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FLORA NOVA-ZELANDIA.

BOTANY OF NEW ZEALAND.

Parr I. FLOWERING PLANTS.

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THE BOTANY

OF

THE ANTARCTIC VOYAGE

OF
H.M. DISCOVERY SHIPS EREBUS AND TERROR,
IN THE YEARS 1839-1843,

UNDER THE COMMAND OF

CAPTAIN SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS, Kr., R.N., F.R.S. € L.8., ETO.

BY

JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER, M.D., R.N., F.R.S. & L.S., src.

ASSISTANT SURGEON OF THE “EREBUS,” AND BOTANIST TO THE EXPEDITION.

IL.
FLORA NOVA-ZELANDIA.
Parr I. FLOWERING PLANTS.

Published under the Authority of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty.

LONDON:
LOVELL REEVE, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN.
1853.

PRINTED BY

SOHN EDWARD TAYLOR, LITTLE QUEEN STREET,

LINCOLN’S INN FIELDS.

TO

THE REV. WILLIAM COLENSO, M.A,

ANDREW SINCLAIR, MD, R.N,,

DAVID LYALL, MD, EN,

This Work,

WHICH OWES SO MUCH TO THEIR INDEFATIGABLE EXERTIONS,
IS DEDICATED

BY THEIR VERY SINCERE FRIEND,

J. D. HOOKER.

ROYAL GARDENS, KEW,

November, 1853.

——— —

INTRODUCTORY ESSAY.

On commencing the Flora of New Zealand I addressed a few remarks to my readers at the Antipodes,
in which I represented the advantages of the study of Botany, if only for the utilitarian purpose of ac-
quiring the names of many little known and useful plants that contribute so much to their comfort
and enjoyment. In the absence of such aids as are attainable in countries where a knowledge of bo-
tany is more generally diffused, the necessary examination and study required to name plants properly
by their natural characters is considerable ; but by going through the process for himself, the beginner
rapidly acquires a knowledge of the structure and anatomy of Natural Orders, Genera, and Species,
which will enable him to prosecute the study of their affinities, geographical distribution, and varia-
tion, so as greatly to extend the very limited knowledge we possess of these difficult branches of the
science. He will discover that an elementary acquaintance with the Natural Orders and Species of
plants is not so readily acquired as in many divisions of the animal kingdom, where it is deduced
from a consideration of external characters of form, clothing, and colour, or from modifications of
conspicuous organs: he must commence with the knife and the microscope, tracing the development
of important organs, however minute; and if he desire to obtain that knowledge of the affinities of
plants which alone will enable him to prosecute other branches of the science, he can only do so by
first making himself thoroughly acquainted with their comparative anatomy.

In the hope of being able to offer some remarks that may facilitate the labours of those who
would pursue the higher branches of this science, I shall preface the observations I have to offer on
the affinities and distribution of the New Zealand Flora, with some general theoretical views on the
origin, variation, and dispersion of species. These are seldom alluded to in such botanical works as
are within the reach of the colonist; and, though probably familiar to most of my English readers,
I need hardly apologize to the latter for dwelling on them, if they agree with me in considering that
it is very necessary for those who set themselves up as systematists, to give their individual impressions
upon these important and obscure subjects, the elucidation of which is one great object of their
studies. Not only may a naturalist’s views be supposed to represent the result of his accumulated
experience, but his mode of treating his subject must in many cases be influenced by them, however
much he may try to avoid it. For instance, it is natural to suppose that an observer who believes
species to be arbitrary divisions of a genus, dependent on the naturalist’s choice of characters, will

b

il FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND.

adopt widely different conclusions as to their limits and origin, from one who regards them as distinct
creations ; and he who denies that a plant which grows spontaneously in England and New Zealand
can have originated from one common parent, will reason differently on the subject of migration and
dispersion from him who holds an opposite view. Now the actual amount of knowledge we possess
on such subjects is so very limited, that few experienced naturalists are inclined to pronounce posi-
tively upon them, whilst the majority offer no opinion at all. I am very sensible of my own inability
to grapple with these great questions, of the extreme caution and judgment required in their treat-
ment, and of the experience necessary to enable an observer to estimate the importance of characters
whose value varies with every organ and in every order of plants. I think, however, that there is
a mean to be kept between the dogmatism with which a large class of naturalists (generally of very
limited experience) decide upon species, and the vagueness which characterizes the writings of others
in all that refers to them; this, and the fact that most persons commence botany without any defi-
nite idea of what meaning naturalists attach to the term, or of its importance, have also induced me
to address some cautions to the student, suggested by those theoretical principles which the study of
the New Zealand Flora may help to develope. This I propose to do under three heads or chapters,
which will be devoted—1. To the history of New Zealand Botany, showing the labours of my pre-
decessors, the nature and amount of the materials that have been available to myself, and the pro-
bable limits of the New Zealand Flora.—2. To the views I have adopted in the descriptive part as to
the affinities, limits, origin, variation, distribution, and dispersion of plants generally.—3. To the
illustration and development of these views by an analysis of the New Zealand Flora, and its relation
to those of other countries.

CHAPTER I.

SUMMARY OF THE HISTORY OF THE BOTANY OF NEW ZEALAND.

Fon the earliest account of the plants of these Islands we are indebted to two of the most illus-
trious botanists of their age, and to the voyages of the greatest of modern navigators ; for the first,
and to this day the finest and best illustrated herbarium that has ever been made in the islands by
individual exertions is that of Sir Joseph Banks and Dr. Solander, during Captain Cook's first voyage
in 1769. Upwards of 360 species of plants were collected during the five months that were devoted
to the exploration of these coasts, at various points between the Bay of Islands and Otago, including
the shores of Cook's Straits; and the results are admirable, whether we consider the excellence of the
specimens, the judgment with which they were selected, the artistic drawings by which they are il-
lustrated, and above all the aecurate MS. descriptions and observations that accompany them. That
the latter, which include a complete Flora of New Zealand as far as then known, systematically ar-
ranged, illustrated by two hundred copper-plate engravings, and all ready for the press, should have
been withheld from publication by its illustrious authors, is (considering the circumstances under

INTRODUCTORY ESSAY. 11

which it was prepared) a national loss, and to science a grievous one, since, had it been otherwise,
the botany of New Zealand would have been better known fifty years ago than it now is*.

Captain Cook was, on his second voyage, accompanied by three scientific men, all more or less con-
versant with botany, namely, the two Forsters (father and son), and Dr. Sparrmann, who joined the
expedition at the Cape of Good Hope. Queen Charlotte’s Sound, in Cook’s Straits, and Dusky
Bay were the chief points botanized. From the former, as it had been previously explored by Banks
and Solander, little novelty was to be expected, and from the latter, which has lately proved so rich
in interesting plants, little, comparatively speaking, was brought. About 160 species of flowering
plants and Ferns were collected in all, and these were (often inaccurately named) distributed amongst
many public and private Museums. I have examined a set in the Paris Museum, another in the
Banksian, and a third in my father’s}, and in these collections the same plant has sometimes different
names; this has given rise to much confusion and synonymy, and false identification of the plants
published in the ‘Nova Genera Plantarum’ and ‘ Prodromus Flore Insularum Australium.” The
latter work contains descriptions of 150 New Zealand species; these are supposed to have been ela-
borated by Dr. Sparrmann, and even for the period are very unsatisfactory. Forster’s * Commen-
tatio de Plantis esculentis insularum Oceani Australis? contains better descriptions, and much curious
information on the few edible plants of the islandst. Mr. Anderson, surgeon to Cook’s third expedi-
tion, undertook the botanical department on that voyage; but though Dusky Bay was visited a second
time, nothing of importance was added to its botany. It remained for Mr. Menzies, the surgeon and
naturalist of Captain Vancouver’s voyage, to discover the cryptogamic riches of New Zealand, and
especially those of Dusky Bay. That naturalist devoted himself to the collection of Mosses and
Hepatic, and this at a time when these objects were scarcely thought worthy of attention, and their
structure and functions little known or understood. Most of his collections were placed in Sir Wil-
liam Hooker's hands, and many of them were beautifully illustrated in the * Musci Exotici^

For upwards of twenty years after Cook's voyage New Zealand remained unvisited by any natu-
ralist, until Captain Duperrey's expedition in the French surveying corvette the Coquille, in 1822,
when he was accompanied by a young officer of great promise, and an ardent collector of plants, the
late Admiral D’Urville. This officer revisited New Zealand in 1827, in the same ship (re-named the

* This herbarium and MS. form part of the Banksian collection, and are deposited in the British Museum. I
feel that I cannot over-estimate the benefit which I have derived from these materials, and it is much to be re-
gretted that they were not duly consulted by my predecessors. The names by which Dr. Solander designated the
species have been in most cases replaced by others, often applied with far less judgment, and his descriptions have
never been surpassed for fulness, terseness, and accuracy. The total number of drawings of New Zealand plants is
about 219, of which 176 are engraved on copper, but the engravings have never been published ; these treasures
are accompanied with 24 additional copper-plates from Forster's drawings, of plants which were not found during
Cook's first voyage.

+ This was presented by the late Mr. Shepherd, of Liverpool, and formed part of what I believe is a very
complete collection of Forster's plants. I have to add with regret that the trustees of the institution to which the
latter belongs considered it inexpedient to accede to my request that it should be transmitted temporarily to Kew
for comparison and publication.

+ Solanum aviculare, Coriaria sarmentosa, Convolvulus chrysorhizus (cult.), Dioscorea alata (cult.), drum escu-
lentum. (cult.), A. macrorhizon (cult.), Cordyline indivisa, Areca sapida, Apium graveolens, Tetragonia expansa, Lepi-
dium oleraceum, Sonchus oleraceus, Pteris esculenta, Cyathea medullaris, Gleichenia sp. (Polypodium dichotomum),
Leptospermum scoparium, Dacrydium cupressinum. Tt is in this work that the Avicennia tomentosa is described as
A. resinifera, with the statement recorded by Crozet of its producing a gum which is eaten by the natives, which no
doubt originated in some mistake.

52

lv FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND.

Astrolabe), and accompanied by M. Lesson, a distinguished naturalist. The combined collections of
these individuals and two voyages, amounting to 200 species of flowering plants and Ferns, were pub-
lished by the late Professor A. Richard, in his ‘Essai d'une Flore de la Nouvelle-Zélande. This is
a work of considerable merit, in which were included all Forster's plants in the Paris Museum, with
extracts from his MSS. that accompany them.

On the establishment of Colonial Gardens and botanists at Sydney, New Zealand became an ob-
ject of especial interest to the latter, and the Bay of Islands was visited by Mr. Charles Frazer in
1825, by his successor Allan Cunningham in 1826, by Richard Cunningham (brother to the latter)
in 1838, and again by Allan in 1838, during which visit this indefatigable collector contracted, through
exposure and fatigue, the illness which terminated his life at Sydney in 1839. After his first ex-
pedition Allan Cunningham prepared his Prodromus, which was published in detached portions in
several botanical periodicals*. In this he enumerated all the previously published species of Forster
and A. Richard, but the work is so unsatisfactory and incomplete that were it not for the invaluable
herbarium of both Cunninghams, now in Mr. Heward’s possession}, I should have found it impos-
sible to have quoted the * Prodromus with any degree of confidence.

Amongst the earlier explorers of this period, Dr. Logan, now a resident in the colony, deserves
especial mention; his contributions of excellent specimens arriving at a time when New Zealand
plants were almost the rarest, and scientifically the most interesting. Tt is however within the last
twelve years, and since New Zealand has attracted the notice of colonists, that the most important
accessions to its botany have been made, and it is to correspondents, most of them still alive, and
actively engaged in pursuing their investigations, that I am indebted for the materials of these
volumes. The Reverend William Colenso, Dr. Andrew Sinclair, R.N., my lamented friend J. T.
Bidwill, Esq., Dr. Dieffenbach, M. Raoul, and Dr. Lyall, stand pre-eminent as indefatigable ex-
plorers and collectors. Mr. Colenso’s researches have extended uninterruptedly over upwards of

twelve years, during which he has traversed a great part both of the coast and interior of the Northern
Island, and has been the principal contributor to our knowledge of its botany. Dr. Sinclair has also
devoted many years to the New Zealand Flora, and has made numerous most interesting discoveries,
especially on the east coast, and has transmitted such copious suites of excellent specimens as are
most valuable for botanical purposes. Mr. Bidwill and Dr. Dieffenbach were the first explorers of
the lofty mountains of the interior: Mr. Bidwill indeed ascended both Tongariro and the Nelson
range, and formed collections of the greatest interest and value, accompanied by valuable notes on the
elevation at which the plants were gathered, their variations, periods of flowering, and many other
important points]. M. Raoul accompanied the French frigate L’Aube in 1840 and 1841, and again
L’Allier in 1842-3, during which voyages he made a very complete botanical exploration of Banks’
Peninsula and the Bay of Islands. His admirable collections were deposited in the Jardin des
Plantes at Paris, where they were placed at my disposal by M. Raoul, with whom I had the pleasure
of examining them in 1845; a complete set was also detached for Sir W. Hooker’s Herbarium, and
has been of the greatest use to me. A selection from the new species was described by MM. Raoul

* Under the title of * Flore. Nove Zelandie Precursor,’ in the ‘Companion to the Botanical Magazine,’
vol. 2, and concluded in the ‘Annals of Natural History,’ vols. 1, 2, and 3.

T I am indebted to Mr. Heward’s liberality for the unreserved use of this extremely valuable collection.

i The Nelson Mountains have since been again explored by Dr. Monro, who has added a few remarkable
novelties that had escaped Mr. Bidwill's notice, and whose excellent collections are, I hope, an earnest of still
further discoveries.

INTRODUCTORY ESSAY. y

and Decaisne in the ‘ Annales des Sciences Naturelles*,’ and the beautiful “Choix de Plantes de la
Nouvelle-Zelande,” published in 1846, a work accompanied with plates of rare excellence as botanical
drawings, and with a careful enumeration+ of all known New Zealand plants, compiled from the
collections in the Paris Museum, and from M. Richards and Cunningham’s Floras.

In 1847 H.M.St.V. Acheron was commissioned by Captain Stokes, R.N., for the survey of New
Zealand, to explore the western and southern coasts; and we are indebted to the exertions of the
eminent hydrographer of the navy, Sir Francis Beaufort, for the selection of a naturalist as surgeon
to the expedition. My friend Dr. Lyall, in whose company 1 had formerly botanized in the Bay of
Islands during the Antarctic Expeditionf, was selected for the service ; and devoting himself, like Mr.
Menzies, with indefatigable zeal to the lower Orders especially, he amassed the most beautiful and

important collections in these branches of botany, that have ever been formed ; besides making con-

siderable discoveries in Pheenogamic plants, and collecting many that had previously only been
gathered by Banks and Solander and the Forsters.

As far as the discovery of species is concerned, the above enumeration brings me down to the
present state of our knowledge of the New Zealand Flora; but it remains for me to observe that
within the last three years, indeed since the announcement of this work being forthcoming, I have
been favoured with more than a dozen collections from various parts of the island. Of new gleaners
in the field, I would especially mention Dr. Monro, Mr. Knight, the Rev. Mr. Taylor, Captain
Drury, Mr. Jolliffe, Captain D. Rough, and Lieutenant-Colonel Bolton; all of whom have sent
valuable contributions. It is true that these contain little novelty, but they throw light on the
distribution of the species, and afford materials for tracing their geographical limits.

From these materials the “Flora of New Zealand’ has been worked up: its probable complete-
ness may be judged of by the fact that the islands have been botanized on by upwards of thirty-five
individuals, whose specimens have (with a few unimportant exceptions) all passed under my eye.
The Flora of the Northern Island has been tolerably well examined, so far as its flowering plants are
concerned ; though there remains a good deal to be done on the west coast, especially in the neigh-
bourhood of Mount Egmont. Dr. Lyall alone has collected in the Southern Island, or on the west
coast north of Dusky Bay. The Middle Island has been visited by few explorers, its north and east
coasts alone having been botanized : the west and the whole mountain range require a careful survey ;
and considering how many Auckland and Campbell Islands plants are still strangers to New Zealand,
it cannot be doubted that much remains to be discovered there. Excepting from the above-men-
tioned tracts, I do not expect much novelty amongst flowering plants, for the following reasons :—
1, there is a remarkable sameness in the flora throughout large tracts$ ; 2, because out of the
730 flowering plants known, there are scarcely one hundred that have not been gathered by several
individuals; 3, because the collections I have lately received, though some of them are extensive,
and from scarcely visited localities, yet contain little or no novelty. With Cryptogamia the case is
widely different; and it is difficult to estimate the vast number, especially of Mosses, Hepaticee, and

* Amnales des Sciences Naturelles, August, 1844.

T In this enumeration upwards of 500 species of flowering plants are named, but fully one hundred of these
are synonyms, introduced species, or erroneous ones of Cunningham and others.

i In the above list I have not thought it necessary to allude to the collections made at the Bay of Islands by
Dr. Lyall and myself in the Antarctic Expedition: they contained no novelty amongst flowering plants, not known to
Mr. Colenso and Dr, Sinclair, with whom I spent many happy days. Amongst Cryptogamic plants I collected much
that was then new, but most of the species have since been found elsewhere.

§ In this respect New Zealand contrasts remarkably with Tasmania.

vi FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND.

Fungi, that will reward future explorers in what, as far as flowering plants are concerned, are
exhausted fields. Upwards of 114 Ferns (including Lycopodia) are already known*, a number which
might be swelled by nearly one-half, were all the varieties which have been described as species
considered by me as such. I do not anticipate many more novelties in this Order; the species (with
few exceptions) having very wide ranges in the islands, and these beautiful plants having always
attracted a greater share of attention than others. The foliaceous Cryptogamst+ (Mosses and Hepa-
tics) are by far the most extensive Natural Order of plants (except Fungi) in these islands, as they
are of most temperate and especially moist climates. Of Hepaticee Mr. Mitten enumerates in this work
180, whereas only about 150 are found in all Great Britain; and Mr. Wilson's * Muscologia of New
Zealand” includes 250 species, amongst which are many of the most gigantic, beautiful, and interest-
ing in structure, in the world. I have no doubt that both these Orders will be more than doubled :
it reguires a practised eye, and some previous knowledge, thoroughly to explore a small district
rich in Mosses and Hepaticee.

In Fungi this flora is still most imperfect, owing to the unattractive appearance of the species to
the general observer, and the difficulty of preserving them in a fit state for examination. Mr.
Berkeley has undertaken their arrangement, and his are the first observations of any consequence
that have ever appeared on the New Zealand species of this curious and most interesting Natural
Order, which is by far the largest in the vegetable kingdom. So many of the kinds are minute, and
even microscopic, that it is probable that, when properly investigated, there will prove to be upwards
of 1000 species in New Zealand.

Much novelty is not to be looked for amongst the foliaceous and larger Lichens, but great
additions may be made amongst crustaceous and minute epiphytical species. The New Zealand
Algz, of which Dr. Harvey enumerates nearly 300 species, have from their beauty and singularity
long been objects of great interest to the botanist; and by the labours of Menzies, Turner, Bory,
Harvey, and Montagne, this Natural Order has been better illustrated than any other. The great
amount of novelty contained in the collections of Dr. Lyall, however, received since this work was
begun, show that even this department may be greatly increased.

The total number of species brought together in this Flora is nearly 1900, to which upwards of
100 may be added, for the many minute Cryptogamia which I possess, but which are in too imperfect
a state for satisfactory determination. This is much more than double the numerical extent of the
last enumeration published, that of M. Raoul, who in 1846 enumerates only 920 species, which may
be reduced to 770, if the naturalized and erroneous species be eliminated. In 1838 Mr. Cunningham
gave 640 species, which should be reduced to 570; in 1832 M. Richard included 350 in his list;
Forster’s ‘Prodromus’ has 154; and Banks and Solander's collections amount to 426. This rapid
increase of the Flora, which has thus been quintupled in twenty years, is mainly due to the attention
which has been devoted to the lower Orders: this may easily be shown; for whereas in all the early
enumerations and collections the number of flowering plants exceeds the flowerless, in M. Raoul’s
Catalogue they are equal, and in the present work the relative proportions are reversed; the Pheeno-
gamic plants being to the Cryptogamic as 1 to 1:6; 2. e. about two to three.

* Banks and Solander described 66 species; Forster enumerates 40; M. A. Richard 57, of which 8 should
be expunged; A. Cunningham and M. Raoul 112, from which fully 30 must be deducted, to bring the lists into
comparison with my own estimate of 114.

+ These were little attended to by the earlier explorers, except Menzies. Banks and Solander collected very
few Mosses.

A i

INTRODUCTORY ESSAY. vil

In conclusion, if I may venture to assume a limit to the Flora of New Zealand, from the data
at my disposal, and from a comparison of these with those of better investigated countries with which
I am familiar, I should regard 4000 as the probable approximation; of which 1000 may be flowering
plants. Compared with any other countries in the same latitude, this is a very scanty Flora indeed,
especially as regards flowering plants; of which Britain contains, in about the same area, upwards of
1400 species; and in Tasmania, not yet well explored, and only containing one-third of the area,
upwards of 1000 have already been discovered. In Cryptogamic plants, on the other hand; these
islands are extremely rich; not only proportionately to the Phzenogamic, but absolutely so. Great
Britain, where these lower Orders have been assiduously studied for fifty years, contains about fifty
Ferns, and Tasmania sixty-four.

In the above remarks I have not alluded to the Floras of some outlying islands, all of which
have more or less claim to be considered botanically as a part of New Zealand. Of these, the extent
of its Flora renders Norfolk Island the most important: it contains many more tropical forms than
New Zealand, and is also more closely connected with the Pacific and Australian Floras. Chatham
Island* has been visited by Dr. Dieffenbach, who brought thence a very few plants, all identical with
or closely allied to New Zealand species. Lord Auckland's Group and Campbell’s Island were
investigated by myself in the Antarctic Expedition, and also by the French and American Antarctic
Expeditions, under Admiral D'Urville and Commodore Wilkes. All the known species have been
published in the first volume of the ‘ Antarctic Flora; they are almost all identical with or closely
allied to New Zealand plants, and amongst them are found a few Antarctic American ones, not
hitherto discovered in New Zealand. They include 370 species, of which 100 are flowering plants,
and of these again 54 are known natives of New Zealand. As however neither these islands, nor
the mountains of the Middle Island of New Zealand, have been explored satisfactorily, it is probable
that a much larger proportion of their flora is common to both.

CHAPTER II.
ON THE LIMITS OF SPECIES; THEIR DISPERSION AND VARIATION.

Iv is no part of my present object to discuss the theoretical views that have been entertained on these
obscure subjects: my aim is to draw attention to a few leading questions of great practical importance,
which ought not to be overlooked, even if they do not force themselves on the notice of natu-
ralists. In explanation of my meaning I shall assume certain positions}, and adopt them as principles

* A few Chatham Island plants were engraved in Paris many years ago for a magnificent work, * Voyage de
la Venus; but the letterpress of that publication has never appeared, nor has the Botany of that voyage been

completed.
T Ineed hardly remark that these have no claim to originality ; they are merely selected as heads of the subjects

upon which I intend to enlarge.

viii FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND.

or axioms; and they shall have the advantage of being simple, intelligible, and as little exposed to
the charge of being speculative, as any of that nature can be. I shall assume then—
$ 1. That all the individuals of a species (as I attempt to confine the term) have proceeded
from one parent (or pair), and that they retain their distinctive (specific) characters.
$ 2. That species vary more than is generally admitted to be the case.
$ 3. That they are also much more widely distributed than is usually supposed.
$ 4. That their distribution has been effected by natural causes; but that these are not neces-
sarily the same as those to which they are now exposed.

ee

Although in this Flora I have proceeded on the assumption that species, however they originated
or were created, have been handed down to us as such, and that all the individuals of a unisexual
plant have proceeded from one individual, and all of a bisexual from a single pair, I wish it to be
distinctly understood that I do not put this forward intending it to be interpreted into an avowal of
the adoption of a fixed or unalterable opinion on my part. Whether or not such a theory be con-
sonant with that great mystery, the origin of organic beings, animate and inanimate, is not the point
I would here dwell upon; but the fact that it appears to me essential that the systematist should
keep some such definite idea constantly before him, to give unity to his design, and to guide him in
the more or less arbitrary restriction of the species of a variable genus, to which he is unfortunately
often obliged to resort. Except he act upon the idea that for practical purposes at any rate species
are constant, he can never hope to give that precision to his characters of organs and functions which
is necessary to render his descriptions useful to others; for in groups where the limits of species
cannot be traced (or, what amounts to the same thing in the opinion of many, where they do not
exist), the object of the systematist is the same as in groups where they are obvious,—to throw their
forms into a natural arrangement, and to indicate them by tangible characters, whose value is approxi-
mately relative to what prevails in genera where the limitation of species is more apparent.

In the present imperfect state of our knowledge of the botany of any large area, we have not
the materials for solving the great questions as to the origin and permanence of species, upon
general principles. A careful comparative study of the Floras of temperate North America and
Europe, or of any similarly extensive countries, would throw great light on this subject; or a study
of the variations of those plants (and they are not a few) which are common to the five great divisions
of the globe. But these branches of botany are so neglected, that I am not acquainted with a British*
or Continental Flora, which attempts to give a general view of the variation and distribution of the
species described in it. I have to some extent attempted this for the New Zealand Flora; but it would
have been manifestly impossible to have concluded this work within a reasonable time, had I made a

* In Mr. Hewett Watson's ‘Outlines of the Geographical Distribution of British Plants, and ‘Cybele Bri-
tannica,’ will be found, amongst a mass of valuable information respecting the Flora of the British Isles, the only de-
tailed account of the distribution of species within our own shores, and (in the first-mentioned work) a sketch of their
dispersion over the globe as far as was then known. I am given to understand that Mr. Watson is still engaged on
the subject, and most sincerely hope that he is so. A more important desideratum to the British Flora cannot be
named, nor one that would tend more to give that direction to the studies of our local botanists, which is so
grievously wanted: leading them to the investigation of species as members ofthe vegetable kingdom, and not as
inhabitants of the British Isles only.

CEEE E

INTRODUCTORY ESSAY. ix

critical examination of all the forms from all countries, of those New Zealand species which are
cosmopolitan; such operations must necessarily be left to my successors, who may receive many of
my remarks on the dispersion of the species simply as suggestions.

A want of materials is not, however, my only reason for withholding a decided assent to the view
I have enunciated. There are other theories which claim more or less consideration from every un-
prejudiced naturalist; and there are such theoretical and practical difficulties (and perhaps impos-
sibilities) in the way of our coming to any conclusions as to the limits of the species of many genera,
as give colour to the assumption that they have no permanently recognizable limits. A statement
of some of these views and difficulties may be the means of throwing much light on this subject; and
they are well worthy of the consideration of the New Zealand botanist; for islands situated far from
continents, and in the midst of great oceans, offer many favourable points from which to start in
such investigations.

1. Very many naturalists consider species as permanently distinct, but demand a plurality of
parents to account for their extensive distribution.

2. Another large class do not consider species as permanent at all, and hold that what are called
such, are stirpes or races (like those of man, and such of the lower animals as dogs, horses, ete.),
subject to change or obliteration, which have been either accidentally produced, or developed accord-
ing to some theoretical law.

3. A third class believe in a progressive development of all organized nature, from the cell to an
ideal type of perfection, towards which man is the last step reached.

4. Others subscribe to various shades of these opinions, or blend them as far as they consistently
can; some, taking even a much larger view of the limits of variability consistent with permanence of
type than I profess to have adopted, think genera of plants permanent types, and species accidentally
produced varieties.

““ Arguments in favour of these views are not wanting, derived both from the animal and vegetable
kingdoms; the chief of which are drawn from a large class of well established facts, upon the bearings
of which the most distinguished and candid naturalists are divided in opinion: such are—the great
number of genera whose species have baffled all attempts at circumscription by fixed characters,—
the facility with which breeds of certain plants and animals may be propagated, and the comparative
certainty with which some few varieties are reproduced under favourable circumstances,—the great
facility with which many plants hybridize, and the fact of hybrids having proved fertile,—the sudden
appearance and unexplained cause of many varieties or sports,—and the difficulty of accounting for
the existence of plants and animals in two or more localities, between which they cannot have been
transported by natural causes now in operation. These are all questions relating to the diffusion
and variation of species, which will be discussed here and in the following section.

Arguments in favour of the single creation, and permanence of species, are all based upon
general considerations of the phenomena of distribution. Comparative anatomy, which has thrown
such great light upon this branch of study in the sister kingdom, has not done so much for plants ;
this arises from several causes:—1. The habits of allied plants do not differ so remarkably as those
of animals, and there is consequently less modification of their functional organs.—2. The relation
of these modifications to the habits and wants of the species, is in the animal kingdom directly
appreciable, but in plants no such connection can be traced*.—3. The individual organs of support,

* The structure of woods offers many illustrations of this; very closely allied plants (especially Zeyuminose)
differing entirely in the nature, arrangement, and development of the vascular and cellular tissues of their trunks.

E

x FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND.

respiration, and reproduction, are infinitely more variable and susceptible of change and even oblite-
ration in plants, without affecting the life either of the individual or of the species*. The result of
these facts is that we have the means in animals of appreciating the extent and value of differences,
by combined observations upon structure and functions, upon habits and organization, which we have
not in the vegetable kingdom, and which the phenomena of cultivation assure us do not exist to a
degree that has, within the limits of our experience, proved available for throwing much light on the
subject.

The arguments in favour of the permanence of specific characters in plants are :—

1. The fact that the amount of change produced by external causes does not warrant our assum-
jng the contrary as a general law. Though there are many notorious cases in which cultivation
and other causes produce changes of greater apparent value than specific characters generally possess,
this happens in comparatively very few families, and only in such as are easily cultivated. In the
whole range of the vegetable kingdom it is difficult to produce a change of specific value, however
much we may alter conditions; it is much more difficult to prevent an induced variety from reverting
to its original state, though we persevere in supplying the original conditions ; and it is most difficult
of all to reproduce a variety with similar materials and processes T.

2. In tracing widely dispersed species, the permanence with which they retain their characters

strikes the most ordinary observer; and this, whether we take such plants as have been dispersed
without the aid of man (as Sonchus oleraceus, Callitriche, and Montia) through all latitudes from Eng-
land to New Zealand; or such as have within modern times followed the migrations of man (as Poa
annua, Phalaris Canariensis, Dock, Clover, Alsine media, Capsella bursa-pastoris, and a host of others) ;
or such as man transports with him, whether such temperate climate plants as the cerealia, fruits, and
flowers of the garden or field, or such tropical forms as Convolvulus Batatas and yams, which were
introduced into New Zealand by its earliest inhabitants ;—all these, in whatever climate to which we
may follow them, retain the impress of their kind, unchanged save in a trifling degree.
Though to a great extent these differences accompany a habit of growth (as in the case of erect and scandent Bauhi-
nias), there is nothing in the abnormally developed wood of the climbing Bauhinia that would lead a skilled physio-
logist ignorant of the fact to say that it was better adapted to a climbing than to an erect plant; the function is
experimentally known to be indicated by the structure, but the structure is not seen to be adapted to the function.
This is not so in the sister kingdom, for we confidently pronounce an animal to be a climber, because we see that
its organs are adapted to the performance of that function; here the habit is not only indicated by the structure,
but the latter is explained by the function which it enables the animal to fulfil.

* To take an extreme case of this ;—many plants are known, in a wild and cultivated state, which propagate
abundantly by roots or division, where they do not do so by seed. Anacharis Alsinastrum is a conspicuous ex-
ample: it is a unisexual water-plant, of which one sex alone was introduced from North America into England,
where it has within a few years so spread by division as to be a serious impediment to inland navigation. The
Horse-radish is another example, it being, I believe, never known to seed or even to bear perfect flowers. A still
more remarkable case has been pointed out to me by Mr. Brown, in the 4corus Calamus, a plant spread (not by
cultivation) over the whole north temperate hemisphere, which hears hermaphrodite flowers, but very rarely seeds.

+ Lam quite aware that this argument will be met by many instances of change produced in our garden
plants: but, after all, the skill of the gardener is successfully exerted in but few cases upon the whole: out of more
than twenty thousand species cultivated at one time or another in the Royal Gardens of Kew, how few there are

which do not come up, not only true to their species, but even to the race or variety from which they spring; yet
it would be difficult to suggest a more complete change than that from the Alps or Polar regions to Surrey, or

[o]
from the free air of the tropics to the thoroughly artificial conditions of our hothouses. Plants do not accommodate

themselves to these changes: either they have passive powers of resisting their effects to a greater or less degree, or
they succumb to them.

D.

INTRODUCTORY ESSAY. xi

3. With comparatively few exceptions, plants are confined within well-marked limits, which,
though often very wide, are sometimes as much the reverse ; while the instances are rare of sporadic
species, as such are called which are found in small numbers in widely sundered localities. These
facts seem incompatible on the one hand with the theory of species spreading from many centres, and
on the other with their varying indefinitely ; for were it otherwise, sporadic distribution would be the
rule, insular floras would not necessarily be peculiar, and similar climates would have similar, if not
identical species, which is not the case.

4. A multitude of allied species of plants grow close together without any interchange of spe-
cifie character; and there are instances of exceedingly closely allied plants keeping company under
many modifications of climate, soil, and elevation, yet never losing their distinctive marks.

5. The individuals that inhabit the circumference of the area occupied by a species, are not
found passing into other species, but ceasing more or less abruptly ; their limits may meet or overlap
those of one or more very similar species, twhen the individuals associate, but do not amalgamate.

6. One negative argument in favour of distribution from one centre only, is, that taking the
broadest view of the dispersion of species, we find that the more extensive families* are more or less
widely distributed, very much in proportion to the facilities they present for dispersion. Thus the
most minute-spored Cryptogams are the most widely dispersed of all organized nature; plants that
resist the influence of climate best, range furthest; water-plants are more .cosmopolite than land-
plants, and inhabitants of salt, more than those of fresh water : the more equable and uniform is the
climate of a tract of land, the more uniformly and widely will its plants be distributed.

7. The species of the lowest Orders are not only the most widely diffused, but their specific
characters are not modified by the greatest changes of climate, however much their stature and
luxuriance may vary. Fungi offer a remarkable instance of this: their microscopic spores are wafted
in myriads through the air; the life of the individuals is often of very short duration, and many of
them being as sensitive as insects to temperature and humidity, they are ephemeral in all senses;
sometimes appearing only once in the same spot, and remaining but a few days, never to reappear
within the observer’s experience. The specific characters of many reside in the diameter, form, colour,
and arrangement of their most minute organs, whose analysis demands a refinement of microscopic
skill; yet the most accomplished and profound botanist in this Natural Order (who has favoured me
with the descriptions of the New Zealand Fungi) fails to find the most trifling character by which
to separate many New Zealand species from European.

8. The fact, now universally conceded by all intelligent horticulturists, that no plant has been
acclimated in England within the experience of man, is a very suggestive one, though not con-
clusive; for it may be answered, that plants which cannot survive a sudden change, might a slow and
progressive one. On the other hand, plants have powers of enduring change when self-propagated
that they have not in our gardens; thus I find a great difference in the hardiness of individual, species
of several Himalayan plantst, depending upon the altitude at which they were gathered. In these

* This rule does not extend to the Natural Orders themselves. The Composite, whose facilities for dispersion
are proverbial, are amongst the most local; and the same may be said of Leguminose and Solanee, whose seeds
retain their vitality in a remarkable degree: a few of their species are remarkably cosmopolite, but the greater. num-
ber have generally narrow ranges.

T The fact (first communicated to me by the Rev. M. J. Berkeley) of the spores of Fungi having been found
by Professor Ehrenberg mingled with the atmospheric dust that has fallen on ships far out at sea, is one of the
most decisive proofs of this.

+ Thus some of the seedling Pines whose parents grew at 12,000 feet appear hardy, whilst those of the same

c2

xii FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND.

cases the species is the same, and the parent individuals were not even varieties of one another,
except so far as regards hardiness; in other words, the specific character remains unaltered in spite
of the change of constitution, just as the climate of one part of the globe disagrees with the human
race of another, and is even fatal to it.

Such are a few of the leading phenomena or facts that appear to me to give the greatest weight
to the opinion that individuals of a species are all derived from one parent: for such arguments as
the New Zealand Flora furnishes, I must refer my readers to the following chapter. I would agam
remind the student that the hasty adoption of amy of these theories is not advisable: plants should
be largely collected, and studied both in the living and dried states, and the result of their dissection
noted, without reference to any speculations, which are too apt to lead the inquirer away from the
rigorous investigation of details, from which alone truth can be elicited. When however the oppor-
tunity or necessity arises for combining results, and presenting them in that systematic form which
can alone render them available for the purposes, of science, it becomes necessary for the generalizer
to proceed upon some determinate principle; /and I cannot conclude this part of the subject better
than by adopting the words of the most able of Transatlantic botanists, who is no less sound as a
generalizer than profound in his knowledge of details :—“ All classification and system in Natural
History rests upon the fundamental idea of the original creation of certain forms, which have natu-
rally been perpetuated unchanged, or with such changes only as we may conceive or prove to have
arisen from varying physical influences, accidental circumstances, or from cultivation*.”

Species vary in a state of nature more than is usually supposed.

The views entertained as to the limitation of species appear to be quite arbitrary: no general
principles have been discovered for the guidance of the systematist ; and those that are adopted vary
in kind and in value with every natural group. . It is not therefore surprising that two naturalists,
taking opposite views of the value of characters, should so treat a variable genus that their conclu-
sions as to the limits of its species should be wholly irreconcilable. Some naturalists consider
every minute character, if only tolerably constant or even prevalent, as of specific value; they
consider two or more doubtful species to be distinct till they are proved to be one; they limit the
ranges of distribution, and regard plants from widely severed localities as almost necessarily distinct ;
they do not allow for the effects of local peculiarities in temperature, humidity, soil, or exposure, ex-
cept they can absolutely trace the cause to the effect; and they hence attach great importance to
habit, stature, colour, hairiness, period of flowering, etc. These views, whether acknowledged. or not,
are practically carried out in many of the local floras of Europe, and by some of the most acute and
observant botanists of the day ; and it is difficult to over-estimate the amount of synonymy and confu-
sion which they have introduced into the nomenclature of some of the commonest and most variable of
plants. In such hands the New Zealand genera Coprosma, Celmisia, Epilobium, ete., may be indefi-
nitely extended. The principles I have adopted are opposed to these: I have based my conclusions

species from 10,000 are tender. The common scarlet Rhododendron of Nepal and the North-west Himalaya is
tender, but seedlings of the same species from Sikkim, whose parents grew at a greater elevation, have proved
perfectly hardy.

* Botanical Text-book, p. 303, by Professor Asa Gray, of Cambridge University, U.S.

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INTRODUCTORY ESSAY. xil

on this subject upon a very extensive examination of living plants in all latitudes, with my attention
particularly directed to the influence of external causes, not only on the general phenomena of vegeta-
tion, but also upon individuals. Added to this, I have paid a great deal of attention to variable
plants, both of tropical and temperate climates, and studied them in a living state, both wild and cul-
tivated, and also in the herbarium. The result of my observations is, that differences of habit, co-
lour, hairiness, and outline of leaves, and minute characters drawn from other organs than those of
reproduction, are generally fallacious as specific marks, being attributable to external causes, and easily
obliterated under cultivation. It has hence been my plan to group the individuals of a genus which
T assume after careful examination to contain many species whose limits I cannot .define, that the
species shall have the same relative value as those have of allied genera whose specifie characters are
evident. I doing so I believe I have followed the practice of every systematist of large experience
and acknowledged judgment since the days of Linnzus, as Bentham, Brown, the De Candolles,
Decaisne, Asa Gray, Jussieu, Lindley, and the Richards; names which include not only the most
learned systematists, but the most profound anatomists and physiologists. I am far from supposing
that the same materials of a difficult group would receive precisely similar treatment at the hands of
each of these eminent men; but their results would so closely approximate as to be in harmony with
each other, and available for scientific purposes: with all, the tendency would be to regard dubious
species as varieties, to take enlarged views of the range and variation of species, and to weigh
characters not only per se, but with reference to those which prevail in the Order to which the species
under consideration belong.

In working up incomplete floras especially, I believe it to be of the utmost importance to adopt
such a course, and to resist steadily the temptation to multiply names, for it is practically very diffi-
cult to expunge a species founded on an error of judgment or observation*. There is further an in-
herent tendency in every one occupied with specialities to exaggerate the value of his materials and
labours, whence it happens, that botanists engaged exclusively upon local floras are at issue with those
of more extended experience, the former considering as species what the latter call varieties, and
what the latter suspect to be an introduced plant the former are prone to consider a native. There is
much to be said on both sides of such questions: the local botanist looks closer, perceives sooner,
and often appreciates better, inconspicuous organs and characters, which are overlooked or too
hastily dismissed by the botanist occupied with those higher branches of the science, which demand
a wider range of observation and broader views of specialities; and there is no doubt but that the
truth can only be arrived at through their joint labours; for a good observer is one thing, and the
knowledge and experience required to make use of facts for purposes of generalization, another :
minute differences however, when long dwelt upon, become magnified and assume undue value, and
the gencral botanist must always receive with distrust the conclusions deduced from a few species
of a large genus, or from a few specimens of a widely distributed plant.

I have been led to dwell at length upon this point, because I feel sure the New Zealand student
will at first find it difficult to agree with me in many cases, as for instance on so protean a Fern as
Lomaria procera, whose varieties (to an inexperienced eye) are more dissimilar than are other species
of the same genus. In this (and in many similar cases) he must bear in mind that I have examined

* The state of the British flora proves not only this, but further, that one such error leads to many more of
the like kind : students are led to over-estimate inconstant characters, to take a narrow view of the importance and
end of botany, and to throw away time upon profitless discussions about the difference between infinitely variable
forms of plants, of whose identity really learned botanists have no doubt whatever.

xiv FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND.

many hundred specimens of the plant, gathered in all parts of the south temperate hemisphere, and
have found, after a most laborious comparison, that I could not define its characters with sufficient
comprehensiveness from a study of its New Zealand phases alone, nor understand the latter without
examining those of Australia, South Africa, and South America. The resident may find two varie-
ties of this and of many other plants, retaining their distinctive characters within his own range of ob-
servation (for that varieties often do so, and for a very uncertain period, both when wild and also in
gardens, is notorious), and he may perhaps have to travel far beyond his own island to find the link
I have found, in the chain of forms that unites the most dissimilar states of Lomaria procera; but he
can no more argue thence for the specific difference of these, than he can for a specific difference be-
tween the aboriginal of New Zealand and himself, because he may not find intermediate forms of his
race on the spot. We do not know why varieties should in many cases thus retain their indivi-
duality over great areas, and lose them in others; but the fact that they do so proves that no deduc-
tions drawn from local observations on widely distributed plants can be considered conclusive. To
the amateur these questions are perhaps of very trifling importance, but they are of great moment to
the naturalist who regards accurately-defined floras as the means for investigating the great pheno-
mena of vegetation; he has to seek truth amid errors of observation and judgment, and the resulting
chaos of synonymy which has been accumulated by thoughtless aspirants to the questionable honour
of being the first to name a species*.

There are many causes which render it extremely difficult to determine the limits of species, and
in some genera the obstacles appear to inerease, the more the materials for studying them multiply,
and the more we follow our analysis of them into detail; hence the botanist is often led on to an
indefinite multiplication of species (with increased difficulty of determining those already established),
or to a reduction of all to a few, or to one variable species. My own impression is, that the progress
of botany points to the conclusion that in many genera we must ultimately adopt much larger views
of the variation of species than heretofore, and that the number of supposed kinds of plants is (as I
shall indicate elsewhere) greatly over-estimated ; if it be not so, we must either admit that species are
not definable, or that there are hidden characters throughout all classes of the vegetable kingdom, of
which the botanist has no cognizance, and towards the acquirement of which, if they are ever to be
revealed, all efforts in the direction in which we have been advancing appear to be vain. Could sys-
tematists as a body be accused of carrying out their investigations in an unphilosophical manner or
spirit, or without due attention to all the modes of testing the validity of characters, afforded by the
study of living and dried plants, by direct observation, and. by experiment, there might be hopes of
such a revelation; but such hopes are inconsistent with the great advances that have been made in
systematic botany, which, having all tended to a more perfect knowledge of the affinities of plants, we
are assured have been the effect of progress in the right direction.

Of the genera to which I here allude as variable, there are many in New Zealandt; some of

* The time however is happily past when it was considered an honour to be the namer of a plant; the bo-
tanist who has the true interests of science at heart, not only feels that the thrusting of an uncalled-for synonym into
the nomenclature of science is an exposure of his own ignorance and deserves censure, but that a wider range
of knowledge and a greater depth of study are required, to prove those dissimilar forms to be identical, which any
superficial observer can separate by words and a name.

+ M. Bory de St. Vincent has observed (Voyage dans les Quatre principales Iles des Mers d'Afrique) with
reference to insular floras, that their species are generally variable, an hypothesis scarcely compatible with the fact
that the proportion of species to genera in islands is always small, because the proportion of imported plants, which

is considerable in an island, is made up of species of different genera, having no affinity with one another, and

INTRODUCTORY ESSAY. XV

these are mundane, that is, found in all or most temperate or tropical climates, as Ranunculus, Cle-
matis, Senecio, and many Grasses and Ferns; and we cannot yet tell whether the difficulties are greater
with them than with the more local or endemic genera, as Coprosma, Celmisia, Alseuosmia, and Dra-
cophyllum. Of the mundane genera again, some are chiefly composed of species which are local (as
is the case with the three first mentioned), while of others the species themselves are widely distri-
buted, as those of Potamogeton, Lemna, and many Ferns.

The fact of a plant having a wide range implies its being exposed to climatic differences that
often induce change, and the consequent propagation of forms or races that cannot be recognized as
members of one species, without full series of specimens from many localities. If we allow a suffi-
cient time, it is quite reasonable to suppose that geological or other natural causes (producing a
change of climate) may isolate by sea or desert, or by the intrusion of stronger plants that monopolize
the soil, the outlying abnormal states of a species that was once uniformly spread over an area.
To connect those dissevered members is often a work of great difficulty, for individuals of such races
freguently retain their character even when they have been under cultivation for many years.

Hybridization has been supposed by many to be an important element in confusing and masking
species“. Nature, however, seems effectually to have guarded against its extensive operation and its
effects in a natural state, and as a general rule the genera most easily hybridized in gardens, are not
those in which the species present the greatest difficulties. With regard to the facility with which
hybrids are produced, the prevalent ideas on the subject are extremely erroneous. Gärtner, the
most recent and careful experimenter, who appears to have pursued his inguiries in a truly philoso-
phical spirit, says that 10,000 experiments upon 700 species produced only 250 true hybridst. It
would have been most interesting had he added how many of these produced seeds, and how many of
the latter were fertile, and for how many generations they were propagated. The most satisfactory
proof we can adduce, of hybridization being powerless as an agent in producing species (however
much it may combine them), are the facts that no hybrid has ever afforded a character foreign to that
of its parents, and that hybrids are generally constitutionally weak, and almost invariably barren.
* Unisexualf trees must offer many facilities for the natural production of hybrids, which, nevertheless,
have never been proved to occur, nor are such trees more variable than hermaphrodite ones.

nothing in common but their facility for transportation. From the above-mentioned hypothesis it would hence result
that whilst the differences of one degree (specific) are small and inconstant, those of a higher degree (generic) are
great and trenchant. To a certain extent, however, these facts are not incompatible, for we can imagine a flora
wholly composed of a few genera as well marked (generically) as Coprosma and Alseuosmia, whose species may yet
be as undefinable ; or again, species may be well marked, yet variable in characters which would in no one's opinion
be of specific value.

* Hybridization as an agent in confusing species is ‘a very favourite argument with those who are fond of
founding species on inconstant characters; when shown a specimen combining two such spurious species, they at
once pronounce it a hybrid—a very simple way of getting rid of a difficulty. In Ferns, the most variable of all
plants, hybrids were once generally admitted to exist, but the observations of Suminski have led to the discovery
of their sexual organs, whose arrangement and structure seem to preclude the possibility of such a phenomenon.

T See his observations on muling, Hort. Soc. Journ. vol. v. and vi. 1850-1851.

i Unisexual plants are very interesting in many points of view, and in none more than in the varying de-
velopment of the sexes according to circumstances. Observations on this subject are very much wanted : it has
been stated to depend on local circumstances whether the seeds of a bisexual plant shall come up male or female ;
and the fact of both kinds of flowers, or even of hermaphrodite flowers, often occurring on a plant that usually per-
fects one sex only (as in the monwcious Hop-plant described by Mr. Masters in Gard. Chron. 1847), shows that
we may even speculate on the possibility of dicecious plants having sprung originally from a single parent, whose off-

xvi FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND.

These considerations lead us to others still more elusive of the naturalist’s grasp. The reference
of all varieties to a species, and of its individuals to a single parent, argues the existence at some
epoch of a type or form around which all varieties may be grouped. It has been observed that two
or more created or induced types or species may resemble one another so closely, that, amid the mul-
titude of varieties of each, the naturalist shall seek in vain for that which best demonstrates the
species. No one can deny the possibility of such creations, nor perhaps their probability, when he
considers the infinite varieties of climates, how insensibly they pass into one another, and how nicely
the functions of some plants appear to be adapted to certain modifications of these, and to no others.
Had, moreover, every climate its own species, and were there any difficulty in propagating the ma-
jority of the plants of one climate in a very different one, such creations would appear to be indis-
pensable : but the facts of botanical geography assure us, that it is by far the smaller half of the
vegetable kingdom that is confined to narrow geographical or climatic areas, and that very few plants
indeed are absolutely local; whilst the operations of the gardener and agriculturist prove, that a vast pro-
portion of the plants of the two temperate zones are capable of growing in any moderate climate. I do
not think that those who argue for narrow limits to the distribution and variation of species, can have
considered a garden in a philosophical spirit, or have weighed such facts as that there have been cul-
tivated, within the last seventy years, in the open air of England (at Kew) upwards of twenty thou-
sand species of plants from all quarters of the globe, and this within a space that, had it been left to
nature, would not have contained two hundred indigenous species! The fact that an overwhelming
proportion of these have come up true to their parent, and have continued so under every possible
disadvantage of transportation and transplantation, of altered seasons, and amount and distribution
of temperature and humidity, of unsuitable soil and exposure, and of the multitude of errors in
management which unavoidable ignorance of their natural locality and habit engenders. Such
appears to me the most forcible argument in favour of the power of plants to retain their original
characters under altered circumstances.

