= ^ TRANSACTIONS 0 HORTICULTURAL SOCIET Mn rt ae ae i Min ADVERTISEMENT. Tur Committee appointed by the Horticultural Society to direct the publication of the Papers read before them, take this opportu- nity to inform the Public, that the grounds of their choice are, and will continue to be, the importance and singularity of the subjects, or the advantageous manner of treating them, without pretending to answer for the certainty of the facts, or the propriety of the rea- sonings, contained in the several Papers so published; which must still rest on the credit or judgment of their respective Authors. It is likewise necessary, on this occasion, to remark, that it is an established rule of this Society, to which they will always adhere, never to give their opinion, as a body, upon any subject, either of Nature or Art, that comes before them. And therefore the thanks which are proposed from the Chair, to be given to the Authors of such Papers as are read at the General Meetings, or to the Persons who send fruits, or other vegetable productions, or exhibit Inven- tions of various kinds to the Society, are to be considered in no other light than as a matter of civility, in return for the respect shewn to the Society by these communications. VOL. II. 2ND SERIES. a CONTENTS. I. Journal of Meteorological Observations made in the Garden of the Horticultural Society at Chiswick during the year 1834. By Mr. Robert Thompson. p.1 Il. Upon the Causes of the Diseases and Deformities of the Leaves of the Peach-Tree. By Thomas Andrew Knight, Esq. F.R.S. President. p. 27 III. Particulars respecting the mode of Cultivation, &c. of the Averrhoa Carambola. By James Bateman, Esq. F. HS. p. 30 IV. On the Cultivation of Chlidanthus fragrans, a hardy bulbous plant. In a Letter to the Secretary. By R. W. Byres, Esq. p. 32 V. Upon the causes of the premature death of parts of the Branches of the Moor-Park Apricot, and some other wall Fruit-Trees. By Thomas Andrew Knight, Esq. F.R.S. President. p. 34 VI. On forcing Peaches and Nectarines. By Mr. John Mearns, ALS: p. 37 VII. On the power possessed by Plants of absorbing coloured infusions by their roots. By G. J. Towers, Esq. C.M.H.S. p. 41 VIII. On the means employed in raising a tree of the Imperatrice Nectarine. In a Letter to the Secretary. By T. A. Knight, Esq. F.R.S. President. p. 47 IX. Abstract of a Memoir on the Cultivation of French Pears in Scotland, and on the foundation and management of Fruit Bor- ders, with the view of bringing the Trees into a bearing state lv CONTENTS. at an early period of their growth, and increasing their general productiveness. By Mr. Gregor Drummond, Gardener to Sir Robert Preston, Bart. Communicated by the Council of the Caledonian Horticultural Society. p. 49 X. Descriptions of several New Varieties of Fruit raised by Thomas Andrew Knight, Esq. from Seed; together with Notes thereon by Mr. Knight. p. 62 XI. Note upon Mimulus cardinalis; a new, hardy, herbaceous plant. By John Lindley, Ph. D. F. R.S. Assistant Secre- tary. p. 70 XII. Journal of Meteorological Observations made in the Garden of the Horticultural Society at Chiswick during the year 1835. By Mr. Robert Thompson. p. 13 XIII. 4 Note upon Oncidium Lanceanum; @ new Species of Orchideous Epiphyte. By John Lindley, Ph. D. F. RS. Assistant Secretary. p. 100 XIV. On Two Species of Insects which are found injurious to the Pear Tree. By Thomas Andrew Knight, Esq. F. R. S. Pre- sident. p. 104 XV. Notice of the most Remarkable Varieties of Fruits sent to the Society since 1831. By Mr. Robert Thompson. p. 108 XVI. On the Grafting of Vines. By Mr. William Gowans. Communicated by the Horticultural Society of Glasgow. p. 114 XVII. Upon the supposed Absorbent Powers of the Cellular Points, or Spongioles, of the Roots of Trees, and other Plants. By Thomas Andrew Knight, Esg. F. R. S. President. p. 117 XVIII. Observations on a Seedling Pear raised by Thomas Andrew Knight, Esq. called the Althorp Crasanne. By Mr. Robert Thompson. p. 119 XIX. On the Cultivation of the Bignonia venusta. Zn a Letter lo the Secretary. By Mr. George Phillips, Gardener to the Misses Trevor. p. 122 CONTENTS. y XX. On the Cultivation of Alströmerias. In a Leiter to the Secretary.. By Mr. W. Scott, Gardener to Charles Barclay, Esq. M. P. F. H. S. p. 124 XXI. On the Means of Destroying the Red Spider in the Melon Frame. By Thomas Andrew Knight, Esq. F. R. S. President. p. 126 XXII. Journal of Meteorological Observations made in the Garden of the Horticultural Society at Chiswick during the year 1836. By Mr. Robert Thompson. p. 129 XXIII. An Account of some further Experiments, made in the Garden of the Society, in the year 1836, relative to the Cultiva- tion of Potatoes. By Mr. Robert Thompson, Under Gar- dener in the Fruit Department. -— p. 156 XXIV. Onthe Cultivation of the Melon in open Frames. By John Williams, Esg. C.M.H.S. Ina Letter to the Secretary. p.161 XXV. On the Cultivation of Figs. By Thomas Andrew Knight, Esg. F. R. S. President. p. 165 XXVI. Note on the Cultivation of the Cinnamon in England. By Mr. William Buchan, F. H. S. In a Letter to the Secretary. p. 168 XXVII. Explanatory Notes respecting Six New Varieties of Vine recently introduced from Dukhun (Deccan). By Colonel Sykes, F. R. S. p. 170 XXVIII. Upon the Culture of the Strawberry. By Thomas Andrew Knight, Esq. F. R. S. President. p. 175 XXIX. Note upon Cattleya guttata. By John Lindley, Ph. D. F. R. S. Assistant Secretary. =P ETT XXX. On the Preservation of the early Foliage of Peach and Nectarine Trees. By Thomas Andrew Knight, Esg. F. R.S. President. p. 180 XXXI. A New Method of destroying Insects in Stoves and Green Houses. Ina Letter to the Secretary. By Mr.‘James Ingram. : p. 183 vi CONTENTS. XXXII. Upon the Economical Use of Melon Frames. By Thomas Andrew Knight, Esq. F. R. S. President. p. 185 XXXIII. Journal of Meteorological Observations made in the Garden of the Horticultural Society at Chiswick during the year 1837. By Mr. Robert Thompson. p. 189 XXXIV. On the Propagation of Trees by Cuttings in Summer. By Thomas Andrew Knight, Esq. F. R. S. President. p. 216 XXXV. Notes on the Cultivation of Chlidanthus fragrans. In a Letter to the Secretary. By the Rev. F. Belfield, F. H.S. p. 220 XXXVI. Note upon a Newly-introduced Half-hardy Species of Salvia patens. By George Bentham, Esg. Secretary. p. 222 XXXVII. Observations upon the Effects produced on Plants by the Frost, which occurred in England in the Winter of 1837-8. By John Lindley, Ph. D. F. R. S. Vice Secre- tary. p. 225 XXXVIII. Journal of Meteorological Observations made in the Garden of the Horticultural Society at Chiswick during the year 1838. By Mr. Robert Thompson. p. 317 XXXIX. Upon raising Coniferous Plants from seed. By Mr. George Gordon, Under Gardener in the Hardy Department of the Society s Garden. p. 344 XL. On the Improvement of the Wild Carrot. By M. Vilmorin, F. M. H.S. p. 348 XLI. Upon forcing the Peach Tree. By Mr. Robert Er- rington, Gardener to Sir Philip De Malpas Grey Egerton, Bart. M.P. F.H.S. Oulton Park, Cheshire. p. 357 XLII. On Heating by Hot Water. By John Rogers, Jun. Esq. F.R.S. F.H.S. p. 364 XLIII. Report on the progress of the Horticultural Society of London, from May 1, 1830, to April 30, 1840. Prepared by Order of the Council. p. 373 XLIV. On the Cultivation and Management of the Cactus tribe. CONTENTS. vil By Mr. D. Beaton, Gardener to Thomas Harris, Esq. F.H.S. Kingsbury. p. 459 XLV. Upon the advantage of Root Pruning in Pear Trees. By Mr. Thomas Rivers, Jun. Nurseryman, Sawbridgeworth. p. 471 XLVI. A note on the Chorozema varium; a new Greenhouse Shrub from Swan River, with a plate. By Professor Lindley. p. 478 XLVII. Journal of Meteorological Observations made in the Garden of the Horticultural Society at Chiswick during the year 1839. By Mr. Robert Thompson. p. 481 XLVIII. Note upon Achimenes longiflora, a new plant from Gua- temala. By Mr. Robert Fortune; Superintendent of the Hot- house Department of the Society's Garden. p. 508 XLIX. On a System of pruning Fruit Trees. In a Letter to the Secretary. By Mr. Henry Crace. p. 511 L. Experiments upon the effects of Kyanized Wood, and Mer- curial Vapour upon Plants. By Mr. Robert Fortune ; Super- intendent of the Hothouse Department of the Society's Garden. p. 515 LI. Some account of the Ickworth Imperatrice Plum. By Mr. Robert Thompson ; Superintendent of the Orchard and Kitchen Garden Department of the Society's Garden. p. 522 LII. On the Cultivation of Grapes on flued walls in the open air in Scotland. By Mr. George Shiells; Gardener to Lord Blantyre, Erskine House, near Glasgow. p. 525 LIIL Journal of Meteorological Observations made in the Gar- dens of the Horticultural Society at Chiswick during the year 1840. By Mr. Robert Thompson. p. 529 List of Books and other Articles presented to the Library of the Horticultural Society of London, from January 1, 1835, to December 1841, with the names of the Donors. DIRECTIONS TO THE BINDER. Plate 1 The Meteorological Diagram - - (toface page 1 2 Averrhoa Carambola E - - - - 30 3 Mimulus cardinalis - - - E - - 70 4 The Meteorological Diagram - - - - 73 5 Oncidium Lanceanum ' - - - - - 100 6 Althorp Crasanne Pear - E E - ee 7 The Meteorological Diagram - - - - . 129 8 Cattleya guttata - - - - E = hig 9 The Meteorological SRP - - - - 189 10 Salvia patens - - E - - - 222 11 The Meteorological Diagram — - | © - 317 12 Chorozema varium - - - - - 478 13 The Meteorological Diagram - - E - 481 14 Achimenes longiflora - - - - - 508 15 Ickworth Imperatrice Plum E - - - $22 16 The Meteorological Diagram - E E - 929 SECOND SERIE ADVERTISEMENT. T uz Committee appointed by the Horticultural Society to direct the publication of the Papers read before them, take this opportu- nity to inform the Public, that the grounds of their choice are, and will continue to be, the importance and singularity of the subjects, orthe advantageous manner of treating them, without pretending to answer for the certainty of the facts, or the propriety of the rea- sonings, contained in the several Papers so published ; which must still rest on the credit or judgment of their respective Authors. It is likewise necessary, on this occasion, to remark, that it is an established rule of this Society, to which they will always adhere, never to give their opinion, as a body, upon any subject, either of Nature or Art, that comes before them. And therefore the thanks which are proposed from the Chair, to be given to the Authors of such Papers as are read at the General Meetings, or to the Persons who send fruits, or other vegetable productions, or exhibit Inven- tions of various kinds to the Society, are to be considered in no other light than as a matter of civility, in return for the respect shewn to the Society by these communications. à 3 K s p BR CONTENTS. I. Journal of Meteorological Observations made in the Garden of the Horticultural Society at Chiswick during the year 1834. By Mr. RosznT Tuowrsox. p. 1 II. Upon the Causes of the Diseases and Deformities of the Leaves of the Peach-Tree. By Tuomas Anprew Kuranr, Esq. F.R.S. President. p. 27 III. Particulars respecting the mode of Cultwation, &c. of the . Averrhoa Carambola. By James Bateman, Esq. F. H.S. p. 30 IV. On the Cultwation of Chlidanthus fragrans, a hardy bulbous plant. Ina Letter to the Secretary. By R. W. Byres, Esq. p. 32 V. Upon the causes of the premature death of parts of the Branches of the Moor-park Apricot, and some other wall Fruit-Trees. By Tuomas Anprew Knicut, Esq. F.R.S. President. p. 34 VI. On Forcing Peaches and Nectarines. By Mr. Joun Mearns, F.H.S. p. 37 VII. On the power possessed by Plants of absorbing coloured infusions by their roots. By G.J. Towers, Esq. C.M.H.S. | p.41 VIII. On the means employed in raising a tree of the Imperatrice Nectarine. In a Letter to the Secretary. By T. A. Knieur, Esq. F. R.S. President. p. 417 IX. Abstract of a Memoir on the Cultivation of French Pears in Scotland, and on the foundation and management of Fruit Borders, with the view of bringing the Trees into a bearing state iv CONTENTS. at an early period of their growth, and increasing their general productiveness. By Mr. Grecor Drummonp, Gardener to Sir RosrnT Preston, Bart. Communicated by the Council of the Caledonian Horticultural Society. | p. 49 X. Descriptions of several New Varieties of Fruit raised by Tuomas Anprew Knieut, Esq. from Seed; together with Notes thereon by Mr. Knieurt. p. 62 XI. Note upon Mimulus cardinalis ; a new, hardy, herbaceous plant. By Joun Linpuey, Ph. D. &c. &c. Assistant Secre- tary. p. 70 DIRECTIONS TO THE BINDER. The Meteorological Diagram - - to face page 1 Averrhoa Carambola - E E - " = - 30 Mimulus cardinalis - - - - - - - 10 422240407 $,2222UP(F vogowow42W,g S.VIAYUIAYO J : abo) uwivg SS z Sj N $ S `~ E x N s] i 700 ig | 3S RN 3 § S FN S SS e d Ss M 3 | Wq^*9 NMS Dec. N. ^ ji Nov. `A Oct. 9 Sept. IEPA. . LA, "C Au G. v — Siulyv » — PLZSECOND SERIES. ^ r June e e Mav $ W S à Š - 1 Mon the pro * . [ a pa > p "d Mar 4 ji | T L Feb. l | | | 1 i i | I I ji | | | Mean Height of the Barometer, in 1834 LY. Mean and Extremes of Temperature and Mean e the Dew-Po int, in 1834. y depth of Rat F SAI t | L ji [ Sas stars S A AlS S LAIZAIM OLD GT -> IB 3S JOO X 30 X A OO ee Sd >) S ` : 3 : - ; | R8 N Ry 09 WM Ww 3 A5 3^ N^ S Ns UN S v 9". Nw SBETS 52722 "uv(7 “LAIZIMOUMAIAY TS PIAYUAPLYOT ALO uva 29 SS SSS sis § E: I. Journal of Meteorological Observations made in the Garden of the Horticultural Society at Chiswick during per 1834. By Mr. Rosert Tuompson. No alteration has taken place in the manner of keeping this Journal. you. l 2ND SERIES. B [2] JANUARY. Morning. Noon. Night. 1834. H Barom. Hygrometer, Weather, Barom. Hygrometer. Weather. Barom, Hygrometer. Weather. W.| 1| 29.893] 39 35 4 |Very Clear 29.926 | 44. 3 11 (Clear & very Fine|| 30-084 38 38 |—|Very Clear € Th. | 2/39.305| 35 | 30 5 Di odi 39 ud 9 |Ditto * —.414| 34 | 34 |—|Overcast F.| 3| —114| 44 | 44 | — (Slight Rain |29.990| 49 | 49 | — Cloudy 29.911| 51 | 51. |— |Rain S.| 4| —.021| 49 | 46 3 Cloudy 30.145| 45 | 39 6 Ditto 30.188| 42 |42 |— Hazy S.| 5|—.-084| 48 | 48 | — |Haz —.021| 49 | 46 3 Ditto —— —.003| 45 | 45 |—|Overcast — M. | 6| 29.822) 47 | 44 3 Cloudy 29.703| 50 | 50 | — Show 29.403| 49 | 49 |— Heavy Rain T.| 7| —.607| 40 | 40 | — e —632| 44 | 37 7 |Fine —.528| 39 | 39 |— |Overcast W.| 8)—.217| 45 | 45 | — Cloudy —.266| 49 | 49 | — |Heavy Rain || —349| 44 | 44 |— Foggy @ Th.| 9| —416| 40 | 40 | — |Foggy —.389| 41 | 41 | — |Hazy «quaa rp pe o HER F.|10| —. 112] 40 | 40 | — Cloudy —.159| 45 | 43 2 Fine s«zop 42 |47 |— Duto S. |11| —.413| 43 | 43 | — (Clear —.440| 50 | 46 4 |Ditto —.201| 48 |48 |— Ditto S. 12| —.119| 48 48 — Rain —.O71{ 51 51 — 165| 47 Ag p Ditto [Showers] M. |13| —.636| 45 | 45 | — |Slight Rain ||—665| 51 | 51 | — |Stormy & Wet| —691| 59 |59 |— Windy with T.|14|—.669| 47 | 47 | — |Cloudy —.646| 50 | 47 3 Overcast —.493| 49 46 3 jf ine : W.|15|—.302| 45 | 45 | — = Rain ||—.534| 48 | 42 Fine —.616| 47 |47 |— Slight Rain Th. 16| —.522| 45 | 45 | — |Fine 1241 53 $53 | — Cloudy —.615| 51 et 1— Cloud ; F.\17|—.421| 50 | 50 | — |Heavy Rain (—.399| 50 | 50 | — Rain —.367| 45 | 45 |— |Fine, Lightning | D S.18|—.566| 45 | 42 3 |Clearing —.653| 49 | 49 | — Stormy Showers —0)4 339 [83 j|— $./119, —.684| 40 | 40 | — |Overcast —.590| 45 | 45 | — |Hazy cwDEQOH C | M. 20| 30.006, 40 | 40 | — |Fine 30.053| 47 | 44 3 [Overcast —.978| 43 | 43 |— Overcast T. 29.933| 45 45 — Cloudy & Cool 29.889 | 53 53 Zn (Ra — 869 50 50 |— Very Fine W.|z2| —659| 51 | 51 | — (Cloudy —.617| 50 | 50 | — |Heavy Rain | —968| 44 | 44 |— Ditto Th. 23| —784| 52 | 52 | — Rain —.811| $6 | 56 | — Cloud —.897| 54 | 54 |— |Drizzly F.|24|—.997| 54 | 54 | — |Fine —.905| 55 55 | — |Ditto —,884| 54 | 54 |— Rain O $8.25/30.098| 47 | 44 3 Ditto 30.172| 51 | 40 | 11 |Clear and Fine) 30.121) 45 | 45 |— Hazy S. |26| 29.876} 52 $2 | — |Overcast 29.869 | 55 a4 — (Cloudy, Drizzly | 29-942] 5! 50 1 Light Haze M. |27) —.871) 46 | 46 | — Rain —.829| 49 | 49 | — |Hazy with Rain ||—697| 51 | 5t | — Cloudy T. (28| —-489| 52 | 52 | — |Di —.249| 55 | 51 4 |Fine —.721| 40 |49 |—|St ormy & Wet W. |29] 30.224) 32 | 25 7 \Clear &Frosty|30.289| 35 | 27 8 |Ditto & Clear || 30.449} 29 | 29 — Clear & Frosty Th. |30| —.3 36 36 — [Overcast —.276 | 43 40 3 |Overcast —.197| 44 44 |— Overcast 1d F.|31| —152| 47 | 47 | — SlightShowers|—.146| 48 | 45 3 |Ditto and Fine| —195| 40. |49 |— Ditto 29.751|44-80 |43.90 | .go 29.753 48.35 |45.67 (2-67 29.763 |44-96 44-84.| -12 | i! [3] JANUARY. ‘Temperature. Wind, Rain. Remarks. Days. Max Min Sun Rad. | Direction. | Force. | In. Pts. : The last month of the preceding year was remarkable for the 1| 44 36 52 31 NW | Brisk great quantity of rain, and in the present, there were only six | 6 39 ss 26 ==} Little 04 | days in which more or less did not MAKE the amount being more 3 [4 44 g* 42 w Ditto :03 | than an inch above the ge. inds, frequently strong sc 4e 52 39 N Ditto or brisk,were, with a few exceptions, either from a south, south- 5: G 49 ae 42 SW | Ditto west, or west direction. The temperature was only twice below 6, 5o 36 $2 3t S Ditto 20 | the freezing pomt; $ armer month of January, through- Zbs£45.|- 35 53 31 SW | Brisk 06 | out, has perhaps seldom or ever occurred. The direct power of 8| 46 | 37 | 48 |.38 E | Little :26 | the solar sr was less than usual, from the aldibst constantly S-ko 44 38 47 37 S Ditto 20 | clouded or overcast state of the ioa eri yet the mean tem- O11 aa 4r | $.1-37-L—-— | Ditto IO | perature was nearly 10° above the average. Such was the effect Im 51 46 55 44 =~ | Ditto -14 | of this on vegetation that, by the aM of the fiche, Almond _— 41 56 35 s Wik :99 | trees were to be seen generally in blossom 13.|-: $3 47 58 44 SW Strong 07 14 | 50 42 52 38 S Little .og | Mean Pressure from the 3 daily observations r^ 7 55 5 inches. 15 56 42 60 37 Ww Brisk .10 Temperature MERE. Ditto Gi ol 16 55 42 59 44. S Ditto TUR amor. Dew Pomt .:... 45 Ditto Slee : "E 17 |. 52 43 53 39 SW Ditto A1 | —— Degree of Dryness ... Ditto ....... 1.23 18 50 38 52 30 S Strong .02 Degree of Moisture .. Ditto duis . 19 46 37 50 30 Ww Little .o6 F Vapo Ears 328 inch. ap-b 52 46 54 42 SW Ditto Least observed degree of Moisture ....... 21 44 54 38 — | Ditto .o1 | Maximum Temperature in the Shade +... . 58° 22 | 54 44 54 40 W Ditto 57 Minimum Temperature in ditto ........ 2,28 23 |4-58 53 58 50 SW Brisk .o1 | Maximu empera e Sun oo GLa". Al 55 47 56 41 —— | Strong .o4 | Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation $e. | 25 | 54 37 60 34 Ww Little .o6 | Mean Temperature of external Air ...... . 459.46 20| 5 46 56 43 SW | Brisk 05 27 4 8 4 4 — | Little Te) 28 : 6 s 4 = He w Brisk E ie $ x 1 days | N- Bast y» z Srt. : DEN... as: .. TS EE. S 91 3 TE 39.518 phu des Ent... t. | N. Wet... i Jl 47 3 49 3 itto 12 31 | 48 34 59 = S Ditto West... ss 6 S: West: cons II 39:29 | 40:04] 53:09) 36:48 su Amount of Rain... ^" los passare 2,87 inch. L2] FEBRUARY. Morning. Noon. Night. 1834 £ Hygrometer. Weather, Barom. Hygrometer. Weather. Barom. Hygrometer, Weather. EANAIR, 35 35 e Slight Frost 30.145] 45 35 10 |Fine 30.090| 36 | 36 | — (Overcast & Fine S.| 2 40 | 36 | 4|Frosty&Foggy|29.955| 40 | 36 | 4 [Slight Haze |29.900| 45 | 45 | — [Fi M.| 3 38 | 38 | — |Clear 30.021| 47 | 47 | — |Fine 95| 40 | 4O | — (Overcast T.| 4 44 | 40 4 |Overcast 29.834| 49 | 45 4 |Ditto —.859| 42 | 42 | — |Cloudy & Fine W.|5 5| 39 | 39 | — |Clear & Fine |—.840| 50 | 50 | — [Slight Rain ||—.763| 47 | 47 | — [Rain Th.| 6 33 |33 | — |Foggy 30.0521 47 | 47 | — EN Fine /|0.o81| 40 | 40 | — |Fine [Fog F.| 7 31 |31! | — |Ditto & Frosty|—.070| 41 | 41 | — |Foggy —.196, 30 | 30 | — |Frosty with dense e 35.38 29 | 29 | — m Fog |——.174| 36 | 36 | — |Ditto —.252|28 | 28 | — |Ditto S.| 9 Peck ae. a —.422| 36 | 36 | — Ditto —.482| 33 | 33 | — |Dense Fog M. (to 29 29 EET Frosty vit Fog —.387| 43 43 — |Fine 277| 40 40 — [Slight Rain OT. [11 43 35 43. hi- IR —.13 5 |45 | — |Ditt 29.997| 40 | 40 | — [Overcast W. AT Lélolce Ditto 29.721| 46 | 46 | — |Showery 88 3 |:33 | — [Clear Th. 32 | 32 | — |Fro 30.108| 46 | 39 7 |Fin 30.287| 32 | 32 | — [Slightly Overcast F. 35 |35 | — |Slight Fog- |—.328| 46 | 40 6 |Ditto —.350|:39 | 39 | — |Fine S. 40 | 40 | — |Foggy —.309| 46 | 46 | — |Ditto 359| 36 | 36 | — |Do. with Clouds D S. 36. | 33 3 |Ditto -421| 42 | 42 | — |Cold Haze |—.484| 28 | 28 | — |Clear & Frosty M. 25 25 — jSharp Frost ||—.270| 43 | 43 | — |Clear & Fine —.269| 42 | 42 | — |Overcast T. 44 | 42 2 — R —.034| 47 | 47 | — |Overcast —.072| 45 | 45 | — |Ditto W. 45 -4-42 3 |Overc 29.952| 44 | 44 | — Ditto —.oo8| 49 | 46 3 |Ditto | Th. 40. 1.40. ues Ditto & Fine 30.194| 43 | 43 | — |Cloudy 29.967| 48 | 45 3 Cloudy & Windy Lr F. 1.4.41. | — |Fine wal 171} 48 | 36 | 12 |Very Fine 30.289} 36 | 36 | — |Fin S. 35 | 35. -| — Ditto, with slight -—.425|-47 | 40 7 |Di —.406| 49 | 37 3 Ditto E © S 46 33 3 |ColdandOvercast||—.265| 53 48 5 |Cloudy —.258| 47 45 2 |Do.and Overcast} — M. 49 |49 | — |Cloudy —.o80| $4 | 49 5 |Ditto —.207| 46 — |Fine P3 = 37. | 37 | — [Slight Frost |—.510| 48 | 34 | 14 |Clear & Fine |—.517| 35 | 35 | — |Clear & Ditto] - W. 38 | 38 | — [Overcast -—384| $2 | 42 to Ditto —.286| 35 35 | — {Clear Th. 48 | 48 itto —.159| 56 | 52 4 |Cloudy —.143| 51 | 51 | — |Cloudy F. $4 | 54 | — |Small Rain —328| 49 | 49 | — Slight Rain ||—.496| 46 46 | — |Overcast & Fine 38.60|37.89] .71 30.167 46.03 |42.89| 3.14 ge 184.|39.60 |39.21 |.39 Qt ind FEBRUARY. Temperature. Wind. Rain. | E Remarks. Days, Max. | Min. Sun. | Rad. | Direction. | Force. In. Pts. H ae az i4 x p Little The mean temperature of this month was about 4? below 4 3 à a7 S | Ditto that of the preceding; still it was 3149 above the average. 3 ss 37 wd 34 patto Occasionally the nights were frosty, more especially those of 4 | $939 ae oz Ditto the 8th and 16th, yet the beauty of the Almonds in blossom - 3 = 32 54 E Ditto 10 | remained surprisingly conspicuous alnar the month. aed z 54 P SW | Ditto The uantity of limited, scarcely amounting to 7| 42 27 46 24 Ditto q ty of rain was very limite y g 8 ý ^ 18 N D zo Of an inch. Winds from a south or west direction con- 37 5 4 tuo tinued to be most prevalent. 9| 40 27 45 24 SE Ditto IO | 43 32 56 28 S Ditto .03 pels Se 31 54 24. NW | Ditto .07 Mean Pressure from the 3 daily observations 30.177 inches. I2 | 47 39 54 35 Ww Ditto .07 i asta "ai o's vv yw Ditto ...... ee S| Pp 63 27 NW | Ditto — Dew Point... vss Ditto $5. se . 40°01 14 | 48 34 58 26 W Ditto Decree. of peines s DINO < «obs .2 3940 15 | 44 32 56 25 NE Ditto Degree of Moisture . . Ditto ...... : .942 inch. 16 | 45 |—24 $8 |—16 == tn Of Vapour era Ditto css : .280 17 | 47 39 63 37 W. Ditto Least avii degree of Moisture ...... : 617 18 | 46 45 48 43 pee i. Maximum Temperature in Shade ....... n EST 38 56 32 SW | Brisk Minimum Temperature in ditto ........ XP 20 | 51 37 6o 29 i | biH .03 Maximum Temperature in Sun .. ....... = 21 50 30 67 23 W Ditto Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation . ...... 16° 22 |o 58 40 67 32 SW Ditto n Temperature of External Air ...... 419.49 341 43 47 e 45 Brisk 24 54. 32 362 24 S Ditto .OI 25 56 3B [442 20 SW Little "i sap 26 | 56 31 68 25 S |Ditto North... 1 days af Ee aves 2 days 27 | 38 45 57 44 — | Brisk .Ol South....... y x OPPPEU. | Lgs 28 4-59 44 57 42 E Eus. .05 LB... 1 N. West bv eris Bes | West i accses 3 4 5, Wet. Ee | SEE | | 28 days. l | Amount of Rain ......... d 0.37 inch. 48.93 | 34.06 57.28. 28.47 | 0.37 | | [ 6 ] MARCH. Morning. Noon, Night. 1834. £ Barom. Hygrometer, Weather. Barom. Hygrometer. Weather. Barom. Hygrometer. Weather. S.) 1) 30.473) 49 | 49 | — |Cloudy 30.460| 54 | 54 | — |Cloudy 30.403, 49 | 49 | — [Overcast (€ 5.2 —301| 49 | 47 2 |Fine —.307| 5 47 9 |Very Fine —.410| 48 | 48 | — |Cloudy M.| 31—417| 45 | 45 | — |Hazy —4387| 53 | 50 3 |Overcast &Do.|| —.293| 48 | 48 | — |Overcast T.| 4|—.162| 52 | 52 | — |Fine —.124| 55 | 48 7 |Very Fine 29.962| 51 | 5o 1 |Ditto W.| 5$(29.793| 52 | 52 | — |Cloudy & Windy ||29-753| 55 | 55 | — (Clo —.569| 52 | 52 | — |Rain & Windy, Th. 6,—.985| 41 | 41 | — Clear 0.039, 52. | 36 | 16 |Fine 30.007| 48 | 46 2 |Clear F.| 7| 30.230] 44 | 43 I |Very Fine —.250| 58 | 48 | ro |Ditto —.314| 46 | 46 | — |Fine and Do. S.| 8,—.329| 48 | 48 | — [Fin 321-321 47 10 |Ditto —.386| 50 | 48 2 |Ditto S.| 9| —.496| 53 | 48 5 |Ditto —.470| 58 | 49 9 |Ditto —.463| 46 | 46 | — |Ditto @ M.1:0|—.375/ 45 | 43 2 |Ditto —.338| 57 | 49 8 |Ditto —.403| 45 | 45 | — |Ditto T.|11] —.496| 48 | 46 2 |Ditto —.504| 56 | 49 7 |Ditto —4498| 40 | 40 | — [Ditto W.12|—.492| 40 | 40 | — |Foggy —.524| 55 | 49 6 |Ditto —.451| 48 | 48 | — Overcast Th.13| —432| 46 | 46 | — R —.418| 49 | 49 | — |Drizzly —.382| 37 | 37 | — |Clear F.14,—4094 35 | 35 | — \Frosty —-375| 54 | 38 | 16 [Fine —463| 45 | 45 | — |Overcast 8.115| —.555| 43 35 8 (Cold and Dry | —.547| 52 | 32 | 20 |Ditto —^.569, 33 33 | — |Clear S.16| —.575| 42 | 39 3 |Fine —491| 53 | 39 | 14 |jDitto —.515| 37 | 37 | — |Very Clear M.|17| —511| 43 | 40 3 Cloudy & Cold | —.419| 45 | 38 7 |Cloudy&Cold| —.523| 40 | 35 5 |Clear D T.18,—.587| 38 | 26 | 12 |Ditto —5552 43 | 28 | 15 |Cold and Dry | —.579| 31 | 25 6 |Ditto W. 596| 30 | 26 4 Sharp Frost ||—.554| 46 | 25 |21 [Ditto —.537| 31 | 26 5 |Ditto Th.20|—.491| 35 | 40 5 |Cold and Dry | —.484| 45 | 39 6 oudy —.468| 36 | 35 1 |Ditto F. 459| 37 | 33 4 |Frosty 422, 47 | 37 | 10 jHazy & Cold | —343| 41 | 37 4 |Overcast —.260| 41 | 33 8 Fine -151| 54 | 44 | IO |Fine —.125| 41 | 41 | — |Clearing —058| 40 | 40 | — pDitto 29.914| 50 | 42 8 |Ditto 29.770| 51 | 51 | — |Cloudy 29-814, 46 | 36 | 10 |Ditto —.845| 48 | 36 | 12 |Cold and Dry | —.877| 40 | 38 2 |Clear —-899| 37 | 27 | 10 |Clear & Cold ||—.976| 43 | 25 | 18 [Ditto 0.117} 32 | 30 2 |Ditto 30.185| 31 | 29 2 |Sharp Frost || 30.200) 46 | 20 | 26 |Very Dry —4.191| 39 | 35 4 |Overcast .129| 45 | 42 3 |Fine —.110| 56 |42 | 14 |Cloudy &Fine|| —.008| 47 47 | — |Cloudy 29.814 48 | 48 | — |Overcast 29.559, 50 | 50 | — [Rain 29.647| 43 | 43 | — |Clear —.687| 45 | 40 5 |Clear —.703| 52 | 40 | 12 |Fine —.814/ 37 | 37 | — |Ditto —.946| 40 | 40 | — [Ditto —.919| 53 | 35 | 18 [Ditto —.896 43 | 43 | — |Rain —.892| 40 | 40 | — Ditto —.952| 46 | 33 | 13 |Do.and Cold | 30.026| 40 | 40 | — |Fine 30.249 E 2.87 30.228 [51.54 |41.06 |10.48 30.258 |42.42 |41.32 |1.10 SR Gane te ts PR ay Se TUS TE RENE TUIS EP ARN BE Sr TNT i Ws eM SL E Ear EE cus iia mA re. oui E E HIM. MARCH Temperature. Wind. Rain Remarks. Days| Max. | Min. Sun. Rad. | Direction. | Force. In. Pts. I |::56 45 57 44. Ww Little This month, like the preceding, was dry and groupes for 2| 56 47 66 44 SW Ditto the operations of the ere were no frosts of any 11-54 43 67 41 S Ditto severe duration, that on the night of the 18th was the greatest, 4| 56 44. 69 39 —— | Brisk the temperature being 8° below the freezing point. It may 5 57 5o 71 46 SW Ditto .1o | remarked that in this, as well as in the preceding month, de 6 57 39 58 33 — | Ditto .o1 | greatest frost came in the train of a north-east wind, and such 7 |+60 43 73 38 —— | Little .o4 | Will be observed to be very generally, if not always the case, in 8 59 44 67 38 S Brisk spring. With a temperature averaging several degrees above 9| 59 41 72 36 W Ditto the mean, and a more than usual heat in the ground for this 10 59 39 78 $2 SW Ditto period of the er vegetation, previously much excited, con- 11 | 56 2 73 26 E Ditto tinued to advance considerably. 12 | 57 43 72 42 W Ditto .03 st ie OE a 30 69 24 E Ditto Mean Pressure from the 3 daily SEP: 30.245 inches. 541 33 40 74 39 NE | Ditto —— Ro aang à «xui le Ditto psss « 45°.60 15 | 47 28 62 21 — | Ditto —— Dew Point .......... Ditto haw’ 40°.78 16 | 53 33 481 25 E Ditto Beas of Dryness ... Ditto ...... 49.81 17 | 45 34 57 27 NE | Ditto —— Degree of Moisture .. Ditto ...... 835 18 | 46 |—24 65 |—15 ie BIS Force of Vapour » Ditto girsi .224 inch. ee F 26 65 17 E Little Least observed degree of Moisture ...... -397 20 | 47 25 55 16 —— | Ditto Maximum Temperature in the Shade .... 60° 21 48 35 56 30 SE Ditto Minimum Temperature in ditto... 249 22 | 36 69 29 SW | Ditto Ol Maximum Temperature in the Sun ...... 819 EET 44 62 39 NW | Brisk Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation ... pe 21-58 31 66 22 = | Diato Mean Temperature of External Air ,.... 459.09 x 3 2 25 72 15 ze Ditto zm 2 35 73 2 Little : 22] 9 44. 72 pa W Ditto 04. North......1 days m EUIS 4 days. 381 53 40 56 35 SW Strong jJ DOG 66 6509 760-15. ESst......- I 20 | $3 30 79 22 —— | Brisk .03 ast... ere & 4 Ns WEG iur 3 30 54 36 76 33 W Little .50 West... e ee. 6 S. West. vss 8 3*1-93 35 71 28 === | Brisk SAE 31 days. 53.38 | 36:80 | 67.54| 31.19 at Amount of Rain, s. scce.» ees ees 0-86 inch. APRIL. Morning. Noon. Night. 1834. a Barom. Hygrometer, Weather, Barom. Hygrometer. Weather. Barom. Hygrometer. Weather. € T.| 1|30.140| 43 | 39 4 |Clear 30.187| 52. | 35 | 17 |Very Fine /||30.288| 43 | 43 | — Overcast W.|2|—.289 47 | 47 | — Rain —.274| 50 | $0 | — {Rain —.305| 50 | 50 | — |Drizzly Th. | 3|—.302| 52 | 52 | — |Fine —5359| 54 | 41 13 |Overcast —.515| 36 | 36 | — |Clear F.| 4.— 471, 40 | 40 | — Ditto —.397| 54 | 43 | |Fine —.394 48 | 48 | — |Fine S. | 5|—.377| 47 | 43 4 |Ditto —307| 57 | 43 | 14 |Very Fine ||—.334) 45 |45 | — |Ditto S. | 6| —.382| 46 | 43 3 |Ditto —.392| 58 | 40 | 18 [Do:&lightHaze|—.383| 40 | 40 | — |Ditto M.|7,—.364 41 | 41 | — [Ditto —.320 57 | 42 | 15 |Very Fine ||—.315| 48 | 44 | 4 [Slight Haze T.| 8 —.383| 44 | 36 | 8 |Cold& Dry ||—.376| 49 | 35 | 14 |Colddry Haze||—.393| 42 | 30 | 12 |Dry Haze @ W.| 9| —.383 42 30 12 |Bleak & Cold ||-—.280| 46 30 16 |Bleak & Cold| —.350| 38 30 8 |Cold and Dry Th. j10/ —.331) 42 | 30 | 12 |Clear & Ditto||—.304 49 | 19 | 30 |Very Dry ||—.272| 34 | 32 | 2 |ClearandCold F.|11| —232| 42 | 35 7 |Ditto —.197| 46 | 29 | 17 |ColdandDry|—.i28| 40 | 32 8 |Ditto : S. |12| — 131] 42 | 35 7 |Ditto —.031| 42 | 42 | — |Hail Shower | —.181, 36 | 36 | — |Do. after Hail S. |13| —.259| 43 | 43 | — |Cloudy&Cold|—.271| 46 | 35 | 11 |Cleudy&Cold|—.333| 37 | 37 | — |Cold M.|14,—.397| 39. | 39 | — |Frosty Haze |-—.393| 53. | 30 | 23 |Fine —.421| 35 | 35 | — |Ditto T./15,—.435, 41 | 41 | — |Ditto —.405| 51- | 31 | 20 |Ditto & Dry | —.426| 40 | 40 | — |Clear D W.|16,—.385| 44 | 41 3 |Slight Haze ||—.358| 55 | 31 | 24 |Ditto —.322| 39 | 37 2 |Ditto Th.|17, —288| 44 | 44 | — |Haz —4.213| 57. | 35 | 22 |Ditto —.208| 45 | 43 2 |Ditto F.|18}—.209 51 | 45 6 |Fine —.192| 61 | 40 | 21 |Fine —.226|43 | 43 | — |Ditto S. |19 —.261| 48 | 43 5 |Ditto |—213| 63 | 43 | zo |Very Fine ||—.336| 45 | 45 | — |Ditto S. |20| —.312| 48 | 44 | 4 |Overcast —.284| 58. | 47 | 11 |Ditto —.312| 44 | 44 | — [Ditto M. |21)— 341| 45 | 44 I —.332| 55 | 35 |20 |Fine —.311| 39 | 39 | — |Ditto T.|22, —.322| 45 + 38 7 |Fine —274| 57 |39 | 18 j|Cloudy&Do.| —.233| 43 | 41 2 |Very Fine O W. (23 —.327| 49 | 4 8 |Do.&Overcast| —.237| 55 | 47 8 |Ditto —.338) 43 | 43 | — Cloudy Th./24/—343| 46 | 33 | 13 |Fine —.305| 52 | 35 | 17; Ditto —.262| 37 | 37 | — jOvercast F. 25 —.185| 47 | 42 5 (Overcast —.161| 57 |42 15 |Dry Haze —.129| 44 | 39 5 Clear S. 26 —.093) 52 | 38 | 14 |Fine —.043| 57 | 36 |21 |Fine 29.912, 41 | 40 1 Ditto S. |27| 29-733, 50 | 39 | 11 |Very Fine 29.548, 68 | 45 | 23 |Cloudy —.318| $2 | 52 | — |Rain M. |28 —.305 58 8 | — |Cloudy —.346| 67 | 52 | 15 |Fine —.3741 55 | 55 | — |Ditto T. |29| —.400 60 | — Slight Rain |—.421| 61 | 61 | — Rain —.439 55 | 55 | — |Cloudy « W.|40|—400| 53 | 53 | — |Rain —.583| 60 | 60 | — (Ditto —.642| 50 | 50 | — Rain | n 30.192 46.36 ao 4.46 30.166 |54.90 | 39.77\15.13 30.176 |42.90 | 41.37/1.53 ee N Sa ee eee eee 172 TEN APRIL. Temperature. Wind. Rain. Remarks. Days| Max. | Min. Sun. Rad. | Direction. | . Force. In. Pts, i This month was very different from the three last. South à 4 He 25 ur e pn and westerly winds gave place to those from the north and 3 57 3o 67 rel N Dio east; and tor the greater part of the month the radiating 8 g dm N thermometer was considerably below the freezing point. On 4l 5 45 o 41 itto er ^ D ms l 5 | 60 41 87 35 NW Ditto the night of the 18th it was at 18°, whilst that in the shade 6| 58 30 73 AA E Ditto was at 26°; and both were within a degree of being ually 7| 63 39 go 33 N Ditto low as far in the month as the 24th. ‘The blossoms of Pears, 8] so 38 53 36 E Ditto Plums and Apricots were so far destroyed as to occasion a very 9| 42 28 64 20 NE Brisk general failure in these crops. There was but little rain in the I0 | 50 30 70 4 EL. [INN course of the month. In short, its general character was frosty, T 49 33 69 26 N Ditto with cold and dry north-east winds. NE Ditt 1 : 5 ^ ae e £i Nd. Ditto " Mean Pressure from the 5 daily observations 30.178 inches. 14. 56 27 75 19 SE Ditto erature ....+.-. Ditt oo eee’ 48°.05 15 61 35 73 30 SN Little Dew Point .... pessos itt scc a vt IET £s 34. $o 27 —— | Bib Degree of Dryness ... Ditto ...... pe 17 | 60 39 79 33 cx ID Degree of Moisture .. Ditto ,.... -< Bru 18 | 62 33 80 27 — Gars Force of Vapour. .... Ditto .... . .292 inch. 19 | 66 38 £4 30 NE Dis Least observed degree of Mcisture....... .347 20| 66 34 85 29 ue | Do Maximum Temperature in Shade ....... 69? 21 58 32 84 27 wa ae Minimum Temperature in ditto ........ 26? 22 | 59 34 84 32 hc ek ERES Maximum Temperature in the Sun ,.... E 23 | 56 40 73 36 Zer | MEME Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation ...... I 24 | 53 27 6o 19 cus t MM Mean Temperature of External Air...... 46°.88 751. 87 35 79 26 SE Ditto 25 | PEdo$1.| 7 17.|. —— | Ditto Winns, 27 +65 5 87 48 n 1 pum .07 North......5 days. N. Ba. A. 10 days. 28 | 68 46 |490 41 SW Brisk io m iy SUM pe] 9. GSU, css coe EO 29 | 62 51 76 50 S Ditto At ox ENSE E iN Mies epo 39| 59 | 48 | 69 | 47 SW | Ditto T Sik a o 2x = I " 30 days 57-13| 36.63 |72.36 | 31.00 0.65 Amount of Rain. ...... vies did ra À 0.65 inch. [ 10 ] MERE ETWAS RR DEEST ets at MAY. Morning. Noon. Night. 1834. h Barom, Hygrometer, Weather. Barom, Hygrometer, Weather, Barom, Hygrometer. | Weather. Th.| 1|29.665| 53 | 53 | — /Rain 29.723| 59 | $9. | — [Rain 29.785| 51 | $1 | — [Overcast F.| 2|—.893| 58 | 58 | — |Very Fine —.875| 62 | 62 | — |Cloud —.882| 51 | $1. | — |Fine $.| 3|—.966| 59 | 59 | — [Ditto 30.088| 67 | 5o | 17 |Very Fine ||—997| 44 | 44 | — [Clear S. | 4|1—.973| 68 | 58 | 10 |Ditto 29.950| 76 | 60 | 16 |Hot 931) 65 | $7 8 |Sultry M. | 5$|-—932| 64 | 64 | — Rain —.970|67 | 67 | — |Heavy Rain |30.111| 51 | 51 | — |Clear T.|6|30.289| 57 | 57 | — |Fine 30.303| 69 | 61 8 |Very Fine ||—.366) 55 | 55 | — |Fine W.| 7|—446| 59° | 54 5 |Ditto —.430| 72 | 55 | 17 |Ditto —.403} 60 | 58 2 |Ditto @ Th. | 8|,—.322| 58 | 58 | — |Foggy .233| 73 | 60 | 13 |Ditto —.ogt} 61 | §8 3 |Do.& Overcast F.| 929.860] 66 | 66 | — |Fine Dew 29.825| 74 | 56 | 18 [Overcast 29.778| 59 | 58 I |Ditto S. |10|—.922| 66 | 64 2 |Fine —.952| 62 46 16 |Fine —.913} 59 | 57 2 |Ditto S. |11|—.8357| 63 52 1I |Ditto —.738| 72 52 20 {Ditto .729| 56 53 3 |Do.wthLight M. |121—.733| 59 | 59 | — Slight Rain. ||—.746| 68 | 55 13 |Cleudy&Do.| —715| 54 | 54 | — {Rain T.|13|1—.612|.59 | 59 | — |Heavy Rain ||—.595| 65 | 65 | — |Heavy Showers|—.636| 50° | 50 | — |Fine W. |14|—.764| 56 | 51 5 |Fine —.784| 63 | 51 | 12 |Fine —.88| 55 | 53 2 |Cloudy Th.|15|—.854| 62 | 62 | — Ditto -851| 72 50 |22 |Ditto —.956| 52 | 52 | — |Very Clear P F.|16|—.939| 58° | 53 5 Ditto —.880| 70 | 54 | 16 |Ditto —.709| 50 | 5o | — |Fine $.|17|—.498| 55 | $5 | — |Ditto —4474| 55 | 55 | — {Rain 435| 40 | 40 | — |Ditto | S.[18—.451| 54 | 54 | — |Cloudy & Do.||—.462| 56 | 47 9 [Stormy Clouds | —615| 46 | 46 | — |Clear & Cold M.|19|—.775| 57 | 57 | — |Fine —.850| 62 | 47 | 15 |Fine 0.078| 5o | 50 | — |Very Clear T.|20|30.303| 55 | 55 | — |Ditto 0.328] 65 | 41 | 24 |Very Fine ||—.426| 48 | 48 | — |Ditto W.|21|—.501| 60° | 54 6 |Very Fine —.461| 73 | 52 |21 itto —.495| 52 | 52 | — |Ditto O Th.|22|1—.435| 58 | 51 | 7 |Fine —.382| 64 | 43 | 21 |Do. and Dry||—.358| 52 | 50 | 2 |Light Haze F.|23|—.286| 60 | 54 6 |Ditto —.312| 70 | 46 | 24 |Very Dry —.318| 55 | 55 | — |Very Fine $.|24|—.569| 57 | 52 5 |Ditto —.365| 71 | 49 | 22 |Ditto 463,52 | 52 |— Cleudy f $.|25|—.460| 57 | 45 | 12 |Ditto and Dry|—.377| 62 | 43 19 |Ditto —.370 45 145 | — Clear & Clold] - M.|26,—.341| 52 | 40 | 12 Ditto —.321| 61 | 38 |23 |Ditto —.347| 44 |44 | — |Ditto T. /27|—-293| 54 | 45 9 Ditto —.257| 66 | 40 | 26 |Ditto —.247| 47 | 45 2 Clear i W.|28|—.212| 53 | 43 | 10 Ditto —.196| 63 | 38 | 25 |Ditto —.181| 44 | 42 2 |Ditto : Th.|29|——.146| 52 | 42 | 10 Ditto —.108| 63 | 42 | 21 |Ditto —.67| 59 | 55 4 |Cloudy & Find | € F. /30/—.107/ 56 | 50 6 |Ditto —.135| 68 | 53 | 15 |Lightdry Haze|| —.182| 52 | 49 3 |Fine $.|31|—.258| 57 | 45 | 12 |Ditto —.230| 70 | 48 | 22 |Ditto —.275| 50 | 50 | — Clear 30.046158.12 53.83 4.29 30.040|66.45 |5 1.13 |15.32 30.052/51.58 |50.49 |1.09 | ie [11] MAY. Temperature. Wind. Rain. Days| Max. | Min. Sun Rad. | Direction. | Force. | In. Pts. mia 1| 63 38 80 | 33 SW | Little de This month was more favourable to vegetation, although 2| 67 48 93 | 43 S Ditto towards the end plants began to feel the want of moisture, 3] 75 40 94| 34 SW | Ditto no rain having fallen after the 17th, and at the same time a 4| z 58 96 | 56 S Ditto .16 | Succession of north-east winds rendered the atmosphere very 5 | 7o 42 85 | 38 Ditto 44. dry; whilst the moisture in the earth was p's becoming de- 6| 71 47 95 | 45 s Ditto ficient owing to the limited deposition in three preceding 7| 75 46 gt | 40 Ditto mo The greater part of the rain fell on the 5th and 12th. 8 |480 48 96 | 43 SW Ditto The temperature was above an average. Frequently the radiat- 9| 75 45 89 | 39 Dido ing thermometer was below the freezing point, more especially 10 | 73 39 91 | 33 Ditto on the night of the 28th, when it was at 26°: the concomitant imn 52 94| 47 eg Ditto .o4 | circumstances were a north-east wind, and a very dry atmos- 12 7 51 72 51 —— | Ditto 40 uos | 13 47 45 — D ERO .03 Mean Pressure from the 3 daily observations 30.046 inches E 2 2: 2 t EET ian o2 emperature ....... Ditto kiep 1 871 — e d o 2 ot 48 mer " Ditto X ge. 2k ""— wise ae TM m Ed M 82| 48 x Brick Lo —— —. Degree of Dryness .. . .Ditto..... -go ie 38 56 sw | Dit . —— — Degree of Moisture Ditto..... 791 : E 36 ix. 2: at to —— Force of Vapour Ditore s- 425° inch a rs 3 zm Dei Least observed degree of Moisture ..... £12 » = 39 > 32 * Did Maximum Temperature in Shade ...... 80° pe 5 44 9 39 NE Die Minimum Temperature in ditto..... $52. ~ ^ 47 2; 44 itto Maximum Temperature in the Sun , 114? a < 45 9 ^ té E Ditto Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation . 26° * ba 2 - 1 E DE Mean Temperature of External Air ,,... — 579.37 26 | 66 41 100 | . 36 E Ditto Winns. 27 | 69 44 108 | 38 NE Ditto North...... o days. | N. East.... 5 days. 28 | 66 |—35 106 |—26 E Little South...... 11 Jp S2 6e 29 | 76 48 |4114 |- 42 NE Ditt t o cai N. West .....9 5. 39] 73 44 10 40 E Ditto WR Sic l S. West 5. 2 an ST» 40 IOI | 33 NE Ditto 2 ee : 31 days. 79.42 44.32 94.64 39-61 1.19 Amount of Rain ee ee ee ee oe 2°) inch. [ 12 ] JUNE. Morning. Noon. Night. 1834. £ Barom. Hygrometer. Weather. Barom, Hygrometer. Weather. Barom. Hygrometer. Weather, S. | 1[30.329| 65 | 47 |18 |Hot and Dry| 30.281| 76 | 43 | 33 |Hot and Dry ||30.294| 56 | 53 3 |Clear and Fine M.|2|—.212| 70 | 52 18 |Ditto —.168| 80 | 45 35 Ditto —.103| 56 | 56 | — Ditto T. | 3|—.047| 69 | 54 | 15 [slightly cloudea | —.050| 64 | 64 | — Rain 24| 56 | 56 | — Pee W.|4|—.11| 62 | 53 9 |Fine 9.901, 66 | 48 | 18 Cloudy 29.724| 54 | 54 Th. | 529.681, 62 | 62 | — |Clearing —.781| 60 | 60 | — Ditto | —973| 50 | 50 | — Ciar and Fine F. | 6|30.091| 62 | 50 | 12 |Fine 30.106| 68 | 47 | 21 |V&y Fine || 30.156] 53 | 53 | — e 5. 7|—.123| 65 | 55 IO |Very Fine —.0go| 76 | 62 | 14 [Ditto | —061|55 | 55 | — Vy Fine S.| 8 29.879| 61 | 45 16 itto 9.841] 71 | 45 | 26 |Clear & Ditto | 29.830| 54 | 54 | — |Ditto M.| 9,—.778| 66 | 55 | 11 |Ditto —.740| 79 | 51 |28 |Fine, with Clouds| —239| 55 | 55 | — = .T.|10|[—.697| 65 | 55 | 10 |Cloudy —.654| 73 | 52 |21 |Ditto —.676| 54 | 54 | —- |Dark Clouds W.11|—.699| 61 | 48 13 ine —.705| 55 | 55 | — (Heavy Rain || —746| 49 | 49 | — |Showers Th, [12|——772| 59 | 52 7 |HeavyClouds| —.764| 64 | 64 |- - Showers .496| 51 | 51 | — |Heavy Rain | F. 13|—.740| 58 | 52 6 |Overcast —.812| 67 | 53 | 14 (Cloudy - .875| 60 | 60 | — |Overcast & windy P S$S.14|—.928| 64 | 61 3 (Cloud .910| 73 | 61 12 |Do. and Fine || —774 60 | 56 4 Fine, Thunder S.|15|—.885| 63 | 51 | 12 Mii Fine ||—.881| 70 | 50 | 20 |Fine —.753| 60 | 56 4 |Fine M. |16|—.674| 62 | 52 | 10. {Fin —.644| 62 | 42 | 25 Ditto —.648| 55 | 55 | — (Overcast — T. 17|—736| 58 .| 48 | 10 Cloudy & Con —.805; 61 | 61 | — |Showery —965| 55 1-65 | — Clear and Fine W. |18) 30.063] 63 | 54 9 0.049} 68 | 53 | t5 Cloudy & Cold 30.020, 63 | 63 | — jOvercast, Fine Th. [19| —121| 66. | 62 4 vena —.096| 78 | 58 | 20 |Fine | —.o96| 57 | 57 | — |Very Fine F. |20|—,105| 67 5 | 12 |Very Fine | —.048| 82 | 61 | 21 |Very Hot 29.903| 67 | 65 2 |Ditto O S.21/29.860| 75 3 |12 |Very Hot |29.837| go. | 59 | 31 [Ditto —.8oo| 68 | 68 | — Rain, Lightning S. [22] —. 68 | 58 | 10 |Cloudy —.953| 75 | 55 | 20 |Fine,withClouds | 30.099] 59 | 59 | — Fine : M. 23/30252| 63 | 50 | 13 |Fine 30.247| 73. | 45 | 28 ot an 281155 | 55 |— pe be. T.|24|—322| 62 | $2 | 10 |Ditto —.299| 70 | 50 | 20 DDitto .305| 62 | 62 | — |Over W. 25|—.329| 61 | 61 | — |Hazy —.319| 76 | 60 | 16 |Fine, with Clouds|—.261| 64 | 64 | — D “and Fil Th. 26|—.222| 66 | 65 ! |Cloudy —.172| 73 | 61 | 12 DiI —.77| 62 | 62 | — {Dit F. |27|—.096| 61 | 61 | — {Ditto — 162| 65 | 58 7 |Ditto —.284| 50 | 50 | — Clear and Cool S./28|—.244| 61. | 48 | 13 |Fine —.193| 74 | 52 |22 |Fine —.157| 57 | 57 | — \Cloudy & Fine € S 29|—176| 65 1 50 | 15 |Dry Haze ||—.241| 74 | 48 |26 |Ditto and Dry| —.339| 53 | 5! 2 |Very Fine M./30|—.399| 61 | 50 | 11 e —.365| 71 | 49 |22 |Ditto —.308| 53 | st 2 |Ditto oa ae | 29.979 |53-70 | 54.03] 9.67 30.0C 3 171.30 [53.73 17-57 to 9r g6766.2o 56 | | [ 13 J JUNE. ‘Temperature. Wind. Rain, Remarks. Days. Max. | Min. Sun Rad. | Direction. | Force. In, Pts d à se a 43 Little A high temperature was maintained throughout the month. 4> Ditto The Th t the shad s several times above 80°; 3| 74 45 96| 37 wW Ditto $03 ermometer in the shade wa m ove 4 70 49 105 44 Sw Ditto 20 | Qn the zoth it was 89°, and on the 21st at g1°; this was fol- 5 | 65 |—39 97 —33 NW | Ditto à lowed by lightning and rain at night. ‘There was a greater ó| 70 42 105 | 36 N Ditto degree of dryness in the atmosphere than is usual with the 7| 78 45 106 | 40 SE Ditto wind so prevalent from W., and W.; ‘consequently 8 78 40 e 36 N Ditto the pin which fell only in ‘rather limited quantity, was soon 9| 78 5I 98 | 44 S Ditto kd cds d à tes night of the 14th was clear, with much lo | 73 43 g1 38 SW Brisk 05 oe Ir | 64 42 88 | 4o S Little 22 12 68 50 97 48 Mc Brisk 60 Mean domare ae the 3 daily observations 29. 991 inches. 13 | 69 55 97 | 51 SW Ditto .O1 —— Temperature ........ Ditto 152.... "7639.92 B1 7: 55 99 | 50 Ww Ditto .02 Dew Po vs TALI Ditto ...... i I$ | 74 56 102 | 52 —— | Little —— Degree of Dryness ... Ditto ...... 9?.26 16 |. 68 51 89 | 47 —— | Brisk o1 Degree of Ves dinis os Ditto «v.v. ^ 740 121.67 47 81 | 42 | —— | Strong .04. orce of Vapour ..... itto ives 457 inch. 18 | 68 59 89 | 58 | —— risk Least observed pr ate of Moisture ...... 320 19 | 76 50 100 | 43 SW | Ditto Maximum Temperature in Shade ....... gt? 20 | 89 57 116 | 52 S Little Minimum Temperature in ditto ........ 39? 21 |4-91 58 j|-F121]| 56 — | Ditto .38 oe Temperature in the Sun ..... 121° 22 73 47 100 40 Ww Ditto Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation ...... 33° 23 | 76 43 443 | 237 SW Ditto Mean essendi of External Air ...... 62°.12 24 | 73 5 105 | 4 S Brisk 25 | 77 57 104 | 55 —— | Little WiNDs. 26 | 73 54 19$. | *§2 W Ditto .07 North.. ecn: 2 days -f Est... = 27 | 67 | 4r | 194| 35 NE | Ditto Sni EEE fv [S. Eeit.. caas 28 | 74 49 197 | 43 SE Ditto Ent... 2 N. West..... 1 29 | 72 | 46 106 | 4o E Ditto West 8 S. Wést.s.-23 és 30.| 74 46 108 | 43 —— | Ditto 2 30 days. Amount of Rair, OEE n sencas 1.63 inch. 75.00 | 49.23 |101.76| 44.36 1.63 [ 14 ] JULY. . Morning. Noon. ; Night. 1834. E Barom. Hygrometer. Weather. Barom. Hygrometer. Weather, Barom. Hygrometer, Weather. — T.| 1|30.295| 63 | 52 | 11 |Fine 30.228| 68 | 57 11 |Cloudy 30.157| 60 | 60 | — |Cloudy W.|:2|—.o80| 60 | 56 4 |Cloudy —.035| 71 | 56 15 |Fine —.044| 58 | 54 4. |Ditto Th.|.3|—.065| 60 | 54 6 [Overcast —.056| 72 59 15 |Ditto —.118} 58 | 58 | — |Clear and Fine F.| 4)—-151| 64 | §4 | 10 |Light haze ||—.108| 80 | 58 22 |Very Hot —.134| 64 | 62 2 |Very Fine S. | 5)—-086) 63 | 58 5 |Overcast —.027| 78 | 6o 18 [Very Fine ||29.935| 62 | 62 | — |Heavy Rain 0 S. | 6/29.975| 69 | 69 | — |Hazy 29.987, 68 | 68 — |Heavy Rain ad — |/__981| 62 | 62 | — |Showery M.|7|—979| 68 |68 |— et —.993| 78 | 61 17 |Very Fine ||—.928| 62 | 62 | — |Ditto T.| 8}—.868) 73 | 73 | — Ditt —.870| 76 | 65 11 |Ditto 30.017| 62 | 62 | — Cloud a Wij g|30.102/ 63 | 52 | 11 Ditto & Fine 30.135| 68 | 54 14 |Cloudy —4.130| 57 | 57 | — |Fine Th. |10|—.064| 69 | 58 | 11 [Ditto —.o31| 69 | 58 11 |Ditto & Fine|—.050| 59 | 59 | — |Clear & Ditto F. 11|—056| 79 | 58 | 12 [Ditto —.062| 76 | 53 23 |Fine 29.986] 56 | 56 | — |Ditto [ning S. |12|29-845| 71 | 63 | 8 |Fine 29.789| 80 | 62 18 |Ditto —.839| 63 | 63 | — |Fine, Light- dD S 886/65 | 58 | 7 |Ditto —.869|75 | 52 | 23 Ditto —.936| 62 | 62 | — |Fine | M. 30.005} 66 | 55 I1 |Ditto 0.028| 74 | 51 23 |Ditto 30.139) 62 62 — |Ditto : T.|15|—.223| 67 | 57 -| 10 |Ditto [cast|—.218| 80 | 6o 20 |Very Hot —.218| 62 | 62 | — |Clear & Ditto W. (16|—.242| 69 | 61 8 [Slightly over- |—212| 82 | 63 19 |Ditto —.182| 65 | 65 | — |Very Fine Th. 142| 75 |.63 | 12 |Cloudless & hot |i—.052|.90 | 65 | 25 pem Hot, with )__or4l 66 | 64 | 2 |Ditto & Clear F. /18)29.761| 73 | 66 7 |Hot& dry E.W.||29.609| 63 | 63 |. — 29.558, 63 | 63 | — |Thun.&Heavy S. 119|—.461| 64 | 64. | — Heavy rain. |—.545| 62 | 62 = Hees Rain ||—.646| 57 | 57 | — |Cloudy [Rain O S.20|—799| 63 | 63 | — |Cloudy —.683) 71 | 71 — |Showery —.709| 58 | 58 | — Heavy Rain M. 728| 62 | 62 | — Ditto —351| 65 | 65 — |Rain —.810| 56 | 56 | — [Showers T.22,—911|63 | 63 | — |Hazy —944| 7! | 63 8 Cloudy 30.010] 58 | 58 | — |Clearing W. |23|30.037| 64 | 64 | — |Foggy [cast|30.012| 75 | 60 | 15 [Ditto & Fine|—.oz4| 64 | 64 | — |Cloud Th. 24|—.047| 65 5 Slightly over- —.o40| 76 | 60 16 |Very Fine |—.o20 61 | 61 | — |Fine F. ooo| 64 | 6o 4 |Fine 30.005| 75 | 59 16 Fine [casti 29.999) 58 | 58 | — |Fine S. 29.926| 61 | 61 | — |Very Fine 29.826| 74 | 56 18 Ditto & over-| —.647| 61 Gi |= Cibo S. |27|—-634| 59 | 59 | — |Hazy —.731| 68 | 62 6 Ditto —.885| 56 | 56 | — |Ditt E: mme EMI m —.989| 73 | 60 13 |Ditto [show's —.988| 67 | 67 | — Rain & Thun] 3 T.|29|—975| 70 | 70 | — |Ditto —.951| 81 | 81 — Sultry with |—.934| 69 | 69 | — |Ditt W. —.867|67 | 67 | — Heavy Rain ||—.873| 77 70 7 Sultry —.884| 60 | 60 | — Clear & Fini Th, |31|—.834| 64 | 64 | — |Rain —.795| 70 | 70 — |Heavy Rain | —.813| 64 | 64 | — |Foggy 29.965165.67 eee 58 29.950| 73-74 61.42 |12.32 29.959 pros 60.78 | .25 | | [ 15 ] JULY. Temperature. Wind. Rain. Remarks. Days|:Max. | Min. Sun. | Rad. | Direction.-| Force. In. Pts. rr 73 54 108 | 53 | .- E Brisk A temperature exceeding 80° in the shade was not a rare oc- 3x1 73 54 99 | 5421 —— | Ditto currence in this mont n the 17th, with a cloudless sky, the 3 77 54 113 51 ee ] iiie heat was excessive, being 94? in the shade, and 130° in the sun’s 4 o 54 Wii jaws —— | Ditfo rays. This proved the hottest day inthe S Next morning the 5 8t 61 112 61 NE Ditto .58 wind was hot and dry from East; but by noon it changed to S. W., 6 | «80 59 99 | 59 S Ditto .43 | and rain began to fall heavily, and more so towards night when 715805] 59 BT1:37 —— | Ditto .o2 | itwasaccompanied with thunder and lightning. Within 24 hours, ; 53 I : 5 |° 48 NW e .02 ae z inches = e fell es this time, after or the tempera- 2-0 é [our pedis: itto ure was not so high as inthe previous part of the month. On 10 475 51 103 | 46 S Ditto the 29th however, it again reached 82? i the shade, and this was II 82. |—46 IIO |—42 — | Ditto followed by thunder with a still greater fall of rain than hap- I2 83 56 115 51 SW Brisk pened on the former occasion. The quantity of rain in this : 3 E 56 108 | 53 —— | Ditto month exceeded that of the five preceding, taken together. is * 53 d 49 W ios Mean Pressurefromthe 3 daily observations 29.958 inches, ió | 6 : d 115 d p Diis —— Temperature ........ Ditto..... 669.81 mae. 1 1 o 17 |3-94 63- nasa | Bo S Dio Dew re oe 6 WON CL 6 Ditto..... 61°.10 18 | 67 5} 6 57 SW | Ditto EE Degree of Dryness ....Ditto..... — 59.71 - 19 | 63 54 71 1 Ww Brisk * —— Degree of Moisture. . .. Ditto... -834 inch. 5 h Ae T? Force of Vapour...... Ditto, ... .580 20 .20:|- 56 | 93] 54 | SW | Little 6 : : 21] 67 $7 3 S Brisk = Least observed degree of Moisture. ..... +452 22 | 71 é : te 55 N Littl vu Maximum Temperature in Shade....... 94? 23| 78: 5 à idm oe E nA e Minimum Temperature in ditto, ....... 46° = "8 5 6 es 5 S Din. Maximum Temperature in the Sun .... 130? zgi 79: |) ad i zm 5 - zl Mad Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation ..... 42° 26 78: A rt ex SW D is Mean Temperature of External Air..... 669.01 l . INDS. sA gy 48 plua r- | DIS M4 North... ess. 1 days. | N. East ....1 days. 28. 74^ | 6r ror | 61 S Ditto 17 South 8 S.E 8 6 : outh ...... . EaStasesssl o. 29 2 3 113 |- 61 E Ditto 1.31 : East icsse 407548 N, West....2 J* 80 55 105 52 SW Brisk .66 West se 4c; S. West eee 8 31 | 74 6o 95 | 58 S Little .66 à i dieci as 31 da Se 76.87 55.16 100.51 52.67 6.3 Amount of Rain "97922956899 52»*228 6.34 inch. [ 16] Morning. Noon. Night. 1834 E Barom, Hygrometer, Weather, Barom. Hygrometer, Weather. Barom., Hygrometer. Weather. F.| 1|129.858| 70 | 70 | — |Fo 29.851| 78 | 6 14 |Fine 29.856| 66 | 66 | — |Fine S.| 2| —.886, 68 68 — Cloudy 233 ^: oe H itto patr o 6o | — |Clear $.| 3|—.891| 66 | 56 | 1o |Fine —.856| 75 | 62 | 13 |Very Fine —.86o0| 62 | 62 | — |Fine M. | 4|—.912| 63 63 — |Foggy —.91o| 76 63 13 itto —.g1o} 60 | 60 | — Ditto e T.|5|—860| 73 | 64 9 |Cloudy & Fine| —.863| 72 | 63 9 |Cloudy & Fire] —-850 65 |65 | — |Overcast W. | 6|/—.858) 65 | 6o 5 |Fine —.852| 72 | 72 | — |Heavyshowers|| —-916 60 | 60 |= Th. | 7|—951| 64 | 64 | — |Cloudy —.964| 66 | 66 | — |Showery —.882| 62 | 62 | — Heavy Rain F. x edle 69 | 69 | — [Rai —.771| 73 | 66 Cloudy —935| 57 |57 | — Damp S. 30.074. 63 63 — |Ditto 30.109| 74 58 16 |Sult 30.150| 60 60 — |Clear S. — 148, 63 63 — |Fine —.098| 7 59 17 |Very Fine —.71| 60 | 60 | — |Very Fine » M. —.o42| 66 | 63 3 tto —.032| 80 | 62 18 |Ditt —.o50| 60 | 60 | — itto T.|12|—.172| 74 | 68 6 |Ditto —.079| 80 | 62 | 18 |Ditto —.013| 63 | 63 | — |Ditto W. |13| 29-962) 72 -| 65 7 |Ditto 29.954| 82 | 68 | 14 |Ditto —.89| 61 | 61 | — |Do. & Cloudy Th. 30 087| 62 55 7 |Ditto 30.057| 72 58 14 |Cloudy & Fine| —992| $9 | 59 | — Very Fine F. |15|—.085}. 62..| 59 3 |Cloudy —.093| 23 | 65 8 | Very Fine —.139| 61 | 61 | — {Ditto S. |16|—.187| 68. | 63 5 |Fine —.165,.77 | 62 | 15 |Ditt —.163| 62 | 62 | — |Ditto S. —.154| 75 62 14. |Ditto —.O51| 77 62 15 |Ditto —.027| 62 62 | — |Ditto M.|18/29.954| 65. | 65 | — |Haz 29.920. 78 | 61 | 17 |Ditto 29.946| 64 | 63 1 |Ditto ZÓO X —.930| 63 63 | — |Fine —.934. 75 62 13 |Dit —4886| 62 k62 | — Very Fine W. —.793| 64 | 59 5 |Overcast —.739 74 | 60 | 14 |Very Fine —.685| 60 | 60 | — (Clearing Th. 21|—747| 61. | $7 4 |Fine —.734| 73 | 53. | 20 |Ditto —671|$9 [59 | —.|Ditto F. —.269| 60..| 60. | — Ditto —.764| 72 | 58 14 |Cloudy & Do.|| —825| 55 55 | — |Very Fine S. |23|— 928| 58 | 52 6 Ditto —.923| 68 | 60 8 |Fine,slightshow,| —894| 49 | 49 | — lear S. —.791| 55-.| 55 | — |Ditto —.718| 70 | 50 | 20 |Ditto —634. 51 bói | — HeavyShowers M. —.728| 54 gi 3 |Clear —.720, 60 6o — |Showery —.706| $1 [51 —- Clear & Fine F —.820| 51 51 — |Slight Shower |—.76,| 6g 5I 18 |Very Fine —.764- 49 t49 | — Clearing t W. —.796| 54 | 54 | — |Heavy Dew . |—.784| 65 51 14 (Fine —.843| 55 55 — |Overcast & Fine Th. |28|—.927| 50. |. 47 3 |Fine but Cool|—.924| 65 | 51 14 Cloudy —.859| 59 | 59 | — |Heavy Rem F.|29| —.737| 62 | 62 | — |Overcast —.624| 64 | 64. | — |Do.with Showers] —628/ 61 | 61 | — Cloudy S. |30| —.644| 66 | 61 5 |Fine —.672| 69 | 57 | 12 |Fine —.683| 58 |58 | — |Heavy Ret S. —.723| 64 | 60 4 |Cloudy —.760| 68 | 6o 8 (Cloudy & Do.| —944| 55 55 | — |Clearing 29.909 [63.58 |60.39 |3-19 29.892 |72.48 |60.52 |11.96 29.899 [58.93 58.90 | -03 [17 ] AUGUST. Temperature, Wind. Rain. Remarks. Days. Max. | Min. Sun Rad, | Direction. | Force. In. . Pts. With still a high temperature, this month had a fair average of I 82 63 110 61 Ww Little 10 | Tain; consequently vegetation went on favourably. Between the 2| 76 51 107 | 48 NE Ditto 8th and 24th was a period of uninterrupted fine weather, excellent 3| 77 55 riz | -51 N Ditto for the perfecting of grain and the ripening of fruits. The latter: 4174 58 100 53 S Ditto stood much in need of such to correct the super-abundance of £l Ji 58 86 | 56 SW | Ditto watery juice imbibed from the heavy rains of the preceding month. 6| 74 55 100 | ^ 5I zm | Diso .58 | These rains, however, came after many kinds had suffered from 2| 68 61 71 | 61° S Ditto $o | excessive heat and dryness, which rendered them incapable of oi: 91 50 go | 46 Ww Brisk .20 | Swelling freely ; or if they did, it was at a period of their growth too 9 72 49 99 45 ce Little far advanced for even the present fine weather completing the ela- 10 |. 80 50 |-120 | 47 S Ditto boration of their juices, so as to insure their good keeping qualities. II 8o 51 110 | 46 Ww Ditto n walls some pears were even scorched, especially on west aspects, 12 84 53 III 49 S Ditto where the first intimation they had of the sun was all at once from 13 |--85 56 117 £2 SW Ditto the powerful influence of his meridian rays. dl. 53 96 | 47 NE Ditto Mean Pressure from the 3 daily observations 29.900 inches. iS] 74 60 99 | 59 —— | Ditto —— Temperature ........ Ditto v.e 659.0 I6 1... 76 55 103 | $3 E Ditto — Dew Point .......... Ditto 14.06% 599.94. "HI 7 54 103 | 51 SE Ditto —— Degree of Dryness ... Ditto ...... 59.06 18 | 77 55 108 | -52 NE Ditto Degree of Moisture ... Ditto ...... .B540 191-73 58 97 | *54. —— | Ditto ce of Vapour ..... Ditto 44... .577 inch. 20 | 76 54. 50 W Ditto Least observed degree of Moisture ...... 522 3t 74 49 105 | 49 SW | Brisk Maximum Temperature in Shade ....... 85? 5$] 25 46 100 | 40 — | Ditto Minimum Temperature in ditto ........ o? 23 | 71 -|—40 94. |—34 — | Little Maximum Temperature in the Sun ...... 120° 24 | 65 43 Ss | :37 S Ditto 23 Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation ...... 34? 25 | 67 43 87 | £36 SW | Ditto Mean Temperature of External Air ..... 629.93 26 | 70 41 102 | 36 —— | Ditto (HI "Ir. 41 96 | 35 NW | Ditto Nore Serves t days. PN. Easty.. .. 5 days 28 | 67 54 85 | 51 SW | Ditto o2 South; veces East’ 5. 6583 29 | 68 53 77| 49 S Brisk x East. 1 N. West... P amt 2 55 82 | 53 Ditto :92 Wet ans 5 West. cid 10 31] 79 53 go | 51 SW Little .o6 = 31 days. 73-71 | 52.16 | 98.00 | 48.54 2.73 Amount of Rain....... eissir 602.99 Hil * The bulb of the Thermometer placed in Radiator, being, in consequence of the heavy rain, immersed in water, the temperature exhibited was not lower than that of the other Thermometer. VOL. II. 2ND SERIES. [ 18 ] SEPTEMBER. Morning. Noon. Night. 1834. £ Barom, Hygrometer, Weather. Barom. Hygrometer, Weather, Barom.| Hygrometer, Weather, M. | 1|29.918| 62 | 59 3 |Cloudy 29.927| 67 | 67 | — |Rain 29.951| 57 | 57 | — [Overcast T. | 2|—.999, 61 | 6o 1 |Ditto 30.029| 66 | 52 | 14 |Fine 30.123| 53 | 53 | — |Clear & Fine 6 W.| 3) 30.145) 59 | 59 | — |Hazy .181| 69 | 58 | 11 |Ditto&Cloudy|—.047| 62 | 62 | — (Cloudy [ning Th.|4|—.o72| 70 | 61 | 9 |Very Fine ||—.037| 75 | 63 | 12 |Very Fine 29.847| 67 | 65 | 2 |Clear, Light- F. | 5(29.895| 65 | 61 4 |Overcast 29.906| 72 | 61 | 11 udy .950| 66 | 66 | — |Fine S.| 6| 30.031| 62 | 58 4 |Fine o.o41| 66 | 57 9 |Overcast 30.161| 52 | 52 | — |Clear [Dew S. | 2|—188| 55 | 52 3 |Dry Haze 29.590| 67 | 67 | — |Heavy Rain |i29.944| 48 | 48 | — |Do. & Heavy M. | 8[29.674| 56 | 56 | — |Heavy Rain ||—.600| 65 | 65 | — [Ditto —.534| 50 | 50 | — |Clear T.| 9|—387| 56 | 56 | — |ThicklyOver-||—.470| 70 | 65 5 |Fine —.663| 52 | 52 | — |Ditt D W.|ro]|—.785| 58 | 53 5 |Overcast[cast||—.807| 65 | 65 | — |Rain —.787| 59 | 59 | — |Overcast Th.|11|—.799| 59 | 59 | — |Hazy —.679| 69 | 69 | — |Ditto —.g10| 56 | 56 | — |Ditto : F.|12/30.088| 49 | 49 | — |Heavy Dew ||30.172| 65 | 57 8 |Fine 30.326, 53 | 53 | — |Clear and Fine $.]13|—.403| 54 | 50 4 |Fine -452| 64 | 60 4 |Very Fine —.490| 48 | 48 | — |Ditto S. {141 —.527] 48 | 48 | — |Fine —.498| 64 | 56 8 |Ditto —.422| 46 | 46 | — |Ditto M.|15|—.378| 47. | 47 | — |Fog —.289| 65 | 53 | 12 |Ditto —.151| 50 | 50 | — |Ditto T.|16|—.038| 55 | 55 | — |Ditto —.o10| 69 | 62 7 |Ditto —.015| 57 | 57 | — |Ditto O W. |17|29-997| 64 | 64 | — |Ditto —.036| 75 | 67 8 |Ditto —.109| 61 | 61 | — Ditto Th. |18| 30.178] 60 | 60 | — |Ditto —.200| 73 | 67 6 |Ditto |—216| 59 | 59 | — |Ditto F. [19 —237| 61 | 61 | — |Ditto —.171| 74 | 68 6 |Ditto —.267| 60 | 60 | — |Foggy $.|20|—.345| 65 | 65 | — {Ditto —.321| 73 | 59 | 14 |Ditto —.335| 61 | 61 | — |Ditto S.|21|—.348| 60 | 60 | — |Hazy .301| 69 | 59 | 10 (Ditto —.298| 60 | 60 | — |Fine M. |22| —.293| 60 | 57 3 (Overcast —.192, 69 | 57 12 |Ditto —.208| 50 | 50 | — |Ditto T. |23|—.220, 52 | 52 | — |Fine —.201| 60 | 47 | 13 |Ditto —.200| 46 | 46 | — {Ditto W.|24|—.201| 51 | 51 | — |Foggy —.178| 63 | 50 | 13 |Ditto —.176| 47 | 47 | — |Clear Th. |25|—.204 53 | 51 | — [Ditto —.175| 65 | 52 | 13 |Ditt —.164| 53 | §3 | — |Overcast q F./26 30.087| $6 | 56 | — |Slight Rain |—.o48| 65 | 56 g (Overcast 29.952| 57 | 57 | — Cloudy S. |27| 29.859, 61 | 61 | — jRain 29.903| 68 | 62 6 |Fine —.979| 58 | 58 | — {Ditto S. |28 30.088, 59 | 59 | — |Hazy 30.105| 68 | 57 | 11 Ditto .224| 56 | 56 | — |Clear M. |29/—-273' 53 | 53 | — |Fog8y —.231| 67 | 6o 7 |Very Fine —.224| 50 | 50 | — |Ditto Td. 30|—.178 55 55 — |Ditto —.140 62 5o I2 |Ditto 4^—.133| 49 49 — |Ditto | —— "wm 1.20 30.063 pr 59-60 8.03 30.095 54-76 547° o6 [ 19 ] SEPTEMBER. Temperature. Wind. Rain. Remarks. Days| Max. | Min Sun. Rad, | Direction. | Force. In. Pts, 6 g 'The rain in this month was limited, not amounting to an inch, : a : : 87 49 S e 14 | and fell on the days of the ist, between the 7th and 11th, on the 3| 73 $7 94 | 54 S Brisk 1 — ens all the rest were exceedingly era The Barometer 8 ist 6 Litd stood hig The mornings were generally oggy but soon : A - 4 ot : 7 SW Brisk cleared up to bright, calm sunshine. There w re no st 6 | 69 46 102 | 42 wW Ditto gales, and only 5 days on which the wind acia adr ot $1] 70 47 97 | p SW Little .06 ; 26 a 7 : 43 as Eu j^ Mean peer from the 3 daily observations 30.084 inches. ris T 3 O7 ZCIIVOCTALUTC 4... eee opel s: | s | S |Lime |: .| —— Dep Pont. 00D Dto END 11 | 67 46 76 | 43 — | Ditto 105 —— Degree of Dryness .... Ditto ...... 3°.10 12 | 66 46 82 | 43 W Ditto —— Degree of Moisture .. Ditto ...... 825 13 | 68 44 go | 40 E Ditto Force of Vapour ..... HO 12 sv oe 459 14 | 68 38 96 | 35 —— | Ditto Least observed degree of Moisture ...... .616 i$ | 74 43 I00 | 41 SE Ditto Maximum Temperature in Shade . 78° 16 |+78 54. p106 | 50 S Ditto Minimum Temperature in ditto ....... T Ng t7 1..39 54 98 | $2 SW Brisk Maximum Temperature in the Sun ..... 47106? 18 | 75 51 Win ——. | Little 03 Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation ...... 33°. 2 ^ x : 3 99 52 te "e Mean Temperature of External Air ..... 599.21 yor | sz o at + 29 53 97 | 49 E Ditto 22.|..76 41 94 | 38 —— | Ditto Wiwps. 23 | 68 42 90 | 35 — | Ditto 24 | 68 39 97 | 34 S Ditto North ......0 days | N. E TA È dayi, 25 72 51 IOO 49 Án Ditto up 8 .. S. Eas MA .* 26 66 54 70 54 ca ril Ditto 14 ENP I ee 6 M: Weti Ad S 27 68 47 94. 43 Ww Ditto West "n 6 2.5 S. West ....6 28 | 79 47 81 | 4o SW | Ditto mu IESIRE S 29 Zo 40 102 | 35 SE Ditto 30 days. 3° 5 1-737 TIT E — Amount of Rain........... 2 (40 90009 Inch. 70.10 48:33 | 92.30 | 44.90 83 [ 20 ] OCTOBER. Morning. Noon. Night. 1834. £ Barom, Hygrometer. Weather. Barom. Hygrometer. Weather, Barom. Hygrometer. Weather. W.| 1|30.158| 48 | 48 | — 30.140] 64 | 50 | 14 |Fine 30.126| 45 | 45 | — |Clearand Cool Q9 Th.| 2, —099| 44 | 44 | — |Dense Fog —.076| 65 50 15 |Very Fine —.106| 43 | 43 | — |Foggy F.| 3}—-177| 41 | 41. | — |Ditto —.158| 58 | 58 | — |Hazy —.176-44 | 44 | — |Ditto S. | 4|—.222| 42 | 42 | — |Ditto —4.173| 68 | 52 | 16 |Very Fine —4.197|42 | 42 | — |Fine S. | 5} —-186] 54 | 54. | — |Ditto —.169, 70 | 65 5 |Di —.198| 48 | 48 | — |Ditto M. | 6|—.254| 43 | 43 | — |Ditto —.210| 71 | 65 6 |Ditto —.21251 | 51 | — {Ditto T.| 7| —217| 58 | 58 | — |Very Fine —.188| 69 | 60 9 |Very Fine —.189| 54 | 54 | — |Fine W. | 8|—.168| 57 | 56 t |C —.117| 65 | 59 6 |Ditto —.058|:57 | 57 | — |Cloudy D Th. | 9/29:958| 64 | 63 1 |Ditto 29.904| 65 | 61 4 Cloudy & Fine| 29.885| 55. | 55 | — |Very Fine F. |10| 30.080) 54 | 50 4 |Ditto —.990| 58- | 45 13 |Very Fine 30.070} 45 | 45 | — Clear S. [11| —.113| 41. | 41 | — |Ditto 50.087| 57- | 48 9 |Fine —,102| 48 | 48 | — |Very Fine S. |12| —150| 50- | 50 | — |Slight Fog —.150| 60- | 50 | 10 |Very Fine —.148|48 | 48 | — |Ditto M.|153|—.132| 51. | 51 | — |Fo =or6+65- | 54 | 11 D 29.929} 44 | 44 | — |Ditto T. |14| 29.773] 52. | 52. | — |Overcast 29.714, 66 | 66 | — Slight Shower| —.698| 52 | 52 | — |Overcast W. |15|—.805| 50- | 50 | — |Fine —5.726| 58 | 45 13 |Fine —.724| 41 41 | — {Ditto Me Th. |16| —726| 48. | 48 -| — |Overcast —.4341 59 | 59 | — |Rain 29.322, 54 | 54 | — |Clear &Windy © F.[|17] —313| 52. | 45 7 |Clear &Windy| —.378| 57 | 42 | 15 |Fine —.593| 50 | 48 2 |Very Fine | S. |18| —.627| 47. | 40 7 |Ditto —.695| 50 | 39 | 11 (Clear &Windy| —850| 52 | 50 2 |Windy S. |19| 30.046} 40 | 40 | — {Slight Fog —.896| 56 | 56 | — |Drizzly —.914 52 | 52 | — {Rain M. |20| 29.773; 56 | 56 | — Fine —.447| 59 | 59 | — |Rain —.854| 50 | 50 | — Overcast - T. |21| —.982! 53 50 3 |Ditto 30.151| 51 48 3 |Cloudy & Cold|| 30.271| 39 39 — Clear & Cold | W. |22| —.961| 48 | 48 | — |Overcast 29.880| 56 | 5o 6 |Cloudy 29.797| 53 | 53 | — |Windy,slightrain] — Th.|23| —628| $2 | 52 | — |Rain —.582| 55 | 55 | — Stormy, Rain || —731| 40 | 29 11 ery Clear | F. |24| —.796| 35 | 25. | 10 |CleaCola&Dry| —.834| 42 | 29 | 13 [Cold —.948| 4o |33 | 7 [Ditto & Cold| € $S./25/|30.123| 42 |39 | 3 |Ditto 30.157, 48 | 4o | 8 Ditt 30.239| 39 | 34 | 5 Ditto | |... S. [26| —.395| 42 9 3 |Ditto —.424| 49 | 40 9 |Fine, but Cold| —496| 39 | 39 | — Ditto M.|27|—436| 45 | 42 | 3 |Hazy —.446] 55 | 50 | 5 —.461.58 | 50 | 8 [Fine T. |28| —. 500| 51 51 | — [Foggy —.§34| 54 | 48 6 |Ditto 574| 50 | 50 | — Overcast W.|29|—.674| 49 | 49 | — [Ditto —.659| 50 | 45 5 |Dry Haze —.615| 46 | 46 | — Ditto Th. |30| —513| 46 | 46 | — |Hazy —.415| 53 | 48 5 |Fine .320| 44 | 44 | — |Foggy F.|31|—.244| 46 | 46 | — |Fine —.191| 58 | 53 5 |Ditto —.160| 52 | 52 | — |Cloudy 30.073! 45.19/43.84 |1.35 30.031/58.41 | 51.26|7.16 30.063 | 47.584645 |1.13 : [ 21 ] OCTOBER. | ‘Temperature. | Wind. Rain. | Remarks. Days.| Max. | Min. Sun. Rad. | Direction Force, | In. Pts. | I | 66 38 103 |::33 E Little In contrasting this month with the same period in the preceding 2| 91 36 98 | 32 S Ditto year, very different characters are found to belong to each. In ĝa 70 37 93 |: 38 —— | Ditto the former season, stormy winds raged with destructive violence 4| 8 36 108 |. 32 —— | Ditto among the ripening fruits, accompanied wiih heavy rains, which 5 |+80 49 106 | 46 — | Ditto fell so constantly that but few dry intervals were afforded for 6| 79 52 |4-107 | 48 —— | Ditto collecting those which the blasts had allowed to remain. But 2174 o 96 | 45 W Little throughout the present month, with very few exceptions, day 8| 63 5 92 [2265 S Brisk after day seemed like those unseasonably-agreeable ones which at 9| 66 50 96 | 45 SW | Little this season so often betoken a change. ‘The quantity of rain was 10 |- 60. |—32 70 |—25 E Ditto extremely small; none fell till the 14th, nor after the 23d. The 11 | 65 41 83 |..37 —— | Ditto Temperature was more than 3? above the average. On the 5th 12| 67 40 87 |5:35 S Ditto it was 80° in the shade. : : £3: [: 90 4I 96 | 37 — .| Ditto Mean P from the 3 daily observations 30.055 inches. Epl v 46 96 | 42 SW Brisk 12 Temperature, 264. os AIG. + iu 50°. bel 40 36 95$ icit S Little —— Dew Point........... LAO vivus 479.18 16 | 6o 50 72 lua; SW Brisk 04. —— Degree of Dryness.. . .Ditto...... 1 21 r? | 8 42 73 1:38 Strong 17 —— Degree of Moisture....Ditto...... 993. 18 | 60 50 73 | 4$ NW | Ditto —— Force of Vapour...... Diti... .364 inch. 19 | 62 53 69 |. 50 SW Brisk .02 Least observed degree of Moisture...... .612 20 | 61 49 72 o S Ditto 04. Maximum Temperature in the Shade.... 80° Eti Ss 35 56 |. 30 NE Ditto Minimum Temperature in ditto......... LEM 22 56 51 56 | 347 Ww Strong Ol Maximum Temperature in the Sun...... 107° Ei] 56 33 £3 | C27 —— 71 Ditto .03 Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation... ... 259 24. | 49 38 621-44 NW | Brisk Mean Temperature of External Air...... 527.56 25 50 35 69 30 —— Ditto INDS 26 |. 45 54 57 | 49 N Ditto North 7... 2 days. | N. East..... 2 days 27 | Sa 45 57 |. 40 — | Little South sees 311-5. | S. Eust, As. o 28.| $4 44 56 | 40 NE Ditto ENG ee out NN. Wësst 124 we 29 | 54 44 66 | 42 Ditto WE oL vies 5 S. West. . ii. E oes 35 15. gs 40 60 |. 55 SW Ditto J 31] 59 48 4291 44 Ww Brisk 31 days 61.51 | 43.61 75:254: 39-77 0.43 Amount of Run ..... sisa soiset co OS inch. [ 22 ] NOVEMBER. Morning. Noon. Night. 1834- a Barom. Hygrometer. Weather, Barom. Hygrometer, Weather. Barom. Hygrometer. Weather, @ S.} 1|30.120| 50 | 50 | — Slightly overcast || 30.126| 57 52 5 |Fine 30.124| 52 52 | = |Fine S. | 2| —142| 51 51! | — |Slight Rain | —.92| 55 | 45 10 |Cloudy —.o81| 51 51 | — |Ditto M. | 3} —-070} 50 | 45 5 |Fine —.040} 58 53 t |Very Fine —.067| 43 43 | — |Very Fine EVI. 148| 43 |43 | — Foggy —.083} 58 | 53 5 |Ditto 29.926| 55 | 55 | — |Cloud W. | $|29.729| 59 59 — |Rai 9.644| 61 61 — |Stormy & Wet || —.558| 58 58 = Windy w* rain Th. | 6| —.746| 58 | 58 | — Orest —.677| 62 | 58 4 |Overcast 666] 54 | 54 | — [Rain EI7-559/ $0. | 59 | — {Ditto —.437| 60 | 58 2 |Cloudy —447 55 | 55 | — {Ditto Pb S.| 8[|—.452| 47 | 45 2 |Clear —.453| 52 | 43 9 |Fine —451| 44 | 44 | — [Overcast $.| 9|—478| 51 | 51 | — [Rain —.501| 55 | 55 | — |Rain —.556 43 |43 | — Ran. M. |10| —854| 46 | 46 | — [Ditto —5928| 46 | 46 | — |Ditto 30.109) 43 43 | — |Clearing T. |11|30.191| 41 | 41 — |Fine 0.204| 49 | 49 | — |Cloudy —.291| 41 | 41 | — |Drizzly W.|12| —.333| 41 | 34 7 |Cold and dry || —299| 42 | 35 7 |Ditto and Cold|| — 310, 40 | 38 2 |Fine but Cold Th. |13| —310| 38 | 33 5 |Ditto —.302| 43 | 36 7 |Ditto —.370| 36 | 34 2 |Cloudy& Fine F.|14| —.337| 39 | 36 3 |Ditto —424| 46 | 42 4 |Ditto —.412, 38 | 38 | — (Clear $.|15| —452| 40 | 49 | — JOvercast —.432| 49 | 43 6 |Overcast &Fine|| —420| 40 | 40 | — |Fine O S.|16,—.399| 40 | 49 | — |Ditto —369| 48 | 44 4 |Overcast .315/ 38 | 38 | — |Very Fine M. |17| —213| 43 | 43 — |Ditto —.149| 51 47 4 |Cloudy —.,o86| 45 | 45 | — |Ditto T.|18| —.161| 43 | 43 | — |Fine —170} 48 | 41 7 |Fine —.243| 46 | 42 4 |Fine W.|19|—.293| 33 | 33 | — |Frosty —.270| 42 | 39 3 |Fine but Cold|| —201| 35 | 35 | — |Ditto Th.|20| —.060| 34 | 32 2 Ditto 9-944| 40 | 34 6 |Ditto 29.840| 36 | 34 2 |Cloudy F.|21|29.792| 36 | 32 4. [Overcast .785| 41 | 36 5 [Overcast 792, 39 | 39 | — [Hazy $.|122| —.754| 42 |42 | — Fogg —.739| 47 |47 | — |Drizzly —.88o0| 45 | 45 | — Overcast $.|123/ 30.052] 43 | 4° 3 d 30.088] 45 | 40 5 |Cloudy &Cold|| 30.151} 38 | 38 | — |Clear € M.|24|—.150| 39 | 39 | — —.113| 48 | 45 3 |Ditto & Fine || —051| 42 | 42 | — |Overcast oa T.|25| 29.9471 40 | 36 | 4 Cloudy Col 29.897| 41 | 36 | 5 |Dry Haze 29.878| 40 | 35 5 [Ditto & Cold] - W. |26| —.882| 37 34 3 |Haz —.884| 39 33 | 6 |Overcast & Cold || —943| 39 30 | — |Overcast Th.|27| —.993| 28 | 28 | — Clear & frosty —.973| 46 | 46 | — |Fine —.889| 40 | 40 | — |Fine F.|28| —.791| 45 | 45 — Eine .689| 47 | 45 2 |Cloudy —5338| 43 | 43 | — |Clear S. |29| —.316| 41 | 38 3€ —.285| 50 | 50 | — |Ditto —.102| 44 | 44 | — |Ditto © 5.:39|—592| 45 | 43 2 Cloudy —.21| 45 | 41 4. |Very Fine —.736| 38 | 38 | — |Overcast 29-975 43.10 141.66 | 1.43 29.957 | 49-0345-10 |3.93 29.941 |43-06 |42.56| .50 | is [ 33 ] NOVEMBER. Temperature. Wind. Rain. Remarks. Days| Max. | Min. Sur, Rad. | Direction.| Force. In. Pü: 5 eS 46 75 41 W Little : : : +) Or 45 40 SW Ditto This month was still very favourable for the operations of the 3 63 38 |4 80 32 Zo T Dido garden at this season of the year. Whilst the wind was South 4. 08 55 78 53 —— ^| FRG .o2 | or South-west in the beginning of the month, there was a consi- 5 61 56 62 53 —— | Strong .18 | derable quantity of rain for the time; but from the 11th till the 6 |4-63 53 64 53 — | Little .52 | 28th, the wind being chiefly East or North. east, scarcely any rain 7 62 46 69 42 S Brisk .03 fell. Frosts were experienced about the 18th sufficiently severe 8 59 42 69 39 SW Little .31 | to spoil finally the beauty of the Dahlias. -SENMT. 46 62 44. S Brisk 24. Io 57 35 52 31 NE Ditto Ol Mean Pressure from the 3 daily observations 29.957 inches. II 50 40 57 37 eniin Ditto a "E ULE eye ws Di IT « 37 71 33 E Ditto Dew Pommit. es A NNS Ditto. ....: 439.11 13.1- 55 33 62 26 NE | Little Degree it Dryness...... Ditto. ..... 19.95 14 | 47 33 60 25 == | MEE —— Degree of Moisture..... Ditto. ..... :932 15 | 48 35 6o 30 —ee o] ME Force of Vapour....... Ditto. assas -317 inch. 16 | 48 36 52 32 N Ditto Least observed degree of Moisture. ....... 714 17 51 40 6o 35 NW Ditto Maximum Temperature in Shade ........ 63? 18 44 30 52 24. NE Ditto Minimum Temperaturein ditto.......... sc? I9 | 43 30 53 24 E Ditto Maximum Temperature in theSun........ 80° 20 | 40 30 49 25 NE Brisk eps of Terrestrial Radiation........ 21 45 34 45 32 E Little .o6 Mean Temperature of External Air....... 459.16 22.1 44 42 48 40 —— — | Brisk =o 1 44 33 47 26 NE | Ditto WiINDs. 5E1245.1.33- | 95 |5 E | Little North. . . . . ...1 days x Br dayi 3$] W254 36. | 41 | 4.1 = | Ditto South , 45-4 o Mess 0. 26 | 40 |—25 44 |[—20 NE | Ditto Eat. acess os E West..... 1 27 | oe 35 65 31 SW | Ditto West hic cases 2 S. West..... 9 28 | 51 39 66 33 —— | Brisk 12 v "1 59 42 50 36 — | Ditto 30 days. o ; : M " 54 E ins E Amount of Rain. «i$.» ove co cèpe so e ER 51.63 | 38.70 | 59.63 | 34.60 1.75 [ 24 ] DECEMBER. Morning. Noon. Night. 1834. EH Tiva. Hygrometer. Weather. Barom. Hygrometer. Weather. Barom. Hygrometer. Weather, M.| 1|29.268| 52 | 52 | — ae s 29.396| 50 | 42 8 |Fine 29.478| 43 | 43 | — |Clearing T. | 2, —.605 42 | — |Clea —703| 52. | 43 9 |Cloudy & Do. | 30.028] 41 | 41 | — |Fine W.| 5|30.110| 42 | 42 | — mel 30.156| 49 | 47 2 |Overcast —.195| 47 |47 | — |Ditto Th. | 4—.187| 47 | 47 | — |Ditto —.172| 52 | 50 2 |Do. and Fine | —171|.33 | 32 1 |Frosty F.| $|—.220| 37 | 37. | — |Foggy —.194| 47 |46 | 1 Ditto —.199| 32 | 32 | — |Foggy S. | 6|—.223' 38 | 38 | — Ditto —.219| 49 | 49 | — |Hazy —.240| 48 | 48 | — |Hazy S. | 7|—.192| 50 | 50 | — Rain —.127| 50 | 50 | — |Rain, —.o81| 51 | 51 | — |Stormy & Wet} D M. | 8,.—.268| 42 38 4 (Clear —.335| 45 35 10 |Very Clear —.499| 42 | 42 | — |Clear : T. —.569) 34 | 34 — |Ditto —.$49| 44 | 40 4 |Fine aig cid ee 1.37 — |Overcast à W.|10,—.307| 42 | 42 | — |Cleari —.347| 45 | 38 | 7 |Clear —512| 37 | 37 | — |Very Clear”) | Th. |11;—.613| 29 | 29 | — jSharp Frost. | —.646| 41 | 4t | — |Fine z2637|.30 | 30 | —-|Frosey E F.|12;,—.551| 31. | 31 | — |Frosty —.491| 38 | 38 | — |Ditto [Haze| —468| 42 | 42 | — Hazy — S.|13|—.502| 42 | 42 | — [Slight Haze ||—.503| 44 | 40 4 |Ditto slight | —.523| 32 | 32 | — Clear& Frosty] S. —*$68| 37 | 537 | — |Overcast —.564| 39 | 38 I |Overcast z5:1.35 | $34 1 | Very Clear M. |15|—.667| 38 | 38 | — |Hazy —.622| 41 |41 | — |Hazy —.641| 42 | 42 | — Overcast 3 © T.|16|—.648 44 | — |Ditto : —.§99| 47 |47 | — |Ditto —.567| 42 | 42 | — Fines} je W. —4.179|.43. | 49 3 |Clear & Windy|| —.165| 45 | 40 5 tees —4220 42 | 42 | —|Very Clear ; Th. 18|—.333| 40. | 40. | — (Clear —.356| 45 | 38 | 7 |Fin —445| 32 | 32 | — Ditto ^ SE F. —.463| 40 | 40 | — |Cloudy —450| 44 |44 | — Cloudy —.446| 42 |42 |— Cloudy & Fine] $.|20|—.425| 41 | 41 | — [Overcast —.401| 44 | 44 | — |Ditto —A414 42 | 42 | — pA fone: S. 21] —.426| 42 |40 | 2 (Cloudy —411| 44 | 39 | 5 |Fine —.437| 43 | 43 | — |Dit - M. —~h47) 37 |35 2 |Ditto —.568| 42 |32 | Io det Fine —.558| 30 | 30 | — Clear & Prot i E T. —.§58| 29 29 — |Sharp Frost —-534| 40 | 40 — |Ditt —557| 27 27 — |Dit : W.|24|—.550| 31 | 31 | — |Frosty&foggy|—.500| 34 | 34 | — Diti —441|-33 133 |- Clearing 4 Th. —.407| 38 38 2 Slight Haze —.411| 45 42 5 |Dit —.496 40 40 aks azy e F. |26| —.563| 38 | 38 | — |Fine 483 43 |43 | — Cloudy & Cold —.591| 39 | 39 | — Ditto S. |27|—.610| 36 | 36 | — |Dense Fog —.602| 39 | 39 | — |Foggy —526.36 | 36 | —:|FOggy : S. |28|—.492| 36 | 35 1 |Fine -cx499| 41. | 38 3 |Very Fine —372| 33 | 31 | — Clear & Fros d M.|29|—.243| 35 | 35 | — |Hoar Frost —.171| 44 | 44 | — |Fine —4,121| 32 32 |— 1 e T. O5| 50 50 | — [Thickly overcast || —.oo1| 52 52 — |Rain 29.913| 51 51 — Overcast | W. |31)29.859) 54 | 54 | — Ditto 29.823| 54 | 54 | — |Heavy Rain |—.86o0| 54 | 54 | — [Rain 30.326 |39.90 (39.52 | .38 | 30.321| 44-80144.19 | .61 30.346] 39-00|38.94 | 06 [ 25 ] DECEMBER. Temperature. Wind. Rain. Remarks. Days| Max. | Min. | Sun Rad. | Direction.| Force. | In. Pts. | +56 43 57 38 W Brisk .02 20.22 33 56 20 [| ^ | Diro The weather continued dry and favourable for the most part of 3 49 45 5o 42 fidei: Little the month. e Barometer, from the 3rd to the 29th, st 4| 53 3o 58 25 SE Ditto markably high. The quantity of rain was extremely limited, 1.39 28 56 22 SW | Ditto scarcely amounting to three-fourths of an inch ; being almost as 6 | 55 47 55 43 — | Ditto -O1 | muc ow the usual average as the latter was exceeded in 7-| o$5 43 55 37 —— | Strong -14 | corresponding period of the former season, in which there fell 8| 46 33 53 27 W Brisk about 4- inches. 9| 46 33 52 29 SW Little 19 10 | 46 28 53 21 W Brisk Mean Pressure from the 3 daily observations 30,331 inches. IE} 45 28 54 24 SW | Little E ereraa Ditto.. se. Gh -23 12 | 46 33 | 53 31 W | Ditto Dew Point. eseri icis Ditto. ;.... 09.87 13 | 45 32 46 28 NE Ditto Degree of Dryness.. .... Diuo. sess 09.35 14 | 4I 35 41 30 -— | Ditt Degree of Moisture ..... Ditto... .982 inch "iM 40 46 39 —— :| Ditto Force of Vapour........ itto...... .289 16 | 46 38 5° 33 c— | ME Least observed degree of Moisture ........ 705 17 | 46 39 57 35 N Strong 94. Maximum Temperature in the Shade.. +... 56° 18 | 45 31 57 26 NE | Ditto Minimum Temperature in ditto.......... 25° 19 | 44 49 44 36 —— | Ditto Maximum Temperature in the Sun,....... 63° 20 | 44 38 46 37 —— | Ditto Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation... ..... 16? 21 | 46 36 50 29 SW Ditto Mean Temperature of External Air....... 409.77 £21 45 27 60 18 N Ditto 23 41 j—25 57 —16 ———- Ditto WINDs. 24 | 39 30 42 25 SW Ditto 25 46 $5 47 31 NW Ditto Dor n n : days N. sens "ac t n] : ei 26 43 31 45 29 NE Ditto Rast ee eee tnt tm s s ee N West es... 1 27 42 30 52 27 SE Ditto West **"*a4959797229** 6 .* S "West eee eee LI 28 42 27 48 21 Ditto Rc ee . . "ec t 9 -- 29| 46 | 39 | 51 | 35 | S | Ditto 93 1 days 301 55 $0 pF63 49 SW | Ditto .07 top i 31 53 43 56 d" Ditto TI Amount of Rain sesi» cesme- sp pina e ss 07A BGM 46.38 | 35.16] 51.93| 30.67 0.74 VOL. II. SECOND SERIES. [ 26 ] Monthly Mean Pressure, Temperature, and Dew Point, &c. of 1834; deduced from the Observations recorded in the preceding Journal. Pressure. Temperature. 1834. M In Sun’s | Terrestrial Mean at Mean of In the Shade. Mean at dris Rays. iation e: Range of e^ three ie p i i serva- 1 Mouths Max. Min Med. Barom, Morn Noon. Night vends Max. | Min. | Med. Morn. Noon Night Observs| Max.| Min.| Max. Min. Eu Jan. .130.449/29-071/29.755| 1-378 |29-751|29-753 29-763|29-755| 58 | 28 45-444-845.344.9 46.0) 62 | 47 | 47 | 18 |447 Feb. .|30.517|29.663 30.175 0.854 |30. 180,30. 167,30. 184/30. 177. 59 | 24 41:5 38.646.0/39.6| 41.4 | 72 | 42 | 45 | 16 |42.8 March| 30. 596/29. 559.30. 236| 1.037 |30- 249,30. 228 30-258,30.245 | 60 | 24 45.042.851.542.4 45.6| 81 | 55 | 46 | 15 493 April |30. 515/29. 305/30. 178| 1.210 30. 192/30. 166 30. 17630 178. 69 | 26 46.846. 354-942-9 48.0| 90.| 53 | 50 | 18 51.6] : May .|30.501/|29-435/30.046| 1.066 50.046 30:040 30:052|30:046 86.1.35 57-358-166-4515 58.7 |114 | 79 | 56 | 26 |67.0 June. |30. 399 19-654 29.992 0 745 |29-979 30-003)29-992)29 991| 91 | 39 62.163.771 :3/56-7 65.9 121 | 81 | 58 | 33 |739 July .(30.295/29 iub s +957, 0.834 29. 96529-950 29-959 29.958| 94 |46 (66.065 673-7610 66.8|130 | 6o | 61 | 42 [765 Aug. |30.187/29.624 29. 5040 563 29-909 29 iib 899/29 goo 85 | 40 FEM 5/22.4,58.9, 65.0 |120 | 71 | 61 | 34 |732 Sept. 30.527 29 38730: oe 140 130.094 30-065|30-095|30-084| 78 | 37 [59-257-467-654-7| 59-9 |106 | 70 | 56 | 32 68.6 Oct. .|30.674129 313 30. bue 1.361 30.073 30 031/30 063/30.055|| 80 32 |52.5145. 1158.4147- 5| 50-3 |107 56 | 55 | 25 [5755 Nov. . 30.452/29. 102 29-957) 1:350 29:975 29-957 29.941/29-957| 63 | 25 45-1,41-649-043-0| 45-0 | 80 | 53 | 41 | 20 M7" Dec. .'30.667|29 268 5o. 332, 1-399 30-326 30.321 30. 346,30. 331 56 | 25 |40.7/39-944-8,39-0| 41-2 | 63 | 41 | 49 | 16 [413 Aer. |30.47629 403 30-055 1.077 30.059 30-047 30 060 30.055 72.7 |35-0|52.0,50.658-7 48.5 52-6 95-5,59.0,52-0 24-5577 Hygrometer indicating Dew Point. Scale of the Winds. Rain. | | 1834. — RENE MN CUONENENENMM E A TNTESET ae Mean Dew Poiut at Mean | Mean Iean Iean Least Month De Force of | degree of | degree of degree of fa, Pé Eis. | Noi Night. Point, | Vapour. | Dryness. | Moisture. | Moisture. N. IN. E| E. |S&.E.| S. S. W.| W. [N. W.| Days. n. xc Jan. .| 43-9 | 45-6 | 44.8 | 44.8 | 0.328 | 1.23 973 682 i Loji], OL or st | Ck Fip dw Feb..| 37.8 | 42.8 | 39.2 | 40.0 | 0.280 | 1.40 942 617 be ee eo TIT 01 March} 39.9 | 41.0 | 41.3 | 40-7 | 0.224 | 4.81 835 397 Ilow5 my 3) 8 | 6: :31«3! 0.86 April] 41.9 | 39-7 | 41-3 | 41-0 | 0.292 | 7-04 813 347 liora] 811| 31 ee 131 2 0.65 d Í May.| 53.8 | $1.1 | 50.4 | 51.8 | 0.425 | 6.90 791 412 ol ¢ 17 | ojn hofi tsp 1.19. June.| 54.0 | 53.7 | 56.2 | 54-6 | 0.457 | 9-26 740 320 £d 4231-249 9 8 jai 39 1.63 July .| 61.1 | 61.4 | 60.7 | 61.1 | 0.580 | 5.71 834 452 1| i16] E19] 91] +|; 2] 7! 6.34 Aug. | 60.4 | 60.5 | 58.9 | 59-9 | 0.577 | 5.06 840 522 I I PFITIO: $3] '| F 2.73 Sept. | 56.2 | 59.6 | 54.7 | 56.8 | 0.459 | 3-10 825 616 6l 110] jis; 05. 51941 P o.83 Oct. | 43.8 | 51.2 | 46.4 | 47.1 | 0.364 | 3-21 903 612 Jee I y: r1 Sy P 0.43 Nov. | 41.6 | 45.1 | 42.5 | 43.1 | 0.317 | 1-95 932 714 i; 676i 95 4) 9) 3| tL eS 1.75 Dec..| 39.5 | 44-2 | 38.9 | 40.8 | 0.289 | 0.35 982 795 ei B10 iti 9 "ETE M Cas Aver. | 47-8 | 49.6 | 47.9 | 48.4 | 0-382 4.16 867 533 18 | 48 |40| 22 77 | 86 | 56 | 18 365 T" [ 27 ] II. Upon the Causes of the Diseases and Deformities of the Leaves of the Peach-Tree. By Tuomas AwpnEw Kyieut, Esq. F. R.S. Pres. Read July 15, 1834. I communicate the following facts without venturing to draw any conclusions, being wholly unable to trace any connection between the apparent cause and the apparent effect; and I should have waited till I had obtained the evidence of more experiments, but that the evidence of such experiments, confined to a single situation or soil, would have still remained defective. Every gardener knows that the leaves of Peach-Trees frequently become diseased and deformed, owing to the operation of two per- fectly distinct causes; one being obviously the depredations of insects, and the other being generally, I believe universally, supposed to be frost. In the last mentioned case, the leaves, if suffered to remain upon the trees, continue to grow, and in part to perform their office of generating the living sap of the tree; but the whole, or nearly the whole, ofthe fluid thus created is expended in their own deformed and morbid growth. In unfavourable situations, such as mine unfortunately is, a large portion of the first formed leaves is . frequently rendered useless, or worse than useless ; and I do not re- collect a single season in which a very large part, and sometimes all the early foliage of my Peach and Nectarine trees, which almost wholly occupy the entire south wall of my garden here, ( Downton Castle) has not been destroyed or rendered useless, previously: to the present season. In the autumn of the year 1831 a small Nectarine tree, which grew in a pot in my Peach house, was removed from it, and planted 28 On the Diseases of the leaves of the Peach- Tree, in the open air, amongst other trees of the same species. A few of the species of scale insect, which is the usual pest of the Peach house, were then transferred to the Peach trees upon my open wall, on which they encreased considerably during the succeeding summer and autumn, and extended themselves over nearly a whole tree on one side, and on nearly half a tree on the other side. In the follow- ing winter my gardener applied to the trees to which these insects had extended themselves, a mixture of lime and flowers of sulphur, dressing the whole of one tree, and about one half of the other. In the following spring, whether owing to the application above- mentioned, or, as is, I think more probable, the effects of winter, the insects wholly disappeared: and the following very singular circumstances occurred. The leaves of all the Peach trees growing in the situation above-mentioned were almost wholly destroyed in the spring of 1833, exclusive of those of the trees to which the mixture of lime and flowers of sulphur had been applied ; whilst all the foliage of one tree, and that of one half of the other presented a perfectly healthy character, as far, precisely, as the dressing above described had extended. In the spring ofthe present year, when the blossom buds of my Peach trees had acquired about the size of hemp seeds, water holding in solution or suspension, a mixture of lime and flowers of sulphur and soot, was thrown upon all the Peach trees abovementioned, with an engine, in sufficient quantities to wet the whole of the trees and wall, but not materially to affect the colour of the wall. No injurious effects followed, and not a single blistered leaf has appeared upon my trees, which are bearing an abundant crop of fruit, and present an appearance of health, which I have certainly never once before witnessed within the last thirty years. The red spider had greatly abounded upon my Peach trees in the preceeding year, and had given my Gardener a good deal of trouble; but in the present season very few appeared and none By Tuomas Anprew Kuicnur, Esq. 29 apparently remain. ‘The dislike of this very troublesome insect to sulphur is well known, and I do not entertain any doubt that, relatively to those, the application of it operated very beneficially ; but I am wholly unable to conjecture by what mode of operation it could have acted beneficially in preserving the foliage of my trees ; and whether it did or did not cause their preservation, can only be determined by future experiment. [ 30 ] III. Particulars respecting the mode of Cultivation &c. of the Averrhoa Carambola. By James Bateman, Esq. F.H.S. Read December 3, 1833. T he fruit of Averrhoa Carambola never having been as, far as I ean collect, produced in Europe before, it has occurred to me that a few particulars respecting the mode of its cultivation, as well as a short account of the tree in its wild state, may at the present moment, prove not entirely destitute of interest. Averrhoa Carambola is found in abundance in the East Indian Archipelago, Bengal, Ceylon, &c. where its fruit passes under the various denominations of “ Blimbing" * Tamaratonga" and “ Camnie" or “ Camrunga" but the former name, being not only the most gene- ral, but also the most pronounceable, it would perhaps be well to adopt it, should the fruit be found to possess sufficient attractions to entitle it to a place in our desserts. The Blimbing seems to vary much in size, being found by some travellers, as large as a hen's egg, while others represent it as attaining the bulk of a large orange ; its merits too are as variously reported as its dimensions, for while in Hindostan it is declared to be wholesome and delicious, in Java (as we are informed by Abel) it is in great request for tarts, and nothing more. The tree by which it is produced is of moderate stature, with an elegant spreading head and light airy foliage something similar to that of the Acacia ; it is very prolific and produces fruit three times a year, from the age of three to fifty. In cultivation it requires to be p/unged, but not in any heating substance ; my plant, which I received only last year from Messrs. HORT TRANS. Vol I. SECOND SERIES. Pi Laus jh aJ 7 ^ py AAA LUCL OA AMPLE LVL be On the Averrhoa Carambola. 31 Lee of the Hammersmith Nursery has attained the height of about five feet, with a naked stem for four fifths of the distance ; this as well as all the older branches became covered in July with countless clusters of elegant though minute rosy flowers, a succession of which continued for upwards of three months and I doubt not, that had the plant been allowed more pot room, instead of setting only six fruit it would have borne as many dozens. The fruit, from the time of their setting, steadily advanced in size, never having had (like peaches and most other fruits) any period, during which they were stationary. Nothing could be more beautiful or singular than their appear- ance as they approached maturity ; their colour was intensely golden, and they diffused too a rich aromatic perfume ; but the most re- markable feature in the fruit is the five excessively prominent angles, which present, as far as I am aware, an unique form among edible fruits. Upon trial it was found that this fruit possessed qualities of the first order when made into a preserve. [ 32] IV. On the Cultivation of Chlidanthus fragrans, a hardy bulbous plant. Ina Letter to the Secretary. By R. W. Byres, Esq. Read July 16, 1833. Sin, Bryn Sifi, Swansea, 21 June, 1833. A ccording to your request, I beg to communicate the result of seven years experiments on Chlidanthus Fragrans. This elegant and fragrant flower I am happy to say is of as easy culture as the narcissus and must become a great favorite in every select flower-garden. Amongst a collection of 150 varieties of the Amaryllidez which I possessed (several of which I have lost this winter) Chlidanthus Fragrans took its place, and from Mr. Herbert s account of it, I was particularly anxious to see the flower, and for three years it had careful stove and frame attention ; but I observed that a high temperature had the effect of fretting the bulb into offsets, and not of enlarging it. I, therefore, placed it one year in the green-house, and here as before, very long leaves and offsets appeared, and in despair of doing anything with the bulb, and finding my stock increasing, I determined in 1830 to plant some out of doors, and having prepared a bed by a south wall 18 inches deep of my common amaryllis soil (turfy loam, sand, and decayed vege- table matter) I planted several bulbs in it six inches deep; through that year little was effected, but I was satisfied the bulbs were healthy. I, therefore, allowed them to remain through the winter, protecting them by mulching. In the April of the next year they began to show themselves, I was satisfied they were getting stronger as very few offsets appeared and the leaves were more sturdy ; On the Chlidanthus fragrans, a hardy bulbous plant. 33 hoping for a flower in 1832 I again left them undisturbed, but not a bulb threw up a scape, and after they had made most vigorous foliage, and gradually died off, I took up the plants in November when some very fine bulbs were obtained, nearly as large as Sprekelia formosissima, or four times larger than the original bulb obtained from the nursery. I potted seven bulbs, four of which flowered in the green-house in April. The remainder of the bulbs I planted out as before, and one of them in the end of May threw up its scape, and flowered, and hoping to see its seed I fertilized it with its pollen, but after about a fortnight, I saw the flower perish without any enlargement of the germ. The Hon. and Rev. Wm. Herbert states the stigma to be obtuse, this I conclude must be an error as in all my flowers it is trifid. I have the honour to be, SIR, Your most obedient humble servant, Rosert W. Byres: VOL. II, 2ND SERIES, F [ 34 ] V. Upon the causes of the premature death of parts of the Branches of the Moor-park Apricot, and some other wall Fruit- Trees. By Tuomas Anprew Kxronr, Esq. Pres. F.R.S. Read June 2, 1835. "Ewe branches of all trees, during much the larger portion of the periods in which they continue to live, are in their natural situations kept in continual motion, by the action of wind upon them ; and of this motion their stems and superficial roots partake, whenever the gales of wind are even moderately strong : and I have shewn, in the Philosophical Transactions, that the forms of all large and old trees must have been much modified by this agent. The motions of the circulating fluids, and sap of the tree, are also greatly influenced and governed by it; and whenever any part of the root, the stem, or the branches of a tree are bent by winds, or other agents, an - additional quantity of alburnum is there deposited; and the form of the tree becomes necessarily well adapted to its situation, whether that be exposed, or sheltered. If exposed to frequent and strong agitation, its stem and branches will be short and rigid, and its superficial roots will be large and strong; and if sheltered its growth will be in every part more feeble and slender. I have much reason to believe, upon the evidence of subsequent experiments, that the widely extended branches of large timber trees would be wholly incapable of supporting their foliage when wetted with rain, if the proportions of their parts were not to be extensively changed and their strength greatly augmented, by the operation of winds upon them during their previous growth. Exercise, therefore, appears to be productive of somewhat analogous effects upon vegetable, and On the premature death of the branches of wall fruit-trees. 35 upon animal life; and to be nearly as essential to the growth of large trees, as to that of animals. Whenever the branches of a tree are bound to a wall, they wholly lose the kind of exercise above described, which nature obviously intended them to receive; and many ill consequences generally follow ; not however, to the same extent, nor precisely of the same kind, to trees of different species and habits. When a standard Plum or Peach tree is permitted to take its natural form of growth, its sap flows freely, and most abundantly, to the extremities of its branches, and it continues to flow freely through the same branches during the whole life of the tree: but when the branches are bound to a wall, and are no longer agitated by winds, each branch becomes in a few years what Duvnawzr calls “ usée,” that is debilitated and sapless, owing apparently to its being no longer properly pervious to the ascending sap. The obstruction to the ascent of this causes luxuriant shoots to spring from the lower parts of the tree; and these are in succession made to occupy the places of the debilitated older branches by the process which the gardener calls “ cutting in." The branches of the Apricot, and particularly of the Moor-park varieties often die suddenly, owing to the same cause, with much more inconvenience and loss very frequently to the Gardener; for trees of this species do not usually afford him the means of filling up vacancies upon his wall, as those of the Peach and Plum do. The Pear tree better retains its health and vigour, when trained to a wall, than those of either of the preceding species, or than the Cherry tree; bnt the proper course of its sap is nevertheless greatly deranged; and it is difficult, and in some varieties almost impossible, to cause it to flow properly to the extremities or nearly to the extremities of its branches. Much the larger part of it is generally expended in the production of what are called “ foreright" useless shoots; and the quantity of fruit, which is afforded by the 36 On the premature death of the branches of wall fruit-trees. central parts of an old Pear tree, when trained to a wall, is usually very small. The Vine alone amongst fruit trees appears capable of being bound and trained to a great distance upon a wall without sustaining any injury, its sap continuing to flow freely and abundantly to its very distant branches. Owing to a peculiarity of structure, and habit, which is confined to those species of trees, from which nature has withheld the power of supporting their own branches, the al- burnum of all plants of this habit is (as far as I have had oppor- tunities of observing) excessively light or porous; and not being intended by nature to support its own weight, or that of any part of the foliage of the tree, does not acquire with age any increased solidity, like that of trees of a different habit, and on this account probably it never, how long-soever deprived of exercise, loses in any degree its power of transmitting the ascending sap. The al- burnum of those trees, which nature has caused to support them- selves, without external aid, becomes annually more firm and solid, and consequently less well adapted to afford a passage to the as- cending sap, and as heart wood it is totally impervious to that fluid. Whenever the branches of such trees are wholly deprived of exer- cise too rapid an increase of the solidity of the alburnum probably takes place ; and it in consequence ceases to be capable of properly executing its office. I have, of course, never had an opportunity of examining the character of the alburnum of the Glycine sinensis, of which the garden of this society contains so splendid a tree ; but I do not entertain a shadow of a doubt of its being extremely light and porous, like that of other trailing and creeping plants, which depend for support upon other bodies. [ 87 ] VI. On Forcing Peaches and | Nectarines. By Mr. Joun Mearns. F. H. S. Read March 3, 1835. Sir, Welbeck Gardens, Ollerton, 9th Feb. 1835. H AVING been twice honoured with your Medal for Exhibitions of Peaches and Nectarines sent to the Society ; and as those were the only that I ever sent, I have reason to believe it to arise from my method of cultivation, which differs from the general practice. I have never seen or heard of its being practised by any one else. I do not approve of the Dutch method of resting the trees every alternate year, the practice is a bad one, as the tree once forced, when due attention has been paid to the roots, is in the best state for early excitement again; a tree taken direct from a wall not so, as it is excited two or three months before its natural season. If a judicious attention be paid to the roots, the same tree is far more successfully forced for a great many years. A late gardener to Lord Srarrorp, on seeing my practice, informed me some years ago of an amateur clergyman near Norwich, who had successfully forced the same trees for more than thirty years. His practice was to take them up every season as soon as they had done growing, and to plant them against a northern aspect till the end of November ; and in the mean time to clear all the soil from his border, and fill it again with well prepared compost. His usual time to commence forcing was the beginning of January. I had a small house erected for the experiment at Shobdon Court many years ago to try the practice, and followed it up for two years with success ; but the removal of the trees is unnecessary, as, with a due attention to the roots, the following method answers 38 On Forcing Peaches and Nectarines, better, and is attended with much less trouble and expense than the above. There are few gardens that have so much north walling to spare, and a better end is obtained without the sacrifice. I confine the roots of my trees for forcing within a walled border, of, from four to six feet wide; according to the extent of surface which is desired for my trees to cover, and from sixteen to eighteen inches deep. The soil which I use to plant my trees in, is nothing else than the perfectly fresh turfy top from a good mellow loamy pasture field, coarsely chopped up ; and if the trees are of a proper age, the crop will be as fine the first season as at any future period. : I water plentifully, but judiciously in the swelling season; but more plentifully in the last stage of swelling, and then the fruit will swell off to a fine size, if the following attentions are paid. As soon as the fruit begins to change colour I leave off watering the roots almost entirely, and none over the leaves and fruit till all is gathered ; at the same time exposing them as much as possible to the direct action of the sun's rays and atmospheric air, till all is gathered; and that I may lose no time in my forcing, by so much exposure to the atmospheric air and direct rays of light, I allow the house to be very hot in the morning before I give air; and then I give it by degrees, till the roof is completely thrown open; and again, unless rain falls, I do not shut up till late in the day, and then in sufficient time to allow of having a high tempera- ture, either with fire or sun, so as to accelerate the forcing, till I commence gathering, at which period, if I have enough for my demand, I keep all as open and exposed as possible, only sheltering from rain to the last; when I remove the lights, I wash the trees several times, powerfully, and give a good soaking to the roots with soft, rain, river, or pond water. I renovate the roots every three or four years, by taking off six By Mr. Jous Mearns, 39 or eight inches from the top of my border, not even sparing the small roots; and also a foot or eighteen inches from the extremity of the border, so as to clear away all the roots matted against the wall, and fill up the trench as at first with fresh turfy soil, and forking a portion in amongst the roots over all the border, so as to raise it a little above its former height; by this practice the trees are sufficiently renovated for three or four years more, and do not receive such a check as by the Dutch practice. It is astonishing to see the extraordinary accumulation of spongelets which have ramified through every part of the fresh soil by the time the fruit has stoned. No tree will thrive, whatever the soil may be, if insects and moss are suffered to harbour upon them; and the best time to remove them is just when the winter pruning is over; I then go over every tree about the houses and walls, in the most careful manner; first scraping off all possible extraneous matter, after the trees are taken from the trellis or wall. My composition is as follows :— The strongest drainage of the farm-yard one gallon; soft-soap one lb.; flowers of brimstone one lb.; mix; let all stand for several days, stirring the mixture three or four times a day; get ready some finely sifted quick-lime, and stir into it, till of the con- sistence of good stiff paint when it is ready to be applied; its ef- fects are certain and excellent. The tools I lay it on with are painters’ sash-tools, of different sizes. I coat over, carefully every part of the tree so effectually, that not a bud, chink, or crevice escapes the mixture. I use the whitest lime for my hot-houses, as, when dry I can see any axil of a bud or crevice that may have escaped the first dressing; and to make sure I go over them two or three times. After such a dressing I find all animalcules so completely destroyed, that neither green fly, thrips, scale, or red spider is to be seen during the season. 40 On Forcing Peaches and Nectarines. I am indebted to our excellent, and indefatigable President for the above recipe with some little alteration. As white lime does not look sightly upon wall-trees, I either mix soot with it, or else use the mixture without either the soot or lime; and frequently, instead of the drainage of the farm-yard, I have employed tobaconist's liquor, mixed with soft-soap and sulphur. Iam, SIR, Your most obedient and very humble servant, Joun MEARNS. 38.4] VII. On the power possessed by Plants of absorbing coloured in- fusions by their roots. By G. J. Towers, Esq. C. M.H.S. Read Nov. 4, 1834. I AM well aware that many of the most eminent philosophers have immersed cuttings of a vast variety of plants, herbaceous as well as frutescent, into coloured infusions, with a view to detect the conduits of the sap. For several seasons, I adopted the same method myself, and always traced deposits of the colouring matter made use of, among, and around (rather than within) those bundles of fibres, which were considered the conducting vessels of the ascending sap. l investigated these processes and the effects produced, by every means, and in every way within my command ; and though I witnessed enough to afford a stamp of truth to the testimonials of the writers I consulted, yet I could never trace the results to the extreme minutiz which I found recorded. I yielded a tacit assent to the evidence of great authority, and con- cluded that my own method or machinery, were, to a certain extent, defective: but I did not remain satisfied, for it was evident that mutilations, and such all cuttings are, could never afford legitimate proofs of the precise nature, nor even situation of the nutritive organs, that are actuated by the vital principle. I there- fore resolved to take another course; and believing the Balsam to afford one of the readiest means of inspection, struck several cuttings in the spring, or took young seedlings, with pure transparent stems ; and after washing their roots, immersed them in strong infusions of log-wood, others I retained in pots of mould, and watered the soil with the coloured liquor. I found that in every instance VOL. II. 2ND. SERIES. 42 On Plants absorbing coloured infusions by their roots, growth was impeded ; but as the plants lived, I, after a week, ten days, or even a fortnight, dissected them, viewed the parts in every light, by every commandable power of glass, in water and without it. Under every circumstance, not a particle of the colouring matter appeared in any spot, cell, or vessel, throughout the stem. Having mentioned this (in passing) while writing on vegetable food, a writer in reply, asserted that, if I had employed madder, I should have detected the colour which would have passed. I soon recollected that Sir H. Davy had mentioned that dye; and on referring to page 245 of the Sixth Agricultural Lecture, read, that “the radical fibres of plants made to grow in infusions of madder are tinged red;" but this is saying just nothing, as to the point insisted on, for the mere dyeing or tinting of the parts inserted in the liquid, affords no evidence of the ascent of that liquid : but he adds “ that substances which are even poisonous to vegetables are absorbed by them." This latter assertion bears upon the enquiry, and to set it at rest I employed three modes of investigation. July 18, 1834, I took three large cuttings of clear white stemmed Balsams, placed each in a phial of pure water, and set them close against the side glass of the east end of my stove; no bottom heat was used, nor was shade interposed. In a few days, processes were formed at the bases ; in ten days (28th) the three plants had per- fect, white, numerous roots. I lifted them carefully one by one out of each phial, and planted them successively in as pure, simple, sandy loam as I could select; not admitting a known particle of decomposable matter, into the soil. I gave water only for a day or two, shading the plants, till I felt sure that vegetation was active ; but they never shrank, and were covered with blossom buds ; the greater number of which, were pinched off; the pots were small sixties. : Ist. Two solutions had been prepared, one of a drachm of powdered Brazil wood, in four ounces of water, adding four or five By G. J. Towers, Esq. 43 drops of solution of caustic potash. This brought out at once, a deep mulberry crimson, and the slight stimulus of the alkali, might, it was conceived promote the object in view. 9nd. The other solution was four ounces of rain water, and one fourth of a fluid drachm of a concentrated fluid oxy-muriate of iron, of a deep orange tint. This formed a liquid so austerely astringent, that it was found unpleasant to rince the mouth with it; it is perhaps, ofall the preparations of iron, the most delicately sensible to the minutest atom of any prussiate. With each of these solutions I copiously watered the Balsam, having carefully marked the pots, so that no mistake could occur. A third Balsam I watered with pure water only. These processes were continued till the 14th of August; and then, to insure the saturation of the soil, and have no question of doubt, I placed some solution of iron in one earthen vessel and some Brazil wood in another; and placing the Balsam into its appropriate vessel, poured a quantity of the fluid over the soil till the rim of the pot was reached, and then left.the plants standing in the saucers: thus, one young Balsam had been regularly watered over the surface of its soil for sixteen days (as required) with a strong colour- ing fluid. A second had been similarly treated with an astringent metallic preparation ; and finally, each was immersed as it were, and left in its appropriate fluid till every drop was absorbed. The plant moistened with water, was merely supplied as it became needful. I may add that as the heat of the stove was very great at times, and the plants stood open to the full sun, I once or twice gave all of them, a little rain water alike, which rather tended than otherwise, to wash the artificial fluids among the earthy par- ticles. But after the two were immersed, no more water was given, and on the 17th I took out large slices of the stems for investigation. 44 On Plants absorbing coloured infusions by their roots, Nota tint of colour, red or yellow, nor any difference in appearance could be detected, by myself, or one of my sons, either by the naked eye, or by any mode of microscopic investigation. I then tested the three stems, and the three detached portions, and also, horizontal and transverse slices of each. Ist. That which had been watered with Brazil infusion, with liquid green sulphate of iron, which I found would instantly con- vert any stain of the infusion on white paper, into a dark bluish grey; but the plant, or its cuttings afforded no shade of grey, nor change whatever to the test. 2nd. The iron watered plant and its cuttings, were tested by prussiate of soda; this, applied to the liquid, gave an immediate precipitate of prussian blue. No sign of change, however, no blue deposit could be perceived in the plant, or its parts. 3rd. The wounded place of the watered Balsam was then touched with a minute drop of even the sulphate of iron, (which is in no degree so sensitive to a prussiate, as is the oxygenated solution) and now, on applying a pin’s point of prussiate of soda, blue became apparent among the wounded vessels. Finally, the amputated part of the water-moistened plant was cut, sliced and tested with sulphate of iron on one, with prussiate of soda on another, and no chemical deposit, no blue, or greyish stain could be traced on either. I have thus proved by a variety of methods and tests, that waterings by liquids and chemical agents produce no evidence of the nature or situation of the sap-vessels in the Balsam. The growth also of the three plants yield further colla- teral proofs, for the young Balsams when first planted in the pots of sandy loam were, though stout and firm not seven inches high. During the course of the moistenings, they all grew well and healthily ; and I perceived no difference in them, unless it were that the plant with muriate of iron, assumed a beaded growth By G. J. Towers, Esq. 45 and threw out two or three small laterals, whereas, the others continued erect ; all continued to show blossom so persistingly, that I ceased to pull them off. At the period of examination, the soil watered with infusion was blackened throughout: that with iron was coloured by rust of a yellow tint. When the experiment was concluded, being willing to see the fate of the wounded plants, I took them out of the pots with entire balls, and set them in the’ open border. The plant simply watered, had been cut too deeply and broke off, and the stem decayed: that watered with iron was not safely tied up, and the wind twisted it, so that it fell, but did not snap off at the wound; it has expanded four or five lilac and white large blossoms; and has on it twice the number of buds; it is now secured to a stick, and I doubt not will grow. The third plant is covered with white and pink blossoms, and these with buds amount to thirty or more, though the plant is scarcely a foot high. One more fact remains to be mentioned, and it is most im- portant. caused another plant to strike in water, and having prepared an infusion of Brazil wood, and a solution of iron, both as before described, I carefully removed the new rooted cutting from water, and placed it with a simple slip from off another Balsam, together in solution of iron, soon after, I placed a cutting fresh from a plant in the infusion of Brazil wood. The rooted . plant was killed in a few minutes; it drooped, fell over the rim of the vessel in a state of complete flaccidity, and dwindled to a close collapsed thread; the cutting perished within six hours. That also in the red infusion never showed health; leaf after leaf curled, became brown and fell off. In three days the mere stem only remained. Thus it is proved, that the identical liquid which yields life, support, and health to roots when ramifying in a bed, or matrix of 46 On Plants absorbing coloured infusions by their roots. earth, will destroy as with a stroke of lightening, those same plants when they are exposed to its immediate agency. I argue th enfrom the results which I have detailed, first, that, coloured, or chemical infusions and liquids will not enter into the vascular or cellular system, provided the plant, either by its own vital energy, or by the decomposing power of the soil, remain in a state of health and power to develope its new parts; therefore that, no precise knowledge of the sap vessels can be obtained by such artificial means as have usually been employed. Secondly, That where a plant ceases to grow, turns yellow, and evidently becomes sickly, it may absorb unnatural aliment; not however through its regular organs of absorption, but by diseased action through, in all probability, abraded surfaces; hence then, while vital energy acts, and health remains unimpaired, true sap alone is generated. The office of soil is to reduce all substances to its own nature; and this it speedily effects through the stimulus of living vegetation. If, however, substances foreign to soil super- abound, injury, as abrasion, or corrosion is, I apprehend induced ; diseased action and absorption supervene, the plant becomes poisoned, sickens and perishes. [ 47 | VIII. On the means employed in raising a tree of the Imperatrice Nectarine. In a Letter to the Secretary. By T. A. Kxronr, Esq. F. R.S. President. Read February 3, 1835. Dear Sin, Y ov informed me in the last spring that our garden did not contain a tree of the Imperatrice Nectarine, and that you wished to obtain one. I, in consequence, promised that I would raise, and send you one as soon as I could; and I believe that the means which I employed in raising a tree of that variety, will prove that I have not lost time in proceeding to perform my promise. The tree which I send is composed of an almond stock, which sprang from seed early in the last spring, into which two buds were inserted on opposite sides in the end of April; and as soon as those had properly united themselves to the stock, that was removed from the foreing house, and placed under a north wall. After a few days it was headed down, and brought again into the forcing house, when the two inserted buds vegetated, and each produced a lateral branch, which has acquired the length of about two feet six inches, and has formed a few blossom buds. I had previously, early in tbe spring, grafted an almond stock, which was a year old, with the Imperatrice Nectarine, with the intention of obtaining a tree to send to you; but it acquired, early in the summer, too large a size; and it was consequently planted out to fill up a vacancy upon my south wall, where it has produced two branches, each of which is more thah six feet long; and it has covered fifty square feet of the wall with much excellent bearing wood. I have never witnessed such rapidity, and excellence of growth, in a peach, or nectarine tree, planted at the usual periods. 48 On raising a tree of Imperatrice Nectarine. The almond as a stock for the peach and nectarine possesses, I think, every good quality, except that of bearing transplantation very well, and in that respect alone it is inferior to the plum stock. I have, on this account, sent the little plant abovementioned in the pot, in which the almond was first planted. In the soil and climate of this place, the Imperatrice Nectarine is in my estimation, and in that of a great many other persons, who have tasted it, the best fruit of its family. It presents, I think, a greater concentration of taste and flavour than is found in any other variety, which I have cultivated. It is inferior in size to the Downton Nectarine; but that, in favourable seasons, is here very large ; one measured in circumference nine inches, and several of them exceeded eight inches and seven lines. I named it the Imperatrice Nectarine, because the first fruits, which I saw, shrivelled much upon the tree; but those have not subsequently done so, more than some other varieties of nectarines. I will request that the little tree sent may be planted in fresh unmanured soil without having the branches shortened, and so superficially that a part of its roots may remain permanently visible above the soil. The fruit, which it will produce, will not be nearly as good as that of an older tree; and it is therefore my wish that some buds should be taken from it in the next season, and inserted into the branches of more mature trees. I remain, dear Sir, Sincerely yours, T. A. Knicut. Downton, Dec. 17, 1834. [ 49 ] IX. Abstract of a Memoir on the Cultivation of French Pears in Scotland, and on the foundation and management of Fruit Borders, with the view of bringing the Trees into a bearing state at an early period of their growth, and increasing their general productiveness. By Mr. Grecor Drummonp, Gardener to Sir Rozsert Preston, Bart. Communicated by the Council of the Caledonian Horticultural Society. Read April 7, 1835. Tue attention of Mr. Drummonp seems to have been particularly directed to the subject of this memoir by the following circum- stances. The property of Valley Field, which belonged to the late Sir R. Preston, is situate on the north side of the Frith of Forth, and possesses a fine southern aspect. The site of the cottage- garden, in which Mr. Dnuwwoxp's experiments were first made, is placed close on the Frith, and was previously oceupied by pans and all the other buildings required for the manufacture of salt. In 1815 and 1816, these buildings were removed, the ground was enclosed by a wall, a cottage erected, and one part of the enclosed area was laid out as a flower garden, and the remainder formed into a marine fish pond. When the ground was levelled for the garden, it consisted almost entirely of coal-ashes, brick-bats, and lime-rubbish, to which were added about fifteen inches of fresh soil to prepare it for the flowers and shrubs. As it was proposed to plant French Pear trees in the borders next to the walls, the fresh soil was there trenched down about eighteen inches, and mingled with the rubbish. Another foot of fresh soil was then laid over the whole surface of the border, and the trees planted. VOL. II. 2ND SERIES. H Mo. Bot. Garden, 1897. 50 On the Cultivation of French Pears in Scotland, &c. It was predicted that a border so formed would never answer, but would assuredly canker the roots of the trees; this however has not happened. On the contrary, the Crasanne, Saint Germain, Chaumontel, Colmar, Brown Beurré, Bergamotte de Paques, and Jargonelle, have all produced fruit the third year after they were planted, and have continued to yield excellent crops ever since, far greater than similar trees planted in the deep rich borders of the other gardens. Of these latter trees, many had been planted twelve years before they produced any fruit: they grew however vigorously, ran greatly to breast-wood, and continued to grow so late in the season that the flower-buds were frequently but ill- formed, and the young wood imperfectly ripened. "The fruit also, which they produced, was borne chiefly at the ends of the branches, and was frequently hard and gritty at the core. On the other hand, the trees in the cottage-garden seem to have acquired a differ- ent habit; they did not indeed grow so vigorously, and they pro- duced little breast-wood ; but they ripened their young wood earlier in the autumn, and fruited more regularly over the whole surface of the tree. On a given surface of wall therefore, not only was the produce of the cottage-garden tree greater, but its quality much superior. 'The early productiveness and fertile habit exhibited by the trees, just mentioned, led to the adoption of nearly the same methods in preparing two other borders. One of these was formed in 1820; as much of the rubbish of old buildings as would form a layer of about fourteen inches in thickness, was spread over the whole border. On this was laid a stratum of rich manure, about 6 inches thick ; and the whole was then trenched and turned over in such a way as to mingle the rubbish and manure with the soil of the border, but not going so deep as to encroach on the subsoil. The whole being thus mixed together, and made level, was then covered with about a foot of fine light soil. Inthe border thus formed, two Crasannes, By Mr. Grecor DRUMMOND: 51 two French Bergamottes, two Grey Auchans, and one Muirfowl- egg Pear were planted; they were what are generally called * Dwarf Maiden Plants." All these trees shewed fruit in the third year, and bore a beautiful crop in the fourth year after they were planted, and the crops produced every year since have been as- tonishing. The surface of this border every winter, gets a dressing of cow-dung which is dug in about eight inches below the surface. In 1822, another border was similarly prepared by mixing up the rubbish of an old wall with the soil of an old border, to which no dung was added, lest it might make the soil too rich; but this Mr. Drummonp has since regretted, as he finds that where stones and rubbish are mixed with the soil, there is no danger in making a free use of rich manure, In the spring of 1823, French Pear trees were planted in this border, and they afterwards came as early into a bearing state, and continued to be as productive as the trees at the cottage-garden. By thus mixing stones and rubbish with the soil of the border, and forming the border above the subsoil, we are able to bring French Pear trees into a bearing state at a much earlier period of their growth, and to render some varieties of these trees, hitherto considered as shy-bearers, not less productive than those of the more common kinds. Mr. Drummonp next points to the analogy between his method of forming borders for Pear trees, and that employed, when plants are cultivated in pots or boxes. In the latter, pieces of pot-sherds, shivers or other substances are laid at the bottom of the pot to drain off superfluous moisture, or are sometimes mingled with the soil of the pot or box, when they are of large size, else the fibrous roots of the plant would probably perish during the winter, when vegetation is suspended. Now the roots of wall-trees, in an arti- ficially prepared border, are in a very similar state, if the soil be deep and no stones or rubbish mingled with it ; for a great body of 52 On the Cultivation of French Pears in Scotland, 4c. fine earth, without such admixture of stony substances, is too re- tentive of water during the winter months, which proves very injurious to the fibrous roots of trees in our cold damp climate. Many opportunities of lifting the roots of trees, in borders dif- ferently formed, have afforded illustrations of the foregoing facts ; for those roots, raised from borders where the soil was mingled with stones and rubbish, have presented a dense mass of fibrous rootlets; whilst others, which had grown in deep and rich borders without such admixture of stony substances, have exhibited only Jong naked roots, more or less destitute of fibrous appendages. In the rubbish borders, the fibrous rootlets might be seen to seize, as it were, on some substances of the soil in preference to others; pieces of lime-plaster, or mortar, were generally preferred, being often found enveloped in a mass of such rootlets; next to these, pieces of whinstone and brick were selected by the rootlets ; coarse gritty sandstone they seemed to reject, but to like the fine white sandstone which the roots of heaths are so fond of. In connection with this search after stony bodies, Mr. Drum- MOND mentions some curious facts respecting the directions which roots take in borders formed, in part, of paving stones. If such stones be laid at the bottom of the border with the view of pre- venting the roots striking into the subsoil, the trees will soon send down their roots until they come in contact with the pavement, over the surface of which they will then spread themselves in every direction. Should. their extremities not be able to penetrate the mortar or clay in which the stones are imbedded, they will, after a time, push out beyond them, and then, dipping down, take an in- verted position and extend beneath the pavement. On the other hand, if the stones be laid on the surface of the border instead of its bottom, the roots then seem to strike upwards, and spread along the under surface of the stones. In both cases the stones seem to attract and retain moisture, and, during the vegetating season, the By Mr. Grecor DRUMMOND. 53 roots strike towards them in order to obtain it ; but with this dif- ference in the ultimate result:—when the stones are laid at the bottom of the border, the principal roots are detained there, and their fibrous rootlets are more or less destroyed, during the winter, by the too great moisture to which they are exposed. In such circumstances, the trees grow vigorously, but produce comparatively little fruit, and that of inferior quality. But when the stones are laid on the surface, the principal roots are also formed there ; and their fibrous rootlets are thus preserved in a healthy state during winter. Such trees grow less vigorously than in the former case, but they produce excellent crops of fruit, and that of superior quality. From the results of his experience, the author is led to conclude that two errors are, in general, committed in forming borders for wall-fruit trees. The one is that of trenching too deeply, with the view of increasing the depth of the border, by which the sub-soil is disturbed : the other consists in collecting too great a body of fine earth in the border, without a due admixture of stony sub- stances. With respect to the first error, or removal of the sub-soil, its effect is to convert the border into a sort of receptacle both for collecting and retaining water, and to bring it nearly to the condi- tion of a flower-pot, whose bottom is immersed in a pan of water. No operation of draining will keep such a border in a condition suited to the welfare of the trees; and nothing can be more inju- rious to the roots than keeping them in stagnant water through the greater part of the year. Ifit be wished to augment the depth of the natural soil in the borders, this should be done, not by exca- vating the sub-soil, but by adding to the height of the upper soil. All hard-wooded trees and shrubs thrive best in a border raised above the level of the surrounding ground. In our damp climate, the roots of the finer sorts of trees thus preserve a healthier state during winter; and on the return of spring, the soil of a raised 54 On the Cultivation of French Pears in Scotland, $c. border receives more solar heat, which contributes to accelerate and augment the fertile habit of the tree. As to the second error—that of accumulating too much fine mould without a due proportion of stony substance—Mr. D. remarks that, in the natural soils in which trees best grow, we can seldom pene- trate, even in carse lands, above a foot below the surface, without meeting with stones and other substances favourable both to the developement and preservation of fibrous roots. And in local situ- ations, famed for the production of fine fruit or hard-wooded trees, an examination of the soil and sub-soil will shew them to possess the characters above-mentioned, and to be thus favourable to the form- ation and preservation of fibrous roots. In no instance ought we to collect above two feet of fine earth in a border, without, at the same time, mixing with it a due proportion of small stones, or other solid substances. Such an intermixture of stony bodies contributes not only to augment the number of fibrous roots, but to prevent the accumulation of too much moisture in the winter months. As the result of his inquiries and experience, Mr. D. recom- mends the following mode of forming a border, as suitable for every variety of fruit-tree which we are in the custom of raising against walls. He would make the border at least twenty feet wide: it should be composed of two and a half feet in depth of good soil, rather light, with one foot of broken whinstones and lime rubbish, and one foot of cow and stable dung. "These several ingredients should be thoroughly mixed together, and when the whole has been levelled, another foot of fine mould should be spread over the whole surface. The walks he would lay down on the surface of the border at the distance of ten or twelve feet from the wall; and this should be done in such a manner as that the surface of the border may have a gentle slope from the wall to the walk, and the slope then be continued from the walk to the natural surface of the ground. On no account must the sub-soil be disturbed. By Mr. Grecor DRUMMOND. 55 Those who are advocates for the shallow planting of fruit trees may suppose the border, recommended above, to be too rich, and that it will promote too great luxuriance of growth ; but, provided the materials employed favour the production of fibrous rootlets, we can hardly ever make the border too rich. Encouraging such rootlets seems to produce that fertile habit in the tree at an early stage of its growth, which checks any tendency to over luxuriance afterwards ; and to turn the powers of the tree to the formation of flower-buds, and consequent production of fruit. Wall-trees are exposed to a higher temperature and greater evaporation than standards, and require, therefore, a larger body of soil and a more copious supply of moisture for their roots than standards do. Having thus stated his views concerning the proper formation of borders, Mr. Drummond proceeds to notice some other circum- stances to be attended to in their subsequent management: and this portion of his Memoir is also illustrated by experiment. When the borders have been properly prepared, success in the cultivation of wall-fruit trees depends more, says our author, on a judicious supply of moisture to their roots, than on any other part ofthe practice. The necessity of moisture to the due preparation of the food of plants, and to its entrance into the vegetable system, is well known; but if the soil get beyond a certain state of dryness, these necessary operations cannot proceed, and little or no nutri- ment can be afforded, at the very time, perhaps, when it is required most to assist in the production of fine fruit. The roots also, unable to find nutriment in a good soil, may penetrate into a bad one, and from thence derive matter not only not nutritive, but per- haps pernicious to the vegetating process. In supplying water, Mr. D. recommends that it be taken from a pond in which it has been freely exposed to the sun. If the pond 56 On the Cultivation of French Pears in Scotland, $c. be not more than three or four feet deep, the temperature of its water will not differ much, during the summer months, from that of the soil of a border of similar depth. In such circumstances, water- ing will rather augment than diminish the temperature of the soil ; and will in no degree check the chemical changes by which the food is prepared in the soil, or impede the functions of the living organs destined to absorb it. Water from springs and wells, by reason of its coldness, considerably reduces the temperature of the soil, and ought not to be employed 'till its temperature has been raised nearly to that of the soil. To ascertain the effects, respectively produced by spring and pond water of different temperatures, Mr. D. in the year 1826, made the following experiments :—he selected four peach trees of the same species (Grosse Mignonne), which grew against a wall. Two of these trees were supplied during the summer with water taken from the spring, and the other two with water from the pond. In the border where the trees grew, and which was twelve feet wide, two thermometers were plunged into the soil to the depth of eigh- teen inches, and its temperature carefully noted at the two stations before the water was applied ; and also on the next day, or twenty- four hours after the application of the water. The temperature too of each kind of water was duly observed. These observations being previously made, the border was watered three times during the summer ; and each time as much water was given as would have formed about a cubic foot of water over the whole surface. The author has exhibited, in a tabular form, the times when the experi- ments were made, the temperature of the soil, the kind of water, and its temperature when used ; the temperature of the border twenty- four hours after, and the amount of heat gained or lost by the kind of water employed. The first experiment was made on the 10th of May. At the depth of eighteen inches the temperature of the border was 64°, By Mr. Grecor DRUMMOND. 57 and that of the spring water used 46°. In twenty-four hours after the temperature of the border was reduced to 52°, or had lost 12°. At the same time the temperature of the soil being 64° as above, and heat of the pond water 67° the soil at the close of twenty-four hours was 66°, or, instead of losing 12°, had gained 2°. June 20th, the second watering was given. The temperature of the border at the depth of eighteen inches was now 74°, and that of the spring water 52°. In twenty-four hours the border was reduced to 58°, or had lost 16°. At the station where the pond water was used the temperature of the border at the above-mentioned depth was 77°, and that of the water 82°. In twenty-four hours the tem- perature of the border was 80°, or had gained 3°. The third and last watering was performed on the 28th of July. The temperature of the border at eighteen inches below the sur- face was 72°, and that of the spring water 57°. In twenty-four hours the border was reduced to 61°, or had lost 11° of temperature. At the pond water station the border, at the depth of eighteen inches was 78°, and the water itself 74°. In twenty-four hours the temperature of the border was still 78°, or had suffered no change of temperature from the watering it had undergone. It is very clear from these facts that whilst spring water greatly cooled the soil, that from the pond exerted no such operation, but on the contrary often raised its temperature. In proceeding to describe the effects on vegetation produced by these different kinds of water, Mr. D. observes, that on the 10th of May, when the border was first watered, there was no perceptible difference in the appearance of the four trees: they had all excel- lent crops of fruit. About the first of August, however, the con- trast was very striking. Noone would then have supposed that the four trees were of the same variety. The fruit of the two trees, which had been supplied with the pond water, was much larger, of a higher colour, and finer. T" than the fruit of the other VOL. II. 2ND SERIES. 58 On the Cultivation of French Pears in Scotland, óc. two trees, which had been supplied with spring water. The leaves also of the former trees were almost double the size of those of the latter. Even in the following spring the difference was perceptible, as evinced in the larger blossom and more vigorous setting of the fruit. In the management of borders, it is of great importance, conti- nues Mr. D., to preserve the surface-roots of trees. At the cot- tage garden the borders have never been dug since the trees were planted ; and when manure is applied, it is laid down and covered over with about six inches of the surface mould. The soil, when thus treated, becomes filled to the surface with fibrous roots, which would be injured or destroyed were the border to be dug. When the manure is retained in a body near the surface the border is kept in a moister state, and the roots do not penetrate down- wards to the sub-soil in search of water. Even where vegetables are raised, as early crops on the border, the soil is never disturbed to more than six inches in depth ; and the crops are ready earlier than in the ordinary mode of digging to the depth of eighteen inches. When the fibrous roots of trees have been injured by digging the border too deep, they will soon be restored if a layer of manure, six or eight inches thick, be first laid on the sur- face, and then beaten down with the spade, and covered afterwards with about six inches of mould. "The roots will at once begin to strike out and run along the undersurface of the dung, forming at length a complete mass of fibrous roots. When vegetables are raised on fruit-borders, they may affect the atmosphere, in regard both to heat and moisture, in a degree that may sometimes prove beneficial, and at others injurious, to the trees. When the wall, for example, becomes heated, the air in contact with it is rarified and carried upwards, and fresh air from the surface of the border moves forward to supply its place ; in this way a cur- rent of air is soon formed, which continually passes over the heated By Mr. Grecor Drummonp. 59 wall as long as it retains an excess of heat. Of this circumstance advantage may be sometimes taken where the heat of the wall is excessive; for by keeping the surface of the border in a moist state, we diminish at once the temperature, and augment the mois- ture of the atmosphere which envelopes the tree. On the other hand, by raking the border, as will afterwards be shewn, we con- tribute to keep its surface in a dry state; and thereby to increase the temperature, and lessen the moisture of the surrounding atmo- sphere. At different seasons these opposite practices may be bene- ficially adopted. Thus in spring, when the trees are in blossom, should a clear frosty night set in, with the prospect of bright sunshine during the next day, it is of no little importance to water the surface of the border before the sun appears, as the evaporation that succeeds will moderate the excess of heat which might other- wise prove fatal to the blossom. On the other hand, when the fruit is swelling it is of equal importance to keep the surface of the border dry, as the temperature both of the soil and atmosphere is then increased, which contributes much to improve the size and quality of the fruit. When, however, the borders are so thickly covered with vege- tables as almost to prevent the access of the solar rays to their surface, such covering will contribute much to lower the tempera- ture of the soil, and of the atmosphere in contact with the wall. To ascertain the extent to which this might take place, the author made the following experiments on a border covered with a strong crop of cauliflower, which completely shaded the surface. He took a thermometer and inserted its naked bulb about half an inch into the soil of the border, where it was covered with the vegetables. A second thermometer was laid on the surface of the border; and a third was placed in close contact with the wall. A similar arrangement was, at the same time, made with three other. ther- ‘mometers in another part of the border which was uncropped, and 60 On the Cultivation of French Pears in Scotland, $c. fully exposed to the sun’s rays. The border itself was twelve feet wide, and the wall of about the same height in feet. On the 10th of May, 1829, the author made four observations of these six ther- mometers, between five o'clock of that day, and four o'clock of the next, viz. at five A. m., one P.M., and at ten P. m. of the 10th. ; and at four A. M. of the 11th. The results of these observations he has given in a tabular form, of which a copy is exhibited. May, 1829. Cropped Border. Uncropped Border. Temp. of | Temp. o ke: Temp. of | Temp. on Temp. of Temp. of seer E ^ Time of Observation. ep rm inch below NE. — of inch below oed ‘naked aie face. 5 A.M 55 68 | 58 59 70 57 62 IE : — 71 en D. - E 113 p 10 P, Mii esses 4: A. My. ee 52 60 59 55 70 58 60 Increase of temper- ature from 5 A.M. to 10. PO M... 16 1 18 27 26 56 42 Increase of temper-| erature from 10 p 19 — 17 3l 26 55 44 From this table it will be seen that at one o'clock r. m. the close crop of cauliflowers occasioned a reduction of 18° of temperature on the wall, as compared with that of the wall of the naked border: at ten o'clock in the evening the difference of temperature between the two portions of wall was 8°; and even at four o'clock on the next morning the difference was 5°. On the 29th of May the cropped border was 4° lower than the naked one, at the depth of twelve inches beneath the surface. This effect of cropping, in lowering the temperature of the atmo- sphere, will however be much less when the sunshine is little and partial through the day ; and when the day is wet it will not be be observed. The colour too of the soil will influence the result, a dark soil becoming much hotter than a light coloured one when exposed in the same manner to the solar rays. By Mr. Gregor Drummonp. 