturation necessarily becomes com- plete. Now the series of effects we have just considered comes about ‘in this way: the sun, as it gains power in the forenoon, heats the stratum of air which rests on the water, and gives rise to evap- oration from the sea; the moist heated air begins to rise rapidly ; " but so soon as its cooling, from elevation and expansion, reduces its temperature to the dew-point, then moisture is deposited as cloud, and the ascending rate, accelerated by this deposition, leads to increasing clouds above, and to rapid cooling down of the air below; for the heavy clouds stop the sun’s rays and throw all below them into shade and a much lower temperature ; hence the heavy rain which speedily brings down the moisture that had been carried up ; the cloud particles left after the heavy rain fall slowly down, and melt as they fall; the sun having meantime by his westerly course lost the morning’s power, the evaporation is not renewed, ‘and the sun sets in a clear sky. This process carried on in the calm belts is just that which may be seen on a calm day, and I may mention here, as an illustration, a recent observation in Sydney. April 20, 1882, the morning was fine and bright and the air very moist ; at 9 a.m. the difference between the wet and dry bulbs was only 1-7°. It was perfectly calm all the morning, and there were only a few cirrus and small - eumulus clouds about at 9am. As the morning wore on the sun got very powerful, and the little cumuli grew into great ones, roll- ing out great masses from the top, and so forming a shade for the _ Clouds and earth below. The base of these clouds seemed to spread out into dense stratus, and about noon I could see that those _ in the W.S.W. were depositing rain, and now and then a down- Stroke of lightning, followed by low rumbling thunder. The Pea paabaes were rapidly, and, forming over the Observatory, ob- Be = and caused a sudden fall in the temperature, shown of ; ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. by the metograph to be 64°; only 2 few drops of rain fell, and the ’ temperature rose again about 2°. As I watched the cumulus and the rain in the W.8.W., the clouds slowly descended and became lost in the haze. If we may assume that the air at the Observa tory was in a similar condition to that all round, we find that at noon, and before the sun was covered, the difference between the — dry and the wet bulbs was 5-9°; and on that occasion a fall of 6}° in the temperature produced a few drops of rain ; but in order — to cool this air to the dew-point by elevation, its temperature W ould have required reduction by 10-4°; or to be raised up 1,870 feet. It is probable, therefore, that the clouds forming over Sydney that day were about 1,800 feet high. These instances are illustrations from nature of the conditions under which the leading scientific meteorologists of the day tell us that rain is formed. If, however, it so happened, as in temperat® latitudes it might, that there was a cold wind blowing over the warm satutated one when this up-current was started, then the heated air would rush up into it, and when once the stream Wa — started there would be a great downfall of rain—in fact we should have a case in which the “unstable equilibrium” of the atmo sphere having been upset, the downfall of rain would be dispropo™ — _ tionate to the cause which set it in motion ; but this condition, viz.,a cold current blowing over a warm moist atmosphere, 8° very uncommon one, for the cold air being the heavier seeks lower position, and can only take the upper one when moving | witb considerable velocity. It would therefore rarely happe™ that an up-current, even when once started, would continue for sey ee Ne ee ee SS bheve uplifting force would be necessary at any particular place ut until all haspuciresmnanmmimertae saeco age cence it would be an es) 3 iofuite relation _ to the amount ot rain damien: Of course this relation would = vary with the humidity of the air, with the relative temperature’ of the layers of the atmosphere, and with many other conditions + and it would be quite impossible to say definitely how much ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 35 matter to calculate exactly how much powder or fuel would be required to effect the desired result. Some of these conditions, however, especially the relative temperatures of the several layers of the atmosphere, cannot be ascertained, and others are exceed- ingly difficult to measure. We may, however, get some idea of the amount of force necessary by studying certain phenomena of rainfall which are presented to us in various parts of the earth. Many illustrations of the fall of rain from ascending currents might be selected ; but the following will suffice for our present purpose. The island of Port Rico in the West Indies extends 90 miles east and west, and only 30 miles north and south; a chain of mountains, from 1,500 to 3,700 feet high, extends along the island from east to west. Throughout the year the N.E. trade wind blows on to the island every day from 9 a.m. to sunset, and at night there is a strong land breeze toward the ocean on all sides. During the rainy season, that is from the end of May the end of October, the rain falls every day on the northern portions of the island from 2 p.m. to sunset. This is due to the mountains, which turn up the trade winds, saturated as they are with vapour in the afternoon, into the colder regions, and thus eause precipitation of rain. But this is all on the northern slope ; for on the south side not a drop falls from this wind, and sometimes this part of the island suffers from drought for more than a year without interruption. So well known and so constant is this con- _ dition that it is proposed to’ tunnel through the mountains, and _ thus bring some of the superabundant waters of the north to the South side for the purpose of irrigation. It is instructive to notice here what & very moderate rise will cause constant rain from a Wind that is nearly saturated with moisture; but I am sorry I _ have not got observations of the actual state of the air, and the — the mountains in quantity of rain. , Again, the celebrated rainy spot in India where the annual at is counted by hundreds of inches is a place of exactly — 26 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. from the sea. The range rises abruptly to between 4,000 and : 5,000 feet high, and has between it and the sea a belt of low and swampy land. The S.W. monsoon, coming over the Indian Ocean, arrives at this part of the coast laden with moisture, which is not abstracted, but rather added to, by the warm swampy belt at the — foot of the hills. Directly the wind begins to mount the hills the j precipitation commences in earnest, and the rain comes down as it | does nowhere else. At Cherra Pungee, a town on these hills, 4,200 — feet high, the annual rainfall is 600 inches, and of this enormow — quantity about 500 inches fall from April to September. On one occasion the rain fell at the rate of 30 inches per day for five days, and in 1861 the total rainfall for the year reached the | enormous quantity of 805 inches. No better example of the effect ‘of hills on rainfall than this could be chosen. On the coast of New South Wales we have the same law in operation, and as & result 58 inches of rain falls at Cordeaux River, 1,200 feet high (about), for 39 inches at Wollongong, the foot of the same hill ; and Kurrajong at an elevation of 1,800 feet, gets 53 inches of rain for every inches which fall at Windsor. At Kurrajong and Windsor the same _ proportion is maintained in heavy storm rains with easterly wind} but under such circumstances the rain at Cordeaux is double, am! sometimes 230 per cent. of the rain at Wollongong. 