To return however to the idea of a type, I must remind the New Zealand reader that the word
is often used in a vague and unphilosophical manner : in the too frequent sense of the term it de-
notes that individual of a species which was first cultivated, described, figured, or collected, or that
form which is most abundant in the neighbourhood of the writer; whereas all the individuals thus
referred to may represent anomalous or exceptional states of the true type. The fact is, that we have
no clue whatever to the originally created typical form of any plant, consistent with the view of its
origin in a single parent, and its powers of varying. If we take a species of universal distribution,
a careful examination of all its variations, and a contrast between these and those of its allies, may
lead to the detection of a form, which for various reasons may be assumed as the real or ideal
standard; for we have no reason to suppose that the whole globe is so altered that the circumstances
under which the assumed type originally appeared do not now exist anywhere. But with local
plants the case is different; they may have originated where they are now found, but it is more
consistent with geological truths to assume that many did not, and that, however slight the induced
changes have been, and however powerless to obliterate specific character, they may still mask the
original form. >

Practically, then, the type is a phantom; what was once the typical state may no longer be the
spring by altered circumstances have become unisexual, and, what is of more practical importance, upon the possi-

bility of the chance transport of one sex of a dicecious plant proving sufficient to effect the propagation of the
species.

INTRODUCTORY ESSAY. xvi

common one, or that which now fulfils the office the species did at an earlier epoch*. For practical
purposes we must assume the most common form to be the most typical, for it is that which is best
known. In doing this, however, there is extreme difficulty in combating local prejudices; the gene-
ral botanist cannot give a higher place in the great scheme of Nature to a natural object on account
of its beauty, rarity, or local associations, any more than he can call a doubtful plant a native because
it looks well in his flora or herbarium ; but there are local observers who cannot be brought to see
things in such a light, and who take the exclusion of plants accidentally introduced into the flora of
their neighbourhood, and the reduction of supposed local types to varieties of better known and
wider spread plants, as little short of an insult to their understandings, and a slight upon the natural
history of their village or island, and suppose that because the systematist cannot see with their eyes
he therefore takes a less true interest in what he observes.

§ 3.

Species are more widely diffused than is usually supposed.

' “This is a point upon which my own views differ materially from those of many of my fellow
botanists, and which, if borne out by facts, leads to a widely different estimate of the number and
variety of the members of the vegetable kingdom than that which is at present entertained. As with
the affinities and variation of species, so is it with their distribution: an extensive knowledge of the
subject is only to be obtained by actual observation over large areas, and many of them, or by the
study and comparison of the contents of many museums. It has been my singular good fortune to
have visited many regions of the globe, and to have entered into some details upon the dispersion of
living species, which has always been a favourite pursuit of mine. I have further had the advantage
of collating my results with the largest and best-named botanical collections in the world, and have
received a greater amount of assistance from my fellow naturalists than has fallen to the lot of most:
facts which in ordinary cases are the result of long study and much consultation have been placed at
my disposal rather than worked out by myself. A very extended examination of these materials
has only tended to confirm the view which originated in my personal experience, viz. that the esti-

* Thus the few remaining native Cedars of Lebanon may be abnormal states of the tree which was once
spread over the whole of the Lebanon, for there are now growing in England varieties of it that have no existence
in à wild state. Some of these closely resemble the Cedars of the Atlas and of the Himalayas (Deodar), and the ab-
sence of any valid botanical differences between these three forms tends to prove that all, though generally supposed
to be different species, are one. The characters by which these Cedars are distinguished reside in habit, colour, and
length of leaf, and are in process of change and obliteration under cultivation ; if we find, then, these plants to be
varieties of one which is dispersed from the Atlas Mountains to Northern India, which of the three can we assume as
the type, but that which retains its characters over the greatest area, viz. the Cedar (Deodar) of the Himalaya?
whether or not that was the originally created state, or whether the species was created there or in the Atlas or in
Lebanon, or in some intermediate area whence it is now banished. It will be difficult to disconnect the idea of the
common Cedar from that of the type of its race, but the systematist may have to do so. What thus happens with
large trees may likewise occur with smaller plants. I have given the most conspicuous illustration with which I
am familiar, but in the eyes of a naturalist it is not in the least more significant than one drawn from the study of
the varieties and distribution of a Moss or Grass.

+ It is impossible to over-estimate the importance of a well-studied and named herbarium for such purposes, a
simple inspection of many species often giving their geographical range, and in the numerous cases in which widely
distributed genera have been worked up by competent authorities, the results are obtained with great accuracy.

d

xviii FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND.

mate of the number of species known to botanists is a greatly exaggerated one*, and the prevalent
ideas regarding their distribution no less contracted.

Many more plants are common to most countries than is supposed; I have found 60 New Zea-
land flowering plants and 9 Ferns to be European ones, besides inhabiting various intermediate
countries; and amongst the lower Orders we find a greatly increased proportion of species common
to all countries: thus of Mosses alone 50 are found in New Zealand and Europet; of Hepaticæ 13;
of Algæ 45 are also natives of European seas; of Fungi nearly 60; and of Lichens 100.

So long ago as 1814 Mr. Brown] drew attention to the importance of such considerations, and
gave a list of 150 European plants common to Australia. The identity of many of these has re-
peatedly been called in question, but almost invariably erroneously, added to which more modern
collectors have greatly increased the list.

The too prevalent idea that the plants of newly discovered, isolated, or little visited localities
must necessarily be new, has been a fertile source of the undue multiplication of species. "There are
very many cases of naturalists having been so impressed with this idea, that they have not thought it
worth while to consult either books or herbaria before describing the plants from such spots. The
New Zealand Flora presents several instances of this; two conspicuous ones oceur in the genus
Oxalis; one, O. corniculata, is amongst the most widely diffused and variable plants in the world ; of
its varieties no less than seven or eight species have been made, most of them supposed to be peculiar
to New Zealand; not only is O. corniculata hence excluded from the flora, but in the descriptions of
these its varieties, no allusion is made to that plant$. In the case of the other species the error is
more excusable, and may be still open to question|| ; it is that of O. Magellanica, originally discovered
in Fuegia, and imperfectly described by Forster, whose very indifferent specimens of it are in the

* According to the loose estimate of compilers, 100,000 is the commonly received number of known plants :
from a multiplicity of data I can come to no other conclusion but that half that number is much nearer the truth.
This may well be conceived, when it is notorious that nineteen species have been made of the common Potato, and
many more of Solanum nigrum alone. Pteris aguilina has given rise to numerous book species, Vernonia cinerea of
India to fifteen at least. Many of the commonest European plants have several names in Hurope, others in India,
and still others in America, besides a host of garden names for themselves, their hybrids and varieties, all of which
are catalogued as species in the ordinary works of reference whence such estimates are compiled.

+ In fact the distribution of some Cryptogams is so wide, that I have visited a spot in a high southern lati-
tude, nearly all whose plants are not only identical with those of Great Britain, but inhabit many intermediate tem-
perate and tropical countries. Cockburn Island, in lat. 64° 12’ S. and long. 64° 49' W., nearly fulfils this con-
dition ; I thereon collected nineteen plants, of which three-fourths are natives of England.

+ Appendix to Flinders's Voyage, vol. ii. p. 592.

$ I have stated very confidently in the body of this work that eight of Cunningham's and Richard’s species of
this genus are all referable to one. This view will probably not meet the approbation of the local botanists, who will
point to the constancy with which some of the states retain their characters under varied conditions. I value such
facts very highly, and attach great weight to them, and did these varieties occur only in New Zealand I should
perhaps have withheld so strong an opinion on the subject; but such is not the case. 0. corniculata varies as much
in numerous other parts of the world; and admitting, as every one must, that varieties are known to retain their
characters with more or less constancy for certain periods, some other evidence is necessary to shake the opinion of
the botanist who grounds his views on an examination of the plant from all quarters of the globe.

|| As no identification is proved till all the organs of the plants to be compared have been studied, there is yet
a possibility of these three species proving distinct, but I do not at all expect it; the only difference I can find is
a greater obliquity and emargination of the petals of the New Zealand species, but that character varies so much
both in this plant and in others of the genus that it loses all specific value.

INTRODUCTORY ESSAY. Xix

British Museum. When re-found in New Zealand it was described as new, and called O. cataracte,
and when found a third time in Tasmania, was called by still a third name, O. lactea. In this case
a more important fact was smothered than that of the distribution of O. corniculata, namely, that of
a very peculiar plant of the south temperate zone being common to these three widely sundered
localities.

Many similar instances might be added, for there are several New Zealand plants (as Pteris
aguilina) that have a different name in almost every country in the world,’ and, partly from
changes in nomenclature, partly from the reduction of species, I have found myself obliged to quote
1500 names for the 720 New Zealand flowering-plants described, and 1 believe I might have doubled
the number had my limits not obliged me to reduce the synonymy as much as possible; in many
cases too much, I fear, for the requirements of working botanists in Europe.

$ 4.

- The distribution of species has been effected by natural causes, but these are not necessarily the
same as those to which they are now exposed.

* Of all the branches of Botany there is none whose elucidation demands so much preparatory study,
or so extensive an acquaintance with plants and their affinities, as that of their geographical distribu-
tion. Nothing is easier than to explain away all obscure phenomena of dispersion by several specu-
lations on the origin of species, so plausible that the superficial naturalist may accept any of them;
and to test their soundness demands a comprehensive knowledge of facts, which moreover run great
risk of distortion in the hands of those who do not know the value of the evidence they afford. I
have endeavoured to enumerate the principal facts that appear to militate against the probability of
the same species having originated in more places (or centres) than one; but in so doing I have only
partially met the strongest argument of all in favour of a plurality of centres, viz. the difficulty of
otherwise accounting for the presence in two widely sundered localities of rare local species, whose
seeds cannot have been transported from one to the other by natural causes now in operation. To take
an instance: how does it happen that Edwardsia grandiflora inhabits both New Zealand and South
America? or Ozalis Magellanica both these localities and Tasmania? The idea of transportation by
aerial or oceanic currents cannot be entertained, as the seeds of neither could stand exposure to the
salt water, and they are too heavy to be borne in the air. Were these the only plants common to
these widely-sundered localities, the possibility of some exceptional mode of transport might be ad-
mitted by those disinclined to receive the doctrine of double centres; but the elucidation of the New
Zealand Flora has brought up many similar instances equally difficult to account for, and has deve-
loped innumerable collateral phenomena of equal importance, though not of so evident appreciation.
These, which all bear upon the same point, may be arranged as follows :—

1. Seventy-seven plants are common to the three great south temperate masses of land, Tas-
mania, New Zealand, and South America.

2. Comparatively few of these are universally distributed species, the greater part being peculiar

to the south temperate zone.

3. There are upwards of 100 genera, subgenera, or other well-marked groups of plants entirely
or nearly confined to New Zealand, Australia, and extra-tropical South America. These are repre-
sented by one or more species in two or more of these countries, and they thus effect a botanical rela-
tionship or affinity between them all, which every botanist appreciates.

d 2

XX FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND.

4. These three peculiarities are shared by all the islands in the south temperate zone (meluding
even Tristan d’Acunha, though placed so close to Africa), between which islands the transportation
of seeds is even more unlikely than between the larger masses of land.

5. The plants of the Antarctic islands, which are equally natives of New Zealand, Tasmania,
and Australia, are almost invariably found only on the lofty mountains of these countries.

Now as not only individual species, but groups of these, whether orders, genera, or their sub-
divisions, are to a great degree distributed within certain limits or areas, it follows that the flora of
every island or archipelago presents peculiarities of its own. Though an insular climate may
favour the relative abundance of individuals, and even species of certain Natural Orders, there is
nothing in the climate, or in any other attribute of insularity, which indicates the nature of the
peculiarity of endemic species. The islands of each ocean contain certain botanically allied forms
in common, which are more or less abundant in them, and rarely or never found on the neigh-
bouring continents; thus there are curious genera peculiar to the North Atlantic islands, others to
the North Pacific islands, others to those of the South Pacific, and others again to the Malayan
Archipelago; just as there are still others peculiar to the Antarctic islands, and many to New
Zealand, Fuegia, and Tasmania.

Each group of islands hence forms a botanical region, more or less definable by its plants as
well as by its oceanic boundaries ; precisely as a continuous area like Australia or South Africa does.
There is however this difference, that whereas the Natural Orders that give a botanical character to
a continuous area of a continent or to a large island (as the Proteacee in South Africa or in New
Holland, and Coprosma in New Zealand) are numerous in species and. often uniformly spread,—in
clusters of small islands, distant from continents, they are few in species, and the individuals are
scattered, appearing as if the vestiges of a flora which belonged to another epoch, and which is
passing away : this is perhaps a fanciful idea, but one which I believe to contain the germ of truth ;
for no Botanist can reflect upon the destruction of peculiar species on small islands (such as is now
going on in St. Helena amongst others), without feeling that, as each disappears, a gap remains,
which may never be botanically refilled ; that not only are those links breaking by which he con-
nects the present flora with the past, but also those by which he binds the different members of the
vegetable kingdom one to another. It is not true in every sense that all existing nature appears to
the naturalist as an harmonious whole; each species combines by its own peculiarities two or more
others more closely, and reveals their affinities more clearly, than any other does; just as the flora
of an intermediate spot of land connects those of two adjacent areas better than any other locality
does. It is often by one or a very few species that two large Natural Orders are seen to be related ;
just as by a few Chilian plants the whole flora of New Zealand is connected with that of South
America. The destruction of a species must hence create an hiatus in our systems, and I believe
that it is mainly through such losses that natural orders, genera, and species become isolated, that is,
peculiar, in a naturalist’s eyes.

To return to the distribution of existing species, I cannot think that those who, arguing for
unlimited powers of migration in plants, think existing means ample for ubiquitous dispersion, suffi-
ciently appreciate the difficulties in the way of the necessary transport. During my voyages amongst
the Antarctic islands, I was led, by the constant recurrence of familiar plants in the most inaccessible
spots, to reflect much on the subject of their possible transport ; and the conviction was soon forced
upon me, that, putting aside the almost insuperable obstacles to trans-oceanie migration between such
islands as Fuegia and Kerguelen's Land, for instance (which have plants in common, not found else-

nies

ihe sic lalia atika tall

INTRODUCTORY ESSAY. xxi

where), there were such peculiarities in the plants so circumstanced, as rendered many of them
the least likely of all to have availed themselves of what possible chances of transport there may
have been. As species they were either not so abundant in individuals, or not prolific enough to have
been the first to offer themselves for chance transport, or their seeds presented no facilities for migra-
tion*, or were singularly perishable from feeble vitality, soft or brittle integuments, the presence
of oil that soon became rancid, or from having a fleshy albumen that quickly decayedt. Added
to the fact that of all the plants in the respective floras of the Antarctic islands; those common to
any two of them were the most unlikely of all to emigrate, and that there were plenty of species
possessing unusual facilities, which had not availed themselves of them, there was another important
point, namely, the little chance there was of the seeds growing at all, after transport. Though
thousands of seeds are annually shed in those bleak regions, few indeed vegetate, and of these fewer
still arrive at maturity. There is no annual plant in Kerguelen's Land, and seedlings are extremely
rare there; the seeds, if not eaten by birds, either rot on the ground or are washed away; and the
conclusion is evident, that if such mortality attends them in their own island, the chances must be
small indeed for a solitary individual, after being transported perhaps thousands of miles, to some
spot where the available soil is pre-occupied.

Beyond the bare fact of the difficulty of accounting by any other means for the presence of the
same species in two of the islands, there appeared nothing in the botany of the Antarctie regions to
support or even to favour the assumption of a double creation, and I hence dismissed it as a mere
speculation which, till it gained some support on philosophical principles, could only be regarded as
shelving a difficulty ; whilst the unstable doctrine that would account for the creation of each species
on each island by progressive development on the spot, was contradicted by every fact.

It was with these conclusions before me, that I was led to speculate on the possibility of the
plants of the Southern Ocean being the remains of a flora that had once spread over a larger and
more continuous tract of land than now exists in that ocean; and that the peculiar Antarctic genera
and species may be the vestiges of a flora characterized by the predominance of plants which are
now scattered throughout the southern islands. An allusion to these speculations was made in the
‘Flora Antarctica’ (pp. 210 and 368), where some circumstances connected with the distribution of the
Antarctic islands were dwelt upon, and their resemblance to the summits of a submerged moun-
tain chain was pointed out; but beyond the facts that the general features of the flora favoured such
a view, that the difficulties in the way of transport appeared to admit of no other solution, and that
there are no limits assignable to the age of the species that would make their creation posterior to
such a series of geological changes as should remove the intervening land, there was nothing in
the shape of evidence by which my speculation could be supported. I am indebted to the invaluable
labours of Lyell and Darwinf, for the facts that could alone have given countenance to such
an hypothesis; the one showing that the necessary time and elevations and depressions of land

* Thus of the Composite, common to Lord Auckland's Group, Fuegia, and Kerguelen's Land, none have any
pappus (or sced-down) at all! Of the many species with pappus, none are common to two of these islands !

+ Of the seeds sent to England from the Antarctic regions, or transported by myself between the several islands,
almost all perished during transmission.

i See Darwin’s “Journal of a Naturalist,’ and ‘ Essays on Volcanic Islands and Coral Islands.” The proofs of
the coasts of Chili and Patagonia having been raised continuously, for several hundred miles, to elevations varying
between 400 and 1300 feet, since the period of the creation of existing shells, will be found in the first-named of
these admirable works, which should be in the hands of every New Zealand Naturalist, if only from its containing

XXII FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND.

need not be denied; and the other, that such risings and sinkings are in active progress over
large portions of the continents and islands of the southern hemisphere. It is to the works of
Lyell* that I must refer for all the necessary data as to the influence of climate in directing the
migration of plants and animals, and for the evidence of the changes of climate being dependent on
geological change. In the ‘ Principles of Geology’ these laws are proved to be of universal appli-
cation, and amply illustrated by their being applied to the elucidation of difficult problems in geogra-
phical distribution. It follows from what is there shown, that a change in the relative positions of sea
and land has occurred to such an extent since the creation of still existing species, that we have no
right to assume that the plants and animals of two given areas, however isolated by ocean, may not
have migrated over pre-existing land between them. This was illustrated by an examination of
the natural history of Sicily (where land-shells, still existing in Italy, and which could not have
crossed the Straits of Messina, are found imbedded on the flanks of Etna high above the sea-level),
regarding which Sir Charles Lyell states that most of the plants and animals of that island are older
than the mountains, plains, and rivers they now inhabitt.

It was reserved for Professor Edward Forbes, one of the most accomplished naturalists of his
day, to extend and enlarge these views, and to illustrate by their means the natural history of an
extensive area; which he did by applying a profound knowledge of geology and natural history to
the materials he had collected during his arduous surveys of many of the shores of Europe and the
Mediterranean. The result has been the enunciation of a theory, from which it follows that the
greater part, if not all, of the animals and plants of the British Islands have immigrated at dif-
ferent periods, under very different climatic conditions; and that all have survived immense changes
in the configuration of the land and seas of Northern Europe. The arguments which support
this theory are based upon evidence derived from Zoology and Geology}, and they receive addi-

important observations on his own islands. The fact of this accomplished Naturalist and Geologist having pre-
ceded me in the investigation of the Natural History of the Southern Ocean, has materially influenced and greatly
furthered my progress; and I feel it the more necessary to mention this here, because Mr. Darwin not only directed my
earliest studies in the subjects of the distribution and variation of species, but has discussed with me all the argu-
ments, and drawn my attention to many of the facts which I have endeavoured to illustrate in this Essay. I know
of no other way in which I can acknowledge the extent of my obligation to him, than by adding that I should never
have taken up the subject in its present form, but for the advantages I have derived from his friendship and
encouragement.

* To Sir Charles Lyell’s works, indeed, I am indebted for the enunciation of those principles that are essential
to the progress of every naturalist and geologist; those, I mean, that affect the creation and extinction, dispersion
and subsequent isolation of organic beings; and though botanists still differ in opinion as to the views he
entertains on the most speculative of subjects (the origin and permanence of species), there is, I think, but one as
to the soundness and originality of his observations on all that relates to the strict dependence of organic beings on
physical conditions in the state of the earth’s surface. ` I feel that I cannot over-estimate the labours of this great
philosopher, when I reflect that without them the science of geographical distribution would have been with me
little beyond a tabulation of important facts; and that I am indebted to them, not only for having given a direction
to my studies in this department, but for an example of admirable reasoning on the facts he has collected regarding
the distribution of plants and animals. I have no hesitation in recommending- the * Principles of Geology’ to the
New Zealand student of Nature, as the most important work he can study.

+ See the Principles of Geology, ed. 9. p. 702, and Address to the Geological Society of London by the Presi-
dent (Leonard Horner, Esg.), in 1847, p. 66.

+ For the contents of the Essay itself, I must refer to the Records of the Geological Survey of Great Britain,
vol. i. p. 336. This is the most original and able essay that has ever appeared on this subject, and though I cannot

|
l
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INTRODUCTORY ESSAY. XXIII

tional weight from the fact that the distribution of British plants is in accordance with its principal
features*,

The geographical distribution of British plants has been the subject of the most rigorous inves-
tigation by one of our ablest British botanists, Mr. H. C. Watson, who first drew attention to the
various botanical elements of which the flora is composed, and grouped the species into botanical
provinces. These provinces were intended for “showing the areas of plants, as facts in nature inde-
pendent of all theoretical explanations and reasons." (Cybele Britannica, vol. i. p. 18.) An inspection
of them shows the relations borne by the plants of England to those of certain parts of Europe and
of the Arctic regions; and Professor Forbes, applying a modification of these botanical provinces to
the illustration of his views of the original introduction of plants into the British Islands, proceeds to
show that their migration took place at different periods, contemporary of course with the connection
by land of each botanical region of Britain with that part of the continent which presents a similar
association of plants.

To extend a theoretical application of these views to the New Zealand Flora, it is necessary to
assume that there was at one time a land communication by which the Chilian plants were inter-
changed; that at the same or another epoch the Australian, at a third the Antarctic, and at a fourth the
Pacific floras were added to the assemblage. It is not necessary to suppose that for this interchange
there was a continuous connection between any two of these localities, for an intermediate land,
peopled with some or all of the plants common to both, may have existed between New Zealand and
Chili when neither of these countries was as yet above watert. To account, however, for the Antarctic
plants on the lofty mountains, a new set of influences is demanded; no land connection between
these islands and New Zealand could have effected this, for the climate of the intermediate area
must necessarily have prevented it. But changes of relation between sea and land induce changes of
climate, and the presence of a large continent connecting the Antarctic islands would, under certain
circumstances, render New Zealand as cold as Britain was during the glacial epoch. Sir C. Lyell
first demonstrated this, and showed what such conditions should be; and by consulting the * Prin-
ciples of Geology,’ my reader will understand how such a climate would reign in the latitude of
New Zealand, as that its flora should consist of what are now Antarctic forms of vegetation. The

subscribe to all its botanical details, I consider that the mode of reasoning adopted is sound, and of universal appli-
cation. What I dissent from most strongly is, the origin of the gulf-weed, the peopling of Scotch mountains by
iceberg transport of seeds, and the too great stress laid upon the west Irish flora, whose peculiarities appear to me
to be considerably over-estimated.

* It may be well to state to the New Zealand student, that there are no reasons to suppose that Botany can
ever be expected to give that direct proof of plants having survived geological changes of climate, sea, and land,
which animals do; the cause is evident, for the bones of quadrupeds, shells of mollusca, and hard parts of many
animals, afford an abundant. means of specific identification, and such are preserved when the animals perish. In
plants the case is widely different: their perishable organs of reproduction, which alone are available for systematic
purposes, are seldom imbedded, even when other parts of the plants are.

T This disappearance of old land, and the migration of its flora and fauna to new, may be illustrated to a
certain extent by the delta of any New Zealand river. A mud-bank on one shore, covered with mangroves, advances
across the channel, the mangroves growing on the new land as it forms. ‘The current changes, and the end of the
bank (with its mangroves) is cut off, and becomes an island: another change of the river channel fills up that
between the islet and the opposite shore, to which it hence becomes a peninsula, peopled by mangroves, whose
parents grew on the opposite bank. Here, be it remarked, no subsidence is required, such as must have operated
in the assumed isolation of New Zealand.

XXIV FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND.

retirement of the plants to the summit of the New Zealand mountains*, would be the necessary
consequence of the amelioration of climate that followed the isolation of New Zealand, and the
replacement. of the Antarctic continent by the present ocean.

The climate throughout the south temperate zone is so eguable, and the isothermal lines are so
parallel to those of latitude, that it is not easy for the New Zealand naturalist to realize the altered
circumstances that would render the plains of his island suitable for the growth of plants that now
inhabit its mountains onlyf; but if he glance at the map of the isothermal lines of the northern
hemisphere, he will see how varied are the climates of regions in the same latitude; that London, with
a mean temperature of 51°, is in the same latitude as Hudson's Bay, where the mean temperature is
30°, and the soil ever frozen: and he will further be able to understand by a little reflection, how a
change in the relative positions of sea and land would, by isolating Labrador, raise its temperature
10°-15°, causing the destruction of all the native plants that did not retire to its mountain-tops, and
favouring the immigration of the species of a more genial climate. ;

The first inference from such an hypothesis is that the Alpine plants of New Zealand, having
survived the greatest changes, are its most ancient colonists ; and it is a most important one in many
respects, but 'especially when considered with reference to the mountain floras of the Pacific and
southern hemisphere generally. "These may be classed under three heads f :—

1. Those that contain identical or representative species of the Antarctic Flora, and none that
are peculiarly Arctic; as the Tasmanian and New Zealand Alps$.

2. Those that contain, besides these, peculiarities of the Northern and Arctic Floras ||; as the
South American Alps.

3. Those that contain the peculiarities of neither; as the mountains of South Africa and the
Pacific Islands.

* With regard to the British mountains, Professor Forbes imagines that they were islets in the glacial ocean,
and received their plants by transportation of seeds with soil, on ice from the Arctic regions. This appears to me
to want support, and there is much in the distribution of Arctic plants especially, wholly opposed to the idea of ice
transport being an active agent in dispersion. A lowering of 10° of mean temperature would render the greater
part of Britain suitable to the growth of Arctic plants; it would give it the climate of Labrador, situated in the
same latitude on the opposite side of the Atlantic. Britain is the warmest spot in its latitude, and a very slight
geological change would lower its mean temperature many degrees.

+ The New Zealand naturalist has probably a very simple means of determining for himself whether his island
has been subject to a geologically recent amelioration of climate; to do which, let him examine the fiord-like bays of
the west coast of the Middle Island, for evidence of the glaciers which there exist in the mountains having formerly
descended lower than they now do. Glaciers to this day descend to the level of the sea in South Chili, at the
latitude of Dusky Bay; and if they have done so in the latter locality, they will have left memorials, in the shape of
boulders, moraines, and scratched and polished rocks.

+ I need scarcely remind my reader that in thus sketching the characteristics of these Alpine floras, I make
no allusion to exceptions that do not alter the main features. Tam far from asserting that there are no peculiar
Arctic or Antarctic forms in the Pacific Islands, nor any peculiarly Arctic ones in Tasmania and New Zealand: but
if, on the one hand, future discoveries of such shall weaken the points of difference between these three mountain
regions, on the other they might be very much strengthened by adducing the number of Arctic species common
to the South American Alps, but not found in the others.

§ These Antarctic forms are very numerous; familiar ones are ccena, Drapetes, Donatia, Gunnera, Oreomyr-
rhis, Lagenophora, Forstera, Ourisia, Fagus, Callixene, Astelia, Gaimardia, Alepyrum, Oreobolus, Carpha, Uncinia.

|| Berberis, Sisymbrium, Thlaspi, Arabis, Draba, Sagina, Lychnis, Cerastium, Fragaria, Lathyrus, Vicia, Hip-
puris, Chrysosplenium, Ribes, Saxifraga, Valeriana, Aster, Hieracium, Stachys, Primula, Anagallis, Pinguicula,
Statice, Empetrum, Phleum, Elymus, Hordeum.

INTRODUCTORY ESSAY. XXV

We thus observe that the want of an Arctic or Antarctic Flora at all in the Pacific islands,
and the presence of an Arctic one in the American Alps, are the prominent features; and I shall
confine my remarks upon these to the fact that, with regard to the isolated islands of the Pacific,
they are situated in too warm a latitude to have had their temperature cooled by changes in the rela-
tive position of land and ocean, so as to have harboured an Antarctic vegetation. With regard to the
South American Alps, there is direct land communication along the Andes from Arctic to Antarctic
regions; by which not only may the strictly Arctic genera and species have migrated to Cape Horn,
but by which many Antarctic ones may have advanced northward to the equator*.

There is still another point in connection with the subject of the relative antiquity of plants, and
in adducing it I must again refer to the * Principles of Geology,” where it is said, “ As a general rule,
species common to many distant provinces, or those now found to inhabit many distant parts of the
globe, are to be regarded as the most ancient . . . . their wide diffusion shows that they have
had a long time to spread themselves, and have been able to survive many important changes in
Physical Geography." If this be true, it follows that, consistently with the theory of the antiquity
of the Alpine flora of New Zealand, we should find amongst the plants common to New Zealand and
the Antarctic islands, some of the most cosmopolitan; and we do so in Montia fontana, Callitriche
verna, Cardamine hirsuta, Epilobium tetragonum, and many others.

On the other hand, it must be recollected that there are other causes besides antiquity and
facility for migration, that determine the distribution of plants; these are their power, mentioned
above, of invading and effecting a settlement in a country preoccupied with its own species, and their
adaptability to various climates: with regard to the first of these points, itis of more importance
than is generally assumed, and I have alluded to its effects under Sonchus, in the body of this work.
As regards climates, the plants mentioned above seem wonderfully indifferent to its effects $.

Again, even though we may safely pronounce most species of ubiquitous plants to have outlived
many geological changes, we may not reverse the position, and assume local species to be amongst the
most recently created; for whether (as has been conjectured) species, like individuals, die out in the
course of time, following some inscrutable law whose operations we have nót yet traced, or whether
(as in some instances we know to be the case) they are destroyed by natural causes (geological or
others), they must in either case become scarce and local while they are in process of disappearance.

In the above speculative review of some of the causes which appear to affect the life and range
of species in the vegetable kingdom, I have not touched upon one point, namely, that which concerns
the original introduction of existing species of plants upon the earth. I have assumed that they have
existed for ages in the forms they now retain, that assumption agreeing, in my opinion, with the facts
elicited by a survey of all the phenomena they present, and, according to the most eminent zoolo-

* Why these Antarctic forms have not extended into North America, as the Arctic ones have into South America,
is a curious problem, and the only hypothesis that suggests itself is derived from the fact that though the Panama
Andes are not now sufficiently lofty for the transit of either, there is nothing to contradict the supposition that they
may have had sufficient altitude at a former period, and that one which preceded the advance of the Antarctic species
to so high a northern latitude. :

T Principles of Geology, ed. 9. p. 702.

+ Mr. Watson (Oybele Britannica) gives the range of Callitriche in Britain alone as including mean tempe-
ratures of 40? to 52°, and as ascending from the level of the sea to nearly 2000 feet in the East Highlands of
Scotland. Montia, according to the same authority, enjoys a range of 36? to 52°, and ascends to 3300 feet; Epilo-

bium, a temperature of 40? to 51°, and ascends to 2000 feet; Cardamine, a temperature of 37° to 52°, and ascends
to 3000 feet.

XXVI FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND.

gists, with those laws that govern animal life also; but there is nothing in what is assumed above,
in favour of the antiquity of species and their wide distribution, that is inconsistent with any theory
of their origin that the speculator may adopt. My object has not so much been to ascertain what
may, or may not, have been the original condition of species, as to show that, granting more scope
for variation than is generally allowed, still there are no unassailable grounds for concluding that
they now vary so as to obliterate specific character; in other words, I have endeavoured to show
that they are, for all practical purposes of progress in botanical science, to be regarded as perma-
nently distinct creations, which have survived great geological changes, and which will either die
out, or be destroyed, with their distinctive marks unchanged. We have direct evidence of the
impoverishment of the flora of the globe, in the extinction of many most peculiar insular species
within the last century; but whether the balance of nature is kept up by the consequent increase of
the remainder in individuals, or by the sudden creation of new ones, does not appear, nor have
we any means of knowing: if the expression of an opinion be insisted on, I should be induced to
follow the example of an eminent astronomer, who, when the question was put to him, as to whether
the planets are inhabited, replied that the earth was so, and left his querist to argue from analogy.
So with regard to species, we know that they perish suddenly or gradually, without varying into
other forms to take their place as species, from which established premiss the speculator may draw
his own conclusions.

And now that I have brought these desultory observations to a close, I cannot review them
without fearing that I may incur the charges of, on the one hand, attempting to promote a spirit of
theoretical inquiry amongst those naturalists of the distant colony whom I would fain instruct ; and
on the other, of giving way to it myself, and occupying the time of my readers with what is with
too many the foundation of fruitless controversy. In answer to the first I would say, that the
speculations which I have endeavoured to combat are becoming widely spread amongst superficial
observers, and are quoted every day as objections to the devotion of time and labour to a syste-
matic inquiry into any branch of Natural History. The very many aspirants to a knowledge of
science whom I have had the pleasure of knowing in the Colonies, though well educated in the
ordinary acceptation of the term, have never been trained to habits of observation, or of reasoning
upon what they read in the book of nature, nor have they been grounded in the elements of natural
science; they are hence prone to rely for information on these speculative subjects (which they seek
with avidity) upon a class of works that are, with very few exceptions, by authors who have no
practical acquaintance with the sciences they write about, or with the facts they so often distort.
I have further had a more practical object in view—the offering of theoretical reasons for inculcating
caution on the future botanists of New Zealand; I have endeavoured to make it clear to those who
may read these remarks, that systematic botany is a far more difficult and important object than
is generally supposed; that the progress the student will make himself, and hence that the science
will make in his country, is not to be measured by the number of new species he may find, but by
his manner of treating the old, and his desire to regard all as parts of the vegetable kingdom, and
not of the New Zealand Flora only; and that there is no surer sign of his not appreciating the aim
and scope of the science he cultivates, than a craving to load it with names, and to take contracted
views of species, their variation and distribution.

To those who may accuse me of giving way to hasty generalization or loose speculation on the
antiquity and dispersion of plants over parts of the Southern Hemisphere, I may answer, that no
speculation is idle or fruitless, that is not opposed to truth or to probability, and which, whilst it

INTRODUCTORY ESSAY. XXVII

co-ordinates a body of well established facts, does so without violence to nature, and with a due regard
to the possible results of future discoveries. I may add, that after twelve years” devotion to the
laborious accumulation and arrangement of facts in the field and closet, untrammelled by any theo-
ries to combat or vindicate, I have thought that I might bring forward the conclusions to which my
studies have led me, with less chance of incurring such a reproach, than those would, who, with far
better abilities and judgment, have not had my experience and opportunities.

CHAPTER III.
§ 1. ON THE PHYSIOGNOMY AND AFFINITIES OF THE NEW ZEALAND FLORA.

In the following remarks, the flowering plants alone of New Zealand are referred to, except when it
is otherwise stated: my object being primarily to show the relation between the botany of New
Zealand and that of the south temperate continents, I have, for several reasons, considered that
the introduction of the Ferns even was not expedient :—1. Because they include only one family of
Cryptogamia, and that the only one towards a knowledge of whose number and distribution in New
Zealand we have even approximately accurate data.—2. Because the diffusion of their minute spores
is so ubiguitous*, and their growth is so dependent on one climatic element, viz. humidity, that
their geographic distribution does not harmonize with that of flowering plants in general.

The traveller from whatever country, on arriving in New Zealand, finds himself surrounded by
a vegetation that is almost wholly new to him; with little that is at first sight striking, except the
Tree-fern and Cordyline of the northern parts, and nothing familiar, except possibly the Mangrove ;
and as he extends his investigations into the Flora, with the exception of Pomaderris and Leptosper-
mum, he finds few forms that remind him of other countries. Of the numerous Pines, very few recall
by habit and appearance the idea attached either to trees of this family in the northern hemisphere, or
to the Callitris of New Holland, or to the Araucarie of that country and Norfolk Island; while of
the families that on examination indicate the only close affinity between the New Zealand Flora and
that of any other country, (the Myrtacee, Epacridee, and Proteacee,) few resemble in general aspect

* A most remarkable exemplification of this is found in the occurrence of Lycopodium cernuum (a most univer-
sally distributed Fern in all warm climates) in the Azores, where it grows only around some hot springs. Within
the last few months it has been also collected in St. Paul’s Island (lat. 38° south), by the naturalists of Captain
Denham’s Expedition to the Pacific Islands: there, too, only where the ground is much heated by springs. These
facts are most remarkable, for the Lycopodium cernuum does not inhabit Madeira or any spot in the Azores, except
the vicinity of the hot springs, and St. Paul’s Island is also far beyond its natural isothermal in that longitude of the
southern hemisphere; and it is to be remarked, that in neither island is the Lycopodium accompanied by any other
tropical plant, which would indicate the aerial transport of larger objects than the microscopic spores of Lycopodia,
which are raised in clouds from large surfaces covered with the gregarious species.

e 2

xxviii FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND.

their allies in Australia. A paucity of Grasses, an absence of Leguminose, an abundance of bushes
and Ferns, and a want of annual plants, are the prevalent features in the open country, whilst the
forests abound in Cryptogamia, and in phænogamic plants with obscure green flowers, and very
often of obscure and little-known Natural Orders*.

Considerably more than two hundred of the New Zealand species have either unisexual or
polygamous flowers, or are otherwise incomplete in their reproductive organs, even when their floral
envelopes are more or less developed. The number of Natural Orderst is large in proportion to the
genera; being as 92 to 282, that is, about one to three: while the genera are to the species as 282
to 730, each genus having on the average only two and a half species; whence it follows that there
are, on the average, but eight species to each Natural Order.

Considering these circumstances, and the additional one, that very many of the Natural Orders
cannot be recognized by the flower alone, by fruit alone, or by habit or foliage, it may, I think, safely
be said that the New Zealand Flora is, for its extent, much the most difficult on the globe to a
beginner. Indeed, the mere fact that the student must know a Natural Order for every eight species
he has to investigate, offers as direct a means of proving this by comparison as any datum could do,
for the probable proportion of species of plants on the globe to the known Natural Orders, exceeds
three hundred and fifty to one; in Tasmania the proportions are eleven to one, and in Great Britain
they average fourteen to one.

It is, therefore, not surprising that the vegetation of New Zealand should be wanting in any
conspicuous or prevailing feature, which is the case to so great a degree that, excluding Ferns, I do
not think any two botanists would, without investigation, characterize any part of the islands as the
region of any particular order, genus, or species. The Conifere, when known, prove to be perhaps
the most universally prevalent natural family ; but the majority of their species, not being social, but
growing intermixed with other trees, give no character to the landscape. The vast number of trees,
the paucity of herbaceous plants, and the almost total absence of annuals, are the most remarkable
features of the Flora; for of flowering trees, including shrubs above twenty feet high, there are upwards
of 1131, or nearly one-sixth of the Flora, besides 156 shrubs and plants with woody stems. Of the
largest Natural Orders, so far as regards the number of species, the individuals are often so few,
that the botanist would form a very erroneous estimate of the numerical force of such in the whole
island from an examination of some of its parts only: thus the Orders most numerous in species are,
Composite, 90; Cyperacee, 66; Graminee, 53; Scrophularinee, 40; Orchidee, 39; Rubiacee, 26;
and Epacridee and Umbellifere, each 23; none of which can be said to form prevalent features in
the landscape, though none are rare.

In the neighbouring island of Tasmania, where the same Orders predominate to a great extent,
the case is widely different: there the Grasses everywhere form a prominent feature; the Cyperacee,

* My first day's collections about the Bay of Islands included Corynocarpus, Alseuosmia, Melicytus, Drimys,
Aristotelia, Coriaria, Gunnera, Carpodetus, Griselinia, Corokia, Geniostoma, Laurelia, Hedycarya, Freycinetia, Rhi-
pogonum, and Astelia; all belonging to small, obscure, or little-known Natural Orders, many long considered of
dubious affinity: besides a host of obscure genera of little-known families.

+ It is to be observed, that I have adopted as few Natural Orders as possible; fewer, I think, than I should
have done in a work on general botany; but I was anxious to diminish as much as possible the labours of the
beginner. Had I adopted all the Orders that have been proposed, there would be upwards of a hundred of flowering
plants in New Zealand.

+ In England there are not more than 85 native trees, out of a flora of upwards of 1400 species.

INTRODUCTORY ESSAY. XXIX

from their size, strength, and cutting foliage, arrest the traveller’s progress through the forest ;
Orchidee of many kinds carpet the ground in spring with beautiful blossoms; the heaths are gay
with Epacridee ; herbs, trees, and shrubs of Composite meet the eye in every direction; whilst the
Myrtacee and Leguminose are characteristics both of the arboreous and shrubby vegetation. The
difference is so marked, that I retain the most vivid recollection of the physiognomy of the Tasma-
nian mountains and valleys, but a very indifferent one of the New Zealand forest, where all is,
comparatively speaking, blended into one green mass, relieved at the Bay of Islands by the symme-
trical crown of the Tree-fern, the pale green fountain of foliage of the Dacrydium cupressinum, and
the poplar-like Knightia overtopping all. It is true that there is more variety in the latter country
than is expressed by this selection of a few individuals, and a little reflection recalls a vast number
of noble, and some beautiful botanical objects, but with the exception of groves of the Kaikatea Pine
(Podocarpus dacrydioides) on the swampy river banks, the Pomaderris and Leptospermum on the
open hill-sides, and Dammara on their crests, there is little to arrest the botanist’s first glance; and
nothing in the massing or grouping of the species of any Natural Order renders that Order an
important element in the general landscape, or gives individuality to any of its parts, by flowers
and gaiety, or by foliage and gloom. The same»features prevail even so far south as Lord Auckland’s
Group, where Dracophyllum, Coprosma, Metrosideros, Panag, and a shrubby Veronica unite to form
an evergreen mantle: and I suspect, from the accounts I have heard and read, that they are repeated
on the damp cool coasts of Chili, to the north of the region of the sombre Beech-forests which
clothe the Fuegian islands.

A. Plants peculiar to New Zealand.

In analysing the Pheenogamic Flora of New Zealand, the first important result is the large
amount of absolutely peculiar or endemic plants, of which there are 26 genera and 507 species, or
more than two-thirds of the whole. Of these, the greater proportion are Exogens, as was to be
expected, from the Grasses, Cyperacee, and water-plants being more widely diffused than any other
families.

The Petaloid Endogens, on the other hand, are remarkably local, especially the Orchidee, of
which only two species, out of thirty-nine, are found elsewhere (in Tasmania). This, however, is so
invariably the case with Orchidee, that the proportion of species in the globe to other Natural Orders
is perhaps greatly underrated. Nearly all the New Zealand genera of Orchids are natives of
Australia, and most of them are otherwise peculiar to that continent; the ubiquitous Spiranthes is the
most marked exception, as Australia contains the only widely distributed species in that vast Natural
Order, namely, S. rosea, which however is replaced in New Zealand by S. Nove-Zelandie.

The next peculiar Order is Conifere, whose twelve species are all endemic*: it is very widely
spread, and many of its species in the northern hemisphere have wide though strictly defined ranges.
In this respect the southern species differ from the northern, for they are local; thus several occupy
very limited areas indeed in Tasmania and elsewhere, of which the Huon and Norfolk Island Pines
are remarkable instances: Dammara australis is confined to the northern half of the northern
island of New Zealand, and other species only grow on a few lofty mountains. Of the New Zealand
senera, two are peculiar to it, Australia, and the Malay Archipelago (Dacrydium and Phyllocladus) ;

* Except perhaps Phyllocladus, one species of which is very closely allied to the Tasmanian P. aspleniifolia.

XXX FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND.

Dammara is common to New Zealand, the Moluccas, and New Caledonia; Podocarpus is found in
many parts of the world from Japan to the Straits of Magellan, from India to Tasmania and South
Africa; but Thuja is absent from Australia, though found in most countries inhabited by Podocarpus,
and in rather high northern latitudes of western North America. Several of the Conifere of New
Zealand are alpine, as are others in many parts of the world. The absence of the whole Order in the
Atlantic, in the smaller, remote, Antarctic and Pacific Islands, is one of the most curious features in
its distribution and in their botany, for Conifere ascend the loftiest mountains of New Zealand and
Tasmania.

Scrophularinee includes many of the endemic species, thirty-three out of the forty being so.
Of these, one of the two Calceolarias is very closely allied to a Chilian species; these and the Mimuli,
a shrubby Veronica, and Ourisia further intimately connect the Flora with that of South America,
as do other species of Veronica, Mimulus, Ourisia, and Euphrasia with that of Tasmania.

The Epacridee all belong to Australian genera, and two are species of that continent and of
Tasmania.

Of Composite upwards of seventy-four are endemic, an enormous proportion, considering how
fugitive their seeds are, and that the genera are almost without exception Australian. Araliacee are
all peculiar, as are the greater number of Umbellifere, and all the Myrtacee, with one exception (a
New Holland species), and all but four of the Ranunculacee.

A close botanical relationship to other countries may thus be traced in most of the endemic genera
and species. The exceptional genera are Iverba, which belongs to a Madagascar family (Brexiacee) ;
Corynocarpus, which I have reduced to Terebinthacee ; Carpodetus, also of disputed affinity, which I
place in Escallonie, and which is one of the few extra South American species of that Order, which
is considered by some to be a tribe of Savifragee; Griselinia and Corokia, which I think both
belong to Cornee, and which are also more nearly allied to some South American plants than
to any others; Alseuosmia has no near known affinity; Phormium, which appears “sui generis,” is
elsewhere found only in Norfolk Island; Nesodaphne, one of the two genera of Laurinee, is allied to

a South American genus.
>

B. Plants common to New Zealand and other Countries.

The remaining third of the New Zealand Flora may be divided into five groups, for ifistrating
the relations of the plants to those of other countries,—viz.,

1. 193 species, or nearly one-fourth of the whole, are Australian.

. 89 species, or nearly one-eighth of the whole, are South American.

. 77 species, or nearly one-tenth of the whole, are common to both the above.

. 60 species, or nearly one-twelfth of the whole, are European.

. 50 species, or nearly one-sixteenth of the whole, are Antarctic Islands”, Fuegian, ete.

1. Those of Australian affinity —The decided preponderance of Australian forms is not confined
to this large number of absolutely identical species; I have shown it to prevail in the gencra con-
taining peculiar species also. There are no Natural Orders in New Zealand which are not also
found in Australia and Tasmania, except Coriarie, Escallonie, Brewiacee, and Chloranthacee.
Upwards of 240 of the 282 New Zealand genera are Australian, and of these more than fifty are
all but confined to these two countries. New Zealand, however, does not appear wholly as a satel-
. lite of Australia in all the genera common to both, for of several there are but few species in

OU E Co t2

INTRODUCTORY ESSAY. XXXI

Australia, which hence shares the peculiarities of New Zealand, rather than New Zealand those of
Australia: this is the case with Pittosporum, Coprosma, Olearia, Celmisia, Forstera, Gaultheria,
Dracophyllum, Veronica, Fagus, Dacrydium, and Uncinia; of which there are comparatively few
species in Australia and Tasmania: on the other hand, Stackhousiee, Pomaderris, Leptospermum,
Exocarpus, Persoonia, Epacris, Leucopogon, Goodenia, and a few other large. Australian genera, are
very scantily represented in New Zealand.

í Tf the number of plants common to Australia and New Zealand is great, and quite unaccountable
for by transport, the absence of certain very extensive groups of the former country is still more
incompatible with the theory of extensiwe migration by oceanic or aerial currents. This absence is
most conspicuous in the case of Eucalypti, and almost every other genus of Myrtaceae, of the whole
immense genus of Acacia, and of its numerous Australian congeners, with the single exception of
Clianthus, of which there are but two known species, one in Australia, and the other in New Zealand
and Norfolk Island.