61 Vegetables in borders are least injurious to wall trees when they are planted in rows at right angles to the wall, and at double the distance usually allotted ; they do not then so completely shade the soil, and the air is permitted to flow freely through the rows. It will, however, be proper to have them cleared away (when planted opposite to Peach and Apricot trees) about the middle of July, that the borders may have the full benefit of the sun's rays to enable them to ripen the fruit and mature the young wood. After a wet night the borders should also be raked, to aid the drying of their surface. This simple operation will increase the temperature ofthe surface of the border, and of the wall many degrees. On one occasion, after two days of continued rain in July, 1829, the temperature of the surfaces of the border and wall were the same as that of the atmosphere, viz. 52^ at four o'clock in the morn- ing. At six o'clock the weather cleared up, and a considerable extent of the border, opposite to a hot wall, was raked, so as to dry the surface. At one o'clock a thermometer, laid on this raked sur- face, indicated 118°; and another applied to the wall opposite to 106°; whilst, on the unraked surface of the soil, the temperature was only 86°, and on the corresponding portion of the wall 89°. The operation, therefore, of raking the surface of the border, raised its temperature 32? above the unraked surface, and the temperature of the corresponding part of the wall 17°. The London Medal, for 1833, placed at the disposal of the Caledonian Horticultural Society, was voted to Mr. GREGOR Drummond for the Communication, of which a copious and correct abstract is here given. Parrick NEILL, Sec. Cal. Hort. Soc. [ 62 J X. Descriptions of several New Varieties of Fruit raised by Tuomas ANDREW Knieut, Esq. from Seed; together with Notes thereon by Mr. Knieut. Tue following account of some of the new fruits raised at Downton has been prepared from descriptions made in the Society's Garden by Mr. RosznT Tuowrsow, to which notes have been added by Mr. Knienr. As these varieties appear of considerable importance, it was considered desirable that an early opportunity should be taken of making the public acquainted with them. 1. Marcu BERGAMOT PEAR. Fruit middle-sized, in form and appearance resembling the Autumn Bergamot. Flesh buttery, a little gritty near the core, rich and excellent. Season, March, or later. Note.—Owing to its resemblance in form to the Autumn Ber- gamot, and its ripening chiefly in March, (it may be preserved later) I have named this sort the March Bergamot. The sample sent was not favourable in any respect, the most perfect having been previously eaten, owing to my having erroneously supposed that I had sent a sample of the fruit in autumn. No pains were taken to preserve those that remained, and which it appears were found to be excellent after enduring the carriage to London in the beginning of March. It will be found a much larger and a much better pear when grown in the Garden of the Society. The fruit is, I think quite as large as that of an old Autumn Bergamot tree was, which formerly grew in the same soil and Descriptions of several New Varieties of Fruit. 63 climate, and at the distance of a few feet only. Both this variety and the Pengethley Pear would probably be greatly improved if grown upon a wall, and so cultivated I believe both would be found very valuable in cold and unfavourable situations in which the French and Belgic varieties could not be made to succeed. 9. PENGETHLEY PEAR. Fruit middle-sized, obovate, a little curved at the stalk. Eye small and a little open; stalk about half an inch in length. Skin yellowish-brown and considerably russeted. Flesh yellowish, juicy and rich: a very good pear. Season, February and March. Note.—The Pengethley Pear remains in perfection quite as late in the spring as the March Bergamot; and it is larger and more juicy, and its appearance more inviting. Some persons who tasted both in the present spring thought it the best pear of the two. The very high price of pears in the spring in the London and other markets, induces me to think that both these varieties might be cultivated with much advantage. This first appeared in the autumn of 1831, and was then very fine. The tree is large and its growth excessively luxuriant. 3. Ross PEAR. Fruit large, obovate. Eye open and slightly sunken. Stalk short, moderately thick. Skin yellowish green interspersed with russet. Flesh inclining to yellow, gritty near the core, but rich, juicy and sugary throughout. Season, January. Note.—This first appeared in 1832. The fruit was all of large size; and I suspect that in a more favourable season and better climate it will become very large. The growth of the original tree is extremely luxuriant. 64 Descriptions of several New Varieties of Fruit, 4. OAKLEY Park BERGAMOT. Fruit middle-sized, roundish obovate, resembling a large Swan's egg. Eye partly open, in a regularly formed cavity. Stalk an inch and a half in length, rather slender, and a little sunk at its insertion. Skin greenish-yellow, sprinkled with russet. Flesh buttery and melting, rich and excellent. Season, October. Note.—The tree is of free growth and has borne in the three last years. 5. Brovenam PEAR. Nearly of the middle-size, obovate. Eye open in a regularly formed depression. Stalk short. Skin yellowish-russet. Flesh yellowish-white, buttery, a little gritty near the core, sugary and rich. Season, November. This sort is highly deserving of cul- tivation where flavour rather than size is the principal object. Note.—This is not a small pear, though the sample sent was small. It is at least as big as the Autumn Bergamot; but I had sent away to several friends the largest and best samples; and I never saw my pears so small as in this year (1833), owing to what cause I do not know; but probably to the drought in the early part of the summer. I have named it the Brougham Pear, a sample sent by me to Lord Brougham having been approved by his Lordship. : 6. BnuixcEwoopn PEAR. Fruit middle-sized, pyriform. Eye open with the segments of the calyx prominent. Stalk long and rather slender. Skin yel- lowish-brown, almost covered with russet. Flesh yellowish-white, a little gritty near the core, the rest buttery, rich and very ex- cellent, with something of the peculiar flavour of the Monarch Pear. Well deserving of cultivation. Season, end of October till beginning of December. Note.— This variety did not prove nearly as good in the following By Tuomas Anprew Kxronr, Esq. 65 year as in that in which the sample was sent to the Society ; it was nevertheless a good pear, though inferior to others of the same season of maturity. 7. Moccas PEAR. Fruit middle-sized, obovate, with a short stalk. Eye somewhat open and very slightly sunk. Skin brown. Flesh inclining to yellow, melting, juicy, rich and high flavoured, resembling in this respect the Monarch Pear, and almost equal to that very excellent variety. Season, December. Note,—This is, I think, a very fine pear, but the sample sent was not equal in quality to the former produce. It is somewhat singular that all my pears ripened much later, and less perfectly in the last, (1831), than in the three preceding cold and wet seasons : probably owing to the paralyzing effects of the very severe frost of the 7th of May, which destroyed almost all the blossoms of the . pears and apples in the surrounding orchards. Tree of excessively rapid growth ; and very productive of blossom, which I have reason to believe capable of bearing, without injury, very unfavourable weather. 8. Broom Park PEAR. Fruit nearly middle-sized, roundish. Eye in a moderate sized hollow. Stalk about an inch in length, moderately thick. Skin entirely covered with cinnamon-coloured russet. Flesh yellowish, melting, juicy, with something of a melon flavour, sugary and rich. Its very peculiar flavour may be said to partake of the melon and pine-apple. Season, January. A sort highly deserving of cultivation. Note-—The singular mixture of flavour in this pear was noticed here as well as in London. The tree is fine, and has borne well in two seasons in which alone its fruit has existed. VOL. II. 2ND. SERIES. K 66 Descriptions of several New Varieties of Fruit, 9. Cnorr CASTLE PEAR. Fruit middle-sized, oval. Eye open in a shallow depression, with the segments of the calyx reclining. Stalk about an inch and a half in length, rather slender, and somewhat obliquely in- serted. Skin pale yellow, not glossy but rough with elevated dots and partially russeted. Flesh whitish, a little gritty, but melting and very juicy, rich and sugary. An excellent pear. Season October. Note.— A variety of dwarfish growth, but very productive of fruit. 10. Eyewoop PEAR. In shape and size very similar to an Autumn Bergamot; but of a deeper cinnamon russet colour. Flesh yellowish-white, melting, buttery, juicy and very high-flavoured. It is doubtful whether it would be exceeded by Gansel Bergamot in a better season for standards than that of 1831, when the above description was made. Season, October or November. Note.—In 1833, when other varieties of Pears did not attain their usual excellence in Herefordshire, this was found to be very good. The tree is of very free growth, and has borne well during the last four years, the period commencing with its existence, as regards a bearing state. The sample sent was below the average size. 11. Dunmore PEAR. Fruit about the size of a Brown Beurré, obovate. Eye open, slightly depressed. Stalk about an inch in length, of medium thickness, rather fleshy at its junction. Skin brownish-red next the sun; yellowish with a scattering of brown where shaded. Flesh yellowish-white, melting and extremely juicy, sugary and rich; a little gritty near the core, but on the whole a most excellent pear. Season, end of September or beginning of October. By Tuomas ANDREW Kxranr, Esq. 67 Note.—This variety is as large, I think, as the Brown Beurré, and I have never tasted the last mentioned sort better than the Dunmore. When it has remained to ripen and grow yellow upon the tree, I have thought it the most melting and best pear of its early season. The birds are apt to destroy most of the crop pre- maturely. ‘The tree is fine and perfectly healthy. Grafts of it which were inserted into stocks two years only ago, afforded an abundant blossom in the last spring, and are now bearing fruit; though the weather in part of the spring was extremely unfavourable and destroyed every blossom of the more delicate varieties. ‘The trees are of very rapid growth and the varieties appear to be ex- tremely well adapted to cold and late situations. _ 12. PaAnTY-COLOURED GRAPE. Bunches rather small, oblong, slightly shouldered, rather loose. Berries small, round. Some bunches from the same plant are entirely purple, whilst others are all of the colour of the White Muscadine; some are chiefly purple with a sprinkling of berries entirely green or variegated ; and others are the reverse, and some are of a grizzly colour. Some berries are distinctly one half purple and the other half green; others are striped. The pulp of the purple berries is purple; that of the white greenish yellow. Pulp juicy and sugary, with a moderate quantity of acid; not unlike the White Muscadine in flavour. Stones, one or two perfect in each berry. It will keep for a considerable time after the bunches are cut. Note.—This little grape, which is seen of many different colours, has in every season ripened tolerably well in the cold climate of this place; certainly better than any other which I have grown and I believe it to be better adapted to make wine in a cold cli- mate than any cultivated. I feel confident that it is superior to most of the grapes cultivated in France and that the merits of 68 Descriptions of several New Varieties of Fruit, the French wines depend greatly more on the skill of the makers, than upon the merits of their grapes. 13. Moxancu Pear. (Described 2nd. Series, Vol. I. p. 106; pl. 2, fig. 4.) Note.—I had this year, (1834) a sufficient quantity of the Monarch Pear to enable me to ascertain the specific gravity of its juice which is 1096, that is fifteen above the Stire Apple, and about that which a dissolution of 21b. 6 oz. of sugar would give to 8lb. of water. I doubt whether the specific gravity of the juice of the grapes which afford the best French wines, be much greater, and the taste and flavour of the expressed juice of the Monarch Pear appear to me to be very delightful. I am planting it very largely for Perry, in perfect confidence that sixpence per imperial quart of its expressed juice, will afford a very high remunerating price. I imagined till the present season that the excessively vigorous growth of the variety would render it unproductive as a wall-tree, but grafts inserted three years ago are now bear- ing fruit and have formed a most abundant blossom for the next year. 14. Dunmore PLUM. Fruit about the size of Coe's Golden Drop, oval, distinctly marked by the suture, flattened, or slightly depressed on the apex. Stalk moderately strong, about three quarters of an inch in length. Skin in colour like Coe’s Golden Drop. Flesh adhering to the stone, yellowish, extremely rich and sugary—so much so that it shrivels and dries like a preserved prune. Stone tolerably large, irregularly elliptic, flattened. A most valuable late plum. Ripe in October. Note.—This variety sprang from a seed of the Purple Impera- trice and pollen of Coe’s Golden Drop, and the trees grow and By Tuomas Anprew Kuieut, Esq. 69 bear freely in the climate of this place as standards. It ripens a fortnight later than Coe’s Golden Drop, and has hitherto wholly escaped the depredations of wasps. It is in my estimation a valuable late variety of plum though I consider it inferior to the Ickworth Imperatrice ; and it is in the climate and soil of my garden a full size below the Coe’s Golden Drop. E TO XI. Note upon Mimulus cardinalis ; a new, hardy, herbaceous plant. By Joun Lixprry, Ph. D. F.R.S. &c. &c. Assistant Secretary. Read Nov. 4th, 1835. From the Californian seeds most lately received by the Society from Mr. Dovaras, has been raised an apparently hardy herbace- ous plant, the beauty of which is so remarkable as to have induced the Council to direct a figure of it to be prepared for publication in the Transactions. It is a species of Mimulus, to which the name of cardinalis was added by its lamented discoverer, in consequence of the brilliant scarlet of its blossoms. Its stems are from one and a half to two feet high, erect, loosely branched, and covered with long delicate hairs. The leaves, which are of a pale yellowish green, are also hairy, of an obovate figure, with regular toothings, and connate at their base, which is their narrowest part. The flowers grow singly in the axils of the leaves, which are shorter than the hairy pedun- cles. The calyx is strongly ribbed, obliquely five-toothed, soft and hairy. The corolla is internally of the brightest scarlet, but of a pale reddish yellow on the outside; its border is divided into four . rather convex lobes, all of which are oblong and notched at the end, and the lowermost is the widest. Along the base of each seg- ment passes a short, deep, reddish brown line, which loses itself in the tube. Cultivated in the open ground, this plant flowered abundantly from July to the end of September. It appeared to prefer a moist rich soil, and did not suffer at all from the ardent sun to which it "SECOND SERIES FF VeL. 4 TaJ HORT TRANS. rg y^ is P Ly MI ye ana s mitate. —— E Note upon Mimulus cardinalis. 71 was exposed at the foot of a south wall. It produced seeds in some quantity, and struck so readily from cuttings, that there is httle doubt of its soon becoming a common ornament of the gardens. The accompanying plate has been prepared from a drawing by Miss Drake, and exhibits as near an approach to the brilliancy of the original as the power of water colours will produce. LONDON. SECOND SERIES. ADVERTISEMENT. T nz Committee appointed by the Horticultural Society to direct the publication of the Papers read before them, take this opportu- nity to inform the Public, that the grounds of their choice are, and will continue to be, the importance and singularity of the subjects, or the advantageous manner of treating them, without pretending to answer for the certainty of the facts, or the propriety of the rea- sonings, contained in the several Papers so published ; which must still rest on the credit or judgment of their respective Authors. It is likewise necessary, on this occasion, to remark, that it is an established rule of this Society, to which they will always adhere, never to give their opinion, as a body, upon any subject, either of Nature or Art, that comes before them. And therefore the thanks which are proposed from the Chair, to be given to the Authors of such Papers as are read at the General Meetings, or to the Persons who send fruits, or other vegetable productions, or exhibit Inven- tions of various kinds to the Society, are to be considered in no other light than as a matter of civility, in return for the respect shewn to the Society by these communications. VOL. 11. 2ND SERIES. 2 CONTENTS. XII. Journal of Meteorological Observations made in the Garden of the Horticultural Society at Chiswick during the year 1835. By Mr. RosznT TroxPsox. p.73 XII. A Note upon Oncidium Lanceanum ; a new Species of Orchideous Epiphyte. By Joun LiNprEy, Ph. D. F.R.S. &c. Assistant Secretary. p. 100 XIV. On Two Species of Insects which are found injurious to the Pear Tree. By Tuomas Anprew Kuronur, Esq. F.R.S. Pre- sident. p. 104 XV. Notice of the most Remarkable Varieties of Fruits sent to the Society since 1831. By Mr. RosEnT Tuompson. p. 108 XVI. On the Grafting of Vines. By Mr. Witi1am Gowans. Communicated by the Horticultural Society of Glasgow. p. 114 XVII. Upon the supposed Absorbent Powers of the Cellular Points, or Spongioles, of the Roots of Trees, and other Plants. By Tuomas Anprew Knieut, Esq. F.R.S. President. p. 117 XVIII. Observations on a Seedling Pear raised by Tuomas Anprew Knieut, Esq. called the Althorp Crasanne. By Mr. Rosert Tompson. | p. 119 XIX. On the Cultivation of the Bignonia venusta. In a Letter ‘to the Secretary. By Mr. Grorce PuiLuirs, Gardener to the Misses TREVOR. p. 122 XX. On the Cultwation of Alstrimerias. In a Letter to the Secretary. By Mr. W.Scort, Gardener to CHARLES BARCLAY, sg, M. P, F. H. 5. p. 124 XXI. On the Means of Destroying the Red Spider in the Melon Frame. | By 'Tnouas Anprew Kuronr, Esq. F.R.S. President. p. 126 DIRECTIONS TO THE BINDER. The Meteorological Diagram - - = to face page 73 Oncidium Lanceanum - E - - - - 100 Althorp Crasanne Pear - - E E - - 119 HORT. TRANS.Vot.2, PL. 4, SECOND SERIES, May June re ee | u2221140407 | IEEE ŠŠ AT | | | q (hee UNDA eee T | $2]291uv (T L929 ULO ULI YE $,229YUILYO T s » P. CFERFEEEET 4 HW s bt "M I? [ 100 un dE EA | | i | 1 I | 1 | a6 A, NS "1835. Mov. N NE . S: p 4 1 1 L 1 H L i L i I A Ea | t N B 7 p €F * 7635. X | | HE i ELE LBLEEEL LUTEA pz : : d TEETH pg f r1 PEF T EERTE HA 7 y F SHREEBERREEBE FIT] LIII j | it | 4 T 4 i 6 LEE | | | | | a LH 3 ; 7 4 3 i gu! NT EEEHEEEERETETER " ee I I 1 | | L i Bass i X Pu DIM Dt. | [ I I i ji | $ I [ À H + i M NEE OUTA ji i I ji = — — nd 1 ~ BER ^- SI | | HERMAN MEO eae Deal | S ED Caz S Sg DA O GEM Be ee ES Ta TE SS AS 1 LT TT R ; FT] | ; TA / S S. B T TON " : TETIM ONG | TA Gi ae SS Re AV DIEM E 4 > | | | g x N LENT RD. I anms: TE r- I:--4 A. j R i T I 7 LA X \ a ea t H i Fi Mean Height of the Baromete "ERIS | | | + — Monthly depth of R N A > \ |- Hc | f T E D " —— HH | TET CT TENER ` TIE 2 | i g L4-171 y pI ama f +4 pas ptt LL $ <4 A E y s: Li LLLI | HAT ^ 82 | i , |4 HETT HHHH | S ü SA N N V TFEEHRTHI i | H HHH Say : = 7 ; | [| LL] | HL N Y T K D al [| i rH 1 Fe tt A vu Red | : H-FH H3 ttt tt N ds ; NL 2 Hr y AE soa oe On oe a $ i ER A G i oe 3 dd a | 5 00 SS ee HH +4444 b Bins 1 i d 5 E t ZEE | ESEEEEEREHE ETER | d N : t UN i BENE l — | PK - BAN i be Ti : FERETTI | —— HHE ae BN es : SOS PEP as I ; 3 | 4 " N ^ ! aie Q ^ à TI d A S cime HEHH f | " 4 : ELEELEEHETELEEELL LEN ELEHEETH M NEER iL THEE '- | T T H | T IN Lf f F1 t ; = 5 ES ‘Be Eh Be Se Es OS | ri 444-444 $ y t " i2 t t- ER DR NY N à 4 +t. ee H. w -H4J Adde f HH 4 an Bis T i ^i í HS d | : m z HALG UE Ul LATE : LR `| : : HHHH HHH SHON S il s Periti HHH EEEE NI ` ; XE. f ae NS S LLE HEHN Lll LAKE + Mm HHH EA LLL EL. LLLI i UNE | IT 5 i Peete eet a edd | | || | TTT j RT | x B3 [S S ISOeTS5T555 | » - DS E SSESESESS ESTP EES § i Meee Ww Ww «4 -W4 NH 3 R 4 > a E $ ww ew SSRS mPa EN i us2asuto4Dg S27 AIUD Vo22u0w442W,J] cpm4b22u2, peo a oe aio mew — XII. Journal of Meteorological Observations made in the Garden of the Horticultural Society at Chiswick during the year 1835. By Mr. Rozert THOMPSON. This Journal has been kept on the same plan as those preceding, except that, by order of the Garden Committee, the Centigrade Thermometer has been substituted for that of Fahrenheit. The averages are, however, also given according to the latter. When the temperature is below zero of the Centigrade Scale, the degrees have the sign (—) prefixed. VOL. II. 2ND SERIES. L [ 74 ] JANUARY. Morning. Noon. Night. 183 5 £ Barom Hygrometer. Weather., Barom. Hygrometer, Weather. Barom, Hygrometer. Weather, Th. | 1| 30.145| 8 8 | — |Cloudy 30.326| 7 6 |1 |Cloudy 30.631| 8 8 | — Fine F.| 2}—.814) 8 2 |6 |Overcast —.830] 6 2 |4 |Hazy —.856| 4 4 | — Ditto S.| 3| —818| o o |— |Slght Haze |—.781| 45| 1 | 3-5 Slight Haze | —739 2 2 | — |Frosty S.| 4|—.667-—z2 |—z | — |Clear &Frosty|—.635| 4 o |4 |Fine .606|—2.5 |—2.5 | — |Clear&Frosty| M.| 5| —.603|—0.5 |—0.5 | — udy 601| 2.5] 2.5| — |Hazy —.606,.—1 —1 — |Frosty & Fine D T.|6|—444—7 |—7 | — [Dense Fog .|—.555.—4 |—4 | — |Fine .475,.—5 |—5 | — |Do. & Foggy W.|7|—329.—7 |—7 | — Ditto .313|—5 |—5 | — |Dense Fog —.240\—=5.5 —5.5| — |Ditto Th.| 8 —. 199 —2 —2 — azy .I4I fe] [e] — azy —5.1041—2.5 —2,9 — |Ditto F.| 9|29.936| 2 2 — Overcast 29.837| 6 6 — |Overcast 29-688) 9 9 — |Stormy& Wet S.|10| —.860| 2.5] 2.5 | — |Clear ——.877| 7 4.5 | 2-5 (Clear and Fine| —.817| 8 8 | — [Fine S. |11| —.838| 10 10 — /Overcast a 802] 11 II — |Cloudy —.903} 9:5| 9-5) — Slight Rain M. |12| —.946| 7 7 — |Ditto —.931| II 11 — |Overcast —.900| 7 7 — |Fine T.13|—731| 3 3 | — |Fine —.636| 7.5| 6 | 1.5 |Very Fine —.570| 7 7 | — |Overcast O W.|14|—.503| 6 6 | — |Hazy —.475| 11 10 | T |Cloudy —.541| 8 8 | — |Rain Th.|15| —.677| 8 8 | — |Fine 715| 9.5| 7 | 25 |Very Fine —.614| 8 8 | — |Fine F.|16|—.081| 8 8 | — |Stormy Rain |—.109| 8 8 | — |Clearin -496| 3 o 3 |Very Clear S. 17|—.623| o |—I 1 |Clear & Frosty —.791 I 3 |Finebut Cold | —889| 3 3 — |Clear & Frosty S. |18| —.843.—3 |—3 | — |Frosty&Foggy| —. 272, 0.2] 0.2, — |Overcast .378| 2 2 | — |Overcast La 19 Sigo: 4 4 | — |Clearing —.250| 2 2 — (Ditt —.418| o HES feum Snow .|20| —.850| o o | — |Frosty 12 I. 1.¢| — |Fine 0.303—3 |—3 — EUR € W.121| 30.389|—5 4 |1 |Sharp Frost |— $9 ds ME 4 |Frosty Se iba 0.5| — Snowing Th. |22| —.200) 2 | 2 | — |Thawing —.241| 3.5] 3.5| — |Fine —.366| 0.5| 0.5| — Overcast F.23|—394 2 | 2 | — Hazy 364| 45] 4.5| — |Hazy 560) 3.8|. 3-5] — Ditto S. |24| —.158| 8 8 | — |Overcast —.121| 9.5| 9.5, — [Fine 2—384| 42 2 | — |Ditto S.j25/—250) 8 8 | — |Hazy —.241| 10 | 10 | — Hazy —.459| 5 5 | — {Ditto M. |26| — 362 9 9 — {Overcast —.359 1I 9 2 Fine —.459 5 5 — Ditto T. |27| —456| 6 6 |— azy —444| 8.5| 7 1.5 Overcast —.412| 4 1 to @ W. 28| —.398| 1.5| 1.5| — |Ditto —.340| 7 7 | — |Ditto dd XS 4j| m M 29|—220| 5 5 |— Ditto —.168| 9.5| 9 | o.s Very Fine 149] 6 6 | — |Ditto 30|—199 5 | 5 | — [Ditto —.086| 10.5| 7.5|3 (Fine uu v0 r Emo S. |31|—.030] 3 3 | — Ditto .052| 5 4 |1 (Overcast —.192| 6 6 | — Ditto Cent. 30.097 2.88 2.63 0.25 ekri 5.62 4.49 1.13 as 3.22 | 3-13 9.09 Fah. 37-18 |36.73 |0.45 42.11 |40.08 2.03 37-79 |37-63 9-16 [ 75 ] JANUARY. Temperature. Wind. Rain. Remarks. Days. Max Min Sun Rad. | Direction. | Force, | In. Pts. *1-8 1.5 9:5 6 N Little In the last month of the preceding year, the quantity of rain 2| 4.7 \—1.25| 5 ie ake SE Ditto scarcely amounted to n inch, and rather less fell in this, | er La 5.5 g Ditto although the wind was more from the South-west than from any 4| 25 —37$ Lus d) NE Ditto other quarter. The barometer stood high throughout the first PUO LL ; : gem 3 E Ditto week, and very remarkably so on the morning of t The E = 3 ee 7 SW | Ditto weather during that time was generally hazy or densely foggy, 7 —2 ? E o du ; SE Ditto and frosty at night. Between the 6th and 7th, the coldest nig t El s p 42.5 — z5| NE | Ditto in the month, the ICE fell to (—7. 75) 13° Fah. below t 5 T dt Sw |n oz | the freezing aag The second week was fine. The 16th was A 9 ? wW Ditto stormy, with rain, and oe. snow fell on the 19th and zist. ři im : is e: Ditto From this time "ril the end of the month, the weather was hazy -— = 5 | 3 ő SW | Little but mild for the season. The average temperature was about nri H 12 0.5 S Ditto 3? Fah. above the mean. uic jenem 7 12 5 ce. d UNES “Ol | Mean Pressure from the 3 daily S LM 30.109 "2 Fahr. vo aed 7 115 $2| W Ditto 08 | m Temperature «ss eses: Ditto ...... 390 .. 39.02 16 | 8.5 |—0.5 g m= —— | Strong dn TELLE ri Ditto US Ve 39.441 — 38.14 17 LI] y pet —— | Brisk Degree of Dryness Ditó coves. 049 .-— 06.88 Wig Uu mE SE Little 08 ag of Moisture .. Ditto ...... .970 19 | 2.7 —62 | 45 [— 95| NW | Ditto 36 Fo Vapour .... Ditto ...... .265 inch zo| 3.5 —6.2 ee o NM ` Least Gliierved degree of Moisture ...... ZI 45 D 4 1 W | Ditto Maximum Temperature in the Shade .... 119.5 or 52.70 “i F> mele 72 — 45) N Ditto Minimum Temperature in ditto ........ "eem: 18.95 "i? 4 8 I SW | Ditto Maximum Temperature in the Sun ...... 159 -— $9.00 $sliot | 32 12.2 o — | Ditto Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation ..... 9^ — .90 25 | II * I1 1.5 S Ditto ean Temperature of external Air ...... 3°74 — 39-73 26 | 11 3x2. | M I SW | Ditto —— t S UL ES G | DW Noth... daga. TN. ‘East era days. t: zt 3 : i South...... S. East ...... 29 | 15 | 4 |t5 oper era i ast. uss es s N. West boves 2 30 | 10.5 I 13.5 el SE Ditto S. West rt st bg $3 | TO 3 SW | Ditto West s.s.s». West... i 2». t — 0.72 31 days. : Fah. plese Pes » = dea : Amount of Rain..... eereo sooo ssu 0.72 inch. [ 76 ] of FEBRUARY. 4 Morning. Noon. Night, 1835. £ Barom, Hygrometer. Weather, Barom. Hygrometer. Weather. Barom. Hygrometer. Weather. $.| 1}30.291| 6.5| 6.5| — |Hazy 30.289| 11 II — Overcast 30.273| 10.5| 10.5| — Overcast M.|2.—.175, 10 | to | — Cloudy —.167| 12.5| 12 | 0.5 |Cloudy&Mild|—.341| 6.5| 6.5| — |Ditto T.|3,—.499 6 6 | — |Fine —.400| II 10 | T |Overcast —.430| 8.5| 8.5| — |Cloudy W.| 4(1—.474| 4:5! 45| — |Ditto —.484| 11 8 | 3 |Very Fine —.§31| 3.5| 3.5| — |Fine D Th.| 5 —.256) 6 6 | — |Ditto —.109| I1 | IO | 1 jCloudy —.Oogi| 5 5 | — Ditto F.| 6,—.208| 2 1 |1 |Clear & Cold |—.276| 6.5| 2 | 4.5|Fine but Cold|—.321| 5.5| 5 | 0.5 Ditto $.| 7|—.089| 8 8 | — |Cloudy |—.000; 10 | Io | — |Cloudy 29.725| 6 6 | — |Fine S.| 8/29.753|. 5 à..lLL Clear 29.0821. 2.&|. lT] 6 i —.818| 4 4 | — |Overcast M.|9,—.882, 1 EL Ltto —.980| 5 1 |4 |ClearandCold||—.888| 2 2 | — Clear & Fine T.|10,30.180, o —4 | 4 jClear&Frosty.3o.255| 3.5 | © | 3.5 Fine but Cold|/30.424|—2 |—? Ditto & Frosty W. 11|—.485|. ! I | — |Overcast —454| 5 O.5 | 4.5 |Overcast —.329| 6 6 | — |Overcast Th. 12|—.166 7 7 | — [Rain —.189| 6 6 | — Rain —.298| 2 2 | — Fine JO F.15|—38o0 2: 2 | — [Fine —.369| 9.5| 9.5| — |Cloudy —.151| 6 6 | — (Overcast $.|114|—.069 5.5) 5.5| — |Drizzly —.0o0| 10 | 10 | — |Drizzly 29.876| 10 10 | — |Fine $.|15|29.713| 9 9 | — |Hazy 29.624| 11 | 11 | — |Cloudy —.503| 6.5| 6.5| — |Ditto M. |16;—.560, 5 4 | 1 |Fine —.593| 9 4 |5 |Ditto —.696| 3 3 | — |Ditto T.|17|,—725|. 4 4 | — Slight Rain ||—746| 9 7 |2 {Very Fine —.709| 2 2 | — |Ditto W.|18,—.507; 6 6 | — |Overcast —.473| 11 | I1 | — [Rain —.51g+—0.5 |—0.5| — |Clear ] Th.19g—488;. 4. |. 4 | — |Clear .472, 10 | 8 |2 |Cloudy —.079| 7 | 7 | — Stormy & Wet I« F.j20,—.299 . 4 4 | — |Ditto —.319| 8 3.5 | 4.5 |Fine —.039| 4.5} 45, — Jam $.1210—324. 3 | 3 | — [Ditto —.362| 8 5 |3 |Ditto —.624| 1.5| 1 | 0.5 Clear $.|122,1L.799, 3.5, 3. | 9.5 |Ditto —.760| 8.5| 4.5$| 4 |Cloudy —.301| lo | 10 | — |Kain M. |23,—.272; 7 6 |1 |Boisterous —.379| 10 5 |5 [Boisterous L- yp 34 3 |— |Fine T.24— 808 3 1 2 |Clear —.847| 7 1 |6 iClear & Fine |—.914| 2 2 |— Pau W. |25\—.639| 7-51. 7-5| — |Cloudy & Windy|—.488| 10 | 10 | — |Boisterous —.380| 7.5| 7.5| — {Rain Th. |26 — 302| 6 6 | — |Ditto —.456| 9.5| 6 | 3.5 |Ditto .326| 5.5| 5 | 0.5 Overcast [€ F.27—253| 7 7. | — |Stormy & Weti—.194| 8 8 | — |Ditto —.420| 7 7 | — Rain S. 28 —.668 4.5) 4-5] — -833| 8 5 |3 |Fine but Cold|—.700} 1,5] 1 | 0.5 Fine 1 Cent. 29.863 4-92) 4.55|0.37 29.864 8.80 | 6.442.35 29.919 4:78 | 4-71 | 0.07 ; Fah. } 40.85] 40.19|0.66 47-84 143.60 14.24 40.60 (40.48 | 0.12 [77] FEBRUARY. Temperature. | Wind. Rain. | Remarks. Days, Max Min | Sus. | Rad. | Direction. | Force. In. Pts. | p fic 8.5 125| 8 | SW | Little In half the days of this month the wind was from the South- 231 ASS 45 > 3 —— | Bris west. The quantity of rain exceeded the average, and amounted x1 t4 4 15 0.7 | —— | Little to more than an inch above what fell in the two preceding $4 ta 4 14-7| -2-5 Ditto months taken together. The Temperature was also above the 5 Io 1.5 12 o S Brisk mean by several degrees. ‘The sharpest frosts occurred about 6 9 4 2 NW | Ditto the ik and 18th; but they were of short duration, and were 7 10 5 11.5, 2 SW | Ditto succeeded in both cases by heavy rains, particularly on the 19th 8 8 1.5 191 |—2 Ditto and zoth. The 23d was very boisterous, but without rain ; the 9 9.5| © : 3 W pum 24th was fine, and the three following days stormy and wet. ES Sf 45 m7 ae 11 A 8. SW | Little .18 : - 12 $2 4 10 : >i N Ditto .28 Mean Pressure from the 3 daily observations 29.854 inches, Fahr. 13 9.7| 45 12 2.5 A Ditto Ol emperature s.s... itt XS or 43.08 14 II § 5 JZ 12 4 SW Ditto :03 Dew P it., 6 ese be cae Ditto "s t 5 :23 41.41 is | 12 4 14 1.5 W Ditto (—— Degree of Dryness .... Ditto ...... 93 -— 1467 161 1521 t3 13.5 —0.5 N Brisk | Degree of Moisture .. Ditto ..... :927 | 17 | 11.2} O5 | 13.5 —3 NW | Little .04 —— Force of Vapour .... Ditto ..... .295 inch i8 | d E 11.5 —7.2 SW | Ditto Ol Least observed degree of Moisture ...... .68 19 | 10.2] 3 13.5| 9.5 Brisk .so0 Maximum Temperature in the Shade 13.5 or ~ 56.30 so | 0.5 is 11 Ww Ditto .51 |Minimum Temperature in ditto as mo. — 23.90 21 8.7| 1 13.2 —2.5 | —— | Ditto or |Maximum Temperature in the Sun ... ... IS — $9.0 s 9.5| 5 11.7] - 4. SW | Ditto .29 |Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation ......—7^25 — — 18.95 23 9.2| O.5 12.5 |—3-5 Ww Strong Mean Temperature of External Air ...... 69.23 — — 43.2! 24 | 10 1.2 | ir$—2 ey. oe Winps. 25 10. 6 IO. S trong 4 26 | t1 A 3.5 14 4 : — | Ditto 25 North... ....3 days. | N. East......0 days 27 | 10.5] 1.5 14 |T54ob.z ae 04 Euer T N ora Sis —— Bri 22 St. oU rnud de s » West. < oss " =i. "il ae E 4 2 ed = West *" "tn 7 .. s. West... «s. elg | PRI a s. : Cent] 10.01| 2.46 | 12.0] o | 2.61 Amount of Rain ......- eos s 2.61 inches, Fah.| 18.01 36.42 | 53.6| 32. | | [ 78 ] MARCH. Morning. Noon. Night. 1835. $ Barom Hygrometer, Weather, Barom. Hygrometer. Weather. Barom, Hygrometer. Weather. x I eth I5| 1.5] — te ap 29.342| 35| 3.5] — a m 3 165 =P eae *: r mi 8 8 ae Windy hen 2x5 ; : xà Clear & Windy E 3.5 $t — |Clear & Windy W. : tt E Overcast "A d en i a Bleak & Cold —.718 2 2 — |Ditto Th. : 30.052 1 ð I ear aes 8 o 8 |Fine but Cold| —.696| 6 6 | — Slight Rain EL ser e mess E | f| mee 1—249 hcl 13 HOMERO -| 7| —.o1 ʻa Fi P —. : si S. à — 680 3 2-: If DRO 826 ; Tu 8 |Fine à —.6oi| 5.5| 5.5| — jOvercast M.} 9} —.321| 8.5) 8.5| — md ie —.003| 7 7 — |Heavy Rain mies i I |— DAE T.[10| —. Ve 3 "72 I itto W. ^ "iei 3 8 E Rain Ea K% ü xà Stormy & Wet i enn 9 i — |Ditto Th.[12| —.81 7 7 — Ditto —.741| 13 13 pem itto —.946 4 4 — ete 5 nu 30.156|. 2.5| 2.5) — us 30.229| 10 10 ER Very Fine dens 1 4 — Ted -|14; —.OI 7 7 —— ain .OI 13 13 uuu in . Lum : - S.|15|29.861| 8 8 | — |Ditto 29.911) 8.5| 8.5| — |Clearing —124| 3.5| 3.5) — Maia M.|16| 30.106| 7 6: PE ume 30.102] 10.5| 6 4.5 |Fine —.075| 5 4.5) 0.5 ost T.i17/29.950| 7 7 | — |Overcast 29.790| 11 10 1 |Ditto 29-806) 7 ge En W.|118|—.942| 5 5 | — |Rain 30.018] 8.5| 8 o.5 Clearing 30.177| 3 3|— Cien Th.1:9/309.2904| 3.2) 3.2| — |Hazy :289| 5.5| 5.5| — |Fine —.340| 5 5 s vct x 20| —.366 4 4 — ph Haze —-349| 12.5| 7 5s eee —327| 8 = rie : & uiuis ada yd ee idi Ditto me ^W 5 = Cloudy aoe te ti — |Clear and Fine M.i23|—.305| 5.5| 5.5| — |Cold Haze —.269| 9 3 6 |Do. and Cold NE 5 445 | O.5 TA T.24|—347| 6 6 | — |Cloudy .376| 8 2 6 |Fine but Cold| —484|. 1 O jil Ditto W.25|—.575| 2 I 1 |Clear & Cold .606| 9 1.5| 7.5 Fine —5$75| o |—I I forty Hate d > entry eg Sa Pom Hei E8 mel a e Over Em 6 6 "m Overcast ae 256 $5 25 y Dima: Cl el y : ; Bleak & Cold — 461] 1 | o |1 |Do.and Cold 6 S.29—.172| 5 2.5| 2.5 Slight Haze ||—.ror| 9 4 5 Dry Haze ——Jo$6| o o |— E Frosty, = 30| 29.914] 1 1 | — |Frosty 9-838) 12.5| 7 5.5 |Fine 9-828. —5 .|—5 | — verc 31; —-831| 45| 45| — |Do. & Foggy || —.820| 12.5| 12.5| — |Rain 30-832) 11.5 | 11.5 | — Cent 29.967 4-86 | 4.46 0.40 29:952] 9.13 6.37 | 2.76 30.009] ,.11 | 3-95 0 n 40.74 40.02 0.72 48.43 |43-46| 4-97 39:99 99 TT Vs j MARCH Temperature. Wind. Rain. Remarks. Days| Max. | Min. | Sun. Rad. | Direction. | Force. In. Pts. I| 4. |—1.2| 10.7 —3 SW | Little 5 This month, in general, maintained its usual rough charac- 2| 9 4 II 3 u— 1 IRR ter, particularly through the day, the piercing winds often 351 9 I I] —1.5 W Strong abating towards night. The temperature was below the 4| 9.5 1.6] I1 |—I mu T BEIDE average; and the latter half was colder than the first, being, SITE 4-5 | 12.2 | 3-5 | —— | Ditto 08 | with few exceptions, more or less frosty at night, with prevalent 6 | 10 3-5 | I2.5 |. 1 eve | Song -17 | north-east winds. The dryness of the air was less than usual 2| 9 r.2] x SW | Brisk 09 | at this season, as was also the direct power of the solar rays. 8| 9 2.5 | 10 0.5 W Little As might be expected, from the want of heat, — made 9} 10.5 |} 62 412 F3 SE Ditto .18 | little progress; and, indeed, the records of experience shew 10 | 10.7] 3.5| 12 |—0.2 Ww Ditto 05 | that, generally, at this ptio, and in this climate, de. bes the HII 3 inLrTI SW |Strong .16 | better. Sleet fell on the 1st; the 6th was very boisterous. The 12 | 12.5 |—o.2 | 12.5 |—2.5 | — | Ditto 22 | coldest nights were as far in the month as the 25th ind: sot A ee A vem n Mean Pressure from the 5 daily observations E $76 inches. Fahr. Iigilic.$1 6 18 9.5 Ditto 32 T Ditto m 15 10.5 2.5 12 o N Ditto o6 emperature "ttn IttO eee 6^. 42 : —— Dew Point ........--. Dito sissi ye — 40.87 16 | 10:6 ]- 4:54 14-51 3 NW | Brisk o : : Degree of Dryness ... Ditto ...... 1510 — 1.98 JR es ue E Logs je rue f Moisture .. Ditto 23 18 | 10.5 |—1.2 | 14. |—5 NE | Ditto SE of V oistu P i :9 oiu i r£ = i ET. NW Little —— Forc apour ..... Ditto ...... .29 : 9 4 SW | Ditt Least observed degree of Moisture ...... . 20 | 12.5 7 I5 7 — g | Maximum Temperature in the Shade . 17°.5 Or 63.50 2T | iz 6 i£T1 s —— | Ditto Lan T in ditto -——^- 258 NE | Ditto inimum Temperature in ditto ........ 5:75 5-25 dB ES tu] TT Ditt or | Maximum Temperature in theSun...... | 2095 — 68.90 x4 o. Tb i. mue Bri k Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation ,.,... — 7°5 — 18.5 24 | 9 o pp T putem e Mean Temperature of External Air . z: 69.26 — 43.26 25 | 10.2 |—3 15 |—7 —— | Ditto 26 | 12.5 |—2 16.5 |—5 WwW Little Wix 27 | 11 3 12 1.5 | NE | Ditto A- c 1 € N. East...... 7 days 28 8.5 6.5 | rz —2 — | Ditto South. X S. Pscs T is 29 | 8.5 |—3.2 | 11. |—6 E Ditto East ....... Doe N. West. ..... £.. 30 | 13.5 |—2 18 |—$.5 S Ditto Wet... cis 8 ue 158. Wet ii. 10. 3t HF 175g 8.5 | 20.4 | Gis SW Brisk .OI c spoil 31 days. 1 Centi10.67 | 1.85 |13.17 |—0.36 1.97 Amount of Rain. ....4. 24002 4*4 71.07 inch. Fah.|50.12 135.33 |55.70 | 31.36 ; [ 80 ] APRIL. Morning. Noon. Night. 1835. E Barom. Hygrometer., Weather. Barom. Hygrometer. Weather. Barom, Hygrometer. | Weather. | W.| 1|29.979| 12.5 | 12.5] — |Cloudy & Fine! 30.029] 13 4 9 |Fine 29.959| 11.5 | 11.5| — |Fine Th.| 2| —.797| 10 10 | — {Fin 29.835| 20 | 15 5 |Very Fine 755| 13 I3 | — |Ditto F.| 3| —.803| 13 13 | — |Overcast&Do.|| —89o| 17 | 15 2 |Cloudy&Fine, —.936| 10 | 10 | — Ditto S.| 4/30.115| 9 9 | — (Slight Drizzle|30.152|] 15 | 12 3 |Fine J184| 9 9 | — (Slight Rain S.| 5$|—.235| 10 | 10 | — jRain —.249| 11.5| 11,5 | — |Hazy —.364| 6.5| 6.5, — |Fine D M.|6|—.383| 10 | to | — |Fine .384| 15 | 11 4 |Overcast —.414| 6 6 | — Ditto T.| 7, —431| 8 8 | — |Very Fine —.386| 16 | 11 5 |Very Fine ||—.367| 5 5 | — |Ditto W.|8|—.351| 11 | 11 | — [Ditto —.304| 18.5 | 13 5.5 |Di 281| 11 | 11 | — |Ditto Th.| g|j——217| 15 | 13 |2 [Ditto —192| 12 | 13 4 |Ditto —.138| 12 | 12 | — {Ditto F. |10| —.183| 12.5 | 12 | 0.5 |Cloudy —.213| 15 | 11 4 itto —.308| 6 6 | — |Ditto S. [11| —.363| 10 6 | 4 |Fine —.389| 12 1 | 11 |ColdandDry —.380| 1 o | 1 {Ditto S. |12;—.341| 55| 4 1.5 Ditto —.2 13 I 12 |Very Fine —.218| 5 5 — |Cloudy O M./|15,—.238| 8 7 |1 JjDitto —483| 15$.5| 7 8.5 Ditto 183) 10.5| 9.5| È |Fine T. |14| —145| 9 7 |? {Ditto —.096| 17 o 17 |Ditto —.037| 5 3 L2 Vey Cold W. |15| 29.960) 7 6.41 itt .906| 15.5| 8 7.5 |Ditto A16| 3 1 |1 {Ditto Th. |16| 30.231] 2.5 /—1 | 3.5 Clear & Cold||39.202, 7.5|—6 | 13.5 |Cold & Dry | —.195—1 |—1 |© (Clear F. |17| —218|. 1.5| 1.5| — |Do.BrightSun|—.215| 4 4 |— |Snow Show's |—.229|] O o | — {Ditto S. 18| —139|. 4 3 I jDitto —0;51| 10 | 10 | — |Cloudy tial Os o e Overcast € S.|19/—.326|. 8 2 |6 |Fine —.378) 12 5 7 |Fine NES 7s] 7.5| — |Duto M.|20|—.499| 10.5| 9 | 1.5 [Overcast —.493| 15 9 6 |Ditto —.495| 10.5 | 10.5 | — Ditto T.|21,—.475| 11 9 | 2 |Dittoand Fine| —.457| 19 6 | 13 |Cloudy —441| 5 4 |1 jFine W.|22| —.448} 11.5| 11.5) — x Rain —.441| 14 | 6 8 |Fine —£460 10 | FO |-— jOvercast Th. 23 —.486 11.5| 6 | 5.5 Fin ——439| 11.5] 9 2.5 Overcast —A411| 9.5| 9.5| — Fine F.|24|—395$| 12 | 12 | — Overcast &Do. —.356| 15 | 12 3 |Slight Haze | —255| 10 | IO | — $.|25|—.173| 10 | 5 | 5 [Clea —.086| 12.5| o | 12.5 Cloudy 9859 $3 | $ | Overcast S.|26| 29.746, 6.5| 1 5.5 Fine but Cold/29.707| 12 |—2 14 |ColdandDry|—.672, © o | — Fine @ M.27; —650 2 2 | — |Frosty 657| to |—4 | 14 |Fine .686| 1.5| 1.5, — |Ditto | T.|28|—.844| 6.5| 3 | 3.5 |Clear .847| 12 | o | 12 DDitto —.847| 45| 4 |O.5|Ditto W.|29|—.720| 5.5| 5.5) — |Cold Rain —.66o0| 6.5| 6.5| — (Cold Rain | — 583 7 LI IL Th.|30|—.558| 8 8 | — Rain —.576| 10.5| 10.5| — |Heavy Rain —.616) 7 7 |— [Overcast Cent. | 29148 | 8.58] 7.20 [1.58 30-135 | 12.41 | 6.65 | 6.76 30-131 | 6,55 | 6.33 |o.21 Fah. 47.67 44-96 1.48 56.13 143.97 |12.16 (43-79 |43-40 0-59 [ 81] APRIL. Temperature. Wind, Rain. Remarks. Days.) Max. | Min. Sun Rad. | Direction. | Force. In. Pts, | 10 days were warm, and vegetation, previously re- I | 21 4 135.2 0.5, SW Little tarded, burs forth rapid ins this pin period of the season, * 2 10.217297. € | 8.2 S Ditto under a temperature of and 70° through the day, 3| 20 7 4 E SW Ditto ` and no frost at night. Pears € vies bore a most abundant 4 | 18 6 | 20 4 E Ditto .o4 | blossom; but when in full i ansion, the nights became frosty, Ef 1$ 4 17 I NE Ditto .02 but dry, till the 16th; and although the most exposed suffered, St 1415 5 19 2 SW Ditto | still the lower and inietiódy perth) blossoms were tolerabl 7 | 20 1 25 —0.5 Ww Ditto | safe he day last mentioned was clear and cold, with muc $1 26:5 6 24 3 wc | DIMO | dryness i in the air, till sleet and rain fell in the afternoon; vege- 9 | 17 11 20.7 9.7] —— | Brisk | tation was completely n with moisture, and the cold of the 16 3-7] 19.5 2 muc kD | following morning was rvading, that wherever moisture 12 —2.7| 18 — NE Ditto existed, it was eor ito Acn - 2A e cups of flowers aer 17 1.5| 21.5 | —2 SW | Ditto tained solid buttons of ice. Flying showers of snow, and so 19.5 | —1.7| 23.5 | —2.5| —— | Little | hail, fell through the day. Cold and heavy rain occurred on the I _ -——. | Ditto 29th. 5 $ i 5 d N Ditto Mean Pressure oom the 3 o de cain 30.1 " — Fahr. 10 —2.5| 13.5 | —6.5| —— | Brisk .03 | ——— temperature ...+++++ Ditto, 9°. 58 49.24 10 —1.5| 13.5 | —6 e od DEO or |-— Dew Poin Mt irst Ditto n A 11 10.7 1.5| 15.5 | —1 wW Little Degree of Dryness .. S DINO VIN. 22.85 — pij 14.5 5 18.5 4:5 N Ditto —— Degree of Moisture .. Ditto TIE IE 15.7 5 20 1.5] NW | Ditto Force of Vapour DAGLI .329 inch 15.2 3 | 20 li wW Ditto „o4 | Least observed degree of Motirore: tT ^ ESO 17.2 5 |a " N Ditto Maximum T'emperatureintheShade...... 23° OF 734 13 8 | 1g 5 Ditto or | Minimum Temperature in ditto ........— 3°55 — 25.7 15.5 6.2] 1 4 —— | Ditto | Maximum Temperature in the Sun ...... 27°.5 — 81.5 14,5 3 : i o.7| NW | Brisk | Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation ......— 7°. — 19.4 1 1.7 —3:5 i^ 5 EI 5 Ditto Mean Temperature of External Air..... g°.12 — 48.41 10.5 | —2. sl N Little tid x i 5 £e NE Ditto 104 indy "n 8 days. pep sever 4 days. 8 6.5 10 6 Strong 425 OULD ss eees I . as "ttt LE eee 1 N. Wests: +; 63 10.7 6 | ites Ls SW | Little de uicif ini. 6 Wet... $ tM Cent] 15.33| 2.92| 19.13| 0.65 1.07 3o days.. Fah. 59. -59 17.25 66.43 1.17 Amount of Rain.. *"""**^" "th eee eee c8 t| ,07 inch. [ 82 ] MAY. Morning. Noon. Night. 1835 £ Barom Hygrometer, Weather. Barom. Hygrometer. | Weather. Barom. Hygrometer. Weather. F.| 1/29.658 8 — [Rain 9.673 . o.5 |Haz 29.662| 5 5 — |Fine S.| 2|—.656 IO — Slight Haze ||—.632 ina : Heavy Showers Mere $55 Fr 85 | oe Ditto S. | 3|—.776 9 1 |Eine .818 6 7 |Cloud .850| 8.5 | 8.5 | — Cloudy M. | 4|—.89o 5 |10.5| — Ditto —.904. 13 —- ! [Ditto 0.044, 8 8 — |Do. and Fine D) T.| 530.113 9 2 |Ditto 30.075 9 8 |Very Fine ||29.987|10 {10 — |Fine W.| 6|29.886/ 11.5 [11.5 | — |Rain 29.832 13 4 Pine . .875| 9 9 — |Very Fine Th. | 7|—.952 5 |10O dried —.991 11 5.5 |Overcast & Do.| 30.091| 7 7 — |Ditto F.| 8/30.136 II — Hazy 30.078 17 — (Slight Rain ||—.059|13 |!3 — |Ditto S. | 9| —.o1o 14 — |Fine 29.944. I$ 7 ine zph 13 — |Ditto S. |[10/29.795 12 2 |Ditto —.784. 11.5 | 8.5 [Ditto S881. 8.5 | 9.5 | — {Ditto M. |11/—.974 10 3 itto —.964 9 8.5 |Ditto 843114 |14 — [Slight Rain O T.]|12| — 841 12. | — |Overcast —.788 9 8 |Overcast —.646.12 |12 — |Ditto W.|13|—.577|13.5 |13-5 | — |Cloud —~616 8 jio |Fine — 4875-9 9: |-r [REB Th. 14|—.495| 7.5 | 7-5 | — |Rain —.539 10 — (Rain 642, 8 8 — {Ditto F. |15| —.712 5 |12.5 | — |Fine —.729 15.5 | — [Heavy Showers| —.747,!1 H — [Cloudy S. |16/|—.768/ 12.5 |12.5 | — |Ditto —.809 12 4 |Fine —.827| 8 8 — |Fine S. |17| 30.037 12 3 |Ditto —.950 14 6 itto .972| 9 9 ze eto M. |18) 29.906 14 3 |Ditto —.877|24.5 |14.5 |10 |Very Fine ||—.886)11 II — Ditto |[« T.|19|J—.86; 14 |4 |Ditto .806|23.5 |12 — |11.5 |Ditto 876|10. |10 | — Ditto W. |20| —.935 13 1 |Hazy 30.020 15 1 |Hazy 30.412,12 |12 — |Overcast Th. |21) 30.196 12 — |Fine —.180 7 ho |Fine 191) 8 — |FinebutCold F. |22| —.171 10 |4 Ditto —.123 12 |8 [Ditto —.088 13.5 13:5 | — |È S. |23| —.116 14 — |Ditto —.114 II 9.5 |Ditto Ego 1143.5 | —— Overcast S. |24| —.127 14 | 3. |Very Fine —,121 12 8 |Very Fine — ||29.961/13-5 |13-5 | — [Zune M. |25) 29.885 13 2 |Overcast 29.807 8 |10.5 |Fine 642,10 |10 — Ditto T. |26|—.546| 13.5 |12 1. 5|Ditto —.493 15.5 | — |Rain —.506 9 3 ird @ W./27 —.652 12.5 |12.5 | — Ditto —.736 ro |; Cloudy&Fine|—.891:2-5 | 7-5 | — [Overcast Th. |28| —.952 11 — |Hazy 29.963 15 — |Showery 30.023 6 6 — |Fine F. 30.057 8 3 |Fine but Cool| 30.066 9 6.5 |Fine .138. 6 — Cold S. |30| —. 104 5° To Ditto kog 6 9.5 |Cloudy & Cold || —099| 7 TL hte S. —.046 6 6 iClear 29.967 15 — |Cloudy 29-941) 9 9 — |Fine Cent. | |?9:2??|12.66/11.08/1.58 25:866 11.54 5.37 dier 3-43 9-43) © Fah. 54.78|51.94/3-24 52.78 89 48.97 48-97 o [ 88 ] MAY. Temperature. Wind. Rain. Remarks. Days. Max Min. Sun. | Rad. | Direction, | Force. | In. Pts. I| 14 2.5 | 18 —I SW | Little 05 ‘ itt ‘ 5 ics i: 2 : 7 : n a8 s p? The temperature of this month was about the average; but 4 | 16 3.5 | 21-5 z N Ditto it was some time before vegetation began to recover from t re 8.5 | 23 6:4 F^ 8 Ditto a2 | paralyzing severity of the preceding month, an 7 6 |18.2]| 5 21.5 3.5, SW | Ditto ing shrubs, particularly American, did not exhibit their usual 211 “5 E Y: wW Ditto splendour. Much rain fell between the 12th and 16th ; on the B. te : 5 S Ditto 15th alone, there was more than an inch. Altogether, the pm 26 2 SW Brisk amount was about an inch and a half above the ave z : 2] 3 E : Heavy showers, with thunder, occurred on the afternoon of | 9 5 26 4 —— Ditto h ti | 17:5 10 22 9 | — - 26th. f2 f 17: 8 2I W itto .20 . : : Bo 5 6. [on fe SW ride iuo | Mean Pressure from the 3 daily ICM TN 29.893 — Fahr. 14. | 15 6.7 | 19 6 NE Ditto 6 SRM T cag Wo ley ‘Ditto. 4 i : 109.69 — v 15 | 16.5 5.5 | 23 2 ew Dius 06 —— Degree of Dryness ‘ ; c Ditto; es 295.34 — |. 4.16 16 | 18 5-5 | 23 2:5 Bud T 1 gs Degree of Moisture .. Ditto... .865 zi “3-9 $ q 6 S LitHe —— Force of Vapour ... ..Ditto.... .417 inch. : md 8 > E Ditto Least observed degree of Moisture ..... 511 9 " 3 E Ai Ditto 03 Maximum Temperature in the Shade . 249.75 Or 76.55 ye a 9 : N Ditto : Minimum Temperature in ditto... . .. 29.5 — 36.5 ss ENT. 3 ” - w Ditto o6 | Maximum Temperature intheSun.... 3120 — 87.8 21249—|2.| 2 = [Dies] © Minimum. of Tertia uion cd coe. oH 24. | 23 i ee m% Ditto Mean Temperature of External Air ..... 12%. — § x 19 7:5 | 24 5 — ed ser WINDS. | 2 15.2 4.5 24 2 meee . T N MB ic sess da S. N. East see 1 days. 27 | 18.2 | 3.7 | 24 PD os Gee “44 South. ATAS 4 á | S. East..... o. 28 | 17-5 | 4 "P - E de " Huit... ees $E IL NWel i a 29 | 15-7 3 TT. Little Wests s.e osi DO ae |S Wels <0 45 30 | 169€ I 8:75. | 20 1 N Brisk panne ret Eo | es taal 31 Ig 7 : 5 24 6 NW Little .26 3 1 days. Amoünt of Rail ,«««,««oc02«««o» 23.35 inches. Cent] 18.20| 6.32| 23.04, 4.32 3.38 Fah.| 64.76| 43.38, 73-47| 39:77 [ 84 ] JUNE. Morning, Noon. Night. 1835. £ Barom. Hygrometer. Weather, Barom, Hygrometer. Weather. Barom. Hygrometer. Weather, M. | 1|29.914| 12 | 12 | — Rain 9.940| 13 | 13 -— Cloud 30.050 9 g ga T. | 2|30.030| 16 | 14 |2 |VeryFine ||30.029| 21.5| 14 7-5| Very Fine 29.990| 13-5| 13.5| — (Overcast W.| 3|29.899| 14-5| 14.5 — azy 29.899| 21 | 18 3 (Sultry .926| 13 | 13. | — |Fine D Th.| 4|—984| 18 | 15 | 3 |Fine 0.006] 18 | 16 2 |Overcast 30.051} 13.5| 13.5} — |Cloudy & Do. F. | 5|30.087| 13 I3 |— E —.ogo| 16 | 14 2 |Light Haze | —105| 12 I2 | — |Haz S.| 6,—.074| 17 | 14 |3 |Fine —.09o| 27 | 22 5 |Fine |—.160| t$ | 15 | —"|Fine S.| 7| —.139| 20 | 12 | 8 |Very Fine |—.o97| 28 | 20 8 Sultry |—.rool rg | 14 | 1 [Ditto : M.| 8| —.108| 21 20 1 |Ditto .o81| 28.5| 20 8.5 Very Hot || —.154| 16 15.5| 0. 5 Ditto T.|9|—.196| 22 | zo |2 _ {Ditto —.195| 27 | 22 5 |Ditto |—.261| 18 | 18 | — Ditto O W.|1o0|—.280| 22 | 16 |6 |Ditto —.301| 28.5| 14 | 14-5 Ditto —.326| 17 | 16 | 1 {Ditto Th, |11|—.336] 24 | 21 |3 |Ditto —.330| 29.5) 14 15.5 Ditto —.359| 18 17 |1 |Ditto F. |12|\—.375} 22 | 17 | 5 [Ditto —.350| 27 | 22 5 |Ditto —.349| 16.5| 16.5| —- |Ditto $. |13| —337| 14-5| 14 -| 0.5 |Overcast —.315| 22 | 16 | 6 |Very Fine —278 15 | 15 | — |Ditto S. 14!—.242| 17 | 15 | 2 ine . ——217| 22.5| 10 | 12-5 Ditto 196 15 | 15. | — |Ditto M. |15|—.206| 20.5, 17. .| 3.5 |Ditto —.214| 25.5| 15 | 10-5 Ditto —.234 16 | 10 | E T. |16|—.264| 20 14..| 6 |Ditto —.226| 25.5] 15 10.5 Ditto —.152| 19 18 I itto - W. 17| —121| 23 18 $ Cloudy —.10$| 25.5| 16 9-5 Ditto —.o61| 18 17 1 |Cloudy, lightning « Th.|18|—.089| 16 | 13 | 3 ine —.067| 21 13 8 itto E aLa aer phoma | F.|19|—.162| 15 8.|7. {Ditto —.166| 20.5| 8 | 12-5|Ditto —.031) 15 14. |: |Ditto $.|20/29.999| 16 | 13 | 3 |Cloudy 29.960, 21 | 16 | 5 |Do. &Cloudy |—.001| 14 | 14 | 77 Ditto $.|121,30.046, 17 | 12..| 5 ine —.972, 24 | 15 9 |Fine 9-937| 15 | 1§ | — Ditto M. |22| 29.843] 19 | 16 | 3 |Cloudy —.767| 24 | 17 7 Ditto eros) 16 |16 | — Overcast T.|23|—.658| 15 I5 — |Do. and Fine .697| 19 10 9 itto .765| 10 10 — |Fine W.|24|—.567, 14-5 14.5 — |Rain — 253 12 | 12 | — |Cold Rain |—343 !2 | !2 | — |pormy _ Th. 25 35| 12 8 | 4 |Cold &windy||—.500| 9.5| 9.5| — |Heavy Rain || —426| 11 | !! |— ne @ F. 26. —.893| 12.5). 9 | 3.5 Clear —.636| 12 | 12 — |Ditto -663| 6 Sd iu S. 27, —.989| 11 8 |3 |FinebutCool|30.071| 15.5) 8 7-5|Fine 30-236) 9 9 | — |Overcast S. |28 —.259| 14. | 10 | 4 ine .233| 19 | 16 3 [Cloudy —.253 9.5) 9-5) — Ditto M. |29| 30.239| 12 . | 12 | — Cold Dew ||.—.198| 18 9 9 |Fine —ü72|i12 | i2 |— Fine T.|30|—.144| 16 | 10 |6 |Fine —.121| 20.5| 10 | 10.5|Ditto —.112} 12 | 12 | — Ditto Cent. 03-0631 6 gg 13.85| 3.0 30-054121.401 6.81 39.049114 .75/13-530 21 Fah. 2.38/56.89 Bs 70 H me 2: 12.25 56.75 56.36) .38 + LÍ + — [ 85 ] JUNE. Temperature. Wind. Rain, Remarks Days| Max Min. Sun, | Rad. | Direction, | Force. | In. Pts. 111 5 20.7| 2.5 S Little .02 2|21.2| 1o 8 9.7, —— | Ditto 17 The weather for the first three weeks was very fine; 4 | #3.¢ | to.g | 28.5) 9.4 | —— | Die from the 7th to the 13th, sultry and hot. From the ét to 4| 17.5 |. 9:2| 28 7 NE | Ditto the 12th, the thermometer in the shade reached from 80° to 87° £117 10.7 | 24 10.5 — | Ditto Fah. T he m mean temperature was above the average, although in E 11 32.5 | 9.5 | —— | Brisk the last low through the day,an 7 | 28 11.5 1-32 10 SE | Little the nights cold. Vegetation er in want of rain, when a copious 8 | 29.5 |- 11 32 10 S Ditto supply was weg bee the 22nd. An inch fell on the 26th; 9 | 29.5| 10 34.5 | 8.5 W Ditto and altogether erage a mödnt was made up. Lightning, 1o | 30.5 | TI:7 [30 6.5 SE Ditto with slight rain, ; occi on the evening of the 17t tt | 29.5 | 10.71 35 9 —— | Ditto 12 | 28 IZ 34 io NE | Ditto em feme chem the 5 daily observations 30. 048 inches. : ahr. I3 21.95 8.5 33 6 N Ditto Tempera s t Di to sses.. 9,34 S E. 10.5 | 38 9 —— | Ditto —— Dew Point . ceo soe eid Ditto ess». 132.98 15 | 26 HEIN s. = {pew — Degree of Dryness ... Ditto ...... 9.35 16 | 25.5 | 15-5 | 39 - —— | Ditto Degree of Moisture .. Ditto ...... .822 17) 35 11.5 39 e cae LI = Force of Vapour . Ditto. 510 inch 1S | 25.5 1-2:* 1.39 4-5.| ——— 1 Ditto Least observed degree of Moisture .....- 19 | Tosg ptt*) 1 oy yo w | Ditto Maximum Temperature in theShade...... 30°.5 20 | 20 12 30 t —- | Ditto Minimum Temperature in ditto ........ 39.0 21 | 24 12 31 = = | Brok Maximum Temperature in the Sun ..... 39°- 22 | 24 10 33 9 SW | Ditto :39 | Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation ...... 19.6 23 | 18.5 |. 5-5 | 27 3 — | Little :92 | Mean Temperature c of External Air ...... 169.10 24 | 16.7 | 6.5 | t9 5 —— | Strong .26 NC I4. 51. 3 17 3.5 phd qe .20 Woo. 26 RE 6 24 5 ittle 1.00 eee ay Voss | tw Dm) um ety ie te |E Rats aan ae 28 | 20.5 | 4:5 23 i: N Dae Bist. Ks o... |N. Wet... s 29 21.5 5.2 3 (5 2. ic cag £u 1 o7 0. Oe ae ee eS Ss LI LI een eee “* 30 | 24.51 7-5] 39 | 5 S | Ditto et : ith ibis 30 days. 1.99 Amount of Rain... 4... eese 1.99 inch. 22.99, 9-22) 31.59| 7:49 73.38| 48.59, 88.86) 45.48 [ 86 ] JULY. Morning. Noon, Night. | 4 | 1855. E Barom Hygrometer. Weather, Barom. Hygrometer. Weather. Barom. Hygrometer, | Weather. W.| 1|30.099 | 18.5) 16 | 2.5|Fine [der|30 o74| 24.5| 13 11.5 Fine 30.073 | 12.5] 11 1.5 Fine Th.| z2|\—.033| 22. | 16 | 6. |Sultry, Thun-|—.042| 26. | 20 6 [Sultry .087| 17 | 17? | — {Ditto D. F.|3|—.081| 18.5| 16.5 2 |Very Fine —.o69| 24 | 14 | 10 |Very Fine ||—.092| 15 | 14 | 1 |Ditto S.| 4,.—.098| 18 | 17 |: [Ditto —.050| 24 | 14 | Io i 29.974| 14 | 14 | — |Ditto S. | 529.841] 18 | 18 | — |Cloudy 29.930| 23-5} 23.5| — Showers —.89 3 | 13 | — {Ditto M. | 6—.938| 18 | 14 |4 |Fine 30.067| 22.5| 13 9.5 Fine 0.164| 12 | 11.5| 0.5 D tto T.| 7/50.168| 18 | 12 |6 Ditto —.136| 22.5| 12 10.5 Ditto [cast|—.045| 13 | 12.5, © 5|Ditto W.| 829.981| 17.5| 15 | 2. 5|Ditto —.o10| 22 | 13 9 |Ditto & over-||—.057| 12.5| 12.5) — |Ditto Th. | 930.015] 16 | 15 | 1 [Overcast 29.934| 22 | 15 7 it 29.744| 15 | 15 | — [Ditto O F.|1029.794| 17 | 15 | 2 |Fine —.859| 21 9 | 12 |Fine —.964| 12 | 11 |I itto $. |11/30.069| 16 | 13 |5 {Ditto 30.101] 20.5| 12 8.5|Ditto 30.087 | 11.5| 11.5| — |Cloudy & Do. $.|12,—.006| 18 | 13 | 5 |Ditto 29.965| 23 | 15 8 |Ditto 29.833| 16 | 16 | — |Fine M.|1329.853| 18 | 15 |3 Ditto —.855| 22 | 12 | 10 |Ditto 30.007/ 13 | 13. | — Ditto | T.|14'30.046| 16 | 12.|4 {Ditto 30.057| 22- | 12 | 10 |Ditto —,.o22| $3 | 1$ 1 $ DRP vo W.[1529.917| 21 |. 17. | 4 {Ditto 29.900| 23-5} 14 9-5|Ditto 29.856| 16.5| 15.5| 1 |Ditto . Th. |16 —.924| 18 | 15..| 3 {Ditto —.938| 23 14. 9 |Very Fine ||—.997| 16 14 | 1 |Ditto ( — F.|i7,39.043| 19 | 14. | 5 |Very Fine 30.035| 25 16 9 |Ditto 30.057| 15 14 1 |Ditto S. [18 29.999 | 21.5| 17- -| 4. 5|Overcast 29.946| 27 | 17 | 10 |Very Hot |—.o27| 16 | 15 | 1 [Ditto S.|19'30-144| 20 14..| 6 |Very Fine 30.157| 24.5] 12 12.5|Very Fine ||—.150| 15 14.5| o. 5|Ditto M. |20|—.168 | 20.5| 17. | 3. 5|Ditto .148| 28.5| 18 10.5| Very Hot —.192| 21 20 1 Cloudy T.|21|—.186| 22.5| 20. | 2.5|Ditto —.184| 27.5| IO 17. 5| Ditto .209| 17 15 2 ine W. |22]—.209| 21 17 |4 |Ditto —.216| 25.5| 15 10.5 Ditto —.249| 15 14 | 1. Ditto Th.|23/.—.275 | 18.5| 17. | 1.5|Overcast —,230| 26 | 22 4 |Ditt .236| 15.5| 15. | o. 5|Ditto F.|24—.202| 20 | 16 |4 |Fine —.165| 26 14 12 |Do. and Dry ||—.176| 16 16 | — {Ditto @ 3S.|[25—158| 21 | 17 |4 |Ditto —.148| 25.5| 12 13.5|Ditt —.136| 16 | 15 | 1 |Ditto S. |26,—.160| 21 16 | 5 |Ditto —.135| 25.5| 12 13. 5, Do. & Clear ||—.086| 14 13 1 |Ditto M.|27—057| 20. | 18 | 2 {Ditto .035| 27 | 10 | 17 |Ditto 031; 16 | 14 | 2 Ditto T.|28,—.052| 22 19 |3 |Very Hot —.054| 30 16 14 [Sultry 124| !5 14 1 |Ditto W.lzg—21o0| 18 | 17 | 1 |VeryFine |—.194| 26 | 16 | ro |Ditto [Dry|—.178| 16 | 15-5| 0-5 Ditto Th. [10|—.180| 18.5| 10. | 8.5|Hot and Dry |—.126| 27 12 15 |Clear, Hot, & |—.06 16 14 |2 |Ditto F.|31|—.105| 18.5| 15 | 3.5|Ditto .097| 23 I2 11 |Hot and Dry |—.128| 14 13 1 |Ditio Cent. | |999' io.o4 15:61 3.45 39.060 | 94 51 14-17 [10.34 30.062 |1 4.79 14-04 0.74 Fah. 66.27 60.09 6.17 76.11 |57.50 |18.61 58.62 57:27 1.33 [ 87 ] JULY. Temperature. Wind. Rain. Remarks. Days| Max. | Min. | Sun. | Rad, | Direction, | Force. | In. Pts. ko 25 II 40 9.72 S Little This month was very hot and dry. No rain fell after the 15th, 2.| 27 II 41.5) 9.5| —— | Ditto and previously not half an inch, being scarcely 4; of the quantity 3| 26 II 39 9.5| SW | Ditto which fell in the corresponding month of the preceding year. Qd 25.07 TI e W Ditto .24 | The unusually large amount, 6.34 inches, in 1834, was not felt £d 3$.5 i 31 9 —— | Brisk or | by vegetation as a superabundance ; for extremely lit i el H 7 35 4.5| SW | Little had fallen for months before. Happily such dryness was not the 7| 22.5| 11 j1 9.5| —— | Ditto 10 | case with the months preceding the present, otherwise a great defi- $| zi 2.5| 48 7 —— | Ditto ciency in the corn and hay crops must have been the consequence. 9] lü- tz.9] 4c 10.5 S Brisk n the contrary, these crops derived moisture from the abun- EO | sLZILT 9 30 6.5| SW _ | Ditto dant depositions in May and June, sufficient to supply them ti H| 22:585 9.7] gabi iL o Little they reached, very generally, a perfect maturity. . Phe tempera- 154 2595165:12 33 11 SW | Brisk .o2 | ture was more than 3° above the average. The highest in the 14] 415.9 30 7.5, —— | Ditto 2 | shade was on the 28th being then near M g19 Fah. Vegetation 14 22 6 32 5 Ww Little was most evidently observed to droop after the 21st, being then I5 23.5]. 13 31.5| 11.5 S Ditto oz | subjected to the influence of parching easterly winds. 16 | 25 8.7] $48.5| -.0.5- W Ditto Mean Pressure from the 3 daily observations 30.061 inches. Fahr. I7 | 28 9.5| 4I 8 SW | Brisk Temperature .......* itto. +++. 19°.44 Or , 18 | 28 $3 35.0] 2 218 . 9 Little —— Dew Point ...... Ditto..... 14^. 61 — $8.29 1 sus 36 6 —— | Ditto Degree of Dryness ....Ditto...-- 49.83 — 870 20 | 29 12.2| 45.5| 10.5 SW | Ditto Degree of Moisture. . . Ditto... .. 96 | 21| 29 13 dpt dti. M Ditto Force of Vapour..... ;Ditto..... 493 inch oe | 25 15 39 12.5| —— | Brisk Least observed degree of Moisture. .. .. . 360 23 | 26 10.7| 42.5| 10 | —— | Little Maximum Temperature in the Shade.... 32.75 OF go-95] 24. 28 12 44.5| 10 ———— | Br Minimum Temperature in ditto... -»,v* 6.0 -— 42.8 | 25 26.7| 12 41.2| 10 —— .| Ditto Maximum Temperature in the Sun .... Wwe 116.6 § 26 | 26.5| 11.5] 41.5| 10.5) SE Ditto Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation .,... De nų 41.1 28 | $9402 4X 9 E e Mean Temperature of wn Air... 189.0 — 64.4 28 2.7| 12 10 SW | Little INDS. 29 Pie: 9 ra 7.5, —— | Ditto North,.....1 days. | N. East....1 days. 3o I IO 45-5, 8 N Ditto : an eases ` T ROM LEA - itto ast... ent „>. " s... Jl] 4p Bape | West .....- uw S. West .... 11 \ Cent} 25.59 | 10.41| 37.85 | 8.68 aH 31 days. ah.| 78.06 | 50.06 (100.13 | 47.62 Amount of Rain ,.. esee ree +» 0.41 inch, AUGUST. Morning. Noon. Night. 1855. & Barom. Hygrometer. Weather. Barom. Hygrometer. | Weather. Barom. Hygrometer. Weather. poem D S.|130.123| 19 | 17 | 2 |Very Fine 30.061| 26 | 13 13 Hot and Dry |30.031 | 15 | 14 1 Fine [ning S. 2 29.985 18 16 2 Overcast 29.942 | 24 14 10 |Fine i—.003 | 15.5 15.5) Overcast, Light- M. | 330.026; 18 2| 14 | 4.2'Dry Haze 30.019} 23 iwl Ditto |—.039| 12.5. 12 5 ~- ine T.| 4—.020| 17 | 15 | 2 |Fine 9.983| 24.5| 13 | 11.5 [029 | 13.5| 13.5| — Ditto W.|5—.025| 17 | 15 | 2 Ditto —978| 26 | 12 | 14 Cloudy & Do.| 29.997 | 16.5| 16.5, - |Ditto Th.|6—.o17| 20 | 17 | 3 [Ditto 0.075| 23.5| 15 | 8.5 [Ditto 0.031 | 17.5| 17.5 Ditto F. | 729.980| 19 | 19 | — Slight Rain 29.959| 23.5| 19 | 4.5 |Ditto —.131| 12 | 12 [Ditto O S.| 830.250) 15 | 11 | 4 |Fine, but Dry |30.259| 21 | 10 | 11 |Fine —.330| 11.5) If | O 5 Ditto NT Sg TS [12 [3 itto —.334) 22.5| 11.5| 11 (Ditto 328| 14 | 13 1 Ditto M. 10—.302| 20 , 15 | 5 {Ditto L4486931738 16 | 13 Hoe md Dry |—202| 17 | 17 | — {Ditto T. 11 —109| 23 | 18 | 5 (Slight Haze |—.128| 30.5| 16 | 14. 9.903| 16 | 15 1 |Ditto W. 1229.930| 21 | 19 | 2 [Overcast 29.930| 27 | 18 9 Fine 30.023| 19 | 13 6 |Ditto Th. |13.30.081| 18 | 9 | 9 |Fine 30.064| 23 | 13 | 10 [Ditto .168| 14 | 10 | 4 [Ditto F. |14—.212| 16 5| 12 | 4.5 Ditto —.202| 23 | 12 | 11 (Ditto —a21|34 | HB . |Ditto 8.|115,—.182| 15.5| 14 | t.5 Ditto —.148| 253.5, 10 | 15.5|Ditto — 154| 36. 1-04 2 |Ditto € S.16—.166| 20 | 18 |2 [Ditto -142) 27 | 16.5| 10.5 Cloudy & Do.|—207| 17 | !7 | — mod M. 17—.249| 20.5| 19.5) t |Dry Haze —.257| 23.5| 19 4. 5 Overcast, Fine|—.285 | 16 | 16 | — |Fine T.|18—.269| 19 | 17 | 2 |Ditto .247| 25 | 18 7 |Hotand Dry |- .237| 16 | 16 | — |Ditto Neg. 208070 | 19.5. 1:5 Ditto —.139| 27 |18 | 9 Ditto 061| 16.5| 16.5, — Ditto Th. |2029.944| 20 | 18.5| 1.5|Ditto 29.852| 26.5| 14 | 12.5 Ditto 29.674| 16.5| 15 | 1-5 Ditto F. 211—643 | 18 5| 17 1.5|Fine —.56 7 18 9 Cloudy & Fine|—522 | 19 19 | — (Overcast = .$8.|122.—.554| 21 | 18 -}3 |Ditto -585| 25 | 15 | 10 Pine 690} 14 | 14 | — [Fine 8./23|—.727| 20 | 16 | 4 |Do. very Dry |—.758| 22 | 1 5 7 Do. alightshower pose ag | 17 | Overcast © M. 24.—571| 17.5) 17.5| — |Rai —.550| 24 | 20 4 wery msa) y [te |— Fine | T.|25|—570| 16 | 16. | — [Overcast —.581| 22 | 16 6 Cionas & Fine|—673| 14 | 14 | — [Overcast W. 26|—.672 13.5| 13.5| — Ditto L——.688 17 12 5 |Overcast 696 13 13 Ditto /Th./27—734| 12 | 12 | — |Hazy 794| 21 | 15 6 |Fine .820| 14 | 14 |-- |Fine : F.|28|—.986| 17 | 17 | — |Overcast 30.021| 22 | 13 9 |Ditto 30.063| 12 | 10 2 |Clear & Ditto S. |29)30.055] 15 | 15 | — |Slight Haze |—.024| 24 | 14 | 1o |Ditto —.041| 9 9g | — |Very Fine. S.|30}—.058] 14 | 14 | — |Ditto —.060| 24 | 14 | 10 {Ditto —os9|14 | 14 | — Clear & Ditto D M.|31,—.088| 14.5] 12 | 2.5|ClearandFine|—.053| 24 | 12 12 |Ditto —.O51| Il 10 1 |Ditto Cent. | |3°9°7117.76 |15. 56,2.20 29-989 |; | 25 |14.61 | 9.64 29-997 44,73 |14.09 0.64 | Pah. 63.96 |60.0 [3.96 75-65 |58.29 |71.35 8.51|57.36 1.15 [ 89 J AUGUST. Temperature, Wind. Rain. Remarks. Days. Max. | Min. Sun. | Rad, | Direction. | Force, | In. Pts. SE Littl , This month may be said to have been one of continued, exces- I Ee xri 45 9 ittie sive, and almost uninterrupted dryness, for the amount of rain zd 7/ I2.2, 42 H ie Ditto was less than + of an inch, most of which fell between the 23d and 3 23.5 6.5| 39.5 5 D itto 25th. During half the number of days, the wind was easterly or 4| z7.2| 6.5|.425| 55| E Ditto from points adjoining. ‘The temperature was high, the ground 5 | 29 15 4g d Lo | Date *91 | hot and parched, the sun powerful, and frequently a cloudless sky. 6| 25.2) 15.5| 36 14.5, SW | Brisk -Ol | The rith was the hottest day in the season, the Thermometer £515 79 $.5| 39.5 4-5] "X | Dito ‘Ol | in the shade between 92? and 939, and 120? in sun’s rays. Trees 8| 24.5) 5 36 3 N Ditto in many instances lost their foliage, and grass was mostly burned gi 3t-8 5 7 «X 45| NE Little up. Except under an artificial atmosphere, plants could not 10 | 32.5| 20.5) 48.5, 18 S Ditto maintain a flourishing condition; and although watering was Er | 33.5| 12.7, 49 gg —. | Ditto made almost exclusively the labour of the garden, its aim was e 2 14 42-7). HH W Ditto reduced to merely the preservation of vegetable life till a more 13 | 25.5 8.7| 41 5.5, NE 3 € congenial period. Hot tic P E E NW |D es Mean Pressure from the 3 daily observations 29.996 inches. Fahr. ISEEE 43:31. Ditto —— Temperature .....-.. Ditto ...... 18°.91 or 6603 16 | 27-5} 13.5| 44 | w Ditto Dew Point .......-.* . Ditto ...... 149.95 — 5855 17 | 25 13.2 36 spi " Difto —— Degree of Dryness ... Ditto ...... 4716 — 748 Ec HE cH fate Brisk Degree of Moisture ... Ditto ...... — -789 19 | 28.7) 13 5:513 Ditto Force of Vapour ..... IED oc cc 0s: CAP ee P ad gp. ed IT S Little Least observed degree of Moisture ...... -402 Ei z 16 | 46 | u Brisk Maximum Temperature in the Shade .... 33°5 Or — 92.3 22, 26.5 9-5) 475 7 SW | Ditt oz | Minimum Temperature in ditto .......* "9 — 410 23 | 24-5) 12 42:5|- 9:? S Dias ‘og | Maximum Temperature in the Sun ..,... 499.0 — 120.02 24 | 26 10 4 iin w Dito e Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation ..... s 159€ — 3515 25 | 245p 8252) 35 EN e » '9* | Mean Temperature of External Air..... 18963 — 65.53 26 | Lg c5 34 6 x nv gin ree Bl 125 : Ditto North....... 1 days. | N. East... . ..4 days. DIU Tc di Ditt 500H ieu S. East . ss 3 os E d e Š 2 D : -—— Ditto East... ...-- it .. 1 N Wett esses 3. 31| 25 sal 39-5, 3 Ditto West........ 2 ve West....-- 4 se —_— WE. days Cent. 26.84 | 16. 1.67] -8:37 0.18 riu umi ier : Fah.| for 50 2 yon 47.06 Amount of Rain.. seté suí «cO. EB inch. VoL. II. 2ND SERIES. [ 90 ] SEPTEMBER. Morning. Noon. Night. 1835. £ Barom, Hygrometer, Weather. Barom. | Hygrometer. | Weather. Barom.| Hygrometer. Weather, T. | 1|39.153| 15 I$ | — |Fine 30.138 "m I3 |1O |Fin 0.205 | 12.5 | I1 1.5 |Clear & Fine W.|2|—.226| 13 | 12 I |Ditto —.21 e 8 |16 Hot n Dry |—205| 13 | 11 | 2 |Ditto [ning Th. | 3|—.115| 15 | 13 2 Ditto —.044| 2 Io |13 |Ditt 29.928] 15 15 | — |Cloudy,Light- F. | 4|29.822| 19.5 | 19.5| — |Cloudy&warm|29.807| 25.5) 21 4-5 Very Sultry |—.817| 17 | 17.5| — |Rain S.| $|—.851, 18.5 | 18.5| — |Ditto —.894| 24 | 18.5 | 5.5 Cloudy 30.053| 17. | 16 | 1 - Fine S. | 6|30.123| 20 | 18 2 |Fine 30.097| 23 18 5 |Fine .O81| 15.5] 15.5| — |Ditto © M.|7|—.076| 19 | 17 2 |Ditto —.092| 22.5 | 14 | 8.5 Ditto 9.972| 13.5 | 12 | 1-5 Ditto & Clear T. | 8[29.805| 14 | 14 | — |Slight Fog 29.704| 21 16 | 5 |Overcast —.586| 12.5 | 12.5 | — |Rain W.| 9| —.707| 13 9 4 |Clear and cool|—.692| 16.5} 8.5| 8 |Fine —.737| 8. 7 | 1.5 |Clear Th. |10| —.468| 14.5| 14.5| — |Rain —.332| 19 | 16 3 indy .374| 11 9.5| hg n ^. F.[ni|—.452| 11.5 | 10 | 4.5\Cold & windy |—.548| 14 | 14 | — Stormy Show 480| 10 | 10 | — |Cloudy & Do. $.|12|—.343| 15 | 15 | — |Cloudy —.309| 17.5| 12 | 5.5 Fine [ers|—.440| 9.5] 9-5| — |Clear S. |13| —.-547| 14 | 12 2 |Fine —.$99| 18.5| 12.5 | 6 |Ditt —.451| 11 | 11 | — |Showe M. |14|—.846, 11.5 | 11.5| — |Hea —.860| 18 | 15 Ditto —.926| 15 15 | — |Slightly Clouded € T. 15|—.899| 17 E 2 |Overcast —.840| 20 | 16 Cloudy |lI—750| 14.5| 14.5} — |Rain W.|16|—.825| 10.5| 10.5 | — (Slight Haze |.|—793 18.5| 13 € 5|Ditto & Caln| —751| 9 9 | — |Ditto Th. |17|—.653| 13 3 | — [Fine .733| 18 | 11. | 7 Eme —.687| 7.5| 7-5| — |Clear F.h8|—.810| 7.5| 7-5| — |Foggy 770| 18 | 15 3 |Cloudy —.112| 12.5| 12.5| — |Rain S. 19|—.529| 16 6 | — |Cloudy -595| 20 13 7 |Fine —.118| 14.5| 14 | 0.5 |Fine S. |20| —.627| 16 16 | — |Heavy Rain ||—.648| 20 16 4 |Ditto —./821| 15 12 1 |Clear & windy . M. [21| — 876, 15 5 | — Hazy .856| 15.5| 15.5 | — |Rain 700} 13 | 13. | — udy @ T. 22|—.581| 18.5| 18.5| — |Fine —.468| 21.7| 20 1.7|Fine —.569| 14 | 14 | — |Showers UO 23 645 17 15 2 |Ditto —.680| 20 15 5 Ditt —.749| 14-5) 14.5) — itto ` Th. |24|—.822) 13 13 | — |Rain —.895| 17.5| 14.5| 3 |Overcast .959| 11.5 | 10.5] 1 |Cleudy ` F.|z$|—994 to | 10 | — |Fine —.960| 17.5| 14 3t ben Fine —.866| 8 7.5| 9.5 Clear S. |26| —.686 13 12 1 |Ditto —.637| 16.5| 16.5 | — |Rain .630| 11 I1 — (Rain S. |27|—.600 10 10 — |Ditto —.659| 15-5| 11 4.5 Fine —.472| 11.5 | 10 1.5 (Overcast ` M.j28[—411 10.5' 8.5| 2 itto —.576, 12 5 7; |Ditto 2653] 59.5) 6| lear D T.|29|—. 696 14 | 13 1 |Cloudy —.630| 17 | 13 4 |Cloudy —.554| II 9 |2 |Ditto |. W.|30|—.259 145] 14-5| — ain —.182| 20 18 2 |Fine :132| 14-5 | 11.5 | ~= Cloudy Cent 29-745 1430)13.55 0.75 29-74? 19.24 |14-10 | 5.14. 29694 15.50 11.75 | 0.55 |57-74,56-39 | 1-35 66.63 57.38 | 9.25 54-14 53-15 | 0.99 [ 91 ] SEPTEMBER. Temperature. Wind. Rain. Remarks. Days.| Max. | Min. | Sun. | Rad. | Direction.| Force. | In. Pts. a 6 t i e - i : SE Á nm en month put an end to the eed of watering out of pe , : Meet the quantity of rain being double the average, upwards of 4 3| 28.5| 12 45-5 9.5| —— | Ditto :17. | inches having fallen, which is more than fell since March, the 1 : aS). 1247. 40 Io ved P zt 15 | month of May excepted. ‘There was a moderate rain on the 3 A $45). 13 49.9). 104 to and 4th, which rendered great service after so much drought. 26.2) 13 41 10.5, SW | Ditto | After the 8th, with few exceptions, it rained every day through- 7| 27 Io 43.51 7 S Ditto out the month. Lawns soon began to recover, and they acquired 8 | zo 9 s9.51 2 7 -— | Bitte -28 | universal greenness surprisingly quick. There were only four = 18 7 38 $ Ww oe per days in which the wind was not either from a South, South-west, 2k 16 28.5 —— itto xe) West direction, and itl di e quantity of rain, H| nue ed S 6.5| —— | Ditto -OI | temperature was above the average. — sere 12 Ig Av Ste 25 3 | — | Brisk 49 : : 13 19.21 -5.6| 26 3.5| SW Little .o6 (Mean Pressure from the 3 daily observations 29.729 inches. Fahr. 14 | 2t1.5| 15 27.5]..13 S Ditto ——— Temperature .......- Ditto ...... 155.28 | or $9.5 Hi so 6.7 23.5) 574 —— | Brisk .20 Dew Point .......... Ditto ...... 133.13 — 55.63 *16 | 19 6.6 Ap. T —— | Little 4» Degree of Dryness .... Ditto ...... 2.15 — ' $3.87 17] !9.5|. 3-5| 32 I.5| —— | Ditto o1 |-— Degree of Moisture .. Ditto ,..... .880 18 | z20.5| 10.5} z8.5| < 9,5]. —— | Ditto E Force of Vapour ..... Ditto ...... .485 inch. I9 | 2I 12.5| 30 II SW | Brisk 6o |Least observed degree of Moisture ...... 390 20 | 20.5| 10.5| 29.5| 8.7} —— | Strong .o8 |Maximum Temperature in the Shade .... 28°5 or.. 83. 21 11.7|- 23.5]. 10 S Little .28 |Minimum Temperature in ditto ....... . s — 38.3 22 | 20.6) 12-5] 27.2] <30 —— | Strong .g |Maximum Temperature in the Sun ...... 45°5 — 113.9 23 | 20 II$] 24 10 —— | Ditto .33 [Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation ...... — 34.7 24 | 17 6 24 2.7; —— | Little Mean Temperature of External Air ..... 149.65 — 58.37 25 Mb; $-2| 20.5 : SW LÀ rri ER dud pé: 2 16.5 2|. 21 S itto -O9 27 a e 24 > Ww Ditto .07 North ......0 days 2g East ....0 days. 28 16 5 Ig IZ SW Brisk South,.....14 . eS "t n 3 .. 29 19.5 10 22.7 7.5 S Ditto Maso... Ov P Wee ab se 30 19 10 21 7 es Ditto .O2. Wiest c9» n B oí ESE IA e tos days | Centi 21.00| 8.30} 29.72| 6. 4.60 : 29 eF ah.| 6g.80| 46.94 $7 rid Amount of Rain... s.es». s<... es. 4.60 inches, [ 92 ] OCTOBER. Morning. Noon. Night. 1835. & Barom Hygrometer. Weather. Barom. Hygrometer, Weather, Barom. Hygrometer, Weather, Th. | 1| 29.224] 13 12 I |Fine .305| 14.5| 14.5| — |Stormy showers || 29.220| 13 13 | — |Stormy, Rain F.| 2, —182| 14 14 | — |Heavy Clouds|| —.221| 15.5| 15.5| — |Rai —.357| 10 10 | — |Clear S. | 3|—379| 9-5] 9.5| — |Foggy :327| 14-5] 14-5| — |Hazy —207 I0 | 10 | — Rain S. | 4| —.384| 14 | 13 | 1 |Fine —^.416; 16 3-13 (Fine .541| 8.5) 8 | o.5|Clear M. | 5}—-661; 8.5| 8.5| — |Heavy Dew | || —742| 15.5| 13 | 2.5|Very Fine —.846| 6 6 | — [Ditto © T.|6|—.913| 9.5| 9.5| — |Ditto & Fine Euro 16 16 | — |Cloudy — .962| 8.5) 8.5| — |Dit ; W. | 7| 30.029] 10 IO — |Foggy 30.063| 15 15 a+ Ditto & Fine 30.105| IO 9 I |Ditto ines Th. | 8/29.969, 10.5 10.5| — |Ditto 29.887| 15 | 12 | 3 |Fine 29.704| 9.5| 9 | 0-5/Overcast an F. | 9, —.478| 11 II! | — Raini —.376, 13-5| 13.5| — |Showery 28.929| 9 9 |— ps Rain S. |10/28.871, 8 8 Ditto —.o70| 10.5| 5 5.5|Fi 29.235] 5 4.5| 0.5/Clea S. |11| 29.380; 7.5| 4.5/3 |Clear &Windy|| —.470, 10 6 | 4 |Overcast —.735| 7 3 4 Ditto M.|12] —902| 4-5) 3 | 1.-5|Ditto andCold|| —.g11| 10 7 |3 jCloudy .882| 10 | ro | — cw : T.|153|—.949| 12 | 12 | — |Hazy — 976, 18.5| 16 | 2.5 Ditto 30.141| 13.5| 13.5| — te A € W. |14) 30.227| 13 13 | — |Ditto 30-297) 15.5| 12 | 3.5 Ditt : —.356| 12.5| 12 | 0.5 D Th. |15|—.404| 12 | 12 | — |Ditto —.3941 16 |11 | 5 DOE —4A31| 11.5) 11.5) —: ns F. |16[—.429, 11. | 11 | — [Ditto —.396 13.5| 11 2-5 pe —.317| 10 x E on S. |17| —.310| 10 10 | — |Ditto —.298| 14. | 10 | 4 Ditt —.278| 7.5 -5 ee S. (18 — 328| 10 10 | — |Ditto —.273| 13 8 13 Cloudy & Fine —.348| 4 4 = aes M. |19| —.321} 1.5| 1.5) — |Hoar Frost —.205| 11 8:13 vey FE —12| o xe ain T.|20|29.951| © o | — |Frosty 29.845| 10 8-413 Overcast. 29-795| 7 7 Pr W.|21|—.815| 3.-5| 3.5| — [Hazy —.808, 11 11 | — |Fine mi 0.5 5 aot ee OF en ot Ces =~ "da a 3 old me tA n^ — |Windy, Rain F. |23| —.6 $: 4.5| — |Clear 74 i ` "s > Pes ii e aee ae Iis is -ies .|25| — 8 — |Di —.62 — |R: —. M. sd 3 7 6 |1 |Very Clear —-295| 12 | 10 | 2 JENE —.535 5 E TE DD T.|27|] —.685| 3-5| 3.5| — |Ditto 766} 9.5| 4 | 5.5|Ditto 2:973 Iu. an Pe ook D W. |28| 30.010} o o | — |Do. & Frosty || 30.023) 9 6 | 3 |Ditto 30.087| 4.5| 4-5 e ME Th. |29| 29.900 10 | 10 | — |Rain 9 907, 15 5| 15-5) — Showery a 3-5 3-5 oa teen Pee 5 $5] Emm a [o a 153] eme JENE | 3 |— em S. |31| 29.907] 9 g |— |Hazy, Rai . ||29. 89, 13.6| 13-5| — ry | Cent.| |79:997| 8.68| 7.84.24 29:203 1 o5] 10.9212.03 iod 20 Fah. isi eius. 11|0.43 Iss 31\51 65/3 -65 40-2245-.75|0-45 [ 93] OCTOBER. "Temperature. Wind. Rain. Remarks. Days| Max. | Min Sun. Rad. | Direction. Force, | In. Pts. 1 15 10 21.5| 7 Brisk 53 Rain still continued to fall in large quantities, and the amount 2| 15.5) 4.5) 15.5| z.5| —— | Little 23 far exceeded the usual average. More than half an inch fell on 3 i45 4.5 d9 2.21. SE Ditto „zı | the Ist, gth, 25th, and 3oth respectively. The temperature at 4| ice] X 19.9 r7] W Ditto o1 | night became generally low after the 1st; and frost of such se- 5 16.7| 3 42 tigh mii | Ditto verity as to spoil the Dahlias was experienced on the 18th and 6| 17.7) 5.7] 23 4 SW | Ditto o6 | 19th. The atmosphere on the roth did not balance 29 inches 7| ag.5| 8 zi.| $7 E Ditto of mercury, the Barometer falling to 28.871, its extreme lowest 8| 15.21 7.2| 21.5] 45 Brisk 1o | during the season, except on the 7th of March. The night of 9| 1.2| 7-7] 14 6.7| SW | Ditto 5 the 25th was very stormy. The mornings were frequently foggy 10 | 12.9} 72:2] rs | a NW | Ditto ot oF hazy. The mean temperature was 10 Fah, lower than that of ii} d 2.5| 1§.5| —1 —— | Ditto the preceding month. — : 4 i i - 5 i à 5-7] W Little 14 Mean I the 3 daily ob t 29.806 inches. Fahr. 15 | 18.5| 11.5] 22 F 1065 Brisk m Temperature... .... Ditto... ... 9^.64 Or 49.35 14 14.5 II 20 9.5 Little Dew Point *""""* t^ Ditto, eseee 8 80 anis 47-84 15 15 g.s| 18.5| 8.5| NE Ditto —— Degree of Dryness.. . .Ditto...... 0x84 .. — 1.51 16 || 13 iá 013.2, 7.7| SE Ditto —— Degree of Moisture. . . . Ditto... .. 4 0:772 | 12.7 5 íg| orns| NW | Ditto Force of Vapour...... Ditto... ... 374 inch ml m Be 14 |—4.5| NE | Ditto Least observed degree of Moisture...... — .7O i ia z as |—47| SE Ditto Maximum Temperature in the Shade... 177.75 or 63.95 da er: 3 E 18.5 o: SW | Ditto 13 Minimum Temperature in ditto... ...... 29.5 — 27.85 di re 5 Lsa 2 ; —3.5| W Ditto ‘o6 Maximum Temperature in theSun...... 257.0 — 77-00 as b ru y pe t2 8 Ditto “20 |Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation. . . . . E £95 — 23.55 23 | 12 4 7. 2 54 4 W Ditto 26 Mean Temperature of External Air. . . . . . 9°.31 — 48.75 24 | 14 go) 1853 "d£ 8 5 tto nA WiNDs. 2 ip^ s vs x 5| sw nu iab North ...... O days EM 2 days. 27 Il Sit 18.2 cg Ww Little oar i eWeek 4 oe 28 15.5 4 #15 0.5 S Ditto 25 West eereee * .. S. West ever 3 29 15 —0.$ 17 E SW Brisk s..... . 9 .. LI ""-* 9 5 .. g0 | 1$] 9 Esel - 7.9| SE Little .58 IE — 31]| 14 est 19 fy WwW itto 04 31 Gays. Amount of Rain ......... svoceccecese 4.05 inches. Cent] 14.10| 4-53) 18.31} 2.46 495 Fah.| 57.38| 40.14. 64.95) 35-49 [ 94 ] NOVEMBER. Morning. Noon, Night. 1835. £ Barom, Hygrometer, Weather. Barom, Hygrometer, Weather. Barom. Hygrometer Weather, $.| H 30.218) 5 5 =—tHazy 30.219 10 7 3 |Slightly overcast || 30.276] 2 2 |= M. | 2]—298| 2 2 | — |Dense Fog |—237| 9 9 o |Rain —.145| 7 6.5 ' 0.5 Overcast T.|3|]—994 7 $-r- Im —.079! 8.5| 8.5| — |Slight Rain ||—071| 6 6 | — |Ditt W.|4|—o099| 5 3 2 |Overcast —.076) Ó6.5| 1 5.5|Overcast —o59 5 5 | — |Ditto O Th.| $| —.008| 4 3 I |Cold Haze 29.980, 8 5 3 |Ditto 29.938| 2.5| 1.5} ! |Ditto F. | 6| 29.938) o o | — |Sharp Frost |—.932| 5 5 o |Fine 0.039 1 1 | — [Slight Fog S. | 7|—986| o.5| 0.5) — |Frosty Haze |! 30.053 8.5] 7 1.5|Overcast 29.930 9 g | — jRain S.| 8| 30.026 6 6 ine —.o36| 9 6 3 |Clear 30.024| 3.5] 2.5| |! [Clear M. | 9| —.149| 45| 4 ast 177| 45| 45| — |Cloudy&Cold || —471| 3.5| 2 I.5|Overcast T. [10] —.343) 25| o 2.5|Cloudy & Cold}, —.388) 3.5| 3.5| — |Ditto |[—438| 2 0.5 Ditto W. |11| —441| 2 2 | — [Overcast —409 6.5) 4 2.5|Cloudy —.343| 4 2 2 |Cloudy Th.|12;,—249| 3 | 3 | — |Cloudy —5249 7 | § | 2 |Finebutcold||—317, 3 | 2-5) 9-5/Fine € F.|13|—409| 2-5 | 2.5| — |Rain —405 5:5] 5:5} — |Cloud —.370| 3.5| 25| ! |Overcast &Fin $.|14|—2535| 2 2 | — |Overcast x48 - Ost 4 2.5|Fine —148| 5.5| 5-5| — Ditto S.|115|—151 5 5--F-—T1Ditto —117| 7 5| 5.5| 2 (Cloudy —.107| 2.5| 2.5| — |Cloudy M.|16| —052| 3 3 | |Ditto ——918 - 7:9] 6 | r.5|Fine —2031| 6 6 Ditto T. |17| 29-979| 5 sey 29.941) 85) 8.5| — |Hazy 29.899 8.5| 8 | o.sDitto W.|18| —865| 8.5 |- 8.5| — |Overcast .763| 12 | 11 1 |Fine —.946| 5 4.5| o5 Clear, Aurora Th. \19} 30.034) 2 2. | — |€lear o.o62| 8.5} 7 5|Very Fine 30.051, 2.5| 2.5| — |Fine [Borealis @ F.\20\—-057| 7 7 | — |Slight Haze | —.013} 10.5} 10.5) — ery 9.963} 10 | 10 | — Ditto $.|21/29.-935| 9-5 | 995+ — 9-931} 12. | IO ine —.906| 10 9 1 |Very Fine S.|22| —.875| 10 — |Overcast .818| 12.5| 10 | 2.5|Cloudy&Fine || —768| 11 | 1o 1 |Cloudy and M. |23|—859| 10. | ro. | — |Rain —4866| 13 | n itto —.865| 9 .$| r.sFine [Windy T. |24| —.863| 8.5| 8.5, — |Fine —88i} 12 | t1 1 |Fine —.836| 10 — |Clea W. |25| —.838 9 | — |Clear —4826| 12.5| 10 | 2.5|Ditt —.733| 10 | 10 | — |Ditto Th. |26| —717| 10.5| 10.5) — z —.567| 13-5 | 13 o.5| Very Fine —.419| 12.5 | 12.5 | — |Windy p F.|27|—41:5/11. | 11. | — Overcast —.362| 12 | 12 | — —.330| 10 | 10. | — |Fine S. |28| —351|: 7 7 | — [Ditto —.442| 10.5| 10.5 | — |Ditto —628| $ 5 | — [Slightly over- S. |29| — 568 — (Slightly overcast||—.442] 9.5| 9.5| — |Ditto —323 9 | — |Ditto [cast M. |30| —.152| 10 | 10 | — [Rai z1246| 13 | 13..| — Fme —.265| 10 | lo | — Cent. | |79:973| 5.64 | 5.45 | 0.18 29-955 | 8.75] 7.43] 1.32 29-954) 6.28] 5.86 0.42 Fah. 42.13 41.81 | 0.32 | 47-75| 45-37| 2-38 43-50| 42.55] 0-75 [ 95 ] NOVEMBER. Temperature. Wind. Rain. Remarks. Days.| Max Min Sun Rad. | Direction,} Force. | In. Pts. à Up to the z5th, the weather was, on the whole, favourable for : nens di ee 16 2.5 S Little the operations of the garden. From that time to the end of the 2| 10.5) 6.7| 12 3:5 SE Ditto .28 |month, it was very wet. The mean temperature was only between 3 9-494 c935p 2 S Ditto .04 |3 and 4° lower than that of the preceding month. The 18th was 4 6.5| 3 tg] o—— | Brisk fine, the wind strong from the south-west, but it moderated to- 5 5| —2 e pg SE | Little wards night. In the evening a splendid Aurora Borealis overspread 6 o a 12.5 |—5.2 SW Ditto almost the whole of the visible northern hemisphere, at times pro- 7 10.2 2.5; 14.5} © Ditto -20 |longing its streamers, from the horizon, even beyond the zenith. 8| 10.5 2.5| 17 0.2 Ditto ere was adense fog on the znd, but such a state of weather was 9 gs Pr ons p5r "5 Ditto not so prevalent throughout the month as to equal, in this respect, Io 45 I 8 o ps Y the usual characteristic of November. . i tt : E z b i e inel = 5 Brisk .og | Mean Pressure from the 5 daily observations 29.961 inches. Fahr. 13 74.7 2 9-5 o NE Little .02 Temperature... ...«s5* Ditto. s.s.s 67.88 or 44.38 14 7.5 3.5 11.7 2.7 N Ditto 04. Dew Point.......« eee Ditto "E . Phe — 43-23 15 8 2.5| 10.5| 05 —— | Ditto Degree of Dryness.. sss. Ditto... . . 64 — I 16 8 1.5| 10 1.7 Ww Ditto — Degree of Moisture..... Ditto.. «r++ 17 I E. $.,3| 24 3.5 S Ditto Force of Vapour.. se» : Ditto. «s. 318 inch 18 12.5 2 14.5| 1! SW Strong Least observed degree of Moisture. owe dee 95 I 10 o I5 m | —— | Little Maximum Temperature in theShade...... 14.5 or 58. 1 = 12 2 17.5| 6 S Brisk Minimum Temperature in ditto........ O—29.0 — 28. 4 21 pe Figs 4. $| 72 SW Ditto Maximum Temperature in the Sun... sse.. 177.5 — 63. 5 22 I a k i 14 8.5 S Ditto .20 | Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation... .. .. —5$9.25 — 22.55 E S 3.2 24 :35 3 me litte Mean Temperature of External Air..... 7533 ..— 24 | 14 oti gp Of Eo Ditto me $5 | ing 10.5] ls PS Ditto 09 Mituns- 26 | 14 11 17 9.5 | —— | Ditto 5 North........4 days | N. East... ...2 days $7 11.7 7.5 Ih2| 4.2 —— Ditto -49 idnth.......13 S. East...» ^e 4 os 28. | ao. 4 11.7] 0.5 SW |Ditto o2 Bgeti...... Fa 0- N. Weit. ee Oe 45-1 G 9 irs i: 8 SE Ditto +34 West cccccesed = | Ge Wek. weed $ 749 30 14-5 725] 15.5] 9.5 S Brisk .02 n i. x Pelr ce AT, ——— 30 days. Cent| 10.05 |- 4-40 | 12-52]. 174 YE Amount of Rain. s.s. ssessess se ee 1:94 inch, ah | 50.09| 39.92 | 53-04| 35-13 [ 96 ] DECEMBER. Morning Noon. Night. 1835 » £ Barom Hygrometer. Weather. Barom Hygrometer. Weather, Barom. Hygrometer, Weather. T. | 1|29.406) 7 2f — et 29.404| 11.5| 10 | 1.5|Very Fine 29.336, 11 11 | — |Cloudy & windy W. | 2|—.485| 6.5| 6.5| — |Ditto er 10 8 | 2 Ditto —.658| 3-5) 3-5| — |Clear & Fine Th. | 3,—.716| 8 8 | — |Cloudy —.712| 10.5| 10.5| — |Cloudy & Fine| —.681| 10 | 10 | — |Overcast F.| 4|—.766, 3.5| 3.5| — |Clear —.816| 7.5| 7.5| — |Ditto 30.041; 2-5} 2.5| — |Clear @ S. | 5/30.228| 3.5| 3.5| — Overcast 30.258, 8.5| 8.5| — |Fine —.148| 6 6 —-.|Fine S. | 6,—200| 1 1 | — Frosty —.165|. 7.5| 6.5| — |Ditto —.164| O.5| 0.5| — Foggy M. | 7j|——.185| 2.5| 2.5| — |Foggy —.185|. 4 4 | — |Foggy —.182| 4 4 | — |Overcast & Fine T. | 8|—.134| 2.5| 2.5| — |Hazy —.o66, 4 4 | — |Hazy 20J97. 3:518 al cS W. | 929.805| 5 5 | — |Stormy clouds 29.911) 5.5| 5-5) — |Clearin 0.176 —0.5,—1.5| 1 |Clear Th./10/30.360,.—1.5|—1.5| — [Snow 30.427| O.5| O.5| — |Slight Snow .||—422,—5-5|—5-5| — Ditto F. |11|——291 -8|—6.5 Srii Frost. || —284| o |—2 | 2 |Clear & Frosty —.335,—6.5,—6.5| — |Ditto S. [12|—351/—3-5|—3.5| — |Dit 331) 2 2 | — jOvercast .343| O-5—1 | 1.5 Ditto € S.|13|—374—3 [—3 | — Ditto —.348| 3 | 3 | — |Fine —377. o | o | — |Feggy M. |14 —392| 1.5) 1.5| — |Foggy —.271| 4.5| 4-5| — |Hazy “=.379| 2 2 | — Hazy T. |15/|—.389| 1.5|. 1-5] — |Hazy —.262| 4.5| 4-5| — |Ditto z481|- 3 3 | — |Ditto W. 16|—.399| 3-5) 3-5| — |Fog —.407| 5 5 | — |Foggy —.477| 3 3 | — |Dense Fog Th. (17|—409| 2 2 | — |Ditto —=.362| 4 4 | — |Hazy .324 3-5| 3.5| — |Overcast F. 18|—.134|. 4-5) 4-5) — Clear -094| 3 3 — |Hail Shower ||—.022| 5-5] 4-5] I ine O S }igi—.oz5| o.5—1 | r.5 Ditto 29.988| 2 2|— Dead Cold|—.oo:i| © o | — |Overcast S. 20|—011,—0.5| 0.5| — |Snow 30.236| O o | — |Dit —.101|- © o | — |Stormy M. |21|—202| o o | — Overcast —.202,—0.5 —1.5| — Cleat & Cold 394 —4 |—4 | — |Clear T. (22| —414—3-5|—3 | 0.5, mem Frost —.457| 1 o |i sty —622—5 |—5 |— Du W.|23|-—.624.—7 (—7 | — A TET —.609,—1 | -—1 -| — Ditto & Foggy —.597,—2*5(—2*5| — Duc Th. |24|—.543|—1.5 —1.5| — .513|—1 L1! | — [Dit —.484—3 -5|—3-5| — ein i F. |25|—.457|— 8 | — es —.424,—3-5,—3-5| — Ditto —.424.—4-5|—4*5| — p og D S.|26|—.443)—7 |—7 | — |Ditto & Foggy| —434.—5 m5 | — Ditto —.390 —6 — E $.|127|—.343—3 |—3 | — |Do. & Cloudy||- .308| 2.5) 2.5| — |Sligbtly overc 300| - 2.5| 2.5| — ees d M. |28| —.195 4 | — |Fine —.131| 8 8 |— |Cloudy —.205| -6 6 | — Clear& Fine T. |29 —.298| 1.5| !.5| — ercast —.304| 5 5 | — |Ditto —.324| 4-5| 4.5| — Cloudy & Fine W.|30|—.250| 5 5 | — [Ditto —232| 7 7 |—|Ditto | [Fog|—.343| 2-5] 2.5| — |Fine Th. [31| —.373|—2-5,—2-5| — |Frosty —. 348 —1.5 5p Dense Frosty || —.360—1 |—1 | — |Overcast Cent. 39-209) 0.51] 0.45 0.06 E. i 3.220.21 30.218) , 21] 1.100.TI Fah. 32.91/32 810.10, 38.17 37-79 0-38} 34-17 33-98 0.19 [ 97 ] DECEMBER. Temperature. Wind. Rain. Remarks. Days| Max.| Min Sun. Rad. |Direction.| Force. | In. Pts. S Li e mean temperature of this month averaged very little more p| 12:7 6.7| 15-5) 3-5 wee than 2? above the freezing point. Frost set in about the 19th, and ries Fs 0.5) 16 | —2.5 H D ‘©? | continued with increasing severity till it reached its maximum in- 3-1 re enS e Bsa Ae ‘©2 | tensity for the past season, about the 25th and 26th; the mini- T.» 1 11.5 0.5, SW | Ditto ‘©2 | mum being 16° below freezing, and by the Radiating Ther-. 5 AE T ime, 2 1 CS ae Mare Ditto mometer 23? Fahr.; yet the ice, where there was a considerable 6 gie a S Ditto — body of water, was unsafe, and a number of lives were lost in the: 7 5 «e 5 : ad Ditto Serpentine. Frost of less intensity, and of shorter duration in the 8 6 3 6 E SW |B risk ‘TF | end of winter, has observed to penetrate further in the 9 A 203 17 N Little ground, and occasion a much greater thickness of ice, than was - LIVES LL S Ditto the case in the present month. At this time the freezing process . A Ise TR DA Ditto was doubtless unusually counteracted in consequence of the eart de jS MIT 7 SW: -| Ditto and water retaining much of the high temperature of the pre- 13 pD3E-92- 013 S eed ceding summer. ut 45 : ta 07 Ditto Mean Pressure from the 3 da'ly observations 30,203 inches. Fahr. 2 bip IE NW | Ditto m Temperature ....... Ditto... 19.21 35.07 às A LEO: P SW | Ditto ; D Pod oes Ditto. i. => 19.59 34. 86 Få eo n TON N Brisk o6 Degree of Dryness.. .... Ditto...... -07.12 .21 A i a vdd ERES ee Ditto ` |— Degree of Moisture ..... Ditto...... 991 19 i A Z = “5 NE Ditto —— Force of Vapour..... oe tO viv ~ «098 incl - ub. de 6 Ditto Least observed degree of Moisture ........ .89o eid phe ne p enl d Ete Maximum Temperature in the Shade... ... 12.75 54-95 il, ORE AS Sarre A R SW | Ditto Minimum Temperature in ditto,......... —8.75 16.25 E 95 mts ok eee 5 NW | Ditto Maximum Temperature in the Sun........ 16.0 60.8 Bi uwlI £i S Ditto Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation... .....—13.0 8.6. oh EU re 08 Ditt Mean Temperature of External Air....... — 1.22 34.19 26 | —o.5| —8.7| —72 |—II e itto 27 6 o 6.5| —o.5| SW Ditto V WD. 28 4 p B | —— | Brisk NOU 2. cseccese$ days] N. East: sa. o 3 days 29 ‘6 2.5, 6 | —1 Ww Little Soli... icr. 10 34> | OBA ee 30 8 | —3.5 8 |—7 NW Brisk PNG 6 ssrjssirera © ss- | N, WoR sues. Pe tee 31 | —o. 5| —3 o | —6 S Little — errs pee ete de uso es .81\—1.36} 6.09|—4.12 0.25 : 31 days. E eee "ere oos 24.95 Amount of Rain ........ cui O ved veas Sey REIR. [ 98 ] i Monthly Mean Pressure, Temperature, and Dew Point, &c. of 1835; deduced from the Observations recorded | in the preceding Journal. Sept. 30.226,29. 132 29.694/29.729 14.65 14.30 19:24 12. SU 15.28/45.5 |19.O |13.0| 1.5 |18.08 8 29.813/29.806, 17. 29. 722 I. dre x 745 29.742 5 Oct. .30.431/28.871 29. 207) 1.560 |29. 802 9.31| 8.08 12.95| 7-90) 9.64/25.0 |13.2 |10.5— 4.75|10.38 7.22| 5-63) 8.75, 6.28) 6.8817.5 | 5.5 | 9.5 — 5.25| 7.13 o 0.0 | 3.5 —13.0 | 0.98 29.803 Nov. . 30.471|29. 152 | | | | | | | xd 962) 1.319 |29. 973 29- -955 29.954.29-961 1 t | | | Dec. 130.624! 29.336 50.202 | j : | Pressure. | Temperature. | 1935. | i ial | | | | - : Mean at the th » In the Shade. | Mean at Mm ip - fadletion oS nd nge o 1 | me Max. cas | mim: | Parona Morn. | Noon. | Night. SUE. "tax Min. | Med. | Morn. Noon. | Night. Ona Max. Max| Min. | ao Rad», Jan. .[30. 856/29. os. 3e- de Fs T |30: 997 30. lee. 123/3 30. 109! FF: $—7.7 3-74| 2.88 pe) 3.22| 3.90|15.0 | 0.0 6:o|— 9-5 | 3-32 Feb. 3°: 531/29. .039 29.854 1.492 29. 863 29. alas: 836.29 $54. 13. ES 5 | 6.26| 4.92| 8.80, 4.78) 6.16 15.0 | 8.0 | 8.0 — 7.25| 6.00 March 30. sae a -851 29. "985| I. 985 |29. “997, 29- 952 30. -009 2 9-976, 17.5,—3-7 | 6.26] 4.86| 9.13] 4.11| 6.03/20.5 | 9.5 | 7-5|— 7-5 | 6-40 April go. 499 29. 558 30.139 0-941 n. 145.39.14530, 131/30. :188/23.0/—3.5 | 9. 12| 8.79/13-41| 0-55| SSTA 2-997 .— 7-D | 9-9 May .'30. 196 29. aas .89t| 0.709 29. M: 886 29. 89229 893/124-7 2.5 |12.26 12.6616 2^ 9.4313.0031.0 [5.2 |ro.0 — 1.0 13.68 June. |30. 375179. Bad di 051, 1.112/30.063 30.034 30.049 30.048/30.5| 3.0 |16.1016.88/21.4013.75/17.34/39-O |17.O |15.O0| 1.5 |19.54 July duo; 275]29.744 #30. ho. 531 |30- 061 30. 050 40 062/30.061/|32 6.0 |18.00119.04.24 2 7919.4447.O0 25.0 |I2.5| 5.0 |23.26 Aug. |30.355|29.522 29.998 0.833 (30.002 29.989 29.997/29.996 |3 5.0 |18.63/17.7624.2514.7318.9149.0 35-0 ||4.5| 1.75|25.02 3.5 5 o rs 1.288 |30. 200 30.192 30. .218|30-203 I2. 1.22| O.51| 3-43| 1-21) 1-7416. Aver. 30-454 29.252 29.981 1.202 29-985 29-976 29.981 29.981 IZI. : 1 | f i ! : | (—1-05 10.23 9-69 14-03 8.25/10.65/29 00,13. 119-97,— 3.80|11.97 Hygrometer indicating Dew Point. Scale of the Winds. Rain. 1835. amens — | coss MET CENE S peti M oe Months. oe | Noon. | Night. Point, | Vapour. Dryness. | Moisture. Moisture. | N. | N. E. | E. | S.E. S: LAW W.|.N.W, |.Days..| In. Pts. Jan. . 2.63 | | 4-49 | 3.13 | 3-41 | © 265 0.49 970 677 2 2 2 97 9 6| 2 - 0.72 Feb.. 4-55 | | 6. 44 | 4.71 | 5-23 | 293 0.93 937 680 3 o o O| 14 7T. 4 28 2.61 | March 4.46 | 6.37 | 3-95 | 4-93 | 290 1.10 923 600 1 7 I 1 ry 10 8| 2 31 1.97 April| 7.20 | 6.65 | 6.33 | 6.73 | 329 2.85 843 356 8 4 1 o 1 7 6| 3 30 1.07 | May.j11.08 (11.54 | 9.43 '10.68 | 417 2.31 865 511 3 1 4 o 41 a 9| 1 31 3.38 e June.,13.83 Sen 5.68 153.908 | sio | 3.35 | 822 411 7 4 o 3 5 4 JA 39 1.99 [15.61 44.17 prot 14.61 | 493 4-83 | 706 360 I 1 6 I OT n 5 9 31 0.41 - 15.56 or 114.09 [14°75 535 4.16 789 402 I 4 LH I 5 4 271 3 31 0.18 - [13-55 |14. 10 !11.75 |13.13 | 485 žie 880 390 o o o $ | 14 7 $1 * jo 4.60 7.84 |10.92 | 7.64 | 8.80 | 374 0.84 954 708 o 2 4 6 $ gee ae 3! 4:95 EAS | 3-443 | 5-86 | 6.34 | 318 0.64. 957 795 4 2 I 4 | 12 5 a hed 30 1-94 cP Oi ae | jas | 8.10 | 1459]. 238 0.12 991 890 3 3 o O [TOL 19 2| 3 31 0-25 8.51 | 9-54 | 7-96 | 8.67 | 379 1.98 | 886 557 33| 30 | 28] 21 | 67| 96 |€6| 24 | 365, | 23-17 [ 99 ] The preceding Table, as regards Temperature, and the Dew Point, is in terms of the Centigrade Thermometer ; the following is a reduction of the same to Fahrenheit's scale. Temperature. Hygrometer indicating Dew Point. 1335. In the Shade. Mean at In Sun's Rays, Terrestrial Mean Dew Point at pad op Mean | Mean Months| Max. | Min. | Med. |Mom.|Noon.|Night| vations.| Max. | Mim. | Max. [Main | eH Sekt ocn: Righe. | Pott, [Dome Jan. .| 52.7 | 18.9 | 39.7 |37.1/42.1|37.8| 39.0 | 59-0 | 32.0 | 42.8 | 14.9 | 37:9 || 36.7 | 40-0 | 37.6 | 38.1 | 0.88 Feb..| 56.3 | 23.9 | 43.2 |40.847.8/40.6| 43.0 | 59.0 | 46.4 | 46.4 | 18.9 | 42.8 || 40.2 | 43.6.1 40.4 | 41.4 | 1.67 March) 63.5 | 25.2 | 43.2 40.748.4/39.4| 42.8 | 68.9 | 49.1 | 45-5 | 18.5 | 43-5 || 40.0 | 43-4 | 39-1 | 40-8 | 1.98 April) 73.4 | 25.7 | 48.4 47.6,56.T43.8| 49.2 | 81.5 | 50.0 | 49.4 | 19-4 | 49-8 || 44-9 | 43-9 | 43-4 | 44-1 | 5-13 May .| 76.5 | 36.5 | 54.0 |5$4.7/62.4148.9| 55.4 | 87-8 | 59.3 | 50.0 | 30.2 | $6.6 || 51.9 | 52.7 | 48.9 | 51.2 | 4.16 June.| 86.9 | 37.4 | 60.9 (62.370.5/56.7| 63.2 |102.2 | 62.6 | 59.0 | 34.7 | 67.1 || 56.9 | 58.2 | 56.3 | 57-1 | 6.04 July .| 90.9 | 42.8 | 64.4 |66.2/76.1/58.6] 67.0 |116.6 | 77.0 | 54.5 | 41.1 | 73.8 || 60.0 | 57.5 | 57-2 | 58.3 | 8-70 Aug. | 92-3 | 41.0 | 65.5. [63.975.6/58.5| 66.0 |120.0 | 95.0 | 58.1 | 35.1 | 77-0 || 60.0 | 58.3 | 57.3 | 58-5 | 7-48 Sept. | 83.3 | 38.3 | 58.3 57.7/66.6/54.1| 59.5 |113-9 | 66.2 | 55.4 | 34-7 | 64-5 || 56-3 | 57-3 | 53-1 | 55.6 | 3-87 O t..| 63.9 | 27.8 | 48.7 146.5/55-346.2| 49.3 | 77-0 | 55.7 | 50.9 | 23-5 | 50.6 || 46.1 | 51.6 | 45.7 | 47-8 | 1.51 Nov. | 58.1 | 28.4 | 44.9 |42.147-7/43-3| 44-3 | 63-5 | 41-9 | 49-1 | 22-5 | 44-8. || 41.8 | 45-3 | 42-5 | 43-2 | 1.15 Dec..| 54.9 | 16.2 | 34.2 |32.9/38.1/34.1| 35-0 | 60.8 | 32.0 | 38.3 | 8-6 | 33.7 || 32.8 | 37-8 | 33-9 | 34.8 | 0.21 Aver.| 71.07| 30.17| 50.4 49.4/57.246.8| 51.1 | 84.2 | 55.6 | 49-9 | 25-1 | 53-5 || 47-3 | 49-1 | 46.3 | 47-5 | 3-56 [ 100 ] XII. A Note upon Oncidium Lanceanum ; a new species of Orchideous Epiphyte. By Joun Lis prey, Ph. D. F.R.S. &c. &c. Assistant Secretary. Ix the year 1834 Joun Henry Lance, Esq. upon his return to England from Surinam, where he had been residing several years, brought with him a considerable collection of Orchideous Epi- phytes, which he presented to the Society. Among other interesting species was the subject of the following memorandum; a plant, than which a more acceptable addition to the hot-houses of this country has rarely been made. The genus Oncidium already includes several very beautiful species, in particular O. flexuosum, bifolium, ampliatum and cris- pum, but all these have flowers in which yellow or brown are the only colours, they owe their beauty to the graceful arrangement of their branches, and to the singular form of their petals, rather than to their colour, and moreover their blossoms are destitute of fra- grance. When, therefore, it was ascertained that among Mr. Lancr’s plants there existed an Oncidium with violet-coloured sweet-scented flowers, great interest was excited, and no pains were spared to ensure its successful cultivation. Many plants were soon distributed by Mr.L ance’s orders, one of which blossomed in the hot-house of the Messrs. Loppiaes, and another shortly after in that of the Society. The plant was found by no means difficult to manage ; in point of beauty and fragrance it more than answered all the expectations that had been entertained of it ; and it was, con- sequently, selected as a proper subject for publication in these Transactions. The roots are flexuose, slender, simple elongations of the base HORT. TRANS. Vol.H. SECOND SERIES, PL. Note upon Oncidium Lanceanum. 101 of the stem, evidently intended to grow upon places where the quantity of mould is insufficient to cover them; they lengthen independently of their growth at the point, like the aerial roots of other Epiphytal Orchidez, and differ from those of other On- cidiums only in being of a greenish yellow colour. The leaves spread from a very short, woody, annulated root-stock, and are about a foot in length on the average ; they are of a broadly oblong figure, of a leathery consistence, are nearly flat, a little curved back at the point, and have a light green colour faintly mottled with purple. The flowers are disposed in a short-branched rigid panicle, elevated on a stalk not quite so long as the longest leaves ; it is about six or nine inches long, and densely covered with flowers, which sometimes assume a corymbose, sometimes a racemose arrangement. The flowers when expanded measure an inch and three quarters from the tip of their back sepal to the point of their lip; they emit a delicious fragrance resembling that of the garden pink. The sepals are oblong, concave, obtuse, a little waved and greenish yellow at the edge, bright yellow in the middle, and regularly marked with broad blotches of crimson which run together near the base. The two petals are similar to the sepals. The lip is bright violet, darkest at the lower half; at the base it is prolonged on each side into a triangular tooth, and in the middle of the base there are three nearly equal tubercles which towards the column terminate a ridge that gradually lowers and then disappears at the expanded portion of the lip; above the base it is narrow, it then expands again into a broad, thin, light purple. somewhat truncated and toothed extremity. The column has an oblique, rounded, earlike appendage on each side, and is capped by a rich crimson anther. Such was the specimen from which the annexed drawing was taken; but it was far inferior to one which I have just seen (June 29, 1836), in the rich collection of epiphytes belonging to the 102 Note upon Oncidium Lanceanum, Messrs. Rorrrssows of Tooting. This plant, which I regard as the most perfect instance of successful cultivation I have yet wit- nessed among epiphytes, had leaves eighteen inches long, and upwards of thirty flowers two inches and a quarter in expansion, with all the markings of the sepals and petals of the richest choco- late brown, and of the lip of the deepest violet. In fragrance there was a resemblance to the spicy odour of that sweetest of all flowers Aerides cornutum. In the Society's garden this plant is cultivated along with other epiphytes in a dwarf hothouse facing the south ; it is planted in a mixture of sandy peat, potsherds, and decayed wood; and under these circumstances it thrives very well. Mr. Lance has favoured me with the following account of the discovery and subsequent management of this remarkable plant in its native country. “ The first specimen of this splendid Epiphyte I discovered, was growing on the trunk of a large tamarind tree, in a noble avenue of those trees close to the Government House in Surinam. I took it home with me and planted it in a pot filled with rotten pieces of wood and a little light earth ; but though it remained alive and flowered once or twice, it did not thrive, but wasted away and be- came less. I afterwards found a great number of the plants in different parts of the colony ; they were generally attached to the stems or branches of the Tamarind, the Sapodilla, or the Calabash trees, appearing to prefer those to any other; however, on being tied to the branches of the Orange, the Soursop, the Mammee, and even the Brugmansia arborea, it grew well upon them all and pro- duced vigorous stems with upwards of twenty blossoms on each stem. The scent is extremely fragrant, and is retained after the flower is dried, only becoming fainter and more of a spicy flavour than when fresh. The plant remains in full beauty ten or twelve days, a long period in that climate, and I found that it always required a shady By Joun Linney, Ph. D. F.R.S. &c. &c. 103 situation and a living stem to grow upon, without which it would not produce its flowers in the highest perfection." Although the Society's sense of the importance of Mr. Lance's endeavours to introduce new plants to this country has already been recognized by the Council having awarded him the Society's Large Silver Medal, yet I trust it will not be considered improper in me to indicate this in a more specific manner, by naming after that gentleman one of the most beautiful of the plants we owe to his exertions. [ 104 ] XIV. On Two Species of Insects which are found injurious to the Pear Tree. By Tuomas Anprew Knieut, Esq. F. R.S. President. | Read April 19, 1836. dus leaves of Pear Trees which are trained to walls, have sus- tained, during some years, much injury in many gardens, from the depredation of the larve of a very minute species of moth, the Tinea Clerckella of Linnazus: and I have been informed that it abounded in the Royal Gardens at Kew in the last summer. The Moth appears in the end of May and the beginning of June ; and it is readily distinguished by the silvery whiteness of its wings, which are tipt lightly with brown, and by its small size, its length scarcely exceeding a single line. It is an extremely pretty little insect, and possesses so much activity, that it is difficult to obtain a living specimen of it. It probably deposits its eggs, or, perhaps, more properly, its spawn, upon the under surfaces of the leaves ; and the larvze, having there penetrated through the epidermis, feed upon the internal parenchymatous matter of the leaf. Brown and lifeless circular spots in consequence appear upon the leaves, such as an excess of heat would occasion ; and I have known several gardeners who have supposed it to be caused by solar action. These lifeless spots enclose the larvze of the Moth abovementioned, which do not exceed a line in length. Whenever the leaves of a Pear Tree contain many of these, the fruit does not acquire nearly its natural size, and it ripens without acquiring either sweetness or flavour. This insect is an old inhabitant of our gardens: I first observed it half a century ago, but it appears latterly to have become much On Two Species of Insects, $c. 105 more abundant. It greatly prefers some varieties of Pears to others; the Chaumontelle appears, amongst the varieties in my garden, its favorite, and the Glout Morceau that which it likes least. The Moth is, I believe, but little known, for Mr. Curris, who was so kind as to give me the name of it, did not possess a spe- cimen till he received one from me. My Pear Trees had sustained during many successive years so much injury from the depredation of this insect, and their fruit had in consequence become so de- fective in freshness and flavour, that I resolved to uproot the whole of them, if I failed to succeed in destroying or driving away the insects : but in the last summer I had the good fortune to obtain perfect success in driving them away by the means which I pro- ceed to describe. Early in the spring of the year, when the blossom buds of my Pear Trees were about the size of large peas, water, which held in suspension a mixture of lime and flower of sulphur and soot, in about equal portions, was thrown by an engine over the Pear Trees and the surface of the wall to which they were trained. I applied this mixture because I had observed, as I have stated in a former communication, that it had apparently prevented the appearance of blistered leaves upon my Peach and Nectarine Trees, though by what mode of operation I was then, as I still am, wholly at a loss to conjecture : but since the first application of it, I have not seen a single blistered leaf upon any tree to which it was applied. I, of course, distinguish blistered leaves from such as have been made to contract by the bite of the aphis. The Moths appeared as abundant as in the preceding year ; ; and I then caused my trees to be washed once in every week during a month, after I witnessed the first appearance of the Moth, with a weak infusion of tobacco in water: this mode of treatment proved successful, and the foliage of my Pear Trees, and some Plum Trees contiguous, escaped all injury. The Moths were, however, only VOL. II, 2ND SERIES. P 106 On Two Species of Insects, $c. driven away ; for the leaves of two Pear Trees which grew at some distance were almost wholly destroyed, and the foliage of the Med- lar and Cherry Trees in the vicinity sustained a good deal of injury from them. Nearly all the leaves which contained any of the larve were collected and burned, and comparatively very few of the larvze escaped ; and I do not at all doubt but that by adopting the same measures next year, I shall succeed in securing my Pears from future injury. There is another species of insect which frequently injures the Pear tree, whose depredations are less visible, and consequently less known to gardeners. It has greatly the appearance of an aphis, and is found dispersed over the under surface of the leaves whilst young, and is always immersed in a globule of honey ; in their more mature state these insects are found congregated round the base of the buds, particularly those which are calculated to form blossom buds. In this, as in their first situation, they emit much honey, and the transmutation of the leaf bud into a blossom bud is pre- vented. A large number of humble bees and wasps are always attracted by the honey ejected by this insect, which will never fail to indicate its presence to the gardener. It is in size a little less than the black aphis usually seen upon the Cherry Tree, and its colour, when it is young, is a dull green with dotted lines of pale brown : and in its mature state its colour is dark brown, with trans- verse stripes of green across its back. The colour of the male, which is winged, is nearly black, except the upper part of the abdomen, which is a dull flame colour. It is (as Mr. Curtis in- forms me), the Psylla Pyri of Linnzus. I noticed it in the garden here about forty years ago, when it rendered all the crop of Pears perfectly worthless. I have subsequently pointed it out to gar- deners in other situations; and I suspect that it often exists un- noticed, and greatly injures the quality of the Pear. I washed my Pear Trees with an infusion of tobacco in the spring, which appeared By Tuomas Anprew Knieut, Esq. : 107 to have destroyed the insects, but they appeared again in great num- bers, and the frequent use of the engine did not prevent their doing considerable injury. Not improbably an infusion of the green leaves of either the Nicotiana tabacum, or N. rustica, which might have been obtained at a very small expence, would have destroyed or driven them off, but it did not occur to me to try it. [ 108 ] XV. Notice of the most Remarkable Varieties of Fruits sent to the Society since 1831. By Mr. Rosert Tompson. APPLES. On the 19th of September, 1831, Dr. Macrzaw, of Colchester sent two very valuable varieties of Seedling Apples, grown at Sud- bury, and which had been raised by Dr. ALLAN Mac ean; accompanied by the following account. “ The tree which produced the larger sort was ringed two years since, and produced only about half a dozen fruit on ‘he branches be- yond the ringed part. This year it yielded about two dozen on the same, but none on those below. The tree is very handsome ; the stem or bark smooth, resembling the Crofton more than any other. T also send specimens of another Seedling resembling the Nonpa- reil which has been much admired. I have reason to believe that these trees were raised from pips of Apples fertilized with the pollen of other Apples, both of the choicest kind according to the plan recommended by the learned President of the Society. This was about ten or eleven years since.” The first mentioned sort has been called Macleans Favourite. The fruit is about the size of a Royal Russet, and considerably resembling it in shape, broadest at the base, with an obtusely an- gular outline. Eye in a tolerably large cavity, wide, but partially closed by the segments of the calyx; stalk rather slender, about half an inch in length, deeply inserted. Skin in some places quite smooth and shining, and such places where exposed to the sun have a tinge of brownish red, interspersed with ferruginous spots ; other parts are entirely covered with russet. Flesh yellowish, tolerably juicy, very sugary, rich and excellent. One of the finest dessert Notice of the most Remarkable Varieties of Fruit, §c. — 109 apples known. In perfection in October; but from its firmness, and very sugary nature, it would probably keep for a considerably longer period. The other, called the Sudbury Beauty, is a very handsome table Apple much resembling in appearance a well-grown Downton Apple, not only in size and form, but also in the colour and marks in the skin. Flesh rich and juicy, rather more yellow than that of the Downton; when tried in October, it proved excellent, appearing likely to keep for some time, and is beyond all doubt an excellent fruit. There is a great probability that the Golden Pippin has been one of its parents. On the 18th of October, 1832, Jous WirrrAMs, Esq. of Pit- maston, sent some fruit of the Golden Pippin grown on the Common Stock, and on the Siberian Crab Stock ; accompanied with the following remarks. “ Walking through the garden of a friend in Worcestershire two days ago, some yellow ripe Golden Pippins took my eye; these were growing on a tree I recommended, three or four years ago, to be worked with the Golden Pippin, and which was a healthy stock raised from the Siberian Crab. The grafts were taken from an old Espalier, grafted on the Common Crab, in the same garden. The difference in the degree of ripeness of the fruit was most remarkable." * When the truth of preconceived theory is confirmed by the . result of actual experiments, it affords great satisfaction to the mind. I refer to my paper published some years ago,* in which I re- commended the Golden Pippin Apple to be grafted on the Sibe- rian Crab Root and Stock; I say root and stock, for some have absurdly regrafted the Siberian Crab obtained from nurseries which had been worked on the Common Apple or Crab Stock : of course £his could have no effect." * See Horticultural Transactions, Vol. VI. p. 539. 110 Notice of the most Remarkable Varieties of Fruit, $c. The Golden Pippins from the Siberian Crab Stock were firmer, more yellow, and richer, than those grown on the Common Stock. PEARS. On the 6th of December, 1831, a very large Pear was communi- cated to the Society by Jons RiapEen Neame, Esq. from the garden of Mrs. CuarwEms of Feversham. This extraordinary production weighed, when gathered, 3 lbs. 34 oz., in the beginning of De- cember, 3 lb. 2 oz., and in the end of the same month, 3 Ib. It was then cut up, and found to be the Uvedale's St. Germain ; but the usual pyramidal form of the sort was so filled up as to lead, at first, to the supposition of its being a Duchesse d'Angouléme. Grafts, however, obtained from the same tree, and worked upon a Uvedale's St. Germain in the Garden of the Society, have since afforded sufficient corroboration of their pie from the exact similarity of the wood and leaves. In October, 1832, specimens of the Monsieur le Curé Pear were received from M. Vilmorin of Paris, in order that they might be compared with the St. Lezin, to which the former had erroneously been made a synonym. It was found to resemble the St. Lezin only in size and form, and proved a very superior fruit to it, being, instead of a tough, stewing Pear, a valuable dessert one of first-rate quality. Fruit large, about six inches in length, pyramidal. Eye in a moderate depression with segments of the calyx long and diverging. Stalk about an inch in length, somewhat oblique. Skin pale brownish yellow with sometimes a tinge of red next the sun, Flesh melting, rich and juicy, cool and refreshing, not musky. It was found thus good on the 30th of November, after enduring the carriage from Paris; therefore its season of maturity may very probably be stated to be November and December. In a letter received from M. Virwoniw in January, 1835, the following note is given respecting it: “ After repeated verification, the Monsieur By Mr. Rosert Tnuowrsox. 111 le Curé Pear, or Monsieur, as it is now abbreviated, or Poire de Clion (the name to be preferred) is decidedly different from the St. Lezin, and greatly superior to this last sort." On the 4th of November, 1833, a box was sent to the Society by the late Jonn Wynne Grirritu, Esq. containing specimens of twenty-four sorts of Pears, from his garden at Garn in Denbigh- shire; with a statement that they were from grafts received from the Garden of the Society in 1830, worked on branches of four old trees, viz. Brown Beurré, Crassane, Autumn Bergamot and Jargo- nelle, which were growing against a south-west wall, and the grafts brought over to the south-east side. The sorts were all true to their names, and very well grown. From an account of the number of fruits produced, it appeared that upwards of ten dozens had been obtained in the second year after grafting, and more than thirty dozens in the third year, from the grafts on these four trees; a proof of the rapidity with which a supply of good Pears may be procured under favourable circumstances. GRAPES. On the 9th of November, 1831, a bunch of White Muscat of Alexandria Grapes was received from Joun WirriAws, Esq. of Pitmaston, grown on the open wall, on a south-east aspect. A ligature of waxed string was tied tight round the stem in April ; which was found nearly as beneficial as ringing, and less injurious to the future health of the tree. On the 2nd of January, 1833, fruit of the Charlesworth Tokay Grape was received from the Hon. WirriAw Boorn Grey. Bunch large, long and tapering, rather loose; the shoulders moderately strong. Berries oval, not quite so large as those of the Muscat of Alexandria, skin of a pale amber yellow, and thin for so late a Grape. Flesh moderately firm, juicy, very sugary and rich, with an exceed- 112 Notice of the most Remarkable Varieties of Fruit, $c. ingly agreeable muscat flavour. Seeds generally two in each berry, but sometimes none perfect. The foreign name of this excellent sort is not known at present, but will probably be discovered, and its history developed as the progressive investigation of the extensive collection in the Garden of the Society is proceeded with. On the 24th of February 1834, the following communication was sent to the Society relating to the Nice Black Cluster Grape ; fruit of which was subsequently received. “The Nice Black Cluster, I have no hesitation in saying, if planted against southern walls facing any point between S. E. and S. W., or against the fronts of houses or trellised to balconies, will ripen in ordinary seasons at London by the end of September or beginning of October sufficiently for the purpose of making wine of the nature of Champagne, and much better than half the Cham- pagne sold in London. But for this purpose I recommend to use the pure juice only, without any admixture of sugar and water, or brandy. It is also an excellent grape for a cool, late forcing house not being liable to rot, nor do the berries wither so much when kept late on the plant, as is the case with many other kinds; this is rather an unusual circumstance considering that it is not a fleshy grape. It is remarkably juicy, and the seeds readily separate in the mouth without trouble. I only gathered the last from my grapery three days ago and they were still very juicy, notwithstanding the dry heat and ventilation they were exposed to from the daily fire in the flue, made in order to prevent their rotting. By reference to the long article on Grapes cultivated in Burgundy, in Miller's Gardener's Dictionary, you will observe the finest Burgundy is made from a variety of the Auvernat Grape having its bunches formed with loose berries. But owing to the tenderness of the grape, planters in general, for the sake of quantity at the expence of quality, culti- vate the more hardy sorts with crowded berries. Now I have By Mr. Rosert Tuompson. 113 reason to believe my seedling grape is as hardy, with the advantage of loose berries, as the common crowded Auvernats ; and for this reason I wish to have it tried in France." The Bunches were loosely formed with regularly middle sized berries, which, from not being overcrowded, were thoroughly ripened and sugary ; and on this account it seems highly deserving of cultivation. STRAWBERRY. On the Sth of July 1831, fruit of Myatt's Pine Apple Straw- berry was exhibited by Mr. Joseph Myatt, Manor Farm, Deptford. Fruit as large as the old Pine, oblong with a neck and having the calyx spreading or reflexed. Seeds numerous, regularly but not deeply imbedded. Flesh firm and juicy with a small core, and possessing a rich Pine Apple flavour. This sort, so highly deserving of cultivation, grows but shyly in many soils, and produces but sparingly. These defects will doubtless exclude it from very general cultivation ; but for gentlemen’s Gardens, its superior flavour renders it worthy of a place. GOURDS. On the 21st of December 1831, a very large gourd, the Potiron Jaune, was presented for Exhibition by Mr. Carpenter from the Garden of the Rev. H. Wise, Offchurch, near Leamington. Its weight was 153 lbs ; and was one of a crop weighing altogether 555 lbs. from the same Vine. On the 21st. of October 1834, a Gourd of the same variety, but of a size still more enormous, was exhibited, from Lord Rod- ney. It was 8 feet in circumference, and weighed 212lbs. VOL. II. 2d. sERIES. Q [ 114 ] XVI. On the Grafting of Vines. By Mr. WirriawM Gowaws. Communicated by the Horticultural Society of Glasgow. Read June 7, 1836. Tue mode of grafting which I am now about to describe, if not altogether new, is at least so far as I am aware nowhere in practice. I was first induced to try it from the following circumstances. The Glasgow Society having generally awarded prizes for the best of a number of kinds of grapes, I was for some years prevented from competing, from a want of the requisite varieties. I, therefore, applied to a friend in Ireland in the winter of 1833, and received from him three scions, one of them a highly praised variety. De- sirous of having these matured as speedily as possible for the pur- pose stated, it struck me that if I could succeed in grafting them by the cuneiform mode, it would ensure their bearing much earlier than the usual inconvenient and tedious arch mode of grafting. . The plan which I adopted as most likely to ensure success, will be understood from the following description. In the month of February, 1834, having selected of the scion of which I am to speak, a portion with one eye, I cut it into the form of a wedge. For a stock I selected on a black Hamburgh vine a shoot of the preceding year's growth, about the same thickness as the scion, and cut it over a little above the second eye from the old wood. With a sharp knife, I cut it down the centre nearly to the old wood. Out of the centre I pared with a penknife as much as was necessary to make it fit the cut on the sides of the scion. I then inserted the scion with its eye opposite to that on the top On the Grafting of Vines. 115 of the stock. I tied it up, and clayed it over in the usual way, with this difference, that I covered nearly the whole of the scion with the clay, leaving only a small hole for its eye. I tied a little moss over the clay, upon which I sprinkled a little water occasion- ally, to keep the whole in a moist state for some time. Of the success of the plan I produced a proof to the Society in September last, viz. a bunch of grapes produced from a strong vigorous shoot of 22 feet of wood fully as well ripened as the rest of the wood on the same vine. And I can now (May, 1835,) add, that, having again commenced forcing, this shoot is fulfilling my highest expectations. It has broken into leaf fully as strongly as any other shoot on the same vine, and is shewing fruit. I have been equally successful in my other experiments on the same principle; not fewer than 22 out of 23 grafts of the present year have been attended with decided success; a number of them shew fruit, and two of them two bunches each ; I am there- fore convinced that vines may be grafted in this mode with as much success as apples or pears, and with a sufficient certainty of good bearing wood for the following season. What I thought, and still think, of essential importance to success in this mode, is to leave the eye or young shoot on the top of the stock, and allow it to grow for a few days: when it should be cut off, leaving only one eye and one leaf to draw sap to the scion, till it be fairly united to the stock. With regard to the time for grafting, I find that it will succeed pretty well when the stocks are about to break into leaf. But I think there is more certainty of success when the shoots of the . Stock, into which the grafts are to be inserted, have made 12 or 15 inches of new wood. For instance, the grafts which I made on the 25th of February this year, have not broken so freely, nor yet advanced so far, as those grafted a month after when the stocks had made about 15 inches of new wood. By this time the sap has 116 On the Grafting of Vines. begun to flow freely ; and the danger of the stocks suffering from bleeding is over. But indeed if vines are in good health, and thoroughly ripened, I find that there is no danger of their bleeding at any time. The following may be stated as some of the more obvious advantages of this mode of grafting. Cuttings of vines may be brought during the winter from any distance with perfect safety and with little expense or trouble, any number of different sorts may be had in the same house without confusing it with plants: a prac- tice which I consider to be as injurious as it is common ; and the merits of new sorts, can be ascertained without loss of time. I may here mention another mode of grafting vines hitherto unpractised so far as I know, but which may be introduced with great advantage, particularly when the saving of fruit-bearing wood is an object, should the graft fail. I was urged to this. invention from the following circumstance. Foreseeing the necessity of making a number of grafts this season, perhaps to the loss of requisite fruit-bearing wood, I last year tried a graft upon two years old wood and was fully successful. The mode which I adopted is. just a modification of the cuneiform mode, and may be termed the Angular Cuneiform mode. The eye of the scion is to be placed opposite to the shoot on the stock after the manner adopted in the simple cuneiform mode. If the graft succeed let the fruit-bearing shoot be cut off, to throw the sap into the scion. If the graft should not succeed you have still the fruit-bearing shoot without material injury having been done. Cadder Garden, April, 1835. [ 117 ] XVII. Upon the supposed Absorbent Powers of the Cellular Points, or Spongioles, of the Roots of Trees, and other Plants. By Tuomas Anprew Knieutr, Esg. F. R. S. President. Read May 17, 1836. Ay opinion is very extensively, if not generally entertained, that the nutriment which trees and other plants derive from the soil in which they grow, is exclusively taken in by the cellular extremities of their roots, which, from their texture, have been called Spongioles ; and which in their organization differ from other parts of the. root in being totally without any alburnous or woody matter distinct from bark. But it is through the alburnum alone of trees, as I have proved by a great variety of experiments, and as is, I believe, generally admitted, that the ascending sap, under ordinary circum- stances, passes up from their roots into their branches and leaves ; and as this substance does not exist in the Spongiole, my attention was directed to an enquiry, whether the Spongioles possess the power of transmitting fluids, and, if such power were found to exist in them, through what peculiar channels such fluids pass up : and. as these questions are necessarily interesting, and to some extent, in particular cases, may become important to the practical gardener, I communicate the result of my experiments. Spongioles are obtainable in the most perfect state from large seeds, such as those of the common or French bean, which have been permitted to germinate by simply detaching them from the cotyledons ; as they thus remain united to the caudex of the plant, and its bud and plumule. Many of these were obtained from the seeds of plants of several kinds, and subjected to various modes of © 118 Upon the supposed Absorbent Powers, Fe: treatment in soils of different qualities ; but all perished without a single plumule having expanded, or having apparently received any nutriment, either from the soil or other source. Yet the Spongioles, in these cases, must have contained greatly more living organizable matter, derived from their cotyledons, than the whole body of the seed of a very large majority of plants can possibly contain : but they were, I conclude, incapable of transmitting it into the plumules, owing to the want of alburnum. I therefore believe my opinion, that Spongioles are imperfectly organized parts of the plant, which neither absorb from the soil, nor transmit fluids of any kind for the service of other parts of it, to be well founded ; but alburnous matter is generated with great rapidity within them ; and they become to a very great extent transmuted into perfect roots long before the growth of the stem or branches of the tree commences in the spring; and by these newly formed roots (but not by these exclusively) I conceive that nutriment is absorbed from the soil and sent up into the leaves, to be there converted into the true sap of the plant. I am aware that the above stated opinions are in opposition to those of many eminent physiologists, to which much deference is due: but I think that they have erroneously included within their Spongioles portions of alburnous fibre, a substance never found in the organ properly called a Spongiole, H 71 TD P TE B il OR E R ANS E Ol. é. Pi 6 SECOND 5 A .U, BOUND DLLLE Fi 7 ti Ay Grea : wis e 74 bot 7 T UNE e Yb ti e E. Clark, sap. Moe TY 2 7.7 Hus Lnae,. del. [ 119 ] XVIII. Observations on a Seedling Pear raised by Tuomas Anprew Kniaut, Esq. called the Althorp Crasanne. By Mr. Rosrnr Tompson. Read January 19, 1836. 2 ye cultivation of fine dessert Pears in this country, before the introduction of the new Belgic varieties, was necessarily confined to walls; and, generally speaking, to have attempted otherwise to obtain perfect fruit of such varieties as the Old Colmar, St. Ger- main, and Crasanne, would have proved abortive. Whilst this was the case in regard to the Pear, fine varieties of the Apple, almost innumerable, were originated in Britain, possessing degrees of hardi- ness suitable to its various climates. It appears, therefore, remark- able, that so few successful attempts should have been made to obtain similarly hardy varieties of the Pear. Possibly the supe- riority of the Belgic varieties may have swept away the produce of many attempts to which the advancing spirit of Horticulture may have led, about the time of their introduction; and certainly a knowledge of these has tended to prevent the promulgation of some seedlings, which otherwise would have been sent out with fair claims to public favor. This has been the case with a large portion of those raised by the skill and indefatigable perseverance of the President of this Society, and which, in order to avoid adding to the multiplicity of varieties are not at all noticed in these Transactions. Among those, however, which Mr. Knieur has raised, and which will bear competition with the finest of the introduced varieties, 120 Observations on a Seedling Pear, $c. the Althorp Crasanne is one of the very best. Itis described, from a standard, in the Second Series of these Transactions, Vol. 1. p. 106, from fruit of the first year of its production, in 1830. In the present season, Mr. Knieur has sent specimens in high per- fection, both from standards and from a wall; and from one of the latter the accompanying drawing, by Miss Dnaxz, has been made. In the first notice of this variety, above alluded to, it was de- scribed as having much the appearance of the Crasanne, possessing all its richness, with less grittiness. This is so far correct ; but as it has since been grown in greater perfection it has altered in form, and, therefore, it will be necessary to notice more particularly its general characters, whether grown on a wall or as a standard. The specimens from a wall were very large and obovate ; the eye was in a moderately deep depression, with the segments of the calyx some- what collapsing ; the stalk usually less than an inch and a half in length, or sometimes considerably shorter, thicker than that of the Crasanne.* The skin was yellowish green, with a faint brownish blush next the sun, and some russet near the stalk. The flesh was white, melting and buttery, with very little grit, rich and excellent, but not equal to those from standards in point of high flavour. From a standard, the fruit was large, roundish-obovate, the eye was in a tolerably even-formed hollow, and open, with the segments of the calyx forming tubercles, inclining to collapse. The skin was greenish- brown, interspersed with russet-gray, not unlike in colour the Cra- sanne ; but the stalk differs much, being only about half an inch, or an inch in length ; whereas in the Crasanne it is one and a half, or two inches. "The flesh is buttery, rich and very high flavoured. The season of this Pear is the end of October and November. In mentioning this sort Mr. Knieur says, “as a dessert Pear, * The general form of the fruit is considerably more globular and more approaching that of the Crasanne. T. A. K By Mr. Rozsert THompson. 121 the Althorp Crasanne is to my taste the best; and its rose-water flavour will please where musk offends.” “The original tree of this variety, though it had been much pruned for grafts, has borne well in all the last six years, and I believe it to be greatly more hardy than any of the Belgic varieties, and not less hardy than the Swan’s Egg. I have reason to believe that the sample sent and delineated was not a favourable one ; for owing to the excessive wetness and coldness of the autumn, neither the Brown Beurré, the Marie Louise, the Forelle, nor Glout Morceau grown in my garden here were tolerable. I planted standard trees of the three above-mentioned Belgic varieties and of the Napoleon and Passe Colmar, in the situation where this Pear acquired its highest state of perfection, but none of them succeeded at all. Three of the largest of the Althorp Crasanne Pears, which grew upon a wall in my garden here last season, exceeded the plate by two and a half lines in width." VOL. II. 2ND SERIES. R [ 122 ] XIX. On the cultivation of the Bignonia venusta. In a Letter to the Secretary. By Mr. GgoncxE PuirLLirs Gardener to the Misses TREVOR. Read Dec. 1, 1835. The Gardens Tingrith near Woburn, SIR, November 30, 1835. W: have at this place two strong plants of that most splendid hothouse climber the Bignonia venusta, planted in the back corner of the bark bed; they are now nine years old from cuttings, and have been planted out eight years. When first planted out we had two perforated boards at each corner to keep together the soil, which consisted of a mixture of turfy loam, leaf mould and peat; the boards soon decaying the roots got into the bark and at this time occupy about two cubic yards; since the plants have be- come strong we are very careful not to disturb their roots when renewing the bark, in which they seem very fond of rooting and which in the growing season is freely watered with manured water. They have flowered very freely every season according to the size of the plants; these last three years they have covered the whole house, a surface of 500 feet. We consider this, from its habit here, to be one of the best flowering climbers at present known in our stoves, of the easiest cultivation, and well deserving of a place in every hothouse in the country; unfortunately it is at present but little known, even among Gardeners. It generally continues in flower from the beginning of November to February ; it is after- wards cut back to one stem of six feet in length, which is now nearly four inches in girth. From the point where it is cut back young shoots soon push out in abundance; three or four are selected for On the cultwation of the Bignonia venusta. 123 training and the others taken off. If young plants are wanted this seems to be the most favourable season for propagation ; when the shoots are from six to nine inches long they will readily strike root in any light soil ina bottom heat. The young plants may be grown to a large size, the first season by frequent shifting; they are fond of plenty of room for their roots. I remain, Sir, Your obedient Servant, GEORGE PHILLIPS. [ 124 ] XX. On the Cultivation of Alstromerias. In a Letter to the Secretary. By Mr. W. Scorr, Gardener to CuarLes Bar- CLAY, Lisq. M.P. F.H.S. Read February 2, 1836. SIR, Bury Hill, December 5, 1835. Å s the Alströmerias exhibited by Mr. Barclay, on the 7th of June 1834, at the Gardens at Chiswick, were so generally admired that the Society’s Large Silver Medal was awarded for them, I trust a description of my mode of treating them, may not be unac- ceptable to the Members. When I first came to live at Bury Hill, in April, 1831, I found several varieties in small pots of the size generally termed sixties, which were suffering from being kept too moist, and Alstrómeria Tricolor or Flos Martini, and Pul- chella or Simsii, were planted in the border in front of the Stove. Being very partial to the genus although I had never seen any of the varieties before except Ligtu and Pelegrina, I began imme- diately to turn my attention towards them. Being well aware, from what I had seen of the two kinds with which I was acquainted, that they require rest for a few months in the course of the season, I removed all the plants I could find, (which as well as I can recollect were Hookeri, Pulchella, Pallida, Pelegrina, Acutifolia, Pelegrina alba, Psittacina, Edulis, Ligtu, and a variety from Mr. Nuttall, raised by him from Peruvian seeds, and which had never flowered here,) to a small pit in front of the Pine Stove, giving them no water til the earth about their roots got quite dry; as soon as they began to recover, I potted them in the size called forty-eights, and kept them then on a shelf against the back wall of the Greenhouse, about three feet from the top-lights; and although I lost Hookeri, Pelegrina alba, and edulis, I had the On the Cultivation of Alstrómerias. 125 satisfaction of seeing the others thrive much better than they had done the previous year. I also took up from the border in front of the stove, Tricolor and Pulchella, and gave them the same treatment. When the leaves began to decay, at the end of July or beginning of August I withheld water, and allowed the plants to rest until the beginning of November, 1832, when they again began to vegetate : I then repotted them, and gave them every encouragement, in rich mould composed of loam, rotten dung and leaf mould with a httle sand; this I find to be the best compost for growing them in. As they filled their pots with roots I shifted them progressively to a larger size: and had in June, 1833, the pleasure of flowering the species from Mr. Nuttall and Pallida, for the first time since they had been at Bury Hill; and I succeeded in growing Tricolor to the height of two feet three inches well covered with flowers ; none of my pots that season were larger than what are termed six- teens. When the flowering was over and the leaves were beginning to decay, I again resorted to the plàn of drying or resting the plants till the following November; I afterwards gave them the same course of treatment as before; but as the roots had attained a greater degree of strength, the size of the pots was enlarged, until some of the stronger varieties were planted in the size No. six, in which they arrived at the state in which they were exhibited at the Society's Garden in June, 1834. During the time of growing, I keep them on a shelf or trellis, in front of the Greenhouse, having upright lights about five feet high, and I give them plenty of air, carefully avoiding the least application of heat, which would draw them up weak, cause the flowers to be much smaller, and very much injure their colours. By these means I have had them continue in good bloom for full four weeks. I remain, Sir, Your obedient servant, WirLiAM Scorr. [ 126 ] XXI. On the Means of Destroying the Red Spider in the Melon Frame. By Tuomas Anprew Knieut, Esq. F. R.S. Pre- sident. Read May 3, 1836. Tar Red Spider is one of the most formidable enemies with which the gardener has to contend, and against which he is least well prepared with the means of defence. His peach and nectarine trees upon the open wall are often considerably injured by it; and the conservatory, the forcing-frame, and the stove, scarcely pre- sent a plant which is not subject to suffer from its attacks. When it appears upon trees growing upon walls in the open air, and wherever water can be abundantly applied without material injury to the plants, it is easily destroyed ; but there are, I believe, com- paratively few plants, which are not much injured by having the lower surfaces of the leaves much wetted. In a former Communi- cation I stated the destructive effects upon the melon plant of the application of water to the under surfaces of the leaves, apparently owing to the cells of that surface of the leaf having absorbed the lighter fluid, in the manner pointed out by M. Dutrocuet, and transmitted into the denser fluid, the vital sap of the plant. The aversion of the Red Spider to sulphur, or its inability to live in the close vicinity of that substance, has long been known to gardeners ; and the object of this Communication is only to point out a more efficient mode of employing it than has, I believe, hitherto been practised. The instrument which I use bears a very close resemblance to those employed in fumigating with tobacco, but it is filled with pieces of the wing feathers of pigeons or poultry, amongst which a small quantity of flowers of sulphur is On the Means of Destroying the Red Spider, $c. 127 dispersed. The receptacle is then closed with a lid, the front sur- face of which is perforated with many small holes, through which the air impelled by the bellows passes, carrying with it a portion of flowers of sulphur. By shaking the bellows, the feathers are made to change their position, by which many successive portions of flowers of sulphur are made to escape, till the whole which the receptacle contains is expended. I first employed this instrument in the last summer in my melon house, in which, upon some of my plants, I observed a large num- ber of Red Spiders. After using it I noticed with a lens, in the web, an immensity of minute particles of sulphur, in company with a very large number of Red Spiders ; but upon examining my plants three days afterwards, I found the particles of sulphur alone re- mained, and that the Red Spiders had either died or marched off. I found no difficulty in causing many minute particles of sulphur to adhere to the under surfaces of the leaves of all my plants, and during the remainder of the summer I was not able to find a single Red Spider upon them. : The form of the instrument for melon plants growing in hotbeds requires to be considerably altered ; and the perforations for per- mitting the escape ofthe flowers of sulphur should be lateral, instead of being in the front of the lid ; that should be made slightly conic, and of less width than the receptacle, so as to come within it to a small depth ; by which means the whole of the flowers of sulphur that escapes will be impelled forwards. The apertures should be confined to one side of the lid, which should not sink wholly into the receptacle ; and through such apertures the flowers of sul- phur will be made to escape below the level of the leaves of the melon in the common frame, and be dispersed over the under sur- faces of its leaves. lapplied flowers of sulphur in several other cases, in the last summer and always with success; and I am applying it to my 128 On the Means of Destroying the Red Spider, $c. peach house, and vinery, instead of water from an engine; and I have reason to believe with perfect success. My friend Mr. Wirriaws of Pitmaston, has perfectly succeeded in banishing the Red Spider from his melon house by causing sulphur to evaporate from the hottest part of his flues; but, I think, not without some ill consequences. His machinery is a good deal superior to mine, and his skill and science in no degree inferior; but his melons though very large, and apparently perfect, are generally much surpassed by mine in richness and flavour. When sulphur is made to evaporate, some uncombined acid flies off, and this Mr. Williams suspects (and I agree with him in opinion) to operate injuriously upon the health of his plants. It seems proba- ble that the same uncombined acid would cause the flowers of sulphur to operate injuriously, but though I have often applied it in large quantities, I never witnessed any ill effects. Vor. Il. Part HL ADVERTISEMENT. Tux Committee appointed by the Horticultural Society to direct the publication of the Papers read before them, take this opportu- nity to inform the Public, that the grounds of their choice are, and will continue to be, the importance and singularity of the subjects, or the advantageous manner of treating them, without pretending to answer for the certainty of the facts, or the propriety of the rea- sonings, contained in the several Papers so published; which must still rest on the credit or judgment of their respective Authors. It is likewise necessary, on this occasion, to remark, that it is an established rule of this Society, to which they will always adhere, never to give their opinion, as a body, upon any subject, either of Nature or Art, that comes before them. And therefore the thanks which are proposed from the Chair, to be given to the Authors of such Papers as are read at the General Meetings, or to the Persons who send fruits, or other vegetable productions, or exhibit Inven- tions of various kinds to the Society, are to be considered in no other light than as a matter of civility, in return for the respect shewn to the Society by these communications. VOL. II. 2ND SERIES. a CONTENTS. XXII. Journal of Meteorological Observations made in the Garden of the Horticultural Society at Chiswick during the year 1896. By Mr. RosEnT Tuompson. p. 129 XXIII. An Account of some further Experiments, made in the Garden of the Society, in the year 1836, relative to the Cultiva- tion of Potatoes. By Mr. Rosenr Tuompson, Under Gar- dener in the Fruit Department. p. 156 - XXIV. On the Cultivation of the Melon in open Frames. By Joun Wirrraws, Esq. C. M. H. S. Ina Letter to the Secre- tary. p. 161 XXV. On the Cultivation of Figs. By Tuomas ANDREW Knieut, Esq. F. R. S. President. p. 165 XXVI. Note on the Cultivation of the Cinnamon in England. By Mr. Wiiu1am Bvucnaw, F. H.S. In a Letter to the Secretary. p. 168 XXVII. Explanatory Notes respecting Six New Varieties of Vine recently introduced from Dukhun (Deccan). By CoroxEr SYKES, F. R. S. p.170 XXVIII. Upon the Culture of the Strawberry. By Tuomas AwNpREW Knicut, Esq. F.R.S. President. p. 115 XXIX. Note upon Cattleya guttata. By Joun LiNprEY, Ph. D., F. R. S., &c. Assistant Secretary. p.177 XXX. On the Preservation of the early Foliage of Peach and Nectarine Trees. By Tuomas AxpnEw Kxranr, Esg. F.R.S. President. p. 180 1v CONTENTS. XXXI. A New Method of destroying Insects in Stoves and Green Houses. Ina Letter to the Secretary. By Mr. James INGRAM. p. 183 XXXII. Upon the Economical Use of Melon Frames. By Tuomas AnpDREwW Knieut, Esq. F. R. S. President. p. 185 DIRECTIONS TO THE BINDER. The Meteorological Diagram - - - toface page 129 Cattleya guttata - E - - - - - 177 + sade Vol. 2, PI. 7, SECOND SERŽ vs. 7 HORT. TRA. v222Wto4 Dg SPJ I2UYT “LIPIUOULIY E S.PQIIYUIAYD 2524) UID OF SSLIIISTIITTLS: EE: Nu H w 8 Wu S8 Md 3 qq ie Ces | CES 3 | | HETH N B LELEELLELELLLLEELLELLE © | I [| LUT S | TENN T eg EELEEECEEELLELEI N ; uis LUT Hitt x 3 S LLULLLEELLI S à S LLLI LLLLLI "i J y | = LOT i E WR | | | : NS | f j l * 1 | ; I | | A R j E T i ] | | | A 5 ; 7 à : ; > - N | 3 ; ib 3 | 3 | s $ 3 S ‘ A | * gy vr * S ; $ | RT HER f f S 5 A3 " dE i © ` KENAAN ia S ii : 5 g LH Y v S HHHH | 3 S : RU | S BERE n i > f LL EE M i i : 3 X p f : > S: Tn Coe mE E oe S| +H S H | | IES | nal FE ^ ^N hi | X G HH E WIL HH 3 ALLE N NN. N N e I nis q HRT S THTRHE S | LES DIS "M + | [8 x FEE S ET M ues Hs S S Coo $ mT On the znd the Barometer was lower than had been observed I 2 1.5 12.2 |— 2 SW | Bris :91 | for the last 10 years, a ich is also remarkable, with an z 45] 25 T7 : E Little -48 | easterly wind. The fall of rain, though considerable, was not 3 4^5] 12 45 9 N Ditto -34 | proportionally great. Of course the temperature here was 4 »$r 3 3:5 2 NE | Brisk iw eezi but in the country there was a deep fall of 5 45| © dui «eI Ditto snow, and the storm was so excessively violent that the mails Ci- M 3 16.5 — 2 SW | Little Ol | were in many instances obstructed by it. Vegetation, which 74.9 0-5 de a NW | Ditto 03 | had been much retarded by the very general absence of sun in 8 9.5| 6 Io 6 SW |Ditto -Ol | the preceding month, advanced but little in this, ow to 9 II 7:7 "n 5 c i BUR the same cause in conjunction with a temperature 3° short IO 10.5| 2.5 13 |— 0.5| —— | Ditto .19 | of the mean. II 5-5 |—0-5 9-5|— 5 NW | Ditto ase 95-34 13-5710 Ww Strong ‘Mean Pressure from the 3 daily observations 29.862 inches. Fahr. 13| 8-4 2 15.7|— 2 SW |Litle |. . |—— Temperature .....: . « Ditto... 