4 : If we can get a measure of the force required to produce thes? effects, it will serve as a guide im estimating what would be required to make rain. At Sydney the average relative humidity is 73, and at Windsor it is rather less; and we have just learned that such atmosphere lifted from Windsor to Currajong, 1,800 fee deposits 60 per cent. more rain. If we could make it rise up Sydney 1,800 feet we might fairly expect to get 60 per cent. mo rain. Now,awall built 1,800 feet high, and of considerable length: © that the wind would not divide and go round it, but go ove ‘would have the desired effect—i.e., to lift the air and cause rail but anything that would do this would serve the purpose, and i may be done by fire, but of course the fire must have the effect ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 27 fire to rise up slowly, mixing with the air, and making it drier as they rise. If it is to have the effect of a wall—that is, making the whole of the air passing over rise up 1,800 feet—it must act ar an explosion, would do suddenly; or by a constant uprush of such violence that it would rise up 1,800 feet. The force necessary to do this is easily computed, and we can in this way get a money value for the work to be done. At Sydney the average velocity of the wind is 11 miles per hour, and all the air passing over is to be lifted, and the weight of it on the surface is, say, 14} pounds on the square inch, and 13} pounds at 1,800 feet high. At least for our present purpose these figures are sufficiently exact. The average weight to be lifted, therefore, is 14 pounds on the square inch. The fire must have the same length as the proposed wall, for the same reason, and a breadth equal to the forward motion of the air in a giventime. We have, therefore, to lift a weight of 14 pounds on the square inch over a surface of 1,000 feet by 10 miles (52,800 feet), and raise it up 1,800 feet every minute. To do this we will assume that coal is employed, and that, as it is burnt in the air, the whole of its heat will be effective. The mechanical equivalent of good coal is fourteen millions of foot pounds for each pound of coal used. We have therefore— 14x 12 x 12x 1,000 x 1,800 x 5,2800 14,000,000 x 112 x 20 or nearly 9,000,000 of tons of coal per day, to increase the rainfall 60 per cent., at a cost, at 10s. per ton, of £4,500,000. =6,110 tons per minute=8,800,000 tons in a day, Of course this is only a theoretical experiment, and ignores all “the heat lost by liation and imperfect combustion ; but it serves _ to give some idea of what is necessary to disturb the course of ‘nature, and I think shows how utterly futile any such attempt _ ‘Would be, even near the sea, where the air is moist. Inland it is Common thing in summer to find 20° between the dry and wet bulb thermometers; and when that is the case, the air would have to be lifted 6,000 feet to form a cloud, and in such weather no { 28 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. I may perhaps just mention, as an illustration of the tremen- dous forces in operation about us, but all unheeded, the ‘mechani cal power of the sunshine. It appears from the experiments ee Sir John Herschel, confirmed by Pouillet, that ordinary sunshine — exerts a force on every 14 feet of surface of 1-horse power, and on an acre of 3,200 horses ; or, to put it in another way, if we could | utilize the sun’s heat falling on a single acre of ground, we should — have a steam-engine of 3,200 horse-power, working steadily in sunshine, or a power equal to lifting 47 tons of water 1,000 feet high every minute. If we try to conceive of this power accumulating on a square mile or 100 square miles, or the whole country, W° shall get some notion of the forces at work in the production of rain, and what it means if we try to interfere with them. But at the same time one cannot contemplate such an enormous fore?” without seeing that it is a possible solution of the real difficulty of our sunny interior. There abundance of water lies below the ‘surface, and sunshine often too plentiful above it. We have only to supply the sun-engine, and forthwith sunshine draws Up water in abundance. ! It is often said that if we could tap the clouds and let off the a electricity we should at once get plenty of rain ; but thisis Par | assumption. Science has not yet been able to ascertain what part, if any, electricity plays in the suspension of clouds. Franklin's | ‘memorable experiment is often quoted as a proof that rain would follow if a conductor were sent up to the clouds ; but the facts - ‘must be overlooked, for the rain fell before there was any appear ance of electricity, and hundreds of similar experiments We made subsequently without bringing down the rain ; and if ther? "were any truth in the supposition the facts would be paten* "enough in large manufacturing districts with tall chimneys, light -ning-conductors, and smoke extending upwards as a continuatio? Of the conductors, for there would be such frequent downpours yes _ would convince the most superficial observer. And Crosse’ ments proved that lightning could be withdrawn from * Ne a ae ee. etricity - a : ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 29 so much to do with rain? Experience teaches us that the great bulk of rain falls without any electrical manifestation—even heavy tropical rains ; and it is no uncommon thing for clouds to give rise to tremendous electrical discharges and not a drop of rain, It is evident, therefore, that the two have no necessary _ connection. I have not yet referred to the vibrations of sound as a cause of rain. The laws under which water is held in the atmosphere are ' well understood, and, to any one who knows these conditions, the idea that vibration will cause its precipitation is absurd. Sound- waves do not alter the temperature or tension of the air except in a very slight and temporary way, and without change in one or both water cannot be deposited. If it is said that the firing of cannon has caused rain, the reply is that the statement rests upon the incomplete testimony of a few persons who did not inquire into the facts as carefully as they ought to have done ; and, on the other hand, there is the testimony of two generations in France, who by constant experiment ‘were convinced that the sound of guns had the opposite effect ;and severe as M. Arago was upon them for their belief i in fine weather made by cannon, they had quite as much evidence in favour of their view as those have who hold the _ ‘Modern one. It is estimated that in the battle of Sedan about 300 tons of gunpowder were used during the three days that the fight lasted ; and the enormous amount of heated gases thus set free, : - and the heat of, say 300,000 men, together with the actual : ‘Moisture set free might, if circumstances were favourable, disturb ‘the equilibrium and cause rain; but none fell during