“The rarity of Proteacee, Rutacee, and Stylidee, and the absence of Casuarina and Callitris, of
any Goodenie but G. littoralis (equally found in South America), of Tremandree, Dilleniacee, and
of various genera of Monocotyledones, admit of no explanation, consistent with migration over water
having introduced more than a very few of the plants common to these tracts of land. Considering
that Eucalypti form the most prevalent forest feature over the greater part of South and East
Australia, rivalled by the Leguminose alone, and that both these Orders (the latter especially) are
admirably adapted constitutionally for transport, and that the species are not particularly local or
scarce, and grow well wherever sown, the fact of their absence from New Zealand cannot be too
strongly pressed on the attention of the botanical geographer, for it is the main cause of the differ-
ence between the floras of these two great masses of land being much greater than that between any
two equally large contiguous ones on the face of the globe. If no theory of transport will account
for these facts, still less will any of variation; for of the three genera of Leguminose which do
inhabit New Zealand, none favour such a theory; one, Clianthus, I have just mentioned; the second,
Edwardsia, consists of one tree, identical with a Juan Fernandez and Chilian one, and unknown
in New Holland; and the third genus (Carmichelia) is guite peculiar, and consists of a few species
feebly allied to some New Holland plants, but exceedingly different in structure from any of that
extensive Natural Order. *

2. Species of South American afinity. — The South American species in New Zealand amount
to 89, or one-eighth: of these some are absolutely peculiar to the two countries, as Myosurus arista-
- tus, two species of Coriaria, Edwardsia grandiflora, Haloragis alata, Hydrocotyle Americana, and
Veronica elliptica. Of these the Edwardsia is by far the most striking case, from the size of the
tree: it appears to have a much wider range in New Zealand than in Chili, and supposing it to have
been transported between these countries, it is difficult to say which was the parent one; its affinities
would, hewever, incline us to consider it amongst the aborigines of the former. It is by representa-
tive genera and species that the affinity of the New Zealand and South American floras is best
shown, and this most conspicuously by Fuchsia and Calceolaria, two most remarkable genera,
confined to these two countries, but by far the most abundant to the west of the Andes. Here again
the amount of affinity is differently displayed by each; of the Calceolarias one is so closely allied to
an American species, that I doubt the propriety of keeping them separate, while the other appears a
very distinct species; the Fuchsias are both extremely peculiar, one of them being the only species
that has no petals. Altogether there are 76 genera common to New Zealand and South America,

XXXII FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND.

and 17 of these are not found in Australia, or elsewhere in the Old World. It is curious that none
of the latter belong to those peculiarly Arctic and north temperate genera mentioned in the note to
p. xxiv, except Caltha, to a southern form of which, however, the New Zealand species belongs.

3. Plants common to New Zealand, Australia, and South America —-Of the 77 plants common
to these three countries, which include one-tenth of the flora of New Zealand, the majority are
Grasses, 10; Cyperacee, 7; moisture-loving Monocotyledons, 9; Monochlamydee, 8; Umbellifere
and Composite each 4; and fully 50 of the whole number are also found in Europe, and do not
indicate any peculiar affinity between these three southern masses of land: of those that are not
European, some are Antarctic plants found in mountainous districts of Australia and Tasmania, as
Oxalis Magellanica. Of genera and species which, from their near affinity with one another, and
marked distinction from any others, may be said to be represented in all three countries, the majority
are Antarctic, and will be noticed under the fifth head.

4. European plants in New Zealand.— These, amounting to 60, or about one-twelfth of the
whole flora, are in many respects the most interesting, and to their identification (which I consider
approximate only) I have given a great deal of care. Many I consider still open to inquiry, which
may reduce their supposed numbers; but on the other hand I am sure that future discoveries will
add to them. To some extent these are distributed according to well-defined laws, which do accord
with facilities for migration by transport, thus:—a. 17 are sea-shore plants, or inhabitants of salt
marshes, as Ruppia, Zannichellia, Atriplex, and their allies; Dodonea, Arenaria rubra, and Calystegia
Soldanella, also affect coasts ;—d. 16 are fresh-water plants, or natives of very marshy spots, for
whose transport, however, it appears to me as difficult to account as if they were land-plants ;—c. 5
are Composite, of which four have pappus; a facility for aerial transport, which loses its significance
and weight from the fact that the species of Composite (which of all Orders is the largest and most
universal) are the most local. The fact of these five being found in so very many parts of the globe,
and being the only ones that are so, is extremely remarkable, for it points to oceanic transport as
the means of their diffusion: though the probabilities are against their all having thus accidentally
d. 19 of the species are Glumacee, including

met in that most isolated area which they all inhabit ;
seven Grasses and three aquatic Cyperacee (which latter have also been included under b).

This large proportion of the lower Orders of Pheenogamic plants is in accordance with a general
law of geographic distribution, but not the more intelligible on that account, for I cannot recognize
in their structure or physiology any peculiarities that render them fitted for such diffusion*. And I
may add, that after a most careful microscopic study of the structure of the seeds of all the plants
common to Europe and New Zealand, I have come to the conclusion that, as a body, they present
no such facility for trans-oceanie or aerial transport, as would account for their having migrated
further than the majority of other plants. To this may be added the fact that the Orders to which they
belong, are not those whose seeds after transport are found to vegetate most surely or freely in gardens.

Many of the European species occurring in New Zealand are also Australian, Tasmanian, and
Antarctic; some of the more remarkable exceptions are, —of plants not hitherto found in South
America, Hierochloe borealis, Alopecurus geniculatus, some Carices, and other Monocotyledons.
Of plants not found in Australia, Agrostis canina and Tarawacum officinale. Of those not found
either in Australia or South America, Carex stellulata and Pyrenaica, and Sparganium natans.

* For some details upon the adaptation of various seeds to oceanic and aerial transport, see my Essay on
the Geographie Distribution of the Plants in the Galapagos Archipelago.— Transactions of the Linnean Society,
vol. xx.

INTRODUCTORY ESSAY. XXXIII

It should also be mentioned here, that some very widely diffused European and Australian plants
are absent from New Zealand, as Lythrum Salicaria, Alchemilla arvensis, Portulaca oleracea, Hydro-
» cotyle vulgaris, Zapania nodiflora, Verbena officinalis, Prunella vulgaris, Samolus Valerandi, Vallisneria
spiralis, Potamogeton perfoliatus and crispus, Alisma Plantago, Caulinia oceanica, Juncus maritimus
and effusus, Carex cespitosa, Cladium Mariscus, Isolepis fluitans, Cyperus rotundus, Glyceria fluitans,
and Arundo Phragmites.

5. Antarctic* plants in New Zealand.—Of these Antarctic plants, about 50 inhabit the moun-
tains and southern extreme of New Zealand; a number which (as I have stated at p. 15) will
probably be greatly increased by future discoveries. They may be geographically grouped as
follows :—a. Those of general distribution, being common also to Europe, as Callitriche, Montia,
Cardamine hirsuta, Potentilla anserina, Epilobium tetragonum, Myriophyllum, Calystegia Soldanella
and C. Sepium, Limosella, many Monochlamydee, and more Monocotyledones.—b. Those found also
in Tasmaniat, and chiefly on its mountains, but not elsewhere; as Oxalis Magellanica, Acena,
some Epilobia, Colobanthus, Scleranthus, Tillea, Apium, Coprosma, Leptinella, Hierochloe antarc-
tica, etc.

The botanical affinity between extra-tropical South America, the Antarctic islands, New Zea-
land, and Tasmania, is, however, much better indicated by the peculiar genera, by groups of those, or
by individual species which, as it were, represent one another in two or more of these localities, and
which give a peculiar botanical character to the flora of southern latitudes beyond latitude 35°.

Of these genera, there are 50 which afford botanical characters in common, and give as decided
a proof of close affinity in vegetation, as do the 50 identical species above mentioned. The most
conspicuous of these genera common to all the above-named localities are, Colobanthus, Drosera,
Acena, Gunnera, Oreomyrrhis, Leptinella, Lagenophora, Forstera, Pratia, Gaultheria, Gentiana,
Euphrasia, Plantago, Drapetes, Fagus, Astelia, Juncus, Carpha, Chetospora, Oreobolus, Uncinia,
Carex, and many Grasses, especially Hierochloe, Alopecurus, Trisetum, Deyeuxia, ete.

In the following list 228 species are thus contrasted: in most of these cases the parallelism is
very striking, but a few are open to future investigation. In sketching out the grand features of
so large an area, I must demand some indulgence from those of my readers who may have the oppor-
tunity of going into the details of the evidence I here adduce. The subject is one that cannot
be fully worked out without far more materials than have hitherto been collected. I could easily
have trebled the list were there any object in doing so, by adducing instances of feebler repre-
sentation] than I have thought it worth while to introduce. When the floras of the mountains of
South Chili, New Zealand, Southern Tasmania, the Australian Alps, the Crozets, Prince Edward’s
Islands, Amsterdam Island, St. Paul’s Island, and M‘Quarrie Island, shall have been properly ex-
plored, the great problem of Representation and Distribution in the South Temperate and Antarctic
zone will be solved.

* For the limitation of the term Antarctic, I must refer to the Introduction to the second part of the * Flora
Antarctica,’ p. 210, and shall only mention here that its flora includes that of Fuegia, the Falklands, with different
islands east and south of them, Tristan d’Acunha, St. Paul’s, Amsterdam and Kerguelen’s Land, Lord Auckland’s,
Campbell’s, and other islands south and east of New Zealand.

+ Tasmania contains some Antarctic genera and species not hitherto found in New Zealand, which will be
specially alluded to in the Tasmanian Flora, as Pernettya, Hucryphia, etc.

i I need hardly remark, that in the following list all the instances selected are of Botanical affinity ; to the
exclusion of cases of mere analogical resemblance between plants that are not botanically closely allied.

I

XXXIV

FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND.

Comparative table of plants which may be considered as representing one another (more or less remark-

ably) in two or all the three south temperate masses of land, viz. New Zealand (including Auck-
land and Campbells Island), Australia (including Tasmania), and extra-tropical South America
(including the Falkland Islands).

NEW ZEALAND, ETC.

Ranunculus subscaposus, ELE.
Caltha Nove-Zelandie, H.f.
Drimys aaillaris, Forst.
Lepidium oleraceum, Forst.
Drosera stenopetala, If.

Hymenanthera crassifolia, Ef.
Colobanthus Billardieri, Fenzl.
Linum monogynum, Forst.
Aristotelia racemosa, H.f.
Plagianthus sidoides, Hook.
Discaria Australis, Hook.
Stackhousia minima, Hf.
Geum Magellanicum, Com.
Rubus Australis, Forst.
Acena sanguisorbe, Vahl.
Fuchsia excorticata, Linn. fil.
Gunnera monoica, Raoul.
Metrosideros florida, Sm.
Myrtus pedunculata, Ef.
Eugenia Maire, A. Cunn.
Carpodetus serratus, Forst.
Weinmannia sylvicola, B. et 8.
Donatia Nove-Zelandie, H.f.
Pozoa trifoliolata, Hf.
Oreomyrrhis Colensoi, Hf.
Panax simplex, Forst.
Olearia operina, Hf.
Celmisia gracilenta, H.f.
Lagenophora Forsteri, DC.
Eurybiopsis Australis, ELE.
Brachycome radicata, H.f.
Craspedia fimbriata, DC.
Trineuron pusillum, HE.
Cassinia Vawvilliersii, H.f.
Ozothamnus glomeratus, Hf.
Leptinella dioica, H.f.
Raoulia Australis, H.f.
Mieroseris Forsteri, H.f.
Forstera clavigera, ELE.

AUSTRALIA. AND TASMANIA.

Ranunculus Zappaceus, Sm.

Tasmannia aromatica, Br.
Lepidium .Piscidiwm, Forst.
Drosera Arcturi, Hook.
Eueryphia Billardieri, Spach.

Hymenanthera angustifolia, Br.
Colobanthus Billardiert, Fenzl.

Linum marginatum, A. C.
Friesia peduncularis, DC.
Plagianthus wrticinus, A. C.
Discaria Australis, Hook.
Stackhousia flava, H.f.
Geum urbanum, L. ?

Rubus Gunmanus, Hook.
Acena sanguisorbe, Vahl.

Gunnera cordifolia, Hf.
Metrosideros corifolia, Vent.

Tetracarpea Tasmanica, H.f.

Pozopsis cordifolia, Hook.
Oreomyrrhis sessiliflora, Uf.
Panax Gunnü, H.f.

Olearia phlogopappa, DC.
Celmisia asteliefolia, A.C.
Lagenophora montana, H.f.
Eurybiopsis scabrida, HE.
Brachycome scapiformis, DC.
Craspedia Richea, Cass.
Scleroleima Forsteroides, Tf.
Cassinia cuneifolia, A.C.

Swammerdammia Antennaria, DC.

Leptinella intricata, TLE.
Raoulia Tasmanica, H.f.

- Microseris Forsteri, Hf.
Forstera bellidifolia, Hook.

TEMPERATE AND COLD 8. AMERIOA.

Ranunculus Chilensis, DC.
Caltha sagittata, Cav.
Drimys Winteri, Forst.

Drosera uniflora, Willd.
Eucryphia cordifolia, Cav.

Colobanthus crassifolius, H.f.
Aristotelia Macqui, Herit.
Colletia discolor, Hook.

Geum Magellanicum, Com.
Rubus geoides, Sm.

Aczena levigata, Ait.
Fuchsia coccinea, Ait.
Gunnera Magellanica, Lam.
Metrosideros stipularis, H.f.
Myrtus Nummularia, Poir.
Eugenia Darwinii, HE.
Escallonia serrata, Sm.
Donatia fascicularis, Forst.
Azorella Ranunculus, D’ Ury.
Oreomyrrhis Andicola, Endl.
Panax nov. sp.

Chiliotrichum amelloides, Cass.

Lagenophora Commersonii, Cass.

Abrotanella emarginata, Cass.

Leptinella scariosa, Cass.

Microseris pygmea, DO.
Forstera muscifolia, Willd.

:
:

NEW ZEALAND, ETC.

Pratia angulata, Hf.
Gaultheria antipoda, Forst.

Dracophyllum sguarrosum, Hf.
Olea Cunninghamit, AE.
Gentiana montana, Forst.
Parsonsia heterophylla, A. C.
Myosotis capitata, H.f.
Solanum aviculare, Forst.
Veronica elongata, Benth.
Calceolaria Sinclairi, Hook.
Mimulus repens, Br.

Ourisia macrophylla, Hook.
Euphrasia cuneata, Forst.
Gratiola sexdentata, A. C.
Scutellaria humilis, Br.
Myoporum letum, Forst.
Plantago carnosa, Br.

Rumex flexuosus, B. et $.
Laurelia Vove-Zelandia, A. C.
Knightia excelsa, Br.

Drapetes Lyallu*, Tf.

: Pimelia arenaria, Cunn.

Exocarpus Bidwillii, Hf.

Australina Nove-Zelandie, HE.

Fagus Menziesü, ELf.

Phyllocladus trichomanoides, Don.

Athrotaxis cupressinus, Don.
Dacrydium Oblensoi, Hook.
Rhipogonum scandens, Forst.
Herpolirion Nove-Zelandie, Ef.
Libertia ivioides, Spreng.
Callixene parviflora, EA.
Rostkovia gracilis, H.f.
Astelia linearis, H.f.
Alepyrum pallidum, Hf.
Gaimardia setacea, H.f.
Oreobolus pectinatus, Ef.
Carpha alpina, Br.
Sarcochilus adversus, Hf.

INTRODUCTORY ESSAY.

AUSTRALIA AND TASMANIA.

Pratia ? irrigua, H.f.
Pernettya Tasmanica, HE.
Gaultheria hispida, Br.
Prionotes cerinthoides, Br.
Dracophyllum Milligani, Hook.
Notelea ligustrina, Vent.
Gentiana montana, Forst.
Lyonsia straminea, Br.
Myosotis australis, Br.
Solanum aviculare, Forst.
Veronica calycina, Br.

Mimulus repens, Br.
Ourisia integrifolia, Br.
Euphrasia collina, Br.
Gratiola latifolia, Br.
Scutellaria humilis, Br.
Myoporum insulare, Br.
Plantago carnosa, Br.
Rumex fimbriatus, Br.
Atherosperma moschata, Lab.
Telopea žruncata, Br.
Lomatia tinctoria, Br.
Drapetes Tasmanica, H.f.
Pimelia sericea, Br.
Exocarpus humifusa, Br.
Australina Tasmanica, H.f.
Fagus Gwmnii, H.f.

Fagus Cunningham, Hook.
Phyllocladus aspleniifolia, Rich.
Thuja Doniana, Hook.
Dacrydium Franklinii, H.f.
Rhipogonum album, Br.
Herpolirion Tasmanie, H.f.
Renealmia paniculata, Br.
Drymophila cyanocarpa, Br.

Astelia alpina, Br.
Alepyrum Pumilio, Br.

Oreobolus Pumilio, Br.
Carpha alpina, Br.
Sarcochilus falcatus, Br.

XXXV

TEMPERATE AND COLD 8. AMERIOA.

Pratia repens, Grand.
Pernettya pumila, Hook.
Gaultheria microphylla, Hf.
Lebetanthus mucronatus, Endl.

Gentiana Magellanica, Gaud.

Myosotis albiflora, B. et S.
Solanum tuberosum, L.

Calceolaria punctata, Vahl.
Mimulus luteus, L.

Ourisia Magellanica, Comm.
Euphrasia Antarctica, Benth.
Gratiola Peruviana, L.
Scutellaria nummulariefolia, Hf.

Plantago barbata, Forst.
Rumex euneifolius, Camp.
Laurelia aromatica, Juss.
Embothrium coccinewm, Forst.
Lomatia ferruginea, Br.
Drapetes muscosa, Lam.

Fagus Antarctica, Forst.
Fagus betuloides, Mirb.

Thuja žežragona, Hook.

Callixene marginata, Com.
Rostkovia grandiflora, Hf.
Astelia pumila, Br.

Gaimardia Australis, Gaud.
Oreobolus obtusangulus, Gaud.
Carpha schoenoides, B. et S.

* The specific name of this species has been, by some mistake, replaced by that of muscosa in the body of this

work, p. 223; the latter is the original South American species of the genus.

3

XXXVI FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND.

NEW ZEALAND, ETC. AUSTRALIA AND TASMANIA. TEMPERATE AND COLD 8. AMERICA.
Prasophyllum Colensoi, H.f. Prasophyllum Australe, Br.
Spiranthes Nove-Zelandie, H.. Spiranthes Australis, Br.
Orthoceras Solandri, Lindl. Orthoceras strictum, Br.
Thelymitra Forsteri, Sw. Thelymitra irioides, Sw.
Mierotis porrifolia, Spr. Microtis parviflora, Br.
Acianthus Sinelairü, Hf. Acianthus fornicatus, Br.
Cyrtostylis oblonga, Ef. Cyrtostylis reniformis, Br.
Adenochilus gracilis, HE. Eriochilus autumnalis, Br.
Caladenia minor, Hf. Caladenia carnea, Br.
Pterostylis graminea, ELE. Pterostylis longifolia, Br.
Nematoceras macrantha, Hf. Corysanthes jimbriata, Br.
Gastrodia Ounninghamü, Lf. Gastrodia sesamoides, Br.
Cheiloglottis cornuta, HE. Cheiloglottis diphylla, Br.

Enough is here given to show that many of the peculiarities of each of the three great areas of land
in the southern latitudes are representative ones, effecting a botanical relationship as strong as that
which prevails throughout the lands within the Arctic and Northern Temperate zones, and which is
not to be accounted for by any theory of transport or variation, but which is agreeable to the hypo-
thesis of all being members of a once more extensive flora, which has been broken up by geological
and climatic causes.

I have alluded to Pacific Island peculiarities in the New Zealand Flora; these are few, but very
well marked by some otherwise local genera, as Coprosma, Astelia, Exocarpus, Dammara, Geniostoma,
Cyathodes, Santalum, Elatostemma, Ascarina, Cordyline, and others, of which Ascarina is the most
remarkable, as the genus has hitherto been found nowhere but in New Zealand and the Sandwich
Islands. Until the New Caledonian and Hebridean vegetation especially is known, however, we
cannot follow out this affinity, as I do not doubt that their rich floras will connect the Botany of the
Pacific, Australian, New Zealand, and Malay Islands in a very remarkable manner, and exhibit affini-
ties of the utmost importance.

There has lately indeed been discovered a most remarkable and unique instance of represen-
tation by close botanical affinity between very distant spots, viz. the existence of three of the most
peculiar Antarctic, New Zealand, and Tasmanian genera on the lofty mountain of Kini-Balu, in
Borneo, situated under the equator, viz. Drapetes, Phyllocladus, and Drimys*.

$ II. ON THE VARIATION OF NEW ZEALAND SPECIES.

The difficulty of reducing the variations of species or of their organs to any system is confessedly
very great, and I have not the necessary materials for arranging such data as the New Zealand Flora
affords; still there are certain facts which appear of great importance in the consideration of the
general character of any flora, but which are almost invariably overlooked, because in the present

* These formed part of a very small collection made by H. Low, Esq., most of which I have described in the
* Icones Plantarum,’ vol. x.; they were gathered at about 8000 feet elevation, and consisted of a mixture of Aus-
tralian, Antarctic, and Indian forms. Amongst the latter, many species of Rhododendron prevailed,—a genus un-

known south of the equator in the Old World, and here associated with Dacrydium, Epacridee, and the above-
mentioned Antarctie genera, which are almost unknown in the northern hemisphere.

INTRODUCTORY ESSAY. XXXVI

state of our knowledge they are not of practical application. Such are—1. The relative number and
extent of genera, the limits to whose species it is difficult to assign, owing to the variableness of their

. organs.—2. The number of species which materially vary by altering their form and habit during
different periods of their growth, and of those whose variations seem independent of age, climate, or
condition.

There are many minor considerations that are equally well worthy of study with the above, but
which can only be treated of in detail, and studied by local botanists; such as variation im size, sta-
ture, colour, and many other particulars which do not produce any generally admitted difficulty in
recognizing species.

1. The genera whose species are extremely variable are—

Of very general distribution, 45 :—

Clematis. Taraxacum. Gaultheria. Parietaria. Pelargonium.
Ranunculus. Lobelia. Polygonum. Dodonzea. Sonchus.

Linum. Euphrasia. Hypericum. Senecio. 5 gen. Cyperaceæ.
Geranium. Cardamine. Apium. Calystegia. 10 gen. Grasses.
Oxalis. Rubus. Olea. Potamogeton.

Epilobium. Wahlenbergia. Urtica. Veronica.

Gnaphalium. Plantago. Gentiana. Luzula.

Endemic, or of confined geographical distribution, 84 :—

Pittosporum. Pimelia. Oreomyrrhis. *Carmichelia. Microtis.
Coriaria. Oreobolus. Oraspedia. *Tupeia. Weinmannia.
Cassinia. *Hoheria. Trophis. Ozothamnus. * AIseuosmia.
Elatostemma. Leptospermum. Aristotelia. Leptocarpus. Parsonsia.
Pterostylis. Dracophyllum. Coprosma. Elzeocarpus. Calorophus.
* Anisotome. Prasophyllum. Ourisia. Leptinella. Calceolaria.
Celmisia. *Phormium. Thelymitra. Santalum.

(a.) The first obvious result of this classification is the great number of variable genera, amount-
ing to 79 out of 282, or upwards of one-third ; and that the more or less local genera are rather more
variable than the widely diffused ; for I find in the whole flora that those genera common to all guar-
ters of the globe are to those confined chiefly to Australia and Tasmania as 182 to 150, or nearly one-
half of the whole flora: whereas the variable local genera are to the variable widely distributed in
the proportion of 34 to 45. As, however, the division into local and peculiar genera is somewhat
arbitrary, and that into variable and constant much more so, these conclusions are necessarily vague.
Perhaps a more intelligible comparison may be made by examining the absolutely endemic genera.
Of these there are 27, or one-tenth of all the genera in the flora, and six only (or one-fifth) of these
are very variable ; whence it would appear that there is absolutely less tendency to vary, amongst the
endemic genera, than amongst those more widely dispersed.

(5. With regard to the widely diffused genera that are variable in New Zealand, most of
them are so in all quarters of the globe, but present little uniformity in amount of variation ;
thus Rubus, of which there is only one in New Zealand, and that an extremely variable species,
has very few representatives in Australia, and those not particularly variable ; very many in

* Those marked with an asterisk are either absolutely peculiar to New Zealand, or found elsewhere in Norfolk

Island only, as Phormium; or in Lord Auckland's Group, as Anisotome.

XXXVI FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND.

Europe*, and those highly sportive; and in the Himalaya, the head-quarters of the genus, there are
still more species, and those (comparatively speaking) by no means variable. Again, Clematis,
Ranunculus, Epilobium, Apium, Lobelia, Wahlenbergia, Gaultheria, Olea, Gentiana, Calystegia,
Euphrasia, Luzula, and Poa, all very cosmopolitan, are as variable in New Zealand as elsewhere,
and some of them more so; but as they are not as egually represented in number of species m New
Zealand as elsewhere, the results presented by each genus are of very different value. Thus Lobelia
and Wahlenbergia, though very large genera indeed in many parts of the globe where the species
are not conspicuously protean, are represented in New Zealand by two widely diffused and excep-
tionally protean species. Potamogeton and Poa (with many others) belong to a class equally common
in New Zealand and elsewhere, and equally variable everywhere. Epilobium, Veronica, Senecio,
and others, bear a larger proportion to the New Zealand Flora than to any other Flora of equal area
and number of species, and are decidedly as variable in New Zealand as anywhere.

(c.) If we turn to the sparingly diffused and endemic genera, the same want of any recognizable
relations between extent of geographical distribution, number of species, and their variation, prevails,
rendering vain any attempt to characterize them by such general terms as shall convey a more ac-
curate or definite idea, than, that in whatever light we regard them they are all very variable; the

absolutely local and well-marked genera, as Alseuosmia, Hoheria, and Carmichelia, being quite as

much as or more so than the others. This leads to the last remark.

(d.) Are the New Zealand plants more variable than those of other countries? This it is almost
impossible to answer, except by giving the general impressions (and such are but too often fallacious)
received during my examinations; and may, I conceive, be better put thus—Have I had compara-
tively more difficulty in working out New Zealand plants than those of other countries to whose
floras I have paid equal attention? I here again find almost insuperable obstacles to a direct an-
swer. If I have met with fewer difficulties in other floras, as in those of Tasmania, Europe, and the
Antarctic regions, it may be because my materials were better, and more assistance was available
from my predecessors, and not because the species were less variable; again, if I have met with un-
usual difficulties in the New Zealand Flora, it is certainly in a great measure to be accounted for by
the very great natural obstacles in the way of a right understanding of the Natural Orders, genera,
and species, some of which I have mentioned at p. xxvii. Upon the whole, I do think that the
New Zealand genera are in proportion to their numbers more variable than those of other countries
whose botany I have investigated, whether insular or continental ; but I do not wish to express this
opinion so decidedly as to warrant any conclusion being drawn from it.

In the British Flora I find fully seventy widely distributed genera (out of about 512) containing
species as variable proportionally as any in New Zealand, besides many others containing but one or
two very sportive species.

In Tasmania and Australia some of the largest genera (as Eucalyptus) are the most protean in
every point of view, the older individuals of each species not only differing widely from the younger,
but also from each other in stature, habit, and botanical characters. In Acacia, on the other hand,
while the young states of many individual species differ from the old as much as in Eucalyptus, the
latter are easily limited by constant characters in most important organs. In a third immense
endemic Australian genus, Banksia, the species are very local, and constant as to form; whilst in a
fourth equally large and almost equally local genus of the same order, Persoonia, the species vary

* Except, indeed, we admit with many excellent botanists, and perhaps with all our best ones, that the ma-
jority of the European species are reducible to a very few.

INTRODUCTORY ESSAY. XXXIX

much. Enough has been adduced to show that this subject is most difficult and obscure, and I may
add that it is one in which hasty generalization from first impressions has given rise to much error.

2. Genera whose species alter in form or habit. These are—Hymenanthera, Pittosporum, Plagi-
anthus, Melicope, Discaria, Edwardsia, Carmichelia, Ackama, Panag, Aralia, Carpodetus, Coprosma,
Parsonsia, Olea, Weinmannia, Dammara, Thuja, Podocarpus, Dacrydium, Phyllocladus, Rhipogonum.

Many of the above vary so remarkably that botanists have been greatly puzzled by the abnormal
forms they present: thus a state of Hymenanthera crassifolia has been referred to Goodenia, one
species of Weinmannia has been made into two genera, and an Olea has been converted into a
Metrosideros. Some states of Plagianthus urticinus and of Carpodetus serratus (plants of two very
different Natural Orders) are almost undistinguishable, and so are Hymenanthera crassifolia and
Pittosporum obcordatum; so also Melicytus micranthus, Panag anomala, and Melicope simplex,
are often so extremely like one another in foliage as to be confounded when in a dry state. With
regard to Carmichelia, Ackama, Weinmannia, most of the Araliacee, Coprosma, Parsonsia, and
some of the Pines, the variation is greatest in amount between old and young plants; but with
Discaria, Hymenanthera, Pittosporum, some species of Coprosma, Olea, and many Pines, there seems
to be no law, abnormally formed organs appearing on the same branches with normal ones.

From the above list it would appear that variability of this nature is most frequent amongst
more or less endemic genera and species, but whether in this respect the New Zealand Flora is more
variable than others I have not proved. The Yew, Cedar, Holly, Ivy, and especially Furze and
Juniper, perhaps vary in Europe as much as, or more than, the above; but it is difficult to appre-
ciate the amount of variability in a familiar object. On the whole I am inclined to think that the
New Zealand Flora is remarkable for the number of plants which vary thus, but that this peculiarity
is rendered conspicuous by the prevalence of Conifere and Araliacee, which are variable in all parts
of the world.

FLORA

OF

NEW ZU Ab AN.

I nave long felt earnestly desirous of promoting a love and knowledge of the Science of
Botany in those English Colonies which it has been my good fortune to visit; and the
present work offers me in part an opportunity of doing so; for though it was called for by
professed Botanists, and is therefore more scientific than a popular Flora should be, I have
added to the technical characters such English descriptions as will enable the resident to
name his plants, and 1 have written these in the simplest language that can be applied to
Botany. To make my object clearer, 1 shall, before commencing, explain the nature and
character of this work, and, addressing myself more especially to the Colonist, point out
what is the course he should pursue in commencing the study of Botany.

I have endeavoured to give, m ‘The Flora of New Zealand,’ accurate descriptions of all
the Flowering Plants and Ferns, natives of the three islands, with their localities, and some
general information respecting them. The Mosses, Hepaticee, Lichens, Fungi, etc., are so
numerous, and objects of so special a study, that they cannot all be described. As the
greater proportion of them are common to other countries, and published in other works,
few, except new species, will be characterized or figured here; but all will be introduced
with references, their habitats, and additional information where necessary.

The state of botanical science demands Latin descriptions of the plants: this is all
that Botanists require; but I have invariably added, in English, as much as will enable the
Colonist to identify them, provided he knows the rudiments of Botany. Although England
holds so many more Colonies than any other nation, of none has a Flora been published: I
. know from experience how great a desideratum this is, and I have heard the want deplored
in Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand, especially. The Great Exhibition of 1851 has
forcibly shown this, the vegetable productions of our Colonies being almost invariably so
badly named, that the often valuable information given with them, and collected at great
cost and trouble, is, in most cases of novelty, useless in England.

dd

2 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND.

It will be my endeavour to remedy this defect, as far as New Zealand is concerned ;
but I fear there are difficulties at the outset, which will deter many from taking advantage
of my attempt. In the first place, it is impossible to write Botanical descriptions which a
person ignorant of Botany can understand; although it is supposed by many unacquainted
with science, that this can and should be done. Such persons would allow that it requires
a special study, and the knowledge of various technical terms, to determine a latitude, or
measure a mountain; and they regard the proficient in these matters as profoundly learned :
they forget that no more science is required in following practically the operations of the
astronomer or surveyor, than in naming plants by artificial systems. Both are nevertheless
very useful operations, involving a certain amount of application, and the acquirement of
some technical knowledge; and are equally capable of being turned to good account upon
every occasion, though their exercise demands no high effort of the mind, and their pursuit
does not make a man scientific. On the other hand, to assign to plants their positions in
the Natural System requires an infinitely higher exercise of the faculties; and is one which,
if it does not rank with the profound abstractions of the astronomer and mathematician,
demands more study and experience than is usually supposed. If, however, I have not been
able to write down to the capacity of those unacquainted with the nature of plants, and who
will not take the trouble to gain this knowledge, I have at least endeavoured to avoid all
unnecessary technicalities and repetitions, and to give, as briefly as possible, such infor-
mation as will identify a plant.

I would strongly recommend the beginner first to acquire the scientific names of
a few conspicuous New Zealand plants, either through some friend, or by aid of the
native names (whose imperfection I extremely regret), or by the figures, or the notes
appended to the descriptions; and to observe which of them are European. Then let him
take any elementary work, and refer these plants to their Natural Orders, of which the cha-
racters should be studied carefully, and a complete knowledge acquired of the relations and
uses of each part. Take, for instance, “ Puawhananga," the first plant in this book: it
is well known, and impossible to be mistaken: it belongs to an English Natural Order
a description of which will be found in Dr. Lindley’s ‘School Botany,’ and should be
studied with the plant. By repeating this operation several times, the student will in-
sensibly acquire a knowledge of the New Zealand Flora, for the study of one leads to the
determination of many.

I have not given the characters of the Natural Orders, as a knowledge of them belongs
rather to the grammar of Botany, and they are not necessary for scientific Botanists ; but I shall
append to the Introduction an English Synopsis of the New Zealand ones. In the meanwhile,
the beginner should possess himself of Dr. Lindley’s ‘ Vegetable Kingdom*;” and, to master

* -A very thick octavo volume, with admirable woodcuts, and full descriptions, written in the simplest lan-
guage, of all the Natural Orders, their relations, uses, distribution, etc. The price is 30s., that of the ‘School
Botany,’ 5s. 6d., and that of the * Elements of Botany,’ 12s. It is much to be desired that these and similar works
be added to colonial schools and public libraries. Dr. Balfour’s ‘ Manual’ costs 12s. 6d.

FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 3

the rudiments of the science, also of his ‘ School Botany’ and ‘Elements of Botany,’ or of
Dr. Balfour’s * Manual; works that will afford him every facility for acquiring a thorough
elementary knowledge- of the subject. One prominent but unavoidable drawback will
appear common to the three latter books—their being illustrated by numerous woodcuts
of English, and not of New Zealand plants: this objection is, however, more apparent
than real, for a garden will supply many of the deficiencies, and the task of seeking for
allied wild plants in lieu of the others will prove very instructive.

It remains to say something of the plan I have followed, and to explain some common
abbreviations which look puzzling. The arrangement is according to the Natural System.
A Latin description of the genus is given, for the use of Botanists: the letters imme-
diately following the generic name indicate the author who first proposed it. Of these,
“DC.” is very common, and stands for the late A. P. De Candolle, an eminent Genevese
Professor of Botany, who was the author of the first eight volumes of the only good general
work on Systematic Botany which was ever carried out on the Natural System, and which
is now being continued by his son Alphonse, and other authors. “Br.” indicates Mr.
Robert Brown, the greatest botanist of this or any other age, and who is known wherever
science is appreciated: he is Keeper of the Botanical Collections in the British Museum,
and accompanied Captain Flinders's voyage of survey to Australia in 1801. “L.” or * Linn.”
always stands for Linneus, and “Juss.” for Antoine Laurent de Jussieu, who is regarded
as the systematizer of the Natural Orders of plants. To the Latin generic character succeeds
a popular English description, containing only so much technical matter as shall enable the
New Zealand student to determine to which genus his plant belongs. What accompanies
this is intended to convey some idea of the importance of the genus, relatively to the New
Zealand Flora, and to the Vegetable Kingdom in general; containing also general information
concerning its distribution, the origin of its name (which frequently helps to impress it on
the memory), and often more abstruse matter, intended only for the proficient in Botany.

Under the Genera, the species are arranged and described, first in Latin*, with quo-
tations of a limited number of the authors who have previously described each. Of these,
the following are the most important. Sir Joseph Banks and Dr. Solander visited the
Northern Island during Cook’s first voyage, and made magnificent collections, which, with
a series of drawings and manuscripts, are now deposited in the British Museum: they pub-
lished no general account of their discoveries, but descriptions of many were contributed to
various authors. The two Forsters (father and son) accompanied Cook’s second voyage,
and the plants then collected were briefly and insufficiently described by Dr. Sparrmann, in
a work called ‘Forster’s Prodromus. M. A. Richard published a work in Paris, from the
materials collected during Admiral D'Urville's voyage in 1827. In 1837 the late Mr. Allan
Cunningham (Colonial Botanist at Sydney), having visited the Bay of Islands and adjacent
coasts (as his brother Richard had also previously done), drew up a ‘Prodromus Flore

* Except in the case of some plants, so very common, that the botanist, for whom the Latin descriptions are
intended, requires none.

B 2

4 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND.

Nova Zelandiz,’ containing the names of all the plants then known to inhabit the islands,
and descriptions of many: this was published by fragments in the ‘Companion to the
Botanical Magazine,’ and ‘Annals of Natural History of London,’ about the year 1839.
“DC. Prodr." refers to De Candolle’s * Prodromus, the great work alluded to above as
designed to describe all known plants. M. Raoul’s ‘Choix des Plantes’ is a beautifully
illustrated book on the new plants brought by himself from the Bay of Islands and Banks’
Peninsula, in 1848. These, and the ‘Flora Antarctica,’ which comprises all the plants of
Lord Auckland’s Group and Campbell’s Island (collected during Sir James Ross's Antarctic
Voyage in 1839-43), are the principal works referred to. I have, as far as possible, avoided
quoting pages, etc., except where there is some object for doing so; as in cases of doubt
with regard to the identity of the plant described with the name quoted, or when the work
in question contains a good figure, or matter worth consulting relative to the species. It is
impossible to define what works should or should not be quoted, under the various species ;
but quotations in detail are often a waste of time and space, when appended to what ought
to be a sufficient description.

Habitats follow the Latin character, and these, too, I have curtailed as much as possible.
We are very far from having even a tolerable knowledge of the distribution of species in
New Zealand; and of about six to seven hundred flowering plants, fully two-thirds have
been gathered by five or six collectors, and one-half by twenty or thirty; for the number of
small collections that have been formed at a few places is very great. Of plants which are
evidently common throughout the islands, I mention the discoverers only: these are gene-
rally Banks and Solander, or Forster. I name the more recent collectors only when they
are discoverers, or detectors of rare plants in new or remarkable localities. Amongst these,
Mr. Bidwill, and the Rev. William Colenso, stand prominently forward ; as do Drs. Sinclair,
Dieffenbach, and Lyall; but it must not be supposed that because their names appear com-
paratively seldom, they made small collections ; they have, on the contrary, contributed most
of the common plants, as well as many new and rare ones. One very important con-
sideration, namely, elevation above the sea, is never alluded to in these habitats; and it is
a serious desideratum I would recommend the plan of carefully determining elevations
by the temperature of boiling water, as amply sufficient for all botanical purposes*. This is
an entirely new and most interesting field for investigation with reference to the New Zealand
Flora, and will amply repay investigation. Of Alpine plants I have very few indeed, and
the lofty mountains of the Northern Island appear to be comparatively poor in species; for -
the collectors who have visited Tongariro, Mount Egmont, etc., all bring the same plants,
which are also, in many cases, natives of the level of the sea much further south, as at
Dusky Bay. It must be borne in mind, that though New Zealand is luxuriantly clothed
with vegetation, it possesses remarkably few kinds of plants; the little island of Tasmania
has nearly twice as many flowering plants, though fewer flowerless ones. These questions,

* These should be calculated from the mean height of the barometer at the level of the sea, for the month : it
is seldom sufficient to assume that element, or to take the mean annual height for it.

FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 5

relative to the geographical distribution of the genera and orders, will be treated of separately
in the Introduction to this work. Such habitats as “ Bay of Islands,” “ Auckland,” “ Canter-
bury,” must be taken as implying a radius of twenty to forty miles; and I am often perplexed
by collectors sending as localities the names of insignificant hamlets or streams, which are
not to be found in attainable maps, and convey no meaning whatever: these are often
attached to the commonest plants, but sometimes to scarce and local ones. Lastly, I have
not found it necessary to quote my own collections, which were made at the Bay of Islands
in 1841, and include 250 to 300 species of flowering plants. I have added the native
name wherever I have one on what I suppose sufficiently good authority to render its re-
cognition probable; but the differences of dialect, pronunciation, and spelling are so great,
and have confused me so much, that I have little hope of giving satisfaction to the New
Zealand scholar, especially as I am not acquainted with the language; but if the publication
of one such name out of five assists the student in the determination of a plant, I shall feel
that the labour of collecting them has not been in vain.

An English description of very variable length and importance concludes the account
of each species. Where the genus contains only one species, a sufficient description will
often be found under that of the genus; where many, the chief and diagnostic characters
are generally sufficient. In many cases a few words answer the purpose of a long descrip-
tion, as, for example, with the first plant in the book, Clematis indivisa: supposing the
student to have referred it to its proper genus, the size of the flowers will sufficiently identify
its species; while to introduce a complete history of each plant would increase the work
beyond all reasonable bounds, and serve no useful purpose.

In conclusion, let me assure those who have time and inclination to take up the study
of Botany, that the difficulties are more apparent than real; and that he who overcomes
them, relying on his own resources, will thereafter make more rapid progress than the
tutored pupil. I would also recommend that the knowledge obtained, be fixed, accumulated
and distributed, by forming and naming collections of dried plants, and depositing them in
public and private colonial schools and libraries.

During a residence of some years in our colonies and foreign possessions, I have ob-
served that the residents are invariably anxious to acquire the names of the plants around
them: they regret not having learnt the rudiments of Botany in their youth, and are most
desirous that their children should be instructed in them ; feeling that their practical know-
ledge, however accurate and extensive, is useless beyond their own sphere. On my return
to England I was no less struck with the fact (which, as a juror, was prominently brought
before me), that for want of a little botanical knowledge on the part of the exhibitors, large
collections of vegetable produce, sent to the Great Exhibition, were rendered all but value-
less ;—and that, amongst these, the contributions of New Zealand were conspicuous.

Kew, April, 1852.

6 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Ranunculacez.

Nar. Orb. I. RANUNCULACEA, Juss.
Gen. I. CLEMATIS, Linn.

Sepala 4-8, wstvatione valvata. Petala 0. Stamina 6-00. Carpella plurima, in caudam plu-
mosam producta.

One of the most conspicuous and beautiful genera of New Zealand plants. It may be recognized by its
climbing or trailing habit; compound leaves; copious clusters of white or green, often sweet-scented flowers; its
perianth of six to eight linear or oblong pieces, downy, united at the margins only in bud; its numerous stamens
generally confined to the flowers of one plant; and many pistils, which after flowering are lengthened into feathery
awns. Several of the New Zealand species very closely resemble the Tasmanian. The genus, though abundant
in both these islands, and found as far south as Akaroa and Otago (lat. 46° S.), is not known to inhabit South
America beyond the thirty-sixth parallel: it prevails in the tropics and north temperate zone. C. hewasepala
differs from all its congeners in having very generally only six petals, and as many stamens. All the kinds have
many stamens on the large flowers of one plant, which is male, bearing no pistils; and but few stamens on the
flowers of other plants, which flowers are hermaphrodite and smaller. All the leaflets of the young individuals are
much cut and divided, and very variable in shape and size. (Name from xAypa, a vine-shoot, which the long branches
resemble in habit of growth.)

1. Clematis indivisa, Willd.; foliis ternatim sectis coriaceis puberulis glabratisve, foliolis 1-4-un-
cialibus longe petiolatis lineari-oblongis v. late ovato-cordatis integris sinuatis lobatisve, floribus 1-2 une.
diametr. paniculatis, pedunculis pedicellisque puberulis v. tomentosis, sepalis 6-8 late v. anguste oblongis
obtusis, staminibus 8, antheris muticis, carpellis puberulis. DC. Prodr. v. 1. p. 5. A. Rich. Flora.
A. Cunn. Prodr. Raoul, Choix de Plantes. Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4398. — C. integrifolia, Forst. Prodr.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands. Bay of Islands to Otago, abundant in the skirts of woods,
Forster, etc. Fl. October. Nat. name, * Puawhananga." (Cult. in England.)

Readily recognized by the great size of stem, leaves, and flowers, which is its main character; for, like all
the other species, it is highly variable. The trunk grows as thick as a man's arm. The flowers often whiten the
skirts of the forests from their abundance: they are one to two inches in diameter, and very sweet-scented. It is

the most common species, and far handsomer than its English congener the Traveller's Joy.

2. Clematis Colensoi, Hook. fil.; foliis ternatim sectis coriaceis, foliolis (4-1-uncialibus) longe petio-
latis ovato-cordatis sinuato-lobatis rarius integerrimis glaberrimis venosis, floribus ($ unc. diametr., foemi-
neis minoribus) paniculatis, pedunculis pubescentibus, sepalis 6 tomentosis linearibus obtusis, staminibus
in fl. 2 plurimis, 8 paucis, antheris linearibus obtusis. C. odorata, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic. Tas. I.

Has. Northern Island, sandy banks on the east coast, Banks and Solander, Colenso.

A very different-looking plant at first sight from C. indivisa, but not easily recognizable in all states: the
smaller size, cut leaves, and narrow sepals best distinguish it. The glabrous leaves, common to both, are very
coriaceous, and of a different texture from those of the four following kinds. — Prare I. C. Colensoi, male and

hermaphrodite flowers. Fig. 1 and 2, stamens; 3, a carpel :—magnified.

3. Clematis herasepala, DC. ; foliis ternatim rarius biternatim sectis, pedunculis pedicellisque glabratis,
foliolis (parvis 4 unc. longis) late ovatis ovato-cordatisve irregulariter dentatis lobatis v. fere 3-partitis,
floribus racemoso-paniculatis $ 4 g 3 unc. diametr., sepalis 6 lineari-oblongis pubescentibus, staminibus

Ranunculacee. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 7

fl. 3 00, fl. 8 6-8, antheris oblongis muticis, carpellis sericeis. DC. Prodr. v. 1. p. 5. A. Cunn. Prodr.
Lindley, Bot. Reg. v. 32. 4.44. Raoul, Choix de Plantes. O. hexapetala, Forst. Prodr.
Var. B. rutefolia; foliis biternatis bipinnatisve, foliolis 3 lin. longis.

Has. Northern Island and northern parts of the Middle Island, Forster, efe. g, Nelson, Bidwill.
Fl. November. (Cult. in England.)

The sweet-scented flowers of this plant are well known in the Colony, and have entitled it to cultivation in English
greenhouses. It is to be recognized by its small green flowers, the sepals of which are neither so small and narrow
as in C. parviflora, nor so downy as in C. fwtida, The leaves are much smaller than in either of the foregoing, more
cut, with broad, often rounded lobed leaflets. In var. 8, these are quite decompound, like Rue leaves. Dr. Lindley
proposed a generic name, Triguadria, for this, from the constant prevalence of six sepals and as many stamens in
the hermaphrodite flower ; but these characters, though constant only in this kind, prevail in the others, all of which
have few stamens and generally six sepals in the hermaphrodite, and many stamens with six to eight sepals in
the male plant.

4. Clematis parviflora, A. Cunn.; plus minusve tomentoso-pubescens pilis fulvis, foliis ternatim sectis,
foliolis (ž-uncialibus) ovato-cordatis subacutis integerrimis v. paucilobatis subtus precipue pubescentibus,
floribus in paniculam subtrichotome ramosam irregulariter dispositis parvis (4-3 unc. diametr.), sepalis
pubescentibus fl. ? anguste linearibus, filamentis gracilibus, antheris breviter obige carpellis sericeis.
A. Cunn. Prodr. Raoul, Choix de Plantes.

Has. Northern Island, abundant on the skirts of woods, 4. Cunningham, etc. Fl. November. Nat.
name, “ Poko-Poko nui-ha-ura.”

The fulvous somewhat silky pubescence of this species readily distinguishes it; as do the generally entire, rather
membranous leaflets; small flowers with very narrow sepals; and especially the broad short anthers, which are
common to this and the following only.

5. Clematis fatida, Raoul; folis ternatim sectis, foliolis (majusculis 3-14 unc. longis) ovatis ovato-
cordatisve integerrimis v. sinuato-dentatis, floribus in paniculam subtrichotome ramosam dense tomentosam
dispositis, floribus parvis (1-2 unc.), sepalis 4-6 lineari- oblongis extus dense tomentosis, filamentis gracili-
bus, antheris breviter obi us carpellis sericeis. Raoul, Choix de Plantes, p. 24. t. 22.

Var. 8? depauperata ; foliolis anguste linearibus ¿-uncialibus v. minimis 1-2 lin. longis, pedunculis
brevibus 1-floris.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands. Bay of Islands, Colenso, etc. Banks’ Peninsula, Raoul. Fl.

November. Var. 8. Lake Rotoatara, Colenso.

Very closely allied to C. parviflora, differing in the larger leaves, which are not pubescent below; and the thick
tomentum on the panicle of flowers, which extends over the sepals. M. Raoul describes the female flowers as
having no stamens, but I find them often present; he remarks, too, that the flowers are fetid. The var. 8. seems
to be a starved state of the plant; but it is in hermaphrodite flower only, and too imperfect to pronounce upon.

Gen. II. MYOSURUS, Diz.

Sepala 5, basi deorsum producta. Petala 5, ungue filiformi tubuloso. Stamina 5-00. Carpella
sicca, 1-sperma, in spicam densam fructiferam elongatam disposita.

Very small herbaceous plants, with a few linear leaves from the root; and several scapes or stems, bearing
Minute solitary flowers, and, when in fruit, short or long spikes of densely packed little seed-vessels (whence the
name, pvos ovpa, mouse-tail).

8 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Ranunculacee.

1. Myosurus aristatus, Benth.; sepalis 5 calcare brevi, staminibus 5, spica oblonga acuta 20—30-gyna,
carpellis laxe imbricatis ovatis stylo persistente recurvo subaristatis. Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot.
v. 6. p. 459. M. apetalus, Gay, Flor. Chih, v. 1. p. 81. 4.1. f. 1.

Has. East and south-east coasts of the Northern Island; on the pebbly beach near Cape Palliser, Colenso.

I can find no difference between this and the Chilian plant found by M. Gay at 11,500 feet on the Andes in
lat. 30° S., and by Mr. Bridges on the same range about 10° further south; also by M. Geyer in California.