928 or 37.90 14 IG ae iig P4 W Ditto DEW PORE... So ves sett: 22.24 35.99 i£. WE oe | 195 T5 SW | Ditto Degree of Dryness . .. . Ditto .....- 15.006 — Lgl 16 9 M RT mE eiua —— Degree of Moisture .. Ditto .. s... :943 TT 9 * 6.7|\— 3-5 N Strong it Force of Vapour .... Ditto...... -247 inch 18 iocp5 9.5|— 2 —— O Least observed degree of Moisture ...... 640 I9 3-2 | —4-7 11,5 /--'2.44--2 Brisk aximum Temperature in the Shade . 12°.0 or $3.6 20 4 |—7:2 12.2|—13.5 E Little Minimum Temperature in ditto ........ —7^.2 — — 19.4 = BP 4 12.8,— 4.4| SW |Ditto Maximum Temperature in the Sun...... 20.5 — 68.90 22 75|[—? to .]-— R39. ae Ditto Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation ......—137.5 — 7.70 2$. | 5t 2 |-94] —- | Mean Temperature of External Air ...... 37.36 ^ — 38.04 24 8 |—1.3 13.3|— 6.5 S Ditto 25 7 |—3.3 15.6 —11 SW | Ditto WiNps. :5|.3]|097]|.53 [7-1 E |Brisk 46 North.......5 days | N. East... ...2 days 7 pop 47 5-5| SW | Little 2: Sti feo s. BOTs et. ooi T ES O 6.7 . NW io e. Rast. 6 ev. N: West. ..... are 79 BL M E qe S N Ditto West. e iii 6. West... 04. aer Ls V Ain 29 days. Cent) 6.80|—o.07 | 11.20|—3.95 Mu Amiount of Rain .........«««« 1.61 inch, ah.| 44.24| 31.88 | 52.16| 24.89 [ 134 ] MARCH. Morning. Noon. Night. 1836. Hygrometer. Weather. Hygrometer, Weather. Barom. Hygrometer. Weather. Ey 4:5] 45| — |Cloudy 8 8 — |Overcast 28.996| 6 6 | — [Stormy W. 5 3 |2 |Clear 10.5]: 5.51 5 (Fine 29.578| 6.5| 6.5| — |Cloudy & Fine O Th. 6.5| 6.5| — |Overcast 9-5| 9.5| — |Showery aH 2 2 — [Slightly clouded F. 45| 4.5| — |Rain IO | 10 — |Cloudy —.505| 8.5] 8.5, — |Rain,& Windy S. 5.6| 5.6| — |Fine 10.5 | 10 o.5 |Fine —450| 5 5 | — (Clear S. 5.5| 5.5| — |Rain 9 9 — |Rain —4271| -6 6 | — |Ditto & Fine M. 3 3 | — |Overcast IO | IO — |Cloudy & Fine|—.445| 0.5] 0.5| — |Ditto T. 3 3 | — |Rain 4 4 mss Rain —.518) 3.5| 3.5| — (Slightly clouded W. o o | — Frosty 8.5| 6 2.5 |Fine —.208| 4 4 | — Drizzly € Th. 5 5 | — |Hazy 8.5| 8.5| — |Cloudy&damp, —.205| 6 6 | — Ditto F. » 7 | — |Fine 11 4 7 |Fine —Z238| —5|--2.6| 3 r S. 7.2| 7.2| — |Showery IO | 10 — |Stormy showers || —377, 6 6 | — [Stormy & Wet S. 5.5|. 3 | 2.5 |Clear 10 4 6 |Fine —.614] 7 4 | 3. |Fine M. 10 | 10 | — |Stormy & Wet 7.5| 7.5| — |Heavy Rain |—.364| 5.5| 5 | 0.5 |Ditto T; 5.2| 5.2| — |Rain 10 3 7 |Stormy —495| 4.5| 2 | 2.5 |Ditto W. 3 3 | — |Clear 7 6 1. |Very Fine 30.177| 3 2 | i |Ditto @ Th.17 8.5| 8.5| — |Overcast, windy II 11 — |Cloudy :255| 10 | IO | — |Stormy F. 10.5| 10.5 | — |Haz 15.5| 15.5| — |Do. & Fine |—494| 7.5| 7.5, — |Clear and Fine S. 8 8 | — |Ditto 17.5| 10 7.5 |Very Fine —.142| 6.5| 6.5| — |Overcast S. 8.5| 8.5| — |Fine 18 | 14 4 itto .226| 9 9 | — |Cloudy & Fine M. 75| 7-5| — |Hazy i2. e 2 (Slight Haze || 29.987| 10 9 14 itto T. 9 8 | 1 |Cloudy HL — |Drizzly —.943| 7.5| 7.5| — |Ditto W.2 5 5 | — (Slight Haze 10.5 | 10.5] — |Slight rain —.561| 7.5| 7.5| — {Windy Th. 5 5 | — |Fine gsf 5 3.5 |Fine 523| § 5 | — |Clear & Ditto 5 F. 7 7 | — |Heavy rain 9 9 — |Stormy showers .195| 3 1 | itto S. 4 1 |3 |Cold & windy 8 8 — |Ditto .513| O.5|—0o.5| 1 |Ditto S. O.5| O.5| — |Frosty II 3 8 |Fine 321| 3 3 | — |Overcast M. 4 4 | — [Stormy with rain 6.5| 6.5| — |Heavy rain ||—.103| 2.5| 2.5| — |Stormy & Wet T. 4 2 | 2 |Clear & Cold 7.5| 75| — |Rain —.84| 5 4 |1 Pme Ww. 8 8 | — Overcast 9 9 — |Heavy rain 561; 8 8 [—— Stormy & Wet Th. 75| 6 | 1.5 Clear & Cold IO | to — [Stormy showers || —.898| 3 2 |1 |Clear&Windy Cent. 5.72 | 5.34,0.38 9.96 | 8.22| 1.74 95M. 5.22 | 4.71 |O.51 Fah. 42.29 41.61 0.68 49.92 46.79 2.33 41.39 |40.47 (0.92 MARCH. Temperature. Wind. Rain. Remarks. Days. Max. | Min. Sun Rad. | Direction. | Force, In. Pts. PI 4-5 | 12:2 | 1.2 S Little 22 This was a very wet month. The dry days were only 4, 2 | 12 5 17 2.2 SW Brisk .02 | those from the 18th to the zīst, inclusive. The amount of 3| 9:2| 1.3 | 10.5 |—2.7 | —— | Little 12 | rain was nearly 2 inches above the usual mean. The barometer qu 5*5 | 17 2$ P O4 | averaged lower, than for the last 10 years, with the exceptions SD 0-5 | 17. [—3.6 S Brisk 21 | of April 1829 and Feb. 1833; and its extreme lowest, on the 6] 93 pa 9$ Be, — HT EM O4 | 28th atnoon, was 28.655 inches, the greatest depression hitherto 7 Wwe [I 1.5 |—5.2| SW | Little OI | observed at the garden. The wind, frequently strong, was S| 277r 1.3| 6 NW | Ditto -15 | either from a South, South West, or West direction during 29 9 2-5 | 12 o S Ditto -09 | days. The temperature was above the mean, yet vegetation et ide 5-5 | 14 4 SW | Ditto 07 | made very progress owing to the continued obscurity of 11 | 11.5 | 5.5 | 16 2 —— | Strong .07 | theSolar rays. The 12th, 14th and 15th were very boisterous. HIGHTIS IIO 0.5 S Ditto 14 z > : faches: ah 13 | 11 6.3| 17 4-5 SW Brisk 14 | Mean from the 5 daily observations 29573 inches. Fahr. il 9 4 IO 2 —— | Ditto 47 Temperature ...+.+-- Ditto ...... 97 OF 4454 Arms 1.5 | 16. |—2.2| —— | Strong or | —— Dew Point .........* Ditto ...... 6^. 09 — 42.96 16 | Io 2.2116 |—2.2 Ww Brisk os | —— Degree of Dryness . DING . sar 0°88 — 1.58 vy tres T 9.4] rà 8.5 | SW | Strong or | — Degree of Moisture .. Ditto ...... dem 18 | 16.5 | 6.3 | 22.8] 4.5 Ww Little —— Force of Vapour ..... Ditto ...... 315 inc 19 | 20.6 | 2.7 | 90.7 |—1 S Ditto Least observed degree of Moisture ...... 9 20 | 20.5 6.8 | 29.5 5 SW Ditto aximum Temperature in the Shade . 209.6 or 69.08 st | 1175 8 13 4.5| —— | Little Minimum Temperature in ditto. i grs a X — 25.70 22 | 11 2 13 Ee =< ^| Ditto oz | Maximum Temperature in the Sun ...... 307.7 — 87.26 es] 46: - 4.2 nE] o Zu | DEN o8 | Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation ...... SE en 3.64 24 | 12 45 6 I mu. | Brisk 11 | Mean Temperature of External Air ..... 79.29 — 45.12 ze 10:01 4 14 |—o.5 Ww Strong 07 Wi 26 | 8.5 —3.5 | I3. [-10.2 S Ditto -= North... .. .o days. | N. East....... o days. 27 | 10.7 | 1-7 |20 I —— | Brisk 37 South ..... ar Rast. ouo AO ox ao; 7-2 zs 9 H3 E Ditto 34 But over I N. West. ....- I 29 | 19 4.5 | 14-5} O SW | Strong = Wet. ori d. S Wer... 17 30 | 13 6.2 | 14.5 | 3.7| —— | Ditto 28 "RE instant ae 31 | 10 2.2 | 15.4 |—2 Ww Ditto .03 31 days. | Amount of Rain, .cecsssoxaeos»ees 1- JO JAChES. Centi|i1.22 | 3.37 |14.59 | 0-1 3.30 Fah.|52.19 |38.06 |58.26 | 32.28 [ 136 ] APRIL. Morning. Noon. Night. 1836. d Barom. Hygrometer. Weather. Barom. Hygrometer. Weather. Barom. Hygrometer. Weather. O F.| 1) 29.826) 5 t | 6 |Dry Haze 29.704, 45| 4-5|— |Sleet 361| 1 I | — [Stormy with rain S.| 2|—.528| 2.5] 2-5] — |Cold& Windy| —.629, 7 | 2 |5 |Fine but Cold|/—.833| 2.5] 2.5] — [Cloudy S. | 3} 39-003] 5 o | 5 |Cloudy&Cold| 30.044 7.5| 3.5| 4 |Bleak & Cold || 30.335] 1.5| 1.5| — |Clear M.|4|—412| 2.5] 2-5) — |Clear —.399 7 3 | 4 |Fine —.364| o o | — |Ditto T.| 5|—.242| 3-5| 3-5| — |Slight Haze || —.139| 11 6 | 5 |Cloudy& Do ||—.161| 5 5 | — [Rain W. | 6) 29.931} 6.5| 6-5) — Rain 9.913| 11 | I1. |— {Ditto 29.793| 5-5] 5.5| — |Cloudy Th.| 7| —431| 6 6 | — [Ditto —.263| 11 | 11 |— |Rain —.134| 25| J3.5| t {Clear € F.|8|—034| 8 B | DRO —,.o81| 11.5| 11.5|— (Cloudy —.251| 5 5 | — |Cloudy S. | 9| —334| 5.5| 5-5| — |Ditto —.351| 7.5 7.5 |— ain —.484| 5 5 — Ditto and Fin S. |10 —.569) 7 7 | om mne —.584| 11 7 |4 |Fine -743| 7 7 | — |Ditto M. |11| —.737| 6 6 | — |Cold Haze —.759| 8.5| 7 | 1.5 Overcast —3066| 4 4 | — |Clear T.|12| —795| 7 7 |-— \Overcast -796| 10 | 10 |— Rain .848| 8 8 | — |Overcast W. |13, —.846| 10 8 |2 |Ditto .784| 15 | 12 | 3 |Cloudy .846| 10 7 |3 |Ditto : Th.|14| 30.005] 7.5| 7 | 0-5 |Do.and Cold | 30.022) 10 | 10 |— [Slight Rain || 30.089] 12.5| 10 | 2.5 |Ditto and Fine @ F.|15,——150| to | 10 | — (Slight Rain | —187| 12 | 10 | 2 |Overcast .208| 4 4 | — [Clear & Fine $.j116, —200| 4.5| 4-5| — |Foggy —.145| 12.5| 4 | 8.5|Fine ——I01|. 9 8 1 lJOvercast &Do. S.|17| —146| 6 6 | — |Rain —.146| 8 8 |— |Cloudy& Cold| —102| 7.5| 7.5, — Clear and Do. M. |18| —.133| 7.5| 75| — |Drizzly —.121| 12 12 |— |Fine Au 5E n 1.5 |Overcast T.|1g —.142| 9 6 |3 |Fine —.106| 12.5| 9 | 3.5 |Ditto .095| 8 8 | — |Clear W.|20|—.010| 105| 95| 1 |Ditto 29.940| 14 9 | 5 |Cloudy 29.899 8 8 | — |Rain Th.|21,29.943| 8.5| 8.5| — |Ditto —.944| 14 5 |9 |Very Fine |—.912, 8 7 |1 |Overcast & Fine F.|22, —.806| 10 | 10 | — {Rain —.855| 16 7 |9 Ditto —.971| 7 5.5 | 1.5 |Clear and Do. $.|23| —.908| 10.5| 10.5 | — |Ditto —.843| 11 | 11 — [Rain 78) TERI 7-61 Overcast & Do. D S.24,—707| 65] 6.5} — |Ditto —.729| Io | lo — |Ditto .973| 55} 5-5| — [Stormy M. |25| 30 144| 7-5| 6 | 1.5 |Fine 30.142| 17.5 | 8 |— |Very Fine 30.133) 5 5 | — [Slightly clouded T.|26, —.134| 10 4 | 6 |Ditto —.043| 12 5 | 7 |Cloudy 9.867| $5 3.5 | 1.5 Stormy W. |27| 29 806| 6.5| 6.5| — |Cloudy& Cold) 29.812, 8.5| 5 | 3.5|Do. and Cold |—.992|.2 | 2 |— Clear & Windy Th.|28| —.968| 6.5| 6.5| — |Cle —.869| 12 | 12 |— |Overcast —889| 3.5| 3.5| — [eine F.|29|—.926| 3 |—4 |7 |Do.andCold|| —.9oo0 7 |—6 |135 |Cold& Dry |—844 © j—15| 5 Clear & Cold 8.|30| —807| 4 o |4 |Ditto .768| 9.5|—1 |10.5 (Cloudy —.766 3 2 |1 |Ditto kene. | [49:960 6.75| 5.55 |1.20 29.867 | 5.70 7.45 4.25 29.891 | . 24| 4.81 0.52 Fah. 44-15 |41.99 |2.16 $1.26 45.41 5.85 41.59 40.66 |0.93 APRIL. Temperature. | Wind. Rain. Remarks. Days. Max. | Min. Sun Rad. | Direction. | Force. In. Pts. 1 7.5 o.i 156.2] e SE Little .76 This month was wet, and also cold for the period of the 2 8 2 15 2.3 wW Brisk ‘oz | season. The mean temperature advanced only a fraction of a 3 9 id 14 i oe N Strong .o7 | degree from that of the preceding month ; the nights were, on 4 | 10.5 | —2.5| 20 akg e | pee the whole, colder, and of these, the coldest was as late in the 5 | 12.3 4.3| 20 2.5. SW Ditto 47 month as the 29th, the thermometer being then at 274°, Fahr. 6 | 10 gt tw; 2 be. | DNNE ‘11 | and the radiator at nearly 15°, Fahr. Fruit trees, such as Pears, | 7 | 12.7 1.5| 18.3 | —3.7| —— | Ditto .40 | Plums and Cherries, were only in blossom at the time, being a 8 | 11.5 4 | 20.4 I S Ditto .04. fortnight later than usual. Many of the finest blossoms were 9 3.7 15 cu ipu RT Ditto 11 | in consequence destroyed. *4 13.2 5.5) 22.2 3.5| NE Ditto On the 27th the clouds exhibited huge masses of strange ap- siis 1.7| 1 7 —6.5 W Ditto pearance in regard to their form and colour, some being remar- i2 | 11-7 i: "ET 4 SW | Ditto oor | kably dark, and others like snow. i $ -5 | —3- W Brisk : ‘ : i "Eis s : : » f. 5 SW pees or | Mean Pressure from the 3 daily observations 29.872 inches. Fahr. $5iwqI—r 2t —6.5| NE Ditto .OI ature sesoses. Ditto ...... ds 45.66] 16 | t: | —1 21 5:8 E Ditto 10 Dew Point .......... Ditto ...... LE — 42.69 17 | 10.7 2.5| 29 5 N Ditto .03 Degree of Dryness ... Ditto ...... 1.66 -— -2.97 18 | 10.7 3. 6| X4 o W Ditto Degree of Moisture .. Ditto ...... .897. 19 | 14 Si odd 6 SW | Ditto Force of Vapour. .... Ditto .... . .31z inch. 20 | 14 5 : we 4 Ditto 08 | Least observed degree of Moisture .....-+ 437 21 | 14.7 7.7 22 6 Ditto .07 Maximum TemperatureintheShade...... 179.3 Or 63.14 im 17. 3 5.7 ei 5 Brisk .og | Minimum Temperature in ditto ...... .— 2°%5 — 27.50 ore ee 6. 17 4.6 SW | Little .13 | Maximum Temperature in the Sun ...... 299.0 — 84.20 es a "ie 5 mh codi s| SE Ditto 55 | Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation ,.....— 9°.2 — 15.44 x i HE 3 d t ges s| NE Ditto Mean Temperature of — BM. vos ss 79.40 — 45.32 26 | 12. 2: *| 2i —1.5| NW _ | Ditto 04 obe 27 nd o.5| 21 p 5 N Brisk .07 North......5 days. | N. East......3 days 28 | 12.5 ; 26 —2.5| NW | Little MA o oe umo ve 29 12 —2.5 19 9.2 itto Wer "n n 2 oe Te i oe 30 10.5 o 19 5 N Ditto ,OI e 3 | oo 5 >.. . St... ...9 LE — v» 30 days. Cent| 12.06| 2.75| 19.46. —0-.95 2.88 Áiaount of Rain, «i... cieri A . 2.88 inches. Fah. 53.70| 36.95| 67.02) 30.29 ( 138 ] - MAY. Morning. Noon. Night. . A Barom. Hygrometer, Weather. Barom. Hygrometer, Weather, || Barom, Hygrometer. Weather. 1|29.836| 5 5 — |Slightly Cloudy ||29.827|12 1 |11 [Slightly Cloudy || 29-896] 5 3 2 Stormy 2|—.882| 9 5 4 isterous —.9 18/13 5 | 8 [Boisterous ||30.069| 6 6 — |Ditto 3|—.982| 8 7 1 |Cold & Windy|| —.954| 11 $ |6 |FinebutCold|29.846| 6.5 6.5 | — [Ditto W.| 4—.715| 7-5 | 7-5 | — |Cold Rain —.707|13.5 | 13.5| — |Cloudy .688| 6 6 — [Slight Rain .| 5s|—715| 7-5 | 7-5 | — |Rain —.778|1 13 | — |Ditto —g14| 6.5 | 6.5 | — |Cloudy&Fine F. | 6/30.082| 9.5 | 9.5 | — [Slight Haze ||30.131|14 10 | 4 |Fine 30.217| 6 3-5 | 2.5 |Clear& windy € S.| 7|—313|10.5 | 6 4 5 |Fine —.289|15.5 | 5 |10.5 |Ditto —.193| 7 6 1 |Cloudy & Do. $.| 8|—.299| 9.5 | 6 3.5 |Ditto —.256|13 9 |4 |Clear & Fine| —258| 7 6 I itto M. | 9|—262| 9 6 3 |Ditto —.251|15 7 |8 |Fine .209| 5.5 | 5-5 | — |Clear & Fine T.|10|—.222]10.5 | 5-5 | 5 |Ditto —.209| 15.5 | 7 | 8.5 |Ditto —4231| 5 5| 5-5 | — |Ditto W. |11|—.217| 10 6 |4 |Ditto —.177|19 9g jtó |Very Fine |—t15111 |10-5 | 5 Fine Th.|12|—.219|12.5 |10 | 2.5|Very Fine —.217|20 1 jiġ |Ditto —.287| 10 6 4 itto F.|13|—347|12.5 | 9 3.5 |Ditto —.346|20 5 |15 |Ditto —.392|10 {10 — |Very Fine S.|14|—.464|14 | 10 4 |Ditto —.470] 20 6 |14 _ |Ditto —.480)10 |10 — |Do.and Clear @ S.|15—.497]15 |! 4 [Ditto —.521|20 12 |8 |Ditto —.§37| 11.5 |10 1.5 |Ditto M. |16)—.5 35/15 I1 4 |Ditto —.510|21 9 |12 |Ditto —.518) 10 9 1 |Ditto T.|17|—.548|13 | Tt 2 |Ditto —.502| 22 14 |8 |Ditto —.412|10 9 1 itt W. |18|—.377| 14.5 |13 1.5 |Ditto .311|20 14 |6 Fine —4292|10 |10 — [Slightly clouded Th.|19j—.281|11 |11 — |Cold Haze —.266|15.5 | 11 | 4.5 |Ditto I 8.5 | T. 1 Clear & Fine F.|20|J—.104]12 {10 |z |Fine —.035|20 9 11 |Very Fine ||29.942|11 |10 ı |Ditto S. |21|29.996|13 |13 — |Cloudy —.o16|18.5 | 14 | 4.5 |Ditto 30.043 8.5| 8 o.; |Ditto $.|22|—.999|12.5 | 8 | 4.5 Fine 29.930| 15 5 |10 ine 9.878| 5-5 | 4-5| 1 [Clear —.854| 8.5 | 8.5 | — |Rain —.480| 1 7 Cloudy tg 9 7.5 | 1.5 |Stormy 30.098] 10 6 4 |Cold and Dry ||30.140| 16 3 |13 [Clear 30.237] 5-5 | 2 3.5 |Clear & Cold —.2538|11.5 | 7 4.5 |Ditto —.264| 15 6 |9 |Fine —269 §-§ | 5-5 | — itto —.332|12.5 6 6.5 Ditto —. 340| 15 3 12 Ditto 349. 4-5 | 3 1.5 Ditto —-411]/12.5 | 7 | 5.5 Ditto —.397|16 |—3.s|19.5 |Do- very Dry|—383| 7-5] 5- | 25 [on —.395|13 |I0 3 |Ditto —.353|17 5 |12 |Ditto 351|10 P. 3 Cloudy&Fine —.371|12.5 | 7 5.5 |Fine —.325|19 6 |3 [Ditto —.,329| 7.5 | 6-5 | í Clear & Do. —.303| 12 9 |3 |Ditto —.224|19.5 | 9 |10.5 |Fine —.186| 10 9.5 | 0.5 |Ditto —.112|13 9 4 |Ditto —.033|20 11|9 |Ditto 29.952]12.5 | 9 3.5 |Very Fine 39.195! 11.18| 8. 31/2.87 30-1675 74| 7-45| 9-29 30-1903 7.80) 6.68) 1.12 52.12 46 96,5 16 62.13|45-41 16 72 46.04144..02| 2.02 MAY. Temperature. Wind. Rain. Remarks. Days| Max Min Sun. | Rad. | Direction. | Force. | In. Pts. : T 3 4 : : .6 3 ; E ird za ; After the first five days e little A fell, and altogether 13.5 6 ži 5.7 Brisk .o8 the amount was moderate. rom the ( th to the 23d, the wea- 3 i 4 Little 24 ther was generally fine. North-east winds were the most pre- 1 ij 5 3 3 SE Ditto 40 valent, and towards the end they were more especially cold and i 6 5 es m E Ditto : e radiating thermometer about this time indicat : 6 4 ge E NE | -Brisk several degrees of frost, particularly on the night of the 27th. a : 6 27] 5 ito Some of the terminal buds of the Sweet Chestnut, and of course : rw : N Fini. other plants equally tender in a similar stage of growth, or 45) 6 NE | Ditto were killed. Potatoe tops in some situations were also injured. EET teres | oe PES SW | Ditto 'The mean temperature was several degrees below the average ; E 3 m [o Ditto yet the cheering influence of the Sun formed a pleasing contrast ts = = i ; p de 4 - Ditto with the clouded state of the atmosphere in the former months. 14 | 22 4 32 0.5 | NW _ | Ditto Mean Pressure from the 3 daily observations 30.181 inches Fahr. 15 | 23 5-2 | 35 1 S Ditto —— 'Désperature ... aiii. Ditto..... 11590 or 53.42 pO: Farg 5.2 | 34 5.7 E Ditto ca DIN. Point 00. ies ss Ditto. . <4 79.48 — 45.46 17 | 23-21 6.4 | 34 1.6| — | Ditto —— Degree of Dryness ... .Ditto..... 4°.42 — 7.96 18 | 21.4 |- 8.5 | 30 7 —— | Brisk —— Degree of Moisture . . .Ditto..... .268 19 | 16-5 | 4.5 | 24 1.7 | —— | Ditto Force of Vapour .....Ditto..... 345 inch. 20 | 22.5 | 27.2] 33 4 SE Little 14. | Least observed degree of Moisture ..... 21]| 18.5 | 3.5 | 28 0.5 E itto i emperature inthe Shade.... 23°.2 or 73.76 22 | 15 4.5 | 28 1.6| SE Brisk -06 | Minimum Temperature in ditto, .. .. ... — o? — $1.10 33 | 15.2] 7.5 | 24 6.7| NE Ditto Ol | Maximum Temperature in the Sun . 3550 — 95.00 de naala o.5 | —— | Ditto Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation ..... — 6°.0 — 21.20 ae gigs 32 0.5 | — | Little Mean Temperature of External Air ..... — 119.20 — §2.16 26 | 17 375 | 49 pos E Brisk 27 | 17.5 o5 |35 |—58| — Ditto WInps. 28 18.7 7-5 26.5 5.5 NE Little North... 1 days. N. East. . 15 days. 29 | 19 2.5 |28 |—2.2| —— | Bris South, . S. [S Essto.... os 30 | 20 7 32 5-7| —— | Little Esto... Goce NW. ji |21 8.5 | 32 7 ———— 4 BN .OI West € Fs IS Wet. Cee gus e I days. Cent) 17.58) 4.82] 28.21| 1.61 1.01 Amount of Rain a is A .1.01 inch. 63.64) 40.67| 82.78,34.89 ( 140 ] JUNE. Morning. Noon. Night. 1836. E Barom. Hygrometer. Weather. Barom, Hygrometer. Weather. Hygrometer, Weather. W. | 1|29.939| 13 13 — /Overcast 29.913] 17-5] 17-5) — Overcast II 1 |Cloudy & Fin Th.|2|—744| 14 | 14 | — itto —.661| 18 | 14 4 itto 13 | — |Hazy and Do. F.| 3| —604| 17 17 | — |Cloudy —.598, 21 18 3 Cloudy Et oudy E42 —.:82| 16 | 15 |1- [DING —.599| 20 | I5 Fine 11 | — Slight Rain S.| $|—.750| 16 | 13 |3 |Fine .885| 18 | 18 — |Showery - i0. | — |Cloudy € M.|6|30.034| 13-5) 12 | 1.5 Ditto 30.020| 20 8 |12 |Very Fi : 11.5| 0.5 |Do. & Very Fine T.| 7| 29.939] 13 | 13 | — |Overcast 29.877| .17.5| 11 6.5 Overcast : 13 | — |Hazy, Fine W.| 8|—.647| 15-5) 15.5 Cloudy .628| 21.5| 16 5-5| Very Fine s 13.5 | 12 1.5 Fine Th.| 9] —.745| 18 | 13 | 5 |Fine —.796| 17.5| 17-5| — |Rain : 16.5 | 14 | 2.5 Ditto F. |10| —.806| 16 14.5) 1.5 |Overcast —.848| 17-5) 15 2.5 Overcast : 6 1$. | —. Run S. 11| —785| 15 I5 — |Slight Rain ||—.796| 22 16.5| 5.5|Fine —.95 II 1 |Windy S.|12] 30.104| 17. | 11 | 6 ine 30.173, 18.5| 12 6.5 Cloudy & Do.| 30.262) 10 g |1 (Clear M. |13| —.300} 16 15 I Overcast —.309| 22 I5 7 |Ditto —.224| 16.5 | 15.5 | 1 Very Fine D T.14|—255| 21.5| 18 | 3.5 |Fine —.180| 25.5| 16 9-5 Very Fine 130| 16.5 | 15. | 1.5 Ditto W. |15| 29.938) 20.5| 16 | 4.5 |Very Fine 29-849 28.5 16.5| 12 Hot and Dry || 29-815) 19.5 | 18.5 | ! Do.wthLightning Th. |16|—.898| 19 | 15 | 4 ine —.g10| 21.5| 21.5| — Rain —.g10| 16 6 | —- |Very Fine F. |17| —.890} 20-5) 15 5.5 Ditto —.825| 23 23 — |do.thunderclouds| —-786| 14 — |Cloudy $./18|—.798| 16 | 16 | — |Very Fine |—.746| 23 16 7 |Very Fine .683| 14.5 — |Do. & Fine S. 19| —.718| 16.5) 14 | 2.5 |Ditto —.743| 18. | 13 5 Ditto —.869| 14.5 — |Ditto M. |20| —. 6i | Ur 44> {Ditto 30.018, 19.5| 7 | 12.5Ditto 30.028| 12 1 |Ditto T. |21| 30.015| 15-5) 14 1.5 |Overcast 29979| 22 | 17 5 (Cloud 29.970 15 — |Ditto >) W.|22| —029| 17 | 17 | — in —913| 18 | 17 1 (Overcast sie $331.25 1 |Ditto Th. |23| 29.809} 16.5) 16.5 — |Overcast —.798| 20.5| 17 3.5 Fine —.794| 14.5 1 |Ditto F. 24| —789| 17 14 |53 |Ditto on Fast 26, 11S 5 |Ditto —.gol| 12 — |Clear . S. |25| 30.259| 17. | 14 | 3 ine o.o81| 18 | 18 — Showery 30.149) 12.5 — |Do. & Fine $.|126|—.255| 18 | 15 | 3. |Very Fine |—.255| 22 | 15 7 Slightly Clouded || —-310| 14 o.5 | Very Fine M. |27| —.325| 20 16 | 4 o. & Overcast 284| 23 18 5 o. and Fine || —.141) 16.5 — |Ditto O T.|28| —.089| 23 | 18 | 5 |VeryFine |—.o69| 28 | 20 8 |Very Hot —.207| 15.5 2.5 Ditto W. |29| —259| 17.5| 10 | 7.5 |Ditto —.289| 24 7 | 147. {Ditto —.307| 15 2 |Ditto Th. |30] —.298) 19 | 10 | 9 _ {Ditto —.233 8 |18 |Ditto —.186| 18 2.5 Ditto Cent. | |?9:953:16.9614.33| 2.63 29-933/51.0515.28| 5.77 29-938 , , 14 13.38 |o.75 Fah. | 62.525779, 4-73 89,59. 5110. 38 57-43 (56-08 1.35 [ 141 ] JUNE. Temperature. Wind Rain, Remarks. Days. Max. | Min. Sun, | Rad. | Direction Force. In. Pts I| 17 11 26 6 NE Little 2 | 19.2 | 10.5 |.30.5 | 8.7 SE Ditto 14 This month maintained a full average temperature; and 4 1:2053 | 42.2 |°25 10.5 S Brisk .o1 | nearly the usual amount of rain fell. The 15th was hot and a 797 8.5 | 26 7 — | Ditto .og | dry; the thermometer in the shade at (30° Cent.) 86° Fahr. ETgpn4T 6:31 ae 3-7| NW | Little .o3 | Lightning occurred at night. On the 17th much rain fell, El 33g. pe 28 1o S Ditto .or | and thunder was heard. There was also a thunder storm on 7 | 16 5 1i.5 |-21.5 | 9.5 | —— | Ditto .og | the afternoon of the 24th. Vegetation, hitherto unusually re- 8 | 22 II 40:5 2865 SW | Brisk tarded, ule made rapid progress, under the most favourable 9 | 20 14 26.5 | 12 — | Ditto .o1 | circumstance io | 20.5 L 13.5] 26.5] 13-5 | -—— | Ditto .06 ncs 1 8.51 219.54 0 S Ditto 141. 2541..8 28 4 —— | Ditto Mean Pressure from the 5 uei observations e ot inches. Fahr 149 124.5 |] 124.2 | 1t 12.2 W Little Temperature ...... Ditt 948 ^ Or "03.328 74 | 27.4 |. 10 491 A S Ditto ee ect ud Ditto ...... 140-33 — 57.79 15 | 30 14.5 | 48.5 | 12.7 | —— | Brisk 01 Degre ryness ... Ditto ...... 39.0 — 16 | 23 11 51.5 9.5 | —— | Little Degree of Moisture Ditto $i uin 842 17|23.5 | 9.5| 31.7| 7.7| —— | Ditto .8o Force of OUF ... se Ditto ...... 522 inch 181|22.7.| 10$ | 4 8 SW Brisk Least observed degree of Moisture ...... 357 19 | 22.5 | 11 30.51 9-5 Ww Ditto .og | Maximum Temperature in theShade...... 30°.0 20 | 20.5 | Io 29.5] 8 —— | Ditto Minimum Temperature in ditto ........ 67.2 sra 13.5.| 26 13.5 | —— | Ditto .o3 | Maximum Temperature in the Sun ..... 48?.5 22 | 18 14. 23.5 | 12.8| SW | Ditto .o4 | Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation ...... 39.9 ag | Zis 1-32 29 gt — | Ditto Mean Temperature of External Air ...... 16°.35 24 | 20 Io 436.6 | 8 —— | Ditto .27 25 | 20.5 | 10.5 | 27.8 | 8.8| —— | Ditto 102 WiNDs. mire 9.5] 955 — v ea North ....... ^ di N. East... ...1 days 21] 2950137 3° E S Lite South ...... S. East ......1 .. 28 | 29.5 | 9.2 | 38 5-3| SW | Brisk BMC Ss RO. N. Wéit LL 29 |25.3| 6:5 | 37:5 | 5 L Little West ic cic 4 S. West..... io “ii 30 | 29.5 | 14.5 | 3 13-5 S Ditto j 30 days. 1.66 Amount of Rain,. . 1.66 inch. Cent| 22: 17| 19-53) 29-9 8.92 Fah.| 71:90} 59-95) 85-93| 48-05 [ 142 ] JULY. Morning. Noon. Night. 1836. E Barom Hygrometer. Weather, Barom., Hygrometer, Weather. Barom, Hygrometer, Weather. F.| 1/|30.097| 24 | 18.5) 5.5|Very Fine 30.098 28.5 20 8.5|Very Hot - |30.239| 20 | 19 | ! |Clear & Fine $.| 2,——.185| 24 | 20 | 4 |Cloudless & hct ||—247| 28 | 18 | 10 (Ditto —.213| 15 | 13 | 2 itto $.| 3—.215| 21 | 15 | 6 |Very Fine —.219| 26 | 8 18 |Ditto —.203| 18.5] 16.5] 2 |Ditto M. | 4—249| 21 | 17 | 4 {Ditto —.200| 29-5 14 | 15-5|Ditto [Do.||—.167] 18 | 17 | 1 |Do. Lightning € T.| 5—.120| 23 4b il ultry —.165| 31 | 16 15 Cloudless & ||—.132| 22 19 3 |Fine W.| 6—.116| 20 | 20 | — |Thunder —.167| 24.5 21 3-5|Overcast & |—.187| 14 | 13 | 1 |Do. & Clear Th. | 7}—.219| 18 | 12 |6 |Very Fin 200| 24 | 10 | 14 |Ditto [Fine|—.212| 15 | 13.5| 1.5|Ditto F.| 8,—.262| 18 | 13 | 5 |Do. Overcast |—.271| 22 | 10 | 12 |Very Fin —.257| 13 | 12.5] ©.5|Ditto S. | g—.220] 19 | 17 | 2 itto —.206| 23.5; 6-5] 17 |Ditto .162| 18 18 | — Very Fine $.|10,—.135| 21 | 19 | 2 |Very Fine —.130| 27 | 19-5| 7-5|Ditto —.111| 2I 9.1 itto M.|11.—.089| 23 | 18 | 5 itto —.O. 28 18 IO |Ditto 29.890| 19 18 1 [Ditto T. [12/29.706| 18.5| 18.5| — |Rain 29-764| 23 15 8 |Ditto [—946 t$ oun [4 CA @ W.|1530.041| 16 | 10 | 6 |Fine —.998| 23 | 12 | 1! [Ditto —.969| 16.5) 15 | 1.5|Cloudy & Windy Th.|i429.962| 17 | 13 | 4 {Ditto -989| 22 | Io | 12 |Ditto 30.002] 14 | 11 3 |Clear & Fine F. [— 89 5} 15.5| I1. | 4.5|Cloudy —.778| 21 | 16 5 |Cloudy 29.668| 10 | 10 | — Ditto S. 116—.734| 15 | 15 | — |Ditto .804| 19.5] 12 7+5\Fine .821| 15.5| 14 | 1.5|Fine S.|17|—.908| 15.5| 10 | 5.5|Ditto —.961| 20 | II 9 |Ditto 30.081| 15 | 13 | 2 itto M. |18:30.116| 16 11 5 |Fine 30.077, 21.5| 10 11.5|Ditto s101} II 3 |Clear and Do T.|1929.923| 17 | 14 | 3. |Ditto 29.822| 18 | 18 — |Rain 29.858| 12 | 12 | — |Drizzly — W.|20—.557| 11.5| 11.5| — |Heavy Rain |——441| 10.5| 10.5| — |Ditto —.699| 7 — |Clear and Fine D Th. 11—.658 15 12 3 Fine .658 I3 13 — [Thunder Show™ -738 II 1I — Ditto F. 2—.778 14 | 10 |4 |Ditto —.795| 19 | 12 7 |Cloudy&Fine|—.897| 10 9 |1 |Fine S. 23 30-043 14 | 12 | 2 {Ditto .071| 17.5| 17.5| — |Ditto 0.055} 10 | ro | — |Do. and Cleary $.|2429.824| 12 | 12 | — |Heavy Rain |29.724| 20- | 20 — |Ditto 29.732| 12 | 12 | — |Fine M. |25|—.787| 15 11 4 ine —.8 8 12 6 |Ditto 29.960| 13.5| 13 | o.5|Cloudy & Do. T.|[2630.101| 18 | 15 | 3 |Very Fine 30.105| 22.5| 15 7-5|Ditto 30.132| 16.5| #5 | r.s Ditto ~ W.|27|—.140| 18.5| 18.5| — [Overcast .136| 24 | 18 6 |Ditto .107| 14.5| 14.5| — |Lightning _ O Th. |z8—.059| 19 | 17 | 2 |Very Fine 29.968| 27 | 19 8 |VeryHot |29.903| 19 | 18 | 1 [Cloudy & Fine F. 29.665 16.5| 16.5| — |Heavy Rain |—.621| 22 | zo 2 |Cloudy —.639| 14 | 12 |2 |Stormy $.|30,[—928| 15 | 12 | 3 |Cloudy 30.081| 15.5| 15.5| — |Showery 0.289| 11.5| 10.5| 1. Cloudy & Cold S.131/30.418] 15 l0 |5 {Very Fine — 20 7 13 |Cloudy&Fine,—.325| 13 12 I i Cent. | 39-994 117.61 [14.50 3.11 39.000 172,22 |14.34 |7.88 30.002 | 1 4 60 [13.44 |1.16 F 63.69 |58 105.59 71.99 |57.81 |14.18 58.28 |56.19|2.09 JULY. Temperature. Wind. Rain. Remarks. |Days| Max. | Min. Sun. | Rad, | Direction. | Force. In. Pts. : 3! 13-5) 39 I iioc. Little The weather still continued favourable for the crops. The -r $ 49:5| ig Ditto temperature nearly equalled the mean for this month. The 5th i 2 8.5) 48 6 SW | Ditto was cloudless and excessively hot, the thermometer in the shade 4 p 3348|-. 13-51. 58-f|253 $ Ditto being at 944 Fah., whilst that in the sun was 128° Fah. This, Si O47) 17-5] 53-5 37 SE Ditto 08 | as regards the temperature in the shade was higher than it had 6 | 26 7.5| 49.5| 4-5| NW | Ditto been for many years. At night there was lightning; and some 7| "esr 19:5) ae 7-8, SW | Ditto rain in heavy drops, with a rainbow, about 6 A. M. on the fol- 8| 24-5) 9 42.5| 6.5; NW | Ditto lowing morning. A thunder storm immediately followed, which 9 | 26.2| 13 4l 9 W Brisk in London, and its more immediate environs, was accompanied 1| 30:8). 15-5] x06 rz —— | Ditto with hail so large as to effect considerable damage, as di Hy 15 46.5| 14 S Little the lightning. Another thunder storm occurred on the 21st with IE poo oH 40.5} 6.7, NW | Brisk 0I | which there was also hail in some parts of the country South 13 | 24.5) 12-2) 40.5) 10.5| SW Ditto East from London. 14 | 23.5] I0 38 7.5, —— | Ditto 15 | 19.5) 8 31 6.5, S Ditto -43 | Mean Pressure from the 3 daily observations 30.002 inches. Fahr. 16 | 21 13 35 ndi -W Ditto éture sessios: Ditto. .. $4 18°.14 or 64.65 T] ^* H 37 9 SW | Ditto — Dew Point. 060036 Ditto.. ii 149.09 — 57.36 18 | 22.5| 8.5| 37.5| :5 W Ditto —— Degree of Dryness ....Ditto..... 49.09 — 7.29 I9 | 20.5| IO 25 9.5, SW |Ditto -38 | ——— Degree of Moisture. . . . Ditto. . A Be AS 6 22.5) 4 N Ditto 03 | —— Force of Vapour...... Ditto... 514 inch SEEN 8.5) 35 6 SW | Little -03 | Least observed degree of Moisture...... 22 | 21.7| 8.5| 36 7 Ditto 93 | Maximum Temperature in the Shade.... ^ 34^7 Or 94.46 23 | ?1 7.3| 36.5 .4 | —-— | Ditte .14. | Minimum Temperature in ditto... .... 6°. 42.80 24 | 22 10 31.5} 9 S Ditto 15 | Maximum Temperature in the Sun .... 539.5 — 128.30 25°}. 20 9:5] 33 7 Brisk Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation ..... 4°.0 39-2 26 | 24 15 39 14 SW Little Mean Temperature of External Air..... — 175.57 — 63.62 27] 33:8 8.5. $5.5: 6 S Ditto INDS. 28 | 28 15 42-5) 13 SW Ditto :32 Notth. ..... 1 days. | N, East....0 days. 29. |. 2149] Imi. 30-4 Jog 9 Brisk -02 South ...... 6 .. | S.East.... t- 30] !9 7.7| 26 5 W Strong -14 B- -ö N. West....4 31 |. g6 1I 32 8.5; —— | Little o2 Wet-..... i . S. West 9 1 days. Cent| 24.41| 10.74| 38.34| 8.63 1.78 Amount of Rain .. wt : pi 2355242529, 128. inc. Fah.| 75:94 | 51.33 |101.01 | 47.53 [ 144 ] AUGUST. Morning. Noon. Night. 1856. £ Barom. Hygrometer. Weather. Barom, Hygrometer. Weather, Barom. Hygrometer. Weather. a | M. 130.178 15 14 | 1 (Overcast 30.111] 22 | 18 4 (Cloudy 30.026 | 11.5| 10 | 1.5/Clearand Fine T.| 2—.037| 14 | 11 | 3 [Clear & Cold |—.073| 19 | 11 8 |Fine —.075 | 15 13 | 2 |Ditto W.| 329.999} 17-5) !4 | 3-5) Very Fine 29.869 | 27 12 15 |Ditto 29.736 | 15.5| 15 | 0.5|Ditto € Th. .823| 19 | 15 | 4 |Overcast .852| 24 | 15 9 |Ditto —4.897 | 15.5| 15.5| — |Cloudy & Fine F.|5—972| 17 | 15 |2 |Haz —.991| 22 | 19 3 |Ditto 30.022| 14 | 14 | — Clear & Do. S.| 630.093| 18 | 15 | 53 |Fine 30.120 | 21.5| 15 6.5 Ditto 161 | 13.5| 13.5| — |Ditto S.| 7—.212| 16 | 14 | 2 {Ditto —.176| 22 | 12 | 10 {Ditto —150| 15 |13 |2 [Ditto M.| 8—.168| 16 | 13 |3 |Ditto —.160| 22.5) 12 | 10.5 Ditto —.169| 14 | 14 | — |Ditto T.| 9—.224| 15 | 13 |? Ditto —.19o0| 22 9 | 13 |Ditto —.184| II 10 | 1 |Ditto W. |}0—.192| 14 | 13 |! |Ditto —.160| 22 | 12 | 10 |Ditto —.204| 12 | 11 | 4 - [Ditto Th. | 11—.291| 18 | 13 | 5 Cloudy & Do.|—.285| 21.5) 13 8.5|Ditt 340 | 15 12 5 2.5 Cloudy & Windy @ F. 12—.334| 15-5 13 2.5 Overcast —.272| 22.5] 13 9.5 Hot and Dry |—287 | 11 II — |Clear and Fine S. |13 —.204| 17.5| 16 1.5|Dry Haze -C131].22 .|: 22 — |Fine —.027| 16.5| 14 | 2.5)Do.with lightning S.|1429.921| 15.5) 15.5| — |Heavy rain with|29-847| 22 22 — (Slightly clouded ||29.863 | 15 15 — |Clear & Fi . M.|115—.932| 17 | 17 | — |Hazy [thunder|—. 22 | 19 3 0.075| 15 | 14 | r |Very Fine T. |16 30.188| 14 14 | — |D tto 165 | 22 16 6 !Do.&Fine ||—.129| 16 16 | -> iDittò W, 17 —.077| 19 | !7 em F —.081| 22 | 16 6 |Fine —.098 | 15 13.5| 1.5|Ditto Th. |18 —.069 16 14 2 |Slight Haze |—.003| 22 18.5 3-5 Overcast& Do.|iz9.95 3 16.5) 15.5| 1 Ditto » F.|119—.152| 13-5, 8 | 5.5|Cold& D 178| 18 9 9 |Fine o.164| 12 | 12 | — |Clear & Fine S. (2029.964) 14 | 14 | — |Hazy 29.795| 17 | 17 — |Rain 29.790; 15 | 15 | — |Cloudy & Windy S. 21—.939 14.5 I" 2.5|FinebutCool |—.955| 19 10 9 |Very Fine —.909| 10 10 | — |Clear & Fine M. 22.—.787| 13.5| 13.5 azy —.731| 20.5| 15 5-5 Ditto ---.633/ 14 | 13 | 1. Cloudy & Do. T. 23,—.602 15 15 | — [Overcast L—.678| 18.5| 14 4-5|Hazy —.748| 12 | 12 | — |Rain W. |24 30.002| 11 II — |Heavy Rain |30.047| 17.5| 10 7.5|Fine 30.159| 9 9.6 Ku Clear & cold Th. 2; —.171| 12.5| 12.5| — |Fine —.125| 21.5| 14 7.§|Overcast& Do.||—.049| 15 | 14.5| O.5 Cloudy & Fine O F.2629.987| 14.5| 14.5| — |Drizzly 29.973| 17 | 17 | — i —.012| 12.5| 12.5| — Ditto $.|127—.954| 15 | 14 |t |Fine .926| 20.5| 19 1.5|Fine 29.952| 16 | 15.5| o.s Ditto S./28|—.950| 15.5| 15.5, — |Rain —.962| 19 | 19 — {aRi O.OII| II 11 | — |Clearand Cool M. 129/30 110| 12 12 | — |Fine 30.113| 19 II 8 |Very Fine 30.124| 14.5| 14.5| — Cloudy & Finep- T. |30|[—.186| 14 | 13 1 |Ditto —.174| 21 15 6 |Ditto -—.I 15 i& [DI itto i W. |31- —.076| 16.5| 15 1. 5|Ditto —.040| 22.5| 16 6.5 Ditto 29.956 | 11 11 —. |Clear & Fine Cent. JM 15.30 |13.72 |1.58 39-037 |20 92 14.78 | 6.14 39.033 13.67 |13.0 |0.67 Fab. 59-54 |56.70 |2.84 | 65 |58.60 |11.05 56.60 55.40 1.20 ——áÍ— a [ 145 ] AUGUST. Temperature. Wind. Rain. Remarks. Days| Max. | Min. Sun. | Rad. | Direction. | Force. | In. Pts. à I 6.6 SW | Brisk 3 ii a 7 3 5.5, NW Little The mean temperature was not so high as the har by 3| 29 11.6] 35 T S Brisk nearly 2?; yet the weather was on the má favourable for 4| 26.2| 14 32 13 zaa eae MAE forward the crops, om this may a reckoned the $| 21.5| 12 29.5| 10.5) NE Ditto third successively congenial month for vegetation, for Ma 6| z1 22 30 5 Zac Pee though better than ear pisceding it, can scarey be inclu ded. 7| 21 2 29.5, 6 —— | Ditto The amount of rain was half an inch less than the usual quan- i- 22 e 30.5| 3.5| —— | Ditto tity. None fell till the 13th; by which time some plants began 22 3 30 4 N Ditto to be in want of moisture. On that day and the following, more E 23 R 2 32 7A E Brisk than half an inch of rain fell. ‘Thunder occurred about the same Gi m fn» 11.5| —— | Ditto time. 12 23 gis 3e.7| .27:5| —— | Little 13 | 25 9.5| 33 8$] —— | DS 44. zi 28.3... 17.9) 39 10 SW | Ditto .15 | Mean Pressure from the 3 daily observations = oe mmt Fahr. 15 24.5) 11.2! 34 9.55 W Ditto —— Temperature ........ Ditto edd eds 6° 63 61.93 or” 22:5) 14 32 12.3] ^S Ditto —— Dew Point .......... Ditto ...... " 83 — 56.89 17 | 24 10 Se a W Ditto —— Degree of Dryness ... Ditto ...... 2°.80 — 5.04 18 | 22.5| 10.5| 39.5 9 —— | Ditto 202 Degree of Moisture . «+ Ditto essee 7.853. 19 | 2I 6 31.5) 2.5. —— | Brisk — Force of Vapour ..... Ditto ...... . .§06 inch. 20 | 16 21 6.5, SW | Ditto .13 | Least observed degree of Moisture ,..... -452 21 21 i 32 6 Ww Little Maximum Temperature in the Shade 2940 or 8432 22 19.7 BA $40. 713 SW Brisk ,o6 | Minimum Temperature in ditto ........ 4°. — 40.10 25 18 : 24 9.7, NE Little .69 Maximum Temperature i in the Sun ...... 35°.0 — 95.00 $41 I E 31 2.31 —— | Brisk oz | Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation ...... 2^3 — 436.14 a H fi A 34 8 SE Little Mean Temperature of cocci 2 (iov, Se a "Pe SOG 26 | 35.95]. 7.51 44 5 S Ditto 14 at 23 12.6|- 31 13 SW Brisk 12 North. ......1 p days: IN. MNT (dai 38| 21.5) 6 mg. Little 20 South....... Se ERSU IIT Es 4) | 20-50 8| $1.4 4 Ditto East......... ; s TN. West eM 30 | 24.3) FPS] 32.5| 10 SW | Ditto West... vs. 6 a S; West. she Du jt] teu 3s € S Brisk | on Cent 22.24| 9.56f 30.87| 7.57 | 1.97 Amount of Rain.. E 1.97 inch. Fah.! 72.03 | 49.20 | 87.56 | 45.62 vor. rr. ®ND SERIES, [ 146 ] SEPTEMBER. Morning. Noon. : Night. a 1836. P Barom Hygrometer Weather. Barom. Hygrometer, Weather, Barom.| Hygrometer, Weather, Th. | 1/29.775| 15-5] 15-5 | — |Very Fine 29.857) 21 13 8 |Very Fine 29.921| 13 12 I |Clear & Fine q F.| 2.—775| 14 | 14 | — jJOvercas —.720| 11.5| 11.5| — |Stormy Show-|—929| 7.5| 7-5| — |Clear & Cold $.| 31—939| 13 | 11 2 |Very Fine —,86g| 18.5 | 11 7-5 Fine [ers|—639| 10 | 10 | — Clear & Fine S. | 4/1 —.372| 16.5 | 16.5 | — |Rain —.472| 22.5| 19 | 3.5|Ditto —.452| 13.5 | 13.5 | — |Ditto M.| 5$,—.$538| 12:5 | 11 1.5|Cloudy —.£658| 18 | 13 5 |Very Fine —.566| 10 | 10 | — csi T.| 6,—.361| 13 | 13 | — |Showery .303| 16 | 16 | — |Stormy Show-|—476| 10 | 10 | — W.|7|—.611| 10. | 10. | — |Fine, but Cold. — 709, 15.5| 11 4.5 Fine [ers|—785| 9 9 | Oruni fal Th. | 8,—.784| 12 | 12 | — |Ditto —.253| 18 | 12 | 6 |Very Fine —.38| 9 9 | — |Ditt F.| 9,—.730| 13 | 13 | — jOvercast —.794| 16 | 13 3 |Cloudy .895| 6.5| 6.5| — (Clear $.|10| —.773| 10 | 10 | — |Damp —.818| 12 | 12 | — |Fine —.924| 6 6 | — [Ditto Q S./11] 30.026) 10 8 2 e —.919| 11 | 11 | — (Cloudy —.993| 10 | 10 | — Stormy M. |12| —.023| 12 | 1I I .046| 14.5 | 14.5| — |Showery 3o.og1| i1 | 10 | 1 Clear&windy T. [13] —.083| 12.5| 12 | 9.5 Cloudy8&Cold —.078| 15 | 11 | 4 |Boisterous —.1n|1o | ro | — |Ditte W.|14| —.121| 11 | 11 | — |Cold Haze I 15 7 | 8 |Cold and Dry |—15o0| 8 8 | — |Fine Th. [15|—.153| 12 | 12 | — |Clear —.163| 17 | 12 | 5 |Fine 1g TE | [pe er Oe Cloudy F.|16|—.098| 11. | 11 | — jRain —.0g2| 15 | 15 | — Showery —.128| 8 8 | — Ditto $.|17| —073| 13. | 13 | — |Fine ——.082| 15.5| 15.5 | — Thunder Sho .074| 10 | 1o. | — |Ditto & Clear D S.|18|—.oo9| 14 | 14 | — |Cloudy em dm L ja Cloudy & Fine 29.985| 10 9 Fi o & Overcas M.|19|29.982| 10 | 10 | — \Overcast 29.980, I5 | II 4 |Ditt —.962| 9.5| 9.5| — |Ditt |. (T. |20| —992| I1 | 10 Ditto —.goz| 16 | 11 | 5 |Fine 30.018| 6.5| 6.5| — |Clear W.|21|30.146| 7 7 | — |Coldand damp|30.192| 11.5| 5 | 6.5 Ditto —.260| 6 6 | — Fine Th.|22] —288| 5 5 | — |Foggy .271| 15 I | 4 |Very Fin —.179| 11.5 | 11.5| — Ditto F. |23| 29.964] 14-5 | 14-5 | — D EA 29.937, 16.5| 16.5 | — [Stormy & Wet||—.038| 13.5 | 13.5.| — Ditto O $S.|24|30.1537| 15 | 15 | — |Very Fine 30.162, 19. | 16 | 3 |Very Fine 29.999| 13 | 13. | — Ditto S. |25| —.165| 15 15 | — |Fine .205| 20 | 16 | 4 |Cloudy 30.154| 14.5| 14.5 | — [Ditto M. |26| —.126| 16 | 16 | — |Hazy .104| 23. | 20 | 3 |Very Fine 29.930| 17 | 16.5 | 0.5 Cloudy & Do. T. |27| 29.823] 16 | 16 | — |Ditto 29.866, 18.5| 13 | 5.5/Cloudy & Do.|—.746| 14.5 | 14-5 | — Ditto W.|28|—.684| 12.5| 12.5 | — |Clear —.638| 12 | 12. | — |HeavyShowers|—.546| 10 | 10 | — e Th. |29| —.270| 11.5| 11.5| — |Rain —.343| 15-5| 15.5 | — |Cloudy 4807 £0. | FO. [| F.|30|—.406| 8.5| 8.5| — |Clear & Cold ||—.465|. 9 9 | — |Stormy Showers | —Ó11| 4 4 |-— Clear and cold Cent. | |?9:944| 12.23!11.97 0.26 29.885 1. 9512.82 | 3.11 29 897 |10.08| 9.97 | 0.11 F 54-01/53-54.| 0-47 60.67 55.07 | 5.60 50.14.49.94 | 0-20 [ 147 ] SEPTEMBER. Temperature. Wind. Rain. Remarks. Days. Max. | Min. Sun. | Rad. | Direction. | Force. In. Pts. r ‘The preceding three months of generally fine weather gave x a 19 AB-H8lr SW | Brisk 91 | hopes that the effects of a late spring would be compensated by i 19:5 3.5 2 TEM "S e :22 | a favourable autumn; and although the temperature fell greatly 9 353 3 ^ t -45 | in the beginning of the present month, the depression happenin 44, a2 9.5) dM ——- |.Brisk 14 | so early in the season, was expected to be but temporary, Suc à 18 8.5| 27.5| 6.5| W | Little -16 | however was not the case; for throughout, the weather was cold "hl 9 23-5| 7 SW | Strong :79 | and cloudy, frequently boisterous, and very wet. On the night f 17.5) 8 27 5 N Little of the 21st the thermometer was at ing, and radiator "» 8.5| 26.5) 6 SW | Ditto as low as 26° Fahr. The Dahlias were not then materially R 17 4 23 1 — io -38 | affected in the garden; but in some parts of the country their 15.5| 4 33.5] ..! WwW itto flowering was greatly deteriorated. The 2nd, 6th, 12th, 13th, i 2 e 25 S : 8 : i Dista p 23d and 3oth were particularly stormy and wet. ET TE 9 : A 7 4 —— | Strong .o1 |Mean Pressure from the 3 daily observations 29.875 inches. Fahr. I4 | 16 7 18 VPE. pi risk „or |—— Temperature ...-.++- Ditto ...... I 274 . O0t.. QUOS 15 18 9 25 7 NE Little .02 Dew Point ....... Se Ditto ...... 11558 — 52.84 16 | 18.5} 6.7| 26 3.5| —— | Ditto .o4 | —— Degree of Dryness .... Ditto ...... 1.16 — 2,09 17! I8 Q.5| a4.5| 8 - P IHE .o6 |—— Degree of Moisture .. Ditto ...... : 8] yp- 8 15.5] 7.5| - Brisk Force of Vapour ..... Ditto ...... 39 inch 19 | 16 6.601. 23 4 W Little Least observed degree of Moisture ...... I 20 | 15.58| 1.5, 24 | —I ns |I DEC .o8 imum Temperature in the Shade .... 23°.0 or 73.40 21 12 o 17 | —3.7 — Ditto Minimum Temperature in ois ORBIS FP s — 32.00 22 | 16.5| g.5| 23 8 S Ditto .o8 |Maximum Temperature in the Sun ...... 34-5 — 94.10 235 | 17 12 17 10.5) SW | Strong 22 |Minimum of Terrestrial tion ......— x — 25.34 24 | 21 II 27 Brisk Mean Temperature of External Air ..... 12°.67 — 54.80 2 5 20 14 4 12 Ww Dina WINDs. 2 2 13. 28. 12 S ittle 27 Y g : 21 i z SW Brisk 04. Die cea ur 4 days Gon +++ +4 days. 28 | 16.5) 9.5) 17 8 S Little 52 Eust foo 2 Ne Weit.. .6 | sus 1 | —4 NE Ditto Mean Temperature of External Air.,..... 4-68 40.42 26 1.8, —o.8 2 | —1 — T Win 27 |. O+5| =z OE lita North .......«..3 days N. gue .6 days 35] hg eq pp | Lau SOU cisco "d CEN euis e hd Dép P pue Lone | Du Nit cicere eoe o SAA esca he 30 v Lt3 1.45) —57| N Ditto Wet... ove 7S. West... ae 31 o |—2.5 o 5 NE 1 1 days. Cent} 7-41] 1.95 9 «d 1.48 Amount of Rain ... : 4 21,48 inch. Fah. | 45-34) 35-51 46: " 32.09 VOL. II. 2ND SERIES. [ 154 ] Monthly Mean Pressure, Temperature, and Dew Point, &c. of 1836; deduced from the Observations recorded in the preceding Journal. Pressure. Temperature. 1836. à E | Mean at I di ^w In the Shade. — et vo E perc Radiation ber Months) Max. | Mim. | Med. | Barom. Morn. | Noon, | Night. | ions. || Max. | Min. | Med. | Morn. | Noon, | Night Obsere| Max. | Min. | Max.| Min, [ae Jan. .|30.733/28.978/29.968| 1.755 29.980 29.973 29 951/29.968|12.5 |—10.5| 3.87| 2.21| 5.29, 3.50| 3.66/13.0 |—1.0| 5.5,—13.5 | 1.92 Feb. ./30.52728.688/29.841| 1.839 29. 91029 828/29 848/29.862|12.0 — 7.2| 3.36| 1.56| 5.75| 2-55| 3.2820.5 | 3-0] 6.0—13:5 | 3.62 March 30.460/28.655/29.560| 1.805 29-573 29-563 29- 58429-573 20.6 |— 3.5| 7.29| 5.72| 9.96, 5.22| 6.97|30.7 | ! 1-3| 5-0 —10.2 | 7.37 April |30. 412/29 .034|29. 888] 1.378 |29. 860 29.867,29.891/29.872/17.3' — 2.5| 7.40| 6.75|10.70) 5-33] 7+59)29-0 | 11-2) 8.o[— 9.2 | 9.25 May ./30.548/29.480,30. 181| 1.068 50-195 50-167)30.183 30.181 23.2 |— 0.5|11.20|/11.18|16.74| 7.80|11.90/35.0 | 20.0] 7.0|— 6.0 |14.91 June. |30.325/29.571/29.944/ 0.754 29-953'29.933 29.938 29.941||30.0 6.2/16.35|16.96/21.05/14.13/17.3848.5 | 25-O13-5) 3:7 |19-4 July ./30.418/29.441|30.002| 0.977 |30 Avi ue en pm 002 aa 002/34.7 6.017.57|17.61/22.22/14.6018.14/53.5 | 22.517.0| 4-0 23.48 Aug. |30-340/29.602 30.044 0.738 30 057 30 63715o 033/30.042/29.0 m 15.30/20.92,113.67/16.63/35.0.| 21.013.0| 2.3 [19.28 Sept. |30.288/29.270,29.885| 1.018 Savi E 29-897|29.875/23.0 sd 67|112.23/15.953/10.08/12.74/34.5 | 15.012.0— 3:7 |1455 Oct. .|30.495/28.940 29.836 1.555 29 41129 velas 843/29.838|18.5 |— 5.0| 9. 16| 8.32/11-92| 7.12| 9.12/24.5 |. 4:91 1.0|—10-0 [104 Nov..|30. 165/29 eae eu 1.149 |29 CACHE 642/29.653|14.5 |— 5.0| 6.36) 4.80| 7-83) 4.98) 5.87)17-5 | 5:9| 7:5[— 8.0 | 5.92 Dec. ./30.474 28 963129 830 1.511 29.836 29 819129 836/29.830/13.5 — 3-3) 4-68] 3.79, 6.24) 3.80) 4.61/13-5 Pa 9.5|— 7:5 | 3:95 Aver. |30.432/29 136 29.886 1.296 29-892 29 380 29 887/29.886/20.73,.—1.73| 9-57 8.87 12.88 7.73| 9.82 29.60 10. 589.58.— 5-96) 1 ER Hygrometer indicating Dew Point. Scale of the Winds. Rain. 1530, : MEE e Mean Dew Point at - E. Fes mo Mean Months. Siin. Noon. | Night. Point, To hae Molte. ue. N. Ni E E. | SE. S. | SW. | W. | N.W. | Days. In. Pts BS —À — Jan. .| 2.08 | 4.42 | 3.19 | 3:23 | 277 0.43 985 715 of s 3 r [uf 9 5|e 31 aee Feb..| 1.06 | 3.68 | 1.93 | 2.22 | 247 1.06 943 640 5 2 3 o I 13 21 3 29 1.61 March] 5.34 | 8.22 | 4.71 | 6.09 | 315 o.88 943 609 o o 1 o 8| 17 4 [— 31 3.30 April | 5-55 | 7-45 | 4-81 | 5.94 | 312 1.65 | 897 437 T ec es a jo | ae May .| 8.31 | 7-45 | 6.88 | 7.48 | 345 4.42 | 768 310 ri. 9 3 I 2 12.:1 31 1,01 June.|14.33 |15-28 |13.38 [14.33 522 3-05 842 357 o I I I 12 IO 4 I 30 1.66 July .|[14.50 |14.34. |13-44 |14.09 | 514 4.05 790 348 6 6 Elro 9 |10| 4 31 1.78 | Aug. |13.72 [14.78 |13.00 |13.83 | 506 2.80 853 452 I 6 4 I 6 6 BI 31 1.97 | Sept. [11.97 |12.82 | 9.97 |11.58 | 439 1.16 926 616 4 4 o o 5 9 8| o 30 jet: Oct. | 8.21 |10.66 | 7.01 | 8.63 | 370 0.49 973 654. I o 3 2 7i H $1 4 31 5.080 Nov. | 4.80 | 6.70 | 4.92 | 5.47 | 302 0.40 974 705 o I o 2 =i I 9] 9 3° he ‘Dec. .| 3.74 | 5-73 | 3-80 | 4.42 | 279 0-19 | 985 645 S| 06 [0] "Iv M FT 5| Aver.| 7.80 | 9.29 | 7.25 | 8.11 367 1.71 905 540 21 38 | 26| 13 | 62 126 | 57 | 23 366 | 28.73 —— — [ 155 ] The preceding Table, as regards Temperature, and the Dew Point, is in terms of the Centigrade Thermometer ; the following is a reduction of the same to Fahrenheit's scale. ‘Temperature. Hygrometer indicating Dew Point. 1836. : | 's Nays. Terrestrial . In the Shade. Mean at Mean of In Sun's Rays Radiation, Med, of Mean Dew Point at the three Sun and Mean | Mean Ob : Radia- Dew |degreeof Months| Max. | Min. | Med. |Morn. |Noon. | Night. | vations. |- Max. | Min. | Max. | Min. | tion. || Morn. | Noon. | Night. | Point. |Dryness. Jan. .| 54.5 | 13.1 | 38.9635.9 |41-5 [38.3 | 38.58| 55-4 | 30:2 | 41-9 | 7*7 | 35-45|| 35+7 | 39-9 | 37-7 | 37-8 | 9-77 Feb..| 53.6 | 1g. 38.0 |34.8 |42.3 136.6 | 37.9 | 68.9 | 37-4 | 42-8 | 7.7 | 39-52 33-9 | 38.6 | 35-4 | 36.0 | 1.91 4 March, 69.0 | 25.7 | 45.1 42.2 49-9 41.4 | 44.5 | 87-2 | 34:3 | 41-0 | 13.6 | 45-27|| 41.6 | 46.7 | 40.4 | 42.9 | 1.58 5 April| 63.1 | 27.5 | 45.3 |44.1 |51.2 |41.6 | 45.6 | 84.2 | 52-1 | 46.4 | 15.4 |48-65|| 42.0 | 45.4 | 40.6 | 42.7 | 2-97 May .| 73.7 | 31.1 | 52.1 [52.1 (62.1 |46.0 | 53.4 | 95-0 | 68.0 | 44.6 | 21.2 | 58.83]| 46.9 | 45.4 | 44.0 | 45-4 | 7-96 June.| 86.0 | 43.1 | 61.4 |62.5 [69.8 |57-4 | 63.2 |119.3 | 77-0 | 56.3 | 38.6 | 66.99) 57.8 | 59-5 | 56.0 | 57.8 | 5:49 July -| 94.4 | 42.8 | 63.6 |63.6 |71.9 |58.2 | 64.6 |128.3 | 72.5 | 62.6 | 39.2 | 74-27|| 58.1 | 57.8 | 56.2 | 57-3 | 7:29 Aug. | 84.2 | 40.1 | 60.6 |59.5 (69.6 [56.6 | 61.9 | 95.0 | 69.8 | 55.4 | 36.1 | 66.29] 56.7 | 58.6 | 55-4 | 56.8 | 5.04 Sept. | 73.4 | 32.0 |: 54.8 |54.0 (60.6 |50.1 | 54-9 | 94-1 | 59-0 | 53-6 | 25-3 | 58.20|| 53-5 | 55-0 | 49-9 | 52-8 | 2.09 Oct..| 65.3 | 23.0 | 48.4 46.9 |53.4 |44- oo 48.4 | 76.1 | 39.2 | 51.8 | 14.0 | 50.25|| 46.7 | 51.2 | 44.6 | 47.5 | 0.88 Nov .| 58.1 | 23.0 | 43.4 |40.6 |46.0 |40.9 | 42.5 | 63-5 | 41-0 | 45-5 | 17-6 | 42.66| 40.6 | 44.0 | 40.8 | 41.8 | 0.72 Dec..| 56.3 | 26.0 | 40.6 |38.8 |43.2 |38.8 | 40.2 | 56.3 | 32-0 | 49-1 | 18.5 | 39.10 38.7 | 42.3 | 38.8 | 39-9 | 0-34 - Aver. | 69.31| 28.90| 49.38/47-96/55.18|45.91| 49.68| 85.28| 51.04| 49.25) 21.24| 52.06 46.04) 48.72| 45.02) 46.59| 3-09 [ 156 ] XXIII. An Account of some further Experiments, made in the Garden of the Society, in the year 1836, relative to the Cultiva- tion of Potatoes. By Mr. Rozert Tuomrson Under Gardener in the Fruit Department. Read December 6, 1836. Tue results of various experiments upon this subject having been already published in the Transactions, it will be proper briefly to refer to them on this occasion. In the year 1831, experiments were made with the view of ascertaining the effect of planting the sets of Potatoes much wider apart than usual, in order to give the foliage a greater exposure to light. Whole tubers were accordingly planted in spaces containing 16 square feet. The result was, that strong growing sorts, including a number of Mr. Knieuv’s seedlings, produced fully an average, whilst a few gave a very great crop. But although one of the latter produced at the rate of 21 t. 13 cwt. 59 lb., a weak growing sort produced only 1t. 5cwt. 921b. The vigorous could avail themselves of their ample space, which they occupied with their stems and foliage to the full extent ; the weaker could not. Hence the propriety of suiting the distance of planting to the vigour of the sort.* In the year 1832, experiments were made with regard to the relative produce of sets from whole tubers, and from single eyes. The result was in favour of the latter by upwards of 7 cwt. per acre, and considerably more on comparison of the clear produce after deducting the weight of sets employed in both cases. + * See Transactions, Vol. I, Second Series, p. 153. T See Transactions, Vol, I. Second Series, p. 445. Further Experiments on the Cultivation of Potatoes. 157 The trials of 1831 gave rise to further experiments with regard to the space between the sets. Accordingly, in 1834, another ex- periment was made, for the purpose of ascertaining the most preferable distance at which the sets of commonly cultivated varieties should be planted; and at the same time a repetition was made of the comparison between whole tubers and single eyes. The distances between the rows were 24 feet, 2 feet, 14 foot and 6 inches. ‘The result with regard to distance, was, that the crop was found to be greatest where the distance between the rows was most in accordance with the height of the stems ; and the most uniformly abundant produce was from rows 2 feet apart. The comparison between whole tubers and single eyes was still found to be in favour of the latter.* The experiments in the present season have been made with regard to First, the time of planting ; first week in March, and first week in April. Second, the sets ; whole tubers, bases, and points of tubers. Third, the depth ; 3 inches, 4 inches, 6 inches, and 9 inches. A piece of ground in the kitchen garden which was previously in grass was trenched and planted with the Bread-fruit Potatoe, a sort which for productiveness is perhaps unequalled near London by any other of so fine a quality. The ground was divided very exactly into six equal parts. Three of these were planted res- pectively with whole tubers, bases, and points of tubers in the first week of March; the other three compartments in a similar manner in the first week in April The following table exhibits the results, calculated for an acre. * See Transactions, Vol. I. Second Series, p. 524. 158 Further Experiments on the Cultivation of Potatoes, Deduct weight Time of planting. Sets. Weight planted. | Weight taken up. iplanted for clear pro T Cwt lbs; T; Cwt: Tos: Tz wt. lbs. ( Whole Tubers 1 1 22/15 2 45|18 11 23 Ist week in March.) Base of Tubers 1 .Dp89'145.: 6.08.4 14... 6.:19 U Points of Tubers. | 0 10 44/18 1 28|17 10 96 Aver, 1 0:89; 16 3, OO} 15.. 2 8981 Whole Tubers 1 | 3 1st week in April. i Base of Tubers 1 0 8 | 14 i) 18119 JU M ‘Points of Tubers 0 | | doer” | 457799891 14 348248118 17 A Difference in favour of the March plantation 1 5 423 It appears from the above, that the March plantation exceeds that of April by 1 ton 5 cwt. 424 lbs.; and farther, that the average produce of the points of tubers exceeds that of whole tubers by 1 ton 16 cwt. 87 lbs., and of the base of tubers by 1 ton 15 cwt. 947 lbs. Consequently, the lowest produce is from the whole sets; a little above the latter is that from the base ; and the points of the tubers rank considerably above either. This superiority appears to take place in the March planting; for of those planted in April the whole tubers had the advantage with regard to produce. Sir Georee S. Mackenzie obtained a different result from different parts of the tuber. Cuts from the base gave a return of 26 lbs. middle 205 lbs. and points 24 Ibs.; but, from the following communication, it appears that he was not fully satisfied in regard to the experiment having been fairly made. * The experiment, the result of which I communicated last year, comparing the respective produce of the cuts taken from the root end, the middle, and the rose end of a-Potatoe, was made, as I men- tioned, by the gardener then in my service. Last spring I directed the experiment to be repeated; but my gardener misunderstand- By Mr. Rosert Tuompson. 159 ing me, planted root-cuts, &c. from different Potatoes of one sort, instead of all the cuts to be compared being from one tuber. The result is as follows :— Root end cuts 26 lbs. Middle 20% lbs. Rose or crown end 24 lbs. There were 20 cuts of each sort, planted at the usual distance, and a single eye in each cut. Though this does not give a strict com- parison of cuts from one tuber, yet it may be regarded as giving a fair mean result. The inferiority of the middle cuts is re- markable; and it appears of some importance to repeat the ex- periment with different varieties of the Potatoe, attending carefully that only one eye shall be in each cut. When the eyes are crowded, as in the crown or rose end, they should be all cut away but one. I am aware that it has been the universal opinion that the crown end is the most productive; but this appears to have been taken for granted, and not deduced from experiment. The great number of eyes also at the crown end, may have contributed to an increased produce. In planting a field it is always advantageous to have at least two eyes, lest one should be cut off by frost." In order to try the effects of different depths of planting, a quarter was divided into 4 equal parts, and planted with sets in the second week in April, at the respective depths of 3, 4, 6, and 9 inches. The results, computed for an acre are as follows : Depth. Produce. £ T. Cwt. lbs. ee 13 0: 14 4 14 F 6 14 11 9 BD 8 iil The greatest produce was from the plantation at 6 inches deep ; and next to it, from that at 4 inches. Those planted only 3 inches deep gave the least return. Many of the sets buried 9 inches did 160 Further Experiments on the Cultivation of Potatoes. not vegetate, or at least failed in reaching the surface. This was also found to be the case by Haster Horrisr, Esq. in 1835, when he adopted the mode of deep planting. "The results of his experiments are detailed in the following note. “ I have this year renewed my experiments on the Potatoes you sent me in 1833 from Mr. Knieut’s Collection. I planted in the latter end of March and at intervals during the whole month of April, but I am satisfied I was, contrary to the received opinion, too early in some instances, particularly with Mr. Kxiaur's No. 2. I also planted at various depths, 9 inches, 7 inches, and from 5 to6. In nearly every instance the shallow planting has succeeded, but, in none the deepest, and in the latter case many of the sets have not vegetated at all, many more have not reached the surface. A few single eyes of the Downton Yam, literally parings, have yielded very nearly as much as the full sized sets. I think I could say quite as much if the tubers from which they were cut were added to their actual produce. Some of these statements appear so singular that I feel a hesita- tion in mentioning them, but whether from the unfavourable season, mismanagement, or what other cause I know not, certain it is that these are my results. P.S. The soil is a loamy sand and friable." [ 161 ] XXIV. On the Cultivation of the Melon in open Frames. By Joun WirriaMs, Ese. C. M. H. S. In a Letter to the Secretary. Read February 21, 1837. Dear Sir, WW uss I had the pleasure of meeting you at Downton in Sep- tember 1835, I brought with me specimens of Melons ripened under a covering of glass, but laterally exposed on all sides to free ventilation. I recollect the flavour of one or two of the kinds I produced was much commended by the horticultural party then on a visit to Mr. Kxranrm ; and I promised to send you the parti- culars of my mode of culture. But as the summer of 1835 was favourable, I was desirous of trying my plan a second season, before I submitted it to the consideration of the Horticultural Society. Last summer, although the weather was unusually dry, it was cold, the influence of the sun on the surface appearing to be swept away by the frequent gales of wind we experienced from the wes- tern ocean in June, July, and September. The only steady warm weather we were favoured with (aecording to my journal) was in August, when we had about eight or ten days of easterly wind. My melons, however, planted under the open frame, produced a most abundant late crop, superior in quality to any I partook of ripened under glass frames with closed sides. Nothing can be more simple than the construction of my glass covering. I sink a shallow pit about nine inches or a foot deep in the ground, a strong wood frame is made the size of the intended bed to support the glass. My frame is 18 feet long, by 8 feet 3 inches wide, each light is divided into two parts, the upper part being the shortest. By this division the lights receive less injury Y VOL. II, 2D. SERIES. 162 On the cultivation of the Melon, in being removed ; and as wood props soon decay in the ground, I procured some small cast iron pipes two inches in diameter from our Gas Works, and by cutting the pipes a little above the mould- ing, this circular projection affords a secure shouldering for the wood frame to rest on; the lower end of the pipe goes into the ground, and is secured in its place by a few small stones rammed round it in the way of paving a street. Four long pipes support the upper, or north side of the frame, and four short ones, the lower or south side. The lower part of the pit is filled with a mixture of old leaves, the winter prunings of raspberry plants, and other twigs from wall trees and shrubs which every garden affords in the spring, to these I add a little horse litter and the first mowings of grass lawns, dusting in a little lime in powder, which hastens the decomposition, kills insects, and keeps up a durable bottom heat for some weeks. I find in the autumn the melon roots go through the whole, down to the bottom of the pit, and when removed in the follow- ing winter it affords an excellent compost for the garden. The Melon plants are raised in small pots, each plant being in a separate pot, the seed being sown in March or beginning of April; this will give time for each plant to be stopped twice in the seed-frame ; and they will then afford female flowers from the lateral shoots, very soon after they are planted at the end of May. I usually, when first the plants are turned out of the seed pots, simply cover them with hand- glasses, say the first fortnight, each glass being furnished with a night-cap of matting to prevent the radiation of its accumulated interior heat in clear nights. The glasses of course are raised on one side, every sunny day to harden the plants as much as possible ; and at the same time their use saves the trouble of moving, and endangering the breaking of the frames. The bottom compost is covered with about 9 or 10 inches of soil, and this soil with slates, the principal runners being carefully spread, and pegged down, that each leaf may receive its due portion of light. The By Joun Wituiams, Esq. 163 culture in this respect should be the same as that recommended in my paper on the growth of Melons in the open air (see Hort. Trans. vol. 5. p. 349.). The glass, when the bed is settled down, should be from 16 to 18 inches above the slates, so as to give room for the leaves to expand and receive motion from the wind, and the exhaling moisture to be carried away. As the bottom heat declines, I keep a supply of grass mowings, fallen leaves, and other garden refuse, as a lining on the north side. Green glass is much to be preferred to crown glass, the leaves are less liable to be burnt, in spots, by the sudden exposure to light in showery weather. The plants require no water at root after they have first got rooted in the bed, nor any syringing with water on the surface of the leaves; I found the latter did injury. One single dusting of flowers of sulphur thrown amongst the leaves in a calm morning or evening by means of the newly invented porta- ble fan engine, I found last summer, effectually kept off the red spider, and thrips. Every gardener who saw the plants growing, expressed surprise at their healthy appearance, and the abundance of fruit. | End section of open Melon frame. z a a bottom of pit. b b small cast iron props to support the wood frame cc. There are four short pipes in front and the same number at the back. d The upper short light which slides over the lower one e. for the convenience of examining the fruits and leaves. 164 On the cultivation of the Melon. f f The covering of slates which extends on the south side beyond the frame to receive the Sun's rays, the hot air formed on the surface of these last slates, draws up in sunny weather when not interrupted by strong winds, and adds to the temperature of the space where the fruit and leaves are growing. * * Depth from under side of glass to the bottom of pit, north side 5 feet, 5 inches. * * Do. south side 2 feet, 10 inches. o o o o Lining of grass, weeds, litter and other garden refuse, to be regularly supplied once or twice a week as it sinks, but not to rise higher than the surface of the slates. Should this mode of cultivating Melons be adopted, I have no doubt of its succeeding ; and from a trial I made with a late plant of the Ispahan Melon last summer, I have reason to think that this, and all the Persian varieties, except those which are liable to crack, can be matured by the end of August, or beginning of September, and afford a supply, till the middle of October, of very superior quality to any raised in close frames. Believe me, Dear Sir, Yours truly Joux WILLIAMS. Pitmaston, Worcester, Feb 6, 1837. [ 165 | XXV. On the Cultivation of Figs. By Tuomas ANDREW Knieur, Esq. F. R. S. President. Read Feb 21, 1837. - Few attempts have been made to cultivate the late fine varieties of the Figs of Italy in England ; and those which have been made, have not, as far as my knowledge extends, been very successful. Our climate is too cold to ripen them in the open air; and in the stove a very large part of the fruit usually falls off abortively, and that which remains to ripen rarely or never, owing to the confined and damp state of the air, acquires nearly the greatest state of perfection, which it is capable of acquiring in the climate of England. I made, during several successive years, attempts to ripen one of these, the Nerii Fig, which is one of the best, if not the best, of the Figs of Italy: and I have ultimately succeeded; and as the mode of management, which I have adopted, is peculiar only, and not difficult or expensive, and nearly similar to that under which the peach and nectarine will be found to acquire the highest state of perfection, I have thought the following account of it, worth communicating. I begin to heat the house in the middle of February, and con- tinue the fire till the fruit has acquired its first swelling in May. If artificial heat be still applied, the first formed fruit will fall off, and will be succeeded by other fruit which will also fall off abor- tively. The fruit, therefore, after it has acquired its first swelling is subjected to the influence of confined solar heat only, till it begins 166 On the Cultivation of Figs, to acquire maturity. Much air is then given; and, if the weather be not dry and bright, artificial heat is, to a small extent, again em- ployed, to prevent the mature fruit becoming mouldy: and I be- lieve, upon the evidence of many friends, who are well acquainted with the merits of that fruit in different southern climates, that it is rarely seen in a higher state of perfection than when ripened in the manner above described. ‘The Fig is naturally ripened in shade, and in southern climates the birds and insects destroy, or injure, most of the best, before it has acquired its perfect state of maturity. The peach and nectarine acquire the greatest state of perfection in the climate of England, (and the same treatment is, I believe equally applicable to every species of fruit which requires the aid of artificial heat) if they are to a certain extent brought forward early in the spring, and subsequently subjected to the influence of solar heat only. [have succeeded in ripening the Nerii Fig in a very considerable state of perfection, by introducing the trees in pots against the back wall of a stove in February, and removing them to a green- house, out of which the plants had been taken in the middle of May; and this may be successfully done, whenever the vines in the stove are confined to the rafters. I sent a sample of the Nerii Fig to the Horticultural Society in the last autumn; but it was very late in the season, in October. I could have sent a better sample to the first Meeting in Sep- tember, but I expected to have had some finer fruit to send to the second Meeting ; which I should have had; but some rats got into my house, and destroyed almost the whole of it. Some of the figs sent, though small, were, I believe, as to taste and flavour, not without merit, though very dissimilar to the fruit in its highest state of perfection: when its skin is so tender, that it is scarcely possible By Tuomas Anprew Kuronr, Esq. 167 to gather the fruit without breaking it; and I do not think that I could pack the fruit, when in that state, so that it would arrive in London in a state proper to be shown and tasted. Almost allthe spring fruit of my Nerii Fig-trees has fallen off immature, and none of it has ever ripened properly; and I doubt much whether its spring fruit ever possesses much merit in any climate. | [ 168 ] XXVI. Note on the Cultwation of the Cinnamon in England. By Mr. WirrrAw Bucuan, F.H. S. Ina Letter to the Secretary. Read February 7, 1837. SIR, Íx November 1834 at the request of Lord Bacor I sent the Horticultural Society of London a plant of Cinnamon, the produce of seeds ripened at this place. The old plant has a very abundant crop of seeds upon it at this time, and I have now the pleasure of sending you some, which you will perceive very much resemble Acorns. They are generally in clusters of from three to seven in each. | The Cinnamomum verum, has long been in this country and has been described and figured. It is well known as a native of the Island of Ceylon, and other parts of the east; and has been in- troduced into South America and the Isle of Franee, where it 1s cultivated for the bark. It is generally considered a stove plant, but for several years I have grown one in a greenhouse conserva- tory, which situation suits it much better. The plant is now about ten feet high ; and its stem is two and a half inches in dia- meter at one foot from the ground. I am of opinion that with very little protection the Cinnamon would stand the winter in the open air in favourable situations in this country, and to induce those who have it in their power to give it a trial is the principal object of this communication. The plant which produced the seeds I have sent you is an im- ported one, and has matured seeds here most seasons during the Note on the Cultivation of the Cinnamon in England. 169 last seven years at.a very low temperature, which I consider of . great importance; what may we not expect from its progeny? I- think we may justly conclude that they will stand the winter without much protection in the southern counties of England and in South Wales. Young seedling dut have been sent at his Lordship's request to most of the Botanical and Horticultural Gardens in the country, likewise to many private gardens in those parts of the country, where the climate is much more favourable to half hardy plants than it is in Staffordshire, and I have no doubt but that it will stand the winter in the open air at some of them with very little protection. It well deserves a trial in the neighbourhood of London, in Devonshire, Cornwall, and Pembrokeshire, where many of our greenhouse plants stand the winter without any pro- tection whatever. I am Sir, your obedient humble servant, WILLIAM BUCHAN. Blithfield, 30th January, 1837. Note by the Secretary. The seeds alluded to in the preceding letter, were distributed among the Members present at the Meeting at which it was read. VOL. II. 2ND SERIES. Z [ 170 ] XXVII. Explanatory Notes respecting Six New Varieties of Vine recently introduced from Dukhun (Deccan). By Cotonet Syxes, F. R.S. Read June 21, 1836. I, wit probably be acceptable to the Horticultural Society to have some few explanatory notices respecting the six new species of Vines recently introduced by me into this country through the medium of the good offices of my friend Colonel Barr, Military Auditor-General, Bombay, and Mr. VaurEr, Secretary to the Horticultural Society at Bombay, and the obliging and disin- terested care of Captain Porrock of the ship Raffles, who had charge of them on the voyage home; and in which Vines the . Horticultural. Society has participated with Lord Powis. These explanatory notices are the more necessary to remove a miscon- ception prevailing in Europe regarding the natural habit of the Vine, a gentleman lecturing to a Mechanics Institute lately, having stated that the profitable cultivation of the Vine was limited to countries having a mean temperature between 50° and 60° Fahr. and not within 30? of the Equator; whereas the whole of the six species adverted to are cultivated in Dukhun (Deccan) East Indies, between the 17th and 19th. parallels of N. latitude, and longitude 73° 50' and 76? 50' east of Greenwich, at an elevation above the sea varying from 1500 to 1800 feet; the mean temperature of the year being from 77^ to 78^ Fahr. the mean temperature of the hottest months (April and May) 81° to 85°, and of the coldest 66^ to 71° in December and January; the thermometer having been known to rise to 110? in a tent in April, and to sink for a few ‘hours as low as 37° in the winter months. Notes on Six New Varieties of Vine. 171 The whole of the six species are cultivated by the natives in the Deccan, and produce luxuriantly and without any difficulty. The finest of the species is the Hubshee, an elongated, truncated, fleshy, black grape, approaching a juicy plum in firmness but in- finitely sweeter, (of which I send a drawing for exhibition to the Society). It is called the Hubshee by the Mahrattas from a sup- posed analogy in its blackness, and square robust figure to the Hubshees or natives of Abyssinia. It is also called egrf&g Kalee (black) to distinguish it from all the other species which are not black ; but grapes have also a Sanscrit name and this is of some im- portance; as the very fact of their having a Sanscrit name is indi- cative of the remote period at which they were cultivated in India ; for this remarkable language had ceased to be spoken probably for ages anterior to the Moosulman conquest; and it is not probable that the name by which grapes are called in Sanscrit, viz. 2 |- 9.5; NE it roe ost tn tax S BRE... f s 79 | 33 p $3 [^ 4 —— | Little = East... § e. [N.Wet...d Lad AE 3 7*5 2 SE itto due West... $ oe | west. He Du 31 9.5 2.4 | 10 [— 0.5 S Ditto .03 d x 31 days. ; Cent; 6.27| 1.05| 6.50 1.24 | 3.03 Amount of Rain......««.* «4205» 3:93 inches. ah.| 43.28| 33.89 | 43.70 | 3423. | [ 192 ] FEBRUARY. Morning. Noon. Night. 1837. E Barom. Hygrometer. Weather. Barom. Hygrometer. Weather. Barom. Hygrometer. Weather. . W.| 1/30.033| 4 | 4 | — |Hazy & dap 30.084 6.5| 6.5; — Foggy 30.206) 5 5 | — (Slight Frost Th.| 2—.299' 4-5| 4.5| — |Ditto —.319, 8 8 | — |Fine —.311| 3-5| 3.5| — Fine F.| 3—:349| 45| 4-5| — |Foggy —.361| 8.5| 8.5, — |Hazy —.373| 4 4 | — Ditto S.| 4——399, 9 | o | — |Fros 393 4 | 4 | — |Fine .391| L.5| 1.5| — Cloudy & Do. @ S.|5—377| 2 4 — (Overcast —.368 3 I 2 |Cloudy & do, || —.363—1.5 —1.5| — Clear & Ditto M.|6—.409 —2 |—2 — Sharp Frost ||—-487| 3-5| 3-5] — |Very Fine —.345|—1.5 |—1.5 | — |Ditto T.| 7,—.343 Pr. e — |Frost SEA 4 3 2 ine .298| 1.5| 1.5| — ‘Overcast W.| 8—.205; ! I — (Overcast —.192| 7 7 | — Overcast —.195| 5.5| 5.5| — |Rain Th.| 9 295 7 7 |— Fi —.296, 8.5, 8.5, — |Cloudy&damp| —.197| 7.5| 7.5, — {Fine F. |1029.963, 7 7 | — [Ditt 29.864 9.5| 9.5| — Rain 730| 10 | IO | — |Stormy S. 11—.404| 9 9 |— Stormy, Rain |—.214| 8.5| 8.5| — |Boisterous do.|| —.261| 4 4 | — Clear, Lightning ) S.lt2—.505| 4-5| 3 | 0.5 1Clea Hever v5] pyi e —.203| 6 6 | — |Rain M. 135—311, 8 8 |— Fine | — 276 9 9 |— —.279 | 6.5| 6.5| — |Fine T.14—.384. 3 3 | — |Dit |—-465| 9 9 |— Very Fine —.750| O o | — |Clear W.|15,0.049 —1 —1 | — Frosty&Foggy 30.081} 9 9 | — Dit o.086| 7.5| 7.5| — |Fine Th.|16—.141, 9.:5| 9.5| — |Fin —.159 13 13 | — Geer & dx —.101| 10 | 10 | — [Ditto F.|117,—275| 5-5) 55| — Ditto —.335| II 8 | 3 |Very Fine —.313| 1.5} 1.5| — |Ditto S. |18—.055| 7 7 | — [Slight Rain |29.993| 11 | 11 | — (Cloudy 29.665! 5.5| 5.5| — |Stormy S.|19 29-762) 4 4 | — jOvercast -§30| 7 7 | — |Rain, Stormy ||—.162| 10 10 | — [Rain OM 120—495, 4 4 — |Very clear —.695| 9 2 9 ine —.726| 6 6 — |Cloudy T.|21—.550| 8 8 — Stormy Rain ||—.584| 11 6 5 Ditto —.713| 5 5 — |Stormy W.22—.892| 4 4 | — {Very clear —.936| 85! 2 | 6.5 Ditto 30.005| 3 3 | — |Ditto Th.|23.—.722| 6 6 | — iRam —.323| IO I0 | — |Stormy, Rain ||29.445| 3 3 | — |Ditto F.|24—.763, 3-5) 3.5| — |Clear & Cold || —882, 6 |—2 | 8 /ClearandCold)| 30.019} 1 I | — |Ditto S.|25 30.134] 9 |—9.5| o.5 |Do. & Frosty |30-187| 5 Oo § eak & C .219| O.5| 0.5} — (Clear S.|26—.260|—0 § |—2 | 1.5 Ditto —210 5 |—4 |9 itto —.201| O.5| 0.5) — {Slightly Overcast M.|27,—.048| 1-5} 1.5] — |Overcast 29.987| 6 6 | — (Overcast 29.980| 2 2 | — |Cloudy € T./28.—.096| 2.5| 2.5| — |Ditto 30.134| $ 3 |2 {Ditto 0.2881 |—1 | — |Clearand Cold Cent. | |79-99?| 3.76! 3.67]0.09 29.967| ^ 6, | 5.73 |1.91 29-958! 3 c1| 3.51, 0.0 Fah 38.76| 38.60|o.16 45.75 |42-31|3.44 38.31 138.31! 0.0 [ 193 ] FEBRUARY. Temperature. Wind. Rain. | | Remarks. Days.| Max. Min. | Sun. | Rad. | Direction, Force. In. Pts. | | e temperature of this month was exactly the same as the I 8 4.5 8.5 3 E Little average temperature of the corresponding month, for 10 pre- 2 B 35 8.5 o SE Ditto ceding years. The amount of rain was considerably above the 3 8.7 —2.3 io — 5 — | Ditto average. The wind was from the South or South-west, during 4 5 o.8 5.8 e 0.5 S Ditto more than half the days. The 11th was boisterous, with rain. 5 4 |—3 4.5 — 7.5| SE Ditto The 18th was stormy, and about half past ten in the evening, 6 6 —2.7 8.5— 8 S Ditto a reddish luminous arch was observed extending through the 7 8 2 9 —8 — | Ditto zenith, in a direction towards NE by E. 8 8 5 Bs 4 —— | Brisk .09 9 9.5| 6.5 9. 5| 4.5| SW |Little Mean Pressure from the 3 daily observations 29.969 inches. Fahr. I0 | il 2.6 LI 2i S Brisk .20 | —— Temperature .......- Ditt 49.97 or 4o. II 10 3 10.7 o —— | Strong 34 | — torci etess DIO csee 40-2098 12 95| 4 10 3 SW | Brisk 16 | —— Degree of Dryness .... Ditto ...... 0°.67 — 120 13 | 10.5) .0.5 II |— 1 —— | Strong .08 | —— Degree of Moisture .. Ditto ...... -955 | I4 | II 3 12 |— 6.5 W Little .02 | —— Force of Vapour .... Ditto...... -277 inch. 15-14 2.5 12 I SW | Ditto Least observed degree of Moisture ...... 16 | 13 45 14 I — | Ditto Maximum Temperature in the Shade 13°.00 OT 55.40 17 | 12.5 |—O.5 14.5|— 3 W Ditto .02 | Minimum Temperature in ditto wees —39.00 — 26.60 18 | 10.5] o I1 |— 3 SW | Brisk .19 | Maximum Temperature in theSun...... 14°50 — 58.10 da S 3.7 10 1.5 S Ditto .64 | Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation ..—8)9.00 — 17.60 - 9-5| $.5 | 11 3 W si} Ditto .o6 | Mean Temperature of External Air ...... 59.31 — 41.20 21 12 2.7 12 o. SW Brisk -09 22 | 10 3 10.5 o : W Ditto 04 qe 23 | ten 9.5 IO.5 |— I SW | Strong 08 North. ...... 2 days. | N. East...... 1 days 24 7 o 8.5|— 3.5| NW | Ditto Southisc«d«v8c:s | B. -Besteecevg + 35 ee em. 8 |—7 N | Brisk Bast... es obo INS Wet... 26 $ TR si oo — | Ditto West «vised 4. [S.West.......8 .. 27 5 o 5 |— 9.5 S Little \ Y — 28 6 —1.5 7.5 — 4 NE |Ditto 28 days. Amount of Rain >.. -s.e č» 5». . 2.01 inches. Cent} 8.76| 1.47| g9.69|—1.16 2.01 Fah.| 47.76 | 34.64 | 49.44| 29-92 [ 194 ] MARCH. Noon. È Weather. Barom. Hygrometer. Weather. Barom. Hygrometer. Weather, jJ 1 o |—1 |1 [Bleak & Cold || 30.431) 3 |—1 4 |Bleak & Cold | 30.431) 1 1 | — [Cloudy & cold | 21 — I |—2 |3 Ditto —.330| 5 o 5 |Ditto —.237| 35| 3:5, — Ditto FJ 3 I o |1 |Ditto —.328| 6 1.5| 4.5 |Ditto —.227| 4 4 | — |Ditto&Stormy S. 4 5 5 — |Ditto —.122| 7 45] 246 Ditto —.134| 2.5| 2.5| — jClear & Cold S. 5 2.5| 1-5] 1- |Finebut Cold| —.048| 7.5| 2 5.5 Ditto 29.894| 4 4 | — |Cloud @ M. 6 5 3:13 Ditto .o12| 6.5| 2 4.5 Cloudy 0.028} 2.5| 2.5| — Ditto T. 7 45| 2 | 2.5 |\Ditto cd Tp] a 5.5 Pine but Cold | —.161 —o.5 —o.5 | — |Frosty W.| 8 I I |— Clear —233| 8 I 7 |Fine —.157| 4 4 | — |Fine Th.| 9| — 5 5 | — Overcast —.79| 8.5| 8.5} — |Cloudy 9.917| 4 4 | — |Ditto F. 6.5| 4 | 2.5 Clou 29.510| 9 5 4 |Do.& Fine ||—.323| 4.5| 4.5 | — |Cioudy S. 4 4 | — Fine —.3og| 8 I 7 |Very Fine —,301| o o | — |Clear S. o o |— j|Clear&Frosty| —.427| 6 6 — |Sleet —,581| 2 2 | — |Fine M. 2 2 | — |Overcast «962 79] 5 2.5 (Cloudy & cold} 30.253) 3 3 | — |Cleudy 3 t. 2 2 | — |Very Clear 30:364| 755) rn$| 6 Fine but cool || —.30 2.5| 25| — Stormy W. 2.5| 2 | 0.5 [Overcast & cold | —.134| 5.5| 3 2.5 |Bleak & Cold || —.114/ 2.5| 2.5| — |Ditto Th. 3 3 o (Drizz — 938} 4 4 — |Hazy 1205! 4 3 pea a F. 3 I.5| 1.5 Overcast & cold || —.346| 3.5| 3-5| — |Overcast —.326| 2.5| 2.5| — Ditto S. 2.5|].1 | 1.5|Ditto .235| 5 2 3 |Ditto —.142| 1 o5 | 0.5 Cloudy& Cold] S.i1 3 1 | 4 (Clear nr 5 0.5| 4.5 Ditto 9-987| 1.5} 0.5/1 |Ditto M. 1 O.5| 1 5 Ditto .906| 0.5| 0.5| — |Suow showers || —.977 —2 — Ditto | T]. 2 — Sharp Frost |.—.870| 1.5| 1.5| — Snowing 707 —1.5 — Ditto OW —O.5 — Overcast 2839 4 4 — Cloudy —.76 —2 — |Ditto Th. —I — Ditto -——43| 5 5 — Ditto —.730|\—3 — Sharp Frost F.|2. — |Frosty 293 3 —4 7 (Clear —.844\—2 2 Clear & Cold S. 4 Frosty & Dry | —821| 5 —3 8 |Cold& dry || —781| 1,5 1 |Fine S. — |Fine —.756| 6.5 |—2 8.5 [Slightly clouded || —-869|\—z — (Clear & Cold M. 1 (Frosty 30.0771 5 |—Io| 15 |Co ry || 30.040) 2 2 |Ditto ; T.i2 — Overcast 29.939| 5 11 (Cloudy & do. 29.868 4 I |Cloudy & Windy W. = |Fine WIG 95| $ 4.5 Cloudy & Fine| —728| 4 — Slight Rain TRE = Dito sgi 8 |—3 |11 [Fine —.839| O.5 — |Clear & Cold F. — Clear —.952| 6 |—5 11 Ditto —.954|— 1 — |Frosty 29.960 7 29.981| 5.77 | 1.13| 4.64 ged doin 1.56 42.38 |34.03 | 8.38 34 66 [ 195 ] MARCH. Temperature. Wind. Rain. Remarks. Days, Max. | Min. Sun, Rad Force Direction. | In. Pts. | - I +5 —o. 5 |— Little NE 2 de -—1 : d > E Brisk N The general character of this month was bleak, cold, and 3| © 25. 9 o.5 | Ditto AUi dry. The mean temperature was 5°. below the average. e I Feo: 9.5 |—2.5 | Ditto A nights were generally frosty, and that of the 23d was the most 5 8.3 3 Io 2 Ditto NW severe, the thermometer indicating 12°. Fahr. below freezing. CL. gr] r6 Little NE | The North and North-East winds were prevalent. Vegetation 7| 8.5 —2 PLE Ditto ndun made very.little progress. Si 9971 2.7 | 12.7 | 0 | Ditto NW E jab 2 a e T ig du og | Mean Pressure from the 3 daily observations 29-979 inches. Fahr. 10 6.7 | 16.5 |—7 tities :99: +a Te erature ,.. «ee Ditto s.s... 312 Or 37.61 12 8.5 n ie. 154 Ditto 5 —— Dew Point .........- itto seese 1 «20 — 34.16 je Sy a e 5 E3 Brisk NE 9099 | —— Degree of Dryness Ditto ess.. 1592 — 345 n 1.5 | 12 o.5 | Ditto —— Degree of Moisture .. Ditto ...... 6 HTY 2 7.5 | 2 | Ditto A Force of Vapour ..... Ditto ...... 233 inch I6 .xtios $ i 5 | 1.5 | Little or | beast observed degree of Moisture ...... -393 17 + 451. Fee b i EDI E ; Maximum Temperature in the Shade .... 9 ;79 or 49.46 18 | 6.5 —1 T Bo Ditto NE Minimum' Temperature in ditto ........ -— 00 40 if | 47 T1 23 Sas. Ditto Maximum Temperature in the Sun ...... 16°.50 — 61.70 20 | 4.7 |—4.5 2 a B3 N i v Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation ...... —1 $20 — 10.04 21 2.5 |—2.5 8.5 |—3 Little ‘04 Mean Temperature of External Air ..... 39.30 — 37-94 xd Tae 9.5 |—8 | Ditto S 01 EE 455r I0 -12.2 | Ditto SE .01 WINDS. 24 |. 4-5 [2.5 | 1005 |—7 Brisk NE North... .-. 5 days. | N. East......12 days. 25; 6.5 —o.5 | 11 |—5 Little NW .02 South ......1 n Rast... E >> 26 | 9-5 —4.5 | 14.5 | —9 Ditto —— .06 East .ceeee-E o: N. West... .. «4 +> 27| 6.7] o 8 |—1.5 | Brisk WwW 10 est... S. West pe... $ «> 28 | 9.5 | 2.5 | 13.5 | 0.5 | Ditto | — 29 1.:9:5- | 1:3 | 13 o Ditto SW ... 1 days. : 39| 9 |—3.5 | 16 —9 Little NE Amount of Rain.. s...» ders. O54 IAE. j! d 1l 16.5 —8.5 | Ditto — Cent| 6.86 |—o.26| 10.57-—3.26 o. Fah.44.54 | 31.54 51.02 aud - [ 196 ] APRIL. Morning. Noon. Night. 1837 8 Barom. Hygrometer, Weather. Barom. Hygrometer. Weather. Barom. Hygrometer. Weather. | S.| 1} 29.964] 27.5! © | 2-5|Fine 29.929] 9.5|—1 |10.5 Fine .916| 1 I | — Clear S.| 2] —956| 3 o 3 {Clear and do. || —928| 8 |—2 jio Slightly Clouded || —.819| 2.5| 1-5} I Cloudy & Fine M. | 3|—.599, 5 5 | — (Cold & Windy| —771| 5.5 |--2-5| 8 ol —.576| 1 i | — (Clear T.| 4|—-636) 4 1 | 3 [Cold and Dry ||—.687| 7.5|—3 [10.5 Ditto E^ mM oudy e W.|5;|—72o0| 2.5| 9 | 2-5 |Bleak & Cold || —.741) 7.5|—3 19:5 Ditto ——,728| 2 2 | — Clear & Windy Th.| 6| —.936| 3 o |3 Ditto —938| 7 [-6 |13 Ditt .013| 3 3 | — (Cloudy & Fine P. | 7|30.122] 25| 9 | 2-5 Ditto .137| 5-5] 3 2.6 Hail Showers || —310| 2 |—5 7 Stormy S.| 8|—.376| 3.5|—3 | 6-5 |Clear & Cold | —.374| 7.5 |—12 |19-5 Coldavery dry —.356—1 |—5 |4 (Clear & Cold $.| 9g|—332| 3 2-5} 5-5 Cold and Dry| —277| 5 [—12 |17 Ditto —5.242,——3 |—3 | — Pitto M.|10| —156| 1 (—2.5| 3-5 Ditto —.o6o 4 [|—3 7 |Do.&Overcast|29.892,—2 |—2-5| 95 Slightly clouded T.|11| 29.720| 1-5 —2 | 3-5 |Clear 29.6611 7 |—6 |13 |Cloudy & Fine| —646—1 |—1 | — Ditto » W.i12,—.680| I t j| az —7417| 5 |—4 |9 |Blek & Cold | —788. 1.5) 9 | 15 Ditto Th. |13! —.889 2 2 |- [Overcast —.903| 45| 1-5] 3 itto —.938| 2 2 | — |Cold & Stormy F. |14| —.937| 3-5 —2-5| 6 |Ditto —.896| 8.5| o | 8.5 Overcast —.849| 2 2 | — Slightly Overcast S.}15}—-719| 3 1 | 2 (Clear —.617| 9.5| o | 9-5 |Fine -—493] 2 1.5 | 0.5 Ditto S.|16|—.424| 1.5] 1.5| — {Snowing —425| 4 4 | — \Cloudy& Cold)|—.523) 2 2 | — |Cloudy & Cold M.17|—792, 3 |—! | 4 |Overcast —.762| 7 1 | 6 |Bleak & Cold || —831| 5 2 |3 Bleak & Cold T.|118|—927| 4-5| 4 | 9-5 |Ditto —951| 6 6 | — |Slight Rain || —98o| 5.5| 5.5| — |Hazy * W.|19|—.978| 6.5} 6.5 | — Hazy —.964| 13.5 | 8.5| 5 |Fine —914| 1! I | — |Clear O Th.|20|—.840| 12 | 10 |7 Fine —.8og| 8.5| 8.5| — |Rain Xu or$| 2.5) — Ditto F.211——810| 6 6 | — |Ditto 722| §.5| §-5| — |Ditto 2665] 5 5 | — Cloudy & Fine 8.221 —.574| 75| 75| — |Cloudy & Do. —.560| 10 3 |7 |Fine —.639 5 3 | 2 |Ditto S. |23| —.672| 7.5| 55| 2 (Cloud —.673| 8.5| 8.5| — Rain abt. 9 ] 7 | DIO M.|24 —.734| 8.5| 8.5| — |Very Fine .766| 12 7 |5 |Very Fine ||—842| 5 5 | — |Clear & Fine T.25|—932| 8 TL: Gum —.931| 13.5| 8 | 5 |Cloudy .880| 8 8 | — {Slight Rain W.|26| —.840| 10.5| 10.5| — Ditto —.856| 16 | 11 |5 |Very Fine —.866| 6 6 | — |Very Fin ( Th./27 | —778| 11. | 11 | — Dito yes, 11 ing mun .670| 3.5| 3-5| — |Ditto F.l28|—.700| 11 | 11 | — [Ditto —.$50| 10.5| 10.5| — |Ditto —.606| 8 5 T1 itto S.|29|—.552| 10. | 10 | — |Overcast —.435| 11 | 11 | — [Ditto —.376| 10 | 10 | — Slight Rain $.|30|—436| 11 | 11 | — [Rain —450 15 | 13 | Fme —.641| 8 ; II ear Cent. | 29-9?! | 5.28 | 3.52 |1.76 29.808 g 5| 2.24| 6.21 29-803 | 4 18 | 2.43 |o.75 Fah. 41.50 38.33 |3.17 47-21 36-05 11.18, 37.72 136-37 |1-35 : aa a APRIL. Temperature. | Wind. Rain. | Remarks. Days. Max. | Min. Sun. Rad. Direction. | Force. In. Pis. his was perhaps the coldest April ever remembered. The I | 10.5 | —3.7| 16 —9 NW | Little mean temperature was certainly lower than that of any corres- | 2| 1o 2 16 —1 N Ditto 03 ponding month for at least the last 40 years, being only about 3| 9:5| —1 14 —4.7 W Brisk f ? Fahr., which was nearly 7? lower than the average of April 4| 0:3 1 II o NE Little or me d 10 preceding years. During the first three weeks, the 5 | 6.7, —o.5| 11 —2 | — | Brisk s almost nested from the North or dad East, and 6| 9 —2 15.5 | —5.5 N Ditto exceedingly cold and dry for the period of the season 5| 8.5 0.5| 16 —2 NE Ditto 02 of the atmosphere prevented the Sun's rays pe reaching 8 8.5| —2.5| 15.5 | —6 e | RO the earth, whilst the wind was from the points above mentioned, 9| 8.5 | —3 13 —5 —— | Ditto | , and when it changed, after the zoth, the weather was Mur Io | 6.3, —5 9 —10 | —— | Ditto | | cloudy and wet. Most kinds of foliage under glass were evi- II 7.5 | —4.5| 16 —9 S Little , dently assuming a yellow tinge. Vegetation in the open air 71 6 I 12 o E Brisk .o1 , made no efficient progress. ‘The common Lilac was a month xd lr. O.5| 10 —1 NE Ditto | later than usual in coming into leaf, and its buds remained in a 41-9 —3.5| 15 —8 — | Little | half expanded state from the beginning till the end of the month. 15 | 13 0.5| 21.5 | —4 E Ditto .o1 | Mean Pressure from the 3 daily observations 29.1 811 inches. Fahr. mU «4 1 10 o NE Brisk ‚Ol | Te Was ny SE ARTES Ditto .. s=.: $9.04 or 42.15 17 | 10 2:7| 1655 4 N Ditto | Dew Point... i227: IO RPM 2°.73 — 36.91 18 | 6.5 5 1I 5 —— | Little .OI | ede of Dryness ... Ditto ...... 2591. se 515.24 Ig | 15.5 | —1.5| 16.5 | —6.5| —— | Ditto | Degree of Moisture .. Ditto ...... -836_ 20 | 13 —2 14 6.51. .W Ditto ore | Vanouf. «Dio. aks 255 inch. 21 8. o 10 —2.7 S Ditto .20 | Least observed degree of Moisture ...... 89 23 | i106 4 13 3 W Ditto .04 | Maximum TemperatureintheShade...... 17°.50 or 63.50 23 | 11.5 I.5| 13.3 | —2.5| —— | Ditto .o6 | Minimum Temperature in ditto ........ — 5°.00 23.00 24 | 15.7 | —1 17 —5 SW | Ditto .24 | Maximum Temperature in the Sun ..... . 219.50 — . 70.70 25 | 14-5 7 16 7 — | Ditto ai | Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation ..... Bo, oo — 14.00 26 | 17.5 8 | 20 —! —— | Ditto .o2 | Mean Temperature of External Air...... 59.53 — 41.95 27 | 12 o.5| 19.5 | —2 S Ditto 04. | WiNDs 28 | 12.5 O: f 34.5 3.5, —— | Ditto ME North......$ days. | N. East,..... A M 29 | 12 8.5| 12 —— | Ditto 1g | South...... G . Bit... 30 | 16.2 8 17 —— | Brisk .02 East loses 2 N. Westi..... duin West issa 4 S Westo Seek $> Cent| 10.16) ©0.91| 14.36 -96 1.13 | 30 da s. Fah. 50.28| 1.63) 57.84) 28-48 Amount Sf RA e dn VUL doe. 1.13 inches. VOL, II. 2ND SERIES, 2D [ 198 ] MAY. Morning. Noon. Night. 1837. Hh Barom. Hygrometer. Weather. Barom. Hygrometer. Weather. Barom, Hygrometer. Weather. i | — |Clear& Fi M. | 1|29.720/ 1 I 1 |Fine 29.760 16 13 | 3-5 |Fine 29.848| 8.5 | 8.5 ear & Fine T2 ans rss iP 1.5 |Ditto AUR 19:6 9 | 8.5 |Very Fine —.928|11 IO I Cloudy & Do W.| 3 —:839| 12.5 12.5 | — |Hazy —.727/18 7 11 [Dry Haze —.687 11 9.5 | 1.5 |Ditto 9 Th.| 4,—.830 7 |5 |2 Overcast —.890 15 5 |10 |Very Fine |—955| 7 7 — Clear | F.| 5 30.059 9 [6.1353 |Clear 30.082| 15 4 1 Dito 30.094. 4 4 — |Ditto S.| 6,—.164| 9.5 | 6 3.5 |Fine — 164/14 3 |11 {Ditto 144| 6 6 — n" $.| 7, —.100110 | 5 5 |Ditto —.108|15 5 |10 [Dito 29.973, 8 7 I den y M. | 829.859 10 |10 | — jSlight Rain 29.797 11.5 | 11.5 — Rain 647, 8 v |= oe eae T. 9|—.659 6.5 | 6.5| — |Cloudy .638| 9.5 | 3 | 6.5 |Fine —.636 3 3 = seh o W. |10,—.670) 6 6 — |Do. and Cold ||. —.696| 8.5 | 5 3.5 |Cloudy & Cold | —821| 2-5 | 2.5 e coii Th. [11/30.006| 6 6 — |Fine 30.041|12 3 9 ine 30.006 7 7 ires D F.|12/29.883| 8 8 — Rain 29.814/11.5 | 11.5, — |Drizzly 29.881 5 5 s ea 8./113|—.843| 9.5 | 9-5 | — Fine —.795|14. 14 | — Cloudy | —.883 = raind S. |14 —.810 9.5 | 9-5 | — |Hazy —.786,/15 6 9 |Do.& Fine ||—990 7 £ Do. & Fine M.|15/30.128, 8 6 2 |Cloudy and Cold | 30. 129 14 6 |8 Ditto 0.228) 7 I Ga ee 7 a 16 —.330| 7 7 — Overcast —.329 13 9 4 Fme : —.361| 5 5 a Ditto W. |17|—.333,13 12 I : —.355|21.5 | 14 7.5 Very Fine —.167) 11 9 : Diete Th, 18, — 211/10 6 4 Ditto —.196|13 4 | 9 FinebutCold|—079 3 2 Cloudy & Do. F. 19|—.119| 5 5 — Cold Rain —.109|11 5 |6 Cloudy 29.813, 6 : m om © S.|z0\—.018) 6 6 |— Slight Rain |29.941| 11 4 |7 |Ditto .8go| 6 = cues $.21/29.772 9 | 9 | — Haz 695, 8 | 8 | — Rain —4263/ 3:54 5-5 | 7 [Ditto & Cold M. |22| —.801| 7.5 | 4.5 | 3 |Cleudy & Cold || —.841| 6.5 | 6.5| — Stormy Do. —.893 4 4 T Mio T.|23|—.987| 7.5 | 5 2.5 Overcast &Do.| —.999 14 7 7 |Cloudy & Fine | —992, 3-5 : :5 , [Ditto W.24.—995 9 | 9 | — Ditto —.962/15 | 9 | 6 {Slight Haze |——523 3 | $ | 4.5 |Cloudy&Fine Th. |25|\—.864) 8 8 — Ditto —.856|16.5 | 6 |10.5 |Fine "OU -9*5 g |^ |Clear & Do. F. |26|——.922|13 Io 3 |Fine .908|19.5 | 7 |12.5 |Very Fine /||—897, 9 x i. [Ditto «€ S.|27|30.005 12 |10 2 |Very Fine 30.009 20 7 |13 |Ditto kd i ia rà — |Cloudy&Fine S. |28/—.010 16 I! 5 |Ditto 99417 7 |10 Ditto 9-979 12.5 (5 2; (Clear & Do. M. |29 29.994 15.5 |14 1.5 Ditto 30.00221.5 | 7 |14.5 |Ditto 30.026, 11 9 us Ditta T. |30| 30.101, 14 jio 4 |Fine .06518.5 | 7 [|11.5 [Fine —.008 10 a 75. [Dieta W. 31, —.111/12 12 — |Slight Rain —-009 19.5 14 5-5 jOvercast & Do. 29.982 12 | 29.944 .08| 0.66 BACK [vu viu 29-957 14. 5817.52 | 7-06 9 eL Vete se Fah. 49-49 46 -94/2 -55 58.2445-53|12.-71 a MAY., Temperature. | Wind. Rain. | Remarks. Days. Max. | Min Sun. | Rad. | Direction. | Force. | In, Pts. z $ 7 oa L^ ps zong i The harpet pre by Mi pun in this month, Kias simi- 16:3 2 Voge 5 " E Ditto ar to that exhibited in April in ordinary seasons. e com- : Ki N Ditto mon Hawthorn, for instance, was not farther advanced in leaf 4 2 itd s 25:5 Soe | Ditto on the first of this month than it generally is on the first of the 5 I o 25 4 | NE Ditto preceding. The last few days were fine ; but with this excep- 14.74. 9 46 13 NW |Ditt | tion, the weather may be said to have been very unfavourable; ^ 15 xc phi 7 3 | S Ditto 4 for if the days were occasionally fine, the nights were cold, and & 33 ay pde pes NE | Di 2 o6 har ee frosty. The mean temperature, scarcely 50° Fahr., dich. en | AE ES. SHE N | D da | 9? | was 6? below the average; and it was only 1? above the usual dunes ic am wW | D Eo | mes | vici eof April. On the ninth there was a heavy shower of 11 | 13 zo ga [ll S | D REO me | hail about j past 3 p.m.; this was followed by frost at night. PCS m3 p 10317 | D xia c | The 22nd was stormy with rain and hail, and the night of the uper os dr FE ar P d ad water Ii lat | [7 | 21.5 | 4 N | Ditto | Mean Pressure from the 5 — € 29.957 inches Fahr- 16 | 20 | t3 | 26.5 TS Nw "bs | —— "Temperature .......> z tl ee o^. or I 22 8 28. ris —— Dew Point .......... itto ertt 7.390 — 45.1 18 13-5 | 4.5 | 19 , 2 N Ditto —— Digo of Dow. .-Ditto..... 3°05 — F 19] 1315:2.| 1 18.5 —3.5 | NE | Ditto o1 | —— Degree ecole ..Ditto..... .833 20| 11.5 | 2.5 |13 —1.5 | —— | Ditto or | —— Force of Vapour ..... Ditto..... .341 inch. 21 | 10 1.5 | 14... |—3 —— | Little .12 | Least observed degree of Moisture ..... ‘ 22 | 11 2.5 | 15.7 —1 N Brisk -03 | Maximum Temperature in the Shade . 237.50 OF 74.30 23 | 14.5 |—0.6 | 23.5 |—5 NE Little Minimum Temperature in ditto. ....... — 19.00 — 30.20 24| 17 |—1 21.5 ——$ SW Ditto Maximum "Temperature in the Sun . 3175.50 — 88.70 25 | 18 6.7 | 37.5 E S Ditto Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation ..... — 5°.00 23.00 26 | 19 0.5 | 28 | —4 SW Ditto Mean Temperature of mien "nd Miche 9.79 — 49.62 ij 341 9. § (53! o —— | Ditto 28 | 21 9.5 | 30 9 E Ditto North...... pays | N. East. . 6days. 29 |23.5 | 7 | 31-5] 5 S Du | L—. . BSohheo. § [Bt.... 30 | 18.5 | 5 28 2 W | Brisk 05 Hest. Ru or ee he 31 | 19 12 | 27.5 | 9.5 | SW | Little -04 West... des $.. 15 Wet. ks ia AE SAA 31 days. Cent) 15.84) 3-74! 23-16) 0.67 1.07 Be ee ae : F ee 38.73 73-68 33-20 Amount of Rain ...-..+e000+ 1.07 inches C 200 ] JUNE. Morning. | Noon. Night. 1837. E Barom. Hygrometer. Weather, Barom, Hygrometer. Weather. Barom.| Hygrometer. Weather. Th.| 1| 29.913 15.5 15.5, — [Slight Rain |29.971| 15. ;j 13 2.5 Fine, Dina: 30.010] 9 8 | 1 |Clear and Fine F.| 2} 30.038] 13 | 10 | 3 ine 30.035] 15 | 10 = 29.984, 8 7 | 1. Ditto @ S.| 3) 29.985} 10 | 10 | — |Rain 29.996] 14-5) 14.5 ee Bh 0.025| 6.5| 6.5| — |Ditto S.| 4 30.121] 11 9.5.4.6 Eme 30.108] 20.5! IO | IO. 0-5 Cloudy & Fine) —ooo 13 11 | 2 |Very Fine M.|5|—.152/ 17 | 14 |3 Ditto —.123| 22.5| 12 | IO. 5| Very F |—.100| 14.5| 14.5| — |Ditto T.| 6| —.103| 14 | 12 |2 |Clear & Do. || —.119| 20 9 | 11 Mias —.173} 10 g |1 Digo W. 7 —201| 10 | 6 |4 |DryHaze | —.124] 15 5 | 10.5 Ditto —.083| 7 4 |3 |Clear & Cold Th.| 8 29.938) 11.5 9 | 2.5 |Ditto |29.911| 15.5 8 7:5 DUE Haze 29.861| 12 II 1 |Cloud F.| 9.—777| 18 | 15 |3 |Very Fine | +732 23:1 18 5 .564 15 | 15 | — |Heavy Rain S.|10 —.631| 18 | 17 |1 Cloudy | —.66o| 22 | 16 6 Cloudy &Do. —.653} 13 | 12 | 1 [Fine D) S.11,—681| 15 | 15 | — Rain —.776| 20 | I5 5 |Very Fine —.732| 14 | 13 | 1. |Ditto M. |12| —940| 16 | 16 | — Overcast —.gi1| 18 | 18 — |Slight rain —.B859 15 | 15 | — |Cloudy & Fine T./13,—.830| 20 | 19 | 1 j|Do.andFine||—.820| 22 | 20 2 |Very —.740| 16 | 16 | — |Ditto W.14/.—772| 18 | 18 | — |Cloudy —.837| 22.5| 22.5| — |Showery —.853| 14 | 14. | — |Clear & Fine Th. (15—990 17 | 15.5 1.5 |Very F —.992| 25.5| 16 9-5 Very Fine —.954| 16 | 16 | —- |Ditto F. 16, 30.001| 17 16 1 (Slight Haze ||—.go4| 25.5, 21.5] 4 Ditto —.857| 18 18 | — |Very Fine S. |17, 29.939| 18-5 16 2.5 |Cloudy& Fine |—.913} 23 | 20 3 \Ditto 29.918! 19 | 19 | — |Ditto .IO S. 18, —.798) 14 | 14 | — |Rain —.766| 19.5| 15 4.5 Ditto —.857| 17 17 | — |Ditto M. |19| —.940| 19 | 15 4 |Fine —.938| 20 | 18 2 |Ditto — 2924 15 14 |1 |Ditto T.[201—.928| 22 | 18 |4 |Ditto —.915| 25 | 20 5 [Ditto —.921| 15 | 14 | 1 |Ditto W.|21|30.047| 18.5 16 | 2.5 |Overcast 30.070| 24 | I5 9 |Ditto 30.173, 13.5 | 13. | 0.5 |Ditto Th.|22] —295| 18 | 14 |4 |Very Fine |/—.296| 26 16 | 10 Ditto - .299 15.5 | 15.5 | — |Ditto F, |23| ——.361| 20 | 17 |3 |Ditto —.336| 25 | 13 | 12 |Ditto —.279 15 15 | — |Ditto $.|24|- .241| 17-5 16 | 1.5 |Ditto —.154| 26 | 18 8 |Ditto —,120} 1§ | 14 | 1 {Ditto € S.|25|—.088} 20 | 15 |5 |Ditto —.075| 26 | 16 | 10 {Ditto —.075| 16 | 14 | 2 |Ditto M. 26 —215| 18 | 15 |3 |Ditto —237| 23 | 14 9 |Ditto —.239 16 | 15 |1 |Ditto T.|27] —234| 15 | 10 | 5 |Dry Haze ||—213| 20 9 | 11 [Fine —.192| 10 8 | 2 |Clear andCold W. |28| —.188| 15.5, 11 | 4.5 |Cloudy —.173| 20 | II 9 |Ditto —.54| 12 | 12 | — |Do. & Fine Th.|29| —154| 16 | 12 | 4 |Very Fine |—.110| 24 4 |20 |Very Dry —.21| 14 | 14 | — JDitto F.|30|—.142| 20 | 16 | 4 jDitto .136| 26 | 16 | 10 (Fine .234| 10 9 |1 |Clear & Cold l Cent. 30-071) 16. 42|14.08| 2.35 30.011]; , 48114.45| 7-03 29-995 14.24 [12.55 |o.68 F 61.57157.34. 4-23 70.6658.01/12 65 55-81 54-59/1.22 it [ 201 J JUNE. Temperature. Wind. Rain, TEY DO ARIA Remarks. Days.| Max Min Sun Rad. | Direction. | Force In. . Pts. C1 46.64 6.5| 33.5 |. $9591 NW [NIE .06 z | 16 GL: 34.2 V3 —— | Little 14 The character of this month was very different from that of $1 12.3 2 25 |—1.5| —— | Ditto the three preceding. In these, the: mean temperature was, for 4 | 21-5 9.7.| 33 8 — | Ditto March, April, and May, respectively 5°, 7°, and 6°, below the 5 | 23-7| 9-5 | 34-5 |. 9:5] —— | Ditto .11 | average: in this it was only 1° below, notwithstanding the un- 6134.7] 4:5) 19.9 |. 9 —— | Ditto usual coldness of the earth from the previous want of sun heat 5.| 1$.5 4 24 2 NE Brisk Rain was of frequent occurrence in the former part of the 8 | 20-5 65) 4 7 E Little month, but none fell after the 18th. The atmosphere on the 9| 252 | 43 29 9.5| —— | Strong .36 | 28th was excessively dry. 1o | 20 9 20 7 S Ditto 09 II | 20 9-5 | 26 8 SW | Little .OI 14 | ži 13.6 | 22 13 S Ditto .03 | Mean Pressure seen the 3 daily venei 30.009 inches. Fahr. 13 | 24 15 25 13 —— | Ditto +20 e E TEE Di (iu UN I4. | 24 8.0] 37 6.5 | —— | Ditto A1 Dew Point .......... i s: «so eve 13°. — 56.64 1g | 26.5 | 11.5 | 32 9.5 | —— | Ditto —— Degree of Dryness ... Ditto ...... 39.395 — 6.0 16 | 26.5] 11.5 | 32 II E Ditto p of — .. Ditto ...... .827 17 | 24 11.4 | 27.5 | H Ww Ditto .20 ker ss Ditto Ase.. .502 inch. 18 | 21,7 | 11.5 | 35.5 | TE NW | Ditto Least octe de of Moisture ...... 300 1p | 23.5.1 8.41 30.6 | © SW | Ditto , Maximu "t Horn adi in theShade...... 27°.00 or 80.60 20 | 24.3 | 11-5 | 32.5 | 10 S Ditto | Minimum Temperature in ditto ........ 29.00 — 35.60 21 | 24 8.51 35 5.5 W Ditto Maximum Temperature in the Sun .. 38°.00 — 100.40 22 | 27 10 38.51 9 NW | Ditto | Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation ...... “5 — 29.30 eet 44.7 | 8.51 as 6 NE Ditto Mean Temperature of External Air ..... 15°60 — 60,08 24 | 26 9 gece ¢ 5 SE Ditto | zs 26 10 35 8 E 5 tto | WiNDs. 26 | 21 6. 26 —— tto 27 | 20 i 29 : S Ditto due ede dne days 4g cop iae -5 days 28 2t» $.s 29.5 1.7 NE Ditto cem ec t . N. as oe ee 29 | 25.5 3,9 | 4 5 ae Ditto v i Y eu S s. = idi po vė -30 |.25.5 | 7.21 33 P Ditto West «v» cien Bias Ste osos it ee 30 days. Cent| 22.50| 8.71| 29. 5; 69 1.31 Amount of Rain, BasossacrsdUEE ADR Fah.| 72.50| 47.67, 84.20, 44- o4 [ 202 ] JULY. Morning. Noon, | Night. 1837 £ Barom Hygrometer. Weather, Barom Hygrometer. Weather. Barom. Hygrometer, | Weather. S$.| 1|30.332| 15 | 12 | 3 {Cloud 0.2 | 18. l o.c | | loudy 30.233 5/9 | 9.S5[Fine .300| 9 8 1 (Clear & Cold @ 5.|2—.324| 14 | 10 , 4 |Fine —.265| 22:5| 7 | 1§.5\Do. very Dry| —.190| 13 H r2 Ditto & Fine M. EE | | * quem 3—242| 17 |14 |3 |Ditto —.170| 25 | I1 | 14 Ditto .990| 13 | 12 | © {Ditto a 4 —:140| 19.5| 17 | 2.5 Ditto —.126| 24 13 II Very Fine 30.148) 17 15 2 Very Fine W.|5—.141| 19 | 16 |3 |Ditto —.30| 26 | 15 | 11 {Ditto ogi| 18 | 18 | — |Ditto Th. | 6 —.132| 17 17 | — |Overcast —.120| 25 20 5 (Ditto —.184| 15 1s | — Dia F.| 7,—.240| 16 | 14 | 2 |Ditto - —.233| 22.5) 17 5.5 Ditto —.229| 14 | 14 | — Ditto S. 8 —-173 22 | 20 |2 |Very Fine -—127| 20. | 15$ | 1$ BO —.173| 14 | 14 | — (Cloudy & Do. S. 9 —.123| 15 IO 5 Do. and Dry |—.og7| 19.5) 13 6.5 Ditto —.O55| 13 12 I ine M 10 29.969 15-5; 13 | 2.5|Fine : 29.932| 23 13 | 10 {Ditto 29.931| 14.5| 12 2.5 Clear and Do. P» T.|11,.—.969| 14 | iz | 2 |Very Fine —.946| 24 | 3 21 Ditto —.9 I5 ER 11 ine W. |12 —.999| 16 | 13 |3 |Overcast ——.932| 21.5| 14 7-5 Ditto .919| 13 i2 I De Th. |13 —813| 18 | 17 | 1 Ditto —.818| 20 | 20 — jSlight Rain |—785| 14 | 14 | — Ditto F.|14, —.768| 18.5| 18.5, — Ditto —.764| 24 | 20 4 Cloudys Fine —.700| 15 15 | — |Heavyshowers S. |15 —.888 20.5| 18 | 2.5|Cloudy —.847| 22 | 22 — Showery 865; 14. | 14 | — |Fin S. 16 —.976 138 | f9 15 ery Fine —.950| 22 | 20 2 |Fine —.960| 14 | 14 | — /|Ditto O M.|17 30.033; 16.5| 14 | 2.5|Clearand Do. | —.989| 22.5| 15 7:5 Cloudy & Do. —.954| 16 | 16 | — |Ditto T. 18 29.855 18 | 18 | — |Cloudy —.823| 23 | 20 3 Ditto —.825| 16 | 16 | — |Ditto W. 19 —.835 18. ] 19 | i Eine 798, 23 13 | 10 |Very Fine |—.783, 16 16 | — |Rain Th. 20 —.863 17 15 | 2 |Overcas 699| 20.5] 14 6.5/Cloudy & Do.| —.700| 15 15 | — |Fine F.|21 30.017, 17.5| 16 | 1.5|Cloudy & Fine|30.025| 20 | 10 | 11 |Very Fine |30.040| 14 | 14 | — |Very Fine S.|22 —.082| 17.5| 16 | 1.5|Very Fin —.059| 22.5| 14 8.5 Ditto 30.039| 16 | 16 | — Ditto S. |23 —.043| 21 | 20 |1 {Ditto 29.988| 27 | 18.5, 8.5 Ditto 29.988| 19.5| 19.5, — Rain € M.|24—.103| 18 | 15 |3 |Ditto 30.118| 24 | 16 8 |Ditto 30.100; 19 | I9 | — Fine 4 25 —.087 18 |15 | 3 [Dito —.097| 24.5] 14 | 10.5 Ditto —.o81| 19 | 18 1 |Very Fine W. |26 —.062| 22 | 18 | 4 |Ditto —.o61| 25.5} 17 8.5 Ditto —.049| 20 | 19 | 1 Ditto Th. |27 —.008| 21.5| 18 | 3.5 Ditto 29.916| 29.5| 18 | 11.5 Very Ho 29.825| 22 | 19 | 3 |Ditto F.|28 29.780) 20 18 | 2 itto —.786| 25 18 7 (Ditto &Showery| —.740| 18.5] 16 | 2.5 Ditto S.|29 —.374| 16.5| 16.5| — |Heavy Rain |—.293| 22 | 18 4 (Cloudy —.312| 18.5| 18.5| — Boisterous S.|30,—.567| 16 | 16 | — Cloud —.632| 19 | 19 — Ditto —.640| 12 | 12 | — ShoWery M. 311—193 16 | 16 | — |Very Fine —.888| 22 | 20 — Showery —.873| 15 | 15 Cloudy Cent 29-994 17 69 (15.65 (2.04 29.963 23.01 |15.33 |7.68 29-949 | 15.54 114.87 0.67 Fah 63.84 (60.17 3-67 73.41 159.59 13.82 59.97 [58.76 1.21 JULY. Temperature. Wind. Rain. Remarks. Days, Max. | Min. Sun. | Rad. | Direction, | Force. | In. Pts. 1 I 3 31 |— 0.5 Brisk 2 24.5 7.8 95 4.5| —— | Little Dry weather still continued till the 13th, after which period 3 7 11 34 6.5 NW _ | Ditto vegetation had a timely and sufficient supply of rain. The 4 | 24 9-5| 35 TSW Ditto mean temperature was only a degree below that of the average 5| 25.5| 14 35 13 SW | Ditto of July for 10 preceding years. ‘The thermometer was lowest 6 | z5.6| 10.5| 32 Bw Ditto on the night of the first, a depression resulting from the circum- 7 |. 26 10 34. 8 NE Ditto stance of the wind having come from the North-east for some a | 37.0. 9.s| 4D 3.5 E Ditto days previous. The afternoon of the 29th was excessively 9| 20 7.5| 23 6.5. 258 Ditto boisterous. 10 | 25 3.51 33 7 —— | Ditto 11 34.5] (14.5) 29.51. 2055 E Brisk : : : 12 19.5 9.5| 21 7 wn c] DAE Mean Pressure from the 3 daily observations 29.969 inches. Fahr. RI 5.5 9.9 Uh oo SW | Ditto e eeaeee Dittossee. 18°.74 or 65.73 Pl 27.95] 13 35 10 ——— T DHHO .o2 | —— Dew Point .......... itto... 15°.28 — 59.50 I5 23 IO 35 8 se—— T DTO mio Degree of Dryness ....Ditto..... 39.46 — ag 16 13.7 9 29.5 7 xw I TM .o8 | —— Degree of Moisture. . ..Ditto..... .849 17 431.51 12.7] 34 13 Ww Ditto .32 Force of Vapour. ..... Dito. .551 inch. 1$ | 12.7 F 12.5 ms 11 p ede Diro or | Least observed degree of Moisture. ..... 273 19 21.8) 11.5| 531 10.5 —— | Ditto .12 | Maximum Temperature in the Shade.... 29*.50 or 83.30 20 | 22 9.5| 22.5; 8 | —— | Ditto .o4 | Minimum Temperature in ditto..... an 9,00 — 37.40 21 22.7 9 17.6 7 | NW Ditto aximu mperature in the Sun e 40° OO — 104.cO 34 3 10 34 9 os es eee oz | Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation ..... 9,50 — I.g1 23 27.7| 13 34 12 n l Dimo Mean Temperature of External Air..... — 179.31 — 63.16 24 | 23.5| 13.7| 30 10 — Pei "J 27 Hr n. N itto 26 | 29.5 i 2 2 : SW Ditto WInNDs. 27 | 29.5 4-5| 32 13 S Brisk North......1 days. | N. East....1 days. 28 26.5) ijs) 37 12.51. SW Little .30 South i.a s S. East is 29 21.5 I2 26 11.5) —— Strong .03 Bast. rosero E x» N, West. isg 30 I 7 29 5.55 W Little .06 Wést.... Ros S. West... ..8 3E | 13:5] 1:3 32 11.5---8 Ditto .06 E * | Amotnt alls coe r 8 inch nt o aln escesosseenesossesoo I. 1 es. Cent} 24.30 | 10.32| 30.90, 8.96 1.78 AIT po Fah.| 75.74| 50.57 87.62, 48.12 | [ 204 ] AUGUST. Morning. Noon. Night. 1837. £ Barom. Hygrometer, Weather. Barom Hygrometer. | Weather, Barom. Hygrometer. Weather. © T.|129.769| 15 | 15 | — |Rain 29.704| 16.5| 16.5) — [Rain 29.693 | 16.5| 16.5) — e W.| 2\—.677| 18.5| 18.5| — |Cloudy —.671| 20.5| 20.5| — Cloudy —.699| 16 | 16 | — Th.| 3—.697| 19.5| 18 | 1-5\Fine —.697 | 21.5| 18 3.5 Fine 6051-77 | 16 |. 1 Cloudy & Fine F.| 4—863| 17.5| 16 | 1.5 Ditto —.921| 22.5| 18 4.5 Ditto 30.047 | 15 I$; | — $.| 530.158| 14 | 14 | — |Very Fine 30.178 | 21 IO | I1 |Very Fine —.187| 14 | 13 | I Very Fine S.| 6—.251| 15 | 14 |! (Ditto —.249| 22 | 14 8 itto —.291| 13 | 13 | — M.| 7—.460| 16.5| 14 | 2-5 Fine —.357| 19 | 17 2 |Cloudy & Finej—382| 13 | 13 | — Ditto T.| 8—.378| 16.5| 13 | 3-5 Ditto —.331| 20 | 15 5 Fine -282/ 15 13 | 2. |Ditto 9 —2 16.5| 1§ | 1-5 Ditto —.039| 23 | 17 6 |Ditto .013| 17.5| 15 | 2.5|Ditto Th. 1029.952| 17 | 16 |1 (Overcast 29.914| 24 | 18 6 |Ditto .879| 18 | 18 | — Ditto 11 —.852 20.5| 20.5| — |Very Fine —.985| 24 | 19 5 |Very Fine —929| 17 | 17 | — |Very Fine S. |12/30.002| 16 16 — |Hazy 30.081| 24 20 4 itto -997 | 18 18 «| Ditto S.|13\—.153| 18 | 18 | — |Very Fine —.166| 24 | 13 | 11 |Ditto 0.117; 18 | 18 | — |Ditto M. 14\—.259| 18 17 I |Ditto —.242| 28.5| 16 12. 5| Very Hot —.252| 18 18 — Ditto T.15|—261| 18 | 16 | 2 Ditto —.211| 24 | 14 | IO |Ditto .200| 18 | 18 | — |Ditto W. 16—.160| 17 17 — Ditto —.118]| 20 20 — (Cloudy —.031| 19 19 | — Ditto Th. 17—.021| 21 21..| = Foggy 29. 28 | 28 — Sultry —.064| 20 | 20 | — |Ditto F. 18.—.240| 18.5) 18.5; — |Hazy 30.150| 25 | 2I Very Hot -~149| 19 | I9. | — den S$.19—.109| 19 | 19 | — \Foggy —.043| 28.5| 20 8.5 Sultry 29-939| 21 |21 | — S. 2029.905| 20 | 20 | — |Fine —.026| 24 | 24 | — |Slightshowers ||—-983| 16.5) 16.5| — Cloudless M. \21|30.079| 20 | !7 | 3 itto ——.063| 25 | 18 7 Fine 9.047| 17 | 17 | — T.|22,—.155| 18.5, 18 | o.5|Overcast —.148| 23 25 — Sultry, showers -084| Ig 19 | — kas q W.|23,.—.045| 18.5| 18.5| — |Rain —.034| 22 | 22 — Cloud .058| 13 | 13 Ditto Th. |z4\—.202| 14 | 12 |2 |Hazy —.210| 18.5) I0 8.5 Fine -—.215| 13 | 13 | — |Fine F.|25|—.224| 14 | 12 | 2 |Fine .178| 20.5) 15 5-5 Very Fine —.183| 13 | 13 | — |Ditto S.|26\29.885| 18.5) 18.5 — Slight haze |29.947| 19 | 19 | — Rain, Thunder 29.940| 13 | 13. | — |Cloudy $.|27/30.176| 12 7 5 {Very clear 30.188, 16 16 — |Very Fine 30.132] 13 13 | — |Fine M.|28|—.053| 11.5] 10 | I.5 Fine 29.933| 20 | 14 6 (Ditto .741| 13. | 13. | — Cloudy & Do T. 29:29 507| 13 | 13. | — Ban —.481| 15 | 15 — Vain —.437| 13 | 13. | — {Rain W.|30|—.388| 12.5) 12.5) — |Heavy Rain |—.476| 15 | 15 — "aeae .15| 10 | 10. | — |Clear Th. 31,.—.446| II 11 | — (Clear -424| 15 15 — Very Fine —.396| 8 8 | — |Ditto | Cent. 30-0186 có 15.6410.92 ao ei -58.17.45 | 4-13 — 15.63 |15.42 0.21 Fah (61 8060.15 I 65) 70.8463.41 7.43 60.13 [59.75 0.38 [ 205 ] AUGUST. Temperature, Wind. Rain. : Remarks. Days. Max. | Min. Sun. | Rad. | Direction. | Force. | In. Pts. I 10.512.271... 33 12 E Little 43 : ; 2| 21.5 13.5| 27 12 Brisk .07 Although a large amount of rain fell in.this month, the 3 22.7; 11.5) 30.5| 10 SW Strong .34 | temperature was fully an average. ‘The 17th was the hottest 4| 23 $.2. 31.51 ^4 uie | ME day in the season, the thermometer in the shade being nearly 5 21.5 7.8, 34.5| 4.5 NW Little 879. The sun's rays’ were not so powerful as usual; and 6| 20.5 9.7| 34 8.9, NE | Ditto after the zoth the weather became cloudy and wet. o 7| ws 8 29 5 E Ditto -| Borealis was seen on the evening of the 25th : rain fell heavily on 8| are)" ro 237.5| gig) NE Brisk the morning of the 26th, and at noon there was much thunder and 9| 24 13.5| 30 12 uds | te lightning, accompanied with rain. Thunder was also heard on 10 | 25 15 31 14 uz | Din .o1 | the 3oth about 2 P. M.; and between 2 and. re wasa | 11| 25.7| 12 32 8.5 SW | Ditto very heavy shower of hail. Some of the hailstones that fell in íil 26 10.5| 35 9 mme 1 TRAD the garden measured 1} inch in circumference. 14] 26:9 9.4 95 7.5, —— | Ditto 14 | 29.5| 10 34 9 SE Ditto Mean Pressure from the 3 daily observations 30.002 inches. Fahr. 15 | 29.3) 12.7, 31.2, 12 NE | Ditto ji e... ees Ditto m or 25 t6 | 29.5)" 14-5 dé E 98 Ditto Dew Point ......... « Ditto .,.... 16% — — 61.10 07 | 30.5} 12.7| 4$.5| 1I S Ditto —— Degree of Dryness ... Ditto ...... 19.755 — | 315 18 | 28 13.2, 36 11.5, —— | Ditto Degree of Moisture Ditto .. 19 28.5] 17-5 36 16.5; == Ditto o Vapour ..... Ditto vedere 578 inch 20 28 rji 34 12 ies | Brisk .o02 | Least observed degree of Moisture ...... 231| 22 12 as. e 2 Ay SW | Ditto o1 | Maximum Temperature in the Shade .... 309.50 or 86.go 22 23 12:8] 34 17.5| —— Little 30 | Minimum T rature in ditto. s..eese — 39.20 23 | 22.9] T5) 25 12 W Ditto .32 | Maximum Temperature in the Sun ...... 457.50 — 113.90 | 20.5 5 25 24; NE Ditto Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation ...... 1°.50 — 34.70 19 | ai 8 27 6 E Ditto .og | Mean Temperature of External Air ..... 16°96 — 6253 26 | 24 4 28 ‘Co ee Ditto 51 WINDs. 33 | a7 F 23 2 NE .| Ditto North. ......1 days. | N. East......7 days. 28 | 20 ro.g| 28 10.5 S Ditto 17 South... 3 19 Eut... S ag | 1$ rore] 45.4] 10.9 N Ditto .58 Risk. eve 9544 N-Wet..e v 30 | IAS ps 24 3.5| NW | Ditto .18 WEE isis 55 Se We... ui 31] to 6:4 25 ga Ww Ditto ol V EVEN 31 days Cent} 23.35 | 10.58| 30.31] 9.04 3.04 Amount of Rain... s-s.. oo. da. 3.04 inches. Fah.| 74.03 | 51.04] 86:55 | 48.27 VOL. lI. 2ND SERIES. 2E [ 206 ] SEPTEMBER. Morning. Noon. Night. 1857. £ Barom. | Hygrometer, Weather. Barom. Hygrometer, | Weather. Barom.| Hygrometer. Weather. | | F.| 129.361 12 I1 I |Cloudy 16.5| 16.5 | — Thu nder SI 29.400| I1 II — Cloudy $. 2 —.423 13 13 | — |Ditto 17.51 14. | 3-5. Cloudy -Fine — 590| II II — Ditto S. | 3 —.644 11.5| 11.5; — |Ditto 14.5| 14.5| — |Showery —.797| 11 | I1 | — Showery M.|4 —.g910 12 | 12 | — [Ditto 10 |5 Cloudy —.916| 9 9 | — Clear & Cold T.| $,—.851, 12.5 | 12.5 | — |Hazy 16,5| 16.5 | — |Do. & Fine |30.003| 10 | 10 | — Do.Lightning W.| 6| 30.056 11.5| 11.5 | — |Foggy 15.5| 12 | 3.5 Very Fine 30.045 | II II | — Clear P Th.| 7/29.940 15 | 13 | 2 ‘Fine 20.5| 18 | 2.5 Ditto .844| 16 | 16 | — Fine F.| 8 —.899 13.5| 13.5, — Rain 20 |= Busy —.807| 16 | 16 | — {Ditto $.|g —.865 17 | 17 | — Cloudy 20 | 2 {Fin —.794| 13 | 13 | — Ditto S. |10!—.860, 15 | 13 |2 |Fine 16 |$ Do- & Cloudy|—.864| 12 | 12 | — |Ditto M. 11 — Sig 18 | 15 | 3 |Ditto 17 |4 |Ditto —.726| 12 | I2 | — |Rain T. |12|—.747| 11 | 11 | — |Hazy 10 | 8 |Fine -Atr {| to [I |Fine W. |13 —.162 16 | 16 | — Cloudy 19 |— (Cloudy & Do.|j—.071| 12.5| 12.5 | — Ditto © Th. |14| —.331) 12. | 12 | — |Ditto 11 |5 (Cloudy —553| 9 9 | — Ditto F.|15,—.616 12 | 12 | — Clear 6 |9 |Fine —.871) 7 6 |1 (Ditto S. |16 —.995| 13.5| 13-5| — |Overcast 16 | — Overcast —.984| 13 I3 | — Ditto S. |17| 30.067} 20 | 18 | 2 ne 17 | — Ditto 30.086] 17 | 17 | — (Overcast M. |18}—.032, 18.5] 17 | 1.5 Overcast 18 | 2 Ditto .020| II I1 | — |Ditto T.|19,—.144, 18 | 18 | — |Fine 22.5| 20 | 2.5|Very Fine —.ogi| 18 | 18 | — Cloudy& Fine W.|20|—.o005| 18 | 16 | 2 Ditto 21.5) 18 | 3.5 Ditto 9-911} 13.5 | 13.5) — |Fine € Th. |21! 29.913 15 15 | — |Foggy 20.5| 17 | 3.5 Ditto 30.012| II I | — Ditto F.|22|39.045| 15 | 15 | — (Slight Haze 16 | 3 |Ditto —.065; 14 | 14 | — |Ditto S. |23| —. 110, 13 It | 2..|Fine 16.5; 9 | 7.5 Dry & Windy |-—.135| 13 2 |I |o S. 24|—.220. 12 9 |3 |Do. & Dry 14.5| 6.5| 8 |Ditto 292] 12 | 133 | F [CRAT M. |25| —.313| 10.5 | 10.5 | — |Clear io g de —.305| 75, 7-5| — |Fine T.|26|—.304| 9.5| 9-5| — |Ditto 9-153 Jt .204| 10 | 10 | — Ditto W. 27 — 124 IO | Io | — |Fine 16.87 8. | 5.5 Cloudy & Do. |—.077 | 12 12 | — |Ditto Th. 28 —.083) II IO |I [Overcast I2 |4 Dito .064| 9 9 | — Ditto @ F.29 —008 7 7 | — |Foggy 9 7 Ditto —.o1g9| 85| 8.5| — |Ditto S. 30, 29.961, 19 | I0. | — Ditto 13 |5 |Very Fine 29.949| 10 | 10 | — Ditto ; i Í | | : | | Cent. | |29-893 13.4312.78 0.65 29-595 15. 76 14. o6. 4.70 29895 11.70 11.56 | 0.14 Fa 56.17,55-00, 1.17 63: 96. 57-39 | 6.66, | 53.06 52.81 0.25| [ 207 ] SEPTEMBER. Temperature. Wind. | Rain. ! Remarks. Days. Max. | Min. | Sun. | Rad. | Direction, | Force. | In. Pts, | | M a7 2-9» 23:5 7 X SUN | me The weather in this month was, on the whole fine, but rather 17 7 = “5 Du. | '97 | cloudy and occasionally foggy. The quantity of rain was not S| Sash 9| 4e 8 Ditto 19 | half the usual amount; and the temperature was about 2° lower 4 | .1$ 4-3 y: LP apum d than the average, partly owing to the clouded state of the at- à | 1505 3p : NE Dine '9? | mosphere, and partly to the equinoctial gales coming from the | SE S 31 3 SW Dm] North-east instead of the South-west as they more generally do. 7 19.5| 1-5) 31 12 S Ditto 20 8 20 10 31 8 — | Ditto 9| 22 Io 3o 8 -— | Brisk Mean Pressure from the 3 daily observations 29.894 inches. Fahr. 19.1.21 11 29.5| 10 SW | Ditto :26 Temperature .......- Ditto «36.34 149.29 r 49.20 oY 45. 20h. 7 39 5-5, § Ditto —— Dew Point ....... ss Ditto ...... 129.80 55.02 12 | 19 8.2| 31 6 SE | Little 09 Degree of Dryness ... . Ditto ...... 15.49 — 2.68 13 | IBS 9 ARSE NI SW | Brisk P Degree of Moisture .. Ditto ...... 915 14 | 16 6.7} 24.5| 4 W | Ditto pu Force of Vapour ..... Ho. o4 .476 inch 15 | 16.5| 4-5] 27.5| 1.5 NW | Ditto Least observed degree of Moisture ...... .576 16 | 21 13.3| 28.5) 12 S Little Maximum Temperature in the Shade .... 22°.50 ^ or 72.50 Hg 13.5) 28 14 SW | Strong Minimum Temperature in ditto ........ 19.50 — 35-06 18 | 1g.s| 8 23 9.5| —— | Ditto 91 | Maximum Temperature in the Sun ...... 339.00 | — 91.40 I9 Re 16 31 14.4 S Little Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation ...... —19.50 — 29.30 2O |- 22.8 9 33 ^i SE Brisk Mean Temperature of External Air ..... 152.16 — 55.68 21 | 20.5| 6 25-5 -4 —— Little 22 | 19.5] 10.5| 26.5 9 E Brisk 23 17.5 $.5| 26.3 6.5} —— ig WINDS. “yt 10 aS He uto Nosti... v days | N. East ....4 days. 2; | 16 | e| 26 | 2 | NE | Brisk Sith; 16 T - 26 | Iia- i 45$ ets o | Little pi iet. eee 6 N. West.. .1 27 | 15.5| 9-5| 23 9 E | Brisk Weit...... 2 War ....6 D 28 | 17 1.7| 23.5| —1 NE Little C : i 29 | 16.7} 5.-5| ?45| 3:5| E es 30 days. EXE oh 43 vore xe ius Amount of Rain... .. CPP CER .» -0.91 inches. Cent| 18.42| 7.90| 26.76| 6.18 0.91 F 65.15| 46.22| 80.16) 43.12 [ 208 ] OCTOBER. Morning. Noon. Night. 18 32. È Barom, Hygrometer, Weather. Barom. | Hygrometer. Weather. Barom Hygrometer. Weather. $. | 1|29.933| 15 I$ | — |Overcast .958| 14 14 | —- [Slight Showers | 30.000} 14 | I4 | — |Fine M. | 2| 30.141| 16.5) 16.5! — |Slight Rain || 30.154} 21 17 |4 |Very Fine .160| 21 |21 | — Ditto T.| 3| —.167| 14 14 | — |Foggy 100, 20.5| 17 | 3.5 Cloudy —.072| 14 | 14 | — Rain W. | 4| —.020| 17.5| 17.5| — |Overcast —.0$1| 20.5| 17. | 3.5|Fine —.124| IO | IO | — |Clear & Cold Th. | 5| —245| 10.5| 10.5} — |Foggy -250, 17.5| 14. | 3.5|Overcast —215 13 | 13 | — |Clear F. | 6| —.078| 15 | 15 | — |Heavy Rain || —.079. 17.5| 14 | 3.5 Clear —.130| 11.5) 11.5| — |Ditto D $.|7|—129 Io | 10 | — Foggy [Fine| —.236, 17.5) 13.5] 4 freee Fine —.247 11 11 | — (Ditto S. | 8|—.199 13 | 13. + (Overcast and .197; 15.5| 15.5| — |Drizzly —.252, 19 | 10 | — Ditto M.|9|—398 9 | 9 | — |Fine —.312| 14 | 10 | 4 |Very Fine —.318| 6 6 | — Ditto & Cold 'T.|10| —.353| 9.5| 9.5| — |Ditto —.472| 17 16 1 |Ditto —4.358| 12 I2 | — Overcast W. |11|—.395| 12.5| 12.5, — |Ditto —.409| 18 15 3 [Ditto —.431| 8 8 | — |Fine Th. [12| —.461; 8.5) 8.5| — |Ditto —.480) 16.5) 15 | 1.5 Ditto —535| 19 | 10 | — |Very Fine © F.\13;—.601; 6.5) 6.5) — |Clear —.600} 14 4-|7 {Ditto —.631 7 6 1 Ditto S. 14|—.713| 6.5| 6.5| — |Ditto —.706, 13 7 |6 |Do.& Clear ||—.701) 4 | 3 1 Ditto S. |15 —.664) 3.5| 3.5, — [Slight Fog || —.624| 13 8 | 5 |Fine 426 2 |.6 1 |Ditto M. |16,—.507, 7 7 | — |Fine 9; 13-5| 8 | 5.5 Overcast —.416 8 8 | — Ditto db. 17) —.301| 5.5| 5.5| — |Foggy —.226| 14 | 12 | 2 |Ditto& Fine | —.174. 9 9 | — Overcast —. IW. |18| —.127| 10.5| 10.5| — Fine —4.120| 15 | 13 |2 |Overcast —.233| 13 | 13 | — Ditto Th. 19 —.406 4 4 |— jFoggy —4H5, 15 IO | 5 |Very Fine —'444| 7 7 | — Fine F.|20| —.537| 9.5| 9.5| — (Overcast —.545| 15-5| It | 4.5) Ditto —.566, 11 I1 | — (Overcast € S.|21|—.ő652| 9.5] 9.5| — Foggy —.627| 14 | 11 | 3 |Overcast .068| 6.5| 6.5 — (Clear and Cold S. |22| —.446| Io | IO | — |Overcast —.418) 14.5| 14.5| — (Slight Rain | —310| 11 | 11 | — Rain M. |23| —.047| 10. | 10 | — Ditto 29.972} 16 | 14 | 2 |Fine 29-731} 13 | 13 | — Ditto T- 24 29.606, 9.5) 9.5| — |Ditto —.536) 11.5) 11.5| — Heavy rain —519) 5 5 | — |Clear W.|zs5| .665| 5 5|— Overcast —.810) 8-| 8 Clearing 30.021; 4 4 | — Ditto Th. |26| 30.072| 2 2 |— |Clear 30.007| II 8 | 3 |Finé 29.837, 10.5) 10.5 — Overcast F. |27| 29.528] 12 | 12 | — (Cloudy 29.523} 11 | I1 | — |Rain 655). 4-5). 24.5) — |Clear S. 28/—.651| 5 5 | — |Fine —.513| 10.5| Io.5| — |Ditto —307| 7.5| 7.5| — Rain 1@ 3.:29|—479| 2.5| 2.5| — | Very Clear —478|, 8.5| 5.5) 3 |Fine —424| 7 7 | — |Overcast |». M./30| —40o3| 8 8 a ain —.287| 15 15 | — [Rain mold 7.5| 7.5| — |Rain Ts bee se 5 5 |— (Overcast —.412| I0.5| 5.5| 5 |Fine = des ES bes Clear & Cold f il : à; Cent Lis da 9.11| g.11j| 0.0 30-1241, 4 61 11.892.72 Aere 9.24| 9.15 0.09 4° - 3942-39, 9:0 58.29,53.40 4.89 48 .6348:47 0. 16 [ 209 ] OCTOBER. Temperature. Wind. Rain, Remarks. Days.| Max. | Min. Sun. Rad. | Direction, Force. | In. Pts; EI OSa S ids de SW..| Little The weather during the first 3 weeks was very favourable for Inf? B.5| 32 8 Ditto '93 | collecting the productions of the garden, many of which were SS whee | POR Se ey Ditto retarded beyond their usual period of maturity, from the late- 4 | 22 5-5) 49-5 4 S Ditto ness of the spring, the rather low temperature of the summer, 5 | !D5pSUel| $6$|.40.] —— | Ditto 29 | and the deficiency of sun heat in the two preceding months 6 | 19 4.5, 28 25 W Brisk 99 | Much rain fell between the 22nd and 31st. There were about Ei 'W 6 27 4 —— | Little 2°. of frost on the night of the 14th; and on that of the 25th, S 19 2.5| 26 |—0.5| —— | Ditto it was so severe as to spoil the flowers and blacken the foliage gra 2.3| 26 | —o.5| —— | Ditto of the Dahlia. 161.1548 8 86.5] ..7 S Ditto Il | 19 4:8] 30.5]. 3 —— | Ditto ; j H: 14 2.3| 26.6| —1 E Ditto Mean Pressure from the 3daily observations 30.119 inches. Fahr. FI 34 4.5| 23 1 NE Ditto Te reci vives Ditto. ..... 109.98 51.76 14 | 14.2) —1 24.5| —4 —— | Ditto —— Dew Point..... e oDitto...... 109.05 — 50.09 IR HN 1.5 22 | —1.7| N Ditto —— Degree of Dryness....Ditto...... 0.9 — 16; LS EISE T: 2 24.5| —I W Ditto — Degree of Moisture. . .Ditto...... 945 . 12] It. Dn H 5 SW | Ditto —— Force of Vapour...... Ditto. ..... 401 inch 18 | 14.5| 1.6]. 19*5| —1 —— | Ditto .04 | Least observed degree of Moisture. ..... 655 i9] 15.0. $4 26 2 W Ditto Maximum Temperature in the Shade.... 239.00 Or 73.40 20 | 16 $16.30 1 —— | Ditto Minimum Temperature in ditto........—2°.70 — 27.14 21 14.5, 2.3| 26 | —o.5| SW | Ditto Maximum Temperature in the Sun...... 327500 — 89.60 E i 0:71. 26 8.5| —— | Ditto .02 | Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation. .... — $9.50 | — 22.10 33 | J6c8 E045: 8 —— | Brisk .36 | Mean Temperature of External Air...... 10.00 | — $0.00 24 | 10 e u | —3 S Little 30 WINDs. 25 | 10.5) —2.7| 14 | —5.5 N | Ditto -10 North ...... 2 days. | N. East..... 2 days. 26 12 4.5| 16.5 2.9. SW Ditto South "» LEES Lu. UÜ cvs 27 | 12 t.5) 16 | —1.5| —— | Brisk 09 ist. Low JN. West.... 0% vs WI S57 | One S | Little 49 Wests 5.0% 8 S. West.....12 29 12.5 o 17.5| —2.4 SW Brisk .04. Y 39 | 15 4.5| 17 3 —— | Strong 20 31 days. th, 5-3 5-5} 9 id risk iei Amount of Rain ....... CEIT cir 2.39 inches, Cent| 15.91| 4.09| 23.00| 2.09 2.39 ; Fah.| 60.63) 39.36| 73.40] 35.76 : [ 210 ] NOVEMBER. Morning. Noon. Night. 1857. £ Barom, Hygrometer. Weather. Barom. Hygrometer, Weather. Barom. Hygrometer Weather, W.| 1|29.014| 12 12 | — |Heavy Rain |28.801| 14 | 14 | — |Stormy & Wet 29.060| 5 $ | — |Rain Th. | 2|—.142| 5 y d -> Ditto 36486 sst $5] — Vds DO -$ 3 | — jOvercast F.| 3|—.263| 1.5| 1.5: — |Overcast —.317; 8 § 4 Overcas —.441| 1.5] 1.5| — |Clear, lightning S.i 4|—795| 2 2 | — |Frosty —.845; 8 4 A4 CNR Fine 30.007} 1.5] 0.5] 1 Cloudy& Cold D S.| 5) 30.099] 4 4 | — [Overcast 30.094) 9.5| 8 j1.5 |Fine —.185| 45] 4.5| — |Ditto M. | 6| —.336) 2 Tu s Very Clear —370, 75| 4 13:5 |Di —429—1 |—1 | — Slight Fog T.|7|—477|—2 |—2 | — |Frosty&Foggy | —459. 5.5| 55| — |Clear & ditto || —.425|—9.5 |—0.5) — |Frosty W.| 8|—.355|—2-5,—2.5, — {Ditto —4.298.—0.5 |—0.5 | — |Frosty and Foggy| —247[771 .|—1 — |Do. & Foggy Th.| 9 —.196—4 |—4 | !.5jDitto —119) 5 5 | — |Fo —.14| 6.5| 6.5| — |Drizzly F.j1o, —or11| 7 7 |O9.5)Hazy 29.966 11 11 | — |Drizzly 29.931| 11.5| 11.5| — |Fine S. |11| 29.961} 7.-5| 7-5! — |Fine —.968, 9 | 7 |? |Cloudy .986 7 | 7 | — [Ditto © $.12,30.020| 5.5| 4 | — {Ditto 0.080 6 4 |2 |Fine o.162| 1 1 | — Clear M. |13| —.162| 2-5) 2 | — jOvercast —.064! 7 5 |2 |Overcast 29.796| 6 6 |— dyes T. |14| 29.581) 7 4 P9 3 me 533. TO 8 |2 {Cloudy 670} 5 5 |— W.|15|—.959| t t -| — [Very Clear 30.031| 6 2.53.5 |Clear 40.074| O.5| 0.5) — Clearand Cod Th. |16) 30.041} I+5| 1.5, — |Fine .007| 4-5| 1.513 Fine 29.957,—1.5|—1.5| — |Do. & F. |17| —.013|—0.5|—0-5| — |Frosty "uat s 3.5 |1-5 |Ditto 40.093| O o | |Ditto S. |18| —.180|—2.5|—2.5| — |Ditto —.120 2.5| 2.5| — |Hazy —.o84| 5.5| 5.5| — |Drizzly $.|19| —010| 7 7 | — |Overcast 29.978 11.5 | 10 |1.5 |Overcast 29.869| 11 11 | — [Rain € M.j20 29.883) 5 Fp PY .830| 9 9 | — |Clear —.734| 5.5| 5.5| — |Ditto T.|21,—.874| 2 2 | — {Ditto —867, 9 7 |? |Cloud 30.029| 6.5| 6.5) — |Overcast W.|22|—.935| 10 | 10 | — |Slight Rain .935| | 13. | — [Slight Rain 29.894| 12.5| 12.5| — |Ditto Th. |23}—.824| 11 | 11 | — |Densely Overcast | —654| 11 | 11. | — |Drizzl —.777| 8 8 | — |Drizzly F.|24 —.962| 6 6 | — |Overcast —959 9 9 | — |Overcast 30.006] 6 6 | — |Overcast S. 25! 30.190} 1.5} 1.5| — |Ditto 30.156) 5 Fri lear 29.959—1 |—1 | — {Frosty S. |26 —.056| o o | — |Frosty 29.783, 6 6 | — |Fine 2628-6 6 | — |Rain M. |27 29.542) 1-5) !.5| — (Clear 628 6.5| 4 |2-5 |Very Fine —.438| $.5| 5.5| — |Fine e T. d —323| 4 4 | — [Fine —.263| 7 7 | — |Cloud .215| 4 4 |— {Rain W. |29! — 513|—9-.5 5| — (Clear & Frosty| — 614. 4 PH lear —767—1 |—1 | — |Frosty Th. 3o rag 3 P$ | == azy —.£676| 10 | ro | — [Rain —.609} 10 | 10 | — Rain Cent.| 79-878 3-25| 3.19| 0.06 T 7.48| 6.18|1.30 n 4.25| 4.220.03 Fah. 7.85 37:74| 9-11 45-40 43-12/2. 34 65 39+59,0-05 [ 211 ] NOVEMBER. Temperature. Wind. Rain. Remarks. Days. Max. | Min. Sur. Rad. | Direction. | Force. In. Pts. EL 3.5| 13.5| 2.5| SW | Strong "s The mean temperature was 3° below the average. The £z| io jr H qv W Ditto :95 | nights were very frequently frosty; the lowest temperature oc- 3 9.47 I$ | 4.5} —— | Little nir ee on the night of the 8th, when the thermometer indicated 4| 10 |—2.5| 13 5| —4.7| NW | Ditto o? below cedant Ao 1st and 2nd were boisterous with 5 9.5| —2.5| 16.5| —5 —— | Ditto Min The of rain was below the average. 6 9 [t 15.5| —8 N Ditto whole the md mrs was favourable for the operations of the 7 do p 14 S Ditto garden. 8 0.5] —5.5| 2 |—7.5 N Ditto 9 ioe | ee nw eee ‘°3 | Mean Pressure from the 3 daily observations 29. 861 inches. Fahr. fo} 11-5) Z | fts| 4.5 SW | Ditto emperature. oss- iors Ditto...... 4^99 or 40.98 IBS 4 16 x NW | Strong acum Dew Pomi.. secon Ditto. si 49.53. — 40.15 = 724 *90.6]- 135) ete oe rper —— Degree of Dryness...... Ditto. iiss 09.46 — 0,83 13 9 5 13:5 5 one m SOT baie Degree of Moisture. .... Ditto. sows -965 du Ses AUS OSE, NE |B AE c Force of Vapour....... Ditto. ..... .281 inch i2 T optuorp eb) 9 Lud Least observed degree of Moisture. ....... -766 Dp iem 404799 Bie he = T Maximum Temperature in the Shade «14.00 Or. $54D i yt 19-9 re 5 : fies Minimum Temperature in ditto. .. 2. de .—5°.50 — 22,10 : IO : 2:51. M : S B E ‘OF | Maximum Temperature in the Sun..... . 169.50 — 61.70 3 t Rol B s NW: gos 2? | Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation... .....—9?.50 — 14.90 j| x 2 w Ra. oui zia ‘OT | Mean Temperature of External Air....... 4°.57 — 40.22 21 II 2 14.5) —1.5| —— | Strong 04 12]. iz . 10-5). 42.7) o. SW |) disk „Oi a3 | I$ 4— C4 HAS 4 Ww Ditto 13 WiNps. ai Gi l tı |—2.5| NE | Little North........4 days | N. East......4 days 25 6 | —45| I.5] —9 c MM South nS DS Ret OP hs 29 8.5| O.5| 12 | —2 SW | Brisk “25 Est. uos o. N. West..... gias 27 8.5| 3.5| 11 Dg. Ww Little Wet. eves 9 S. West.i... 6. 28 6.5| —1 10.5| —4 NW Ditto T T ERUNT 29 | 7.7| —45| 10.5) —9 A ii 5 30 days 30 II 4 HI 1.5 itto .0 pU TRU 12 dud Cent; 8.83| 0.31] 12.21 .—2.20 1.32 Eah.| 47.89| 0.55| 53.97) 28.04 [-2 Uu 12 ] DECEMBER. Morning. Noon. | Night. 1837. H Barom Hygrometer. Weather. Barom. Hygrometer. Weather. | Barom. Hygrometer. | Weather, F. | 1129.867) 4 4 ‘Clear 29.983) 8 7 I |Very Fine 30'131| O o Frosty S. | 2/30.279,—1.5|—1.5| — |Frosty&Foggy|| 30.301; 3 3 | — |Foggy —.329 0 o | — Dense Fog S. | 3|—442| 2.5| 2-5] — Foggy —446, 5 | 5 | Ditto —424 1.5) 1.5) — Ditto D M. | 4—.534.—2.5|—2.5| — Dense Fog —510—2 —2 | — Dese Fog 464-2 ee | ee T. | 5|—.404] 2.5) 2.5) — Foggy —.341| 2.5) 2.5, — |Foggy ` —.228) 3 3 | — ‘Overcast W. | 6 —.167| 2 o 2 Overcast —.o89 2 2 — Cloudy & Cold 29.946, © o — Snowing Th. | 7129.835) 0.5] 0.5, — |Sleet 29.806} 1.5) 1.5| — |Drizzly, Foggy 749, 1.5| 1.5| — Hazy F. | 8|1—.690| o o | — |Foggy —56|..3 3 | — |Showery 662| 1 t | = Die S. | g|—.710, I I | — |Ditto — 64 2 2 | — |Hazy —.838| 2.5) 2.5| — Showery S. |10| 30.053; 1.5| 1.5| — Hazy 30.048) 4 3 |1 |Very Fine 30.102] 3 3 | — Fine M. |11| —.151| 2 I 1 |Fine —.130| 3 o |3 \Overcast Anag 2 2 |== Ditto © T. 12|,——079| o0 —1 I |Ditto 29.957, 2 o | 2 Clear 29.954 2 2 | — Slight Rain W.|13,—.088| o o | — |Ditto 30-103| 5.5| 4 | 1.5/Fine 0.191| 2.5| 2.5| — Fine Th. 14|—.284—2 —2 | — Frosty —.289| $ 3 2 |Very Fine IG 4 4 | — Ditto F.|11;,—.180| 1 1 | — |Fine —.10| 4 3 |1 Fine ec Ts: 4 | — Ditto S. |16/29.906| o o | — |Ditto 29.838| 7 6 |1 Dii 29.789| 7 7 | —:Rain 8.|12|—.821| 7.5| 7.5| — |Rain —.674| 9 9 | — [Rain —.610| 7.5| 7.5| — Ditto M. |18|! —.373| 10 10 | — |Ditto —.398| 11 II — deest he Ms —.571| 10.5| I0.5| — Boisterous T. |19|—.955| 5.5| 4.5| 1 |Very Clear — 961 10.5 9 1.5 |Overc —.697| 11.5| 11.5| — |Rain € W. |20'—.603) 11.5| 11.5| — Rain —.350| 12.5 12.5| — Boletos, Rats 2—273|- 6 6 | — Boisterous Th: |21—.959) 5 4 |1 |Clo 30.119| 7.5| 3 | 4.5|Very Fine 30.232| 4.5| 4.5| — |Fine F.|22/30.124| 6 6 | — |Overcast —.026, 8.5 8.5| — |Drizzl 9.862| 10 | 10 | — |Ditto S. 23/29.855| 8.5) 8.5| — |Fine 29.957| 10 9 |1 |Light Haze | —.946| 6.5| 6.5] — Overcast S.|24/30.019| 7 7 | — Hazy |—.766] 11. | 11. | — |Haz —.784) 9.5| 9.5| — Fine M.|25/29.798| 11 | 1! | — mds Fine| —813| 12 | 11 | 1 |Very Fine —.963 6 6 | — Ditto T. |26| —:952| 8.5) 8.5| — |Drizzly —.903| 10 | 10 | — NO —761| 7.5| 7.5| — t @ W.27.—.803| 6.5| 6.5| — |Foggy —.819| 9 9 | — |Dit —.823| 8.5| 8.5| — Ditt Th. |28 —.794| 8.5| 8.5| — |Overcast —.904| 10 9 r1 Cloudy & Fine —.863 9 ĝ |= Overcast &Do. F.|29|—.852| 7 7 | — |Fine .846| 10 8 | 2 |Very Fine .846| 7 7 |— Fine S.|30|\—.965| 9 8 |r |Very Fine —.951| 11 | 11 | — [Ditto —.903| 9 9 — Ditto $./31,30.014| 5 5 | — |Fine —.985| 9.5 8 | r.5|Fine —.98o| 6.5| 6.5| — Bea wem Cent. SS 3-57| 3-35|0.22 29.961 6.68 5.880.80 29.946 $.21]-6«2 m F 38 42 38 030.39 44.0242. 58 1.44 41. AES 3/ e7 ét -A [318 ] DECEMBER. Temperature. Wind Rain. ' | Remarks. Days. | Max. | Min. | Sun. Rad. | Direction. | Force In. Pts. uet | at I | I0 | —3 15.5| —6 W | Little The mean temperature of this month was higher than that of 2| 4.7| —2.5| 7.5| —6 SW | Ditto the preceding. Some frosts were experienced in the first fort- 3| 4 |—^5| 4-5) —9 E |Ditto night; butthe remainder was exceedingly mild for the season. 45 3 |-— 3 | —6 S | Ditto On the 25th, the warmest nt onth, the thermometer 5 45.5 3 -* | NE Ditto was at nearly 55? in the shade. After the zoth there was either 6 2.5| —1 3:5] sug Mac | Brisk 98 | frost nor rain. e temperature at nigh averaged 24° above 7 2 | —I 75 —2 — | Little -15 | that of the nights of April, and were only about as many below 8 5 |= 7:5| —2.5 S Ditto ‘OI | that of May, in the present season. The winter crops were, at 9 ge o 10.5, —1.5 NE ~ tto 0I | the conclusion of the year, in a very high state of vegetation. 10 5 1.5) 10.5) I tto “a ie i E. ^ Bee w Rae a ceri Hau e the 3 daily Mere 29. 264 inches .Fahr. | *«""726097229*9 1ZILVLM à 9 9 9 9 9 13 | o x H | E pie! eis Dew Point... (iecore Ditto:«..s. 2*8; 40.66 14 > d em Ditto Degree of Dryness.. .... Ditto... Og o.61 2 5 E. i brea a I TH iz Degree of Moisture ..... Ditto: oo .972 I a 8 | : : 4 Brisk : Force of Vapour........ Diti.. .287 inch. s t pid 559 SW SA cd Least observed degree of Moisture ........ 751 x de d lee 3 iting "2g | Maximum Temperature in the Shade,..... 12.50 54-50 7 FE 7 | 13 5:5 Stiga cd Minimum Temperature in ditto,......... —4.50 23-90 Gh id T v T NE lite : Maximum Temperature in the Sun........ 15.50 59-90 E po 3 f T) SW | Ditto Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation... ..... — 9.00 15.80 — s dd ie md Di Mean Temperature of External Air...... < p.21 41.38 Kj] 16 5.7) 11.5) 4.55 — nd Eg li 9 i5 9 itto 25 | 12.5| 2.7) 14 I —— | HUNE North o eg N RA ounie are 26 Usi 5 TO EH. S Little South «cvv v«8 v] 8. Bast 2 27| 9.5; 6.5 10 | 6 | SE | Ditto Entun esat c CEN. Wil o t 28 | 10 6.3) 15.5) 45 S Ditto West. n goo {S Wel. ceson n i9 16.5) -.7 * 13:6|-- 4.4 S a sd RS Os Ha i J w eR Sega y: His}. 8 t 1 d 31 | 10 4 | n E «| HE Amount of Rain ..... dpt c cn 1.35 inch. Cent} 8.12| 2.30| 9.80| 0.32 1.35 Fah. | 46.61| 36.14 49.64. 32.58 VOL. II. 2ND SERIES. 2F [ 914 ] Monthly Mean Pressure, Temperature, and Dew Point, &c. of 1837; deduced from the Observations recorded in the preceding Journal. Pressure. | ‘Temperature. 1 1837- | ru In Sun's Terrestrial ipg Mean at Mean of] In the Shade. Mean at s Rays. Radiation "e : Range of E uM ERN hei -5 ofSun css emi em Mec em Ms eo. | Night. Dons. | Max. | Min. | Med. | Morn. | Noon. | Night. |Observ| Max. | Min. | Max.| Min. Rad? Jan. . 50.585 29. 344/29-962| 1. 241 29-973 29-935 29-961 29.956 10.50-11.00 3.66, 2-49| 4-90 3-05| 3-4511.00| 1.5| 7.0.—13.7 | 3.87 Feb. ./30.487/29.162/29.969| 1.325 Bp pals 08735 918 cy RESI 5.11| 3-76] 7.64) 3-51| 4-97| 14-5) 4.5) 7.5,— 8.0 | 4.26 March 30. 431/29. 30129.979| 1.130 29 99012) 981129 960/29 979) 9-79|—7.09| 3.30, 2-11] 5.77| 1-48) 3.12 16.5| 1.0| 2.0—12.2 | 3.65) April 30.376 29.424,29.821 0.952 |29.821/29 808 29.803 29.811 17.59 —5 -00 5-53} 5.28| 8.45| 3.18 5$.64| 21.5| 9.0, 8.0.—10.0 6.20 May . 30.361 29.636 29.957 0.725 29-97129 957/29-94429 957| 23-50 —1.c0 9-79|.9-2214-58| 0.7410-35| 38-5) 13 | 9-5 — PERE June. 30+ 36129 564:30.008 0.797 |30-021 30 E 995 30 sop pum 2.0015.60 16.4321.48113.23/17.04| 38.0| 20 Rumes 1.5 |17.84 July . 30-332 29.293 29-908) 1-039 29-994/29 963/29 949 29 969,29.50 $:00 i 17.6923.0115.54/18.74| 40.0| 21 15-5/— 0:500 Aug. 30.460 29.388 30.002 1.072 30.018 30.005 29.985 30 002|30.50| 4.00 16.96/16.5621.5815.63/17.92| 45.5] 22 [17.5 1.5 |19.67 Sept. ee ro. B; 1.242 lo; do 30.992125 89529 894 22.50 1.70 13. 1613.43 17.76/11.70|14.29| 33.0| 20 "ds 1.5 16.47 Oct. . 30-713 29.287 30.121 1.426 igh satyo Stade E iudi oosa 70.10.00 9-1114.61| 9.24/10.98| 32.0| IO.5 II o— 5.5 |1254 Nov. . 30.477 28. 801129. 861 1.676 29.878,29. 851|29. 856.29. 861 rymo 6 iol 4*57| 3*25| 7-48| 4-25| 4-99, 16.5 ER S 9:5] $:99 Dec. . 30.534 29.273 29.966 1.261 29-985 29.961 29.946 29.964 12 so —4.o 5-21} 3.57| 6.68| 5.21, 5.15| 15-5| 3:0 9.0 — 9.o | 5.06 Aver. 30.452 29.295 29.958 1.157 29.972 29-954 29.946 29.957 19-35 —1.58 9. 18| 8.61|12.82| 7.73 9.72 26.29 10.620.49— 6.24] 10 53 : Hygrometer indicating Dew Point. | Scale of the Winds. Rain. 1857. | e pT 3 c | Mean Dew Point at Mean Mean Mean ean ast | . | Months. M : Point, Vapeur, Dos d Ma ici M ai | N N. E E S.E S. | S.W W. 1 orn. | Noon. | Night. P ryness. isture. oisture. | . . i. . .E. ` Jam | 2:38 | 4:00 1 3.65 | 4-356 |. .264 0.09 | 995 944 | 4.4 3 1 7 8 5 Feb..] 3.67 | 5:734 »51-| 4.36 | -.277 0.67 | 955 578 | si i 1 8 8. | 4 March 1.24 | 1.13 | 1.24 | 1.20 | .233 1.92 | 896 393 | £113 I 1 5 E Aprili 3.52 | 2424 | 2-43 | 2:73 | .255 2.91 836 289 | El 9. 2 o 6 3 + May | 8.30 | 7-52 | 6.08 | 7.30 | .341 3.05 833 p Eyi’ 2 1 5 5 3 | June.|14.08 (14.45 |12.55 13.69 502 T. 2r 827 300 "I 5 2 6 2 2 July.|15.65 15.33 [14-87 15.28 | .551 | 3.46 | 849 273 um 5 žiti 2 Aug. |15.64 |17.45 [15.42 |16.17 | .578 To: gol 488 ii? 3 2 7 7 E | Sept. [12.78 (14.06 [11.56 |12.80 | .476 1.49 915 576 3| * 6 3 6 5 : | Oct. | 9.11 |11.89 | 9.15 |10.05 | .401 0.93 945 655 2] 3 I o 6| 12 8 Nov, | 3.19 | 6.18 | 4.22 | 4.53 281 0.46 965 766 4l 4 o o 2 6 9 4 Dec...) js [°§:88 | 5.2% | 4.81 | 38; | 9.4 | ga 751 ri 5 I es | 4 Aver.| 7.74 | 8.87 | 7.44 | 8.02 | .370 1.70 907 528 ae | gg 130| 9 |] 6 pr | 215 ] The preceding Table, as regards Temperature, and the Dew Point, is in terms of the Centigrade Thermometer ; the following is a reduction of the same to Fahrenheit's scale. Temperature. Hygrometer indicating Dew Point. A In the Shade Mean at In Sun’s Rays, | Terrestrial Mean Dew Point at | seas no d Mean | Mean Months. Max Min. | Med. |Morn. Noon. | Night. i. Max. Min. | Max. Min. pei Morn.) Noon. | Night. | Pom. ctos Jan. .| 50.9 | 12.2 | 38.50/36.3 |40-8 37.5 | 38.2 | 51.8 | 34-7 | 44.6 | 7.3 | 38.96136.2 | 40.3 | 37.5 | 38.0 | 0.17 Feb..| 55.4 | 26.6 | 41.20,38.7 |45.7 138.3 | 40.9 | 58.1 | 40.1 | 45.5 | 17.6 | 39.68/38.5 | 42.3 | 38.3 | 39.7 | 1.20 Marchi 49.4 | 19.4 | 37-9435-8 142:3 34-6 | 37-6 | 61.7 | 33.8 | 35.6 | 10.0 | 38.58/34.2 | 34.0 | 34-2 | 34-1 | 3-45 April| 63.5 | 23.0 | 41.9541.5 147-2 137-7. | 42-1 | 70-4 | 48.2 | 46.4 | 14.0 | 43.16/38.3 | 36.0 | 36.3 | 36-9 | 5.24 May. 74.3 | 30-2 | 49-62 49.4 58.2 44.1 | 50.6 | 88.7 | 55-4 | 49.1 | 23.0 | 53-44 46.9 | 45-5 | 42.9 | 45-1 | 5-49 june.| 80.6 | 35.6 | 60.0861.5 70.6 55.8 | 62.6 100.4 | 68.0 | 55-4 | 29.3 | 64 12/573 $8.0 | $4.6 | 56.6 | 6.03 July .| 85.1 | 37.4 | 63.1663.8 73.4 [59-9 | 65.7 104.0 | 69.8 | 59.9 | 31.1 | 67.87/60.1 | 59.6 | 58.7 | 59-5 | 6.23 Aug. | 86.9 | 39.2 | 62.5361.8 70.8 60.1 | 64.2 |113.9 | 71.6 | 63.5 | 34-7 | 67.4160. 1 63:4 | 59.7 | 61.1 | 3.15 Sept. | 72.5 | 35.0 | 55.68,56.1 (63.9 |53.0 | 57-7 | 91-4 | 68.0 | 51.9 | 29.3 | 61.64/55.0 | 57-3 | 52-8 | 55-0 2.68 | Oct..| 73.4 | 27.1 | 50.0048.4. 58.3 (48.6 | 51.7 | 89.6 | 50.9 | 51.8 | 22.1 | 54.58/48*4 | 53-4 | 48.4 | 50.0 1.67. Nov .| 55.4 | 22.1 | 40.22/37-8 45.4 139.6 | 40.9 | 61.7 | 35.6 | 50-9 | 14-9 | 41.00/37+7 | 43-1 39.6 | 40.1 | 0.83 Dec..| 54.5 | 23.9 | 41.38/38-4 44-O 41.3 | 41.2 | 59-9 | 37-4 | 48.2 | 15.8 | 41. 11 38.0 | 42.5 | 41.3 | 40.6 | 0.61 Aver. | 66.83| 27.67 48.5247«49/55-0745-91| 49-49, 79.32, 51-12 50.73 20.76, 50.96/45-92 47-96 45.39 46-42 3.06 iM : [ 216 ] XXXIV. On the Propagation of Trees by Cuttings in Summer. By Tuomas Anprew Knieut, Esq. F.R.S., President. Read April 3, 1838. W nex a cutting of any deciduous tree is planted in Autumn, or Winter, or Spring, it contains within it a portion of the true, as it has been called, or vital sap of the tree of which it once formed a part. This fluid, relatively to plants, is very closely analogous to the arterial blood of animals ; and I shall therefore, to distinguish it from the watery fluid, which rises abundantly through the alburnum, call it the arterial sap of the tree. Cuttings of some species of trees very freely emit roots and leaves; whilst others usually pro- duce a few leaves only and then die; and others scarcely exhibit any signs of life : but no cutting ever possesses the power of regene- rating, and adding to itself vitally, a single particle of matter, till it has acquired mature and efficient foliage. A part of the arterial sap previously in the cutting, assumes an organic solid form; and the cutting in consequence, necessarily becomes, to some extent, exhausted. Summer cuttings possess the advantage of having mature and efficient foliage, but such foliage is easily injured or destroyed; and if it be not carefully and skilfully managed, it dies. These cuttings (such as I have usually seen employed) have some mature and efficient foliage and other foliage, which is young and growing, and consequently two distinct processes are going on at the same time within them, which operate in opposition to each other. By the mature leaves, carbon, under the influence of light, is taken up from the surrounding atmosphere, and arterial sap is generated. The On the Propagation of Trees by Cuttings in Summer. 217 young and immature leaves, on the contrary, vitiate the air in which they grow by throwing off carbon; and they expend, in adding to their own bulk, that which ought to be expended in the creation of shoots. This circumstance respecting the different operations of immature and mature leaves upon the surrounding air, presented itself to the early labourers in pneumatie chemistry. Dr. PRirsTLY noticed the discharge of oxygen gas, or dephlo- gisticated air, (as it was then called,)from mature leaves ; ScHEELE making, as he supposed, a similar experiment upon the young leaves of germinating beans, found these to vitiate airin which they grew. These results were then supposed to be widely at variance with each other; but subsequent experience has proved both philo- sophers to have been equally correct. I possess many young seedling trees of the Ulmus campestris, or suberosa, or glabra, for the widely varying characters of my seedling trees satisfy me that these three supposed species are varieties only of a single species. One of these seedling plants presented a form of growth, which induced me to wish to propagate from it. It shews a strong disposition to aspire to a very great height with a single straight stem, and with only very small lateral branches, and to be therefore calculated to afford sound timber of great length and bulk, which is peculiarly valuable, and difficult to be ob- tained, for the keels of large ships ; and the original tree is growing with very great rapidity in a poor soil and cold climate. The stem of this tree, near the ground, presented, in July, many very slender shoots about three inches long. These were then pulled off and reduced to about an inch in length, with a single mature leaf upon the upper end of each, and the cuttings were then planted so deeply in the soil, that the buds at the bases of the leaves were but just visible above the surface of the soil. ‘The cuttings were then covered with bell glasses in pots, and put upon the flue of a hothouse, and subjected to a temperature of about 80°. Water was very abundantly given; but the under surfaces of the 218 On the Propagation of Trees by Cuttings in Summer, leaves were not wetted. These were in the slightest degree faded, though they were fully exposed to the sun; and roots were emitted in about fifteen days. I subjected a few cuttings, taken from the bearing branches of a Mulberry tree, to the same mode of management, and with the same result ; and I think it extremely probable, that the different varieties of Camellia, and trees of almost every species, exclusive of the Fir tribe, might be propagated with perfect success and facility by the same means. Evergreen trees, of some species, possess the power of ripening their fruit during Winter. The common Ivy and the Loquat, are well known examples of this ; and this circumstance, combined with many others, led me to infer that the leaves of such trees possess in a second year the same, or nearly the same power, as in the first. I therefore planted, about a month ago, some cuttings of the old double blossomed white and Warratah Camellia, having reduced the wood to little more than half an inch in length, and cut it off obliquely, so as to present a long surface ofit; and I reduced it further by paring it very thin, at and near to its lower extremities. The leaves continue to look perfectly fresh; and the buds in more than one instance have produced shoots of more than an inch in length, and apparently possessing perfect health and much vigour. Water has been very abundantly given ; because I conceived that the flow of arterial sap from the leaf would be so great, comparatively with the quantity of the bark and alburnum of the cuttings, as to preclude the possibility of the rotting of these. The cuttings above described present, in the organization, a con- siderable resemblance to seedling treesat different periods, of the growth of the latter. The bud very closely resembles the plumule ; and the leaf, the cotyledon, extended into a seed leaf; and the organ, which has been, and is called, a radicle, is certainly a caudex, and not a root. It is capable of being made to extend, in some cases, to more than two hundred times its first length, between two articulations, a power which is not possessed in any degree by By Tuomas AnpREw Kxianr, Esg. 219 the roots of trees. Whether the caudex of the cuttings of Ca- mellia, above mentioned, have emitted or will, or will not, emit roots, I am not yet prepared to decide; but I entertain very confident hopes of success. [ 220 ] XXXV. Notes on the Cultivation of Chlidanthus fragrans. In a letter to the Secretary ; by The Rev. F. Berrier, F. H. S. Read September 5, 1837. H avise been very successful in flowering Chlidanthus fragrans, this spring, and that too under three different modes of treatment ; it has oecurred to me that you might like to be made acquainted with it. In December last, my friend Mr. Nugent, gave me, for the purpose of trying experiments, nine middle sized roots, which for the two preceding years had been growing in the open ground, protected only by a frame in winter. On receiving them, they were put into dry earth and placed in the hottest part of the stove and kept perfectly dry, till the latter end of the month of March, when three roots were potted, watered, and kept in the hothouse, of these two very shortly shewed their blossom buds, but only one came to perfection, and did not seed. In the end. of April the six remaining roots were planted in front of the Pine pit, and in the following month three of them flowered in the greatest perfection but did not shew any disposition to form a seed pod. In the same border, I have another bulb, which has been growing there two years, quite unprotected in winter. ‘This in the month of June surprised ine by not only throwing up a noble flowering stem, far exceeding any of the others, but also by perfecting its seed pod, and that without any artificial impregnation. As this may be a novelty, I have much pleasure in sending it to you, possibly its produce may be even hardier than the parent bulb. On the Cultivation of Chlidanthus fragrans. 