the three days. On the fourth day, that is, the first after the battle, it did rain ; but, te economical production of rain under ordinary circumstances ; om our only hanes would be to take advantage of a time when mo a upwards, and once ea _ ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. flowing into the cold one, a considerable quantity of rain might | fall; but this favourable condition so seldom exists in nature that I think we must abandon the idea of making rain artificially. | I hope I have not been tedious; but when so many proposals are put forward, some even going so far as to propose that bas Government should take to cannonading the sky, it was ume Some one took the matter up; and I have tried as briefly % possible to place the important facts before you. 31 The Deniliquin or Barratta Meteorite. By A. Lrversiner, F.R.S., Professor of Chemistry and Mineralogy, University of Sydney. (Second Notice.) [*Read before the Royal Society ap aee New South Wales, 8 December, 1880.] A PRELIMINARY notice of the pian ae general structure and chemical composition of this v meteorite was laid before the Royal Society of Now "South ales in 1872, and published in its volume for that aoe weet then I have been able to do a little more towards its examina Without repeating the details of “the comieai already given, I may remind you that the meteorite belongs. to the class known as siderolites, i.¢., it is made up of a mixture of various silicates wit some metallic nickeliferous iron. Externally it is covered with a fused skin, and the outer portions, to the depth of about an inch, are distinctly laminated. This laminated or concentric is probably due to the unequal expansion of the outer portion when the meteorite was in eicnetshentad during its passage. = the earth’s a atmouph mineral like olivine, and of others whish. are no t. readily. reeog- __istermingledwith the caréhy portions is more o loss matali nickeliferous i 86-716 Leena. ae on Shtaghoersegalenersse agente but in other cases the amount was much les, in two cases it was not even ane Be Cons. ; is very irregularly scattered e -Ineteorite and some portions are almost devoid of it altogether. Tis ‘ipeciiie gravity of the. lgmainated crust is 3-382 ; of the ‘or body e meteorite : a difference 7 Dera ad «ga a4 this paper has been delayed om account of the il 32 | -«* THE DENILIQUIN OR BARRATTA METEORITE. After prolonged digestion in strong hydrochloric acid, only 4rat é per cent. of the meteorite was found to be soluble. 7 On an analysis of the whole, it was found to have the fh : ie Chemical composition. Silica , 40°280 COPPOR oise Sev cctuninteide st ve fos ocnsonses el in absent 14-966 5» sSesquioxide 3°930 a 1°843 MR GORIENIE a8. o sv cacds sos bo ess chose ee eese traces Nickel 4219 Cobalt _ traces Manganese monoxide............::0-e+ ++ ‘Ti Lime 1°400 Magnesia 23°733 Potash 1024 “997 1 SaaS 2-288 PS Een conees ws o ‘617 n traces Oxygen, by difference .........cs:s00++ 3°787 ciel The alkalies were a by Prof. Lawrence Smith’s pro —. All —. tated as metallic iron at ext e, on phe of the difficulty of eee esti the Pe in the state, in the presence of p ide, su acid precipitated by ammonium molybdate in the usual way: . other constituents were eenscari after fusion with the carbonates of of potassium an and sodiu Jes. Another portion was crushed, and the flattened metallic ain separated by means of a fine sieve of nearly 8,000 holes per $4" tach; and err eve separately. to oe This metallic p pollen ciwtns= Analysis, Silica &., insolublein HCl. ......... 6°617 Tron 9°851 Nickel 7340 Oxygen, &c. weverseseie saccve 5°521 Mo iron | = chan meteorite vielded the following results :— Rr Iron 91°25 Nickel and co 7°20 Sor meant: ag a deventevosees LOG — * ; their publicati ~ When at Paris in 1878, 3 same 0 sections 0 Prof. C [Three plates.] scot above became somewhat oxidized nS the ma the metallic portion from a different part — In the oad case the cobalt and nickel eT ae by the nitrite ‘ayer were made to estimate the amounts of schreibersite, — &e., ag none were sufliciently a paaeuRce! to warrant be Jour. Roy. Soe. of N.S.W., Vol. XVI, 1882. A. LIVERSIDGE. Plate I. Fic. 1. THE BARRATTA MBTEORITE, N.S.W. GH 168 LBS. BPG R....2: 0 29 eS ee LENGTH, 24} INCHES; HEIGHT, 17 INCHES; WEI A, LIVERSIDGI “HLONYI z “1! 4 ~ £ -“ — = na ts “y Ai f | ~ we “oe ¢ GQHOAV INGA ‘NOT! “SNALANWVICE O72 | ‘On the Bingera Meteorite, New South Wales. yop erpamiea, pmo ei oe of Chemistry and Mineralogy in the University of Sydney. PRS Notice.) [* Read before the Royal Society of of N.8.W., 8 December, 1880.] meteorite was found by some gold-miners in the course o of shade work at Bingera, and was placed at my ese for examina- tion by the oe Department in eydney: In form this meteorite roughly resembles a pear ; it is about 2 inches in length and 1} inch across at the thick end, ou. down ex one place where it had been rubbed off by the miners. This is lily recognized in the photo-heliograph as a white (See plate No. 4, fig. 2.) The skin is hard, brittle, of about the thickness of stout stout writing- 7 - Paper, and possesses a laminated structure. At the yp r= of 1 with the internal crystalline structure, since some are where the erust or akin i sealed of t aagrren chen Feo” cody ey adadercorel yam peli he eat a" age say fms = prin gos geo in the crust the contracti culde after mi. Alsat vchhs depwentions seth obscurely shown in fig. 2, plate 4. ate De well marked polarity, de thin i i 2 ne tthe ted welgha af the the meteorite was 240°735 grammes, at 228° ©., and its specific patie a5 5 sald 7-834 ; the specific ane feleoaeain ch cut off with a cold chisel was found to 849, Pe does not a appear me “ isligniaes ” at all like the Gre d some other masses of | meteoric iron ; this is probalil due ¢ ¢ entire absence of chlorine. "The flat side of the meteorite was carefully shippat away with _ cold chisel, to obtain material for analysis and to ica “s smooth face for for the development of the Widmanstiitt figures . 0 be thats enieptee t to cut. On analysis the folowing Chemical Composition. a insoluble in hydrochloric acid... The datier insoluble i ~ s ydeoeone acid consisted m nal oxide with a trace o' e second determinations Wer The amount of tin present is a tl ees bewsy r than apparently slit nt 4 ‘the i oy ; but both exist in such small q tice tha : ald have been necessary to have cut up ey BE ieee in order to estimate the amounts, and this was, ool esirable. : oo elements which were at all likely to be present ee y sought for by the ordinary means as well as by UO: eee but only the above were rdavabeds although ma tities might have revealed the —. of others. er The = given in the analysis sents the p ae — = est together as potassium mt : pin Ue, 4 oie: OM THE BI Fe * N as 2 meteoric metallic which have been met with e ere. Some of the crystals are much elongated (“beam iron”), whilst others are but small, and are arranged in a form. ted Even the largest crystals are quite small ; hence it would appear that the crystalline structure had been set up in the mass whilst the specimens which have come under my notice with largely Cae crystals have been cut from comparatively large masses; bustible matter were burnt or not during the fasion would depend entirely upon the conditions ; it might just as well be said that cast iron has not been fused because it contains carbon. In places the acid has eaten freely into the metal, and more or less well developed cavities have been formed; in some cases these are more numerous on one side of the “ beam iron” crystals than on the other. ; As soon as an opportunity presents itself I wish to continue the examination of this meteorite, es ecially with reference to the and amounts of nickeliferous irons which are present, a8 well as to the question of occluded gases. [Plate No. 4.] NGERA METEORITE, NEW SOUTH WALES, 37 A. LIVERSIDG! i Jour Roy Sonu orn. S$. VW Ve x ' On the Chemical on Wan ek of certain Rocks, New &e. : By A. Livensipor, F.R.S., Professor of Chemistry and aoe in the University of Sydney, (Preliminary Notice.) ees te ‘ [* Read before the Royal Society of New South Wales, 8 December, 1880.) ° Freshwater Limestone, Newstead, New pas om District N. SW. Of ® grey colour, breaks with an granular fracture — particles of included peer: ly very impure. m. scala the following results were obtained -— Chemical Composition, aah moisture at 100° C.,.... 