The New Zealand specimens are very small, hardly an inch high; they have no petals, and the spur of the
sepals is short. 27. minimus, the European (and only other) species of the genus, was also found in temperate North
America and in Chili (Port Desire), by Mr. Darwin.

Gen. III. RANUNCULUS, Linn.

Sepala 4. Petala 5-10, basi foveola nectarifera instructa. Stamina et Ovaria 00. Carpella l-
sperma, in capitulum subglobosum disposita, stylo subulato persistente recto v. recurvo terminata.

A very extensive genus, and one of the few that constitutes a considerable portion of almost every temperate
flora, whether insular or continental; being rare or unknown, however, in the tropics and especially in tropical oceanic
islands, except when such have high mountains. The New Zealand species belong to three sections, all with yellow
flowers and generally divided leaves: some of them are amongst the handsomest of the genus: a few are common to
Tasmania and New Holland, others bear a very great similarity to Chilian, Fuegian, and Falkland-Island species,
but are distinct. The genus may be identified among the other New Zealand Ranunculacee, by its five to eight
yellow petals and heads of small one-seeded nuts. (Name from rana, a frog, many species growing in water.)

* Stems branched, erect, two or more flowered, more or less hairy or woolly ;—one species (R. multiscapus) has

single-flowered scapes. Carpels smooth.

1. Ranunculus insignis, Hook. fil.; erectus, robustus (4-pedalis), tomento fulvo v. rufo subsericeo
ubique dense lanatus, foliis valide petiolatis (petiolo 6-unciali) rotundatis cordatis v. reniformibus (4-8 unc.
diametr.) grosse crenato-lobatis crassis coriaceis venosis, caulinis lobatis, caule pluries diviso 00-floro, pe-
dunculis validis, floribus magnis (13 unc. latis), sepalis late oblongis dorso lanatis, petalis 5—6 obcordatis
basi foveolis 2 instructis, carpellis hirsutis densissime confertis stylo vix recurvo gracili terminatis. Tas. IT.

Has. Northern Island. Mountains of Ruahine, Tongariro, and Hikurangi, Colenso.

This magnificent plant may be known at once by its great size (2—4 feet high), stout habit, the dense
woolly clothing of all parts (except the petals) which turns red in drying; the rounded leaves 8-10 inches across,
of a very thick texture; large flowers as broad as a halfpenny, of a bright yellow; the two pits at the base of the
petals, and the long styles to the fruit.—PrATE II. Fig. 1, petal; 2, stamen; 3, pistil; 4, head of carpels; 5,
carpel :—all but fig. A magnified.

2. Ranunculus nivicola, Hook.; erectus, 2-3-pedalis, pilis longis hirsutus v. glabratus, foliis longe pe-
tiolatis 3-5 unc. latis reniformi-cordatis rotundatisve profunde 3-7-lobis, lobis lato-cuneatis inciso-crenatis,
caulinis paucis laciniatis, caule paniculatim ramoso, floribus magnis (1$ unc. diametr.), sepalis 5 dorso hir-
sutis, petalis 10-15 cuneato-obcordatis basi fovea nectarifera instructis, carpellis glabris stylo recto apice
uncinato terminatis. Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 511, 572.

Haz. Northern Island. Mount Egmont, near the perpetual snow, alt. 7000 feet, Diefenbach.

A very handsome species, but smaller than R. insignis and fewer-flowered. Easily distinguished by its spreading
hairs when these are present, which are soft and silky, chiefly clothing the underside of leaf and stalks and the
flower-stalks. "The flowers are almost as large as those of R. insignis, but the petals are very numerous, much nar-
rower, and have only one nectariferous pit at the base; they are notched at the top.

Ranunculaceae. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 9

3. Ranunculus geraniifolius, Hook. fil.; gracilis, caulescens, 1-13-pedalis, parce hirsutus v. glabratus,
foliis longe petiolatis 2 unc. latis orbiculari-reniformibus ultra medium 3—5-partitis segmentis cuneatis
sublobatis crenatis, caulinis linearibus, caule diviso paucifloro, pedunculis elongatis hirsutis, floribus
a-l unc. diametr., sepalis 6-8 dorso pilosis, petalis 8-10 lineari-oblongis apice rotundatis basi fovea necta-
rifera instructis, carpellis glabris stylo recto apice uncinato terminatis. Ta». III.

Has. Northern Island. By rills from the snow of the Ruahine mountains, Colenso.

Whole plant slender, smaller and more graceful than R. nivicola, easily distinguished by the cut leaves,
which are deeply divided into lobes, and are only two to three inches across ; by the few flowers, with many narrow
petals rounded (not notched) at the top, and by the smooth nuts. The leaves much resemble those of many
Geraniums. —PLATE III. Fig. 1, petal; 2, stamen; 3, pistil; 4, head of carpels; 5, carpel :—all but fig. 4
magnified,

4. Ranunculus plebeius, Br.; patentim pilosus v. glabratus, caule erecto diviso, foliis longe petiolatis
3-sectis segmentis sessilibus v. petiolatis oblongo-cuneatis varie 3—5-lobis crenato-dentatis, caulinis con-
formibus supremis sessilibus, pedunculis suleatis, floribus parvis (4 unc. diametr.), sepalis 5 reflexis
patentim pilosis, petalis 5 obovato-cuneatis apice rotundatis basi fovea nectarifera instructis, carpellis late
obovatis compressis marginatis, stylo brevi uncinato, receptaculo piloso. DC. Prodr. v. 1. p.39. R. acris et
R. plebeius, 4. Cunn. Prodr. R. acris, A. Rich. Flora.

Has. Northern Island. Common at the Bay of Islands and Auckland, ete., especially near inhabited
places, Cunningham, ete.

Very similar to the R. repens of Europe and North America, and referred to R. acris by A. Richard, and
in part by A. Cunningham, in whose collection, however, there are no specimens so named. Tt is characterized
by its erect, slender habit; very hairy stems and leaves, which latter are cut into narrow segments; small flowers ;
and smooth flattened carpels, with a thick margin, and short hooked style. The same plant is found in Australia,
where it is generally more hairy, and has larger flowers; also in the interior of South Africa, from mountainous
districts. It is so similar to specimens of R. repens, from various parts of the world, that I doubted its proving dis-
tinct; the small flowers are its most conspicuous character. The leaves have usually petiolate divisions, and are
not palmate, as in R. acris. De Candolle says (Systema, vol. i. p. 186) that R. repens often wants flagella or
scions, and is wholly erect. The receptacles are hairy in the New Zealand plant, and the peduncles furrowed.

5. Ranunculus Arius, Banks et Sol.; patentim pilosus v. villosus, subscapigerus, caule debili erecto
diviso, foliis radicalibus plurimis longe petiolatis trisectis, junioribus 3-lobis, foliolis sessilibus v. petiolatis
late ovatis 3-5-dentatis lobatisve rarius 3-sectis, caulinis paucis angustioribus, pedunculis gracilibus fruc-
tiferis suleatis patentim villosis glabratisve, floribus 1 lin. ad + unc. diametr., sepalis petalisque 5-8, re-
ceptaculo carpellisque ut in R. plebeio. DC. Prodr. v. 1. p. 39. A. Cunn. Prodr.

Has. Northern Island, abundant, Banks and Solander, ete.

I have applied the name of R. hirtus to this plant with some doubt, the styles of the achenia being invariably
hooked, not straight, as described by DC. Mr. Cunningham calls the same plant Airtus, and describes the styles as
straight, though those of his specimens are hooked, as are the original ones of Banks and Solander in the British
Museum. It appears to be the same as R. pimpinellifolius, Flook., of Tasmania, and may easily be known by its
hairiness ; the numerous radical leaves, with broad segments, which are lobed, and not deeply cut as in R. plebeius ;
and by its stems being more sparingly divided and slender, like scapes. In alpine districts it becomes a low,
stunted, and very villous plant, like the variety vestitus of R. pimpinellifolius (Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 260), the leaves
also being pinnately divided.

6. Ranunculus multiscapus, Hook. fil.; parvulus, scapigerus, sericeo-pilosus v. glabratus, foliis omnibus
C

10 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. | Ranunculacee.

radicalibus plurimis 4-2 unc. longis longe petiolatis trifidis trilobis tripartitisve, segmentis late obovatis
v. cuneatis obtusis integerrimis v. grosse crenatis, scapis plurimis erectis demum curvatis teretibus appresse
sericeo-pilosis foliis plerumque longioribus, floribus solitariis parvis 2-4 lin. diametr., sepalis 5 patenti-
recurvis pilosis, petalis 5-6 oblongis obtusis basi fovea nectarifera instructis, receptaculo piloso, carpellis
compressis marginatis stylo uncinato terminatis. Tas. V.

Var. a; sericeo-pilosa, foliis integris lobatis crenatisve basi cuneatis v. cordatis, scapis plurimis
elongatis.

Var. 8; sericeo-pilosa, foliis 3-sectis, segmentis ovatis cuneatisve, scapis plurimis elongatis v. petiolum
eeguantibus.

Var. y; coriaceo-carnosa, pilosa v. glabrata, foliis cordatis trilobis rarius integris, scapis paucis folio
brevioribus.

Haz. Northern and Middle Islands. East coast and interior, in various localities ; also on the moun-
tains, Colenso. Canterbury, Lyall. Var. y. Mountains; Tetiokara; Hawkes Bay, Colenso.

A small species, never exceeding four to five inches in height, very variable in habit. Characteristic specimens
are covered with appressed or spreading silky hairs. Leaves all from the root, half an inch long or so, entire or lobed
or divided into three segments to the base in large specimens, which then resemble R. žirtus. Scapes many, slender,
erect, spreading laterally, and curving when in fruit. Flowers and fruit as in R. hirtus. In the variety y, the
whole plant is very fleshy, with scattered spreading hairs and but few short scapes, the flowers befng actually sunk
among the leaves. It appears a very different species, but I have many specimens showing how the common form
becoming stunted and less hairy passes into the var. y—Puare V. Fig. 1, flower; 2, petal; 3, stamen; 4 and 5,
carpels :—all magnified.

** Stems generally creeping; whole plant perfectly smooth. Flowers usually solitary on scapes. Carpels smooth.

7. Ranunculus macropus, Hook. fil.; glaberrimus, repens ?, caule crasso elongato erecto parce ramoso,
foliis longissime petiolatis flabelliformi 3-5-sectis circumscriptione late reniformibus (2-3 unc. diametr.),
segmentis elongato-cuneatis inciso-crenatis, pedunculis oppositifoliis elongatis 1-floris, sepalis 5 concavis
membranaceis, petalis 5-7 obovato-cuneatis sepalis 3 longioribus abbreviatisve brevi-unguiculatis basi fovea
nectarifera instructis, carpellis glaberrimis receptaculo tumido insertis immarginatis, stylo recto. Hook. fil.
im Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 634.

Has. East coast of the Northern and Middle Islands, growing in pools and marshes. Poverty Bay,
Colenso. Canterbury, Lyall.

Plants one to two feet long, quite smooth and succulent. Petioles sometimes eighteen inches long. Leaves
reniform, 3—5-parted. Flowers small, yellow, on long peduncles from the axils of the leaves; sepals concave, blunt ;
petals sometimes very small and almost wanting (as figured in the “Tcones Plantarum’), generally five to seven,
linear-oblong, blunt, yellow. Receptacle swollen as if inflated, covered with smooth carpels that have nearly straight
styles.

8. Ranunculus incisus, Hook. fil.; glaberrimus, caule repente surculoso parce ramoso ramis erectis
rarius simplici erecto, foliis longe petiolatis in segmentis 3-7 lineari-cuneatis inciso-lobatis palmatim sectis,
pedunculis axillaribus elongatis unifloris, sepalis patentibus concavis obtusis, petalis 5-8 lineari-oblongis in
unguem productis fovea nectarifera basi instructis, carpellis tumidis stylo brevi v. elongato recto v. curvato
subulato terminatis. Tan. IV.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands. East coast, Colenso. Banks’ Peninsula, Raoul. Canterbury
and Otago, Lyall.

A small species, very slender when 6—8 inches high, generally only 3-4. Sometimes erect, or, probably

Ranunculacee. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 11

when growing in wet places, with creeping surculose stems. Petioles 2-6 inches long. Leaves 1 inch broad,
divided to the base into narrow cut lobes. Flowers $—1 inch across, on erect peduncles, which are generally solitary
on the short erect stems. Petals five to seven, bright yellow, very narrow, blunt. Carpels turgid, with a rather
long straight or curved style. This species is closely allied to R. rivularis. —PLAtE IV. Fig. 1, flower; 2, petal;
3, stamen; 4, pistil; 5, ripe carpel :—all magnified.

9. Ranunculus rivularis, Banks et Sol.; parvulus, glaberrimus, repens v. subnatans, foliis longe petio-
latis 3-partitis segmentis cuneatis 3-fidis 3-lobisve incisis, pedunculis oppositifoliis 1-floris elongatis v.
abbreviatis, floribus parvis 2-3 lin. latis, sepalis membranaceis, petalis linearibus foveola nectarifera in-
structis, carpellis plurimis immarginatis stylo recto terminatis. DO. Prodr. v. 1. p. 34. A. Cunn. Prodr.
Raoul, Choix de Plantes.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands, as far south as Banks’ Peninsula; abundant in marshy places
and in rivers.

A small, slender, perfectly smooth species, often floating on the surface of rivers, etc. Stems 6—8 inches long,
flexuose, rooting at the joints, where leaves and short stems are given off. .Petioles very slender, 2-4 inches long.
Leaves 4—6 lines broad, almost orbicular in outline, cut into narrow cuneiform deeply trifid lobes. Stems weak,
usually as long as the petioles. Peduncles opposite the leaves, solitary, erect, 1 inch long. Flowers small, 2-3
lines broad, pale yellow. Carpels numerous, turgid, with a short nearly straight style.

10. Ranunculus acaulis, Banks et Sol.; pusillus, glaberrimus, sarmentosus, foliis longe petiolatis cor-
datis 3-sectis, foliolis subpetiolatis late ovatis obtusis integris v. lobatis, scapis solitariis foliis subeeguilongis,
sepalis 3-5 ovatis obtusis, petalis 6-8 spathulatis obtusis medio nectariferis, carpellis paucis turgidis stylo
recto subulato terminatis. DC. Prodr. v.1. p. 84. A. Cunn. Prodr. Fl. Antarct. v. 1. p. 4. t. 9.

Haz. Abundant in moist places, Banks and Solander, etc.

The smallest New Zealand species in stature; of a thick texture. Stems creeping, as in the former species.
Leaves cut into three broad, blunt, entire or lobed divisions. Flowers on solitary scapes, which are usually shorter
than the leaves. Petals five to eight, spathulate, yellow, 1 line long, nectary forming a pit about the middle.
Carpels few, turgid, with a nearly straight sharp style. This plant is found as far south as Lord Auckland’s Islands.

*** Carpels rough or warted.

11. Ranunculus sessiliflorus, Br.; gracillimus, pubescens, caulibus prostratis filiformibus, foliis petiolatis
orbicularibus v. reniformibus integris dentatis v. 3-5-partitis lobis obtusis, floribus minimis in axillis folio-
rum superiorum sessilibus, sepalis petalisque 5 equilongis, carpellis compressis muricatis stylo brevissimo
uncinato terminatis. DC. Prodr. v. 1. p. 42.

Haz. Northern Island, Colenso.

lam not aware whence Mr. Colenso procured this curious little plant: it is by far the most slender New
Zealand species of the genus. Stems, of which generally but few are given off from the root, slender, thread-like,
Prostrate. Leaves chiefly radical, always on petioles 1—4 inches long, the blade 4 inch broad, more or less hairy,
entire or three-lobed. — Sfem-leaves on very short stalks, small. Flowers very minute, yellow, solitary at the axils
of the leaves, the upper one appearing terminal, the branch being hardly produced beyond it. Sepals and petals
of equal length. Carpels flattened, rough on the sides with small tubercles. This plant is also a native of various
parts of Australia.

Oss. The Ranunculus pinguis and subscaposus, of Lord Auckland’s Group and Campbell’s Island, may both be
expected to be found on the lofty mountains of the Middle Island. A twelfth New Zealand species has been discovered
by Mr. Colenso on the Ruahine Mountains, but the specimens are too imperfect for description. The erect stems
have long hairs; leaves radical, on long petioles, much divided into branching linear segments.

C 2

12 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Magnoliacea.

Gen. IV. CALTHA, Pers.

Sepala 5, colorata, petaloidea. Petala 0. Stamina 00. Ovaria 5-10. Carpella compressa,
patentia, 1-locularia, 00-sperma.

Hitherto this genus, though found in Chili and Fuegia, was unknown in the southern hemisphere of the Old
World. Several species are common to Europe and North America, two are found in the Himalaya Mountains,
and three others in the southern extreme of America. None have been discovered in Van Diemen’s Land. The pre-
sent species is an instance of the similarity that exists amongst the productions of the opposite temperate
regions. It is distinguished from Ranunculus most obviously by its many-seeded carpels. (Name from xahados, a
cup, which the flowers of the European species resemble.)

1. Caltha Nove-Zelandie, Hook. fil.; pusilla, foliis longe petiolatis late oblongis integerrimis v. ob-
scure sinuato-crenatis profunde sagittatis appendicibus sursum inflexis apice rotundatis emarginatis v. bi-
lobis, scapo 1-floro, sepalis 5-7 deciduis linearibus, staminibus 00, carpellis sub-7, seminibus plurimis.
Tas. VI.

Has. Northern Island. Tops of the Ruahine Mountains, Colenso.

A small succulent herb, with radical spreading leaves, and a single one-flowered short erect scape. Pe-
tioles stout, 1-3 inches long, with broad membranous sheathing bases; lamina 3-1 inch broad, oblong or
almost fiddle-shaped, deeply cut into two inflexed lobes at the base, the apex rounded, notched, or two-lobed.
Flowers yellow, 3-1 inch broad. Sepals five to seven, linear, rather acute. Stamens numerous. Ovaries about as
many as the sepals, broadly ovate, gibbous, with a hooked short style and many ovules.—In foliage this is most
nearly allied to Caltha sagittata of Fuegia, and in its curious long petals to C. appendiculata of the same country; it
is, in fact, intermediate between these species.—PrATE VI. Fig. 1, flower; 2, sepal; 3, stamen; 4, ovary; 5, head
of carpels; 6, capsule :—all but fig. 5 magnified.

Nar. Og». II. MAGNOLIACEA, DC.
Gen. I. DRIMYS, Forst. a

Carpella baccata, polysperma. Filamenta apice incrassata, antherarum loculis discretis.

The only New Zealand species forms a small evergreen slender tree, 10-30 feet high, with black bark;
branching at the top and leafy ; very aromatic and peppery in all parts; growing generally in dense forests. Leaves
variable in size, 1-6 inches long, elliptical-ovate, blunt, on short petioles, quite entire, bright green above, purplish
or glaucous below, midrib hairy at the back. Flowers small, axillary or from scars on the branchlets, solitary or
two or three together; pedicels 1—4 lines long, slender. Calyx, a three- to six-lobed disc. Petals six, unequal,
linear, 2-3 lines long. Stamens eight to ten, in several series. Ovaries about three, sessile, one-celled, with several
ovules. Fruit of one to three berries; each as large as a pepper-corn, containing five to six angled seeds. (Name
from Opis, pungent.)

1. Drimys avillaris, Forster. DC. Prodr. v. 1. p. 78. 4. Rich. Flora. A. Cunn. Prodr. Hook.
Te. Plant. t. 576. D. colorata, Raoul, Choix de Plantes, p. 24. t. 23.

Has. Throughout the islands; abundant in forests, Forster, etc. Fl. November. Fr. May, June.
Nat. name, “ Horopito," Colenso. (Cult. in England.)

The nearest allies of this plant are the D. Winteri (or Winter's Bark) of Fuegia, and the Tasmannia aromatica
of Van Diemen’s Land, which are its representatives in those countries respectively. Al are highly aromatic,
whence the medicinal use of the D. Winteri as a stomachic and antiscorbutic (Fl. Antarct. vol. ii. p. 229), and the
economic value of Tasmannia, which was used as pepper by the early colonists of Van Diemen’s Land. I cannot
distinguish the D. colorata of M. Raoul from Forster’s plant.

Crucifere.] FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 13

Nar. Oro. III. CRUCIFERA.
Gen. I. CARDAMINE, Linn.

Siliqua linearis; valvis planis subenerviis, seepe elastice desilientibus. Semina ovata, immarginata ;
cotyledonibus accumbentibus.

Slender herbs, with small white flowers, and long narrow many-seeded pods, having sharp styles and faintly
veined elastic valves. They taste strongly of cress, and one (C. hirsuta) makes a good salad. The genus is abundant
in all temperate climates : many beautiful species inhabit Tasmania. (Name from kapdıa, the heart, and apao, to for-
tify ; from its stomachic properties.)

1. Cardamine hirsuta, Linn. Fl. Antarct. v. 1. p. 5, and v. 2. p. 232. C. debilis, Banks et Sol. DC.
Prodr. A. Rich. Flora. A. Cunn. Prodr. Sisymbrium heterophyllum, Forster, Prodr. p. 64.

Has. Most abundant throughout the islands, Forster, etc. Nat. name, “ Panapana,” Colenso.

This common New Zealand species is abundant all over the world except in the hottest climates, and extremely
variable everywhere; its distribution is dwelt upon in the “Flora Antarctica,” though I there left it doubtful whether
the New Zealand plant was the same as C. hirsuta of Europe, etc.: I am now sure it is so, being unable to trace any
distinction, however slight, between the common New Zealand and Scotch form. And I also now consider the Lord
Auckland Group C. corymbosa to be a mere variety of the same.

In its common form, this is a weak straggling plant 12 to 18 inches high, branching below, smooth or hairy,
with unequally pinnate leaves; the lobes in two to eight pair, rounded or oblong, entire, sinuate or lobed, sessile or
stalked, crowded or remote. Flowers white, seldom above 2 lines across. Pods slender, 3-13 inch long, tapering
into a short style. Seeds rich yellow-brown.—The “English Botany’ figure (t. 492) represents exactly a very
common New Zealand state, with oblong sinuate-dentate pinnules: the var. sylvatica of Europe is most common
on the Middle Island: var. B, subcarnosa, of Fl. Antarctica, is found in humid places. Mr. Colenso has collected
a very stunted form, an inch or so high, with rarely more than one lobe on the leaf and a one-flowered stem. On
the whole, perhaps, the plant is best recognized by its taste of cress.

2. Cardamine divaricata, Hook. fil.; elata, erecta, subramosa, glaberrima, foliis inferioribus saltem
petiolatis lineari-oblongis subacutis integerrimis sinuato-dentatisve rarissime subpinnatifidis supremis sessi-
libus hastatis, floribus albis (luteisve ?) mediocribus, siliguis patentibus strictis linearibus in stylo attenuatis,
Valvis venosis, seminibus parvis compressis rufis punctatis. Sisymbrium divaricatum, Banks et Sol. Herb.
et Ic,

Has. Northern Island. Oporaga, Banks and Solander. Auckland, Sinclair, Lyall. Bay of Islands,
4. Cunn, Nat. name, * Matangoa,” Hügel,

A smooth slender plant, two to three feet high, sparingly branched and leaved. Leaves two to four inches
long, all, or the lower only, with petioles which sheath at the base ; upper sessile and hastate; all of them linear-
oblong, waved or toothed at the margin, rarely more cut, and almost pinnatifid. Flowers white in some specimens,
and in Banks’s collection of drawings and other dried specimens yellowish ; two to three lines broad. Pods numerous,
Spreading, 1-14 inch long, half a line broad, pedicellate, straight, flat, rather suddenly tapering into a straight
slender style, one to two lines long; valves veined. Seeds compressed, oblong, small, of a pale rich yellow-brown
colour, deeply pitted. Very closely allied to Cardamine stylosa, DC. (Arabis gigantea, Hook. Yo. Plant. t. 259),
and only distinguished by its smaller size, and much smaller seeds, which are of a different colour, and less deeply
pitted. In Herb. Cunn. this plant is referred to Sinapis tenujfolia, and Baron Hiigel is given as authority for
the native name.

14 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. | Crucifere.

Gen. II. NASTURTIUM, Br.

Siliqua teretiuscula, abbreviata, curvata v. declinata. Stigma subbilobum. Calyz patens, basi sequalis.
Semina irregulariter biseriata, immarginata; cotyledonibus accumbentibus.

Leafy branching shrubs, with dentate or pinnatifid leaves, small yellow or white flowers, and pungent taste.
The pods are patent or reflexed, short and curving, with the seeds in two rows in each division. The genus is
found chiefly in the temperate climates of both hemispheres, and the New Zealand species is found in many other
parts of the world. (Name from nasus tortus, a twisted nose, some acrid species causing sneezing.)

1. Nasturtium terrestre, Br. ; suberecta, glabra v. pilosa, foliis integris pinnati-lobatisve plus minusve
auriculatis, lobis confluentibus sinuato-dentatis, petalis flavis calycem «equantibus, siliquis brevibus turgidis
oblique oblongis, pedicellis gracilibus «equilongis in stylum brevem abrupte contractis, seminibus plurimis.
Engl. Bot. t. 1147. N. palustre, DC. N. sylvestre, 4. Rich. et A. Cunn. non Br. Sisymbrium
pilosum, Banks et Sol. MSS. N. semipinnatifidum, Hook. Journ. Bot. v. 1. p. 246.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands, not uncommon; Banks et Solander, etc. Native name,
“ Chiqui,” D Urville.

The small yellow flowers readily distinguish this, as do the very short turgid obliquely-curved pods. The state
with entire leaves, called N. semipinnatifidum, is found in Bonaria and Tasmania, as well as in New Zealand. The
common form (smooth or glabrous), with pinnatifid or pinnately-cut leaves, has a very wide geographical range ; in
the old world from Upsala to the Nile, and in the new from the Arctic Sea-coast (between Cape Barrow and
Mackenzie River, Captain Pullen) to Mexico.

Oss. Nasturtium officinale, the common Water-cress, appears to be naturalized about Auckland, as at St. Helena
and elsewhere; but is a native of the Northern hemisphere only.

Gen. III. BARBAREA, Br.

Siliqua linearis, compresso-tetragona ; valvis nervosis, muticis, concavis, subcarinatis. Semina uni-
seriata; cotyledonibus accumbentibus.

Stout, erect, leafy herbs (called “ Yellow Rocket” and “ Winter-cress” in England), with generally a nauseous
acrid taste, broadly lyrate pinnatifid leaves, and racemes of yellow flowers. Pods erect on short stalks, long, flattened,
bluntly four-angled, terminated by a short stout style. Valves strongly veined. Seeds very numerous. (Name from
the European species having been dedicated to St. Barbara.)

1. Barbarea australis, Hook. fil.; foliis inferioribus lyrato-pinnatifidis lobis lateralibus obovato-
oblongis terminali ovato sinuato, superioribus integris lobatis pinnati-partitisve, floribus majusculis,
siliquis erecto-patentibus linearibus compresso-tetragonis pedicello tereti elongato latioribus, valvis venosis,
stylo brevi recto.

Haz. Northern Island, Colenso. Nat. name, “ Toi,” Colenso.

My New Zealand specimens are indifferent, and have no habitat. Mr. Colenso says it was once eaten by the
natives to some extent, and he considers it wild. The description is made up chiefly from specimens from Tasmania, of
apparently the same plant, which is certainly wild in that island, and grows commonly three feet high. The New
Zealand specimens entirely resemble B. precoz in foliage, as far as I understand that plant, which, whether in books
or herbaria, seems either excessively variable, or very difficult to define. The characters given to B. pracov by authors
(especially those taken from the foliage) are vague and unsatisfactory; but the flowers appear always to be larger
and the pedicels slenderer in this. In the Tasmanian plant, the last lobe of the lower leaves is usually very large
and sinuate, two to three inches long, and there are sometimes very few pinnules. The pods are one and a half
inch long and one to one and a half lines broad, obscurely compressed ; pedicels two lines long. Were it not that

Violariee.| FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 15

B. precoz is presumed to be a native of the Northern hemisphere alone, I should have felt inclined to unite this
with it: as it is, the locality of this, together with its characters of large flower, broad pod, and comparatively
slender pedicels, may serve to distinguish it.

Gen. IV. LEPIDIUM, Br.

Silicula ovata v. subcordata, lateraliter compressa, apice integerrima v. emarginata, valvis carinatis,
loculis 1-spermis; cotyledonibus incumbentibus.

Erect or prostrate branching herbs, sometimes with woody stems, and often acrid or pungent leaves (as i the
garden-cress, Z. sativum), which are toothed or pinnatifid. Flowers white. Stamens four to six. Pods broad,
much flattened laterally, winged or keeled at the back. The species are chiefly natives of the North and South
temperate zones. (Name from Aerus, a scale, which the flat pods resemble.)

1. Lepidium oleraceum, Forst.; caule crasso suffruticoso ramoso, foliis elliptico- v. lineari-oblongis
integerrimis apice serratis v. per totam longitudinem argute serratis, racemis brevibus, floribus albis, stami-
nibus 4, siliquis ovatis subacutis. Forst. Prodr. DC. Prodr. v. 1. f. 207. A. Rich. Flora. A. Cunn. Prodr.
L. frondosum, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic. :

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; abundant on the shores. Nat. name, “ Eketera," 2” Urville.

A sub-erect smooth plant, ten to eighteen inches high, with a short, stout, woody, scarred stem, much branched
above. Leaves narrow-oblong or obovate or cuneate, two to three inches long, the lower sharply serrate, the upper
entire or toothed towards the tip. Flowers very numerous, small, white, with four stamens. Pods on slender
spreading pedicels, much compressed, ovate, rather sharp, with a short style. The whole plant, when bruised, has
a disagreeable smell: it is found nowhere but in New Zealand.

2. Lepidium ¿ncisum, Banks et Sol.; glaberrimum, radice lignoso multicipite, ramis prostratis laxe
foliosis apicibus ascendentibus, foliis inferioribus longe petiolatis pinnatifidis laciniis 4-6-jugis patenti-
recurvis crenato-dentatis, superioribus lineari-cuneatis apice dentatis, floribus parvis albidis, siliquis ovato-
cordatis pedicellis 4 brevioribus. Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic.

Has. Northern Island. Opuraga, on the beach; rare. Banks and Solander.

This plant has not been collected since 1769, when Banks and Solander gathered it during Cook’s first voyage.
Root perennial. Stems many, prostrate, smooth, weak, a span or so long, sparingly leafy. Lower leaves two to
three inches long, pinnatifid, on long petioles; pinnules four to six pair, spreading and recurved, bluntly toothed ;
upper leaves entire, narrow, cuneate, toothed at the upper broad end. Flowers small, in few-flowered terminal
racemes at the ascending ends of the branches. Pods ovate, cordate, notched at the end, 13 line long. Pediceds
twice as long as the pods, slender.

Nar. Orb. IV. VIOLARIEJE, DC.

Gen. I. VIOLA, Tourn.

Sepala 5, inæqualia, basi producta. Petala insequalia; inferius deorsum gibbosum v. in calcar ob-
fusum productum. Stamina 5, antheris coarctatis, lobis basi divergentibus, 2 anterieribus dorso calcaratis.
Capsula trigona; valvæ 8, elastice contractæ, semina ejicientes.

The Violets of New Zealand sufficiently closely resemble their European congeners to be readily recognized by
those who are familiar with English wild plants. They may be known by their irregular flowers; by the five
Sepals being produced into flat expansions below their point of insertion; by one of the five petals being spurred
behind ; by the anthers being almost united into a tube, two of them being spurred; and by the three-valved

16 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [Fiolariee.

capsule bursting elastically and discharging the seed. The New Zealand species have been referred to the genus
Erpetion, DC., which only differs in the lower petal having a very short spur. The genus is found sparingly in
Australia, Tasmania, and Fuegia; abundantly in the North temperate zone, and in mountainous countries generally,
especially of South America. The species, wherever they occur, are very difficult to distinguish from one another.
(Name cov in Greek, whence Viola in Latin.)

1. Viola filicaulis, Hook. fil.; glaberrima, tenella, repens, stolonifera, stipulis subulato-lanceolatis
fimbriato-laceris, petiolis gracilibus, foliis late ovatis profunde cordatis obtusis crenatis, pedunculis 1-floris
supra medium bibracteolatis, sepalis lanceolatis accuminatis apice subserratis, petalis spathulatis inferiore
basi gibboso. :

Has. Northern and Middle Islands. Mount Egmont, Diefenbach; Eastern Mountains, Colenso; and
Otago, Lyall.

A slender smooth plant, sending out long rooting runners. Stipules deeply cut and fimbriate, the segments
with glandular apices. Petioles and leaves very variable in length and size, the former one-half to two inches long, the
latter half an inch long, broadly cordate, blunt, crenate, membranous. Peduncles much longer than the leaves.
Flowers white or pale blue, one-fourth to nearly two-thirds of an inch across. Very distinct from any New Zealand
and Australian plant; it may be recognized at once by its creeping habit and fimbriated stipules, — It is very nearly
allied to a Ceylon and Peninsular Indian species.

2. Viola Cunninghamii, Hook. fil.; glaberrima, acaulis v. caulescens, statura variabilis, foliis omnibus
radicalibus v. e caulibus brevibus elongatisve prostratis, stipulis lineari-oblongis acutis integerrimis, petiolis
elongatis, foliis late ovatis oblongisve rarius spathulatis basi in petiolum angustatis v. profunde cordatis
obtusis obscure crenatis, pedunculis folio equilongis longioribusve supra medium bibracteolatis, floribus
ut in Y. filicaule sed minoribus. Erpetion spathulatum, 4. Cunn. Prodr. non G. Don, nec Viola Sieberiana,
Spreng.

Var. a. multiceps; caulibus e radice plurimis brevibus, petiolis elongatis 2—8 uncialibus, foliis late
triangulari-ovatis basi subcordatis in petiolum angustatis.

Var. B. radicata; radice valido multicipite, caulibus brevissimis, petiolis 3-2 unc. longis, foliis ovato-
spathulatis v. subtrapeziformibus interdum minimis.

Var. y. gracilis; caulibus paucis elongatis, petiolis 2-8 unc. longis gracilibus, foliis membranaceis
late ovatis profunde cordatis v. basi truncatis ad apicem petioli dilatatis.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; on the plains and mountains; very common, A. Cunning-
ham, ete.

Quite as variable a plant as the Dog Violet, Viola canina (which it a good deal resembles), is in Europe. In
a dry soil, or in exposed places, the root becomes thick and woody; the stems are then very short and numerous,
with many rather coriaceous leaves. In shaded and more favoured places, and amongst long grass, etc., the root
is often weaker and the stems longer, with very long petioles, and broad membranous leaves. It is best recognized
by its never creeping or throwing out stolones or suckers, and by its entire stipules; for in stature (from 1-10
inches high), texture, size, and form of leaf, and size of flowers, it varies extremely. It differs from Y. Sieberiana of
New Holland in its wanting stolones; but the var. radicata very closely resembles another Tasmanian species.
Leaves on long petioles, broadly ovate or oblong, narrowed into the petiole, or cordate at the base, blunt,
obtusely erenate. Peduncles as long or longer than the leaf, with two bracteoles above the middle. Flowers as in
V. filicaulis.

Violariee. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. — ER

Gen. II. HYMENANTHERA, Banks.

Flores regulares. Sepala 5, imbricata. Petala 5, patenti-recurva, oblique imbricata. Stamina
subsessilia, in tubum coalita, connectivo in cristam producto dorso appendiculato. Ovarium 1-loculare,
stylo brevi bifido ramis intus stigmatiferis; ovulis 2 parietalibus. Bacca 1-locularis, 2- rarius 1-sperma.
Semina parietibus oppositis affixa, superposita, superius horizontale, inferius pendulum; testa crustacea ;
albumine copioso; embryone cylindraceo, radicula hilo proxima.

Shrubs, of which one species is a native of New Zealand, another of Tasmania, a third of New Holland, and a
fourth of Norfolk Island. Flowers regular, small, on short peduncles, axillary or from the branches. Anthers
sessile, with a claw at the back. Fruit a small two-seeded berry. (Name from öumv, a membrane, from the

appendage at the back of the anther.)

1. Hymenanthera crassifolia, Hook. fil.; ramulis crassis puberulis, foliis 3 lin. 2 unc. longis lineari-
spathulatis v. rhombeo-ovatis obtusis integerrimis sinuato-dentatisve crassis coriaceis, petalis sepalisque
eroso-dentatis. Scevola Novx-Zelandie, 4. Cunn. Prodr. Tas. VII.

Has. Northern Island, east coast; on maritime rocks opposite the” Cavallos Islands, R. Cunning-
ham. Cape Palliser, Colenso. Middle Island, Nelson, Bidwill.

A rigid woody shrub, often prostrate, sometimes erect and 2-4 feet high, much branched, the branchlets
pubescent ; bark white. Leaves thick and leathery, so variable in form and size as often to be scarcely recognizable,
generally linear-spathulate, 1 inch long, blunt, veined when dry, in young shoots much larger, broader, sinuate
or toothed. Stipules very minute, ovate. Flowers very small, solitary or two or three together, from the axils of the
leaves, on short, thick, curved peduncles, which have a sheathing bract. Sepals five, fleshy, rounded, erose. Petals
linear-oblong, recurved. Stamens five, united by the broad connectiva into a tube, sessile; each anther terminated
by a fimbriated claw, and furnished at the back with an erect blunt linear appendage. Berries 2-3 lines long,
oblong, seated on the persistent withered corolla, terminated by the bifid style, blue-purple, one-celled, two-seeded ;
seeds hard.—Very nearly allied to the Tasmanian H. angustifolia, Br., in which I also find a one-celled, two-seeded
berry ; but the leaves are thicker in texture, and not so narrow. The strophiolus at the chalaza is more evident in
the Tasmanian plant. —PLATE VII. A and B, specimens in flower and fruit of the ordinary form ; C, young shoot :—
natural size. Wig. 1, leaf and stipules; 2 and 3, flowers; 4, petal; 5, stamens; 6, the same laid open and seen in
front; 7, ovarium; 8, longitudinal section of the same; 9, ovule, cut longitudinally ; 10, ripe berry; 11, the same
cut longitudinally ; 12, seed :—all magnified.

Gen. III. MELICYTUS, Forst.

Dioicus v. polygamus. Flores regulares. Sepala 5, persistentia, oblonga, obtusa, imbricata. Petala 5,
lineari-oblonga, patenti-recurva. Fl. 2. Stamina 5, sessilia, connectivo apice obtuso v. in appendicem
subulatam v. dilatatam producto, basi dorso ligula v. glandula erecta instructo, antheris 2-locularibus.
Ovarii rudimentum conicum. Fl. 9. Stamina squamule dorso appendiculate. Ovarium ovatum, stylo
erecto 3—B-fido v. stigmatibus 3-5 sessilibus coronatum, 1-loculare, ovulis paucis v. plurimis placentis
3-4 parietalibus solitariis v. biseriatim affixis. Bacca globosa. Semina pauca v. plurima, dense congesta,
angulata; testa crustacea v. coriacea; albumine copioso; cotyledonibus dilatatis, plano-convexis; radicula
hilo proxima, cylindracea.

Large, smooth, dicecious, woody shrubs, or small trees, only known to inhabit New Zealand and Norfolk Island.
This genus has hitherto been placed in Flacourtianee; but certainly belongs to Violariee, and is closely allied to
Hymenanthera. Leaves large, petiolate, smooth, serrate. Flowers small, in little bundles on the branches; each on
a slender peduncle, which bears one or more often connate bracts. Calyx of five blunt pieces, united at the base.

D

E

18 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [Violariee.

Petals linear-oblong or rounded, blunt. Stamens five, sessile; connectivum of the anthers broad, sometimes pro-
duced above into a sharp horn or broad membrane, and furnished at the back below with a strap-shaped erect body.
Ovary 1-celled, with three to four parietal placenta, each bearing one to two rows of few or many ovules. Berries of
some species eaten by the natives; round, fleshy, full of seeds, which are angled from mutual compression. (Name
from pedi, honey, and kuros, a cavity, in allusion to the five scales behind the anthers, called nectaries by Forster.)

1. Melicytus ramiflorus, Forst.; cortice albo, foliis oblongo-lanceolatis serratis, antheris obtusis,
stigmate sub-6-lobo sessili, bacca parva. Forst. Prodr. DC. Prodr. v. 1. p. 957. A. Richard, Flora.
A. Cunn. Prodr. Tachites umbellulifera, Banks et Sol. MSS.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands, abundant, Forster, etc. Nat. name, * Maho&," R. Cunn., Lyall.
(Cult. in England.)

A brittle, white-barked shrub or tree. Leaves 4-5 inches long, oblong-lanceolate, sharp, serrated all along
the margin with small blunt teeth.— Mr. Colenso measured a tree of this at Waikare Lake 4 feet 2 inches in

circumference.

2. Melieytus macrophyllus, A. Cunn.; cortice fusco, foliis obovatis grosse sinuato-dentatis, pedunculis
infra florem bracteolatis, antheris apiculatis, stigmate discoideo 3-lobo, baccis majoribus. A. Cunn. Prodr.

Has. Northern Island; Bay of Islands, Frazer, Cunningham, ete.

A large bush, 6-7 feet high, with dark-coloured bark. eaves broader than in the former, deeper green, and
with but few large blunt teeth. Flowers much larger (two lines across), on stouter peduncles, which are bracteolate
at the apex. Anthers apiculate. Stigma broad, discoid, and lobed. Berries reddish, as large as a pea.

3. Melicytus Zanceolatus, Hook. fil.; cortice fusco, foliis anguste lineari-lanceolatis acuminatis argute
serratis, fasciculis paucifloris, pedunculis medio 2-bracteolatis bracteolis connatis, antheris apice appendice
subulato instructis, stylo elongato 3-fido, bacca parva oblonga. Tas. VIII.

Has. Northern Island; forests of the east coast, Colenso.

A slender succulent brittle shrub, 10-12 feet high. Leaves long and narrow, 6-8 inches long, sharp and sharply
serrated. Flowers in fascicles of three to four. -dnthers with the connectivum produced into a sharp flat point.
Style long, trifid at the top. Berries oblong, blue-black, small. —Prare VIII. Fig. 1, male flower; 2, stamens ;
3, 4, anthers; 5, rudiment of pistillum; 6, female flower; 7, petal; 8,9, sterile stamens; 10, pistil; 11, ovary cut
across; 12, berry; 18, berry cut across; 14, seed; 15, the same cut longitudinally; 16, embryo :—all but fig. 12
magnified. :

4. Melicytus micranthus, Hook. fil. ; humilis, ramis rigidis tortuosis, ramulis puberulis, foliis parvis
alternis fasciculatisve breve petiolatis obovato-orbiculatis obtusis sinuatis subeoriaceis venosis junioribus
oblongis linearibus profunde sinuatis pinnatifidisve, floribus minimis solitariis axillaribus pedicellatis, pedi-
cello puberulo bracteolato, calycis lobis 4-5 rotundatis ciliatis, petalis oblongo-rotundatis, antheris late
rotundatis sessilibus in fl. $ effoetis connectivo superne in squamulam simplicem v. bifidam producto dorso
appendiculato, ovario pauci-ovulato, ovulis placentis 4 nerviformibus solitariis geminisve suspensis, stigmate
4-lobo discoideo, bacca 2-4-sperma. Elæodendron micranthum, Hook. fil. in Lond. Journ. Bot. v. 3.
py uper

Has. Northern Island, and northern parts of the Middle Island; east coast and interior, Colenso,
Pascoe, Bidwill. Nelson, Bidwill.

A scrambling, low, small-leaved, rigid shrub, or small tree, with tortuous grey or black-barked branches; the
youngest pubescent. Leaves on very short petioles, strongly veined, i-i inch long, rounded-obovate, blunt,
sinuated, very pale green ; young ones often linear and pinnatifid. Flowers very minute, green, on puberulous
pedicels shorter than the petioles, axillary, solitary. Calya-lobes rounded, ciliated. Petals oblong or rounded, often

i
4
i

Droseracea. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 19

ciliated. Anthers sessile, very broad, with an entire or bifid membranous prolongation of the connectivum upwards,
and a fleshy erect scale or gland at the back. Female flowers with imperfect stamens, that have the appendages and
longer connectiva. Ovary flagon-shaped, with a short thick style and four-lobed stigma. Berry scarcely larger
than a mustard-seed, one-celled, with about three pendulous seeds; žesža coriaceous; radicle cylindrical; cotyledons
broad and flat.—Imperfect specimens of this plant were originally described as an Hl@odendron : it differs very much
in habit and appearance from Melicytus, and approaches Hymenanthera in these respects, agreeing also in its discoid
stigma, few ovules and seeds, and in its very variable leaves, sinuated when young. The plant bears further a close
general resemblance to Panax anomalum and Melicope simplex.

Nat. Ong». V. DROSERACEA, DC.
Gen. I. DROSERA, Zinn.

Sepala 4-5, plus minusve inter se coalita. Petala et stamina 4-5, basi calycis inserta, vix hypogyna.
Ovarium 1-loculare, stylo brevissimo 3—4-partito v. stigmatibus 3-4 coronato; ovulis plurimis, placentis
3-4 parietalibus adnatis. Capsula 8-4-valvis. Semina plurima; embryone axi albuminis carnosi, tereti ;
radicula hilo proxima. |

Small herbaceous plants, with radical leaves and scapes, or very slender stems, remotely leafy. Leaves in the
scapigerous species rolled inward in vernation as with the Ferns, always covered with long hairs, tipped with glands
that exude a viscid fluid, entrapping insects. Sepals five, sometimes united. Petals and stamens five. Ovary one-
celled, with the ovules generally on three parietal placente. Capsule bursting by three valves, usually surrounded
at the base by the persistent sepals, and often the petals. Seeds numerous, albuminous; embryo in the axis of the
seed, with the radicle towards the hilum.—All the species of this genus (eighty-five) have lately been well described
by M. Planchon (Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 8. v. 9), from whose monograph it appears that more than half the species
are confined to Australia and New Zealand. A few of these are common to the East Indies. One of the moun-
tain New Zealand ones is found in Van Diemen’s Land, and four others are more widely diffused in Australia ;
the sixth is very nearly allied to the only Magellanic species. There are three kinds in Europe, all found in England
and in North America. (Name from 8pocos, dew, in allusion to the viscid exudation of the leaves; hence the English
name “ Sun-dew.")

1. Drosera stenopetala, Hook. fil.; acaulis, uniflora, foliis longe petiolatis spathulatis, petiolis glaberri-
mis, scapo elongato gracili 1-floro, sepalis in calycem obconicum 5-lobum unitis lobis rotundatis subrecurvis,
petalis anguste lineari-elongatis calyce bis longioribus staminibusque perigynis, stylis 3 fimbriato-laceris,
seminibus obovatis turgidis utrinque (e testa laxa) subappendiculatis, testa lineato-punctata. Drosera sp.
Fl. Ant. v. 1. p. 8. Planchon, Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 3. v. 9. p. 188.

Has. Middle Island; Port Preservation, in marshy ground, Zyall. Fl. January.

Rhizoma short. Leaves probably very variable in length, as usual in its congeners, in Dr. Lyall’s specimens
1-2 inches long; the petiole glabrous; lamina spathulate, covered with long glandular hairs. sScapes slender, one-
flowered, twice as long as the leaves. Calyx an obconic five-lobed cup, 3 lines long, quite smooth. Petals twice
as long as the calyx and stamens, very narrow linear, almost filiform below, expanding into a narrow spathulate
retuse limb, membranous. Ovary one-celled, three-valved, with three stigmas, which are divided to their bases into
many branches. Seeds small, brown-black.—This plant and the D. uniflora of Fuegia and the Chilian Andes form
a peculiar group of the genus, differing from most others in the one-flowered scape, and from all in the styles being
divided to the base, and in the stamens and petals being placed on the tube of the calyx. This same species has
been found in Lord Auckland’s Group by myself, and is alluded to in the ‘ Flora Antarctica ; also by M. Planchon.
—Prar IX. Fig. 1, flower; 2, petal; 3, stamen; 4, ovarium and stamens :—all magnified.

20 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Droseracee.

2. Drosera Arctwri, Hook.; scapo unifloro, rhizomate elongato, foliis anguste lineari-spathulatis in
petiolum latum glabrum angustatis, scapo foliis eequilongo, flore magno, sepalis petalisque equilongis lineari-
oblongis obtusis, capsula 3-4-valvi, stigmatibus 3-4 brevibus apice capitatis. Hook. Journ. Bot. v. 1.
p. 94T. Je. Pl. t. 56. Planchon, l. c. p. 189.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; Ruahine Mountains, in snow-water pools, Colenso. Port Preser-
vation, Lyall.

Very variable in size, and apparently identical with a plant only known to inhabit the loftiest mountains of
Tasmania. The rhizoma of Dr. Lyall’s New Zealand specimens is 4—8 inches long, of Mr. Colenso’s much shorter.
Leaves narrow, linear, blunt, scarcely spathulate, sparingly glandular, with broad smooth petioles. Scapes stout,
one-flowered, about as long as the leaves. Flowers large, the petals and sepals usually about the same length, the
former rather broadest and sometimes the longest. Styles three to four, short, with round glandular stigmata,

3. Drosera spathulata, Lab.; acaulis, scapigera, multiflora, foliis stellatim rosulatis spathulatis superne
marginibusque glanduloso-pilosis, scapis 1-3 erectis simplicibus v. rarius bifidis 8-15-floris, floribus
secundis breve pedicellatis, sepalis lineari-oblongis obtusis basi unitis, petalis spathulatis calyce duplo
longioribus, stylis 3 2-partitis. Labillard. Ft. Nov. Holl. t. 106. f. 1. DC. Prodr. v. 1. p. 318. Plan-
chon, l. e. D. propinqua, A. Cunn. Prodr.