221 The border in which these plants have grown is particularly calculated for the culture of tender bulbs. Brunsvigia Josephine flowered there last autumn, with a stem nearly as large as my wrist, and a head of thirty-six flowers, seeding abundantly. Ismene calathina, Vallota purpurea, and many others flower annually, Hamanthus toxicarius flourishes there, but has not blossomed. iino Hill, near Newton Abbot, Devonshire. August 1, 1837, VOL. II. 2ND SERIES. 2G [ 222 ] XXXVI. Note upon a newly introduced Half-hardy species of Salvia, called Salvia patens. By GreonaE Bentuam, Esq. Secretary. | uz richness and variety of colouring observable in the numerous species of Salvia, which adorn the mountains of South America and Mexico, have long been known to botanists, but it has happened that few of them have hitherto found their way into our gardens. The S. splendens, fulgens, Grahami, and mexicana, occupy, it is true, the place in our collections they so well deserve, and some few others of considerable beauty, such as S. leucantha, leonuroides, angustifolia, &c. are to be met with occasionally in botanical gar- dens ; but a single glance at the accompanying plate, in which it has been found scarcely possible to do full justice to the colouring of the original, will show how much superior this new importation is to its older congeners. It will, therefore, excite some surprise, that this plant, growing plentifully in the same districts from whence we have received the S. fulgens, should never till now have been transmitted to this country, and it will be readily believed that there are yet many which would amply reward the exertions of future collectors. We know for instance of a Salvia longiflora among the Peruvian mountains, with a corolla above five inches long, a S. speciosa in the same country with long dense spikes of a rich purple, a white flowered S. leucocephala, said far to exceed the beauty of S. leucantha, and in the Mexican mining districts the S. Regla, Sessei, and pubescens, with their inflated scarlet calyxes, S. phoenieea, covered with a profusion of flowers of the same colour, are stated to be fully equal to the S. fulgens in their general appearance, and even in South Brazil it is probable that HORT. TRANS. VoL. PLX. SECOND SERIES. Drake On a newly introduced Half-hardy species of Salvia. 223 S. persicifolia, or some others allied to it, may fairly enter into competition with S. splendens. Others are known to have orange or yellow flowers of different shades. Indeed out of near two hun- dred species of American Salvias, there seems reason to believe that three-fourths of them may be worthy of cultivation. We may hope, however, that in the S. patens, we have now secured one of the most desirable of the group, more especially as there seems reason to believe that it is not more tender than S. fulgens. It comes from the same mining districts of Gua- naxuato, Real del Monte, Tlalpuxahua, &c. It was there first discovered by Nr, a Spanish botanist, who gave it the name of S. grandiflora, but that name having been pre-occupied, Cava- NILLES published it from Nrr's dried specimens and coloured figure, under the name of S. patens. Huwsorpr and BONPLAND again brought dried specimens to Europe ; and Kunru, not aware of CavANILLES' figure, called it in his Nova Genera, S. spectabilis, for which he afterwards in his Synopsis substituted CaAvawiLLEs' name, since adopted by botanists. The Salvia patens is a perennial, growing to the height of two, three, or four feet, erect and hairy. The leaves are large, ovate; or deltoid, broadly hastate, or somewhat heart-shaped at the base, or the upper ones rounded, green and hairy on both sides. The flowers are disposed in long terminal racemes, usually branching into three at the base; along this raceme they are placed in opposite pairs, each one at the axilla of a small linear-lanceolate floral leaf. The flower-stalks are short, the calyx half to three- quarters of an inch long, hairy, green, and deeply divided into two lips, the upper one entire, the lower deeply two-cleft. The corolla of a rich blue, between two and three inches long, is remarkable for its broad gaping mouth; the upper lip being long, faleate, and erect, enclosing the stamens and pistil, the lower lip hanging, with two lateral oblong reflexed lobes, and the middle one very broad and emarginate. 224 Ona newly introduced Half-hardy species of Salvia. The S. patens will probably thrive best under the same treat- ment as that which succeeds with S. fulgens, and like that plant it will be found to vary much in the size, the brilliancy, and the num- ber of flowers, according to the temperature and light in which it is grown. Particular care should be taken not to weaken the plant or suffer it to become etiolated, in order that the raceme may not lengthen too much and increase the distance between the flowers. We owe this splendid addition to our gardens to the exertions of Joun Panxixsow, Esq., Her Majestys Consul at Mexico, who transmitted seeds to this country, early in the present year; and it was raised and first flowered in August last, by Mr. W. B. Pace, nurseryman, at Southampton, by whom the beautiful specimen represented in the accompanying plate was sent to the Society. It has also been raised by Messrs. Lowe, nurserymen, of Clapton, and by Mr. Pontey, nurseryman, at Plymouth. The following are the botanical characters of this species : SaALviA (Calosphace) patens (Cav. Ic. 5. p. 33. t. 454) caule her- baceo erecto piloso, foliis petiolatis ovato-deltoideis crenatis basi hastatis vel supremis rotundatis utrinque hispidis, floralibus lan- ceolato-linearibus, verticillastris bifloris remotis, calycibus campa- nulatis villosis, labio superiore brevissime tricuspidato, inferioris laciniis acuminatis, corolla ampla, fauce hiante, labio superiore erecto-faleato integro, inferiore dependente lobis lateralibus ob- longis reflexis, intermedio latissimo emarginato. [ 995 ] XXXVII. Observations upon the Effects produced on Plants by the Frost which occurred in England in the Winter of 1837-8. By Joun Linney, Ph. D. F. R. S. $c. $c. Vice Secretary. Read December 4, 1838. Tue winter of 1837-8 was in England more injurious to vegeta- tion than any which has occurred in modern times, and it must be many years before its disastrous effects can be repaired under the most favourable circumstances. We may have had winters in which the temperature was as low, and the duration of severe wea- ther longer, but on this occasion several concurrent circumstances contributed to mark the effects of the season more distinctly. At no previous time in the history of English gardening have there been so many rare exotics exposed to the naked influence of the climate; for the mildness of several previous winters, and the ge- neral increase of a desire to introduce new plants, had filled our gardens with species before unseen except in greenhouses. Not only were all the common annual vegetables cultivated in kitchen gardens entirely destroyed, in the colder parts of the country, but strawberry plants prepared for forcing were so much injured as to be incapable of producing their flowers, and the vine was in many cases killed in greenhouses, in which a fire was not lighted. Among our native trees, the yew was affected in Cambridgeshire, and much more so at Glasgow; Ruscus acu- leatus was injured in its native woods in Kent ; the ivy lost its leaves and common thyme and broom were killed near London; the furze perished wholly above ground not only all round London, but even in South Wales, Cornwall and Devonshire; Atriplex Halimus lost its branches in Cambridgeshire; many of the hardy heaths were killed 226 Observations upon the effects of Frost, to the ground ; and the common periwinkle was observed by Mr. Dirrwxrw to lose its leaves at Sketty in South Wales. Even at the latter place, where the climate is comparatively mild, Menziesia poli- folia was destroyed ; Erica vagans, with its varieties was much injured at Woburn; and the common holly was extensively affected in se- veral places in the middle and north of England; this plant how- ever offered very different powers of resisting cold, some of the varieties proving much hardier than others, and, according to the observations of Mr. M* Inrosu, those which are variegated, more so than the plain kinds. Of numerous exotic trees and shrubs from the South of Europe, New Holland, the Himalaya mountains, China, and the alpine regions of South America, many of which had been growing for years unharmed, a large proportion perished. Nearly all the rare specimens of this kind which had been collected, with so much care and cost, in the Societys Garden were des- troyed. All round London fine old evergreen oaks, and cork trees had their leaves and young shoots turned brown, laurus- tinuses, sweet bays, and the common Arbutus were generally cut off, while in most gardens not a plant remained alive above ground of all the beautiful varieties of the China rose and its kindred species. These and similar facts have induced me to investigate the ex- tent of the mischief produced throughout the country in different situations ; and by the kindness of those gentlemen to whom I applied for such evidence as came within their knowledge, I have been enabled to assemble a considerable amount of interesting in- formation. My thanks are in particular due to The Rev. FrepEericx Brapon, North Stoneham, Hampshire. Mr. Witu1Am Bearrise Booru, Gardener to Sir CHARLES LEMON Bart. M. P., Carclew, near Penryn, Cornwall. Puitip Davies Cooxz, Esq., Owston, near Doncaster, Yorkshire. Lewis Weston Dirrwrw, Esq., Sketty, near Swansea. Mr. James Forges, Gardener to His Grace the Duxr of BEDFORD, Woburn Abbey, Bedfordshire. By Professor LINDLEY. 227 Mr. Purire Frosr, Gardener to Lady GRENVILLE, Dropmore. The Rev. Professor Henstow, Cambridge. The Hon. and Rev. Wirrraw HERBERT, Spofforth, near We- therby, Yorkshire. Mr. SrgPHEN Hooxer, Nurseryman, Brenchley, Kent. Mr. GreonczE Lester, Gardener to Jonn Friemina, Esq., Stone- ham Park, Southampton. Mr. James TowxsuEsND Mackay, Trinity College, Dublin. Mr. Freperick Mackie, Nurseryman, Norwich. Mr. Cuartes M' Ixrosu, Gardener to H. M. the Kine of the BzraiawNs, Claremont. Sir CHARLES Mites Lampert Mowcx, Bart., Delsay Castle, Nor- thumberland. Sir Oswarp Mosrzy, Bart., Rolleston Hall, Burton upon Trent, Staffordshire. Lieut. Gen. Henry Moncxton, Somerford Hall, near Wolver- hampton. Mr. Srewart Murray, Curator of the Botanic Garden, Glasgow. Mr. Ninian Niven, Curator of the Glasnevin Botanic Garden, Dublin. Joun P. Parxtn, Esq., Honorary Secretary to the Royal Horticul- tural Society of Cornwall. Joun Rogers, Esq. Jun., Sevenoaks, Kent. The Hon. W. F. Srraneways, Abbotsbury, Dorchester. Joux Henry Vivian, Esq. M.P., Singleton, Swansea,Gl g Joseren Warkzm, Esq., Calderstone, near Liverpool. - WirLLriAM WELLs, Esq., Redleaf, Tonbridge, Kent. Joun WirLrAMS, Esq., Pitmaston, near Worcester. Mr. Jous Wirsow, Gardener to the Earr of Surrey, Worksop - Manor, Nottinghamshire. Mr Rogert Witson, Gardener to His Grace The Duxe of Nor- FOLK, Arundel Castle, Sussex. 228 Observations upon the effects of Frost, I have also occasionally availed myself of such published accounts as have appeared most worthy of notice. In order that the conclusions to be drawn from the facts here- after noticed should possess their proper value, it is necessary in the first place to explain the state of the weather, previously to the occurrence of the frost itself, and during its continuance. For this purpose the observations made in the garden of the Society by Mr. Tuomprson, and a few derived from other sources, will convey a sufficiently correct idea for the principal part of England. : : The month of April 1837, was perhaps the coldest and at the same time the most sunless ever remembered. It was 7° Fahr. below the mean of the same month for 10 preceding years; and the temperature of May following was 6° below the average. In the latter month, the appearance of vegetation was like what it generally presents a month earlier ; the common hawthorn, for in- stance, was not farther advanced in leaf on the first of May, in the past season, than it generally is on the first of April. The general temperature of April and May being thus low, and the nights frequently frosty throughout both months, vegetation ad- vanced but little, and only commenced under favourable circum- stances in June; plants consequently made the greater portion of their growth after Midsummer, and during the Autumn, at which season the shortness of the days, and an unusual deficiency of sun heat, were insufficient to enable them to complete the process of lignification. October was nearly 2° below the average of its temperature, and consequently did not contribute its usual share towards ma- turing the wood of the season. November was fully 3° below the mean. December was seasonable during the first fortnight ; but a most remarkable change took place after the 15th. The mean By Professor LINDLEY. 229 temperature of the last 16 days of the month was 46°; instead of the temperature which usually occurs at the winter solstice, this corresponds with that generally experienced even after the vernal equinox. ‘The rise of temperature, above that of November, was also greater than what takes place between March and April. The thermometer was seldom below 40° at night, and never at freez- ing. These circumstances all contributed to bring on excitement in the fluids of plants, as was evidently manifested in the pro- duction of young shoots by many species. On Christmas day the thermometer in the shade stood at 54+. In the beginning of January the weather was slightly rainy, and so unusually warm, that the lowest temperature observed on the 2nd of the month was 41°, and for each of the four first days the thermometer marked 48° in the day, the wind blowing from the S. and S. W. On the 5th the wind shifted to the N. W. and the temperature began to fall, but up to the 7th the thermometer did not sink below 27°. After this, winter may be said to have set in; the weather continued to increase in severity till the night between the 19th and 20th, when it arrived at its greatest intensity and the thermometer sank in the morning of the 20th to —44°, the ground being scarcely covered with snow. In quoting the temperature throughout this paper, I have only taken the observations made upon thermometers placed under or- dinary circumstances. But where the thermometer was so isolated, as to be cut off from the influence of the heat emitted by sur- rounding bodies, the temperature was in reality much lower, as will be seen by observing the column, in the following table, in which the observations upon the radiating thermometer are re- corded. The daily register of the weather during this period was as follows— VOL. II. 2ND SERIES, 2 H 230 Observations upon the effects of Frost, Temperature. Wind. Rain. E Radiating Observations. & Therm. Max. | Min. |Direction.| Force. | In. Pts. 1| 48 32 S Little .01 27 Fine; slight rain. 2| 48 41 S Brisk .02 37 Cloudy and fine. 3| 48 27 S Little 04 22 Verv & 4| 48 | 28 SW |Ditto 25 bet nos 5| 34 30 NW | Ditto 29 D f 6| 36 | 33 NE |Ditto 32 Mee Li 7| 35 27 NE | Ditto 23 } Bleak and cold. 8| 30 22 E Ditto 20 . 9| 95 29 NE |Ditto 20 ] Frosty, slight snow. 10) 26 13 NE Ditto 9 11} 27 11 N Ditto 5 12: 24 | 9 E |Ditto go po Fre 13| 25 20 NE |Ditto 16 14| 26 4 N Ditto — 3 cem with slight snow. 15| 26 15 NW | Ditto 9 osty. 16} 29 21 NE | Ditto 19 Ditto and foggy. 17, 30 20 N Ditto 18 Ditt 18| 23 19 NE | Brisk 10 Snowing. 19| 22 |— 4j N Little —12 Severe frost ee clear x á : Most intense frost; Therm. at 20| 11 7 N |Ditto 3 { do M, gi 21| 38 28 SE Ditto 22 Pd thawing. 22, 46 29 SE Ditto 25 23| 37 24 E Ditto 18 mes and cold. ` At Sevenoaks,* the following hourly and other observations, made by Mr. RoceErs, are too curious to be omitted. Friday, January 19,5 P.M. ... 12° clear. OF oela r 7 do. $c —1 becoming overcast. Bos 3s 12 overcast. caus ie: o DONE. Saturday, January 20th, 121 A. M.—2 do. 8.... —83 do. * At this place a singular phenomenon was observed by Mr. Rogers. During the extreme cold the branches of a lime-tree, which overhangs a part of his garden, drooped so as completely to lie on the ground, and those above fell proportionately ; there was neither ice nor rime on them to increase their weight, so that this phaeno- menon must have been some direct effect of cold. 'The branches recovered them- selves as the day advanced and grew warmer, and eventually they so completely re- gained their original position, that Mr. Rocers at first thought his gardener had cut away all that drooped, and impeded the path the morning before. By Professor LINDLEY. 231 The foregoing observations were made with two self-registering thermometers, one vertical and one horizontal, laid upon a board, on a bank of snow facing N. W. One of the instruments was made by Knight of Foster Lane, the other by a different person, and both had been compared and tested accurately with a thermometer made by Newman. The register of the horizontal instrument became deranged at the 64 P.M. observation, the spirit receding from the register, which was lodged against the bend of the tube. The re- maining observations were with the vertical thermometer (Six's), checked by the mercurial side of the horizontal one; but in the observation at 124 A.M. the mercury had passed the register of the vertical thermometer, so that an allowance of 1° is made on the two last observations for the immersion of the register in the mercury. In the interval between the last two observations, the mercury had descended so as to pass the upper end of the register, indi- eating the point it had reached by a globule, which had become detached, and which remained lodged in the bent part of the tube beyond the register, shewing a temperature of at least 5° below zero ; how much lower it was, there was no evidence to prove. At Langley Farm, near Beckenham, in Kent, the residence of LaNcELoT Horraxp, Esq., it was observed, that on the night of the 19-20th of January a thermometer facing the west, six inches above the ground and 20 yards from the house, and from any body which could radiate heat, fell to 132° below zero. It stood at that point when Mr. Hortan examined it a little after seven in the morning. It fell to zero soon after sunset; at 11 P.M. on the19th it was 3° below that point. In the morning of the 20th, Mr. HoLLAND examined two other thermometers attached to the house: the one facing the north was 7°, and that to the west 6° below zero. At Redleaf, near Tonbridge, Mr. WELLs reports, the cold to have been only 1? on the morning of the 20th, and the ground covered 8 inches deep with snow. At Cambridge, according to Professor Hrwsrow, the thermo- 232 Observations upon the effects of Frost, meter was observed in the Botanic Garden at 3* above zero on the 20th at 11 P. M. ; and it was, therefore, in all probability, in the morning as low as near London. Among other facts it was noticed, that Vinca major and Euphorbia amygdaloides among our native plants were much injured. Even the young shoots of all the trees in the plantations near Cambridge suffered more or less, and what seemed very remarkable, of none more so than the beech. : In the garden of the Rev. Frepericx Breapon, at North Stone- ham, in Hampshire, the thermometer fell on the morning of the 20th to zero. At Claremont, the English seat of H. M. the Kine of the BEL- GIANS, Mr. M'Ixrosn states, that against a white wall, 4 feet from the ground, over a gravel walk, and exposed without shelter to the east, the thermometer indicated 12? below zero, and that at Walton, 3 miles from Claremont, it was said to be as low as—14°. 'The ground was not covered, at the most, with more than 6 inches of snow, and in many places was scarcely coloured. At this place it was ascertained, that on an open part of the lawn, about 50 feet above the general level of the park, the ground was frozen to the depth of 28 inches. . In the Glasgow Botanic Garden, Mr. S. Murray states, that the lowest range of the thermometer during January and February was 1° below zero, but 5 miles distant from Glasgow it was 31° below zero. He however adds, that about 8 inches of snow were by a partial thaw half dissolved, and afterwards frozen so firm, that the Green of Glasgow was used as skating ground, and during this period the branches of plants were like ropes of ice— the varieties of Rhododendron arboreum suffered severely at that time. 7 At Worksop Manor, in Nottinghamshire, the seat of the Earl of Surrey, the thermometer was seen at 3° above zero, on the morning of the 20th of January ; the snow at the time lying, on an average, 6 inches deep, and covering a great part of the foliage By Professor LINDLEY. 233 of the evergreens. -In the neighbourhood of Worksop the cold was still more severe; the thermometer having stood at Osberton, the residence of G. S. ForzAMBE, Esq., at 2° below zero. But although the frost, making all allowance for errors in instru- ments, was thus severe in some places, it appears, as might be expected, that it was far less intense in the western and southern parts of the island. At Brenchley, near Lamberhurst, in Kent, whence some returns have been furnished by Mr. Hookzn, the amount of frost was not ascertained, but he states that he examined his thermo- meter nightly after 11 P. M., and never found it below 14^ above zero. Mr. Hooxer’s nursery is situated on a gentle slope to the north, with a slight valley running through the middle of it from south-west to north-east. On. each side of this. valley the land rises gradually, and is always inclined to be rather damp for some distance up the rising ground ; in some few parts the damp extends to the highest opposite grounds. In these places the frost was most destructive. At Arundel Castle, in Sussex, the residence of the Duke of Nonrorx, the thermometer fell to 9°, according to Mr. RosEnT Wirsos, but it stood for several weeks between 12° and 20°. The snow, which fell occasionally, never exceeded the depth of from 3 to 4 inches, and did not remain on the ground longer than a week or ten days. Near Worthing the temperature on the morn- ing of the 20th was as low as 2? above zero. At Carclew, in Cornwall, the seat of Sir CHARLES Lemon, Bart., no register of the weather was preserved, but Mr. Boorn states, that as far as he recollects, the thermometer against a north wall in the garden did not fall lower than 12? above zero. "The depth of frost in the ground did not exceed seven inches. "The weather, previously to the great frost, was unusually dry. 234 Observations upon the effects of Frost, I have no certain return from Binstead, in the Isle of Wight, but Mr. FrEMiNG's gardener states, from observations made in the garden of the Rev. Avcvsrus Hewirr, that the greatest frost occurred on the morning of January 15, when the thermometer fell to 15°; and this agrees with a communication with which I have been favoured by Dr. BnowrrErp of Ryde, whose thermo- meter fell to 18° onthe evening of the 15th of January, and never sunk lower, nor could he ascertain that it fell below 15° anywhere in that town. It is deserving of notice, that on this day the lowest temperature near London was 21°. At Pitmaston, near Worcester, Mr. WirriaAws states, that in his garden on a gravelly soil, about 40 feet above the Severn at low water mark, and a mile distant from that river, ^ the thermometer was down at 12° on the morning of the 15th, and at 13° on the morning of the 20th ; those were the two coldest nights experi- enced. The instrument was fully exposed to the air on the east side of some paling, some few leaves of a laurel intercepting the radiation from the bulb of the thermometer to the heavens; had it been placed on the surface of the ground, and that surface had a covering of snow on it, and had the bulb of the instrument been so placed as to have radiated its caloric into space, it would doubtless have sunk many degrees lower; however that would not have been the temperature of the air at 5 feet above the surface, but the temperature of the leaves or parts of the plant exposed to the sky." Sketty Hall, the seat of L. W. Drirrww, Esq., is situated about three miles west of Swansea, half a mile from the sea, and only 80 or 90 feet above its level. At this place, it is believed, that the thermometer never sank below 15^; but ata gentleman's house about 8 miles from Sketty it fell to 1°. Penllergare, the residence of Dintwyn LLEwELYN Esq., and Penrice Castle, that of C. R.M. TArsor, Esq. M. P., are both occasionally referred to by Mr. DILL- By Professor LINDLEY. 235 wYN; the former is much higher than Sketty, more exposed, and four miles further inland, the latter is in nearly the same situation as Sketty. From Singleton, near Swansea, Mr. Vivian states, that the lowest degree of cold experienced in that neighbourhood was on the morning of the 20th, when Fahrenheit's thermometer stood at 15° soon after day break. The depth of snow at no time exceeded 2 inches, and during the severest weather there was no snow on the ground. Near Liverpool, the frost was much less intense than around London; Mr. Wa ker states, that, in the neighbourhood of that town, gardens suffered far less than in places to the Kast and South, especially in Yorkshire, Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire. Calderstone, Mr. Warkxrn' residence, is from 100 to 150 feet above the sea; the register thermometer did not fall below 9° on the morning of the 20th, nor could he learn that it had been lower in his vicinity. The greatest depth to which the frost pene- trated. the soil was found to have been from 12 to 18 inches, accordingly as the ground was covered with grass or otherwise. Very few of his extensive collection of evergreen trees and shrubs were entirely destroyed. It was here, and elsewhere, remarked that the double Ulex europzeus was more hardy than the wild species, and that Ulex strictus, the Irish furze, suffered more than either. In Ireland, as is usual, the winter was much less severe; — Mr. Mackay reports the lowest temperature in Trinity College Garden, Dublin, to have been only 20. Mr. Roserrson, in the Gardener's Magazine, speaks of the cold of Kilkenny as having also been 20*, at the distance of 40 miles from the sea, and at the computed elevation of 500 feet. In the Glasnevin Botanie Garden, the thermometer is stated by Mr. Niven not to have fallen below 15° above zero. In this station 256 Observations upon the effects of Frost, the dwarf fan-palm, (Chamzrops humilis) has stood for two winters almost without injury. It is however remarkable, that in some of the North Eastern parts of England, the cold should have been much less than about London, and in several parts of the South Coast. A ding to the observations ofthe Hon. and Rev. W. HERBERT, at Spofforth near Wetherby in Yorkshire, the thermometer never fell below 13° with him, or below 10° in that neighbourhood. But the cold. seems in this place to have compensated by its duration for its want of intensity. When the temperature relaxed with rain in February, although the snow melted nearly away, the rain froze for about 48 hours as it fell, and covered the whole face of the country with a sheet of 1ce, which was not long after buried under a fresh 'eoat of five inches of snow, and it wasa considerable time after the frost broke up finally, before the under coat of ice was com- pletely thawed. Indeed Mr. Hxnnznr is of opinion, that the great injury to the shrubs was not occasioned by the severest night ; for, when the weather relaxed for a few days, the leaves of the white Rhododendron arboreum were not killed, nor the wood of R. Ack- landi; but after the snow had returned, the glass fell one night to 16°, and the great mischief was everywhere apparent the next day. * [f there had not been an intermediate remission of the frost, the plants would perhaps not have suffered so much." At Owston, near Doncaster, several valuable facts were noted down by Puitip Davies Cooxe, Esq., from plants growing in loam on a substratum of magnesian limestone; this place is situated in a low, not wet position, in latitude 534°. Here the thermometer is reported not to have fallen below 6° above zero. Among other facts, of which use has been made elsewhere, Mr. Cookr remarks, that he found those plants suffering least, which were most sheltered from the morning sun. In a clayey loam, two By Professor LINDLEY. 237 feet in depth, on a limestone substratum, several laurustinuses, thus sheltered, and in a situation not affected by damp, did not suffer at all; and other specimens against walls, on which the sun never shines, were equally uninjured. At Belsay Castle,in Northumberland, in the neighbourhood of which the thermometer was not remarked lower than 10* above zero, the ground was covered with snow to the depth of from 1 to 2 feet, during at least eight weeks ; and consequently but little damage comparatively was experienced. For this reason the results observed in this garden are at variance with those obtained else- where, and the effects of the frost were much less severe than would have been expected from the northerly station of Belsay. Cauli- flowers covered by handglasses were unharmed. A standard plant of Spartium zetnense had only the points of its shoots scorched by the frost, but it was not in its usual health in the following summer. Camellias with a slight covering of haulm, although weakened, were saved, but Myrtles were killed to the ground. Among the plants, which sustained little or no injury, were Abies Deodara, Pzonia Moutan, and the following Magnolias, viz. tripetala, auri- culata, glauca, and Thompsoniana, as standards, and M. conspicua, against a wall. In a nursery ground, 500 feet above the sea, a cypress, about 20 years old, was scorched, but younger plants were mostly killed ; Araucaria Dombeyi, and a scarlet Arbutus were not hurt, and Cunninghamia sinensis was only injured in the upper branches. From these places, and the other sources already named, a large number of valuable returns of plants killed, and left alive, has been obtained ; and, in order to ensure all possible accuracy, they have been referred back to their several authors, for such corrections and additions as it might appear desirable to make. The result will I hope be foünd of great interest. It is only by repeated observations of this kind that we can YOL. II. 2ND SERIES. 2] 238 Observations upon the effects of Frost, hope for certain success in the important object of introducing exotic species hardy enough to bear our climate; consequently to multiply and systematize such observations is one of the most useful employments in which the horticulturist can engage. It is far more likely to lead to results of importance than attempts to acclimatize plants ; an object which has already occupied so much time to so little purpose, that I doubt whether any one case of ac- tual acclimatization can be adduced ; that is to say, any one case of a species naturally tender having been made hardy, or even hardier than it was originally. Not to mention other cases in point, Cerasus Laurocerasus is as tender as it was in PARKINSON'S time, and yet it has been raised from seeds through many genera- tions; the potatoe retains its original impatience of frost, and so does the kidney bean, which last might at least have been ex- pected to become hardier, if reiterated raising from seed in cold climates could bring about that result. The many beautiful and valuable half-hardy hybrids, lately provided for our gardens, are no exception to this statement, for they are not instances of a tender species being hardened, but of new and hardy creations obtained by the art of man from parents, of which one is hardy and the other delicate. Acclimatization, in the strict sense of the word, seems to be a chimera. What gives such evidence, as is now about to be adduced, its great value, is the well known fact, that no botanist can ever tell with precision whether a plant will support a climate to which it is unaccustomed. No one has as yet succeeded in pointing out any decided connection between the structure of plants and their powers of enduring cold, and consequently we cannot judge a priori what amount of cold a given plant will bear. If this could be effected, one of the most important of all steps would have been taken in the progress of horticulture, and we should be spared the loss and disappointment which now attend all extensive attempts at naturalizing exotic species. It is undoubtedly true, that particular By Professor LINDLEY. 239 natural orders of plants affect particular and well marked climates ; as palms, the plains of the tropics ; Cactacez, the temperate and dry regions of America; and epiphytal Orchidacee, the hot and damp regions of all countries near the equator. But even these cases are not free from striking exceptions; we have the fan palm (Chamerops humilis) growing as far north as Rome, and the wax palm (Cerozylon andicola), flourishing on the mountain Quindiu, at the height of nearly 9,000 feet above the sea, in bleak places where the temperature falls to 44°. Of Cactacez, a species of Opuntia, with no other protection than a hand-glass, or occasionally in the most severe weather a mat thrown over it, was able to sustain the late winter at Owston, near Doncaster, where it must have endured a temperature of 9° Fahrenheit ; Opuntia ferox stood unprotected at Glasgow and Dropmore; and according to Nurratt, Melo- cactus viviparus and another are found in the elevated moun- tainous regions of the Missouri, where they are exposed to “ intense frost." Finally, epiphytal Orchidaceze have been found at the ele- vation of 14,000 feet on the Peruvian Andes, where the cold is very considerable, in the case of Oncidium nubigenum ; Dendro- bium denudans inhabits regions in the north of India, where it grows upon oaks and is occasionally exposed to frost, according to Dr. Rovrr; and Mr. Hartwee met with a species of Leelia (?) in the mountains of Leon in Mexico, on branches of oak trees, at an ele- vation of 8,000 feet above the sea, where it sometimes freezes. Under these circumstances, speculation as to the laws which govern such conflicting results, is in the present state of our know- ledge premature, and the only useful information which can be given consists of naked facts. These facts are, however, of the utmost practical consequence, because they enable us to judge whether it is probable, that a given species, which has been the subject of actual experiment in one climate will succeed in another or not. For this reason it has been thought advisable to go into the numerous minute details included in this report. 240 Observations upon the effects of Frost, The utmost which science can at present do, with reference to this subject, is to judge from probability. We know that the more ` nearly the climates of different countries approach each other, the greater the probability that the species peculiar to those countries may be advantageously interchanged. But although this is a valuable guiding fact for general purposes, it loses its value, or at least from the imperfection of our information appears to lose it, when we descend to particulars. Because the climate of many parts of the Himalaya mountains resembles that of England, it is probable that the plants of the former will grow in the latter country, and experience shows that this will really happen. But while such is the general fact we continually find exceptions to it, which nothing but actual experiment could have led us to discover. For instance the Deodar cedar appears hardy all over England, but Abies Webbiana suffers so much from cold, that it is doubtful whether it is likely to be- of national importance in the midland and northern counties, except in very favourable situations; yet they are both from the same tracts of country, and we could not have judged beforehand that their constitution would be different. In like manner, Benthamia grows on the second range of the Hima- laya mountains, along with Berberis aristata, asiatica, and others, and belongs to as hardy a family as they do. Yet Benthamia has been almost everywhere killed by the frost, except in Devonshire, Cornwall, and South Wales, and the others have as generally resisted it ; and there is no apparent or theoretical difference in the nature of these plants to account for the difference. Again, if we could judge beforehand of such things, it would be said that the climate of Van Diemen's Land, especially that of the southern face of the island, would yield plants suitable to Devonshire ; and such appears to be the fact with such species as Acacia stricta and diffusa, Correa alba, Callistemon lanceolatus, Grevillea rosmarinifolia, and some others; but on the other hand, Aster argophyllus, Poma- derris elliptica and Veronica decussata, which is quite a mountain By Professor LINDLEY. 241 plant, were killed. No one could have suspected that this would happen ; it was necessary to ascertain the fact experimentally. There is no doubt, that if this kind of investigation were prose- cuted with sufficient care, and fora series of years, many plants not now reputed to be hardy would be added to our outdoor gardens. It will be seen that Hamelia patens, a West Indian plant, lived for several years at Claremont ; Peganum Harmala, a native of the hot plains of Syria, survived over last winter at Cambridge, and it will be one of the objects of another part of this paper to point out many similar cases. It is not, however, in a casual report of this descrip- tion that so extensive a subject can be properly treated, all that is now proposed, is to call attention to certain facts which appear to be important. In order to save space, and moreover for the sake of contrasting the effects of different degrees of cold upon particular species, a part of the observations has been thrown into the following tabular form ; the remainder will be given geographically. In the table, the stations at which the observations were made are arranged ac- cording to the amount of cold actually experienced, as nearly as I have been able to ascertain it; but as I entertain no doubt that the temperature was really lower in some cases than that actually observed, the proximity of the columns of observations is not exactly determined by the amount of cold recorded by the several ob- servers. For the sake of convenience, and for the purpose of economizing space, the following signs have been employed instead of words to express the amount of injury actually sustained :— [* indicates that a plant has been entirely killed, or so nearly so that it was not worth preserving; ® that it was much injured, but not killed; o that it was uninjured, or hurt in no consi- derable degree. | 'eArpsjosgo(q ur Ainqsjoqqy O «++ OO -OO ‘00% + ‘uaprey “jog 100 qq ceoco.oooooooooo moO OD OD 'o0c + ‘Auuaeypry b che MEL e un D ae “8I + 'uojorg @ -© © *@ ees “oST F IIM JO ASI ow. 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Ne oo 6a ‘9 + ‘tosmQ|o-+++ e ecoeé © 2 e€5:5-:06--.:o-.o0.6...ec- “of F uwy | CPSCSCSe® -óo eoo: . $ 295 * 28 +++5+*9 + +S sess "e FT + "Áopqouoaq » tee eh, T “QO e 74 70008 . . . e. >» e. -@S 00.0 .2 m acd "9 + *exouidoa(q (oo. bö (oO ^*^ . * @O+**O© -@@eoscoceco: O >- oe + ‘ospuqurey || - -@ + 6 +O @ -.... 6 * eo€6o0€6--.-:-.-.-.......0-* "0 eyang PON | @ + +--+ -©@© òS E + + ecoceo-.-....... + eS oio st — Jee |e@- ++ > -@e eo... + ^ *6€-:--é . ec EY L^ oT— {mosse "a X 1.. o0 ÒO». . . ND. Dos s 0 6 n o n n n] A + s» >» "og — “TOTAION @-ooe n e ooo - e . O -O -O + -80O -@oÒ ÖÖ». O0 ‘įr — ‘mpeg 40gp|eecoo eee ccce -> fore and maa aa o ee anea a ara S A Observations upon the effects of Frost, 244 ‘GI — "uouam[) | @ «o - + co coo ^O. 0 Se ee ne 9 0 X 8 A tw : B. g g E Ud 8---:83-B Bd 4 77 82820,2257. ccn dui San O 8 3$ $3 5 SS HES a, Sa HARPA Ha a aaau e ps a ‘= pmi M S DAA © geeia B22 #288 © : Pr eri EL NE TH Eee E 8 Milani HE 333 3205 3 8 Hi 'R'É EEE By Professor LINDLEY. Lo ee or See E VP o E z : WIL. elg le Sl. d leila] le e alo. le ‘ Ola “15° | la ees 1o ton Igi? eS ES I [aes | sro | | a Mc T. Ey S8. .|lisi&isiE uA .8 e SIS SIEGE SHIS sHISIEISISEI is Bl fe] Sl S lasl Eloi SISSE SISLS | ES JTBBEBELCIBERBECIHEBEERHEBE — ps Q -— a "-— Oz zo zo 1 aS ali S E | m ju Rhododendron ponticum .[0/0/6/./|./[0/0].]|0 0 0/|./[60/|0/0 ; .1.19/.109 0|./00].,./0,. 0|. 050,0 — hybri .|.1[6/066/0/0|.|.|.|0|.1|.|[0/0/.]06010|0 Rosa Banksiz .[6/9,6/6/./0|.|6/|0/|.|0/060/|.|0/.].|0/|0 — indi . 6/6/6/6/8/0/6/6/6/0/./6/0/,0/0/0/0/0,. —, Bourbon : $1018. . | 1-11. SGPIPIEPESDVTOTTA —, hybrids of moschata |./|6/0/.]|. |. |. 2e (I1 P1081015 of indica <1: 10/010 e|. d .[010|.1010]. Rosmarini officinalis . @;./.|@ 6 6/6 0/6 2 0/|0|. Ruscus aculeatus .|6/|0,08 66 0/0 0 ae ate Be Sollya heterophylla. .|9|09|./|./|09/.]0 STi. 6;.|.|0|0. Stranviesia x UTEM c8 eO uds Ris Tee oe is mem multiflorum Se oe A i i sla het O10 bs junceum GT. r5. 6/6 0 . 6 .10610J. Tamarix gallica . 6/0/06 0/0 0 -10101x Ulex europæus e,0/./0/60/6/0/0 6/|0|./(0/,6/0/./|01/0]. — nanus 8/51.1.i.l. 6 E $151,151. 10 — strictus . 10010 STO ê 6|.|(060|./01/0]. Viburnum Tinus . 0/0 0/0 0/0/0/0/0/0090/0/0/0|0/0|0 . Yucca filamentosa 0/0 0/0/|0/./[./[0/|0|0]|.]|.1.|0/|[0/O]. — gloriosa 0/0 6(0/0/|0/|./09/0/|0|0/|0/|./|0/0/0]. — recurva . : 0/86 016101 G1 24.1044 0 Ulett —, other species . 0|. OE eT] a DOPO 00/0 2 N > g Q 6 oS | | |g I+) ole Lasoo | 1e8 +S (A i+! . d uud BE LIBI &ailojleliovoi-- 3295/5 QS e so uk T 9 (Lv ds iu ef) 01.10/0 CIE Oi T i 01.101. 41 0 i «10 0|.|.]0 sl. (IIb 10 « 10] : «10 DENT 0121.19 010/1010 Di. 14510 Di:1010 * 32 0T, The remainder of the numerous observations which have been put into my hands are arranged geographically; not however ex- actly according to the political distriets in which plants grow, but in regions corresponding in many important respects as to climate. I regret, however, that the incompleteness of our knowledge of the range of numerous species has compelled me to make these regions more extensive than they ought to be. for example should have been separated into, Ist the district VOL. II. 2ND SERIES. 2K Australia -o o ooee 398999090060 | Abbotsbury in Dorsetshire. aoco o 246 Observations upon the effects of Frost, represented by Port Jackson, and 2nd the southern part of the continent including Van Diemen's land ; and under south America in like manner, the plants of the plains of Chili, those of the mountains, of the opposite side of the continent, and of the south- ern extremity, should have each had its separate head. But the time has not come for such approximations to exactness ; and no one is yet in a condition to look at the refinements of a general investigation of the connection between vegetation and climate. It will moreover be endeavoured, in the remarks hereafter to be made, to guard against drawing erroneous conclusions from too great an extension of geographical boundaries. AUSTRALIA. AcaciA armata and verticillata survived the winter of 1836-7, but were now killed at Sketty : in the spring of 1857 Mr. Dintwyn turned out some other species which had been hardened in a cold frame, but they all died except A. affinis and pubescens. A. affimis also survived at Glasgow ; but though on a wall it was killed to the ground. At Norwich a plant of A. dealbata six inches in diameter at the ground was killed. In the So- cietys Garden every species perished, some having been growing for several years without suffering materially from winter cold. At Carclew A. stricta and affinis proved more hardy than any others, although both were slightly injured ; A. Sophora was killed to the ground at this place in 1830-1, but had subsequently attained the height of 15 or 16 feet ; after the frost the branches required to be shortened, but there was no appearance of the stem being cracked and injured and the plant became healthy ; A. verticillata, which had been out for several years, and was about 15 feet high, was greatly da- maged; in the course of the summer it made an effort to By Professor LINDLEY. 247 grow again, but ultimately died; A. diffusa against the front of the stove seemed unconscious of the cold ; every plant of A. lophantha died. The latter and A. nigricans were killed even at Falmouth. At Kilkenny A. longifolia, armata, lentis- cifolia, marginata, decurrens, melanoxylon, dealbata and verti- cillata were uninjured. ANTHOCERCIS viscosa was killed in the Isle of Wight. Aster argophyllus, of which there was a large shrub at Carclew, had the bark split all over it ; it was killed to the ground, but sprung up again. This species also died in the Isle of Wight ; but in the garden of Mr. Fox, at Falmouth, where it has lived seven years, and flowers freely, it was unhurt. Banxs1a littoralis had stood on a south wall in the Society's Gar- den for 2 or 3 winters, but now died. B. oblongifolia was killed in Mr. Fox's Falmouth garden ; but B. ericifolia, which had grown there as a hardy shrub for 5 years, was untouched. Beaurortia decussata was killed in Mr. Fox's mild garden, at Falmouth. BILLARDIERA longifolia, at the foot of a south wall at Glasgow, was untouched; it also appears to have borne the winter at Kil- kenny and Abbotsbury without damage. CarLrTRIs cupressiformis, at Carclew, was all killed except one plant, which was very much injured; the latter quite re- covered. Cassin1a rosmarinifolia was killed at Bicton. Correa alba, after having thriven in an open border at Sketty without any protection for six years, was killed by the winter of 1836-7, and another strong plant which was put out inthe following spring also perished this winter. At Carclew, trained to the front wall of a greenhouse, the branches which pro- jected from the wall only were killed. In the shrubbery at - this place, owing to its being more stunted, the points of the shoots were all that suffered. It was quite uninjured in the 248 Observations upon the effects of Frost. open ground at Kilkenny. C. speciosa escaped in a conser- vatory at Spofforth, where Dittwynia ericifolia was de- stroyed. The species of this genus are cultivated in Mr. Fox's garden at Falmouth as hardy shrubs. CARMICHAELIA australis, though not much injured by the winter of 1836-7, was killed to the ground at Sketty, and even, trained to a terrace wall with an eastern exposure at Carclew, it suffered severely. It also died in the Botanic Garden of Belfast. CASUARINA equisetifolia and stricta were killed on a south wall in the Society’s Garden; the latter had been there for 7 or 8 winters. CaLorHamNus quadrifida lived in Mr. Fox's garden at Falmouth. CarrisrEMON lanceolatus was only damaged in the Isle of Wight ; this species and some others, trained against an east wall where it flowers freely, was slightly injured at Carclew, where other kinds in the shrubbery were rusty ; but the branches were unhurt; in Mr. Fox's garden, at Falmouth, it has lived for 20 years as a hardy shrub; in the Society's Garden it was killed on a south wall. CarrrsTEMON speciosus appears to have lived on a south wall at Kilkenny. DonvANTHES excelsa, planted out 5 years, was killed at Bicton. DriaxELLA cerulea was killed to the ground at Carclew, but sprang again. Ditiwynta ericifolia perished in a conservatory at Spofforth. EvaENirA australis, and Evraxta myrtifolia, were both killed in Mr. Fox's garden, at Falmouth. Evcarvrrus pulverulenta was killed at Carclew, although pro- tected by a double covering of mats. E. alpina, 13 foot high, was found alive 6 inches above the surface at Norwich, having . been protected by the snow. All the species died in the So- ciety’s Garden, some of them having been fine specimens. At Kilkenny, E. pulvigera was uninjured on a naked south wall. GREVILLEA rosmarinifolia, an elegant shrub, proved perfectly hardy By Professor LINDLEY. 249 at Falmouth, and at Carclew, where it grows and flowers abundantly in the open border. G. juniperina was killed in the former place. Goopia /otifolia was killed at Sketty, though unhurt by the previous winter. Haxea acicularis and linearis lived without sustaining injury in the open ground at Kilkenny. H. macrocarpa was untouched upon a wall at Bicton. H. ceratophylla, and H. pugioniformis, both of which had been out for two years, were killed at Carclew. | Kenwnepya bimaculata, 16 or 17 years old, in the conservatory at Spofforth, was killed to the ground, but it sprung up again. K. monophylla was killed at Falmouth. Lomatta longifolia was cut down at Redleaf. LEPTOSPERMUM /anigerum, against a wall, was not materially injured at Sketty. L. ambiguum, a beautiful shrub 8 feet high, in a sheltered situation at the corner of the garden at Carclew, was uninjured. L. obovatum lived without protection at Kilkenny. Several species are said to have lived against a wall at Belfast without suffering. In Mr. Fox’s garden, at Falmouth, a Leptospermum, called ambiguum, has been grow- ing for 17 years, and is 10 feet high, flowering abundantly in the summer. MzrarEvcaA hypericifolia, incana, and decussata, which had been trained against a south wall at Carclew, had their bark split from the points of the branches to the root, and consequently were killed. A species of this genus is mentioned by Mr. Roserr- soN as having been uninjured in the open ground at Kilkenny. M. decussata, pubescens, ericifolia, and depressa, survived with Mr. Fox, at Falmouth ; but the Aypericifolia was killed even there. . PowapEnnis elliptica was killed at Bicton. Sottya heterophylla, although it had survived several previous - 250 — Observations upon the effects of Frost, winters, was killed very generally. At Carclew, in front of the stove, the old stem escaped, but the branches were de- stroyed; although much injured, it recovered during the summer. TRISTANIA laurifolia was killed under a verandah at Spofforth ; it was uninjured under a cold frame at Sketty. Veronica decussata was generally killed. At Carclew it had stood for years without injury in the shrubbery, but was killed to the ground with the exception of a few small twigs; it however lived at Falmouth. WEsTRINGIA rosmarinifolia, in the same situation as the last, was killed at Carclew. CALIFORNIA ; and Mexico. ABIES grandis, nobilis, and amabilis, all proved hardy, even in the Society's Garden. BERBERIS dealbata, a Mexican evergreen, in the open border in the Society's Garden, was killed to the ground; but it came up again vigorously. A plant against an east wall sustained little injury. Bovvanpia triphylla was generally killed, unless at Carclew, where it becomes an herbaceous plant, flowering late every season in the open border. CnaT4GUS mexicana in the Society's Garden was much damaged as a standard, but only slightly on a south wall; it was un- injured as a standard at Sketty. CgANoTHUS azureus, of which there were fine old plants on a south wall in the Society's Garden, was killed to the ground, but sprung up again. At North Stoneham it perished en- tirely. At Carclew the young shoots of a plant in the shrub- bery were killed back to the old wood ; but it recovered. By Professor LINDLEY. 251 Cerasus Capollim was killed in the Societys Garden as an open standard, but was uninjured against a south wall. DENDROMECON rigidum, a small shrub, and the only specimen in the country, was killed in the Society's Garden under a glass covering protected by mats. Puorrnta arbutifolia was killed in the Society's Garden. Rises glutinosum, malvaceum, and speciosum iu the Society's Garden, were all killed to the ground, but sprung up again as if uninjured ; at Sketty R. speciosum was damaged, but not materially. Pinus insignis was generally killed, and evidently proved to be too tender for this climate. P. L/aveana was unhurt in the So- ciety's Garden. TicnrDrA Pavonia, covered with leaves and planted in peat, was nearly killed at Spofforth for the first time. Tbe bulbs in front of the greenhouse, in garden soil, though not touching the wall, were uninjured. CHINA. AZALEA indica. Of this species there are not many returns. With Mr. Beavon the double purple stood with protection, alba, under the same circumstances, was much cut, while phaenicea and the hybrid Smithii were killed. In the Durdham Down nursery near Bristol, all the varieties were killed except a/5a, which was unhurt. At Abbotsbury, A. phaenicea was da- maged more than alba. At Redleaf, alba, which had been growing in the open ground for many years, was much in- jured. At Carclew, all the varieties seem hardy, but AZALEA indica itself less than the others; at this place they are grown in the shrubberies. At Spofforth A. md. pheenicea 252 Observations upon the effects of Frost, was destroyed under a verandah. A. sinensis was killed at Dropmore after living out for many years. AMYGDALUS pumila against a north wall escaped at Claremont, but was destroyed at Glasgow. Bianonta grandiflora, at least 30 years planted against a west wall, was killed to the ground at Claremont. This must have been one of the very first specimens of it planted out, as it was introduced only in 1800. It was not injured in the So- cietys Garden. Buetia hyacinthina has remained uninjured in the open border at Carclew for the last three years; and although exposed du- .ring the severe frost, it was not the least affected by it, the plant having produced several fine spikes of flowers in summer. Chinese CunysaANTHEMUMS, the whole collection was killed at Claremont, whether planted at the bottom of the walls, or in pots plunged in rotten tan. At Dropmore they were killed in the borders, but they survived in a south aspect under pales and walls. CAPRIFOLIUM longiflorum was saved at Spofforth in a greenhouse, where Calceolarias were killed. CUNNINGHAMIA sinensis was little injured anywhere ; at Claremont, where are the largest plants in England, stationed on a sloping rather sheltered hill side, it did not lose a leaf; but at Drop- more, a plant growing in a very exposed situation, was more damaged. CrEMATIS chinensis was killed to the ground in the Horticultural Society's Garden, but sprang up again vigorously. Cyponia sinensis was damaged in the Horticultural Society's Garden on the open lawn. Fraxinus lentiscifolia was uninjured in the Society's Garden. GLYCINE sinensis, although in most places untouched by the frost, By Professor LINDLEY. 253 had all the spurs killed back to the main branches at Redleaf, while the plant was otherwise injured. GrEnprTSCHIA chinensis was killed at Sketty, but the other species were uninjured. Hyprancea hortensis. At Sketty several plants from 20 to up- wards of 30 feet in circumference were all uninjured. At Glasgow the species was nearly killed. Irrrciuw anisatum, plunged in a pot behind a west wall, escaped at Claremont, while 70 species of Cape and New Holland plants beside it died. JUNIPERUS chinensis ; a fine specimen at Claremont, perhaps the finest in England, was not in the least hurt; nor at Belsay. KoELREUTERIA paniculata, grown as a hardy shrubbery plant, was uninjured in England ; but suffered at Glasgow. Maenotia fuscata, trained to a wall, sustained no injury at Bicton ; M. pumila died there. M. conspicua seems to have been hardy everywhere. An ORANGE tree, at Owston, of the variety called the Portogallo dolce, trained to the back wall of a peach-house, escaped, pro- tected by a few fir branches and the upper lights only, with the thermometer down to 24° several times; after the lower lights were put on without fire, the outdoor thermometer fell to 10°, when the plant was injured, but it recovered. In Cornwall species of the genus Citrus survived the winter, with little or no protection. Mr. Fox’s collection may be taken as an example of this. The citron has been trained for 10 years to a south wall, is 5 feet high, and produces * fine fruit.” The lemon, in a south-east exposure, has lived for 17 years, is 7 feet high, and produces plenty of fruit. A plant, called the “ Citrus orange," lives as a hardy shrub. The St. Michael orange has lived 23 years on a south wall, and produces an abundance of “ choice fruit" annually. - VOL. II. 2ND SERIES. 2L 254 Observations upon the effects of Frost, Finally, the Mandarin Orange has been living uninjured for three years. Pinus sinensis, supposed to be the only one in the country, had stood out of doors 20 years at Redleaf, was 14 or 15 feet high, and was quite killed. PrrrosPoRuM Tobira was generally killed near London. At Sketty, since 1813-4, several shrubs had remained uninjured by the frost till last winter, when they did not suffer more than some common evergreens, which grew beside them, and one of them came freely into flower. Mr. Dirrwvsw states, that in the scale of injury it may be placed with Arbutus Unedo, and that it has suffered much less than Aristotelia Macqui. In Cornwall this is a common shrub; several plants at Car- clew were split from top to bottom and killed ; others had their last years shoots killed, and only a few, which happened to be protected by higher shrubs, escaped. At Falmouth it did not suffer. Roses. Of the Banksian Rose, both the yellow and white variety suffered severely in all the northern parts of England; at Claremont, plants 15 years old, and covering 60 or 70 yards of wall, were killed to the ground; fine old specimens pe- rished in the Societys Garden ; at Brenchley, a plant with a stem 1142 inches in circumference, and covering the whole side of a house, was entirely destroyed; they equally perished in Hampshire, but it was observed at Owston that one plant agamst a shaded wall escaped. The varieties of Rosa multi- flora were destroyed. Rosa bracteata, the Macartney Rose, was killed back to its old wood, or even down to the ground. R. microphylla suffered in the same degree ; other China Roses in general were killed to the ground, or totally destroyed. The white and yellow China Rose, the sweet scented hybrid, Hamon, and Blairii, were entirely destroyed even in Hamp- shire; but the latter was injured on a south wall at Drop- By Professor LINDLEY. 255 more. Generally speaking, the Noisette, Isle de Bourbon, and /ea-scented varieties, were found the most tender ; hybrids, between the China Rose and European species, were much less affected ; the beautiful Rosa ruga, a mule between Rosa indica and arvensis did not suffer in the least at Pitmaston, or even at Redleaf, where the Noisette, and every description of China Rose, was killed down to the ground. It was, how- ever very different in Cornwall and South Wales; at Car- clew, Rosa involucrata was the only Rose that suffered, while Rosa microphylla close beside it was uninjured. At Sketty, Rosa microphylla was slightly injured, but at that place no other of a large collection was at all injured. At Penllargare R. microphylla against a wall was quite unhurt. R. sinica perished on a south wall in the Society’s Garden. PzaontA Moutan and papaveracea did not suffer at all in the south of England, nor even at Claremont in various exposed situations, or Glasgow, though unprotected ; but at Redleaf three dozen large plants were so much injured, that it was necessary to cut them down to the ground ; and I learn from Mr. Herserr that they were equally damaged at Ickleton, in Cambridgeshire. In some places, as at Sketty, the tree pæonies flowered better than was ever remembered. PuoriNiA serrulata, or Crateegus glabra, was uninjured at Carclew, and at Singleton; but it suffered a little at Sketty, and in the midland and northern counties was either entirely destroyed or very much injured; it was observed at Dropmore, that where most sheltered it suffered most; an old plant on a south wall in the Society's Garden was nearly killed. PopocanPus macrophyllus was killed at Carclew, at Redleaf, and elsewhere. RarnrorEPrs indica was killed at Liverpool. It never bears even mild winters well, in the Society's Garden. Tnza viridis in a sheltered spot at Claremont escaped, but both it 256 Observations upon the effects of Frost, and Bohea were killed at Redleaf. T. viridis was uninjured at Bicton. T'axopium sinense proved hardy in the Society's Garden. New ZEALAND. CLIANTHUS puniceus was generally destroyed; at Bicton, a plant against a wall, and 9 feet high, is reported to have been killed ; even in the Glasnevin garden, although protected, it died ; but it lived at Binstead, in the Isle of Wight, and at Somerford, near Wolverhampton. Epwarps1a microphylla, of which fine specimens against walls existed in the Society's Garden, at Arundel, and elsewhere, was generally killed ; but at Bicton and Carclew, at the latter place in the open shrubbery, it was not at all affected. E. grandiflora died at Dropmore, and in the Society's Garden, where there was a very large plant, and even at Bicton ; but it was undamaged at Carclew, at Belsay on the outside wall of a conservatory, and Singleton, and it survived, though much damaged, at Owston. At Sketty a standard was killed, but those against a wall were uninjured, and one of the latter at Penrice Castle, unprotected, flowered beautifully after the winter. E. chrysophylla was killed on a south wall in the Society's Garden, and at Bicton, but it was only killed to the old wood at Claremont. Fucnsia excorticata survived at Bicton; at Carclew it was killed to the ground, but shot up again. Puonwivx tenax was killed near London, at Cambridge, in Hamp- shire, and elsewhere; but at Carclew, in the shrubbery, under some large Scotch firs, and by the edge of a pond, in a kind of swamp, where its roots were under water, this plant was not in the least injured. By Professor LINDLEY. 257 West INDIES. ApELIA acidoton, a Jamaica plant, was killed to the ground in the Society's Garden, but sprang up again. HameE ta patens, a plant of which had stood out for seven years at Claremont, was killed. JAPAN. Acer palmatum perished in the Society’s Garden, where unpro- tected ; but it survived in a cold frame. AucuBA japonica was killed at Claremont, and other places, and much injured in some parts of the midland counties; its leaves were only discoloured in the Society's Garden, it scarcely suffered at Glasgow, and not at all at Belsay and Spofforth. BnovssoxETIA papyrifera was but slightly injured in the Society's Garden, and proved hardy in most cases. Crematis Sieboldi and cerulea were generally found unhurt. CAMELLIA japonica, though generally killed, escaped in many places without injury. This plant has stood out for 18 years at Somerford. Mr. Dirrwyw reports, that at Penrice Castle, a large standard, though only planted out from a conservatory the previous year, flowered after the winter. At Dropmore, a plant of the variegated variety has lived out for several years in rather a sheltered situation. In the open shrubbery at Singleton, at Carclew, and even in the garden of Mr. Harrison, of Cheshunt, many varieties survived without injury ; but they were killed, or so severely injured, as not to be worth preserving at Claremont, at Norwich, and at Owston. At Redleaf, large plants which had stood 14 years, were quite destroyed. At Spofforth, a strong plant of Middlemist's 258 Observations upon the effects of Frost, Camellia, upon an upper limb of which had been inarched a branch of a double white Spofforth Seedling, stood against the wall, and the result is that not a single leaf, nor a live bud of Middlemist's Camellia remains on the plant; but the limb of the white seedling is not essentially hurt, having green leaves and fresh looking buds.* At North Stoneham, the Camellia myrtifolia, double red, and Waratah, all out, and standards, stood well with protection. The double white, single red, striped double red, and Pompone, against a south wall, with protection, were in no way injured. CvpowiA japonica was uninjured in some gardens near London, but in others it was killed to the ground. At Redleaf, some of the dwarfs, as well as the large standards, were very much cut. Cuimonantuus fragrans was killed at Rolleston ; I have no such report from any other station. CaPRIFOLIUM japonicum was killed to the ground at Dropmore, under a south wall, but it broke vigorously from the root after Midsummer. In the Society's Garden, it was killed in the same situation. C. flexuosum was also injured, but it broke again well. DrurziA scabra appeared quite hardy everywhere, except at Glasgow, where it was almost killed. En10BoTRYA japonica was killed almost everywhere in the midland * 'T here is a great difference in the constitution of different seedling Camellias ; some only will bear forcing, and it appears that some can endure severer cold than others. They should, therefore, be all tried in the open ground, and it should be ascertained which is the hardiest stock to graft upon. In like manner Rh. arbo- reum should not be inarched on ponticum, (which is tenderer than the American species, and will not swell to the bulk of arboreum which overgrows it), but upon the Pennsylvanian arborescens, which grows to a very great diameter in America, where there are trees of it, which might at the lower part be sawed into planks.— W. Herbert. By Professor LINDLEY. 259 and northern counties, although some specimens had been out many years, and even of large size, and this, whether pro- tected or exposed, and both on north, south, and west walls ; it was only slightly injured in South Wales, and escaped un- hurt at Carclew; and, which is remarkable, almost without damage at Owston. EvowNvwus japonicus was but little hurt against a wall in the Society's Garden. KERRIA japonica was found quite safe in various situations. Nawnpina domestica lived, protected with a mat, at Abbotsbury. Sornona japonica generally suffered no injury, but at Sketty it is reported to have been killed. Licustrum lucidum was generally killed; it was however only a little hurt at Sketty, and not at all at Carclew, or in Dublin; at the latter place it has lived without injury since the year 1812. Raus succedaneum was killed on a south wall in the Society's Garden. Laurus camphora was killed in the Isle of Wight, and in Mr. GaRnNrER's garden at Bishopstoke, in Hampshire; but it lived at Kilkenny on a southern and protected aspect. SaLisBuRIA adiantifolia sustained no damage anywhere. NonTH America; excluding Catirornia and Mexico. Asimina triloba stood, without protection, in the Society's Garden. Anona glabra was much injured in the Society's Garden. AZALEA. Some of the scarlet American varieties were nearly killed at Spofforth, and a small white kind also suffered severely at the same place. But A. calendulacea was not in the least affected. ARALIA spinosa, 10 feet high, lost the extremity of the shoots only, at Norwich. 260 Observations upon the effects of Frost, Asies Douglasi had its leaves turned yellow at Belsay, but it does not appear to have been seriously injured. A. Menziesii proved hardy in the Society's Garden. ANDROMEDA arborea, and even polifolia, were killed in the Society's Garden. A. floribunda proved every where quite hardy, even at Worksop. ARBUTUS procera was uninjured against a west wall in the Garden of the Society; it was more injured at Carclew, where it is planted as a standard in the shrubbery ; and at Brenchley, a fine plant, with a stem 14 inches in circumference, was destroyed. At Sketty it suffered very little. Bienonta capreolata was only a little injured on a south wall in the Societys Garden; in a similar situation at Spofforth it suffered severely. BERBERIS Aquifolium, repens, and glumacea, sustained no injury anywhere; fascicularis was killed at Brenchley, Woburn, Rolleston, and Redleaf, but it escaped at Singleton, and Carclew. In the Society’s Garden it was killed nearly to the ground, in the open border, and much injured against a south wall. CEANOTHUS americanus, and Cissus stans, were killed to the ground in the Societys Garden, but shot up again. At Rolleston, the former was destroyed. CERASUS caroliniana, killed in the Societys Garden, was unhurt at Sketty. CERATIOLA ericoides sustained no injury in the Society's Garden. CLETHRA alnifolia appeared at Sketty to be much injured, but broke into leaf and flower, nearly as usual, both there and at Penllar- gare. CRATZGUS microcarpa was much injured in the Society's Garden. Cactacrea&. A hardy variety of Opuntia, under a hand-glass, occa- sionally covered with a mat, was found safe at Owston. Opuntia feror was not at all injured at the foot ofa south wall at Norwich; nor at Dropmore. At Spofforth, a Chilian By Professor LINDLEY. 261 species, against the front wall of a greenhouse, protected by a sloping slate, was uninjured; the same species in an open border had been killed in October. DiospyRrus virginica was not injured in the Societys Garden or at Sketty; at Rolleston it was injured but not killed. FnaxiNvus americana and the other American species, were greatly damaged in the Society's Garden ; but did not suffer at Owston. GARRYA elliptica was much injured in the Society's Garden, but at Liverpool and elsewhere it escaped. Harzsra diptera was killed in the Societys Garden. It was un- hurt at Spofforth. ILEx opaca and vomitoria were little injured in the open lawn at Claremont, very near to where the Common Holly suffered ; but vomitoria was killed at Singleton and Sketty, while opaca, Perado, balearica and prinoides, were scarcely affected by the cold in those places; the latter, however, was cut to the ground at Glasgow. ILLIcIUM floridanum survived at Claremont ; it has stood out at Walton for many years, and also in the Mile End Nursery ; and at Stoneham Park has lived as a grass plant for at least ten years. Lupinus arboreus was killed in the Society's Gale and at Sketty, though against a wall and uninjured by the winters of 1813-14 and 1836-7. Macxorra grandiflora stood without injury in a great many situa- tions, both protected and against walls; without material injury under the latter circumstances, even as far north as Doncaster ; it, however, in most cases partially lost its leaves, in some cases entirely ; and at Tooting, near London, a plant 25 years old was totally destroyed. At Owston, it was observed that the Exeter variety, about three feet from a wall, was uninjured while the common sort suffered great damage. ‘The deci- duous American species generally escaped without injury, but VOL. II. 2ND SERIES. 2M 262 Observations upon the effects of Frost, not everywhere. M. glauca, which had stood out at Spof- forth for 23 years, had all its buds and small branches killed ; it sustained no damage about London, where the cold was far more severe. At Glasgow, the only species which did not suffer was M. acuminata. Pinus palustris was killed in several places, and much injured in others, although protected ; but at Dropmore and Brenchley it was not much damaged; it was unhurt at Carclew. P. mitis 15 feet high was killed at Dropmore. P. ponderosa proved hardy everywhere. P. Sabiniana is reported safe everywhere except at Chipstead in Kent where it was killed, and at Belsay, where it was uninjured ; I should however re- mark, that P. macrocarpa and P. Sabiniana have been mixed in the gardens under the same name, and as the latter is re- ported from Rolleston to be killed, it is not improbable that it is the same plant which under the name of Sabiniana has suffered elsewhere. In the Societys Garden, neither were injured. P. leiophylla proves too tender for England. Pyrus angustifolia was killed in the Society's Garden, and suffered much elsewhere. PowrEDERIA cordata, and P. angustifolia, lost the stems and leaves above water at Carclew, but the roots of both were un- hurt and grew again. Quercus Phellos, and its varieties, were uninjured in the Society's Garden. RuopopENpRoN. No American species suffered materially any- where. SipERoxvLoN lycioides was only slightly injured in the Society's Garden. Vaccinium ovatum, a very beautiful evergreen, was not the least affected any where. ScHIZANDRA coccinea was killed in the Societys Garden on a south wall. By Professor LINDLEY. 263 Srvnax grandifolium was killed in the Society's Garden, and the other species were much injured there. Yucca. The species generally stood in most places without any injury, even as far north as Doncaster; but at Redleaf many large plants of Yucca gloriosa were cut down to the ground. At Spofforth, the species suffered capriciously ; some plants being killed to the ground, and others of the same species un- harmed. Y. recurva was not hurt, though the stem of a plant of that species, about 4 inches diameter, was destroyed near the ground at Mitcham in Surrey in 1814. Y. gracilis was killed in the Society's Garden and at Liverpool; but it sus- tained no damage at Sketty. ViBURNUM cassinoides was much injured in the Society's Garden. HimatayA MOUNTAINS. AzrEs Deodara is reported by everybody to be quite hardy. At Worksop Manor it was not even browned so much as the Cedar of Lebanon. At Dropmore, there is a specimen inarched on the larch, and planted out for 3 years in a very exposed part of the grounds, where it is growing with great vigour. A. Webbiana lost its leaves at Redleaf; was, in one case, killed back to the old wood at Dropmore, otherwise uninjured; was damaged beyond recovery in the Society's Garden: one large plant at the latter place was killed out- right. In Cornwall and Devon, it seems as hardy and valuable as the silver fir. The plant at Carclew has never been the least affected by cold. In the garden of the Rev. J. GARNIER, at Bishopstoke, in Hampshire, there is a plant from 10 to 12 feet high, which has even produced cones. It has never been protected, and is in perfect health. Sir Oswarp MosLEY also reports it uninjured at Rolleston; at Belsay, A. Mo- 264 Observations upon the effects of Frost, rinda, which is reported safe in other stations, was also damaged. Acer oblongum was killed on a south wall in the Society's Garden. This species has always been found tender. AwnaGyris indica was killed in several places ; but little injured at Claremont, against a west wall, and perfectly safe at Carclew. ANEMONE vitifolia, and several other rather tender plants of this order, were uninjured at Sketty and Spofforth. BENTHAMIA fragifera generally perished in the North; at Belsay Castle and Woburn, it is reported as pushing from the root ; at Sketty and Penllargare, in South Wales, and at Carclew, where it is planted in the woods and promises to be a fine underwood shrub, it only lost its leaves. It also lived at North Stoneham. BERBERIS aristata, and asiatica, had their leaves destroyed gene- rally, and in some cases their new shoots, but they did not otherwise suffer. In the Societys Garden, B. aristata was injured in a peat bed, but not where planted in common soil. CLEMATIS montana proved hardy everywhere against walls. CoLuTEA nepalensis survived everywhere. COTONEASTER microphylla was much injured, but not killed in any place; C. affinis died at Norwich to within 6 inches of the graft, but was unhurt in Cornwall ; in the Society's Garden, C. affinis, frigida, microphylla, and levis, were greatly damaged, while C. rotundifolia, nummularia, and acuminata, suffered comparatively little. Desmopium nutans was killed upon a south wall in the Society's Garden, after having survived 6 or 7 previous winters. Evonymus echinatus, and sarmentosus, were killed to the ground at Liverpool, but E. Hami/tonianus did not suffer at that place ; the latter was killed to the ground in the Society's Garden, but sprang up again with vigour. By Professor LINDLEY. 265 Hrpropuae conferta was uninjured at Sketty, and in the Society's Garden. Hoventa acerba, of which a fine old plant existed on a south wall in the Society's Garden, was killed to the ground, but shot up again weakly. JUNIPERUS recurva, a beautiful species, was uninjured everywhere. Jasminum revolutum was killed in the Society's Garden; the plant was of large size, and had stood 8 or 10 winters; it was scarcely injured at Owston against a wall, and not at all at Sketty. J. Wallichianum was cut to the ground at Spofforth, and Liverpool, but in the Society’s Garden, it was damaged against a south wall and in the open border was killed to thc ground. J. heterophyllum was killed to the ground on a south wall in the Society's Garden, but sprang up again. Pinus eacelsa was uninjured everywhere. P. longifolia died everywhere, however much protected, except at Carclew, where it has been exposed for several years, and seems quite hardy. LAGERSTREMIA indica, trained to a south wall, was killed to the ground in the Society’s Garden, but sprang up again. LEYCESTERIA formosa sustained no injury in the Society's Garden and at Glasgow. Pyrus variolosa was killed at Norwich, and in the Society’s Garden, in the open ground; but not against a wall. P. vestita was unaffected by the cold. RHODODENDRON arboreum. ‘The red variety was killed near Lon- don, at Sketty, at Stoneham in Hampshire, at Owston, where it had been newly planted, was nearly killed at Singleton, was untouched at Carclew. R. arboreum album was uninjured at Sketty, but killed at Stoneham, and destroyed to the ground at Dropmore. Of the hybrid varieties, Smithii and another were a little injured at Singleton, more at Woburn, Spofforth, and Norwich, and still more at Stoneham. In the Society's 266 Observations upon the effects of Frost, Garden they were all, without exception, killed to the ground, but shot up again from the root. The variety called Noblea- num was uninjured at Norwich. Mr. WALKER found that the hybrids between R. arboreum and R. Catawbiense or caucasi- cum stood well at Calderstone, so did R. altaclerense. Mr. Joun Witson states that at Osberton in Nottinghamshire, where the thermometer fel! to 2° below zero, the hybrid rho- dodendrons, of which there is an extensive collection, although much injured, all recovered and pushed forth new buds vigorously. In Mr. Garnier’s garden, at Bishopstoke in Hampshire, R. Smithii and some others lost their leaves or be- came a little brown; but the Highclere hybrids stood perfectly well. With regard to the hybrids, and Indian species, Mr. HERBERTS observations at Spofforth are as follow ;—“ My seedling RuopopENpnows from arboreum by the rose-coloured ponticum have not lost the foreright shoots, though the leaf is damaged, answering in that respect my expectations, that they would approximate to the constitution of the hardier male. R. altaclerense, from Catawbiense-ponticum by arbo- reum, is disfigured in some situations, and scarcely touched in others, but the foreright buds and flower-buds were unhurt. R. Lindsayi from the American arborescens, (maximum var. purpureum of Pursh,) is not much injured. A plant of it taken up to be forced, after the severest night, when the snow was melting, flowered splendidly and its leaves were unhurt. R. Haylocki, from Catawbiense by arboreum, has received no injury, and bids fair to flower profusely. R. Amightz, from the rose-coloured cinnamon leaved arboreum by caucasicum, is uninjured, and now (April 26th) in flower. R. Acklandi, from altaclerense crossed again by the scarlet arboreum, is killed near to the ground, those from Haylocki, by arboreum, the same. The scarlet arboreum, against the front wall of the stable covered loosely with a single mat, was killed nearly By Professor LINDLEY. 267 to the ground, but, having been taken up in March, it sprouted from the bottom in the stove, but died soon after. The white cinnamon-leaved variety, (which has stood 12 years in the middle of the garden unprotected, and formed a large, round, close-leaved bush,) is killed to the ground, and it is doubtful whether it will push up again: it measured 18 inches round close to the ground, and its principal branch was 3 inches diameter. It stood in a peaty compost, and the plant of a/faclerense touching it is more damaged than any of the same cross. I believe that in a drier soil the cinnamon- leaved RHopODENDRON, whether white or rose-coloured, would have escaped, for another plant of the white, inarched on a pontico-catawbiense stock, and planted out only last summer, but growing in the natural barley-soil of the garden, against a stone (east) wall and covered with an old single mat full of holes, is quite unhurt, and shooting early, which makes it very liable to be cut by spring frosts. The mules from R. arbo- reum by the white maximum, and from the latter by R. arbo- reum were not the least hurt.” R. anthopogon died at Somer- ford; R. campanulatum, without any shelter, bore a tem- perature of 5° below zero at Highclere. At Spofforth the the deciduous R. davuricum was killed, the evergreen variety flowered more abundantly than usual. RuEum Zmodi survived everywhere. Rxuvs juglandifolium was killed to the ground in the Society's Garden, where it had been growing unprotected for several years. Rises glaciale lived in the Societys Garden ; and at Abbotsbury. Sriraa argentea lost only the points of its shoots at Brenchley, and in a very bleak situation at Redleaf. The other Nepal species all proved hardy. STRANVESIA glaucescens was killed everywhere ; in the Garden of 268 Observations upon the effects of Frost, the Society, on a south wall, after having flourished there for 7 or 8 years. VisunNu cotinifolium proved hardy in the Society's Garden. CAPE or Goop Hope. APONOGETON distachyon proves at Carclew one of the most deli- cate as well as fragrant aquatics, and flowers all the year. During the severest weather it remained unhurt, although encrusted with ice. Seeds of it were sent by Sir C. Lemon, in a letter from Edinburgh, several years ago; they were enclosed in a bit of oiled silk, and after being received were put into a lump of clay and dropped near the edge of the pond, where they vegetated and have grown ever since. AMARYLLIDACEOUS plants, although generally destroyed, escaped in some places ; even at Claremont, AmMarytuis Belladonna, vittata, crocata, psittacina, formosissima, and several others, were uninjured. Crinum capense, at the edge of a pond escaped injury at Carclew, as also did NERINE undulata at the same station. But at Sketty they were mostly killed, and not one of them flowered in the succeeding summer. A mule Nerme, with the bulbs above ground, was uninjured at Spofforth. Of GraprioLus and Ixia, many species only covered with about an inch of rotten fern, survived at Claremont ; GLADIOLUS psillacinus at Carclew. All the mule GLADIOLI, SPARAXIS pendula, which were covered with leaves, together with Warsonta Mariana, and GrAptoLus psittacinus, which were unprotected, were unharmed at Spofforth. Mr. HERBERT considers the latter to be as hardy as a crocus, but impatient ofahot summer. But, on the other hand, at Glasgow, most By Professor LINDLEY. 269 kinds of Cape bulbs suffered, or perished, although in a cold frame covered with mats. Anomatueca cruenta. A small bed of this beautiful plant was in front of the greenhouse at Carclew ; it was supposed to be dead, but was left undisturbed, and again made its ap- pearance after the winter. ArBUCA major and minor, Eucowis punctata, TRITONIA uvaria, pumila, and media, survived in a border at Claremont, pro- tected by a thin covering of fern. Oxaris, 20 species in a border, with the tuberous PELARGO- xruMs hereafter noticed, stood well at Claremont. O. Bowie: was killed at Dropmore. CacaLrA Kleini, an old plant, which had stood out for several years, was killed at Sketty. Diosma ameena, trained against the front of the greenhouse at Carclew, was partly killed; the leaves were unhurt on some of the branches. Ecurium giganteum survived at Binstead, in the Isle of Wight, in high and dry situations; but it died in low grounds. HarrERiA lucida, trained against the front wall of the stove at Carclew, was very little hurt; its young shoots, and those which projected from the wall, were killed, but it broke again very strong. In Mr. Fox's Garden at Falmouth it grows freely as a shrub. Lycium afrum. This plant Meses at Carclew on an east wall, while CarmicnaE ta australis on one side of it, and Escar- LONIA glandulosa on the other, were hurt. MynsiNE africana, which had stood 23 years against the front wall of the stables at Spofforth, having been planted out in 1815, was as much injured as it was when the glass fell to 10° many years ago, but it was not killed ; one branch however alone remained with green leaves, and the rest were dead. VOL. II. 2ND SERIES, 2N 270- Observations upon the effects of Frost, MESEMBRYANTHEMUMS, which, usually survive the Cornish winters, and flower freely during summer, were all killed at Carclew. OLEA fragrans was killed against a south wall at Norwich; slightly injured at Carclew. | ORNITHOGALUM caudatum, with the bulb above ground, was injured but survived at Spofforth. PELARGONIUM flavum, triste, lobatum, had been planted at Clare- mont in a warm border for seven years, and all survived unhurt, though only covered with rotten fern to the depth of an inch, or thereabouts; there were also several other tuberous rooted species uninjured. Mr. M° Inrosu finds, that planting out is the best way to grow all this tribe, as well as most bulbs, which are not evergreen, or retain their leaves. P. triste lived unprotected at Abbotsbury. A large plant of the ivy-leaved Pelargonium, 16 or 17 years old, was killed in a conservatory at Spofforth. Ricuarpia africana, or Calla ethiopica, with its stem two inches deep in the pond, was killed at Sketty, though it received no material injury from the preceding winter. At Cheshunt, Mr. Harrison has had two large plants in a pond for nine years, without either care, or protection; they bloom every year, and were not in the least affected by this frost. The plant proved equally hardy at Carclew, both at the edge of a pond, and in the open border. Tritoma media was killed at Spofforth ; T. Burchelliana was unhurt. Teucrium fruticans. This pretty free flowering evergreen shrub, nailed to the front of the greenhouse at Carclew, was only killed back to the old wood. Erica. Of all the Cape species, which had been turned out in the open ground, the only species which are returned as having survived, at Carclew, are E. concimna and gracilis, where they were protected by a covering of mats. At Fal- By Professor LINDLEY. 271 mouth, in Mr. Fox's garden E. verticillata, colorans, gracilis, baccans and favoides were killed, but E. flammea, tubiflora, levis and abietina stood the frost. EnrocEPHALUS africanus, MunArLTIA mixta, CEpERA prolifera, Po- LYGALA latifolia, myrtifolia, grandiflora, speciosa, PsoRALEA pinnata, and SrRvTHIOLA erecta, all died in Mr. Fox's Fal- mouth Garden. Arctotis aureola and maculata, Brunia ericoides, GAZANIA rigens, GNIDIA simplex and flava, Hermannia plicata, hir- suta and flammea, Lronovis Leonurus, MELIANTHUS major, Pentaia flabelliformis, PLumMBAGO capensis, SALVIA aurea, SPARMANNIA africana, StRUTHIOLA ovata, al lived without injury at Falmouth, in Mr, Fox's garden. Sourn of Evropr, Levant, and Norta of Arrica, with adjacent islands. AnMYGDALUS orientalis was killed in the garden of the Society, but escaped at Cambridge. ARISTOLOCHIA sempervirens was uninjured at Cambridge. Arsutus Unedo. This tree was affected very differently in dif- ferent places; in the warm gardens in the midland counties, especially about London, it was either destroyed, or nearly so, but at Owston, and elsewhere in the north, and at Sevenoaks, where the cold was particularly intense, it was uninjured ; at Sketty, every plant which was exposed to the east, suffered severely, and many were killed; at Claremont, trees, 25 feet high and 2 feet in circumference, were entirely destroyed. In the Society's Garden every specimen perished, either wholly, or as far as the ground, but a hybrid variety between this species and A. Andrachne escaped unhurt, both in the latter place, at North Stoneham, and at Sketty. A. Andrachne 272 Observations upon the effects of Frost, was killed in the midland and northern counties, but not in the southern ; at Dropmore, a plant growing against a south wall, was found quite dead; but Mr. Forses reports from Woburn, that his plant is only injured at the extremity of the young shoots. In the Society's Garden, and at Owston, this species would not have died had not the stock of Arbutus Unedo, upon which it was grafted, been killed. AsPARAGUS scandens was killed to the ground in the garden of the Society, but pushed up again vigorously. ATRIPLEX portulacoides, a British plant, was killed in the Society's Garden. Buxvs balearica was uninjured at Sketty, at Penllargare, at Owston, and about London. Bume ia tenax was killed in the Society's Garden ; but not in- jured at Abbotsbury. BuPLEURUM fruticosum was scarcely affected near London, and to the south, but at Cambridge it was killed, and it is well known to be a tender plant in the midland counties. At Owston it was much injured. | Cistuses were killed in almost all places, with the exception of the gum cistus, which occasionally escaped; in the Societys Garden the whole collection, among which were many plants 8 or 10 years old, were destroyed. - C. lauri- folius was uninjured at Spofforth; at Singleton, Mr. Vivraw lost all but Zaurifolius and corboriensis ; at Sketty, laurifolius was the only species that remained entirely unhurt, and next to that species corboriensis was least injured; at Abbots- bury C. salvifolius and purpureus perished, but C. villosus, laurifolius, cyprius, and creticus were uninjured ; in Norfolk, in Hampshire, in Kent, and the neighbouring counties, the collections of this genus were almost annihilated. Ce.tis orientalis was killed on a south wall in the Society's Garden, where it had lived many years. By Professor LINDLEY. 273 CLETHRA arborea had stood for several years in the shrubbery at Carclew, but was very much injured this year. CLEMATIS cirrhosa was killed on an east wall in the Society's Garden. Cercis Siliquastrum was uninjured, or very little affected, any- where. Cvmisus @olicus, and Weldeni, lived at Abbotsbury; but the former was a little hurt. CrRATONIA Siliqua was uninjured at Owston, in a cold peach house, with only the upper lights till the middle of January ; the leaflets and shoots of last year were killed at Carclew. CHENOPODIUM „fruticosum, a British species, was killed to the ground at Cambridge, and near London. Convotvutus altheoides, and bryoniefolius, were uninjured at Cambridge. Cneorum stood without damage at Abbotsbury. Cupressus sempervirens, which was generally killed about London, was not affected at Owston. At Belsay, young plants were mostly killed, but two old ones, 16 or 18 feet high, escaped. C. lusitanica was also killed in most places, except Cornwall and Devonshire. Cnrorvm tricoccum died at Cambridge. CuawRoPs humilis survived the winter in the Glasnevin Garden, but was killed in that of the Society. Cynara horrida was killed at Cambridge, together with C. Sco- lymus, the common artichoke, which was lost in almost all the gardens in the midland and northern counties, if unpro- tected by litter. DiawTHus. The Samian tree pink, which had remained at Spofforth since it was raised from seed, about 20 years ago, in a pot of pure sand in the most exposed corner of the green- house, touching the front and side glass, was killed. ConoNiLLA glauca, which survives the winters readily in Cornwall and South Wales, where it is cultivated as a common border shrub, and flowers abundantly during the winter months, was LJ 274 Observations upon the effects of Frost, either destroyed, or very much injured. It perished at Spofforth under a verandah. Dorycnium hirsutum perished in the Society's Garden. DaruwE Laureola, a British plant, was much injured in the Society's Garden, Cneorum suffered a little; all the others died. But D. pontica sustained no damage at Liverpool, or Spofforth ; although it was damaged at Dropmore. At Sketty and Penllargare none of the species were at all affected. D. australis stood at Abbotsbury. Diospyrus Lotus was much injured in the Society's Garden. Evrnorsia mellifera proved quite hardy, and untouched, at Car- clew. E. pithyusa, veneta, and rigida, lived at Abbotsbury. Erica. The collections of hardy heaths suffered great loss. After the frost of the 20th, the bushes were found shivered to pieces, as if they had received a discharge of small shot; excepting in the south, they were either destroyed or killed to the ground; even E. vagans, the Cornish heath, must be included in this list. E. australis, however, suffered but little at Brenchley, and stood undamaged at Carclew, Abbotsbury, and Liverpool, but it perished in most other places. Large bushes of E. mediterranea, in the shrubbery at Calderstone, were very much broken and disfigured by the snow, but none of them were killed. At Sketty, large plants of mediterranea in exposed situations suffered greatly, but stricta escaped without material damage. E. arborea was killed to the ground at Woburn, but remained unhurt at Abbotsbury, Penrice, Penllargare, and some other places in the neighbourhood. E. scoparia escaped at Spofforth, and umbellata at Abbotsbury. Frias, unless against walls, were killed to the ground in all the midland and northern counties, but experienced no injury in Devon and Cornwall. Plants, 10 or 12 years old, were killed to the ground at Belsay, in the same situation with a plant of the scarlet variety of Arbutus Unedo, which was unhurt, By Professor LiNDLEY. 275 At Arundel two varieties of figs are cultivated as open standards, the effects upon which by frost was very remarkable. The green Ischia, which is that principally cultivated, was so slightly injured that the trees produced an average crop of fruit last autumn. One tree of this variety is of the following unusual size; height 262 feet, branches 341 feet in extent, girth of stem at the surface 9 feet, where it divides into three, each measuring in circumference 2 feet 9 inches. The other, a purple variety, growing under exactly the same cir- cumstances, was so severely damaged that almost all the trees of it were cut down; they again pushed forth shoots, but none produced anything like a crop of fruit. Fontanesia phillyreoides was killed down to the ground in the Society's Garden, and hardly recovered. GzwisTA íriquetra which had stood 20 years at Spofforth was killed; it was much injured in the Society's Garden, as well as most of the other species. At Dropmore the plants growing in the woods among heath were little injured, while others in pots covered with mats were killed. At Belsay Castle they did not sustain any injury. Hasuirzia tamoides was killed to the ground at Glasgow, but afterwards quite recovered. Hiniscus syriacus suffered severely in the Society's Garden; but not at Owston. HYPERICUM hircinum was killed to the ground at Cambridge. ILEx balearica was not in the least hurt about London. Jasminum officinale, trained to a south wall, and of many years growth, was killed to the ground in St. Jamess Square, in London, and at Dropmore under a south wall; but it was unhurt at Spofforth. Both it, J. fruticans, and humile, shared the same fate in the Societys Garden. But none of these three species received any injury at Sketty. JuwiPERUS macrocarpa was killed at Sketty, and another species 276 Observations upon the effects of Frost, materially injured ; phænicea had been killed by the preceding winter; /ycia was damaged in the Societys Garden, but oxycedrus was unharmed there. : LAVANDULA Spica was killed in the Society's Garden. LavunvsTINUSES in those places where the cold was very severe, were found to suffer in proportion to the shelter they ex- perienced ; in the warm gardens about London, and in other protected situations, they were generally destroyed; but at Owston they escaped in shaded situations against walls; and at Claremont, Mr. M° Inrosn reports, that they were killed to the surface, except where they were stunted, and growing in cold late situations, not influenced by the sun. At Sketty, where the winter was comparatively mild, some of these plants in eastern exposures were injured, and others, in sheltered situations, continued to flower unhurt. At Hitcham in Suffolk they were little injured. : LAURELS. As is usual, the common laurel suffered more than the Portugal, and in some low situations was completely killed to the ground, but neither appear to have materially suffered anywhere ; at Sketty, they were both observed to have lost their leaves to a far greater extent than was ever before seen. Upon the subject of the common laurel Mr. M° Ixrosu observes, that in some parts of the ground at Clare- mont, whole banks of them were killed to the surface, whilst others harldly lost a leaf; this he observed on dry sheltered banks, as well as in more exposed places, and even by the banks of ponds, and where they all appeared alike healthy; wherever a current of air existed, they suffered most ; those planted, (perhaps to the number of 10,000, in autumn, stood as follows, viz. those planted in September and beginning of October, which had begun to grow, were very much cut up, those planted from the beginning of November to Christ- mas nearly escaped. Some trees, 25 feet high and 6 or By Professor LINDLEY. 211 8 inches in diameter, that had come into bud in December, were quite killed. Both kinds of laurel were uninjured at Spofforth, notwithstanding the dampness of the situation, which is not congenial to them. Laurus nobilis was generally killed about London. At Clare- mont, trees 25 feet high, were all destroyed to the surface of the ground, or entirely. But at Dropmore, a large plant 20 feet high, with branches spreading 15 feet horizontally, which was to all appearance quite dead in the early part of summer, produced young shoots very near the top, and seems likely to recover in the course of next season. Professor Hensiow mentions a fine plant in a garden at Ely having sustained very little injury ; and even at Cambridge although plants were damaged the mischief was not serious. At Spofforth some branches were killed, some not. At Sketty, the leaves were less injured than those of the common laurel; this species flourishes remarkably in that neighbourhood ; Mr. Dirr- ww mentions a noble specimen of it, in the garden at Margam, (a mansion of Mr. Tarsors, near the sea, about 14 miles distant from Sketty, which, on being accurately measured about two years ago, was found to be 61 feet 6 inches high ; but it was considerably injured by this winter. Linum flavum, against a south wall, was not injured at N orwich, nor at Spofforth in the open border. Of L. tauricum, grown upon a rock at Dropmore, some survived, but others were killed. Meza Azedarach was injured at Owston, but not severely. Mepicaco arborea was killed both at London, and Sketty, though in a very sheltered spot in the latter place. Morus alba, and its varieties, were much damaged in the Society's Garden. Myrtus communis, which survives the winter without difficulty about London, perished this year; it was much disfigured at Carclew, and destroyed in most other places, but Mr, Dinpwyn VOL. II, 2ND SERIES, 20 278 Observations upon the effects of Frost, observed, that the broad leaved variety, in no part of his grounds, was more injured than some of the common ever- greens which grew by its side, and till last winter it had hardly suffered at all since the winter of 1813-14; the small leaved variety, which never appeared to be equally hardy, was, however, killed, or nearly so. At Owston all the bushes were killed down, but shot up again. Nerium Oleander. Of two plants, which had thriven without protection since 1834, one was killed by the winter of 1836-7, and the other last winter, at Sketty. Orrve. Of the common cultivated kind, almost every specimen was killed to the ground, or more frequently wholly destroyed in England; even in the warm garden of Abbotsbury, in Dor- setshire, this occurred, but in the garden of the Society, a hardy variety, obtained from Nikita in the Crimea, through the good offices of Mr. Buckatzscu of Guben, sustained no injury. Olea europea, var. buxifolia is also reported by Mr. Dittwyn to have survived without protection at Penrice Castle, without having been injured. Narcissus (Corbularia) serotinus, in a dry border at Spofforth, had pushed its leaves before the frost, and they remained un- hurt ; none of the species belonging to the Daffodil section were touched ; but those of the Hermione section, from Italy and Malta, suffered very much. Parrunvus aculeatus had its branches much injured at Cambridge, but is not mentioned in any other of the reports as having suffered ; except at Glasgow. Puittyreas. Of the species of this genus the oleifolia, rosma- rinifolia, and other entire leaved species, proved most delicate ; the serrated kinds lived as far north as Owston. At Clare- ` mont, P. /atifolia hardly suffered at all, and, in the Society's garden, this species and P. obliqua proved perfectly hardy. Pinus. The only European species of this genus which sus- By Professor LINDLEY. 279 tained any injury, was P. halepensis ; in the Society's Garden, a fine old specimen 15 feet high, originally presented to the collection by Sir Cuanres Mowck, Bart., was entirely de- stroyed ; but at Belsay Castle this species, in a high and dry situation, was not injured. P. Brutia, a species very near P. halepensis, stood without protection in the Society's Garden. At Dropmore, P. canariensis, was much injured, but its trunk and old branches were saved, owing, as it is supposed, to the great thickness of the bark, and a covering of fern sufficient to keep off 20° of frost. PrEROcARYA caucasica, commonly called Juglans fraxinifolia, in the possession of Mr. Dinrwvw, was uninjured ; and at Wo- burn, although in an exposed situation, it did not suffer. Prstacta Terebinthus had only the ends of the shoots killed at Norwich, and an old tree in the Apothecaries’ garden at Chelsea, was scarcely injured. Neither did it suffer at Owston. P. narbonensis was killed to the ground in the Society's Garden. At Abbotsbury P. vera and Terebinthus were un- harmed, but P. Lentiscus died. Putomts fruticosa and ferruginea, perished in the Society's Garden, and at Glasgow. The former was uninjured at Sketty. Precanum Harmala survived at Cambridge. PuxicA Granatum was severely cut in the Society's Garden, on south walls, and P. nana was killed ; but the former suffered little in many other places. Quercus coccifera was killed at Redleaf and elsewhere near Lon- don, but not at Owston, nor Rolleston. Ruamnus Alaternus and all the varieties suffered severely near London, more than Phillyreas ; none were injured at Owston, or Sketty. R. balearica escaped at Cambridge. Ruscus racemosus suffered little in bleak places near London. R. androgynus escaped at Cambridge. | Rura graveolens was killed to the ground at Claremont and 280 Observations upon the effects of Frost, Dropmore, but not injured in several places near London ; it was almost destroyed at Glasgow. SANTOLINA Chame-cyparissus had its branches slightly injured at Cambridge. Sarnix babylonica was not at all injured at Claremont, or near London, although killed at Glasgow, as it often 1s in Scotland in less severe winters. SaLvia officinalis was killed in many places about London and much injured elsewhere; it all died at Penllargare, but escaped unhurt at Sketty. Spartium multiflorum, acutifolium, and radiatum, were entirely killed in the Society's Garden. At Belsay is a plant of Spartium ZEtnense, 5 feet high; it was only a little weak- ened by the winter; it grew from a single seed, gathered by Sir C. Moncx, on /Etna, in 1831; it is highly ornamental in August and September, and may be called generally hardy in England. Sp. patens was killed at Spofforth, and junceum was cut to the ground. S. infestum perished at Abbotsbury. Tamarix gallica was killed to the ground in Middlesex, and to the north, in some places, but not at Owston. T. afra, and liba- notis were uninjured at Abbotsbury. Vaccinium madeirense, which was cultivated at Claremont for its. fruit, was killed. V. arctostaphylos was much injured in the garden of the Society. CHILI, and SIMILAR SOUTH AMERICAN REGIONS. ÅLSTRŒMERIAS sustained the cold in the open border surprisingly well. A. pulchella lived in an open border in the garden of the Society without injury. A. psittacina was saved in a south border at Norwich. A. Pelegrina, pulchella, ovata, hir- tella, aurea, and one or two others, were uninjured at the By Professor LINDLEY. 281 bottom of a wall at Claremont. Mr. HERBERT reports, that at Spofforth the Alstroemerias are all very flourishing; a large bed of seedling plants of aurea, covered with sawdust, began to show green sprouts in March, and even a single plant of the Valparaiso variety, which might have been supposed to be tenderer than the former from Chiloe, covered only with a hatful of sawdust, pushed at the same time. ArovsiA citriodora was killed to the surface of the ground in the midland counties, but in the south of England only deprived of the young wood. Several plants had remained for years un- injured at Sketty, but they were affected in the winter of 1836-7, and were totally destroyed in the present winter. A plant, however, against a wall at Penrice Castle sustained no material injury. ARAUCARIA Dombeyi, (A. imbricata of the Gardens,) was but little injured any where in the midland counties. At Kew, where it was protected, at Dropmore, and Redleaf, it was but slightly affected ; in the Societys Garden, unprotected, the bottom branches were killed, but it was not hurt materially. Mr. Gowen has furnished me with the following fact, concerning this interesting species: “ There are 3 Araucarias planted out at Highclere, and each about a foot high. They are all nearly upon the same level in the pleasure ground, which is a plateau of thin soil upon a substratum of hard chalk, on which is overlaid a bed of plastic clay, more or less thick. The height of the plateau is about 600 feet above the level of the sea, lying to the north of a very ex- tensive and elevated tract of chalk downs; the climate is cold, and the winter atmosphere damp and foggy, and extremely liable to wind. Two of these plants are in open spaces in a large grove of lofty trees, and, of course, sheltered from wind. These suffered last winter, having had their foliage much in- jured. The third is on the open lawn, unsheltered and 282 Observations upon the effects of Frost, exposed to every wind that blows. This plant did not sustain any injury from cold, although the thermometer in its vi- cinity was down to 5° below zero. It may here be worthy of remark that the thermometer was suspended in a bush of Rhododendron campanulatum within the grove above alluded to. Not a leaf, or bud of the Rhododendron, was in- jured, and it flowered beautifully in the early spring. Itis obvious that the Araucaria Dombeyi is perfectly hardy, but it is impatient of damp, prefers an open situation, and is liable to have its foliage injured by moisture.’ At Belsay, unpro- tected, it was not injured in even a single leaf; at this place it is 7 or 8 feet high and still retains on its stem, at the sur- face of the ground, the leaves which it had when a small plant. A. brasiliensis was destroyed almost everywhere ; at Dropmore, it was protected by a thick covering, and at Woburn, with double boards, and a lining 3 feet thick of fern; at the former place it afterwards formed buds within four inches of the ground. AnmisTOTELIA Macqui, a plant which had survived many winters in most parts of England, was generally killed; but at Carclew, although it had been killed to the ground in the winter of 1830-1, it sustained but little damage this season. Azara dentata was killed on a south wall in the Society's Garden. BERBERIS empetrifolia, and dulcis, proved hardy near London, and elsewhere; even in Nottinghamshire. In some cases they were cut to the ground, but they sprang up again freely. BovussivcAuLTIA baselloides was observed by Mr. Niven, in the Glasnevin garden, to have remarkably hardy roots. They were exposed near the surface of the ground without any covering, and pushed again vigorously after the frost. Bruemansi4; neither species appears to have stood anywhere, ex- cept in Mr. Fox's warm garden at Falmouth. CALCEOLARIA ; some hundreds of shrubby varieties, which had By Professor LINDLEY. 283 stood at Claremont, in the open borders from four to five years, were not only killed, but the best shrubby sorts, in a brick pit covered with a glass, (but no mat,) were also destroyed. C. viscosissima and integrifolia angustifolia were killed in the Society's Garden. At Spofforth several survived ; C. integri- folia, and sessilis, were destroyed at this place in a conservatory, but C. viscosa survived in the same situation. C. rugosa and integrifolia were killed even at Falmouth, after having grown without protection for 5 or 6 years. Crestrum Parqui was killed at Sketty, and in the Society's Garden, along with C. nocturnum. | CHLIDANTHUS fragrans escaped, in a hothouse border, at Glasgow. CorLETIA Ephedra survived at Liverpool In the Society's Gar- den, the only species which escaped was C. korrida, and that was not much damaged. At Belsay C. serratifolia was only killed to the ground. CyPrELLA Herbertiana, covered with a few leaves, was uninjured at Spofforth. Duranta cyanea was killed in the Societys Garden, after sur- viving three or four winters. Duvavas. The various species were in some places killed entirely ; at Carclew, the main stem of one species only was safe. In the Society's Garden, D. /atifolia was destroyed on a south wall, - D. dentata, and dependens, were cut to the ground, but D. ovata was unharmed. EccnEMocanPUs scaber was generally killed. At Carclew, in a bor- der where it was trained over a low coping, and along the front of a terrace-wall, faeing the east, it was killed; while at the distance of only a few feet, where it was trained against the trellis of a bastion, in a dry situation, it remained alive and vigorous. Enrerta serrata has been growing several years in the Society's 284 Observations upon the effects of Frost, Garden. This winter it was killed to the ground on a south wall, but sprang up again. EnvrnniwA Crista-galli survived at Cambridge ; and at Claremont, and Dropmore at the bottom of a wall in front of a stove; but at the latter place others perished at the foot of a greenhouse. EscaArLowiA rubra was killed in Hampshire, with protection; else- where injured, but not destroyed; at Carclew, and in South Wales, but slightly injured. E. montivedensis, was generally killed. E. glandulosa was found at Singleton to be the har- diest of the genus. In the Societys Garden, it and E. rubra, were killed to the ground, but sprang up again v'gorously ; all the rest perished. EvxEN1A Mitigu, after living many years on a south wall, was killed in the Society's Garden. Fvcnsras. Where these were a little protected, although killed to the ground, they generally sprang up again from the root ; in South Wales, they were but slightly injured. At Carclew, all were killed down to the ground, except F. gracilis and virgata. F. discolor alone survived at Glasgow, and this kind proved the most hardy in the Societys Garden. + Hermia salicifolia was cut to the ground at Spofforth, but not killed. At Falmouth it was uninjured. JaAnoRosA integrifolia, which for several years had covered a yard square of a hothouse border, was entirely destroyed at Glasgow. KAGENECKIA crategifolia was killed on a south wall in the So- cietys Garden. LiwNocnamis Humboldtii, which had lived in the pond at Sketty, through the winter of 1836-7, and which flowered beautifully, was killed. LitHREA caustica perished on a south wall in the Society's Garden. LosErrA Tupa was generally saved ; it was, however, killed at Spof- forth, where it had lived many years. By Professor LINDLEY. 285 MavrENus chilensis was killed on a south wall in the Society's Garden, after having stood 8 or 10 winters. Nicotiana glauca was killed on a south wall in the Society's Garden. PassiFLora c@rulea stood badly. In the Society's Garden, and many other places, it was killed entirely; at Owston, and Singleton, it was cut down to within a few feet of the ground ; at Sketty, it was not materially injured. P. c@ruleo-racemosa, palmata, and adiantifolia, were killed at Carclew. PERNETTIA mucronata was killed in the Society's Garden ; but it, and pilosa, lived at Somerford, and Birmingham ; and another species, from Valdivia, is reported to have survived in the Botanic Garden of the latter town. Puystantuus albens was killed at Cambridge; to the ground at Liverpool; and was unhurt at Glasnevin. PoRLIERIA hygrometrica was killed, under a verandah, at Spofforth. Prosoris siliquastrum, Psoratra glandulosa, old plants on a south wall, perished in the Society's Garden. Psipium Cattleianum, trained against the front wall of the stove, and protected by a mat, lived at Carclew ; some of its leaves became rusty like those of the Myrtle, but the branches generally budded vigorously, and in the summer the plant was as healthy as ever. Quapria heterophylla, in a very sheltered situation at Carclew, was much hurt, but afterwards recovered. Satix Humboldtiana was killed in the Society's Garden. SoLanumM crispum, against a west wall, was killed to within 2 feet of the surface, at Norwich; in the Society's Garden, it was destroyed on a south wall. SpHACELE campanulata was killed on a south wall in the Society's Garden. Vestia lycioides was killed at Neben and Norwich; in other places, including Cornwall, killed down to the ground. VOL. II, 2ND SERIES. EP 286 Observations upon the effects of Frost, Versena Melindres, lived in open ground at Arundel Castle, pro- tected with a covering 6 inches deep of leaves. VoLKAMERIA inermis was killed to the ground in the Society's Garden, but sprang up again with rather strong shoots. ZrPuvnANTHES candida sustained no injury at Spofforth, even in the leaves ; but it was killed at Dropmore. The results of these returns, and of the numerous observations made in the Garden of the Society, are less conflicting than they usually are in such inquiries. The effects of cold are so much modified by soil, by the surrounding atmosphere, by a variety of local causes which are often not appreciable, that perfect uniformity in apparent results cannot be expected. This has long since been observed by Humboldt and other writers upon Botanical Geogra- phy, in comparing one country with another; it has been found that parallels of latitude offer by no means an indication of uniform temperature, as they would do, if the globe were a sphere with a perfectly level surface, and a homogeneous crust, but that the mean temperature of some countries, Lapland for instance, is much higher than it should be, from their position with regard to the equator. Such being the case with respect to large tracts of land, it a fortiori would be expected in different localities on such an island as Great Britain, with its diversity of coast, wood, mountains, and ex- posure to the ocean ; accordingly we find in the garden of Mr. Fox, at Grove Hill near Falmouth, not only that such common green- house plants, as Acacia armata, and longifolia, Brugmansia suaveolens, Calothamnus quadrifida, and several Cape Heaths, survived last win- ter, although they perished in other places in Cornwall, but that the much more tender species Draczena fragrans, Justicia Adhatoda, Thunbergia coccinea, which are generally regarded as stove plants, were also uninjured. In this garden Acacia armata has been growing 16 years, Aloysia citriodora 24, the red Camellia japonica 25, Jasminum revolutum 15, Leptospermum ambiguum 17, Cal- By Professor LINDLEY. 287 listemon lanceolatus 20, and the Cape plants, Pentzia flabelli- formis, and Salvia aurea, from 14 to 15 years without being killed. This fact is unparalleled in the records of British gardens, even in the case of that of Mrs. HawirroN Nessrrv, in East Lothian, of which some account will be found in the Transactions of the So- ciety, Vol. VII. p. 31. It is obvious, that such exceptions must be left out of all calculations, as to the capability of plants becoming naturalized in a given climate. Of Australian plants, none seem to have been able to bear so much as even + 12’, except Billardiera longiflora, which is recorded at Glasgow to have borne — 1? at the foot of a south wall, and a Eucalyptus, called alpina, which escaped at Norwich; it will, however, be probably found that this circumstance is, in both cases, attributable to some unexplained cause. It, therefore, seems use- less to attempt to naturalize New Holland plants in the midland and northern parts of England. On the coast of South Wales, where the thermometer did not fall below -+ 15°, Leptospermum lanigerum is the only species which appears to have survived ; at Carclew, in Corn- wall, where the climate seems generally to be very mild, although the temperature is reported to have been + 12°, almost all the New Holland and Van Diemen's Land plants either perished outright or were irrecoverably damaged; the only exceptions being Acacia stricta, affinis, sophora, and diffusa, Callitris cupressiformis, Corrzea alba, Callistemon lanceolatus, Grevillea rosmarinifolia, Leptos- permum ambiguum, and Sollya heterophylla. It is only in such favoured spots as Mr. Fox's garden at Falmouth, and in the mild climate of Ireland, that any considerable number of Australian plants have proved really hardy, and even in those places a great many species died. Upon the plants of New Zealand there is little to remark, except that there seems no probability of their (in many cases) acquiring a permanent station in these islands. Phormium tenax, the New Zealand flax plant, eseaped in a swamp at Carclew, a cireumstance 288 Observations upon the effects of Frost, that should not be overlooked by those who hope to make it a subject of common cultivation in the milder parts of Ireland. Of the natural habits of Chinese plants little is known with precision. Those which we possess in this country have been generally purchased in the market of Macao, and there is no ascer- taining whence they are brought. Many, no doubt, are obtained from the northern provinces where the winter cold is severe ; and it is to be presumed that they are what we find hardy enough to sustain a temperature of — 42^, or lower. Among these are especially deserving of notice the beautiful Cunninghamia sinensis ; Amygdalus pumila; Fraxinus lentiscifolia, a forest tree of the most ornamental character; Glycine sinensis; Juniperus chinensis, a valuable evergreen; the noble Yu-lan, or Magnolia conspicua ; Koelreuteria paniculata, a fine deciduous tree; tree Pzonies ; Taxodium sinense, and. the magnificent climber Bignonia grandi- flora. Of the Chinese Azaleas, A. indica alba proved the most hardy. I scarcely know in what light to regard the unexpected fact of Illicium anisatum having escaped at Claremont, where it was exposed to a temperature of — 12^; but it is worthy of notice, that I. floridanum is reported in so many places to be hardy, that no doubt can remain upon that point at least ; see p. 261. The fact mentioned by Mr. Dizrwvs, of Pittosporum Tobira not having suf- fered in South Wales more than Arbutus Unedo, is important, and renders it desirable that this handsome evergreen should become the subject of cxperiments as to its hardy qualities elsewhere. That Thea viridis should have stood where T. Bohea was killed, will doubtless be regarded as an additional proof of the Black and Green Tea plants being distinct species. Such Japanese plants as have been the subject of experiment, have, in the greatest number of cases, afforded evidence that the vegetation of the colder parts of that region is well suited to our own. If Eriobotrya japonica, Ligustrum lucidum, Laurus cam- phora, and some others, were unable to resist the winter, probably in By Professor LINDLEY. 289 consequence of their being naturally found in warm vallies, on the other hand, thirteen or fourteen other shrubs proved hardy, among which are the beautiful new species of Clematis; and even certain varieties of Camellia japonica exhibited a power of enduring cold which could not have been anticipated. I quite agree with Mr. Herbert, that the result of last winter's frost is such as to render it desirable that all the varieties of Camellia should be tried out of doors, in order to ascertain which are the most hardy. The species native of the Himalaya mountains have resisted the cold to so great an extent, that there can be no doubt of a large proportion of the vegetation of those northern parts of India proving hardy in England, Wales, and Ireland. This fact alone is of the highest interest, because there certainly is no country more accessible to us, or whose productions are more worthy of being imported, whether for their value as timber, their beauty and variety as forest trees, or their brilliancy as mere objects of orna- ment. The mere knowledge that the noble Deodar cedar is capable of enduring the utmost rigour of an English winter is almost alone sufficient to compensate for the destruction produced by the frost among other plants. All the Pines and Firs appear more or less hardy, except Pinus longifolia, which is not a moun- tain species. Benthamia fragifera, although tender in the midland counties, appears at home in Cornwall and Devonshire; the beau- tiful Berberis, many Cotoneasters, a Euonymus, Juniperus recurva, Leycesteria formosa, all the Spiræas, Viburnum cotinifolium, and, above all, the magnificent Rhododendron campanulatum have to be added to our lists of common shrubbery plants. Clematis montana too proved so robust that we have not only secured that beautiful addition to our climbers, among which variety is so much wanted, but have well-grounded expectations that some of the many other beautiful species of the same genus still to introduce, will prove equally suited to this climate. The results of the frost 290 Observations upon the effects of Frost, upon the hybrid Rhododendra have been already sufficiently detailed (page 266), and need not be repeated. The plants of the South of Europe and adjacent countries have been for the most part so long in cultivation here, that much novelty in the results of the winter cannot be expected with regard to them; nevertheless, some facts prove new, others confirm opinions which were not previously established to the satisfaction of every one, and a few are inexplicable upon any principle with which I am acquainted. That Aristolochia sempervirens, a native of Candia; and Peg»num Harmala, a common Syrian plant; llex balearica and Buxus balearica, evergreens inhabiting the islands of Majorca and Minorca; Juniperus oxycedrus, quite a southern bush; Pistacia terebinthus, which is not found wild north of the coast of the Mediterranean, should all have been found hardy, where such plants as the Tamarisk, Arbutus Unedo, and the Cypress perished, are results which could hardly have been anticipated. They are, however, of the first importance, because it will induce the more general cultivation of those among them which are beau- tiful. It is interesting to know that Arbutus Andrachne is more hardy than A. Unedo, a fact which may perhaps be connected with their very different localities when wild ; the former being exposed to the severe coldof south eastern Europe, while the latter, although wild in Ireland, is more peculiar to the west of Europe. Connected with this is the important fact, that A. Andrachne inarched upon A. Unedo, in which condition it is usually sold in the nurseries, is unfit for plant- ing, because of the tenderness of its stock. By taking care that plants of A. Andrachne, and also A. hybrida, are on their own roots, two fine evergreens may be considered secured to the gardens of the greater part of England. That there should be a variety of the Olive hardy enough to bear — 44° without the slightest injury, may be a fact of value to the Olive grower in many parts of Europe, and renders it probable that this useful tree may be profitably By Professor LINDLEY. 291 raised for its oil in any part of Ireland. To the fruit grower the hardiness of the Green Ischia Fig is a good result, for it will enable this variety to be cultivated much further to the north, than it has hitherto been thought possible to possess Figs as open stan- dards. The Aleppo Pine seems to have generally perished; but Pinus brutia, a Calabrian species very like in habit, seems to be hardy. There has been some difference of opinion as to the comparative hardiness of the species of Cerasus called * Laurels" in this country. The fact is now established beyond doubt that C. lusitanica, the Portugal laurel, is much more hardy than C. laurocerasus, the common laurel. "This could not have been expected from what are reported to be the natural habits of those two species; the former inhabiting the mountains of Portugal and Madeira, where the climate is softened by the mild air of the Atlantie, and the latter being found on the mountains of the most eastern parts of Europe and of Persia, where the winters are more rigorous than in western countries. "The death of the Sweet Bay and the Laurus- tinus, on the other hand, corresponds with what might be anticipated from their inhabiting only the warm rifts of calcareous rocks in the south of Europe, where, if their branches are ever killed, their roots are secured against all chances of destruction. Of Cape plants there is little to observe further than that all the shrubby species are evidently too tender to deserve cultivation, without protection, north of Cornwall and Devonshire. It is, how- ever, satisfactory to find that the hardskinned Cape Bulbs and tu- berous Pelargonia will live in the open border, with only the aid ofa covering of fern-leaves, provided the borderis well drained ; and the undoubtedly hardy habits of Aponogeton distachyon, and Richardia africana, have secured to us two additional handsome aquatics. The low southern latitudes of South America have furnished a few accessions to hardy collections, among which the Araucaria Dombeyi is the most interesting for the possessors of parks and large gardens, and it has now become an object of some national 292 _ Observations upon the effects of Frost, importance to procure supplies of seeds of this plant from Valparaiso; for to introduce in abundance so remarkable a vegetable production as this is when old, with columnar trunks often 100 feet high, sur- mounted by a pyramid of grotesque branches, would be an ob- ject scarcely less than national, even if the plant did not furnish ex- cellent timber, and an abundance of valuable resin. It also appears that Aristotelia Macqui, and the Escallonias, rubra and glandulosa, all beautiful evergreens, are about as hardy as a Laurustinus, that the graceful little Berberis empetrifolia is regardless of cold, and that Colletia horrida, Duvaua ovata, and Heimia salicifolia, also seem likely to bear this climate. The preservation of herbaceous plants is less important ; but it is satisfactory to know that some at least of the Alstrómerias may be henceforward regarded as hardy border flowers. The number of Californian and Mexican plants in our gardens, which have been the subject of experiment, is inconsiderable. Of these it is found that the species from California are more tender than those from Mexico: a circumstance doubtless to be explained by the Californian species having been taken indiscriminately from warm valles and mountain sides, while no one has thought of na- turalizing any Mexican species except from the cold mountain ridges. What is most important is that all the beautiful pines and firs from these regions, of whose habits so little was previously known, prove to be perfectly hardy wherever they have been tried, with the exception of Pinus insignis and P. leiophylla. The winters of North America are usually so rigorous north of the districts warmed by the Gulf of Mexico, that to state that a plant is from the United States, is usually equivalent to saying it is hardy. There are, however, some exceptions to that rule, and it was requisite to possess the experience of such a winter as this, in order to judge whether the plants from the British possessions on the Pacifie would be as hardy as those from the Atlantic side of the Rocky mountains. The latter seems now to be well esta- By Professor LiNDLEY. 293 blished, for of all the numerous valuable plants introduced by the Society from North West America, not one of any importance, with the exception perhaps of Arbutus procera, proved tender; and what is of the utmost practical importance, it is now clear that Abies Douglasii, a species that grows as fast as the larch, which has much better timber, is evergreen, and grows to an enormous: size, is perfectly suited to the climate of Great Britain. Yuccas also resisted the frost so very generally, that they may be safely intro- duced into gardens as hardy endogenous shrubs; and the same observation applies to Vaccinium ovatum, one of the handsomest of evergreens. "That Pinus palustris should have so generally pe- rished may be a matter of regret, but can excite no surprise, con- sidering that it is exclusively a native of the southern states of the North American union. | Not the least interesting of the facts observed during this winter was this, that in those places where the cold was very severe, the more plants were exposed the less they suffered, and that on the contrary, the more they were sheltered without being actually pro- tected artificially, the more extensively they were injured. Thus in the Garden of the Horticultural Society, in a warm soil, and much sheltered by other trees, old plants of the common Arbutus were killed to the ground, or entirely destroyed, while in my own garden, in a cold wet soil, the Arbutus did not suffer at all; and in like manner, Cistuses of all descriptions were in the former case totally destroyed, while in the latter, C. Cyprius, and e. corboriensis were scarcely injured. At Kew, in the warm Botanie Garden, and shel- tered by mats and a wooden frame, a fine old plant of the Chilian Araucaria perished at the extremities, and at Highclere, the seat of the Earr of Carnarvon, that plant suffered in a sheltered situa- tion among trees ; but it passed the winter perfectly uninjured, with the thermometer at —5 in the same place, when planted upon the open lawn, exposed to all the severity of the weather, In many places the Vine was killed in Vineries, the fires of which YOL, ll, 2ND SERIES. 2Q 294 Observations upon the effects of Frost, had not been lighted, while it received no harm upon the open wall. At the village of Great Malvern, ʻa very cold and exposed place, situated on the eastern slope of a ridge of high hills, Mr. Dinuwyn found that none of the evergreens were at all injured, though they suffered severely on the plain, 2 or 3 hundred feet below the village, and in the neighbourhood of Worcester, which is only 8 miles dis- tant. This corresponds with a remark made by Wurtz in his Sel- borne, letter 63, that in the severe frost of 1784, his evergreens suf- fered much in his warm sequestered garden, while those in such an exalted and near situation as Newton were uninjured. Mr. WirLrAMs observed, that at Cheltenham there was a very marked difference between the injury sustained by plants in the lower part of the town, and in the higher ground above the “ Mont- pellier Spa ;” in the former, the Laurustinus were turned brown and — withered; in the latter, they in a great measure escaped. In ` the low ground at Brenchley, the Arbutus was killed, but on higher levels it escaped ; and inthe same place, under the same cir- cumstances, the double white Camellia escaped, but the single red was killed; in short, the general rule was found by Mr. Hooxrr to be, that those plants the most sheltered from the north, and open to the south and south-east, were the most injured, but on the high grounds, open to the north and screened from the south, plants suffered much less; there, many of the most hardy kinds of stan- dard Chinese roses escaped, and the hollies, laurels, and Portugal laurels were not in the least injured. At Brenchley there are some extensive Portugal laurel hedges, which run from the highest to the lowest parts of the grounds ; these presented a striking in- | stance of the effects of the frost; in the lowest part they were quite killed to the ground, were gradually less injured as the ground rises, and on the upper part of the ground the hedges were in a fine healthy state. Mr. Pattie Davies Cooxz tells me that he saw in Wales a shrubbery at least six hundred feet above the sea, as little, if not less injured than those in lower regions, and a By Professor LINDLEY. 295 fig-tree, against a house above five hundred feet above the sea, putting out leaves although it had not had any protection whatever. At Dropmore, Photinia serrulata, where sheltered, had its branches killed down to the main stem, while another plant in a more exposed situation, suffered but little injury. At Redleaf, Portugal laurels, in high situations, escaped with scarcely any damage,while they suffered severely in low and warmer places. At Owston near Doncaster, the Banksian roses were destroyed in warm places, but against a wall, completely excluded from the sun, they were but little injured. Among other things lost at North Stoneham, was a Rosa multiflora, 30 feet high and 30 feet wide, in full vigour, and upwards of 20 years old, against the south part of the house. Could it have been sheltered from the influence of the sun, and consequent unprepared and violent exposure to frost, Mr. Beapon does not conceive that he should have lost it. At Belsay in Northumberland Sir CHARLES Mowck found a great difference between the effects of the frost in a new garden, in a low, dry situation, and in an old one, placed at an elevation above the sea many feet higher ; in the latter a tree of the sweet bay was only a little scorched in the leaves, Viburnum strictum and evergreen oaks were unhurt, and Pinus halepensis, but little injured ; but in the former, that is in the low, warm gar- den, cypresses of 7 years growth were mostly killed, Quercus Gra- muntia, white broom, Colletia serratifolia, Ilex Perado, rosemary, Anagyris indica, Buxus balearica, Buddlea globosa, the Fuchsia, Yucca, Cistus, Laurustinus, Arbutus, and Erica arborea, were killed, or killed to the ground at least. It is useless to multiply such facts. They, and all of a like nature, however paradoxical they may appear, are no doubt to be explained on the same principle as the practice of selecting a northern exposure for Moutan Pæo- nies, and similar plants, which are apt to suffer from early spring frosts. It is well known, that plants in a state of growth suffer more from frost, than those which are dormant. I have seen young shoots 296 Observations upon the effects of Frost, of the oak, and ash, blackened by frost in the month of June, in the hedgerows of Norfolk and Suffolk, and yet we know how capable are those natives of the soil ofresisting with impunity our severest winters. This is undoubtedly owing in a great measure, if not ex- clusively, to their tissue containing much more fluid when in a growing state, than when they are dormant. The more succulent a plant, or a part of a plant, the more tender it is under equal circum- stances. Anoak, or anash, is nearly exhausted of its fluid contents by the leaves, before the frost sets in, and in fact, the fall of those or- gans in deciduous trees is probably caused, in part, by the inability of the stem to supply them in autumn with an adequate quantity of fluid food ; during the winter, but little water is added to the con- tents of the stem, until after the severest frosts are past and the re- turn of spring, when the sap is attracted upwards by the budding leaves. The winter, therefore, is the dry season of such plants, and for that reason the period in which they are least liable to the effects of frost. But if any unusual cireumstance alters this habit, the capa- bility of resisting frost is altered with it ; and thus the Arbutus, the Vine, the Araucaria, and the other plants mentioned in the instances lately quoted, stationed in warm sheltered situations, were stimulated prematurely into growth, their stems were filled with fluid, and they were, in consequence, affected by frost in a much greater degree than when, from the coldness of a station, they were kept in their ordi- nary winter condition. Nothing seems more generally to have excited surprize, than that so many plants, apparently killed, sprang up again from the roots. Hence it has been generally said, that many species which would have survived, if undisturbed, were thrown away, in the eager haste of gardeners to remove objects, which had become unsightly. Some have indeed ignorantly imagined, that the mere act of cutting dead stems down had the effect of destroying the lingering vitality of the root. No person, in the slightest degree acquainted with the na- ture of vegetable life, could entertain such an idea as the last; but By Professor LINDLEY. 