736 : » Silicn... ‘. 14116 re | frum teoyuioaii 1:70 eS ron seaqu Lh ed xide, SERS Hee eee eee +) Lime 10°571 ora . 815 ee eastern 598 geet Carbon dioxide (C04) vitesse 8450 a 99°576 ees Pet, mpd t Soluble in HCl. | ___ Limestone, Windellama Creek, Coun le, —Dark bluish : or nee, ha wear apse sail sihee ls wae Analysia, H moisture at 100° C ...... Pes Alumins with trace of SPO sisicicsinds Pe Mangan absent Magnesia ...., trace _ Potash nace ai Soda ate Chlorine seereeere - Carbon dioxide (CO.) Serta neraeneeee ne 42-heo 100-253 on pe ee yo to ae yet fi > : Wer SN 40 ON THE CHEMICAL ComPosITION OF CERTAIN ROCKS, Ki al i Slate, Cox River.—Bluish-grey colour, somewhat weat slightly fissile. Of Devonian age. ie Specific gravity, 2-706 at 21° C. ris Analysis. Hygroseopic moisture at 100° C ...... “861 Combined »y bydifference... 5°106 Silica 61°012 Alumina 21°34: Iron sesquioxide 3°704 : ys, protoxide 2°109 oe Manganese protoxide ‘729 er Lime ..... ‘ 1‘176 ee scan gta get eee REET ‘887 otash 1223 oda ., 1°850 - 100-000 _ The combined water is estimated by difference, on account of the : difficulty of completely driving off and collecting the whole of the water in the hydrated silicates of alumina. ‘ : : Shale, Wallerawang, of a slate-grey colour, full of white impr — _- _ Stons of glossopteris roots, fronds, &e. ; fairly hard, and somewhat ty. Contains a little carbonaceous matter. : Specific gravity, 2-304 at 20°6 C 4 Analysis. : Hygroscopic moisture at 100° ......... 1115 Combined water and organic matter 6°391 RHOW os. seciluasiss vg ee Alumina and traces of iron .......... 17°736 ci ee Oe. | in fF | 4 Potash .......;,; “466 Ni le OGN Gor 383 : 99°722 “one Slate, Wollondilly River, from above Goulburn, of & “ . A ieee bluish-grey colour, imperfectly fissile. os Specific gravity, 2:58 at 18° O. ag Analysis. Hygroscopic moisture at 100° C. ...... ‘301 Combined : with carbon- _.. aceous matter 3:990 — ela eigas pie! umina and traces of iron ............ 16°4 Manganese protoxide traces Magnesia .... oe BERETA "708 : Potash ......, 2-274 100°231 : A second specimen yielded silica, 77°54, and only 1076 % Gongin Gen Kgs: = Rathi “toe yesiaeds Com of thie Telspar. quartz, hornblende and black mica. . : “sagan = 2°779 at 20° ©. Ana gga moisture at 100° bape? Sili 69 Manganese Seosbuiids Pe 5 Be ap pesees Magnesia Potash v ec eet eee eee tetree Granite, Hartley.—Composed of white and dull pink orthoulond felspar, with a little plagioclase felspar, quartz, black mica, some — crystals of hornblende, and a few minute crystals ‘of stau- The specimen from which fig. 1 plate V, was taken contains a - small quantity of auriferous iron pyrites, shown as black spots: ins the micro- otogra is from a specimen of granite from the canis aieectin 2 is, however, much coarser in structure, and a in place of py acs ‘The galena is for the most part present in small cavities, which are usually Hip ith quartz crystals. Both gold and silver are — Present in small quantities in the galena, but the granite itself ho indications of either metal. The —— portions of the — “ ca ph are particles of galena. ese specimens were Mr, ©. S. Wilkinson, x08. the Government _ Analysis, ee moisture at 100° C......... Suekonste : a ee ee rrr. mes ve me or sTitiade 2 — % 5 i lia Aes age Hygroscopic moisture at 100° C. Silica ceeneweneene Alumina Iron sesquioxide.. ‘i protoxid e Manganese protoxide ' Lime Magnesia Potash Soda , County Argyle. Red in colour. M. Thomson, D.Sc. Analysis. > Tron sesquioxide ........cce.0.s.0000- >» protoxide Peruoneg protoxide cogent eka lies: Sacer 2-000 trace vate Came, Conny of ih on the road from TS Flat. Collected by the late Prof. A. M. * Alumina 16°40 . Tron tae ee 7°86 , bil Pt protoxide . trace anganese protoxide........... Paps te : “Sl Lime P gear 3°88 ; Magnesia trace 6s Potash ‘ 3°16 4°19 Z 100°57 = For micro-photographic section see plate V, fig. 2. c2 Syenite, Reevesdale , Bungonia.—A dark-green compact rock. : Collected | by the late Drokeguoe A, M. Thomson, D,Se. ie Specific gravity = 2-64. : “a Analysis. "7 Silica 66°S876 Alumina 19640 Tron sesquioxide 4-060 feng protoxide..: : % ese protoxide .. sab aroueecee - ec eae 1471 ee tach 2-677 eee Soda 4°887 vite 99°799 i. See plate VI, fig. 7. | Ke Quartz P, orphyry, Lumle ey Creek, County Argyle.—Dark grey, ye scattered crystals of hornblende. Collected by the late A. M. te aor D.Sec., who states that it underlies a limestone. | Specific gravity = 2-67. Analysis. “oe. 67°714 a e a reise eae uae 4 ” says traces eer apa see eeeeneene of , = 2°857 Potash’ 2-920 Soda 3230 99°719 . \ guadits Pols G — from irempoxton of a. “pale Brey. colour, almost wht _ disseminated quartz grains. vSpeste svi 2°58. Analysis. vies parts. “Spat gravity, 2-727 at = “ enone 2 protoxi de oe Lim Potash Soda bee eeenee | Feleite, Two-mile Flat, seg o River A tae e-grail mile a eg geg gong Beer ie Thomson, P& Awe gravity = 2-706 at oe 4° C. Ana peri moisture aE ‘00° Or 1 umina m sesquioxide eer ea ay ee protoxide anganese fp protoxi aa eti F.R.S., in his peep Gold Fields. in association with intrusions of basalt, largely ari ~ for road metal, which have forced their way through the W Ge matta shale. : It possesses a coarsely crystalline rere but so decomposed ee as to be some broken up, and is in parts more or less friable. Some be contain so much magnetite as to really deflect the needle, Specific gravity, 2-780 at 18° C. tS? “\ 2 ee : H copic moisture at 100° C,...... “991 4 ae ar, Cacheaed cate r, by airect weighing pi baie Silica mt HE, Alumina " 2 s : Iron sesquioxide ..............5 Vaihasscakes " 3» proto ide Manganese protoxide traces “ n Lime 9° Potash 1°612 i Soda 3°476 : babies Basalt, Pennant Hills, Parramatta.—Of a a specimen of this rock, eruptive through the Wianamatta — the late Prof. A. M. n made the following analysis : Siliea 60°42 ADO 5 2 ub iiss Se icuee aceite Seva ste 10°29 Tron oxides 14°10 ime Magnesia -06 ] 181 Soda hae ys 2°39 Water, by difference ..............00000 : is Sas — 100-00 __ From the large quantity of silica and the sana ps a ‘Alumina, lim e; &e., } siping fbi it looks as if the basalt had pen sirialy haeane: into seen prior to analysis. ag Si, Pham i Queensland.