Var. 8. pusilla; scapis 1—9-floris, sepalis latioribus.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; common from the Bay of Islands as far south as Port Preserva-
tion, Cunningham, Lyall, etc. Fl. January. 8. Lake Taupo and foot of Tongariro, Colenso.

A well-known New Holland and Tasmanian plant; also found (according to Planchon) in the Philippine
Islands. It may be recognized by its numerous broadly spathulate leaves, 4-2 inch long, spreading out like rays,
and by the long, slender, erect scapes, bearing a secund raceme of small flowers.

4. Drosera binata, Lab.; acaulis, scapo multifloro, foliis longe petiolatis bipartitis, laciniis anguste
lineari-ligulatis integris bifidisve glanduloso-hirsutis, scapis folio longioribus, floribus magnis subeymosis,
sepalis ovatis glaberrimis v. ciliatis oblongis obtusis, petalis obeordatis calyce 2—4-plo majoribus, stylis
3 penicillatis. Lab. Fl. Nov. Holl. t. 105. DC. Prodr. v. 1. p. 318. D. dichotoma, Banks et Sol. MSS.
D. pedata, Persoon. D. intermedia, 4. Cunn. Prodr. D. Cunninghamii, Walpers, Repert.

Has. Eastern coasts of the Northern and Middle Islands, Banks and Solander, etc. Abundant in
moist clay lands, etc., as far south as Ruapuke Island, Zyall.

One of the most beautiful and curious-looking New Zealand plants, which there can be no difficulty in iden-
tifying, from its long leaves (4-8 inches), divided to the base into simple or bifid strap-shaped lobes, covered with
long glandular hairs. Scapes often twice as long as the leaves, bearing cymes of flowers 4-3 inch broad. Petals
white and very delicate, but variable in size, as is the calyx, which is quite smooth and entire, or fringed at the edge.
It is probably not a native of the mountainous western coasts of New Zealand; but is found abundantly else-
where in Tasmania, also in New Holland from Sydney southward.

5. Drosera pyymaa, DC.; pusilla, acaulis, scapo unifloro, foliis congestis rosulatis breve petiolatis
orbiculatis concavis subpeltatis marginibus dense glanduloso-ciliatis, scapis gracilibus basi stipulis foliorum
scariosis suffultis, sepalis 4 oblongis obtusis glaberrimis, petalis calyce longioribus albis, stylis 4 filiformibus
subclavatis ovario globoso longioribus, seminibus paucis magnis. DC. Prodr. v. 1. p. 317. Planchon,
l. c. p. 289.

Has. Northern Island; marshes at Cape Maria Van Diemen, Colenso.

The above description is made up from that of M. Planchon and from Mr. Gunn's Tasmanian specimens, the
New Zealand ones not being in flower. The smallest species of the genus, conspicuous for the silvery white scarious

Pittosporee. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 21

stipules forming a little brush round the base of the peduncle. Leaves numerous, forming a dense circular mass.
Petioles 2 lines long; lamina orbicular, 1 line across. Scapes filiform, an inch long. Flowers solitary, very small. —
Van Diemen’s Land and the southern coast of New Holland are the only other known habitats of this plant.

6. Drosera auriculata, Back.; bulbosa, caule erecto elongato glaberrimo simplici v. diviso, foliis radi-
calibus paucis stellatis, caulinis alternis gracile petiolatis lunatis longe ciliato-glanduliferis axillaribus
geminis, racemo simplici laxo 6-8-floro, floribus pedicellatis, sepalis integris v. subciliatis oblongis
obtusis, petalis sepalis 3-plo majoribus obovato-obcordatis, stylis 3 infra medium penicillatis, seminibus
scobiformibus. Backhouse, MSS. in Hb. Hook. Planch. l.c. p. 995. D. petiolaris, Sieb. in part. non
Brown. D. peltata, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands, especially on the east coast; not uncommon, Banks and Solander,
etc. Fl. December.

A slender, erect plant, with smooth wiry stem, 1 footto 18 inches high, and a bulbous root deep in the ground.
Radical leaves few, spreading all round ; cauline distant, alternate ; all on slender petioles, 4 inch long, peltate, half-
moon-shaped, the margins fringed with long glandular hairs. Racemes 2-4 inches long, 6-8-flowered. Flowers
distant, on stout peduncles 3 lines long, white or lilac, 4-1 inch across.—This pretty plant is a native of New
Holland, from Sydney to Bass’s Straits, and of Tasmania. It is very nearly allied to the D. peltata, Sm., of the

same countries.

Nar. On». VI. PITTOSPOREA, Br.
Gen. I. PITTOSPORUM, Banks.

Flores hermaphroditi v. polygamo-dioici. Sepala 5, rarius nulla? Petala 5, unguibus in tubum
conniventibus, lamina plerumque recurva. Stamina 5, petalis alterna. Ovarium sessile, incomplete 9—5-lo-
culare; stylo filiformi; stigmate capitato, lobato. Capsula subglobosa, compressa, 9—5-locularis, valvis
2-5 medio seminiferis. Semina plurima, viscida, sepe in globum compacta, angulata. Zimbryo minimus,
basi albuminis duri orthotropus.

Evergreen shrubs or trees, with entire leaves, chiefly abundant in Australia and New Zealand, forming in the
latter country a larger proportion of the flora than in any other; found sparingly in India and its Archipelago.
Flowers solitary and axillary, or in irregular corymbs. Sepals and petals 5, the latter almost united into a tube
below, their apices recurved. Stamens 5, opposite the sepals. Ovary 9—5-celled, with a straight style and capitate
stigma. Capsules coriaceous or woody, with several seeds in each cell, attached to the centre of the valves, and
usually collected into a mass by a viscid exudation.—The New Zealand species are all peculiar to those islands.
(Name from serra, pitch, and omopos, a seed; in allusion to the gummy secretion about the seeds.)

* Flowers solitary, rarely two together, axillary or terminal.

1. Pittosporum tenuifolium, Banks et Sol.; arboreum, ramulis ultimis cinereis, foliis (1-2 une. longis)
obovato-oblongis ellipticisve breve petiolatis subacutis obtusisve undulatis superne nitidis subtus pallidis
reticulatim venosis, bracteis membranaceo-chartaceis ciliatis deciduis, floribus axillaribus solitariis, pedunculo
petiolo longiore, sepalis oblongis subacutis glaberrimis cinereisve marginibus ciliatis, petalis lineari-spa-
thulatis obtusis, capsulis late obovato-pyriformibus cano-villosis demum glabratis compressis v. trigonis
2-3-valvis, seminibus atris 14 lin. longis. DC. Prodr. v. 1. p. 847. Gaertn. v. l. p. 286. 7. 59. A. Cunn.
Prodr. Trichilia monophylla, A. Rich. Flora, t. 34 bis.

Has. Northern Island and Middle Islands; common as far south as Akaroa, Banks and Solander, ete.
Nat. names, * Mapauriki,” Cunn. ; “ Kohuhu," Col. ; “ Karo” of Middle Island, LyaZ.

22 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [Pittosporee.

A tree, 20-40 feet high; trunk slender. Zeaves something like those of the Tea-plant, but quite entire, 1-2
inches long, broadly oblong or elliptic-obovate, bright green above, pale below and veined, translucent, waved, on
petioles 2 lines long, quite smooth, or downy along the midrib. Flowers solitary, axillary, purplish, on curved,
downy peduncles longer than the petioles. Sepals linear-oblong, silky or smooth. Petals purplish, 4-5 lines long.
Capsules 3-7 lines long, nearly as broad, velvety when young, smooth and granulated when old, constricted at the
base, woody, usually three-valved ; valves woody, transversely wrinkled inside, broadly obovate. Seeds small, black.

2. Pittosporum Colensoi, Hook. fil.; arboreum, glaberrimum, foliis petiolatis coriaceis elliptico- v.
obovato-oblongis acutis super lucidis subter pallidioribus, floribus solitariis axillaribus, pedunculis petiolo
brevioribus, bracteis concavis coriaceis glaberrimis v. obscure ciliatis, sepalis lineari-oblongis subacutis
tubum corolle zequantibus, petalis fructuque ut in P. Zenuifolio. P. viride e£ P. uniflorum, Col. MSS.

Has. Northern Island, in the interior, and Middle Island; Taupo Lake, and base of Tongariro,
Dieffenbach, Colenso. Chalky Bay, Lyall.

A small tree, 10-12 feet high, too closely allied to P. fenwifolium to require any detailed description ; differing
chiefly in the larger, more acute, very coriaceous leaves, the more persistent glabrous bractew, shorter peduncle,
smaller flower, and rounder fruit.

3. Pittosporum obcordatum, Raoul; arbuscula, ramis divaricatis glabris, folis parvis remotis bre-
vissime petiolatis obeordatis orbiculatisve glaberrimis, floribus axillaribus solitariis rarius geminis, pedun-
culis puberulis petiolo equilongis, sepalis lanceolato-subulatis, petalis lineari-lanceolatis, ovario pubescente.
Raoul, Choix de Plantes, p. 24. t. 25.

Has. Middle Island; Akaroa in shady woods, Raoul. Nat. name, “Cohou-Cohou,” Raoul.

Thave a specimen of this from its discoverer, M. Raoul: it presents some peculiarities in form and habit
shared by various New Zealand plants of very different genera, which are not easily distinguished from it, and from
one another, by the leaf alone, at first sight; such are Melicytus micranthus, Panax anomalum, and a state of
Alseuosmia Banksii.— A small tree or shrub. Leaves 2-3 lines long, very small and scattered, solitary or two or
three together, rounded or obcordate, sometimes three-lobed, contracted at the base into a very short petiole, quite
smooth. Flowers inconspicuous, on pedicels as long as the petioles, generally solitary and axillary, white. „Sepals
and petals very slender. Fruit unknown.

4. Pittosporum rigidum, Hook. fil. ; frutex lignosus, glaberrimus, ramis tortuosis crassis, foliis alternis
fasciculatisve brevissime petiolatis crassis coriaceis lineari-obovatis obtusis integerrimis v. sinuato-dentatis,
floribus axillaribus solitariis brevissime pedicellatis, sepalis 0 ? v. 5 parvis ovatis obtusis ciliatis, petalis lineari-
oblongis subacutis, ovario pubescente 2-loculari, capsula compressa late ovato-cordata acuta 2-valvi. Tan. X.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; mountains near Waikare Lake, and Ruahine mountains, Colenso.
Nelson, Bidwill.

A very rigid, woody shrub, with stout spreading branches, and small, very thick, shining leaves, which are
often sinuato-dentate in the young state, exactly as in the Panaz anomalum. Leaves on short petioles, $ inch long,
narrow, obovate, cuneate, or elliptical, oblong, blunt, shining, the margin recurved. Flowers axillary, solitary, on
very short downy pedicels. Calyx when present very small; I can find none in some of my specimens. Petals
dingy purple, nearly as long as the leaves. Capsules downy when young, smooth and granulated when old, broadly
cordate, suddenly narrowed into the style, and hence acuminated; valves furrowed down the back; seeds nu-
merous.—A very curious species, on account of the leaves and the small calyx.— PLATE X. Fig. 1, flower; 2, sta-
men; 8, ovarium; 4, the same cut transversely; 5, capsule :—all magnified.

** Flowers axillary or terminal, three or more together, or umbellate or panicled.

5. Pittosporum eugenioides, A. Cunn.; glaberrimum, polygamo-dioicum, foliis petiolatis ellipticis

Pittosporee. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 23

elliptico-lanceolatisve acuminatis marginibus undulatis superne nitidis subter pallidis, venis plurimis paten-
tibus pellucidis, pedunculis (masculis gracilibus) terminalibus brachiatis subtrichotome ramosis, pedicellis
corymbosis multifloris puberulis, sepalis subulatis, petalis linearibus, antheris exsertis, capsulis parvis late
ellipticis acuminatis 2-valvis, valvis crassis lignosis. A. Cunn. Prodr. P. elegans, Raoul, Choix de Plantes,
p. 25?

Has. Northern and Middle Islands, in woods; Bay of Islands, Cunningham, etc. Akaroa, Raoul.

A small tree, smooth everywhere, except the inflorescence. Leaves 2—4 inches long, on petioles 2-3 inch,

usually elliptical and narrow, often broader and almost obovate; the margins undulated; lateral nerves numerous,
diverging in parallel curved lines. Bractee at the base of the terminal peduncle, numerous, linear, blunt, ciliated,
forming a large bud $ inch long in spring. Inflorescence the most conspicuous of New Zealand species, perhaps
wholly dicecious, very variable in size, pubescent. Peduncle short, with diverging branches, which are again divided,
and bear umbels of six to eight yellow flowers. Pedicels of the sterile? flowers slender. Sepals one-third the length
of the flower, subulate. Petals linear, narrow, recurved. Stamens with slender filaments ; the anthers bright yellow
and exserted. Capsules in large clusters, larger than a pepper-corn, black, smooth or granulated, broadly ovate and
compressed, contracted below, acuminate at the point, two-valved, with a thickened rim along the line of suture;
valves very thick and woody; seeds few.—I find some specimens with the flowers much smaller, stamens shorter,
and pedicels stouter, indicating the species to be spuriously dicecious, the anthers of these latter flowers having
little pollen; the flowers again with large anthers, long filaments, and slender peduncles and pedicels, though they
have ovaria, appear to wither without ripening fruit. From M. Raoul’s description, his P. elegans appears to be
this plant, differing only in the capsules being three-valved occasionally; but in the absence of specimens, I cannot
speak decisively. Mr. Colenso considers this plant dicecious.

6. Pittosporum cornifolium, A. Cunn.; polygamo-dioicum, frutex virgatus, glaberrimus, seepissime
epiphyticus, foliis breve petiolatis obovato-lanceolatis ellipticisve acutis supremis verticillatis, floribus termi-
nalibus, pedicellis pubescentibus subumbellatis v. pedunculo communi sessilibus fl. 8 gracilibus 9 robustis
brevioribus, sepalis anguste lineari-subulatis, petalis anguste ligulatis longe acuminatis, capsula coriacea
compressa obovato-oblonga v. late obcordata 2-valvi, seminibus paucis magnis atris. A. Cunn. in Bot.
Mag. t. 3161. et Prodr. Fi. N. Zeal. Pittosporoides verticillata, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic.

Has. Northern Island; Bay of Islands, 4. Cunn. East coast, Banks and Solander. Nat. name,
“ Karo,” Colenso; “ Piri-piri,” Auct. ? (Cultivated in England.)

A slender shrub, 2—4 feet high, and always growing epiphytically on the trunks and limbs of lofty forest-trees,
sparingly branched; branches slender, ultimate sometimes pubescent. Leaves 1-2 inches long; upper verticillate,
broadly lanceolate or elliptical, acute, on short petioles, quite smooth, shining, coriaceous. Flowers on long pedicels
(male 3-1, female 1—3 inch long), which are a little hairy, and are sessile on the ends of the branches, or attached
to a common peduncle, sometimes an inch long. Flowers dingy red, 4 line long. Sepals very narrow, subulate, one-
third shorter than the equally narrow petals, which terminate in two long slender points. Fruit size of a small
nut, compressed, broadly oblong or somewhat heart-shaped ; valves yellow and wrinkled inside; seeds large, black.

7. Pittosporum erassifolium, Banks et Sol.; frutex erectus, ramis foliisgue subter velutino-tomentosis
albidis, foliis breve petiolatis crasse coriaceis obovatis v. lineari-oblongis obtusis marginibus recurvis,
pedicellis canis tomentosisve terminalibus v. in pedunculum communem aggregatis rarius solitariis, sepalis
ovato-lanceolatis acutis tomentosis, petalis lineari-oblongis, fructibus magnis rarius parvis cano-tomentosis
trigono-sphericis 3-valvis rarius 2-valvis compressis, valvis lignosis, seminibus mediocribus atris. A. Cunn.
Prodr.

Has. Northern Island, not unfrequent, Banks and Solander, Cunningham, etc. Nat. name, “ Tarata,”

R. Cunningham.

24 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Pittosporee.

A middle-sized shrub, with erect branches, easily recognized from its congeners by the thick woolly covering on
the underside of the leaves, on the branches, petioles, peduncles, and pedicels, calyx and fruit. Leaves 2-3 inches long,
generally narrow-obovate, blunt, coriaceous. Bractee broadly ovate, ciliated, imbricate. Inflorescence very variable,
always terminal, sometimes of a solitary flower, generally of several on pedicels 1-1 inch long, often having these
collected in an umbel on a common peduncle. Flowers rather large, deep purple. Fruit very variable in size, from
a small hazel to a large Spanish nut, 2-4-valved ; valves very woody.

8. Pittosporum umbellatum, Banks et Sol.; arboreum, glaberrimum, foliis alternis verticillatisve
coriaceis obovato-oblongis obtusis in petiolum longum angustatis, bracteis late obovatis glabratis, pedicellis
pilosis subumbellatis terminalibus sessilibus v. in pedunculum dispositis, sepalis ovato-lanceolatis acumi-
natis sericeo-pilosis, petalis lineari-oblongis obtusis, capsulis glabratis granulatis orbiculatis 4-lobis
2-valvis, valvis ad suturam incrassatis tumido-bilobis lignosis. Gartner, v. 1. p. 286. 4.59. DC. Prodr.
v. l. p. 347. A. Cunn. Prodr.

Has. Northern Island; east coast, Banks and Solander, etc. Bay of Islands, Cunningham, Colenso,
ete. (Cultivated in England.)

A small tree, 20-25 feet high. Leaves coriaceous, bright green, quite smooth, 2-3 inches long, obovate,
tapered into a slender petiole, $ inch long. Flowers variable in size, terminal, rather large, dull red, umbellate or
subcorymbose ; the peduncles and pedicels covered with yellow hairs. Bracts numerous, imbricating, forming buds
1 inch long, rich brown, obovate-spathulate, slightly pubescent, hardly ciliated. Sepals hairy, half as long as the
petals, which are linear-oblong, 4 inch long. Fruit the size of a small hazel-nut, rounded, four-lobed, two-valved ;
valves with a much-thickened rim, bilocular, woody and granulated on the surface, which is smooth; seeds rather
small.

9. Pittosporum fasciculatum, Hook. fil.; frutex ramosus, glaberrimus, foliis obovato-oblongis lanceo-
latisve in petiolum mediocrem angustatis acutis planis super lete viridibus subter pallidis, floribus axillis
supremis fasciculatis terminalibus, pedicellis petiolo brevioribus sepalisque lanceolatis cano-tomentosis,
petalis lineari-oblongis purpureis.

Has. Northern Island, Lake Taupo, Colenso.

I advance this species with much hesitation, Mr. Colenso sends it ticketed P. viride, MSS., believing it to
be the same as the plant for which I have substituted the name P. Colensoi (the leaves not being peculiarly green,
and the flowers purple); but adds, that the specimens were not procured by himself. The P. Colensoi appears,
from Mr. Colenso’s own specimens, as from Dr. Lyall’s and Dieffenbach's, to be a single axillary-flowered species,
like P. undulatum ; whereas this has fascicles of many flowers in the axils of the upper leaves only, and terminal
umbels besides. The leaves are similar to those of P. Colensoi, but the calyx and pedicels are thickly covered with
velvety down and hairs.

10. Pittosporum pimeleoides, R. Cunn. ; frutex gracilis, foliis junioribus ramulisque pubescenti-pilosis
subverticillatis, foliis (parvis) elliptico- v. lineari-oblongis v. anguste linearibus brevissime petiolatis acutis
acuminatisve glaberrimis, pedunculis subumbellatis terminalibus, pedicellis pilosis fl. 4 gracillimis 9 brevi-
oribus robustis, sepalis petalisque fere filiformibus apice subulatis, capsulis ovato-cordatis rostratis com-
pressis semibivalvibus, seminibus paucis atris.

Var. a; folis lineari-oblongis acutis patentibus. P. cornifolium 6, 4. Cunn. Prodr.

Var. 8; foliis patulis lineari-lanceolatis linearibusve acur.matis. P. pimeleoides, 4. Cunn. Prodr.

Var. y. reflevum ; foliis anguste linearibus acuminatis sguarroso-patentibus reflexisve. P. reflexum e
P. radicans, 4. Cunn. Prodr.

Has. Northern Island. Bay of Islands, Cunningham, Colenso, etc.

A small shrub, 3-5 feet high, common on fern-hills at the Bay of Islands, very variable in foliage, but always

Caryophyllea.) FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 25

easily recognized by its small size and very curious fruit. Mr. Cunningham confounded one state (with oblong
leaves) with his P. cornifolium, and of two other varieties made species in his * Prodromus,’ as quoted. Leaves
seldom more than an inch long, varying from X inch to 4 line in breadth, the young ones and branchlets pilose,
acute in the broader states, and drawn out into a subulate point in the narrower, patent orreflexed. Pedicels at the
ends of the branches, variable in length, 4-1 inch long, slender. Sepals and petals very slender, the latter three
times as long as the former, yellow-red. Capsules on short hairy pedicels, ovate, subcordate, beaked, very unlike
those of any other species, 4 inch long, coriaceous, hardly woody, two-valved ; valves generally cohering on one side,
so that the capsule bursts like a follicle laterally ; seeds few and large.

Nat. Oz». VII. CARYOPHYLLEA, Juss.
Gen. I. STELLARIA, Linn.

Sepala 5. Petala 5, bifida, rarius 0. Stamina 10, abortu 3-8. Styli 9. Capsula 1-locularis, ad
medium 6-valvis, oligo- v. polysperma.

Slender herbs or weeds, generally growing in grassy and often in cultivated places, with star-like greenish
or white axillary flowers. Sepals five, lanceolate. Petals as many (or wanting), always bifid. Stamens three to
ten, united at the very base into a perigynous ring. Styles three. Capsule splitting to the middle into six mem-
branous valves.— The genus is found in all latitudes; and many of the species are so very similar, and vary
so much, as to be difficult of discrimination wherever they are found. A European one, 8. media, is now appa-
rently wild over both islands, and even in Lord Auckland's Group, where, however, I only saw it on the tomb of
a French sailor, which it covered, the seed having no doubt been imported. Being neither in Forster's, Banks”,
Menzies”, or other early herbaria, I shall only introduce it in a supplementary catalogue of introduced plants.
(Name from stella, a star; the corolla resembling a star with five points.)

1. Stellaria parviflora, Banks et Sol.; repens, glaberrima, laxe ceespitosa, ramis prostratis, foliis
petiolatis orbiculatis mucronatis, petiolis rarissime pilosis lamina brevioribus v. sequilongis, pedunculis
axillaribus folio brevioribus 1-2-floris medio bracteolatis, floribus parvis, sepalis 5 lanceolato-subulatis
v. oblongis acuminatis, petalis 0 v. 5 sepalis brevioribus bipartitis, staminibus 5-10, capsula ad medium
6-valvi, seminibus paucis (8), testa pallide brunnea profunde impresso-punctata. Banks et Sol. Ic. et MSS.
in Mus. Brit.

Has. Northern Island, Banks and Solander, Colenso, etc. Middle Island, Raoul, Lyall.

A slender, pale green, flaccid, creeping weed. Stems 4—6 inches long, quite smooth, as is the whole plant,
except occasionally the petioles, which have a few scattered hairs. Leaves nearly orbicular, rarely cordate at the
base, pointed, 3-6 lines long, longer than the petioles. Peduncles axillary, shorter than the leaves, one- to two-
flowered, with two small membranous bractez about the middle. Flowers very small, 3 line across. Sepals green,
margined with white, sharp. Petals when present shorter than the sepals, white, split to the base, and hence
appearing as ten. Stamens variable in number. Capsule nearly as long as the sepals. Seeds few and large, deeply
pitted on the surface.—Nearly allied to the 8. flaccida of Tasmania, but differing in size, and in the form of the
leaves. The small smooth flowers, stem, and leaves, distinguish it from 6. media.

2. Stellaria elatinoides, Hook. fil.; pusilla, ceespitosa, glaberrima, caulibus ascendentibus suberectisve
basi repentibus tenellis crassiusculisve, foliis (parvis 1-2 lin. longis) oblongis linearibusve subacutis in
petiolum brevem angustatis, floribus pro planta magnis solitariis axillaribus v. pedunculo sepalis zquilongo
impositis, sepalis ovatis lanceolatisve subulato-acuminatis, petalis 0, staminibus 6-10, capsula globosa
perianthio equilonga ad medium 6-valvi, seminibus 2-6 magnis grosse tuberculatis.

Haz. Northern Island; grassy banks on the east coast; at Hawkes’ Bay, Lake Rotoa-tara, etc., Colenso.

F

26 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Caryophyllee.

A very small, smooth, inconspicuous plant, 1-2 inches high, tufted, suberect or creeping. Leaves 2-3 lines
long, rather succulent, linear-oblong. Flowers sessile or shortly pedunculate, in the axils of the leaves, large for the
size of the plant. Sepals pale green, with white borders. Petals 0 in any of my specimens, but may probably be
found in others. Capsule globose, with few (usually four) large pale yellow-brown seeds, covered with large
tubercles, which microscopic character is perhaps the best. —I have this species from Tasmania, where it approaches
very closely the S. multiflora of that island; but it is a much smaller plant, more flaccid, and the peduncles are
shorter.

3. Stellaria decipiens, Hook. fil.; glabra, laxe ceespitosa, caule decumbente ramoso, foliis petiolatis
ovatis obovatisve acuminatis in petiolum latum subciliatum angustatis, pedunculis sepalis sequilongis
axillaribus 1-3-floris medio bracteolatis folium superantibus v. abbreviatis, sepalis ovatis subacutis glaber-
rimis, petalis 0 v. bipartitis, staminibus sub-8, stylis 8. 77. Antarct. v. 1. p. Y. Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 680.

Has. Northern Island, Colenso.

The original S. decipiens was found in Lord Auckland's Group and Campbell Island, and I have introduced it
here from finding a New Zealand specimen out of flower in Mr. Colenso's collection without a ticket. From the
two former plants, it may be known by its greater size, ovate or obovate pointed leaves, and larger flowers; and
from 8. media, by wanting the hairs on the stem and calyx. I have never seen the seeds.

4. Stellaria sp. 2 caulibus flexuosis nodosis rigidis suberectis scaberulis, foliis parvis ad nodos fascicu-
latis lineari-subulatis glaberrimis curvis dorso profunde canaliculatis, pedunculis rigidis fructiferis elongatis,
floribus majusculis.

Has. Middle Island; Nelson, Bidwill.

I have but very imperfect specimens of this plant, which is quite unlike any described species. Stems rigid,
2—3 inches long, round, wiry, scabrid, many-jointed. Leaves in tufts at the joints, + inch long, subulate, rather
blunt, smooth and shining; their margins so reflexed as to leave a deep furrow at the back. Peduncles of the old
fruit 1-13 inch long. Sepals 2 lines long. Capsule six-valved, longer than the sepals.

Gen. II. ARENARIA, Linn.
Sepala 5. Petala 5, integra. Stamina 5-10. Styl 3. Capsula 1-locularis, 3—6-valvis, polysperma.

The only New Zealand species is found throughout the North Temperate and Arctic latitudes, as also in
Australia, Tasmania, South Chili, and the Cape of Good Hope. The genus to which it belongs is a very extensive
one in the Northern hemisphere, being present in every flora of Europe, Northern Asia, and North America;
and has many species common to all these countries, especially mountain ones. It becomes comparatively rare in the
Himalaya, and though extremely abundant in the Cordillera of North America, is hardly found in South America.
A few species are littoral, and such are the most widely diffused. 4. media is one of these, and the only plant of
the genus inhabiting the South Temperate zone. (Name from arena, sand; many species affecting sandy places.)

1. Arenaria media, L., A. Rich. et A. Cunn. Prodr. Fi. Antarct. v.2. p. 250. A. marina, Eng. Bot.
t. 958. A. pentandra, Banks et Sol. Ic. et MSS.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; east coast, Banks and Solander. Astrolabe Harbour,
D Urville. Massacre Bay? Lyall. Nat. name, “ Noté-noho," D Urville.

Plant rather pubescent. Stems many, 2-3 inches long, suberect, from a stout root. Leaves numerous, linear,
+ inch long. Stipules large, membranous. Flowers numerous, axillary and terminal, pedunculate. Sepals oblong,
blunt, green, with a broad white margin. Petals smaller than the sepals, white or pale pink. Seeds flattened, with
a broad white wing.

Elatinee. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 27

Gen. III. COLOBANTHUS, Fenzl.

Sepala 4-5, coriacea, ovata, v. subulata. Petala 0. Stamina 4-5, filamentis basi in annulum
perigynum coalitis. Styli 4-5. Capsula 4-5-locularis, polysperma; valvis staminibus oppositis.

Rigid or succulent, generally densely tufted, smooth herbs, with short, usually subulate or grassy leaves, and
rather large but inconspicuous solitary flowers, on terminal peduncles. It differs from Stellaria in habit, in the
want of petals, in its usually having four sepals, few stamens, and four- to five-valved capsules; but is very nearly
allied to the European genus Sagina. The species are all natives of the Southern hemisphere, and are chiefly in-
sular. (Name from koAoßoo, to mutilate, and avdos, a flower, the latter wanting petals.)

1. Colobanthus Billardieri, Fenzl.; acaulis, ceespitosus, foliis gramineis rigidis curvis setaceo-elongatis
trigonis superne canaliculatis basi late vaginatis, pedunculis elongatis folio longioribus abbreviatisve,
floribus 5-meris. Fenzl. Ann. Vien. Mus. v. 1. p. 48. Fl. Antarct. v. 1. p. 14. Spergula apetala, Labill.
Fl. Nov. Holl. Stellaria uniflora, Banks et Sol. Ic. et MSS.

Has. Northern Island; east coast, Banks and Solander, Colenso. Middle Island; Port Cooper,
Lyall. Fl. December.

Stems very short, numerous, tufted. Zeades grassy, but rigid, 3-13 inch long, broadly sheathing at the base.
Peduncles generally as long or longer than the leaves, thickened beneath the flower, which is erect, 14 line long, with
five subulate, pointed, ovate, erect, coriaceous, green sepals, and as many stamens, styles, and valves to the capsule. —
This is a rather common Tasmanian plant, and is found in Campbell Island also.

Nar. On». VIII. ELATIN EAS.

Gen. I. ELATINE, Linn.

Sepala 2-5. Petala 2-5, imbricata. Stamina hypogyna. Ovarium depressum, 1-5-loculare v. septis
evanidis l-loculare. Ovuda plurima, placentis axillaribus affixa; stylis brevibus. Capsula membranacea,
septifraga. Semina plurima, anatropa, oblongo-cylindracea, longitudinaliter striata et transverse rugosa.

The only New Zealand species is a very inconspicuous marsh-plant, apparently identical with a North
American, Australian, and Tasmanian species. —Sšems herbaceous, an inch or two long, succulent, branched,
creeping. Leaves opposite, spathulate or obovate-oblong, blunt, entire. Flowers sessile, axillary. Calyx persis-
tent, three- to four-cleft, or of as many sepals. Petals three to four. Stamens two to four. Capsule membranous,
three- to four-celled, with often evanescent dissepiments, or one-celled, three- to four-valved. Seeds cylindrical,
furrowed and transversely striated. (Name of doubtful origin ;—was applied to a corn plant by the Greeks.)

1. Elatine Americana, Arn.; pusilla, repens, glaberrima, caule crassiusculo, foliis oppositis obovato-
oblongis obtusis brevissime petiolatis, floribus axillaribus sessilibus 3-meris, capsula septifrage 3-valvi,
dissepimentis evanidis, seminibus lente curvatis. Arnott, Ed. Journ. Nat. Sc. v. 1. p. 430. Torrey et Gray,
Fl. N. Am. E. gratioloides, 4. Cunn. Prodr.

Haz. Northern Island; bogs at Hokianga, A. Cunningham.

I have seen no specimens but Cunningham's, though Mr. Colenso says it is common, and probably overlooked.
lt appears the same as a Tasmanian plant also found at Swan River; nor can I distinguish either from the common
North American Æ. Americana, which has two or three stamens, and in which, as in this, the dissepiments are

apparent in the ovary only.

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+

ae

28 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. | Malvacez.

Nar. Orb. IX. LINEA, DC.
Gen. I. LINUM, Linn.

Flores pentameri. Sepala integra. Styli 3-5.

The species of Flax are very numerous in all the southern parts of Europe, eighty-five being enumerated by
M. Planchon (who has lately monographed the whole genus, Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. vii. p. 165, eto.). Very
few are natives of the Southern hemisphere; only two of Australia and "Tasmania, of which one is the following
New Zealand species. The latter has five sepals, and five white or bluish deciduous petals. Stamens five. Ovary
five-celled, with five styles united into one, their apices alone being free and recurved. (Name from Lin, thread,
in Celtic.)

1. Linum monogynum, Forst.; perenne, caule erecto v. decumbente folioso, foliis linearibus lanceolatis
oblongisve, stylis 5 coalitis apice liberis recurvis. Forst. Prodr. DC. Prodr. A. Rich. Flora. A. Cunn.
Prodr. Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3574.

Var. a. grandiflorum, Banks et Sol.; erectum, corymboso-ramosum, multiflorum, floribus magnis.

Var. B. diffusum; minus, decumbens v. ascendens, ramis 1-floris, floribus parvis.

Has. Coasts of the Northern, Middle, and Southern Islands, abundant, Banks and Solander, etc.
Nat. name, “ Rauhuia,” Colenso; “Kaho,” Cunn.; “Nao,” D Urville. (Cult. in England.)

This common and beautiful plant sometimes forms a shrub a foot high, at others a small herb of only a
few inches; in its common state, it resembles an English flax-plant in its habit and stature, its white or pale blue
fugacious flowers, and tough bark; but differs in being perennial. The Zeaves are three-nerved, and vary much in
form, from narrow and linear to oblong, and the flowers in size from one-fourth to nearly an inch across. Tam not
aware that the experiment of cultivating it for its fibre has ever been made. The var. a is an exceedingly handsome,
erect, woody, branching, large-flowered plant; whereas var. 6 is a small, often simple-stemmed herb, 3-6 inches
high: between these all intermediate states may be found.

Nar. On». X. MALVACEA, Juss.

Gen. I. HIBISCUS, Linn.

Calyx involucello polyphyllo cinctus. Petala qualia. Stigmata 5. Carpella 5, in capsulam 5-locu-
larem coalita, loculicide dehiscentia; valvis intus medio septiferis; loculis polyspermis.

A very large genus of chiefly tropical plants, but of which a few species inhabit either temperate zone ; of these
the New Zealander is a conspicuous and widely diffused example, being found in Europe (Italy, Carniola, and the
Caucasus), the Cape of Good Hope, Affghanistan, and the Himalaya Mountains, and also in tropical India. It is
possibly introduced into these islands; but I have no good reason for supposing so. (Name ¿Burros in Greek.)

1. Hibiscus Trionum, L.; erectus, suffrutescens, hispido-pilosus, foliis petiolatis palmato-3-5-lobatis
basi cordatis, lobis oblongis linearibusve crenato-serratis v. sinuato-lobatis obtusis inferioribus seepe indi-
visis, lobo intermedio foliis superioribus precipue elongato, involucelli foliolis setaceo-linearibus, calyce
membranaceo suburceolato inflato 5-lobo hispido venoso, floribus mediocribus flavis, capsula submembra-
nacea hispida. Linn-Sp-Pl. DC. Prodr. Bot. Mag.t.209. Tl. vesicarius, "Lim; A. Cunn. Prodr.

Has. Northern parts of the Northern Island; on both coasts, Cunningham, Colenso. Middle Island,
South Wanganui, Lyall.

i
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er Oe TRE SN eM eT

Malvacee. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 29

Allan Cunningham doubts this plant being indigenous, which Mr. Colenso does not; and I have given it the
benefit of the doubt. Time will afford sufficient evidence, for if introduced it has already spread so rapidly that it
will soon be over all the warm parts of the Northern Island. It may easily be recognized by its beautiful large
yellow flowers, with a deep purple eye; it forms a hispid, almost shrubby stem, a foot or two high; with variously
cut or lobed deaves, which are almost smooth.

Gen. II. PLAGIANTHUS, Forst.

Flores polygamo-dioici v. hermaphroditi? Calyx campanulatus, 5-lobus, lobis valvatis. Petala 5, basi
in tubum coalita. Stamina 00; filamentis in tubum (tubo corollee continuum) coalitis, superne pentadelphis
v. liberis; antheris 1-locularibus, bilobis, rima longitudinali centrali dehiscentibus. Ovarium l- rarius 2-3-
loculare; loculis l-ovulatis; stylo erecto; stigmatibus 2-3, brevibus, obtusis. Capsula 1-8-cocca, irregu-
lariter dehiscens; coccis l-spermis. Semen pendulum, embryone curvato. Asterotrichion, Klotzsch. Ble-
pharanthemum, Zndl.

Shrubs, with a very tough bark, more or less covered with stellate pubescence. Leaves alternate or fascicled, with
caducous stipules, variable in form, both as relates to the genus and individual species. Flowers axillary, solitary,
fascicled or paniculate; usually small, white. Calyx broadly campanulate or almost tubular, with five valvate lobes.
Corolla membranous. Petals five, obliquely obovate or linear, united into a short tube, which bears that of the sta-
mens. Staminal tube long or short; the filaments sometimes combined throughout their length, at others obscurely
united into five fasciculi. Anthers numerous in the male flowers, one-celled, two-lobed, the valves meeting and
splitting down the middle, each rolling back. Ovary generally one-celled, with a straight style, and one to three
stigmata, sometimes two- rarely three-celled. Capsule turgid, one- to three-celled, or of as many one-seeded -cocci ;
bursting irregularly or longitudinally on one side. —This appears to be a very natural genus, and well defined by
its fruit; it consists of New Holland, Tasmanian, and New Zealand plants, and is allied to Sida, through 8. pulchella.
The characters of Plagianthus, Blepharanthemum, and Asterotrichion of Endlicher and Klotzsch, are more or less in-
complete and inaccurate, the figures in Bot. Mag. t. 3271, 3396, being quite accurate, as is Allan Cunningham’s cha-
racter, except that the flowers are not usually hermaphrodite. (Name from mAayuos, oblique, because of the gene-

rally unequal-sided petals.)

1. Plagianthus de¢udinus, A. Cunn. ; arboreus, hermaphrodito-dioicus, ramulis foliisque stellato-pubes-
centibus, foliis gracile, petiolatis membranaceis ovatis acuminatis rhombeisve (junioribus forma variis) irre-
gulariter et obtuse duplicato-serratis interdum obscure lobatis basi acutis v. obtusis, paniculis axillaribus
multifloris folio longioribus fructiferis effusis, floribus parvis, calyce hemispheerico, petalis lineari-oblongis
anguste linearibusve, tubo stamineo d'elongato, capsula ovato-rotundata cana calyce coriaceo persistente
suffulta, rima laterali dehiscente 1-sperma. P. betulinus e£ P. urticinus, A. Cunn. Prodr.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; not uncommon. Bay of Islands, 4. Cunningham, etc. East
Coast, Colenso. Akaroa, Raoul. (Cultivated in England.)

A lofty tree, 70 fect when full grown (according to A. Cunningham); also commonly forming a very straggling
bush, with variously cut membranous leaves, more or less lobed or toothed, and cordate at the base. Bark rich dark
brown, very tough. Leaves and branchlets more or less densely covered with stellate hairs. Petioles very slender,
3-2 inch long. Leaves 1-2 inches long, ovate, blunt or sharp at the base, coarsely doubly serrate or crenate. Panicles
many-flowered, 3-6 inches long, effuse, pubescent. Flowers small, white. Petals variable in shape, narrower in
the male flowers, which have longer staminal tubes and included styles (P. urticinus, A.Cunn.). Capsule globose,
with a pointed top, seated in the persistent coriaceous veined calyx, 1-2 lines long, white with appressed hairs; one-
seeded. Seed oily, red-brown, with undulated cotyledons.

2. Plagianthus divaricatus, Forst.; frutex glaberrimus, vage divaricatim ramosus, foliis sparsis fascicu-
G

30 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. | Malvacee.

latis lineari-ligulatis curvatis subcuneatisve obtusis integerrimis subcoriaceis opacis, floribus parvis herma-
phroditis axillaribus solitariis, pedunculis folio brevioribus, calyce hemispheerico, petalis oblongis linearibusve
obtusis concavis, tubo stamineo elongato apice truncato, antheris subsessilibus 8-10, capsula cano-tomen-
tosa gibbosa rima longitudinali dehiscente et irregulariter transverse rupta. Forst. Prodr. DC. Prodr.
A. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zeal. A. Cunn. Prodr. Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3271.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; common in salt marshes near the sea, Forster, ete. (Cultivated
in England.)

A slender twiggy shrub, 3—5 feet, high, with spreading branches, differing much in habit, but not in botanical
characters, from P. betulinus. Leaves in fascicles, 1-3 inch long, narrow, linear, blunt, quite entire and smooth.
Flowers very small, yellowish-white, on short peduncles, solitary, axillary. Calyx smooth, hemispherical. Petals
oblong or linear-concave. Staminal tube long, bearing six to eight sessile anthers at the top. Capsule larger than
in P. betulinus, obliquely turgid, white with appressed wool; splitting down one side, and also bursting irregularly

and transversely. Seeds solitary, about the size of a tare.

Gen. III. HOHERIA, Cunn.

Calyx hemispheericus, quinquelobus, lobis valvatis. Petala 5, basi in tubum coalita. Stamina 00; fila-
mentis basi in tubum (tubo corollee continuum) coalitis, superne pentadelphis v. liberis ; antheris 1-locula-
ribus, bilobis, rima longitudinali centrali dehiscentibus. Ovariwm 5-10-loculare ; loculis l-ovulatis. Sžy/i
5-10, basi coaliti, intus versus apices stigmatiferi, lineares, vix dilatati. Carpella 5-10, compressa, mono-
sperma, dorso concava v. in alam producta. AA

Shrubs and small trees, confined as far as hitherto known to New Zealand, differing in habit chiefly from Sida.
Flowers white and showy, peduncled, axillary, solitary or in fascicles. Leaves alternate, petioled, doubly toothed,
serrate or crenate, smooth or covered with stellate pubescence ; when seen between the eye and light, small trans-
lucent dots may be seen. Calyx, corolla, and stamens as in Plagianthus. Ovary with five to ten one-ovuled cells,
and as many long styles united below into one. Carpels five or ten; when five, coriaceous and winged at the back ;
when ten, membranous and furrowed. Seeds pendulous, compressed. (Name derived from the native one.)

Subgenus I. EuHoHERTA. Carpels and styles 5, the former winged at the back.

1. Hoheria populnea, A. Cunn. ; arbuscula glaberrima v. glabrata, ramulis pedunculis calyceque cano-
pubescentibus, foliis petiolatis late ovatis v. anguste oblongis lanceolatisve acuminatis basi cuneatis trunca-
tis v. cordatis irregulariter duplicato-dentatis rarius lobatis venosis, pedunculis fasciculatis articulatis 1-floris
calycibusque pubescentibus, petalis ovato- v. lineari-oblongis obtusis concavis obliquis sub-l-dentatis dorso
pubescentibus, filamentis pentadelphis, ovario 5-loculari, stylis 5, carpellis dorso in alam obtusam ascenden-
tem productis. 4. Cunn. Prodr. Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 565, 566.

Var. a; foliis ovatis amplis grosse et argute dentatis.

Var. B. lanceolata ; foliis lineari- v. oblongo-lanceolatis serratis dentatisve.

Var. y. angustifolia ; foliis parvis grosse irregulariter pauci-spinoso-dentatis lineari-oblongis, floribus
minoribus. H. angustifolia, Raoul, Choix de Plantes, p. 48. t. 26.

Var. 8. cratagifolia ; foliis ovatis varie lobatis dentatisque.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands. Bay of Islands, Cunningham. Auckland, Sinclair. Var. a. Not
common south of the Thames, Colenso. Var. y. A more southern plant. Akaroa, Raoul ; Nelson, Bidwill.
Var. B, y, 5. Hast coast, Colenso. Nat. name, “ Houheria,” Colenso.

A small handsome tree, 25 feet high, with copious white flowers, something like those of a cherry. The bark
(like that of Althea and other Mallows) affords a demulcent drink, used in medicine; also cordage, whence the

|
:
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Tihacee. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 21

native name, which signifies to bind or tie. Branchlets and peduncles pubescent. Leaves smooth (young ones
pubescent), very variable in size, breadth, and depth of toothing, ovate or lanceolate, 2-5 inches long, on petioles
2 inch long, veined, generally sharply and coarsely doubly toothed, at other times finely serrate. Flowers variable in
size, i-$ inch broad, white. Petals linear-oblong, blunt, oblique or toothed on one side, pubescent, rarely smooth at
the back. Carpels produced outwards into an oblong short blunt ascending wing, longer than broad. That of
var. y. angustifolia, as figured in M. Raoul’s work, is much narrower and longer than in the specimens he gave me.

Subgenus II. APTEROGARPA. Carpels and styles 10, the latter not winged.

2. Hoheria Zyallii, Hook. fil.; arbuscula, foliis petiolatis ovato-cordatis utrinque cano-pubescentibus
regulariter dupli- triplicato inciso-crenatis, lobulis obtusis, pedunculis 1-floris, floribus amplis, petalis late
ovato-oblongis obtusis apices versus obliquis. Tas. XI. 4.

Var. 8 ? foliis glabratis duplicato-dentatis lobulis acutis. Tas. XI. B.

Has. Middle Island. Hills west of Canterbury, Lyall. Nat. name, “ Whau-whi" Lyall. Var. B.
Dusky Bay, Forster ; Milford Sound, Zyall.

A small tree, of which I have seen but three specimens; one in flower from Canterbury, the two others in
fruit from the West Coast, and possibly belonging to a different species. eaves in both similar in size and form,
2-4 inches long, ovate-cordate, with pubescent petioles 3—1 inch long; pubescent on both surfaces, the margin
deeply and regularly cut into lobes which are twice or thrice obtusely crenate; in var. a, they are smooth or
nearly so, and the margin is irregularly toothed, the lobules being rather sharp. Peduncles about as long as the
petioles. Flowers large and handsome, nearly an inch across, pure white. Calyz thickly downy. Petals obscurely
notched at one side towards the apex. Fruit (in var. B) size of a large pea, of ten very flat reniform membranous
carpels, collected into a globose head, surrounded at the base with the persistent calyx. Seed solitary, compressed,
curved; testa hardly coriaceous, pale red-brown; albumen scanty; embryo large, with a long curved radicle, and
convolute broad cotyledons.—PrATrE XI. Fig. 1 and 2, flowers; 3, pistil; 4, ovarium cut open; 5, ripe seed; 6,
vertical section of the same :—all magnified.

Nar. Orb. XI. TILIACEA, Juss.

Gen. I. ENTELEA, Br.

Sepala 4-5, acuminata. Petala 4-5. Stamina 00, omnia fertilia; antheris 2-locularibus, dorso
affixis. Ovarium hispidum, globosum, 4—6-loculare ; stylo angulato ; stigmate umbilicato. Capsula globosa,
hispido-echinata, supra medium 4-6-valvis ; loculis polyspermis.

A small branching tree, 3—5 feet high, generally growing in patches near the sea, and whose light wood is
used as floats for nets. Whole plant more or less densely covered with appressed stellate tomentum. Leaves
alternate, large (4-8 inches long), on long petioles, obliguely ovato-rotundate, deeply cordate at the base, pointed,
irregularly dupli- triplicate crenate or serrate, angled, sometimes obscurely lobed, five- to seven-nerved at the base;
stipules small, persistent. Inflorescence an irregular, erect, spreading panicle, with subumbellate stout branches and
peduncles, bracteate at the axils, and drooping white flowers, 3-1 inch broad. Sepals four to five, ovate, acuminate,
densely pubescent. Petals crumpled. Stamens very numerous, forming a densely packed row round the globose
hispid germen. Capsules as large as a hazel-nut, four- to six-angled, as many celled and valved, densely covered with
long, spreading, stiff, pointed, spinous bristles, nearly an inch long, splitting from the crown nearly half-way down;
cells gaping, Seeds small, oblong, in two rows along the inner angle of each cell, whose walls are almost woody
and transversely wrinkled ; testa hard, pale grey; albumen oily. (Name from evreAns, perfect, all the stamens being
fertile, in which respect it differs from Sparmannia.)

32 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Hleocarpea.

1. Entelea arborescens, Br. in Bot. Mag. t. 2480. A. Cunn. Prodr. Apeiba australis, 4. Rich. Fl.
Nov. Zeal. p. 301.1. 34. Corchorus sloanoides, Banks et Sol. Ic. et MSS.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands, not unfrequent, Banks and Solander, etc. Nat. name, “ Whau,”
Colenso, and “ Hauama,” in the Middle Island. (Cultivated in England.)

This, the only known species, is confined to New Zealand. It is very nearly allied to the Cape of Good Hope
genus Sparmannia.

Nat. Orb. XII. EL4AOCARPEAL, Juss.
Gen. I. ELZEOCARPUS, Z.

Sepala 5, valvata. Petala 5, apice lacera. Stamina 00; antheris pubescentibus elongatis, loculis in-
eequalibus, muticis v. unico aristato. Discus carnosus, lobatus. Ovarium 2-5-loculare; ovulis pendulis ;
stylo recto; stigmate simplici. Drupa monopyrena, nuce tuberculata, 2—5- (abortu 1-) loculare. Semen
inversum.