297 for the first, there is no doubt some foundation. In all cases, the roots of trees suffer from frost less than the stems, partly perhaps because the vitality of a root is greater than that of a stem, as Mr. Knight long since shewed ; but more especially because they are so much less exposed to cold. That the earth, being a bad con- ductor of heat, should remain in winter at a higher temperature than the superincumbent atmosphere will excite no surprise; but probably few persons are aware, to how small a degree the tempe- rature of the earth is lowered in this country, during even long con- tinued and severe frost. In order to measure the exact difference be- tween the temperature of the earth, and the air, experiments have for some time been in progress in the Society's garden. Two ther- mometers have been buried in the earth, one at the depth of 1 foot, the other at the depth of 2 feet, and their indications have been noted daily. It will be seen, from the following table, that the ground was never frozen to the depth of a foot, in the Society's garden, even while the temperature of the surface was as low as 1* below zero, and that it did not fall to within 5* of freezing at the depth of 2 feet during the same period. I cannot pretend to ex- plain the discrepancy between this statement, and the observations of those who have found the earth frozen to the depth of more than 2 feet during the past winter, especially, as the soil in which my observations were made is far from dry ; but the fact as now stated is certain. In order to check the geothermometrical obser- vations, I caused the earth of the garden to be broken up during the frost, for the purpose of ascertaining how deep the soil was hardened, and the result was as follows :—In the Kitchen garden quarter, 9 inches; in a hard loam footpath, 10 inches; in the Arboretum, adjoining the geothermometers, 8 inches; in the Ar- boretum, where the turf is chiefly composed of moss, 5 inches. 298 Observations upon the effects of Frost, Register of Geothermometers in the Garden of the Horticultural Society in the month of January, 1838. 1 foot deep.|2 feet deep. 1 foot deep.|2 feet deep. January 1 46 46 January 17 94 98 2 46 46 18 34 373 3 45 46 19 334 37 4 42 48 20 33 37 5 42 44 21 38 35 6 41 41 22 33 35 7 40 43 23 33 36 8 39 41 24 33 36 9 37 4] 25 33 36 10 36 40 26 33 35 11 36 40 Q7 33 35 12 96 40 28 33 35 13 35 39 29 33 35 " 14 35 39 30 33 36 15 344 38 31 33 35] 16 34 38 It will doubtless have been remarked, that in the previous obser- vations, it has been assumed that the destruction which took place among plants was owing to the intensity of the cold on the morning of the 20th of January. lam aware, that in the opinion of some intelligent observers, it was not so much the excess of cold which produced death, as the subsequent thaw, either on the 22nd of Ja- nuary, when the thermometer rose to 46°, or in the end of the month, and in February. This opinion seems to be formed upon the absence of any appearance of death in some cases till that time, and, also upon the well known fact, that frozen vegetables and trees, suddenly thawed, will die, while they recover, if the temperature is raised by slow degrees. The absence of the appearance of death in certain plants, till some time after it actually takes place, is per- haps owing to the decomposition, which is induced by the inten- sity of cold, either being suspended so long as they remain frozen, or proceeding very slowly in cold weather. That it really was the excessive cold, which in general produced destruction, may be concluded from this; that such effects as we experienced By Professor Linpury. 299 last winter are not observed in milder winters, in which rapid thaws succeed severe freezing ; and, because it seems certain from what we know of plants, that it is not the mere act of freezing, or un- freezing, that destroys vegetable life; it is necessary that the amount of freezing should reach some unknown point, which seems to vary in different species. Dr. Neurrer has shewn, (Edinb. New Phil. Journ. 1830, p. 141,) that trees are frozen within certain limits without apparent injury. In some trees, he ascertained that the temperature was lowered to + 5°, or even to + 14°, without the power of vegetation suffering; so that the reduction of vegetable tissue by cold into that state which is succeeded by an immediate decomposition of the organic parts, varies in different species according to their peculiar nature. In considering the various circumstances alluded to in this paper, I was naturally led to inquire into the exact manner in which the death of plants is caused by cold. Very little, however, is to be learned upon this subject from the writings of physiologists. The common opinion is, that frost acts mechanically upon the tissue of plants, by expanding the fluid they contain, and bursting the cells or vessels in which it is enclosed. M. Gæprrerr, of Breslau, in a paper, originally read at the meeting of German naturalists at Leipsig in 1829, briefly abstracted in Oken's Isis for 1830, p. 497, and translated in the Edinburgh Journal of Natural and Geological Science for 1831, p. 180, denies that this supposed laceration of vegetable tissue by frost takes place. He is represented to have stated, that the changes which plants undergo, when they are killed by cold, do not consist in a bursting of their vessels or cells, but solely in an extinction of vitality, which is followed by changes in the chemical composition of their juices. Professor Morren, of Liège, in a paper, printed in the fifth volume of the Bulletin de l'Académie Royale de Bruxelles, has 300 Observations upon the effects of Frost, published some exceedingly interesting observations upon this subject. Like M. G«arrznr, he denies the truth of the state- ment generally made, that frost produces death in plants by bursting their vessels; and he assigns the effect to other causes. His more important conclusions are, 1. That no organ whatever is torn by the action of frost, except in very rare cases when the vesicles of cellular tissue give way, but that the vesicles of plants are separated from each other by frost without laceration. 2. That neither the chlorophyll, the nucleus of cells, elementary fibre, amylaceous matter, raphides, nor the various crystals contained in vegetable tissue, undergo any alteration, unless perhaps in the case of amylaceous matter, which in some cases is converted into sugar, no doubt, in consequence of the action of some acid, formed by the decomposition of the organic parts. 3. That the action of frost operates separately upon each individual elementary organ, so that a frozen plant contains as many icicles as there are cavities con- taining fluid; the dilatation thus produced not being sufficient to burst the sides of the cavities. 4. 'l'hat such dilatation is prin- cipally owing to the separation of the air contained in the water. 5. That this disengagement of air by water during the act of con- gelation, is the most injurious of all the phenomena attendant upon freezing: introducing gaseous matter into organs not intended to elaborate it, and bringing about the first stage in a decomposition of the sap and the matters it precipitates; so that with a thaw commences a new chemical action destructive of vegetable life. 6. That the expansion of the cells, and aquiferous organs, drives a great quantity of water into the air-cells, and air-vessels, so that the apparatus intended to contain liquid only, contains water and air, while that which is naturally a vehicle for air conveys water. Such an inversion of functions must necessarily be destructive to vegetable life; even if death were not produced in frozen plants by the decomposition of their juices, the loss of their excitability, and the chemical disturbance of all their contents, By Professor LINDLEY. 301 Professor Morren’s observations were made upon various plants frozen in the spring of the present year, having been exposed to a temperature of —4° to + 9° Fahrenheit. One of his statements I give in his own words. “ In the parenchyma of many plants, and especially in that of succulent fruits, it is easy to ascertain what modifications are caused by frost in the internal organs of plants. If a frozen apple is opened, it is obvious that the ice is not a conti- nuous mass, but that it is a collection of a multitude of little microscopical icicles. Under the microscope, the fact becomes evident. We know how excessively hard some fruits become when frozen by this mosaic of icicles, especially pears. If we thaw them it is seen that on the instant a multitude of air-bubbles are extri- cated from the juice of the fruit, and that this juice has then acquired new chemical qualities. I wished to ascertain the cause of these phznomena, and the following is what observation has shewn me. I studied for this purpose more particularly the tissue of the apple. Each cell is filled with a small icicle which has in its middle a bubble of air. We know, that when water freezes the crystals so arrange themselves, that the air separated from their mass by the solidification of the liquid is intercalated between their planes. This air also places itself in a mass of congealed water in a regular manner, the nature of which depends entirely upon that assumed by the crystals, as may be seen by freezing water in a cylin- drical vessel, when the air-bubbles always assume the form of a very long cone, terminated by a spherical cap. The augmentation of the volume of water is in great measure owing to this interposition of masses of air. All these effects take place in each cell of a frozen apple, which thus increases in size because each cell of its tissue becomes individually larger. When thawed, the cell recovers itself by the elasticity of its vegetable membrane, and frozen fruit becomes, as we know, very much shrivelled. Each cell, therefore, acts like a bottle of frozen water, only there is no bursting, because the membrane is extensible." VOL, II. 2ND SERIES. 2R 302 Observations upon the effects of Frost, But when plants, easily killed by cold, are exposed to so low a temperature as that just described, it is to be feared, that phenomena actually connected with the destruction of vegetable life may be intermixed with others, which merely indicate the phy- sical effects of cold upon vegetable matter already dead. For the purpose of judging how far this conjecture is well founded, I have carefully examined the post mortem appearances of several plants killed by exposure to a temperature artificially reduced only to from 28° to 30° Fahrenheit. These observations, while they have confirmed the general accuracy of Professor Morren’s statements, have led to other conclusions which also appear important. I could not find the vesicles of cellular tissue separable from each other, even in the most succulent species submitted to experi- ment, and I conclude that this circumstance, to which Professor Morren attaches importance, and to which M. Payen ascribes the difficulty of extracting starch from frozen potatoes, is not so much connected with the destruction of vegetable life as a result produced upon the tissue by a great intensity of cold. I did, however, find it lacerated in several cases, as if by the distension of the fluid it had contained. In a Stapelia, the whole of the cellular tissue was soft, and deformed, as if it had been extended with but little power of recovering itself again, and several large irregular lacerated cavi- ties were observed. The same appearances were remarked in Euphorbia Tirucalli, but the laceration of the tissue was much less - extensive. In Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis the cells of the cortical inte- gument (mesophloeum) were very much torn, and in Hibiscus mili- taris not only the cells of the bark, but especially those of the pith, were so completely broken up that it was difficult to obtain a thin slice of those parts for examination. In no case, however, have I found any kind of tissue ruptured except the soft cellular dodeca- hedral or prismatical. It would also seem, that M. PAvEN recog- nizes the laceration of tissue by frost, for he ascribes the acridity of frozen potatoes to an extravasation of the acrid matter which exists By Professor LINDLEY. 303 in the epiphloeum of such tubers, and which, in a natural state, is locked up in the cells of which that part consists. Independently of these observations, it is not to be doubted that frost does split the tissue of plants. I saw the youngest shoots of Erica medi- terranea, cinerea, and others shivered into thousands of pieces in the Horticultural Societys Garden, on the morning of the 20th of January. "The branches of Melaleucas were rent to their points at Carclew. Several cases, among others that of the common holly, were observed at Claremont, where the bark was split, and rent asunder from the wood below it; and Sir Oswald Mosley has given me the following instance, which occurred under his own observation. ‘ An oak tree, growing upon the south side of a hill, in a sheltered situation, in Knightly Park, near Burton- upon-Trent, in the County of Stafford, was rent in the severe frost of last winter in two different places, to the height of 13 ft, 3 in. There was an interval of 11 in. between the two shakes, which were each of them one quarter of an inch wide, and extended in depth to the heart of the tree. The girth of the tree is 6 ft. 10 in., and as soon as the frost went the openings closed again, and the tree is now as flourishing as ever.” To these cases many more might be added. ! The organization of woody tissue appears to be affected, but not by laceration. Ifa frozen and unfrozen transverse slice of the stem of Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis be placed, side by side, upon the field of the microscope, it is obvious that the diameter of the tubes of the wood and liber is considerably less in the former than in the latter; this appears to be owing to an increase in the thickness of the sides of the tubes, which has the effect of diminishing their calibre. The expulsion of air from aeriferous organs, and the introduction of it into parts not intended to contain it, is a striking pheno- menon. Every one must have remarked that when a leaf has been frozen to death, it changes colour as soon as thawed, acquiring a 304 - Observations upon the effects of Frost, deeper green, and being of nearly the.same depth of colour on both sides ; the same appearance is produced by placing a leaf under the exhausted receiver of an air pump, and in both cases-is owing to the abstraction of air from the myriads of little air chambers contained in the substance of this organ. If the leaf of Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis in its natural state is examined, by tearing off the parenchyma from the epidermis with violence, it will be found that the sphincter of its stomates, the cells of the epidermis, and the chambers immediately below the latter, are all distended with air; but, in the frozen leaf of this plant, the air has entirely disappeared ; the sphincter of the stomates is empty ; the upper and under sides of the cells of the epi- dermis have collapsed, and touch each other, and all the cavernous parenchyma below the epidermis is transparent, as if filled with fluid. Whither the air is conveyed is not apparent ; but as the stomates have evidently lost their excitability, and are in many cases open, it may be supposed, that a part of the air at least has been expelled from the leaf ; and as the pith of this plant, in its natural state, con- tains very little air, and in the frozen state is found to be distended with air, it 1s also probable, that a part of the gaseous matter ex- pelled from the leaf when frozen is driven through the petiole into the pith. In the petiole of this plant are numerous annular and reticulated vessels, which under ordinary circumstances are filled with air, but after freezing are found filled with fluid; is itnot possible that their functions may have been disturbed, by the violent forcing of air through them into the pith, and that when that action ceased they were incapable of recovering from the overstrain, and filled with fluid filtering through their sides? That annular ducts are in some way affected by frost was shown by their state in a thawed branch of Euphorbia Tirucalli, when they were found in a collapsed state, empty of both air and fluid, with their sides shrivelled, and with the fibre itself, which forms the rings, also wrinkled transversely. Facts of an analogous kind were remarked by me in Erica sulphurea. The minute long-haired leaves of this species are in their natural By Professor LINDLEY. 305 state firm, bright green, with a rigid petiole, and upon being ex- posed to pressure in a compressorium, at first offer perceptible re- sistance to its action, and afterwards, as the pressure increases, discharge, chiefly through their petiole, a great quantity of air. But leaves of this plant, which have been frozen by exposure to the temperature of 27° are very different; they are softer, dull olive green, with a flaccid petiole, and offer but little resistance to pressure ; yet, although they give way freely, the quantity of air which the compressorium expels is comparatively small, and readily driven out. Moreover the long hairs of this plant, which in the natural state are occupied by fluid, were always found filled with air atter freezing, and this without pressure having been exercised upon them. I am inclined to refer to this cause the well-known fact, of which many cases occurred this winter, that the sudden exposure of frozen plants to warmth will kill them; though they may not suffer if warmed gradually. In such cases, it may be supposed that the air, forced into parts not intended to contain it, is expanded violently, and thus increases the disturbance already produced by its expul- sion from the proper air cavities; while, on the other hand, when the thaw is gradual, the air may retreat by degrees from its new situation without producing additional derangement of the tissue. It is also possible that leaves, from which their natural air has been expelled by the act of freezing, may, from that cireumstance, have their tissue too little protected from the evaporating force of the solar rays, which we know produce a specific stimulus of a powerful kind upon those organs. These circumstances are, in themselves alone, sufficient to account for death being produced in plants by frost ; and it is chiefly to such as these, that Professor Morren has directed his attention. It how- ever appears to me, that there are some other points of importance to which observers have not applied themselves. The green colouring matter of leaves, or chlorophyll, is certainly 306 Observations upon the effects of Frost, affected by so little as only two or three degrees of frost. In Stapelia, when thawed, it is found collected into clusters, and apparently half dissolved. In Euphorbia Tirucalli, when the plant is alive, it is extremely abundant, and consists of distinct spheroidal transparent particles, but, after a slight freezing, a considerable part of it dis- appears, and the remainder loses its transparency, becomes fusiform, is sometimes surrounded by coagulated gelatinous colourless matter, and many of the particles appear as if burst. In the green subcu- taneous parenchyma of the leaf of Hibiscus Rosa sinensis, the ve- sicles forming the sides of the air chambers are filled with distinct, angular, deep green particles, which, after freezing, become amor- phous, and seem as if partially dissolved. It is possibly to the de- composition, of which these appearances are the incipient signs, that the extremely offensive odour ef some frost-bitten plants, especially the Laurustinus, when thawed, is to be ascribed. The amylacous matter, which is so abundant in many plants, also undergoes alteration. This has been remarked by PROFESSOR Morren, who found that when Potatoes are frozen, a part of their starch disappears, leaving the deformed mteguments behind it, and he suspected that the starch thus lost had furnished the sugar formed in the process of freezing this tuber. I believe it will be found a general fact, that starch is materially altered by frost, for I have always found that the amylaceous particles seem less abundant in a plant after freezing than before, and of those which remain, a part is generally becoming amorphous, clustered together, and certainly diminished in size. This is particularly striking in Hibiscus mili- taris. In that plant the cells of the pith abound in amylaceous granules, and are often quite filled with them; and they also occur abundantly inside the cells of the bark, of the medullary rays, and even of the tubes of the wood, and in short everywhere except inside the woody tubes of the liber ; so that a thin slice of the stem of this plant, treated with iodine, forms a most beautiful microscopical object. But after being frozen, a great part of the starch disappears, By Professor LINDLEY. 307 and the particles which remain are not more than a half or quarter their former size. I have not, however, remarked among them any appearance of dissolving ; neither have I been able to observe any change in the curious double-headed bodies, in form resembling dumb-bells, found in the vessels of Euphorbias, and supposed to be a state of amylaceous matter, because iodine colours them violet ; they appeared to me to be in precisely the same state before and after the plant was frozen to death. M. Payen, however, denies that any starch whatever is lost in frozen potatoes ( Comptes rendus, VI. 345); but as only a small part of his important treatise on amylaceous matter has reached this country, I am unable to state in what way he explains the action of cold upon this substance. Finally, it appears that frost exercises a specific action upon the latex, destroying its power of motion. If, as PRorEsson Scnurrzz supposes, this is the vital fluid of plants, such a fact would alone account for the fatal effects of a low temperature. In all the cases I have observed frost coagulates this fluid, collecting it into amor- phous masses. In Stapelia, where the laticiferous vessels are easily found, the latex itself is so transparent, that it is difficult to per- ceive it in a living state, even with the best glasses; but after freezing it is distinctly visible, resembling half coagulated water. In the Hibiscus above mentioned, the stem is covered with long, rigid, simple hairs, filled with a plexus of capillary laticiferous vessels of extreme tenuity, but in which the motion of the latex may be seen beautifully with the 5 of an inch object glass of an achromatic mi- croscope. Upon being thawed, after freezing, all this apparatus is found reduced to some misshapen separate sacs of fine grumous matter, in which no motion can be detected. That these vessels lose their vitality after freezing may indeed be seen without the aid of a microscope; for if a stem of a Ficus elastica, or a Eu- phorbia, or any such plant, which discharges an abundance of milk when wounded, be first frozen, and then thawed, no milk will follow the incision. 308 Observations upon the effects of Frost, From these facts, I think we must draw the conclusion, that the fatal effect of frost upon plants is a more complicated action than has been supposed ; of which the following are the more important phaenomena :— 1. A distension of the cellular succulent parts, often attended by laceration; and always by a destruction of their irritability. 2. An expulsion of air from the aeriferous passages and cells. 3. An introduction of air, either expelled from the air passages, or disengaged by the decomposition of water, into parts intended exclusively to contain fluid. 4. A chemical decomposition of the tissue and its contents, especially of the chlorophyll. 5. A destruction of the vitality of the latex, and a stoppage of the action of its vessels. 6. An obstruction of the interior of the tubes of pleurenchyma, by the distension of their sides. These phznomena may be considered in part mechanical, in part chemical, and in part vital. The two latter are beyond our controul, and probably depend, in part, upon the quality of fluid and organic matter, which may resist the action of cold in different degrees, according to their various modifications ; and, in part, upon specific vitality. Salt and water freeze at various temperatures, according to the density of the mixture, from 4° to 27°; oil of turpentine at 14°; oil of bergamot at 23°; vinegar at 28°; milk at 30°; water at 32°; olive oil at 36°; oil of anise at 50°; and it is not to be doubted, that, in like manner, the fluid contents of plants, which we know are infinitely modified, will resist the action of cold in very different degrees, The mechanical action of frost may however, undoubtedly be guarded against to a great extent. It is well known, that the same plant growing in a dry climate, or in a dry soil, or in a situation thoroughly drained from water during winter, will resist much more cold, than if cultivated in a damp climate, or in wet soil, or in By Professor LINDLEY. 309 a place affected by water in winter. Whatever tends to render tissue moist will increase its power of conducting heat and con- sequently augment the susceptibility of plants to the influence of frost; and whatever tends to diminish their humidity, will also diminish their conducting power and with it their susceptibility ; this is an invariable law, and must consequently be regarded as a fundamental principle in Horticulture, upon attention to which all success in the adaptation of plants to a climate less warm than their own will essentially depend. The destructive effects of frost upon the succulent parts of plants, or upon their tissue when in a succulent condition, may be thus accounted for, independently of the mechanical expansion of their parts; indeed, it is chiefly to that circumstance, that Dr. Nreurrer ascribes the evil influence of cold in the spring ; for he found, that at Tubingen nearly all trees con- tain 8 per cent more of aqueous parts in March than at the end of January; and the experience of the past winter shews, that the cultivation of plants in situations too much sheltered, where they are liable to be stimulated into growth, and consequently to be filled with fluid, by the warmth and brightness of a mild protracted autumn, exposes them to the same bad consequences as growing them in damp places, or where their wood is not ripened, that is to say, exhausted of superfluous moisture, and strengthened by the deposition of solid matter, resulting from such exhaustion. INDEX OF THE PLANTS MENTIONED IN THIS REPORT. Acacia verticillata, 242, 246, 247. lopha 242, 947. — grandis, 250. Acacia dealbata, 242, 246, 247. affinis 46. — Julibrissin, 242. | — diffusa, 240, 242, 247. | VOL. II. 2ND SERIES, melanoxylon, 247. Abies Douglasii, 242, 260. — Deodara, 237, 240, 242, 263. h ntha — Webbiana, 240, 242, — stricta, 240, 9 — Morinda, 2 — Sophora, 246 — nobilis, 242, 250. — pubescens, 246. — Menziesii, 260 E armata, 246, 247 — amabilis, 250 — nigricans, 247 dis — longifolia, 247 — lentiscifolia, 247. S o 310 Acer oblongum, 264. — palmatum, 257. Adelia acidoton, 257. Albuca major, 269. — minor, 269. Aloysia citriodora, 242, 281. Pesan teers pulchella, "242 ,280. rea, 242, 280, 28l. waited, 280. Pelegrina, 280. — ne 280. — hirtella, 280. Amarillis (och esl 268. — vittata, 268. formosissima, 268. Amygdalus orientalis, 271. — pumila, 252. Anagyris indica, 264. Andromeda arborea, 260. i Anemone vitifolia, 264. Anomatheca dus 269. Anona glabra, Anthocercis viscosa a, 247, Aponogeton distachyon, 268. Aralia spinosa, 259. Araucaria Dombeyi, fun Bh 282. nd 242, 2 ata, 237, 261 A bn ede 226, 242, 254, 271, 272, — Unedo, scarlet, 237. — procera, 242, 260. — Andrachne, 242, 271. Arctotis aureola, 271 — maculata, 271. Aristolochia sempervirens, 271. Aristotelia Macqui, 242, 254, 282. Asparagus scandens, 272. Aster argophyllus, 240, 247. Asimina triloba, 259. Atriplex dau 212. Ha Aum uba j Paaie 242, 257. Azalea indica, 251. ind. PORER 251. alba, 251. calendulacea, 259. s, 252. po don. 282. Banksia littoralis, 247. Observations upon the effects of Frost, Banksia oblongifolia, 247. ericifolia, 247. Banksian Rose; 245, 254. Beaufortia DN 247, Bay, sweet, 226, 244, 277 eech, 232. Benthamia fragifera, 240, 242, 264. Berberis Aquifolium, 242, 260. fascicularis, 242, 260. glumacea, 242, 260. — rud A gis 282. bat MEER capreolata, 212, 260. — cid i Aye 242, 252. Broussonetia papyrifera, 257. Brugmansia, 282. Buddlea bonn 249. Bulbs, 2 Bumelia tenax, 2 Bupleurum fruticosum, 272. Buxus balearica, 242, 272. Cactacez, 239, 260. Cacalia Kleinii, 269. Calceolaria viscosissima, 252, 282, 283. integrifolia, 283. angustifolia, 283. — rugosa, 283. Calla rt ord 270. Callitris cupressiformis, 247. Vues ie ee 240, 248. 248. eciosu Cilakana qundirifds: 248. mr) Japontics, 237, 242, 951. myrtifolia, 258. double red, 258. Waratah, 258. double white, 258. single red, 258. striped double red, 258 Pelt l | — — Pompone, 258. Cape bulbs, 269. By Professor LINDLEY. Cp flexuosum, 241, 258. — ja Pines 242, 258. — longiflorum, 252. Carmichaelia dirie 248, 269. Catalpa syringæfolia, 242. Cassinia rosmarinifolia, 247. Casuarina equisetifolia, 248. stricta, 248. Cauliflower, 237. Ceanothus azureus, 242, 250. americanus, 260. i Celtis orientalis, 272. eme lusitanica, 242, 276, 277. Laurocerasus, 238, 249, 276, 277. caroliniana, 260. — Capollim, 251. Ceroxylon andicola, 239. Ceratonia Siliqua, 273. eratiola ericoides, 260. Cercis Siliquastrum, 275. Cestrum LRL noctur 288. Chamzerops dent 236, 239, 273. Chenopodium fruticosum, 273. Chimonanthus fragrans, 242, 258. China Rose, 226, 245, 254, 255. Chlidanthus fragrans, 283. Chrysanthemum indicum, 242, 252. Cissus stans, z Cistus cyprius, 242, 212. creticus, &c. 242, 272. c salvifolius, 272. purpureus, 272. Gins, 259. Clematis viue 242, 273, florida chin Clethra arborea 273. — ia, Clianthus puniceus, 248, 256. Cneorum tricoccum, 273. — T 283. a, 283. jaraai, 283. Colutea nepalensis, 264. Convolvulus althæoides, 273. — bryoniæfolius, 273. — Cneorum, i Cotoneaster microphylla, 243, 264. 311 €— affinis, 243, 264. ae 264. Cork tree, 226, 2 Coronilla glauca, 243, 273. Correa alba, 2 , 247. speciosa, 4s cr microcarpa, 228, 260. Azarolus, 228, 243. — mexicana, 228, 243, 250. — glabra, 228, 255. Crinum capense, 2 Crocus, 268. Cunninghamia sinensis, 237, 243, 252. Cupressus sempervirens, 237, 243, 273. lusitanica, 243, 273. Cyn horrida, 273. Scolymus, 273. Cytisus seclicus 273. Weldeni, 273. Cydonia epi 252. a, 258. — japon | Cypress, 237, "243, 273. Cypella Herbertiana, 283. Daffodil, 2 Dendromecon rigidum, 251. Dendrobium denudans, 239. Deodar cedar, 237, 240, 242, 263. Dianella cærulea, 248. Dianthus Dillwynia ericifolia, 248. Diosma amæna, 269. € Mal cce 261. Lotus, 274. , 243. latifolia, 243, 283. — dependens, 243, 283. — ie 283. — a, 283. Pena eto 283. Echium giganteum, 269. Edwardsia ens ew 243, 256. chrysophylla, 243, 256. 312 Edwarsia grandiflora, 243, 256. Ehretia serrata, 283. Eriobotrya japonica, 225, 243, 258. Erica australis, 225, 243, 274. — gracilis, 225, 243, 270, 271. mediterranea, 225, 243, ITA. oen 225, 226, 214. scop 274. is A d 225, 274. stricta, 225, 274. verticillata, 271. FFLILBEEBREETTI Eriocephalus africanus, 271. Erythrina Crista-galli, 284. oe glandulosa, 269, 284. — ra, 248, 284. — montevidea, 248, 284. — pulverulenta, 243. Eucalyptus pulverulenta, &c. 243, 248. — alpina, Eucomis punctata, 269. — eed. 974. 4. 214. — duy picnics, 232. Epiphytal Orchidacez, 239. Eutaxia myrtifolia, 248. Euxenia Mitigui, 284. Evergreens, 233, 254, 218. Fig, 243, 274, 275. green Ischia, 215. Fir, epee tuii be 243, 275. Frax 2 xinus americana, : > — lentiscifolia, 252. — excorticata, 256. Observations upon the effects of Frost, — 225, 235, 245. Iri sh, 235, 245. pours elliptica, 245, 261. zania rigens, 271. Creatas triquetra a, 275. | Gladiolus psittacinus, 243, 268. Gleditschia chinensis, 253. B. Grevillea rosmarinifolia, 240, 248. —- juniperina, 249. Gnidia PES 211. flava, 271. Gum cito. 242, 272. Hablitzia tamoides, 275. Halesia diptera, 261. Halleria lucida, 269. Hakea acicularis, 249. linearis, 249, — macrocarpa, 249. — ceratophylla, 249. ugioniformis, 249. Hamelia patens, 241, 251. Hawthorn, 228, 243, 250, 255, Heimia salicifolia, 284. m eN e a — libiscus syriacus, 275 lippophae Signy. 265. lolly, 226, 2 6 lovenia acer n 5. [ydrangea hortensis, 243, 253. Hypericum hircinum, 275. Ilex x ope 261. vomitoria, 261. — balearica, 261, 275. — prinoides, 2 Aqu ifolium, 296, 243, 261. licium floridanum, 261. — unem 253. Ivy, 2 Ixias, pm species, 243. Jaborosa integrifolia, 284. Jasminum revolutum, 244, 265. ffici 43, 215. — fruticans, 243, 275. — Wallichianum, 265. 243, 260. Heaths, 225, 226, 243, 258, 270, 271, 274. By Professor LINDLEY. Jasmimum cgi vaga 265. humile, 275. | Juglans fraxibifolia, 219. use api chinensis, 244, 253. urva, 244, 265. — oxycedrus, 276. Kageneckia crategifolia, 284. Kennedya bimaculata, 249. —_ monophylla, 249, Kerria japonica, 259. Kidney bean, 238. Koelreuteria ‘paniculata, 253. Lagerstroemia indica, 244, 265. Lelia, 239. Larch, 263. Laurel, 238, 242, 276, 277. I Laurus Md. , 25 59. s, 226, 244, 277. E a: 276. Lemon, 253. Leonotis Leonurus, 271. Leptospermum lanigerum, 249. feroci formosa, 265. Ligustrum lucidum, 244, 259. Limnocharis Humboladi, 284. Linum flavum, 277. — tauricum, 277. Lithrza Tere 284. Lobelia Tu Lomatia longifolia, 249, Lycium Lois choi 961. Maclura aurantiaca, 244. Magnolia grin gTa 261, 274. a, 253. = Maytenus chilensis, 285. Medicago arborea, 277. Melaleuca hypericifolia, 248. — incana, 249. Laurustinus, 226, 237, 245, 276. Melaleuca decussata, 249. b n Melianthus major, 271. Melocactus viviparus, 239. Menziesia polifolia, 226. Mesembryanthemum, 270. Morus he 244, 277. Muraltia mixta, 271. 313 Myrtus communis, 237, 244, 277, 285. 269. Myrsine africana, Nandina domestica, 259 Narcissus (Corbularia) serotinus, 278. 278. erium Oleander, Nicotiana glauca, "285 Oak, 226, 239, 244, 262, 279. CEdera prolifera, 271. Olea europza, 2 8. — — var. buxifolia, 218. — fragrans, 270, 278. Olive, 244, 270, 278. Oncidium nubigenum, 239. Opuntia ferox, 239, 259, 260. Orange tree, 253. — Mandarin, 254, — Portogallo dolce; 253. Orchidaceous epiphytes, 239. Ornithogalum caudatum, 270 Oxalis Bowiei, 269. Palm, wax, 239. — fan, 236, 239. Paonia Moutan, 237, 244, 255. — papaveracea, 255. Paliurus aculeatus, 278. — cerulea, 244, 285. zeruleo-racemosa, 285. — palmata, — adiantifolia, 285. eganum Harmala, 241, 279. Pelargonium flavum, 270. sir 270. — m, 270. rds "Mabel eh 271. Periwinkle, 226, 232. Pernettia amp 285. pilo * Phillyrea obliqua, 244, 278. — media, 244. — latifolia, 278. E rosmarinifolia, 278. 314 Observations upon the effects of Frost, Phlomis fruticosa, 279. ferruginea, 279. Phor mium tenax, 244, 256. Photinia arbutifolia, 244. 251. — serrulata, 244, 255. Physianthus albens, 285. Pinus longifolia, 244, 265. — insignis, 244, 251. — Pinea, 244. — Llaveana, 244, 251. — palustris, "i 262. Lambertiana, 244. — Aine 244, 262. — sinensis, 254, —— Terebinthus, 279. nar grt 219. — Led s, 279. USERS "Tobira, 244, 254. erm a capensis, 271. Podocarpus macrophyllus, 255. DNUS latifolia, 271. — myrtifolia, 271. — grandiflora, 271. speciosa, 271. Pomaderris elliptica, 240, 249. Pontederia cordata, 262. — angustifolia, 262. Porlieria hygrometrica, 285. Portugal laurel, 238, 242, 275, 277. Potatoe, 238. Prosopis siliquastrum, 285. Pterocarya caucasica, 279. Psidium Cattleianum, 285. Punica Shag 244, 279. 279. Pyros varioloss, 244, 265. — vestita, 265. — angustifolia, 262. Quadria heterophylla, 285. Quercus Suber, 226, 239, 244 coccifera, 226 — Phellos, 226, 239, 27 LUNES n indica, 255, 279. Rhamnus Alaternus, 244 — “balearica, 279. Rheum Emodi, 267. Rhododendron ponticum, 245. arboreum, 236, 245, 265, 266, 267. arboreum album, campanulatum, 282. maximum, 267. — altaclerense, 267. — Nobleanum, 266. — anthopogon, 2 rA — davuricum, 267. — Catawbiense, 260. Catawbiense-ponticum, 266. “== id, s — Smithii, 265, 266. — maximum var. purpureum, 266. — Knightii, 266. -— Haylocki, 266. Acklandi, 236, 266. Rhus juglandifolium, 261. d 25t Rosa Banksis) 945, 254 of indica, 245. Macartney, 254. Hamon, 254. Blairii, 254. white and yellow China, 254, sweet scented Mri 254. tea scented var. Isle de Bourbon var. 255. cpm = rs 2 Ru mwi arv s BEB. involuerata, 255. IL EDETULDERI cz = e " Q ct ms ® E et £ tO or - sinica, 255. Rosmarinus officinalis, 245. Ruscus aa 225, 245. — mosus, ; iis ogynus, 279. Ruta Pact adm 279, By Professor LINDLEY. 315 Salisburia adiantifolia, 259. Salix Humboldtiana, 285. abylonica, 280. Salvia officinalis, 280. 271 — - aurea, Santolina Chame-cyparissus, 288. Schizandra coccinea, 2 Sideroxylon pease 262. Solanum crispum Sollya cary 245, 249, Sparmannia africana, 271. Spatium eetnense, 225, 237, 280. — 0. oo multiflorum, 225, 245, 280. = junceum, 225, 245, 280. Sphacele campanulata, 285. Spiræa argentea, 267. Stranveesia pr aur. 245, 267. Strawberry, Struthiola ovata; 211. — erecta, 271. Styrax grandifolium, 263. 'Tamarix gallica, 245, 280. — libanoti — afra, 280. Taxodium Ta 256. Taxus baccata, 225. Teucrium keia 270. Thea Bohea, 256. — viridis, 255, 256. Thyme, 225. Tigridia Pavonia, 251. 'Tristania laurifolia, 250. 'Tritoma media, 269, 270. — Burchelliats, 270. Ulex europzus, 225, 235, 245. — nanus ; 225, 245. oa EREN 225, 235, 245. Vaccinium ovatum, 262. 286. Veronica decussata, 240, 250. Vestia lycioides, 285. Viburnum cotinifolium, 268. — Tinus, 226, 237, 245, 276. jor, 226, 232, Volkameria inermis, 286. Westringia rosmarinifolia, 250. Watsonia Mariana, 268. w, 225. Yid EENET: 245. — gloriosa, 245, 263. — gracili ilis 263. — recurva | 245, 263. Zephyranthes candida, 286. TRANSACTIO ADVERTISEMENT. T u £ Committee appointed by the Horticultural Society to direct the publication of the Papers read before them, take this opportu- nity to inform the Public, that the grounds of their choice are, and will continue to be, the importance and singularity of the subjects, or the advantageous manner of treating them, without pretending to answer for the certainty of the facts, or the propriety of the rea- sonings, contained in the several Papers so published; which must still rest on the credit or judgment of their respective Authors. It 1s likewise necessary, on this occasion, to remark, that it is an established rule of this Society, to which they will always adhere, never to give their opinion, as a body, upon any subject, either of Nature or Art, that comes before them. And, therefore, the thanks which are proposed from the Chair, to be given to the Authors of such Papers as are read at the General Meetings, or to the Persons who send fruits, or other vegetable productions, or exhibit Inven- tions of various kinds to the Society, are to be considered in no other light than as a matter of civility, in return for the respect shewn to the Society by these communications. VOL. II. 2ND SERIES. a CONTENTS. XXXVIII. Journal of Meteorological Observations made in the Garden of the Horticultural Society at Chiswick during the year 1838. By Mr. Rosert THompson. p. 317 XXXIX. Upon raising Coniferous Plants from Seed. By Mr. Grorce Gorpon, Under Gardener, in the Hardy Department of the Society s Garden. p. 344 XL. On the Improvement of the Wild Carrot. By M. VILMORIN, F. M. H. 8. p. 948 XLI. Upon forcing the Peach Tree. By Mr. RoBERT Errineron, Gardener to Sır Purtir De Marras Grey Eeerron, Barr., M. P. F. H. S., Oulton Park, Cheshire. p. 357 XLII. On Heating by Hot Water. By Joun Rocers, Jun., Esq., F.R.S. F.H.S. p. 364 XLIII. Report on the progress of the Horticultural Society of London, from May 1, 1830, to April 30, 1840. Prepared by Order of the Council. p.913. XLIV. On the Cultivation and Management of the Cactus tribe. By Mr. D. Beaton, Gardener to Tuomas Harris, Esq. F.H.S. Kingsbury. p. 459 XLV. Upon the advantage of Root Pruning in Pear Trees. By Mr. Tuomas Rivers, Jun., Nurseryman, Sawbridgeworth. p. 471 XLVI. A note on the Chorozema varium; a new Greenhouse Shrub from Swan River, with a plate. By Professor LINDLEY. p. 478 DIRECTIONS TO THE BINDER. Meteorological Diagram - s " 4 to face page 317 Chorozema varium - i 5 . : 3 E 478 "D SERIES. TRANS’. Vol. HORT. AZ M SECON MUHAMMAD S Uog LIPIULOULLIY p S PLIYUPLYDT abvg woy TEES IEEE ET ES TERRE TT | 3383333339323 8233 3h. Mo oou aes à LIE | | [ eee Be 3 |à £ 4 | R jF DH | Pt-] ; i iat 3) d : | R ‘ i = [| S [5 j / S 3 | zi j 8i ee i | B y ; S | HEE ES ir S THEE PENS d f ! [ |. RO | a VEU Ts are : iB ABB ; I E j N 3 H à | S x i i > | . 4 jdie | x N R aS = ni { — s $ N ~ E d TN ; META N i H TIN kot S Leer II: SS N A "ug 1 AP RS iN ~ H v S À N ial S. 3 d N n 2 - N 3 , NL EE S i K IH A EN: ~ t " NITE ER: ES r ‘ S TUS N MA GM LE T]& A S T + + S "S ES FERES ELLE HN 4 Y S N g T b X i 4 rx $ E NS ji ]L Te > D : | vB ame à jo: " HAEN HA 8 UNAU HH s S LLLELLEI BEN 4 ; N RA = "à an 7 3 INIT s HH] TRN S Bl PNTE A ++ À LE. va $ A š HL 3 Ce ! LEE I JEBEEEEBE JEIEEEE Aa ccu T yY vo apto D 27277774 LIP PUOULLIY Y, SALI UPILY DT XXXVIII. Journal of Meteorological Observations made in the Garden of the Horticultural Society at Chiswick during the year 1888. By Mr. Rosznr Tnuowrsox. This Journal has been kept on the same plan as the preceding excepting that, agreeably to the directions of the Garden Com- mittee, the Thermometrical Observations are registered throughout in terms of Fahrenheits Scale instead of that of the Centigrade, many persons having objected to the latter as not being so generally well understood. Tables of the averages are however added ac- cording to the scales of Fahrenheit, the Centigrade, and Reaumur. VOL, 1I. 2ND SERIES. [ 318 ] JANUARY. Morning. Noon. Night. 1858. 2| from Hygrometer. Weather, Barom. Hygrometer, Weather. Barom. Hygrometer. Weather. : | 6 Very Fi a F : 8 8| — Slight Rain || 29.939} 46| 46 | — ery Fine T à a n p Mr — Clod = shat Sa 18 Me 3 ICloudy & Fine| —.648/ 46 | 46 | — |Fine » W. 3 Sse ; 41 | — |Clear & Fine |—.563| 46 | 43 | 3 |Fine 821) 35 | 35| — [Very CINE Th. o H 30 | 30 | — Clear —-992| 45 | 45 | — | Very Fine SUUM. 31] 3| eine f F. 4 ps 28 30 | 30 | — Dense Fog 30.288| 35 | 35 | — Dense fog 2902, 32] 37 | — Dense fog S. db $ 4| 32 | PF —279| 35 35 | — |Foggy te 92 3) EI FOBPY s. iis I ; T ‘Hazy —316| 35 32 | 3 |BleakandCold| —.336| 35 35 | — |Cloudy M. 5 ames zi 2 — |F —:408; 29 | 29 | — Slight Snow ||—.270| 25 | 25 | — Frosty T. dnd 22| 22 | — Slight Snow |—.187| 22 | 22 | — [Ditto "ISb 3 AE D— Ditto O W. ið c H9 22 | 20] 2 Sharp Frost |—.o068| 28 | 28| — Frosty 29.930| 21 21 | — (Clear and frosty Th. 111—024] 30 |- 30 | am Snowing —.034| 28 28 | — Overcast 30.041| 19 19 | — |Frost i F. 12 -ot 16 | 16 | — Foggy & Frost)}—.341/ 23 | 23| — Frosty&foggy —408| 19 | 19 | — desi rost S. |13| —.376 19 19g | — Severe Frost -327| 26 26 | — Hazy & frosty sore i z m sel frost . —.o18 — Snowin 001} 28 | 25 | 3. Erost 9-959 asa M. rs 29.887 E zi — Severe Frost |29.859| 25 | 23 | 2 (Clear & Ditto || —.865 5i a — De : — — (Overcast — 28 28 | — Fo 30.100| 2 ess D w ; ease m 2. 4 Frost 30 2 32 28 | 4 Frosty —;201| 25 25 | — Ditto : Th. 18 eer 22 | 22 | — Snow 900, 25 | 25 | — Snowing 29.938| 24 | 24 | — Do. Snowing F. 19| 29.848) 20 2D [e ISevere Frost |29.826| 20 II | O .|VeryClear&frosty|| —.9 14 14 | — Severe frost : S. ža ap o o | — |Ditt —994| 11 4| 7 Severe frost | 30.018] 16 | 16 | — Ditto. S. 21 ete 20 | 20 | — Ditto —897| 32 | 32|— Sa ast 29 737 E A € dedil Sa — O t —.76 “i Te 3 a T P jte ua 4 pi pings Cold Bran 2 2 — Hazy & Cold ——— Des a1 31 | — |Overcast&windy W. » —. 816 26 | z1 | 5 Co ry 811| 25 | 18 | 7 |Bleak and cold||— 769| 24 | 24 =e |Cold & Do. Th. = m 2 3 Bleak & Cold sd 385 | 31152. DRO —7494 27 | 27 | — Orat © F. 2 si 5 28 x: 3 Ditto —.402| 30| 27| 37 |Ditto —7389 28 | 28 | — [Ditto S. 27 eer 29 | 29 | — Ditto 328| 30 28 |2 [Ditto -—L I0 29 29 | — Ditto S. |28| —.490 32 | 32 | — Cold and raw |—.5$10|. 34 | 34 | — |Fine — $31} 32 | 32 | — Ditto M. 29 pes cn 36 | 36 | — Hazy -529| 46 | 46 | — Ditto —631| 40| 40| — Ditto T.|30| —.692| 36 | 36 | — Foggy —.—479| 36 | 36 | — Ditto —729| 37 | 37| — mim W.|31| —833| 34 | 34| — Hazy .855| 34 | 34 | — Cold Haze —.993;| 32| 32 | — 29.949 |27.12 |26.58 0.54 29.911 | 32.06| 30.35 1.71 29.922) 28.29| 28.29 | 0.0 [ 319 ] JANUARY. Temperature. Wind. Rain. Remarks. Days. Max Min. | Sun. | Rad. | Direction. | Force. | In. Pts, I 48 32 51 | 27 S Little ol. The destructive effects on vegetation which resulted from the 2| 48 41 $2 | 37 zw I mur o2 | intense frost that occurred in this month have beentspecially de- $1 48 27 54 | 22 Little .o4 | failed at p. 225, and to the numerous facts there reco - "mE 28 er o5 SW | Ditto ture reference may be readily made. The test degree of £j 34 30 37 | 9 NW | Ditto intensity was attained on the night between the 19 h 6 | 36 33 38 | 32 NE Ditto the registering thermometer indicating 43° below zero, whilst 71-34 27 37 | 23 exo | Ditto the index of the one exposed in a concave metallic speculum 8 | 30 22 32 | 20 E Ditto receded to 12° below zero. The mean temperature of the month 9] 1$ 22 26 20 NE Ditto was about 83? below the average of 10 preceding years. The 10 | 26 13 31 9 mue UL Phe weather was previously very mild, and this circumstance, to- 11| -0 II 29 5 N Ditto gether with that of the ground being almost free from snow, í2-1- a 9 27 o E Ditto appear to have been the causes of much greater destruction 13] 3; 20 30 16 NE Ditto among plants than would have otherwise T 14 | 26 4 29 — N Ditto Mean Pressure from the 3 daily observations 29.927 inches 15 26 15 33 9 NW Ditto emperature es.. itto sees € 16 29 21 32 19 NE Ditto Dew Point ........-. itto ...... 289.40 17 30 20 35 18 Ditto —— Degree of Dryness x Ditto seset Wiss 18 23 19 25 10 NE Brisk Degree of Moisture .. Ditto Sis 979 | 19 22 — 44 31 —I12 N Little orce of Vapour.... Ditto ...... +190 inch. 3:01 H 7 14. 3 —— — | Ditto Least observed degree of Moisture ...... 735 ži | -58 28 38 22 SE Ditto aximum Temperature in the Shade 49? 22) 46 29 49 25 —— | Ditto Minimum Temperature in ditto ........ F 851.5 24 37 18 E Ditto ximum Temperature in the Sun ...... 5 24 | 28 23 28 22 NE Strong Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation ......—12°. 25 | 39 26 29 25 —— | Brisk Mean Temperature of external Air ...... 27°79 m DOE L-| 3 ee | Die Wixps. s^ 16 28 36 28 a | Dis North......5 days. | N: East......11 days. 29 | 49 32 51 30 S Ditto South. ..... 4 -. |S: East...... 3 «+ i Wét.....2.. 30 | 37 32 37 32 SE Ditto io" ont $e vU eS | ae i 31 35 32 35 30 NE Ditto — cc e oO ss NWE... Ie 31 days. 32.87 | 22.72 | 35.55 | 19.12 0.27 Amount of Rein. ,....:.5.. 5 0s 0.27 ich. * Melted Snow. [ 320 ] FEBRUARY. Morning. Noon. Night. 1838. E Barom. Hygrometer. Weather, Barom. Hygrometer. Weather, Barom. Hygrometer. Weather, D 'Th.| 130.122) 32 | 32 | — [Overcast & Cold.||30.142| 32 | 30 | 2 [Cold haze 30.250] 32 30 | 2 Be F.| 2—.368 30 | 27 |3 |Bleak & Cold 5304 34 | 23 | TY iClear —.454| 24| 24 | — Clear [o ON 3—422 30 | 23]|7 |Fros —.424| 35 | 23 | 12 |Fine .416| 28 | 28 | — 'Overcast S.| 4—-396 25 20|5 |Ditto —.393| 32 18 | 14 (Cold and dry ||—.377| 29 29 | — Ditto M.|;—.323 25 23 | 2 |Ditto —.301| 35 | 30] 5 |Bleak & Cold .218| 30 | 39 | — Frost a 6—.091. 27 | 27 | — |Ditto 9.966| 36 | 23 | 13 |Fine 39.848 30 | “Fo | — "Overcast W.| 229.572. 38 | 38 | — |Thawing —.476| 43 | 43 | — |Thawing —.208| 42 | 42 | — lDitto Th.| 8—.147. 44 | 44 | — |Cloudy .066| sr | 51 | — [Rain —5.071| 42| 42| — Rain ^ cad 928-742, 44 | 44 | — Rain -647| 43 | 43 | — |Stormy & Wet||—.o71| 36 36 | — fear S. 1029.209, 30 | 30) — Sharp Frost /|29.167| 35 | 35 | — |Overcast —.217|:32| 32 | — 'Overcast S.11—432, 29 | 20) 9 itto —.545| 36 | 36 | — Fine —.617| 37| 28|9 Clear & frosty M. 12 —.64! | 22| 22 | — [Ditto —.631| 36| 36 | — |Ditto —.6o2| 25 | 25 | — Frosty T.153—591, 17| 17 | — Ditto —.596| 32] 271] 5 |Frosty —.687| 25 | 25 | — [Ditt W.14—.792| 20| 20 | — [Ditto £02| 34| 34| — Dinò canis 35. "6 | — Do. and Claas Th.1 5—-688 29 26 | 3 |Cold & Dry ||—.680| 32 25 7 |Bleak & Cold | —.604| 29 79 | — Bleak t Cold F.16—.578, 28 25 |3 |Ditto —.634| 32| 23 9 Ditto —.697, 32 27 4.8 Dábitér oti € S5. 17.— 695 | o | 30 | — Snowing —.707| 32 | 32 | — |Snowing —.821| 30 | 30| — Clearing S. 18 30-106. 34| 34| — Hazy 30.167| 37 | 37 | — |Thawing 30.250| 32 32| — Oversat M. 1930.222 33 | 33 | —4Ditto —.133| 39 | 39 | — Ditto 29.969| 31 | 31| — Clear T. 2029.788 29 [ad Clear & Frosty 29.699| 40 | 37 | 3 |Fine O81] - 3* | ^37 | — 'Overciast W. 21—735. 35| 35 | — s —758| 37| 37 | — |Hazy —265| 33 | 33 | — |Haz Th. ee SEI oe Ditto —.691| 37 | 37 | — |Ditto —.650| 34| 34| — IRain F.23— 541, 34 | 34| — Foggy 468| 35 | 35 | — |Drizzly 224 36 | 36 | — "Ditto @ 3. 2428.948 38 | 38 | — Heavy Rain |28.740| 42 | 42 | — Heavy Rain |/28.861 44| 44| — Cloudy S..25—.792 45 45 | — Cloudy 813, $50 | 48 | — Cloudy & Fine —.931| 38 38 | — 'Stormy and Wet M. 26 — 958. 39 | 39 | — Overcast -996| 40 | 40 | — |Hazy 9.088} 36 | 36 | — Ditto T. (2729-143) 37 | 37 | — |Do. & Cold |29.177| 39| 39 | — [Ditto —.167| 39 | 39 | — Slight Rain W.28—.129| 42 | 42 | — ‘Overcast -177| 52| 52 | — [Fine —.158| 43 | 43 | — Ditto | alta 30.85] 1.14) 29.610 se eee 29.630/33.28 PEPR [ 321 ] FEBRUARY. Temperature. Wind. Rain. Remarks. Daye Max. | Min. Sun. Rad. | Direction. | Force. In. Pts. The nights in this month were generally frosty, but the I 24 30 35 29 NE Little maximum temperature through the day averaged 8° above 2| 36 18 40 12 N Brisk freezing. I situations, the frost was not completely 3| 36 22 38 18 NE Little out of the ground till after the zoth; and the 27th was the 4 35 22 39 17 uds die first d hat g ning operations in the soil could be pro- 5 36 25 37 20 —— | Ditto ceeded with since the first week in he mean tempe- 6 40 25 45 22 E Little rature of the month was about 8? below the average of Febru- 7| 49 39 49 37 S Ditto „1o | ary for 1o previous years. e barometer on the gth was $| 59 38 50 35 SW Brisk s exceedingly low, and towards the end of the month its depres- 9| 45 24. 45 20 — | Strong .30 sion was so g ualle 10 |..35 22 38 17 NE Little The quantity “of rain which fell here was not much above an I 36 16 40 10 N Ditto average, and certainly not what usually falls during such a 41 14 46 9 dins. NEN low barometrical state of the atmosphere. At Boston the rain 35 14 39 9 NE _| Ditto amounted 4 Sy more than 1} inch, whilst at Penzance it 39 24 35 21 E Ditto exceeded 32 26 33 24 — | Brisk Mean Paté feodi the 3 daily observations 29. 625 inches. 34 25 37 25 ISSN itto Temperature ......+- Ditto ...... 34°. 35 26 37 24 BENENTTS ROI ic] Dew t sites Ditto s.s... 9,79 38 30 38 29 wW Ditto Degree of Dryness . Dite «v 19.56 39 23 40 17 SE Ditto Degree of Moisture .. Ditto..... é 41 35 45 34 i d Ci rce of Vapour .... Ditto ...... 222 inch 37 T 37 30 NE Ditto .03 Least observed degree of Moisture ...... 731 36 31 38 30 E Ditto Maximum Temperature | in the Shade + 41 32 41 32 SE Ditto 33 Minimum Temperature E dito iiom | da 47 40 47 38 Ditto 129 Maximum Temperature in the Sun...... 56° 52 32 55 28 S Brick 'oz | Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation ...... 9*. 40 35 40 34 NE | Ditto .32 Mean Temperature of Eu E . 337.76 45 37 46 37 E Little ET: 53 38 56 36 SW itt .26 North... 5$ ie] N. East......8 days South.......2 Esst...... East... voee zn N. West pee West . ... ee i e 1S. West... ig m 89| 27.6 3 : 39-89) 27.64! 41.53) 24-7 2.22 28 days Amount of Rain, ...... 6542.22 inches, [ 332 ] Weather. Cloudy Weather. Cold & Dry ain Bleak & Cold Fine — Overcast & Fine Dry haze CHEESE TE 1411111113 1134411114 Morning. 1858. $ Hygrometer. Weather, Th. 45 | 45 | — Cloudy & mild F. 42 | 42 | — |Hazy, rain >. Ss. 40 | 40 | — (Overcast S. 388] 398 |— | ain M. 41 | 41 | — |Hazy T. 41 | 41 | — Clear W. 39| 37,2 |Ditto Th. 41| 4r | — Fine F. 30 | 30 | — Frosty S. 36 | 36 | — Cloudy O5. 39| 39| — Fine M. 39 | 39 | — Ditto +, 7 | 36) 2° |Hazy W. 49 | 49 | — [Ditto Th. 4&| 42|3 Pine F. 6| 36 | — Ditto S. 38 | 34 | 4 Clear & Cold S. 37 | 37 | — Fine q M.19 39 | 39 | — |Drizzly T. 20 48 | 48 | — Cloudy W.21 39| 36 | 3 |Clear & Cold Th. 22 38 | 38 | — |Haz = F.23 30 | 29 |1 |Clear& Frosty S.|24 36 | 34|2 fine @ S2; 44| 39| 5 Ditto M./26 35 35 | — Frosty haze E 38 i: -3741 ine W. 42| 39,5 Ditto Th. 97.1.37 | — FOE F. ELI: 44 | 4 Fine S. 44) 44 | — Hazy 39-80 | 38.87 0.93 MARCH. Noon, Hygrometer. ee poe we.) BÀI i ee E erp 2*1. 199. 5 51 37 | 14 XI 4719 47 | 36 | TI 46 | 32 | 14 46| 41| 5 47| 36 | 11 47 28 | 19 48 | 48 | — OF; $99] 2 47| 39| 8 9T 31:3 VEI 34) = 46| 32| 14 7. 47 49] 37 | 12 49 | 32 17 38 38 | — 39| 32] 7 48 | 28 | 20 53, 32,271 57 | 37 | 20 $4 | 324.17 55 | 43 | 12 60 | $52 8 a7 | 4. Fe $0 | p 9 ee 39:74 | 9-03 Stormy showers Clear Overcast Ditto Clear & Cold Overcast Ditto & Cold Ditto Slight Rain Fine Overcast Slight Haze Fine Ditto & Mild Fine Bleak & Cold N MARCH. ‘Temperature. Wind. Rain Remarks. Days. Max. | Min. Sun. Rad. | Direction. | Force. In. Pts. I 49 38 49 38 S Little Il 24-5 Be 38 44 35 Ditto 08 The quantity of rain was dph half an inch below the average 3 5I 28 55 28 SE Ditto .22 | amount for this month. The temperature was nearly 2? below 4| 48 37 49 37 Cum | DO .o2 | the mean, although the nights only were occasionally frosty ; 5 | 46 39 46 39 NE Ditto o6 | but the maximum power of the c -— s averaged little more 63 t 31 56 30 SW | Brisk than 3° above the mean maximu erature in the shade. T 53 34 56 30 wW Ditto Vegetation was consequently very Titse excited. The 15th was 8| 51 25 55 22 NW | Ditto .oz | the coldest A in = , moi nth ; the 2 oth was met ste nh 9 | 5t aes v 2 35 E | Little -show 10 | 3. R E v S Ditto I Sn ge H já "d 2 x r es Mean from the 5 daily observations " 939 inches 134 52 45 52 45 SW Brisk 04. Temperature ...+..+- IttO e. eee 2. 14 | 6o 43 62 40 Ditto —— Dew Point .......... Ingo e. f 2 is: . 24 52 18 NE Little Degree of Dryness ... Ditto ...... 3-39 16.| 52 32 57 29 SW | nmi 1g | —— Degree of Moisture .. Ditto ...... .878 17 | 49 32 52 25 NW Ditto o Force of Vapour ..... Ditto ..... 274 inch 18 | 48 36 50 53 Lue OFF ppt : Least observed degree of Moisture ...... 504. 19 | 50 36 50 33 Sw fido Maximum Temperature in the Shade . Gs". 20 | 54 33 57 28 Ww Stron oz | Minimum Temperature in ditto .......* 4^. 21 53 31 59 25 Bris 8 Mee aximum Temperature in the Sun sise. o8. 22 | 40 28 41 23 N Little or | Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation .... 8. 23 | 40 37 47 31 NW Brisk pes ean Temperature of External Air ..... 429.16 Neb. epum | Oe 05 = 2551 33 25 5 I Brisk . 26 | 55 27 | 58 20 S Little North... ...3 days. N. East......+4 days at 4i LA “9 59 24 NE | Ditto South ......5 S. East..... «42 . 28 | 59 32 65 28 N Ditto Estt....e.3 3 (N. West... 00505 © 29 | 62 46 68 45 NE Ditto West.....e4 59. | Wests esd e. 30| 60 | 38 | 64 | 32 | NW | Ditto 31 | 52 26 | 54 | 20 N Ditto 31 days. Amount of Rai «6 Tov eves see Gee UES. 51-45 | 32-87) 54-58) 29.71 0.86 [ 334 ] APRIL. Morning. Noon. Night. 1858 £ Barom. Hygrometer, Weather, Barom. Hygrometer. Weather, Barom, Hygrometer. D € S.| 1) 30.225) 33 | 27 | 6 |Clear & Cold || 30.204} 43 | 23 | 20 |Cold & Dry |30.201| 28 | 23 | 5 |Clear & frosty M. | 2}—.094) 39 | 28 | 2 |Sharp Frost ||29.974| 44 | 23 | 21 |Ditto 29.950| 40 | 37 | 3 ver T.| 3|29.9931| 37 | 32] 5 |Clear -983| 45 | 27 | 18 [Fine —.939| 41 | 40|t: itt W.| 4|—.947| 45 | 43| 2 |Fine -016 56 | 45 | 11 |Ditto 30.022] 47 | 41 | 6 |Fine Th.| 5] 30.033, 50 | 46 | 4 |Very Fine —.994| 56 | 39 | 17 |Ditto 29.903| 46 | 45 | 1 /|Ditto F.|6|29.709| 52 | 52 | — |Cloudy —.748| 60 | 58 2 |Cloudy —.753| 52 | 52 | — |Rain S.| 7| —-587| 51 | 51 | — |Slight Rain SMIUQ se: S3] — [Ramn —.200| 44 | 44 | — |Cloudy S.| 8|—.236| 41 | 41 | — Rain .311| 49 | 4I 8 |Cloudy —.606| 44| 37| 7 |Fine M. | 9|—.67| 43 36 7 |Fine —.816) 50 | 30 | 20 |Very Fine ||—.997| 38 37 | 1 |Ditto O T.|10/|30.072/ 50 | 43| 7 [Ditto 0.071] 61 | 46 | 15 |Ditto 0.155| 50 | 48,2 |Very Fine W.|11|—188| 54 | 52| 2 Very Fine —.124| 66 | 46 | 20 [Ditto —.053| 51 | 48 | 3 |Ditto Th. |12| —.232| 46 | 37 |- 9 |Clear :212| 56 | 34 | 22 |Ditto —.265| 41 | 32]|9 |Ditto F.|13|—.287| 43 | 37, 6 |Fine —.201| 50 | 34| 16 |Ditto —.o81| 42| 39 |3 |Ditto S.|14| —.0o02| 46 | 39 | 7 |Overcast —.015} 53 |. 37 | 16 |Ditto 29.991 43 | 39 | 4 |Ditto S.|15| 29.803) 50 | 48 | 2 |Clou 29.717, 59 | 37 | 22 |Ditto —.726| 42 | 42 | — |Clear&windy M.|16,—.258| 42 | 34 | 8 |Do. and Cold —9755. 37 |. 37 | — |Snowi -644| 32 | 32 | — |Do. and Cold D) T.|17,—.657| 49 | 34| 6 |Cold and Dry | —.668 46 | 30 | 16 |Cleudy & Cold | —.753| 35 | 35 | — Showery : —.762| 37 | 34| 3 Ditto —.769, 43 | 37 6 |Cold and dry|—,787| 36 | | 36 | — |Overcast «|19| —.-773| - 34 |. 34 | — |Snowing .251| 45$ | 28 | 17 |Cloudy —.770| 36 | 36 | — |Ditto & Cold F —778| 42, 35| 7 Cloudy —.894| 39 | 39 | — |Sleetandhail|—.754| 37 | 36 | ı |Fine —.69gi1| 41 | 37]| 4 |Fine —442| 45 | 34 | 11 [Fine —.424| 31 | 31 | — |Clear $.|22| —.220| 40 | 40 | — |Rain .259| 46 | 46 | — |Cloudy —.353| 36| 34|2 |Fine M. |23|—.399| 47 | 45 | 2 |Very Fine —347, 51 | 45 | 6 |Do.and Fine||—.320) 43 | 43 | — |Rai As —.465| 46 | 45 ]| 1 |Fine 9604 L9 | SOT 3 [Ditto .703| 40 | 40 | — |Clear W.|25|—759| 43 | 43 | — |Ditt 779| 49 | 45 | 4 |Overcas —.818) 43 | 43 | — |Overcast Th.|26|—.891} 46 | 46 | — |Hazy and cold 914, 52 | 48 | 4 |Bleak & Cold|3o.015| 37 | 37 | — |Bleak & Cold F. 975| 44 | 37 | 7 |Coldand Dry || —.943| 48 | 39 | 9 itto 29.921| 35 | 32 |3 |Cold & Windy S. |28| —.879| 42 | 36 | 6 |Ditt. —.843) 48 | 30 | 18 jFinebutcold|—.748| 42 | 39 |3 |Overcast $.|29|—.740| 41 | 23 | 18 |Ditto —.738| 49 | 25 |24 |Ditto —.712| 42| 39] 3- |Ditto M. |30| —.589| 45 | 39 | 6 [Ditto —.535| 52 | 52 | — |Rain —.577| 45 | 45 | — |Cloudy 29.817 |43.36 Weis 4.23 29.802! 50.13! 38.60| 11.53 29.804 | 40.63) 38.73]1.90 APRIL. Temperature. | Wind. | Rain. | Remarks. Days. Max. | Min. Sun. Rad. | Direction, | Force In. Pts EI 4 16 54. 8 N | Brisk 2| 49 29 52 22 W | Ditto The mean temperature of April usually i increases 5 or 6 de- 3] T" 39 62 36 NW | Little grees above that of March; but the increase in the present was 4| 6o 41 64 37 W | Ditto .o1 | scarcely 2°, being more than 4° below the average. Vegetation t| $9 46 62 44. —— | Brisk .o2 | Was about 3 weeks later than usual. The want of sun heat was 6 | 60 49 63 48 SW Ditto .o3 | Still remarkable, the thermometer in the sun averaging little ^| 5z 39 52 38 sum | DEO .og | more than 4? above that i in the shade. The temperature on the El ft 38 56 34 NW | Ditto night of the first was 16° below freezing. From the 15th to 9] và 32 62 27 N Little the zoth, the weather was cold and stormy with showers of Io | 64 35 68 45 SW Ditto snow, hail, and sleet i1 | 69 35 73 28 —— | Ditto I2 | 59 32 62 26 NW Brisk I3 i 3 32 55 27 N Little 14 | 54 42 56 39 —— itto Mean Pressure from the 5 daily ~~ 29. 807 inches. ig 1 6t 35 66 33 NW Strong .03 | —— Temperature ..... ++ Ditto ...... 447.70 16 | 46 29 49 26 —— itto .or | —— Dew Point .......... itt eee’ 8°.82 iy a 32 49 28 —— | Brisk | .03 Degite ol Dryness ... Ditfo .i.... .588 18 | 46 32 5o 31 — Ditto | .OI Degree of Moisture .. Ditto ...... .803. 19 | 45 26 47 22 N risk | .02 Vapour. .... Ditto .... .270 inch 20 | 46 32 53 28 c— | Lie | .22 | Least observed degree of Moisture ,...... -438 at | 69 30 56 25 Ww Ditto aximum Temperature in theShade...... 69°. 32| qu 37 57 35 S Brisk .o1 | Minimum Temperature in ditto ....... . 16" 3i 39 36 60 34 — | Little .o4 | Maximum Temperature in the Sun ...... 73°. 24 | 56 31 64 27 SE Ditto Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation ...... 8°. se | «48 42 63 42 NE Brisk Mean Temperature of Be ie - Wee ERI 44°.06 26 | 49 35 52 33 N Ditto 01 27 | 49 32 54 27 —— | Ditto North..... IO days | N. East......1 qus 28 | 52 32 57 27 —— | Ditto South...... á* d Geot > 29 | 50 34 54 33 omit, | Datta B8to......0 424 Me WES... ts 30 | 56 44 61 42 SW | Ditto .03 — cues A ie TS Wet...... $ i m J g 6 30 days. 53.35, 34:90) 57-79| 31-73 o Amount of Rain. ...... «cc eese ves vo O82 Inches, 2U VOL. II, 2ND SERIES. C 326 ] MAY. Morning. Noon, Night. T | age | $ 1838, E Barom. Hygrometer, Weather. Barom., Hygrometer. Weather. Barom, | " Hygrometer. Weather. P T.|129.641| 63 | 57| 6 Fine 29.625| 55 | 55| — |Rain 29.699| 52 | 52 | — |Fine W.| 2,—.827, 63 | 57 | 6 |Very Fine —.828| 70 | 59 | 11 |VeryFine ||—.718| 55 | 55 | — pec Th.| 3;—.852; 58 | 55 3 |Ditto —.g17| 67 | 50 | 17 Ditto —.986 56 | 54 | 2 |Clear & Fine. F. | 4| —.9 $9 | 52 |. 7 |Ditto —.973| 68 | 59 9 Dry Haze 30.034. 49 | 48 1 |Ditto 8.|.5/30.107| 56 | 50 | 6 ‘Thunder. 30-154, 66-1 .61.].- $ Fine 213). 45 | 43 2 |Fine S. | 6,—.324| 48 | 46 | z |Slight Haze .288| 63 | 46 | 17 Very Fine ||—.326, 41, 41| — |Clear M.| 7,—.318| 52 | 46. Clear & Fine ||—.293|. 73 | 54 | 19 Ditto -348| 45 | 45 | — Ditto T.| 8|\—.317} 59 | 46 13 Ditto —.287, 76 | 48 | 28 |Ditto l $2.1 Ws 7 Ditto O W.| 9 —-194 58 | 45 | 15 Ditto —.142|, 73 | 30| 43 Hot & Dry. ||—177, 53 | 45 8 |Fine Th.|10|—.320| 50 | 41| 9 |Cloudy —.372| 56 | 34 | 22 |Cold & Dry. || —416| 37 | 36 1 |Clear & Cold F.|111,—.406| 46 | 41, 5 |Dry Haze —.304| 61| 33 | 28 |Very Fine. |—255| 42, 38 4 Ditto S. |12| —.175| 50 | 39 | 11 [Clear —.062| 64 | 27 37 Ditto 9.851| 43 | 41 2 Ditto 8./13/29.722| 47 | 47| — Hazy 29.6653 55 | 37 18 |Fine —.6 40 | 37 3 |Clear M. |14 —.687| 50o | 37| 13 Fine —.676| 50o | 39 11 |Cloudy & Cold |—.709|. 41 | 41 | — |Overcast T.|15,—.768|. 45 | .34 | 11 (Cold & Dry. ||—.684| 55 | 25 | 3o |Fine 822, 33 | 29 4 |Clear € W.|16,—.869| 45 | 30 | 15 Clear& Do. ||—.446| 53 | 27 | 26 |Ditto —846| 409| 39 : to Th. |17| —.867| 47 39 | 8 |Dry Haze. —.8o06| 58 | 35 23 |Ditto —.816| 46 | 45 1 |Cold & Dry F. 18 —.864 47 | 36 u Cold & Dry. -893| 59 | 30| 29 |Fine —.983| 50 | 46 4 |Ditto $.119,.—.951| $0 | 40 | 10 Overcast —B825| 62| 34, 28 |Ditto —734 5o0| 5o0| — |Overcast. S. 20.615}. 54 | 54| — |Ditto —.558| 59 | 59 | — (Slight Rain ||—.507, 52 | 52| — |Ditto M.|21,—.530| 58 | 55 | 3 Cloudy —.588| 65 | 46 | 1g |Overcast&Fine.| 617; 54 | 54| — Ditto T.|22,-—.541| 55 | 52| 3 Ditto —.536, 60 | 6o | — Rain 414; 50 | 50| — [Ditto @ W.|23—.798| 56 | 48 | 8 Ditto —.817| 58 | 41 | 17 Cloudy —.832 | 52 | 52 in, Th./24.—.915| 50 | 48 | 2 Overcast :936/.59 | 59, — |Ditto —.990 50} 46 4 |Cold dry Haze. F. |25|30.013| 50 | 46 | 4 ColddryHaze.||30.007| 62 | 53 g Fine 0.053 50 | 48 2 |Fine S.|26,—.085| şo | 48 | 2 Overcast o 60 | 44 | 16 Ditto —053|.44| 43 1 |Ditto , S. 27,29.989| 53 | 41 | 12 Ditto 29.928| 60 | 44 16 |Ditto 29.790 51 50 1 |Ditto M.|28|—.572| 54 | 54 | — Rain —.56;| 61 | 6r | — Rain $89|. $2 | 52| —- |Fine T.|29.—.621| 5:9 | 59 | — Ditto .6275| 67 | 55 | 12|Very Fine ||—.697| 52 | 5o 2 |Ditto W. |30 —788| <59 | 55 | 4 |Overcast. —.843| 70 | 54| 16 Ditto 881,55 | 54 | 1. Ditto raowers D Th.|31|——.996| 62 | 57 | 5 |Very Fine —.923| 72]| 59| 13 Ditto —-932| 54 | 54 | — |Heavythunder - a Seg deben ses 29.891662.48 45.74.16.74 29.908 47.9346.29 1.64 | MAY. ‘Temperature. Wind. | Rain. | | Remarks Days. Max Min Sun Rad Direction Force. In. Pts. ; 1| 62:12 o1 468. 47:045 5:8 Little | .12 | 2. 68 49 72 45 — — «| Brisk | The mean temperature of this month advanced beyond that 3| 67 35 73 30 s—- I| DNE d _ of the preceeding in nearly the üsual ratio ; but it was still 4° 4| 79 48 75 44 E Little | | ecd the avérage of May for 10 previous years. From the 5 | 67 44 74 41 NE Brisk | : oth to the 18th the nights were successively more or less sis 4 36 74 33 UE Little | | verd ; oo = the night of thë 15th the thermometer was as 7 7 45 89 39 um itto | | ow x : : the tor being at the same time at 17°. Fruit- 8| 78 40 g1 36 c Lisa | | trees had their blossoms and embryo fruit much injured. N. East 9| 77 41 100 39 eae Dro winds were prevalent, with their usual great degree of dryness, 10 | 59 30 74 25 a RM E thunder occurred on the znd and 5th, but was unaccompanied 1I 63 27 + 19 Lietie | ks - e. a few at gie caa No rain et e 12 71 33 2 E itto | . n e Hygrometer indica the 13 | 61 30 78 24 Nw | Brisk | greatest degree of dryness hitherto rdpisteréif at the garden. u 52 oe e =n NE | s | Mean Pressure from the 5 daily observations 29.907 inches e at z 5 z m | Da | ature ..++++--Ditto..... 54° 591 65 o s = | Brisk — Sei m. 46.32 18 54 31 26 24 or 3 Little —— Degree of Dryness ...- itto..... 87.25 E 48 2 ds p | Brisk —— Degree of Moisture .. v Ditto... 7 du et 25 66 48 S | Little $4 Rees ida = Miad tto... .355 inch. Mode lE i x 48 : Ditto i st observed degree of Moisture ... 235 2l 1 -O aximum Temperature in the Shade . . . 78°. " i 45 D t SW = isk .02 | Minimum Temperature in ditto........ 6°. nt P " x 4 EN T ed .02 | Maximu mperature in the Sun .... 100". i 66 4 5 = Di .02 | Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation .... sy”. - bi = E a E Rub | | Mean Temperature of External Air ..... — 527.27 27| 64 | 45 | 77 | 43 | — | Ditto | - -o5 | RN | 28 45 77 42 S Little .21 North, .. os. I days. N. East ....15 days. 29 68 5° d 84 46 SW Brisk South, ..... 6 ee S. East desst B. et o A Rais. 0s 2u TW eee 2 3 7* 43 88 39 Ww Ditto West $. W. 31 75 48 go 43 SW Ditto .38 E céser i .. . 6t... 3 ee t 6 s | p days. 4.19 | 40.35 | 77-86 | 36.29 | 0.92 Amount of Rain .... eseese assises 40.92 inches. | [ 328 ] JUNE. Morning. Noon. | Night. Hygrometer. Weather, Barom, Hygrometer, Weather. Barom, | Hygrometer. Weather. 59 | 59 | — |Very Fine ||29.940| 68| 68| — |Rai | 29.886| 54] 54| — |Rain 60 | 6o | — |Cloudy —.797| 66| 59 7 Cloudy & Fine] —.770| 52 | 52 | — |Fine 6z | 59| 3 |Fine —.652| 68| 55| 13 |Ditto |—716| 54| 54 |— |Ditto 63| 58 s |Ditto —.743| 62| 62| — [Rain —.833| 46 | 46 | — |Ditto 57| 57 — o3| 68| so| 18 |VeryF —.947| 55 | -55 | — |Ditto 52| 52 | — (Slight Haze ||30.093| 58 | 54 4 sight m 30.0851 55 | 53] 2 Ditto Sei 41. 1 itto —.194| 60| 46] 14 |—157| 43| 41|2 Ditto 51| 41 | 10 |Cold& Dry |—.287| 59 | 41 | 18 Cold & Dry | — 247| 46| 45 1 DDitto $7| 48 | 19 | ine —.168| 71 | 47| 24 —.o21| 49 | 48 | ı |Ditto 61 | 50/11 |Cloudy& Do. 29.683) 66 | 46 | 20 Cloudy & Do. (29.580! 55 | 55 | — [Rain 58| 58 — |Hazy —.523| 64 | 59 5 |Ditto (—493| 51 | 51 | —- Ditto 59| 59} — [Rain —.593| 65 | 55 | 10 |Thunder |—./677| 55 | 55 | — |Fine 57| 55| 2 |Overcast —.694| 64| 57 7 |Fine |—677| 55 | 55 | — Heavy Rain 59 | 59 | — (Ditto —775| 65 | 54| 11 [Ditto | —.723| 55 | 55 | — [Rain 62 | 59, 3 Ditto —.734| 64| 64| — [Rain —.678| 56 | 56|— 62 62 | — |Drizzly —.839| 68 | 64 4 |Overcast, Fine| —.810} 61 61 | — |Overcast 66 | 66 | — (Cloudy |—747| 72| 72| — Dito —.825| 65 | 65 | — Ditto 79| 70 | — \—.562| 72 | 72 | — (Cloudy —,.633| 61 | 61 | — {Rai 62 | 57 | § |Cloudy&Windy|—.849| 67 | 59 8 |Fine —.995| 55 | $55 | — Fine [rain 63 | 63, — Heavy Rain bae 704| 6z | 62 |- — Cloudy —.583| 59 | 59 | — Boisterous, 60 — Cloud zh. 640 70 59 11 Fine —.701| 55 55 | — Cloudy, windy| 63| 55} 8 & Windy, —.857| 63 | 63 | — |Showery 984 55 | 55 | — Fine 61 57 | 4 |VeryFine | 30.152) 73 | 57| 16 |Very Fine 30.099) 52 | 50 |2 |Ditto 72| 64| 8 80| 6r | 19 Ditto 115) 54 | 54 | — Ditto 71 | 66} 5 Dito —.o66| 78 | 68 | 10 |Ditto —.002| 55 | $5 | — [Rain 58 | 58 | — [Overcast 29.976| 62 | 62 | — |Hazy 29.962) 59 | 59 | — Ditto 64| 59| 5 |Do. & Fine | 30.016] 66| 63| 3 |Cloudy —993| 58| 58 | — [Fine 61 | 61] — SlightShowrs —.012 75 | 54 | 21 |Fine —.948| 58 | 58 | — |Very Fine 02 | Sb cg ery Fine (29.959| 79 | 50| 20 |Very Fine —.970| 53 | 53 | — |Heavy Rain 59| 59|— |- +920 69 | 55] 14 |Ditto —844 55| $5 |— n j | 160 — 3.23 l aiküénlóg 16.57 .03 9.23 29.862/54.53 | 54260.27 | JUNE. Temperature. Wind. Rain, Remarks. Days.| Max. | Min. Sun, | Rad. | Direction. | Force. | In. Pts. II 24 52 76 50 S Little 27 2| 70 47 84 46 SW | Ditto .o8 The quantity of rain was more than double the average ad this 3| 69 49 85 46 —— | Ditto .o4 | month, and amounted to upwards of E pes whilst the mean 4| 72 40 80 34 S Ditto temperature was near the average ; at being well oki é | 74 45 95 39 W Ditto th heat and moisture, vegetation lide rapid progress 6] $7 43 81 36 NE Ditto as rt as these agents e concerne barg gp cm ow- 7 64 40 go 34 N Ditto | ever was maintained rather by warm . West winds 8| 66 35 80 29 — | Brisk | than by direct solar influence for the lir va rays had not their g| 68 43 85 39 S Ditto | | usual midsummer pow 10 | 66 51 85 50 —— | Ditto | e yet i1| 67 49 76 46 E Little | -47 iz | 72 42 82 39 —— | Ditto | .o2 | Mean from the 3 daily ol tions 29.891 inches. 13 | 69 47 80 45 Ww Ditto | .56 | —— Temperature ........ Ditto ...... 602.8 85 14 67 52 80 50 S Brisk .o2 | —— D NH iiecooévesh Ditto ves 56°. 61 1s | 73 49 80 45 — | Little .02 | —— Degree of Dryness ... Ditto ...... 4°.24 16 | 76 58 87 59 — | Ditto | .17 | — Degree of Moisture .. Ditto...... .873 17 | 75 58 85 56 —— | Ditto | .o2 | — Force of Vapour ..... Ditto ...... .501 inch. 18 | 76 54 87 50 —— | Brisk | .25 | Least observed degree of Moisture ...... .457 m | 72 53 8z 50 SW | Ditto | 37 aximum Temperature in theShade...... 83°. 20 | 64 57 68 56 —— | Strong | .o5 | Minimum Temperature in ditto ........ 35° 21| 72 51 83 48 — | Ditto | .O1 Temperature in the Son vege 98" 22| 71 46 | 79 | 44 | —— | Ditto | .12 | Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation ...... 2 wa 7 45 9o 42 S Little Mean Temperature of External Air —— 59°.89 24 | 83 55 96 52 zs | D 25 | 79 56 98 55 RC ahi .72 Win EI 9 53 75 e S DHK Sets North . debe: me N. we iain x Bia 1.54 1 75 | 53 i .or SU z 28 73 49 98 | 43 E Ditto Es sen n. LE esso O . 29 74 44 86 40 SW Ditto .20 uel m ë .. a EIC ee 30 | 74 52 go | 43 wW Dittó .97 8t icc e VETE WEUGR.7 sx Y | | _ . 80 days. ; 70.83| 48.96 — ens 3.65 Amount of Rain, neue 3.05 DENES. [ 330 ] JULY. Morning. | Noon. | Night. | t | Z | | j ll 5 | 8 . > | | | i | 1838 | t. Barom. | Hygrometer. Weather. Barom. | Hygrometer, | Weather. | Barom. | Hygrometer. | Weather. — | | Seis | i | S.| 1129913 | | EM | a | "m | M soas ex > LO INNER naoa] 273 | 57.| 16 [Verg Fine | 29-980). 55.) $ | — Rain EM n ciun HA | i. TS poetis 9-071 a | (Dite W. 4\—-.121| 62 1 êg | 3 Be | T 5| E I — [Rain | 30.02 61 | 61| — Ditto Th.| 5—.166 66 59 | 7 |Very Fine ngos o g "i [. Drizzly |i—132| 59 | $9 | — Fine F.| 6—.042| 60 | 60 | — Rain, Thunder | M f t dI Eos BO | 2e | UE b same! cl iE - EDS 9. |! im ERO ae | oe | Di S| 89.9561 6 9, 9 tm |—996! $5 | 55 | — |Ditto M. | 9 FN pe 6a | 3 : ene ec I3 0041. JO 22 11 Ditto 0.077; 61| 59 |2 Cloudy & Do T. 1o —3188| 66| ; - Ditto ms 72 6 6 Very Fine |—.164| 61 | 59 | 2 |Fine W.|r1|—.115|. 64 i 4 Ditto Ee "4 10 Ditto (—13o0| 64 | 63,1 |Very Fine Th. |12 —.077| 64 | 63 | 1 [Overcast mer A 63 AT pope EI 9413 mo F. 13— 70| 64, 6 |Very Fine 29.920 $0 72 $ Velim Ex + B Butte om S Bh PON aR a : 0) 73 72 | 1 Sultry, Light- Pig rcc ee ue p rpue epe chere M. |16 30.024! 63 | 61| 2 (Clear D : Sr ieee 6.29 Ta ee T: [i»l— 2211763 | pg e 1I SIME oot a Tine 30-202) 54| 54 | — |Very Fine W. haiio Teti Md bs gu VETE 27 16 |Ditto 29.958 60 | 60 | — |Fine Th. 1g —-265 64| 59 5 |Fine muc ¿2 I 9 Cloudy & do. 30.283 61 59 | 2 |Ditto F. |20 —.007 6o | — |Rain me E], e DE (7957| 54 | 54 — [Overcast e S 21, —.031 59 | 54 | 5 Cloudy (cien ba 33 = aie pont STI AMARI Ditto & Fine S. |22 —.176| 58 CI x vga itto —.132| 54| 50o |4 |Fine M. metis X = '5 Du Dy ead! iA 41 | 20 Ditto 360| $0 | 46|4 |Ditto d 24 29.970 56 56 — lFine ? e 3 | 6 48 17 Cloudy & do. 29.986 59 $7 | 2 Ditto W. |25 30.008) 57 | 50) 7 {Ditto eer gt ee Fine 002. 53 | 50|3 [Ditto u^ 26 29.9921 56 | so | 6 |Ditto Lobo! = js t7 RENE i cu $4| 54 | — Do. & Cool «UumT.——.8o | e IC ae jedes ine 9. [9] 55 55 ML. ain s uu "s 39 | e | : paniy iij 66 50 16 Ditto É —.814| 55 $5 | — o D S.2g—.651| 61 | 61 — |Cloudy pue n ppm vem [on vL B ur M. 5o —.686 $9| ss| 4 |Fine |—698| ss] s$| — "erc r un. cos "em | ; 995 — Heavy Showers| —.792| 54 | 54 | — Ditto 3 1) 58 | 55| 3 Ditto yar-o0e Op | (cr D |Very Fine /|30.008| 54 | 54| — Fine 0.004'62. 45 |3- | | | | 3 = wed 45 , 58 99% E 58.36 10.93. 29.980 57.55 = ET if | | | JULY. | Temperature. Wind. Rain | EE Remarks. Days, Max. | Min Sun. | Rad. | Direction. | Force. In. Pts. £| 56 | 56 | 9o | S | Little 2 78 36 36 | 2: —— | Ditto 3 The weather throughout proved very favourable for vegetation 31 £2 51 72 50 SW Ditto .14 | and for the operations of the garden. mean t rature 4 | 80 48 94 45 S Ditto .06 | was but little short of the average, and the same may be said of s| € 49 94 56 SE Ditto the amount of rain. The 13th was the hottest day in the season ; 6, 7 52 86 49 S risk .45 | there was much lightning at night and rain began to fall next 3 79 54 72 53 SW | Ditto .41 | morning. 8. 3 56 75 54 WwW Ditto 9| 78 56 98 55 —— | Ditto 10 | 80 60 | 100 58 SW | Little Mean Pressure from the 3 daily observations 19-992 inches. it 5-901 89 81 3 .-— 1m (—— Temperature .......-Ditto..... 2°.95 12 | 82 6o | 107 S o) ae —— - Dew Point scr seos zB. 579.84. 14] 954 |- 49 [094 |. 5 | —— | Degree of Dryness ....Ditto..... 59.11 14 | 84 56 87 54 — T 18 Degree of Moisture....Ditto..... 865 i5 73 51 92 45 | —— | ote 17 e of Vapour...... D. MPEG .§23 inch 16 | 75 45 A = —— | Brisk Least observed degree of Moisture...... 3 SELL 57 ad 356 = | Lum Maximum Temperature in the Shade 84°. 18 | 73 51 86 49 NW | Ditto Minimum Temperature in Ditto...... 40°. 19 | 78 39 93 47 Ww Ditto 03 | Maximum Temperature in the Sun .... 107° 20 | 75 49 93 44 --— | Ditto Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation ..... 33°. 211 67 51 93 49 N Brisk Mean Temperature of External Air..... 629.78 22 | 64 42 78 37 — | Little 21 99 52 9o 50 NW Ditto a4 | 07 40 83 33 NE | Ditto as | 70 | 41 | 83 | 36 | NW | Ditto "Wisbe. 26 | 7o d 2o 47 ad ei 6 North; «a4 2 days.| N. East....1 days. a | d: p 85 46 ux | Tus South ......4 S. East. .... $ ad 2 cl? E zi E hal ——À d East. s ev... o i< N. West....3 - t Em 44 87 39 d - x West cess. 9 S. West ...11 is 30 | 72 44 82 40 — | Little 32 M Em 31 1- we ay | 74 | 4o |] —— | Rte za days. | | Amount of Rain ,...... sere «e 2.19- inches. 74.48| 51.09! 87.51| 48.35 2.19 | [ 332 ] AUGUST. Morning. Noon. | Night. 1838 Z| Barom Hygrometer, | Weather. Barom Hygrometer. | Weather. Barom Hygrometer. Weather. | w. | 1130 012| 59 58 ine jo.014| 72.| $7 = Very Fine '29.904 | 57 | 57 | — |Heavy Rain Th. 2 29.844 67 67 | — |Overcast 29.786| 68 | 68 | |— 743 | 60 | 60 | — |Overcast F. 3 .716| 64 59 5 (Cloudy —.21| 72 | 57 15 | pap |—.268| 59 | 59 | — |Fine ; 3 4 — 782 68 64. 4 Overcast —.626| 73| 68 Thickly Overcast p .606| 60 | 60 | — Slight rain © S.| 5—.561| 62 62 | — Di tto EI] 70 1; a 18 Cloudy & Fine —.564 | 57| 57 |— Clou M. 6—.507| 63 63 espe Showery —.508| 61 61 | — Sultry, showers |[— 592, 55 55 | - Fine T.| 7 —.682| 60 57 | 3 Fine —.741| 65 | 59 6 Show ery ——971| 55 | 55 | — Ditto W.| 830.027| 61 55 | 6 Ditto 30.077| 64| 57 7 Hea 30.156| 50| 5o | — Ditto Th.) g—.224| 63 $5 | 8 Ditt —-18 eet, 6 |Dit [e10&|.57 |]. 3X 1.75 Ditto t HR - 63 A: E "pee [959 72 | 68 4 Overcast &Do, [7067 | $9| 859| — e - 11 29.9 9 I ine I—.ogrt| 74, 68 6 |Ve ---.108; 61 61 | — |Ditto € S. 12 30.098} 70 64 | 6 Overcast& Do.|—.064| 79 | 68 11 |Ditt —.077| 66 64 2 Ditto M. 13.—.075 65 61 4 Ditto : C 073-73 52 21 Ditto —.222, 53 50 3 Ditto T. 14.—.243| 58 55 | 3 |Clear & Fine |— 142, 70 | 5o | 20 Ditto —.178| 54| 54 | — |Overcast W. 45.—.136 59 $2, 7 {Ditto .134| 68 | 48 | 20 Ditto —.191| 54| 54| ~ |Fine Th. 16 —.133| 57 54 | 3 (Overcast —.o82| 72 | şo | 22 Ditto —.113, 58| 58 | — Overcast F. 17 —.165| 59 55 | 4 Hazy —.201| 65 | 55 | 10 Hazy .248| $9 | 59 | — Slight Rain S. 18 —.249| 62 59 | 3 Very Fine —.210| 75 | 57 | 18 |Very Fine —.168| 61 | 61 | — Fine S. 19 —o11| 65 | 59| 6 Ditto 29-921| 75 | 56 | 1g Ditto 29.890| 59 | 59 — Ditto € M. 2029.819| 70 55 | 15 Ditto I—734| 79 | 55 | 15 Ditto (—481| 59| 59 | — Fine T. 21—3 65 $9 | 4 Ditto —-378| 62| 62, — Showery = 398| 53 | 53 | — |Ditto W. 22—24 58 58 | — Rain —:297 65 | 65 | — Ditto [—313| 55 55 | — Showery Th. 23,—438 55 55 | — Cloudy |[—550| 61| 61 | — Showery —.816| 53 | 53 | — Fine but Cold F. 24. —.952| 58 $4 | 4 Fine (—986| 64| 55 9 Cloudy & Fine) 30.097; 53 | 53 | — Overcast S. 25 30.110| 51 $1 | — Foggy 30.060} 65 | 65 | — in —.025| 54 | 54| — |Ditto S. 26 —.090 59 55 | 4 |Fine i—.105| 68 | s5 | 13 |Very Fine —.124| $5 | 55 | — |Fine M. 27—110 66 63 | 3 |Very Fine. |—.113| 76| 72 4 Ditto 135| 62 | 62 | — |Very Fin » T. 28 .—.073 66 66 | — (Overcast 29.966| 81 | 68 | 13 Ditto 29.795| 64 | 64 | — |Do. Lightnng W. 29 29.784) 6 57 | 7 [Fine —.956| 59 | 48 | 11 Cloudy 30.175) 45| 45| — Clear Th. 30 39 175| 50 45 | 5 |Clear 30.154| 65 | 39 | 26 (Clear &Dry |—.197| $50 | 46 | 4 |Do. and Fine F. |31|—.183| 54 50 | 4 |Do.& Fine |—.155| 79 | 5o | 20 |Very Fine +130) $0 | 451 |: Do. and Dry — i | | ats 5457-93, 3.61 29 922 69.00 58.23 10.77 tee 56.35 55-99 0.45 [ 333 ] AUGUST. Temperature. Wind Rain. Remarks. Days.| Max Min. Sun, | Rad. | Direction Force. | In. Pts. I 75 57 87 57 S Little .17 Th 2| 69 56 81 53 sw Brisk Ai e weather, on the whole, continued favourable eere om ; | $9 85 $9 wW Ditto the month. The rain, which only amounted to a modera al 71 52 84 50 SW Ditto og | fit fell for the most part in shower sain with Bier ds in- s| 7 56 8; $5 wi 1 Witte pra vals. "There were only 6 days on which the hygrometer did 6 70 52 80 49 Lu] ne 22 | not indicate more or less — in the air, generally a conside- 7| 70 zo 92 47 —— | Strong P rable degree existed. Abo average temperature was main- 8| 69 43 m 3 - Brisk tained. A very heavy thüpder storm, accompanied with rain, oc- gt vo 55 81 : SW | Ditto bi curred on the forenoon of the 23rd. Io | 73 60 83 59 —— | Ditto a * : ; II 75 57 85 55 —— | Ditto Mean the 5 daily ol : 2993: inches. 12| 78 61 go 60 iin | Little uen trag uude Ditto...... 629.29 13 76 41 gI 34 —— | Ditto —— Dew Point...... Ditto . $79.35 14 | 72 46 86 39 Gm | hee Dur of Dryness. SUEDE Seam ye: 15 | 71 39 83 32 SE Ditto —— Degree of Moisture...Ditto...... .856 1:66 |. 75 53 86 52 S Ditto Force of Vapour.....Ditto..... . 514 inch. 17 | 70 54 83 54 Cac | 19$ .o1 | Least observed degree of Moisture...... ‘ 18 | 76 56 87 55 mu | Dito Maximum Temperature in the Shade... . 82°. ig | 76 46 87 44 dia | Brik Minimum Temperature in ditto........ 38°. zo| 71 56 82 54 Senu ] Lire .03 Maximum Temperature in theSun...... 97°. 21 72 51 83 49 SW Strong .09 Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation..... 32°. 22 | 66 50 80 48 Ceca TE 12 | Mean Panpin of External Air...... 61°. 58 23 | 67 46 80 39 NW | Strong Io 24| 68 41 82 38 —— Little 04. WINDs. xd A " D 15 nal ee! 09 North ...... 2 dep N. East..... 0 days. 9 5 - South....... 6 S. East. cied Toe. EIS | 9 | 95] 945 W |Ditto EB less. 6. [M Vata o. 28 | 82 56 97 53 S Ditto Wette 4d Ew eat. TRC. 29 | 67 39 82 38 N Brisk $ eeu go | 71 38 80 35 NW | Ditto 3 1 days 8 W Ditto ‘ ar 7 43 93 3 : Amount of Rain . nds NES ances. 22.42, 50.74| 85.00| 48.06 1.23 VOL. II. 2ND SERIES. 2X [ 334 ] SEPTEMBER. Morning. Noon. | Night. 1838. $ Baron: | Hygrometer, Weather. Barom. Hygrometer. Weather. | Barom.| Hygrometer. | Weather. | m | S.| 1,30.103 57 | 54 |3 |Very Fine 30.076, 68 | 54 | 14 |Very Fine 30. 111| 50 | 46 | 4 {Very Fine S. 2 —.123 61 61 px Overcast —.132| 70 55 | 15 [Ditto |[—201| 52 $0] 2 itto M. —.189 57 | 54 | 3 |Very Fine —4.120| 69 | $50 | 19 |Ditto —.0go| 52] 50|2 | itto O T.|429.994 45 | 45 | — |Foggy 29.913, 79 | 59 | !! [Ditto 29.636] 58 | 58 | — |Ditt W. 5 605; 64| 62|2 |Fin —.500| 69 | 69 | — |Rain —.374| 56 | 56 | — Ditto, Shower Th. 6 —272. 59 | 59| — |Heavy Rain |—.279| 69| 6r | 8 |Fine —.321| 56 | 56 | — Clearing Fi 7|—:318 64 | 64 | — |Cloud —.334| 68 | 68 | — y 73 5% | 54 | — |Cloudy S. 8 —.627 50| so | — |R —737| 59 | 55 | 4 |Cloudy & Cold/30.058| 46 | 46 | — Clear & Cold $.| 9/30.207| 46 | 41]|5 |Fine 30.255| 61 | 41 | 20 |Very Fine —.370| 50 | 50 | — Ditto D M.|ro|—.4o1| 47] 45 | 2 |Very Clear |i—.40z} 60 | 46 | 14 Di 549] 45 | 45 | — |Ditto T.|11|—.547| 43 | 43 | — |Foggy 5 57 | 45 | 12 Ditto —.543, 52 | 52 | — |Ditto W. |12| —.515| 49 | 49 | — |Ditto —.433| 64| 54| 19 Ditto —.418| 50| 50| — |Fine Th. |13|—.341| 54| 590,4 |Fine —.300| 64| 59| 5 (Overcast —.235| 50| 50 | — Ditto F. |14 —.149\ 61| 55 | © |Ditto —.069| 66 | 61| 5 pitt —.121| 59 | 59 | — |Overcast $.|15|—.o080| 59| 59 | — |Hazy —.057| 69 | 63 | 6 |Very Fine —.082| 52 | 52 | — |Very Fine S. |16| —.074 55| 55 | — |Foggy —.037| 79 | 59} !! —.105| 54| 54 | — |Ditto M |17|—057| 57 | 57, — |Ditto —-037| 70| 58 | 12 Ditto —.121| 58 | 57 |I itto @ T.|18 —o40| 58| 57,1! |Fine —017| 63 | 56| 7 y 21-991. 55 | 3 Grok W.|19/29.942 55°] 55 | = n 29-845; 61 | 46 | 15 |Very Fine 29-876} 57 | 57 | — |Drizzly Th. .845| 56 | 56 | — |Cloudy —.890| 6o | 60 | — |Clo —.941| 44| 44 | — |Clear F.|21,—.854| 43 | 43 — |Foggy —.977| 64| 54 | 10 |Very Fine —.957| 43 | 43 | — Fine S. |22| —.994| 41 | 41 | — |Di —893| 69| 61}; 8 |D 30.005} 54 | 54 | — Overcast $.|23|—.908| 61| 61 | — |Slight Rain ||—.866| 54 | 54 | — |Di 29-928; 58 | 58 | — |Rain M.|24|—.9o07| 50| 50| —|F —.923| 54| 54| — Heavy Rain |—.750| 55 | 55 — |Ditto T.|25,—.797| 51| 51 | — |Overcast —.734| 54| 54| — y —.940| 46 | 46 | — Hail « W.|26—.975| 48| 48 | — |Foggy —.982| 57 | 57 | — |Cloudy —981| 55 | 55 | — |Fine Th.|27.—.890| 54| 54| — |Rai —841| 55 | 55 | — |Rain —.933, 45 | 45 | — (Clear F.|28|—975| 44| 44| — F 30.015| 60 | 60 | — Fme 30.072| 54 | 54 | — |Fine S. |29/ 30.014] 55 — |Ditto 28| 59 | 59 | — Ram —.138| 55 | 55 | — |Dit S 30, — 197 58 | 58 | — |Fine —.211| 63| 63 | — |Very Fine —.303 | 54 | 54 | — jOvercast 29 998 5$3.10/52.53|0 87 29.981 63 20 56 33 6 87 30.021 pus 52.00 0.36 [ 335 ] SEPTEMBER. Temperature. Wind. Rain. Remarks. Days. Max. | Min. Sun. | Rad. | Direction, | Force. In. Pts. The depréssion of temperature in this month amounted to t1 74 54 92 49 NW | Little 04 | more than 5° below that of the preceding, and was below the 2b 45 87 39 Ww Ditto mean of September. The period of realy fu favourable qreathier $1 73 38 91 34 —— | Ditto for vegetation in the season may be stated to have commenced 4| 76 43 94 40 S Ditto in June and terminated with August, a period too limited for $ L7 56 92 54 SW Brisk -3° | bringing many of the productions of the Garden to full perfec- 975 54 82 53 —— | Strong :14 | tion, especially as the quantity of sun-heat was defective. Much 2|:70-] 5o-| 86- |249 S Little 10 | rain fell on the sth, e and 27t 8| $6 35 61 33 N Brisk On the 15th, about 11 a. M. there — a remarkably dark haze. 9} 63 36 83 28 NW | Little On the 16th about 8 P. Mw. a me appeared to proceed 10 | 68 34 82 26 Ww Ditto from the west in an aedy sectio as s far as the zenith, where it ade y 37 85 30 p- | Ditto seemed more spreading and evanescent, with a deflection to the 12] 72 44 84 38 —— | Ditto South. : i 60 be a B ag set T TU DET. from the 5 daily "er salar ae p ys: "e HN] uS 39 NW | Ditto WPout... (i C Dido 2. Medi oc 16 74 48 9t 4 NE Ditto Degree of ness SPEO isse 29.70 — T ‘he es 83 48 E Ditto —— Degree of Moisture .. Ditto ..... .879 18 | 64 52 72 50 NE Ditto Fo fYVapout ;. ido. -453 inch 3 63 5? a3 -> NW cf Duto *'95 | Least observed degree of Moisture ...... .506 ae 35 Ha 3° x Tien Maximum Temperature in the Shade .. 76° — 211308 36 Hs 30 — i Minimum Temperature in ditto ....... Qoo Wa o lle 9 49 5 45 SW B risk '9! | Maximum Temperatur he sa kraon 98°. — 23 | 09 45 29 49 NE | Little :19 | Minimum of Terrestrial Radiat 2600. — mi 49 6o + w Ditto '75 | Mean Temperature of External Air ctr el 86. 16 — 25 58 42 61 38 —— | Ditto .0 26 | 58 48 65 48 NE Ditto .OI Wiwps. — 2745-59 40 59 38 NW | Ditto «$8 North......2 days | N. East ....4 days. 28 | 65$ | 51:.| 28 1248 E |Ditto South... 2.0.2 0s 8. ist...» o 29 60 54. 63 52 —— | Ditto .o2 iovis «3 N.West... 7 30 | 64 43 73 41 N Ditto West ...45 8 FO. West ....4 j 2.08 o days. 67-06] 45-26, 79.93) 41.43 Amount of Rain... pay .++++2.08 inches. [ 336 ] OCTOBER. Morning. Noon. Night. a £ Hygrometer. Weather. Barom, Hygrometer, Weather, Barom, Hygrometer, | Weather, I 51 3T |] ES 30.318| 58 | 55 | 3 |Hazy 39.3571 55 | 55 | — [Overcast 2 55| 55 | — |Cloudy —.348| 64| 60] 4|Fine —457| 51 | 51 | — |Fine 3 53 | 50] 3 |Fi —.406| 61| 46 |15 |Clear & Do. |—.444| 46 | 46 | — |Very Clear 4 49 | 48 | 1 |Very Fine —.376| 60| 55 | 5 |Very Fine —.392| 46 | 46 | — |Fine 5 50| 48|2 y —.338| 59| 54| 5 |Ditto —.4) 50] 48] 2 |Ditto S.| 6 48 | 45 | 3 |Overcast —.379| 55 | 50] 5 |Overcast —.410| 51 $0 | 1 |Overcast& Do $.| 7 $4 | 50/4 —.343| 54| 50| 4 |Ditto —.385| 51 | 50/1 JjDitto M.| 8 54 | 45 |9 |Ditto —.351| 56| 50| 6 |Bleak & Cold |—412| 49 | 49 | — |Overcast To 55 | 5015 |Fine —.318| 56| 5o | 6 |Ditto —.306| 48 | 48 | — [Ditto q W. 5I | 5o | 1 (Cloudy —.164| 55| 55 | — [Cloudy —.159| 49 | 49 | — |Ditto Th. 50 | 50 | — |Do. & Fine |29.859| 58| 56| 2 |Cloudy& Fine|29.786| 52 | 52 | — [Ditto F. 43 | 43 | — |Clear & Cold |—.657| 46 | 46 | — |Showery —758| 44 | 44 | — |Fine S. 33 | 33 | — |Clear —.821| 43 | 43 | — |Ditto —.975| 32 | 32 | — |Frost S. 36 | 36 | — |Cloudy —.691| 48 | 48 | — |Overcast —.497| 31 31 | — |Ditto M. 50 | 48|2 Fine —656| 56 | 54| 2 |Cloudy& Cold|—650| 50] 50 | — Cloudy T. 58 | 52 |6 (Cloudy —.684| 60} 58| 2 |Cloudy —442| 58| 56 | 2 |Overcast W. 54 | 54 | — |Ditto —.300| 59 | 5I | 8 [Fine -548| 46 | 43 | 3 Slightly Do Th. 41| 38] 3 |Fine 30.013| 54] 45 | 9g |Overcast —.861| 52 | 52 | — |Ditto F. 56 | 53 | 3 |Overcast 29-952| 60 | 47 | 13 |ClearandFine|3o.073| 49 | 49 | — [Ditto S. $9 | Serr 30.0 66 | 61 5 |Cloudy & Do. |—199| 55 | 55 | — |Overcast S. 56 | 56 | — |Cloudy —.250| 63 | 62| 1 [Ditto 198| 57 | 57 | — Clear M. + am *«6: 171 —.063| 63 | 59| 4 |Ditto 043| 56 | 56 | — |Overcast T. 56| $5 |1 [Overcast 29.853| 58 | 57 | 1 |Overcast 29765| 55 | 55 | — |Ditto W-.|az 47| 45 |2 |Cloudy —.742| 60| 54| 6 e —228| 47 | 47 | — |Ditto Th. 45 | 45 | — |Foggy 30.056| 58 | 55 | 3 |Cloud —947| 54 | 54| — [Clear F. $4| 52/2 |Fine 29.843| 60 | 50 | ro |Very Fine —53925| 40 | 40 | — |Ditt B. 50 1 |Ditto —.*843| 57| 55 2 |Clou —755| 52 | 52 | — |Stormy & wet s. 50 | 50 | — |Hazy — 558) 55 | 55 | — |Ha L—494| 52) 52 | — Rain M. 43 | 3 |Windy —$14| 5 41 | 13 |Fine, windy |—.722| 51| 50] 1 lear Ti 2| 42| — (Clear — —.746| 53]| 46| 7 ry Fine —.774| 51 $1 | — [Overcast Ww. 41 | 41 | — |Heavy rain |—.820| 45 | 45 | — |Rain —759| 51 | 51r | — [Ditto 49.8048. 1011.70 29-979/56.58/52.034.55 29.991149. 38.49.06 0.32 [ 337 ] OCTOBER. Temperature. Wind. Rain. Remarks. Days| Max. | Min. Sun Rad. | Direction Force. In. Pts. I 59 51 68 50 N Brisk Ol The wires was bleak and cold from the 6th to the 10th ; 2| 63 47 71 45 Ditto the afternoon of the 12th there was a slight fall of snow, de 3| 64 42 74 35 NE Little atm of 'the 13th and 14th were ere to such a degree as to 4| 61 37 75 31 Qu | Ditto spoil the flowers and foliage of the D At noon on the 15 5 60 46 73 45 E Ditto there was a remarkably thick fall of rers particularly i in the nor- 6 56 49 62 48 NE Ditto thern suburbs of London. Towar d of the month the 7 56 47 62 46 jam | iit weather became unusually boisterous. The 2 27th was stormy and 8 56 47 59 45 —— | Ditto much rain fell; the morning of the 28th was hazy, with rain 9 56 47 57 44 e 1 Ditto high wind at night; about midnight it increased to a violent 10 57 48 59 45 NW Ditto hurricane which raged for 4 hours, a number of large elms I1 | 60 49 66 48 SW | Ditto other trees in the neighbourhood of London were broken, or 1$ |—4) 42 61 36 NW | Ditto .o2 | torn from their roots by the force of the wind. d D = s4 R SW 5 iced get Mean dace hen the 5 daily a 29. 987 inches. 6 t x Dd emper ee eeeeee ...... SI 9.92 i $o y 4 a ay ^ il —— Dew PEE. — e: tto — 49573 6 * wW Ditto —— Degree of Dryness ... Ditto ...... 2°19 $ 55 id Pa 2 SW Ditto Degree of Moisture ... Ditto ...... .929. : 2 n 3 3: NW | Ditto Force of Vapour ..... Ditto ...... — .396 inch. 9 66 4 7 à wW Ditto Least observed degree of Moisture ...... — . 1 6 M L6 3 sw | Ditto righ M um Temperature in the Shade .... 66?. Ji el 54 6 53 S Ditt Minimum Temperature in ditto ....... 269, T 5 3 4 zm D ker Maximum Temperature in the Sun ...... 76°. 23 Y 5 59 49 wW Dit na Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation ,..... 18°. s <3 33 6 v SE D e ean Temperature of External Air ..... 508-48 26 | 62 30 70 25 w Brisk WINDs. a! Y f oe A siut ods . " na (eso id days ee SAT days. 29 | 54 | 36 | 66 | 29 | —— | Strong EN oL OIN WE. 44 e 30 | 56 - e 35 — T DE :50 West... oves S-West...... ‘ 9| $5 32 53 25 NE itto .30 1 days 57-58, 43.38| 64.61| 39.12 2.36 Amount of Rain 56 inches. [ 338 ] NOVEMBER. Morning. Noon. Night. 1838. 8 Barom. Hygrometer. Weather, Barom. Hygrometer. Weather. Barom, Hygrometer, Weather, Th. | 1129.428) 43 | 43 | — |Overcast 29.395| 49 | 49 | — [Rain 29.371] 38 | 38 | — |Very Clear O F.| 2—.354| 38 38 | — |Fine —.316 6 46 | — |Ditto —.424| 37 37 | — Slightly overcast S. | 3.460 34| 34| — |Ditto -401| 46| 41]|5 |Overcast —.064| 47 | 47 | —.|Ditto S.| 4128.844! 46 | 46 | — |Ditto 28.854| 55 | 55 | — |Rain —.034 42 | 42 | — |Showery M.| 5129.204) 45 | 45 | — |Ditto 29-369] 49] 49 | — {Ditto —.603| 45 | 45 | — |Fine T.| 6.—.736| 45 | 44| 1 |Ditto —.7389| 49] 45 |4 |Very Fine —.687) 45 | 45 | — Rain W.|7|—.460 54| 54] — |Ra —.448| 59| 57,2 |Fine —.493| 52 | 52 | — |Windy Th.| 8,—.553| 48 | 47| T |VeryClear ||—.656) 55 | 50|5 |Very Fine —:457| 43 | 43 | —.|ain € F.|9|—.374| 45 | 45 | — |Heavy Rain ||—.404| 50 | 50 | — [Cloudy —.590| 40 | 40 | — [Clear $.|110,—.720| 37 | 37 | — |Clear —.740| 45 | 43 | 2 |Very Fine —.826| 34 | 34 | — [Clear S. |11|—.669| 30 | 3° | — |Dense Fog —.635| 39 | 39 | — |Hazy andCold/—.830| 36 | 34] 2 |Ditto & Cold M. |12/30.126] 37 | 37| — 30.185] 45 | 41 | 4 |Clearand Do. ||30.3g9| 37 | 37 | — {Clear T.|13|—.462| 34 | 34 | — |Do. & Frosty |—.125| 46 | 43 | 3 ine —.402| 34| 34 | — {Ditto W. I4|—. 264 30 30 | — |Frosty and Foggy||.— 190| 44 — |Ditto —.064 41 41 | — azy Th.|15/29.948| 40 | 40 | — |Foggy 29.989| 43 | 43 | — |Fog 29.804| 42 | 42 | — |Ditto F.|16,—.713| 41 | 41 | — (Ditto 68 6 | -46 | — |Ditto —.737| 42 | 42 | — [Overcast 9 S. |17—.772| 41 | 41 | — |Ditto —.752| 474-47 | — |Fine —.697| 43 | 43 | — [Rain S.|18\—.680} 44 — |Rain 672| 45 |. 45 | — |Rain —.640| 40 | 40 | — Ditto M.|19|—.589| 40 | 4° | — Ditto —.528| 39 | 39 | — |Ditto —.540 40 | 40 | — |Dam T.|20|—.569| 40 | 40 | — |Overcast —.677| 40 | 40 | — |Cold Haze |—.629| 40 | 40 | — [Overcast W.|21|1—.455| 49 | 40 | — |Hazy & Cold || —.369| 47 | 47 | — |Foggy —.263| 40 | 40 | — |Drizzly 'Th.|22|—.190| 43 43 | — |Foggy —.184| 48 | 41 | — |Ditto —.406| 41 41 | — [Ditto |. F.j23|—-.510| 44 c y —.555| 47 | 47 | — |Cloudy —.602| 37 | 37 | — [Overcast D S.|z4—.-581| 37 | 34| 3 [Overcast & cold ||—.626| 40 | 35 | 5 |Bleak & Cold | —.858| 29| 29 | — |Frosty $.|25/30.023| 27 | 27 | — |Sharp Frost ||30.036| 37 | 37 | — |Cold Haze —.988| 31 30 | 1 |Ditto M.|26129.906| 30 | 25 | 5 |Ditto 29.916| 33 | 3716 |Frost —.8s1| 39 | 28 |a itt T.|27,1—.469| 30 | 39 | — [Overcast —.380| 35 | 34|1 |Overcast —.207| 39 | 39 | — |Overcast [rain W.i28.—.031| 39 | 39 | — |Cloud 28.841| 46 | 46 | — |Heavy rain 28.717, 51 51 | — |Boisterous with Th. |29/28.673| 48 | 48 | — |Boisterous —.679| 50 | 50 | — |Do.& Boister-|—.879| 45 | 45 | — |Thunderlight- F. 30|29.030| 44 44 | — |Do andCloudy 29.051 52 52 | — Ditto [ous 29.320 48 48 — |Fine [ning 29.55639.80 39.470.353 29.54645-73|44- 501-23 29.579,40. 30,40. 13/0. 17 [ 339 ] NOVEMBER. Temperature. Wind. Rain. Remarks. Days. Max Min. Sun. Rad. | Direction. | Force. In. Pts. A large amount of rain et in this month ; and the barometer t 52 36 53 31 SW Little 12 ege very low. It was remarkably so on the 28th and z9th, 2| 49 30 52 25 San Date 04 | the former of which dijs ‘considerably more than an inch of 3 52 40 55 34 Ditto rain fell: the wind at the same time was exceedingly boisterous, 4| 56 39 68 37 |. SW Ditto .o6 | and there were likewise much thunder and lightning. The ç| 52 29 54. 24 Ww Ditto rricane increased during the night, and abating but little 6| 56 42 70 40 SW Ditto .26 | duri day, it continued throughout the night of the 29th 7| 61 47 69 42 «x | Brisk .o2 | accompanied with thunder, lightning, and heavy rain. At the 8| 57 44 68 43 ——— 1 DO .30 | commencement wind was blowing strongly from the East ; 9| 52 32 61 28 conus |] Lu .10 | but it suddenly vis and came with increased violence from 10 | 50 28 64 24 w-—— 1 I9 the direction o 14:43 34 45 28 NE Ditto Mean Pressure koi ds 3 ii nti sci: 29.560 inches 12 | 47 27 6o 20 —— | Brisk WC DRM E itto, 4 15 | 48 25 6o 19 — Ditto Dew Point.. Dus . 419.36 14 | 48 38 50 36 E Little Degree of Dryness. eso» «Ditto. oee | 70 «58 Is] ae 41 45 41 —— | Ditto aedi of Moisture. ... . Ditto -976 16 | 46 35 51 28 N Ditto Force of Vapour....... Ditto...... .296 inch. Det 40 65 37 — | Ditto -32 | Least ove degree of Moisture. ....... 812 18 | 46 39 46 39 NE Brisk .40 | Maximum Temperature in the Shade ; ba" I9 | 41 37 41 36 — | Ditto .10 | Minimum Temperature in ditto........ - 23°. 20 | 40 35 40 35 — | Little aximum Temperature in the Sun 709 21 50 49 45 49 E Ditto -13 | Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation...... 22 | $1 37 51 33 —— | Ditto .02 | Mean Temperature of External Air.... 429.29 23 | $0 36 51 34 — | Ditto 24 | 40 23 40 15 NE Ditto 25 | 39 26 39 20 E Ditto North, ss .« sse2 days ETI East......7 oP 26 | 39 27 43 20 —— | Brisk South,.......2 .. |S.East.......0 . 27 47 34 47 29 — Ditto .04. East. iere rng «€ LNs WtO rs 28 | 53 46 53 45 —— | Stro 1.21 West Se ves ceed i Lee S. Osa ap 58,1 44+ | «53 1-48 SW |Boiserou| =. 43 oaa Y EET Jo | $3 43 55 39 S Ditto 30 days Amount of Rain . . 3.55 inches. 48.90, 36.09| 53.13| 32.46 3.55 [ 340 ] DECEMBER. Morning. Noon. Night. 1838. 2 Hygrometer. Weather. Barom. Hygrometer. Weather, Hygrometer, | Weather, O $.|1 43 | 43 | — |Clear 29.557| 52 | 52 | — |Rain 54| 54| — ‘Rain [thunder S.| 2 52 |. 52 | — |Fine —.493| 50 | 50 | — |Heavy Showers 48 | 48 | — Heavy showers M.| 3 45 45 | — |Clear —.460| 53 53 | — |Cloudy & Fine 42 42 | — | Very Clear T.|4 39 | 39 | — [Ditto 48 | 45 | 3 [Very Fin 42 | 42 | — Cloudy W.] 5 41 | 41 | — |Cloudy —.905| 46 | 46 | — |Drizzly 42 | 42 | — Overcast Th. | 6 36 | 36 | — |Fine 30.301] 41 | 40] 1 |Fine 42 | 42 | — Ditto Rij 46 | 46 | — Rain 282| 46 | 46 | — |Rain 37 37 | — Clear € S.|8 34 | 34| — |Clear —.376| 41 | 41 | — |Fine 32 | 32 [= “rrosty 8.1 9 30 | 30 | — |Frosty&Foggy| —.397| 35 | 35 | — |Foggy 30 | 30 | — Do. & Foggy M. 30 | 30 | — |Ditto —.275| 35 35 | — |Fine 34 | 34 | — Overcast T. 38 | 38 | — Slight Haze || —347| 43 | 43 | — |Hazy 39 | 39| — Ditto W. 39 | 39 | — |Haz 356| 44| 44 | — |Ditto 40 | 40] — Ditto Th. 41 | 41 | — |Ditto —.335| 44| 44 | — |Ditto 46 | 40 | — Ditto F. 38 | 38 | — |Foggy —.412| 44| 44 | — |Fine 41 | 41| — ;Ditto S. 35 | 35 | — |Ditto —.359| 40 | 40 | — |Ditto 39 i 30] — Tros S. 35 | 35 | — |Hazy —391| 37 | 37 | — |Haz 36 | 365 | — |Overcast e M. 33 | 33 | — |Ditto —.378| 37 | 37 | — |Do. & Cold 33 | 33 | — Ditt T. 33 | 33 | — Foggy —.310| 36 | 34| 2 |Ditto 34 | 34| — |Ditto W. 33 |. 32 1|Hazy —.217| 37 | 37 | — |Hazy 35 | 34| 1Ditto Th. 31 31 | — |Frosty —.322|, 40 | 40 | — |Overcast 32| 32 | — |Fine F. 34 | 34 | — |Hazy —.363| 37 | 37 | — |Hazy 37 | 37| — |Overcast S. 34 |-.34.| — [Rain —.031| 37 | 37 | — |Rain 41 | 41 | — |Rain E € 42 | 42 | — |Ditto 29-478| 45 | 45 | — |Ditto 45 | 45 | — Ditto D M. 42 | 42| — Ditto —.312| 42| 42 | — |Drizzly 41 | 41 | — Ditto T. 32 | 32} — [Clear —.790| 35 | 32 | 3 |VeryClear 35 | 35 | — Clear W. 30 | 30 | — [Frosty —.857| 34| 34 | — |Overcast 38 | 38 | — Heavy Rain Th. 34 | 34 | — |Clear —.762| 41 | 37 | 4 |Clear 1 | và | Very Cl F. 30 | 30 | — |Do.& Frosty || 30.304] 39 | 39 | — |Do. very fine 28 | 28 | — Sharp Frost S 38 | 38 | — |Overcast 235| 43| 43 Rain 45 | 45 | — Rain S. 46 | 46 | — |Rain —212| 51| 51| — |Ditto 45 | 45 | — |Ditto © M. 32 | 32 | — |Clear angas] 42 2| 9 |Clear & Fine 32 | 32 | — |Very Clear 36.96/36 ^T 30.09541 -74/41 -030-71 30119 58.12 58 bd ied [ 341 ] DECEMBER. Temperature. Wind. Rain. Remarks. Days. Max. | Min. | Sun Rad. |Direction.| Force. | In. Pts. lad]. SW | Littl . x 3 d z 2 "i ROMS Strong "ei 'The temperature = ^ month was below the average by two 5 i 60 35 — n .o2 | degrees. The amou rain w: —: but the weather VE k 4A 59 29 Ww Little was throughout vom am iD. ut half an inch of rain p g 35 $1 28 NW | Ditto „or | fell on the znd in heavy showers ade uda and mem d 4 : 54 23 Ww Ditto .20 | There was no rain between the 7th and z2nd. Fogs were pre- 7 D "4 53 25 NW | Ditto .og | Valent in the interval ; and the state of the barometer vil high 8 44. 26 52 23 N Ditto and steady. QI S 85. gy pak | NW g Ditto 10 32 48 28 pom ^ ne Mean Pressure eg the 3 daily observations 30.102 inches. In| 45 35 47 32 ? Temperature... itto 38°. 12 | 45 39 47 38 sy P tto Dew Point dot E005 dy TT Ditto...... 387.64 13 | 46 37 47 36 tto Degree of Dryness.. .... Ditto...... 09.26 14 | 46 32 51 25 N Ditto Degree of Moisture ..... tub. s. 991 15 | 45 28 51 20 SE | Ditto Force of Vapour....... itte. i... 269 16 | 38 31 38 31 S-t- Ditto Least observed degree of Moisture ........ .876 171-37 33 37 3o N Ditto Maximum Temperature in the Shade. ..... 56.° 18 | 38 31 40 29 NE Ditto Minimum Temperature in ditto,......... 2i 19 | 42 26 43 19 SE | Ditto Maximum Temperature in the Sun........ bos 20| 43 28 46 25 esed oru Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation........ , 21 38 30 = zs usc em Mean Temperature of External Air....... 3$. 67 22| 4 37 4 3 EER 9 :30o 23| 46 42 46 41 — | Ditto .03 tös. - d n 2 d PN p is aed aas oe ea at cays x Rett ean 1 - 26 41 32 41 27 S Ditto 20 cu """ 9*5 ac N nS E abd Si LI 27 44 a7 54 20 Ww D tto West 99... 7 . S "West $*€999*9* é Ll 28 40 25 50 18 Ditto y a a eee .. LI CE E E E E E E ^ 29 | 49 43 49 42 SW Ditto .o8 31 days. $9 x 36 25 i ni e 3 Amount of Rain ..... oN UGC we veeees cece I.72 inch, + Ie EE 44:64 | 32.71| 47-67| 28.54 1.72 [ 342 ] Monthly Mean Pressure, Temperature, and Dew Point, &c. of 1838; deduced from the Observations recorded in the preceding Journal. Pressure. Temperature. 1838. Ins T l f errestria ied Mean at eiie: In the Shade. Mean at athe Soy» : Radiation iS b three an Months. Max. | Min. | Med. | Barom. | wi. | Noon. | Night. | tions. | Max.| Min. | Med. | Morn. | Noon. | Night. |Observ| Max. | Min. | Maz. | Min. |Rad?. Jan. 130.447,29. 328|29.926| 1.119 |29.949/29.911/29.922/29.927| 49 | —4à |27-79|27-12/32-06)28.29/29.15] 55 | 14| 37 | —12 (27.38 È Feb. .30.454/28.740|29.624 1.714 29.637/29.610/29.630(29.625| 53 | 14 |33.76,32.0037.7833.2834-35| 56| 33| 38 9 133-15 March 30 556 29 116 29 839 1.440 29 833 29 834 29 849 29 839 62 24 42.16 39 80/48 vii 39 51 42 60 68 41 45 18 42.14 April 30.287|29.200|29.808| 1.087 29.817/29.802 29.804 29.807 69 16 44. 06/43. 36 50.13/40 63 44.70| 73 47 48 8 144-74 May 30 416 29-414/29 906 1.002 29.922/29 891 29 908 29.907 78 26 52.27|53.32 62.4847 -93 54.57| 100 66 48 17 157-07 June. |30.322:29.493|29.896/0.829 [29.944 29. 869/29. 862|29.891|| 83 | 35 59.8960.8667.1654.53(60.85| 98 | 68| 59| 29 6353 July .30.28329.62029.992/0.663 30.00429.99329.98029.992| 84 | 40 (62.7862.0369.2957.55(62.95| 107 | 72 | 58 | 33 [6793 Aug 30.249 29 249 29 936 I.OOO 29 930 29 922 29 946 29 932 82 38 61 58 61 5469 00/56 35 62.29 97 72 60 32 66.53 Sept 30-549,29.272|30.002| 1.277 29 998 29 981 30.021|30.000 76 34 56.16 53 40/63 20/52 36 56.32 98 59 54 26 (60.18 Oct. .|30.457/29.280/29.989| 1.177 29-993/29.979/29-99129.987| 66 | 26 |50.4849.8056.5849.3851.92| 76 | s3| 53| 18 |5186] Nov..!20.462 28 673 29.566 I 789 29.556 29 546 29.579/29 z6o 61 23 42.4939 80/45 7340.30]41.94| 79 39 49 I5 |42-79 : Dec.. 30-601 29.312 30.111| 1.289 eo pee 30.119/30.102|| 56 | 21 |38.67)36.96\41.74138.12/38.94| 60 | 37] 43 14. {38.24} | 7 2 Aver. 30-421 29 224/29.882| 1.197 29.888 29 869 29.88429.880/68.25| 24.37 |47-67,46.66|53.6644.8548.39/79.83/50.0849.33| 17.25 49.05] = Hygrometer indicating Dew Point. Scale of the Winds. Rain. | 15396. E Mean Dew Poiut at Mean Mean Iean Mean Least : : «foi Dew orce of | degree of | degree of ree of ; SHE orn. | Noon. Night. Point, | Vapour, | Dryness. | Moisture. | Moisture. || N. | N. E. | E. | S.E. | S. | S.W. | W.| N.W. | Days. | In. Pts | Jan. .| 26.58) 30.35| 28.29] 28.40] .190 0.75 979 735 2:1 Ci 5 3 4 I oj g 31 weet 30.85| 34.82) 32.71] 32.79] .222 1.56 948 731 3 8 7 E 2 3 s x 28 March} 38.87, 39.74| 39-29) 39.30| .274 | 3.39 | 878 504 T 4 131 ^| $134 |I 3 31 April) 39-13) 38.60) 38.73] 38.82] .270 5.88 803 438 10 I o I 2 5 43 0 3o May .| 46-93| 45-74| 46.29| 46.32| .355 | 8.25 | 754 235 LE HOD: 1 v1.3 1| 2 31 June.| 57.63| 57-93| 54.26| 56.61| .5or 4.24. 873 457 2 2 4 o | 12 7 319 30 July .| 58-45) 58.36) 56.71| 57.84] .523 $.1I 865 506 2 I o I Ai H 9| 3 31 D p 57-93| 58-23| 55-90| 57-35] -514 4.94 856 486 2 o o I 6| 14 4| 4 31 | Sept. | 52.53) 56.33| 52.00| 53.62] .453 2.70 879 506 2 4 3 o 2 4 91 7 “go | Oct. | 48.10, 52.03) 49.06) 49.73] -396 | 2.19 | 929 506 2 7 I 1 2 9 3T * 3! : i Nov. 39-47 44.50] 40.13| 41.36| .296 0.58 976 812 2 7 9 5 2 E 3i 9 30 : Dec. .| 36.93) 41.03] 38.09) 38.68} .269 | 0.26 | gg: 876 4 1 o 8 1 6 7| 4 31 | Aver. | 44-45| 46.47 44.28 45.07] -355 3.32 894 566 JI OF al D 1 48 | 731 |.521 39 E: 15 [ 343 ] The preceding Table, as regards Temperature, and the Dew Point, is in terms of Fahrenheit's scale ; the following are reductions of the same to those of the Centigrade and Reaumur's Thermometers. CENTIGRADE THERMOMETER. Temperature. Hygrometer indicating Dew Point. 1838. : i In the Shade, Mean at át In Sun's Rays. sic or Mean Dew Point at the three Sun and Mean Mean Observa- Radia- Dew degree of Months| Max Min. | Med. | Morn, | Noon. | Night. | tions, | Max. | Min. | Max. | Min. | tion. || Morn.| Noon. | Night. | Point. |Dryness. Jan..| 9.44|-20.27| —2.33| -2.71| 0.03|-2.06| —1.58| 12.77|-00.10 2.77/-24-44 -2.56||-3.01 -0.91| -2.06| —2.00] 0.41 Fe 11.66.—10.00| 0.97| O.00| 3.21] 0.71] 1.30] 13.33| O.55| 3.33-12.77| 0.63/-0.63| 1.56) 0.43) 0.43) 0.86 March] 16.66] —4.44| 5.64| 4-33] 9-31] 4-17] 5.93| 20.00] 5.00) 7.22) —7.77| 5.63| 3.81) 4.30] 4-05] 4.05) 1.88 April| 20.00] -8.88| 6.70] 6.31|10.07| 4.79, 7.05| 22.77| 8.33| 8.88-13.33| 7.07) 3-96 3.66) 3.73) 3.78) 3.26 a 25.55| —3-33| 11-26] 11.84/16.93| 8.85| 12.53] 37.77] 18.88] 8.88) -8.33| 13.92|| 8.29] 7.63] 7-93) 7-95) 4-58 June.| 28.33 .66| 15.49] 16.03/19.53)12.51| 16.02} 36.66] 20.00) 15.00) —1.66| 17.68/14.23| 14.40) 12.36) 13.67] 2-35 July .| 28.88 :44| 17.10} 16.68120.71/14.19| 17.19] 41.66) 22.22| 14.44] 0.55] 19.96|14.69| 14.64) 13.72) 14.35) 2-83 Aug. | 27.77| 3+33| 16.41] 16.41|20.55|13.52| 16.82) 36.11| 22.22] 15.55] 0.00] 19. 18/14.40| 14.57| 13.27) 14.08) 2-74 Sept. | 24.44] 1.11) 13.42|-11.88/17.31|11.31| 13.51, 36.66) 15.00] 12.22, —3.33| 15-65) 11.40, 13.51) I1.II| 12.01) 1.50 Oct. .| 18.88) —3.33| 10.26) 9.88/13.65| 9.65] 11.06) 24.44] 11.66) 11.66) -7.77 11.03 8.94| 11.12) 9.47| 9.85| 1.21 Nov.| 16.11| -5.00| 5.82) 4.33| 7.62| 4.61| 5.52| 21.11| 3.88| 9.44| -9.44| 5.99] 4.15| 6.94| 4.51| 5-20) 9-33 Dec..| 13.33| -6.11| 3.70| 2.75| 5.41| 3.40| 3.85| 15.55| 2.77| 6.11|-10.00| 3:401 2.73| 5.01| 3.38| 3.71| 9.14 Š | | Aver.| 20.13] -4.23| 8.70 Tte ie O05| 7.13| 9.10| 26.57| 10.04) 9.62) Brd du w 9n 8.03! 6.82| 7.25| 1.84 | | | | REAUMUR's THERMOMETER. Temperature. || Hygrometer indicating Dew point. 1838. : i In the shade. Mean at Y In Sun's Rays. AT r Mean Dew Point at i the three un and Mean degree 2 Radia- Dew (of dry- Months.| Max. Min. Med Morn. | Noon. | Night. | vations.| Max Min. Max. Min. tion Morn.| Noon. | Night. | Point.| ness. Jan. .| 7.55 -16.22| -1.87| -2.16| 0.02| —1.64| —1.25| 10.22| -8.c0| 2.22|-19.55| —2.04'|-2.40] -0.72| —1.64.-1-59| 0.30 re 9.33| -8.00| 0.67| o.oo] 2.56| 0.56] 1.03] 10.66| 0.44| 2.66/-10.22| 0.50|-O9.50| 1.24| O.31| 0-33) 0.68 March.| 13.33| -3-55| 4-5!| 3-46) 7.45| 3.33] 4-74| 16-00] 4.00] 5.27| -6.22| 4.50| 3-04| 3.43| 3-27| 3-23] 1-50 April. 16.44| —7.11| 5.35| 5.04| 8.05} 3.83| 5.64| 18.22| 6.66| 7.11|-10.66| 5.65| 3.16| 2.71| 2.98| 3-02| 2.61 May .| 20.44| -2.66| 9.00] 9.47| 13.54] 7.07| 10.02| 30.22| 15.11} 7.11| —6.66| 11.14|| 6.63] 6.18| 6.36) 6.36| 3.66 June.| 22.66| 1.33) 12.39| 12.82| 15.62| 10.00| 12.81, 29.33| 16.00| 12.00) —1.33| 14.14|11.39| 11.34| 9-91|10.93| 1.87 July .| 23-11| 3.55| 13.67| 13-34) 16°63] 11.35| 13.75| 33-33| 17-77| 11-55| 0.44| 15.96||11-75| 11.71| I1-05|11-48, 2.26 Aug. | 22.22| 2.66) 13.13] 13.12| 16.44| 10.81| 13.45| 28.88| 17.77| 12.44| 0.00| 15.33|11.52| 11.65| 10.72/11.26| 2.18 Sept. | 19-55] 0.88| 10.73] 9.50| 13.85| 9.04| 10.80| 29.33| 12.00| 9.77| —2.66| 12.52/| 9.11| 10.80} 8.88| 9-60) 1. r9 Oct. .| 15.11} 72.66. 8.21| 7.90| 10.91| 7.71| 8.85| 19.55| 9.33| 9.33| -6.22| 8.82|| 7-15] 8.89| .7.58| 7-87| 0.96 Nov. | 12.88| —4.o0| 4.65| 3.46| 6.09] 3.67| 4.41| 16.88| 3.11| 7.5:| -7.55| 4-79! 3-31| 5-55} 3-62| 4-16| 0.25 Dec..| 10.66| -4.88| 2.96| 2.19| 4.32| 2.71| 3.07| 12.44| 2.22| 4.88| -8.00| 2.76| 2-18] 4.o1| 2.71| 2.96| o. 11 Aver.| 16.11| —3.39| 6.96| 6.51| 9.62| $5.70| 7.27| 21.26| 8.03| 7.69| —6.55| 7.83| 5.53| 6.42) 5-45| 5:80| 1.47]- [ 344 ] XXXIX. Upon raising Coniferous Plants from Seed. By Mr. GrorGce Gorpon, Under Gardener, in the Hardy Department of the Society's Garden. Read December 3, 1839. «unt Society having received and distributed a considerable quantity of seeds of several valuable and new species of Pinus, from their collector in Mexico, I am induced to believe that the following account of the manner of raising Coniferous Plants in the Societys Garden may be worth knowing; especially as some eminent cultivators of such plants have failed in raising several of them, although none of the species of which seeds were dis- tributed have failed in the garden of the Society. Every one who has had any experience in raising seedling Pines, especially those belonging to the section of Pinus proper, must be well aware that they are extremely subject to damping off, just above the ground, shortly after they have come up, and generally when they are about four or five days old, more particularly if it is wet weather at the time ; and it then frequently happens that not a single plant is saved, although every seed should have vegetated. Having myself known the great difficulty of preserving such plants, I was induced to try various experiments in the hope of finding a remedy for the evil. I fully tried the effect of sowing the seeds in various mixtures of Peat, Sand and Loam, mixed in various proportions from nearly all Sand, to nearly all Peat, or Loam as well as Sand, Loam and Peat, separately, and also Leaf Mould, a soil strongly recommended by some, but in all respects as bad as Peat itself. Different depths too were tried, from laying the seeds on the surface of the earth, to covering them three-fourths Upon raising Coniferous Plants from Seed. 345 of aninch deep; the pots or pans in which the seeds were sown, were placed in various temperatures, from the open air to the hot bed; some of them were even placed over the hot flue, some were covered with a bell-glass, others were left exposed. The result of my experience is, that the system hereafter detailed is the only certain and sure one for Coniferz of all kinds; I should how- ever mention that there are some species which succeed tolerably well under other modes of management, particularly if sown in the open air, and when the seeds are fresh. These are more especially species of Picea, Abies, Larix and Cedrus, as well as of Juniperus, Cupressus and Thuja; but they must be sown as early as possible ` in the spring or summer, for if sown in the autumn or winter they also are subject to damp off, particularly if any artificial heat is used : a thing absolutely necessary if the seeds are sown in winter, or have been long gathered, or damaged by being overheated on the journey. If the rules which I am about to recommend are attended to, I have no doubt that many Fir seeds, now rejected as worthless, or as incapable of germinating when sown, will be found to succeed, as is, I think, sufficiently proved by the following example. In the autumn of 1838, the Society purchased from Mr. CHARL- woop, some seeds of Abies Cephalonica which had been heated by being sent over in a close cask, perhaps also by having been packed in a green state and by the cask having been stowed away in the close hold of the ship. When the seeds were sent to those who had ordered them, they were declared to be dead; one Gardener threw behind the fire the seeds which his master had pur- chased, and even some nurserymen would not sow the seeds, but returned them, believing it useless to attempt to raise them. I must confess, that I myself considered their appearance very unpromising, but having before found other Fir seeds looking equally ill, which nevertheless vegetated, I gave these a fair trial, and with a little care, succeeded in raising about five hundred 346 Upon raising Coniferous Plants from Seed, healthy plants. The seeds were sown in pans filled with Loam only, and were covered nearly half an inch deep; care was taken that the Loam was pretty dry when the seeds were sown, and little water was given until after they began to vegetate. Wet or damp is very injurious to fresh sown Fir seeds before vegetation com- mences, particularly if, like those I am speaking of, they have re- ceived any injury. If Fir seeds are sown late in the autumn, in winter, or early in the spring, the pans or pots should be placed over the flue of the hothouse, or other place, where there is a strong dry heat which is not too violent; but if they are sown late in the spring, or in summer, they may be placed in a much cooler place; still great care must be taken that, directly vegetation commences over the hot flue, the seed pans are removed to a much cooler place, where there is plenty of light and air to harden the seedlings by degrees ; water must still be given sparingly, and finally they may be removed to a cold pit, where they can be kept free from frost the first Winter; as damp is particularly prejudicial to them, they should.be exposed to the open air every fine day, and when large enough, they may be potted off into small pots; no Peat should on any account be employed in the mixture in which they are potted, but if the Loam is stiff, a-little Sand may be used, not much how- ever, for I find if there is much Sand in the compost the plants become weakly. In conclusion the rules I have to recommend for raising Conifer- ous seeds are the following : 1. Always to sow the seeds directly they are received, whether in midwinter, or midsummer, or any other time ofthe year. 2. Always to sow the seeds in pure Loam, not to use the least particle of Peat, and as little Sand as possible. All the seeds experimentally sown in Peat, or any mixture in which it was used, damped off, especially when there was more Peat than Loam used in the mixture. The only chance of saving young plants raised in By Mr. GEORGE Gonpox. 947 such a compost is to keep them as dry as possible, and to pot them off the first or second day after they are fairly up; for if left twenty four hours longer it is very probable they will nearly all have damped off, particularly if a little water is given, or it happens to be damp or wet weather at the time. 3. Always to sow the seeds in dry Loam; to give very little water until the seeds are fairly up, and then only sparingly. 4. To cause the seeds to vegetate as quickly as possible after sowing, more particularly ifthe seeds are old or damaged, taking great care however, that, before they are fairly above ground, they are removed to a much cooler place, where there is plenty of light and air and they can be secured from frost. 5. Not to let the young seedlings remain very long in the seed pots before they are potted off, and to give plenty of air to them after they are potted, with as little artificial heat as possible. 6. Always to plant them out in the open ground after the second year. If Pines are kept any length of time in pots, especially if not regularly shifted twice a year, their roots become pot- bound, and as they are a race of plants which make few roots, and those always near the surface of the ground, they are almost sure, if confined many years in pots, to be blown over or to one side, and when this has once happened they hardly ever become firm, or make handsome trees. [ 348 ] XL. On the Improvement of the Wild Carrot. By M. Vitmorin, F. M. HS. Read March 3, 1840. t The greatest part of our kitchen garden plants, and especially those which have been brought to the highest state of perfection, and rendered the most useful, are evidently deviations from wild . kinds, modified by the skill and labour of man. , This may be proved by comparing together in the two different conditions, those with which we are acquainted in their wild states, the cabbage, the carrot, the turnip, &c. This fact, considered either generally or in detail, presents seve- ral subjects for study of great interest. On the one hand, it is con- nected with one of the most important problems of natural philoso- phy, that of the laws which govern the species and its variations ; on the other hand, it affects Botany properly so called, and Physic- logy ; the former as regards the determination of the species to which the numerous cultivated varieties belong, the second as re- gards the changes effected in the proportions and the develope- ment of the organs orparts ofa plant. But the most interesting perhaps, and at the same time the most useful, point of view under which these modifications can be considered, is that of the means by which they have been effected. It is a nearly new enquiry with us. The habit of seeing our ali- mentary plants under their present forms, their utility, even the common and daily use of them, have caused them to be considered in general, as entirely natural productions, with nothing particular in their origin ; neither has the curiosity of the cultivator been ex- cited. Botanists, on their side, have long scorned to give their at- On the Improvement of the Wild Carrot. 349 tention to garden varieties; and they have on this account been much overlooked.* If, however, attention be confined to this subject, and we enquire how the feeble, filamentous, and scarcely fleshy tap-roots of some wild plants have been transformed into our bulky kitchen-garden roots ; or how the head of the cabbage has been created; or by what process the tapering leaves upon the stalk of the wild cab- bage have been agglomerated and compressed into a compact and fleshy mass, we shall find ourselves embarrassed by the enquiry. Modern horticulture, advanced as it is in many respects, presents no similar example. Some new vegetables indeed have been intro- duced into the gardens of our own days, or during the last century ; and they have remained such, or nearly such, as they were originally. Amongst them, one may instance the Sea-Kale; the culture of which during the last 40 or 50 years has become general in England, where it is the object of much care; nevertheless, the plant has, hitherto, experienced no sensible changes in its form or its dimensions.t It is the same with Tetragonia expansa, which is now what it was at its first appearance, and of other kitchen-gar- den kinds of more recent introduction. As for our old vegetables, they have been transmitted to us ready formed by the generations which have preceded us. The origin of most of them is traceable to unknown times; there are even some of which the wild sorts exist no longer, or which have * M, Decandolle, I believe, is the first among the great botanists who has caused the necessity of studying these plants to be felt ; he has insisted upon it in several of his works, and resolving to add application to precept, he has published an important paper on the species and varieties of the cabbage and horseradish cultivated in Europe. A very estimable and learned man, Duchesne, has with similar views studied Strawberries and Gourds, of which he has given Monographs. + Some Amateurs, who dwell in the neighbourhood of the coasts where the Sea-Kale grows, have assured me that it is not uncommon to find specimens of it, in its natural state, as fine and as much developed as those which are seen in the gardens. VOL. II. 2ND, SERIES. 22 350 On the Improvement of the Wild Carrot, not been found by botanists, and which we possess only in the do- mestic or cultivated state. It is very true that these plants are still in the course of improvement by us, and that we daily obtain new varieties of them ; but amongst such variations of species already changed, and the first amelioration of a wild plant, a fun- damental difference exists of which it is important to give some account. When by any means, a species has been made to deviate from its primitive condition, the somewhat artificial race or races, which have resulted from it, are essentially variable. This is what we see in our garden kinds, which have a constant tendency to sport, generally in order to degenerate, (in our opinion,) that is to say, to return to their first stock; often also by contrary and different influences, (for this phenomenon is very complex in its causes as in its effects,) to wander still further from it, or to experience new changes. The natural species, on the contrary, is essentially fixed and stable; with rare exceptions, it varies only within the limits assigned to the different individuals ; differences which disappear and are renewed with those individuals, without leaving any lasting traces, and without giving birth to new races. This explains how we obtain, so easily, varieties of our kitchen- garden plants already altered and ameliorated ; whilst, if we bring into culture a species still in its natural state, we do not see it sen- sibly improve. These improvements however are possible; they have formerly been effected by man in many species, but neither the tradition of the means, nor the practice itself, has been handed down to us. It might be supposed, and this opinion has sometimes been ex- pressed to me by sensible men, that in order to create improved ali- mentary varieties, nothing more has been requisite than abundant nourishment and great care in garden culture; but an attentive ex- amination does not allow me to adopt this opinion except in a very restricted sense. Certainly care is among the number of indispen- By M. Vitworin, F. M. H. S. 351 sable means, but it is also beyond a doubt that of itself it is insuffi- cient. Give to the wild cabbage very abundant nourishment, treat it with a gardeners care, you will procure for it a more vigorous developement, larger dimensions ; its leaves will become more ample, its stems higher; you will convert it into the chou cavalier or the chou vert branchu; but by these means alone you will never make of it a headed cabbage.* Something else certainly has been wanting— What other thing? Or, rather what other things? That is the problem to which I invite attention, not for the cabbage only, but for very many other plants. Being often occupied upon this enquiry, I have endeavoured to satisfy myself about it by experiments ; I have pursued some upon different plants with a view to ameliorate them ; upon the perennial lettuce, or Lactuca perennis, on the Tetragonia, the Solanum stolonife- rum, the Brassica orientalis. Many years of trials have not enabled me, at present, to obtain any sensible modifications of these species. But the wild carrot, which I had comprised in the same trials, has improved, on the contrary,in the most decided manner; in the space of three generations I have obtained roots of it as fleshy and as large as those of the Garden carrot. I have the honour to send to the Horticultural Society some specimens of them, and I add to them as a point of comparison and that a judgment may be formed of the advance gained, some wild roots, proceeding from the same fields in which were gathered the seeds for my first trials. This is the history of the experiment. In March, 1832, I made, at Verriére near Paris, in a soft and deep earth, my first sowing of wild carrot. All came up; I ob- tained no root better than those of the fields. In 1833, the 26 April, I tried here, at Barres, Loiret, where the * Of this I have now an example before me : for two years I have been trying the Brassica sylvestris, for the seeds of which I am indebted to the politeness of Mr. Lou- don and the Rev. Thomas Bree; the most vigorous individuals of them are those which are the least disposed to form a head. 352 On the Improvement of the Wild Carrot, earth is stronger, a new sowing. It sprung up very clean, the plants became very strong, but all still ran to flower. The roots were larger than those of the fields, but I should say, worse on ac- count of their consistence and their strong ramifications. Two other sowings, made at Verriére the 15 May and 22 June follow- ing, also ran to flower to a great extent but not entirely. They had come up freely like the preceding, but very unequally and in suc- cession ; some seeds germinated during all the summer. Amongst these late plants, several did not run to flower and five or six made tolerably fleshy roots, about half an inch in diameter, and resem- bling very ordinary garden carrots. These roots replanted the following spring produced seeds which were sown in 1835. A considerable portion of this crop still ran to seed, but the proportion was much less than it had previously been. The plant had already experienced a remarkable change ; at the time of drawing them, about a fifth part was found to consist of pretty good carrots, small and middle sized, but a little fibrous, some even quite well made and good. This second generation presented a. good choice of stock plants, which were replanted and produced seed in 1836. | | In 1837 I obtained from these seeds, a third generation of roots very considerably improved ; many of them were very large and fleshy, some exceeded the weight of a kilogramme. The largest were in general coarse and ill shaped ; but others were found per- fectly good in every respect, equalling the best garden carrots. The refuse of this crop amounted to about a third part, consisting of forked branched roots ; but most even of these were fleshy and eatable. Few plants ran to seed, at most not above a tenth part. In 1838 I made with the same seed a pretty considerable sowing in the fields; the majority of which has hkewise yielded me very good produce. Last year, 1839, I raised the fourth generation. The roots have been in general less large than those of 1837, because they have By M. Virwonis, F. M.H. S, 353 suffered much from drought ; but the quality of the whole has been better, the proportion of bad much less, and that of runaways almost nothing. In order to explain more distinctly the progress of the principal modifications, I will here give a summary of them in another form, at the same time adding some essential details which I have purposely omitted above, to avoid too frequent repetitions. Form and Bulk. lst Generation 1833, five or six roots, (amongst a large number) were very indifferent, ill formed, eii od middle-sized, but tolerably fleshy. 2nd Generation. About a fifth part of the carrots were middle- sized and small, tolerably good, some were even quite good. They were, in general, extremely long, diminishing in size too sud- denly, and drawn out like long rats’ tails. 3rd Generation. The general form was much less lengthened, and the roots had increased considerably in size. I speak of the mass; for some were, and still are, found very thready. Some were short, nearly of the form of the Breteuil carrot; the best being replanted and resown separately, generally reproduced this form. In this generation the proportion of good carrots was about two thirds. 4th Generation. "Though the size was, as I have said, less large than in the preceding generation, the form and proportions of the root were nevertheles ameliorated ; the lower part was more plump; upon the whole it was a better specimen. The refuse of this crop amounted to only about a tenth part. Colour. 'The white colour and the yellow, commonly rather dark, made their appearance simultaneously, from the time of the small crop of 1833, and have done so constantly since then in all the other crops, the first being always in the larger proportion. The yellow being replanted apart, sometimes produce white in consider- able numbers, and reciprocally ; some yellow being almost always found in the white crop ; (this variation 1s likewise remarked in some 354 On the Improvement of the Wild Carrot, of the old varieties, especially in the Breteuil.) The dark yellow began to appear in the crop of 1837, but it was very slightly repro- duced. This shade is difficult to fix; it passes to the lemon colour, the white, sometimes to the pale red (orange). Two roots of a dull violet, or the colour of wine lees, were found in the crop of 1835; they were spoiled in the winter and I was un- able to obtain any race from them ; 2 or 3 others appeared again in 1837, but they were so bad that we cast them aside. Many had only the neck stained with the same colour; amongst them how- ever one was so fine and clean that I replanted it by itself. This year it yielded very few individuals of the same character ; but its produce which has varied from white to lemon colour, has gene- rally been excellent. The red colour appeared for the first time in the third genera- tion in 1837, and in very trifling proportion, perhaps one in three or four hundred. Contrary to the yellow, it became immediately fixed, the seeds of these first roots reproduced this year almost all red carrots more or less dark-coloured. They are, in general, coarse and. rough on the surface. One of them, which I cut, was red only in the rind, or cortical layer, the centre was of a pale yellow.* Disposition to run, It has been seen that at first the crop of March and of April ran to seed totally,and even those of May and June almost entirely. This disposition became weaker in each * The same effect appears in a more remarkable manner in the violet carrot; under the rind, which is of a deep violet, the interior is sometimes found of a fine yellow. + At the time of making these first trials, I wished to ascertain if shortening the stems would produce any favourable influence on the root ; consequently a certain number of plants were submitted to a rigourous and successive pinching as they grew up; they were pinched off just above the neck, taking care to preserve entire the radical leaves. Thus these plants would develope neither stems nor flower branches, but the roots gained nothing by this suppression; they were not less hard than those of the individuals which had run up freely ; they even appeared to us more branched. By M. Vitmorin, F: M. HS. 355 generation in a very sensible degree, and in an almost exact relation with the enlargement of the root. In the present day the wild carrot has, in this respect, arrived at the same point as the old va- - rieties ; it no longer runs, or at least not more so than the latter. It is thus become truly biennial from being annual, which it was at starting. This effect is very remarkable, and we may rea- sonably conclude from thence, that naturally the carrot is in truth annual, and that cultivation alone has rendered it biennial. At the point at which it has now arrived, the wild carrot is almost confounded with the garden carrot; nevertheless, it still retains some characters, which will perhaps be afterwards effaced, but which for this very reason it may be well to notice. Thus, it is not yet completely tap-rooted ; a certain number of roots are to be found fork-shaped, and fibrous; and among the good and fleshy ones, several have a coarse, and as it were, rugged appearance on the surface. There is also something particular in the habit and aspect of the plant. When the individuals are far apart and can extend themselves freely, the petioles and the leaves lie down and display themselves almost horizontally upon the soil; the foliage is of a harsher green, and darker than in most of the old varieties. In the first year the root penetrated deeply into the earth, it was necessary to search one and sometimes two inches in order to dis- cover the neck. This disposition is still observable, but it seems to me to diminish in proportion as the root increases insize and dimi- nishes in length. The flesh is more compact, rather firmer, and of greater consistence than that of the garden carrots; it appears to contain less water of vegetation; it is however as easily cooked, is very sweet and of excellent quality. From the long details into which I have entered upon this sort of creation, it must not be concluded that I consider it as a real victory ; we already possess the improved carrot, under numerous forms and shades: the analogy is too great for a vegetable novelty to be perceived. It is nevertheless not impossible that from this 356 On the Improvement of the Wild Carrot. renovated stock, if I may so call it, something of direct utility may be derived ; for example, a very robust and large race, particularly appropriate to field cultivation. It is to this that I am now direct- ing my attention, and I trust I may succeed. Even as a garden plant,it is possible that the wild carrot may furnish some interesting and good variety. Besides it is not in the light of these accessory advantages, supposing they should be realized, that this experiment ought to be considered, but rather in that of the general question respecting the modifications and amelioration of wild plants. In- deed, the study of this interesting question has been my only ob- ject in the researches of which I have now given an account. [ 357 ] XLI. Upon forcing the Peach Tree. By Mr. Rosert EnniNGTON, Gardener to Str Puitire De Mapas Grey Ecerton, Barr., M. P. E. H. S., Oulton Park, Cheshire. Read January 21, 1840. -| aerewrrn send an account of the extraordinary Peach Tree, at Oulton Park, the Seat of Sır P. De M. Grey EGERTON, Banr., for the produce of which the Horticultural Society of London was pleased to award four medals, in four successive years. I will first describe the house, the time and mode of planting, &c., and then add some account of the general management of the Peach, according to my practice. The tree in question is of the Noblesse kind, according to the Horticultural Society of London; the house is metallic, built by: Mr. J. Jones of Birmingham, it has an angle of fifty degrees, with an upright front sash of three feet from the ground level, and. was completed by the Ist of January 1832. It is thirty feet long by twelve feet wide, and is furnished with one trellis only, which runs parallel with the roof at the distance of fourteen inches, excepting the base of the trellis, which meets the ground at thirty-six inches from the front lights, thus allowing a front walk to give air, &c., the front wall is on arches, and the tree planted inside, con- sequently it has roots both inside and outside. It is heated in common with two other metallic houses by one boiler, on the plans of Mr. J. Joxxs of Birmingham ; nothing can in my opinion excel the mode of heating ; the roof glazing is done in the curvilinear way, the laps being leaded with a hole in the centre ofthe curve for the escape of condensed steam. "The border for the Peach was excavated VOL. II. 2nd. SERIES, 3 A 358 Upon forcing the Peach Tree, to the depth of forty-two inches, and the width of twenty-one feet ; the subsoil a clean red sand presented an inclined surface of nearly one inch to a foot. After laying a complete system of drainage, the whole surface was covered one foot in depth with old bricks and stones; on this was laid three inches of lime rubbish, out of which all small particles had been carefully sifted. The lime rubbish being formed to an even surface was covered entirely over with thin turfs of heath soil, cut about a foot square, and placed horizontally, barely touching each other ; and finally a sprinkling of small gravel stones was swept into all the crevices; the whole was now covered to the depth of twenty-four inches with a compost as follows : Good Maiden Loam, fresh from an old pasture, half way between strong and light, of a yellow colour, 12; Leaves from the park in a fresh state, 3; Horse Dung, 2; Sharp Sand, 1; Bone Waste, 2; these ingredients were of course thoroughly blended together. The largest, cleanest and best formed tree on the open walls was selected, and the roots, having been cut the year previous, to check luxuriance, were of course in good condition for removal. The greatest care was taken duringthe process of removal,as to preserving the roots free from wounds, &c., but no soil was left adhering to them; they were however kept continually wet until the tree was fixed in its proper situation. The tree was so large that it required ten men to carry it to the hole, and after having all the wood care- fully strapped together in groups, it was lifted through the roof of the house, and thence lowered into its situation. The time of removal was the end of January, the pruning knife had been most severely applied to the young wood previous to removal, more especially as regards thinning, but the old wood was not interfered with, as I have a strong objection to cutting large or old wood from Peach trees, unless in cases of strong necessity. The tree once placed in its situation every fibre was of course as carefully trained as the shoots, taking care to carry a large portion By Mr. Roserr ERRINGTON. 359 of the superior roots through the front arches into the outside border. In the first week of February the tree was dressed all over with a mixture of soft soap, sulphur, and tobacco water, rubbed carefully into every crevice, and when perfectly dry, the wounds caused by pruning were coated over with thick paint. Towards the middle of February the water was turned on the house, but the heat for the first fortnight did not exceed fifty degrees by day, and thirty-six by night. The house was steamed profusely morning and night all the season, with the exception of the flowering time, and during the ripening of the fruit. After the blossoms were set the heat was increased slowly, and for some weeks was about sixty degrees by day, maximum, and allowed to sink generally as low as thirty-eight degrees at night ; indeed I have had it as low as thirty-four degrees at night, when the fruit were as large as Peas, without any mischief whatever. The tree ripened about eight dozen of very good Peaches in the same summer in which it was planted, and during that with the succeeding seven years, it has produced at least two thousand four hundred large and fine fruit; the largest Peach I ever gathered from this tree weighed twelve and a half ounces; I have however gathered hundreds of from nine ounces to eleven ounces in weight. The tree is now, December 1839, exposed to the weather and is full of excellent wood, covering completely the trellis, a surface of four hundred and eighty feet. General management of the Peach Tree as practised at Oulton Park. I will begin with the root ; and this leads me to remark that the Peach, in my opinion, as well as most other tender fruit trees, is planted in borders far too deep, as well as too rich. It is of course imperative on the planter to take the utmost care that no stagnation of any kind be permitted to take place, not only as regards drainage, but in choosing soil of a proper texture. A loam about half way between stiff and sandy, I find the best ; and in my opinion, the less 360 Upon forcing the Peach Tree, manure is mixed with it the better, providing the loam be what is termed “ Maiden Soil,” from old rest land. If any manure be con- sidered necessary, it should be chiefly Bone Manure, on account of its decomposing very slowly, and of course gradually enriching the soil. It is by the wasteful and indiscreet use of dung, that the Peach is forced to produce “ Robbers” or over luxuriant wood, and if these Robbers are not stopped with the finger and thumb, when only a few eyes in length, the necessary consequence is, that the true bearing wood is both robbed of its due share of sap, by the exclusion of light and prevented from attaining a due degree of ripeness. If Peach Trees show any signs of weakness after bearing a few years in soil of the description I have recommended, the remedy is quite simple; it is only having recourse to top dressing, laying it on heavily in the Winter and removing a portion in the Spring ; heavy top dressing is in my opinion extremely pernicious in the growing season. Ifthis is not sufficient to renovate the tree, it is easy to add a prepared compost in a trench at the extremity of the roots. If any unnecessary luxuriance takes place in any of the fruit trees under my care, I cut the points of the roots without hesitation, taking care to reduce them in proportion to the degree of superfluous luxuriance. This root-cutting system I have pursued for seven years at least, and find it every thing that can be desired. With regard to Winter pruning, I am not aware that there is any thing peculiar in my practice, unless it be that I thin my young wood to a very great extent. This may alarm some persons, who may be afraid of not getting sufficient fruit, but this plan with a con- tinual thinning and disbudding in Summer, so as to lose no sun- shine on the leaves of the shoots intended for the next years crop, renders the buds so plump and well ripened, that there need be no fear in that respect. After the Winter pruning, I immediately stop every wound made by the knife, and every place whence proceeds gummy exudations, with a coat of thick white paint; this painting, if I may so term it, is By Mr. Rosert Errineron. 