—Of a green n colour, co mpact king witha RE conchoidal fracture. Fig. i, gravity, ite! 1 Analysis. Silica - Tron sesquioxide protoxide Manganese } protoxide Lime Magnesia trace Potash ; 647 i. Water, carbonic acid, &c., not esti- ‘ mated 1314 100°000 Rechits, Gladstone, Port Curtis, Queensland. nd.—From a dyke cutting through Devonian rocks. It consists of a grey © felspathic base containing embedded sanidin erystals—some e scales of red hematite and other minerals in smaller psc 2" Very vesicular in parts, also — and close-grained in ot pecific gravity = 2-23, Analysis. Alumina 19-902 Tron sesquioxide 2-410 $9 protoxide trace Man 8 al protoxide we Lim 4 Magnesia : trace BOE see RNs gaat 5° 4°820 100° ana For moro photographic section, see plate VI, I, fig, 10. plate Creek Fig. 1 the- section of a red orphyry from Stony t yet Ouisteng, collected by the late Prof. A. M. Thomson. "No i ea ree oo to tender m thanks to Mr. J M. Smith, 4 x a the Mla of Rydney, £ » tor his great assistance coke angen,” Muir, phs ry these and other rock sections, also to J. M. istry Mages assistant, and to Dr. Helms, aeperaiaty in * Chem ain = asan di of Sydney, ré their very valuable help in the an®v"” ens. ; : : tion of ee time I hope to be able to continue the — . ure, this present note bei liminary notice * ; ‘te car which it is amy pen . we a et ‘ J aite we + . Sven y tare : “yenite, Lumley Creek. Graphic Granite, Co. Blig A. Liversidge. j 9g Jour. Roy. Sae: of N.S.W Vol. XVI, 1882, ye = a IG. 8 en Fic. 8. syenite, Bungonia. Felsi j ’ gonia Felsite, Cudgegong. MICRO-PHOTOGRAPHS NEW SOUTH W ROCKS. | | | | Fic. « 7 DIAMETERS, Fic i\T es Py - Quart Zz rrey ¥ Key oes -. Porphyry, Gurragangamore. IG. 1U. Trachyte, Gladstone, Queensland. | t } | | j ie PG, 11, Me io f€nstone.? Gy A larg bes , Gympie, Queensland. Quartz Porphyry, Cudgegong. Rocks from Ni Britain and New Ireland. ; See: : x By A. Lavenstpcn, F.R.S., Professor of haroogy 4 and Mineeulegs? ue « n tne University of Sydn pomg'? (Preliminary Notice.) - MS See ee ee ee [*Read before the Royal Society of N.S.W., 8 December, 1880.} goo THE specimens forming the subject of this notice were col rahe in the year 1875, by the Revd. George Brown, Wesleyan ie Tha o whom my thanks are due for the sei rag Se Of examine these and other specimens which he has brought from

oy ae 7 Sone Antony | Seale of Statute Miles u yo 3 4 are : % wick Ro | PIS tire Fd x B © ef . angsty o™. & Mount : a Fuan thle 14 wf ope ne @ w1-00| 2 ” Cape Byron | PS : 1 ia 7 4 age ' ; Seahitl rrerirgen ; - 3 : ar ; Pf = A Casino ganar! Po | ; | fhorare a isl om H ' Uraibe « aw ea Dumble Gued oven ; > 1 x lark eee 23) v ; \Yailaroi ee KV fyilieeg Sh, 25 is © eC Tatawdtita e oe a 2 cae ~ are 4 re in y H¢ = Co TentHill , ‘ ’ a sharinaadei Vita, alda(ii a dz Ruepwate ’ Ry, Yarawe EL wy. le i ‘ Warialta(2 w Seis al Ped ‘ - Torowetn Swenp ; ike xe. ; ¢ . —— : _ y | A Jane ie oe Yow : M* Mifi@hell a PTY Nymboysat i Bre g Yan anania Gilgoin q 23 St a 3 Rock | cigatents. - re ae 4 to kag ab he : | | Eurokal in Wy a @&® Goorimpa rf Gongelgan be e ‘ Cert ; a Chariton . ie ie f . vi “ey ve a \o is Robertson's M? Ny 4 ae an R. { : Brigalows / Pi oe @ Terembene- ; . Mente Whe +. | Bees =. ; se \@ Mena Murtee — ‘Tindarry @ os -Willeroon La . Wa dorianawa ; Outigel ae pelea pete a) Ps fees Se ee Core mée-Psak Sin, © ee Es 9) EE ‘ pionim “| \ fk “TE cone Tei : “— mbah : hay. dig CLEAY R , 32 : res igs see : = ) t*) : BE | E 4 ‘ \ ue ae Tamer “ an ? i chela 3h : Bells 3 2 NOES Cockpuan ‘ a a wet | worth § ite fe Booropmug n,Q @ Sussex : ‘ ¥ bu % x. x cont. BY cy on Poolamacca @ Cobar Flo rida Wilgdr Do to * ya : Flomer bo Covell Eenaw’ wie ar seca Meryula Thorndale Bo x d : : Barrens "By, (Heobmao 0 wet rt > |W @Tiltargara “eo | 2 i: ; Dough ‘a Bane 7. ¥ — &) Z Huda ) ( | Se A. sags Vane Priory SE wk 28! Paddinét & | | : ‘a z aN i. gli Oe grb Crone ptTbor Light Fixed WeinterssA 2) sacs, Shearlegs@ @hy magee @ra ue Me , e's _ Tat . seh ' we , \ rae i003 : » =: ge Nserese 2 nwa are ae ecg | i ¥' Teryawynia | ; Foul ce eA 3 mal 4 Bedooba@® 7 f ¢ ou - ‘ : bs Liddell wi ie & Eremegon @ GPounvie Plains . . : yal ; “4 ae Constte @ Coan Dowts @ tlcose@ — @PTBura | |g SNe ot [OL £5 Ce = noe ree ) 7 @reirose Pai 4 ; 7 ae ee ae | ‘_ > Netley Pan Ban®@ alts % | mean 4 rae é athe ‘ te Maes a aoe | xy, Mulurulu@ La Coombieg® Be 4 tig vet gee. FOES . Kean ortStephens |. 2 cohen er | Ye Coraaer ay”: 7 ee { te : A & : ad | jaf) RAW Molen u R Ligias te Barbar i. eRe OnE j @ Kilfere ~@ Mossgicl | | wittande Euabetong nds ss | ange : Oph : <2, A 5 Mistake: | re a Ba \ ie : ee a : ; &. ar Gro ; ya aE e t : Manfred@® Clare | ; ; ud ellico e Mant ‘a ae a 2 } 7 fy. © P recilesira. | Se at peng & Moura! wae ‘ % | St Alba c rec Borah 7 q | : e - > : ok es a. | 9 Tapcoola ee | an Cargo ncaa : \ com } lo p. ‘ @rTiitit - | oN nes ey § - ! Cowl Cowl na Mi ml K rewind | f 4 r i Z B ti bof ; $ | sh ae . 5 —_ ¢ 7 1 ih 95 ; 74. ‘ Burton ly @ Arumpo > ' erungle 4 4 Ss Qos oe & lyad = Gis 1, \ 3 ce ge od Lagirrte : P thes: 2 ; , FAME, uc inch ) : Turlee @lulpotaro 4 , Sore Q" aba SS ee @Wainberra e wae i 2 & i | Narrisch, sus Hi ( Nd : be a ithfle! Jackson y; aALight a 5 rudf: é ge 2 ? 2 a ‘ oS y »-Revatving ria) : see A ie raat | ‘ an : : dney —_gitxtDetfoce Katia.” Ttthe Wakjoors ane Berean eed @ Upper Wyalong tee Brose \ etc Sotantey Sg Corroné Ulonga South Thonon¢ga wa is gi | mS / a's ‘ srs O spel onong ee a 3 a } a eh ie Corfeaux Ri % Thelangerin East | Talyegerang st ; @ e i \) | eps : e nia at | ake | Groongal ee v i spe | Gace oN Sa O ' Wollongong FROM A.D. 1840 TO AD. 1882. paika® ame ee es : ay ee il 5 Lagi j NEW SOUTH WALES __Ohake Baile ake ey.) ee, Curren Cowabes a ; a is | | =acrmpetic Togan : z it condak 8 : m2 / 1840-9 18509 16609 18709 18802 Balran | Barellan * —_ 170. rT I70 oun Creek 1s rough a by ery | Yanko ndefa i ee ere | aa | [ @Willurah uckingbon 2 gh: é 5 a ee i By a2, iReordisarll Yi S Derringuken S Mapa. 9 5 Bengonia. ot = 33 140 7 a0 Tooiaysuc, Se lite Ee om Watlaes | e™ re lecumbs S, “tq Ps ne g ined Harbor 130 ie Poe 120 a | hea omtahe. pal ; ay. Gunde rea ah i 6 oa ‘aN &, i = . vadig as e\ 7 Ho | a 10 ‘ ss a a. ae wie ae co 100. me 4 100 | Hs _ i i iy ‘ ¥ pa Murray Dowas ae volgen Bungon : e St George - i Regs air lene al ; a ‘ ae 3 rhert ito . ie ae Pegg Hh) COT -BU/ htc a " y Middio $e oie | Ceeep Kya | =, i a a Ke. § : : h 4 res : 60 rs) Ls ire ( i ogi DIAGRAMS c i ny 3 : ' ro é Yatama p.| cas ‘ = Gsrryowen on ' y/ > * rth : ¢ a a é 40 40 een’ a 4 3 < v : 2 . pares y | Ble . SHEWING FLUCTUATIONS IN THE FALL OF RAIN. 0 30 fa ge: Ki Coleen jee. Ge WE \ 2 20 i; Py Leon ‘Moruya Heads 10 0 Nd , m Cai 5 z g 0 0 y aac ¥ a tT ay ~ keg 3 a RE fs Foci 17269 17309 17409 17509 17609 1770-9 17808 17908 16008 1620-9 1830-9 [0409 18508 18608 16708 18602 4 My yj r : aguee Sth 150 STG TT TT TT rT LI Saat T 10 | ‘\ ie Ooo ae Asc 140 Lt tH et CCHHEHH 140 | id © : =a Cy] | Bi ae | Bf 4 E sane - ett” | : -. : q &. ¥ e y 3 - 420 HH ee + n 20 ¢ ; : UY < f 110 : Pe I] PHO | © é . Ps ¢ oes 100 an | 100 i 3 mn nbule 90 ry 90 aA 80 ry 80 ‘ woe” LS ‘Town at 9 i 70 | 60 ‘TI © Hes | ; 50 ca) NOTE The diameters not areas) of Black Spots . } to the amount of rai. A a - Incomplete returns are shewn by a Black Grcle round the Spot. | = o for quantities tor oe month and for the year see attached tables. Vosed Light 20 20 Beechal ts 25 miles N. of the position ploited. . 