'Trees, with very hard but splitting wood, furnishing a brown or black permanent dye from the bark, much
used by the natives. Branches fastigiate, leafy at their erect apices. Flowers in axillary racemes. Sepals four to
five. Petals four to five, toothed or fimbriated. Stamens with long pubescent anthers and short filaments, placed
on a swollen lobed disc. Ovary two- to five-celled, with straight style, simple stigma, and one to two pendulous
ovules in each cell. Fruit an oblong drupe, containing a very hard granulated one- to five-celled nut.— This genus
is almost entirely Asiatic and tropical; many species are Australian. (Name from eda, an olive, and kapros, fruit,
the berry resembling an olive.)

1. Eleocarpus Hinau, A. Cunn.; glaberrima, ramulis novellis sericeis, foliis lineari-oblongis obovato-
oblongisve obtusis acutis acuminatisve in petiolum angustatis coriaceis marginibus obscure serratis recurvis
subtus pallidis rarius pube appressa sericeis, nervis validis seepissime ad costam impressis, racemis sericeis
v. glabratis erectis folio equilongis v. brevioribus, floribus pendulis albis, petalis lobatis lacerisve, antheris
aristatis, drupa plerumque abortu 1-loculari. A. Cunn. Prodr. Hook. le. Plant. t. 602. — Dicera dentata,
Forst. De Cand. A. Rich. Y. Cunninghamii, Raoul, Choix de Plantes, p. 25.

Haz. Northern Island, and northern parts of Middle Island, Forster, etc. Nat. name, “ Hinau,”
Cunningham. (Cultivated in England.)

A small erect tree, with fastigiate branches at the top of its slender straight trunk. Leaves 2-3 inches long,
erect, very coriaceous, variable in shape, linear-oblong, obovate or lanceolate, narrowed into a short stout petiole,
blunt or with a long acumen, the margins recurved and obscurely serrate, underside whitish, sometimes shining
with very closely appressed silky down, with strong veins, and generally a deep hollow where these join the midrib.
Racemes silky or smooth (as are the sepals), as long or shorter than the leaves, of many white pendulous flowers,
Linch broad. Petals three- to five-lobed or fimbriated. Stamens with very short filaments, and long four-angled
hispid anthers, terminated on one side by an awn. Drupes 3-3 inch long, oblong; the pulp rubbed off from the
nuts is eaten by the natives, and has an astringent taste. Nut deeply furrowed, very hard, generally 1-celled, with
hardly a trace of the other cells. —The Æ. Cunninghamii of M. Raoul, founded on a comparison of a single specimen
of E. Hinau, Cunn., with another solitary individual in Forster's herbarium, of the original Dicera dentata, appears
to me not even a variety, judging from the variations in the foliage of my specimens.

2. Eleocarpus Hookerianus, Raoul; arboreus, glaberrimus, ramis fastigiatis, foliis petiolatis lineari-ob-
longis obtusis (junioribus linearibus varie sinuato-pinnatifidis) coriacels sinuato-crenatis, racemis folio 4 bre-
vioribus, floribus parvis, petalis cuneatis laceris, antheris vix aristatis, ovario 2-loculare, drupa ovoidea, nuce

Eleocarpea. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 33

abortu 1-loculari. Raoul, Choir de Plantes, p. 26. 4.25. E. serratus, Zinn. fil., fid. Banks et Sol. Ic.
et MSS.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; east coast, Banks and Solander, Colenso; Nelson, Bidwill ;
Akaroa, Raoul. Nat. name, “ Hinau,” Raoul; “ Pokaka,” and “ Mahimahi," Colenso.

A much smaller-leaved plant than the former, guite smooth in every part, except the anthers, which are obscurely
hispid. Trunk 30-40 feet high, similar to F. Hinau. Leaves coriaceous ; margins not recurved, but repand-sinuate,
crenate or bluntly serrate; linear-oblong or elliptical, blunt, on petioles 4-4 the length of the lamina, which is 13—2
inches; young leaves linear and sinuate, almost pinnatifid like the leaflets of several New Zealand Araliacee, also
like young leaves of Pittosporum rigidum. Racemes erect, shorter than the leaves. Flowers small, drooping. Sepals
14 line long, lanceolate, acuminate. Petals whitish, as long as the sepals, cleft into unequal linear blunt lobes.
Stamens as in E. Hinau, but anthers blunter. Berry small, blue, 4 inch long. Nut hard, furrowed and rough on
the surface.

Gen. II. ARISTOTELIA, Herit.

Flores hermaphroditi v. 1-sexuales. Sepala 4-5, valvata v. subimbricata. Petala 4-5, apice integra
v. lobata, infi. 9 interdum sguamaformia. Stamina 00, disco carnoso inserta; filamentis brevibus; an-
theris elongatis 2-locularibus, apice rimis v. poris 2 dehiscentibus. Ovarium sessile, 2—4-loculare, ovulis
quovis loculo 2 superimpositis. Bacca subcarnosa, rotundata, 2—4-locularis, dissepimentis membranaceis.
Semina loculis 2, v. abortu pauciora, superimposita, angulata; testa crustacea v. ossea, extus membranacea
v. pulposa, umbilico ventrali appendiculato; endopleura membranacea; albumine carnoso ; embryone axili,
recto; cotyledonibus dilatatis, planis undulatisve; radicula tereti, supera. Herit. Stirp. Rar. De Cand.
Prodr., ete. Friesia, Auct. in part.

G. Don (Gardner’s Dictionary) alludes to the great similarity between the anthers of Aristotelia and those of
Eleocarpee, and I find the genus referred to that Order (on Don's authority) in Herb. Hook.: M. Planchon con-
firmed this view, and has called the New Zealand species Aristotelia Forsteri, Planch. MSS. Another species, with
somewhat dissimilar habit, is found in Tasmania (Zleocarpus peduncularis, Lab., Friesia, DC.) ; its petals are usually
three-lobed ; those of the 4. racemosa are trifid, of 4. Macgui (the Chilian species) entire, and those of a second
New Zealand species, 4. fruticosa, nearly so also. All form shrubs or trees, with opposite petiolate leaves, which
vary much in size and form, and have no stipules.—Flowers in more or less ample panicles or racemes, seldom
solitary, hermaphrodite or unisexual. Sepals four to five, valvate, pubescent at the margins, which sometimes
overlap a little, and become imbricate. Petals obovate, entire or lobed, sometimes in female flowers reduced to
scales. Stamens many, or few in female flowers, inserted on a thick torus; filaments short; anthers long, usually
hairy, opening by pores. Ovarium two- to four-celled, with two superimposed ovules in each cell; style slender, bifid
to quadrifid at the apex. Berry surrounded at the base by the persistent calyx, globose, obscurely angled, fleshy,
two- to four-celled. Seeds two in a cell, or fewer by abortion, angular; testa bony, covered with a thin fleshy or
membranous covering (inconspicuous in some of the species).—I do not find the cotyledons plicate in the Chili
plant, as Endlicher describes them, but obscurely undulated ; they are rather broader and thinner, but not otherwise
different from those of the New Zealand and Tasmanian species. The fruit of 4. Macgui is acid and eatable, and
is made into a wine used in cases of malignant fever, and was employed by Dombey in Chili during the plague of
1782 with boasted success. (Name in memory of the Macedonian philosopher Aristotle.)

1. Aristotelia racemosa (Friesia, A. Cunn.) ; arbuscula, ramulis foliis paniculisque pubescentibus demum
glabratis, foliis longe petiolatis late ovatis oblongo-lanceolatisve basi cuneatis cordatisve acuminatis grosse
duplicato-serratis, paniculis axillaribus effusis, floribus 4-meris dioicis, petalis roseis 3-fidis calyce longiori-
bus, floribus foemineis parvis, staminibus sub-12 pubescentibus, antheris filamentis 4 longioribus, baccis
globosis, seminis testa crustacea. Friesia racemosa, A. Cunn. Prodr. Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 601. Dicera?

H

34 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Olacinee.

serrata, Forst. Prodr. DC. Prodr. A. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zeal. Eleeocarpus dicera, Willd., Banks et Sol. Ic.
et MSS. Triphalia rubicunda, Sol. MSS.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands, abundant, Forster, etc. Fl. October to January and February.
Nat. name, “ Mako-Mako," Cunn. (Cultivated in England.)

A handsome small tree, with large leaves, generally red or purplish beneath, and racemes of small rosy flowers.
Leaves variable in form, membranous, pubescent, as are the branchlets and panicles, becoming glabrous when old ;
3-5 inches long, ovate, cordate or oblong lanceolate, deeply and irregularly serrate, acuminate, on long petioles.
Panicles (though called racemosa, the inflorescence is not a simple raceme) half as long as the leaves, from whose
axils they arise. Peduncles and pedicels slender. Flowers small, 2-4 lines across; males largest. Petals rosy, three-
lobed; those of the female flowers very small. Stamens many, bright yellow, covered with microscopic hairs ;
anthers longer than the filaments. Ovary usually four-celled. Berry as large as a pea, eaten by the natives, acid.

2. Aristotelia fruticosa, Hook. fil.; fruticulus decumbens v. erectus, rigidus, ramulis petiolisque
puberulis divaricatis v. suberectis, foliis glaberrimis parvis coriaceis breve petiolatis obovatis ovatis ob-
longisve obtusis crenatis v. serratis subter venosis, floribus 4-meris dioicis axillaribus, pedunculis 1-3-floris
basi bracteolatis, sepalis ovatis obtusis, petalis calyce sequilongis obovatis integris v. obscure lobatis infi. foem.
abbreviatis, staminibus 4—6, filamentis brevibus, antheris pubescentibus, ovario 2—4-loculari, bacca globosa
4—6-sperma, testa ossea.

Var. a. suberecta; folis 1 unc. longis coriaceis crenatis.

Var. B. erecta; foliis 1-14 unc. longis dentatis v. serratis minus coriaceis.

Var. y. prostrata; foliis parvis 11 unc. longis oblongis coriaceis.

Var. 8. microphylla; suberecta, ramis divaricatis virgatis laxe foliosis, foliis parvis coriaceis obovato-
spathulatis obtusis, baccis parvis.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands. Var. a and 8. East Coast; Ruahine range, at a considerable
elevation, Colenso. Var. y. Milford Sound, Lyall; Nelson, Bidwill. Var. 8. Base of Tongariro, and at
Tarawera, Colenso.

A very variable plant, growing freely as a bush, 4—6 feet high, in damp woods, becoming small and prostrate
in more alpine and exposed localities, and more rigid and straggling on a drier soil lower down. Some of Mr.
Colenso's specimens of var. 8 have the leaves more membranous, sharply serrate, and occasionally very irregularly
lobed, resembling those of a starved plant of 4. racemosa. The flowers and fruit are, however, the same in all these
localities, varying but little in size, and not at all in structure.—Stems and branches woody, covered with red-brown
bark; upper and petioles pubescent. Leaves on short petioles, generally very coriaceous, 3 lines to 1 inch long,
ovate, obovate, or linear-oblong, blunt, crenate, or serrate. Flowers very minute, red, solitary, on short simple
peduncles, almost buried in sheathing coriaceous bracts, rarely two or three together, and forming a raceme.
Berries red, fleshy, 1-2 lines across, four-celled, three- to five-seeded. Seeds with a bony more or less tuberculated
testa, covered with a fleshy cellular coat, which is not separable, and in which the nutrient vessels of the growing
seed partly ramify.—Two species are perhaps confounded under 4. fruticosa.

Nar. On». XIII. OLACINEA, Miró.
Gen. I. PENNANTIA, Forst.

Flores dioici. Calyæ obsoletus. Petala 5, valvata. Fu. d Stamina 5, petalis alterna; filamentis gra-
cilibus ; antheris longe exsertis; pollen spheericum, 3-lineatum ; rudimentum ovarii minimum conicum.
Fr. 9 Stamina abbreviata, inclusa. Ovarium lineari-oblongum, obtuse trigonum, stigmate sessili 3-lobo

Olacinee. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 35

coronatum ; ovulum 1 e apice column basilaris ovarii parieti adnate pendulum, umbilico brevi incrassato.
Bacca ovoidea, carnosa, stigmate persistente trigono coronata; putamine trigono crustaceo superne infra
apicem perforato. Semen pendulum; testa tenuissima, chalaza et raphe instructa; albumine carnoso; em-
bryone parvo recto, axili; radicula anguste clavata, supera; cotyledonibus parvis, plano-convexis. Forst.
Gen. 67. Prodr. p. 379.

Small trees, branching freely from below, 40 feet high, with whitish bark and brittle wood; young branches
and racemes pubescent. Leaves alternate, on short petioles, 1-3 inches long, rather membranous, ovate, obovate,
or oblong, blunt, sinuate-repand or toothed, rarely entire, turning blackish in drying. Flowers white, fragrant, in
terminal panicles, of which the males are the largest. Calyx a very minute cup, obscurely five-toothed, jointed on
the top of the pedicel. Petals valvate, linear-oblong, 1-2 lines long; males largest, reflexed. Stamens alternate
with the petals; those of the male flowers with flexuose filaments, longer than the petals; anthers linear-oblong,
orange; those of the female shorter, without pollen. Ovariwm, in the male flower reduced to a conical central
tubercle; in the female, linear-oblong, bluntly three-angled, crowned with three diverging sessile stigmata, one-
celled, with one pendulous ovule at the top of the cell, hanging from a short swollen funiculus. Berries oval, black,
shining, fleshy, with a dark purple juice, about 3 inch long, enclosing a trigonous hard nut, with three flat faces; a
flat cord runs up one of the outer faces of this nut, and passes through a small round hole just below the apex ;
by this cord the seed is suspended. Seed filling the cavity of the nut; albumen firm and fleshy, oily ; embryo small,
axile at the upper end of the seed.—Only three species of this curious genus are known,—the present, one from
Norfolk Island, and one from the West Coast of Australia; it is allied to Zcacina. (Name in honour of Thomas
Pennant, an eminent Scottish naturalist.)

1. Pennantia corymbosa, Forst. Prodr. A. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zeal. A. Cunn. Prodr. P. odorata,
Raoul, Ann. Sc. Nat. Meristoides paniculata, Banks et Sol. Ic. et MSS. Tas. XII.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; mountainous woods; east coast, Banks and Solander, Colenso,
etc. Akaroa, Raoul. Nelson, Bidwill. Nat. name, “ Kaikomako,” Colenso.

A very graceful flowering tree, 20-30 feet high, which may be recognized by the characters given under the
genus. The wood is considered the best for producing fire by friction. The economy of the ovary and fruit is
extremely curious, as is often the case with Olacinee, and its nearly allied natural orders, Santalacee and Loranthacee,
etc. The fruit of many species of these presents very anomalous appearances, from such important changes taking
place in the youngest state of the ovarium, as obliteration of cavities and absorption of dissepiments, and even of
unimpregnated ovules. This occurs when these organs are still so rudimentary as only to be recognized by careful
examination of the ovary in fresh specimens, and from their very earliest period of growth. The three stigmata
and trigonous form of the ovary indicate the germen to be composed of three carpellary leaves, and to have had three
ovules at some period: these ovules are in allied plants suspended from the top of an erect column, arising from
the bottom of the ovary, or are pendulous from the top of the cell. I can nowhere trace such a column in the fleshy
ovary of Pennantia, which turns black when dry; but it is very evident in the fruit, as the cord passing up the out-
side of the nut, fig. 12, 13, and 14 (a). The position of the two deficient ovules may possibly be recognized in
thé ovary as the swelling of the umbilicus, fig. 5 and 7 (a). The development of a crustaceous nut round the seed,
between it and the cord, is not so readily accounted for, and I can only suggest its being owing to the inner walls
of the cavity of the ovarium gradually becoming thickened; and I offer, in corroboration of this opinion, the struc-
ture of Marlea. In that genus the pendulous ovules are lodged in cavities of the fleshy ovary, which thus presents
as many cells as ovules, the cells communicating over the top of the erect column from which the ovules are
suspended. These cells harden round the ripening seeds, and a berry (with three nuts or a three-celled nut) is
the result, each nut perforated at its upper inner angle, opposite the position of the apex of the column. It is not
surprising that the central column of Pennantia should, in its rudimentary state, be included in the wall of the
ovarium, nor that two cells should be absorbed, nor that two ovules should be wanting; but it is curious (though

36 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. | Hypericinee.

not unusual) that no further obliquity or gibbosity of the germen should ensue. The column becoming so evident at
a later period is also natural, it being well supplied with vascular tissue for the nourishment of the large seed.—
Myzodendron presents a modification of this structure: the column there bears three ovules, two of which are
absorbed, but at a later period than in Pennantia ; and the column afterwards becomes a flat cord lying against the
wall of the cavity of the seed-vessel, with one pendulous seed, and the two undeveloped ovules appearing as swellings
near the point of suspension. In the absence, then, of specimens enabling me to trace the development of the ovarium
and fruit of Pennantia, 1 propose, as the probable explanation of its anomalous structure, that the ovarium is normally
three-celled, the cells being confluent above; that a short erect central column is placed at the confluence of the cells ;
and that three ovules hang from it, one into each cell. Ata very early period two of the cells and their corresponding
ovules are absorbed, the germen becomes gibbous, the inner wall of the remaining cell gradually hardens, and
the vessels of the column thicken at the same time, with the growth of the seed they nourish. The result is a hard
nut, with a flat cord running up one face, passing through an orifice at the upper extremity of the latter. The deep
sulcus in the front of the ovule, fig. 7 and 8, is probably due to contraction during drying — PLATE XII. A, female,
and B, male branch :—natural size. Fig. 1, male flower; 2, pollen; 3, female flower; 4, ovary; 5, 6, vertical
sections of the same, showing the undeveloped ovules at a; 7, ovule; 8, transverse section of the same; 9, 10, 11,
ripe fruit; 12, transverse, and 13, longitudinal section of berry; 14, nut and its column (a); 15, front view of
the same; 16, embryo :—all but fig. 9 magnified.

Nar. Og». XIV. HYPERICINEA, DC.
Gen. I. HYPERICUM, Z.

Sepala 5, imbricata. Petala 5, contorta. Stamina 00, in phalanges collecta v. libera, filamentis
filiformibus. Ovarium 1-3-loculare; stigmatibus 3. Capsula membranacea, 1-locularis, 3-valvis, valva-
rum marginibus inflexis; seminibus marginalibus plurimis.

Erect or procumbent herbs and small shrubs, with the leaves, and sometimes petals and sepals, covered with
glandular dots. Being the only New Zealand genus of the Order, it may be recognized by the characters of that
Order itself, which are very strongly marked. The species have a very wide range: both of them are natives of
either hemisphere, and of Europe, Asia, Africa, and America; but being exceedingly variable, their precise distri-
bution is not well ascertained. (Name, the örnpırov of Dioscorides.)

1. Hypericum gramineum, Forst.; caule simplici v. e basi diviso et superne dichotomo erecto v. sub-
erecto tetragono, foliis oblongis obtusis sessilibus subcordatis punctatis marginibus plerumque revolutis,
sepalis oblongis obtusis v. ovatis acuminatis punctatis integerrimis, petalis calyce longioribus, staminibus
fere liberis, capsula conica. Forst. Prodr. Lab. Austro-Caled. p. 53. t. 53. H. involutum, Lab. et Auct.
H. aureum, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic. H. Japonicum, Auct. in part. Brathys Billardieri, Spach.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; not uncommon. Last coast, Banks and Solander, Colenso.
Akaroa, Raoul.

An erect herb, a span or so long. Stems slender, with four rather membranous angles, simple or dichoto-
mously branched, very much so in the New Caledonian specimens figured by Labillardiére, and in some Tasmanian
ones; but not at all so in Forster’s original specimens, and sparingly so in my New Zealand ones. Leaves 2-1 inch
long, suberect, oblong, sessile, blunt, base cordate, covered with black dots, flat or with the margin revolute. Flowers
on short or long peduncles, 4-1 inch across, variable in size, as are the golden-yellow petals, which often curl in-
wards as they wither. Sepals oblong, blunt or sharp. Stamens numerous, hardly united at the base into bundles.
Capsule conical, three-valved, with three styles, membranous.—This very variable plant is common in Australia and
Tasmania; it closely resembles H. linearifolium, DC., of Europe CH. linariifolium, Vahl), and is probably the
H. pedicellare, Endl., of Swan River, and H. Lalandii, Choisy, of the Cape of Good Hope. From Mexico and Peru

1
E
3
E
|

Sapindacee. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 37

there is a very similar plant in Hooker’s Herbarium. Though so different in appearance from the following, it is
hot easy to distinguish small states of the one from large of the other; and judging from the extremely variable
character of H. Japonicum in India, I am strongly inclined to consider these two New Zealand plants as states of
one very common species.

2. Hypericum Japonicum, Thunb.; caule humifuso v. basi prostrato ascendente ramoso v. simplici
tetragono, foliis sessilibus late oblongis obovatisve obtusis punctatis planis marginibusve revolutis, sepalis
oblongis obovatisve obtusis acutisve punctatis integerrimis, petalis calyce vix longioribus, staminibus
liberis, capsula globosa v. oblonga acuta calyce vix longiore.

Var. 8. humifusum ; caulibus humifusis basi ramosissimis superne simplicibus v. divisis. H. pusillum,
Choisy in DC. Prodr. v. 1. p. 549. A. Cunn. Prodr. Ascyrum humifusum, Lab. Fl. Nov. Holl. v. 2.
p. 33. t. 175.

Has. Northern Island; not uncommon. Bay of Islands, 4. Cunningham, Colenso, ete. Auckland,
Sinclair. Var. B, in moist places.

The ordinary state of this plant, and the var. B especially, may be known by its more procumbent slender
habit, branching stem, broader flatter leaves and sepals, and shorter, more rounded capsules. Sometimes, in var. ß,
the leaves and flowers are very small, 1-2 lines long, and the plant wholly procumbent; at others it ascends, be-
comes larger, the leaves narrower, and capsules longer, passing into H. gramineum. These are points to which the
attention of the resident must be drawn, who should not be deceived by appearances due to the place of growth,
but collect copiously, and cultivate the varieties under different circumstances of exposure, humidity, ete. The
extreme states of these plants (H. gramineum and Japonicum) are very different, and intermediate ones are not
so usual in New Zealand as in India, where they are all very common. This is also a Mauritius and Madagascar
plant. Wight and Arnott (Prodr. Fl. Penins. Ind. Or.) have indicated the close affinity between H. Japonicum
and the European H. humifusum. There is a perfectly similar plant in Herb. Hook. from San Francisco, in
California, and from Fort Vancouver (North-west America), labelled H. anagalloides, Cham. et Schlecht.; and
another from Valdivia, in South Chili, called ZZ. Ohilense, Gay, Flor. Chil. (badly described). I am far from in-
sisting on these all belonging to one species, which can only be determined by laborious investigation ; but I think it
probable, the more especially as many of these are described without reference to any general herbarium, and
often from very imperfect specimens.

Nar. Ord. XV. SAPINDACEA, Juss.
Gen. I. ALECTRYON, Gertn.

Calye 4—b-lobus v. partitus. Petala 0. Stamina 5-8, hypogyna, eegualia, erecta; antheris filamentis
eeguilongis, 2-locularibus. Ovarium 1, uniloculare (3-loculare, Cunn.), compressum, uni-bi-ovulatum, dorso
productum ; stylo brevi, laterali, curvato ; stigmate simplici, acuto (3-fido, Ounn.). Capsula (bacca, A. Cunn.)
crustacea, pubescens, oblique obovata, turgida, dorso in gibbum producta, 1-locularis, 1-sperma; semine
arillato ; testa nitida, crustacea; cotyledonibus crassis.

The only New Zealand species forms a lofty tree, branching above. Young branches, leaves below, and
especially the inflorescence, covered with a velvety rusty-coloured down. Leaves pinnate, 4—10 inches long; leaflets
alternate, petiolate, 2—3 inches long, obliquely ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, obscurely crenate, the young ones deeply
inciso-serrate. Flowers small, in terminal panicles, 6—8 inches long, much branched; branches stout, spreading.
Calyx hairy, of four to five small lobes. Petals 0. Stamens usually eight, with large deep-red anthers and short
filaments. Ovary solitary, hairy, sunk amongst the copious hairs at the base of the calyx, compressed, with a short,
flat, erect projection at the back. Capsule 4 inch long, turgid, hard and dry, pubescent, obliquely obovate and gib-

+

38 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [Meliacee.

bous, or subguadrate, containing one round seed half enveloped in a scarlet fleshy arillus. (Name from aAekrpvov,
a cock, from the resemblance of the scarlet arillus to a cock’s comb.)

1. Alectryon excelswm, DO. Prodr. v. 1. p. 617. 4. Cunn. Prodr. Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 870. Euony-
moides excelsa, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands. Bay of Islands, Cunningham, ete. East coast, Banks and
Solander. - Nat. name, “ Titoki” and * Titongi” of southern parts of North Island, Colenso.

Cunningham says that an oil was once extracted from the seeds, and used for anointing the person; but that
whale-oil has now superseded it.

Gen. II. DODONAA, Z.

Flores polygami. Sepala 3-5. Corolla 0. Stamina 5-00, receptaculo inserta; filamentis brevissimis.
Ovarium sessile, 2-5-gonum, 2-5-loculare; ovulis loculis. 2, superimpositis. Capsula membranacea,
2-5-valvis; valvis dorso alatis, a columna centrali erecta persistente alata solutis. Semina loculis 2
(abortu 1); testa crustacea.

The only New Zealand species is found over a great part of the world, being a native of the Pacific Islands,
Australia, Tasmania, the Indian Archipelago, Arabia, and West Africa. In Asia it extends from Afghanistan to
Cape Comorin, in South America from Jamaica to the River Plate on the east coast, and from Mexico to Southern
Peru on the west: it is chiefly a littoral plant, but also found inland. I believe it has many botanical names, from
varying considerably in the form of its leaves, and to some extent in that of the wings of the capsule. —In New
Zealand the Dodonea viscosa forms a small tree, 2-6 feet high, with a very hard wood, variegated black and white,
and viscid young leaves and fruit; upper branches compressed or angled, smooth, viscid. Leaves alternate, on
short petioles, linear-obovate, blunt, sharp or notched, narrowed into a short petiole, smooth, 2-3 inches long.
Flowers in terminal panicles, erect, small, green. Sepals ovate, subacute. Anthers large in proportion to the size of
the flower, almost sessile. Fruit on elongated slender peduncles, two- to three-valved ; valves with broad, rounded,
oblong, membranous, veined wings, 4 inch long. Seeds with a dark red-brown testa. (Named in honour of Rambert
Dodoens, a German botanist of the sixteenth century.)

1. Dodonzea viscosa, Forst. ; arbuscula glaberrima, viscosa, foliis obovatis spathulatis lineari-oblongisve
in petiolum brevem angustatis, capsula 2-8-alata, alis membranaceis orbiculari-oblongis. Zinn. Mant.
Forst. Prodr. DC. Prodr. D. spathulata, Smith. A. Rich. A. Cunn. D. Burmanniana, DC. e£ Auct.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; abundant, especially in dry woods, Banks and Solander, etc.
Fl. October. Nat. name, “ Ake,” Colenso.

The hard wood is much prized for clubs by the natives.

Nat. Or. XVI. MELIACEA, Juss.
Gen. I. HARTIGHSEA, Adr. de Juss.

Calyx 4-5-lobus. Petala 4-5, linearia, valvata, basi cum tubo stamineo obscure coalita. Tubus
stamineus carnosus, cylindraceus, 8-10-crenatus ; antheris 8-10, ore insertis, inclusis. Discus cylindraceus.
Ovarium 3-loculare, loculis 2-ovulatis; stylo simplici, erecto; stigmate disciformi. Capsula 3-5-locularis,
loculicide 3-5-valvis; loculis 2- (abortu 1-) spermis. Semina arillata.

A large tree, 40-50 feet high. Leaves pinnate. Flowers paniculate. Calyx very small, four- to five-lobed.
Corolla of four to five linear, blunt, valvate petals. Filaments united into a cylindrical, fleshy, crenate tube, bearing
eight to ten anthers within the mouth. Ovary included within a tubular hypogynous disc, three-celled. Style long,

—— ——————

Geraniacea. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 39

with a broad stigma. —-This genus is confined to the East Indies and Archipelago, New Zealand, the east coast of |.
- New Holland, and Norfolk Island; but no species is common to any two of these localities, (Named probably in =
honour of G. L. Hartig, a French author on forest-trees, etc.) Pa

1. Hartighsea spectabilis, Adr. Juss.; foliis glaberrimis imparipinnatis, foliolis 3-5-jugis petiolatis
oblongo-obovatis acuminatis obtusisve integerrimis, paniculis e trunco elongatis laxe ramosis multifloris
pendulis, calyce pedicellisque pubescentibus, capsula obovata plerumque 3-valvi, loculis 2-spermis. ddr.
Juss. Mem. Mus. v. 9. p. 227. A. Cunn. Prodr. Hook. Ic. Pi. 616 et 617. Trichilia, Forst. DC.
A. Rich. T. spectabilis, Banks et Sol. Ic. et MSS.

Haz. Northern Island; Bay of Islands, and east coast, Banks and Solander. Middle Island, Forster.

Fl. May, June. Nat. name, “ Kohe,” Colenso.

This is the only New Zealand species of the genus. The leaves, Mr. Bidwill says, are used as hops, and a
spirituous infusion of them as a stomachic. The petioles are a foot or more long. Leaflets petioled, 3-6 inches
long, quite smooth, oblong-obovate. Flowers produced from the trunk, in panicles 8-12 inches long, pale-coloured.
Petals i inch long. Capsules pendulous, an inch long, obovate; seeds with a red arillus.

NAT. Og». XVII. GERANIACEJE, DC.
Gen. I. GERANIUM, Herit.

Sepala et petala 5, equalia. Stamina 10, fertilia alterna majora, basi glandulis instructa. Oarpellorum
aristce intus glabre, elastice e basi ad axeos apicem circinatim revolute.

A very large genus, pretty uniformly scattered over the temperate parts of the globe, but comparatively rare in
the Southern Hemisphere. It is to be distinguished from Pelargonium by its ten fertile stamens; and from Erodium,
a common European plant, which is becoming naturalized in New Zealand, by the awns of the carpels not being
spirally twisted, but simply revolute.—The species are extremely difficult to discriminate, and it is far from clear to
me whether the New Zealand ones are different from the European or not: they are the same as Australian
and Tasmanian species. All vary exceedingly in size, in the cutting of the leaves, amount of hairiness, and size of
flowers. (Name from yepavos, a crane, on account of the beak-like carpels.)

1. Geranium dissectum, L.; caule decumbente v. suberecto patentim v. retrorsum piloso rarius glabrato,
foliis rotundatis 5-7-lobatis partitisve, laciniis linearibus dissectis obtusis apiculatis acutisve, pedicellis
2-floris, sepalis pilosis aristatis, petalis calyce brevioribus v. longioribus emarginatis, capsulis levibus
pilosis, semine reticulatim punctato.

Var. B; patentim pilosa, petalis calyce subduplo longioribus v. brevioribus. G. pilosum, Forst. Prodr.
DC. A.Rich. A. Cunn. Nees ab Esenbeck, Plant. Preiss. v. 2. p. 162. Sweet, Geran. v. 2. t. 119.

Var. B. retrorsum; caulibus petiolis pedunculisque retrorsum pilosis, petalis plerumque parvis. G. re-
trorsum, DC. Prod.? G. patulum, Forst. Prodr. ete.

Var. y. glabratum ; foliis 3-5-lobis, lobis late cuneatis 3-5-fidis.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands. All the varieties are abundant in waste places, etc., Forster, etc.
Nat. name, “ Pinakitere.”

A branching herbaceous plant, covered more or less copiously with spreading or retrorse hairs. —Root perennial,
tuberous, used by the natives for food in times of scarcity, and called ““ Matua Kumara,” Colenso. Stems weak,
suberect, a span to a foot high. Zeaves on long petioles, orbicular, deeply cut and lobed. Peduncles two-flowered.
Flowers very variable in size, white, pink, or purple. Capsules even on the surface, hairy. Seeds covered with re-
ticulated impressed dots. This plant is common in Australia and Tasmania, and has been referred by Sir W. J. Hooker

40 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Geraniacee.

to G. Oarolinianum of North America, with which it entirely agrees, except that the seeds are more deeply punc-
tate; this trifling character alone is said to distinguish G. Carolinianum from the European G. dissectum. In
Europe, G. dissectum has small flowers, and petals as short as the sepals; this is a variable character in the New
Zealand plant, and also in the North American. The European has also an annual root, according to descriptions ;
but as various annuals and biennials of Europe become perennials in the more uniform climates of New Zealand
and Tasmania, much stress cannot be laid upon that point. My G. Patagonicum (Fl. Antarct. vol. ii. p. 252) is
probably the same plant, and equally a variety of @. Carolinianum, which is found throughout Mexico and Peru.

2. Geranium mole, L.; laxe patentim pilosum, caulibus laxis procumbentibus diffusis, foliis orbiculatis
v. reniformibus 5-7-lobatis, lobis incisis obtusis, pedunculis 2-floris, petalis emarginatis calyce sequilongis
v. longioribus, capsulis transverse rugosis, seminibus levibus. Engl. Bot. t. 118.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands, Colenso and Lyalt.

Usually a smaller and weaker-stemmed plant than the former, with more rounded, less deeply cut, and softly
pilose leaves. Flowers usually paler. Its best characters are the wrinkled capsule and smooth seeds. The roots
appear annual.— Neither Mr. Colenso nor Dr. Lyall allude to this common European plant as having been intro-
duced. I have it from Tasmania also, collected by Mr. Gunn, who suspects that it is not wild in that country.

3. Geranium potentilloides, Herit.; caule decumbente ramoso superne petiolis pedunculisque appresse
rarius patentim retrorsum pilosis canisque, foliis 5-7-lobatis partitisve, segmentis cuneatis 3-fidis acutis, pe-
dunculis unifloris 2-bracteolatis, petalis calyce eeguilongis v. longioribus pallidis, capsulis parce pilosis levibus
obscure carinatis, seminibus minute punctulatis. DC. Prodr. v. 1. p. 369. G. pallidiflorum, Banks et Sol.
MSS. et Ic. Q. retrorsum, A. Cunn. Prodr. An DO.?

Var. B. microphyllum ; glabratum, acaule v. caulibus abbreviatis, foliis parvis. G. microphyllum, 77.
Antarct. v. 1. p. 8. t. V.

Var. y. debile; caulibus filiformibus glabratis petiolis pedunculisque superne patentim pilosis, foliis
ad medium lobatis.

Has. Northern, Middle, and Southern Islands; chiefly in mountainous situations, Banks and
Solander, Colenso, etc. Var. 8. Tops of mountains. Var. y. East coast, Colenso; Akaroa, Raoul.

A weak straggling plant, much smaller in all its parts than either of the former, more or less clothed with
silky appressed retrorse hairs, especially at the apex of the peduncles and petioles. Leaves ¿-1 inch broad, more
or less deeply cut and lobed. Peduncles single, rarely two-flowered, with two lanceolate scarious bracteze about the
middle. Flowers very variable in size, always pale, + to nearly 1 inch across. Capsules obscurely ribbed or keeled
down the back, pilose. Seeds minutely dotted.— The var. 8 has sometimes no stems, both leaves and peduncles
arising from a thick root; it is a mountain plant, originally found in Lord Auckland’s Group. Var. y is a very
slender straggling form, probably from shaded places, with patent hairs on the petioles and peduncles; its leaves
are membranous and less deeply cut. This is a common Tasmanian species, and resembles very closely some

Andes plants.

4. Geranium örevicaude, Hook.; radice valida multicipite, caulibus abbreviatis pedunculis petiolisque
pilosis pilis longis retrorsum appressis patulisve rarius glabratis, foliis 5-7-partitis lobatisve, lobis cuneatis
trifidis v. incisis, lobulis obtusis v. acutis, pedunculis oppositifolis validis 1-floris infra florem dense
sericeo-barbatis basin versus 2-bracteolatis, calycibus villosis, petalis pallidis, capsulis pilosis levibus, semini-
bus levibus v. minutissime punctatis. Hook. in Journal of Botany, v. 2. p. 252.

Has. Northern Island; Ruahine Mountains, Colenso. Middle Island; Chalky Bay, Zyall.

Root stout, fusiform, woody, giving off many short branches 2-6 inches long, which, as well as the petioles
and peduncles, are clothed with silky, white, retrorse or patent hairs; the latter sometimes evanescent in old plants.

Geraniacea. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 41

Leaves as in G. potentilloides, but rather larger. Peduncles shorter, stout, bearded below the flower with silky
patent hairs. Calyæ also silky and hairy. Petals white. Fruit with a stout hairy beak. Capsules hairy; seeds
quite smooth and even, or minutely punctulate under a high power.—I retain this species mainly on account of its
perfectly even or scarcely dotted seeds; for in other respects it resembles G. potentilloides, var. microphyllum, fax
too closely in all characters, except greater size and copious silky hairs on the peduncle, etc. The woody root and
short stems are both attributable to its place of growth. It is also a native of the mountains of Tasmania.

Gen. II. PELARGONIUM, Herit.

Sepala 5, supremo in calcar pedunculo adnatum producto. Petala 4-5, irregularia v. subregularia.
Filamenta 4-7 fertilia, reliqua sterilia. Rostra introrsum barbata.

A very large and almost exclusively Cape genus, of which one (and perhaps two) species, also natives of
that country, inhabit Australia and New Zealand. It closely resembles a Geranium in habit and appearance, dif-
fering in the irregular flowers, in having a spur which is prolonged from one sepal down the pedicel, and in the
stamens, of which five are reduced to scales or mere teeth. (Name from medapyos, a stork, because of the beaked
carpels.)

1. Pelargonium clandestinum; pilosum v. pubescens, caule erecto simplici v. ramoso, foliis longe petio-
latis rotundatis profunde cordatis 3-5-lobis crenato-dentatis, pedunculis elongatis fructiferis erectis v. pa-
tentibus, bracteolis ovatis acuminatis, pedicellis sepalis longioribus, sepalis pubescentibus pilisque raris
albidis subhispidis, calcare brevi v. obliterato, petalis calyce vix longioribus, capsulis pilosis, seminibus mi-
nutissime punctato-striatis. Merit. Geran. ined. A. Cunn. Prodr. P. acugnatum, Du Petit Thouars?
DC. Prodr. Geranium amoenum, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; abundant, especially near the sea. Fl. January and February.
Nat. name, “ Kopata,” Middle Island, Zyall.

An erect, herbaceous, more or less pilose, Geranium-like plant, very variable in size, 4 inches to 2 feet high.
Leaves on slender petioles, 2—6 inches long, rounded or ovate, blunt, deeply two-lobed or cordate at the base, three-
to five-lobed, coarsely or finely crenate or dentate. Peduncles axillary, longer than the leaves, from whose axils they
spring, pubescent. Flowers small, ten to twelve together; umbels on short pedicels, surrounded at the base by a
whorl of bracteole ; pedicels 2—6 lines long, pubescent, and, as well as the unequal ovate acuminate sepals, covered
with scattered short white hairs. Spur short, gibbous, or evanescent. Petals unequal, 14-2 lines long, longer than
the sepals, narrow, spathulate, notched, deep red. Stamens about five fertile, the rest more or less coalescing into a
few white membranous scales. Fruit very hairy, the beak recurved (not twisted), lined along the inner surface
with beautiful long silky hairs. Seeds very minutely dotted.— The natives apply a lotion of this plant bruised for
burns and scalds. This is also a native of Tasmania, where a small state of it is found, apparently passing into the
P. australe. The Tristan d’Acunha plant referred to this by De Candolle I have never seen; but as I have exa-
mined a specimen undistinguishable from the New Zealand one from the Cape of Good Hope (Drege, 7466), there
would appear no reason to doubt their identity. Of the said Cape plant I have but one specimen, not in fruit: it
is quite unlike any other species from that country, and if identical with this, it presents a wonderful fact in
distribution, for except one European, one St. Helena, and one Abyssinian species, this large genus is, I believe,
quite confined to South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. The P. australe of Australia and Tasmania has also
a Cape of Good Hope representative, and a perhaps identical congener,

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42 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [| Oxalidee.

Nar. Og». XVIII. OXALIDEA, DC.
Gen. I. OXALIS, Z.

Sepala et petala 5. Stamina 10; filamentis basi monadelphis, 5 alternis externis brevioribus. Styli
5, apice capitellati. Capsula pentagona, globosa v. elongata, 5-locularis, 5-valvis.

This being the only New Zealand genus of the Order (which contains very few others elsewhere), requires no
description. "The species of this country may at once be recognized by the trifoliolate leaves (like Clover), each leaflet
of which is obeordate. The genus is found all over the temperate and tropical world, as is one of the New Zealand
species. Most of them are more or less acid, like the English Wood Sorrel. (Name from otus, sharp or acid.)

1. Oxalis corniculata, L.; pilosa v. glabrata, caule erecto decumbente v. repente folioso, foliolis pro-
funde obcordatis, pedunculis 1-6-floris petiolo eguilongis v. longioribus, petalis flavis emarginatis, capsulis
5-gonis oblongis linearibusve.

Var. B. stricta; suberecta v. erecta, stipulis nullis. O. stricta, duct. O. Urvillei, O. lacicola, O. pro-
pinqua, O. divergens, A. Cumn. Prodr. O. ambigua, A. Rich. Flora. '

Var. y. microphylla; caule procumbente radicante, foliolis minimis, capsulis oblongis. O. exilis e¢ O.
microphylla, 4. Cunn. Prodr. O. reptans, Forst. Prodr. 519.

Var. 6. ciliifera; debilis, procumbens, caulibus filiformibus, foliolis membranaceis ciliatis. O. ciliifera
et O. tenuicaulis, 4. Cunn. Prodr. O. flaccida, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic.

Var. e. crassifolia; caulibus rigidis cæspitosis, foliolis carnosis pilosis. O, crassifolia, 4. Cunn.

Has. Throughout the islands, abundant, except in the more humid parts of the Middle and Southern
Islands.

I have carefully examined an immense suite of specimens of this plant, from New Zealand and all other parts
of the world; and having compared all Mr. Cunningham's original ones, I can confidently assert, that that author's
eight species (included here under one) are due to his not being familiar with the O. corniculata and O. stricta of
Europe, which vary quite as much elsewhere when they grow freely, as they do in New Zealand. I have enumerated
some varieties, not because I believe them to present characters of any importance or constancy, but for the sake
of facilitating the grouping of the forms, which I expect are mainly due to trifling local causes. Under how many
names this same wide-spread species stands in systematic works of botany, it would be difficult to say; but I find
that, after studying carefully the limits of its variations in one spot, it may easily be recognized in any other; and
that without an extended study of these forms, it is hopeless to arrive at any conclusion about it. Most, if not all
the states made into species by Mr. Cunningham, occur in Europe, as any extensive herbarium shows. The majority .
of them are found in Australia and Tasmania, and all in America. Its extreme abundance in New Zealand will
render it a familiar plant to the botanist of that country, who should be very careful in supposing a yellow-flowered
Oxalis to be anything but this.

2. Oxalis Magellanica, Forst.; acaulis, pilosa v. glabrata, rhizomate repente squamato, stipulis magnis
bullatis scariosis, foliis crassiusculis, foliolis 3 late obcordatis subtus glaucis, scapo 1-floro petiolis equilongo
v. longiore 2-bracteolato, sepalis oblongis obtusis, petalis albis obovatis apice retusis v. oblique bilobis glaber-
rimis v. ciliatis, capsula globosa membranacea. Forst. Comm. Gott. DC. Prodr. Fl. Antarct. v. 9. p. 253.
O. lactea, Hook. Bot. Journ. v. 2. O. cataracte, A. Cunn. Prodr. Hook. Ic. Plant. ¢.418. Tas. XIII.

Has. Throughout the islands, in damp, shaded, and in alpine localities.

A small plant, 3-4 inches high, with a black wiry branching rhizoma, clothed above with the imbricating,
flaccid, bullate, membranous scales of the old leaves. Petioles 1-14 inch long, arising from the root or rhizoma,

[

Rutacea. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 43

generally hairy, as are the peduncles. Leaflets broadly obcordate, glabrous, rather fleshy, glaucous below. Scapes
one-flowered, often twice as long as the petioles, bearing two bracteola above the middle. Sepals oblong, blunt.
Petals pure white, 4-1 inch long, oblong-obovate or obcordate, obliquely lobed or retuse, but variable in this last
particular, often ciliated. Capsule membranous, globose.—1 have but two specimens of the Magellanic plant, which
are rather smaller and more fleshy than the New Zealand ones; and the petals are not ciliated ; but these characters
are all variable, both in New Zealand and Tasmanian individuals, some of which are very small and fleshy, scarcely
an inch high, others elongated, more membranous, and 3-4 inches long. The petals are broadly obovate or more
oblong, quite smooth or ciliated, obliquely notched, or regular in outline. The large membranous stipules and
white flowers are its best characters, which it has in common with the very nearly allied O. 4cetosella, L. (wood-
sorrel) of England, and the north temperate zone generally.—PrATE XIII. Fig. 1, flower; 2, petal; 3, stamens and

styles; 4, germen :—all magnified.

NAT. Og». XIX. RUTACEA, Juss.
Gen. I. MELICOPE, Forst.

Calyx 4-partitus, persistens. Petala 4, patentia. Stamina 8; filamentis subulatis. Ovaria 4, disco
inserta, 1-locularia, 2-ovulata, plus minusve inter se coalita; stylo erecto; stigmate capitato. Curpedla 4,
coriacea, venosa, 2-valvia, abortu l-sperma. Semen funiculo filiformi appensum; testa coriacea.

A genus confined to New Zealand, containing two species, which are shrubby, opposite- or fasciculate-leaved
plants or small trees. . Leaves one- or three-foliolate, with pellucid dots. Flowers axillary, paniculate or fascicled,
greenish. Calyx four-partite, small. Petals four, spreading, much longer than the calyx. Stamens eight; filaments
smooth, longer or shorter than the petals. Ovarium surrounded by four cleft glands at the base, of four more or less
combined carpels, with one erect straight style and a capitate stigma. Fruit of four diverging two-lobed carpels,
each two-valved and splitting down the inner angle, whence the black seeds project, attached by the long funi-
culus. (Name from ue, honey, and korn, a division, because of the cleft honey-secreting glands round the ovarium.)

- 1, Melicope ternata, Forst. ; glaberrima, foliis oppositis longe petiolatis, foliolis 3 obovato- v. lineari-
oblongis acutis in petiolum angustatis, paniculis subtrichotome ramosis, petalis ovatis staminibus longioribus,
stylo brevi. Forst. Prodr. p. 166. DC. Prodr. A. Rich. Flora. A. Cunn. Prodr. Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 603.
Entoganum levigatum, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic. Gartner, fruct.

Has. Northern Island, and northern parts of Middle Island, Banks and Solander, ete. Cloudy Bay,
Dieffenbach. Nat. name, “ Wharangi,” Colenso.

A tree 12-15 feet high, everywhere quite smooth. Leaves opposite, with three leaflets, which are longer than
the petioles, 3-4 inches long, oblong-ovate, sharp. Flowers greenish-white, small, in axillary trichotomous
panicles as long as the petioles. Stamens shorter than the corolla. Carpels four, spreading, coriaceous, very much
reticulated: each splits down the inner face, and projects a small black shining seed, which remains attached by the
funiculus for some time.

2. Melicope simplex, A. Cunn. ; fruticosa, foliis (parvis) sparsis oppositis v. ramulis brevissimis fasci-
culatis 1-foliolatis late ovatis obtusis subduplicato-crenatis, petiolo subulato, pedunculis 2—4 gracilibus axil-
laribus simplicibus v. 2-4-floris, floribus parvis, petalis lineari-oblongis, filamentis corolla longioribus, stylo
elongato, ovario hirsuto. 4. Cunn. Prodr. Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 585. Astorganthus Hugelii, End/. MSS.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; Bay of Islands, and East Coast, Cunningham, Colenso. Nelson,
Bidwill. Banks’ Peninsula, Raoul.

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44 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Coriariez.

A shrub, 6-8 feet high, with slender twiggy branches, and scattered small leaves. Petioles 4-3 inch long,
broader above and channelled, almost winged. Leaflet one, 3—3 inch long, smooth, dotted, sometimes obscurely
pubescent, ovate, blunt, doubly crenate. Pedicels several together, axillary, slender, longer than the petioles, each
bearing a very small green flower, sometimes forked or trichotomous, bearing small bracteole at the fork. Petals
linear-oblong. Stamens longer than the corolla; four shorter than the others, according to Mr. Cunningham. Ovary
oblong, usually an with elongated style. Fruit as in M. ternata, but much smaller.—I have occasionally seen
three leaflets upon a petiole, but this is very rare; the lateral ones in this case were much the smallest.

Gen. II. PHEBALIUM, Vent.

Calyx parvus, 5-lobus. Petala 5, linearia. Stamina 10, petalis longiora, alterna breviora. Ovaria
5, sessilia, 1-locularia ; loculis 2-ovulatis; stylo elongato, gracili; stigmate simplici. Carpella 5, coriacea,
1-locularia, 2-valvia, 1-sperma.

A large Australian and Tasmanian genus, containing many species; one only is a native of New Zealand. Tt
forms a shrub or small tree, 12-15 feet high, with twiggy branches and alternate leaves, smooth in every part.
Leaves linear-lanceolate or oblong, blunt, narrowed into very short petioles, 1-14 inch long, coriaceous, obscurely
crenated, paler and dotted below. Flowers numerous, + inch across, in terminal corymbs, pale-coloured, on short
pedicels 2-3 lines long. Calyx very small, five-toothed. Petals four, linear, blunt, between valvate and imbricate
when in bud. Stamens ten, long and exserted, on slender filaments. Ovaries five, very small, placed close together
and having but one slender simple style, each one-celled, with two ovules. Fruit of five spreading coriaceous
wrinkled carpels, of which one to three are often abortive, each is one-celled, two-valved, splitting first down
the front. (Name adopted by Ventenat, under the erroneous impression that this genus was allied to the
Myrtle, which bears the same name in the works of some Greek comic poets.)