361 repeated, and perhaps a third time, on all the larger wounds. This I have found of eminent use, for I believe it is a tolerably well known fact, that the entrance of air and moisture into such wounds is in many cases the cause of premature decay. The wounds being dressed in this manner, I immediately stove the house with sulphur blended with sawdust and burnt in shallow pans, and afterwards dress the tree over two or three times with soft soap, sulphur and tobacco water, brushing it carefully into every bud and crevice with a painting brush; this mixture is not made so strong as recom- mended by some of our gardening authors, as I depend much on the careful brushing and flooding every part of the tree. At the commencement of forcing, the same routine is pursued as before described, and I may here remark on the evil effects of high temperature at night, for as I before observed I have had my Thermometer as low as thirty-four degrees at night, when the fruit was as large as Peas without any injury whatever; now this has been through sheer necessity, for in my anxiety to get fruit early, I should have kept it probably to nearly fifty degrees could I have obtained that heat, but I am convinced that it would have been worse for the tree; for one of the necessary consequences that ensues in a case of the kind, is the elongation of the internode, as Botanists term it, which lengthening, if it be not the cause, is well known as a sign of barrenness. From the period that the fruit are beginning to swell off, until they commence ripening, my trees have most copious syringings and steamings, excepting that in the months of February or March, in cold dull weather, I am a little more niggardly of water, taking care especially that if I syringe in the afternoon, it be done early, so as to have the leaves dry by the evening ; as a temperature of thirty-four degrees to forty degrees by night and a wet leaf would by no means agree. The house is of course fumigated twice or thrice, or in fact on the very first appear- ance of green fly. As for red spider, I seldom by this management see one. 362 Upon forcing the Peach Tree, The young wood through all the growing period receives the utmost attention; every robber is stopped with the finger and thumb as soon as about four eyes or buds long ; every superfluous shoot that is not wanted for the next years bearing, is taken away, and all the inferior shoots, which are much below the proper strength, are trained with the growing points as nearly perpendicular as possible, in order to decoy the sap into them. As soon as I perceive the least change towards ripening in the fruit, I stop the points of all the young wood, with the exception of a few of the weakest shoots at the lower part of the tree, and these I keep growing until the end of the season, in order to get, as I before observed, as much sap in them as possible. In the course of their ripening, abundance of air is given both night and day, and every leaf which shades the fruit is entirely removed. I need scarcely add that they cannot ripen too slowly; the slower they ripen if not absolutely starved the better. Syringing is of course withheld alto- gether, as well as the steaming, but as soon as the last fruit is gathered the tree is completely battered with water morning and evening, and the house shut up early in the afternoon with a ther- mometer of ninety to ninety-five degrees of sunheat when it can be obtained, and this course is persisted in until the leaves turn colour, when the heat by sunshine is allowed to range even higher still; I have had it as high as a hundred degrees, at three to four o'clock in the afternoon. By these means the wood is most com- pletely ripened, and in pruning cuts more like Oak than wood Peach. During all the ripening process the border inside the house is allowed to become very dry indeed; in fact water is entirely withheld from the moment the least appearance of change in a single Peach is per- ceived towards ripening. An opinion once prevailed very generally, that Peaches would not answer long under glass, unless the lights were removed during the rest season, this is however quite erroneous, as the lights have never been taken off the tree in question since it was planted. By Mr. RosEnT EnniNGTON. 363 Before I conclude, I must just observe, that without cleanliness in the leaf and wood, no soil or mode of training whatever can answer long for the Peach. [ 364 | XLII. On Heating by Hot Water. By Joun Rocers, Jun., Esq., F.R.S. F.H.S. Read April 21, 1840. H aviva for some time past directed my attention to the best methods of heating Horticultural Buildings, I am induced to think that a few observations on that subject may not be un- acceptable to the Fellows of the Horticultural Society. Many and various have been the expedients adopted for this purpose during the last twenty years, each possessing some peculiar recom- mendations, which are frequently more than counterbalanced by attendant inconveniences. On the whole there appears no doubt that the circulation of hot water in iron pipes is the best means hitherto devised for this purpose. Its peculiar advantages are the uniformity and durability of the heat so communicated, and its perfect and equable distribution to all parts of the building. It is moreover capable of effecting a considerable economy of fuel, but on this head its advantages are not so great as is commonly sup- posed, and depend much upon the construction of the apparatus. Where this is well-constructed and well-managed, the saving of fuel may amount to 25 per cent, over well-constructed and well-managed flues; but in a large proportion of the apparatus now in use, it will be found that the consumption of fuel greatly exceeds that of com- mon furnaces. This remark applies not merely to the earlier apparatus, where the power was inadequate to the work required, but even to the best constructed modern ones, and the waste of fuel arises from a misunderstanding of the nature of a hot, water apparatus, and from an attempt to make it do that, which, if it be properly constructed, it is impossible that it should do. On Heating by Hot Water. 365 It isa great desideratum with gardeners, as far at least as my experience goes, to get up heat in a short time, and their ordinary test of the excellence of a hot water apparatus is, how speedily they can get the water to boil. "Where an apparatus is properly constructed this can seldom be effected without a most extravagant waste of fuel. The water in a hot water apparatus, constructed on the most perfect principles, will take as many hours to heat to the boiling point as the pipes which contain it are inches in diameter, and it will also cool in the same ratio. Four inch pipes will accordingly take four hours to reach the temperature of 200°, and they can be heated to the boiling point in one hour, only by the consumption of four times as much fuel as would suffice if properly applied, or in fact, allowing for the waste of heat by the chimney, which increases under such circumstances very rapidly, five or six times as much fuel as is really necessary will be con- sumed by a gardener zealous of the honour of his apparatus. It is of course possible, by having a furnace and boiler excessively large in comparison with the pipes, to construct an apparatus with four inch pipes which shall boil in an hour; but the necessary con- sequence will be that such a furnace would burn during every hour of the night four times as much fuel as can possibly be effective in heating the building to which it is applied. If a house is to be heated rapidly, the pipes should be of the smallest diameter which is consistent with a free circulation, but it must be borne in mind that such pipes will also cool with equal rapidity ; and, if the heat is to be maintained through the night, the furnace must be so constructed as to contain a large quantity of fuel, but only to allow of a very slow consumption, much after the manner of Dr. Arnott's Stove. Now such a furnace, though theoretically very easy, and practically not very difficult of con- struction, requires an almost scientific nicety of management not to be expected from common gardeners. There are moreover several objections to small pipes, one of the most material of which is this, YOL II, 2ND. SERIES. 3B 366 On Heating by Hot Water, that the motion of water within them being retarded by friction in a much greater degree than in large pipes, they can never be brought to so high a mean temperature. So that, under similar circumstances of pressure, &c., 200 feet of one inch pipe could never be made to produce the same effect as 50 feet of four inch, though their surfaces would be nearly equal; besides which the original expense of the one inch pipe would be nearly three times that of the four-inch. A little consideration will enable us to determine whether such rapid communication of heat be really essential to the efficiency of a heating apparatus. In hot-houses, where permanent heat is required, it is evidently unnecessary. The only place where it may be desirable is in buildings where occasional heat only is employed. Now if any one will take the trouble to note hourly the variations of the ther- mometer by night, in weather in which frost is so severe as to be dangerous, they will find that, instead of a sudden jump of 10° or 20, the th ermometer begins to fall slowly an hour beforesunset, somewhat more rapidly afterwards, and continues falling steadily till about 11 p.m. After that time it falls still more slowly till 3 or 4 A.M., by which time it will have almost reached its minimum. Its variation will be something like three or four degrees per hour for the first four hours, after that about one degree per hour for the next two or three, and then from 4 to 4 of a degree till it has reached its minimum. Now it is evident that to meet this variation, supposing the temperature of the house to range exactly with outer air, an apparatus which occupies three or four hours in reaching its maximum, would be much more accurately adapted to the emergency than one which could be heated in an hour. But we may observe that, except in iron-roofed houses, that the temperature within the house does not keep pace with that of outer air, but falls much more slowly, owing to the specific heat contained in the objects within the building, which is gradually transmitted by the roof, so that in fact the necessity for rapid heating, even in green- houses, is really less than at first sight appears. By Joux Rocers, Jun., Esq. 367 The real desideratum is a furnace so constructed that it shall con- tain fuel enough to supply the pipes with as much heat as they can radiate during the night, and which may be depended upon for burning steadily and perfectly whatever fuel is put into it. Not with that accurate precision requisite where the temperature of the house depends upon the exact amount of combustion per hour, but sufficiently slowly to allow the water to absorb the greatest possible portion of the heat generated. With such an apparatus, the fire being once effectually lighted, the gardener need be under no appre- hension that the heat during the night will prove insufficient, though it may be several hours before the pipes attain their maximum temperature. I have dwelt somewhat at large on this point because it is one on which much mistake exists, and under this misapprehension, the best apparatus may be condemned as defective, and a very imperfect one preferred and adopted in its stead—that which is commonly adopted as a criterion of excellence, being really a proof of de- fective construction. There can be on the whole no doubt that three inch or four inch pipes are exceedingly preferable to smaller ones, where economy of fuel and uniform adjustment of the temperature for several hours, are the primary objects; where ornament or great economy of space is important, and economy of fuel is not much considered smaller pipes may be employed; but where rapid heating is con- sidered essential, I believe it will be found best to have recourse to the old expedient of brick flues; and their attendant inconveniences must be considered as the price paid for this advantage real or imaginary. The most perfect construction of these has been so fully canvassed in the earlier volumes of the Horticultural Transactions that it is unnecessary here to enlarge upon it. The next point to be noticed is the absolute amount of heat produced by any hot water apparatus, which depends upon the proportion between the surface of pipe and surface of external glass 368 On Heating by Hot Water, in the building. The laws both of cooling by the glass and of radia- tion from the pipes have been so ably and accurately treated by Mr. CuanrEes Hoop in his most valuable treatise on hot water apparatus, that there is now nothing to desire on this head. An apparatus may be adjusted with the most minute accuracy to the work required of it. Formerly the most preposterous blunders were committed on this point, —almost all the earlier apparatus are incompetent to the work required of them, the quantity of pipe being utterly insufficient to produce the heat desired, while the boiler being large and of very defective construction, a vast quantity of fuel was burnt to waste; the gardener finding his heat de- ficient naturally stokes up his fire and throws on fuel in the hope of increasing it, but the only result of his labour is the more rapid destruction of the boiler itself. Until the publication of Mr. Hoop’s work above mentioned, the principle of circulation in hot water apparatus, was very little understood, most erroneous notions prevailed on the suject, and where the principles were unknown, and opportunities of experiment comparatively few, it was not to be wondered that practice was very defective. It must however be observed that if the earlier apparatus were mostly deficient in the quantity of pipe employed, many of those more re- cently erected err in the opposite extreme. The error arises not from any defect in the data or in the calculations, but from assuming, as the minimum of external air, a temperature which very rarely . occurs in this country, and which lasts for so very short a time that no building has time to cool down to a corresponding temperature ; the gardener is generally consulted as to the heat he requires, and if he states, as he probably may do, that he wishes to keep his greenhouse at fifty degrees and his stove at sixty-five degrees when outer air is five degrees or 0° the apparatus is constructed accord- ingly, and will of course be found excessive in power; a power of thirty degrees for greenhouses and of forty-five degrees for hot- houses will I believe be found ample under any circumstances in By Joun Roazns, Jun., Esq. 369 England; the only possible exception is in the case of forcing houses for very early grapes, and it is very doubtful whether even here any good would be attained by greater power. I am aware that it is urged that it is always easy to work an apparatus below its power, and that such an arrangement is economical of fuel, and within certain limits this is undoubtedly true; butifthe quantity of pipe materialy exceeds what is necessary, the only means of keeping the house at a moderate temperature is by leaving the fur- nace door open, and a very great waste, instead of any economy of fuel, necessarily results. "The simplest remedy for this defect is to encase some portion of the pipes either with sand or sawdust, which prevents the heat from escaping into the house by diminish- ing the radiating surface. The next point which requires notice is the expediency of heating several houses from the same boiler; now to this arrangement there is not the slightest objection, provided the same number or extent of houses are always to be heated at the same time, that is to say» several hothouses all which require permanent heat but different temperatures may be advantageously heated from one boiler. In like manner a range of greenhouses always requiring heat at the same time, to exclude part, may be worked from one boiler, though different degrees of heat are required in them, and even if one of these sometimes requires, as it probably would, a slight degree of heat when the others need none, this may be arranged without difficulty or inconvenience; but serious inconvenience will arise from any attempt to heat two buildings, in one of which occasional and in the other permanent heat is required, and this inconvenience will be great in proportion to the size of the buildings, especially, if as is generally the case, the hothouse is small and the green- houses or pits more extensive. The same inconvenience will also be felt if two vineries, one to be forced at a later period than the other be heated from one boiler; the reason is briefly this, that the capacity of the furnace for fuel, the area of its bars or its consuming 370 On Heating by Hot Water, power, and the boiler surface or absorbing power, are all calculated with reference to a certain quantity of pipe, by urging the fire to its utmost power, which is consistent with a proper duration of its heat, the pipes to which it is ordinarily attached are heated to their maximum, and the maximum heat is produced as required in the building. If at this time an additional extent of duty is laid on to the boiler, by opening the sluices which connect it with the pipes of a greenhouse or pits, the temperature of the ordinary service pipes is reduced, and the hothouse receives a diminished quantity of heat just when it requires most. On the other hand if the com- mon boiler be constructed of a size and power adequate to the double service, when applied to the hothouse only, it will constantly overheat it, and this effect can be prevented only by throwing open the furnace door and allowing the fuel to burn to waste; for be it observed it is the area of the furnace bars which regulates the consumption of fuel. It is true that by means of dampers and skilful management some remedy may be found for these evils, but nevertheless they will exist to a greater or less extent, and the arrangement above mentioned should never willingly be adopted. The different temperature of stoves, to be heated from the same boiler, may be regulated with the most philosophical accuracy, by allotting to each house, quantities of pipe bearing a different proportion to their respective surfaces of glass; the difference thus established will be maintained for all temperatures, unless accidental circumstances of exposure to wind, or imperfect glazing, should cause a variation, and the general heat of all may be regulated by attention to one fire. Closely connected with the subject of heating is the providing an adequate degree of moisture in the atmosphere heated ; indeed it is upon this above every thing else that the perfection or imperfection of an artificial climate consists, and it is by no means one ofthe least advantages of hot water pipes, that they do not, like brick flues, dry the atmosphere by absorbing its moisture. But this negative advan- By Joun Rocers, Jun., Esq. 371 tage falls far short of what is necessary. The air of all buildings artificially heated, is dried by condensation upon the glass, and by the continued escape, through open laps or crevices, of saturated or moist air, whose place is supplied by cold and dry air. To imitate nature, it is therefore necessary to provide a constant supply of moisture, equal to the waste by these two causes; the means adopted to supply moisture to the atmosphere is by sprinkling the floor and the plants, and by troughs upon the heating pipes. Sprinkling the floor, is a very imperfect and inefficient expedient, the greater part of the moisture so bestowed sinks into the earth, and very little indeed finds its way to the atmosphere of the house, for the air in contact with the floor of a house, is generally nearly saturated, having lost its capacity for moisture by losing its heat, and it 1s only when it has reached the pipes, and been again heated, that it becomes capable of taking up moisture, and in this thirsty state it generally has to seek its moisture among the plants. The most effectual mode of producing a moist atmosphere is by considerable surfaces of water above the level of the pipes, which surfaces ought always to exceed by a few degrees the mean temperature of the house. The troughs commonly employed are objectionable, only in as far as they are much too small, and becom- ing quickly empty, afford a very temporary supply. To be really efficient such troughs ought to be at least one foot in width by 5 or 6 inches in depth, and they should extend the whole length of the house, affording something like one square foot of water surface for every 15 square feet of glass in the roof. In Orchidaceous houses, and those destined to the cultivation of tropical plants, a still greater surface of water is desirable, and for this purpose slate cisterns, fixed immediately over the heating-pipes, as broad as the front shelves, and from one foot to 15 inches deep, may be advan- tageously employed. Their temperature will always exceed that of the house by a few degrees, and the great surface affords an abundant though gradual supply of moisture—they act also as partial reservoirs of heat, and afford the only efficient means of cultivating the beau- 372 On Heating by Hot Water. tiful, but much neglected tribe of stove-aquatics. The culture of these plants has become almost extinct, solely, I believe, on account of an almost universal failure in managing them, and this failure has entirely resulted from the improper construction and position of the cisterns in which they are grown. In the few houses where cisterns are introduced, they are generally provided more for use than orna- ment, the position in which they are placed, and the materials of which they are constructed, forbid their being warmed, and in fact the tem- perature of the water contained in them is always some degrees below that of the house. Under these circumstances no tender aquatics will flourish: but if the cisterns be placed above the pipes, as here re- commended, and formed of slate, their temperature will always by a few degrees exceed the mean temperature of the house, and if their situation be light enough stove-aquatics will flourish in them in great perfection. It may be observed that this arrangement meets the necessity of the case with exceeding accuracy, for condensation is greatest, and consequently the atmosphere is most rapidly dried when external air is coldest, and a great artificial heat is maintained; and at this very time the increased heat of the pipes increases the evaporation from the cisterns. But to ensure this result the cisterns employed must be above the level of the heating pipes, and, if possible, directly over them. The foregoing suggestions are intended to convey a few brief and practical hints to those who possess or may be about to erect hot water apparatus. For more minute details the work of Mr. C. Hoop, above referred to,.may be most advantageously consulted. Ample information will there be found on a subject, which is far more extensive, and which involves much more of scientific research and calculation, than is generally supposed, and to those who may take the trouble to consult it, it will be no longer a matter of surprise, that the earlier essays in heating by hot-water were frequently unsuccessful, [ 373 ] XLIII. Report on the progress of the Horticultural Society of London, from May 1, 1830, to April 30, 1840. Prepared by Order of the Council. Read at the Anniversary Meeting, May 1, 1840. Tx years having now elapsed since a material change was made in the management of the Horticultural Society, after the Report of the Committee appointed on the 2nd February, 1830, the Council think it incumbent on them to lay before the Fellows on the occa- sion of the present Anniversary, the following account of the pro- gress of the Society, during the above period, in the promotion of the objects for which it was instituted. It is well known, that at the period above alluded to, namely the commencement of the year 1830, the affairs ofthe Society had fallen into a state of irregularity and confusion. The large amount of debt, then first made publie, and the check given to its credit, in themselves difficulties in the way of carrying on the ordinary business, were much increased by the loss of a considerable source of income, in consequence of the resignation of a large number of Fellows. "The new Council, therefore, found it necessary in the first instance to restore the Society's credit to a healthy state. Every subject of expenditure not of the most urgent necessity was unsparingly cut off; several of the gentlemen who then composed the Council, came forward individually with the loan of large sums to pay the most urgent of the creditors; whilst others, with the late Pre- sident at their head, subscribed most liberally. Thus, in the course of a couple of years, the whole of the simple contract creditors were paid off, and by the establishment of a system of the most rigid economy the Council, in a few years more, were enabled to turn VOL. II. 2nd SERIES. 3€ 974 Report on the progress of the Horticultural Society, their whole attention to the important objects of the association; and they have now to congratulate the Fellows on a very large ex- tension of the influence and utility of the Society, whilst a reduction of the debt from £20,293 to £12,904 has been effected. The practical objects to which the resources of the Horticultural Society are applied may be classed under the following heads :— I. The introduction of new, useful, or ornamental, plants. II. The establishment and maintenance of a complete collection of authentic specimens of useful or ornamental trees, shrubs and plants. III. 'The determination of the comparative merits of species or varieties either already in cultivation or newly introduced. IV. The prosecution of experiments to ascertain the merits of any new processes or methods of cultivation. connected with horticulture. V. The publication of horticultural papers and reports, either the results of experiments and observations made by the So- ciety, or communications received from Fellows and others. Vi. The distribution of new horticultural objects amongst the supporters of and contributors to the Society. VII. The encouragement of horticulture, generally, by the award of medals and prizes for absolute, or comparative horticultural merit. VIII. The instruction of young men in the art of gardening. It is proposed to state successively, under each of these heads respectively, the labours of the Society during the ten years which have just elapsed. from May 1, 1830, to April 30, 1840. 375 I. THE INTRODUCTION OF NEW, USEFUL OR ORNAMENTAL PLANTS. This purpose is effected chiefly by the following means : Ist. By the employment of special collectors at the Society's expence. | 2nd. By the direct importation of seeds or plants obtained from establishments abroad, or from foreign correspondents. 3rd. By donations from Fellows or others. Ist. Foreign Missions. In the year 1830 the late Mr. DAvrp Dovetas, who had already as collector of the Society enriched the country with so many valuable productions of N.W. America, was again absent on a si- milar mission to the same district, and, in the course of an expedi- tion into Upper California from December 1830 till the summer of 1832, he made collections of trees, shrubs and ornamental plants of no less importance than those which he had formerly transmitted. From thence his instructions directed him to return to the N.W. Coast, and to further explore the rich western declivities of the Rocky Mountains, but on his arrival at the Sandwich Islands on his way back to the Columbia, he received intelligence that his friend, Mr. SaniNz, had resigned the office of Secretary, in consequence of which he was induced by some misconception to resign his own appointment of Collector. And although he did subsequently proceed to the Columbia with the intention of transmitting seeds, &c. to the Society, which the Council would have liberally acknowledged,* yet owing to the unfortunate circum- stances that attended his death two years afterwards in the Sand- wich Islands, when on his return home, whatever he may have then collected has been lost, and the Californian seeds were the last re- * The Council did in fact, consider it their duty to honour bills to a considerable amount, drawn by Mr. Dovcras subsequently to his resignation. 976 Report on the progress of the Horticultural Society, ceived from him. All that is known of the last years of his life and of his untimely end has been published by Sır Wirrraw Hooxzn, in the 2nd Vol. of the Companion to the Botanical Maga- zine. . It will be here sufficient to give the following enumeration of the additions made to our Arboreta and Flower Gardens by means of his mission to California. 1. Trees and Shrubs raised from Mr. Doveuas’s Californian Seeds collected in 1831 and 1832, and now growing in the Arbore- tum of the Society, and more or less extensively distributed. Trees and Shrubs.* Pinus nobilis Pinus Sabiniana amabilis macrocarpa — grandis Ribes glutinosum —— monticola malvaceum —— — Menziesii —— Menziesii. ——— insignis 2. Ornamental herbaceous plants or annuals raised from the same collection, and more or less extensively distributed. Calochortus splendens Lupinus grandifolius venustus nanus luteus —— densiflorus Cyclobothra alba ———— succulentus pulchella — — hirsutissimus pusilla leptophyllus Calliprora lutea Gilia capitata alba Triteleia laxa tricolor Hesperoscordum lacteum tenuiflora Lupinus tristis —— pharnaceoides rivularis achilleifolia ——_ versicolor Leptosiphon densiflorus —— —— sulphureus ————————- androsaceus —— albifrons Eutoca divaricata —— lucidus viscida * Dendromecon rigidum was killed by the hard winter, 1837-8. from May 1, 1830, to April 30, 1840. 311 Lasthenia glabrata californica Godetia rubicunda venosa lepida densiflora Clarkia gauroides elegans Madia floribunda elegans Pentstemon staticifolium crassifolium breviflorum heterophyllum Psoralea macrostachya orbicularis Mimulus roseus cardinalis Chryseis crocea compacta Heuchera cylindracea micrantha Peonia Brownii Potentilla glandulosa Horkelia fusca Hosackia stolonifera Stenactis speciosa Diplopappus incanus Limnanthes Douglasii Calandrinia speciosa Phacelia tanacetifolia Antirrhinum glandulosum Bartonia aurea Collinsia bicolor Oxyura chrysanthemoides Platystemon californicum Trifolium fucatum Clintonia pulchella Nemophila aurita. In the year 1836 the Council determined on sending a Collector to the elevated regions of Mexico, as the country most likely to produce the greatest number of objects of value to the Gardens of this country at the least risk and expense to the Society, and they selected for this purpose Mr. Turgopon HanrwEc, a steady, well-informed, and zealous young man, native of Germany, and then in the Society's service as Clerk at the garden. In determining the route he was to take, the amount at which his current expenses were to be fixed, the nature of his outfit, and many other points connected with his mission, the Council de- rived essential assistance from the advice of several gentlemen well acquainted with Mexico; and they have more especially to express their acknowledgments for such services to R. P. SrAPLES, G. F. Dicksow and S. M'Girrivgav, Esqrs. The 378 Report on the progress of the Horticultural Society, Society was also indebted to the Hon. W. F. Srranaways, Under Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, for letters to Her Majesty's residents in Mexico, and to R. Harrison, Esq. of Liverpool, and Messrs. Byrn, Brorners and Co., and C. TAyLEUR and Co., of the same place, for numerous letters of introduction. Upon the application of the Council, the Lord's Commissioners of the Admiralty were also pleased to authorize the Commanders of Her Majestys Mexican Packets to bring Mr. Harrwee’s col- lections home, free of expense, whenever room could be found for them, without inconvenience to the passengers. These and other preparations for rendering his mission as effec- tive as possible having been completed, detailed instructions were drawn up and definitively settled in a Committee appointed for the purpose,* and a passage was secured for Mr. Harrwee on board the Montezuma. ‘This vessel sailed from Liverpool on the 6th of October, 1836, and after a passage of 58 days Mr. Hanr- * 'The following extracts from these instructions will give the best idea of the prin- cipal objects the Council had in view. ** Your grand object will be to keep always as far as may be practicable to the high land, possessing yourself of the Mountain Flora. With regard to the spots which you may take as your centres of operation, you will be guided by the information you may procure in the country and by your own judgment, bearing this always in mind that the greatest object of your mission is to procure seeds, &c. of the plants that are likely to be capable of enduring the open air in England, and that this end will be the more completely attained the more you avoid what is called the Tierra caliente, and keep to the Tierra fria, or the upper limits of the Tierra templada. Nevertheless it is by no means wished that you should neglect opportunities of collecting plants of a less hardy kind, as for example Orchidacese, provided they come readily within your reach.” ** You are to have the privilege of drying plants for sale, provided it does not interfere with the specific ok:ects of your mission, the dried plants to be charged to every Sub- scriber at the rate of £2. for every 100 species, upon condition that one entire set is sent to the Society without charge, and that all the specimens pass through the office of the Secretary of the Society for the time being, who is to be apprized of the sums charged, to collect the money for you from your Subscribers, and to place it to your credit with the Society." | from May 1, 1830, to April 30, 1840. 379 wEG landed at Vera Cruz on the 3d of December. His progress from that day to the present time will be best shewn by the follow- ing extracts from the letters received from him from time to time, with the addition of Notes explanatory of the nature and results of the collections despatched by him and mentioned in his letters. No. 1.—Zaquapam (near Vera Cruz), December 15th, 1836. —“ Having delivered the various letters of introduction, I started * on horseback on the 6th for the rancho of Mr. Lavater, in Mr. * De Wirpr's company (of the firm SrArLronrH and Co.) who “ happened to go there at the same time, and reached it after two “ days hard riding over a country with no regular roads, and through “ barrancas. I was very kindly received by Mr. and Mrs. LavATER, * who expected me some time ago ; having been informed by their * friends in England of my intention of visiting them. During the * few days that I am here I have employed my time in collecting * Epiphytes, so that I am enabled to despatch to-day two boxes to * Vera Cruz, marked H. S. 1 and 2, addressed to the care of Messrs. * Munoz, Marrrgrp and Co., who will ship them on board the * English packet, which leaves Vera Cruz in about four or five days. * Besides a few other seeds and roots, I send the long wished-for * Veratrum Sabadilla, which is rather scarce in this neighbourhood, * growing in greater abundance towards Orizaba. I also send seeds * of a pinnate-leaved Berberis, which will be a new acquisition to the * half-hardy shrubs." These two boxes were received on the 27th of February, 1837, in excellent order, having been packed in Tillandsia usneoides, to which their good condition is probably to be ascribed. The plants consisted of 65 species of Orchidacez, two kinds of Cacti; three bulbs, one species of Convolvulus; and there were seeds of five other plants. Out of these the following are now alive in the Garden :— Catasetum maculatum Oncidium stramineum citrinum Lelia anceps 380 Report on the progress of the Horticultural Society, Epidendrum seriatum Maxillaria tenuifolia —— equitans variabilis var. unipunctata —— — —— umbellatum . aromatica fuscatum Acropera Loddigesii Liparis elata Polystachya luteola Stelis ciliaris Convolvulus sp. Notylia punctata Crotalaria sp. Hartwegia purpurea Ferraria sp. - Brasavola glauca Asagreea officinalis. Dinema polybulbon Berberis tenuifolia (a very fine new species) Cyrtochilum maculatum several varieties Quercus xalapensis Isochilus lineare Agave saponaria Trichopilia tortilis Besides which, 18 other kinds of plants are alive, of which, as they have not yet flowered, the names cannot be determined with certainty. No. 2.—Silao, January 17th, 1837.—" On the 27th of December * I left Zaquapam, after being most hospitably treated by Mr. and * Mrs. LavaTer and their partner Mr. Sartorius, and travelled on * horseback to Xalapa, where I had leave to stay a few days for * collecting, but my intention was unfortunately frustrated by the * neighbourhood not being safe, robberies being almost a daily “occurrence. I therefore lost no time, and took a place in the “ diligence for Mexico, where I arrived on the 2d instant. Having * delivered my letters of introduction and procured new ones, * wherein I was most kindly assisted by the British Consul, Mr. * O’Gormay, as well as by Messrs. Byrns and Hooron, Messrs. * Mannine and Mansuarr, and Mr. Cuanzor, I started on the 9th “for Guanaxuato, which journey I performed partly in diligence * and partly on horseback, and arrived there on the 13th instant. “ There I found, after a two day's ramble, scarcely anything in flower. * (with the exception ofa few Mammillariz), and accepted, therefore, " the invitation of Mr. O’Gorman (the Consul’s brother) to spend “a few days with him in Silao, which is for the present moment a from May 1, 1830, to April 30, 1840. 381 “more promising place than the Hills of Guanaxuato. P.S. Dr. " ScurEDE died a few days previous to my arrival in Mexico of a * typhus fever. No. 8. — Guanacuato, February 17th, 1837. — * I left Mr. “ O’Gormay’s place at Silao on the 22d oflast month, and took up “my old quarters in the house of Messrs. Meane, the corres- “ pondents of Messrs. Byrns, Hooron and Co., who supply me “here with the money necessary for my undertaking. The expenses “ this month have greatly surpassed the stipulated allowance it being “ quite impossible for me to go out collecting without horses, and a “man to accompany me, without which I am exposed to being “stoned or lassoed, as has happened to several foreigners. The “climate makes travelling on horseback indispensable, and particu- “ larly here at this season, where I must go some miles before I am “ out of the region of the all-devouring.goats and sheep; but yet “ under all these circumstances I find sufficient to keep me occu- “pied, and I have already collected seeds, some of which I hope * will prove to be new." No. 4.—Guanazuato, March 17th, 1837.—" During the last “month I have made various excursions in the mountains of this “ neighbourhood, and have been fortunate enough to find, besides “a few old acquaintances, and notwithstanding the unfavourable “ season, such plants as Ribes, Arbutus, Berberis fascicularis, and “two new species of Garrya; one of the latter, a shrub from 15 to “ 20 feet high, I met with a few leagues from here, and the other on "the Gigante, the highest point of this department, 9000 feet “ aboae the sea, but neither of the flowers are so showy as those “ of G. elliptica, and of one only have I as yet been able to gather * a few seeds." No. 5.— Leon, April 18th, 1837.—* On the 13th instant Iarrived * here from Guanaxuato, having been detained for a few days by “ not finding a direct carrier to take my luggage. During the short “time I have been here I have found a few things which I VOL. II. 2nd SERIES. 3D 382 Report on the progress of the Horticultural Society, * had not before, but upon the whole this neighbourhood is not “so promising as I expected, the same barrenness prevailing “here before the rainy season as at Guanaxuato. The moun- ** tains, which are at a distance of about ten miles, I have not yet * visited ; but, having already gone over the greatest part of the “same ridge near Guanaxuato, I do not expect to find much * variety there." No. 6.— Leon, May 18th, 1837.—" I am getting together a few * plants of an Orchidacea, the only species which I found in the * mountains here, growing on Oaks at least 8000 feet above the “ sea, where it occasionally freezes, the flower is of a beautiful * pink, 6 inches in diameter.* Owing to the disturbed state of * this neighbourhood (the late pronouncement of San Louis Potozi, “ and attack upon the money-carrier), I do not like to run the risk “ of sending them off now, but I shall do so when it becomes a * little quiet, along with half of the seeds that I have collected, and “ send the other half by a different opportunity.” No. 7.—Lagos, June 19th, 1837.—“ Your letter of the 14th “ March I received on the 31st of May last, and I am very happy “to learn that the Orchidacez collected at Zaquapam arrived “ safely, and that many new ones have been recognized among “them. I only regret that my instructions did not permit me to “ make a stay of some months in that country so rich in plants, * where I might have been enabled to collect the vegetable pro- ** ductions from the beginning of the Tierra templada to the Snow “ line even, visiting each climate in its proper season, without “ absenting myself much from either. Here it is a real misery “ to go about collecting ; I sometimes am riding about for two days “ together in a heat of from 88—90° Fahr. in the shade, without “ often finding more than a single plant in flower. The Tierra fria, " whieh is a little more productive, is here only on the highest * Lelia majalis, Lindl. Jrom May 1, 1830, to April 30, 1840. 383 “ summits of the mountains, and will probably furnish a little more “ after the rainy season, which is now beginning, than at present. “ During the five months that I am collecting now, I have only “dried about 125 species, 97 of which are complete sets of 20 “each. The country between Zacatecas and Durango, which I * am to visit is, I am told by several travellers, equally barren. I * intend therefore to make only one stay between those two towns, * probably at Sombrereto, and direct my steps towards the Sierra * Madre of Durango, which was recommended to me as being par- “ ticularly rich. * On the 13th instant I despatched to Messrs. MEADE of Gua- “ naxuato, to be sent to Tampico and thence to London, a box “ marked H. S. 3, containing the Orchidaceze, mentioned in my “ last letter, together with bulbs of a Yellow Amaryllis, and 39 * sorts of seeds, among which there is a larger quantity of the * Berberis from Zaquapam. Of the two new species of Garrya, “I sent all I could find. I arrived here on the 17th instant, * and shall proceed to Aguas Calientes in about three or four weeks." The chief object of the mission having been to obtain hardy and halfhardy trees, shrubs, and plants, it was most desirable that much of Mr. Hanrwrc's time should not be spent in the tropical climate of Vera Cruz, rich and varied as the vegetation of that neighbourhood was known to be; and although so keen a collector as Mr. Harrwee must have felt great disappointment on finding himself in a country, comparatively speaking, so barren, yet the few things collected were alone of sufficient value to reward the labour of acquisition. The box No. 3, mentioned in the last letter, was only received on the 3d January, 1838, nearly seven months after it had been packed up, and the contents had much suffered. Out of 40 sorts of seeds which it contained only 12 germinated, all of which are now in the garden. Among the more remarkable of these are Exogonium Purga, or the true Jalap plant, Lupinus Hartwegii, 384 Report on the progress of the Horticultural Society, Ipomoea longifolia, Heliotropium crassifolium, Verbena sp., Con- volvulus sp., Parkinsonia aculeata, and Berberis tenuifolia. The others have not yet flowered. Besides these, the box contained one Orchidaceous plant (Leelia majalis), and one bulbous plant (Habranthus concolor) both of which are now in the Garden. Its contents enabled the Society to distribute 50 plants and 350 packets of seeds among the Fellows of the Society. No. 8.—Aguas Calientes, July 18th, 1837.—“ I left Lagos on * the 13th instant, after finding but very little interesting there, with * the exception of a few plants of Milla biflora, and another in habit * resembling Calliprora, with most beautiful yellow flowers. I have * secured a good quantity of bulbs and shall transmit them to you “ by the first opportunity. The neighbourhood of this town seems “to promise a little more than that of Lagos, particularly the “ mountains, which now after the rains we have had, begin to pre- “ sent some variety, but still I do not find my expectations realized, “and my collections of seeds as well as dried specimens are mak- “ing but a very slow progress, particularly the former to which I ^ only added six kinds during the last month.” No. 9.—Aguas Calientes, August 18th, 1837.—" During the last “month I have been more fortunate in my researches, than in “any previous, and have somewhat increased my collections of “seeds and specimens, among which the following distinguish “themselves for their beauty, viz. Pentstemon sp. CEnothera sp. * Castilleia sp. Sisyrinchium sp. and a Bartonia of which I sent “ some seeds in box H. S. 3, under the name of ‘ Pegajosa’ which ^ were eollected at Guanaxuato, but having no flowers at the time * I was not able to recognise it.” No. 10.—Aguas Calientes, September 17th, 1837.—' My col- ^ Jections received again the same addition during the last month “as during the one previous, for having extended my excursions “ for some 20 leagues, I had a variation of soil and climate; the [11 [11 sc ce from May 1, 1830, to April 30, 1840. 385 most interesting plants which I secured, either in roots or seeds, ‘are two sp. of Cyclobothra, of one of which I have only seen the flower buds, but judging from its habit it promises to be very fine, it is also remarkable for bearing bulbs in the axils of the leaves; a species of Amaryllis, Milla biflora which I found in abundance and of which I secured about 1400 roots, seeds of an Arbutus with pink flowers, a most beautiful annual Cuphea, 2 species of Tradescantia, and a few other kinds less interesting.” No. 11.—Bolanos, October 18th, 1837.—* I left Aguas Calientes on the 22nd of last month, and arrived here on the 4th instant, travelling over a mountain path of which I never saw the like before, and which became daily worse by the continued heavy rains. A few days after my arrival here, I became ill of fever, probably in consequence of a sudden change from a cold to a hot climate, and after my recovery the servant was taken ill, but is fast recovering now by the aid of the little medicine chest. The principal object of my visit to this place was to procure seeds of pines and Orchidacez, which latter, from the elevation of Bo- lanos above the sea, I anticipated to find in great abundance, there being only a difference of about 250 feet in the elevation between Mr. LavarEn's hacienda and this town ; but my expectations are frustrated, the air being very dry and consequently unfavourable to that class of plants ; however on the road from Aguas Calientes I was fortunate enough to find two terrestrial species, and on the mountains west of Bolaños, which are 5000 feet higher than the town, or about 8200 feet above the sea, I found two species of epi- phytes, all of which I secured, besides a very pretty Cactus resem- bling the Cereus senilis with its white spines, which at the ends are furnished with little hooks. During the three nights which I passed in those mountains, there was on one occasion a very severe frost, which will give you some idea of the hardiness of the plants. The same ridge of mountains is covered with Pines of which there are 4 species, but the seeds not being ripe yet, I was promised 386 Report on the progress of the Horticultural Society, * some in about two months by the Mining Company's forester, an * [talian gentleman residing up there, together with some seeds of “a white Rhododendron which was at the time of my visit in full * flower." No. 12.—Bolanos, November 17th, 1837.—'* Your letter of the * 19th of June last I only received on the 7th instant, and beg to “ acquaint you that I shall forward the articles I have hitherto * been collecting for the Society as soon as I reach Zacatecas, * where part of the seeds are; the bulbs and terrestrial Orchidaceze * not being in a state fit for transmitting at the time of collecting, * I always carried them with me, and planted them wherever I “ made a stay of some time ; the seeds forming only a small parcel * when Ileft Aguas Calientes I would not run the risk of sending * them down to the coast, as small packages are likely to be lost * on such a long journey. On my late excursions to the neighbour- “ing mountains I found, besides some seeds, two other species of * Epiphytes, but there is still another new kind which I have not * yet succeeded in finding, a flower of which I saw on the hat of a * Guichole Indian, and he not having fulfilled his promise of bring- “ing me some plants, I intend to visit these Indians myself, “although it is an enterprize of some danger from their being yet “ in a primitive state of civilisation. * According to your request I shall make up a collection of Cacti “ as soon as I find some that are worth taking, hitherto having only * met with the commonest kinds. On the barren hills that surround * Zacatecas, and which are described to me as the field of Cacti, I * expect to find some interesting ones, nobody I believe having been * collecting there yet. A very remarkable one of the tall kind I * found here, bearing on one side only a very thick white wool, two * inches long, but I am afraid it will not stand a long voyage." No. 13.— Bolanos, December 20th, 1837.—* On the excursion * to the Guichole Indians I found that species of Epiphyte I was * so anxious to obtain, with six other kinds, and seeds of two Jrom May 1, 1830, to April 30, 1840. 387 * species of Vaccinium, two of Gualtheria, a Pyrola, one of the new “ Garryas, a Juniperus, Littea geminiflora, and a few kinds of * Cacti, among which there are some varieties of the small white * one, which I described to you in one of my former letters. “On my return I was informed that Mr. FronEsr, for whom I “was furnished with letters of introduction, had arrived from * Zacatecas; he received me very kindly, and offered me every assis- * tance I should stand in need of; he only regretted that I was not * here during the rainy season, when I might have greatly increased * my collections." No. 14.— Zacatecas, January 21st, 1838.—* I arrived here with * Mr. Fronrsr on the 14th instant, and employed my time in * delivering the various letters of introduction with which I was * furnished in Mexico, and when the weather was favourable “ in collecting a few Cacti, which I was told are abundant here, but * unfortunately they are the common kinds of Opuntia, and but * very few kinds of Echinocacti, which latter I expected to find “im abundance. As yet I have only met with four kinds, and they * are nothing new. The chief country for Echinocacti is in the * neighbourhood of Real del Monte, Zimapan, Valladolid, and * Tlalpuxahua, but in the direction that I am going they are said “ to be rather scarce. The same may be said with regard to other * plants in going from here to Durango, which is nearly the same * country as from Guanaxuato to this place." No. 15.—Zacatecas, February 20th, 1838.—" I beg to inform “ you that I have this day directed to the care of Messrs. M‘Cat- * mont, Lyauu and Co., Tampico, to be forwarded to you by the * next English packet, 5 boxes marked H. S. 4 to 8. “In repacking the Cacti from Bolaños, I found the tall-bearded * kind in such a state as to preclude every hope of safe arrival in * England, and only the points of two were fit for transporting." The several boxes mentioned in the above letter, reached Tampico in the beginning of the following month ; but unfortunately 388 Report on the progress of the Horticultural Society, they could not be shipped previous to the French blockade, which was then about to commence. The commanders of Her Majesty's packets, as they successively touched at Tampico, declined taking them on board, alleging the large quantities of specie and cochineal they had to bring home, in addition to the extra number of pas- sengers which they conveyed; and no other vessel whatever could leave the port during the whole period of the blockade. Notwith- standing, therefore, every exertion made by the officers of the Society at home and their agents abroad, as well as by Mr. Harr- wee himself, it was not till the month of January, 1839, that these five boxes were at length received on board Her Majesty's packet Penguin, together with three others mentioned below in the letters Nos. 17 and 19. "They arrived at the Society's garden on the 27th February, 1839, more than twelve months after they had been packed, and, as might be expected, the greater number of the seeds, as well as the plants, were dead. The boxes contained (besides some sets of dried specimens) 13 species of Orchidaceous plants, 10 sp. of Cactaceze, 13 kinds of bulbous plants, and seeds of 78 others ; all, except the bulbs, in bad condition. "The Orchidacez, with one exception, are now alive, but in a doubtful state; there are also living six Cactaceous plants, Allium striatum, Milla biflora, Ze- phyranthes sessilis, and 8 other bulbs which have not yet flowered. Of the seeds, only 11 sorts grew, the plants raised from which are now living in the Garden. Among them are Lupinus Hartwegii, Trifolium involucratum, and Lupinus leptocarpus; the others have not yet flowered. About 2500 packets of these seeds were specially distributed among the Fellows of the Society. No. 16.—Santa Barbara, March 18th, 1838.—* On the 26th of * last month I left Zacatecas, and proceeded, as I mentioned in my * last letter, to the neighbourhood of Tula and Santa Barbara, * where I find for the present more occupation than on the sterile “ hills of Zacatecas. The road to San Luis, leading over an im- Jrom May 1, 1830, £o April 30, 1840. 389 * mense plain, offering no variety at the present season, is only * occupied by Opuntias, a few stunted Prosopis dulcis, Yuccas * and Berberis trifoliata, which latter, covering large tracts of land * approaching San Luis, are the only flowering plants on the whole * road. Near Tula the country assumes a more prosperous aspect, “the hills are again covered with trees, and gradually descending, “ the traveller finds himself approaching the Tierra caliente. Here * it was my intention to spend a few weeks for the purpose of col- “ lecting, and being at about the same elevation as Zaquapam, I “ anticipated to find a similar luxuriance of vegetation, and a good “ crop of Epiphytes; but the atmosphere here, being so much drier “ than there, is consequently Jess favourable for them, and as yet I “have only met with eleven kinds, which being all new will prove “ very acceptable to the Society. Here again I found a new species “ of Berberis, resembling B. aquifolium, with whitish flowers, but * was not able to procure seeds of this or of the B. trifoliata.” No. 17.—San Luis Potosi, April 19th, 1838.—* On the 10th “ instant I despatched from the Rancho de los Gallitos, to the care * of Messrs. M‘Catmont, Lvarr and Co., the results of my re- * searches from the neighbourhood of Santa Barbara and Valle del “ Maiz, consisting of two Boxes: both containing Orchidacez, * and that numbered 10, containing in addition seven sorts of Cacti * and five sorts of seeds." These boxes detained with the five previous ones, were received with them on the 27th February, 1839, in tolerably good order. They contained 16 species of Crchidacez, five kinds of Cacti, and seeds of five other plants. "Three of the Orchidaceous plants and two Cacti are dead; the others are now living in the Garden, but, with the exception of Lelia furfuracea, have not yet flowered. Of the seeds, only one kind germinated, which is supposed to be an Ipomea. About 170 of the plants were specially distributed on their arrival. No. 18.— Bolanos, May 18th, si —“ About three months ago VOL. II. 2nd SERIES. 390 Report on the progress of the Horticultural Society, “I wrote to the company's forester here, reminding him of his * offer to collect some pine seeds for me, which at my departure “ for Zacatecas were not then ripe, but he having neglected to “ answer my letter, I had no alternative left but to look after them * myself, and now I am sorry to find they are all shed, nothing “but the empty cones remaining. I however have succeeded in “ finding a few kinds of seeds, among which the white Rhododen- * dron is the most valuable. I had also an opportunity of seeing * jn great perfection the Arbutus, of which I sent an ample supply “ of seeds, marked ‘with pink flowers’ on the seed paper; it may ** well be called a rival of Ribes sanguineum. * Agreeably to the request contained in your letter of the 27th * October last, I endeavoured to procure the best information of “ the country I am in, and most persons (Mr. FLorest in particular) * that I asked on the subject, and who have a knowledge of the: “ greatest part of it, advised me to visit the state of Mechoacan “as the most promising to answer the object of my mission, the “ mountains being well covered with pines and oaks, and the “ plains rich and well watered. In a day or two I shall proceed to “ Guadalajara, and return from thence to Zacatecas to prepare for “ the journey to Mechoacan. “ The country from Tula del Tamaulipas as far as here, a dis- “ tance of more than 160 leagues, which I have run over just now: “is one common plain destitute of trees, and at this season of all “ vegetation ; the same table land is said to extend northwards in “ all directions, and I was therefore very happy to learn that I can “ in some measure deviate from my instructions." No. 19.—Aguas Calientes, June 17th, 1838.—' A few days ago ** I returned to Zacatecas from the trip to Guadalajara, and pre- ** pared immediately for the journey to Mechoacan, where I shall * arrive in about 10 days. On the road to Guadalajara I found ** scarcely any thing to call my attention, the country being still ** quite parched up, and not a green blade of grass is to be seen. from May 1, 1830, to April 30, 1840. 391 **'lhis is the case with the whole of the table land, where the ** vegetation lasts only for three months during the rainy season, ** and, unless I can find out a place of constant verdure, my re- ** searches will again prove as unsuccessful as during the last year. “On the 14th instant I left with Mr. HENDERSON, Zacatecas, a ** box marked H.S. 11, with the few things I have been able to col- “lect; it contains 10 kinds of seeds (and a few of Tropzolum pere- “ grinum from a Garden), two kinds of Cacti from Zacatecas, two * bundles of duplicate specimens collected during the last year, and ** a cake of clay containing the seeds of a species of Magnolia, of ** which a similar quantity is placed in paper to see which would ** arrive safest." The box No. 11, arrived with the preceding seven. "The Cacti are both now alive; of the 12 sorts of seeds, two only, Acacia filicina, and a Convolvulaceous plant, germinated. The Magnolia was dead in both instances. No. 20.— Morelia, (Valladolid) July 22nd, 1838.—* I arrived * here about a month ago, and on the various excursions I made in * the neighbouring mountains I found some most valuable plants. “ The Sierra here bears a great resemblance to that of Bolaños, * it is well covered with Pines and Oaks, which latter are adorned * with Orchidacez of which I have secured 18 species, the greatest * part of them new, four kinds of bulbs, a Cypripedium surpassing * C. macranthum, an Arbutus, the tall species of Garrya, Pinus * occidentalis, a species of Tilia and a most beautiful broad leaved * Fuchsia, but I found of the latter, only two ripe capsules. * The herbarium consists the same as last year of 20 sets and of “ 27 species at present, having before my arrival here not been able * to increase it much. * I soon must leave this place, the country particularly to the S.W. “being exceedingly insecure, the pronunciados roving about in * bands of from twenty-five to three hundred men, robbing every * traveller of his arms, horse, and even the clothes on his back." 392 Report on the progress of the Horticultural Society, No. 21.— Morelia, August 21st, 1838.—“ Yesterday I forwarded “ the result of my researches in this neighbourhood to the care of * Messrs. Byrns & Co., of Mexico, to be sent to the care of Messrs. * R. Munoz & Co., Vera Cruz, consisting of four boxes, viz. 11. S. * 12 to 15." “ The term of my agreement to stay in this country will become * expired before I can receive an answer to this letter, I beg to be * informed of the determination of the Council, as to whether I am * to stay a third year in this country, or what I am to do, the aspect * of affairs here being at this moment very unpropitious to all * foreigners, as a war with France seems unavoidable. It has been ** my intention to go south of the city of Mexico into the state of * Oajaca where many persons assured me that my exertions will be “better rewarded than in any other direction ; if it is however the * wish of the Council that I should visit any other place beyond “ the territory of Mexico, I most humbly submit to its decision, beg- “ ging only to be provided with a map of the country which I am “ to visit.” ` The boxes mentioned in the last letter arrived by different con- veyances; No. 12 and 13 were received Jan. 17, 1839, in good condition, and contained 15 species of Orchidacez, 9 bulbous plants, and seeds of 16 others, out of which the following are now alive in the gardens, Ariseema macrospatha, Rigidella flammea, a very beau- tiful plant of similar habits to those of Tigridia, Bravoa geminiflora Fuchsia fulgens, (called by Mr. Harrwee F. Lindleyana), Garrya laurifolia, Calochortus barbatus, Milla biflora, Pinus oocarpa, Cra- tægus mexicana, Leelia furfuracea and Lelia autumnalis, besides 27 plants now living but which have not flowered. "There were also in box 13, two clay balls containing roots ofa species of Cypri- pedium, all of which were dead. The box No. 14, arrived May 15, 1839, contained 11 species of Orchidacez, the whole of which are now living, and some roots of terrestrial Orchidacez, packed in balls of earth, but dead when re- Jrom May 1, 1830, to April 30, 1840. 393 ceived. No.15 reached the garden only on the 12th of July. It . contained seven species of Orchidacee and two Cacti, all now alive. Previous to the receipt of the last letter (which arrived in December, 1838,) the Council had, on consideration of the serious losses to the Society occasioned by the blockade, and ofthe alarming accounts which every mail brought over of the disturbed state ofthe Mexican provinces, determined on removing Mr. Hartwere to some other country, which might be equally promising in valuable pro- ductions, without the personal danger to which he was exposed in Mexico. No place appeared from all accounts more favourable than the neighbouring state of Guatemala, and accordingly fresh instructions directing him to proceed thither were agreed upon, and despatched by the mail of the 15th of November. The following extract from this despatch will shew the nature of the information the Council were able to obtain on the subject, and the hopes they entertain as to the results. * [t is so difficult for us, at this distance, and in ignorance of the * state of the country, to give you precise directions as to the exact * course you should follow in proceeding into the state of Gua- * temala from Mexico, that we leave it to your own discretion * whether you proceed by Acapulco, or Vera Cruz, or by land. * We however enclose you a copy from the Guatemala Almanack * for 1837 of the posts between Mexico and Guatemala, both by * the Coast road and by that of Chiapa. In case you proceed by * land you had better get Messrs. Byrns & Co. to appoint an agent * at Guatemala to whom your collections may from time to time be * forwarded for transmission to England. * Arrived at Guatemala you will at once be in communication * with Delize, an English settlement, whose Governor has been * written to in your behalf by Mr. SrnANGwavs, from whence * English ships are continually sailing, and to which there is a steam * eommunication by way of the gulf of Dulce from Isabal, 994 Report on the progress of the Horticultural Society, “With Guatemala, as your centre of operations, you will have the “command of a very interesting vegetation from which we expect “ the most valuable result. Near Guatemala is the Volcan de Agua “between 12000 and 13000 feet above the sea, and clothed with “ verdure to the summit. The city of Guatemala itself is 5000 feet “ above the sea, and, therefore, the climate will be very different “ from that of similar latitudes so near the equator. The neigh- “ bouring mountains in the west should be carefully explored, and “ especially the side next the Pacific. “Inall your proceedings you will bear in mind that the objects of “the Society remain unaltered, and that the instructions already " given you as to the kind of plants and seeds to be collected are still “ to be observed, viz.—that every thing beautiful or useful, not in the “ gardens of England, is to be sent home, whether requiring the * stove, the greenhouse, or promising to be suited to the open air; “ but that plants ofthe latter description, and consequently mountain " species, are to claim your chief care.” These instructions did not reach Mr. Harrwee till the 24th January, 1839, and in the mean time he continued his monthly reports, from which the following are extracts. No. 22.—Anganguco, September 17th, 1838.—* On the 24th ult. “ I arrived here and found the country such as it had been described “to me, the mountains being all well covered with Pines amongst “ which the Oyamel (Abies religiosa) is the most remarkable, but “ the cones not being yet ripe, I resolved to return to this place to- “ wards the close of this year to gather some, as well as other kinds “ of seeds. The herbarium is rapidly increasing here, and amounts “ now to about 1450 specimens." No. 23.—Real del Monte, October 18th, 1838.—^ I beg to in- " form you that on the 26th of last month I despatched a box “ marked H. S. 16, to the care of Messrs. BynNs & Co. Mexico, to " be forwarded through Messrs. R. Muxoz & Co. Vera Cruz, con- “ taining 17 sorts of seeds, seven kinds of bulbs and roots, and three from May 1, 1830, to April 30, 1840. 395 * species of Epiphytes. Among the seeds there is a large paper of * Berberis trifoliata collected in the neighbourhood of San Luis * Potosi by the administrator of the Hacienda del Espiritu Santo, to * whom I gave an order forit when passing through the latter place “in April last. Amongst the roots there is a new species of Dahlia “ (D. repens mihi) growing in its wild state only one foot high, and * it could perhaps be employed with effect to produce dwarf varieties * if impregnated with the double kinds. "The bulbs packed along * with the Orchidacez are those of a plant called * Cebadilla’ * growing on the ‘Campanaria’ about 9500 feet above the level of * the sea; it has a beautiful brown scented flower, and the leaves * bear a resemblance to Veratrum Sabadilla of which latter the * above name is probably a corruption. Cattle eating the leaves “ die in consequence. The Orchidacee are Oncidium tigrinum, “and Bletia majalis (Schiede) the latter is the same kind as con- “ tained in box, H.S. 3. * On the 27th of last month I started from Anganguco for Real * del Monte, for which place I was furnished with a letter of intro- “duction to CHARLES EHRENBERG, Esq. who being an amateur “ botanist is giving me every information respecting localities that I : * am in need of. On the few excursions that I have made as yet I “ found seeds of Cotoneaster denticulata, a splendid Chelone, a spe- * cies of Symphoria, Pinus patula (Schiede), and a few Mammillarias. * | also found a new species of Abies (not hirtella) resembling * Douglasii in cones; Mr. Enrensere has never found it during * his stay of five years here. There is also Pinus occidentalis and * two other species or varieties of it; one of them has remarkably “Jong leaves, larger cones, and the squamz end in sharp points, * the other has glaucous leaves and smaller brownish cones. Ofall * these I shall secure seeds when they are a little riper. From * Morelia I sent in box H. S. 12, some Pine seeds under the name * of P. occidentalis. I have now had an opportunity of seeing a * specimen of it in Mr. EnnzNsEnG's herbarium; it had been col- 396 Report on the progress of the Horticultural Society, * lected on the same spot as mine by the late Dr. ScuirEpr, who * gave it the name of P. oocarpa." The box No. 16 mentioned in the above letter is missing, it does not appear ever to have reached Vera Cruz. No. 24.— Real del Monte, November 20th, 1838.—“ By the first * eonvoy that leaves the city of Mexico, I will endeavour to send * part of the seeds that are now in my possession ; but I think it is * a bad speculation to send small parcels, they being very apt of * getting lost. Mr. Enrensere sent two little boxes of seeds last * year, one of them never reached its destination, and the other only empty. I made some enquiries about the Radix mechoacana “ purgans, and I find that it is not a Convolvulus ; for HERNANDEZ, * who describes it in his * Thesaurus, says that it is a dioecious “ milky plant, from which I infer that it must either belong to Cu- “ eurbitacez or Apocynacez. I have written to Morelia about it, “but not received an answer. Being obliged to return soon to * Anganguco I intend to make a little trip through Tierra Caliente * to Morelia in quest of it, where I dare say I shall fall in with it. “Since writing my last I have made various excursions to . * Tsmiquilpan, Actopan, Zacualtipan, Meztitlan ; and never since I “am in the country have my exertions been better paid than during * the last month. I found the pretty little Pinus Llaveana, three * new species of Mahonia, a Garrya (the third species which I found * now, but only about a dozen half ripe seeds) two Vaccinia, one “ Clethra, an Andromeda, a Viburnum, 2 Cornus, 1 splendid Capri- * folium, the true Convolvulus Jalapa, another trilobed Convol- * vulus which also yields the Jalap, both with purple flowers, a “ large white Ipomza, some acorns, Cereus senilis and many other * Cacti, with Parkinsonia aculeata, and a Valeriana with a very large “ root, which crushed and mixed with pulque, is employed by the “ natives against fever, but I am not aware with what result. About “ten days ago when returning from one of these excursions late at “ night and about 17 league of this place, I was accosted by a per- from May 1,1830, to April 30, 1840. 397 “ son on horseback with “ quien vive” to which I made no reply but “ took out my pistols, and told the mozo to do the same; the fellow “in passing by scrutinized me, when about 20 yards behind us he * discharged his pistol, and the ball only passed a few inches over * our heads. "This is the first time that I was fired at, and it is * quite a wonder that I was never attacked and robbed before." No. 25.— Real del Monte, December 20th, 1838.—* I have not * yet been able to send you a parcel of seeds as requested, nor is “ it likely to take place before some time, the hostilities between * the French having begun; the Castle of San Juan de Ulloa and * Vera Cruz are taken, and all the inhabitants have left the latter * port. Tampico also is in disorder. What has become -of the * boxes at these ports I have not been able to learn, but to me it “ seems as if every thing is conspiring that my collections, got to- * gether with great labour and expense, should never prosper. “ During the last month I have made another long and interesting “excursion. I went again to the Cardonal Zimapan, through “a long ravine (barranca seca) to Jacala, and returned by another “very interesting ravine to the smelting works of Encarnacion, * [n the latter barranca I not only found a tolerable quantity of “seeds of the new species of Garrya (macrophylla mihi) but also “ another new species. Pinus Llaveana is growing in great abun- “ dance near Zimapan, but all my exertions for securing a good * quantity of seeds were only paid with a few cones; I therefore * bought some old seed which is an article of commerce, and “ according to an experiment made I found that there is only a * loss of 20 per cent, a mere trifle.” “ I find still so much to do here, that I cannot leave this place * before a month or two, and by that time I hope the difference “ between France and this country will be settled. I am now form- * ing a collection of Cacti and have already visited the same place * where that extraordinary collection, which was exhibited at one * of the Society's exhibitions in 1837, by Mr. Descnamps, had been VOL. II. 2nd SERIES. SF 998 Report on the progress of the Horticultural Society, “ gottogether; Mr. Descuamps is stated to have collected them in * the neighbourhood of Tlalpujahua, but this I must contradict, for " I spent several days at that place in search of Cacti, and did not “ succeed in finding even a single plant. “ Another excursion I made to the Puente de Dios or Cueva de “ Dantoe, which is often mentioned in Kunth, I found some very “ pretty things, amongst others a new Spiræa, Lindleya mespiloides, “ and an officinal plant called * Yerba de San Pedro; probably a “ new species of Bouvardia." No. 26.— Real del Monte, January 20th, 1839.—* During the “ last month I again found some very interesting plants, as for “ example a splendid Caprifolium, a species of Mahonia, a Daphne, a "fifth species of Garrya (but no flowers or seeds, a Lonicera, *aFuchsia; and then on an excursion to Tierra Caliente, some 25 “ leagués from here, I collected about 24 species of Epiphytes, but " there are only 3 or 4 new ones among them, a few seeds of the “ true Convolvulus Jalapa, a shrubby Lopezia, a yellow flowering “ Cobzea, two varieties (? sp.) of Pinus occidentalis, and a few “ Caci | No. 27.— Mexico, February 22nd, 1839.—* On the 24th ultimo “ I received the new instructions of the 15th of November last, "they having been detained by some unaccountable error two "post days at Vera Cruz; the copy also I duly received from “ Messrs. Byrns and Co. on my arrival here on the 20th instant. “As yet I am unable to see Mr. Asupurnuam about my new “mission to Guatemala, owing to his time being occupied in “ despatching the mail, but Mr. Parkinson Her Majesty's Consul, “and Messrs. Bynxs are of opinion that I should proceed to Oajaca, “and wait there an opportunity of going by sea from Acapulco or “ Tehuantepec, between which Oajaca is situated at equal distances “from either port. The country is now in a most deplorable state ; “before leaving Real del Monte I had a very narrow escape of falling “ into the hands of some fifty robbers, who entered and sacked the from May 1, 1830, to April 30, 1840. 399 * little town of Huasca near Anganguco. I was detained for three * days in the mountains, through the federalists having entered * that place with a view to overthrow the present Government. * According to the last accounts received from Guatemala that “ country seems to be in an equally deplorable state; the Blacks “ are said to be at war with the Whites, but it is expected that by * the time I arrive there, their differences will be settled. * On the 2nd instant I left Real del Monte, after having des- * patched the same day the articles collected there to the care of * Messrs. Byrns and Co., Mexico, with the usual directions for for- * warding them; all the boxes with the exception of No. 23—26 “have left here for Vera Cruz a fortnight ago, and will probably be * shipped soon, there being some hope that the merchant vessels * off Vera Cruz will be allowed to unload. “ Enclosed I send a detailed list of despatch H. S. 17-26. Of * Pines I send a great variety ; of the five first I must leave it unde- “ cided whether they are varieties of each other, or whether their “characters are strong enough to elevate them to the rank of * species ; I sent therefore in every bag some branches to enable you * to recognize them. No.6, Pinus Teocote Schiede, I must recom- * mend to another name, as the one attached to it is an erro- “ neous one, for I never could find a person who called it *'T'eocote * but always ‘de ocote' or ‘Pino de ocote' (candle wood pine,) and * this is a very vague expression, all the pines without exception * yielding the ocote. * I have made arrangements with Mr. Exrensere of Real del * Monte to send to the Society with some other seeds, which I * pointed out to him, some cones of the new Abies mentioned in a * former letter, as well as of the ‘ Ayacahuite a new species of * Pine allied to P. Strobus and excelsa, with cones more than a foot * long, for which I promised him the articles contained in the en- * closed application." The boxes 17 to 26 (amongst which 23 and 24 contained dried 400 Report on the progress of the Horticultural Society, plants) were all received July 12th, 1839, in excellent condition, which is probably to be attributed in a great measure to their hav- ing been packed in a species of moss. They contained, of Orchida- cez 12 species; of Cactacez 50 species ; 4 species of other plants ; and 151 kinds of seeds. All the Orchidaceous plants, with one exception, are now alive. Of the Cactaceous plants, there are now living, 31 Mammillarias, 4 Cerei, 8 Echinocacti, and 2 Opuntie. These, not having flowered, have not yet been determined. Of the 4 other plants, 3 are now in the Garden ; these also have not flowered. Most of the seeds were apparently in good condi- tion; up to this time, however, only 63 kinds have grown, among which are the following : Pinus macrophylla P. apulcensis P. patula P. Teocote P. Hartwegii P. Pseudo-strobus P. Russelliana P. Montezumez P. Llaveana P. Devoniana P. leiophylla Abies religiosa Cupressus thurifera Juniperus tetragona J. flaccida Rhamnus umbellatus Lindleya mespiloides Fuchsia fulgens Arctostaphylos pungens Betula jorullensis Convolvulus stans Cornus grandis Celtis canescens Dalea odorata Veratrum graminifolium Mahonia gracilis M. trifoliata M. pallida Cobæa stipulacea Cotoneaster denticulata. Of these seeds about 4300 packets were distributed. No. 28.— Oaxaca, March 19th. 1839.—“ During my stay in the * City of Mexico Ihad occasion to see several persons with regard “to my intended journey to Guatemala, all of whom concurred in “the opinion that it is imprudent to proceed thither at the present “moment; but Mr. WurrEHEAD, whose brother is in partner- “ ship with Mr. Skinner of Guatemala, had lately received news of from May 1, 1830, to April 30, 1840.. 401 “a more satisfactory kind ; the ringleaders of the rebellion are said * to have accepted of some lucrative situations under Government “ and promised to be quiet for the future. With regard to my pro- “ ceeding to Guatemala people also differ widely in opinion, some “ recommend me to embark at Acapulco for Guayaquil and back to * [rtapa, others by way of Havannah to Belize and thence to Gua- * temala and some as the least round about and least expensive to * go by Chiapas, which in fact is my favourite plan. In a few days * the post passes through here for Guatemala, when I shall write to * Mr. SKINNER and ask his opinion on the subject, as well as the * present state of that country ; in the mean time I shall have ample * occupation here. “ I have presented myself to Mr. AsusunNHaM, but it was “ not in his power to serve me with any thing, he having no corres- * pondents in Guatemala, nor are there any English residents on * the road beyond this town; but the Prussian Minister M. V. ** Gznorr, at Mr. Parxinson’s request, furnished me with a dozen “ letters of introduction to very respectable persons in various parts ** of Guatemala. “On the 2d instant I left Mexico in company with Mr. Smita, ** who brought a convoy, and I arrived here safely yesterday. I have ** addressed letters to several persons, requesting them to make fresh ** collections of handsome plants, but I think it will have very little * effect, they having but little inclination for scientific pursuits * during their hours of leisure." No. 29.— Hacienda del Carmen in the Sierra of Oaxaca, April 17th, 1839.—* During the last month I have made an excursion to * the Sierra in search of Orchidacez, and upon my return to Oaxaca, “a fortnight ago, the mozo was taken so ill with severe rheumatism “and swelling at the joints that I sent him to the hospital, where * he is now recovering, and I too, after a trip to Mitla, returned ill, * suffering from headache, attended with a little fever, but cured * myself, and got well again in about four days. 402 Report on the progress of the Horticultural S ociety, * Tierra fria offers but little at the present moment, I have there- * fore resolved to leave this to-morrow for the Rincon and Chinantla, “ about 60 leagues from Oaxaca on the east coast, in search of * Orchidacez and medicinal plants. Of Epiphytes I expect to find * many new ones, as Mr. Parxer’s collector did not penetrate so * far, he only having collected those about the mining district, some “ of which I found in the Mountains of Irapeo near Morelia." No. 30.— Hacienda del Carmen, May 18th, 1839.—** Your letter * of the 14th of February last reached me here on my return on the * 15th instant from a long and interesting excursion which I made * aeross the whole Cordillera, and even to the low lands in the state “of Vera Cruz, a distance of one hundred leagues from Oaxaca. * My exertions, as may be supposed, have been well paid in that * splendid country of constant verdure. How different from the “arid plains and mountains in the North! Among the seeds I * collected, there are three species of Gaultheria, two of Vibur- “ num, and a most splendid new Fuchsia. Among the Orchidacee, “ which were the chief object of this excursion, I think I “found again the Arpophyllum spicatum, sent from Morelia “and of which some more are expected; it bears a dark purple * flower. The Epiphytes, which amount to more than 60 species, * are partly packed up, and will be despatched as soon as some * others, which Ihave left on the road, have arrived. From “ Mr. SKINNER, of Guatemala, I have not yet received an answer, * [ intend, therefore, to make a similar excursion to the South “coast until it arrives, or till I receive my luggage from Mexico, “ which is detained in Puebla for want of conveyance. The mozo “ I left in the Hospital in Oaxaca made his escape after having “partly recovered, in consequence of his having been nearly " starved there; he is now engaged by another person to return “ to Zacatecas, which saved me a certain sum of dollars for sending “ him back, which, according to the laws of the country, I should “ have been obliged to do." from May 1, 1830, to April 30, 1840. 403 No. 31.—Oazaca, June 17th, 1839.—* On the 27th ultimo I * again started on an excursion to the south coast, after leaving “with Messrs. R. Swrru and Co. the results of my researches * from the north coast; they consist of six boxes H. S. 27 to 32, “ and contain 83 species of plants, viz., 81 of Epiphytes and two * of Cerei. They left this for Vera Cruz on the 3d instant, so that * you may look out for their arrival very soon. My last trip to * the south coast has been as successful as the one to the north “ coast; I found about 60 species of Orchidacez, making together * 140 collected already in this neighbourhood. They will occupy * other six boxes, and start for Vera Cruz probably at the end “of this week. I defer giving the list of the stations until my * researches in this neighbourhood are closed. The next excursion * I undertake will be to the Chinantla, and after that I shall go on a * bulb excursion, of which I am told there is a great variety, so * that I may still be detained here about two months. You may * easily imagine that I find it difficult to separate myself from this * beautiful country; but I have a hope held out to me by Mr. * SKINNER, of whom I heard lately, that other glorious fields await * me in Guatemala, and I also believe that it will be indifferent to * the Society to receive good things, whether they be from Mexico * or Guatemala. The collection of seeds is making but a slow pro- “ gress, the best time is towards the end of the rainy season, which * has set in now; the same may be said of the herbarium. To my * no small surprise I see in your letter of the 15th of March last, * that the collections from Tampico have arrived in better order “than was expected; I was in great fear that the Tillandsia * should be completely rotten, and I only used it for want of * other packing material. It will be important for me to know * which of the various packing materials preserved the plants best, * taking also the time they were packed up into consideration, to * guide me in future packings, also if any of Cypripedium in the * elayballs have been saved." 404 Report on the progress of the Horticultural Society, The boxes Nos. 27 to 32, arrived on September 28th, 1839. in a very bad state, many of the plants being dead, and most of the living ones sickly, a circumstance owing probably to the unfavour- able season of the year at which they were unavoidably despatched. Their contents were principally Orchidacez, of which, out of 90 species received, there are now no more than 53 alive, and most of these are still unhealthy. The only other plants in those boxes were two Cacti, one a Cereus, the other, an Epiphyllum, both of which are living. No. 32.— Hacienda del Carmen, July 20th, 1839.—* I beg to “inform you that the plants collected on the excursion to the “south coast have left Oaxaca for Vera Cruz on the 24th of last “month, where they must have arrived long before this; they “ were packed up in five boxes marked H. S. 33 to 37. In No. 36 “and 37 there are four plants of a Testudinaria, which resembles “very much T. elephantipes from the Cape, only that the trunk “is much flatter. I hope they arrived in good condition. I " should have sent more of it, but for the difficulty of getting “ them to Oaxaca. “On the 26th ultimo I again left Oaxaca for the excursion to the " Chinantla, from whence I only returned yesterday, not having “ been as successful as I expected, considering also the pains I have “taken to go 40 leagues over old ground before I could only “enter the Chinantla. The few things I found are certainly “ prime, and will with some duplicates of a former mission, occupy “about four boxes. I intend packing up these plants partly in “moss and partly in the Tillandsia or “ pastle,” both which are “easily to be procured here, in order to make a fair trial which “will preserve the plants best. The pastle is common almost all “ over the country, from the coast up to about 9000 feet above the “ sea; I am therefore very anxious to hear of the result, as the com- “ mon moss is always difficult to procure." The above mentioned boxes were received November 30th, 1839, from May 1, 1830, to April 30, 1840. 405 and were also in bad condition. "The whole number of plants they contained was 71 Orchidacez, three Mammillariz, three sorts of bulbs, and the species of Testudinaria mentioned in the letter. Of these, the Mammillarias are now living; so likewise are two of the three bulbous plants (an Oxalis, and Bessera elegans), and the Testudinaria. Forty-two species of the Orchidaceous plants are alive, but not in good health. About 300 of the Orchidaceous plants received in these boxes have been distributed. No. 33.— Tehuantepeque, August 23d, 1839.—“ Enclosed I send * you the list of the articles, with their stations, collected during “my sojourn in the state of Oaxaca. The six last boxes H. S. “ 88—43, left for Vera Cruz on the 12th instant, where they will * arrive by the end of this month. * On the 13th instant I left Oaxaca for Guatemala, and arrived “ here yesterday. The journey from hence will occupy from 30 to * 86 days; I could perform it easily in half that time, were it not for “ the difficulty of sending my luggage thither, which obliged me to “ buy another mule, and to travel only 6 to 8 leagues daily, which in “ fact is quite enough, considering the bad state of the roads and " mountain passes towards Chiapa. I also found it necessary to “add to my travelling establishment another horse, one having “ become completely exhausted by the long and continued excur- “ sions in the state of Oaxaca; but unfortunately that new horse, on * arriving near the Hacienda, where he had been bred, took to the “ bush. The Administrador, however, to whom the horse is well * known, promised me to do all in his power to restore him to me, * and sent two herdsmen in search of him; ofthe result of their * exertions I shall be informed to-morrow." The six boxes arrived on the 21st December last; out of 46 species of Orchidacez they contained, 30 are now living; out of five bulbous and tuberous plants, three are living; besides these there VOL. 11. 2nd SERIES, 3G 406 Report on the progress of the Horticultural Society, were a species of Echeveria, a species of Cycas, and another of Zamia, all now alive. Of seeds there were 49 kinds, which, having been recently sown, have not yet germinated. No. 34.—Quezaltenango, November 9th, 1839.—“ I beg to “inform you that I arrived here on the 26th of last month, * having been a longer time on the road than I calculated at first, * owing to the rains having set in later than usual, and keeping on * till the beginning of this month, a circumstance not known for “ many years. Upon the whole the journey has been rather unfor- * tunate; the runaway horse, mentioned in my last letter, I never * recovered, but received another for it from the Administrador of the * Hacienda, and the other exhausted horse, which had served me on * all my excursions since I left Guanajuato, had an inflammation in the “ eyes, and fell down the barrancas several times in ascending the * «Gineta, until I left him to his own fate. At the Hacienda de ** Juncana, six leagues from Comitan, the mozo, who accompanied me “ from Oaxaca, was taken ill of fever, and unable to proceed; I “then paid him off, and gave him, according to contract, a horse to * return on, and money for the road. There I lost several days in “ getting another servant, and when I finally left, I was overtaken by * four bandit-like soldiers, who were sent after me to examine my “ luggage, which they did in a most brutal manner, tearing up every * thing, and, notwithstanding the passports for luggage, money, and .* arms, all of which had been signed in passing through Comitan, I * was taken prisoner with money and arms to that place, where at the “ Custom-house I had every thing restored to me immediately; then * | complained to the commander of the place ofthe ill-treatment I * received, and of not respecting my passport; and told him plainly “ that if he could not render me justice I must seek it somewhere “else. He then confronted me with the offenders, and the officer “who sent them after me, and ultimately I had the satisfaction of * having them sent to prison. From May 1, 1830, to April 30, 1840. 407 * On the rest of the journey I had no other incident, but then the /. weather was very unfavourable, raining every day, and in Jacalte- * nango I was detained eight days by the incessant rains and sub- * sequent bad state of the roads. “Immediately upon my arrival here I wrote to Messrs. P. and T. * AYCINENA, apprizing them of my intention of staying here some * time, and received an answer by yesterday's post, enclosing several “ letters of introduction. They have not yet received any letters for “me. The neighbourhood of this town is fully adapted to fulfil the * object of my mission, being very high and exceedingly cold ; about “ two leagues from this there is an active volcano, which I ascended “and examined in every direction, finding there a most splendid * Fuchsia, in flower and seed, resembling F.fulgens in beauty. * The Ayacahuite pine, of which I sent some cones from Real del “ Monte, is very common here, and I shall send a quantity of cones * as soon as they are fit to be cut." No. 35.— Quezaltenango, November 25, 1839.—“ Since writing * my last I have made several excursions to Tierra templada, which “is here at a distance of three leagues, and two leagues farther “ down I am in complete T. caliente, and twenty leagues only from “ the sea shore, but the changes of vegetation are so rapid that I * am scarcely able to point out the characters of each climate." No. 36.—Quezaltenango, December 23, 1839.—“ Y our letter of “the 30th of August last I received here yesterday, and your * instructions* contained therein respecting the kinds of plants to “ be collected shall be strictly attended to. * Since my arrival here I have made excursions in all directions, but * These instructions were as follows :— . * Pray bear constantly in mind, that the great object of the Society is hardy and half- hardy plants, and that your efforts must be most particularly addressed to the collections of such species. We are glad to receive Epiphytes, Cacti, or other things if they come in your way, or even if they are procured without too great a loss of time; but the mountain plants, Pines, Shrubs and Herbaceous plants, are what we chiefly want." 408 Report on the progress of the Horticultural Society, * found that the cold region is productive of very few plants, being - * for the greater part barren pine and oak tracts, with scarcely any “shrubs. The plains when not subject to cultivation are occupied “by a long grass, growing in large tufts, which gives not the slightest * chance to other plants. “In a few days I shall pack up for immediate transmission to * England the few things I have collected here, and then proceed * to the city of Guatemala. | * A kind of Acorn of an extraordinary size I have collected, which ** shall be packed up in fine sand and put in the midst of some box * of Epiphytes agreeably to your instructions. “ The political state of the country is far from being settled, some * of the states are still at war against each other." No. 87.— Guatemala, January 22nd, 1840.—“ I beg to inform ** you that on the 20th instant the results of my researches from “ the neighbourhood of Quezaltenango have left this for Belize, they " are packed up in six boxes, and enclosed I send you a list of their * eontents and of the stations of the plants. “T arrived here a few days ago and have as yet made only one “ excursion, but at a glance the country seems to be more promising ** than the burnt up fields near Quezaltenango." Four of these six boxes arrived on the 25th of April. Three contained 38 species of Orchidaceous plants, for the most part in good condition; the other was filled with dried specimens and 23 kinds of seeds.* The Council cannot close this portion of their report without * Since this report was read the two remaining boxes arrived, and were in better order than those previously received; they contained 15 species of Orchidacee, which were all, except one Maxillaria, in a healthy state. Besides the seeds there were two small cases filled with acorns of different sorts packed in sand, the whole of which were dead. About 420 of these plants, and 520 packets of seeds, have since been distributed among the Fellows of the Society. ` from May 1,1830, to April 30, 1840. 409 stating that accounts received from various quarters bear full testi- mony to the zeal and devotion of Mr. Hartwee to his duties as a collector, and to the interests of the Society generally ; and although his exertions during nearly a whole year were in a great degree rendered useless by the unfortunate circumstances connected with the blockade above alluded to, yet they cannot but consider that the coniferous seeds alone, which have been so abundantly raised and extensively distributed, have amply compensated for the expense of the mission, independently of the great variety of Epiphytes and Cactacez, and a considerable number of miscellaneous ornamental Greenhouse, as well as hardy and half hardy plants, that have been introduced to the country by this means. 2. Foreign Correspondence. In the long list of Foreign, and Foreign Corresponding Members of the Society there will be found, it is believed, nearly every name of distinction in Horticulture in every part of the Globe; and of late years especially, since our extended communications with the Continent have afforded better means of ascertaining the real scientific qualifications of persons resident in the less frequented parts, great pains have been taken in the selection of those on whom the title is conferred. It is therefore hoped, that amongst the gentlemen added to the list since 1830, there is not one who is not known as a zealous promoter of Horticulture in some of its branches. The following are the Foreign Members elected during this period ; the number of twenty, as limited by the bye-laws, being now complete : — July 6, - 1830. Dr. Warricu, Calcutta. March 19, - 1833. Professor G.C. Nees v. EskENBECK, Breslau. January 16, 1858. Baron CHARLES von Hucet, Vienna. June 5, - 1838. James TnRaArLr, Esq., Cairo. 410 Report on the progress of the Horticultural Society, June 5, - 1838. His H. the Prince of Saum Dyck. April 16, - 1839. Dr. Scuouw, Copenhagen. April 7, - 1840. Dr. Strsoxip, Leyden. April 7, - 1840. Dr. Enpiicuer, Vienna. April 7, - 1840. M. Durrocuer. April7, - 1840. M. Virwonrix, Paris. Twenty-six foreign Corresponding Members have been elected during the same period, carrying the total present number to 217. Amongst so many gentlemen, it is not to be expected that the whole should be in a situation to contribute materially to increase the Society's collections, which had already in 1830 become so con- siderable; but the Council feel it their duty on this occasion to repeat their thanks to their Foreign Correspondents generally, for the liberality they have evinced upon all occasions when the Society has had occasion to apply for plants, for seeds, or for information. Although it would not be within the limits of this Report to enumerate the whole of the articles received from them during the last ten years,—it seems desirable to mention the following, as the principal plants new to the country, imported through their means since the 1st of May, 1830, and now existing in the Society's col- lections, and more or less extensively distributed. Class 1.—Hardy Trees and Shrubs. From Dr. Fiscurr, St. Petersburg, 1837. Juniperus taurica F.M.H.S. Cistus tauricus 1834. Acer hyrcanum Eleagnus songarica Carpinus Carpinizza — flava Spartium acutifolium sativa Cotoneaster uniflora 1838. Ribes Dikuscha Amygdalus pedunculata Acer tauricum 1836. Gebleria suffruticosa Rhamnus Pallasii Fraxinus oxyphylla Cratægus fusca. from May 1, 1830, to April 30, 1840. From Dr. LEDEBOUR, Dorpat, F.C.M.H.S. 1833. Acer ibericum 1834. Lonicera Pallasii Pinus orientalis 1835. altaica Ribes aciculare heterotrichum 1887. Alnus subcordata barbata From the late Baron Jacquin, Vienna, F.M.H.S. 1833. Pyrus Schottii Amorpha Lewisii Syringa Josikzea Berberis vulgaris dulcis 1837. Prunus effusa Marascha Ribes opulifolium Acer obtusifolium Ephedra minor Carpinus Carpinizza Amorpha elata Lonicera tatarica baccis flavis Sambucus racemosa laciniata. From Mr. Orro, Berlin, F.C.M.H.S. 1833. Pinus Llaveana. From Mr. C. A. Fiscuer, Gottingen, F.C.M.H.S. 1835. Clematis parviflora Ceanothus intermedius Berberis mitis lucida Berberis spatulata Cratzgus succulenta Spirea inflexa oblongifolia obovata cana carpinifolia decumbens. From the ADMINISTRATORS of the Jardin du Roi, Paris. 1838. Solanum pubigerum. From Professor A. DE CANDOLLE, Geneva. 1887. Pinus Pinsapo. From Dr. Briasorrerro, Trieste, F.C.M.H.S. 1835. Cytisus Weldeni. From Dr. FArcoxEn, Saharunpore, F.C.M.H.S. 1837. Leptodermis lanceolata, Spiræa laxiflora, From Mr. Bucxarzscu, Guben, F.C.M.H.S. 1833. Hardy Olive of Nikita. From Messrs. Bootu, Hamburgh, F.C.M.H.S. 1833. Æsculus Hippocastanum incisum nigrum 411 412 Report on the progress of the Horticultural Society, ZEsculus Hippocastanum przcox tortuosum Berberis glauca Pinus Fischeri compressa Populus Lindleyana 1885. Prunus Cocomilia Acer Lobelii 1838. Lonicera Ledebourii 9 Acer Pavia Quercus falkenbergensis Ribes caucasicum monstrosum recurvatum Berberis caroliniana Lycium rigidum. From Mons. AvpniBrRT, Tarascon, F.C.M.H.S. 1885. Cupressus Tourneforti expansa Amorpha glabra Ligustrum japonicum 1857. Celtis aspera Amorpha florida Diospyrus digyna. From Messrs. Baumann, Bollwiller, F.C.M.H.S. 1838. Ceanothus pallida. From Mons. VERLEUWEN, Ghent. 1884. Magnolia Norberti Peonia arborea rosa-gallica Euonymus japonica variegata. Class 2.—Hardy Ornamental Herbaceous Plants and Annuals. From Dr. Fiscuer, St. Petersburgh, F.M.H.S. 1834. Teucrium canum Statice subulata Polygonum tinctorium Cineraria Fischeri Delphinium divaricatum Madia stellata Platystigma lineare Collinsia sparsiflora Eucharidium concinnum. Callichroa platyglossa Beria chrysostoma Allium Ledebourianum Peonia tenuifolia flore pleno roseo 1835, Crucianella stylosa 1836. Nemophila atomaria Platystemon leiocarpum Plectritis brachystemon Eutoca Wrangeliana Amsinkia spectabilis intermedia 1838. Clematis lasiantha Pyrethrum myriophyllum From Professor WEINMANN, Pawlowsk, F.C.M.H.S. 1838. Erysimum Perofskianum. From Dr. Lrprsoun, Dorpat, F.C.M.H.S. 1833. Delphinium triste from May 1, 1830, to April 30, 1840. 413 Corydalis Gebleri Lathyrus longipedunculatus 1834. Salvia canescens Delphinium glabellum Geranium albiflorum affine Herniaria Besseri. From the late Baron Jacquin, Vienna, F.M.H.S. 1838. Linaria dalmatica 1837. Nemophila phacelioides. From Mr. Orro, Berlin, F.C.M.H.S. 1833. Potentilla Thomasii Plumbago micrantha 1835. Calandrinia discolor Nolana atriplicifolia Papaver persicum 1837. Glaucium rubrum Potentilla pulcherrima Nemesia floribunda 1888. Nemophila parviflora. From the late Dr. ScHRADER, Gottingen, F.C.M.H.S. 1833. Orobus atropurpureus. From Mr. C. A. Fiscuer, Gottingen, F.C.M.H.S. 1885. Clematis lathyrifolia. From the ApuiNisTRATORS of the Jardin des plantes. 1832. Mimulus variegatus VOL. II. 2nd SERIES. 3H 1838. Solanum atrosanguineum Gaillardia rustica Cleitria hirta Echioides grandiflora Chlamydophora tridentata From Professor A. De CANDOLLE, Geneva. 1831. Helianthus orgyalis. From Dr. Braso.etto, Trieste, F.C.M.H.S. 1885. Adenophora pereskiefolia Lindenbergia urticzefolia. From Dr. Farcoxzn, Saharunpore, F.C.M.H.S. 1857. Polygonum amplexicaule Cynoglossum furcatum Ampelygonum chinense Carpesium pubescens Phytolacca acinosa Nepeta spicata spicata latifolia Rheum Webbianum Verbena sororia Melissa umbrosa. From the Prince of Sarm Dyck, F.M.H.S. 1832. Pæonia suberecta officinalis anemoneflora microcarpa Pæonia multifida pubens latifolia. 414 From Mons. VEnLEUWEN, Ghent. 1834. Gladiolus psittacinus. From Professor Maunr, Rome, F.C.M.H.S. 1831. Orchis romana Report on the progress of the Horticultural Society, Orchis pseudo-fimbriata Platanthera bifolia florentina Serapias oxyglottis. Class 3.— Tender Trees and Shrubs. From Mr.Orro, Berlin, F.C.M.H.S. 1831. Passiflora kermesina 1888. Rhodochiton volubile Dykia rariflora. From Dr. Watticn, Calcutta, F.M.H.S. 1839. Jasminum caudatum. From Baron Hucet, Vienna, F.M.H.S. 1838. Pimelea prostrata Lissanthe verticillata. Class 4.— Tender Ornamental Herbaceous Plants and Annuals. From the late Baron Jacquin, Vienna, F.M.H.S. 1833. Zinnia elegans coccinea. From Mr. Orro, Berlin, F.C.M.H.S. 1831. Begonia heracleifolia Begonia platanifolia. From the ApMINISTRATORs of the Jardin des plantes. 1832. Ipomopsis picta. From Professor A. DE CANDOLLE, Geneva. Morina longifolia. From Dr. Watticu, Calcutta, F.M.H.S. 1833. Saccolabium papillosum 1839. Coelogyne elata. From Dr.FarcoxrR, Saharunpore, F.C.M.H.S. 1837. Coleus barbatus Craniotome versicolor Plectranthus striatus. Class 5.— Collections of Fruit Trees received since 1830, from Foreign Countries.* M. Aupisert, Tarascon, F.C.M.H.S. Apples, Cherries, Figs. Mr. J. ANTOINE, Vienna. Pears, Currants. * 'The names of the varieties are not given here, as the greater number remain to be-proved. from May 1, 1830, to April 30, 1840. 415 Jesse Burt, Esq., New York, Mr. LANGELIER, Jersey, F.C.M.H.S. F.C.M.H.S. Pears. Apples and Plums. M. Lr C , Mesara Barman, Bolviller, uc" F.C.M.H.S. Apples and Pears. Vines, Apricots, Cherries, Peaches, Apples and Pears. Le Cn. Parmentier, Enghien, F.C.M.H.S. Mr. Buncnanpr, Landsberg, Pears. F.C.M.H.S. Gani NINE Vines, Apples, Pears, Plums, Peaches Mr. Prince, New York, F.C.M.H.S. and Nectarines. Pears. Mr. Cann, Philadelphia. Pears. Mr. Ravcu, Vienna. Apples and Pears. Mr. Corse, Montreal. Plums and Apples. Mr. B. SAuNpDzns, Jersey. P Mr. DEARBORN. ears and Apples. Apples, Pears, Plums, Cherries and T EPE g Dr. Van Mons, Louvain, F.M.H.S. Apples and Pears. M. Jamin, Paris. Apples, Pears, Cherries, Plums and M. Vitworin, Paris, F.M.H.S. Apricots. Vines, Pears and Strawberries. M. De Wag , Antwerp. Mr. Kenrick, Boston, Massachussets. Apples, Pears and Cherries. Peaches, Cherries, Apples and Pears. | 3.—Donations from Fellows of the Society, Home Correspondents and others. The Donations continually received under this head are exceed- 416 Report on the progress of the Horticultural Society, ingly numerous and valuable, but on this occasion the Council are again under the necessity of confining themselves to the enumeration of permanent additions made to the Society's collections since May 1830, omitting all those which, although previously wanting in the Society's garden, may have existed in the country. Class 1.—Hardy Trees and Shrubs. From Dr. Rovrr, on behalf of the Hon. E. I. Company. 1835. Leycesteria formosa Pinus Pindrow Ribes glaciale Philadelphus triflorus Spirza cuneata vacciniifolia Berberis coriaria Crategus crenulata Deeringia indica Clematis grata Grewia corylifolia Pyrus stipulata Rosa tetrapetala Ribes Himalayanum Juniperus squamosa 1839. Hydrangea altissima Eleeagnus parvifolia Smilax maculata Pinus Khesiya Spiræa Lindleyana Potentilla cuneata. From Lord AuckKLanp. 1838. Pinus Gerardiana Daphne Aucklandii, From Sir Henry Wirrock, Persia. Double Yellow Persian Rose Mishkijeh Rose. From Georer BENTHAM, Esq. 1834. Fraxinus lentiscifolia pendula. From the Rev. Mr. BERKELEY, Madeira. 1834, Chamzmeles coriacea. From Capt. Morse CoorrRn, Nipal. 1837. Coriaria nipalensis Cotoneaster marginata. From Lord CoREHOUSE. 1837, Cytisus zolicus. From Lord Hitt. 1834, Quercus australis Cookii. From the Hon. J. T. LEsLIE MELVILLE, E. Indies. 1831. Pinus Deodara. This seed pro- duced the first plants raised in England, from May 1, 1830, to April 30, 1840. 417 From Joun Reeves, Esq. 1832. Deutzia scabra Acer palmatum 1836. Kerria japonica simplex Prunus japonica simplex. From the Hon. W. F. Straneways. 1837. Juniperus macrocarpa Abies orientalis 1838. Pinus persica Malva arborescens. From G. H. Warp, Esq. 1856. Cupressus torulosa. Class 2.— Hardy Ornamental Herbaceous Plants and Annuals. From Dr. Royte, on behalf of the Hon. E. I. Company. 1835. Rubia Munjista cordata Thalictrum foliolosum Cuscuta Himalayana Leonurus pubescens Astragalus stipulatus Agrimonia nipalensis 1835. Stachys cordifolia Pimpinella diversifolia Iris fragrans 1839. Impatiens glandulifera tricornis — longicornu macrochila Centaurea pulchra Phlomis cashmeriana Aplotaxis albescens Lotus bracteatus Sieversia elata Epilobium ampliatum Malva lucida Cynoglossum canescens glochidiatum Epilobium streptocarpum Papaver amcenum Linaria elegans Polygonum amplexicaule album nipalense Silene indica Atriplex lucida Origanum laxiflorum Codonopsis lurida Silene inflata nipalensis Podolotus pilosus Ranunculus muricatus Salvia Moorcroftiana. From Grorce BENTHAM, Esq. 1834. Cyclamen Clusii. From Mr. CHERNSIDE. 1835. Cypella plumbea Pentstemon Mackayanus. From Mr. Huen Cummine, Chili. 1831. Calandrinia arenaria Lupinus elegans. 418 Report on the progress of the Horticultural Society, From G. F. Dicksow, Esq., Mexico. 1836. Pharbitis diversifolia Cosmus tenuifolius Cypella plumbea Echinais Dicksoni Sedum miserum Chelone barbata carnea. From Mrs. PALLISER. 1835. Campanula obliquifolia Lupinus corsentinus. From Sir Henry Wirrock, Persia. 1831. Nicotiana persica. Class 3.— Tender Trees and Shrubs. From the Rt. Hon. Ropert GORDON, Brazil 1881. Echites stellaris. From Sir J. A, S. MacKenzie, Bart, Ceylon 1839. Hebradendron gambogioides. From R. Maneuzs, Esq. 1837. Chorozema Dicksoni. From Major Sir Tuomas MrirCHELL, N. Holland. 1838. Stenochilus longifolius incanus. From Mr. Suanr, N. Holland. 1837. Chorozema varium Acacia cyanophylla cuneata. From the Hon. W. F. Straneways. 1837. Banisteria tenuis Morrenia odorata Mandevilla suaveolens. From Mr. J. Backuousz, N. Holland. 1837. Streblorhiza speciosa. From G. BARKER, Esq. 1837. Fuchsia cylindracea Solanum candidum., From Grorce BENTHAM, Esq. 1832. Stapelia Gussoniana. From Mr. Bunce, V. Diemen's Island. 1837. Eurybia glutinosa. From G. F. Dicksox, Esq., Mexico. 1836. Ipomea tyrianthina Stevia fascicularis Eysenhardtia amorphoides. From Mr. Drummonp, Swan River. 1839. Thomasia glutinosa ———. foliosa from May 1, 1830, to April 30, 1840. 419 Class 4.— Tender Ornamental Herbaceous Plants and Annuals. From Dr. Roy te, on behalf of the Hon. E. I. Company. 1835. Amphicome arguta Origanum normale. From Mr. J. Backnovusz, N. Holland. 1837. Helichrysum scorpioides Pansetia fulva. From G. Barker, Esq. 1837. Lepechinia spicata Cologania pulchella Lupinus Barkeri. From Mr. Bunce, V. Diemen’s Island. 1837. Podolepis contorta Senecio odorata. From Mr. M‘Cuttocu. 1839. Asteracantha longifolia. From G. F. Dickson, Esq. 1836. Echinacea Dicksoni Lobelia fenestralis Agave saponaria Dahlia repens. From Joun Henry Lance, Esq. 1833. Brassia Lanceana Oncidium Lanceanum 1837. ————— tetrapetalum luridum guttatum Ionopsis utricularioides. From Mr. Lavater, Vera Cruz. 1837. Stanhopea venusta. From J. C. Lers, Esq. 1833. Epidendrum gracile. From R. Maxcrzs, Esq. 1837. Lobelia ramosa. From Major Sir Tuomas MITCHELL, N. Holland. 1838. Crinum australasicum Bulbine suavis Anguillaria dioica < Convolvulus erubescens Psoralea cinerea Picris barbarorum Roperia aurantiaca. From J. Nimmo, Esq., Bombay. 1837. Cynoglossum cælestinum. From J. H. Pexrrann, Esq., Bolivia. 1839. Solanum oleraceum, From Joun Reeves, Esq. 1838. Dolichos Soja. From the Hon. W. F. Straneways. 1837. Bousingaultia baselloides Convolvulus tubiflorus Solanum vernicatum. 490 Report on the progress of the Horticultural Society, From the Hon. FREDERICK THELLUsSON, Dendrobium macrostachyum Florence. Geodorum fucatum. 1839. Portulaca Thellussonii. From Tuomas WHITFIELD, Esq., Sierra From Mr. Watson, Ceylon. Leone. 1833. Acanthophippium bicolor . 1832. Liparis guineensis. I].—Tue ESTABLISHMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF A COMPLETE COLLECTION OF AUTHENTIC SPECIMENS OF USEFUL OR ORNA- MENTAL TREES, SHRUBS AND PLANTS. Tuts, one of the most important objects for which the Society's Garden was originally taken, had already been fulfilled to a very considerable degree prior to the year 1830, and the great ex- tent to which the collection was likely to attain was the principal reason for renting so large a piece of ground. The collection in 1830 was still young, and far from being as complete as it evidently might become in the course of a few years. To provide against the expected increase, much of the ground was at that period unoccupied, and it was strongly recommended by the Com- mittee of Enquiry in 1830, that such part as might not be imme- diately wanted, should in some way be disposed of, or let off, so as to diminish the annual expenditure. This however, the Council, after various attempts, found to be as impracticable as it always is to secure pecuniary returns of any consequence from the produce of an experimental garden; and, as the only alternative, they during the first years, cut off every source of expense which might be considered applicable to mere embellishment, or as not strictly necessary for the main objects of the Society. But as the Societys position became less embarrassed, and as the growth as from May 1, 1830, to April 30, 1840. 421 well as the increase of the collections, especially that of hardy trees and shrubs, required more space, the attention of the Garden Committee, under the direction of the Council, was turned to the arrangement and maintenance of the collections in such a manner as might best conduce to their utility, and to that *'neatness, regularity and proper arrangement" so strongly recommended by the Committee of 1830. The whole of the garden is now arranged, and but little remains to be done, except in the purchase of gravel, to complete its details. There is much room indeed for embellishment, and the Council are particularly anxious to improve the appearance of the piece of water, but this they cannot effect without a larger expenditure than they at present feel themselves justified in proposing. The following are the chief results under this head in the three different departments of the garden. 1.—Orchard and Kitchen Garden department. In the Orchard a large number of varieties, originally received as- new, when they bore fruit and were compared, were discovered either to be synonyms of others known by different names, or to be un- deserving of cultivation, so that little or no extension has been required to the ground occupied by fruit trees. But the number of authentic specimens of varieties deserving of cultivation and from whence grafts or buds are annually distributed has most materially increased. The proved varieties now growing in the orchard are as follow : Apples : ; ; . . 910 varieties. Pears . $ R ; . DIO Plums 160 Cherries š e ý 60 Peaches 3 : $ > 30 Nectarines 20 Apricots 14 VOL. II, 2nd SERIES. 3I 499 Report on the progress of the Horticultural Society, Grapes à ; : ¿ cH» Figs . à ; : 50 Nuts . š : : 24 Gooseberries . à = S Currants . ‘ à 10 Raspberries : : : 8 Strawberries > ; i 24 Total 2165 A standard collection of Kitchen Garden plants is always susceptible of much less precision and extent than an orchard; vegetables are mostly annuals or biennials, and must be propagated by seed, each variety of which must in many cases be sown ata considerable distance from all others, so as to prevent crossbreeding ; such varieties are often the immediate result of soil and climate, or of special but well known and expensive modes of cultivation, and, when transplanted or resown under less favourable circumstances, they very soon degenerate. The Garden Committee have there- fore thought it, in many cases impossible, in others unadvisable considering the limited funds at their disposal to maintain a collection of well known vegetables ; in tlie beauty of which they would always be excelled with a much less outlay by any market gardener who has a rich soil, abundance of manure, and the proceeds of a regular and steady sale at his command. The ground formerly occupied by the Kitchen Garden has therefore been in some measure reduced and limited to what is strictly necessary for the growth of samples only of the principal varieties of vegetables in common cultivation, and for proving such as are reputed to be new and possessing merit. The annual average number of foreign imported varieties sown in the garden has been about 90, and that of varieties procured in this country or presented by individuals nearly 120. from May 1, 1830, to April 30, 1840. 423 2.—Hothouse and Tender department. The very great importance for the purposes of the Society of extensive protection for tender plants has ever been present to the Council and Garden Committee ; in this, however, more than in any other department, they have been necessarily impeded by the limited resources ofthe Society. "The construction of an extensive range of Conservatories and hothouses had been planned at the first laying out ofthe Garden, but for a long time there appeared little prospect of aequiring means to carry the plan into effect, and the Garden Committee were for several years obliged to confine themselves to the small houses originally erected, and to the glazed brick pits, with such small additions only as the exigency of the Garden absolutely required ; the extent of glass of this description which, in the year 1830 consisted of 405 feet running of hothouses, and 457 of pits, having increased to 439 feet of hothouses and 712 of pits. But as the receipts from the exhibitions held at the garden from the year 1833, when they were first established, showed in each year a steadily increasing surplus over the expenses incurred, the Council considered that they would scarcely be justified in continuing to apply the whole of the income derived from the present Fellows of the Society in liquidation of a debt incurred so long before. As soon therefore as they had liberated themselves from all liabilities likely to interfere with the due performance of the ordinary business of the Society, and could consider the remainder of the debt as a loan to be gradually paid off by instalments, they again brought under con- sideration the long projected plan for a range of conservatories, and as a preliminary step in the year 1835, they resolved that one half of the clear proceeds of the Garden exhibitions should be laid aside for this purpose. The sums thus accumulated would necessarily for some years have been small when compared to the large outlay the new con- 494 Report on the progress of the Horticultural Society, servatories would require; with a view therefore to greater advan- tage in a financial point of view, this plan was so far modified as for some years to apply the whole surplus in paying off part of the bonded debt, and then for a like number of years to apply the whole or the greater part in the construction of conservatories ; little or no actual outlay was therefore made until the commence- ment of the past year. In the mean time, however, various designs submitted to the Council were carefully considered in a special committee appointed for the purpose, and in the summer of 1838 the general plan of a range of glass, to consist of a central dome 120 feet in diameter, and of two wings, each 185 feet long, 30 feet broad and 26 feet high, was agreed upon. The details of one wing as now constructed according to the plans of Mr. AINGER, the Society's architect, were finally adopted by the Committee, and sanctioned by a full Council in the presence of His Grace the Pre- sident, and this wing was ordered to be immediately executed. Contracts were entered into for the iron work and glazing by Messrs. BarLeys, who by the excellence of their materials and the workmanlike manner in which they performed their contract have fully justified the expectations of the committee when concluding the agreement. It was hoped, that this wing would have been completed in the course of last summer, but the unceasing rains so impeded the works that this was found impossible; it is now however finished, and owing to the liberality of several zealous friends of the Society contains already a large number of valuable specimen plants. The Council have in this respect more especially to offer their thanks to His Majesty the Kine or THE BELGIANS. Joun Reeves, Esq. WirrrAM We ts, Esq. Messrs. Loppices. Messrs. Rorrissox. And Mr. Joseren Knienr. Jrom May, 1, 1830, to April 30, 1840. 425 The Council trust that the general design, as well as the execution of this portion, will meet with that approbation from the Fellows at large, which it has already received from such visitors as have expressed an opinion upon it. The total cost of the building, in- cluding the boiler house and heating apparatus, the terrace and other ground work, as near as can be estimated (there being still some accounts not yet received) will be about 4500/7. of which the Council are happy to state 2343/. were actually paid previous to the close of the last financial year on the 31st of March ; 500/. have since been paid and the whole will probably be liquidated in the course of the present month. The period when the Council will be enabled to proceed with the main body of the range will depend entirely upon the support which the Society may receive from the Fellows and the public at large. — The number of species and varieties now cultivated in this de- partment are as follows :—Stove Orchidacee about 700; Miscel- laneous stove plants about 1050; Greenhouse shrubs or perennials, about 1970; "lender annuals, about 50; making a total of about 3710. 3.—Hardy department; containing the Arboretum and Flower Garden. Itis to the Arboretum that the greatest additions in point of extent have been made since 1830, for besides the original site, it now occupies that of the old flower garden, the whole of the ground which lay waste at that time, as well as the part formerly occupied by hedge roses and other matters of mere botanical interest, and also a broad belt planted round the southern portion of the garden. The growth of the trees has enabled the Garden Committee to direct the turfing over of many clumps, of no beauty, but which were thought necessary on first laying out the Garden. By this means the specimen trees have been isolated with room to 426 Report on the progress of the Horticultural Society, develope their natural forms, and the collection, which as well as that of fruit trees, is unrivalled in any other part of the globe, now contains nearly three thousand species or varieties of trees and shrubs, exclusive of nearly a thousand garden Roses, and about two hundred garden varieties of Azaleas and Rhododendrons. The above numbers would have been much larger were it not that the unfavourable soil of the garden and its low situation, peculiarly ex- posed to spring frosts, prevent the cultivation of many species which are found to be perfectly hardy, in this country, under more genial circumstances. The Flower Garden in 1830 consisted of a number of parallelo- grammic beds in that part of the arboretum where the iron exhibition tent now stands; as the spot was wanted for the extension of the arboretum, the flower garden was removed to the site it now oc- cupies, parallel with the Duke of Devonshire’s road, and formerly used as a spare Dahlia ground. Of late years, since the proceeds of the exhibitions have admitted of some addition to the orna- mental outlay, care has also been taken to distribute flowering plants in all parts of the arboretum, where they would grow and prove ornamental. But in this as in every other department of the garden management, the Garden Committee have to contend with many difficulties, arising on the one hand from the soil and situa- tion of the garden as already alluded to, the great expense attending the purchase and cartage of peat, loam, dung, &c. and the want of sheds and other accommodations ; and on the other hand, from the positive instructions of the Council to refrain from any outlay not of immediate necessity, so long as the Society still remains encumbered with a considerable debt. The number of hardy ornamental perennials now in cultivation in the garden is about 2600, and the annual average of hardy annuals sown is from 250 to 300, making a total of above 9800 species or varieties of plants, in the Society's possession, exclusive of Fruit Trees, Roses, Azaleas and Rhododendrons. Jrom May 1, 1830, to April 30, 1840. 427 The number of Visitors annually admitted to the Garden, from May 1st, 1830 to April 30th, 1840, has been as follows. Ordinary | Admis- |Exhibition| Total. Days. From May 1, 1830 to April 30, 1831 | 5096 5096 1831 - 1832 | 6164 6164 1832 1833 | 6093 093 1833 1834| 6311 |. 4900 | 11211 1836 - 1837 | 6118 | 17332 | 23450 1837 1888 | 5944 | 15998 | 21942 1838 1839 | 5407 | 15917 | 21324 1839 1840 | 6024 | 17614 | 23638 III.—'TuHE DETERMINATION OF THE COMPARATIVE MERITS OF SPECIES OR VARIETIES, EITHER ALREADY IN CULTIVATION OR NEWLY INTRODUCED. Tuis applies more especially to the Orchard and Kitchen Garden Department. The great benefits produced by means of the Society's orchard, under the able management of Mr. Tuompson, were generally acknowledged and specially referred to by the Committee of 1830. Since that time the same plan has been acted upon, and carried to a greater extent. As the varieties have fruited, observations have been made, and important results obtained, not only as relates to their intrinsic and comparative merits, but their general suitable- ness to our climate, or the special circumstances in which they are likely to be placed in this country. One important fact in par- 428 Report on the progress of the Horticultural Society, ticular may be mentioned, namely, that many new varieties of Pears have been made known, which are found to bear abundantly as standards, with fruit superior in flavour to that formerly cul- tivated, and only capable of being grown against walls. _ The number of fruit trees of which notes have been taken since 1830 is as follows :— Apples - 388 of which 119 proved to be synonyms and 32 false. £e Pears - 818 Ed 90 v. Plums - 99 à 29 å 10 Cherries - 55 - 15 i 3 Apricots - 28 á 14 A 2 Peaches - 41 n 21 4 Nectarines 16 vi 4 es 3 Grapes - 122 vs 40 29 Nuts - 33 " 18 " 2 1100 350 127 The collection of Gooseberries, Currants, Raspberries, and Straw- berries might also be mentioned, as having received valuable additions. The following are the best of those varieties which were either imperfectly or not at all known in this country previous to 1830 :— Pears. Althorpe Crassane Emerald Winter Crassane Thompsons Marie Louise the 2nd Hacons Incomparable Fondante d'Automne Beurré Bosc Louis Bonne (of Jersey) Nelis d' Hiver Burgermeister Monsieur le Curé. Plums. Royale Hátive Knight's large green drying Ickworth Imperatrice Reine Claude Violette. from May 1, 1830, to April 30, 1840. 429 Cherries. Royal Duke Late Duke Werder's Early Heart Büttner's October Morello. Grapes. Zebibbo of Sicily Chasselas musqué. The number of Fruit trees, remaining to be proved, is very considerable. They consist of Apples, Pears, Cherries and Plums, from the continents of Europe and America ; and of Vines from the former, from Asiatic Russia, and even from the Deccan. Some of those from the latter country, described by Colonel Svkzs in the Transactions, will in all probability fruit next season. In the Kitchen Garden a great mass of notes has accumulated on the comparative merits of New Vegetables, the more interesting particulars of which are from time to time published in the Society's Transactions. It is however seldom that any new vegetables are raised of decidedly superior quality, and there seems to be no intel- ligible use in perpetuating kinds whose only merit is that of being different in some trifling particular from sorts of equal or superior value previously well-known. It may however be stated that the following vegetables examined since 1830 have such a degree of excellence as renders them deserv- ing of general cultivation :— Peas. Auvergne Groom's Superb Dwarf Blue - Dwarf Brittany Large Crooked Sugar. Beans. Dutch Long Pod Marshall's Early Dwarf Prolific. Haricots. Early Dwarf Dutch Soissons Prédome American Runner. Laon VOL. II. 2nd, SERIES. 3K 490 Report on the progress of the Horticultural Society, Cabbages. : Large Green Savoy Pomeranian Cabbage (Chou de Milan le plus gros tardif (Chou Conique de Pomeranie des Vertus, ofthe French) of the French.) Turnips. Early Flat White Knight's Protecting Brocoli Early Flat Red Large Asiatic Cauliflower. Lettuces. Malta Green Paris Cove Cos White Versailles (Laitue Verte Maraichere, of the White Paris Cove Cos French) (Laitue blonde Maraichere, ofthe Alphange Cos French) Celery. Celeri Turc New Flat-stemmed White Solid. Celeri Violet Radishes. Radis Rose demi-longue New Yellow Short-topped Turnip-radish Cresses. Normandy Golden Miscellaneous. Red Castelnaudary Beet Courge d' Italie, or Coucourzelle Cardon de Tours Victoria Rhubarb Large Green-topped White Carrot Knight's No. 6 Potato (Very dwarf and White Capsicum early; well adapted for frames). Long-keeping Shallot IV.—'TuE PROSECUTION or EXPERIMENTS TO ASCERTAIN THE MERITS OF ANY NEW PROCESSES OR METHODS OF CULTIVATION CONNECTED WITH HORTICULTURE. THERE is perhaps no part ofthe business undertaken by the Hor- ticultural Society, from which greater results appear to be expected Jrom May 1, 1830, to April 30, 1840. 431 by a portion of the Fellows, with a less distinct idea of the means by which such results are to be produced, than the prosecution of experiments ; and so much misconception prevails concerning this branch of horticulture, that the Council deem it advisable to advert partieularly to the subject. It is clear, that the means possessed by the Society can only be usefully applied to the investigation of questions upon which there exist well-founded doubts amongst persons practically acquainted with horticulture, and that renewed experiments upon matters well known to scientific Gardeners, for the purpose of satisfying the doubts of those who are less versed in the subject, can be of little advantage ; to the latter therefore the Council hold out no encouragement. In the case of enquiries into the phaenomena of vegetable life, and those higher branches of knowledge, which in reality constitute the basis of horticultural practice, there are in all public establishments, from the very nature of those institutions, obstacles to the pro- secution of such investigations, which are seldom perceived by those who are not intimately acquainted with the nature of physiological researches. Experiments in vegetable physiology require not only a power of correctly appreciating all the phznomena observable during their prosecution, and of what has already been ascertained by other enquirers, but those who are engaged in them should have both the scientific attainments and the zealous perseverance which so eminently distinguished our late PRESIDENT, and such leisure to watch and study the phenomena observed as may ensure a correct appreciation of the results; otherwise experimental enquiries tend to mislead and not to inform. It is needless to say, that researches of this nature are not to be expected from the inferior officers of the Garden; and the multiplicity of duties which devolve upon the higher officers renders it very difficult for the latter to carry them on to any great extent. 432 Report on the progress of the Horticultural Society, The following case sufficiently illustrates this statement :— For three years attempts were made to grow the Melon in beds of earth placed over water, in a stove exposed to the brightest light of the sun, in imitation of the practice in the floating islands of Cashmere, where this fruit attains so great a degree of excellence. After repeated trials, however, it was found, that although the plants under such treatment grew with great luxuriance, and fruited in as much abundance as usual, yet that the melons wanted flavour, that the plants became unhealthy, that no means could be found to prevent the leaves flagging daily, and that several other symptoms presented themselves, of which there was no apparent explanation. Although the experiments were con- ducted in a stove occupied by other plants, yet it was not under circumstances materially unfavourable. Certainly the results were not deemed by any means conclusive; but when it became a question whether the experiments should be repeated, no sufficient means could be found for varying the conditions without incur- ring considerable expense, and the causes of failure were so obscure that no probability existed of their being discovered, without de- voting such an amount of time as the other duties of the officer, who had charge of them, rendered it impossible for him to afford ; they were therefore prosecuted no further. Amongst those experimental researches, also, which the Society possesses the means of carrying on usefully, a large proportion of the results will be either negative, or of so little apparent moment as to be undeserving of public record, and yet each in itself may have some valuable practical bearing, and may contribute to the improvement of the skill in gardening of the persons by whom such experiments have been conducted; and all of them will be found to have required much more time and attention on the part of the Vice Secretary, as well as of the respective under gardeners, than the mere announcement of the results can give an idea of. Jrom May, 1, 1830, to April 30, 1840. 433 Among the principal subjects to which attention has been directed with this view since the year 1830, the following may be mentioned as the more important ; In the Fruit and Kitchen Department, various modes of training and pruning fruit trees under a variety of circumstances, the ap- plication of bottom heat, the effects of draining and treating the borders in which wall fruit is planted, the influence of heat and moisture on Vines, with and without ventilation, various modes of treating Pine Apples, and very extensive experiments on the Potatoe in connection with and consequent on those of Mr. KNIGHT. In the Hothouse depüftuliut; besides the trial of different methods of heating with hot water, to which special reference is made below, much has been done to investigate the comparative merits of different descriptions of fruit, many experiments have been tried on the special modes of treating Orchidaceous epiphytes, and a careful investigation has been for some time carrying on con- cerning the effects, real or supposed, of kyanized timber on the growth of plants, the results of which cannot of course be made known until repeated trials have removed all doubts that may yet be entertained on the subject. The recent construction of the new Conservatory may also be regarded as a great horticultural ex periment, for the purpose of solving some very interesting problems connected with artificial climate. In the Hardy department, where less art is required to assist or control natural effects, there is necessarily less to be done in the way of experiment, but here also much attention has been paid to various modes of raising seeds with the greatest certainty, to the best means of protecting half-hardy plants from winter or spring frosts, and to the powers of enduring cold possessed by different species. With regard to heating by means of hot water, it must be obvious, that, from the want of means to construct houses, the Society 434 Report on the progress of the Horticultural Society, has not been in a condition to institute comparative trials of the many schemes for heating which have been proposed of late years ; and the Council are of opinion, that, under any circumstances, it would be a waste of the Society's funds to apply them in furtherance of such projects, unless they involve some new principle, or present such a deviation from the usual application of principles as would justify the expectation of important results. They have however by no means neglected this subject as the following statement will shew :-— At the close of the year 1832 Mr. Perkins was employed to apply to a small hothouse, then recently constructed, his method of heating by means of numerous small pipes, which was at that time much talked of as an important invention. After repeated trials, during two or three months, the apparatus having once ex- ploded, and proving at all times unmanageable, the plan was abandoned. In the year 1838 one of Mr. Rogers’ conical boilers was applied to heating a range of pits 77 feet long, with two inch pipes; an experiment which completely fulfilled the expectations that were entertained of its efficiency. This led to the adaptation of two similar boilers in the year 1839 to other pits, 154 feet in length, which had previously been heated with a common square boiler, and four inch pipes. Partly in consequence of the old apparatus not having been so perfect as could have been wished, and partly in consequence of the greater temperature to which the boilers were exposed, this experiment was not so satisfactory as the last, but it had the advantage of leading to some important improvements in the construction of the apparatus. An attempt was also made in 1838 to heat a small range of pits with hot water pipes warmed by an Arnott stove; but after the purchase of pipes, and twice fixing the apparatus, the boiler proved so defective as to be unfit for use, and by that time the evidently superior efficiency of Mr. Rocers’ conical boiler had rendered it Jrom May 1, 1830, to April 30, 1840. 