840-9 G09 19602 i 10 0 : = M , | 0 pease — 0 ats =e ii 17269 17309 17409 17509 17609 1770-9 17809 17909 18009 | 18209 «16309 | 16509 | 18709 = 186 aera bs 147 te 0 m - — : . : os ‘ TRL CE cane ———— seme io Ree Surveyor Generals ?f-e. ney NSW 1883 lee pa er 305 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. TRANSACTIONS OF THE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY OF NEW : SOUTH WALES, 1862-1865 ConrTENTS. — «On og a Daring Animals of the Lower Korey °} Myon their habits, economy, and geogra- pul distribut : fs _ On Snakes observ age ‘the n cighbourhood of Sydney Gerard Krefft. _ “Geometrical Researches” mee ur papers, comprisin __ numerousnew Theorems and Porisms,and complet Martin Gardiner, C.E. oteaiag to celebrated Problems. a No. : es concerning n’gons inscri in ot er tin Gardiner, n’gons. Paper No. as on he hes J echiotangy n’ gons ‘inscribed in curves of Martin Gardiner, C-E. ee. Pape os iy 3 Pa _ On the desirability of a ayiuaindlld search, for, and ki see mm of, variable Stars in pe John Tebbutt, junr. 3 H aee , On the Comet of Septe: tember, 1862. ‘No. .: a «John Tebbutt, junr. 4 Oe the Comet of September, 1862. No.2...» John j a m Storms e M. g of 7 preceding Paper, made ‘at a tie be: 1864 . we a ten '? Dr. Berncastle. On the > Bey Temple of India... On og cond nd eed antidotes . .. Dr. Berncastle Charles Moore, ELS. On the Fibre Plants of ‘New South Wales On Osmium and Iridium, obtained from dew — A. Leibius, Ph.D. Wales gold Peps —— of the Civil Serviee under the ) y;eut.-Colonel Ward. i apes tatistics of New South Wales 0. ‘Rolleston. On the Defences of Port Jackson tee sao we On the Transmutation of Rocks in as { G8, FBG. . E. P. Ramsey. G. R. Smalley. le relations between on G. RB. Smalley. Bs es and Astronomical Dr. Leibius. given by some Mazvilh of Assaying » Dt— a ae se Tin Ore, and what may Dr. Leibius. ” IV. —On Australian Gems oe * —Astronomical Notices 52 C. Russell, B.A. s VI_On the yreecigg oured Cluster Stars about H. C. Russell, B.A. ppa fie jac 4 » Vil—On the Dein Mott aa hii Aniipelt Liversidg » Vill.—Statistical Review of the Progress of bes New South Wales in sei as tn Oia, Rolston, years, 1862-71 one oor LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. 309 “TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES, 1873. it a Con Article ie ocak Address, i En ‘Bor; W. B. Clarke, M.A., Vice- ” 11 Appendix wi the Anniversary Address, by the Rev. W. B. Clarke, ., Vice-Presiden’ » I—On the Solution of certain Montene § Martin Gardiner, OB. » LV.—Local Particulars of the Transit of Venus H. C. Russell, B.A. » V.—Note on the Bingera Diamond District Arch Liversidge, F.C.5. » VI.—On our Coal and Coal Ports James Manning. » VIL. Appa ix to “ On our Coal and at Jarhea Manning. 3 VILL. tA, our Sal and Coal Port Hoare. .... James Manning. eee ee eS ee ee eee ee eee » IX.—The Mammals of Australia and their Mares ag Part 1. Ornithodelphio ¢ Gerard Krefft. er Gardiner, C.E. d Didelp » &—On Geodesic avesitgpiesel TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES, 187 Vol. VIII. genres E Article I.—Duplex Telagraph E. C. Cracknell, Esq. » I. Hospt pa : A. Roberts, M.R.C.S. » tal Accommodatio hace Statist of Now South wa Chris. Rolleston. © hl: pe a ts Eleven new species 0 of Torrestria and Marine sie from $ John Brazier, O.M.Z.S8. north-eas tralia . ate Pyrit J. Latta, Esq. » _VI—Sydney Water § Supply ‘by Gravitation James Manning, Esq. » VIl.—Nickel Minerals from New Caled Professor Liversidge. : » VIII —Iro in One me and Cl Deposits at Waller) Professor Liversidge. » hie of the Results of the eg ane: HI. C. Russell, B.A. > 4 of the Transit of Venus in N __» X—The Transit of Venus as obeerret my Rev. Wm. Scott, M.A. ~ Eden ... " TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY ¥F NEW SOUTH WALES, 1875. Vol. IX. ConTENTS. (Edited by Professor Liversidge.) PAGE. Article I. —List of Officers, Fundamental Aplets: By: sogereee of Members «.. +» .. xxxi to xiii see one 310 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. eer wl oe Address, by the Rey. W. B. Clarke, F.G.S ” ” ” . Vice- ‘President V—Notos ¢ on Deep Sea Soundings. By Rev. W. B. Clarke, M.A., F.¢ < VI.—Facts in American Mining. “By 8. L. Bensusan . VII. hee-ay ga Deposits of Tasinania (Ilustrated). S. H. Wi ntle, Hobart By 8 » VILE Permanent Miho Supply < paciaes by Gravita- ” James Mannin IX.—M ate lites Water Supply. By James Mannin XxX. ly Supply to ae y Goavitationi (Plans), Manni XI. —Scientie Notes: By rH. C. “Russell, ‘B. A., Govern- mt Astronom , XIL—Beamples of Peencl-Orptaization (Illustrated). Pro r Live ace »» X1IIT.—The Minerals 0 of New South Wales. oar Professor » XIV.— » XV _—Appendix : Meteorological “Observations, ‘Sydne ney. By H. C. Russell, B,A., Sydney Observatory ... PAGE. lto 56 57 to 72 73 to 86 87 to 95 97 to 119 121 to 123 125 to 134 135 to 150 152 to 153 154 to 215 217 to 223 lto 2 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES, 1876. Vol, me ConTEN (Edited by canal ieacsisaes ) Article fee bd erate ee Rules, By-laws, and ch by the Rev. W. B. Clarke, sy ., Vice-President I1L.—Notes on some ng markable Errors shown by Ther mometers (Diagram).. By H.C. Russell, B.A, .R.A.S., Government Astronomer IV.—On the Origin and Migrations of the Polynesian ation. - Dr. Lan II. —Amiverary “Ad M.A., F.R V.—On the Deep a Depression off Moreton Bay. By Rey. W. B. Clarke, M.A Vi.—Some Notes on Jupiter during his Opposition. By . Hirst VII.—On the Siete Ctenodus. “Parts I to IV. (Five R.A Vill.—On the Formation of Moss Gold and Silver. By Archibald Liversidge, — of Mineralogy in the University of Syd IX.—Recent ret. aid r Ex frees = Sl By ah. Bensusa X.—OnsomeTertnty Australian Polyz0a BS ee By Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, XI,—Meteorologi P pie By H. — — ERAS, eer Astronomer PAGE. i to xxx lto 34 35 to 42 43 to 74 75 to 82 83 to 98 99 to 123 125 to 134 135 to 149 147 to 150 151 to 177 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. Article XIT.. re ye: a Esp ate onClimate. By Rev. - ERS. pp OOeALL, Bolero Silicous "Deposit, Richmond 3 River. (One and the so-called Mee the Richmond wae ver. By P. sr Liversidgo » XIV.—Remarkable E of Contorted Slate. (Two Co plates _ By Pateasor Liversi yo RV. re eee ings “ me » &VI.—Additions to Library I.— Donations »XVIIL— Reports from 1 the Sections .. maniac READ BEFORE SECTIONS. spiralis. By F. Milford, M.D. M (theo itelies va . Transverse Section of Fang of Human Tooth, show ipa Exostosis. By Hugh Paterson . . Notes on two Species of Insectivorous Plants in ei us to this Colony. By J. U. C. Colyer 4, Etching and Etchers. By E. L. Montefiore ... » ALS. Pig 2 e Abstract of the Meteorological Obser- ations taken at the Sydney Observatory. by i. C. Russell, B.A., gee: “—— Astronomer » XX.—Index on eee one ave aoe aoe 311 PAGE, 179 to 235 237 to 239 241 to 242 243 to 266 267 to 276 285 to 314 315 to 323 329 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES, 1877. Vol. XI. CoNnTENTS. (Edited by Professor Liversidge.) Article ae of Officers, Fundamental Rules, By-laws, d Li ist of Members ” Ts ont Address, by HL. C. “Russell, B. As FR.A. S., Vice-Preside: » IIl.—The Forest Vegetation of Central and Northern ew England in ec’ with ogical Influences. By W. Christi icensed eyor. » IV.