1. Phebalium nudum, Hook.; glaberrimum, foliis linearibus lineari-oblongisve obtusis subcrenatis
punctatis, floribus in corymbum terminalem dispositis. Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 568.
Has. Northern Island. Bay of Islands, 4. Cunningham ; East Coast, Colenso, Edgerley ; Auckland,

Sinclair.

NAT. Og». XX. CORIARIEZ, DC.
~ Gen. I. CORIARIA, Mss.

Flores hermaphroditi v. abortu l-sexuales. Calya 5-partitus. Petala 5, parva v. glanduleeformia.
Stamina 10, hypogyna. Carpella 5-6, 1-locularia; ovulo solitario, pendulo; stylis 5-6, filiformibus.
Carpella perianthio carnoso incrassato inclusa, crustacea. Semina pendula, exalbuminosa; embryo
rectus; cotyledonibus carnosis; radicula brevi, hilo proxima.

Small trees or shrubs, generally with trailing or straggling branches, akoo opposite, sessile, three- to five-
nerved leaves, and axillary racemes of many flowers. Flowers pedicellate, bracteated. Calyx hemispherical, five-
lobed. Petals five, small, like glands, becoming fleshy, and surrounding the fruit. Stamens ten, with short
filaments, and large two-lobed anthers. Ovaries about five, almost united into one, each with a filiform spreading
style, one-celled ; cells with one pendulous ovule. Fruit baccate, from being surrounded by the fleshy petals, of five
crustaceous carpels, each containing a solitary pendulous exalbuminous seed.—This genus contains but few species ;
possibly only two (of which one presents two varieties, described below as two species), both of which are common
to South America and New Zealand; the other is a European plant, apparently also found in the Himalaya
Mountains. The genus is unknown in Australia, Polynesia, North America, and Africa. The proper place of this

Rhamnee. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 45

plant in the Natural System has been much disputed, it having apparent claims to rank near Chenopodiee and Phyto-
laccee, though stronger, on the whole, to be retained near Rutacee. (Name from corium, leather; the bark being
used for tanning.)

1. Coriaria ruscifolia, Linn.; foliis magnis oblongo-ovatis ovato-cordatisve acutis v. acuminatis
3-5-nerviis, racemis elongatis nutantibus. C. sarmentosa, Forst. Prodr. p. 911. DC. Prodr. A. Rich.
Flora. A. Cunn. Prodr. Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2470. C. hermaphrodita, Banks et Sol. MSS. e£ Ic.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands, abundant, Forster, ete. Nat. name, “ Tupa-kihi,” Colenso.
“Tutu” and “ Puhou” of Southern Island, Lya/.. (Cultivated in England.)

A shrub, 10-14 feet high, with long flagellate four-angled branches, and a trunk sometimes 6-8 inches
diameter. The leaves are pretty constantly oblong-ovate, acuminate, sessile or upon very short petioles, 3—4 inches
long. Racemes slightly pubescent, axillary, 8-12 inches long, gracefully drooping ; pedicels 2 inch long, with a
small subulate bract at the base. Flowers small, green. Calyz lobes broadly ovate, subacute. Petals small, fleshy.
Stamens on filiform filaments; anthers sometimes abortive in what hence become female flowers; but I think the
plant is usually hermaphrodite —Mr. Cunningham describes the flowers as unisexual, and the petals as glands. The
amount of swelling of these glands, which finally enclose the ripe carpels and give the fruit the appearance of a berry,
varies much. Mr. Colenso, however, considers this a character of importance, and states that the less juicy berries
have seeds that are not poisonous; but I do not find these characters united with any botanical ones. The fruit
yields a purple juice, which is grateful, and much liked by the natives, but soon ferments. A wine may also be
made from it, tasting very like elder-berry wine. The seeds are considered poisonous, producing convulsions,
delirium, and sometimes death. De Candolle states that the like effects were produced upon the French army
in Catalonia by the seeds of C. myrtifolia. The present species seems identical with the South American one,
which abounds in South Chili.

2. Coriaria thymifolia, Humb.; foliis parvis (vel minimis) ovatis acuminatis lanceolatis linearibusve
1-5-nerviis glabris pubescentibusve. Humboldt in Willdenow. DC. Prodr. v. 1. p. 189.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; not so abundant as C. ruscifolia, and affecting drier localities.
East coast and interior, Colenso. Nelson, Bidwill. Milford Sound, Lyall.

A small shrub, with much smaller, longer, and sharper leaves than the former, of which it is most probably a
variety, judging both from South American and New Zealand specimens, which do not materially differ from one
another. The American have generally broader leaves than this plant, more resembling those of C. ruscifolia, but
constantly smaller. In New Zealand, though often quite narrow and linear-lanceolate, they preseut all gradations of
size, from 1-1 inch long, and of form between lanceolate and oblong-ovate. The plant varies much in pubescence ;
the flowers differ in no respect from those of C. ruscifolia. In America it ranges from Mexico to Peru, and is ap-
parently a mountain plant, found at elevations of 4000 to 12,000 feet.

Nat. Og». XXI. RHAMNEA, br.
Gen. I. POMADERRIS, Lab.

Calycis tubus obconicus v. hemispheericus, ovarii basi connatus; lobis 5, intus glabris. Petala 0 v. 5,
parva, erecta. Stamina 5, petalis opposita. Ovarium %-superum, villosum, 3-loculare; ovulis loculis
solitariis erectis; stylo 3-fido. Capsula calycis tubo basi vestita, 3-cocca, coccis indehiscentibus ; semi-
nibus erectis, funiculo brevi incrassato cupuleformi.

A large genus, composed almost, entirely of New Holland and Tasmanian erect or branching pubescent shrubs,
of which two species are common in New Zealand. Leaves alternate. Flowers paniculate or corymbose, rather small.
Calyx hairy, with a short tube and five spreading lobes, smooth inside. Petals small, erect, placed on the calyx.

L

46 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. | Rhamnee.

Stamens opposite the petals. (Name from roya, a covering, and deppus, the skin, because the ripe capsules are loosely
invested by the calyx.)

1. Pomaderris eliptica, Lab.; tota cinereo-velutina, foliis petiolatis ellipticis utrinque obtusis v.
apice subacutis superne glabris subtus albidis, cymis densifloris paniculatis, calycibus pedicellisque incano-
velutinis pilosisque, petalis spathulatis unguiculatis. Lad. F7. Nov. Holl. v. 1. p. 61. t. 86. DC. Prodr.
v. 9. p. 39. P. intermedia, Sieber, n. 210. P. Kumeraho, A. Cunn. Prodr.

Has. Northern Island, abundant. Hilly situations from Auckland northwards, Cunningham, ete.
Fl. September. Nat. name, “ Kumarahou,” Colenso. (Cultivated in England.)

A shrub, 4—6 feet high, branching from the base, having the branches, inflorescence, and leaves underneath
densely covered with a white or pale-grey pubescence. Leaves 2-3 inches long, on petioles 4 inch long, elliptical,
generally blunt, yellow-brown when dry. Cymes much branched, very many flowered, yellow and sweet-smelling,
2-6 inches across. Calyx tomentose, and also covered with long silky hairs. Petals small, with crisped margins,
yellow.—Mr. Cunningham considered this plant different from the Australian and Tasmanian one, and points out
supposed characters, in the sharper leaves, smaller and more lax panicle: in all which particulars he must have been
deceived by imperfect specimens; for though some Tasmanian specimens have broader and blunter leaves, approach-
ing ovate-oblong in shape, they vary much, and in some New Holland ones the leaves are even narrower and sharper
than in the New Zealand. The pilose calyx distinguishes this from P. discolor, Vent. I do not quote the ‘ Botanical
Magazine’ as a synonym for the P. elliptica, the calyx being there described as smooth. The native name,
** Kumarahou,” is said to be given to this because it flowers at the time for planting the native potato, “ Kumarahou.”

2. Pomaderris ericifolia, Hook. ; fruticulus erectus, ramosus, scoparius, velutino-pubescens, ramulis
villosis, foliis parvis confertis patulis lineari-oblongis obtusis breve petiolatis superne scabridis marginibus ad
costam revolutis, floribus parvis in cymos abbreviatos paucifloros axillares aggregatis, petalis nullis. 77004.
Journ. Bot. v. 1. p. 257. A. Cunn. Prodr. Rhamnus axillaris, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic.

Has. Northern Island, dry hills, abundant. Fl. September. Nat. name, “ Tauhinu,” Colenso.

A small, villous, brownish, heath-like shrub, with small uniform leaves, and axillary, white or yellowish flowers.
Branches white, covered with villous hairs, erect, numerous, fasciculate. Leaves cinereous when dry, 3-4 lines long,
patent, very numerous, linear-oblong, the margin rolled back to the midrib, blunt, channelled, and rather scabrid
above with short whitish hairs. Flowers minute, in numerous axillary few-flowered cymes, which are scarcely longer
than the leaf, apetalous.— This species is not unfrequent in the northern parts of Tasmania, but has not hitherto
been found in Australia.

3. Pomaderris? sp.; fruticulus, ramulis foliisque subtus rufo-tomentosis floccosis pilisque stellatis
onustis, foliis breve petiolatis elliptico-oblongis obtusis superne impresso-venosis scabris.
Has. Northern Island. “ Lofty hills, lat. 36°, about twenty miles from the sea-coast,” Edgerley.

Of this plant I have only a fragment: it is nearly allied to P. prunifolia, A. Cunn., of Australia, if not
identical with it, and may possibly have got into my New Zealand collection by accident; for Mr. Edgerley's ticket
describes the “ fruit in panicles, capsules six-valved, three exterior and three interior, one- to two-seeded, ripening

3

in January;” whereas his specimen has neither flower nor fruit, and it is further the only plant in Mr. Edgerley's
collections not found by any other collector. It may be recognized at once by the floccose yellow and red tomentum
on the branchlets and under surface of the leaves, mixed with stellate hairs. Leaves 3 inch long, oblong, blunt,
scabrid above, with deep sunk veins, soft below, with very large prominent veins. It appears to form a small

straggling shrub.

Gen. II. DISCARIA, Hook.

Calyx brevi-campanulatus, 4-5-fidus. Petala 4-5 v. 0. Anthere 2-loculares, longitudinaliter

Stackhousee. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 47

dehiscentes. Discus carnosus, pateriformis, basin ovarii cingens, margine libero subintegro. Stylus brevis;
stigmate 3-lobo. Capsula 3-locularis; loculis 1-spermis.

A curious genus, containing a few species of almost leafless spinous shrubs, hitherto found only in extra-tropical
South America, the Gallapago Islands, New Zealand, Australia, and Tasmania. The New Zealand species only
differs from the Tasmanian in wanting petals, which is in this order a very trifling character, and would not be con-
sidered of specific importance were it observed in Tasmanian specimens. The D. australis forms a thorny, smooth,
tortuous bush, 2-4 feet high, with stiff opposite spreading branches, of which the ultimate are reduced to straight,
woody, very sharp spines, 1-2 inches long. eaves small, fascicled at the axils of the spines (absent in old plants),
oblong-obovate or linear-oblong, blunt or retuse, smooth or pubescent, entire (in young plants serrulate?), 3-3 inch
long. Flowers white, fascicled, on very short axillary peduncles, smooth or pubescent. Calyx with a short broadly
obconie tube, and four to five reflexed broadly-ovate subacute lobes. Petals none in the New Zealand plant, like
small concave scales in the Tasmanian. Stamens alternate with the lobes of the calyx. Disc broad, occupying the
base of the flower, with a narrow upturned margin. Ovary three-celled, with one short style and three stigmata.
Capsule size of a pepper-corn, smooth, surrounded at the base by the remains of the calyx, three-lobed, three-celled ;
cells one-seeded ; seed with a pale brown shining testa. (Name from Šcoxos, a disc, from the broad disc in which the
ovarium is seated.)

1. Discaria australis, Hook. Bot. Misc. v. 1. p. 157. Colletia pubescens, Brongn. in Ann. Sc. Nat.
v. 10. p. 366.

Var. B. apetala ; floribus apetalis. D. Toumatou, Raoul, Choix de Plantes, p. 29. t. 29.

Haz. Var. 8. Northern and Middle Islands. East coast and interior, Colenso. Akaroa, Raoul. Nat.
name, * Toumatou," Raoul. (Cultivated in England.)

In Australia this plant is found from the latitude of Sydney to that of Hobart Town. M. Raoul observes, that
the spines, made into a kind of comb, are used in the operation for tattooing with charcoal.

Nar. Orv. XXII. STACKHOUSE, Br.
Gen. I. STACKHOUSEA, Smith.

Calycis tubus ventricosus; limbus 5-partitus. Petala 5, erecta, linearia, soluta v. in tubum coalita,
apicibus patentibus. Stamina 5, calyce inserta; filamentis filiformibus, 2 alternis longioribus. Ovarium
3-5-lobum, 3-5-loculare; ovulis loculis erectis, solitariis. Sty/i 5, v. in unum apice 3-5-fidum coaliti.
Fructus 8-5-coccus; coccis crustaceis, l-spermis, indehiscentibus; embryone in axi albuminis carnosi
orthotropo ; radicula infera.

The only New Zealand species is a minute slender herb, 1-2 inches high, with filiform, sparingly divided, erect
or procumbent stems, and alternate, scattered, linear or obovate, sharp, fleshy leaves, 2—3 lines long. Flowers very
minute, solitary or few together towards the tops of the stems. Calyx five-lobed, with spreading segments. Corolla
tubular, of five linear erect petals, free above and below, united down the middle, their tips spreading. Stamens
five; filaments unequal, slender; anthers hairy. Ovary three-lobed, lobes one-celled, with one erect ovule; style
solitary, erect, three-cleft. Fruit of three generally unequal nuts, one or two being abortive, large for the size of
the plant, hard, indehiscent, attached to a central column, from which they break away; seed erect.—This Natural
Order has hitherto been supposed to be exclusively confined to Australia, where there are two genera and about a
dozen species, all much larger herbs than the New Zealand ones. (Name in honour of J. Stackhouse, an English
botanist and author, especially eminent for his knowledge of Seaweeds.)

1. Stackhousia minima, Hook. fil.; pusilla, glaberrima, caule filiformi parce diviso, foliis linearibus

4

Qo

FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Anacardiacee.

oblongis obovatisve acutis, floribus paucis, antheris pubescentibus, ovario 3-lobo, stylo recto apice 3-fido,
coccis 3.
Has. Northern Island. Open downs on the east coast, Colenso,

Much the smallest species of the genus known to me; it appears to have running underground branching roots,
that are slender, white, and succulent.

Nar. Orv. XXII. ANACARDIACEA, Br.
Gen. I. CORYNOCARPUS, Forst.

Calyx profunde 5-lobus, imbricatus. Petala 5, disco inserta, calycis lobis alterna, imbricata, margini-
bus erosis. Discus hypogynus incrassatus, 5-lobus. Stamina 5, disco inserta, petalis alterna; filamentis
erectis, apice incurvis; antheris adnatis, introrsis, 2-locularibus, longitudinaliter dehiscentibus. Sguamule
perigynee 5, disci lobis incrassatis inserte, staminibus alterne, petaloidese, eroso-dentate. Ovarium 1,
sessile, elongato-ovatum, 1-loculare; stylo brevi; stigmate simplici, vix incrassato ; ovulo solitario, anatropo,
prope apicem loculi funiculo brevi suspenso. Fructus baccatus; endocarpio coriaceo, nervoso ; semen pen-
dulum, albuminosum, loculo conforme ; testa membranacea, venosa, loculi parietibus adheerente; cotyledo-
nibus crassis, oblongis, plano-convexis; radicula minima, hilo proxima, supera.—Arbor glaberrima Nove
Zelandie, inodora, insapida. Folia alterna, exstipulata, breve petiolata, obovata, subacuta, integerrima,
lucida. Panicule terminales, ramose, erecta. Flores virides, brevissime pedicellati. Fructus drupaceus ;
pulpo eduli.

A very well-known, small, bright evergreen, leafy tree, 40 feet high; common, especially along the shores.
Leaves large, shining, alternate, on short stout petioles, rather coriaceous, 4-7 inches long, oblong or lanceolate,
hardly acute, quite smooth and entire. Flowers small, globose, 2 lines across, greenish-white, inodorous, on very
short stout pedicels, disposed in thyrsoid terminal erect spreading panicles, 4 inches or so long. Calyw of five rounded
toothed lobes, fleshy. Petals five, as long as the calyx lobes, concave, rounded, toothed, inserted into a broad fleshy
disc, which has five thickened lobes opposite the petals, on which as many obovate toothed petal-like scales are placed.
Stamens five, alternate with the petals; filaments stout, erect, incurved at the apex; anthers adnate, two-celled,
bursting inwards longitudinally. Ovary small, one-celled, one-ovuled, narrowed into an erect style, with a simple
glandular stigma; ovule pendulous. Fruit an oblong purple berry, nearly an inch long; pulp eatable, surrounding
a coriaceous endocarp, which is strongly veined, almost fibrous; seed large, pendulous, with a membranous veined
testa adhering to and lining the inner wall of the cell. Cotyledons very large, oblong, plano-convex ; radicle very
small, superior.

This curious plant has been supposed to be allied to Myrsinee ; chiefly, I presume, from the large lucid leaves,
for in all characters of the flowers and fruit it differs widely from that Order, as also in the want of glands in the
leaf, etc. It more nearly resembles Theophrastee in the scales (abortive stamina), but differs in all the many
other points which that Order has in common with Myrsinee. Sapotee offers several points of resemblance, but
mainly in the presence of scales, and differs materially in its osseous testa, monopetalous flowers, valvate calyx,
many-celled ovary, foliaceous cotyledons, milky juice, inflorescence, etc. In the structure of the fruit it shows
a very marked relation to Inocarpus, a genus of dubious affinity. Its technical characters bring it nearer Anacar-
diacee than any other Order, and I have accordingly placed it here, though unable to indicate direct affinity with
any plant of that Order, except perhaps with Mangifera (the Mango), which has a similar structure of flower and
fruit, excepting that the sguamulz are absent on the disc of that genus, and all the stamens are fertile in Corynocar-
pus. There is no trace of resinous flavour in any part of this plant. The wood is light, but useless; the embryo
is considered poisonous till steeped in salt water, when (like the Mango kernel and /nocarpus seed) it is used as
food in time of scarcity. (Name from xopvvn, a club, and kapros, fruit, from the shape of the latter.)

Leguminose. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 49

1. Corynocarpus /evigata, Forst. Prodr. et Char. Gen. A. Rich. A. Cunn., ete. Bot. Mag. t. 4397.
Merretia lucida, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic.

Has. Northern Island and northern parts of the Middle Island; abundant near the sea, Forster, etc.
Chatham Island, Diefenbach. Nat. name, “Karaka.” (Cultivated in England.)

NAT. Orb. XXIII. LEGUMINOS A, Juss.
Gen. I. CLIANTHUS, 802.

Calyx campanulatus, 5-dentatus, dentibus 2 altius coherentibus. Vexillum ovatum, incumbens v. re-

- flexum, carinam oblongam cymbiformem zequans. A/a lanceolate, basi exciso auriculatee, carina breviores.

Stamina 10, diadelpha. Ovarium stipitatum, 00-ovulatum; stylo infra apicem barbato. Legumen stipitatum,
oblongum, tumidum, polyspermum.

Clianthus puniceus, the only New Zealand species, is a very well-known plant. It forms an herbaceous branching
shrub, 4-5 feet high, with pubescent branches, petioles, young leaves, leaflets below (sometimes), racemes and
calyx; the hairs appressed and silky. Leaves 4—6 inches long, unequally pinnate, with broad stipules. Leaflets
ten to fourteen pair, alternate, sessile, 1-1 inch, linear-oblong, blunt. Racemes pendulous, of ten to fifteen beautiful
scarlet flowers. Pedicels slender, + inch long, with a small bract at the base. Calyx broadly bell-shaped, five-
toothed, 2—4 lines long. Standard ovate, slightly recurved, as long as the keel. Wings lanceolate, subfalcate, sharp,
twice as long as the standard, 11-2 inches long.—The few other species of this genus are Norfolk Island and
New Holland plants. (Name from xdwe, to recline, and av6os, flower, from the recurved standard.)

1. Clianthus puniceus, Banks et Sol. MSS. Lindl. Bot. Reg. t.1775. A. Cunn. Prodr. et Hort.
Soc. Trans. N.S. v. 1. p. 591. 7. 22.

Haz. Northern Island, east coast, Banks and Solander, etc. ; more generally seen cultivated. Fl.
November. Nat. name, “ Kowhaingutu Kaka,” a parrot's bill, Cunningham. (Cultivated in England.)

I have never seen this plant in a native state, but have received excellent specimens from Mr. Colenso.
Lindley describes the legumes as dark-coloured, veined, 3 inches long; seeds reniform, clouded with black.

Gen. II. CARMICH ALIA, Br.

Calyx cyathiformi-campanulatus, truncatus, brevissime 5-dentatus. Petala inter se fere equilonga.
Vexillum late orbiculatum, exauriculatum, ecallosum. Ale falcato-oblong&, basi hinc obtuse auriculate,
ungue incurvo. Carina incurvo-oblonga, obtusa, petalis hinc auriculatis, unguibus rectis. Stamen vexillare a
basi liberum, ceteris alte connatis. Anthere reniformes, ovate, v. globose. Ovarium subsessile, abiens in
stylum apice incurvum, imberbem, summo vertice stigmatosum. Ovula plurima, biseriatim conferta. Legu-
men oblique orbiculatum, ovatum v. oblongum, turgidum, styli basi persistente rostratum v. mucronatum ;
valvulis a suturis persistentibus dehiscentia secedentibus. Semina abortu solitaria v. 2-3-na, subreniformia,
turgida, estrophiolata. G. Bentham, MSS.

Frutices Novo-Zelandici ramosissimi. Caules ramique primarii teretes; rami floriferi stricti, flagelli-
formes v. penduli, seepe compressi v. ancipites, longitudinaliter striati, stipulis minutis alternatim denti-
culati, aphylli v. rarius paucifoliati. Folia dum adsunt imparipinnata; foliolis oppositis cum impari
distante, obovatis v. oblongis, emarginatis ; stipellis nullis. Racemi e denticulis ramorum v. axillis foliorum
orti, solitarii et simplices v. rarius bipartiti breves. Bractee parve, sguameeformes, apice seepe hyaline.
Pedicelli solitarii, minute 2-bracteolati. Flores parvi; vexillo retuso v. interdum profundius emarginato, in

M

50 ELORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Leguminose.

C. australi et nana subsessili, in ceteris breviter unguiculato. Ovula in omnibus speciebus 6-8.—Genus
e tribu Galegearum, ab omnibus affinibus distinctissimum, habitu (Daviesiarum inter Podalyrias, v. Bossie-
arum inter Genisteas), floribus parvis, et presertim legumine. G. Bentham, MSS.

Leafless shrubs or small trees, with woody trunks and compressed or tape-like branches, which bear impari-
pinnate leaves, in a young state only.—Branches erect or drooping, bearing small racemes of flowers, smooth or
silky at the tips. Calyx cup-shaped, truncate, five-toothed. Petals nearly equal in length. Standard orbicular.
Wings falcate, oblong, auriculate at the base. Keel blunt, ineurved. Stamens nine united, and one free. Ovary
sessile, elongated to an incurved beardless style; ovules many, in two series. Legume obliquely orbicular, turgid,
rostrate or mucronate, two-valved ; valves attached to a septum, which is persistent and bears one to three seeds.—
This genus is confined to New Zealand: it belongs to a tribe (of the vast Order Leguminose) called Galegee, which
includes Clianthus, but from which it differs totally in habit, and (as from all other Zeguminose) in the persistent
margin of the pod. In habit it closely resembles some Acacias of New Holland, and still more closely the
leafless genera Bossiea and Daviesia. The species have been indicated by Mr. Bentham: they are extremely difficult
to distinguish, and require much further elucidation on the spot; the characters employed appear far too variable.
(Named in honour of Captain Dugald Carmichael, an eminent traveller and Cryptogamie botanist.)

1. Carmicheelia australis, Br.; ramulis floriferis elongatis ancipitibus latis aphyllis, racemis brevibus,
bracteolis sub calyce minutis, ovario glabro, legumine (3—4-lineari) oblique ovato acuto erostri. Benth, MSS.
C. australis, Br. Bot. Reg. 4.912. A. Cunn. Prod. C. Cunninghamii, Raoul, p. 29. t. 28. Bossiea sco-
lopendra, 4. Rich. (non Auct.) Lotus? arboreus, Forst. De Cand. 4. Rich. Genista compressa, Banks
et Sol. Ic. et MSS.

Var. B. nana; ramulis floriferis brevissimis (1-2-uncialibus) confertis crassiusculis rigidis aphyllis.

Var. y. grandiflora ; calycis dentibus elongatis, floribus magnis, bracteolis calyce impositis, ramulis
foliatis, legumine brevi-rostrato.

Has. Abundant throughout the Islands, Forster, ete. Fl. November. Var. 8. Dry and mountainous
country at the base of Tongariro, Colenso. Var. y. Milford Sound, Lyall. Nat. name, “ Wakaka ” of
the northern, and “ Neinei” of the southern tribes of the Northern Island, Zyall. (Cultivated in England.)

A large shrub or small tree, 6-15 feet high, with fastigiate branches. Branches 2 lines to $ inch broad, much
flattened. Leaves on young plants imparipinnate, 3-1 inch long; leaflets oblong or orbicular-obovate or cuneate,
two to four pair, obcordate, deeply bilobed, smooth; petiole compressed, slender. Zacemes 4--ž inch long, quite
smooth or sparingly silky, six- to eight-flowered. Flowers 1-13 lines long ; peduncles bracteolate above the middle.
Pods 3-4 lines long, obliquely ovate, acute or acuminate, not rostrate ; seeds one to two, black or red.—The variety
B nana appears a mountain state, but the fruit is unknown.— Var. y has larger flowers than any species, 2-3 lines
long; and the bracteoles are placed on the calyx itself; the pod beaked as in the following species. This forms at
Milford Sound the food of the ground parrot.

2. Carmichelia odorata, Colenso; ramulis floriferis elongatis crassiusculis rigidis seepius foliatis,
racemis laxe multifloris, pedicellis infra medium bracteolatis, ovario glabro, legumine (absque rostro 2 lin.
longo) ovato longe rostrato. Benth. MSS.

Has. Northern Island. East coast, Colenso.

A small bushy tree, distinguished from C. australis by its narrower fastigiate branches, which are usually very
leafy, larger and more flowered racemes, and smaller pods, which are produced into rostra as long as the valves.
Leaves (on the branches) pubescent, small; pinnules two to three pair, linear-oblong, two-lobed, 13—2 lines long.
Flowers small, sweet-scented; peduncles bracteolate below the middle. Pods small, pale, obliquely ovate, one-
seeded; the valves wrinkled, and the septum continued into a sharp nearly straight rostrum.

3. Carmicheelia pilosa, Col. ; ramulis floriferis ancipitibus crassiusculis rigidis aphyllis novellis pilosis,

Leguminose. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 51

pedicellis medio bracteolatis, ovario sericeo, legumine (vix 2 lin.) obligue orbiculato, rostro parvo.
Benth. MSS.

Has. Northern Island. East coast, Colenso.

Very similar to the C. odorata, but more or less copiously covered with appressed silky hairs, especially on the
inflorescence and ovarium, which has a longer curved style. The pod of my specimen is not quite ripe, but fully
formed, and is very broad, obliquely orbicular, one-seeded, and abruptly laterally produced into a curved rostrum
longer than the valves. This pod is much shorter and broader than in the last, and hairy till nearly ripe. The
flowers are very small, and apparently quite identical in both species.

4. Carmichelia flagelliformis, Col.; ramulis floriferis angustis marginatis plano-convexis ultimis
angustissimis, racemis brevibus subumbellatis, pedicellis infra medium bracteolatis, ovario glabro, legumine
(2 lin.) oblique orbiculato longe rostrato. Benth. MSS. C. australis, Raoul, t. 28.

Var. 8; fructu ovato, ramulis fructiferis seepe utrinque leviter compressis. Benth.

: Has. Northern and Middle Islands. Hast coast, Bidwill, Colenso, Sinclair. Akaroa, Raoul.
8. East coast, Colenso. Milford Sound, Lyall.

A slender tree or shrub, 8—14 feet high, with fastigiate top, and pendulous, almost filiform ramuli. Branches
very long, 1-2 feet long, more slender than in any species but the following, which in this respect closely resembles
it, much compressed, deeply striated, plane on one side, convex on the other. Zeaves I have not seen. Racemes very
different from any of the foregoing species, being short, distant, and subumbellate, of four to six very minute flowers,
pilose; the pedicels bracteolate about the middle. Pods (except those of var. 8) the same shape as in C. pilosa,
obliquely orbicular, with a stout sharp rostrum placed obliquely, two-seeded, twice as large as in the following
species.—Those of var. 8 are again larger, longer, and very like those of C. australis, but with a rostrum.

5. Carmicheelia juncea, Colenso; ramulis floriferis tenuibus tereti-compressis, racemis brevibus sub-
umbellatis, pedicellis sub calyce bracteolatis, ovario glabro, legumine ovoideo v. oblongo parvo (1-13 lin.)
breviter rostellato.

Var. 8; legumine 2 lin. longo.

Var. y. parviflora ; foribus minimis. Benth. MSS.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands. East Cape, Sinclair. Hawkes’ Bay and Taupo, Colenso.
Akaroa, Raoul.

Usually a small tree, sometimes procumbent, and spreading along the ground. General appearance very much
that of the former, and inflorescence similar, being subumbellate, with very small flowers; the branches, however, are
not so compressed. Pods usually very small, hardly a line long, turgid, with a long curving rostrum; the valves
turgid, and more membranous than is usual in the genus.

Gen. III. EDWARDSIA, Satish.

Calyx inflato-campanulatus, oblique truncatus, obsolete 5-dentatus. Vexillum breve unguiculatum,
obovatum, emarginatum, basi angulatum. 4/7 oblonge, stipitate. Carina alas subsuperans, obtusa,
recta; foliolis subconnatis, apice liberis. Stamina 10, libera. Ovarium stipitatum, lineare, 00-ovulatum ;
stylo attenuato, subincurvo, glabro. Legumen tetrapterum, lineare, moniliforme, 1-loculare, 2-valve, poly-

spermum ; seminibus estrophiolatis.

This genus can only be distinguished from Sophora by the purely artificial character, of the four-winged fruit, of
which no indication is given in the flower or habit, as is the case in the instance of Newrocarpum and Clitoria— Te-
tragonolobus and Lotus— Cassia alata and Cassia reticulata—Tetrapleura and Piptadenia ; Edwardsia Chilensis must,
therefore, be restored to Sophora. The oblique calyx occurs in several Sophore; and if we take the exserted stamens

52 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Rosacee.

as the character of Edwardsia, then the Sandwich Islands and East Indian Zdwardsie must be transferred to Sophora.
Besides, Edwardsia Chilensis (or Sophora macrocarpa) differs from the other Edwardsie in the turbinate base of the
calyx. G. Bentham, USS.

A. middling-sized tree, with copious racemes of large golden blossoms, and long pinnated leaves; very variable in
size of flowers, foliage, and fruit; more or less pilose or tomentose, with often rusty pubescence. Branches and ra-
cemes densely pubescent, silky, tomentose. Racemes six- to eight-flowered. Peduncle 1 inch long; pedicels $—1 inch.
Leaves 4-8 inches long, imparipinnate; petiole silky, with red-brown hairs; pinnules 20-40 pair, 2-8 lines long,
linear, oblong or obovate, rounded or notched at the apex, silky below. Flowers pendulous. Calyx hemispherical,
truncate, five-toothed. Petals 1 inch long, or more. Standard very broad, nearly horizontal, margins rounded, rather
shorter than the wings, which are linear-oblong, blunt, suddenly contracted into a short claw at the base; keel longer
than the wings, linear-oblong, falcate, rather acute, subauriculate at the base. Stamens all free. Ovary densely silky,
very narrow, linear, gradually attenuated into a long style, stipitate. Pods 2—8 inches long, stipitate, constricted,
six- to ten-seeded, four-winged, almost indehiscent. Seeds red-brown, as large as tares. (Named in honour of
Sydenham Edwards, a famous botanical painter.)

1. Edwardsia grandiflora, Salisb. DC. Prodr. A. Cunn. Prodr. Sophora tetraptera, Curtis, Bot.
Mag. t. 167.

Var. B. microphylla ; foliolis parvis. E. microphylla, Salisb. DC. Prodr. Bot. Mag. t. 1442. A. Rich.
Flora. A. Cunn. Prodr. Sophora microphylla, Jacg. Hort. Schen. t. 269. Lamarck, ete.

Haz. Throughout the Islands, abundant, Banks and Solander, etc. Fl. November. Nat. name,
* Kowhai,” Cunn. (Cultivated in England.)

The following notes upon this widely distributed plant have been kindly supplied to me by Mr. Bentham, who
has most carefully examined all my specimens.

“I cannot find any character to distinguish the New Zealand Edwardsie from each other, even as varieties: the
leaves oblong, obovate, or nearly orbicular, 6—8 lines or scarcely 2 lines long, very hairy on both sides, or more or less
smooth above, show every gradation from the one to the other; so that I have in vain attempted to sort your speci-
mens into varieties, without making one for almost every specimen. Without the fruit, they are readily distinguished
from the Sophora macrocarpa, by the short vexillum, and the calyx rounded, not turbinate at the base. The lower
petals vary in breadth, and the keel petals from very blunt to sharply acuminate.

“The South Chilian Hdwardsia microphylla agrees precisely in foliage and fruit with some of the New Zealand
specimens with middle-sized leaves. You seem to have no good flowers of this. In one specimen with three flowers
the vexillum appears to be nearly if not quite equal to the other petals ; but it is scarcely in full flower, and one cannot
well judge. Can this be the 2. Macnabiana, Grah. in Bot. Mag. t. 3735, said also to have the vexillum equal to the
petals? but figured with oblong, not obovate leaflets. Unless this character can be ascertained with certainty, the
Valdivia, Chiloe, and Juan Fernandez plant must be considered as Æ. grandiflora. E. chrysophylla, and an unpub-
lished smaller-flowered species from the Sandwich Islands, Z. mollis, and E. Maderaspatana, from East India, differ
from F. grandiflora in their reflexed vexillum, stamens included in the keel, ete. Wight’s artist, in drawing t. 1034
(of ‘Icones Plantarum Indie Orientalis’), has probably represented the fruit only of Edwardsia Maderaspatana,
with the flowering branch of Sophora glauca. I am unacquainted with Æ. parvifolia, Wight, from China, and with
the two Mauritius species described by De Candolle.” G. Bentham.

Nar. Orv. XXIV. ROSACEA, Juss.
Gen. I. RUBUS, Z.

Flores hermaphroditi v. dioici. Calyx explanatus, persistens, 5-lobus. Petala 5-7, calyce inserta.
Stamina 00, cum petalis inserta. Ovaria plerumque 00, receptaculo inserta, l-locularia, loculis 1-2-

Rosacee.) FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 53

ovulatis; stylo brevi, filiformi; stigmate subcapitato. Drape succose, receptaculo subcarnoso v. spongioso
baccatim congestee.

One Bramble alone has hitherto been found in New Zealand, and it is, perhaps, the largest species of a genus
which abounds in the North Temperate zone, and in the mountains of the Tropics, but is comparatively very rare in
the southern hemisphere. The R. australis climbs the loftiest trees, often with Lygodium, presenting an impervious
screen of round usually unarmed stems, and prickly leaves and panicles.—The leaves are extremely variable in size
and form, ternate, quinate, or pinnate; the leaflets broadly ovate or linear-lanceolate, sharp, coriaceous, shining
above, smooth or pubescent or even tomentose below, serrate, generally cordate at the base, 2-5 inches long, the
petioles and midrib below usually bearing recurved prickles. Panicles branching, very many-flowered, terminal or
axillary, 3-8 inches long, smooth or downy, unarmed or prickly. Flowers small, unisexual, whitish, $ inch across;
pedicels pubescent. Caly« flat, downy, rarely smooth, five-lobed. Petals five to seven, rounded. Stamens very
numerous, in one series, as long as the petals, usually absent in the female flowers, as are ovaries in the male.
Ovaries numerous, twenty to thirty, seated on a spongy receptacle, with short styles and subcapitate stigmas.
Fruit a small berry, smaller than a wild raspberry, formed of the numerous carpels, which become one-seeded drupes
when ripe; it is then yellowish, and of a sweetish but austere taste. (Named from the Celtic rub, the root of rw-
bella, red, from the colour of the fruit; and according to others, from reub, also Celtic, to tear, from the prickly stems.)

1. Rubus australis, Forst.; alte scandens, ramis teretibus inermibus v. rarius aculeatis, foliis coria-
ceis 3-5-natis v. pinnatis, pinnis 2-jugis cum impari, petiolis costisque aculeatis, foliolis petiolatis basi cor-
datis ovatis v. lineari-lanceolatis obtusis acuminatisve serratis coriaceis superne lucidis venosis subtus gla-
berrimis v. pubescentibus, paniculis ramosis multifloris, floribus dioicis. Tas. XIV.

Var. a. glaber ; foliolis 3-5-natis, pedunculis ramulisque pubescenti-tomentosis. R. australis, Forst.
Prodr. De Candolle. A. Rich. A. Cunn. Prodr.

Var. B. sehmidelioides; foliolis 3-5-natis subtus ramulis paniculisgue pubescenti-tomentosis. R.
schmidelioides, 4. Cunn. Prodr.

Var. s. cissioides ; glaberrimus, foliolis 3-5-natis glaberrimis elliptico- v. lineari-lanceolatis. R. cis-
sioides, 4. Cunn. Prodr.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; very abundant, especially on the skirts of forests, Banks and
Solander, Forster, etc. Fl. August, December. Nat. name, “Tataramoa,” Cunn. (Cultivated in England.)

T am guite unable to distinguish the above varieties specifically, and, indeed, as varieties they present very in-
constant characters. —PLATE XIV. Fig. 1, male, and 2, female flowers.

Gen. II. POTENTILLA, Z.

Calyx concavus, valvatus; limbo explanato, 4-5-partito, extus 4-5-bracteolato. Petala 4-5, calyce
inserta. Stamina 00, cum petalis inserta. Achenia plurima, sicca, receptaculo piloso sessilia ; stylo laterali ;
stigmate simplici. 3

This again is a very large European genus, of herbaceous or half-shrubby plants; especially abounding in the
mountainous districts of the northern temperate and sub-tropical regions, but almost unknown in the southern, except
through the present plant, the common Silver-weed of England, which is quite a cosmopolite, extending from the lati-
tude of 75° north to 56° south; varying, however, considerably in size. It forms a stemless herbaceous plant, giving
off long runners from the root, and numerous pinnated leaves, which, as also the stems, are covered with long, shining,
silky, often shaggy hair underneath, or on both surfaces. Leaves 3—6 inches long, unequally pinnate, with often
small, tooth-like, scattered pinnules betwen the larger, which are in five to twenty pair, ovate, oblong or rounded,
3-1 inch long, deeply cut. Scapes about as long as the leaves, erect, one-flowered, villous. Calyx very silky

N

|
bi
|
|

54 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. | Rosacee.

and villous, five-lobed and five-bracteate. Petals golden-yellow, obovate, 3-4 inch broad. Stamens very numerous.
Achenia villous, numerous, dry, placed on a dry receptacle. (Named from potens, powerful; from the medicinal
properties attributed to some species.)

1. Potentilla anserina, L., var. B. anserinoides; foliolis parvis rotundatis sessilibus v. petiolatis.
P. anserinoides, Raoul, Chois de Plantes, p. 28.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands. East coast, Sinclair, Colenso. Nelson, Bidwill. Akaroa, Raoul.

This is a smaller state, with more rounded and petiolate leaflets than is usual; but is in these respects variable.
I have specimens from Akaroa, differing in no particular from the European.

Gen. III. ACANA, Vall.

Calycis tubus oblongus, compressus v. angulatus, levis v. echinatus, angulis seepissime in aristas glochi-
diatas v.simplices post anthesin excurrentibus; fauce contracto. Petala 2—5, v. 0, distincta v. basi coa-
lita, ore calycis inserta. Stamina 2-5. Ovaria 1-2, tubo calycis inclusa, stylo terminali stigmateque plu-
moso exsertis, 1-locularia, l-ovulata. Achenium calyce indurato indutum; pericarpio coriaceo v. mem-
branaceo.

Herbs, with woody stems, almost peeuliar to the Southern Temperate zone, where they represent the closely
allied genus Sanguisorba of the northern hemisphere. A few species are found on the tropical mountains of
America; and others advance as far south as Cape Horn, Lord Auckland's Group, and Kerguelen's Land. All
have pinnated leaves, and scapes with terminal, round balls (rarely spikes) of very small flowers, which, from their fre-
quently bearing, when in fruit, spines armed with reversed hairs, become very troublesome to sheep in the grazing
districts of Australia. Calyx with a compressed or angled tube, no limb, and very small mouth, from which project
one to two plumose stigmas, of as many oblong achenia, which are wholly hidden in the calyx. Petals small, four
or five, or absent. Stamens as many as the petals. (Named from akawa, a spine, from the spinous calyces.)

1. Acena Sanguisorbe, Vahl; caule decumbente ramoso, ramis ascendentibus foliosis, foliis pinnatis
petiolo foliolisque subtus v. utrinque sericeo-pilosis, foliolis ovatis oblongis rotundatisve inciso-serratis,
pedunculis sericeis, capitulis globosis sericeo-villosis, calyce 4-gono fructifero 4-aristato, aristis apice
glochidiatis, corolla gamopetala, staminibus 2, stigmate dilatato plumoso. Vahl, Enum. DC. Prodr.
A. Rich. et A. Cunn. FI. Antarct. v. 1. p. 9. Ancistrum Sanguisorbe, L. fil. A. anserineefolium, Forst.
A. decumbens, Gertn.

Var. 8. minor ; depressa, dense sericeo-vestita, foliolis parvulis. A. decumbens, Menz. in Herb. Hook.
Fl. Antarct. l. c.

Has. Abundant throughout the Islands, the var. 8 occupying mountainous places. Nat. names,
“ Hutiwai," Middle Island, Zyall; “Pirikahu” and “ Piri piri,” Col.

A creeping woody-stemmed plant, with the foliage of Potentilla, and round heads of small purple flowers on
long scapes; more or less villous and silky in every part; very variable in size. Leaves 2—6 inches long; leaflets
eight to ten pair, usually oblong, blunt, coarsely serrated, 4-3 inch long. Scapes elongated, erect, often bearing a
small leaflet. Flowers in heads, which are the size of a marble or smaller, silky. Caly« four-angled, the angles
produced after flowering into purple pin-like spines, ž inch long, barbed at the tip. Corolla of four petals, united
at the base. Stamens 2. Style terminated by a dilated feathery stigma.—This plant is equally common in Australia
and Tasmania, and is found in both Auckland and Campbell’s Islands. A decoction of the leaves is used as tea
and as a medicine by the natives of the Middle Island. Lyall.

2. Acena inermis, Hook. fil; decumbens, ramosissima, subsericeo-pubescens, foliis parvis, foliolis
4-8-jugis coriaceis sessilibus rotundatis grosse serratis, scapis erectis pubescentibus, capitulis parvis glo-

AA E ERAMU

|
|
|

Rosacea. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 55

bosis, calyce obtuse tetragono, fructifero angulis incrassatis inermibus, corolla gamopetala, staminibus 2,
filamentis brevibus, stylis 2 dilatatis uno latere fimbriatis.

Has. Middle Island. Nelson, Bidwill.

This curious little species is much smaller than the usual state of A. Sanguisorbe, and has denser foliage, less
silky, with short coriaceous rounded leaflets ; all variable characters, however. The unarmed calyx, which in fruit
presents only thickened angles instead of spines, at once distinguishes it from 4. Sanguisorbe, or the following. It
is nearly allied to the Falkland Island 4. lucida, Vahl.

3. Aceena microphylla, Hook. fil.; pusilla, decumbens, glabrata, ramosa, ramis ascendentibus, petiolis
pilosis, foliolis minimis 4—6-jugis rotundatis inciso-serratis, scapis erectis pilosis, capitulis magnis globosis,
calyce 4-gono angulis incrassatis fructifero in aristas elongatas simplices productis, corolla gamopetala,
staminibus stylisque 2, stigmatibus subclavatis fimbriatis.

Has. Northern Island. Tongariro, Bidwill, Colenso.

A very small and glabrous species; the leaflets not + inch long. Capitula very large for the size of the plant,
upwards of an inch across, including the spines, which are not barbate, and distinguish it as a species.

Another species, 4. ascendens, Vahl, common in Fuegia and the Falklands, has been found in Macquarrie
Island, but hitherto not in New Zealand.

Gen. IV. GEUM, Z.

Calyx 5-lobus, extus 5-bracteolatus. Petala 5. Stamina 00, cum petalis inserta. Carpella sicca, in
capitulum supra receptaculum siccum disposita; stylo caudato, post anthesin articulato, geniculato, v.
barbato. Semen ascendens.

A small genus of herbaceous plants, of which some species appear to be very widely diffused: it is distinguished
from Potentilla by the long awns to the achenia. (Name from yevo, to yield a sweet flavour, from the aromatic smell
of the root of a common European species.)

1. Geum Magellanicum, Commerson ; pubescenti-pilosum v. villosum, caule erecto diviso multifloro,
foliis radicalibus interrupte pinnatisectis lobo terminali maximo lobato crenato serrato lateralibus minoribus
v. minimis rotundatis v. ovatis duplicato-serratis incisisque, caulinis laceris, pedunculis villosis, floribus flavis
erectis, calycibus pubescenti-pilosis, acheniorum capitulo oblongo globoso, acheniis plurimis compressis
villosis in stylos deflexos apice uncinatos v. supra medium geniculatos productis. Commerson. DC. Prodr.
Fl. Antaret. v. 9. p. 262. G. Chiloense, G. Chilense, G. Quellyon et G. ranunculoides, G. strictum, G.
intermedium, etc., Auct. An G. urbanum, Z.?

Has. Northern and Middle Islands. East coast and interior, Colenso. Nelson, Bidwill. Milford
Sound, Zyall. (Cultivated in England.)

All the parts are pilose, pubescent, or almost tomentose. Root woody, perennial, astringent. Stems rounded,
2—3 feet high, dichotomously branching above. Radical leaves 4—6 inches long, interruptedly pinnate ; the terminal
lobe very large, ovate or rounded, variously lobed and serrate, strongly veined, the others often alternately smaller,
in two to six pairs, ovate or rounded, sessile, the lower gradually smaller: upper leaves incised, simple or pinnate,
the lobes narrower and more deeply cut. Flowers yellow, 3 inch across, on very villous peduncles, which elongate in
flower. Calyx pubescent ; lobes ovate, alternating with five bracteole. Petals rounded. Stamens very numerous.
Heads of fruit oblong, rounded, + inch long, of very many compressed carpels, which are densely villous, with long
stiff yellowish hairs, and terminate in stiff reflexed awns. wns + inch long, twisted suddenly above the middle, or
hooked at the extremity.—I cannot see upon what grounds (judging from original specimens) the species quoted
above (and some others) are to be separated from one another; and I am further inclined to consider all as varieties
of G. urbanum. If species are to be founded upon every trifling difference in the size or proportion of the upper lobe

56 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. | Onagrarie.

of the leaf of a Geum, its hairiness, and the size of its flower, and, failing all these, on difference of locality, there is then
no limit to such species; for as much variety may be found between English specimens of G. urbanum as amongst
the above-mentioned species. As collectors and herbaria increase, and plants, supposed to have very limited or
isolated areas assigned to them, are found to spread all over the world, we must modify our views of the characters
they offer when these are variable. This is eminently the case with Geum; and I think that any one, having had
as many specimens and species at once under the eye as I have, would regard the present as a plant common to most
temperate parts of the world: in Asia, from Siberia to the Himalaya Mountains; throughout Europe; in Australasia,
in Tasmania and New Zealand; in North America, from the Arctic Sea to Georgia; thence extending along the
Andes to Peru and Chili, and so down to Fuegia. In the ‘Antarctic Flora,’ I assumed this species and the following
to be both different from Fuegian plants; but more specimens have placed both in another light. Dr. Lyall’s
Milford Sound plant is not in flower, but in young fruit, and entirely resembles G. urbanum.

2. Geum parviflorum, Commerson ; parvulum, dense villosum et velutino-pubescens, foliis radicalibus
interrupte pinnatisectis lobo terminali rotundato lobato crenato lateralibus 2—8-jugis parvulis v. 0, caule v.
pedunculo folioso, floribus foliolis parvis involucratis, petalis calyce subduplo longioribus, stylo apice
uncinato, carpellis villosis. Commerson. DC. Prodr. Fl. Ántarct. v. 2. p. 963. G. involucratum, Juss.
DC. etc. An Sieversia albiflora, FZ. Antarct. v. 1. p. 1. t. 7?

Has. Northern Island. Ruahine Mountains, Colenso.

A small plant, 4-8 inches high, with a stout woody root, everywhere densely covered with shaggy yellowish
hairs. It is extremely like a small alpine state of G. Magellanicum, and may prove to be so; but it is here kept
distinct, on account of its size, villousness, the great terminal lobe of the leaf, and very minute lateral ones. The
flowers appear to be white, from Mr. Colenso’s considering it closely resembling those of Sieversia albiflora,
between which plant and this New Zealand one I see no difference, except that the old receptacle of the latter
is villous, and of the Sieversia (perhaps from my specimens being too old) quite naked.