435 unnecessary to renew the experiment with an Arnott stove, in com- bination with a boiler of a more perfect construction. Finally, a hot water apparatus, executed by Messrs. Barneys of Holborn, has been applied by Mr. Arxazn, the Society's Architect, to heating the wing just completed of the new Conservatory. The boilers are placed in a detached building sixty feet from the con- servatory. The water is conveyed by four pipes, each six inches in diameter, which are enclosed in a dry tunnel open at the ends, but having double walls on all sides. The two thicknesses of wall and the included stratum of air effectually prevent any dissipation of the heat, and the tunnel having a gradual ascent towards the house becomes the means of maintaining a ventilation of warm air, suf- ficient probably to meet the whole winter demand. This subterraneous part of the apparatus, instead of causing any loss, will, it is confidently expected, produce its full share of effect as regards heat, with the advantage of a warm instead of a cold winter ventilation, while the conservatory is relieved from the incumbrance of a large quantity of piping. The four six inch pipes, as soon as they enter the conservatory, branch off into eight of four inches diameter, the gross length of which is nearly 1600 feet, and they contain, together with the larger pipes and the boilers, 1620 gallons. So large a body of water will maintain the temperature of the house for a considerable period in case of any accident or neglect, and the circulation is so rapid that the whole is heated sufficiently for the purpose of the house within forty minutes from the first lighting of the fires. In connection with this subject it may be added, that all the ex- perience obtained at the Garden goes to demonstrate the great inferiority of flues to hot water pipes as a mode of heating. Under the head of experiments and observations may be also mentioned the Meteorological Journal, continued to be kept with great care by Mr. THomrson, the Under Gardener in the Fruit | 436 Report on the progress of the Horticultural Society, Department, upon the plan already adopted previous to 1830 ; and a series of observations upon the variations of the temperature of the earth in which plants grow, from which useful practical con- clusions will, it is hoped, be eventually deduced. V.—'IuE PUBLICATION or HORTICULTURAL PAPERS AND RE- PORTS, EITHER THE RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS AND OBSER- VATIONS MADE BY THE SOCIETY, OR COMMUNICATIONS RECEIVED FROM FELLOWS AND OTHERS. Since the Ist of May, 1830, Parts 4 and 5, completing the 7th and last Volume of the 1st Series of the Society's Transactions ; seven Parts, composing the Ist Volume of the 2d series ; and four Parts of the 2d Volume have been published, and the 5th part of the same Volume is now in preparation, and will shortly be ready for dis- tribution. During the first years of this period, two parts were generally prepared in each year, but latterly their publication has been much less frequent, and that from various causes. Tran- sactions of scientific Societies are never undertaken as a source of profit to the Society, but rather as affording a means for the pub- lieation of scientific papers of merit, the sale of which cannot always be expected to reimburse the expense, and which might therefore, without such a channel of communication, frequently remain unknown. Of late years, however, the great impulse given to horticulture all over the country has occasioned the multiplica- tion of periodical works in this department of science, several of which have a sufficient sale to enable their editors to offer pecuniary remuneration to their contributors, a course which it would be foreign to the objects of the Horticultural Society to pursue. So much has also now been published on the subject, that Jrom May 1, 1830, to April 30, 1840. 437 amongst the papers communicated to the Council, many have either been forestalled in some of the periodicals, or are of too little importance to be printed in the Transactions. In order, how- ever, that nothing really useful, though relating only to minor points, may remain unpublished, after being communicated for the purpose, the Council commenced from the 1st of May, 1838, to print abstracts of the proceedings of the Society in an 8vo. form, analogous to those lately commenced by other scientific bodies. In these proceedings all papers, either short or of minor importance, are inserted or abstracted; and such only as it is thought ad- visable to give at length are reserved for the Transactions, in which are also printed the reports on experiments and obser- vations made in the Garden. The papers of the latter descrip- tion, published since 1830, are— 1. Fruit Department. On Pine Apples, by Mr. Muxno, printed in the 2d Series, Vol. I, page 1. On Apricots, by Mr. Tuompson, Vol. I, p. 56. On Gooseberries, by the same, Vol. I, p. 218. On Cherries, by the same, Vol. I, p. 248. On Various Fruits, by the same, Vol. II, p. 108. 2. Kitchen Garden. On Potatoes, detailed reports on a very extended course of Experiments, by Dr. Lixprrvy, Vol. I, p. 153, p. 445, and p. 524, and by Mr. Tuompson, Vol. II, p. 156. On Beans, by Mr. Gorpon, Vol, I, p. 369. On Peas, by the same, Vol. I, p. 374. 3. Hothouse Department. On Epiphytes, by Dr. LixprzEvy, Vol. I, p. 35. 4. Hardy Department. On the Growth of Tobacco, by Mr. Wirsow, Vol. I, p. 208. On Chrysanthemums, by Mr. Muxno, Vol, I, p. 392, 3L VOL. II. 2nd SERIES. 438 Report on the progress of the Horticultural Society, On various plants received from Mr. Dovaras, by Mr. BENTHAM, Vol. I, p. 403, and p. 476. Besides a great number of Notes or Reports on individual species and varieties. Dr. LinpLey’s most valuable and detailed report, on the effects of the frost of 1839, printed in the 2d Vol. p. 225, was also founded on data, observed by himself at the Society's Garden, or obtained from the principal horticulturists of the country, most of whom are Fellows or Correspondents of the Society. The Meteorological observations are regularly inserted in the Transactions. The Council would also on this occasion advert especially to the valuable papers on vegetable physiology, which their late President, Mr. Knieut, continued to communicate up to within two months of his lamented death, a source of information which every follower of the science must regret to see for ever closed. Besides the * Transactions,” and the “ Proceedings” of the Society, a new edition of the Catalogue of fruits in the Society's garden, with notes on each variety, was published in 1831; and the Council have moreover thought it incumbent on them on all occasions to communicate information required by the Fellows of the Society, and to give their assistance in the publication of any work of respectability, being fully persuaded that one grand object of the Society is the dissemination of horticultural knowledge, and that nothing is more contrary to the spirit of the association than jealously to reserve for themselves that which might be more speedily and usefully published by others. It is thus that much which relates to the Society's collection of trees and shrubs, will be found in Mr. Loupon’s Arboretum and Fruticetum Britannicum, and observations and experiments made at the Garden have been the groundwork of many of the principles laid down in Dr. LirwprEv's Theory of Horticulture. from May 1, 1830, to April 30, 1840. 439 VI.—TuHE DISTRIBUTION OF NEW HORTICULTURAL OBJECTS AMONGST THE SUPPORTERS OF AND CONTRIBUTORS TO THE SOCIETY. Tur desire for dispersing valuable horticultural objects so as to render them generally accessible to cultivators was the origin of the system of distribution undertaken by the Society. The ex- tent to which the Garden Committee have been enabled to carry these distributions appears in some instances to have given rise to an erroneous idea of their object; and it is with great regret that the Council have observed on the part of a few, either now or lately, Fellows of the Society, an opinion that they were entitled to demand and to receive in each year not only the value of their subscriptions, but much more. The Council, therefore, trust that they may take the present opportunity of stating distinctly, in order to prevent all future misunderstanding, that the distribution of common plants, not introduced by the Society, and readily to be procured in the Nurse- ries, is in their opinion beside the objects for which the Society was instituted, and to which its funds ought to be applied. Many ofthe most valuable importations are received, or can be multiplied only in quantities far from sufficient to supply the whole of the Fellows of the Society. There are also many Members who are only interested about special branches of horticulture, who have no gardens for the growth of horticultural produce, or who would attach no value to certain descriptions of seeds or plants which may be of great importance to others. For these reasons general indiscriminate distribution is often impossible, and in many cases it would be a mere waste of the Society's funds. Where, however, in the prosecution of the objects of the Society, opportunities arise of benefitting individuals, it is but 440 Report on the progress of the Horticultural Society, fair that those who have contributed to produce such results should be the first to profit by them ; and it is certain, that the more generally any new importations are disseminated over the country, the better chance there is of their becoming permanently esta- blished in it. Influenced by these considerations, the Garden Committee, under the instructions of the Council, have always desired to keep in view the following principles in the regulation of distributions. That all seeds, roots, grafts or plants received from abroad in sufficient quantities be immediately distributed. That all such objects received in small quantities be sown or planted in the Society's garden, with a view to future distribution. That horticultural objects in general circulation among the nurserymen, and not introduced by the Society, be cultivated as little as possible for distribution. That with the exception of objects specially sent for distribution at the meetings, or cuttings or seeds of which there is an abundant supply, and which require to be given at a specific time, no articles be delivered excepting to Fellows who have applied for them. These applications are made in writing addressed to the Secretary, or personally at the garden, either generally for such seeds as are received or raised in sufficient quantities to be included in the general distributions during the spring, or specially for particular classes or individual objects, and where there is not a sufficient sup- ply to meet all the applications, they are invariably attended to in the order in which they are received. The Garden Committee have also deemed it incumbent on them to be as liberal as cireumstances would allow in their distributions toforeign as well as home Correspondents, in exchanges, and in the supply of articles applied for by Her Majesty’s Colonial Government. The articles distributed since May 1830 have been chiefly : Articles imported, viz:— Californian roots and seeds, received from May 1, 1830, to April 30, 1840. 441 from Mr. Doveras in 1833; Mexican Orchidaceous epiphytes, bulbs and seeds received from Mr. Hanrwrc as stated above; a supply of vegetable and other seeds which are either new, or do not ripen well in this country, and which are annually imported from Paris, and occasionally from Hamburgh ; seeds of Pinus nigricans received from Baron Jacquin in 1830; and a quantity of Chilian seeds purchased from Mr. Bnripcrs in the year 1832. Articles supplied from the Garden, viz : — Grafts of fruit trees ; cuttings of ornamental trees and shrubs ; plants of hardy, tender or stove perennials, introduced by the Society, or originally raised in the Societys garden; seeds collected in the Society's garden ; Dahlias; and occasionally plants or roots of other descriptions specially applied for, and which the Garden Committee happened to have the means of furnishing. The amount distributed in each of the last ten years, has been as follows :— Plants. Packets of Parcels of Cuttings. 1880-31. To Members . 5,504 18,603 4,630 To Foreign Countries, ees &c. 329 1,577 255 To Her Majesty’s Colonies 22 97 — Total 5,855 20,277 4,885 1831-32. To Members : "8,917 23,515 ^ 5,950 = To Foreign Countries, Conesyoodótts, &c. 705 260 1,217 To Her Majesty's Colonies : : 242 16 — Total 9,864 23,791 6,467 1832-3. To Members . . 10,767 30,841 4,711 To Foreign Coikitries, ponis &c. $58 588 446 To Her Majesty's Colonies 305 840 — Total 11,430 32,269 5,157 442 1833-4. To Members . To Foreign Countries, icis &c. To Her Majesty's Colonies Total 1834-5, To Members . . « To Foreign Countries, Correspolidouts, &c. To Her Majesty's Colonies Total 1835-6. To Members To Foreign Countries, Bineiboilend &c. To Her Majesty's Colonies Total 1836-7. To Members. š To Foreign Countries, Cosimitdmi, &c. To Her Majesty's Colonies . Total 1837-8. To Members . : e è To Foreign Countries, quac. puni &c. To Her Majesty's Colonies : : . Total 1838-9. To Members . To Foreign CSunteies, Comare Se. To Her Majesty’s Colonies ‘ Total Report on the progress of the Horticultural Society, Panti. Packets of Parcels of Seeds. Cuttings. 10,051 22,199 5,068 479 965 598 Te 44 dn 10,530 25,208 5,996 10,790 22,989 5,080 448 1,016 788 — 121 — 11,9388 — 924,196 5,868 14,122 49,0079 5,837 "945 826 892 64 171 8 14,481 . 48,076 6,737 10,056 41,238 5,793 166 796 477 56 241 — 10,278 42,275 6,270 7,155 55,985 9,958 585 948 555 60 1,206 5 7,800 58,139 4,518 6,756 49,051 9,606 442 1,551 628 149 937 — 7,947 61,599 — 4,934 from May 1, 1830, to April 30, 1840. 443 | mas Pene pea 1839-40. To Members. : ; x 5 . 6,407 43,403 4,567 To Foreign Countries, Correspondents, &c. 113 658 139 To Her Majesty’s Colonies : $ : 32 833 133 Total 6,552 44,894 4,899 Making in ten years a Total of e n us To Members Plc... 00: 90008. 940008 48,500 To Foreign Countries, Correspondents, &c. 3,870 9,185 5,925 To Her Majestys Colonies . . . . 930 4,506 146 Grand Total 95,325 363,594 54,571 VII—Tuer ENCOURAGEMENT OF HORTICULTURE GENERALLY BY THE AWARD OF MEDALS AND PRIZES FOR ABSOLUTE OR COM- PARATIVE HORTICULTURAL MERIT. Tue Council are fully aware, that horticultural merit is not con- fined to the production of individual specimens of plants of superior value, but that quite as much or even more practical skill may be exemplified in other ways; as for example, by the regular, steady, economical, and neat cultivation of a garden, so as to produce an abundant and constant supply of fruits, vegetables or flowers, no individual of which may have any extraordinary intrinsic merit; or again, by the careful and persevering prosecution of horticultural ex- periments and observations ; and that in many such cases a gar- dener may have become deserving of the most distinguished reward. But very few cases of this kind could come under the direct cognizance of the officers of the Society, or of any judges whom the Council could appoint, and it would be impossible to arrive at a 444 Report on the progress of the Horticultural Society, just conclusion as to their comparative merits. Hence it scarcely ever occurs that prizes can be given for skill of such a description, and the Society has therefore been generally under the necessity of confining them strictly to specimens exhibited either at their periodi- cal meetings in Regent Street or at the special exhibitions held at the garden. Attempts have indeed been made at various times to give en- couragement to provincial horticulturalists, whose distance from London prevented their exhibiting at the Society's shows, and this more especially by means of local horticultural Societies, to whom the award of the London Societys medals was entrusted; but so many inconveniences have been found to arise from this practice, that it has been in a great measure discontinued. When first the example of the Horticultural Society of London was followed by the establishment of local Societies on a similar plan, the latter were few in number, and from the manner in which they were supported it was thought by the then Council, that they might be safely entrusted with the award of prizes in cases which could not otherwise come to the London Society ; there- fore under regulations published in 1826, and inserted in the 7th vol. of the 1st series of the Transactions, a large silver medal was annually given to each Society in correspondence. In a few years however, the number of these associations increased considerably, with very different degrees of importance ; it was ascertained that some of them had awarded their medals in cases where there was no special merit, and it became as difficult to control their awards as it would have been to give the medals without their intervention. It was therefore determined by the new Council of 1830 not to admit any more Societies into correspondence until the result of other regulations issued relative to the awards should be ascertained ; and, after some years further trial, the attempt to afford any real encouragement to horticulture by this means was given up as hopeless. An entirely new plan was then adopted, from May 1, 1830, to April 30, 1840. 445 with a view merely to assist local horticultural Societies in obtain- ing seeds and grafts, as well as medals, without pecuniary gain or loss to the London Society. The new regulations as printed in the appendix to the Ist vol. of the 2nd series of the Transactions were circulated in 1834, and the following Societies have since then more or less availed them- selves of the terms therein proposed. The Bath Horticultural Society. The Cornwall Horticultural Society. The Devon and Exeter Horticultural Society. The North Devon Horticultural Society. The Newcastle Horticultural Society. The Wilts and General Horticultural Society. The Winchester Horticultural Society. With regard to the medals awarded for objects exhibited at the ordinary meetings in Regent Street, the practice was originally for the officers of the Society to take notes at the meetings relating to the more important exhibitions, and to report upon them once or twice in the year to the Council, who thereupon selected such cases as they thought deserving of medals. But this practice pro- duced some inconvenience, especiall in the long time which elapsed before the exhibitor could be informed that a prize had been awarded to him, and upon the whole it was not found that the expectations originally entertained from the measure were fulfilled. A special committee was therefore appointed in 1836, to consider the means of rendering the meetings in Regent Street more efficient, and a series of regulations for the award of medals on these occasions was proposed and ultimately adopted. Their effect has been to produce at all seasons of the year exhibitions evincing a continual increase of skill on the part of gardeners, and to secure during the spring a numerous attendance of visitors. The regulations now in force are as follows :— At the ordinary meetings of the Society in Regent Street it is VOL II. 2nd SERIES. 3M 446 Report on the progress of the Horticultural Society, the practice to award medals for specimens of horticultural pro- ductions, provided the latter possess sufficient merit to deserve such a distinction; no subjects being excluded, except those which may have gained medals at some of the garden exhibitions within a short time previously. It isto be observed that, except on special occasions, the object of the Council is not to excite at these meetings a spirit of rivalry among the exhibitors, by givmg medals to the best only of those whose specimens may be placed before the Society, but on the contrary to reward merit wherever it is sufficient to justify such a measure. The medals which the Society has the power of granting are, the Banksian, the Knightian, and the Large medal, they are given in silver, at the discretion of the judges, very much according to the following rules :— | The large medal, for remarkably handsome ornamental plants of recent introduction, which have never been exhibited previously. The Knightian, for specimens of eatable fruits, and of orna- mental stove or greenhouse plants, and The Banksian, for specimens of ornamental hardy plants, and for culinary vegetables. All persons, whether Fellows of the Society or not, may exhibit for these medals ; but no person can gain more than one medal of the same description at any one meeting. Exhibitors who may, in the course of time, acquire a right to many medals of the same description, are allowed the option of either receiving their medals immediately after they have been awarded, or of waiting until there is a sufficient number due to admit of their exchanging their silver medals for gold ones, or the latter for objects of a higher value, according to the scale adopted for the exhibitions at the garden. All objects intended for examination by the judges must be delivered two hours before the time of meeting, that is to say, by one o'clock in summer, and by twelve o'clock in winter. Ob- from May 1, 1830, to April 30, 1840. 447 jects sent in at a later hour may be exhibited, but the judges are not expected to take cognizance of them. The special exhibitions at the Society's garden have already been the subject of a report printed at the close of the 1st volume of the 2d series of the transactions, and containing the history of these exhibitions from their commencement to the close of the year 1834. Since that time they have been regulated upon the same plan, with such alterations only as experience shewed to be advisable, especially in the mode of making the award, and in the classification of subjects for which prizes are offered. Large additions have been made to the stock of tents, and other materials for the reception of the exhibitions, as well as for the accom- modation of visitors. The Council have observed with much satisfaction that the anticipations which they ent.rtained of the effect likely to be pro- duced upon the skill of gardeners by these great exhibitions have been fully realized. The beauty of the subjects exhibited has been gradually increasing, and in some classes of plants, particularly Pelar- goniums, Cape Heaths, and Orchidaceous plants, in a very remarkable degree; while the interest taken in them by the public is strongly attested by the very large number of visitors who annually resort to them. In the present year the regulations for the exhibition of fruits have been altered, and the value of the prizes considerably in- creased ; and it is confidently expected that this measure will have a beneficial result. The present regulations under which the exhibitions are con- ducted are as follows :— The exhibitions take place on three Saturdays in the months of May, June and July respectively. - All persons, whether Fellows of the Society or not, are at liberty to send subjects for exhibition. Where it is required, the Society defrays the fair and reasonable expenses actually incurred by private growers in conveying objects 448 Report on the progress of the Horticultural Society, to and from the garden, provided a detailed statement is signed by the exhibitor as a declaration of its correctness. Exhibitors are required to notify in writing, previous to the day of meeting, what they intend to supply, in order that due provision may be made for the proper distribution of the plants, &c, on the exhibition tables. The best places are secured for those who comply with this request. As the garden is opened at 1 r. m. for the admission of visitors, it is necessary that the judges should proceed to consider the respective merits of the exhibitions by 11 a.m., and as it is abso- lutely indispensable that the tables should be in order by that time, no subject for exhibition is admitted into the garden after half- past nine o'clock in the morning ; and if the owners of any locked- up boxes, or other cases already received, are not in the exhibition tent at the said hour, such cases or boxes are excluded from com- petition for medals. All specimens, whether of fruit or flowers, remain. untouched until after six o'clock, when they are delivered into the hands of the exhibitors, who are most particularly requested not to give away their cut flowers in the tents, as much confusion has occa- sionally been produced by that practice. | Exhibitors, or other persons required to assist in bringing in the objects for exhibition, are admitted before half-past nine in the morning. Every principal exhibitor is furnished with one pass-ticket, which is not transferable, for which he is to apply before eleven o'clock, at which hour the garden is cleared of all persons not officially detained there. Exhibitors may re-enter the garden after one o'clock, when they are required to deliver up their pass-tickets. Provision is made by the Society for placing on the tables such specimens as may be furnished by exhibitors; but as some flowers travel most securely when fixed permanently in boxes, and as many from May 1, 1830, to April 30, 1840. 449 persons prefer their own stands, any exhibitors are allowed to use their own boxes or stands, under the following conditions :— No box or stand may exceed eight inches in height at the back, or eighteen inches in depth from front to back. The lids of all boxes must either be loose or made to unhinge. No box with a fixed hid is, on any pretence, allowed to stand upon the tables. Ifa box not constructed of the dimensions above given is sent in, it may be placed on the tables, if there is room for it, but it is liable to exclusion. The Society distributes in gold or in silver three descriptions of medals; namely, the large, the Knightian and the Banksian. Persons gaining several medals of the same denomination at the three meetings, are allowed to exchange them in the following proportions : A silver Banksian medal is represented by the number 2 A silver Knightian : i à : 3 A large silver ; : t : à 5 A gold Banksian ; : i : 15 A gold Knightian ; i i : 20 A large gold . 40 If within one month after the third exhibition -3 in ade year no intimation is received from an exhibitor of the manner in which he desires his medals to be disposed of, all the medals due to him are prepared and transmitted to him through the usual pube con- veyances, without further notice. The subjects of exhibition are divided into two classes; for the first class nurserymen compete with nurserymen, and private in- dividuals with private individuals ; and separate prizes are awarded accordingly : for the second class no distinction is made between the nurserymen and private individuals. No articles not of horticultural produce are allowed to be placed upon the tables. 450 Report on the progress of the Horticultural Society, Exhibitors are recommended to make themselves acquainted with the arrangements described in the following list, as they are in all cases required to state under what letter their plants are to be exhibited ; and as in case any errors in the awards of the judges should occur, in consequence of mistakes on the part of exhibitors in entering the objects they may bring to the meetings, the society does not undertake to rectify such errors afterwards. When an exhibitor receives a first prize in any one letter, he is not entitled to receive any other medal in the same letter. The number of heads designated by these letters, and the prizes offered for each, generally vary in each year, those fixed on for the present year are as follows: Crass I.—Subjects for which Nurserymen and Private Persons exhibit independently of each other ; separate Medals being offered for the best exhibitions among Nurserymen, and for the best among Private Growers. A. Azaleas, greenhouse, in ae number not to exceed twelve B. Carnations, not exceeding thirty blooms C. itto ditto elon-sha aped, w whethe er in flower not. S No exhibitor to show the same plant at more than one meeting durin the season, veces the award tobe voi F. Peri e kinds, in uenti of 30 species G. Ditto, in collections of e spec H. Exotic Or chidacee, in collection of not Sewer than six species E Ditto of three species K. . Ditto single Leonhard of NEW and ME det: L. Ditto single xe M. Pelrgoninns i in cltesteone of 12 varieties . Rhododen ove, or Greenhouse Plants, in n coller- tions of e more than 60, nor less than Q. Stove, or Een Plants, i in collect- ions of six single ornamental specimens of epee SPECIES R. Herbaceou of iz Pot S. Shrubby aleeolarias, i in mallnctions ditto ditto First Prize First Prize Ditto | | Third Prize | x z Second Prize| Third Prize Second Prize Ditto Gold Gold Silver Silver Knightian. Banksian. Large Silver. Knightian. Banksian. - - | First Prize | Second Prize| Third Prize * - z E E t - First Prize | Second Prize. EE m » = x * i Ditto - x a = - z Ditto Ditto R = s = First Prize |Second Prize x - First Prize ia > Second Prize | Third Prize - i: - à First Prize Ditto i = S First Prize * z Ditto Ditto 5 x > š First Prize Ditto Ditto = é - - x * Firs i TH — "— Third Prize 2 E 5 ze | Ditto - | First Prize is Prize. Third Prize Fourth Prize " «xe "s First Prize = Prize| Third Prize = - First Prize | Second Prize Third Prize | Fourth Prize First Prize | Second Prize Third Prize Ditto u » a Q OQ from May 1, 1830, to April 30, 1840. 451 Crass II.— Subjects with regard to — all Persons are admitted to ssn — no distinction being made between Nurserymen and Private Per. — in collections = 12 pots - - - Tint Prize |Second Prize | Third Prize . Cacti, the tall kinds, in flow - =- Ditto Ditto 5 : Fruit, Lon aa het collect ctions óf: bon | consisting of at least three different kinds, Peaches and Nectarines being | considered as forming, only one kind n irst Pate SM Pre Third Prize - - - X. Grapes | First Prize | Second Prize | Third Prize Y. Pine Apples . - "D T - Ditto - * Z. dienen ba Nenin i in dishes of six | speci - | - mokre - First Prize | Second Prize Single Pinas: NOT IN FLOWER, if very | | e, and ornamental on account of | i their fine folia - x] X - | First Prize | Second Prize| Third Prize nely- des single specimens of | ornamental plants, whether old or | new, in flower - - | . Single specimens of n new ornamental | lants. The medals for these will be | dg: entirely at the discretion of the | | : «f£ Ditto Ditto Ditto a uages | Mibvcrilaneous subjects of Horticultural roduce, not comprehended under any of the foregoing heads : ` - - 4 - | First Prize | Second Prize The judges have the power of increasing or diminishing the number and value of medals offered by the Society for particular objects, and also of conferring medals in cases not contemplated in these regulations, if they think it desirable to do so. The only absolute directions which the judges receive from the Council are, firstly, to bear in mind that the Society's medals are offered, not only for new and curious objects, but for remarkable specimens of horticultural skill, the design of the Council in in- stituting these meetings, being not merely to encourage the col- lector, but more especially to reward the success of the skilful gardener; and secondly, not to make any award in cases where the objects exhibited do not appear worthy of a medal; otherwise a bad single exhibition may obtain a prize, merely because there is no better exhibition of the same class to oppose it. The garden is opened, on each exhibition day, to Fellows and to visitors, at one o'clock, under the following regulations :— All Fellows of the Society are admitted without tickets, from one till six o'clock, on signing their names in a book at the entrance. 452 Report on the progress of the Horticultural Society. Visitors can be admitted only by tickets, to be obtained through Fellows of the Society. Any number of tickets are delivered to Fellows, on their personal application or written order, at the price of five shillings each ticket. Each Fellow of the Society is also allowed to purchase a certain number of tickets, now fixed at twenty-four, at the reduced rate of three shillings and sixpence each, provided they be applied for on or before the first ordinary meeting of the Society in April, and actually taken out before the second ordinary meeting in April. Each ticket is available for the admission of one visitor after one o'clock, to either of the three exhibitions, at the option of the visitor. All applications for tickets must be made at the Society's office, 21, Regent Street. Any tickets issued at the garden on the days of exhibition are at the advanced price of ten shillings each. No tickets whatever are issued except on the personal application or written order of a Fellow of the Society. The number of medals annually awarded at these meetings has been as follows :— ORDINARY MEETINGS. $ Si S Large Silver.) Knightian. Banksian. Total. From May 1, 1830, to April 30, 1831) — 1 oe. 7 27 46a] * 1832) 1 be: d$ 14 & 1832 a is .. x s] 5 5 & 1833 s 18384 3 * l 4 5 1834 5 1835 x 1 l & 1835 - 1836 : 4 4 & 1836 2 1837| 5 44 35 84 g 1837 3 1838} 6 42 37 85 d 1838 f 1839 1 28 54 83 s : 1840 5 Bo) 75 Total 22 137 | 908 362 | from May 1, 1830, to April 30, 1840. SPECIAL EXHIBITIONS. 453 Medals awarded. Number Number of | o pose Exhibitions. Gold | Large Silver Silver — rg, | Visitors. Knightian. | Banksian. | Silver. | Knightian. | Banksian. g 1881 to 1834 1$ . 1-08 95 171 1885 May 60 5 11 10 26 1908 June 84 3 ré 20 3 | 5362 July 96 5 16 27 48, 5612 1836 May 132 2 12 21 35| 3480 June 136 2 13 24 6 45| 7764 July 113 3 12 24 8 47 1857 May 10 3 21 22 16 65| 750 June 136 2 19 24 28 75| 8785 July 141 1 I 13 26 30 71| 6463 1838 May 179 3 3 15 26 20 67, 2966 June 141 3 5 13 30 22 73 6405 July 179 3 2 18 31 30 84| 6546 1839 May 161 3 8 18 17 14 60, 3 June 122 3 9 21 25 15 79, 8789 July 172 9 8 18 93 32 | 83 5781 Totals 30 68 |989 | 293 | 373 1053) The total number of medals awarded since 1830 is as follows :— At the Special Exhibitio At the Ordinary eene. 'To Provincial poma d others Gold. Silver. Total. Total is 362 362 98 955 1053 63 63 98 1384 1478 The actual cost of these medals to the Society, including that of three new dies, amounts to the sum of £3319..12..0. VOL II. 2nd SERIES. SN 454 Report on the progress of the Horticultural Society, VIII—TuHeE INSTRUCTION OF YOUNG MEN IN THE ART OF GARDENING. SiNcE the first establishment of the garden the Council have been anxious to render it conducive to the improvement of the Educa- tion of young men intended for gardeners. Not that it was ever supposed that such an establishment as this necessarily is, would supply all the information and practical experience to be obtained in a private garden; for it was always sufficiently evident that many things are required in private families which are not wanted in a public establishment. But it was expected that young men, placed in the garden for two or three years at the end of their period of education, would become acquainted with the best methods of culti- vation, would acquire a good knowledge of the best varieties of ve- getables and fruits, would be witnesses to the success or failure of experiments, and would increase their acquaintance with the names of plants to a much greater degree than in a private garden; and that thus they would have valuable opportunities of improving themselves. It was further anticipated that the habits of self- control and discipline which might be expected to arise in any publie establishment under efficient superintendence, would give them habits of order and good conduct, and a knowledge of the world, which would be useful to them when entrusted with the management of others. But for a long time these anticipations on the part of the Council were but partially realized; chiefly owing to the very imperfect preliminary education of the young men recommended for employ- ment. Some were found totally unacquainted with the commonest from May 1, 1830, to April 30, 1840. 455 details of the gardener's art; others were illiterate in a lamentable degree; and notwithstanding the excellent example set by many who are now at the head of their profession*, upon the whole it must be admitted that several of the men received in the garden were little improved in consequence. It was then determined to secure by fresh regulations, the pos- session of a competent knowledge both of gardening and the simpler elements of education by those who became candidates for admission into the garden, and to require every one eventually to submit to an examination on some of the subjects incidentally connected with his profession; without passing which in a credit- able manner, it was decided that he should not be recommended by the Society to a situation. "These regulations, first introduced some years since, and gradually improved upon as suggested by experience, have been evidently beneficial in a high degree; they have had the effect of excluding persons whose previous habits rendered them unlikely to become respectable gardeners, and thus they have improved very materially the class of applicants for employment. Good examinations have been passed ; and, con- sidering the short time that the regulations have been in force, the number of men recommended to places, all of whom have con- ducted themselves to the satisfaction of their employers, is Consi- derable. * The Council would mention more particularly the names of Mr. Paxton of Chats- worth, Mr. Barron of Sheffield, Mr. Bailey of Nuneham, Mr. Booth of Carclew, Mr. Collinson of Eaton Hall, Mr. Craggs of Killerton, Mr. Alexander Campbell of the Botanic Garden Manchester, Mr. Dick of Dale Park, Arundel, Mr. Duncan of Basing Park, Mr. Jennings of Knowsley, Mr. Lumsden of Cambridge House near Twickenham, Mr. Ross of Penrhyn Castle, Mr. Traill of Cairo, Messrs. Thompson and Gordon at the Society’s Garden, Mr. Whiting of the Deepdene, and the two Messrs. Wilson, one of whom is Gardener to the Duke of Norfolk at Arundel, and the other to Lord Surrey at the Rookery near Dorking, 456 Report on the progress of the Horticultural Society, The regulations now in force with reference to this subject are as follows : The men permanently employed in the garden are exclusively received on the recommendation of Fellows of the Society. The only exception to this regulation is in favour of foreigners, of whom no more than two may be employed at the same time. The names and addresses of the candidates for admission are entered in a book, in the order in which their recommendations are received. Notice is then transmitted to the candidate of the points upon which he will have to give satisfactory evidence before he can be received into the garden, which ave as follow :— (1) That he has been employed for at least three years in some good garden. (2) That he can write and spell respectably. (3) That he is sufficiently acquainted with arithmetic to be able to keep accounts. (4) That he is able to measure land and make simple ground plans. In case of a permanent vacancy in any one of the departments, that vacancy is filled up by the first on the list of candidates for admission, who is received upon complying with the above regula- tions; but, in the case of a vacancy being temporary only, then it is filled up by an extra man, engaged by the under gardener, in whose department the vacancy occurs. The men are successively employed in the three several depart- ments, the transfer from one department to another taking place under the following regulations :— (1) There are two days in each year on which the men are transferred, and no transfers are allowed to take place on other days, such transfer days being February 1 and August 1. (2) On each transfer day a number of men, not fewer than Jrom May 1, 1830, to April 30, 1840. 451 one-half, and as near that number as may be, are removed from one department to some other. (3) On this occasion each under gardener selects for transfer the seniors in his department, with the privilege of retaining any one or two of them until the next transfer day, provided the men are willing to stay with him. (4) When all the vacancies and persons to be transferred are declared, the men to be transferred have the right of choosing for themselves to which vacancy they will be appointed, the choice being given to them in the order of their seniority. The term seniority is always understood as applying to the period of employment in each department, and not in thegar- den generally. But if more men apply for admission into a department than there are vacancies, in that case the transfer is arranged by consultation with the applicants (5) On each transfer day the under gardeners make out and sign returns, declaring what the conduct of each man trans- ferred has been during the time he was employed under them ; for which purpose printed forms are issued. (6) These returns, together with the general result of the transfer, are laid before the first Garden Committee which may meet after the transfer day. The returns are afterwards filed, and the substance of them is expressed in the certificates granted to the men under the regulations hereinafter given. Previously to being recommended to a place as gardener, every man must pass an examination in measuring land, making ground plans, geography, the elements of botany, and vegetable physiology. When any person employed in the garden is ready to undergo such examination, he gives notice in writing to the Vice Secretary, who appoints the time and manner in which the examination is to take place. No person is however allowed to proceed to examination until he has passed through every department in the garden; and no 458 Report on the progress of the Horticultural Society, examination is held in the months of December, January, February, March, or April, without the special permission of the Committee. The result of the examination is recorded in a book kept for the purpose; if it be satisfactory, a certificate to that effect is granted, and the person examined is entitled to be recommended to a place, provided his general conduct is approved of. The standard of qualification is placed very low by the Committee, in order to render the system of examination applicable to all capa- cities; but the examiner has directions to raise it in those cases in which men desire it, and the certificates are varied accordingly. Of course those persons are considered qualified for the highest places whose examinations are the most successful. The qualification of the person examined is stated in the body of the certificate, without any distinction in the form or class of such certificate, which also expresses the substance of the several under gardeners reports of the conduct of the man, whilst he was in their respective departments. The examinations are verbal and private, and the result of each examination is reported to the first Garden Committee which may meet after it has taken place. If a man does not pass his examination within three years after his admission into the garden, he is liable to be dismissed by the Garden Committee. GEORGE BENTHAM, Secretary. 21, Regent Street, May 1, 1840. [ 459 ] XLIV. On the Cultivation and Management of the Cactus tribe. By Mr. D. Beaton, Gardener to Tuomas Harris, Esq. F. H. 8S. Kingsbury. Read May 19, 1840. ‘Tux cultivation of the Cactus tribe was almost entirely neglected in this country, till within the last ten years ; if we except the gar- den, or tall Cacti, as they are now erroneously termed. The cele- brated collections of the late Mr. Haworru, and of Mr. HITCHIN of Norwich, are the only exceptions that I know of. It is true that a few species of Cacti have existed in the Chelsea and Kew botanic gardens, and in some other public and private gardens in this country since Mirrrnm's time ; but these could not be called collec- tions. Our continental neighbours, now so celebrated for their fine Cacti, appear to have, about as recently, become collectors as our- selves; for we find De Caxporrr as late as 1829, describing 162 species only, in his Revue de la famille des Cactées, more than one third of which were introduced into France in that year from Mexico, by Dr. Courter. Although we can boast of having only two collections at that time, both were more rich in the number of their species than any of the continental gardens, if we are to judge of the latter from De CANDOLLE’s enumeration. In 1833 the collection at Norwich passed into the hands of Mr. Mackikg, a distinguished nurseryman of that place, from whose establishment the germ of some of our best collections of Cacti may be said to have first originated. The late Duke or BEDFORD bought many Cacti from Mr. Macxıe in 1834, which was the com- mencement of the present unrivalled collection at Woburn. About the same time my employer Tuomas Harris, Esq. began to ad- mire and collect Cacti. His collection of these, and other fine plants, is now so well known, that I need not allude to it farther. 460 On the Cultivation and Management of the Cactus tribe. By Mr. Harris’s permission I now lay before the Horticultural Society a statement of my mode of managing Cacti, with a few facts and suggestions respecting them, which may be of some use, or interesting to those amateurs, who are now beginning to make collections of these beautiful and highly interesting, though gro- tesque plants. The Cacti are of all other plants the most easy to manage, and the most varied in their outward forms, and yet preserving the most striking family appearance. Some of them produce magnificent white flowers, others blossoms of the most brilliant colours ; and all of them are so singularly interesting, both in or out of flower, and they occupy so little room, that I have no hesitation in recom- mending their extensive cultivation. Many of them are very suit- able for growing as window plants, such as the Mammillariz, and all of them are admirably adapted for amateurs whose time will not allow them to attend to plants more peculiar in their habits. The first thing necessary for the successful cultivation of this, or indeed any extensive tribe of plants, is to have a clear knowledge of their geographical range in a state of nature: as this should de- termine the degree of heat suitable to their health in an artificial climate ; and the next consideration is, to know their physical his- tory in their natural localities, in order that we may be enabled to apply the powers of cultivation with certainty. It is not indeed necessary that we should strictly imitate their natural condition, but merely that we should know it, in order that our practice may be founded on nature and reason. The grand natural emporium for Cacti is Mexico, but vast num- bers of them are found in all latitudes of South America, from the north of Mexico to the southern plains of Chili. Some of the spe- cies have been met with beyond both these limits, and even in the old world; but they are not sufficiently numerous to affect the general truth of the above cursory view of their natural distribution. A few species inhabit the sea coast on both shores of the new con- By Mr. D. BEATON. 461 tinent; and these are more particularly met with from the mouth of the great La Plata to the Mexican gulph. Mackenzie the col- lector sent out by Mr. Harris and Mr. Lowe of Clapton, found Melocactus communis, M. amoenus, M. meonacanthus, Mammillaria glomerata, and some fine Cereuses and Opuntias, growing down to the waters edge in the hottest part of the globe ; which, according to HuwunBorpr, is from Cumana to La Guayra, and the Gulf of Ma- racaybo. Along the same coast he met with those species in abun- dance in open arid places ; and he tells us that the plants seem to enjoy the reflection of the sun's rays from a naked soil, in addition to the scorching heat of the atmosphere. From this region of ex- cessive and perpetual heat, up to the limits of perpetual snow, or nearly so, some species of Cactus or Opuntia are to be met with, at every degree of elevation. In the latitudes of the periodical rains, the Cacti are deluged for three, four, or five months at a time, while they are completely dry for the rest of the year. They may be said to enjoy a perpetual spring in some localities, such as, for ex- ample, in the valles of the “tierra templada” in Mexico, or in the higher vallies of New Grenada, and in the neighbourhood of Quito, and other places of similar temperature ; and I believe a few Ce- reuses are found in that part of the Peruvian coast where rain is unknown. We have some seedlings here, received from the Hon. and Rev. W. HERBERT, and raised from seeds gathered by Mr. PENTLAND on the Andes of Cusco 13° S. lat. at an elevation of nearly 15,000 feet, where the mean temperature is 46°, also from the Andes of Bolivia, altitude 14,600 feet ; and still farther south in lat. 19° we have from the same source Cacti from a mean tem- perature of 45°, From this hurried glance at the physical history of the Cacti, and comparing them with other genera of equal, or even a less geographical range, we might a priori be led to think it impossible to grow all these plants in one house with any degree of success; yet such is frequently the case. It is true that the Alpine Mam- VOL II. 2ND. SERIES. 3 0 462 On the Cultivation and Management of the Cactus tribe. millarie and Opuntiz do not succeed so well if kept in the same temperature as the great number of Cacti; these Alpines should receive the treatment of the heath-house all the year round. On the other hand the Melocacti, which inhabit the intratropical shores, require a higher temperature than the rest ofthe family ; the mean temperature of 55° is necessary for them, even in winter ; but if they are kept perfectly dry from October to March they will live in a much lower degree. These are the two extremes of habit among the Cacti growing in this country. The great mass of the species will do perfectly well in an intermediate temperature, say from 45° to 50° if they are kept near the glass. The only attention they require for three or four months in winter, under this tem- perature, is to receive plenty of air when the weather permits. If they are kept warmer than this in winter their growth is not quite suspended, and they will require to be occasionally watered. Newly imported Cacti, if received after the first of September should not be potted, or otherwise excited into growth until March. Many of the Mammillariz with short thick succulent roots, most of the Echinocacti, and all the Melocacti, are slow in making their new roots after their first arrival, these therefore, should be assisted with a gentle bottom heat to encourage them in forming their new roots. Indeed all the Cacti are much benefited by a little bottom heat on their first arrival, and even at all times when they are in a growing state, if we could so far indulge them. No plants seem to enjoy bottom heat more than the Cacti: even the species from the limits of perpetual snow like this indulgence, although the heat of a close house or frame would soon injure them, by exhaust- ing their vital energies. To recommend bottom heat for plants that will live out of doors with us for the greatest part of the year, is a novel feature in garden literature, and was first recommended about three years since, by the Hon. and Rev. W. HERBERT, in his work on the 4maryllidacee, p. 402. The good effects of this system we have proved here with other plants as well as with Cacti. By Mr. D. Beaton. 463 Mr. Harrts, wishing to ascertain how far Mr. HERBERT'S re- commendation of summer bottom heat was applicable to the cul- ture of such plants, ordered a glass-case, in which our Auri- culas are wintered, to be placed over a bed of hot dung. On the top of the dung we put a layer of rough stones and gravel, and three or four inches deep of light compost was placed over the whole. In this we planted upwards of a hundred Cacti of dif- ferent species. The case was well suited for the object Mr. Harris had in view; as it had moveable sashes at the sides and at both ends, with a span roof of glass, and by removing the side and end lights, the plants were as much exposed to the currents of the air, as if they had been planted out in the open border. The plants for this experiment were mostly newly imported ones, and for the first month after planting them the case was kept quite close, after that, the side and end lights were opened, and a constant draught of air was admitted day and night; the plants were syringed every evening in hot weather. After four months’ treatment in this way the result was completely successful. Some of the Mexican Mammillari:e had made roots ten inches long in that time; and contrary to their natural habits in some cases, their roots crept along close to the surface of the soil The roots of most Cacti penetrate far into the soil and insinuate themselves into the crevices of stones and rocks, in quest of moisture, but in this instance they kept near the surface where the moisture was sup- plied; a curious instance of the capability of plants to accom- modate themselves to particular circumstances, We have also grown Cacti in constant bottom heat for the last three years with uniform success, especially our seedlings, of which we possess many thousands. This has been effected by a simple contrivance which can be imitated in any house heated either with flues or pipes. It is this, —a shelf of thin Welch slate runs along the whole front of the Cactus house, one side of which rests between two courses of bricks in the front wall, the other on 464 On the Cultivation and Management of the Cactus tribe. a piece of deal quartering, which is supported by a row of wooden posts. The hot-water pipes run along under this shelf, and keep the slate constantly hot. An inch of rough cinders is placed on the shelf, and a row of inverted pots (small sixties) is placed along the front of the shelf on the cinders, at about five or six feet apart. About three inches of light compost is placed over the cinders with a sprinkling of sand on the top to preserve a neat appearance. A deal board is placed along the side of the bed to keep in the soil; and when the whole is planted and finished, the bottoms of the inverted pots are on a level with the surface of the bed. Water is occasionally poured down through these inverted pots to irrigate the soil, and to prevent the heat from drying it too much. The shelf being uniformly level, the water runs equally under the soil among the cinders; and in the midst of the growing season the whole bed is saturated by this simple means, in imitation of the natural condition of the plants during the rainy season. Besides the seedlings, we plant out the more tender species in this bed to get them established ; we also in this bed propagate some of the more delicate sorts from cuttings, and we often sow the seeds in it and leave them to their fate. ; By a proper system of bottom heat,* Cacti might be grown in frames in this country to great advantage; and if turned out of the pots, and planted in soil over a heated mass of brick-bats and stones, they would live in the frame during winter with safety, if a mat or two were thrown over the glass in severe frosty weather. By planting seedlings and young offsets in this manner within a few inches of the glass, and thinning them from time to time as they become crowded, we might soon equal, if not excel our con- tinental neighbours; who, though they also grow their Cacti in * The best, most simple, and most practical mode of supplying bottom heat by means of hot-water, is that detailed by J. Rocers, Esq., F. H.S., of Seven Oaks, Kent, in the Gardener's Magazine, Vol. XVI. p. 139. By Mr. D. BEATON. 465 frames in summer, are obliged to take them up in the autumn to preserve them from the severity of their winters, which must give their plants an unnatural periodical check. To those fond of green, healthy and symmetrical Cacti, seedlings and offsets are far pre- ferable to imported plants, as we seldom receive the latter without some of their bottom spines being dead, or yellow spots, or being thus discoloured in some measure by time or circumstances. This is more particularly the case with the Mammillariz and Melocacti, kinds which often grow among grass and low herbage that dis- figures them, and which it is the most desirable to have of a healthy appearance and fine shape. The soil in which Cacti grow in their natural state, is as various as the climates they inhabit. Some grow in stiff yellow clay mixed with rough gravel, and some in fine strong loams of different textures and colours: others are found in all the kinds of light soil, in peat, and among chalk and lime-stone, and others on the sterile lava of volcanic districts. I have tried many kinds of soils and composts for these plants with almost equal suc- cess, and I have some which have been growing in pure sand for the last eighteen months, and which look just as well as others of the same species which have been growing in a well prepared com- post. The stronger Cerei and Opuntiz like the same compost as the pine apple, and our common, or tall Cacti, are brought to their greatest perfection in the richest composts; yet for the general bulk of the family I lay no stress on the kind of compost which should be used for them ; any rich friable soil without vegetable, or animal manures, will suit them quite well. For the large speci- mens of Melocacti and Mammillariz, and those for which I am obliged to use disproportionately large pots, owing to their shape, I use half loam and the other half equal portions of sand and brick- dust, or broken pots pounded small; and for the smaller specimens I use the old proportions of loam, peat and sand with a portion of brick-dust. Large plants will not require shifting for many 466 On the Cultivation and Management of the Cactus tribe. years, and it is for this reason that I reject the proportion of peat for them, as being of a vegetable nature it is liable sooner than loam to get soddened by the falling of drops, or any imperfection in the drainage ; but this objection is of little consideration for the smaller plants, which may be shifted at all times with safety. For the very succulent and delicate species, I use one third loam, the rest equal portions of sand and pounded *crocks," with the pots half filled with drainage. The general health of a collection of Cacti depends more on a proper system of drainage than on the kind of compost used. Although we use rough pounded crocks in the soil for the use of the roots, and for keeping it in a free open state, we cannot use such very porous materials as crocks for drainage with impunity ; as the delicate fibres of the Cacti delight to insinuate themselves among the drainage, and if this drainage were of a soft porous nature, its dampness would soon destroy them in winter. In a general way rough coal cinders will do well for drainage; but for particular favourites, equal quantities of pounded oyster-shells and coal clinkers is by far the best drainage that can be used, keeping the finer parts towards the top, to prevent the soil from mixing with the drainage. A layer of moss placed on the drainage for the same purpose, as is done for other plants with advantage, would soon kill the finer sorts of Cacti, and must never be used for them. When I shift these plants I shake off all the old soil from their roots; which is easily done by letting the plant get quite dry before shifting, so that the soil may crumble away by its own weight ; hence the utility of the soil being of an open texture. I then place the roots carefully in the fresh pot and shake the soil gently in among them. The usual mode of watering fresh potted plants, I reverse in this case, and withhold water for several days after potting; in order to let any roots, which may have been broken, have time to dry up, otherwise if moisture were applied to fresh wounds, death might soon be the consequence. Before I adopted this system I lost many valuable plants by watering them By Mr. D. BEATON. 467 at this improper time, merely because it is customary to do so with other plants. If you let a young soft seedling Cactus get so dry that it begins to shrivel, and then cut off the point of the tap root and place it in a coloured liquid, it will soon imbibe the liquid; and if you afterwards cut it lengthways through the centre you will see the beautiful system by which it receives its nourishment, forcibly dis- played by the coloured veins or vessels in the fleshy pulp; some of these vessels are so small that you could hardly touch them with the point of a needle, yet if one of them should be broken or otherwise deranged, it might soon lead to the destruction of the whole plant. Many who admire the outward forms of these sin- gular plants, know little of the extreme delicacy of their internal structure, and handle them as if their veins were formed of iron. Even after a collector has been instructed not to twist or pull any of these plants out of the earth by mere force, for fear of injuring their internal structure, he will often, though he may dig up the plants with the greatest care, take hold of the long wiry roots to carry away the plants by them; and if the specimen should be at all heavy, its whole weight is thus suspended on a series of the most delicate vessels, which can scarcely escape being torn asunder, and if they are, the dissolution of the plant will inevitably follow, though it may appear to live for some time after. There is a direct communication from the roots up through the centre of all Cacti by means of a series of perpendicular woody fibres, which are soft in young plants and at all times in the very succulent kinds, but which generally in mature plants assume a firm woody character, and in many species of Cereus and Opuntia become quite ligneous, with a pulpy centre analogous to the pith of trees and shrubs. These woody fibres may be traced up to the last two years’ wood where they merge into the general succulency 468 On the Cultivation and Management of the Cactus tribe. of the plant. The moisture imbibed by the roots rises through these woody channels, and hence is distributed through the suc- culent mass, from the whole surface of the central axis, by means of the system of reticulated fibres or veins already alluded to. We can thus perceive how easy it is to injure these plants in taking them up, or in carrying them, or handling them roughly afterwards. In growing Cacti from seeds I fill the pots with cinders to within two inches of the top; and fill them up with very sandy peat, with a little clean sand on the top. The pots are then watered and the seeds sown on the wet sand; and as much dry sand is sprinkled over them as will just fill up the spaces between them. The whole is then pressed down gently, and the pots are put by in any warm place, where they are kept moist. The seeds will vegetate in ten or twelve days and must then be very gently watered for fear of displacing them till they make their little roots, and get firm hold of the soil, after which, they may be freely and regularly watered. I have transplanted these seedling Cacti at all ages, but after all the care I could bestow upon them, I lost so many of them by transplanting while yet very young that I would recommend amateurs to sow the seeds quite thin in the first in- stance, and not to transplant them till they begin to get crowded in the pots, ina year or two. They cannot be grown so fast in this, as in the other way, but it is the surest method to be adopted with scarce and delicate kinds. The seeds are produced I believe on all Cacti on the last year’s wood like the peach; and nothing is easier for a collector than to procure seeds of all the species of Cacti he meets with in their native wilds. It is not at all necessary that these like other seeds should be ripe at the time of gathering them; if they are merely going out of flower the tops of the plants may be cut off, and the succulency of the amputated part will provide sufficient nourish- By Mr. D. BEATON. 469 ment for ripening the seeds. Such pieces may be dried, and sent home loaded with immature seeds, which will ripen on the passage, or soon after being stimulated into growth in this country. Cutting off three or four feet from the top of the immense pil- lars of tree Cereuses in this way, whether in seed or not, is indeed the only way by which we can ever expect to flower them in this country. Hitherto we have been satisfied if we could procure seeds or pieces of young plants of these columnar Cacti; as although we can grow them to a large size, we have not sufficient sun to elabo- rate their juices sufficiently to bring them to a flowering state. Amputation of the top would be the best method to pursue with all the Cerei and Opuntiz, and the easiest for the collector ; let him fix on the oldest plant of each kind, cut it down and preserve the head, or top piece; and after drying the wound, let him send it home in saw dust, or any dry hard grass, but by no means in moss, which is of all others the worst to transmit plants in, as it im- bibes and retains moisture. Besides gaining thus all the true or natura! characteristics of the plants, we should have every chance of seeing their flowers soon after their arrival, and thus be in possession of a great acquisition to our collections, which we can never expect by our present mode of procuring young plants. After forming a collection of Cacti the next inquiry will be, can we improve their races by hybridizing as is done with other ge- nera? The Mammillariz being grown entirely for their forms and not for their flowers, and being so numerous already, little farther improvement need be wished among them; but if we could get that section of them which bears Echinocacti flowers, such as M. pycna- cantha, to cross with some of the true Echinocacti, we might expect new anomalous forms. Echino- and Melo-cacti will no doubt interbreed, but nothing desirable can be anticipated from their union. The tube, or Cereus flowering Echinocacti, will not cross with the true Cerei, at least I have failed in producing such a cross, but further trials should be made. I have repeatedly VOL. II. 2ND. SERIES. 3 P 470 On the Cultivation and Management of the Cactus tribe. effected abortive fecundation with these, by dusting the Cereuses and Epiphylla with the pollen of Echinocactus Ottonis ; but though the seed vessels would ripen seeds to all appearance quite perfect, the seed wanted the embryo. This is a common occurrence in extensive families. The Cerei, of which the Epiphylla are a subsec- tion, are the great laboratory for improving the fine flowering Cacti. Much has already been effected by crossing these plants, and much more remains yet to be accomplished among them in this way. To say nothing of mixing new species with the older ones for the sake of brilliant colours, we might easily get a new race of free flower- ing ones in the way of Cereus grandiflorus, by a judicious mix- ture of such species as Cereus nycticallis, C. triangularis and its near relative C. Napoleonis, with that splendid new Cereus which is sold in the London nurseries under the erroneous name of se- taceus, but which has no resemblance to the true setaceus of Prince Sarm Dyck, farther than being, like it, three angled. This noble Cereus is not described by Dr. PFEIFFER, and I think it has been only introduced to some collection in this country and not yet de- scribed ; however, it is the finest of the genus, and by it a new race of splendid Cacti may be obtained ; its flowers are as large as those of C. grandiflorus, and of a brilliant yellow colour, of the African marygold tint. This Cereus, and C. nycticallis which is the freest and perhaps the largest flowering sort we have, ought to be in every collection. This yellow flowering cereus could effect wonders with the C. speciosissimus and its seedlings, and produce a new race having all the brilliancy and tints of the Azalea. [ 471-] XLV. Upon the advantages of Root Pruning in Pear Trees. By Mr. Tuomas Rivers, Jun., Nurseryman, Sawbridgeworth. Read April 7, 1840. Ix is now about ten years since, in consequence of being much inconvenienced by the confusion in the names of new pears, I felt myself called upon to plant specimen trees of all the varieties I then possessed. But fearing that much ground would be wasted in the experiment, I kept my mind on the alert to arrest super- abundant growth and induce early fruitfulness ; this I then thought could be best done by planting the trees in smail square brick pits, leaving holes at the bottom for drainage. Plunging trees in large pots also occurred to me; but as I soon found these. methods too expensive, I took advantage of a piece of shallow loamy soil rest- ing on a substratum of very hard white clay, to carry out my ideas, for I calculated that the roots of the trees would not penetrate the clay, and that the soil on the surface might be made rich enough to support the trees without vigorous and unruly growth. How- ever I soon found that the roots of trees are not so easily kept within bounds, and that those of my Pear Trees, in search of nutriment, not being able to enter the hard clay, were wandering far and wide, the branches also keeping pace with the roots, and growing much too rapidly for my calculations as to the space each tree ought to have occupied. I had previously remarked for many years that Apple Trees growing in a firm loamy soil in this nursery, if removed one or two years consecutively, which in nursery culture often occurs, acquired a stunted and prolific habit, making abun- dance of bloom buds and bearing profusely. On examining these 472 On the advantages of Root Pruning in Pear Trees. trees I found they had no large feeding roots but only a mass of fibres. I also found that if such trees were by accident planted near, or in, rich soil, comparatively large feeding roots were formed ; they commenced growing with vigour, and their fruit-bearing pro- pensities were proportionately diminished, their tufty fibrous roots gradually disappearing. I mention this without endeavouring to . draw any conclusions from it, as it is intended simply to state the progress of my ideas. It then occurred to me that if I could keep the roots of my Pear Trees in the same state by frequent removals, I should make them acquire the stunted and prolific habit I had so long observed in Apples.* In attempting to remove my Pear Trees, a second thought oc- curred, that it would be less trouble to dig a trench round them and cut all their roots at a certain distance from the stem, and this completely fulfilled my anticipations. I have pruned radically for five seasons, and with the most satisfactory result. Shoots of the Autumn Bon Chretien of last season's growth were only three to four inches long, the root having been pruned December 1838. A tree in this state should have one or even two years’ rest, that is its roots should not be again pruned till it makes shoots six to eight inches long in one season. The Passe Madeleine (fig. A.) whose roots were pruned in De- cember 1838 has made no shoots, but is covered with blossom buds. In the Vallée franche (fig. B.) the maximum of last year’s shoots was four inches ; this tree was arrested by root pruning in Decem- ber 1838, and is now covered with blossom buds. * I think I may say that I knew a small and neglected quarter of Apple Trees, in my younger days, that were six or eight years stationary as regards growth, but perfectly healthy and bearing every year profusely, the soil a stiff loam. By Mr. Tuomas Rivers, Jun. 473 The Autumn Bergamot is well known to have supported the Herefordshire distich, * He who plants pears, Plants for his heirs.” With root pruning it seems inclined to be as prolific as the new 414 On the advantages of Root Pruning in Pear Trees. varieties. I may here mention that a Gansel’s Bergamot being pruned rather too harshly in December 1838, bloomed most pro- fusely last spring and died in the summer. In the Winter Nelis (fig. C.) the last season’s growth was three inches ; the tree is now covered with blossom buds. In all these cases the shoots are in a state of perfection as regards prospective fruitfulness. It now only remains for me to give some hints and directions as to the mode of operation. The best description of trees for what I may perhaps be allowed to call Garden Orchards, are half stand- ards with round well formed heads, the same trained en quenouille, and dwarfs in the usual bush fashion. For immediate effect these should be prepared by annual root pruning for one, two, or three years in the nursery, but if not so prepared, trees of the usual size and quality may be planted and suffered to remain two years undis- turbed, unless the soil is rich and they make vigorous shoots the first season after planting (operations may then commence the first season); thus, supposing a tree to be planted in November or De- cember, it may remain untouched two years from that period, and then, early in November, if possible, a circumferential trench ten inches from the stem of the tree and eighteen inches deep should be dug, and every root cut with a sharp spade, which should be introduced quite under the stem at about fifteen inches in depth, so as completely to intercept every perpendicular root. The treddle spade used in this part of Hertfordshire is a very eligible implement for this purpose, as the edge is steeled and very sharp. The following year, the third from planting, a trench may again be opened at fourteen inches from the stem so as not to injure the fibrous roots of the preceding summer's growth, and the spade again used to cut all the circumferential and perpendicular roots that are getting out of bounds, the fourth year the same operation may be repeated at eighteen inches from the stem and in all sub- sequent root pruning this distance from the stem must be kept ; ~ By Mr. Tuomas Rivers, Jun. — 475 this will leave enough undisturbed earth round each tree to sustain as much fruit as ought to grow, for the object is to obtain a small, prolific tree. I assume that in the course of years a perfect ball of fibrous roots will be formed, which will only require the occasional operation of a trench being dug and this ball of earth pared down to ascertain whether any large feeders are making their escape from it. But it must be borne in mind that this circular mass of soil will in a few years be exhausted, to remedy which, I have had left round each tree a slight depression in the soil, or in other words, the trench has not been quite filled in, this circular furrow I have filled with fresh night soil, and this has had a most excellent effect; any other liquid manure would undoubtedly be equally efficacious, but my soil was poor and I thought it required strong manure. As it did not come in contact with the roots no injury resulted from using such a powerful raw manure; there is perhaps no absolute necessity for liquid manuring, as common dung may be laid round each tree in the Autumn, and suffered to be washed in by the rains of winter and drawn in by the worms. In mentioning liquid manure I give the result of my own practice; the great end to attain seems, to use an agricultural phrase, to be able “to feed at home," that is to give the mass of spongioles enough nutri- ment in a small space, but not too much, so that a tree will make shoots about four inches long in one season, (for such I conceive ought to be the maximum of growth) and at the same time be able to produce abundance of blossom buds and fruit* ; on trees of many varieties of pears the former will be in too great abundance. I think removing a portion in early spring would be an improvement * In describing the Autumn Bon Chretien I referred to the necessity of an occasional cessation from root pruning. I may here repeat that while a tree makes but four inches of annual growth or less, its roots may remain untouched, as it then is or ought to be in a prolific state; but if it shows too much vigour, by making shoots in one summer six or eight inches in length, the following November its roots must be regularly operated upon. 476 On the advantages of Root Pruning in Pear Trees. in pear culture. Ihave not mentioned the necessity of pruning the branches of pear trees thus brought into early fruitfulness ; all that is necessary is the occasional removal of a crowded branch, the fact being that root pruning almost does away with the necessity of branch pruning. Sometimes however a root will escape the spade, and then in the following summer a vigorous shoot or two will make their ap- pearance; these should be shortened in August to within four buds of their base, and the following Autumn the feeding root must be diligently searched for. I send a specimen (fig. D.) of shoots of this kind, the result of a root being left unpruned. To prune roots with a spade may be thought a rough and un- gardenlike operation, but to use a knife would be tedious. In defence of spade pruning I can only say that it seems to answer perfectly with my trees, and experience is generally a tolerable guide. I have also practised root pruning on apple trees for two years, and have reason to hope for perfect success. Some trees have been arrested in a most extraordinary state of vigorous growth, making shoots from four to five feet in one season, they having been planted about five years. From plums and cherries I have reason to hope for the same results. I have not mentioned the possibility of root pruning fruit trees of twenty or thirty years growth with advantage. Irregular ampu- tation of the roots of fruit trees, too vigorous, is I am aware, an old practice, but the regular and annual or biennial pruning of them, so as to keep a tree full of youth and vigour in a stationary and pro- lific state, has not that 1 am aware of been recommended by any known author, although it may have been practised. In urging its applicability to trees of twenty or thirty years growth, I must recommend caution; the cireular trench should not be nearer the stem than three feet, and only two thirds of the roots should be removed the first season, leaving one third as supports to the tree, so that it is not blown on one side by the wind ; and these By Mr. Tuomas Rivers, Jun. 471 of course must be left where they will best give this support. But if, as is often the case in pears, the roots are nearly all perpendicular, the tree must be supported with stakes. The second year half these remaining roots may be cut, or if the tree is inclined to be vigorous, all of them, but if it gives symp- toms of being checked in its growth too much they may on the contrary all remain undisturbed for one or even two seasons. I may perhaps be allowed to conclude this too long paper by stating that as the end of all gardening operations ought to be to give much in little space, root pruning of trees carried on systemati- cally and regularly, seems to approach that desirable object, and I cannot help flattering myself that, by its means, complete collections of pears and other fruits may be grown advantageously, in compa- ratively small gardens. VOL. II. 2ND. SERIES. 3Q [ 478 ] XLVI. A note on Chorozema varium ; a new Greenhouse Shrub from Swan River, with a plate. By Professor LINDLEY. Å moxa the multitude of papilionaceous shrubs inhabiting New Holland there is so great a uniformity of appearance that a very few species only are favourites in cultivation. That which is now represented is however a striking exception to the general rule, for the colours of its flowers are lively and varied, its foliage is of a deep rich green tint, and it forms a compact bush, which has no disposition to become naked, or drawn up, if managed with ordinary skill. It is a native of the Swan River Colony, was raised in the So- ciety’s Garden in 1837, from seeds presented by Mr. Smarr, under the name of a native pea, and in the following year produced a single flower about the end of the summer. Since that period the seed- lings have become vigorous and have blossomed most abundantly, both in the Society's Garden and elsewhere. There appear to be several varieties already, and it is not impro- bable that this plant may have such a tendency to departure from its wild form as to lend itself freely to the arts of amelioration, in regard to the size and colour of the flowers, as well as that of the foliage. On the accompanying plate two such varieties are re- presented ; of which that on the right has the leaves constantly destitute of the spiny wavy margin present upon the majority of individuals that have been raised, and that on the left has larger and brighter flowers than usual. It has not however been thought necessary to give them separate names. It grows well in pots or in the border of the conservatory, strikes freely from cuttings, and is readily preserved during winter if pro- tected from damp, which proves fatal to so many New Holland HORT TRANS. Vol IL PI. XUL, SECOND SERIES. of HC SLR LMF VME A note on Chorozema varium. 479 Plants. It produces a long succession of flowers in the early months of spring. The accompanying figure has been made by Miss DRAKE from specimens in the Society's Garden. E 4 i Í f i i i iE HORT. TRANS. Vol H. P7. £3. SECOND SERIES. "AOZIULOMD T s2mnebqgq “LIVIUMOUWAIY YL, S uM DE Epp) UD n ` s| s[ SÍ s als s| s] 9] = SEEEEEEEEHBEBEBEEERBE H s : HON 3 J|. | E "jest d - À | | | i H 2558286 .....,._— ij S - lJ 5 FA [| MH HHH HG HH SH = PT 1 E: ee ee SS = Se p HAN | N id : | 4 a 2 A S y T Bi & FITTEPPETDTETUTFEEFHISEBEERÍSSES it i : {| & N 7 E 3 > & 1 EBEBNIITT——————————Á—Ó——ÀÀÀ : E s : N S > S if S ES "N 4 | ail / E " ES il / i 3 i 4 NI : Li R i ; y, N D N LT M LLL X R 1 | FTTTTTTTTTTERAHHRAAHHHHHHH S E KL HE Poh ] S ` S N \ : 3 E R uw FH R A S $ N N S " at] EY] S | 1 3 3 NS 3 3 EU $ ni: l N li Ms N * S " 3 NT TTL NAT ^ S 7 SM Era N M HTTTT - N. l : x N | S 1 eee , HT] j E I | — u ER : | qii n $ d S ELLE Dog r1 EDER 3-434 N š l HH LL 3 H | : d i FI ELLLLLLLITTI HEBEEEEEEEEEBE SEER : E oW y s CC Teo | 439i o4pgy snm uapauueowdsngg S.2VIYURLYD J | wp) um ———— ''"'"'ÉÁ Ó————— XLVII. Journal of Meteorological Observations made in the Garden of the Horticultural Society at Chiswick during the year 1839. By Mr. RosznT Tuompson. This Journal has been kept on the same plan as the preceding. VOL. 1I. 2ND SERIES. SR [ 482 ] JANUARY. Morning. Noon. Night. 1839. d Barom. Hygrometer. Weather, Barom. Hygrometer. Weather. Barom. Hygrometer. Weather. T.| 1/|30.391| 39 39 | — |Overcast 30.288| 44 44 | — |Slight Rain 30.081] 48 48 | — |Overcast W.| 2| —.074| 43| 41 | 2 |Fine —.07 411 H8 ou —.102| 44 | 44 | — |Ditto & Fine TIMES 29.958| 44 42 2 |Ditto 29.898 47 47 | — Ditto 29.672 46 46 — itto F.| 4| — 41 | 41 | — [Rain —.548| 45 | 45 | — |Clearing —.773| 32 | 32 | — |Very Clear $.| 5|—798| 34 | 34 | — |Clear —.641| 43 | 43 | — |Very Fine —.795| 33 | 33 | — |Ditto S.| 6,—735| 34 | 34 | — |Overcast —.661| 36 | 36 | — [Slee —.147| 47 | 47 — |Rain s M.| 7| —o 42 | 42 | — |Boisterous —.102| 45 | 43 | 2 |Boisterous —.343| 38 | 38 | — |Boisterous T.| 8|—.592| 32 32 | — |Clear —.588, 36 36 | — |Snowing —.526| 36 36 | — Clear W.| 9|—-735| 32 | 32 | — [Frosty —.868| 35 | 25 | 10 |Clear 30.210| 24 | 24 | — |Sharp frost Th. |10| 30.304} 27 27 | 30.261| 40 40 | — Ditto & Fine —.250| 40 | 40 | — |Ove F.|11| —181| 41 | 41 | — [Overcast —.138| 44| 44 | — |Rain 130| 50 | 5o itto S. |12| —.217| 45 | 45 | — oudy —.232| 48 | 45 | 3 |Very Fine —.202| 39 | 39 | — Ditto S. |13| —.049| 50 50 | — Ditto& Windy —.00 $0 50 | — Slight Showers 29.994, 48 48 | — |Clear M. |14| 29.970) 43 | 43 | — [Fi 29.888| 46 | 46 | — Rain —.281| 39 | 39 | — Cloudy @ T.15,—850| 35 | 33 | 2 |Very Clear —.831| 45 | 45 | — |Clear 30.033| 36 | 36 | — Clear W.|16|—.969| 33 | 33 | — [slight snowshower —.951| 38 32 | 6 |Fine but Cold, — 024| 30 | 30 | — {Frosty Th. |17| 30.046) 27 | 27 | — Sharp Frost |30.045 35 | 29 | 6 |Ditto —.170| 30 | 3o| — Ditto F. |18| —.z04| 24| 24 | — [Ditto —.189| 35 | 29 |6 |Ditto & Clear |—.o74) 35 35 | — |Overcast S. |19| 29.639| 43 | 43 | — [Cloudy & Windy 29.392| 48 | 48 | — |Stormy & Wet 29.949| 32 | 32 | — Clear S. |20 30.038 36 34 2 |Fi 30.018 50 50 | — Rain —.29| 39 39 | — Rain M. |z1| 29.696, 48| 48 | — 29.677| 50| 50 | — |Drizzly —.877| 39 | 39 | — (Ditto € T.|22|30.112 32| 32 | — Very Clear [30.187 38 35 | 3 |Clearand Cold 30.445| 32 30 | 2 Clear W.|23| —551!| 35 | 32 3 Overcast —.520| 40} 38 | 2 fine = 494| 36 36 | — (Overcast Th. |24| —.573| 32| 32 | — Laz /|—494| 43 | 41 | 2 |Ditto —.308| 40 | 4o | — |Fine F.|2;5|—.108| 43 | 43 | — Fine —.033| 45 | 3916 Ditto 29.989| 41 | 41 | — Ditto S.|26,—.178. 34| 34 | — Ditto —217| 37 | 35 | 2 {Cloudy 30.388, 32 | 32 | — (Slight Snow $.127| —374| 32 | 27] 5 Cloudy —.343| 34| 291 § itto —.246| 32 | 32 | — (Overcast M. |28| — 4| 30 30 | — Frosty —.048; 36 239 | 4 Ditto & Cold 29.682) 31 31 | — [Slight Snow O T.1|29|29.591| 31! 30 1 Clear 338| 37 37 | — Fine —.155| 32 | 32 | — |Snowing W.|30| —284| 20| 14] 6 Ditto & Sharp Frost! —.21 32 | 21 | r1 (Slightly Overcast || —.039| 30 | 30 | — |stormywith Snow Th.|31| —224| 32 32 | — Snowi —.141| 32 32 | — |Snowing —.729| 30 30 | — Snowing 29.938 35.93 |35-19 |0.74 29.898 | 41.19) 38.74 2.45 29.914! 36.80 36.74. 0.06 [ 483 ] JANUARY. Temperature. | Wind. Rain. | Remarks. Days. Max. | Min. Sun. | Rad. | Direction, | Force In. Pts. A. 43 50 50 Ww Brisk mean pressure, temperature, and amount of rain in 2| 49 42 52 38 ioc ] TN this month differed but little from the average. "There was a 3| 49 40 52 39 SW | Ditto .o4 | Slight frost on the morning of the 6th, sleet and snow in the 4| 47 31 52 25 M Ditto .o1 | course of the day ; the wind shifting from SE. to S., SW. and W tlc 32 52 26 SW Little in the evening, increased to a most violent hurricane about 10 6 53 32 53 31 |SESWW) Hurricane 33 | P. M.j it raged with great fury during the night, occasioning 2| 47 32 53 29 Ww trong .]o | considerable damage ; it however effected much greater devas- 8 35 31 53 26 d | Dito tation in part of Ireland, and in the west and north of Englan and 9| 36 21 45 14 NW Little where thousands of forest vid — torn up, some of which had 10 | 44 31 53 30 S Ditto withstood the storms of centu 'The wind continued to blow II 50 42 50 41 SW Brisk .o6 | strongly from W. during de - wb followin ng days. The tgth 12 51 39 59 34 Ww Little was stormy and wet, and the 30th was tempestuous, with snow. 13 | 52 41 59 35 —- | Brisk .o1 | Mean Pressure from the 3 daily observations — 29.916 inches 14 | 46 34 46 29 ——- | Little .09 | —— Tem ned Deque D OKAY 379.97 I5 | 44 51 51 26 NW | Strong Dew Point |... se DII V. usa 36°.89 16 | 41 26 52 20 — risk De. at Dryness’... Ditto .....,;- C08 17 38 23 53 15 — | Ditto — Degree of te i ARR Ced .962 18 | 44 27 50 22 —— | Little Force of Vapou : S A .253 inch. 19 | 50 29 50 25 SW | Strong .13 | Least observed degree “of “Moisture ...... 676 SO | 1 39 51 35 — | Little -16 | Maximum Temperature in the Shade EP" 21 | o 32 50 28 W Ditto .34 | Minimum Temperature in ditto ........ —17?. 22 37 33 48 28 N Brisk Maximum Temperature in the Son pest ^ ROS. 23 | 42 30 55 24 NW | Little Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation ......—11°% 24 | 48 37 58 32 —— itto ean Temperature of external Air ...... 379.85 25 32 2 27 c | SiOn 66 1| oar kir doak Dae "Hee 27 | 35 26 38 18 sas 4d DEMO North ...... : = N. E ees es . 3 days. 28 36 29 4I 22 KERI Little South $4 V st 8. BS8St..... 29 | 39 17 45 II NW | Strong Esst........ á ev] N. West «obi e to 30| 34 27 38 24 à Little West...... IO . S. West. jses: UNE 29. 45 I5 Ww Ditto 31. days. | | | Amount of Rain... .. ies eo draws ue d 8 D M 44.06 | 31.64| 49.90 27.26 1.27 | [ 484 ] FEBRUARY. Morning. Noon. Night. 1839. È Barom, Hygrometer, Weather, Barom. Hygrometer. | Weather. Barom. Hygrometer, Weather. F.| 1130.074) 28|. 25] 3 [Overcast 310.002] -34| 30] 3 Em 30.121| 31 | 31 | — |Frosty S.| 2. —.101| 25 | 21 | 4 |Sharp Frost |—.113| 35 | 29 | 6 (Clear —.130| 32 | 32 — (Overcast S.| 3129.910) 36 | 36 | — |Thawin 29.894| 40 | 40 | — |Thawing 29.875|. 31 |. 31 | — M.| 4\—-853| 35 | 35 | — |Fine —.85 45 | 45 | — Cloudy -866) 48 | 48 | — Overcast T.| 5|30.104' 36 | 36 | — |Ditto 30.163| 46 | 46 | — Hazy —.974| 42 | 42 | — Heavy Rain € W.| 6—.119) 41 | 41 | — |Hazy —.191| 45 | 45 | — Foggy a EMI ee Th.| 7,—298| 48 | 48 | — |Drizzly —.303| 52 | 52 | — |Drizzly -336| 49 | 49 | — |Over F.| 8.—.373| 48 | 48 | — |Hazy —.354| 52| 52 | — Hazy —.304 51 | §1 | — cial k $.| 9.—.336. 51 | 51 | — |Overcast —.327| 53 | 53 | — Overcast —.351|. $0 | 50| — |Drizzly S.10.—.280 40 | 40 | — |Fine —.486| 48 | 48 | — |Very Fine —.559| 34 | 34 | — |Clear M.|11,—.485 34 | 34 | — |Dense fog —.432, 46 | 46 | — (Hazy & damp||—.371| 42 | 42 | — |Ditto T.|12,— 32 43 | 1 |Fine —.292, 47 | 46 | 1 |Overcast —.261| 46 | 46 | — |Rai W. 13 —.585. 33| 33 | — |Clear -§04| 46| 46 | — |Fi .315| 38 | 38 | — |Slightly Overcast © Th.1429.934 48 | 48 | — |Boisterous 29.940| 52 | 46 | 6 |Boisterous —.o8 6| 36 | — iClear F.|15/30.13109 32: |- 32 | — |Clear -099| 47| 41| 6|Fi 9.873| 46 | 46 | — Overcast S. 16 29.533 41| 41 | — |Stormy & wet|29.554| 45 | 32 | 13 Ditto —.$37| 32 | 30] 2. (Clear S. t7 = us 32 | 32 | — |Cle —.467| 44| 36| 8 Ditto —.473|. 32 32 | — |Snowing M. 18 —.474 33 33 | — € —.533| 36 | 36 | — Sleet —.686/ 30 | 30 — |Clear T 19 —.639 25 | 25 | — Sharp —.553| 39| 36| 3 |Fine 452|- 38 | 37|1 (Overcast D) W. 20 —.394 37| 36/1 bn * “cold —.420| 38 | 37 | 1 |Bleak & Cold |—.9 36 | 36 | — |Windy Th.|21\30.222 34| 26,8 |Ditt 30.274] 39 | 26 | 13 aze 30.214, 34 | 34 | — Densely Overcast F.\22\29.875 41 | 41 | — Hiiy 29.873| 49 | 49 | — (Cloudy 29.728; 49 | 49 | — | ain S EST mar Rain .656| 51 | 45 | 6 |Very Fine -822| 36 | 36 | — Clear S.\24,—.82g 38 | 38 | — |Very Clear |—.796| 45 | 37| 8 |Ditto —.657| 36.| 36 | — Fine M.|25|—.682 36 36 | — |Ditto -716| 44 | 44 | — |Showery —.961| 36 36 | — Ditto aad 32 | 31 | i |Do.& Frosty |30.052| 42 | 30 | 12 |Fine —.966| 36 | 36 | — Ditto Ww. 27 29.901 37 | 37 | — |Fine .863| 46 | 46 | — |Showery 30.000| 36 | 35 |1 ‘Ditto a 28130.175 35 | 34| i iClear 30.196} 47 | 38 | 9 |Very Fine —.159| 40 | 40 | — Ditto | ! | | 29.990 | 37.46 36.78) 0.68 29.998 | 44.71| 41-40 3.31 30.009 E 7 | | [ 485 ] FEBRUARY. | Temperature. | Wind. Rain. Remarks. Days. Max. | Min Sun. Rad. | Direction. Force. In. Pts, $ The mean temperature was about the average. The quan- 2 ^ 29 JH + NW ces tity of rain was nearly 4 more than usual, yet p Barometer, 2:1 R 29 48 25 SW | Ditto 42 stood above the mean ; it is also remarkable that between the 41. 49 33 5o 29 S Brisk dd 7th and 13th the Barometer stood very high, notwithstanding 5 | 46 36 51 24 nuu T 1E 39 the prevalence of SW. winds at the time, the almost invariable 6| so 4i 51 42 SE Ditto tendency of these being to lower the state of the mercury very 7| $3 48 55 47 SW | Ditto ‘oy | much. The 14th was very boisterous, as were also the nights of 8 $3 49 53 47 "uu, ge the 15th and zoth. 9| 53 30 1.14 ] SEL oem itto .o6 Ot 4 28 71 23 M s E from the 3 daily observations 29.999 inches. Ir | 49 41 49 39 itto —— türe qii vcves Di 09. 36 12 | 48 31 56 26 —— | Ditto 04 Dew Point cscs wavs Ditto ssr.. popa: 11 pi 38 61 34 W Ditto Degree of Dryness .... Ditto ...... 1*.49 14 | 53 31 6o 26 —— | Strong Degree of Moisture .. Ditto ...... 957 Er c 40 61 38 —— | Brisk 2r orce. of Vapour i.v. Ditto os... .272 inch 16 | 47 32 60 26 — | Ditto Least observed degree of Moisture ...... ‘ 17 | 46 26 55 19 — | Ditto Maximum Temperature in the Shade $4". 18 | 38 23 40 15 — | Little 30 | Minimum Temperature in ditto ........ 20° 19 | 40 30 59 29 SE Ditto Maximum Temperature in the Sun ...... 719. 20| 39 34 48 31 NE Strong -14 | Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation ...... 14°. Si i 442 32 $1 26 —— risk .20 | Mea mperature of External Air ...... 40°.40 oe f. Rd 41 51 39 W Ditto 24. 23 | $3 31 65 25 NW | Little 03 Winns. 24 | 51 34 62 28 W Ditto 04 North ...... wday. | N. East...... 3 days 2 | și 29 60 22 NW | Brisk .06 South .. scce "uv LB. Rast... a un 26 43 26 61 19 W Little Dl QE «WOO N. West. jeen g vv 27 | 51 31 61 WEIL —— FIMHO Weit... ws rus [S West... 8 38] I9 | 40 |. 4 | | —— | ND : Y oa 28 days. Amount of RAN: cosi.. 2 eve ee. 2.19 inches. | | 47:14| 33:67 | 55.67 | 23.89. | 2.19 [ 486 ] MARCH. Morning. Noon. Night. 1839 $ Barom Hygrometer. Weather. Barom Hygrometer. Weather. Barom. Hygrometer. Weather, F.| 1| 30.04 6 o | 6 [Overcast 29. 2 |Cloudy 29.892) 41 | 4t | — |Fine S.| 2 29.886 46 46 — |Fine EZ, T p 14 |Very Fi Josti ü 40 | 1 |Ditto S.| 3| 30.076) 42 | 42 | — |Foggy 30.088 srt |- 47 | 4 (Slight Haze O71; 41 | 41 | — Ditt M.| 4|—.063| 38 | 38 | — [Cold haze —-057, 43 | 35 | 8 |Fine but Cold) —.118| 36 | 33 | 3 |Cold Haze T.| 5|—.126] 34| 29| 5 [Ditto —.123 34| 29 | 5 |Bleak & Cold| —058| 34| 29 | § |Ditto W.| 6)29.894) 31 | 25 | 6 (Frost $35..34 |. 26 |- 9 itto 29.7200 25 | 25 | — Sharp Frost Th.| 7/|—.596| 27 | 24|3 |Sharp Frost I 543, 32 | 32 | — |Snowing —*624| 30| 30 | — Stormy € F.| 8,—.769| 30 | 26] 4 |Cloudy & Cold! ga 34 | 29 | 5 |Cleudy&Cold| —.981| 25 | 25 | — [Sharp Frost S.| 9| —.987| 26 | 26 | — |Frosty 30.004, 38 | 23 | 15 Fine 30.139| 24 | 23 | F tto S. |10) 30.196| 27 | 25 | 2. |Cloudy & Do.|| 226 40| 32] 8 |Cloudy —.238| 32| 32 | — (Overcast M.|i1|—.216/ 33 | 32 |1 |Clear .195| 45 | 30 | 15 |Dry Haze —163;° 32 |* 32 | == Ditto T.|\12z\--.114| 33 | 32 | 1 |FrostyHaze —.064, 50| 50 |— |Hazy —.091} 39] 39 | — |Ditto W. |13/—.074| 40 | 40 | — : —.044| 53 | 53|— _ |Ditto —.O411* 45 |* 45 | — [Ditto Th.|14 —.023| 45 | 45 | — |Rain : NR 53| 53 | — |Ditto —.076| 48 | 48 | — Dito 9 F.1529.848 47 | 47 | — Heavy rain. 29.626 51 | sr | -— |Rain 29-396, 48 | 48 | — |Rain S.16,—.271| 48 | 45 53 |Cloudy & Fine| Z 26, 48 45 3 Fim —+314, 48) 48 | — Ditto S. |17 —482| 40| 382 vercast —.6oo 42 | 40| 2 (Overcast —.821| 36 | 36 | — [Overcast M. |18. —.805| 35 | 33 | 2 |Ditto -934, 36 | 36 | — |Cold Haze 30.021 34| 34 | = to a 19 30.026} 32 | 32 | — Ditto 30.0391 45 | 37| 8 oud —064| 32]| 32 | — |Frosty «[20|—003|. 37 1.37 | — 29. 8 a in 29.712 2 4 | —— Rain Th. |21| 29.620|. 46 46 — Cloudy & Damp etie - 16 $ ine ia 16 6 — |Ditto D) F.\22/—.6 43}. 401 3 ine —.718| 47| 37 | 10 |Cloudy 14 40 - 46 | — IDitto S. |23) — 717 50 50 | — Cloudy d Oe 56 52 4 Fine —.661 49 49 | — [Slight Ditto S. 24. us Be 47 45 L2 Overcast RR 679 57 36 | 21 Ditto —.656 49 46 3 Fine M.25,—.659| 45 | 43 | 2 (Clear —634 50 | 37 | 13 |Overcast —.706} 40 | 40 | — [Slightly Overcast T.|26|—.771) 41 41 | — |Fine —.882| 46 | 34 | 12 |Dry Haze —.946| 41 41| Fi W.|27|—.667| so | 5o | — |Overcast —.343) 51| 51 | — |Showery —.608| 54 | 54 | — [Densely Overcast T 44021 44 | 44 | — Showe —.523 45 | 34|11: |Fine —4771- 42 | a2 | = (Ral F. 29 —.448| 41 41 | — |Overcast 442| 47 34 | 13 |Ditto —.419| 42| 42 | — |Clear JO S39 —778| 37 35 |2 Cold Haze —-800 46 | 31 | 15 |Colddry haze —~770| 38 38 | — |Overcast S. 31| — 614 42|.2 |Over —-563, 48 | 46| 2 /Overcast —.543| 45 | 45 | — |Rain 29.824 39.51 38.03 1.48 29.817 46.09 (39.55 | 6.54 inue 39.51 dam GE i [ 487 ] MARCH. Temperature. Wind. Rain. | Remarks. Days, Max. | Min. Sun. Rad. | Direction. | Force. In. Pts. I 5o 39 62 32 SW Brisk 2| 57 | 38 71 34. Fo | Limie The mean temperature was very little below the average. 3 |-$5 35 59 39 NE Ditto The amount of rain was er than usual, and the Barometer 4| 5A 32 59 a orem Brisk averaged lower. The 7th was stormy, and sharp frosts occurred 31 93$ 39 46 23 -— | PD on the nights of the sth and ot he evening of the 12th 6| 35 25 47 20 Ditto 6 | was fine with a very luminous but contracted halo |ui the £i M 29 39 24 NW | Ditto The weather on the whole was more cloudy and wet 8| 38 21 48 10 N Ditto than is usually the case in this month. 9| 40 20 59 9 NW Ditto 10 | 42 30 56 24 SE Ditto ig 49 32 Bo 23 Ditto Mean Pressure from the 3 daily observations 29. 823 inches. 2 used 3n | 583 585 Arra emperature ........ Dio 2. 9.70 13 | 55 41 66 49 Ditto :o3 Dew Point... Ditto’ ...... 389.89 WI X st 59 m S Ditto :39 | Degree of Dryness ... Ditto ...... 27.81 ol 4 2 53 38 SW. p Ditto ‘29 | —— Degree of Moisture .. Ditto ...... 16 54 36 62 33 = | Dita d | eof Vapour ..... Ditto .,.... 271 inch SA ska 34 67 32 e Ditto | Least observed degree of Moisture ...... wi 581 3 at 27 T NE Ditto Maximum Temperature in the Shade .... 58?. Ip 49 " yd NW | Ditto Minimum Temperature in ditto ........ 20°, -— = + 5! d SW + Brisk ‘©9 | Maximum Temperature in the Sun ...... 259. 314.86 «t 67 3 W hittin 97 | Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation...... 99. -| 33 43 39 39 T | Bris Mean Temperature of External Air ..... 419.95 33 | Sh 4 | a59 [44] SW | Ditto 07 24 | 58 40 22 33 Ww Ditto e m AE i $3 37 66 33 —— | Strong 03 e BP ge oe fe |e RR) cael ek a taeda a x 54 di 59 s Aad Ditto ; $ East = pi 2 ee N. West. "98235 3 .. 28 | 54 39 65 32 NE | Ditto .20 ee z E West č 29 47 31 60 25 M — d eee eee .. "t t 71 30 | 45 37 57 34 SEE ris "lavi PE $e 54 29 en Put ts Amount i 1.95 inches. 48.32| 35.58] 59.00| 30.54 1.95 [ 488 ] APRIL. Morning. Noon. Night. 8 Z Weather, 1839. E Barom Hygrometer, Weather. Barom. Hygrometer. Weather. Barom, Hygrometer. M: f 1) 29.671) 42 |. 42 | — [Rain 29.601) 45 | 45 | — |Rain 9.672, 40 | 40 | — |Rain T.| 2,—.761| 39 | 39 | — (Overcast .826| 40 | 40 | — {Slight Ditto ||—.929| 40 | 40 | — |Overcast W.|3|—919| 35 32 3 |Bleak & Cold || —.92 35 34. 1 |Bleak & Cold|| —.974| 32 32 | — |Ditto Th.| 4/30.013| 34| 29| 5 Ditto 30.028| 36 | 32 | 4 |Ditto -939| 34 | 33]|1 |Ditto F.| 5,29-827| 33 | 33 | — |Snowing 29.851, 36 | 36 | — |Thawing —.995| 35 | 35 | — |Drizzly S.| 6] 30.154] 37 37 | — |Clear 30.245| 42 30 | I2 |Cloudy & Cold || 30.358] 28 28 | — |Clear (€ 3.|7]—413| 34 | 31 3 Ditto —.415| 48 32 | 16 |Fine —417| 3I 30 | 1 |Ditto M. | 8|—343| 39 | 31 | € (Ditto —-333| 38 | 38 | — |Snowing —.348| 35 | 35 | — |Slight Snow T.| 9|—.373| 40| 35 5 |Fine —.389| 41 35 6 {Bleak & Cold||—434| 37 32 | 5 |Overcast W.|10| —459| 41 39 | 2 (Overcast -455| 50 32 | 18. |Fine —.550| 32 32 | — |Clear Th.|11|—.543| 38 | 33| 5 |Fine but Cold| —515| 48 | 37 | 11 [Ditto —.442| 36 | 32]| 4 |Overcast F.|12|—.307| 42 | 39| 3 |OvercastkDo.| —.228| 47 | 40 | 7 |Bleak & Cold|—275| 40| 40 | — |Ditto © 3 ]|13,——278| 45 | 40] 5 Ditto —.278| 48 | 38 | 10 {Ditto —.242| 4I 41 | — |Ditto S.|14|—.247| 47 | 43 | 4 Ditto —217| 55 | 43 | 12 |Overcast —.215| 48 | 44|4 |Ditto M. |15| —.1 54 | 33 | 21 |Overcast —.106| 5I | 35 | 16 itto 29.975| 46 | 45 | 1 |Ditto & Fine T.|16| 29.836} 46 | 41 | 5 |Ditto 29-734, 60 | 39 | 21 Very Fine :535| 48 | 44|4 |Fine W.|17,—.4 47 | 43 4 Cloud A5 50 | 50 | — |Showery —.456| 42 | 42 | — [Rain Th. |18;—.491| 50 | 50 | — Boisterous —578| 54 | 54 | — itto —.539| 50 | 50 | — [Boist F.|19 —-646| 50 | 50 | — |Fine —.758| 55 | 35 | 20 |VeryFine ||—-965| 45 | 45 | — |Fine D S.|20| 30.069! 47 | 42 | 5 Ditto 30.086, 43 | 43 | — |Showery 30.235) 41 | 41 | — |Very Clear S. |21| —.260|) 48 | 41 | 7 Ditto —262| 54| 48 | 6 |Fine —.273| 50 | 50 | — |Fine M. |22| —279| 5o | -50 | — Ditto —.2 63 | 45 | 18 Very Fine —.168| 49 | 49 | — |Ditto T. |23| —.00 5I 5E | Dun 29.958| 54 $4 | — ain 29.982| 42 40 | 2 |Overcast W.|24|—.083| 44| 40| 4 |Overcast 30.075| 50 32 | 18 |Fine 30.111| 36 36 | — |Very Clear Th.|25|] —.086| 41 | 38] 3 |Clear —.038} 52 | 35117 |Ditto —.ogo| 40 | 40 | — |Fine F.|26| —.139| 47 | 39 | 8 |Slightly Overcast || —.148| 55 49 | 15 |Ditto —.219| 42 | 42 | — |Ditto S. |27| —242| 49 43 6 [Ditto —234| 61 41 | 20 |Dry haze —.262| 46 46 | — |Fine O S.|28)—.335} 52 | 42 | 10 |Very Fine —.313| 62 | 42 | 20 Very Fine | —331!| 43 | 43 | — [Clear M. |29| —.262| 46 | 43| 3 [Ditto —.1 64 | 42 | 22 |Ditto —.182| $0 | -50 | — |Do. and Fine T.|3o| —.145| 52 | 48 | 4 [Ditto —.106| 68 | 47 | 21 [Ditto —.039| 51 $1 | — |Very Fine dé er 39-90 | 4.10 30.086| 50.16 39.80) 10.36 30.105 | 41.00) 40.29] 0.73 APRIL Temperature. Wind Rain. Remarks. Days.| Max. | Min. Sun. Rad. | Direction Force. In. Pts. c E 38 51 37 E Brisk :07 This month proved get and unseasonable. East and NE. s 32 37 39 33 — | Strong winds, and frosty nights were prevalent during the half, rr 3 35 36 39 NE Brisk and occasionally till as me as the 28th. A heavy fall of snow $i 3 32 37 30 «—— | Jee commenced on the morning of the sth, and was followed by a si v 34 | 46 3o E Little *56 | very sharp frost on the ni ght of the 6th, when the Radiating 6| 43 m 5o rs NE | Ditto Thermometer fell 19° below the freezing-point. Peach trees 7| 49 31 7! 26 E Ditto on walls had been partially in flower for some time ; but owing 8| 43 32 57 26 —— | Brisk Ol | to the previously cold state of the weather, many blossoms were I 36 | 52 $4 L DIN still not open and consequently escaped n: zie which Io | 52 29 68 20 o LB happened to the earlier and stronger was 1r ae, 37 68 26 NE Ditto boisterous, with rain and hail. From the per to ed iu of the "m3 42 59 41 — e month the air was very dry. 13 47 41 58 38 N Little ll 42 65 39 NW | Ditto Mean Pressure from the 3 daily observations 30. 094 inches. 15 53 40 60 36 SW Ditto emperature .....-+- [DIU iiec 4 16 60 44 74 41 S Ditto .OI Dew POME .... 0:3. Dine. "vecors 9°. à I9 1 564 39 75 35 SW Brisk .32 Degree of Dryness ... Ditto ...... 5?.06 18 | 58 46 66 44 —— | Ditto .20 Degree of cree cd RRO 2.258 823. 19 | 59 33 72 25 W |Ditto Force of Vapour. .... Ditto .... . .280 inch. 20 | 55 37 67 29 NW | Little .o1 | Least observed fred of Moisture .....«- 478 21 55 32 72 25 W |Ditto Maximum Temperature in theShade ...... 7 2. Ss | Gt 46 71 45 ttm | Diy .16 | Minimum Temperature in ditto ........ is 23 55 39 67 29 ean: I Lee .12 | Maximum Tem mperature in the Sun ...... 96°. 24 | 55 28 74 21 N Brisk Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation ...... 13°. 25 | 63 34 80 28 NE Little Mean Temperature of External Air...... 44°.44 26 | 54 38 68 30 SE Ditto WiNps, 22 | 61 38 80 30 SW Ditto North..... 2 days. | N. East...... 6 days. 28 | 63 30 86 23 E Ditto Sonth 643% Er Ge eee t. 29 | 68 37 go 29 — | Ditto Ent... 9 N: Wet... n Js 30 | 73 41 96 32 NW Ditto West... cass 4 8. West... ... $ ~. 30 days. 52.63 | 36.26 | 65.16 | 30.80 1.46 Amount ERM.. ssis.: T 1.46 inch. VOL, II. 2ND SERIES, 3S C 490 | MAY. Morning. Noon. Night. os a | 1839. Hh Barom Hygrometer. Weather. Barom, Hygrometer. Weather. || Barom, Hygrometer, Wea W.| 1/29.992| 58 | 52| 6 Very Fine 29. 6 17 |Overcast & Fine 29.891 $1| 51 | — |Very Fine Th.| 2|1—.935| 61 | 56| 5 [Ditto MS: " ey 16 Very Fine ||—.967, 53 | 53| — Ditto F.| 31—.974| 50 | 47| 3 [Ditto —.935| 67 | 52| 15 Ditto —.889 55 | 55 | — Ditto S.| 4|—.825] 56| 45 | 11 [Ditto —.758| 72 | 46 | 26 [Ditto £579 258 | 58 | -Bite S.| s|—.669| 58| 50] 8 [Ditto —.710 72]| 52 | 20 Ditto —.838| 56 | 55 1 Ditto € M.| 6 —.921| 56 | 53| 3 [Ditto .932| 67 | 47 | 20 |Fine 30.040 50 | 44 6 |Ditto T. | 7/30-045| 50| 42| 8 Clear & Dry —.987| 65 | 50] 15 |Ditto 29.973, 48 | 35 | 13 |Clear & Dry W.| 829.896] 55 | 50| 5 |Fine —.847| 72 | 54| 18 |Ditto — 843) 53 | 53 | — |Thund.& Lightn Th. | 9 —.865; 49| 49| — Cloudy & cool|—.851| 55 | 45 | 10 |Cloudy —819| 44| 44, — Overcast & Cold F. |10 —.871| 44 | 44 | — [Ditto —.872| 53 | 45 | 8 Ditto 0.026 44 | 44| — Cloudy& Do. S.|1130-144| 50 | 40 | 10 Fine but Cold 30.145| 55 | 40| 15 FinebutCold|29.988| 42'| 42| — |Ditto S.|12,|—.055| 48| 39| 9 Cloudy —.063) 48 | 48| — Rain 0.052; 42 | 42 | — |Overcast @ M. 15/29.947| 47| 43| 4 |Clear 9.777, 62 | 44| 18 |Very Fine (29.662, 45 | 45 | — |Rain T.(14.—.574| 39| 39 | — |Cold Rain —.540| 47 | 30| 17 (Cloud -4490| 38 | 38 | — |Overcast W.|15|—.400] 42| 36| 6 Clear —.357| 51]| 49] 11 Ditto 391| 36 | 36 | — (Clear Th. 16, —.550 44 | 34 | 10 Ditto —.586| 54| 37 17 |Cloudy & Cold || — 816, 40 | 4o | — |Ditto F. 17| —. 47| 42| 5 Ditto .034| 60 | z29| 31 |Fine 30.099) 45 | 40 5 |Fine S. |18| 30.117} $6 | so] 6 Very Fine —.o86 | 64| 44| 20 Ditto .068| 54 | 54| — Ditto S.|19|—.066| 59 | 54| 5 (Overcast .095| 69 | 69 | — [Overcast —4173| 54| 54| — Ditto D M.|20|—.236| 64| 58| 6 Ditto & Fine —.237| 72 | 52| 2ọ |Very Fine ||—.239| 6o | 60| — Overcast T.|211—.200| 58 | 45 | 13 Dry Haze —.125| 70 | 47| 23 |Ditto —.048| 53 | 50 3 Fine W.22:29.994| 52 | 49| 12 |Cold & Dry ||—.o10 50 | $o| — jShowery —.169| 43 | 40 3 |Cold & Dry Th. |23| 30.162 49 | 36 | 13 Ditto —.048| 62 36 | 26 |Fine —.054| 5I | 51 | — |Overcast F. |24| 29.946| 48 43| 5 |Ditto 29.986} 51 45 6 |Cloudy & Cold || —.067| 43 | 40 3 |Cold & Dry $.|25/30.096| 46 | 36 | 10 Ditto 30.141| $2 32 | 20 |Cold & Dry ||—.202| 41 39 2 |Ditto S. 26 —.207 49 | 39 | 10 Dry Haze an d 61 36 | 25 |Fine .226| 49 | 46 3 |Clear M. 27|—232| 53| so} j lear —.209 | 67 | 40] 27 [Ditto —.201| $0 | 48 2 |Fine O a 28\—.227| 57 | 50| 7 Fine —.230| 63 | 50] 13 Ditto —.248| 46 | 43 3 Ditto TE 29,—.221| §1 | -46| 5 Ditto —.175| 67 | s5o| 17 |Ditto $133 55| 39 5 Ditto Ps 30|—.09 $i T I Hazy —.0$8| 70 65 5 |Very Fine —.55| 55 51 4 |Overcast -131;—.010| $6 | 56] — IDitto 29.985| 67 63 4 |Ditto 29.995| 51 48 3 Ditto 29 n 48 145.39 6.09 29.962 61.90 |46.42 |15.48 29.978 48.5546. 74| 1.81 Temperature. Wind. Rain Remarks. Days, Max Min. Sun, | Rad. | Direction Force. | In. Pts. í A za 2 5 = Du The weather at the commencement of the month was very 3| 70 43 96 35 NW | Ditto fine, but on the 8th, at night, a violent thunder storm com- 4| 71 48 9o 45 S Ditto menced, with lightning, rain, and hail Cold weather with 5 | 7 44 91 40 Ditto brisk NE. winds succeeded. The walnut had only just got 6| 69 43 88 38 NE Risk into leaf about the middle of the month, and was then cut back 7| 7i 41 9o 35 E Ditto by the frosts which occurred between the 14th and 17th; even 8| 72 44 88 44. Ditto 12 | SO late as the 25th a rather sharp frost was experienced. The g NE Di "13 | mean temperature was, as in last month, several degrees below a re z $e He '? | the mean. N.NE. and E. winds were prevalent. The amount 11 | 55 38 83 ] 25 Ditto of rain was only half the usual quantity, and according to the 12 | 58 41 73 36 Ditto 1:8 bieran ui udin du the air generally possessed a BI! E 33 W | Little TT ee ti 53 29 2 22 N Brisk .OI d : Go am | ae |Le e a S 16 25 28 80 19 Ww itia —— Dew Point ...... i: DINO. 4... 467.18 a7 3 31 79 5, itto —— Degree of Dryness ....Ditto...... a er 15.4.94 T 78 47 SW | Brisk Q3 | —— Dee of Matis i: DItO. caves. d 736 19} 70 50 82 46 e I TRUE -—— Force of Vapour ... . Ditto xi ees .352 inch. 294 i49 54 E 53 E Ditto Least observed degree of Moisture ....... 346 A FR pe 4 35 NW | Ditto Maximum Temperature in the Shade . ... . . 73°. 22 e 3 81 35 N Strong Moss. Temperature in ditto.......... 289. 23 6. E. 94 = NW | Brisk aximum Temperature in the Sun ...... 96°. ne & : i ^ 2l N D Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation ....... 199. ——— o wal 26 E 82 24 Little Mean Temperature of pure bu Ar 2.24... 52944 Mi 2 40 85 31 NE Ditto 28| 64 40 82 37 E Ditto Do sco o MEM. N; East (vs > 9 SA C nM DA PO aes acce go HN Weta P 10. 7 52 89 50 E Ditto West.. d S. West : 31, 68 49 85 47 NE Ditto ebd : ub | 31 days. 64.48 40.42 | 82.19 | 35.61 o.82 Amount of Rain .... «» 0.82 inch. | [ 492 ] JUNE. Morning. Noon. Night. 1839. £ Barom Hygrometer. Weather, Barom Hygrometer, Weather, Barom, | Hygrometer. Weather. f S.| 1| 29.969} 53 | 5o | 3 [Overcast 29.927| 71 | 55 | 16 |Fine, Dr 29.951} 51 | 48| 3 |Fine S. | 2|—.906 z 47 | 8 |Dry Haze dm 66| 46 | 20 |Dry AM fads 50} 5o | — |Damp M.| 3 —.708 57 {74h oggy —.687| 62 62 — |Rain —.647) 54 54 | — Ditto € T.| 4|—654| 56| 56 | — [Ditto —.656| 63 | 56 7 Overcast —736| 54| 54, — Cloudy W.| 5|—.822| 6o| 56 | 4 |Very Fine —-850| 70 | 60] 10 |Very Fine —.903} 55 | 55 | — |Rain Th. | 6/,—.937| 6o | 60| — Ditto -.950| 69| 6o| 9 Ditto —937| 56 | 54,2 |Fine F.| 2/|—843| 6r | 61, — [Rain -393| 65 | 65 | — Rain —.828| 56| 56 | — |Ditto S.| 8.—878| 67| 63| 4 |Overcast —8$o0| 70| 63 7 |Very Fine —.901| 58 | 58 | — Clear S. | 9/30.016| 62 | 58 | 4 |Very Fine || 30.065| 72| 54| 18 Ditto 0.215} 6o | 58| 2 |Very Fine M. 10| —.291| 63| o| 3 [Ditto —.278| 72| 55 | 17 |Ditto —236/ 6o | 58|2 |Ditto @ T. 11|—.223| 65| 60, 5 |Ditto —.270} 69| 55 | 14 |Ditto —.262| 59 | 59 | — |Ditto W. |12| —225 67 | 61 6 (Ditto —-140| 78 | 65 13 Ditto —.co2| 62 | 62 | — |Ditto Th./13|29.911| 72 | 65 | 7 [Ditto 29.870| 80 | 69 | 11 Ditto 29.911| 6o | 60 | — |Di to F. 14| —.846| 57| 57 — |Hazy -847| 62| 62| — |Drizzly .889| 6o | 6o | — [Ditto S. 15| —.929| 59| 59 | — Slight Haze —.976| 63 | 60 3 [Slight Haze ||30.171| 6o | 55,5 |Ditto S. |16| —.936| 62 | 55 | 7 |Fine 0-126} 70 | 56 | 14 Very Fine .279 61 | 56 | 5 /|Ditto .. M. 17/|3o.195| 621.59 | 3 ery Fine |—.124| 76 | 68 8 |Ditto —.093| 64 | 64 | — |Thund. & Lightn. D T.18|—025| 70 | 79 | — (Slight Haze 29-979| 80 | 65 | 15 |Thunder 29.940 62 | 62 | —- |Cloudy, Thunder W.|19|29.948| 66 | 63 | 3 Cloudy Oo.o11| 75 | 64 | 11 Fine 0.140} 62 | 62 | — |VeryFine,Lightn. Th. |20| 30.134) 65 | 63| 2 (Slight Haze —-013} 80| 61 | 19 |Very Hot 29.857| 64 | 64 | — Slight showers] F.|21|29.764| 67 | 65 | 2 Cloudy & Fine 29.807| 74| 58 | 16 Cloudy .78 o| 56|4 |Fine S.|22] —642| 64 | 61. 3 Overcast 504 62) 62, — Rain —499| 55 | 55 | — |Showery S.|23| —414| 62| 60 2 y —5$21| 62| 62| — |Do. & Stormy | —.702| 58 | 58 | — Ditto M. |24)—.797| 62| 58 | 4 Cloudy& Do.|—.832| 70 | 68 2 |Cloudy —.896| 60 | $8 | z2 |Fine T. |25| —.943| 64| 60) 4 Cloudy —924| 71| 58| 13 |Very Fine —.661| 55 | 55 | — Rain O W. |26| —.566| 65| 6o| ; ine —1479| 74| 74| — Sultry, Thun.|| —.497| 58 | 58 | — [Ditto Th. |27| —861| 61| s5 | 6 [Ditto —.846| 68| 58| 1o |Fine -743| 55 | 55 | — Ditto F.|28| —.663| 6o | 60 | — [Cloudy —.671| 64 | 64 | — |Thunder showers —841| 5o | 5o | — [Ditto S. |29| —. SEI JEA in 30.024, 60| 53 7 |Cloudy& Cold| 30.139/ 51 | 51 | — |Overcast $.|30| 30.150) 51 | 47 | 4 [Overcast —.213| 55 | 45 | 10 |Ditto —.285| 48 | 46]|ac itto | 29.904) 61.53) 58.57. 2.96 29.889| 69.10| 60.10| 9.00 29.922| 57.26] 56.36/0.90 JUNE. Temperature. Wind Rain | E Remarks. Days| Max. | Min Sun | Rad. | Direction, | Force. | In. Pts. I 71 45 82 40 E Little 2| 64 46 89 45 SE risk 33 The temperature was very little below the average. The 3| 66 49 go 44. S Little 20 | rain, deficient in the former month, was plentiful in this, yet 4| 66 46 82 [243 NE | Ditto at intervals the air was found to possess a considerable Tes £t 79 46 gI 42 S Ditto .64 | of dryness, and the sun-heat was likewise powe Un 6| 71 53 85 49 SW | Ditto .o2 | these circumstances, vegetation made great progress. letwéen 2| 64 49 86 45 S Ditto .17 | the 8th and 16th the weather was very fine; from the latter 21.25 52 86 49 —— | Ditto period to the zoth it became sultry with much thunder and 9| 72 48 87 44 — | Brisk lightning, as was baie wnat the case to the 28th; the 23rd ioi 7I 56 83 50 SW | Ditto was stormy and wet ; much rain fell on the sth, 26th, and 28th. 11 | 2°70 49 93 43 Ww Ditto Be I: last os of the month were cloudy and cold for the 12 {f 81 56 | 100 51 S Little I 81 35 4 116 2 E Brisk a Sa et K : 15 | 63 47 77 43 NE Ditto Pace site eva dut Ditto . ss. 62° -63 16 73 50 93 48 E Ditto —— Dew Point .......... Ditto . 54. 58 :34 17 | 75 54 | 100 50 NE | Brisk —— Degree of Dryness ... Ditto ..... 42 18 | 84 58 | 106 55 SE Little .16 | —— Degree of Moisture .. Ditto ..... -874 19 | 76 45 95 43 SW | Ditto —— Force of Vapour ..... Ditto ..... -531 inch. 20| 83 59 | 105 55 SE Ditto .o1 | Least observed degree of Moisture ..... 519 21| 72 56 99 52 SW | Brisk Maximum Temperature in the Shade..... 84°. 22 |- 66 55 98 52 S Ditto ıı | Minimum Temperature in ditto ....... P. 23 | 65 54 | 88 50 SW | Strong "1g | Maximum Temperature in the Sun .... 110°. 24 | 70 54 87 4g risk Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation ..... 34°. 25 | 74 55 97 53 S Little .07 Mean Temperature of External Air..... 609.16 26 | 72 51 | 9r 46 SW | Ditto GE Oren. 27 | 70 50 7 45 —— itto .20 28 54 49 ed 47 Ww Ditto .40 North "e n t : day à m mI 3 days 29 51 41 73 35 N Brisk -= eses.’ $ .. N. wane oe E T = ^ n lw Wests. oss a ic: |8:Wit...5.8 .. A b^ J 3.00 30 days. 09.631 $6.39 | 89:211 45.93 Amount of Rain, . . 3 inches. [ 494 ] JULY. Morning. Noon. | Night. 1839. £ Barom. | Hygrometer. Weather. Barom, Hygrometer. Weather. || Barom. | Hygrometer, Weather. M. | 1|30.296| 55 | 48| 7 |Fine 30.315) 66| 46) 20 |Fine 30.215) 53 3 | — {Clear T.| 2| —.307 58 55 3 |Hazy —.292| 69 57 12 Ditto —.220 H n — |Fine W.| 3|/—-304| 59| 55| 4 |Overcast&fine|—.271| 71| 55 | 16 |Ditto 244, 61 | 61 | — [Slight Haze € Th. | 4,—.204| 66| 62| 4 ery Fine —.178| 77 | 65 12 |Very Fine ||—.183) 61| 55 |6 |Fine F.| $,—.191| 65| 6o| 5 |Slight Haze ||—.163| 72| 64 8 Ditto —.097, 65 | 6o | 5 |Ditt S. | 629.925) 66 | 63| 3 |Ditto 9.9200 76| 67 9 Sultry 29.901| 66 | 63 | 3 |Very Fine S.| 7, —.84. 69 | o| 9 Very Fine —.784| 78 | 68 10 |Very Hot —.701, 60 | 60 | — j|Thun.& much ligh - 8 —.628| 65$ | 61] 4 Ditto —.647| 73| 66 7 Ditto 0.082) 58 | 56 |2 |Clear ee 9—-713| 61 | 56] § |Fine —.728| 69 | 59 | 10 |Cloudy 29.726, 55 | 55 | — [Ditto $t 10/30.017| 66 | 60| 6 |Ditto —.976} 71 | 60, 11 [Fine 30.011, 60 | 58|2 |Ditto E 11,129.9931| 66 | 6o| 6 |Ditto —.958| 76 | 61r | 15 [Ditto 29.887, 65 | 63 | 2 |Very Fine ^ 12,——.820| 69 | 65 | 4 |Cloudy —.837| 72| 70 2 |Cloudy —.921| 62 | 62 | — |Slight Rain ^ 13,30.078| 62| 60| 2 |Very Fine 30.116, 74 | 58 | 16 |Very Fine ||30.097| 61 | 6o|1 |Very Fine x 4 006 70|.52 18 |Ditto 29.933} 68 | 68 | — |Rain 9.880 63 | 63 | — |Cloudy m 5/29 976| 64| 6o| 4 |Ditto 30.034| 70 | 47 | 23 |Fine 30.156, 61 | 6o | r |Fine x 16,30.171| 64 | 65 | 9 |Ditto —.166, 71 | 54| 17 Ditto —.260| 58 | 58 | — |Clear AW 17 .0 65 | 60| 5 |Ditto 29.956| 76 | 48 | 28 ‘Slightly Ove 29.758| 65 | 65 | — |Thunder, Rain D - 29.519} 68 | 68 | — |Rain —.485| 72 | 72| — Showe —.684 59| 58]ı indy E 19 —.616 64 | 60, 4 |Boisterous —.*84| 70 | 55 | 15 |Cloudy —.695| 60 | 6o | — |Boisterous ^ 20 —.726| 68 | 64| 4 |Fine —-753| 70 | 60, 10 Ditto 825; 58 | 58 | — |Fine u 21|—.889| 63 | 6o | 3 |Overcast —.924| 66| 53 | 13 |Fine 0.006} 60 | 55] 5 |Ditto T 22 30.078 59 | 10 |Fine 30.087| 67 | 60 7 Cloudy 039, 58 | 58 | — |Very Fine wv 23 —. 63 | 63 | — |Overcast —.024| 71 | 68 3 Showery 29.926, 59 | 59 | — Rain T4 M 65 | 65 | — |Rain 29.781; 74| 68 6 |Fine —.792| 61 | 61 | — Cloudy 3 ~ 25 mE 63 63 | — [Overcast —.787| 70| 63 7 Cloudy &do.| —.823| 59 | 59 | — ‘Clear Zh —.782 63 57 | 6 |Ditto —.701| 67 | 67 | — [Rain [showers || —55!| 56 | 56 | — Heavy Rain ^ wA c 575 1| 59| 2 |Cloudy —.634| 58 | 583 | — [Heavy thunder |—,.642| 56 | 56 | — Rain xb 35) 39 59 | — |Ditto -—900| 64| 64| — Cloudy 9 56 | 56 | — |Damp ^ 9| 30.05 1| 57| 4 |Fine —-995| 64| 60} 4 |Do. & Dull |—.688| 56| 56 | — |Rain w R 30.781] 59| 54| $ Overcast —.750| 62 | 62 | — Rain |—524| 55 | 55 | — Ditto . 31 —.329| 59 | 59 | — [Rain 298 | 62 | 62| — Ditto —.718| 52 | 52 — |Ditto et 59.64. 4.05 29.906 69.87 (60.80 | 9.07 29.910 po sts 0.90 [ 495 ) JULY. Temperature. | Wind. Rain. Remarks. Days| Max. | Min. | Sun Rad. | Direction. | Force In. Pts. i 6$ 45 81 40 NE | Little 2| 79 51 86 48 — | Ditto The temperature was below the average as was also the pressure. 3 | 67 f 93 43 e— NM When such is the case the amount of rain is generally greater 4| 7! 56 96 53 — | Ditto than usual; and this it proved to be in the present month, the 5 | 74 52 86 46 SW | Ditto excess being about half aninch. After the 13th there were onl 6| 76 53 | too 50 —— | Ditto 5 days free from rain more or less. Nearly 2 inches fell between FF 58 | 100 54 —— | Ditto .03 | the 26th and 31st. 81 70 50 | Io1 46 —— | Brisk The early progress of vegetation was so much retarded that 9| 70 49 | Tol 44 — | Ditto notwithstanding the favourable weather of the last month the 361-73 51 88 48 —— | Ditto state of the crops was still backward at the end of this. Iit) 77 59 2t 55 ten es : ü E 1 a Hu NW as P Mean Pressure from the 3 daily observations 29.911 inches. 14 | 71 54 85 50 S Ditto .o7 | —— Temperature ........ Ditto. ...... n ee ic; a 47 88 41 W Brisk or | — Dew Point .......... itto... ers 597.61 16 | 74 47 93 40 SW Little —— Degree of Dryness ....Ditto......- 49.67 17 | 80 61 98 60 S Brisk 343 Tt Degree of Moisture. . . .Ditto....... 862 _ 181^ 73 56 80 50 —— | Strong 06 Force of Vapour..... ;Ditto....... -553 inch. 19 | 69 59 74 57 MEE i. o Least observed degree of Moisture. ....... 20 | 76 53 76 49 SW Brisk Maximum Temperature in the Shade ..... 81°, 21]| 70 54. 81 49 «dus. T Dieses or | Minimum Temperature in Ditto......... 45°. žak 73 53 93 47 «ces d Eirtis .20 | Maximum Temperature in the Sun ..... I. 23 | 66 59 79 59 S Ditto .23 Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation ...... 40°. 34| 69 56 85 53 — | Brisk Mean Temperature of External Air....... 619.74. 25 | 65 50 86 45 SW | Little 26 | 66 52 67 48 S Ditto .70 ore 27 | 62 54 82 53 SW | Ditto .31 : 28 | 66 51 70 48 Ww Ditto Ol North,..... o days x East... “4 days. 29 | 66 54 68 54 S Ditto .40 South......8 .. - —€— ‘+ 30 | 62 55 67 55 E Ditto 21 East ....... UT $ e ies 31 67 52 79 50 SW Strong .26 TOME "n 2: Wa . St... 5 31 days, i 70.58) 52 zi 85.61) 49.16 2.92 Amount of Rain ,,... e. sees eo eee 2.92 inches. [ 496 ] AUGUST. Morning. Noon. Night. Hygrometer, Weather, Barom, Hygrometer. Weather, Barom, Hygrometer. Weather. 61 | 55 6 |Fine o.o06| 6 6 | 13 |Very Fine 0.08 — |Very Fine 66 | 60 6 |Very Fine —.066 A 26 i Dito Aue : 22 22 Ss Clest & Do. 70 | 67 3 |Ditto —.069| 79 | 70 9 |Very Hot —.138| 65 | 65 | — |VeryFine 64 | 58 6 |\Overcast& Do. —.253| 69 | 60 9 |Very Fine —.325| 59 59 | — |Ditto 60 | 53 7 |Very Fine —.200| 70| 46 | 24 |Ditto —.269| 6r | 61 | — |Ditto 64 | 6o 4 |Di I 72 | 57 | r5 Ditto —.049| 60| 59] 1 |Ditto 62 | 62 | — |Overcast 29-774| 65 | 65 | — |Rain 29.830| 58 | 58 | — |Rain, Thunder 60 | 60 | — [Fine : o.019| 66 | 54| 12 |Overcast &Fine||30.026| 60 | 6o | — |Fine 62 | 60 2 |Very Fine —141| 73| 59| 14 |Cloudy &Do.|—.100| 59 | 57 | 2 |Ditto $3 -k$49 4 |Ditto —.087^ 90:1 52 18 |Fine [Clouds|.—.120| 58 | 58 | — |Do. and Clear ós | $7 5 (Cloudy —.o80| 67| 67 | — |Do. with —.252| 58 | 58 | — |Fine 57 53 4 |Fine : —.282| 69 49 20 |Ditto —.263| 58 58 | — Ditto 59 | 59 | — |Very Fine —.133| 67 | 48 | 19 |Very Fine —o81| $9 | 59| — (Ditto o9 Le PD 29.951| 72 | 52| 20 Ditto 29.967; 60 | 60 | — |Ditto 61 | 61 | — Hazy —.626| 68| 68 | — |Drizzly —.621| 59 | 59| — [Ditto 61 | 61 | — |Very Fine —.619| 69 | 60 9 (Cloudy —.626| $9 | 59| — |Ditto 60 | 6o paR —.712| 68| 68| — Very Fine —.862| 57 $7 | — P 56 | 55 1 Fin 30.030| 70 | 53| 17 Ditto o25| 58 | 58 | — |Heavy Rain 60 | 60 | — Cloudy 29.961| 56| 56 | — Heavy Rain |—.o40| 52| 52| — Damp 51 | 49 2H 30.085| 61 | 54 7 Fin 205]. $2 | 52 | — |Clear 5 | 46 5 (Clear —213| 60| 43| 17 DH 207| 48 | 48 | — |Ditto 51 | 49 2 |Ditto . —.213, 70 | 48 | 22 |Very Fine —.247| 58 | 56| 2 |Very Fine 64 | 59 5 |Very Fine :246| 73| 65 8 Dit 184| 62 | 62 | — |Ditto 61 | 61 | — |Hazy —.ogo| 73 | 70| 3 Ditto —.013| 62 | 60] 2 Ditto 64 | 60 4 |Very Fine 29.974, 73 13 Ditto 29.971| 61 | 61 | — |Ditto 63 | 58 5 |D peg50] 73| 63] íi Jitto[Showers|—.838| 61 | 6o | 1 Ditto 9 | 55 4 |Overcast —.821| 60 | 54 6 Do. Slight |—.958| 51 | 51 | — |Damp 53:453: 4. — Hazy 30.052| 66 | 52| 14 Ditto $30.029| 6o | 6o | — Fine 3 3 |Ditto 29.896| 73 | 67 6 Cloudy & Do.|29.878| 61 | 60] 1 Ditto 62 | 62 | — Rain —.804| 70 | 70| — |Do. & mild —.762| 61 61 | — |Ditto 63 | 60 3 |Cloudy —.437| 61| 6r | — Rain —.172| și $1 | — |Showery | | 60.58/57 .74|2. 84 29.997 68.51/57.80 10.71 30.005 p 58.06 0.29 | [ 497 ] AUGUST. Temperature. Wind Rain. Remarks. Days. Max Min. Sun. | Rad. | Direction. | Force. | In. Pts. MET 50 95 46 SW Little The state of due ps ced Fee exactly as much above the 2| 82 33 95 48 S Brisk average in this month as elow in € preceding ; when 3| 85 57 104 52 SW Little the Berger. a6 as in last month; averag 2 below the mean 4| 74 46 9o 41 W Ditto the excess of rain was half an inch; and bs it stood, as in i1 y 49 93 42 NE Ditto this month .52 above the mean, the deficiency in the amount of 6| 74 58 89 55 W Ditto ‘Ol | rain was half an inch, affording an example of the reciprocal in- 21.5 a 80 48 SW | Brisk ‘15 | dications of the two instruments. The temperature was nearly 8| 74 47 go 41 wW Little a degree below the average, but, on the whole the weather was Bi 1.535 .| 94 | 4 ee favourable. ilo | 74 54 94 48 —— Brisk M31 £6 58 83 41 NW | Little I Ho Pressure from the 3 daily “See ogg 30. 003 inches. i y 49 93 8 Demem | ee 04 mperature......... Ditto. «is. 629.48 13 | 79 52 91 48 —— | Ditto — Dew xo FUIT vere ‘Ditto bs ev 579.82 14 | 79 54 83 5o S Ditto Degree of Dryness....Ditto...... 49.61 S| 74 $9 | 199 46 E Ditto 04 or di of Moisture. . PER fects. .86 16 | 77 | 54 | 99 | 48 W | Ditto 58 of Vapour.....Ditto...... .522 inch 17 | 71 5° 73 45 SW | Ditto 08 | Least obierved dice o of Molstas üfb.. cus 457 18 | 71 53 91 51 NE Ditto :24 | Maximum Temperature in the Shade. . 85°. 19 | 61 45 73 41 NW | Ditto 12 | Minimum Temperature in ditto........ 47. 20 | 63 37 79 29 N Ditto Ol | Maximum Temperature in the Sun ..... 104°. 21 | 66 39 86 31 wa PIMUD Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation ..... g* 22 | 73 55 9o 49 Ww Ditto Mean Temperature of External Air ..... 612.41 23 | 77 | 49 | 98 | 44 | NW _ | Ditto 24 | 75 B La 56 ed ^ e es 2 o o xj ki - 4 o i SW | Ditto North ...... 2 days. A East..... 2 days. 8 NW Ditto 1 South..... v 3 9 Pee 67 is ilu 2 + a 5 ast I N.West.... 7 >S 28 | 72 56 91 52 —— | Ditto Wal 7 5 E 15 Wh ; 29 | 7t 56 77 52 SW Ditto OTF CO" o2 1 Pts vxo du T i eee g 30 | 67 51 68 48 S Ditto .IO ap it| 6j 55 63 52 SW | Ditto .30 SEN : Amount of Rain $$ s+.: 1.85 inches. 72.25 "T 88.06 45-98 1.85 [ 498 ] SEPTEMBER. Morning. Noon. Night. "n | 1839. £ | Barom. | Hygrometer Weather. Barom. Hygrometer. Weather. Barom.| Hygrometer. Weather. | | que p- | Bue S.| 1 29.061. 61 | 61 | — (Cloudy 29.103; 61 | 58 | 3 Boisterous 29.185, 56 | 51 | 5 Cei M. 2 —194 57 | 53,4 [Clear —.207| 63 | 56 | 7 Showery —.314 51] $1 | — Showers T. Eo W9 | 3S —.477, 61 | 61 | — Rain —.34 5I| 5I "ine W.|4 —.745| 55| 51|4 |Very Fine —.859, 66 | 51 | 15 Very Fine —.962/ 59 | 59 | — |Overcast Th. | 5 —-910, 62 | 62 | — |Dam —.go1| 69 69 | — Drizzly —.885| 61 61 | — pim F. | 6 —.998 61 | 58,3 |Very Fine || 30.036, 69 | 55 | 14 Very Fine 30.067, 56 | 56 | — [Fin @ 5.7 —918 62| 59 3 29.850 67 | 59| 8. 29.785) 56 | 54 | 2 Boisterous S.| 8 —936 66| 63,5 |Ditto 30.006| 69 | 66 | 3 Overcast —.983/ 6r | 58 Overcast M.| 9 30.026 61| 60/1 |Hazy —,.ooo| 71 68 3 Fi —.971| 62 62 | — |Very Fine T. ito 29-999 64| 64 | — —.oo06, 71 | 66 | 5 Very Fine 30.131| 62 | 6 Over W. EIL aces 60 | 60 | — |Overcast 29.974 72 | 69 | 3 Overcast 29.878, 62 | 62 | — |Fine Th. |12 29.804 oo | 60| — y —.785 2 59 3 Ditto —.726| $4 | 54 | — (Clear F. |13| —.669 53 | 50) 3 (Clear —.595| 64 | 53 | 11 |Very Fine —.429 54| 54, — Ditto S. 14| —.165| 56 | 56 | — [Rain —.127| 61, 61 | — |Heavy Rain |—.i20| 56 | 56 | — Heavy Rain S.15|—.134| 61| 61 | — |Heavy Rain ||—.182 56 | 56 | — Showe .288| $2 | 52 | — |Rain D M. |16| —.356| 61 | 61 | — Rain —.382, 66 | 58 | 8 Cloud —.381| 55 | 55 | — Heavy Ditto T.|17|—.536| 56 | 54|2 Clear —+527| 57| 57 | — Heavy Rain |—.467| 51 | 51 | — |Ditto W. 18,—.511| 54 | 54| — |Ditto —.556| 63| 63|]— S — 550 52| 52| — | amp Th. 19) —.5 55 | 55 | — |Fine but Damp ||—.494) 61 | 61 | — Overcast —.465| 51 51 | — Clear F. 20, —.616| 52 52 | — |Overcast —.621| 63 57 6 in —.Ó611| 51 51 | — Damp S. 21| —.551| 52| 52|— Rain —.548| 54| 54 | — Clearing —.631| 49 | 49 | — Fine S. (22| —.621| 51| 51 | — |Fine —.620 59 | 59 | — |Cloud 273| 52 | 52 | — Damp O M. 23/|—.765| 47| 47 | — Foggy —.796| 61 54 | 7 |Very Fine —.877| 51 51 | — Clear : T. |24 —.885| 47| 47 | — [Ditto —.866 64| 58| 6 Cloudy -798| 56 | $6 | — Overcast, Fine W.|25|—.749|. 61 | 61 | — |Rain —.782| 65 | 65 | — Showery .841| 56 | $56 | — (Slight Rain Th. 26 —.839 55| 55 | — |Fine —.841| 65 | 55 | ro |Very Fine —.886| $56 | 56 | — |Fine P.|27|—917| 49 | 49 | — |Ditto —876 62| 50 12 Cloudy & Fine| —693| 54 | 54 | — Slight Rain S. |28/—.484| 57| 57 | — Drizzly —474 60} 60} — Drizzly —.528| 46 | 46 | — [Fine € S. 29 —.625) 43 | 43 | — |Heavy Dew —.750 61| Ó60| 1 |Fine —.980| 50 | 50 | — Ditto M. (30| —.832| 42 | 42 | — |Fo —.975| 64| 55 | 9 |Very Fine —.979| 54| 53 | ı |Ditto 29.661,55.93 55.10 0.83 29.673 sse 59-10 4.46 29.693 54-46 54.20 0.36 | | Er — [ 499 ] SEPTEMBER. Temperature. Wind. Rain. Remarks. Days. Max. | Min. Sun. | Rad. | Direction. | Force. In. Pts. 1| 08 50 68 45 SW | Strong -O1 2, 66 50 76 46 — JNE -II This was a very wet month, the amount of rain being little 33 :67 46 80 40 =) aa OI | short of four inches, yet the average temperature br 4; 7! 53 89 47 W Little -19 | maintained in consequence of the prevalence of SW. fe 53 86 49 SW Ditto -06 inds. The barometer was generally very low, Sibtding 30 6| 74 46 89 41 W Ditto -04 | inches only in a few instances. The 1st and 7th were very 7, 66 55 $9 51 SW | Brisk boisterous. A splendid Aurora peo was seen on the even- 81-51 61 81 57 —— done ing of the 3rd. The air was nearly as much loaded with 91 75 51 89 47 —— | Brisk moisture throughout the month, as s it usually is in November. io | 78 59 93 57 — | Little 11 | 69 58 73 56 : Ditto :'9& | Mean Pressure from the 3 daily observations 29.679 inches. 12 | 63 e 79 37 Ww Ditto a emperature s oat tate VVOETETT 577,98 P 13 | 65 50 75 44 S Ditto 99 Dew Point ......:. 5. Ditto ;.. s A oe = 59 73 46 SE en :84 Degree of Dryness .... Ditto ...... 19.75 E 6c of £ 47 . us ^ Eu: Degree of Moisture .. Ditto ...... 941 16 g >t y 47 srl o Force of Vapour ..... Ditto 1.6 å -494. inch. 17 "a 46 d 43 e res “9° | Least observed degree of Moisture ...... 610 18 7 46 : Rie SW Littl '5? | Maximum Temperature in the Shade 78°, 19 | 64 48 81 44 S — 98 | Minimum Temperature in ditto ........ 6°, zo | 67 49 79 46 SW | Ditto '9^ | Maximum Temperature in the Sun ...... 93°. en a z + H A a diu Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation ...... 39, . o 23 67 38 79 36 SW Ditto Mean Temperature of External Air ..... 579.71 24 | 66 54 69 51 S Brisk .o6 NDS. 25 | 71 48 77 43 —— | Little :93 North ...... 1 day | N. East ....0 den. 26 66 42 74 37 ES Ditto t. v Rn .. 5. East PR ee 27 64 49 74 44 SW D itto p Ra. oct Tu. IN West Ó 28 | 65 36 75 33 S Ditto "I "etii. 3 S. West ...13 29 | 66 36 75 34 SW | Ditto i 30 | 67 4I 82 36 E Ditto 30 days. l Amount of Rain...s.essssesesesss 3.92 inches, 67.36| 48.06| 77-73) 44-40 3-92 [ 500 ? OCTOBER. Morning. Noon. Night. 4 Le E 8 Barom. Hygrometer, Weather. Barom, Hygrometer. Weather, Baron. Hygrometer, Weather. 1| 29.988) 47 | 47 | — (Foggy 29.962| 64 Very Fine 29.856, — 2,—.698| 50| 5o | — Ditto —.659| 64 a3 : Cloudy Sape d 1o — x 3| —-992| 44 | 44 | — |Fine —.960| 57 | 47 | 10 |Very Fine =—.790) 51 | 51 | — |Ove 4| —.447| 56| 56 | — [Rain —.459| 64| 55 | 9g |Cloudy — 655, 51 51 | — |St pine à wet $|—978| 50 | 50 | — |Boisterous —.985| 55| 50| 5 Ps —" 30.277, 44 | 44 | — |Clear 6| 30.302) 48 | 48 | — |Fine 30.319| 58 | 48 | 10 —.351, 50| 50 | — |Ditto 7i—-315| 47 4 — Overcast —.288| 59 51 8 Cloudy & Do. || —.226 52 52 | — |Fine 8 —.130| 52| $52| — | azy | —.o56| 62| 59| 3 |Very Fine 29.861 56 | 56 | — |Ditto 9 29.800, 6o | 6o | — |Ditto |29-762| 66 | 59 | 7 |Ditto —.6go 56 | 56 | — (Overcast .|10 —.618| 6o | 60 | — Cloudy |—.645| 65 | 65 | — Showe —.687, 56 | 56 | — |Clear F.|11|—.578| 63 | 63 | — Fine (—.495| 69 | 66] 3 |Very Fine —.651| 60 | 6o | — |Fine S. [12 788| 53 $2 | 1 |Clear (—.9I 61 55 6 30.050 50 50 | — Ditto S. |13 30.016, 50 | 5o | — |Foggy 30.0200 51 | 41 | 10 Ditto 29.987, 51 | 51 | — Ditto M. 14, 29-920 $5 | 55 | — |Fine 29.876, 61 | 54| 7 |Fine — 815 48 | 48 | — [Clear D one —.833| 46 | 46 | — Slight Fog | —.88o0| 58 | 56 | 2 |Dit —.937| 44 | 44 | — |Ditto Th. 16 30.066 44 | 44| — 30.037, 60 | $0 | 10 |Very Fine 30.055) 40 | 40 | — Overcast .[|17,—085| 42 | 42 | — |Hazy (—083| 54 | 54 | — Foggy —.o50| 46 | 46 | — |Ditto 4 18 29.861) 51 | 51 | — Ditto 29.889 54 | 54 | — (Cloudy 29.9317, 45 | 45 | — |Drizzly - |19, 30-033) 49 — |Foggy 30.056, 56 | 49 | 7 |Very Fine 30.133, 41 | 41 | — |Foggy S. |20 —.097| 43 | 43 | — Ditto 030. 97 | $0| 7|F —.052| 51 51 | — |Fine M. |21 —048| 54| 54| — —.068| 57 | 57| — |Hazy —.075| 52 | 52 | — |Ditt © T.|z2 —148| 53| 53 | — |Drizzly —.133| 56| 54| 2 |Ditto —.106| 52 | 52 | — |Very Fine W. |23 —.0g0} 52 | -52 | — Ditto —.o69) 55| 55 | — Drizzly —.062| 5 — |Rai Voxsdmme S id emt — —5045| 54| 54| — |R —.131 22 oe las [Dite A 25| —.252| 48 | 48 | — [Overcast —.289 | 54| 48 | 6 |Overcast —.358| 45 it — |Fine S: 26 —.338| 43 | 43 | — —.208| 52 | 48| 4 |F —.333| 44 | 42 | 2. |Ditto M. e^ —3296| 43| 49|3 Ditto —264 50]| 43| 7 |Ditto —.247| 41 41 | — iClear T. 29| —322| 4I 41 | — |Ditto —.352 46 46 | — |Cold, Showery —.480| 41 41 | — |Stormy Showers q we E TAA 41 S — "m & Cold || —330| 45 | 45 | — Cold Haze —.222| 40 | 40 | — |Ditto Th. seek as He = one Ditto |—.102| 47 | 41 | 6 Cloudy& Cold| —.038| 40 | 35 | 5 |Boisterous My 29.929, 39 | 39 | — Rain 29.853} 40 | 49 | — |Do. with Rain 30.021148 55.48 420.13 10 006 56 45/51 87 4. 58 30.024|48 0947 87/0 22 [ 503 ] NOVEMBER. Temperature. Wind. | Rain. | Remarks. Days, Max. Min. Sur. Rad. | Direction. | Force. In. Pts. | TET 42 45 40 E Little E The barometer averaged very low, whilst the amount of rain 2| 49 42 49 42 —— | Strong .30 | Was nearly 2 inches above the usual quantity for this month ; 3|. 52 48 53 47 wee | Little .28 | more indeed fell in this than in any corresponding month for the 4 | 42 39 58 38 — | Ditto .11 | last 15 years, The temperature was 4° above the average. 5| 50 39 51 32 SW Ditto .o1 | sharp frost occurred on the 26th, followed by dense fog and very 6 51 45 52 43 wW Ditto .09 heavy rain on the 27th. With few exceptions the weather was 7 51 47 51 42 E Ditto .10 | calm. The 21st was stormy and wet ; and it blew almost a hurri- g 55 46 57 41 S Ditto .og | cane for a few hours on the night of the 25th. 9| 55 50 57 48 SE Ditto .O1 to | 56 5° 56 50 S Ditto -55 | Mean Pressure on the 5 daily c nbsereptians 29. 695 inches LI 55 38 59 29 SW Ditto —— Temperature... .... 469.8 12-|-- 55 43 56 37 E Ditto —— Deu Point. Co. Coco sce Die mee 165.35 13 51 43 51 37 et Ditto Degree of Dryness «nica IMDB. 09.4. I4 | 55 49 55 48 SE Ditto (04 Degree of TORNA ppc: IO. Su. 9 15 | 56 | 46 56 | 42 S Ditto -04 Force of Vapour....... Bb .356 inch 16 56 48 61 43 —— Ditto Least observed atid of Moisture........ -734 17 | 57 51 59 50 —— | Ditto -26 | Maximum Temperature in the Shade...... 56°. 18 57 43 60 |. 36 SW Ditto -36 | Minimum Temperaturein ditto.. ....... 21°, I9 | 55 38 57 33 = | Ditto -08 | Maximum Temperature in theSun..... s pi zo | 55 29 53 24 NW | Ditto Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation... ..... 15°. 21| 48 36 49 3o NE Brisk *32 | Mean Temperature of External Air....... 459.56 22 | 48 30 55 23 — | Little 23 | 46 30 48 26 —— | Ditto +05 241 54 40 55 39 |. NW Ditto -O1 WINDs. 25 | 56 36 58 32 SW Ditto +12 North........0 oy N. East... ...4 days 26 | 46 21 50 15 WwW Ditto South «oce s S. East. ......4. + 33 | >96 32 36 30 NE Ditto .88 Bat... o NOSE GUESS 28 | 41 32 41 30 SE Ditto 06 NESU, Linn nt Se WE. ves e. 29 | 51 41 47 35 "T Due :37 peers Y umo coq o. 8 28 8 2 itto 20 o days. : $ i : i Amount of Rain E 4.37 inches. n 40.06| 52.76. 36.16 4.37 [ 502 ] NOVEMBER. Morning. Noon. Night. 1839. E Barom. Hygrometer. Weather. Barom. Hygrometer, Weather. Barom, Hygrometer. Weather, | F.| 1/29.730| 42] 42 | — |Hazy 29.677| 44 | 44 | — |Hazy 29.677| 42 | 42 | — |Rain S.| 2/—.641| 43 | 43 | — Rain -585| 45 | 45 | — |Rain -585| 42 | 42 | — |Foggy S. | 3,—.629, 48 | 48 | — |Foggy —.593| 45 | 45 | — [Ditto —.518} 50 | 50 | — |Rain M.| 4/—.503| 52] 52 | — |Hazy —.503| 51 31-| — Hia 533- 45 | 45 | — |Ditto T.| 5$/—-599| 49 | 49 | — |Rain —.650| 59| 50/9 |Fine .768} 46 | 46 | — |Hazy @ W.| 6—.763| 44| 44] — Hazy —.659| 53| 45 | 8 Cloudy —.711| 45 45 | — |Ditto -= Th.| 7,—.608| 49 | 49 | — Rain —.621| 52 52 | — |Foggy —.681| 50 | 5o | — |Overcast F.| 8—-693| 48 | 48 | — [Hazy -699} 54| 54 | — |Rain "623| 48 | 48 | — [Rain S. | 9——.507| 47 | 47 | — |Slightlyovercast |—.461| 56 | 53 | 3 |Fine —.446| 52 | 52 | — |Drizzly S. [to ==. 381) 53| 53 | — |Rain —.295| 54| 54 | — |Rain 28.978| 52 | 52 | — |Rain M.|11,——.253| 40 | 49 | — |Fine —.262| 52 | 52 | — |Fine 29.409| 45 | 45 | — |Clear T.|12—.411| 46} 46 | — |Hazy —.451| 54| 54 | — [Overcast —.579| 48 | 48 | — Hazy W. |13 —:739| 49 | 49 | — [Ditto -8041 51 | 51 | — |Hazy —.944| 46 | 46 | — |Fine D Th.(14—.984| 45 | 45 | — |Fine —.982| 52 | 52 | — |Ditto —.939| 49 | 49 | — |Rain F.15—.978| 52 | 52| — |Hazy —.933| 55 | 55 | — |Ditto —.824| 52 | 52 | — Ditto S.|116.—.876| 52 | 52 | — |Ditto —.872| 56| 52 |4 |Fine -993| 50 | 50 | — |Clear & Fine $.|17,30.029| 52 | 52 | — |Ditto 30-014] 53 | 53 | — |Drizzly —.998| 51 | 51 | — [Rain M.|1829.983| 55 | 55 | — |Heavy Rain |—.289| 55 | 55 | — |Heavy rain ||—.989| 50] 50 | — |Clearing T.|19.—.985| 46 | 46 | — |Damp 29.948| 53 | 50 | 3 |Clear & Fine ||—.955| 49 | 49 | — |Fine W.1|2030.150| 42 | 42 | — |Fine -083| 49 | 43 | 6 |Ditto —.99o| 38 | 38 | — |Clear O Th. 21/29.400| 44 | 44 | — |Stormy & Wet|29.468| 44 | 44 | — |Drizzly —.700 40 | 4o| — Ditto F.|22,O—.907| 41 | 41 | — (Overcast —.975| 45 | 42 |3 |Fine 30.152] 37 | 37 | — |Ditto S. |2330.227| 33 | 33 | — |Clear 30.150| 44| 40| 4 |Clear —.272| 36 | 36 | — |Fine S. |24—. 151| 40 | 49 | — |Rain —.080} 53| 53 | — |Drizzly 29.826| 50 | 5o | — [Rain M. |25 29.675| 53 | 53 | — |Cloudy 29.614| 55 | 55 | — |Dense Clouds||—.233| 51 | 51 | — Cloudy T. |26—.-432| 39 | 39 | — |Clearin -—.414| 45 | 45 | — Fine .410| 34 | 34 | — [Clear € W.|27—.420| 26 | 26 | — |Frosty and Foggy —.464| 33 | 33 | — |Dense Fog |—.538| 34 | 34 | — |Heavy Rain Th. |28—.569, 38 | 38 — Hazy = | .:84| 43 | 43 | — Hazy -575| 38 | 38| — |Damp _ F. 29 —.2 44 | 44 | — Heavy Rain |...202| 47 47 | — |Heavy rain |—.159| 48 | 48 | — |Heavy Rain 8.130—.621| 43 | 40} 3 |Fine —.651| 48 | 48 | — Overcast .665| 48 | 48 | — |Heavy showers 29.701145 Glac o6 0.09 29 696 49-99 48 661 33 29 689 45 - 33145 -33| 0.0 Inn— áÁ— [503] VOL. II. 2ND SERIES. DECEMBER. Temperature. Wind. | Rain. | i mre. Remarks. Days. Max. | Min. | Sun. Rad. | Direction.; Force. | In. Pts. 1| xi | 29 48 23 SE Little T EH 33 42 31 NW | Ditto This month did not fall short of its dreary character. Very 415-39 27 41 21 SW Ditto little rain fell eh bore to the 11th ; but up to that time, and 4 1 38 30 39 24 N Ditto frequently throughout,dense fogs were prevalent, with occasional si 39 28 38 26 NW Ditto frosts. Between the 11th and 27th, there were only four dry days, E!l 5 32 39 31 S Ditto .o1 | and altogether mea fell upwards of half an inch more than the 74. 8 28 44 19 SE Ditto average. as almost peek = in a state of saturation. 8 35 31 36 29 E Ditto The ipie ei about an average e 24th was very él 37 32 38 29 NE Ditto boisterous, and a sharp frost bend on the 29th. io; 23 34 43 31 E Ditto i $ £ a ib d Y Hg 2 Mean Pressure from the 3 daily observations 29.735 inches. : emperature........ ee 1ttó... v. Hs o 4 49 39 » | Little 16 Dew Po Do dad rai er DIEN err Ene 14 | 49 3o 50 26 E S d Degree of Dryness...... Ditto...... 657 $ n e : . 2 D "e £9 Degree of — TI mne. 972 Mou cyan dens pede 278 inch E 44 31 53 ed D — 28 Least vais egies of Moisture ........ 772 : = = Lus M S se Maxim mperature in the Shade AER E gy? 2| 5» 32 55 4 Di Ms ah MU TENE ias In OO cu sacra cid ih c] 22 iu cw t Sw Dte :99 | Maximum Temperature in the Sun........ — 572 EE 4 54 45 Euk :29 | Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation........ 15.9 B : ; 43 : ; 18 S DN P Mean T'emperature of External Air...... + 40°.50 24 | 54 44 54 39 SW Brisk .O1 á 25 | 48 28 26 WwW Little dn 26 54. 38 Hd 36 E Ditto 39 North Seer EOT se | day | N. East T eee 8 : ; days 27 46 29 46 25 NW | Ditto 13 South Ory yey ge: N ee Vu VPCS Bs 28 | 39 24. 43 T Ww Ditto East ...... ee. 3 Ee est eosi g oi 29 40 21 43 15 I edidi Ditto ve eee teow t! n t! 3 LI . CSE. i irets LI 5 39| 4€ | 34 | 44 | 33 s 5L 3i eg. I 52 45 54 43 mite Amount of RAW .. «oc. 50 se >s aus epee 2.32 inch. 45-35 | 35-25) 46.70) 31.74 2.32 3 U [ 504 ] DECEMBER. Morning. Noon. Night. 1839. E Hygrometer. Weather. Barom. Hygrometer. Weather, Barom. Hygrometer, | Weather, | S.| 1 30 JI Frosty Soggy 29.732, 41 41 | — |Dense Fog 29.810 33 33 | — |Dense Fog M. | 2 A eo pese Fog .||—992| 4r | 41 | — |Ditto —Büil. 39 | :35 Foggy T.| 3 Re Nal Shem A —.966 35 | 35 | — Dito —.962} 31 | 31 | — |Ditto W.| 4 $i 2 31 [| — [Frosty —.835| 39 | 371 2 |Fine —.963| 3I 31 | — Overcast Th. | 5 35 | 32| 3 Slight Haze ||30.181| 47 | 41| 6 |Ditto 30.487| 34| 34| — Drizzly e F. 6 6| 36 — |Foggy —.397, 36 | 36 | — |Foggy —.404| 36 | 36 | — |Foggy S. [7 35 35 | — Dense Fog —— 343] «41 35 6 |Fine — 239, 31 31 | — Frosty S. | 8— 34 32 2 Hazy .070| 36 36 | — |Hazy —.o14| 32 32 | — Overcast M.| 9 34 | 34 | — [Ditto 29.800| 36 | 36 | — [Ditto 29.712| 32 | 32 | — Ditto T. 34 | 34 | — Ditto —.628| 39 | 35 | 4 |Ditto —.637| 36 | 36| — Foggy W. 49 40 | — |Fine —.490| 44 44 | — |Hazy —.326 46 | — Rain Th. 45 | 45 | — |Cloudy; windy —.19o0| 48 | 48 | — |Cloud —.252| 41 | 41 | — Clou D F. 39-1--39 T Fme —.303| -47.| 47 | — Overcast —.277| 41 41 | — Heavy Rain S. 42 | 42| — |Rain .288| 46 | 42 | 4 |Fine —.400] 43 | 43 | — Clear & Fine S. 32| 32| — |Frosty Haze | —586| 42 | 42 | — Hazy —.427| 44 | 44| — Hazy, Rain M. 39 | 39 | = |Hazy .820| 41 41 | — |Ditto 30.083 37 | 37| — |Fine T. 34 | 34 | — |Fine 0.030| 42 | 42 | — [Ditto 29.868| 36 | 36 | — Overcast i. 35 | 32| 3 |Dry Haze |29.451| 40| 36 | 4 |Dry Haze ||—.376] 41| 41, — Rai Th. 48 48 | — (Cloudy —.42 52 52 | — |Cloudy —.356| 50 50 | — |Ditto O F. 51 | 51| — |Heavy Rain || —262| 55 | 55 | — |Rain —.480| 49 | 49 | — Fine S. 46 | — Clear .564| 50 go | — |Cloudy —.561| 52 52 | — | Rain S. şo | 5o | — |Drizzl .487| $2 | 52| — |Rain —.376} 52 | 52| — |Fine M. 48 | 46, 2 e rain| —561| 52 | 52 | — |Ditto —.333| 54| 54| — Rain T. 56 | 56 | — Boisterous, —.302| 52 | 47| 5 |Fine —A416| 49 | 49| — Ditto W. 45 44 I Fine [Foggy| —545| 46 39 | 7 |Very Fine —.568| 36 35 1 Clear Th. 32 35 p^ Frosty and —.599| 39 39 | — |Rain —.322| 41 41| — [Rain F. — Rain —.456| 45 | 45 | — |Hazy —.577| 49 | 40) — Hazy S. 32| 32| — Slight Frost || —.826| 43 | 43 | — |Fine 30.062, 29 | 29 | — Clearing S. 28| 28| — Clear &Frosty| 30.333) 38 | 35 | 3 Clear —.440| 29 | :29 | — |Frosty M. 27 27 | — Frosty and Foggy| —-37 36 36 | — |Hazy —.163| 37 32| — Overcast Ti 44| 4| — 29.884 46 | 46 | — |Fine 29.727| 47 | 47| — Ditto 38.70 38.350.35 29.733 43 a BUE 29720 9:51 iplo | |i o g [ 505 ] DECEMBER. Temperature. Wind. | Rain. | | ae Remarks. Days. Max. | Min. | Sun. Rad. |Direction.| Force. | In. Pts. I| 4i | 29 48 23 SE | Little ET 42 33 42 31 NW | Ditto month did not fall short of its dreary character. $1.38 27 41 2I SW | Ditto little n rain fell previously to the 11th ; but up to that time, and 4 38 30 39 24 N Ditto frequently throughout,dense fogs were prevalent, with occasional tl 33 28 38 26 NW Ditto rosts. Between the 11th and z7th, there were only four dry days, 6| 37 32 39 31 S Ditto .o1 | and altogether there fell upwards of half an inch more than th 71 2 28 44 19 SE Ditto average. The air was aei vraie. in a ege of saturation. 8 35 31 36 29 E Ditto The temperature was about an average. e 24th was very $91 37 32 38 29 NE Ditto boisterous, and a sharp on kand on the 29th. I 42 34 43 31 E Ditto i : E i: RB 30 T ^ d a Mean Pressure from the 3 daily observations 29-735 inches. 