—On mornis Australis, » new fossil gigantic ee ae By th W. B. Clarke. : M. ‘S., &e., Vice-President .-. - < » V.—On the ‘Sphenoid, Cranial B ‘ones, meres and supposed Ear-Bones of Cten On the ibs, and ey ae » VIL—On some ‘New Australian Polyz (Tw — a Rev. Jd E. eninon- Woods F. ‘6.8. VIIT.—On th: ‘oecurrencs of Chalk ew Britain si 28 By Professor Livers CS FGS, E.R, ¢. S., Se 312 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. PAGE. Article ne gee - ae Method of ~owensgty Gold, ee and r Metals from Pyrites. By W. A. Dixon, 93 to 111 . Xx. Fog Paleontological “Evidence of ‘Australian — - iary Formations. By the Rev. J. E. Teni Woods GS, F.R.G.S. 113 to 128 9» XL—A Synopsis of ‘Australian Tertiary Polyzoa. By R. Etheridge, junr., F.G.S. 129 to 148 ae oe Bigg OEE a Spine of Hybodus. By W. J. , Barkas, M.R.C.S. 145 to 155 » XIT.—A System of Notation adapted to explaining to Students certain Electrical Operations. By t the ith, O.M.G., M.D., LL.D., M-L.C. 157 to 168 sas D., i ee — on the Me logy, Na tory, &c., a G Island; and Guano and other Phosphati Deposits, Malden Island. By W. A: te oe ao . 165 to 181 » &V.—On ustralian Tertiary ‘Co vals. "(Two ais. “s the Rev. J. E, T enison-Woodk F.G.S8., F.R.G. 183 to 195 » X&VI.—On a new and seneiaile “Varia able Star i in the Constellation Ara. J. Tebbutt, F.R.A.S.... 197 to 202 » XVII.—On a Dental "peculiar of the Leopidosteide. W. J. Barkas, M.R.C.S. 203 to 207 » XVITI—A a Fossil Extinct Species ‘of Kangaroo, . henurus minor I ope By the Rev. W. B. aren MA ae 209 to 212 » X1X.—Notes on som t Barometric Disturbances. By H. C. Buseell, nL B.A. F.R.A.S .« 219 to 218 5 XX.—Proceedin ngs ae e219 to 235 » &XI.—Additions to the Liteasy see ae 286 to 244 yee —List of Exchanges and Presentations cee 245 to 251 XXTIT— from the Sections ee 1. 258 to 278 APERS READ BEFORE SECTIONS. 2. Notes on a local Species of Diatomaces. y G. D. » XXIV.—Appendix: Abstract t of the Meteorological Ob- servations taken at the eng fae tory. ot ong OC. Rus vag BA, TRAS, "Gover nt Astronom rn 281 to te xv Lit ot Publications iy ths 0 Soviety i i, wb ” XXVI.—Index f OT -08 to 308 JOURNAL vei fis gatiecs mane beet eS NEW SOUTH WALES, 8. Nandan acne oS Prof. veg and Dr. Leibius.) LIST OF PUBLICATIONS, Article IT. ee ee by Christopher Rolleston, ce », versay L.S., Vice- iden: III.—On the Longitude of the af ee Observatory. $v pe Sage ebbutt, ey a Ke — position Ma of rants and Torte. By J Sohn eer F.R.A Miser new Double Stars, with remarks aa veral Binaries. lh a. Ke Russell, Bets Fr. AS. (7 VI.—The Orbit Elements of of Ooms a 1880 (Grea ar a ‘omet). By John Tebbutt, Vil. et hori method ‘of printing Barometer and en r Curves. By H. C. Russell, B.A., VIII.—Sliding Seale for correctin Barometer Read- ings. By elk , F.R.AS. (Diagram m) wien Toke oS) IX.—On Thunder and Hail Storms. By H. C Russell, B.A., F.R.A.S, (Diagram) ae: some recent ¢ a on the surface of Jupiter. By H. C. Russell, B.A., F.R.A.S. (Two Diagrams XI.—Remarks on the Colours of Jupiter's Belts, uring and some changes observed thereon durin the Opposition of 1880. By G. D. XIL.—A Catal ont Plants collected during Mr. Alexr. Forrest’s Geographical Bg ci od Wisk wiat Australia in 1879. py Ferdinand von Mueller, KC. MG , MD., ne fein EVs Bier on the Fossil Flora of Eastern Au stralia asmania, By er Feistmantel. XV. on the Acids of the Native Currant. = E. H. Rennie, M.A., XVI.—On Piturie. Professor Liv ersidge XVII.—On Salt-bush and Native Fodder Plants. By W. A. Dixon, F.C.S. XVIII.—Water from a X.—On sens Carboniferous Marine Fossils. BY the Rev. J. E. Tenison- Wood L.S., &c ” XI.—On some Mesozoic Fossils trom the Palmer River, Quee d. E. Tenison-Woods oods, F.G.8., E. ee rl (Three Plates) » XIL—N 0h = the Aborigines of New Holland. By s Manning... » XAIIL ne ey Ashes of some Epiphytic ‘Orchids. By ixon, FI. is ALVA Fossil Soap Formation of Central Que ens- and. By the ye ae ison- Woods, , Bee, ate (Two tes) . a RV Aborigines of New South ‘Weles. ’ By a XVI.—On the "atissabe “of the Australian Climates and Pastures upon the Growth of Wool oe abstract). By Dr. Andrew ote M.L Molong ... as eas Procee Additions to the Library - List of Presentations made by the Royal Society of New South hide ales, 1882 __... an ‘ of the apy ee ne ua = Rorcaats Abstrac ae? a NE Re, BF | Sydney Ob Observatory oY H. C. Russell, B.A., i. R. rr es wee oe ae rice sat “1882. "By H. ©. Russell, BA., List o ne es a i cc. ee ae eae eee ete 319 PAGE, 47 to Sl 53 to 116 117 to 126 127 to 130 131 to 142 143 to 145 147 to 154 155 to 173 175 to 177 179 to 192 193 to 233 273 to 281 283 to 289 293 to 304 305 to 319 321 to 327 Lge : OS ae + a INDEX. PAGE. Analysis of granite, Pomeroy, oe e Ange of Xe a antes ae Presi ol syenite, Boro Creek, ont “Toh New South Waise by Argyle ae hn Braver, B.A. 193 |. syenite, Reevesdale, Bun-. SRBY rp of descent among — 221 gonia Abstract of the Meteorological Obse ——. z porphyry, Luml ay. oases taken at the Sydney Chane Creek, cunt a a shy Sealy tpt vob le vat sh Same Ty, Gurrs- hy. fae ncponie the Societ OEY hess bs gangam a he dks iC oe be | eens quarts porphyry Mount malatio 8. Wales... Radar Lambie, Ryda! ; . 285 |. ————- fe ive ‘Twro-wile ei Gat: gegong River vee ———— dolerite,, Waimalee, Pros- pete econ rocks’... 62 pect: Hills, Parramatta River ...... ds (pliocen e) on the south ————— basalt, Pennant Hills, : ramatta hh 6 | itural sees ate in New South | ee oa Gy Quine: ne bab othe saag 134 and Se eachytes Gladstone, Bort Ohcka'G sueensl and ———— Sturmia re referee -.. sen. 176 aoe ndr voter ha seh ccaiyeuet 176: ~~ Dendrob 2c 54 | ———— Déndrobiain Ingato V7 151 Kibliee dorms ash from New Ire- " 151 land Wied istopinecsdstiscx LO oy ie a ce a zacrocephais pee ay citys ROD Pas anes eee ars Re beudan : Bk |. Agi of false beading or a : 151 Wi Vega teives EOE lon +. 100 ‘151 he wal fepor of the Coin Pps 245 Apna helli 15 the Dein or Borst a8 SW. poska,: 82-33 | Appendix x rocks... "39, 46 bm pone aw Britain Windellama | . Cleithrolepis granulatus ...: ae wine 3] of some ° Epi iphytic Orchids, i “ ; a A Dixon, F.LC., F.CS........... 173 | Climate, A Seergieg influence of, upon ronomers, International Conference | | the gr f Wool . i. 9 | Coal produced in itis Ol limate, reagan, of, upon - Commere uth he growth of W: 235 | Co omposition of the Hawkeabuly iat on 5 tian 149 co seonnst UO. ; | Awanas of Clarke Medal xlvii beacons “of “Astronomers; ‘Tnterna- ee eae sandstone Bs Ses isiaits Meteo 31 Gorils from Elizabeth Reef, “Lord BS Baa, oe shells onthe. 69 | covdattes australis... 480s 18 ; vee z of ° ErAtnaga neg Cornwall, sand dunes Of .socsreeeoeeres Jt Borda er rock ... 62 Creed, religious, of ‘the ‘calves “of - Bingera Me 35 New Holland. .........-. veveaee 2 eres | pe sect Wataon’ 5 Bay 3 Creeks; remains ‘of, in the "Ha wwkos- - Se “nest sed lg se nr te che aes voaas in Australia. % Be. : SER 152, 158-4 et Crioceras “has nt Gaerne Er rr: > —$—_— irregulare ...cereerress* seneee iata 187, 18: clay, indication of ice action a are Cee ewwneeeee 248, | > D Dana, James Dwight, LL.D. _«---- Darwin, Charles, MD., F. RS. Eons Darwin’s views of the “Hawkesbury san weeeeneas re See eee eww e eee Marine Fossils ......... al Australia, iteny desert iccptalee OM . 8, on new method | of de- Deniliquin Mi ing true North or South... Descent laws of amoag th ea ipo mili Central A Lustra tralia aif Bee F ee one neeone ceseeeee PAGE. ok ae, POF Sircnecveints sandstone, false bedding 67, 95,. 119 Bolian : sandstone i in China Eolian stra "a 9 ee ace a PBL PUGS 3 ic. sieeve mee OO Pcidots roc m New Ireland ...... 48 Epiphytio ¢ Orchids, the ashes os 175 quisetum 190 189, ments of the iaikerbury Becelptc melanophloia .. ei n (m ee of sands... 115 ations 73 of the imveate rocks eee eee eee 54 : hae elspar ry he: POP Sacnvins ican one oe chi Ferrugino seats e Hawkesbury 78 in Sydney 17 ebleau sandstone sit Ghee Oe Formation of sands PONG. pale ae Fossils, C rine 142 eye Australia ... 147 in the Hawkesbury Rocks... 56 Mesozoic, aie the Palmer “River, Q Queensland —./g Fock ccvenk 147 il Plant Fi ion in Central by Rev. J. E. Tenison F. LS g = the Aborigines of 193 cote Newstead, New fret, NS We sks i, ce 39 dgegong River, ae of 44° G op teris angustifo lia He STE a eee 189 position of the Hawkes. a Ots ice action 85 75 RE RISE sees vi 189 i N, 8. Weles 136 county King, ' Tee action — ops WE Sion cate sek Bciene: ce action, wine Dair’ on vies A. ite from the Nile Grarki meneite, ‘county of Bligh, ne ‘Talbra, i‘ “ Grvenstone ae Gympie, Gita, one ee analysis rg n Sydne ay vise ckavebeen sy Geoontine™ setion, Of, 21ccsishsc fro crater of volcano, in fe ‘97,98 u rom ay. Manche Bay 61 " 2 i H Hardening of s a Hawkesbury Pate! Fate The, 3 Reve Ss Piha o tee ig. ¥.G.S., F.LS....... 4 pe sega position .....,...00 | stratification ......-++......00» 99 fossils ae 56 Ei are Hares paar —_— m pos Lessee Ceeneee - e eed scenes of gins eaval ..... ; ae (98 he aerial ori igin © wpeetes) RM | bee) ——— nature of the sand... ieesgcueae 64 ; . ——_—— rocks— ion... st ironstone bands and nixed origin of the strate. BM Femaingor 0 creeksan dstreams Ss. De arwin’s VieWS Of ........c658 | rocks, conglomerates ... 83, 115 retions eeerw eee ewe ree eee id Helia fos fosteriana, Barrier Rect Telesis 2 “3 “ Herring-bone” alan ee Honorasy Mew Ts Hyalite eas bad sive qns Godeueiane® i, ie he osee anne Tee grooves, scratches, sell p Incandescent electric lamps Gos verneks . Pain: ——— glacial mad... aia a boulder clay as Ree a ae is : Iti nervosa ‘ eChernie L Pisin: co nae ao 8 Bay grant “ herrin ; New pokhe. Ghaminat omposition of ve De aae from volcano, cr Britaio, Osit aa iar ; Tavs of ao the Aborigines 231 , pee bee ee nee rifithsti Apis tle erimum iy Abia ee exviii Rules o alteration of hours when tines ele ; Beier i coe Ad Donations from. New Tesla neh - fro: gai ig pe freshwa: ewstead, New England Disc, ‘Ken & South Wales 39, Windellama Creek, county ysis of BW Boush. Wales ooteae ote Members, List o: Sosa aks Gore responding Wear res : reese ees naneee cette Mereury, rua it of Mesozoic some from the Ri oe te ueen Palmer escotontest Obnervations ‘taken pie: the Sydney Observa ities Method (new) of determining true North or South: icc nie i — eo jan strata ae se nation of sands .:. ebjests mounting in ce Section Moraines, pidiontion of ice w ate objects in cutee Nat Saka New Britain rocks . : volcanic conglomerate sees senaies chemical composi- ee eereeee tion of from chemical composition Of ....++--++re+ idian or volcan pbur Siw tied tana sate piel seeeage ven nanees® a bg jp on geen eer eae cteoe! ving Deeniligin or Barratts. i Pe ie a Us 286 the’ pate: : H ae pores TOG OE lilies ais ROO Sout to ‘Wales Rocks, chemical si att ans oe 2 serthioi jets athe CB i cverscostes 1B9 Ne ib, new method of determ oe true Peta iraes © 7 | of no w Sou th sr acd ~2E ae art ‘otes on the Aborigines of New Hol- f , by James Manning ....,......... 155 0 Objects (m wien ag mounting in ce cells with Canada balsam medium 286 Oa bourne raga 10 Ley 0, 293 Oberyations recent, on sands” ud dstone oe eh “(bsteosological) takenat the _ Sydney Observatory .... “Betala: or Tilimay glass ‘tion: New seeeee Pee peaeeag of, upon the gro ‘Porphyry, Susingetons “nd co f Ri Se a sof the solar ,......--.- z ‘ River Burdekin Pypeapicay a Queendland, Mount Lambie, "then phe of , ‘ —— from New Treland .......ce105 ecom f 4 —_——— oes Fagen a and Exchanges .. eseneanens ae | Pri yee ‘131 ales 137. Proceedings of the mgd ceedings of the Section Pro duction of New South Wales weet aber of coal in New Routh Leer? of New South Wales uring _ oat 188 yaa 190 Pitopiytion OLiGONEUTUM «2050005 E ublic of the Royal Society. of New uth Pumice “front Sew Britain, chemical er ee a maser porphyry, Lumley cute” unty preys analysis Of ......-+-++. te ______. Gurragangamore, analysisof 44 — Mount Lambie, Rydal, m eal yan t re) ee ob iver “New Britain teh BAe ; Quartzite rocks, ferruginous ........+- Queensland Main Range......--.--++-re* | en fossils from from the _ “(Ce entra te i for "19 mati eeaeeecee Palmer R Rain, artificial Meare S Wik ie Rain tropical....... pereee seeeeeeee naveneseasd 11 2 Red Fade of the Ha pygaegne rocks | Religious ereed, &e., of the nati iecctesaoice Report of the PLP ; A: i LO Saag UNDEX. ek pie ames PAGE. th. Rocks, ep 48 | Sendaond, clin in in, Ohina.<:)onca ee —__—— the Hawkesbury ............... 53 | ————_— ag saindhiown oe — Hb sicec 54 | Sandsto: 6a ptt ene geological position.. 55 | Sandy Sosurks b Fontaine je | Cus aeraranaras ation.. ... 55, 99 Sanguinolites teniso ages 145°; a ,, Fossils eee 56 | Section, Mie 250,285 — 57 —— Medica 250,289 ey angele nof ..... 58 Beeese, Proceedings Of.....sscessse0+ 285 ——— , absenceof upheaval, 59 ie: ia 199 (93, 108, ui : ee gin of aatt gia, ‘Wallerawang, anatals OF as Pp nature of the sand.. G4 ———— in sandstone areas ......--.008 ; NAtION.........006 steric oe of, glaz urfaces... —— and Sharp, Henry, on the mounting of aps Serr 71 see in aly with Canada: eR awe eeeen coneretio eee weeene of . Wal ears 1872 to 1881.. : 181 h u.A,, on t ano influence ie the Seetvalien Clim res upon the Seeruthy cs as BA, FRAS, Aa- Be Wes waee eee 2 sf s Salt Boao of ‘New South Wales, Shells, Boeke Reef Islan seayvad ing of New a “Wales, seg ee Sigillaria dichotom ipeeies bee Slate, Cox’s tg analysis of iooiseaan —— Wollo y River ie Solar jpn vale of hen ) new method of determining ckbed eettol “gute Sphenaptorie alata . Shope suese reeene —_——— iy sbneibice cick cae a hi giab conte Spondylus Prieur 8 trata, eolian, “Mexico ene” yk Stratified rocks | .......0. cs ees eee nse eret 80 stigmaria St esert, <— ‘Austtalis Si ash of . ar ‘utlastey 4 in IN ew South Wales..: Sul crater in Muiabieast in is i New S: Sydney 0 Ohvera wll reat fires .....:--sseenertee Syenite, gS Gredk: county Argyle. le, Bungonia *...-+ Syringodendron dichotomum ... eye : ae Tellina nesses Thinnfeldia plokiogincdine FOTI, --sccen-svecnsds «os 0 0p Oy O99 Thinnfeliia odonleptoraee e al Rai enus .. .. 8 ns; by'H. C. Russell, -R.A.S. 11 rocks, 3, 108, 111 — Wide ‘Bay sand d we ods Tenison-, ‘| Xanthorrea minor ; Y Youth (aboriginal) of N.S.W. .. NOTIGE. : ets ofthe Royal Society of New South Wales are informed that the Library. will be open for consultation and for the issue of books daily (except Saturdays) from. 1-30 to 6 p.m., and on Saturdays from 9.a.m. to 130 p-m.; also on the evenings of : Monday: We ie and Friday, from 7 to ro p.m. es - Pepircartoys. 2 © Cutten of. thie following publications of the Society can be : es 2 at the Society's House in E lizabeth-street : — | s of the Phil. Society of N.S.W., 1862-6, price, tose of aes tapes NSW, a we a>malemaen :