13| 48 | 42 | 48 | 39 | —— | Little ides oc eee a H 49 i 50 = E pm : Degree of Dryness.. ....Ditto...... 09.57 à 43 4 43 4 4 Ditt 09 Degree of Moisture ..... Ditto... ... .972 : 44 3° $9 x um Di " Force of Vapour..... (cubitus .278 inch. H 44 31 53 zd GT el 28 | Least observed degree of Moisture ........ -772 : = = 42 - oe D Maximum Temperature in the Shade...... LT Bis 5 > 55 48 Due ah Minimum Temperature in ditto,......... 1s el» i 6 35 15 Sw TES :9? | Maximum TemperatureintheSun........ — 572 21:23 4 34 45 he p Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation. ....... 15.9? : : : : 1o ; i 18 E DS p Mean Temperature of External Air....... 40.30 24| $4 44. 54 39 SW | Brisk .O1 vis 25 8 28 26 W Little 26 54. 38 Hd 36 E Ditto 39 North ceeveee vest wal N. East. Sees sepe - 27 46 29 46 25 NW Ditto 3 Sommo sc ..... 7 . N $e Seros 28 | 39 24 43 15 wW Ditto East ,: 5... 69d. J hae etori 2 29 40 21 43 15 us Ditto West eee eee .... 3 . est n LI +5 .. 39| 44 | 34 | 44 | 33 SE | Ditto - 31 days. s 3s 4 54 43 : A: Amountof Rajo ...... ci dee corum o oa2 52.38 UE, 45-35 | 35-25) 46.70) 31.74 2.32 VOL. II. 2ND SERIES. [ 506 ] Monthly Mean Pressure, Temperature, and Dew Point, &c. of 1839; deduced from the Observations recorded in the preceding Journal. Pressure. Temperature. 1839. hia LLL Mean of Boni n Sun's Terrestrial Med. ki Mean at p In the Shade, Mean at ofthe | Rey — Radiation of Sun Months. Max. Min. Med, | Barom, Night. | tions. || Max. | Min. | Med. | Morn. | Noon, Morn. | Noon. three Night. |Observ* Mar. | Min. | Max. | Min. [Rad®, 37-85 35:9341: 19 36.80137.97 59 | 38 E. 11 138.58) | -009 29.999) 53 | 20 40.40,37.4644.71,38.9240.36| 71 | 40| 47 14 42.28] - [29 829 29.823 39.5146.0939.5141.70| 72 | 39 | 44 9 49:77 | Jan. . 30.573 29.039 29.918) 1.534 29.938 29. ke se :91429.910 53 | 17 Feb. . 30.559 29 467 30-001) 1.092 29.990 29.998 30 March 30. 238)29.261|29.821| 0.977 |29 824.29.817|29 April 30.55029.409 30.094) 1. 141 30.090 30 ee 30.094| 73 | 24 |44.44'44.00150 1641.00 45-05) 96 | 36 | 45| 13 47.98 ns 30 d 357,29-978| 0.891 29.983 29 96229 97829.974| 73 | 28 $2455 51.48 pe uals 53.97, 96 | 62| 52| 19 |58.99 UNE. |30.291|29.409 29. 904. 0. 882 |29.904/29. 889 29.92229.905| 8 © 160.16/661.5369.1027.2662.63| 110 |. 6 68.08 July . 30.304 29.29829. -913| 1.006 29.917 jc pots 910,29.911 i : RE $5528, 2s IOI $ x : 61.67 G08 duisi: xe Local Aug. 30-325/29.17230.003/ 1.153 30.00729.99730.005,30.003| 85 | 37 |61.41/60.5868.51 58. 35.62.48 104 | 63 | 56 | 29 [67.01 Sept. 30.131/29.061/29.677 1.070 29.661 29.673 29 69329.679| 78 | 36 |57.71155-93163.5654. 4657.98. 93 | 65 ^ 57) MM Oct. .30.480/29.447 30.017 1.033 |30.021/30 906,30:024,30.017 71] 35 51.4048.55|/56.4 548. 0951.03| 83] 42| 55 28 153.30 Nov. . 30. 272/28.978 29.699 1.294 29.701/29 69629 689129.695|| 56 | 21 45-56 45. 16497 9945. .33 46.82 61| 36| 50] 15 |4446 Dec. . 30. 508 29. 19029 738| 1.318 29.748 29.73329.72629.735| 57 | 21 40-30,38.7043.45.39. $140.55 57| 36) 45| 15092 Aver. (30-373 29-257 29.896 1.116 29. 898 j29- 888 29.9 goo 29.895|68.50 28.66 19-6118. 54/55 4117-25 50408358 49-25 51-33 21.66 |52.69 Hygrometer indicating Dew Point. Scale of the Winds. Rain. 1839. ——- | | ERA Mean Dew Point at Mean Mean Mean Mea: Least | | Months ‘Mork: | Noon. | Night. Point, AH Deedes == Mae: N. | NES DES. SUE S. | S.W, | W. | N.W. | Days. | In. Pts, Jan. .| 35. 19 38.74| 36.74) 36.89) .253 1.08 962 676 rjo o I ti- "ee fot 31 1.27 Feb. .| 36. ape 41.40 38.78) 38.99 .272 1.37 957 634 I 3 o 2 2 6 T 3 28 2.19 March, 58. Be 39-55| 39.09, 38 89 271 2.81 903 488 | 1: 8 2 5 1 6 $13 3! 1-95 April| 39-90 39.80) 40.27) 39.99, .280 5-06 823 4 la 6 9 1 Pg &17$ 3° 1.46 May .| 45-39) 46.42| 46.74 46. 18! -352 7.79 766 346 | 5 IO 5 o 4 2 2 3 31 0.82 June. 25 60.10 sd 58. 3 -531 4-29 | 874 519 | 1 3 4 3 8 8 2i l 30 » July .| 59.64 * 60.80) 58. 39 59.61| .553 4.67 | 862 401 o 4 1 o 8| 15 £1 1 3! vn Aug. | 57.74 * e. a 58.06) 57.82| .522 4.61 | 864 457 2 2 I o 3 8 81 7 3: dio. Sept. € 59-10) 54.20, 56.13| .494 | 1.75 | 941 610 | IOS RA PII | 31 jo 1 Oct. | 48. 42) 51.87| 47.87, 49-39) -392 | 1.64 | 946 NOI 8 1r «ilia arla l 341 | | Nov. | 45- K 48.66) 45.33 46.35] .356 | 0.47 | 987 734 | B FTF, 4 FOX $ || 2 jo | 4:37 Dec. .| 38.35) 42.13 39.48| 39.98| .278 0.57 972 772 | 1 2 3 8 7 5 3| 2 31 2.32 Aver. 46.51 48.86 46-77| 47-38) .379 a ee 904 569 | 121 $1 35 29 | 64| 79 | 54| 36 | 365 28.30 [ 507 ] The preceding Table, as regards Temperature, and the Dew Point, is in terms of Fahrenheit's scale ; the following are reductions of the same to those of the Centigrade and Reaumur's Thermometers. CENTIGRADE THERMOMETER. Temperature. | Hygrometer indicating Dew Point. | dos In the Shade Mean at | In Sun's Ra > Mean Dew Poi : rods Menw| 7. Uh | Buh Maa ("7 oe ithe three Sun and Mean | Mean __ \Observa- dia- | Dew (degree of Months.) Max. | Min. | Med. | Morn, | Noon. Night, | tious | Max. | Min. | Max. | Min, | tion. goed Noon. | Night. | Point, ai Jan..| 11.66| -8.33| 3.25| 2.18| 5.10 2.66. 3.31| 15.00! 3.33 10.00-11.66| 3.65| 1.77! 3.74| 2.63! 2.71| 0.60 Feb..| 11.66| -6.66| 4.66) 3.03 7.06, 3.84. 3-31 23.66 4-44 8.33.-10.00 SA 2.65 th. e 2-74 0.76 March) 14.44, -6.66) 5.52) 4.17| 7.82, 4.17, 5.38, 22.22, 3.88 6.66-12.77 9 87 3:35) 4.19| 3.93| 3.82| 1.56 April| 22.77, -4.44! 6.91, 6.66/10.08| 5.00, 7.25| 35.55| 2. 2, 7.22,-10.55| 8.87) 4.38| 4.33| 4.59 | 4.44 2-81 May .| 22.77, —2.22, 11.36) 10.82/16.61| 9.19, 12.31| 35.55| 16.66 11.11 -7.22| 14.94) 7-43, 7.90 8 18) -87| 4.32 June.| 28.88) 4.44| 15 64. 16.40/20.61|14.03| 17.01| 43.33 19.44 I2.77, 1.11| 20.04/14.76, 15.61 13.55| 14.63) 2.38 July .| 27.22, 7.22) 16.52, 17.6121.03 15.16| 17.93| 38.33) 19-44) 15.55| 4-44, 16.48 15-35 16.00 15.33| 2:59 ug. | 2 2.77, 16.33) 15.8720.28 14.63 16.93) 40.00 17.22 3.33 - 19.45 14.30, 14.33| 14.47| 14.34 2.56 Sept. | 25.55| 2.22| 14.28, 13.2917.54|12.47| 14.42) 33.88, 18.33) 13.88| 0.55] 16.14 12.83! 15.05| 12.33| 13.40, 0.97 Oct. .| 21 1.66| 10.77, 9.19/13.58| 8.93| 10.57| 28.33! $ 55 12 77 —2.22| 11.83] 9.12! 11.03! 8.81 66 0.91 Nov .| 13.33} -6.11| 7.53, 71310.00] 7.40, 8.23) 16.11 22 10.00 -9.44| 6.92| 7.25] 9.25| 7.40| 7.97| 0.26 Dec..| 13.88| -6.11| 4.61] 3-72) 6.36| 4.17) 4.75| 13.88 ILLE 7.22 -9.44| 4.01| 3.5 | 5 -62| 4.15] 4.47| 0.31 | | | Aver.| 20.27| -1.85| 9.78 ggg. oo 8.47| 10.22) 28.65 9:98 10.73 —5.71 ue 8.06 9.36 8.20| 8.54 1.67 i i | Reaumur’s THERMOMETER. ‘Temperature. Hygrometer indicating Dew poine] 1839. In Sun's Ra a Mean Dew Point at In the shade. Mean at Mia of ys. Radiation. — | Med. of Mes the three — Sun and Mean degree Obeers Radia- Dew of dry Months. Max. | Min. Med. | Morn. | Noon. | Night. | vations.| Max. Min, Max. | Min. | tion. ||Morn.| Noon. | Night. | Point.| ness. Jan. .| 9.33) -6.65| 2 PY .o8| 2.12| 2.6:| 12.00| 2.66| 8.00| -9.33| 2.91|| 1-41] 2.98| 2.09| 2.16) o Feb..| 9.33| —5.33| 3 22 sur ER 3.06 3.71 17.33| 3.55| 6.66) -8.00| 4.56) 2.11| 4.17| 3.00) 3-10) O March. 11.55| —5.33| 4.42| 3.15| 6.26| 3.33| 4-31| 17.77| 3-1!| 5-33|[19-22| 7.89 2-67) 3+35| 3.15| 3-05) I April.| 18.22 —3.55| $.52| 5.33| 8.07| 4.00] 5.79| 28.44| 1.77| 5-7 -8 7.09| 3-51| 3-46) 3.67| 3.55| 2 ay.| 18.22| —1.77| 9.08| 8.65| 13.28| 7.35| 9.76, 28.44| 13.33| 8.88) —5.77| 11-95] 5-94 6 6.54 6.30) 3 June. 23.11| 3.55| 12.51| 13.11| 16.48| 11.22| 13.61| 34-66] 15.55| 10-22 88| 16.03) 11.80, 12-48) 10.8211.70| 1 July .| 21.77 5.77| 13.20| 14.08| 16.82| 12.12| 14.31) 30-66| 15.55| 12.44 55| 13- 17/12.28| 12.79) !1.72/12.27| 2 Aug. 23.55| 2.22, 13 06) 12.69) 16:22| 11.70| 13.54| 32-00| 13-77 10.66) —1.33| 15-55/11.43| 11-40) 11-57/11-47) 2.0 Sept. | 20 1.77| 11.42| 10.63| 14-01| 9.97| 11.54| 27.11| 14.66| 11.11| o 12.90/10.26| 12.04| 9-85 10-71 id Oct. .| 17.33| 1.33| 8.61| 7.355| 10.86 8.45| 22.660| 4.44| 10.22| —1.77| 9.46) 7.29, 8-82) 7.04 :5 mL. Nov. | 10.66| —4.83| 6.or| 5.84! 7.99| 5.91) 6.58| 12.88| 1.77| 8.00| —7.55| 5.33| 5-29 7.49 6.11) 0-37) 0.2 Dec. .| t1. 11 —4.88| 3.68| 2.97} 5.08| 3.33] 3.79| 11-11] 1.77| 5:77) -7-55| 3-20| 2-81] 4-49) 3-32) 3:54 9-2 oe ens wee a | sl Aver. | 16.22 —-1.48| 7.82| 7.33| 10.40| 6.77] 8.17| 22.92| 7.66 que —4.59| 9.18 m 7:49 $7 6.83 EZ [ 508 ] XLVIII. Note upon Achimenes longiflora, a new plant from Gua- temala. By Mr. Roszngr FomruwE ; Superintendent of the Hothouse Department of the Society s Garden. Read November 2, 1841. Boranisrs have long been aware that there exists in Mexico and other parts of central America a beautiful race of Gesneraceous plants, to which this individual belongs, but with the exception of Achimenes coccinea, a native of Jamaica, perhaps better known as Cyrilla pulchella, none of them have ever found their way into English gardens. The Horticultural Society, has however now been fortunate enough to introduce two other species, Achimenes longiflora and A. rosea, through their collector Mr. Hartweg : both of them beautiful plants but the former particularly so; and therefore some account of it may be interesting to the Fellows of the Society. Mr. Hartweg found it growing wild in the ravines of Guate- mala, and sent its roots home last spring along with several other new Gesneraceous and Orchidaceous plants. The roots arrived in very good order, owing to their having been packed in dry loam, and sent home at that period of the year when the plant is na- turally in a resting state. In packing and sending home plants of this kind, much of the success depends upon having them gathered and transmitted at the proper season. In this case the roots being gathered after the growing season was past, and at the same time surrounded with dry loam, were as nearly as possible in natural circumstances, during the voyage to England, were only enjoying that period of rest which they would have had in their native country, and, as the event proved, were as ready to TES (IT MT. SECOND SER On Achimenes longiflora. 509 start into leaf, and to grow with vigour after their arrival as if they had remained in Guatemala. The stems of Achimenes longiflora are of two kinds, some creep- ing along the ground and amongst the soil, and forming fibrous roots and numerous imbricated buds resembling scaly bulbs ; others grow- ing in an upright position from a foot to two feet in height, branching and covered with short spreading hairs. The leaves are hairy, ge- i nerally opposite and in pairs, but on young shoots are frequently in whorls of three and sometimes alternate ; they are oblong, pointed, and serrated, green above, but tinged with red on the under side when fully grown. The flowers grow singly from the axils of the . leaves ; the peduncles are about half an inch in length ; the lobes of the calyx are green, oblong, pointed, and persistent. The tube of the corolla is about two inches long and the border nearly two inches and a half in diameter, 5-lobed and nearly round, having much the outline of a good heartsease. The tube is of a dark cream colour, the border purple or deep blue cbanging into lilac. The style and stamens are about the length of the tube, but the latter are apparently much shorter, owing to their being spirally curved at their base. It proves to be a plant of the easiest cultivation, flowering in August and continuing covered with large violet flowers for three or four months. It seems to flourish in any free soil, and is more easily propagated than any plant with which I am acquainted. In the spring when it begins to grow this can be done by separating and potting the scaly bulbs described above ; afterwards its creeping stems will strike their roots into the soil and can be taken off perfect plants ; and at all times, while the plant is growing, cuttings may be struck in a few days. Every one who has a warm greenhouse or cucumber or melon frame to start itin, and enable it to form its flower buds in summer, may have it in full bloom in the common greenhouse or sitting room in autumn. The lovers of drawing-room plants may intro- 510 On Achimenes longiflora. duce it there and grow it as easily as they now do the Achimenes coccinea. "Those who have sufficient accommodation may produce a fine effect by planting a quantity of the roots in a large flat box, and so forming a bed of flowers, which will contrast beautifully with the green foliage of the surrounding plants. After the flowering season is past the stems die off and the roots 7 require no more care than keeping perfectly dry and free from frost during the winter. When spring comes round and the plant shews signs of growth it must be repotted, at the same time removing some of the old soil and dividing the roots, where they seem to be sending up too many young stems for the size of the pot. To the successful cultivators of Achimenes coccinea it will be enough to say that A. longiflora requires very nearly the same treatment ; and those who are not acquainted with that plant may easily manage this by attending to the directions already given. When we consider that its cultivation is of the easiest kind, and that its flowers are large, beautiful, and produced in succession for several months together, it is not too much to say that it is one of the finest of Mr. Hartweg’s importations. [ 511 J XLIX. On a System of Pruning Fruit Trees. In a Letter to the Secretary. By Mr. Henry Crace. Read November 2, 1841. SIR, A xzow me to draw the attention of the Society to a system of pruning fruit trees, which I have adopted for some years; and as experience has shewn, with, I think, complete success. My object was to regenerate a tree, (if I may so express myself) ; that is to say to make the old branches which have become barren, reproduce bloom-buds, even down to within a few inches of the graft ; and I have so far succeeded, as to have fruit at this moment hanging on wood which had ceased bearing at least twenty years. I should premise that I have resided for twelve years, on land, the natural soil of which was about nine inches, with a subsoil of an inveterately strong clay. My first operation in taking this brick field, (for such it was), was to cut trenches twelve inches deep in the clay, and to fill them up with brick drains, three inches broad; these I repeated every fifteen feet across my garden; conducting them into a tank. My next point was to cover the ground with lime rubbish, and street sweepings ; and to trench the whole to the depth of the good soil. (I have subsequently been adding thus to the soil annually with a plentiful supply of stable dung, so that at present I have upwards of two feet of good soil.) I then planted my trees o» my ground, not in it, as is customary, by raising small hillocks, and placing the trees upon them. I next fastened down the larger roots of the larger trees, with small wooden pegs, to prevent irritation from the action of the 512 On a System of Pruning Fruit Trees, wind ; and I covered them with earth ; so that most of my trees were upwards of a foot above the face of the Garden : and the centre of the roots was filled up with earth. I must draw the at- tention of the young planter to this last and very material point ; because in most cases the centre is left without earth, which pre- vents fibrous roots forming round the stem. From the nature of the soil, my trees have always had a tendency to luxuriant growth, which I annually check, by cutting the roots, to within two or three feet of the stem, according to the size of the plant: but I endeavour each year to cut about one inch longer, by which treatment all my trees are without rank roots ; and I am perfectly satisfied that, by suffering only fibrous ones to exist, you have a greater quantity of blossom-buds produced. These observations I have made in order that no brother gar- dener may be led into error by adopting the plan I am about to lay before you, without taking previously the necessary precau- tions to have his trees in a proper state of cultivation. To commence with Apple and Pear trees. My first operation is about the month of June, when the sap is rising rapidly through the tree, to nip off the young shoot, to about six inches in length, (the spring shoots at this period being about twelve inches long.) This instantly stops the consumption of sap, which is in conse- quence forced to the dormant eyes, or buds, on the old wood ; it is also, the means of ripening the young shoots much sooner : and it causes the bloom-buds immediately around the shoulder, to throw forth foliage ; consequently bringing to maturity numberless blossom eyes, otherwise dormant. ‘This is strongly exemplified at the present moment: for the upper leaves are beginning to fall, while those around the shoulder, are quite firm. When the trees make their Midsummer shoots, the cut branches again throw forth their young wood, from the upper eyes; and in case they are strong, I again nip them off. As the fruit becomes ripe and gathered, I commence my autumn By Mr. Henry Crace. 513 pruning, by cutting off all my shoots, to within a half an inch of the shoulder, taking care not to injure the leaves beneath ; thus although the whole of my trees are now pruned, I have nearly every one covered with foliage. I leave the top shoots uncut until the winter; when I again train every tree, with tar-cord, raising the tie a few inches annually ; and although my trees have been twelve years planted, I have a large quantity of them not more than three or four feet high. I have within the last year or two applied this system to my Plums and Cherries, and most effectually to Currants and Goose- berries ; in fact I think it will apply to all fruits, except Peaches and Nectarines on the walls. With these I am very cautious ; selecting only the most succulent; but by stopping them you throw strength into the lower shoots. Possibly there may be persons doubtful of the advantage arising from this new treatment of fruit trees; but to the most sceptical I shall be happy to show its effects: and should it prove advanta- geous to Horticulture, I shall be highly gratified in being the means of introducing it. There is one material precaution which I ought to mention with reference to cutting the roots. This operation is generally per- formed with the spade, when the root is left with a bruised, or ragged end. I always cut the roots clean with my knife ; taking the cut in a slanting direction three or four inches long on the under side of the root; by which means I have a greater surface to throw out fibrous roots: and on opening ground around some of the trees, I find a complete fan formed with the young fibres. I am, Sir, Your most obedient servant, Henry Crace. Lennard Place, St. John’s Wood, October 18, 1841. VOL. II. 2ND. SERIES. 3 X 514 On a System of Pruning Fruit Trees. [Note by the Vice Secretary. In consequence of an invitation from Mr. Crace I inspected the trees to which the foregoing com- munication relates ; and I am happy to bear my testimony to their excellent condition, which I found to be exactly what the author represents. | [ 515 J L. Experiments upon the effects of Kyanized Wood, and Mer- curial Vapour upon Plants. By Mr. RosEnr FORTUNE; Superintendent of the Hothouse Department of the Society's Garden. A. crear deal having been said about the injurious effects of Kyanized wood when used in the construction of hothouses and frames, it became a subject of horticultural interest to ascertain how far these opinions are correct and what is the nature of the effects actually produced. Several experiments were, therefore, com- menced in the garden of the Society, of which the following is a brief account. In the latter end of March, 1838, two long boxes made upon the principle, and after the manner of Mr. Ward's cases, were prepared for the experiment. One was made of wood that had been steeped in Kyan's tanks, the material out of which the other was prepared had not been subjected to this process. They were filled with the same kind of soil and the plants put into each were as near as pos- sible alike. Each box contained twelve plants, and those selected for the experiment were of different constitutions and habits : some of them being young and more likely to be affected by delete- rious matter than others which were old and more robust. Both boxes after planting were well watered, and the tops which fitted very close were placed upon each. They were then set in an open situation fully exposed to the sun and never opened to admit any fresh air. After having been in this situation for six months, and examined frequently during that period, it was found that the plants treated in this manner did not succeed well in either box, but that those in the Kyanized one did quite as well as those in the other. It 516 Experiments on Kyanized wood, &c., should be stated, however, that both boxes were painted, and, therefore, this circumstance might help to preserve the plants in the Kyanized box. In the month of June in the same year, some Kyanized wood free from paint was put amongst the stems and leaves of Caland- rinia discolor, and a common Pelargonium, and then covered with hand-glasses. At the same time hand-glasses were put over an equal number of plants of the same description which grew side by side with the others. After growing in these circumstances for three months, it did not appear that the Kyanized wood had pro- duced any bad effects—the plants grew freely in both places and the Calandrinia ripened its seed as freely in the one place as in the other. It seemed plain from these experiments, that wood dipped in Kyan’s tanks produced no injurious effects upon plants in a dry and cool atmosphere ; but there was no reason to conclude that it would be equally harmless in a warm and moist one, because if any chemical action took place it was more likely to do so in the latter case than in the former. To prove whether or not this opinion was correct, some plants capable of standing a very high temperature were put under a hand-glass in the stove and several pieces of Kyanized wood introduced amongst them. This wood was kept moist by means of a small hole in the top of the hand-glass, but the glass itself was never taken off for this purpose. In about three weeks the effect produced was very different here from that out of doors—the plants without exception began to look sickly, those leaves which accidentally came in contact with the wood became yellow and soon withered, and a fine vigorous specimen of the sensitive plant was killed. The wood was then taken out, the plants top-dressed and the hand-glass well washed. All the appa- ratus was put back in the same place, the wood excepted, when the sickly plants gradually recovered, their new leaves were fresh and greenand were not injured as they had been before, By Mr. RoBERT Fortune. 517 Some farther experiments were commenced on the Ist of April in the present year to ascertain what effects mercurial vapour and weak muriatie acid would produce upon balsams. Seven hand-glasses with moveable tops were placed side by side in the pit of a moist stove and numbered from 1 to 7 inclusive. Seven balsams of the same size, and equally healthy, were placed, below them, one in each. A small pan was then put under each glass to receive the chemical preparations, and the whole being ready, the following substances were put into them— No. 1. Half an ounce of mercury. 2. Half an ounce of corrosive sublimate, mixed with wet saw dust. . Was left in its natural state. . Weak muriatic acid. . Half an ounce of dry calomel. . Half an ounce of dry corrosive sublimate. 7. Moistened shavings of Kyanized wood. The following table of observations will shew which of the substances proved injurious or otherwise, and the manner in which the plants were affected. They were examined daily, but remarks in the table were made only when the effects were particularly apparent. a ok & 518 Experiments on Kyanized wood, $c., TABLE SHEWING THE EFFECTS OF THE DIFFERENT SUBSTANCES. F. 3. 4. 9. : {T April * oz. of Corr. ae: 4 oz. of Dry Shavings of Ist. |} oz. of Mercury.|Sub. mixed with T" eter — or iia Corrosive Sub- | Kyanized wood wet Saw dust. qum limate. moist. 5th. |Th fth latsa are chang: ing to bro 7th. |Continuesto suf- fer, leaves curl. ing backwards The weeds not looking well. 12th. |Gets — gradually|Notlooking heal-|Gets drawn up|Seems to grow No weeds grow-|The leaves curl- worse, leaves|thy, leavesbegin-|but is satu better than the ing in the pot,jinga little, and ` ng to curl. healthy. others, the weeds but the ares very like are remarkably cannot be said to|N healthy. be affected yet. 15th. 23rd. 15th. 30th. June 5. Has now lost all its leaves and is Both the plant and weeds m benihe, — any The Nes. Sun T Os ke brought here. No effects visible upon this 2nd Leaves turning brown and evi- dently suffering. Exactly like plant in No. 2.—leaves much curled and brown. X" Geni in this us had a very marked effect recovered and is now dead. .2nd plant evi-|Gets jada ally pe S adr pene he cannot be Dens to get dently suffering| worse Jedes cis , be-|said to be affect. = This and in the same man-|at the edges, turn oo already to vegas No. 2, evidently ner and from the|yellow and finally look better suffering from same cause drop the same cause. the Ist. EM now lost all|Removed with Sickly plant from It now appears|Removed in the s leaves and is|scarcely a leaf No. 7. brought to suffer a little.|same state as No. pd unhealthy. (upon it to No. 6. ere Plant from No. 2,/2, to No. 4. Another intro- brought here in|Another healthy uced. a sickly state, _| plant introduced. All but dead. =a plant nen Piy pat from|It seems to suf-|Evidently suffer-|2nd plant suffer- ing in the same 7, recovers fer a little, buting from someling a little, but manner in: pre abea ea that|the effects are noticause, slowly. |not so rapidly as first. from No. 1, isjof a decided cha-| Sickly plant|the firs now w haslihy: racter. brought from No. 2, does not : recover here. Still sta on|Continues to get This p has|AIl the plants in|The effects pro-|Still slightly af-|Presents the but not|worse, but thejgrown very wellithisglassarenow|duced here may|fected, rather same marks of grow, = is injdeleterious mat-|throughout. It healthy and only have been the re- more decided disease as the a dying state. |ter evidently not rfected itsisuffering — from|sult x "us se con- than No. 5. first plant, but [so strongas when setti and seed ed -— finem The sickly plant/affec re first put in. d died she any do ich was slowly. The in- other brought from urious matter levidently gets weaker. By Mr. RosrnT Fonruxr. 519 From this table it will be seen that the plant in No. 1, where the mercury was, became visibly affected on the 5th day, that in two days afterwards some weeds which vegetated in the soil also looked sickly, and that it gradually became worse up to the 15th, when it had lost all its leaves and was removed from under this hand-glass, and placed under No. 4, which contained the weak muriatic acid. This change of circumstances had a marked effect upon the sickly plant which now began gradually to recover, and on the 30th of May—about six weeks after its removal—it was perfectly healthy. At the time that the last plant was removed from No. 1, namely, on the 15th of April, another healthy one was introduced, which suffered in the same manner, and lost all its leaves in nearly the same space of time. In No. 2, where the corrosive sublimate and moistened sawdust were, no bad effects were visible until the 12th day, but at that time the leaves began to curl and look unhealthy, turning yellow and finally dropping off, so that on the 15th of May it was removed with scarcely a leaf remaining. Another healthy plant was then placed in the same circumstances, and suffered in the same manner, though not so rapidly as the first. No. 3, had no preparation of any kind under the hand-glass, and the plant here continued to grow throughout the whole time of the experiment without suffering in any way further than getting drawn up and having its top injured by the pressure of the hand-glass. No. 4. The diluted muriatic acid had a most beneficial effect upon the balsam in this hand-glass, it grew more luxuriantly than any of the others, and the weeds in the pot vegetated and flourished in a very remarkable manner. Further, as before remarked, — the sickly leafless plant brought here from No. 1, gradually reco- vered and was soon in a high state of health. The plants in Nos. 5 and 6, where the dry calomel and dry corrosive sublimate were, did not seem to be at all affected until 520 : Experiments on Kyanized wood, &c., about the 15th of June, and then only slightly, and if this was owing to the nature of these compounds, their action must have been very slow. The shavings of Kyanized wood in No. 7, had a decided effect upon the plant. In twelve days this effect was apparent by the leaves curling at their edges and turning yellow, and on the 15th of May, about six weeks after it was placed in these circumstances, the plant was removed without a leaf and nearly dead. It was then put into No. 4, where the weak muriatie acid was, and in four weeks was perfectly recovered. Another healthy plant was placed in the glass out of which this was taken, and this also suffered in the same manner as the last, the only difference being that it was not affected so rapidly. This may easily be explained, as the matter which is injurious to vegetable life may in the course of time pass off, and that which is left may be too weak to be productive of any bad effects. It is worthy of remark that all the substances which proved detrimental to the plants affected them in the same way, namely, by making the leaves curl at the edges and become dry and yellow. In conclusion I will only mention two or three instances which have come under the observation of others who have used this kind of timbe A frame was made of this wood for the growth of melons in the garden of the Society, but it was found impossible to succeed with it. In the Gardeners Magazine for Sept. 1839, Earl Manvers states, that he had some rafters “ steeped in the solution at the strength of one gallon of corrosive sublimate to ten gallons of water," and that the effects upon vegetable life were of the most injurious kind, three fine healthy vines being killed and the health of the others very much affected. And finally, Messrs. Loddiges of Hackney, were induced to use it upon an extensive scale in rafters for their orchidaceous house, and for many other buildings in their extensive nursery, where its bad effects were soon Ld By Mr. RosenT FORTUNE. 591 discernible, and if they had not been counteracted by painting over the wood, many of the valuable plants in that establishment would no doubt have been destroyed. In fact after the lapse of several years they are still obliged to paint frequently to prevent any bad effects. From these experiments it seems that we may safely arrive at the following conclusions. Ist. That the vapours which arise from mercury in a warm and moist atmosphere are very injurious to the health of the plant with which they come in contact. 2nd. That muriatic acid has probably a contrary effect, because plants which were placed under the same circumstances otherwise were destroyed in mercurial vapour, while in the atmosphere of muriatic acid they grew with great luxuriance. 3rd. That corrosive subli- mate mixed with moistened sawdust produces exactly the same bad effects as shavings of Kyanized wood, provided they are placed in the circumstances above described; that is to say in a warm and moist atmosphere, 8Y VOL. 11. 2ND SERIES. [ 522 ] LI. Some account of the Ickworth Imperatrice Plum. By Mr. Rosert Tuompson; Superintendent of the Orchard and Kitchen Garden Department in the Society's Garden. Read November 2, 1841. Tie Ickworth Imperatrice Plum, of which the accompanying drawing by Miss Drake is an excellent representation, was raised by the late THomas Anprew Kyieurt, Esq., to whom the world is indebted for so many valuable fruits, the result of his skill and perseverance. Some account of this variety, as well as of five others of the same parentage, is given by him in Vol. VI, p. 529, of the First Series of the Society's Transactions. It is there distinguished as No.6; and under this designation a more especial account is given of it in V ol. I. p. 53, of the New Series. Subsequently, in 1832, cuttings of the variety, under the name of Ickworth Imperatrice, were sent by Mr. Knieur to the Society. The fruit from a tree grafted with these, perfectly agreed with that produced on one previously received as the seedling No. 6 ; and it has been found to possess so much excellence as to be considered worthy of a drawing, especially as the rich tracing on its surface which constitutes its ex- ternal distinguishing character, was not depicted in the plate in which the fruit was originally figured. Its parentage on both sides possesses much merit, it having been raised from the Imperatrice Violette and pollen of Coe's Golden Drop. The fruit is middle-sized, or somewhat larger than its female parent, and obovate; the stalk is of medium length and thickness. The Skin is purple, richly traced, as if embroidered, with golden brown lines, some like straight pencillings radiating downwards from the insertion of the stalk, while others are wavy eS. E» R " 8 > ~ ~ IN N «e! AS — Lu b N NM iS R R "d A N E 3 eal — CL — c — aÀ VON Account of the Ickworth Imperatrice Plum. 523 or disposed circularly. The Flesh is greenish amber, partly adhering to the stone, juicy and very rich when allowed to hang till it begins to shrivel and part from the tree. The stone is rather small. The tree is ofa hardy vigorous growth, and ap- pears likely to be an abundant bearer as a standard; the shoots, are glabrous; the leaves oval or obovate, crenated, smooth, shin- ing, dark green. The fruit ripens in the beginning of October, and forms one of the finestlate plums for the dessert ; more especi- ally as it may be kept in a fresh state for a considerable time, if placed in a dry situation, ready for use, and secure from the storms or even frosts, which frequently render the maturity of later hanging varieties, such as Coe's Late Red, very precarious. It will more- over ultimately attain the condition of a prune, for a fruit enclosed in paper when gathered and laid on a shelf, was found in that con- dition the following Midsummer. It is easily distinguished from other varieties by the unusually abundant tracing on its surface, which likewise indicates a superior amount of richness. A little of such marking is frequently seen on its female parent, the Impera- trice Violette; and occasionally on the Quetsche, of which there are several varieties which furnish the German prunes of the shops; those persons however who prepare them give a higher price for the fruit on which the above indication appears, than they do for such as are of a uniform violet colour. Mr. Knicur has been eminently successful with regard to the object he had in view in raising this plum and its allied varieties. His wish was to produce a fruit containing sufficient saccharine matter to preserve it without being reduced to a dry, or nearly dry state, as the French prunes frequently are. In order to effect this he raised many plants from the Imperatrice Violette and pollen of Coe's Golden Drop, * one of which," he observes, * appears capable of being long preserved without any material trouble. In the Autumns of 1829 and 1830, I selected a few plums of this variety 524 Account of the Ickworth Imperatrice Plum. and having folded them in blotting paper, I put them into a paper bag and suspended them in my apple chamber. In this situation they all remained perfectly sound till the end of February, or be- ginning of March, gradually, but slowly becoming more shrivelled, and ultimately still retaining a good deal of juice : and I entertain scarcely any doubt but that with the aid of closed jars, I could have preserved them till Midsummer or longer." [ 525 ] LII. On the Cultivation of Grapes on flued walls in the open air in Scotland. By Mr. GeonaE Sutetis; Gardener to Lord Blantyre, Erskine House, near Glasgow. Read January 18, 1842. Ix consequence of some very fine Black Hamburgh Grapes, from the open walls of Erskine House Gardens, near Glasgow, per- fectly ripe and well-coloured, having been sent to the Society by Mr. Surgrrs, on the fifth of October last; on which occasion a Knightian Medal was assigned to them, Mr. Surigrrs was requested to describe the circumstances under which these specimens, so remarkable for a bad season like that of: 1841, were produced; which he has done in the following letter : Srr,—In compliance with your request I have the pleasure to send you the following statement of our mode of managing vines on a flued wall. - The border is composed of a strong loam, upon a porous whin- stone bottom, and is mulched over every winter with littery dung. In the spring the strawy part is taken off and the remainder forked lightly in. The border is well watered with drainings from the dunghill two or three times in the course of the season. In former years, when the summers were more warm and sunny, my practice was as follows. About the end of April or beginning of May, when the clusters began to appear, a double net was placed against the wall to pro- tect them, having the upper side fixed over the projecting edge of the coping and the under side fastened to stakes placed four-feet distant from the wall. This netting was allowed to remain until the end of June or until all the fruit was set.—We did not apply fire-heat until the middle or latter end of May, in order to bring 526 On the Cultivation of Grapes on Flued Walls, the clusters to blossom early in June, so that the whole crop might be set by the end of that month. In bright sunshine only very moderate fires were kept during the day. If the fine weather con- tinued the fire was omitted from the middle of July till the middle of August, after which time the wall had become considerably shaded by the foliage. The fire was then renewed, and kept somewhat stronger than before through the day, until all the fruit was gathered. But for some years past there has been so little sunshine in summer, that we have been under the necessity of beginning to put : fire to the wall about the middle or end of April, and of continuing it night and day until the crop has been gathered. The heat is very moderate through the day in bright sunshine until the leaves have attained their full size and have partially shaded the wall; but afterwards it is kept stronger through the day than at night ; at noon, in bright sunshine, the air within three or four inches of the wall is very warm, often 90° or 100°, while at the same time the hand can be held on the hottest part of the wall without incon- venience. We have no thermometer permanently placed at the wall, and I have only tried the heat occasionally ; but I think that during the summer months the air at four inches from the wall at six o'clock p.m. ranged between 60° and 70°, and at six a.m. betwixt 50° and 60°; but it was frequently lower than 60° in the evening and than 50° in the morning. When the Grapes are pretty well coloured a net is put over them to guard them from birds; it also prevents their being in- jured much by wind and rain; and if the net is previously dipped in coal gas water, and well dried before being put up, the ripe Grapes are seldom attacked by wasps, although Plums and Apri- cots, &c. are often much injured by them. I think the smell tends to keep these insects away. I should now prefer our present practice even in favourable seasons, especially in this part of the country ; for I consider there is no additional expence in firing, because in our former practice By Mr. Grorce Surierrs. 527 stronger fires than we now use were required in August and Sep- tember, to ripen the fruit and wood. I caleulate the expense of heating the wall for a season will not exceed 30s. upon an average of seasons.* Our vines upon the wall are never attacked by the Red Spider or any other insect; the foliage is large and healthy, although we do not apply the engine above three or four times during the season. Black Hamburgh Grapes begin to colour about the 6th or 10th of August, and some are ripe in the latter end of September, or much earlier in fine seasons, if required. In the beginning or middle of November what remains of the crop is cut, and preserved in à dry airy room ; the fire is then discontinued (for we keep a little fire heat until the crop is off) and in a week or two after- wards in mild weather we prune the vines. The wall is twenty-one inches thick and covered with a saddle- backed coping which projects four inches on each side, and has a small groove under the edge to intercept the water which flows down the slope of the coping. It is about fifteen feet high, and the length, which is occupied with vines and wrought by one fire, is about thirty-six feet. A rough sketch of our mode of training accompanies this notice. GEHE UHI ————— Bomae HE ~ — "A —. : = a * The usual price of coals at Glasgow is from 8s. to 10s. per ton. according to the quality and season of the year. We use dross for our forcing houses and flued walls, the usual price of which in Glasgow is about 3s. 6d. per ton, or delivered here 5s. per ton. Some of it is pretty round and for steady fires we prefer it to large coals, 528 On the Cultivation of Grapes on Flued Walls. The bearing branches of the vines are about two feet six inches apart ; the longer branches of the vines, occupying the lower part of the wall, bear only on the upper half of their length ; all the others on their whole length. Twenty or twenty-five clusters of Black Hamburgh Grapes, I consider sufficient for each vine covering a space of wall twelve feet by ten. Muscadines being much smaller, double that number of clusters is allowed on each vine. Our flued wall is figured and described in the Gardener's Maga- zine, vol. 8, p. 670. I may however state in what respect it differs from those of the common construction. In the latter, the first or lower flue is deepest, the others decreasing in depth as they ascend, in order to give an equality of heat to the surface; but this is not accomplished in a satisfactory manner, for the under flue is often found over-heated before the upper one is sufficiently warm. The object is much better accomplished by our method, which consists in having a damper placed between the lower and second flues, immediately over the space where the smoke and heated air enter from the furnace. By this means a part of the smoke and hot air is admitted to the upper flues, while the remainder is made to pass through the two under ones, after which it unites again with that part ascending from the damper to the upper flues. The damper regulates the admission of heat to the top. When the damper is entirely withdrawn the whole heat, or nearly all, goes to the upper flues; the lower and third flues should be deepest ; ours run thus : lower flue two feet six inches deep, second flue two feet, third flue two feet three inches, fourth or upper flue one foot six inches deep. Flued walls upon the common construction would be much im- proved by having a damper placed in a similar way to regulate the heat. es San. d 900) aE uan mn ai HORT. TRANS, Vol IL PIXVI SECOND SERIES. Mar | Apr. | May | June | July | Aug. | Sept Bi kA VAN ae RD E T WT Pa PON HD a oe SE ji | Barometer | | | | BEER, | HIT PEELE | TT = $ Be E ~ SIAR Barometer. = D z [900 — ia Eos] N Z E aia DT IRE mm 2 700 700 600 raa m at std os jso TE RS Hid 400 Daniell R00 120 29 Daniells | Mean Height of the Barometer in 45840 its Thermometer. > Lahrenhe | L———-—1—— ————l =a m | za EDS er EXE E | E ee ee St E 130 frp ee = BUS Rese RET ee Se Ee Des -A ——— —— I— 230 : | TR SR REA RM [D | 1 T—1—1—31——1—1—-—F-—3——À—————L—1—r1 l1 T-T-—-] H : bos M I-——3— —3À———34——3 [—T—T— T7] LT —A—— ÁO —À—— ee LLL c I—34 po EL SEE EDA UNO RON ES DES AN EO A D S Sead a SIM $57 DEN Hermes US UFIS Ree EH XE QUIS ON BUSH BOE EN EIC Se CH DES Belo LI] EM desi GS Dee Dats SE pp —L—41 wor pj rr rr oe EEES SE NS Be eA Tt E X ION tt HH Ha N p++ + + I—]1————À —41—34 EE saan eee SERS SEES eee Ge EE | N S28 AS SN SE TSAS SORTI A SS ES DODA VON SEEN A Ss Se Ket Es N Ba os — I——3—-34— tot} H+ YH tj —- + E se > SEs Eee SS ES p vi B Rak SE SEE PU Ed REI Gur E Fell c El L-—-——1 SS a ee ————1 — — = iam tg S EEN CEN eae ENE S AOE S De E] Ed IE as 250 B88 SK N 700-4 HH HHL Seo vum RSS SS ERES SiS Wehr c ^. > is BRN TEE E DE mn IN rt ~ ———3————— —3——3 et — — I E-—4 EIA NS [1 mat D E-1 -AN - Poteet rieti t e N | aE WFE = Be 288 Ast AL TE LIC e eS DEI ai \ X f. pz E N E f s e —— imm ex i 7 TIN ee ees = wet oS EXN jd 5 bs s EX EON OE Vira EIUS eI PAN TES EDU BUT TH, UG ECHO RUNS EISE mL Eee = a m In cm cp ^ der 2 2 S m Er LLLI x = BE GAR SEE SER any ; E 40 bt: + --— SEED ee N annA io +--+ | - + i« Wei PORDEC NS E Kk 1. [ 42 t I rou UU [^1 L4 RUSO EISE qi ee ame cua N | se ———-— Pott HE SH SH HH HJ] — "ud E : — PS. N 30 EGER RER 22K RU REB GIRLIE ux tp} tt et HH pony mud ‘SEES BoM tote HH HH eee uum : 20 ttt a HH EE EEE eee) ZER SRE Pte WSS RES RATES SIE! SAP, ma a cd Se DENE MIBA c ETE E E Be 5 : lop — S055 IT Een ee oe ES ee aaa SS SEONSS < : 4 = à pa pe LO p—— pp E A A E E N DA N DE A S EL SA T BER SEN ST WE UAN SUA DA EARTE | SEE é pe F—T—T——T—À—AMA4,—À— T —À ee eee -——31 [T 1 T —T—T-——————-——ÀA e E Li] beu II DLE ELICIT LIES Lr bod +++ LLL —1L—3—3-——- — er err ; 10 I—]—1—3——t1—[I-—————-— ee GONA SESA Sa a F = a TER iO poor ta n ] 20 Mean and Extremes of Temperature and Mean of the Dew Pint zn * 4€ * s hain Gage. Rain G L--———-i--— = HETILE I Monthly depth of Kain in 4840. LIII. Journal of Meteorological Observations made in the Garden of the Horticultural Society at Chiswick during the year 1840. By Mr. Rosert Tompson. This Journal has been kept on. the same plan as the preceding. VOL. II. 2ND SERIES. 3 A [ 530 ] JANUARY Morning. Noon. Night. 1840. d Barom Hygrometer. Weather. Barom. Hygrometer. Weather. Barom Hygrometer, Weather, W.| 1|29.746| 49 | 48 | I |Overcast & Mild |29.944| 53| 5o |3 |Overcast 29.699| 47 | 46 | 1 |Very Fine Th.| 2] —757| 46 | 43, 3 |Very Fine —.8oo| 52| 48 | 4 |Very Fine —.941| 4I 41 | — |Fine : F.| 3| —992| 42] 40] 2 |Ditt —.924. 44 | — |Ditto —.999| 42 | 42 — Slight Rain © S.| 4;—.975| 42 | 42| — |Rain —.920| 40 | 40 | — [Rain — 908| 36 | 36 | — |Rain S.| 5| —.902| 35 | 35 | — |Fine —.918| 37 | 37 | — |Cloudy & Finej|—.968| 29 | 29 | — |Frosty M. | 6| 30.000) 28 | 28 | — |Frosty,Cloudy|30.087| 36 | 36 | — |Fine but Cold/30.253| 30 | 29 | 1 |Overcast&Do. T.| 7| —313| 24| 24| — |Ditto & Clear|i—.287| 30| 21 | 9 |Clear & frosty|—259| 21 | 21 | — |Sharp frost W.| 8| —.204| 16 | 16 | — |Severe Frost |—.182| 28| 28 | — {Ditto —.219| 29 | 29 | — |Overcast Th.| 9| —.277, 32 | 32 | — |Overcast —.264) 36| 34]|2 |Fine -389| 30 | 30 | — |Ditto F.j10| —511| 33 | 26| 7 Ditto -$13| 36 | 34|2 |Overcast —.588| 26 | 25 | 1 |Ditto S.|11| —.557| 39 | 19 | — Sharp Frost |—.512| 34| 34 | — |Clea —413| 25 | 25 | — [Frosty D S.|12] —333| 25 | 25 | — |Ditto -352| 35 | 35 | — |Fine —.288| 29 | 29 | — |Fine M. |13| —192| 29 | 29 | — (Clear —.113| 41 | 31 | 10 Clear —.003| 32 | 32 | — {Ditto T.|14|29.944| 40 | 40 | — (Hazy, Thawing]iz9.959| 42 | 42 | — |Drizzly —.078| 42 | 42 | — |Hazy W.|15|30-131| 44 | 44 | — |Drizzly 30.117| 46 | 46 | — |Ditto 29.879| 46 | 46 | — |Drizzly Th.|16|29.760| 40 | 40 | — |Fine 29.763| 46 | 43| 3 |Fine -797| 46 | 46.| — |Fine F.|17| —518| 41 | 41 | — |Foggy —.576| 44 | 44 | — |Drizzly —.858| 32 | 3z | — |Very Clear S. |18| —990| 29 | 29 | — Do. & Frosty |—.890| 42 | 42 | — Hazy -726| 48 | 48 | — |Rain O S.|19| —427| 52| 5$2| — Stormy & Wet|—.697| 54| 54 | — Boisterous, rain 358| 411 40] 1 Haiz M.|20| —.643| 42 42 | — |Rai 712| 45 45 | — —.425| 48 48 | — |Boisterous, rain T.|21|—.325| 52 | 52 | — |Do.& Boisterous |—.341| 52 | 52 | — |Boisterousshowers|.— 726 | 48 | 46 | 2 |Clear &windy| W.|22|—.715| 48 | 48 | — !Do.Clou —.652| 5o | 5o | — Do. Cloudy ||—.838| 49 | 39| 1 |Very Clear Th. |23| —841| 47 47 | — [Rai -—730] 52 52 | — [Overcast —.622} 51 51 | — |Windy, Overcast F.|24| —366| 52 | 52 — |Clo —.123| 53 | 53 | — Do.Boisterous|—.o10| 41 | 41 | — |Boisterous, rain S. |25| —352| 40| 38 | 2 tn S -382| 42 | 42 | — Rain —.382| 41 | 41 | — |Fine [(4 S. 126 28.844 52 52 |Boisterous, rain!28 742 50 $0 | — Heavy Rain —.311 39 39 did Boisterous M. |27| 29-499. 36 | 35 | 1 Clear 29-535 39 | 5 ClearandCold|—758| 36 | 35 | 1 Clear T.|28| —422| 42| 42| — Rai .242| 52 | 52 | — Rain —.182| 46 | 46 | — |Boisterous W.|29| —562| 44| 42| 2 Eine —.677| 46 | .44 | 2 |Very Fine —.83o0| 37 | 37 | — |Fine Th. |30| —962| 32 | 32 | — ;Foggy —.932| 36 | 36 | — |Hazy —.685| 41 | 41 | — |Overcast F.|31|—.584| 42 | 42 | — |Hazy —.571| 49| 46|3 |Very Fine |—.539| 43 | 43 | — [Ditto — A 29.827138.c4 37.96 (0.58 29.8 | 8 2 8.16 | 6 | | | 9 54 37-99 o. 9.821 | 43.45 tdi da 29.836) 38.1 ud 0.2 [ 531 ] JANUARY. Temperature. Wind. Rain. Remarks. Days. Max Min, Sun. | Rad. | Direction. | Force. | In. Pts. I - The Barometer in this month averaged very low. Up to the 2 ra = 28 16 dw Latte oz | 15th it was rather high ; after this i conkimnitt to bi greatly 3| 46 40 46 39 zu “TS ‘96 | depressed, especially on the 26th. Whilst in this state the 4| 44 32 44 30 NE Ditto 417 weather was exceedingly bojsterous, with heavy rain, but warm ey 40 24 48 16 N Ditto for the period of the season. The quantity of rain was nearly 6 | 38 19 48 9 NE | Ditto double the usual amount. The mean temperature was about 3° 9| 32 12 42 1 E Ditto above the average. Severe frost occurred on the night of the Si 4 26 43 24 SW Ditto 7th the thermometer falling to 12°, whilst the one placed in the 9| 37 29 40 25 Ww Ditto radiator indicated only 1° above zero. The 24th was very I6] $5 15 40 7 SE Ditto boisterous, with heavy rain ; the 25th was fine in the evening Ir | 37 17 39 9 S Ditto and some lightning was seen, butit was still more vivid and 12 | 42 22 48 16 zu Dye frequent on the 26th, when there fell very heavy showers, the rf] 46 29 50 24 — | Ditto sky in the intervals being remarkably clear. 14 | 46 41 46 38 — | Ditto or | Mean Pressure from the 3 daily observations 29.828 inches 15 | 46 38 50 34 SW | Ditto .o6 | —— Temperature .....+-- Ditto ...... 409.05 16 | 43 36 50 32 WwW Ditto 45 | —— Dew Point ........ Ditto ...... 39°.31 17 434 24 44 19 NE Ditto .02 Degree of Dryness ... Ditto ...... 0?.74. 18 | 5o 40 51 40 SW | Ditto 14 | —— Degree of Moisture .. Ditto ...... 971. 19 | 54 40 53 36 WwW Strong 37 Force of Vapo . Ditto sss... .272 inch 20 | 54 44 54 41 —— | Little 20 | Least observed degree of Moisture ...... 712 i om 43 53 40 —— | Strong .og | Maximum Temperature in the Shad yx) sz j $i 38 53 35 —— | Ditto .o4 | Minimum Temperature in BEA scies 12°, 23 54 49 54 49 SW Brisk Maximum Temperature in the Sun ...... 569. —- 57 37 53 34 —— | Strong .49 | Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation ...... 1°. 25 | 54 38 52 24 W Ditto :05 | Mean Temperature of external Air ...... 39°24 m 5 6 34 53 3° ^ eid :34 WINDs. o 2 c—— ris .02 28 Tk 2 25 3b —— | Strong 7 North ......1 day T East...... 3 days 29 47 26 $1 20 NW Little South....** oe N - ae» ecc " 30 40 30 41 29 E Ditto .02 eb cec t Eo n À War sese I ae 3! |. 50 29 54 25 S Ditto .06 Abs donbintsie 7 31 days. 45-77 | 32.71 | 48.80) 28.51 2.48 Amount of Rain. ....+s |Ditto T. 866, 45 | 45 | — |Slight rain” ||—.846| 48 | 48 | — Drizzly —.823| 43 | 43 | — |Drizzly 50.278| 37.03, 34.90 2.13 30.258 | 44.61| 34.68| 9.93 30.273 135.35 |33-68 1.67 [ 535 ] MARCH. Temperature. Wind. . Rain. Remarks. Days, Max. | Min. | Sun. | Rad. | Direction. | Force In. Pts. Ili 3 29 44 22 NE | Brisk This was a very cold but dry month almost throughout. 2|-45 32 52 27 E Ditto The mean temperature was nearly 4? iex m average, whilst 3| 48 30 54 25 NE | Ditto the amount of rain was not quite ṣọ of an i e barometer 4| 48 24 54 16 —- | Ditto averaged a greater height than it has in iny kah since June 1| 39 19 59 12 E Little 826. Its greatest elevation occured on the 8th and was such 6| 53 20 62 13 —— | Ditto as is rarely equalled. North and easterly winds were prevalent. rl 5» 21 62 14. ——. | Ditto The sky was much clearer than in the several preceding springs, 8| 54 ze 62 12 -—^ | Ditto and the days were bright and sunny ; the nights average Bom 9, 56 25 66 18 NE Ditto perature below the Frees point. Vegetation however 10| 56 41 61 37 N Ditto safe, continuing to advance but slowly. Snow and iiail-showers 1t | 46 | 34 | 47 | 28 NE | Ditto ‘Ol | fell on the 24th. 12| 51 29 57 21 N Ditto a> 1: SS 39 58 35 NW | Brisk Mean Pressure te the 3 daily vote agen 30. 269 inches. 14 | 49 35 50 | 28 meni DAMES | o0 T ILS Tlgpersteré say. rii. Dio us 389.9 15 | 48 38 51 36 Ww Ditto as Dew int V vd'bv e s Ditto MAR ae 349.42 16 | 42 35 54 29 E Brisk —— Degree of Dryness ... Ditto ...... — 49.57 17 | 47 39 56 29 NE | Little —— Degree of Moisture .. Ditto ...... .864 18 | 46 39 54 38 N Ditto Force of Vapour ..... iO. o 235 inch "9| 49 29 58 ai NE Ditto Least observed degree of Moisture ...... 369 e 33 29 6o 24 NW | Ditto imum Temperature in the Shad 56°. 2I | 46 25 18 N Brisk Minimum Temperature in ditto ........ 9 <: 34 34 57 27 NW | Little ‘Ol | Maximum Temperature in the Su 66° ast 39 38 58 23 N Ditto 03 | Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation ...... 129. — «4 39 51 24 e-— | Brak 9I | Mean Temperature of External Air ...., 399.70 25 | 44 26 56 18 NE | Ditto OI 26 | 40 51 44 25 —— | Ditto Win 28 | 42 36 33 N Little South issc.» 1 22 ò NEE... ; go vi» 29 50 34 60 24 Ww Ditto Biei 6 «. Pu ss 30 54 43 6o 41 S Ditto Westie esa S 358 [08 WOE ctw 31| 47 42 47 39 Ww Ditto 10 e v : 31 days. Amount of Rain.. s». es e». assess. 0.28 inch. 48.06| 31.35 | 5461| 25.74 0.28 [ 536 ] APRIL. Morning. Noon. Night. á Weather. FS Barom. Hygrometer. Weather, Barom. Hygrometer. Weather. Barom. Hygrometer. W.| 1/,29.685| 44 | 44 | — |Rain 29.638| 51 | 51 oudy 9.653| 42 | 42 | — Overcast Th.| 2,1 —714| 41 | 41 | — Hazy —.62| 55 | 40 Very Fine ||—.922| 39 | 36|5 |Ditto F.| 3| 30.063) 41 | 38| 3 |Cold Haze ||30.030| 50| 32 Cold & dry ||3o.012| 32 | 32 | — |Clear & Frosty S.| 4/29 980| 40 | 33 7 |Fine 29.918) 52 38 ine :958.-:49 | .37 | 3; |Fime-—— S.| 5) 30.062} 45 | 49| 5 |Ditto 39.033| 55 aL Very Fine 20.012| 45 44 | 1 |Very Fine M. | 6 29.814) 45 | 49| 5 |Ditto 29.713| 57 | 38 Cloudy 29.480| 39 | 32 | 2 ine T.| 7,—569| 45 | 45 | — [Ditto —.646|, 48 | 48 Slight shower ||—.845| 40 | 40 | — |Stormy showers W.| 8 30.026] 42 | 42 | — [Ditto 39.053) 47 | 47 ery 0.175) 34 | 34 | — Clear D Th.| 9,—277| 42 | 42 | — |Cloudy & Coldj —.309| 59 | 39 Bleak & Cold|| —.41 33 30 | 3 |Ditto F. i 43 39 4 Fine — 396 55 33 Overcast -373 36 33 3 itto S. —.283| 41 4! | — Ditto —.162| 61 36 Very Fine —.126| 42 40,2 |Very Fine S. CURES 39 | Nu 3 |Overcast —.OI 57 | 42 itto 29.994| 34 | 34 | — Clear M. 29.950| 41 | 40| ! Slight Haze |29.873 61 | 34 Fine very dry| —.860| 35 | 32 | 3 Ditto T.|14| —817|. 45 | 39 | 6 |Clear —.808| 65 | 35 Ditto Ditto || —862| 39 | 34 | 5 |Ditto W.|15|,—.945| 44 | 4! | 3 |Dry Haze = 036) 67 | 40 Ditto Ditto |30.050| 41 | 38,5 |Ditto Th. |16| 30.107} 48 | 41 | 7 |Fine 30.095, 65 | 35 Ditto Ditto ||—.185| 43 | 43 | — {Ditto F.17,—.204| 45 42 | 3 Ditto —.164| 60 | 28 Ditto Ditto | —.105| 39 30 | g |Ditto S. —.O50| 45 40 | 5 Clear —.164| 64 | 38 Clear, hot &dry| 29.992] 41 40 | ı |Ditto S. 19 29-884, 42 | 39 | 3 |Hazy 29.897, 63 | 40 ery Fin .927| 41 | 40|1 |Fine M. .9o02| 47 | 44| 3 |Fine .886| 65 | 38 itto —.974| 48 | 46 | 2 |Very Fine di 30.060} 51 | 48 | 3 |Overcast 30.082} 62 | 51 Cloudy 30.142| 50 | 45|5 tto W.|22| —.212| 57 | 541 3 [Ditto .261| 68 | 55 Do.& Fine ||—.337| 55| 53,2 |Ditto Th. -337| 57 | 53, 4|Slight Haze | —325| 67 | 54 to —.305| 48 | 46 |2 |Ditto F..24|—277, 60| 52| 8 |Very Fine —.126| 73 | 52 Very Fine | —189| 51 | 51 | — |Ditto 8.|125,—.167| 59 | 55 | 4 |Ditto —.112| 78 | 41 Ver draa s |—223.-49 | -45 | qtio S. |26| —.280| 58 | 53 | 5 |Ditto 295, 76 | 49 Ditto —.369| 50 | 45|5 |Ditto M.|27|—.340| 60| 54| 6 Ditto —.297| 74| 55 Ditto —.322| 50 | 46 | 4 |Ditto T.|28|—.292| 54| 49| 5 |SlightdryHaze|-—278| 76 | 55 itto —.257| -52 | 48 | 4 |Ditto W. —.274 591 S91. 9 |Very Fine —.268| 75 | 48 Hot & dry |—.323| 50 | 46 |4 /|Ditto Th.|3o0|—.315| 56 | 53| 3 |Ditto .238| 71 | 51 Ditto —.338| 49 | 46 |3 Ditto 390908 44:23 44-03 $60| 30.059) 62.26) 42.66} 19.60 30.091 | 42.90] 40.43] 2.4 APRIL. Temperature. Wind. Rain. Remarks. Days, Max. | Min. Sun. | Rad. | Direction. | Force. | In. Pts. The last month was remarkably dry, but the present still ts 33 56 27 S Little .o2 | more so, rain having fallen on 4 days only, and on these it was 2| 60 38 72 29 SE Ditto very slight, scarcely amounting to -ły of an inch, In no month 3| 27 63 18 E Brisk has there fallen so limited a quantity tor the last fifteen years itep 32 62 24 N Little at least. The barometer, though not so high as in the preceed- € 1.85 35 62 29 NW | Ditto ing month, was considerably above the mean. The temperature 6| 58 30 61 23 WwW Brisk was 2? above the average, which is to be attributed to the effect 7 52 36 61 28 N Little .o2 | of powerful direct solar heat, for the wind was seldom from 8| 54 29 55 21 —— | Brisk o1 | warm quarters, and the nights were frequently frosty, the clear 9 50 25 57 17 liiis Ditto .o1 | state of the sky being favourable to radiation. e difference Io | 56 25 66 18 NE Little betweea the highest temperature in the days and the lowest at 11 | 62 33 68 25 SW | Ditto nights averaged as much as 30°; on the 13th it was 42°. Be- I2 | 60 26 71 18 adea Dito tween the 24th and 38th the weather was extremely hot for the 13 68 26 83 16 E Ditto period of the season. The dryness of the air on the 25th was 14 | 69 30 83 21 NW Ditto excessive. it |:.70 29 84 20 S Ditto Mean Pressure from the 3 daily observations 30.076 inches. 16 | 70 37 84 30 N Ditto —— Temperature ........ Ditto ...... 19:13 7 | 62 32 83 24 E Brisk | Di Point ....4vv eos DR Os 429.57 18 | 64 33 76 23 —— | Little | Degree of Dryness ... Ditto ...... 89.56 19 |: 64 29 78 21 —— | DEO | Degree of Moisture .. Ditto ..... é 747 20 | 69 41 78 32 Ww Ditto Force of Vapour. .... Ditto .... . .310 inch. 21 62 46 71 42 —— Ditto | Least observed degree of Moisture ....... 365 22 | 66 42 71 34 N | Ditto | Maximum Temperature in theShade...... 81°. 23 | 69 42 76 35 W |Ditto | Minimum Temperature in ditto ........ 25°. 24. | 75 41 86 33 SW | Ditto Maximum Temperature in the Sun ...... 99°. 25 | 80 40 g2 32 S | Ditto Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation ...... 16°. 26 | 77 42 95 34 SW .|Ditto | Mean Temperature of External Air...... 49?.83 27 | 76 42 95 31 E Ditto WiNDs. 28 | 81 40 99 31 SE | Ditto North..... 6days | N. East...... 2 days 29 | 79 39 96 31 NW | Ditto | South,..... 3-015. Bast... cess 2. 30 | 74 46 96 41 NE Ditto East ......* 6. PN. Wést..sss . Waterss: qos” [S West ai hoe. 61-30] ja.86 Logged ias. | | 006 > Y Oe m d 34+ 75:9 | 26.93 | | : 30 days. : | : Amount of Rain, ....... serre 0.06 inch. VOL, II, 2ND SERIES. 4A [ 538 ] MAY. Morning. Noon. Night. 1840 E Barom, Hygrometer, Weather. Barom. Hygrometer, Weather. Barom, Hygrometer, Weather. F.| 1 30.343. 54 | 54 | — |Slight haze 0.325, 62 6 | 16 [Slight haze |30.331 ‘Fine e S.2 a a $3} 53| — Extr haze wer 70 a 23 Hot anddry || —.194 ii 3 2 Ditto S.| 3|—.161 59 48 | 11 |Ditto /fag|- 56 ae 35 Ditto .109| 49 | 44 5 Ditto M. | 4—.105| 57 | 48| 9 Slight haze ||—.070| 68 | 41, 27 Ditto 9.994| 49 | 40 g |Ditto T. | 5 29.924 54 | 451 9 |Overcast 29.868| 70 | 47 | 23 |Overcast —.88 531: 4$ 8 |Overcast W. | 6,—.903 $4 | 48, 6 |Ditt —.84 65 47 | 18 Slight dry haze —8o0| 57| 57| — Ditto Th.| 7|—.761| 6i 58 3 [Ditto —.702| 69 52 17 itto 7232, 52 50 2 |Fine D F.| 8.—.698 63 58| 5 |Ditto —.669| 68 68 | — |Heavy showers | —646| 54 | 54| — |Very Fine S.| 9,—525| 57 | 57 | — |Rain —.467| 67 | 57| 10 |Do. &sultry||—.425| 55 | 55 | — |Raàin — S. 10.—.3 60 | 60, — Cloudy —.392| 69 | 54 | 15 jSultr —474| 56| 56| — |Very Fine M.j11,—.533| 54 | 54|— Drizzly —.569| 57 | 53 Overcast —.644| 52| 52| — |Slightdrizzle T. 12, —.658 56 54| 2 |Hazy —.657| 61 54 Ditto —.694 51 gı | — |Overcas W.|13/|—.667| $3 | 53|— |Rain —.654| 66 | 60 6 |Sultry —.702| 54| 54| — |Cloudy Th. |14! —.682 $7| 54| 3 |Fine —.643| 67 | 56| 11 |Cloudy [aer 5621.59 |- 55 | — Overcast 15|—4094| 54] 54| — |Heavy Rain |—.432| 57 57 | — jHeavyrainthun|—.442, 55 | 55 | — jain Q . 16 —-413 58 55 3 Cloudy —.408 61 61 pes Hail,shower V 379 54 54 es Cloudy S. 17, —.389 56 | 56, — Do. Rain —.387| 59 | 59 | — Shower —.469| 50| 5o| — [Clearing M.|18|—.609| 55 | 49] 6 Cloudy —.689| 57 | 47 | 10 (Cloudy & fine |—.-883| 57 | 57| — Rain T.|19/30.060| 48 | 48 | — |Do. and Cold 30.132| 56 | 46 | 10 |Cloudy 30.097| 49 | 49| — JCleer W.|20|—.071| 51 | 46| 5 [Ditto Sabol $9 | 45 | 14 [Ditto -138| 45 | 45 | — |Cloudy Th. 21) —.202 46 37| 9 \Clear & Cold||—.247| 52 34 | 18 |Do. & Cold ||—395| 45 | 42 3 Bleak & Cold F.22|—.361| 49 | 45 | 4 |Cloudy & Do 369 56 | 43 | 13 |Overcast —.393| 46 | 46| — |Fine S. 23,.—.361| 54| 50| 4 |Clear —.309| 70 | Ó60o| 10 |Fine —.229| 52| 50 2 Ditto € S.24|—.182| 63 | 60| 3 (Overcast —.128| 66 | 59 Overeast& do. ||29-953| 60 | 6o| — |Rain M. |25|29.831| 59 | $9 | — [Ditto 29.684| 63 | 63 | — |Cloudy —52959, 48| 48| — |Fine T.|261—.894| 54 | 54 | — Rain .264| 62 | 62| — [Ditto —.962| 46 | 46 | — |Ditto W.|27 30.041| $4 | 48 6 |Clear o.014| 64 45 19 Very Fine —.960 49 | 48 I Ditto Th.|28/29.909| 60 | 47 | 13 |Very Fine 29.887| 73 | 56 | 17 |Ditto 960] 54| 5o| 4 |Ditto F.|29/30.120| 59 | 49 | 10 Fine 30.153| 66 | 44 | 22 |Ditto 30.284| 59| 56 3 |Ditto S.|30(—.388| 63 | 58| 5 |Ditto -365| 69 | sr | 18 [Ditte — [1ess|| —375| 55 | 52 3 Ditto [le S 31, —.379 66 58 8 Ditto —.328| 75 56 19 |Hot &dry,cloud-|| —.326 55 48 7 Ditto 29.914 56.16 me o0 29.889 (64.32 52.10 |12.22 29.880 5$2.32/50.39| 1-93 | | MAY. ° Temperature. Wind. Rain. Remarks. Days| Max Min. Sun Rad. | Direction. | Force. | In. Pts. EI o7 43 81 38 NE | Little ali 74 42 go 36 E Ditto he temperature was a degree above the average, and t 41 74 43 9o 36 — | Ditto amount of rain about half an inch above the usual quantity for 4| 79 41 86 32 —— | Brisk this month, which was in every respect a most favourable one 5| 66 46 87 A4 — | Little for vegetation. Rain began to fall on the 6th after 11 weeks 6| 68 49 33 47 —— | Ditto .o1 | of almost uninterrupted dry weather. Throughout this pro- 213-08 50 83 45 SW Ditto tracted period however the ground retained su cient moisture er 7e 51 87 49 S Ditto .12 | for the roots of plants ; for previously to the 17th of February 9 yt 51 86 50 SE Ditto .60 | it was completely soaked ; the surface afterwards became pul- to} 72 50 93 50 Ww Ditto .or | verised by frost, and the loose dust acted as a mulching, pre- FEET Ss 50 64. 49 N Ditto .o1 | venting the moisture below from evaporating and the soil from m 62 48 71 48 E Ditto .16 | becoming hard. "There was very heavy rain on the 15th, with 15 67 49 83 48 S Ditto .og | thunder, and a hail shower at noon on the 16th. 14 | 66 50 80 44 —— | Ditto [ES : : 3 15 | 60 49 62 48 SW Ditto 4i Mean Pressure from the 3 daily observations 29.894 inches 16 |. 65 47 82 40 me | BASE EI per Temperature ...++--- Ditto....... «60 17 62 46 77 43 S Little og ets oint scos eses. IttO...+++- ns 5 18 |. 62 45 79 44 Ww Ditto .or | —— Degree of Dryness ....Ditto...---+ 6°.05 19 | 56 34 69 27 N Ditto —— Degree of Moisture ...Ditto.....-- S12. 20 | 60 40 74 34 NW | Brisk .OI Force of Vapour .....Ditto....... .421 inch ET c 42 69 34 N Ditto Least observed degree of Moisture ....... ‘ 22 | 64 36 79 29 a do ymde Maximum Temperature in the Shade ...... 80°. 21 7 51 92 46 SW | Ditto Minimum Temperature in ditto... ....... 34° 24 | 67 55 79 54 miis risk .20 | Maximum Temperature in the Sun ...... 95°. 25 | 66 45 79 40 Ww Boisterous ‘or | Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation ....... 27% 26 | 65 38 80 33 cine risk .o3 | Mean Temperature of External Air ....... 569.16 2 | 7* 39 85 32 SW | Little aus. 2l 7 39 95 46 m D North...... 4 days | N. East 1 days Du 7 44 9° 37 bed Brisk South...... 6 .. |S.Est..... B v L Ra P y ud S olin Ent... 0o | WOM +s 58 i 44 95 3 i = West....... § S. West 7 os 67.00 .32 | 81. 1.35 2.18 31 days. : = eim Amount of Rain ....... : -€— n . 5.2.18 inches. [ 540 ] " JUNE. Morning. Noon. Night. 1840. E Barom. Hygrometer. Weather, Barom. Hygrometer, Weather. Barom. Hygrometer. Weather. M.| 1 30.195 65 $5 | 10 |Very Fine 29.995| 82 57 25 |Hot and Dry | 29.900} 59 5 Fine T.| 2 29.808] 64 | 64 | — |Thunder Storm ||—.846} 53 | 53 | — |Heavy Thund.| —981| 58 | 58 | — Ditto W.| 3) 30.082} 56 | 47| 9 |Fine 0.136] 62 | 39| 23 Fine [showers | 30.144. 54 | 54 | — Ditto Th. | 4|—.044| 52| 52| — |Overcast —.168| 65 |. 51 | 14 Overcast&Do.| —ogo 55 | 55 | — Ditto F. $|—040| $4) 54, — |Drizzly 29.990| 60o | 50] 10 Ditto Do. | 29.928} 52| 52 | — Ral S. 6 29.919, 62 58 4. |Very Fine —.89 72 | 48 | 24 (Cloudless & Hot | —.799) 6o | 6o | — |Heavy Rain P S. 7—5979 62| 61| 1 [Ditto 30.014| 67| 55) 12 —.4956| 65 | 65 | — (Very Fine 2 M. 8, 30.045, Ó1| 51 |10 Ditto .013| 71 | 55 | 16 |Cloudles& Hot | —.949. 62 | 60| 2 Cloudy & Fine T.| 9, 29.986, 70 | 66 | 4 |Overcast&Do. 29.975, 77 | 63 | 14 |Very Fine |—.g08 60) 58| 2 Ditto W. 10| —.993| 65 | 58 | 7 itto .993| 66 | 55 | 11 |Cloudy | 30.016) 56 | 56 | — Clear : Th. 11 30.082} 64 | 60 | 4 |Fine o.o20| 70 | 66 4 Do. & Fine (|29.974| 56 | 54| 2 Cloudy & Fine F.12 29.988| 65 65 | — Slight Rain |29.948| 72| 64 8 (Overcast | —.841 fe] 56 | 4 [Ditto S. 13 —.974! 65 | 58| 7 |Cloudy& Fine ||30.045| 68 | 56 | 12 |Cloudy &very| —965| 56 | 54| 2 Clear S. [14—970 65| 6o | 5 |Fine 9.979| 723 65 7 |Fine [Fine| —997| 57 | 56| 1 Ditto —— O M. 15|30.027| 65 | 53 | 12 |Very Fine |—9 75 | 54 | 21 |Ditto —.884| 63 | 6o | 3 Clear & Fine s 29.855| 69 | 60| g |Fine .860| 75$ | 55 | 20 |Hot & Dry —.784| 60 | 50 | 10 Clear W. |17| — 804 61 | 56 5 {Ditto —.769| 73| 67| 6 Fine .767| 56 | 56 | — |Showery Th. 18, —.858 60 | 6o | — |Showe —.886| 65 | 55 | 10 (Fine but windy |—.945| 57 | 48 | 9 Clear F. |19| —.988, 6o | 60 | — [Slight Rain ||—910| 60 | 60| — SlightRain | —.895| 52 | 52 | — |Ditto S. e 30.103, 59 | 58 I ine 0.166| 67 52 15 |Very Fine 3o.-201| 56 56 | — Fine S. 21| —.193| 66 | 54 | 12 |Ditto —.75| 75 | 59 16 |Ditto 29.917, 6o | 58| 2 Ditto € M. |22| 29.823 60, 58| 2 |Very Fine ||29.809| 67 | 55 | 12 |Overcast —.^41| 59 | 58 | 1 |Ditto T.i23|—729, 61| 56, 5 itto .826| 65 | 48 | 17 [Fine —.659| 56 | 56 | — Fine W. |24| —.805| 54| 50) 4 |Fine —.835| 58 | 38 | ao Ditto —.845| 53 | 41 | 12 |Cloudy Th.|25|—.958| 55 | 48| 7 {Cloudy —.964|. 60 | 45 | 15 |Cloudy 30.0041 53 | 47 | 6 |Ditto & Cold F. 126| 30.090 61 $5 6 |Fine ond 01 95 10 |Ditto .108| 58 48 | 10 |Ditto S. |27| —146| 64| 58| 6 |Cloudy&Do.|—.117| 70| 54| 16 |Do.& Fine ||—.o56| 62 | 62 | — |Rain S. 28| —.o45| 66 | 58| 8 {Ditto —.o22| 70 | 58 | 12 Ditto —.038| 6o | 6o | — |Very Fine 6 M. {29| —.o4ı| 61| 58| 3 [Overcast —.oig| 72| 58| 14 |Ditto 29.993| 62 | 62 | — |Ditto "T.[30|29.970| 64 | 64 | — {Hazy 29.933, 67 | 63 4 |Cloudy —.893| 55 | 55 | — {Rain | 29.984] 61.86 57.16 cda 29.977, 68.10 55.17, 12.93 29-939, 57.73, 55:53/2-20 emus. | [ 541 ] JUNE. Temperature. Wind. Rain, : Remarks. Days| Max. | Min. Sun Rad. | Direction, | Force. In. Pts 1| 84 50 98 48 SW | Little $1.65 45 73 38 NW | Ditto .17 $1 03 4I 80 31 -—— | Brisk . o6 The weather still continued very favourable throughout the 4| 66 51 80 50 W Little .o4 | month; the temperature being fully an chia va with a moderate 5 65 50 78 48 — | Ditto .07 | supply of — AR rew luxuriantly. West and ül 55 95 52 SE Ditto .28 | South-west winds y far the most "preville A heavy 9 RA 41 95 34 W Ditto thunder-storm pio red on t orning of the 2nd preceded 8 75 57 92 53 Ditto by rain, and thunder showers fell through the day. The 6th 9| 78 ço | 100 44 SW | Ditto was cloudless and hot; but although the heat increased from 16 | 34 43 87 37 Ditto noon till after 3 p.m. the degree of dryness as indicated by the ioe ewe 59 89 56 — | Ditto .o1 | Hygrometer diminished, and rain commenced at 5 p.m I 8 SW Brisk E de Si H W Little Mean Pressure from the 3 daily observations 29. 966 inches. 14 | 74 47 go 42 SW Brisk Temperature .......- Ditto ..... 62° - 56 15 77 56 95 53 uiis Ditto ci Point sss... vi Ditto 5... 55 D 16 | 78 57 94. 55 cu | THO .09 Degree of Dryness sat Ditto 27... 6°.61 17 |: 73 49 88 46 mes | Ditto .22 De of m . Ditto ..... 8n 18 | 70 49 80 44 wW Ditto .OI of Vapou « Ditto ..... 491 inch. 19 | 62 45 70 40 SW Ditto .09 Least bur Bern of "Moisture Sixes 45 zo | 75 52 go 46 Ww Little Maximum Temperature in the Shade. . . . . 84°. 21 77 53 94 50 SW Ditto .13 | Minimum Temperature in £t s. qr”. 22 | 72 49 88 41 Ww Brisk | Maximum Temperature in the Sun .... 100°. ; 23 | 70 46 87 46 Za. | Little .o6 Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation ..... 4°. 24 | 64 44 8o 38 NW | Ditto Mean Temperature of External Air ..... 60°.94 25 | 64 47 78 42 —— | Ditto i 36| of gg | 96 [cee w | Ditto Winps. HF» 57 93 54 umen | DI .1o North ....o.0 and N: East . xs. 26 - 28 73 51 91 46 E Ditto South ....vv RS E But 2.1 x 29 | 74 51 9o 47 Ww Ditto East ...- I Ph West 30% < "— 30 69 47 78 44 S Brisk 15 West...» 13 5 S. West, sss: 9 «- oc ! 30 days. 71.96 | 49.93 | 86.80 | 45.70 1.48 Amount of Rain,....e---+++ 1.48 inches, [ 542 ] JULY. Morning. Noon. Night. Hygrometer. Weather. Barom, Hygrometer. Weather, Barom. Hygrometer, Weather. W. 62 | 55 7 {Overcast 29.809| 67 62 Cloudy,boisterous | 29.876 60 | — |Overcast Th. 61| 61 | — [Rain —.699| 68 | 64 Ditto —. 544. 60 | — |Drizzly F. 57 | 57 | — |Showery —.483 66 | 45 Do. & Fine ||—.708 st | 7 Cloudy S. 64 | 53 | 11 |Very Fine —.81o0| 67| 5o i —.676 59 | — Slight Rain S. 63 | 48 | 15 Ditto —.683| 66 | 47 Cloudy, windy —.710| mls ine D) M. 62 | 55| 7 |Ditto -575| 66 | 53 ine 434. 54 | — Rain T. 58 | 50| 8 |Cloudy &cool|—.652| 65 | 48 Ditto —.718 56 | — [Cloudy W. ` 64| 56| 8 [Fin —727| 68| 55 Ditto —.625 55 | — |Heavy Rain Th. . 6o | 60 | — |Ditto —.881| 64 | 55 Ditto —.928 48 | 6 |Fine E. s 6o | 57 | 3 {Ditto —.925, 60| 48 Cloudy .893 51|2 |Ditto S: ‘ 61, 55| 6 \Ditt —.925| 64| 45 Very Fine || —-924 45 | 5 |Clear S. 5 55 | 41 | 14 |Fine but cool || —.939| 63 | 45 Ditto 90 45 | 8 (Overcast M. : 56| 50} 6 Ditt 0.020) 63 | 46 Fine 30.033 48 | 1 Cloudy o Ir 57 | 52| 5 |Ditto —.239| 68 | 43 Ditto —.269 56 | — |Ditto W. . 68 | 52 | 16 |Fine —.54| 71 | 48 Ditto —.137 48 | 7 |Fine Th. : 66 | 54| 12 |Ditto —.ooi| 76 | 49 Ditto 29.919 50|7 |Very Fine F. 920, 61 | 50 | 11 |Ditto 9.909| 71 | 47 Ditto Sec OG 56 | 4 |Overcast S. -725| 65 5 [Overcast —.735 5 65 | — |Slight Rain ||——717 64 | — |Ditt S|19 —.662| 66 | 6o| 6 |jDitto .588| 71 | 6O Cloudy —.470 55 | — |Rain M. 62, 62 | — |Ditto -511| 64 | 64 | — [Heavy showers 441 55 | — |Cloudy T. 60 | 58 | 2 |Very Fine —.566| 73 | 53 Very Fine ||—.646 53 | — |Ditto S x: 60 | 60 | — |Fine —.793| 66 | 60 ine —.844 53 | — |Ditto & fine Th. 59 | 59 | — [Overcast —.981|- 61 50 Cloudy 30.002 §2 | 2 |Overcast F 62 | 53 9 |Ditto & Fine ||—.993| 68 | 6o Ditto 29.906 57 | — [Rain S. 60 | 60 | — (Overcast —.725| 70 | 64 Showery —.64 56 | — |Ditto S. 62 | 62 | — |Cloudy —.627| 65 60 Cloudy —.739 55 | — |Ditto M. 9| 59 | — |Ditto —J45] 70 58 Fine —.926 52 | — |Clear & Fine e T. 62 | -62 | — |Hazy .034| 74 | 63 Gea : do. [30.078 6o | 3 |Cloud & Do. W. 4| 57, 7|Very Fine |—.171| 73 | 50 | 23 |Very Fi re 154 60 | — [Ditto Fh. 64| 62| 2 |Cloudy —.050) 74 | 62 Do. with Clouds —.029 61 | — |Rain F. 62, 56| 6 |Very Fine —.140| 68 | 46 Very Fin —.159 48 | 8 |Clear & Fine 61.35 56.00 5.35 29.845 (67.58 [53.71 [13.87 29.836 54-03 |2.00 [ 543 ] JULY. Temperature. Wind. Rain Remarks. Days| Max. | Min. | Sun. | Rad. | Direction. | Force. In, Pts. 1| 68 58 81 56 SW | Strong .OI 2 66 55 72 53 Brisk .02 The mean temperature of the month of July advances oh an 3} 68 51 82 49 Strong average about 23? above that of June; but instead of advancing, 4| 72 56 83 55 —— | Brisk the temperature of the present month has fallen back 1°, being 5| 69 50 85 45 SW | Strong about 3? colder than usual. During the first week the weather 6| 67 49 71 44 Brisk .14 | was boisterous, but without much rain, till the 8th, on the even- TT ZI 51 86 46 W Ditto ing of which nearly half an inc fell. Vegetation having been 8| 66 48 74 46 SW | Ditto .46 | brought forward by the high temperature of the four previous 9| 68 48 85 43 NW Little months was the more susceptible of a change and hence proved 10 | 67 50 83 45 —— | Ditto much retarded in consequence of a falling off ata period when, 11 | 68 46 85 38 — | Ditto in order to proceed favourably, an advancing temperature is 12 | 65 42 82 35 w | Ditto necessary. 13 | 62 41 76 34 NE | Brisk I4 | 74 $5 go 52 Ww Ditto Mean Pressure from the 3 daily observations 29.844 inches. 15 | 80 48 96 40 SW | Ditto —— Temperature s.es... Dio... 61°65 16 79 46 99 39 S Little —- Dew Pomt ......0* Int es ye 545.58 E 73 56 96 54 W Ditto —— Degree of Dryness ...-Ditto..... vi UE aa |=. 70 56 79 53 — | Ditto —— Degree of Moisture....Ditto....--- 97 19 | 69 49 86 44. S Brisk .06 Force of Vapour....-- ittO. esses 469 inch 20 | 69 51 85 46 WwW Little .og | Least observed degree of Moisture. .. .. .-- 404. 21 | 74 47 96 41 SW | Ditto .54 | Maximum Temperature in the Shade ..... 80°. 22 | 69 | 49 99 42 2x E DEO oi | Minimum Temperature in Ditto... .. DECANI dy 23 | 65 51 82 48 Ww Ditto Maximum Temperature in the Sun ..... 105°. 24 | 66 56 83 53 SW | Brisk o2 | Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation ...... 34?- 25 | 67 54 89 50 Little .22 | Mean Temperature of External Air....... 609.06 26 | 65 54. 87 51 NE | Ditto o5 27 | 70 49 99 45 SW | Ditto WINDS, 28 | 74 58 98 55 Ditto O1 North. ... ... odays | N. East....2 days 29 | 75 54 105 | 51 | NW | Ditto Sou. e rage ee eee us 3041-69] SE | 94 |... SW | Ditto .05 Bast. cous. 17] A5 Wet... 38 LS 79 45 91 40 NW | Ditto West ses». 10 S. West ...12 «+ | | ba. : : Sr 31 days. à 9.35| 50 J 87 A 46 7 ube Amodaf OF Rain cececessessevscsss 1-68 inches. [ 544 ] AUGUST. Morning. Noon. Night. 1840. £ Barom. Hygrometer, Weather. Barom. Hygrometer. Weather. Barom Hygrometer. Weather. $. | 1/30.205| 62 | 57 5 |Very Fine 30.176] 71 | 53, 18 |Very Fine 30.133) 54 | 54 | — [Clear & Fine S.| 2,——.171| 64 | 55 9 |Ditto .143| 78 | 44 | 34 Ditto —.135| 66 | 60o| 6 |Cloudy & Do. M.| 3|—.161| 66 | 58 8 |Ditto — [Haze|—.123| 80 | 53 | 27 |Hot& dry —.088} 55 | 49 | 6 |Clear Do. T.| 4\—.117| 65 | 60 5 |Hot with slight || —.082| 80 | 53 | 27 |Ditto —.ogo| 62 | 62| — Clear & Fine D) W. 5\—.081| 66 | 60 6 |Dry Haze —.054| 74| 60 | 14 |Ditto —.991| 58 | 58 | — |Ditto Th.| 629.959| 67 | 61 6 |Fine 9.926| 80 | 58 | 22 |Ditto —.917| 65$ | 52 | 15 |Ditto F. |- 7| 945 | 69 | 67 2 Slightly Overcast | —.930| 78 57 21 |Ditto —.991, 57 54 | 3 |Ditto S. | 8 30.068 | 68 | 62 6 Fine 30.074 76 | 55 | 21 |Ditto 30.129} 56 | 56 | — Ditto $.| 9\—.223) 61 | 57 4 |Ditto —.166| 77 | 5o | 27 Ditto —.106| 61| 57 4 |Ditto M. 10—.052| 64 | 60 4 |Very Fine 29.965| 82 | 69 | 13 |Very Fine 29.779| 63 | 55 | 8 |Overcast T. 11/29.566| 61 | 61 | — |Overcast —.516| 67 | 67 | — |Showe —.528| 55 | 55 | — |Cloudy W. 12—.589| 64 | 56 8 |Very Fine .579! 69 | 59 | 10 |Cloudy —555| 56 | 56 | — |Heavy rain © Th. 13.—.592| 60 | 54 6 |Do.Overcast |—.592| 67 | 5o | 17 Ditto — 551, 55 | 55 | — |Cloudy& Fine F. 14|—479| 56 | 56 | — Rain —.521| 63 | 63 | — Showery —.672| 52 | 52 | — |Ditto $./15/[—752| 59 | 53 6 |Very Fine -754| 58 | 58 | — Ditto —.663) 56 | 53 | 3 Ditto S. 16—.911| 65 | 55 | 1o Ditto [rin|—.831| 70 | 6o | 10 Cloudy —250| §5| 55 | — Mee M. 17,—.169| 57 | 57 | — [Boisterous heavy|—.228| 59 | 59 | — [Boisterous Rain | —.326/ so | 50 | — |Clea T. 18|—315| 59 | 52 7 Cloudy —.453| 60 | 53 7 Cloud —654| 56| $6 | — Cloudy & Fine W. 19—.661| 56 | 56 | — (Hea .675| 69 | 69 | — (Overcast —.799| 62 | 62 | — [Dit € Th. 20—.957' 64 | 59 5 Overcast & Fine | —.947| 77 | 68 g Fine —.g915| 62 | 62 | — Clear & Fine F. 21,—.891| 64 | 64 | — Foggy —.848| 79 | 65 | 14 |Very Fine —.775| 63 | 63 | — Ditto $.:22|——.755| 62 | 62 | — |Ditto —.777| 67 | 67 | — Slight Rain | —818, 57 | 57 | — |Ditto S. 23,—.927| 61 | 58 3 Very Fine —.893| 70 | 54 | 16 Cloudy &Fine| —.932 52 | 52 | — |Ditto M.24—.976| 57 | 53 | 4 Ditto 939| 75 | 48 | 27 Very Fine ||/—.938 5o | 50 | — Ditto T. 25|\—.968| 61 | 50 | 11 |Ditto —.921| 73 | 57 | 16 Ditto .907| 6o | 60 | — Rain W./26,—.964| 66 | 62 4 Overcast 30.001| 72 | 62 | 10 Overcast &Fine|| —.987|. 58 | 58 | — |Clear & Fine @ Th. 27|—.936| 60 | 60 | — |Foggy OL; 70 | 65 5 Ditto —.957; 58 | 58 | — |Ditto F. 28 —.991| 60 | 60 | — [Slight Fog ||—.006| 69 | 69 | — Rain 0.044. 60 | 60 | — |Ditto S.|2930129| 61 | 61 | — |Foggy —.140 72| 67 5 Slighthaze | —.o074 6o | 60 | — |Fo S. |30\—.053| 65 | 64 1 (Slight Haze |}29.920! 79 | 68 | 11 Cloudy & Fine||—.o4z) 63 | 61 | 2 |Overcast M. |31|—.116| 63 | 58 5 Cloudy ,090: 73 | GF 12 Ditto —.040/ 57 | 57 | — |Cloudy | 29.892 |62 p reed 29.879 72.06, 59.48 dame Ves 57.83 56.38 1.45 [ 545 ] AUGUST. Temperature. Wind. Rain. Remarks. Days. Max Min Sun. Rad. | Direction Fore. | In Pts. tI 46 91 38 NE | Little The Mya bag of this month was nearly 1° above the mean. 2 | 83 51 | 103 45 WwW Brisk In the first however the range between the extremes of 3| 87 48 | 102 48 NW | Little Max. and Min. was tare og as much as 3 e. The amount of 4| 86 56 96 53 E Ditto rain was as in the preceding month, nearly an inch below the $| 82 55. | 100 49 -——- | Bask average ; although the heat was greater the degree of dryness 6| 84 62 | 108 60 — | Little was less, 7 80 56 106 52 —— | Ditto With regard to the a gee a e state of the weather, the 8| 8o 41 104 37 —— | Ditto most decided occurred on the 1oth; from being hot and dry it 9| 83 51 102 37 NE Ditto then changed to wet. The pd was boisterous with heavy rain, 10 | 86 58 | 108 55 S Ditto .07 | and the barometer was then lower than at any other time 11 | 85 55 91 49 W Ditto -07 | throughout the mont —— itt . 3 s He d e SW ane oe Mean Pressure ts the 5 daily Ud dg ae pe. inches. 14. 66 50 8o 45 Ditto .o6 ew Pol: LP Rar ba "^ n ix je 15 59 $1 go 46 PESE Ditto +03 —— Dew eevee P" itto, "DIT ko o 16 | 73 54 95 50 Ww Brisk .22 | —— Deere f Dryasie - Ditto... ... 9.02 17 | 63 49 63 "m SW | Strong -47 ws of Moisture. . . Ditto. ..... 822. 18 |. 62 50 63 46 Brisk .38 of Vapour..... Ditto...... -490 inch 19 | 70 56 76 52 Ww Ditto .24 | Least dUidrind degree of Moisture. ..... 324 20| 79 & |102 Little Maximum Temperature in the Shade. . 87?. 21 | 80 : 103 3 E S Ditto Minimum Temperature in ditto........ 419. 22 | 76 ; : 102 5 5 wW Ditto Maximum Temperature in the Sun ..... 108° 23| 77 3 6 | 104 a SW | Ditto „or | Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation ..... 6?. 24 | 76 x: 106 36 S Ditto emperature of External Air ..... 64°.34 isl. 58 82 57 SW Ditto 26 | 72 49 80 45 S Ditto WiINDs. 261 735 1 9109 EM Ww Ditto North ossis. o days | N. East..... 3 days 238 ]| JI $$ |.99 |.00.4| | .02 Sout : Paiti sos 0% vs 39] 79 $2 1-94 |. 57 E | Ditto Eis... un . | N. West 1 30 | 82 58 96 55 W F Ditto West... 10 8. West... 7 31 be Fe 58 go 52 NE | Ditto d 31 days 76.00 52.68 92.71) 48.22 1.62 Amount of Rain ....... — vseveves 1.62 inches, VOL. Hi. SECOND SERIES. 4B [ 546 ] SEPTEMBER. Morning. Noon. 1840. Hygrometer. Weather. Barom. Hygrometer, | Weather. Barom. Weather. T. 66 | 6o | 6 |Overcast 29.864 78 | 55 | 23 |Fine Sag -= Cloudy W. 68 | 65 | 3 |Fine —.632| 76 | 62 | 14 Cloudy & do. || —.559 — |Clear & Fine p Th. 55 | 55 | — |Rain —.664; 61 | 51 | 10 |Fine —.727 — |Ditto F. 57| 55 | 2 |Fine —774 61 | 58 | 3 Cloudy —.73 — Cloudy, rain S. 53 | 53 | — |Ditto —.976 66 | 56 | 10 Fine 30.063 —. |Clear S. 55| 55 | — {Ditto 30.160 66 | 52 | 14 |Ditto —,112 5 |Cloudy & Fine M. 59| 55 | 4 |Very Fine 033 67 | 6o | 7 (Cloudy & do. || —.005 — [Clear and do. T. $4 | 54 | — |Dito = ror] 66 | 56 | 10 |Very Fine —.07 — |Cloudy & fine W. 60 | 60 | — |Hazy 29.957 65 | 60, 5 Hazy 9.880 — |D tto Th. 59 | 59 | — |Ditto —.962, 66 | 52 14 |Very Fine —.931 — |Di to O F. 56 | 5o | 6 |Slight haze ||—.920 64| 45 | 19 |Ditto .9o1 — |Very Fine S. 50| 45]| 5 |Very Fine —.942. 62 | 39 | 23 |Ditto —.894 — Clear and do S. 51| 45| 6 |Ditto —.765| 62 | 39 | 23 Ditto —'643 — |Cloudy & fine M. 45 | 45 | — Hazy —.342, 56 — Rain —.197 — Rain T 5 | 45 E .200 $3 | 45 | 8 Cloudy & cool —.100 — Cloudy W. 50| 45| 5 \Clear and do. |28.744 53 | 53 | — |Rai —.079 — Rai Th. 49 | 44 | 5 (Clar 9.597| 59 | 42 | 17 |Very Fine —.718 — |Clear and fine E F 40 | 40| — dye: haz ||—.875 59 | 48 | 11 Ditto —.856 — |Overcast S. 50 | 48 | 2 (Cloudy 860 57 | 48 | 9 Cloudy & cool| —.930 — |Clear and fine S. 42 | 39 | 3 |Fine but cool ||\—.996 58 45 | 13 Do. and fine ||—.995 — |Ditto M. 52 | 52 | — |Fine —.933, 62 | 46 | 16 Fine any Ll — |Rain T 52 | 52 | — |Rain —.485| 51 | 51 | — [Rait —492 — |Clear and fine W. 48 | 48 | — |Ditto —.401| 58 9 Cloudy & fine | —.470 — |Ditto Th. 49 | 49 | — (Cloudy & Fine| —494 57 | 57 | — Heavyshowers| —.571 — |Heavy rain e F. go | çoj = |Rai —.881 53 | 53 | — |Cold & wet .984. — |Clear S. 47 | 47 | — [Slightly overcast || —.971, 60 | 53 | 7 |Fine, Overcast||—.874 — Rain S. $2.1:062 | — |Fine —.899 63| 58, 5 Cloudy & fine || —.936 — |Clear M. 55:1 $5.| — jOvercast —4674. 58 | 58 | — Heavy Rain ||— 514 — |Rain F $1. | g1 — Clear -593| 54| 49| $5 Fie —677 — |Clear and fine W. 47 | 44 | 3 |Do. and Fine || —941| 55 | 5o 5 Ditto —:1947 — |Overcast 5$2.23/,50.56 1.67 ee iae 29.743 o.16 | [ 547 ] SEPTEMBER. ‘Temperature. Wind. Rain. Remarks, Days.| Max. | Min. Sun. | Rad. | Direction. | Force. In, Pts. 1| 80 58 | 100 54 E Brisk : 2 78 53 80 52 S Ditto .22 Nearly the average quantity of rain fell in the course of this 3 66 43 75 38 Ww Little .o2 | month; but in the intervals „the air was found to possess a 4 | 62 46 70 40 SW Brisk .13 | greater degree of dryness than is usual at this period of the sea- 5 68 40 8o 34 wW Little son. The wind was from the west nearly half the days in the 6| 74 53 98 48 —— | Ditto month. The temperature was about 3° below the average; and 7 66 44 86 37 SW Ditto oz | frost occured so as to greatly injure the growth and flowering of 8] 7t 51 94. 45 W Ditto ‘or | the Dahlias as early as the 17th; on the day previous to this the 9| 68 59 76 59 S Brisk .o2 | barometer was very low I0 | 72 45 96 39 Ww Little In the first fortnight the weather was favourable for ripening II 69 40 93 34 n boule the productions of the garden; but after this the coldness of 12 | 66 35 92 26 wu T fh the nights tended to render the process imperfect. I 65 8 —— | Ditt is 5 4 oe ed 2 E idc .40 Mean Pressure from the 3 daily observations 29.764 inches. 15 59 41 79 35 Ww Ditto -og perature s.s.s... Ditto ...... 4°.37 16] $9 43 76 39 SW Brisk ag Dew Point ........«* Ditto ...... 509.54. 17| 62 29 87 23 Ww Ditto Degree of Dryness .... Ditto ...... 9,83 18 | 62 48 83 43 NE | Little —— Degree of Moisture .. Ditto ...... 875 19 | 57 38 73 30 N Brisk Force of Vapour ..... itto 1:2... 407 inch 20 | 62 32 83 27 Ww Little Least observed degree of Moisture ...... 457 zi 63 52 83 48 S Ditto .1o | Maximum Temperature in the Shade .... 80°. 24| 53 40 54 33 sw | Ditto .40 Minimum Temperature in ditto ........ 299. 23 | 60 39 8o 28 S Brisk .oz | Maximum Temperature in the Sun ...... 100°. 24 | 60 48 68 47 Ww Little .36 Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation ...... 23°. 2zrd- $5 35 75 33 N Brisk .04. Mean Temperature of External Air ..... 539.98 26| 63 | 42 |] Bdp SW | Little 16 | -— 27 | 6$ 49 86 45 Ww Brisk t 29 1.59 48 62 45 SW | Little .30 Der «ec. 2 Gays Aan oeeel days 29 | 60 42 79 36 Bris .DI oan Ae vv qo ROW. 222 8 ri 30 60 51 80 49 Ww Little ast... ... se 2 ee . West....0 West ...... 14 S. West ;...7 63.93| 44.03| 80.26 38.83 2.45 30 days. Amount of Rain........ eee .+- 2.45 inches. [ 548 ] OCTOBER. Morning. Noon, Night. 1840, E Barom Hygrometer, Weather. Barom, Hygrometer. Weather, Barom. Hygrometer, Weather. Th. | t 29.966, 55 | 5o | 4 |Overcast 29.982] 58 | 521] 6 |Overcast 30.039} 53 | 53 | — |Overcast F.|2|30.117| 52| 48] 4 |Ditto 30.124] 59 | 48 | 11 |Fine —.039|. 47 | 47 | — |Clear & Fine D S.|3|—.153| 44| 44| — |Clear —.108| 55 | 41.| 14 |Very Fine —.o6i1| 47 | 47 | — [Overcast S.| 4|—.o45| 51| 45]|6 |Cloudy —.03 3| 53.| — |Rain —.o56| 45 | 45 | — [Rain M.| $|—.058| 48| 48 | — |Ditto 29.997| 56 | 52.) 4|Very Fine —.073| 45 | 45 | — |Ditto T.|6/—.o94| 39 | 39 | — Clear o.082| 53 | 53 | — Cloudy & Fine| —.092| 35 | 35 | — |Clear & Fine W.|7,—.o86| 33] 33 | — |Frosty&Foggy| —071| 54] 41 | 13 |Ditto —.21| 35 | 35 | — |Ditto Th. | 8 —.228| 34 | 34 | — Ditto .190| 52| 50} 2 |Very Fine —.241| 39 | 39 | — |Fine F.| 9,—.293| 34| 34 | — |Ditto —.274| 51| 46 $ |Hazy d50. 34 33 | — Clear & Ditto S.|10/—.280} 33 | 33 | — |Dense Fog —.254| 55 | 45 | 10 |Very Fine —.262} 38 | 38 | — Ditto © S.11,—.323| 50| 47 | 3 azy —.339| 58 | 5o | 8 |Hazy —.401| 45 | 45 | — |Ditto M. 12| —.539| 41 | 41 | — |Ditto -543| 36} 50| 6 |Very Fine —5 40 | 40 | — |Ditto T. 13 —.548| 36 | 36 | — |Dense Fog —.328| 55 | 49 | 6 |Ditto 445| 39 | 39 | — |Ditto W. 14 —.359) 36 | 36 | — |Ditto —.314 58| sgo| 8 |Ditto —.271| 40 | 40 | — |Ditto Th.15 —.225| 39 | 39 | — Foggy —.155| 55 | 45.| 10 |Overcast —.71| 39 | 39 | — Fine F. 16| 29.915; 45 | 45 | — Fine 29-813| 56 | 52.) 4 |Ditto 29-755) 50 | 50 | — [Overcast q S.17,—757| 54} 54 | — Rai —.827/ 57] §5.| 2 DItO -965| 47 | 47 | — |Ditto S. 18} —.977| 50 | 50 | — Overcast -938| 54 | 48 | 6 |Cloudy —.755|. 50 | 50 | — [Rain M. 19 —.664 53 | 53 | — |Do. & Windy || —.698| 56 | 49 | 7 |Ditto —.803| 49 | 44 | 5 |Clear & Fine T.j20/30.022] 44| 49o0|4 lear 0.075| 54 | 490 | 14 |Clear 30.075| 37 37 | — Ditto W.|21|—.124| 39 | 39 | — Ditto —.102} 56 | 41 | 15 |Fin xe) 41} 41|— Th. |22 29.897, 46 | 46 | — Hazy 29.810} 52 | 52 | — |Rain 29.861; 45 | 45 | — |Clear & Fine F. |23;—.933} 41 | 41 | — |Fine —.885/ 51 | 46| 5 |Overcast —.662) 48 | 48 | — Rain $./24|—.523| 42 | 42 | — (Clear —.535|| 50 | 41 | 9 |Cloudy —.586| 38 | 38 | — |Clear @ 35.25 ,—749| 40| 40 | — Ditto —.773| 48 | 37 | 11 |Very Fine —.877| 34 | 34 | — |Ditto M. |26| —.875| 34 | 34 | — (Overcast —.828| 48 | 43] 5 Ditto 126] 44 | 44 | — |Slight Rain T.27|—.204| 51 | 51 | — |Heavy Rain ||—.160| 49 | 49 | — |Cloudy —.160, 36 | 36 | — W. 28| —.114) 40 | 40 | — (Clear —.167| 48 | 43| 5 |Fine —.266| 42 | 42 | — |Fine Th./29,—.328| 45 | 45 | — |Foggy, Rain | —.262| 50 | 50 | — Rain .369| 36 | 36 | — |Very Foggy F. (30| —.477| 40 | 40 | — [Clearing —.488| 52 | 48 | 4 |Fine, Cloudy | —.520| 42 | 42 | — |Clear S. |31| —.516|) 45 | 45 | — |Foggy —.515| 53 | 53 | — Cloudy .566| 40 | 40 | — [Ditto » 945/43 +03 42.36/0.67 29-95 4153-61147 48 6.13 29.915 41.9041 .74/0.16 [ 549 ] OCTOBER. Temperature. Wind. Rain. R ks. Days. Max. | Min. Sun. Rad. | Direction. Force, | In. Pts. Panem I 28 46 65 41 Ww Little n : 6 36 ; 5 D w » de The amount of rain was about an inch less than usual. Very 2d T * r NE Ditto little fell during the first three weeks, in which period the nights t i 45 7 M 6 N Dittó dete were frequently frosty, and the morning foggy; the days = a e 33 hed “< Ww Ditt :97 | ing up, with hot sunshine. remainder of the month w z 3 xd - N D ito wet, and occasionally dense fogs prevailed. In the last Maith a 3 S 30 a i NE Di iig West and S. West winds were predominant ; in the present, West, 3o ae i S Di xe N. West, and North were the points from which it proceeded : i2 s 8; n 4 R Ditto for a much greater length of time than it usually does. I1 | 58 35 80 29 — | Brisk PI 68 31 79 25 cR oe Mean Pressure from the 3 daily observations 29. 9 38 inches 13 | 63 31 88 | 28 W | Ditto Temperature ........ Ditt o 14| 66 32 89 27 NW Ditto —— Dew Point 9€*vs vide . Ditto ...... 1.36 15 | 57 36 74 32 Ditto —— Degree of Dryness ... Ditto ...... 27.32 16 | 56 $1 74 50 wW Ditto or Degree of Moisture ... Ditto ..... 923. D 35 46 60 44 N Ditto Force of Vapour ..... Ditto ...... .326 inch 18 56 49 72 48 W Brisk 12 Least observed degree of Moisture ...... -593 19 57 42 ^2 36 NW Ditto Maximum Temperature in the Shade .... 66?. i 57 29 73 24 N Ditto Minimum Temperature in ditto ....... 289. 21| 54 39 72 31 Little or | Maximum Temperature in the Sun ...... 9?. 22 | 53 38 ^o 32 NW | Ditto .oz | Minimum of Terrestrial Radiati ove: S19. 23 | 53 40 79 35 Ww Ditto .27 | Mean Temperature of External Air .... 46°.64 24.| 53 35 69 29 NW | Brisk .16 35 | $1 28 72 21 — itt 26 | 52 43 6o 41 a | DIN .28 North....... 6 days. | N. East...... 2 days 27 50 30 54 24 Ww Ditto .12 SOUIB. s cui I : EQ 2. su 28 52 36 9 30 SW Ditto .10 East. eee 4 N. West LL 8 ee 29 50 32 55 28 E Ditto f$ West... 7 S. West... ] 5 30 | 56 36 67 30 SE Ditto .03 31 days Be 57 36 ae mt “seine i Amount of Rain... ....... e. 41.35 inches, | 56.32| 36.96| 74-39 ed 1.35 [ 550 ] NOVEMBER. Morning. Noon. Night. 1840. 2 Barom. Hygrometer. Weather. Barom. Hygrometer, Weather. Barom, Hygrometer. Weather. S. | 1|29.592| 46| 46 oggy 29.495| 52 | 49 | 3 [Cloudy &Fine|29.337| 49 | 49 | — |Rain D: M.| 2i 50 | 50 | — |Showery —.$15| 56| 51[|5 |Fine —.455| 47 | 47 | — Overcast LEko, 59 | 5° | — |Foggy —.376 56 | 51| 5 |Hazy 343| 42 | 42 | — |Foggy W.| 4[—.275| 47 | 47 | — |Dense Fog —.2o00| 55 | 4817 [Clear —.339| 45 | 45 | — Clear & Fine Lhi ge-—.153. $91 | SF | = .250 54]| 52|2 [Fine —.232| 45 | 45 | — |Rain F.| 6—.073| 48 | 48 | — |Ditto 28.921| 50 | 50 | — |Rain 28.997| 50 | 50| — [Ditto S. | 7/—.083| 49 | 49 | — |Ditto 29.145| 51 | 51 | — |Heavy Rain |29.154| 45 | 45 | — |Clear & Fine S. | 8/—.336| 45 | 45 | — |Clear —.325| 53| 49 |4 |Fine —.299| 48 | 48 | — |Clear O M.| 9——.0o77| 47 | 47 | — |Ditto —.406| 52 | 50]|2 |Boisterous —.147| 44| 44| — |Fine T.|10,—.046| 41 | 41 | — {Ditto —.083| 48 | 48 | — |Cloudy & Fine|j—'263| 42 | 42 | — |Ditto W. |11|\—. 308} 38 | 38 | — |Hazy —.207| 48 | 48 | — [Rain —.286| 41 | 41 | — i Th. 490 38 | 38 | — |Clear —.516| 48| 48 | — —.316| 44 | 44 | — |Overcast F 28.818| 51 $1 | — [Rain 28.669| 53 53 | — |Boisterous, raàin|28.750| 48 | 48 | — |Stormy S. [141—992 =— Clear 29.097, 49 | 49 | — |Clear 9.287| 49 | 40 | — |Clear $./115|29.509 34 | 34 | — |Ditto —.463| 55 | 55 | — |Fine —.482| 44 — |Overcast « M. o59| 58 |. 58 | — Cloudy; windy —.1o08| 61 | 61 | — |Cloudy —.234| 53]| 53 | — |Cloudy T.|17,—.547| 45 | 45 | — |Slightly overcast |—.505| 48 | 48 | — —.138| 50 | 5o | — jStormy W.|18—.789| 40 | 49 | — |Ditto —.766| 40 | 49| — |Ditto —.605} 38 | 38 | — Rain Th.|19,—.771, 40 | 49 | — jRain —.8o2| 44 | 44 | — |Cloudy —.939| 35 | 35 | — |Fine F.|20/30.078| 30 | 3° | — |Very Clear |30.078| 42 | 42 | — |Very Fine 30.061} 38 | 38 | — |Overcast $.:21129.604| 44 44 | — |Stormy with rain |29.307| 45 45 | — |Cloudy 29.261| 42 42 | — [Fi $.122,—.7798| 40 | 36 | 4 |Clear & windy|—.836| 44| 36 | 8 ine 30.033| 38 | 38 | — |Ditto M. 2330.056) 38 | 38 | — |Hazy —.988 44 | — |Ditto 29.980| 48 | 48 | — |Ditto © T.24—.988| 49| 49 | — |Fine 30.133| 53 | 4914 |Cloudy 30.242] 49 | 40 | — |Ditto & Clear W. |25\—-373| 33| 33 | — |Dense Fog |—.372| 45 | 45 | — |Foggy —.400 34 | 34 | — |Ditto Th. |26|—.433| 27 | 27 | — |Sharp Frost |—.39o0| 40| 40 | — |Fin —.382| 31 | 31 | — |Ditto F. |27|\—.400| 25 | 25 | — [Frosty dense Fog |—.368| 32 | 32 | — |Fog —.370| 29 | 29 | — |Very dense fog S. 395| 25 | 25 | — |Ditto —.376| 29 | 29 | — Ditto —.328| 26 | 26 | — |Ditto S./29—.326| 25 | 25 | — [Ditto —.255| 34| 24| — Dito —.185| 32| 32| — |Fine —.066| 44 | 44 | — jOvercast —.o45| 51] gr | — |Drizzly 29.932) 5° | 50 | — |Cloudy pes ue di 13 29 .600|47 -73146-401 . 33 29.592|41.93|41.930.00 ae [ 551 ] NOVEMBER. Temperature. Wind. Rain. Remarks. Days.| Max Min. | Sun Rad, | Direction. | Force. | In. Pts. Fi 56 46 63 44. NE Brisk .30 | , This month proved exceedingly damp throughout. The quan- si 57 45 73 40 S Ditto tity of rain was upwards of an inch in excess, and fell during the 3 |. 56 40 62 34 E Little .o2 | first three weeks. The barometer averaged yery low, the mercu- 4| 56 46 60 41 Ww Strong . 16 | rial column being frequently below 29 inches. It however stood El 55 41 64 36 S ris .23 | high during the last week, with easterly winds, frosts and dense 6 [51 41 55 36 SW Ditto .48 fog. The mean temperature was a little above the average; and 7| 58 41 73 36 aec | HEUS .1o | there was very little frost up to the 23rd, South and South West Sis 41 72 34 au | Diro .20 | winds being till then prevalent, and frequently very boisterous. 9 |:-53 41 65 38 —— | Strong .10 to | 5! 37 63 29 NW | Brisk .o1 | Mean Pressure from the 3 daily observations 29.601 inches u| 49. ] 35 [|.5o |j. 3! SW | Little «30 PATE e ue nnn Ditto. ss... 435.68 12 | 54 39 56 33 S Ditto RE | ee DEM PURGE. rernm Dit... 43°-20 13 | 55 44 55 40 | —— | Strong .22 Degree of Dryness. . .. .- Ditto..... 09.48 t4 | 59 28 52 23 Brisk —— Degree of Moisture. . ..- Ditto...... 15 | 56 38 59 34 SW | Little HI orce of Vapour....... Heo 318 inch 16 | 62 44 69 37 — | Strong Least observed degree of Moisture.......- 741 17 | 56°54. 38 pess 35 S Little .40 | Maximum Temperature in the Shade... .. 58° 18 | 44 34 44 30 NE | Ditto z: inimum Temperaturein ditto.. «e...» 2 19 | 44 | 39 | 45 25 Brisk .o1 | Maximum Temperature in the Sun... +...» 73°- 20 | 43 37 43 32 W Little .02 | Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation......-- 14°. 21 | 46 39 46 34 SW Brisk .16 | Mean Temperature of External Air....--- 43°.16 22 | 43 30 47 23 Little .O1 23 39 47 38 SW Ditto 24. 56 28 61 23 NE Ditto WINDS. 25 | 46 24. 48 17 SE Ditto North... .....1 days | N. East... ...6 days 26 | 44 22 48 14 Ditto South ... eng. [S. East. cessc ee 271-34^*]- 23 34 15 NE | Ditto ES... 3 N. West ...... I 88] 3$ 22 35 14 Ditto West cesis 13 S. West .10 29 | 36 30 40 24 E Ditto 30 | 54 50 55 48 SW Ditto 30 days. : Amount of Ram .. ««««« ceo ED mummies 49-96| 36.46| 54.66, 31.27 3.59 [ 552 ] DECEMBER. Morning. Noon. Ni ght. 1840. 2 Hygrometer. | Weather. Barom, Hygrometer. Weather. Barom. Hygrometer. Weather, = Eda şı | şı | — |Hazy [cast|29.941| 56| 56 | — [Overcast 29.998, 45 | 45 | — [Overcast » W.| 2 41 | 41 | — [Slightly Over-| 30.203| 46 | 46 | — |Very Fine 30.311) 38 | 38 | — [Clear Th. | 3 32 | 32 | — |Frosty —493| 41 | 38| 3 |Di —493| 28 | 28 | — [Ditto F. |4 25 | 25 | — |Sharp Frost ||—.434| 37 | 37 | — Overcast —.375| 30| 30| — abe c E 35 | 35 | — |Hazy —312 41| 41 | — |Haz —250| 38 | 38| — |Ditto S.| 6 39 | 39 | — \Foggy —.089 41 | 41 | — cold|—.o18| 28 | 28 | — s M.| 7 39 | 39| — |Overcast — 29-687} 40 | 40| — Overcast and ||29.435| 33 | 33 | — |Overcast SE. 40 | 40 | — Slightly Ditto|—.243) 43 | 43 | — |Rain 984. 38 |. 38] — ine O W.|9 28 | 28 | — |Frosty „805| 40| 40 | — [Clear vage. 8-3 — [Clear TAS 36 36 — Thawing —OfTO| 41 2 LEN mem: Hazy —.892 35 35 | — vercast F. 38 | 38 | — Hazy —.897| 36 | 36 | — [Overcast —947| 35| 35| — ess S. 36 | 35 | r (Cloudy [cold|30.147| 38| 38| — Ditto & cold |3o.195| 35 | 35| — DS S. 32 32 | — |Overcast and || —257| 34 | 34 | — |Ditto —.250 32| 32| — wale M. 24 | 20| 4 |Sharp Frost ||—.225| 32 | 18 | 14 |Cold& dry ||—.207| 25 | 25 | — lae € fF. 24 22 2 |Ditto —.245| 26 16 | 10 |Dry & Frosty | —.202, 23 23 | — Clear W. 26 26 | — |Overcast —.O45| 30 30 | — jSnowing 29.818| 31 31 | — [Snowing "FR: 32 32 1 Snowing 29-760] 24 24 | — |Cloudy —.758| 20 20 | a Overcast F. 25 | 25 | — |Fros —542} 36 | 36 | — jOvercast —.5oo0 29 | 29| — n 5. 31 | 25| 6 |Overcast —579| 36| 36 | — —.6 33 52-31] e S. 34| 39 | 4 -872| 37 | 281] 9 Ditto 30.108} 36 | 36| — B o M. 35 | 30| 5 Ditto 30.255) 37 | 30 | 7 |Cloudy —4.303| 34] 34| — cue E. 341 ap] 7 —.301] 32| 27| § |Clear & cold | —255| 28 28, — |Clear ew. 21 | 20| 1 |SevereFrost | —.118] 29 | 24| 5 |Do.& Frosty | —055| 23 | 23| — |Ditto Th. 31 27 4 Clear —.104| 36 31 5 |Clear —.162, 28 28 | — Saby j F. 20 zo | — [Severe Frost | —.308| 25 25 | — |Foggy —.366| 19 19| — aie og S. 25 25 | — Thick hoar Frost || —553| 3° 30 | — |Hazy —.595| 28 a8 | as At S. 30 | 30 | — Overcast —.566| 31 | 31 | — |Ditto —.§32) 31| 31) — Sa. É M. oe bee I7 A —.351| 32| 30| 2 |Ditto —.275| 24| 24| — A se Fog T. 24| 24| — |Foggy —.248| 32| 32| — —.306| 32 neps W. 22 | 22 | — |Clear — 361| 36 | 31 | 5 (Cloudy —164 36|.36| — m ET € Th 41 | 41 | — |Cloudy 29.892| 44 | 40| 4 |Very clear 29.990, 38 | 38 | — |Clear & Fine 1.58'30.48]1.10 30.088 36.09 33.87.2.22 DARA 30.31,0.00 J » x E | | [ 553 ] DECEMBER. Temperature. Wind. Rain. : Remarks, Days| Max. | Min. | Sun. Rad. |Direction.| Force. | In. Pts. r| 56 38 57 34 M ia This month has proved colder than any December experienced J] 2" » 1 5 N cm in the present century, the mean temperature exactly correspond- EFT M sa gp 16 E Di ing with the freezing point. North-east winds were prevalent ; E 4 29 42 2$ Dd Xo and the deposition from rain or melted snow was very little " - 37 43 35 SW c Thick hoar frosts and fog were general in the last week. On -" 25 pin 18 B ae the 25th in particular the fog was very dense all day, and the í TA 33 4! 3o S HR. _ | frost at night severe. By the end of the month the frost had 43 26 43 20 pau ittle ‘10 | penetrated to the depth of 8 inches in kitchen garden soil, and RI 4 26 46 22 SW | Ditto in turf about 4 inches. 10 | 44 36 45 30 SE | Ditto II | 37 32 38 26 E Brisk i À a2.) 39 32 38 30 NE Li Mean Pressure from the 3 daily observations 30.092 inches. 13] 33 24. 37 19 —— | Ditto emperature ., .. ... Ditto... es. 327.66 Di jt 23 33 15 dee | Brisk —— Dew Point ............. itto...+.. TI* sx 15 | 26 18 27 10 — atthe Degree of Dryness.. .... Ditto....«« — 19.11 16 | 33 28 33 27 NW | Ditto —— Degree of Moisture ..... Ditto...... -959 E-1- 49 17 28 14 — | Ditto Force of Vapour..... o-+Ditto...-.. .212 inch. 18 33 28 33 26 NE Brisk Least observed degree of Moisture ... ..... .606 I9 | 34 32 34 31 w-— | Little 19 Maximum Temperature in the Shade...... 56.° 20 | 36 34 34 32 SE Brisk Minimum Temperature in ditto,......... nm 21 36 30 36 25 NE Ditto Maximum Temperature in the Sun........ se 22 33 19 24 10 accus: | Ditto Minimum of Terrestrial Radiation........ 10.9 45| » 21 33 15 we | Little Mean Temperature of External Air....... 32°. 24 | 36 16 38 10 —— | Ditto 25 | 28 I5 28 13 E Ditto WiNDs. 26 | 31 27 31 25 N Ditto North cosi dE T] NER S. eee 12days 27 | 33 29 33 26 NE Ditto et ee epee a ed gg. ee rr 28 | 32 18 32 13 E Ditto Est... $3 NOW... 3 29} 36 19 37 14 Ww Ditto West Lice ci vets 4 8. West... i. 4 f 39 | 4o 31 40 29 — | Ditto 16 4% 31| 45 35 48 32 NW | Brisk : 31 days. : Amount of Rain ......... eee e aad 0.45 inch. 37-55 | 26.45| 38.03| 22.48 0.45 VOL. II. 2ND SERIES. 4€ [ 554 ] Monthly Mean Pressure, Temperature, and Dew Point, &c. of 1840; deduced from the Observations recorded in the preceding Journal. è Pressure. Temperature. E. | i TR Dzin In Sun’s Terrestrial | ygog figs uf ean at sugges In the Shade. Mean at of i Radiation — |otein ea Max. | Min. | Med. | Barom. | yy | Noon. | Night proni Max.| Min. | Med. | Morn. | Noon, | Night. Observ Max. | Min. | Max.| Min, |Rad*. Jan- «3o. 588 28.742\29.831| 1.846 29.827 29 82129.83629.828| 55 | 12 ]39.24,38.5443.45]38.1640.05| 56 | 39 | 49 ar Feb. «30.661128. 597129.954) 2.064 29.94229.940/29.970 29.950 53 | 24 |39-30137-69142-65137-6839-34| 61 | 35| 41 | 16 [goi March 30.726 29.823/30.273, 0.903 [30.278 30.258 30.273|30 269 56 | 19 |39-70137+03144-61/35.35/38-99| 66 | 44 | 39 12 40.17 April 30.416 29.480 30.080 0.936 |30. 078 30 Scat 091]30.076| 81 | 25 |49.83|48.23/62.26)42.90/51.13} 99 | 55 | 42 16 |51.44 May .|30.393 29. Bor.» 0.968 29. 914/29 889/29 880]29.894| 80 | 34 156.16/56.16/64.32/52.32]57.60| 95 | 69 | 54 27 |61.66, June. lao. 195/29. Une 0.536 29 984129.9 aig 939/29.966|| 84| 41 ]|60.94/(61.86/68.10|57.73/62.56| 100 70 | 56 34 166.25 July . «30«269 29. 43429-839 0.835 29-851 29,845.29 836:29.844|| 80o | 41 /60.06/61.35(67.58/56.03/61.65| 105 | 71 | 56 34 |66.76 Aug. 30. feted Hu 29.884 1.054 29.892 ET 880/29.883|| 87 | 41 164.34(62.35|72.06/57.83/64.08| 108 | 63 | 60 36 [70.46 Sept. E -— 44 29-782 1.452 29.764 29.787 29 743/29.764| 80 | 29 53.98/52.2360.8650.03/54.37| 100 | 54 | 59 | 23 (5954 Oct ge: 549129. 126l29.927| 1.423 29 945129 954 29.9 91529.938| 66 | 28 46.6443.03/53.6141.9046.18| 89 | 54 | 50} 21 153.00 Nov. . “30. 43328. 66929602 1.764 29. iag 600 29 592:29.601| 58 | 22 3143.1641.4047.7341.9343.68| 73 | 34| 48 14 42.96 Dec hzo. 64429: 229 30.109) 1.415 til ici e 087,30.092|| 56 15 |32-0031.58 36.09 30. 31 1.00 SF 1. $F 1 3; IO [30.25 Aver. 30-458 29.174 29.927 1.284 29.932 29.925 19.920 29.916 69.66 27.59 48.78 47.62 55-2745.1849 3684.08 51.25/49.08| 20.33 |5 1.66 i Hygrometer indicating Dew Point. Scale of the Winds. Rain 1840. Mean Dew Point at Mean Mean Mean Mean Least Months. ; Peut ek | Duce. | Mime | Mi | & Pace. [a | chs ewe aA ie Be m. Morn. | Noon. | Night. oin apour yness. oisture. isture. . Ur Jan. 37-96 42.07| 37-90| 39.31) .272 0.74 971 712 I 3 2 I 6 4 10 I 31 2.48 Feb. .| 35.97| 39.24| 36.41) 37.21| .257 2.13 937 658 o 4 8 I 1I FI 3 29 1.25 March, 34.90| 34.68| 33.68 34.42| .235 4.57 864 369 7] 10 6 o 1 o 3| 4 3! 0.28 April| 44.63) 42.66) 40.43) 42.57| .310 8.56 747 365 6 2 6 2 3 4 - ch en, 30 0.06 May .| 52.16) 52.10| 50.39) 51.55) .421 6.05 812 404 4 I 6 I 6 7 cet 31 2.18 June d 55+17| 55-53| 55-95| -401 6.61 811 450 o [e] I I 2 9 131 4 30 1.48 July.| 56.00} $3-71| $4.03| $4-58| 5.469 | 7-07 | 797 | 4 | ©} 2 | 0} © | 3] esejs | 5t | 18 Aug. | 58.32) 59.48| 56.38| 58.06! .490 6.02 822 324 o 3 6 o 4 7 146]. t! 3* 1.62 Sept. | 50.56] 51.20) 49.87] 50.54] .407 | 3.83 875 457 2 I sy 814 ) |IHjl 9 jo | Sa Oct. | 42.36) 47.48) 41.74| 43.86] -326 2.32 923 593 6 2 4 s [ ! 1 21.9 31 1.35 Nov. | 41.27| 46.40| 41.93| 43.20| .518 0.48 981 741 I 6 3 1 £T To 2I t 30 3.59 Dec. .| 30.48| 33.87| 30.31| 31.55| .212 I.II 959 606 2I I3 3 2 2 3 4| 3 31 0-45 Aver. | 45.15] 46.50) 44.05| 45-23] -350 | 4-12 | 833 507 29 | 46 |47| 11 | 38| 78 | 84| 33 | 366 | 18-87 [ 555 ] The preceding Table, as regards Temperature, and the Dew Point, is in terms of Fahrenheit's scale ; the following are reductions of the same to those of the Centigrade and Reaumur's Thermometers. CENTIGRADE THERMOMETER. T'emperature. | Hygrometer indicating Dew Point. EC In the Shade Mean at In Sun's Ra Tate Mean Dew Point at . ean a ud uns Hays. Rediction. Med. of ean w Point a the three Sun and Mean ean Observa- di | | Dew ee of Months.) Max Min. | Med. | Morn. | Noon.| Night. | tions Max Min Max Min tion — Noon. | Night. | Point, Dryness. Jan..| 12.77 —11.11| 4.02| 3.63| 6.36| 3.42] 4.47| 13.33) 3.88, 9.44-17.22 3-58 3.32 S.50| 3.27 4.01 0.41 Feb. .| 11.66] -4.44) 4.05) 3.16 5.91) 3.15 4.07, 16.11| 1.66 5.00 -8.88| 3.89) 2.18 4.02 2.45) 2.89| 1.18 March) 13.33| —7.22| 4.27 2.79| 7-00 1.86, 3.88, 18.88 6.66 3.88-11.11| 4.53|| 1.61 1.48 0.93| 1.34 2.53 April| 27.22| —3.88| 9.90 g.o1|16.81| 6.05| 10.62| 37.22 12.77 5-55 -8.88 10.78|| 7.01| §.91 4.68) 5.87 4-75 May.| 26.66} 1.11) 3.42 13.42/17.95/11.28} 14.22) 35.00, 20.55) 12.22) —2.77| 16.47) 11.20) 11.16 10.21) 10.86 3.36 June.) 28.88) 5.00| 16.07] 16.57/20.05 14.29| 16.97) 37-77] 21.12] 13.33) 1.11 19.02 13.97 12.87, 12.96) 13.30) 3.67 July .| 26.66) 5.00] 15.58 16.30/19.76.13.35| 16.47| 40.55| 21.66, 13.33) 1.11, I9.31/13.33| 12-06 12.23| 12.54] 3.92 Aug. | 30.55 -00| 17.96, 16.86/22.05/14.33| 17.82| 42.22| 17.22) 15.55| 2.22) 21.36 14.62; 15.26 13.54| 14.57| 3-34 Sept. | 26.66| —1.66| 12.19! 11.23/16.03 10.01| 12.42! 37.77| 12.22 15.00 —5.00 15.30 10.31| 10.66, 9.92) 10.30| 2.12 Oct. .| 18.88| —2.22| 8.13| 6.12/12.05 5.50| 7.87) 31.66, 12.22| 10.00 -6.11 11.66) 5.75| 8.60, 5.41| 6.58| 1.28 Nov.| 14.44| -5.55| 6.20| 5.22| 8.73 5.51| 6.48| 22.77, 1.11| 8.88-10.00 6.08) 5-15) 8.00 5.51) 6.22) 0.26 Dec..| 13.33] -9.44| 0.00 —0.23| 2.27.—0.93| 0.36) 13.88) -2.77 1.66 -12.22 -9-97,-9 84! 1.03, -0.93| -0.25| 0.61 | | | Aver.| 20.92) —2.45 9.31| 8.6712.92 7-32 994 "o 10.69 9-48 -6.48 10.92 7-39 8.05 A 7-35 2.28 Reaumur’s THERMOMETER. Temperature. Hygrometer indicating Dew point] T trial : In the shade. Mean at i In Sun’s Rays. Radiation, Med. of Mean Dew Point at idi thethree Sun ind Mean degree venne | Radia- j Dew f dry -| Max Min. | Med. | Morn. | Noon. | Night. | vations.| Max Min Max. | Min. | tion. || Morn., Noon. | Night. | Point. | ness. "HUBS ANN | - 10.22; -8.89| 3.21| 2.90| 5.08| 2. .57| 10.66] 3.11| 7.55|-13.77| 2.86] 2.64| 4.47| 2.62| 3.24) 9-3 33) -3-55 em isi Lo p Hr 12.88| 1.33| 4.00| —7.11| 3.11] 1-76) 3.21) 1.95) 2.31| 9-93 = - .88| 3.62|| 1.28| 1.18| 0.74) 1.06| 2.0 10.66| —5.27| 3.42| 2.23| 5.60! 1.48| 3.10| 15-11] 5.33| 3-11 3 ; 21.77] -3.11| 7.91| 7.21| 13.44| 4.84| 8.49 29.77| 10-22] 4-44 -7-11| 8.63| 5-61) 4.73) 3-74 4-69) 3 "^ 13. 17|| 8. 8.92| 8.17| 8.68| 2.6 21.33| 0.88| 10.73] 10.73| 14.36| 9.02| 11.37| 28-00} 16. -77| -2:22| 13-17] 9:95 9 mobo T 23.11| 4.00} 12.85} 13.25| 16.04| 11.43| 13-57| 30-22| 16.88 10.66} 0.88| 15.22|11.18| 10.29| 10.45 4 2-9 s ie ; .33| 10.66| 0.88| 15.44/10.66| 9-64) 9.78/10.02| 3-1 1-33| 4.00] 12.46| 13.03| 15.80| 10.67| 13.16| 32-44| 17-33 5:44 mdi ate 24.441 4.00] 14.37] 13-48] 17-79] 11.47| 14.25] 33-77] 13:77| 12-44| 1-77] 17-08 11.69 * : dex iý 21.33| —1.33| 9.76| 8.98| 12.82| 8.01| 9.93| 30-22| 9-77| 12-00) —4-00) 12.24 ide Ah 7:93 - de | 15-11] 21.77|. 6.50| 4.89| 9.60! 4.40] 6.39| 25.33| 9.77| 8-00) -4-88| 9.33] 4- — wa 5° i 11.55] —4.44| 4.95| 4.17| 6.98| 4-41| 5-38] 18.22| 0.88] 7.11 -8.00| 4-63| 4-12 6-39) 4-41 4-88 0-2. 10.66 ~7.55| 0.00] -0.18} 1.81] —o.74| 0.29| 11-11] -2.22| 1-33) -9-77| —©-77 -0.62| 0-82) —0.69|-0.20| 0-4 Weegee eee 6.75 -1.95| 7.45] 6.93] 10.34] 5-85] 7-71] 23-14) 8.55) 7-58) -5 18| 8.73|| 5.84| 6.45] 5.35| 5-87) 1-8 LIST OF BOOKS AND OTHER ARTICLES, PRESENTED TO THE LIBRARY OF THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF LONDON FROM JANUARY 1, 1835, TO DECEMBER 31, 1841. WITH THE NAMES OF THE DONORS: HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF HOLLAND, F.H.S. The Flora Batava. Nos. 100 to 122 inclusive. 4to. Amsterdam. THE IMPERIAL ACADEMY NATUR/E CURIOSORUM OF BONN. Acta Academia. Vol. 17, Vol. 18 Part 1, and Vol. 19, Part 1. ACADÉMIE ROYALE DES SCIENCES DE LINSTITUT DE FRANCE. Mémoires de l'Académie. Vols. 13 to 16 inclusive. 4to. Paris. Mémoires présentés par divers Savans à l'Académie. Vols. 5 et 6. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie. Vols. 2 to 13 inclusive. | ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND. Vol. 1, and Parts 1 and 2 of Vol. 2, of the Journal of the Society. AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF INDIA. Transactions of the Society, Vols. 3, 4, 5, 6, and /« Proceedings of the Society and Reports for the years 1836 and 1837. VOL. II. 2ND, SERIES, 4C AGRI-HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF WESTERN INDIA. A Catalogue of the Plants growing in Bombay and its Vicinity, by John Graham. ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF VIENNA. Transactions of the Society. 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Index to Asiatic Researches. Vols. 1 to 18 inclusive. ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. Journal of the Society. No. 2 to 12 inclusive. Proceedings of the Committee. Catalogue of the Chinese Library of the Society by the Rev. S. Kidd. The Cotton Trade of India, its past and present condition, by Major Gen. Briggs, F. R. 5. BRITISH ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE. List of the Members of the Society. BOSTON NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, (MASSACHUSETTS.) - Journal of the Society. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4. Vol. 3. 8vo. BAHAMA SOCIETY FOR THE DIFFUSION OF KNOWLEDGE. Journal of the Society. Nos. 6, 11, 12, 13, 14. BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. Proceedings of the Society. BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH. Proceedings of the Society. Third Annual Report. PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OF THE ROYAL COL- LEGE OF PHYSICIANS. List of the Fellows, Candidates and Licentiates of the College. 1836, 1838 and 1839. ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. Journal of the Society. 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Archives du Muséum. Vol. 1. Liv. 1. RADCLIFFE LIBRARY, OXFORD. Catalogue of the Library. 8vo. Oxford, 1835. ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. Philosophical Transactions of the Society for the year 1833, Part 2. 1834-1835-1836-1837-1838-1839, and 1840, Part 1. Lists of the Fellows of the Society, and Proceedings in continuation. Abstracts of the Papers printed in the Transactions from 1833 to 1837 inclusive. Addresses of the President at the Anniversary Meetings, 1836-1837- 1838-1839. ROYAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH. Transactions of the Society. Vols. 13, 14, and Part 1, Vol. 15. Proceedings of the Society in continuation. ROYAL SOCIETY OF NORTHERN ANTIQUARIES. Reports of the General Anniversary Meetings in 1838 and 1839. 8vo. Copenhagen. SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY OF LONDON. Proceedings of the Society. SOCIÉTÉ DE PHYSIQUE ET D'HISTOIRE NATURELLE DE GENEVE. Mémoires de la Société. Vols. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and Part 1. Vol.9. 4to. Figures pour l'Histoire Abrégée des Poissons du lac Léman. fol. Geneve, 1826. STATISTICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. Proceedings of the Society for 1834-35. UNITED SERVICE MUSEUM. Catalogue of the Library. Svo. 1837. WASHINGTON NATIONAL INSTITUTION. A Discourse on the objects and importance of the National Institu- tion for the Promotion of Science, established at Washington ; by Joel R. Poinsett, Esq. The Constitution and Bye Laws of the Society. ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. Transactions of the Society. Vol. 1. Parts 3 and 4. Vol. 2. and Pro- ceedings of the Society in continuation. EDITOR OF THE ATHEN/EUM. * The Athenzeum” for the years 1834 to 1841 inclusive. MESSRS. AUDIBERT. Catalogue des Arbres, &c. cultivés dans les pépiniéres et serres des fréres Audibert à Tonelle prés Tarascon. 1834-5-1838. MESSRS. BAUMANN. Catalogue des Végétaux en tous genres disponibles pour l'automne 1838, et le printemps 1839, dans l'établissement des frères Baumann, à Bollwiller. MR. WILLIAM BAXTER, F.H.S. British Flowering Plants, Nos. 30 to 113 inclusive. 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Catalogue of Herbaceous Plants, cultivated and sold at the Addle- stone Nursery, Chertsey. 1829. ALEXANDER CRUCKSHANKS, Esq. De la Botanique, de ses avantages, et des moyens faciles de l'étudier avec succès par M. B. Gaillon. PROFESSOR DE CANDOLLE. F.M. H.S. Notice sur les graines de l'Ananas. Distribution Géographique des Plantes alimentaires. 8vo. Geneva, 1836. 7me Notice sur les plantes rares cultivées dans le Jardin de Genéve. Description d’une nouvelle espéce de Figuier, (Ficus Saussureana). 8me notice sur les plantes rares cultivées dans le Jardin de Genéve. Revue sommaire de la famille des Bignoniacées. Prodromus Systematis Naturalis regni Vegetabilis. Pars. 7. Sectio posterior. M. JULIEN DES JARDINS. ; Notice Historique sur Charles Telfair, Esq. 8vo. Mauritius, 1836. L. W. DILLWYN, Esq. F.R.S. F.H.S. A Review of the references to the Hortus Malabaricus of Henry Van Rheede Van Drakenstein. On the effects of the severe winter of 1837 and 1838 on some shrubberies and gardens in Glamorganshire. 8vo. Swansea, 1839. MR. J. G. DITTRICH. Systematisches Handbuch der Obstkunde, by Johann Georg Dittrich. 2 Vols. Svo. Jena, 1837. A Collection of Wax Models of Fruit, consisting of 48 varieties of Cherries, 36 of Plums, 12 of Apples, and 12 of Pears. M. EDWARDS. Mémoire de Physiologie agricole sur la végétation des céréales sous les hautes températures. M. FLEURAT. Journal d'Agriculture et d'Horticulture de la Côte d'Or. Vol. 1. M. FLEURENS. Éloge historique d'Antoine Laurent de Jussieu. MR. BENJAMIN FOWLER, F.H.S. The Philosophical principles of Heat applied to Domestic purposes. PROFESSOR GASPARINI. Descrizione delle Isole di Tremiti e del Modo come renderle coltive. 8vo. Napoli, 1838. Discorso intorno l'origine del Villaggio S. Ferdinando e sopra le | principali cose che quivi si coltivano. MR. R. GLENDINNING. Glendinning on the Culture of the Pine Apple. London, 1839. W. GRIFFITH, Esq. Supplement to Vol. V. of the Transactions of the Agati and Horticultural Society of India. SIGNORI GUSSONE E TENORE. Tre articoli inseriti nell’ Omnibus e nel Lucifero risguardanti le peregrinazioni fatte in aleuni luoghi del regno di Napoli dai Sig- nori Gussone e Tenore nelle State del 1838. 8vo. Napoli, 1838. CAPTAIN HENRY HARKNESS. Ancient and modern Alphabets of the popular Hindu languages of the southern peninsula of India. 4to. London, 1837. VOL. II. 2ND. SERIES. 4 E MR. JOSEPH HARRISON. The Gardener's Record. The Floricultural Cabinet. MR. FRIEDRICH HASSLER, Blumenzeitung. 6 Nos. January, 1836. 4to. Weissensee. Gemeinnüssliche Mittheilungen über Wein, Obst, und Gemüsebau, Bienffenkunde, Feld, und Handwirthschaft. 4to. Weissensee, 1833 4-5. Weissensee 'r allgemeine Unterhaltungsblatt, 1834, 1835. CHARLES HATCHETT, Esq. F. R. S. On the Spikenard of the Ancients. 4to. London, 1836. HON. AN» REV. WILLIAM HERBERT. Amaryllidacez. 8vo. London. 1837. JOHN HOGG, Esa. Observations on some of the Classical Plants of Sicily. 8vo. 1834. DR. HORSFIELD. An Account of the manufacture of the Black Tea, as now practiced at Suddeya in Upper Assam, by the Chinamen sent thither for that purpose, by C. A. Bruce, Esq. 8vo. Calcutta, 1838. WILLIAM HUGHES HUGHES, Esa. Speech delivered at a Public Meeting in the Town Hall of Ryde, Isle of Wight, on Monday, February 17th, 1840, on the occasion of her Majesty's Marriage; by William Hughes Hughes, Esq. Report of the Proceedings of a Public Meeting held at the Mansion House, Oct. 1, 1841, with reference to a Testimonial in honour of the Times Newspaper, together with the List of the Subscribers. THE BARON JACQUIN. | Report of Experiments made with Grange's Plough. MRS. JAMIESON. A Topographical, Statistical and Domestic History of France. Lon- don, 1836. MR. WILLIAM KENRICK. Nos. 8 and 9, Vol. 1. of the Horticultural Register and Gardener's . Magazine. 8vo. Boston, 1835. Catalogue of the Nursery of Mr. William Kenrick for 1835 and 1836. The American Orchardist, (forming Vol. 2 of the Farmers Library). 8vo. Boston, 1835. The American Silk Grower's Guide. 12mo. Boston, 1835. FRIEDRICH LUDWIG KREYSIG, M. D. Ueber die cultur der lilienartigen Zwiebel und Pracht-Gewüchse welche zu der Natürlichen familie der Amaryllideen gehóren. 4to. Berlin, 1836. Verzeichniss der warmen und Kalten Hauspflanzen welche in dem garten des Dr. Kreysig in Dresden unterhalten werden. Dresden, 1829. JOHN CAMPBELL LEES, Esq. A Meteorological Journal for 1840, kept at Nassau, New Providence. DR. LEHMANN. Catalogue of tlie Plants, &c. in the Botanical Garden, at Hamburgh, &c. Svo. Hamburgh, 1834. MR. A. F. LENZ. Theoretisch-Praktische Anleitung für CEkonomen und Gärtner. 8vo. Hanau, 1840. DR. LIEGEL. Systematische Anleitung zur Kenntniss der pflaumen, (Erstes heft). 8vo. Passau, 1838. JOHN LINDLEY, Pu. D. F.R.S. Réglement der Gartenbau-Gesellschaft für die Österreichische Mo- narchie. 4to. Wien, 1837. An Illustration and Description of the new genus Victoria. The Genera and Species of Orchidaceous Plants, No. 7. The Theory of Horticulture, or an attempt to explain the principal operations of Gardening, on Physiniegionl principles. 8vo. London, 1840. MESSRS. LODDIGES. A Catalogue of the Orchidacee in the Collection of Conrad Loddiges and Sons, at Hackney, arranged according to Dr. Lindley’s Genera and Species; with their native countries. J. C. LOUDON, Esq. Suggestions for the improvement of Kensington Gardens. 8vo. 1837. Cancels to the Encyclopaedia of Gardening. The Agricultural Magazine, No. 1. Repton's Landscape Gardening, &c. No. 1. Suburban Gardener and Villa Companion, Nos. 4 to 15 inclusive. The first additional Supplement to Loudon's Encyclopeedia of Plants. Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum. S8vo. London, 1838. MRS. LOUDON. The Ladies’ Flower Garden of Ornamental Annuals. 4to. The Ladies’ Flower Garden of Ornamental Bulbous Plants. 4to. DR. LUSH. A Treatise on the culture of the red Rose, Strawberry, Brazil Goose- berry, Peach, Mango and Grape Vine, by W. Ingledew, Esq. ; with Notes by Dr. Wight. 8vo. Madras, 1837. ALEXANDER MACLEAY, Esq. Lectures on the Horticulture of N. S. Wales, by Thomas Shepherd. 8vo. Sydney, 1835. SIGNOR GIUSEPPE MANETTI. Principii fondamentali di Botanica di Dr. Lindley, traduzione del Giuseppe Manetti. 8vo. Monza, 1834. Dell’ Agave Americana. 8vo. Monza, 1837. CAPTAIN JAMES MANGLES, R.N. The Floral Calendar, Monthly and Daily. COLONEL MAY, F.C. M. H.S. Über das Chrysanthemum Indicum, by J. B. Rupprecht. 8vo. Wien, 1833. Synopsis Floræ Helveticæ, by Gaudin and Monnard. Turin, 1836. M. AUGUSTE MECHELYNCK. L'Agriculture pratique de la Flandre. 8vo. Paris, 1830. DR. MEISNER. Monographiz Generis Polygoni Prodromus. MR. METZGER. Europeische cerealien. fol. Heidelberg, 1824. JOHN MILLARD, Esa. A Letter to the Rt. Hon. T. Spring Rice, containing a Plan for the better Management of the British Museum. PROFESSOR MIRBEL. Catalogue des graines récoltées au jardin du roi en 1837. DR. MORIS. Florula Caprariz. PROFESSOR CHARLES MORREN. De l'existence des infusoires dans les Plantes. Notice sur l'Histologie de l'Agaricus Epixylon. Observations sur l'Anatomie des Musa. Observations sur l'Anatomie des Hedychium. Notice sur une nouvelle espéce de Malaxis. Recherches sur le Mouvement et l'Anatomie du style du Goldfussia anisophylla. Mémoire sur la formation de l'Indigo dans les feuilles du Polygonum tinctorium, ou Renouée tinctoriale. Note sur les fruits aromatiques du Leptotes bicolor. Observations sur l'épaississement de la membrane végétale dans plu- sieurs organes de l'appareil pileux. Expériences et observations sur la gomme des Cycadées. Notes sur l'excitabilité et le mouvement des feuilles chez les Oxalis. Rapport sur le Mémoire de M. Auguste Trinchinetti, intitulé * de Odoribus Florum," &c. 8vo. Bruxelles, 1839. Observations sur la formation des Huiles dans les Plantes. Observations sur la Circulation dans les poils corollines du Marica caerulea. PROFESSOR NEES VON ESENBECK. De Kamptzia, Novo Myrtacearum Genere. DR. CARLO PASSERINI. Memoria sopra gl' insetti e particolarmente sopra alcuni nocivi alle piante di Granturco, di grano, di anacio, e barbabietola. 8vo. Firenze, 1837. Rapporto del D". Carlo Passerini sulla Memoria manoscritta del Sig. F. L. di Castelnuovo intitolata sulle larve danneggiatrici del grano Siciliano (Zea Mays). 8vo. Firenze, 1835. Report on a work by Dr. P. Negri, entitled a “ Memoir on an Insect which devastated the Provinces of Bologna, Romagna and Ferrara." 1833. A further account of a species of the genus Thrips hurtful to the Olive. MR. JOSEPH PAXTON, F.H.S. A practical treatise on the cultivation of the Dahlia. London, 1838. A Pocket Botanical Dictionary. London, 1840. The Horticultural Register. The Magazine of Botany for 1840 and 1841. SIGNOR ANTONIO PICCIOLI. L'Antotrofia, ossia la coltivazione de fiori. 8vo. Firenze, 1835. ALOYSIUS PUTTERLICK, M. D. Synopsis Pittosporearum. 8vo. Vienna, 1839. ALEXANDER RAINY, Esq. A Brief exposition of some Abuses regarding the Transfer of Real Property, with the outline of a proposed remedy. MESSRS. RIDGWAY. The Botanical Register, in continuation. MR. RINZ. Verhandlungen des Vereins zur Beförderung des Garten-und-Feld- baues, in Frankfurt am Main. Band I. MR. J. B. RUPPRECHT. Eisgrub und Feldsberg, besucht von einer abtheilung der vierten Versammlung Deutscher Land und Forstwirthe. Eisenstadt in Ungarn. Vienna, 1841. On a rich dye extracted from the petals of the Dahlia. Ueber das Chrysanthemum indicum. 8vo. Vienna, 1833. THE PRINCE OF SALM DYCK. Monographia generum Aloes et Mesembryanthemi. 4to. MR. FRANZ SCHAMS. Der Weinbau des Oesterreichischen Kaiser-Staates. — Svo. Pesth, 1835. FREDERICK SCHEERS, Esq. Kew and its Gardens. 8vo. London, 1840. R. H. SCHOMBURGE, Esq. A Description of British Guiana. 8vo. London, 1840. Observations on the climate, soil, and productions of British Guiana, &c. by John Hancock, M. D. MR. H. W. SCHOTT. Genera Filicum. Fasc. 1, 2,3. Vienna, 1834. M. C. L. SCHRENK. Enumeratio plantarum novarum. 8vo. Petropoli, 1841. M. SERINGE. Liste des exemplaires desséchés de la revision inédite du Genre Salix. Geneva, 1834. De l'Hybridité dans les Plantes et les Animaux. Essai de Formules Botaniques représentant les caractères des plantes par des signes analytiques qui remplacent les phrases descrip- tives. 4to. Paris, 1836. Notice sur l'Oxalide de Deppe, par J. L. Henon. 8vo. Lyon, 1838. Notice sur la Culture des Oseraies dans le departement de l'Aisne, par M. C. Millet d'Aubenton. 8vo. Lyon, 1837. Annales des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles d'Agriculture et d'In- dustrie publiées par la Société Royale d'Agriculture de Lyons. T.1. Liv. 1, 2; 3. EXECUTORS OF THE LATE DR. SIBTHORP. Flora Graeca, Vol. 10, Fasc. 2. *,* 'This valuable present, which completes the work, was made by the Executors, John Hawkins, Esq. and Thomas Platt, Esq. in consequence of the previous parts having been subscribed for by the Society. EDWARD SOLLY, Esq. Jun. The London, Edinburgh and Dublin Philosophical Magazine, No. 125. M. SOULANGE BODIN. Rapport sur les travaux dela Soc. Royale et Centrale d'Agriculture depuis sa Séance publique de 1835. 8vo. Paris, 1836. THE REV. J. STAINFORTH. Illustrations and Descriptions of the Plants which compose the natural order Camelliee, by Messrs. Chandler and Booth. London, 1831. MR. WILLIAM STENT. Stent on the failure of the Potatoe Crop. 8vo. Gainsborough, 1836. COUNT STERNBERG. Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft des vaterlàndisches Museums in Bóhmen, from 1823 to 1826, and from 1832 to 1838. THE HON. W. F. STRANGWAYS. Flora de Filipinas, por el Padre Manuel Blanco. Manilla, 1837. S. V. SURTEES, Esa. Hortus Mauritianus, ou énumération des plantes exotiques et indi- gènes qui croissent à l'Ile Maurice, par W. Bojer. 8vo. 1837. IL CAV. MICHELE TENORE. Osservazione sulla Flora di Teocrito e degli altri Buccolici Greci. Osservazioni Fisico-Geognostiche fatte in un viaggio per diversi luoghi delle provincie di Terra di Lavoro e di Abruzzo nella state del 1834, dai Signori Gussone e Tenore. Osservazioni sull' articolo Botanica del terzo fascicolo della Rivista Napolitana. ; Memoria sulle diverse specie e varietà di Cotone coltivate nel regno . di Napoli, &c. W. C. TREVELYAN, Esq. On the vegetation and temperature of the Faroe Islands. MR. VANDERMAELEN. Supplément a l'agriculture pratique de la Flandre contenant le Mémoire sur les prairies aigres, par M. J. P. Vandelbroeck. 8vo. Paris, 1835. DR. VAN MONS. Arbres fruitiers, leur culture en Belgique, et leur propagation par la graine. 2 Vols. 8vo. Louvain, 1836. Abrégé de Chimie. 5 Parts. 8vo. Lowvain, 1831-35. Exposition d'été,—Exposition d'hiver, 1833 et 1834 de la Soc. d'Agriculture et de Botanique de Louvain. WILLIAM VAUGHAN, Esq. Tracts on Docks and Commerce. 8vo. London, 1839. M. VILMORIN. Le Bon Jardinier for the years 1835 to 42, inclusive. SIGNOR DOMENICO VIVIANI. I Funghi d'Italia. Genova, 1834. DR. VON MARTIUS. Verzeichniss der im 1836 im Kónigl. botanischen garten zu München befindlichen Cactus-Arten. COLONEL VON SCHENCK. Der lebende Weissdorn Spalier-Zaun. Lemberg, 1834. N. B. WARD, Esq. Letter from N. B. Ward, Eso. to Dr. Hooker on the growth of Plants without open exposure to air. JAMES WEBSTER, Esq. F.H.S. Trattato degli Alberi della Toscana di Gaetano Savi. NEVILLE WOOD, Esq. The Naturalist. Nos. 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 23, 25, 26, 29. London, 1837-1838. COUNT WORONZOW. Mémoires de la Soc. d'économie rurale de la Russie méridionale. 8vo. Odessa, 1833. DR. ZUCCARINI. Plantarum Novarum vel minus cognitarum qua in horto Botanico Herbarioque regio Monacensi servantur, fasc. 2. 4to. Munich. VOL. II. 2ND SERIES. AF I N D E X. Achimenes longiflora, note u Administrators of the Jardin a Roi, Paris, plants, received from me 411, 413, 414. AINGER, ALFRED, Esq., mode ‘of heating T. plied by him to » the "E TIT in t Garden of the Society, 43 Aiströmerias, on their poate 124, ANTOINE, Mr.J., fruit trees received from, 414. Apple, Golden Pippin, grown on the common, and on tis tones Crab Stocks, 109. n’s Favourite, noticed, 108. Apricot, Moorpark, upon premature death of parts of its branches, 34. Articles distributed to Fellows of the Society, AUCKLAND; Lord, plants received from, 416. AUDIBERT, M. , plants received from, 412, 414. Averrhoa Carambola, upon its cultivation, 419. B BacknovsE, Mr. J., Streblorhiza speciosa re- ceived from, 418. Barker, G., Esq., plants received from, 118, 419. BaTEMAN, JAMES, ad on the cultivation of the Averrhoa Carambola, 30. Baumann, Messrs., plants ‘received from, 412, 15. Beans, new varieties of, 429. Brassica sylvestris, patoet with regard to its improvement, > Beaton, Mr. T. on the cultivation of the cactus tribe, 459 BELFIELD, Rev ES note on the cultivation of chlidanthus fragrans, 2 BENTHAM, GEORGE, Esq., on a the Salvia patens, 220. Ld plants received from, 416, 417, 418. | Bulbs, notice of the flowering ye id Rev. Mr., Chamzmeles coriacea, ecei oo 16. corium d ., plants received from, 411, 413. Bignonia venusta, on its cultivation, 122. olanos, severe frost occasionally experienced on the mountains near, 385. Boorn, Messrs., plants received from, 411. Brassica orientalis, experimented upon with a view to its amelioration, 351. Brocoli, Knight's Protecting, 43 Brunsvigia Josephine, notice of 3 its flowering in an outside border, 221. Bucuan, Mr. WirLiaw, on n cultivation of the cinnamon in England, 1 Buckatzscu, Mr., Hardy Olive of Nikita, re- ceived from, 4 l. Burr, JEssE, Esq., fruit trees, received from, Bunce, Mr., Eurybia glutinosa, received from, 418 of several tender varieties in an outside border, 221. Borcuarp, Mr., fruit trees received from, 415. Byres, R. UP Esq., on the cultivation of Chlidanthus fragrans, 32. C Cabbages, new and approved good varieties of, 4 Cactus tribe, on the cultivation and manage- ment of, 459. Cali Petree Seeds, plants raised from those M uglas. Ue. under the influence of light, is ab- sorbed by mature leaves; but is thrown off by immature leaves, 217 ARR, Mr., fruit trees received from, 415. Carrot, on the improvement : e wild, 348. Cattleya guttata, note upon, 177. Cattleyas, method of propagating, 179. Cauliflower, Large Asiatic, 430. INDEX. Cesadiin, a new Mexican bulb, 395 y, new and approved varieties of, 430. med ceci Mr., plants dera from, 417. Cherries, new varieties of, 4 Chlidanthus fragrans, onits cltvation, $9 220. ozema varium, note upon, 4 Cinnamomum verum, 168. Cinnamon, on its cultivation, 168, Climbing plants, light or porous nature of their alburnum, 36. Coloured infusions, on the power possessed by plants of absorbing, 41. Coniferous plants, upon raising them from seed, 344. Coorrr, Capt. Morse, plantsreceived from, 416. Cytisus zeolicus, received CORSE, Mr., fruit trees received from, 415. Crace, Mr. HxNzY, on a system of pruning fruit trees, 511. Cress, Normandy and Golden, 430. Cuminc, Mr. Hugh, plants received from, 417. D Dahlia repens, 395 De CANDOLLE, oak plants received from, 411, 413, 414. Deaznoan, Mr., fruit trees received from, 415. De Waet, Mr., fruit trees received from, 415. Dickson, G. F, Esq., plants received from, 418, 419. Dovcras, Mr. Davi», account of his final Mis- sion, 3 plants raised from his collections of seeds, 376. RUMMOND, Mr. Grecor, on the oe of French pears, the formation of fruit ders, and experiments with regard to ahs effects of supplying them with water at diffe- rent temperatures, 49. Dsummonp, Mr., plants received from, 418. E East Inpia Coan, Hon., plants received from, 416, 417,4 EzRINGTON, A. udi. upon forcing the ach tree. Exhibitions’ at at the Garden of the Society, re- gulations for, 447. F Fatconer, Dr., plants received from, 411, 413, 414. Fig, Nerii, described, 165. Figs, on their cultivation, 165. Fiscuer, Dr., plants received from, 410, 412. FiscHER, Mr. C. A. . plants received from, 411, ees Walls, account of thoseat Erskine House, isi Mr. RozEnr, upon the Achimenes longiflora, 508. on experiments upon the effects of Kyanized wood, and mer- curial vapour upon plants Fruit Borders, on their foundation and ma- nagement, 49. Fruits, Descriptions of new Ha on of, raised mas Andrew Knight, Esq., 62. — Notice of the most remarkable varieties of, sent to the Society between 1831 and 1835, 108. Fruit trees, on a Knit of pruning them, 511. —— of bringing them into a state of -— peuduetivaness, 49. —— ———— composition for washing them, 180. —————- on walls, upon the causes of the premature death of partook their ea 34. Frost, which occurred in the winter of 1837-8, observations wns oe effects which it pro- duced on plants, 22 Index of ur mentioned -in the Re- port on the effects of that experienced in the winter of 1837-8, 309. occasionally severe on the mountains near Bolanos, 385 G Gorpon, Mr. — upon raising coniferous plants from seed, 3 Gorpon, Rt. apt Rone RT, Echites stellaris, received from, 4 Gourd, large wei E of the Potiron Jaune, Hs Gowans, r. WirLrAM, on the grafting of ; 1. Grafting, of vines, 114. Grape, cultivation of the, on flued walls, in the at Erskine House, 525. Albee, HE 2. 171. germ Tokay, 111. Fukree, 171. | ——— Hubshee 171. Kishmiss, the i wine of Shi- raz made from it, 172. Nice Black Cluster, 112. Party-coloured, 67. INDEX. 3. White Muscat 2E Alexandria produced on the open wall, 11 —-——— new varieties ^ the, 429. GRIFFITH, Joun Wynne, Esq., notice of abundant produce of pears pie recent grafts on old trees in his garden, 111. H Haricots, new varieties of, 429. s Hartwec, Mr. 'Tukopon, account of his Mis- sion, 377. plants collected by, et seq. Heating, by hot water, 364. ——— ——— Perkins's mode of, 434. Rogers's mode of, 434. — ——— mode adopted for the Large Conser- vatory in the Garden of the v 435. Hinr, Lord, plants received from, 4 Ho OLLIST, Haster, Esq., account y some ex- eriments on the cultivation of oen. 160. Horticultural Societies, Local, 4 Horticultural Society, Report. on ed progress of the, 373. Hot uvm. on heating by, 364. IJ INcRAM, Mr. James, A new method of de- stroying insects in stoves and green-houses, 183. Insects, on peach trees, composition for their destruction, 39. —— on two Species which are found inju- rious to the pear tree, 104. ————— in stoves an -houses, new me- thod of dicar them, 183. Jacquin, Baron, plants received from,411, 1,413. JAMIN, M., fruit trees received from, 4 K ao Mr., fruit trees received from, 415. KxicH SQ., upon the causes of the demam death of parts of the branches of the Moor-park apricot and some other wall fruit trees, 34. n the means employed in raising a tree of the. Eos Nectarıne, 47. notes on descriptions of new varieties of fruits raised by him, 62, n two species of insects which are found i injurious to pear trees, 104. pon the supposed ab- sorbent powers of the cellular points, or Ge ARTT of the roots of trees and other ants, 117. note on the Althorp Crassane pear, 120. the means of de- stroying the red bhidér i in melon frames, 126. on the cultivation of figs, 165. upon the culture of the Strawberry, 175. n the preservation of = Rer foliage of peii and nectarine trees, upon the economical use of melon frames, 185. on the propagation of trees by cuttings in summer, 216. Kyanized wood, experiments upon its effects on plants, 515. L Lactuea perennis, experimented upon with a view to its amelioration, iet plants received from, 419 LANGELIER, Mr., fruit trees received from, 415. Laurel leaves, employed for the destruction of insects in stoves and green-houses, 183. Lavarra, Mr. Stanhopea venusta received from Leaves, different functions of mature and im- mature . LE CLERC, M , fruit trees received from, 415. LEDEBOUR, Dr., pe received from, 411,412. , Epidendrum gracile, re- Lettuces, new 'and M gia — of, 430. r3 Ligature, 7, Dr, note pe vine, 111. Li TE note upon e thd Cattleya guttata, note on the Chorozema varium, 478. upon the Mimuluscardinalis,70. rvations upon the effects produced on pr sci by the frost which oc- INDEX. curred in England in the Winter of 1837-8, 925. upon the Oncidium Lancea- num, 100. M Mackenzie, Sir GEORGE, S., experiments by in the cultivation of potatoes, MACKENZIE, Sir J. A. S., Hebradendron gam- gioldes received boi. 418 M ACLEAN, Dr. ALLAN, Account of two seed- ling apples raised by him ere ume Rozznr, Esq., plants received from, 418, 4 Maver, Professor, plants received from, 414. M*Curr , Asteracantha longifolia, re- potatoe pa 419. Mearns, Mr. Jonn, on forcing peaches and nectarines, 37. Medals, relative value of those awarded by the Society, 449. Melons, mode of treatment adopted in their cultivation, 187. on their cultivation in open frames, 161. Melon Frames, upon the economical use of, 185. Me vite, Hon. J. T. LesLie, Pinus Podari seeds, which produced the first plants of this species raised in England, received from him, Mercurial Vapour, p upon its ef- fects upon plants, 515. | sigimi Journal for 1834, 1,—for 1835, 73,—for 1836, 129,—for 1837, 189,—for 1838, 317,—for 1839, 482,—for 1840, 529. Mexican plants, collected by Mr. Theodor Hartweg, 379, et seq. Mimulus cardinalis, note upon, 70 pe dp aput Sir Tuomas, plants received rom, Mulberry, ae of propagating it by cuttings, 218. Muriatic acid, experiment on its effects on plants, 517. N Nectarine, Imperatrice, on themeans employed in raising a tree of the, Nimmo, J. Esq., Cynoglossum coelestinum, re- ceived from, 4 (9) Oncidium Lanceanum, note upon, Orro, Mr., Pinus Llaveana, waved from, 411, 413, 414. Oulton Park, ee of the peach tree as there practised, 3 ty Parmentier, Le Cu., fruit trees received from, 415. Peas, new varieties of, 429 Peaches and Nectarines, on their forcing, 37. each and Nectarine T 1D on the preservation “of their early foliage, 18 Peach tree, upon the fom of, 357. Pear, Althorp S gc. 119. —— Bringewood, 6 room Park, e. —— Brougham, 64. — Croft Castle, 66. Dunmore, a: —— Eyewood, 6 March Bergamot, 62. ee Moccas, — Monsieur le Curé, 110. —— Mona 8. Oakley Park ites ene 64. Mim ges ; —— Ros Ural s St. Germain, notice of a very large one, 110. Pears, Pos, abstract of a memoir on their cultivation in Scotland, 49. Abundant produce of, soon after grafting on old trees, 11 —— new ine of, 428 Pear tree, on two species of insects which are found injurious to it, 1 PENTLAND, sq. Solanum oleraceum, received from, 419. EE Mr., his mode of heating unsuccess- dict Per a Mn account of his plan of propaga- us pina 178. PmLLIrs, Mr. Grorce, on the cultivation of the Bignonia venusta, 122. Plum, Dunmore, 68. * —— Ickworth Imperatrice, account of, 522. Plums, new varieties of, 42 Prince, Mr., fruit trees received from, 415. otatoes, account of some further experiments relative to their cultivation, 156. gre ation of trees by cuttings in summer, Pul Pyri, an insect injurious to pear trees, INDEX. R Radishes, new and veia a of, 430. a Convolvulus, 396. x a Mr., fruit trees received from, 415. Red Spider, on the means of its destruction in Melon Frames, 126. REEVES, J pe Esq., plants received from him, 417,4 raina the roots of peach trees, 38. Report on the effects produced on plants by the frost which occurred in England in the Winter of 1837-8, 225. Rivers, Mr. Tuomas, Jun., upon the advan- tages of bee clon ae r "trees, 471. RoceErs, Ro Jun., ,on heating by hot water, 3 his mode of heat- Hist rile of pear trees, upon the advan- tages of, 471. Roots of plants, on their power of absorbing coloured xen ns, 4]. n the supposed absorbent powers of their ccm 11 PALM ans Ma ENT received from, on behalf of I. Company, 416, 417, 419. S Sarm Dyck, Prince, plants received from the, 413. Salvia patens, an account of, 222 SAUNDERS, Mr. B., fruit trees received from, 415 ScunApEn, Dr., Orobus atropurpureus received rom, 4 Scott, Mr. WirrriAM, on the cultivation of Alstrómerias, 124. Sea Kale, Vis cad of its character, 349. SurELLs, Mr. E, on the cultivation of grapes on flued RUE in the open air, 525. Smart, Mr., plants received from, 418. Soil, for peach trees, 38. Solanum stoloniferum, experimented upon with a view to its amelioration, 351. Srraneways, Hon. W. F., plants received rom, 417, 418, 419. Strawberry, re its culture, 175. —— — —— AMuyatt's Pine Apple, 1 118. Sulphur, mode of applying it for the destruc- tion of the red s paler, 126 6. Svxxs, Colonel, li notes respectin six new varieties of vines, recently i introduced from Dukhun, 170. T Temperatures observed in Dukhun, 170. etragonia expansa, experimented upon with a view to its amelioration, 351 permanency of its charac- ter, 349. TuELLvssow, Hon. Frepericx, Portulaca Thellussonii, rod from, 420. THOMPSON, es Descriptions of several new varieties of fruit raised from seed by Thomas Andrew Knight, Esq., Observations on a a seedling ar, raised by Thomas Andrew Knight, sq., called the Althorp Crassane, 119. An account of some fur- ther experiments made in the Garden of the Society relative to the cultivation of Potatoes, 156. account of the Ickworth Imperatrice Plum, 522. otice by, of the most re- markable varieties of Fruits ut to the ciety between 1831 and 1835, 108. Tillandsia usneoides, Mexican Saas packed in it received in good condition, | 379. Tinea Clerckella, an insect injurious to pear on the power possessed by plants of absorbing coloured ee 41. Turnip, Early Flat White, and Red, 4 urnips, on obtaining very early, 185. V Van Mons, Dr., Fruit trees received from, 415. rton, effects of growing them on fruit- ee borders, 58. Miscellaneous new and approved varieties of, 430. VERLEUWEN, M., plants received from, 412, 414. VinwoniN, M., on mprovement of the Wild Carrot, 348. fruit trees received from, 415. Vine, its peculiar adaptation for training, 34. on grafting the, 114. Explanatory Notes r ting Six new varieties recently pides as Dukhun, 170. —— mode of training them against flued walls at Erskine House, 527. Visitors, number of annually admitted to the Garden of the Society, 427. INDEX. W Watticu, Dr., paste p received from, 414. sq., Cupressus torulosa re- ceived from, 4 417. Water, effects of i ts tat it at Mesue tempe- ratures to fruit-tree 5, Watson, Mr., plants received fma WEINMANN, Professor, Erysimum Perofskia- num received from, 412. WirLrAMS, Jonn, Esq., on grafting = Golden Pippin on Siberian Crab stocks, | on the Nice Black . Cluster Grape, 112. on the cultivation of the Melon in sp: frames, 161 WirLocr,Sir HENRY, ived fi 416 ¥ Yerba de San Pedro, an officinal Mexican plant, 398. LONDON: PRINTED BY W. NICOL, 60, PALL MALL.