Nat. Oz». XXV. ONAGRARLE, Juss.
Gen. I. FUCHSIA, Plum.

Calycis tubus basi ovario adherens, superne in tubum deciduum apice 4-lobum producto. Petala 4,
tubo calycis inserta, v. 0. Stamina 8. Ovarium disco urceolato coronatum, 4-loculare; stylo gracili;
stigmate clavato; loculis 00-ovulatis. Bacca ovoidea, carnosa, 4-locularis, 00-sperma.

This fine genus abounds in the tropical mountains and temperate regions of South America, from Mexico to
the Straits of Magellan; but has hitherto been found in no other country except New Zealand, which is one of the
most remarkable features in the distribution of the genus on the one hand, and of the New Zealand flora on the
other.—One kind forms a large bush or tree, and the other a small prostrate plant. Both are perfectly smooth, with
alternate petioles, leaves, and axillary pendulous flowers. Tube of the calyx united to the ovary, and produced
beyond it into a campanulate four-lobed limb, which drops off from the ovary. Petals small and convolute, or none.
Stamens eight, with long filaments. Style one, club-shaped at the extremity. Berry ovoid, four-celled, many-seeded.
(Named in honour of Leonard Fuchs, a learned German physician.)

1. Fuchsia excorticata, Linn. fil; fruticosa v. arborea, foliis ovato- v. oblongo-lanceolatis lineari-
lanceolatisve acuminatis remote et obscure dentatis subtus albidis, petalis parvis. Linn. fil. Suppl. Lindley
in Bot. Reg. v. 1. t. 857. A. Cunn. Prodr. Skinnera, Forst. Prodr. A. Rich. Flora. Agapanthus caly-
cillorus, Banks et Sol. MSS.

Has. Moist woods throughout the Islands; abundant, Forster, etc. Dusky Bay, Menzies. Nat.
name, “ Kotuku-tuku," Cunn.; of the berry “ Konini,” Lyall. (Cultivated in England.)

Onagrarie. FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 57
g

A tree 16-30 feet high, with a papery deciduous cuticle to the bark. Leaves on slender petioles, very variable
in length; ovate or lanceolate, much acuminate, membranous, 2—4 inches long, remotely and obscurely toothed,
quite white and almost silvery below. Flowers 3-1 inch long, solitary, axillary, on slender peduncles, which are
usually shorter than the petioles, of a dingy purple colour. Tube of the calyx inflated and campanulate above
the ovary, with four linear-lanceolate or ovate acuminate lobes. Petals very small, convolute. Stigma capitate.—
The berries 4 inch long, and blue-purple; they are sweet and eaten. The stamens vary much in length, being
sometimes quite included.

2. Fuchsia procumbens, R. Cunn. ; caule gracili procumbente ramoso, ramis ascendentibus, foliis longe
petiolatis ovato-cordatis rotundatisve sinuato-dentatis integerrimisve obtusis acutisve, floribus apetalis.
A. Cunn. Prodr. Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 421.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; east coast, on the sand of the sea-beach, A. Cunningham,
Colenso. Port Cooper, Zyall. Nat. name, “Totera,” Cunn.

A much smaller plant than the preceding, with slender woody prostrate stem, and few ascending branches.
Petioles very slender, as long or longer than the leaf, 4-1 inch long. Leaves smaller, rounder and broader than in
the preceding, usually blunt, paler but hardly white beneath. Flowers smaller than in F. ewcorticata, with a
broader calyx-tube, and no petals.—Mr. Colenso has noticed this species becoming elongated amongst bushes, ete.,
and having stems 6 feet long.

Gen. II. EPILOBIUM, £.

Calycis tubus linearis, 4-gonus, ovario adnatus; limbus 4-sepalus, deciduus. Petala 4. Stamina 8.
Ovarium 4-loculare; stylo elongato; stigmate clavato. Capsula linearis, 4-gona, 4-locularis, 4-valvis,
polysperma ; valvis membranaceis. Semina papposa.

A large genus, universally diffused throughout the temperate regions of the globe, whose species are everywhere
extremely variable and difficult to distinguish. Tt forms a larger proportion of the Flora in New Zealand than in any
other country ; the species abounding at all elevations, and constantly enlarging their range by means of their light
feathery seeds. —Herös with perennial roots, creeping or upright, smooth or pubescent, divided or simple stems, and
opposite or alternate, sessile or petioled leaves. Flowers axillary and solitary, on long or short pedicels, or spiked, or
panicled. Calyx-tube surrounding a long four-sided ovary; limb of four deciduous sepals. Petals four, rose-
coloured, white, or purple. Stamens eight. Style long, with a clavate stigma, entire and oblique in all the New
Zealand species. Capsule very long and slender, splitting into four narrow linear valves, and emitting many feathery
seeds. Peduncles erect in flower, often pendulous in young fruit and again erect, always very variable in length —
I have carefully studied all the southern forms of Epilobia on several occasions, and must own that I know no good
limits between the majority of the species; especially of the New Zealanders. Mr. Cunningham’s specimens have all
been studied : they are very insufficient, and often mere tips of branches. I have seen or possess Forster’s original
specimens of 2. junceum, rotundifolium, and glabellum, which include many others. I would advise the student not
to attempt naming species without copious suites of specimens, they vary so extremely. Many of the species are
very similar to English ones, but I have not ventured to unite any except F. tetragonum. Small states of Æ. gla-
bellum and E. tenuipes closely resemble E. alpinum ; E. pubens the E. roseum; states of F. junceum the E. palustre
and parviflorum; of E. Billardieri resemble 2. montanum, E. origanifolium, E. alsinifolium (a plant so named in
Herb. Hook.). The general aspect of the New Zealand plants differs in all these cases from what prevails in the
European, but considerable differences are to be expected amongst specimens of widely-diffused plants coming
from dissimilar climates. (Name from em, upon, and Aoßos, a pod, from the position of the flower.)

$ a. Stems creeping. Peduncles truly axillary and erect. Leaves opposite.

1. Epilobium nummularifolium, Cunn.; pusillum, caule repente radicante bifariam pubescente v. gla-
o

SO

58 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Onagraria.

brato, foliis sessilibus v. breve petiolatis rotundatis late oblongisve integerrimis sinuato-dentatisve coriaceis
v. membranaceis planis v. bullato-undulatis, pedunculis elongatis (fructiferis 2-4 unc.), capsulis pubescen-
tibus, floribus parvis. A. Cunn. Prodr. E. pendulum, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic.

Var. B. pedunculare; foliis plerumque membranaceis, capsulis glaberrimis. E. pedunculare, A. Cunn.
Prodr.

Var. y. nerteroides; folis plerumque crassis sepe coriaceis marginibus recurvis, capsulis plerumque
glaberrimis. E. nerteroides, A. Cunn. Prodr.

Var. 6. brevipes; folis crassis coriaceis marginibus recurvis, pedicellis fructiferis abbreviatis, capsulis
puberulis.

Has. Throughout the Islands, generally in boggy places; abundant on the mountains and low
grounds, Banks and Solander, etc.

Stems creeping, rooting, 3-8 inches long, smooth or with two rows of hairs. Leaves orbicular or oblong,
sessile or on very short petioles, usually lying flat on the ground, (2—4 lines long,) thick or tender, entire or waved
at the margin, plane, or undulate, or bullate. Pedumeles (2-4 inches) erect. Capsules 2 inches, hoary with pubes-
cence.—The sinuate- and dentate-leaved varieties pass into the following species; it strongly resembles Z. alsi-
noides of the terminal-flowered section. Variety 8 has smooth capsules; y, coriaceous leaves and smooth capsules ;
8, short peduncles to the capsules, which are pubescent. Intermediate states between all these are frequent.

2. Epilobium Zinneoides, Hook. fil.; glaberrimum, caule repente hic illic radicante, foliis rotundatis
breve petiolatis (3 unc.) membranaceis argute eroso-dentatis, pedunculis elongatis, capsulis elongatis gla-
berrimis. FZ. Antarct. v. 1. p. 9. €. 6.

Has. Mountains of the Northern, Middle, and Southern Islands. Ruahine Mountains, Colenso.
Port William, Lyall.

Much larger than the last species; quite smooth everywhere. Stems prostrate, rooting here and there (8-10
inches). Leaves petiolate, orbieular, sharply erose-dentate (3 inch). Peduncles very long and erect, fructiferous
ones 3-5 inches. Capsules 2-3 inches. Petals deeply cloven..—Abundant also in Lord Auckland’s Group. It closely
resembles E. rotundifolium of the following section.

3. Epilobium macropus, Hook.; glaberrimum, caule basi repente, ramis ascendentibus, foliis (3 unc.)
oblongis obtusis sinuato-dentatis in petiolum latum angustatis, pedunculis capsulisque elongatis glaberrimis,
floribus majusculis, petalis profunde bifidis. Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 812.

Has. Middle Island. Mountains near Nelson, .Bidwill.

Closely allied to E. alpinum, L., of Europe. Everywhere perfectly smooth. Stems 8 inches to 1 foot; rooting
below, ascending. Leaves (3 inch) oblong, narrowed into the petiole, sinuate, blunt, subcarnose. Peduncles 3-6
inches long. Capsules 2-3 inches, quite smooth. Flowers large, 4 inch across.

8 b. Stems erect, or decumbent and creeping at the base only. Flowers towards the ends of the branches. Leaves

opposite, the upper alternate. — Peduncles of the fruit much longer than the leaves nearest them.

4. Epilobium rotundifolium, Forst. ; glaberrimum v. superne puberulum, caule tereti decumbente basi
repente, ramis ascendentibus, foliis uniformibus petiolatis plerisque oppositis (4-2 unc.) membranaceis ob-
longo-ovatis rotundatisve obtusis argute eroso-dentatis superioribus floriferis alternis, pedunculis fructi-
feris elongatis capsulisque pubescentibus glabratisve, floribus parvis. Forst. Prodr. DC. Prodr. A. Rich.
Fl. A. Cunn. Prodr. Y. flaccidum, Banks et Sol. MSS.

Has. Common throughout the Islands in moist places, Banks and Solander, Forster, etc.

Stems usually weak and decumbent, round, (6 inches to 1 foot,) smooth or pubescent above, sometimes stout

and suberect. Leaves (3—2 inch) uniform throughout all parts of the plant, quite smooth, shortly petiolate,

Onagrarie. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 59

rounded or oblong, erose-dentate, rarely oblong-ovate and nearly entire; upper alternate. Flowers axillary and
almost sessile in the upper leaves; peduncles soon elongating to 1-2 inches, and, as are the capsules, smooth or pu-
bescent. Flowers small, 2-3 lines broad, pale pink; petals cloven.— Very similar to Æ. linneoides, but quite distinct :
when the petioles are longer and branches pubescent, it approaches Æ. pubens. Small specimens, with almost entire
leaves, resemble Æ. alsinoides.

5. Epilobium alsinoides, A. Cunn.; caule suberecto v. repente apicibus ascendentibus divaricatim
ramoso tereti pubescente, foliis uniformibus subconfertis rarius sparsis plerisque oppositis parvis 2—4 lin.
longis glaberrimis subcarnosis breve petiolatis oblongis v. ovato-oblongis ovatisve obtusis sinuato-dentatis,
pedunculis terminalibus v. axillis supremis fructiferis modice clongatis capsulisque pubescentibus, floribus
parvis. E. alsinoides, E. thymifolium, et E. atriplicifolium, A. Cunn. Prodr.

Has. Throughout the Islands, abundant, Cunningham, ete.

Very similar to E. nummularifolium, but differs in the terminal or subterminal inflorescence, and usually much
shorter peduncles. Stems often creeping and branched, with ascending branches, slender, rounded, smooth or
pubescent (2-6 inches). Leaves (2-4 lines) oblong or oblong-ovate, blunt, on short petioles, rather coriaceous,
quite smooth, obtusely toothed or sinuate, usually crowded on the stem. Peduncles in the axils of the upper leaves,
pubescent, 1 inch long in fruit. Capsules pubescent.—A very variable plant; one of the smallest in its common
state, but often 8 inches long, with ascending or suberect stems. Large states, with broad and more sharply toothed
leaves, pass into Æ. rotundifolium.

6. Epilobium microphyllum, A. Rich.; parvulum, caule tereti (atro) simplici v. e basi ramosissimo
simpliciter v. bifariam pubescente v. glabrato, foliis uniformibus parvis (2-3 lin.) coriaceis oppositis breve
petiolatis oblongis rotundatisve, floribus paucis axillis superioribus, pedunculis capsula glabra v. pubescente
brevioribus, floribus parvis. 4. Rich. Flor. p.325. 4.36. A. Cunn. Prodr.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; not uncommon. Cook's Straits, D’Urville. East coast, etc.,
Colenso. Nelson, Bidwill. y

A rigid, generally erect, wiry species, with stout, generally black stems, and comparatively small leaves. Stems
glabrous or pubescent, often bifariously hairy, 4-6 inches high, rarely creeping, often very much branched. Leaves
almost all opposite, very small, 2—3 lines, coriaceous, on short petioles, ovate-oblong or rounded, blunt, obscurely
sinuate. Flowers few, on short peduncles, axillary in the upper leaves; fructiferous peduncles 3 inch long. Capsules
smooth or pubescent, 1 inch long; valves dark-brown.—Creeping specimens are very similar to the varieties brevipes
and nerteroides of E. nummularifolium.

7. Epilobium ¢enwipes, Hook. fil.; pusillum, caulibus brevibus e basi decumbente radicante ascen-
dentibus bifariam pubescentibus, foliis confertis sessilibus oppositis anguste lineari-oblongis (3 lin.) obtusis
obtuse dentatis coriaceis glaberrimis subnitidis, pedunculis axillis supremis terminalibusve puberulis, fructi-
feris elongatis gracilibus strictis capsula breviuscula glabrata longioribus, floribus parvis.

Has. Northern Island. Barren places, head of Wairarapa Valley, Colenso.

Differs from Æ. confertifolium (Fl. Antarct. vol. i. p. 10; Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 685) of Lord Auckland’s Group,
chiefly in the much smaller and very narrow leaves. Stems rooting and branching at the base, short, 2—4 inches
long, ascending, leafy, rather stout, with opposite lines of hairs. Leaves sessile, rather crowded, 3 lines long, linear-
oblong, remotely toothed, blunt, coriaceous, quite smooth, shining. Peduncles in the axils of the upper leaves only,
pubescent; the fructiferous 1-2 inches long, very slender, strict, erect. Capsules shorter than the peduncles,
pubescent or smooth.—This pretty little plant is also found on the Tasmanian mountains.

$ e. Stem, leaves, ete., as in $ b., but peduncles of fruit shorter than the leaves nearest them.

8. Epilobium géabellum, Forst.; caule tereti simplici v. parce ramoso e basi breve radicante erecto

es

60 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Onagraria.

elongato glaberrimo v. bifariam pubescente, foliis (3 lin.—2 unc.) oppositis breve petiolatis oblongis v. lineari-
v. ovato-oblongis obtusis glaberrimis subcarnosis remote sinuato-dentatis, pedunculis axillis supremis gla-
berrimis fructiferis folio brevioribus, capsulis puberulis v. glabratis, floribus parvis.

Has. Mountainous places in the Northern Island; common in the Middle and Southern Islands,
Forster, Colenso, etc.

Stems round, smooth or bifariously pubescent, 6 inches to 1 foot long, erect, except at the very base. Leaves
opposite, crowded or loose, sessile or on very short petioles, oblong, linear, or ovate, rarely lanceolate-oblong, blunt,
obtusely sinuato-dentate, quite smooth, thick, often shining (4-2 inch). Peduncles in the axils of the upper leaves,
than which they are shorter, even when in fruit. Capsules 1 inch long, smooth. Flowers pink, small. —Small states
of this species pass into Æ. alsinoides ; narrow-leaved small specimens are chiefly distinguishable from Æ. tenuipes by
the short peduncles. From Z. Billardieri it differs in the small flowers only.

9. Epilobium melanocaulon, Hook.; erectum, suffruticosum, caule (atro) rigido stricto basi ramoso bre-
viter decumbente folioso, foliis (1 unc.) confertis alternis coriaceis sessilibus lineari-oblongis obtusis acutisve
grosse sinuato-dentatis glaberrimis glabratisve, pedunculis axillis supremis fructiferis folio brevioribus validis,
capsulis (pro genere) crassis glaberrimis (atris), floribus parvis. Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 818.

Has. Northern Island, in mountainous districts, Colenso. Middle Island, in various places; Nelson,
Bidwiti; Port Cooper, ete., Lyall.

Remarkable for the stout, erect, black stems, 6-10 inches long, clothed with numerous alternate, small, uniform
leaves, which are coriaceous, sessile, linear-oblong, blunt or sharp, deeply sinuato-dentate, 4 inch long, quite smooth,
often red when dry. Peduncles rather numerous towards the ends of the branches, shorter than the leaves, stout,
smooth. Capsules thicker than usual in the genus, 1 inch long, chesnut-brown or black. Flowers small, rose-
coloured.—Some of Dr. Lyall’s large specimens seem intermediate between this and Æ. glabellum.

10. Epilobium Zeiragonum, L.; caule erecto tereti v. obtuse 4-gono puberulo v. glabrato, foliis
(1—2 unc.) oppositis sessilibus v. semiamplexicaulibus oblongis obtusis eroso-dentatis glaberrimis, pedunculis
plurimis axillis supremis folio brevioribus, capsulis elongatis pubescentibus, floribus parvis.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands. Bay of Islands; east coast and interior, Colenso. Otago and
Port William, Zyall.

The plant I have referred to the European Æ. tetragonum, occurs abundantly in Tasmania and at the Falkland
Islands, etc., but with usually narrower leaves than the European form; those of the New Zealand are often cordate
at the base: it forms a stout, erect, leafy plant (1 foot to 18 inches), branching at the base only, of a bright green
colour, with red or purple leafy stems. Leaves opposite, sessile, semi-amplexicaul, 1-2 inches long, broadly oblong
or oblong ovate, blunt, erose-dentate, quite smooth. Peduncles in the upper axils, shorter than the leaves. Capsules
1-2 inches long, pubescent. Flowers small.—The small flowers mainly distinguish this from some sessile-leaved

varieties of Y. Billardieri.

11. Epilobium junceum, Forst.; totum pubescens, rarius glabratum, caule erecto basi decumbente
lignoso ramoso simplici v. ramulis abbreviatis onusto tereti folioso, foliis plerisque alternis in axillis seepe
fasciculatis gradatim minoribus sessilibus semiamplexicaulibus lineari- v. lanceolato-oblongis eroso- v.
sinuato-dentatis obtusis subcoriaceis, pedunculis plurimis e axillis superioribus subpaniculatis brevissimis,
capsulis (2-3 unc.) valde elongatis pubescentibus, floribus parvis plerumque purpureis. Forst. De Cand.
et A. Cunn. Prodr. E. cinereum, A. Rich. Flora. A. Cunn. Y. virgatum e£ incanum, 4. Cunn. E. den-
ticulatum, Ruiz et Pav. Fl. Peruv. E. puberulum, H. et A. E. pedicellare, Prest.

Var. 8. hirtigerum; totum villoso-pilosum. — B. hirtigerum, A. Cunn.

Has. Abundant throughout the Islands, Banks and Solander, Forster, ete.

Onagrarie. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 61

A very common and variable plant, more or less densely pubescent, 4 inches to 2 feet high, woody, decumbent
and branching at the base. Branches erect or ascending, stout, terete, very leafy, and often in luxuriant specimens
throwing out short leafy ramuli from the axils of the leaves. Leaves 1-3 inches long, gradually smaller up the stem,
alternate and opposite, linear-oblong, blunt, obtusely crenate or sinuate-dentate. Peduncles very short, numerous
amongst the uppermost leaves. Capsules often very long, 2-3 inches, pubescent. lowers small, generally blue-
purple.— The var. 8 is covered with a shaggy pubescence.

12. Epilobium pudens, A. Rich.; totum pubescens, caule erecto tereti robusto folioso superne ramoso
subprolifero, foliis alternis superne minoribus omnibus petiolatis oblongo-ovatis obtusis dentatis 1-2 unc.
longis, pedunculis axillis superioribus plurimis folio brevioribus, capsulis elongatis pubescentibus, floribus
mediocribus. A. Rich. Flora. p. 329. t. 36. A. Cunn. Prodr.

Has. Abundant throughout the Islands, Banks and Solander, ete.

One of the most distinct species of the genus in New Zealand, easily recognized amongst the larger kind by the
long petioles of the usually alternate ovate-oblong blunt toothed leaves, 1-2 inches long. It is closely allied to
the European E. roseum; and the flowers are white or rose-coloured, larger than in most of the foregoing species,
but smaller than in the two following.

13. Epilobium Billardieri, Ser.; puberulum v. glabratum, caule basi lignoso breviter decumbente
dein stricto erecto parce ramoso (rarius debili), foliis oppositis sessilibus semiamplexicaulibus (rarius brevis-
sime petiolatis) oblongis obtusis dentatis, pedicellis paucis axillis supremis folio brevioribus rarius longiori-
bus, capsulis elongatis pubescentibus v. glabratis, floribus magnis. DC. Prodr. v. 3. p. 41. E. rupricaule,
Banks et Sot. MSS.

Var. 8; caule debili, foliis linearibus breve petiolatis.

Has. Mountainous parts of the Northern Island, Colenso, ete.; east coast, Banks and Solander.
Middle Island, abundant, Zyall.

I have no authentically-named specimen of E. Billardieri, but many specimens of what I take for it, from
Tasmania, which quite agree with my New Zealand ones. The large flowers (3-5 inch across, white or pink) are
the main character by which to distinguish it from Z. tetragonum, and the var. 8 from Æ. glabellum, or from states
of E. junceum, or from the following, which has usually much narrower and longer leaves.

14. Epilobium pallidiflorum, Sol. ; puberulum v. glabratum, caule robusto e basi breviter decumbente
stricto erecto folioso simplici v. ramulis abbreviatis ramoso, foliis oppositis sessilibus semiamplexicaulibus
anguste lineari-oblongis lanceolatisve subacutis eroso-serratis glabris sublongitudinaliter venosis, pedunculis
axillis superioribus plurimis subpaniculatis folio multoties brevioribus cinereo-pubescentibus, floribus
magnis. A. Cunn. Prodr. Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic. E. macranthum, Hook. fil. in le. Plant. t. 297.

Has. Abundant in wet places throughout the Islands, Banks and Solander, ete. Fl. November and
December. —

The handsomest species in New Zealand, and very common also in Tasmania. It may at once be recognized
by its great size (2-3 feet), sessile, semi-amplexicaul, opposite, narrow, long (2—4 inches), linear-lanceolate or
oblong, rather sharp, toothed leaves, and large flowers, which are pink or pale purple, an inch across. The flowers
vary exceedingly in size, so that, distinct as the large state is, smaller plants do not at first sight appear very

different from smooth varieties of E. junceum.

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62 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [Haloragee.

NAT. Og». XXVI. HALORAGEJE, Zr.
Gen. I. HALORAGIS, Forst. (including Goniocarpus, Ken., and Cercodia, Murr.)

Flores uni-bisexuales. Calycis tubus teres, angulatus v. alatus; limbus 4-lobus, lobis persistentibus.
Petala 4, concava, decidua. Stamina 4-8 ; antheris longitudinaliter dehiscentibus. Stigmata 4, simplicia
v. plumosa. Fructus nucumentaceus, indehiscens, 2—4-locularis. Semina solitaria, pendula; embryone
axi albuminis carnosi, tereti; radicula hilo proxima.

Erect, prostrate, or creeping, opposite or alternate-leaved herbs, smooth or scabrid. Flowers hermaphrodite or
bisexual, axillary towards the ends of the branches, small, green or purplish, fascicled or racemose, generally
shortly pedicellate, drooping. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, rounded, angled, or winged; limb four-lobed.
Petals four, deciduous, concave. Stamens four to eight; anthers two-celled, often bursting laterally. Stigmas four,
sessile, simple or plumose. Fruit, a small hard nut, with a fleshy or coriaceous coat, which is rounded, angled, or
winged; indehiscent, two- to four-celled ; cells with one pendulous albuminous seed; embryo terete, with two short
cotyledons, and radicle next to the hilum.— This genus is most frequent in the Southern Temperate zone of the Old.
World, especially in Australasia; and is also found in all parts of India. Juan Fernandez is its only South American
habitat. (Name from drs, the sea, and pak, a grape-stone, from the form of the fruit of the original species, which
grows near the sea.)

1. Haloragis alata, Jacg.; erecta v. decumbens, ramosa, glaberrima v. scaberula, caule tetragono
angulis leevibus scaberulisve, foliis petiolatis ovatis ovato-lanceolatisve acuminatis grosse serratis, floribus
ramulis axillis foliorum racemosis v. subverticillatis, racemis foliosis, pedicellis calyce equilongis, fructu
prismatico 4-quetro, angulis subalatis. Jacg. Ic. Rar. v. 1. é 69. H. tetragona, Herit. H. Cercodia,
Ait. Cercodia erecta, Murr. DC. Prodr. A. Rich. et A. Cunn. C. alternifolia, A. Cunn,

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; abundant on dry hills. Nat. name, “ Toa-Toa," D’ Urville.

This plant is a native of Juan Fernandez, whence all the specimens I have seen are perfectly smooth, like many
of the New Zealand ones, whilst others are more or less scabrid on the angles of the stem, leaves, and fruit. Stem
herbaceous or procumbent, with erect four-angled branches. Leaves opposite, rarely alternate (3-13 inch), shortly
petiolate, ovate, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, blunt or acuminate, sharply and deeply serrated. Flowers in axillary
whorls or fascicles along the branchlets, which become leafy; racemes small, green. .4Anthers large. Fruit, an
angular nut, 1 line long, covered with a coriaceous green coat, which is more or less produced at the angles into
wings; the sides smooth or rough.—This is a very variable plant in size, foliage, and smooth or rough surface; but
easily recognized by the little four-winged or four-angled fruit, crowned at the narrow upper end by four ovate,
acute, conniving calyx-lobes.

2. Haloragis (Goniocarpus) tetragyna, Lab.; rigida, scabra, erecta v. prostrata, diffuse ramosa, ramis
4-gonis ascendentibus, foliis (4-6 lin.) oppositis duris coriaceis ovatis acutis sessilibus argute et pro-
funde cartilagineo-serratis utrinque scabris, floribus versus apices ramulorum subracemosis axillaribus
brevissime pedicellatis, fructu ovoideo 8-costato vernicoso rugoso v. levi immaturo hic illic scaberulo.
Labill. Nov. Holl. v. 1. p. 39. t. 53. DC. Prodr. A. Cunn. Prodr. Üercodia incana, A. Cunn. Prodr.

Var. 8; diffusa, ramis elongatis prostratis diffuse ramosis, foliis parvis (3—4 lin.). Cercodia procum-
bens, Banks et Sol. MSS.

Has. Northern Island; abundant in dry places, Banks and Solander, Cunningham, ete.

A very common Australian and Tasmanian plant, scabrid with short, white, stiff hairs over every part. Stems sub-
erect or diffuse, 3-8 inches long. Leaves (1-2 inch) opposite, sessile, rounded, oblong or ovate, subacute, rigid, harsh,
deeply serrate, with cartilaginous margins. Flowers in the axils of the small upper leaves of the branches, which

Haloragee. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 63

become leafy racemes. Fruit, a small ovoid, shining nut, with eight ribs, smooth or rugose on the surface. —
Cunningham's Cercodia incana appears to me identical with this plant.

3. Haloragis (Goniocarpus) depressa, A. Cunn.; pusilla, caule repente v. ascendente filiformi scabe-
rulo, foliis oppositis breve petiolatis ovatis orbiculatisve obtusis grosse cartilagineo-serratis utrinque glaber-
rimis v. superne scaberulis, floribus axillis supremis sessilibus (pro planta) majusculis, fructu nitido 4—8-
costato, floribus 4-andris. 4. Cunn. Prodr. H. serpyllifolia, Hook. fit. Ic. Plant. t. 290.

Has. Northern Island; in dry and wet places, not unfreguent, Cunningham, etc.

This appears to be the same with a Tasmanian plant called by me G. serpyllifolia, and which, judging from
the variable form of its leaves, may prove to be GŒ. tenellus, DO. Stems 2-8 inches long, branching from the base,
often long, slender, filiform, scabrous. Leaves small, 2-3 lines long, sessile, ovate, broadly oblong or rounded, co-
riaceous, with deeply toothed cartilaginous margins. Flowers sessile, solitary, in the axils of the upper leaves.
Nuts very small, bright brown, shining, four- to eight-ribbed. E

4. Haloragis (Goniocarpus) tenella, Brongn.; pusilla, glaberrima, caule filiformi erecto v. procum-
bente ramoso apicibus ascendentibus aphyllis, foliis paucis oppositis sessilibus orbiculatis grosse pauce car-
tilagineo-serratis, racemis elongatis, floribus bracteolatis sessilibus pendulis, fructibus oblongo-globosis
nitidis 8-costatis. ` G. tenellus, Brongn. in Duperrey, Voy. t.68. An DC.? G. citriodorus, A. Cunn. Prodr.

Has. Northern Island; in boggy places, Cunningham, etc. Nat. name, “ Piri Piri,” Cunn.

A very small species, guite smooth everywhere, slender, sparingly leafy, erect or prostrate, simple or
branched, 8-6 inches high, smelling I presume of lemons, from Cunningham’s name, but I never perceived this
when fresh. Leaves few, opposite, 2—3 lines long, orbicular, remotely and deeply toothed. Racemes leafless, of few
scattered, bracteolate, small, drooping, almost sessile flowers. Fruit very small, shining, turgid, eight-ribbed.— This
curious little plant is common in Tasmania and South Australia; I have also found it in the Khassya Mountains of
India, and at 5—8000 feet in the Himalaya Mountains. It does not agree with De Candolle’s description of Gonio-
carpus tenellus, but entirely with M. Brongniart’s plate, which is unaccompanied by any description.

Gen. II. MYRIOPHYLLUM, ail.

Flores uni- v. bi-sexuales. Calycis tubus ovario adnatus, inconspicuus; limbo brevissimo, 4-lobo, v. 0.
Petala (fl. fcem. 0) 4, concava, membranacea, decidua. Stamina 4—8; filamentis brevibus ; antheris lineari-
elongatis. Carpella 4, plus minusve arcte coherentia, apice stigmatibus plumosis abrupte terminata.
Fructus nucumentaceus, 4-coccus; coccis l-locularibus. Semina solitaria, pendula, albumine parco; em-
bryone axili, tereti; cotyledonibus brevibus; radicula elongata, hilo proxima.

Water herbs, with long submerged flaccid stems and leaves, the latter capillaceo-multifid, and all whorled
or entire, alternate, or opposite towards the ends of the branches. Flowers unisexual, rarely bisexual, axillary. Calye-
tube of the female united to the ovaria; limb minute, four-lobed or absent, of the male four-partite or absent. Petals
of the fem. absent; in the male four, concave, caducous. Stamens four to eight; anthers long. Carpels four, more or
less adherent, with four thick, usually plumose stigmas; each carpel forms a minute nut, with a fleshy covering, one-
celled, with one pendulous seed; albumen scanty, 02; embryo terete, with blunt cotyledons, and a long radicle,
turned towards the hilum.— The genus is found in all latitudes, and the species have very wide ranges. (Name
from puptos, a myriad, and pudov, a leaf.)

1. Myriophyllum e/atinoides, Gaud.; folis 4-natim verticillatis inferioribus capillaceo-multifidis su-
perioribus lineari-elongatis oblongisve integris v. grosse et irregulariter serratis pinnatifidisve, floribus 8-an-
dris dioicis? Gaudichaud, in Ann. Se. Nat. v. 5. p. 105. DC. Prodr. Fl. Antarct. v. 9. p. 271. M. pro-
pinquum, 4. Cunn. Prodr.

Has. Northern Island; in bogs and running water, Cunningham, Colenso, etc.

64 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Haloragee.

Stems 1-2 feet long, but always depending on the depth of water, sparingly branched. Leaves all whorled in
fours; lower 1-2 inches long, capillaceo-multifid; upper crowded, broadly linear-oblong or narrow linear, blunt,
sharply serrate, or pinnatifid. Flowers axillary. Stamens eight.—This looks entirely the same as a common Tas-
manian and South American species, and nearly approaches to 24. verticillatum of England. The fruit I have only seen
on South American specimens, and have described as of four short, oblong, smooth carpels, convex on the back.

2. Myriophyllum variefolium, Hook. fil.; folis 5-7-natim verticillatis inferioribus capillaceo-multi-
fidis intermediis pinnatifidis superioribus anguste linearibus obtusis, floribus axillaribus 8-andris dioicis?
Hook. fil. Le. Plant. t. 289.

Var. 2; foliis supremis magnis pinnatifidis segmentis capillaceis, carpellis turgidis hic illic tuberculatis.
An sp.diversaP An M. Indicum, Roxb.?

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; in bogs and running water, frequent, Colenso, etc. Akaroa,
Raoul.

Stems in shallow water a few inches, in deep water several feet long. Leaves five to seven in a whorl; the lower
capillaceo-multifid ; intermediate smaller, pinnatifid; upper still smaller, narrow linear, blunt, 1—3 inch long, entire.
Flowers on the summit of the upper branches. Fruit unknown, except in var. 8, which may be another species: there
of four large, tubercled, short, broadly oblong carpels. The leaves of that variety are much larger, 1-14 inch long,
all deeply pinnatifid, with capillary segments.— Mr. Colenso sends the male flowers of M. variefolium with var. 8,
whence I presume them to belong to one species; the latter closely resembles the M. Indicum of India, but the
fruit is less tubercled ; also the M. heterophyllum of North America, and M. verticillatum of Europe, but the leaves
of the flowering specimens are always longer than the flowers. It is a very common Tasmanian plant.

Gen. III. CALLITRICHE, 2.

Flores unisexuales. Masc. Stamen solitarium, bracteis (petalis?) 2 linearibus suffultum ; filamento
elongato; anthera 2-loculari; loculis rimis lateralibus demum confluentibus dehiscentibus. Fr. raw.
Calyx obsoletus. Petala 0. Ovarium tetragonum, 4-loculare. Stigmata 2, filiformia. Fructus 4-coccus ;
coccis compressis, indehiscentibus, l-locularibus. Semen solitarium, pendulum; embryone axi albuminis
carnosi, recto; radicula tereti, hilo proxima.

Very delicate green, smooth, water herbs, partially floating, with opposite, entire leaves, often approximate and
apparently whorled at the end of the branches, which are spread out on the top of the water, and very minute,
solitary, sessile, axillary, imperfect, uni- or bi-sexual? flowers. Male flower: as tamen with two membranous bracts
at the base; filament slender; anther two-celled, bursting inwards longitudinally, and, from the valves becoming
confluent and rolling up, appearing to have opened transversely. Female: four flat carpels, loosely cohering in the
form of a cross, and enveloped with the quite inconspicuous tube of the calyx, which has no apparent limb. S/igmas
two, long, filiform. Fruit of four, hard, flattened carpels, each one-celled, with one pendulous albuminous seed. Em-
bryo terete, axile, with two small cotyledons, and radicle pointing to the hilum.—A genus of few species, and those
variable in characters, like most water-plants ; found all over the temperate world, the New Zealand kind being par-
ticularly widely diffused. (Name from xaXos, beautiful, and Opué, hair, from the long, floating, slender stems.)

1. Callitriche verna, L. Fl. Antarct.v. 1. p. 11, et v. 2. p. 272.

Var. 8; foliis rotundatis petiolatis, floribus hermaphroditis v. 2 and & collateralibus, carpellis dorso
alatis. C. tenella, Banks et Sol. MSS.

Has. Abundant in deep, still, and running water; also in pools, and on wet ground, Banks and
Solander, ete.

An extremely variable plant. Stems creeping on the ground, or erect in water, branched, 2—10 inches, and even
in deep water a foot long. Leaves variable in shape according to the situation, shorter and broader in terrestrial

Haloragez. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 65

forms, long and linear in submerged parts, generally more or less spathulate, }-1 inch long, very membranous, guite
entire, narrowed into a petiole, three-nerved. The plant I have called var. Bis quite similar, but the leaves are shorter
and rounder, more distinctly petiolate ; the female flower is seated on a short pedicel, which also bears a solitary stamen.
If this indicates a bisexual flower, it follows that the ovary is really superior, and is not enveloped like Myriophyllum
in the tube of the calyx; but I rather regard this variety as bearing in the axil of the leaf two flowers, a female, and
a male consisting of a single stamen.

Gen. IV. GUNNERA, ZL.

Flores uni-bi-sexuales, bracteolati. Calycis tubus ovario adherens, tereti v. angulato; limbo 2-3-
lobo. Petala 2, v. 0, calycis lobis alterna, concava, decidua. . Stamina 2, petalis opposita; antheris 2-lo-
cularibus, rimis lateralibus dehiscentibus. Ovarium 1-loculare, l-ovulatum ; stylis 2, elongatis, simplicibus,
staminibus oppositis. Fructus drupaceus, indehiscens; endocarpio osseo. Semen solitarium, pendulum,
loculum implens; testa membranacea; albumine dense carnoso, oleoso; embryone minimo, cordato, hilo
proxima; radicula brevi, obtusa, supera.

Herbaceous, moncecious and dicecious, or hermaphrodite plants, with an underground rhizoma or with creeping
scions, alternate, petiolate radical leaves, sometimes with erect, leafy scapes, and spiked or racemose, uni-bi-sexual,
small, green, bracteated flowers. Calyx tube adherent with the ovarium; limb two- to three-toothed or lobed.
Petals two or absent, alternating with the calyx teeth, deciduous. Stamens two, opposite the petals. Anthers innate,
two-celled, bursting laterally. Ovary one-celled, with one pendulous ovule, and two long, simple, often recurved
styles opposite the stamens. Frust a small (usually red) drupe, with one pendulous albuminous seed filling the
cavity ; testa membranous; albumen dense, fleshy; embryo very minute, broadly heart-shaped, two-lobed, placed at
the upper end of the seed; radicle next the hilum*.— This is almost wholly a southern genus, ranging from Java in
the Old World, and Peru in the New, to the Cape of Good Hope, Cape Horn, New Zealand, Tasmania, and Tahiti.
The acid leaves of a great South American species are used as food, and taste like rhubarb. (Named in honour of
John Ernest Gunner, a learned Swedish bishop and botanist.)

1. Gunnera monoica, Raoul; parce pilosa v. glabrata, caule repente v. stolonifero, foliis cordato- v.
reniformi-rotundatis obscure 4-lobis insequaliter crenato-dentatis, racemis folio subeeguilongis parce ra-
mosis, floribus paniculatis racemosisve inferioribus ? , calycis lobis acuminatis, bracteolis petalisque ciliato-
laceris, filamentis elongatis, drupis obeonicis carnosis. Raoul, Choi de Plantes, v. 15. 4.9. G. prorepens,
Pl. Antarct. v. 9. p. 274 (in not.).

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; common in wet places. Bay of Islands, Cunningham, etc. ; Akaroa,
Raoul; Milford Sound, Zyall.

A small creeping herb, forming tufts on wet banks, etc., with small red berries, and very inconspicuous
green flowers. Leaves 3—3 inch across, reniform, orbicular, or cordate, deeply crenate and obscurely three-lobed ;
both surfaces, especially the veins underneath, petioles (1-14 inch), and suckers covered with scattered white
hairs. Panicles linear, erect, sparingly branched, with scattered, nearly sessile flowers. Lower flowers female (often
apetalous?); upper male or hermaphrodite. Bracteoles and linear-spathulate concave petals deeply laciniate.
Calya-lobes erect, with a long point. Filaments long; anthers with a small claw at the apex. Berries 4 inch
long, obeuneate, fleshy.—The trivial name monoica is not happy, most species of the genus being very frequently
monoicous.

* In the “Flora Antarctica,’ vol. ii. p. 273, I have erroneously described the embryo as erect, and as at the
opposite end of the seed. How the error occurred I know not, as I have long been aware of its position being
always as above described.

a

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66 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Myrtaceae.

2. Gunnera prorepens, Hook. fil.; surculosa, parce pilosa v. glabrata, foliis longe petiolatis lineari- v.
ovato-oblongis obtusis basi subcordatis v. in petiolum angustatis crenatis, floribus in spicam elongatam
dispositis.

Has. Mountainous parts of the Northern Island, Colenso. West coast of Middle Island, Lyall.

Usually a much larger plant than G. monoica, from 1-10 inches high, depending on locality. Scions stout,
4—8 inches long, giving off stout rooting rhizomas, and eight to ten leaves, on petioles 4—8 inches long. Leaves
1-2 inches, ovate-oblong, blunt, crenate, sparingly pilose, cordate, or rounded, or narrowed into the petiole at the
base. Scapes about as long as the leaves; when in fruit bearing many sessile drupes, laxly or densely spiked, which
are as large as pepper-corns, red, fleshy, obconical or nearly globose, with an irregular deep furrow at the top,
whence the styles protrude. Flowers not seen.

Nar. On». XXVII. MYRTACEA, Zr.
Gen. I. METROSIDEROS, Br.

Calyx superus v. semisuperus; tubo tereti v. angulato; lobis 5, concavis, deciduis persistentibusve.
Petala 5, rotundata. Stamina perplurima; filamentis elongatis, capillaribus v. filiformibus; antheris parvis.
Ovarium 3-loculare; ovulis plurimis, angulo superiore loculi pendulis; stylo elongato, simplici, recto. Cap-
sula coriacea, calyce immersa v. semisupera, tubo calycis arcte accreta v. soluta, apice v. ad medium 3-
valvis, rarius lateraliter irregulariter rupta. Semina plurima, linearia; testa reticulata.— Folia opposita.

Erect or scandent large trees or bushes, with opposite, entire, coriaceous leaves, covered with pellucid dots,
and generally very showy panicles or heads of red flowers crowned with long erect stamens. Calya wholly or half
adnate with the ovarium, with a persistent thickened rim, and five rounded, persistent, or deciduous lobes. Petals
five, rounded. Stamens very numerous and long, forming a crown at the mouth of the calyx. Ovary generally
three-celled ; ovules many, pendulous from the inner angles of the cells. Style one, simple, erect. Capsule coria-
ceous, half or wholly enclosed in the calyx, three-celled, three-valved at the apex, or bursting irregularly ; seeds very
numerous, slender, linear or clavate, reticulated, pale brown.—This genus belongs to a group of Myrtacee, including
400 to 500 species, all but one of which are confined to the Old World; one alone being found in the New, in
South Chili: one is African (Cape of Good Hope), the rest are exclusively Australian, Malayan, and Pacific Islands
plants. Metrosideros itself is most abundant in New Zealand, and in forming climbing trees is quite exceptional in
the Order to which it belongs. (Name porrpa, heart-wood, and owBnpos, iron; from the hardness of the timber.)

§ a. Capsule indehiscent, surrounded by the calyx and crowned with its cup-shaped border.

1. Metrosideros florida, Sm.; scandens, glaberrima ramulisve teretibus puberulis, foliis (2 unc.)
petiolatis elliptico-oblongis obtusis nervis creberrimis, thyrso terminali ramoso, calyce turbinato angulato
lobis persistentibus, fructu crasso urceolato 6-costato, floribus magnis. Smith in Linn. Trans. v. 3. p. 268.
De Cand. Prodr. A. Rich. A. Cunn. Melaleuca florida e£ Leptospermum scandens, Forst. Tas. XV.

Has. Northern Island, and Middle Island, in forests. Bay of Islands, etc., frequent, Forster, Cun-
ningham, etc.; Hutt Valley and Ship Cove, Zyall. Fl. December. Nat. names, “Raka pika,” R. Cunn.;
“Rata,” Middle Island, Zya//. (Cultivated in England.)

A stout-trunked plant, climbing the loftiest forest-trees. Branches round, with pale bark; branchlets puberu-
lous. Leaves 14-3 inches long, on short petioles, elliptic-oblong, blunt, with a stout costa and numerous horizon-
tally branching nerves. Flowers pink, with scarlet stamens, collected into threes on a dichotomously branched,
many-flowered, terminal thyrsus, as large as a fist. Calyx obconic, angled, 3 inch long, mouth very open; lobes

Myrtacee. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 67

persistent. Stamens and style 1 inch long. Fruit an urceolate, turgid, thick, six-ribbed capsule, bursting irregu-
larly between the ribs (which are persistent), and crowned with the deep cup-shaped calyx-tube. Seeds very
numerous, linear. Pirate XV. Fig. 1, ovarium; 2, the same cut longitudinally ; 3, capsules; 4, vertical section of
the same; 5, a seed :—all but fig. 3 magnified.

2. Metrosideros Zucida, Menz.; ramulis tetragonis glaberrimis sericeisve, foliis (2-3 une.) breve
petiolatis elliptico-lanceolatis acuminatis in petiolum crassum angustatis coriaceis lucidis, floribus subses-
silibus v. thyrso terminali abbreviato trichotomo, calyce breviter obconico sericeo lobis persistentibus,
capsula coriacea breviter urceolata intus 3-valvi extus irregulariter rupta. A. Rich. Flor. A. Cunn. Prodr.
Fl. Antarct. v.1. p. 12. M. umbellata, Cav. DC. Prodr. Agalmanthus, Homb. et Jacq. Voy. au Põle Sud.
Melaleuca, Forster.

Has. Northern Island; on the mountains, Colenso. Middle Island; abundant, Forster, Lyall, ete.

An erect, branching tree, with yellowish bark on the obscurely tetragonous branches. Very young leaves silky,
old very coriaceous, elliptic-lanceolate, (2—3 inches,) acuminate, on short stout petioles. Flowers large, bright scarlet,
sessile at the end of the branches, or in very short, thick-branched thyrsi. Calye broadly obconic, (3 inch long,)
silky; lobes persistent. Stamens and style 1 inch long, scarlet. Fruit coriaceous, broadly urceolate, crowned
with a thick, short, cup-shaped calyx-tube, obscurely six-ribbed, bursting irregularly outside, but inwardly by three
capsular valves.—This forms the bulk of the timber in Lord Auckland’s Islands.

$ b. Capsule enclosed in the calyx, which is prolonged into a tube, bursting regularly into three valves.

3. Metrosideros albiflora, Sol.; scandens, glaberrima, foliis (2-3 unc.) breve petiolatis elliptico-ovatis
lanceolatisve longe acuminatis coriaceis lucidis, thyrsis terminalibus pedunculatis trichotome ramosis multi-
floris, capsulis (parvis) coriaceis 3-lobis 3-costatis tubo elongato lobisque calycis reflexis coronatis. Banks
et Sol. MSS. et Te. Gartner, v. 1. p. 172. t. 84. M. diffusa, A. Cunn. Prodr. Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 569.

Has. Northern Island. Bay of Islands and east coast, Banks and Solander, etc.

A stout-trunked climber, ascending lofty trees; everywhere perfectly smooth. Leaves (13—3 inches) elliptical,
shortly petioled, acuminate, coriaceous, polished above. Zhyrsi terminal, peduncled, 14-4 inches long. Calya
urceolate, 2—3 lines in length, with a long wide-mouthed tube and persistent reflexed lobes. Petals white. Stamens
yellowish, 2 inch long. Capsules brown, coriaceous, (4 inch,) turgid, three-lobed, three-ribbed, bursting down their
whole length into three valves.

4. Metrosideros diffusa, Sm.; scandens, vage divaricatim ramosa, ramis teretibus, ramulis thyrsoque
puberulis glabratisve, foliis (8-1 unc.) breve petiolatis oblongo-obovatis elliptico-oblongisve subacutis ob-
tusisve, thyrsis di-trichotome divaricatim ramosis terminalibus axillaribusve, floribus rubieundis breve pedi-
cellatis, calycis tubo basi elongato ovoideo in tubum liberum elongato-campanulatum producto, capsula
urceolata turgida tubo campanulato basi contracto coronata 3-costata ad basin 3-valvi. Smith in Linn. Soc.
Trans. M. myrtifolia, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic. Gartner. M. lucida, Linn.

Has. Northern Island; frequent in woods, Banks and Solander, etc.

A large climbing shrub, with rooting branches. Leaves (1 inch long) on short petioles, oblong-elliptie or
ovate, blunt, quite smooth, strongly veined. Zhyrsi terminal or lateral, peduncled or sessile, bi-trichotomously
branched; branches patent. Flowers scarlet, pedicellate. Calyx + inch, rather hairy, narrow, oblong, with a very
broad campanulate five-lobed tube. Petals and filaments l inch) scarlet. Fruit a broadly obovate or oblong
coriaceous capsule, (2 inch long,) broader than the campanulate calyx-tube which crowns it, three-ribbed, three-
valved to the base.

5. Metrosideros Aypericifolia, A. Cunn.; frutex scandens, divaricatim ramosus, ramulis gracilibus pu-
berulis 4-gonis, foliis distichis quasi pinnatis sessilibus (3-3 unc.) ovato-lanceolatis subacutis apiculatis sub-

68 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. | Myrtacea.

membranaceis glaberrimis, thyrsis abbreviatis axillaribus 8-10-floris, floribus parvis, calyce ovoideo tubo
late campanulato (seepe deciduo) coronato, capsula parva globosa 3-loba 3-valvi. 4. Cunn. Prodr. Tas. XVI.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; common in woods. Bay of Islands, Cunningham, etc.; Akaroa,
Raoul; Chalky Bay, Lyall. Fl. December.

A slender, twiggy, climbing shrub, with dichotomous divaricating branches, the ultimate ones tetragonous,
pubescent, appearing like pinnate leaves. Leaves (4-2 inch) membranous (for the genus), sessile, ovate, subacute,
with a short point. Thyrsi lateral or axillary, 1 inch long, with ten to twelve small pedicellate flowers, resembling
those of M. diffusa, but shorter and smaller, scarlet. Capsule very small, globose, three-lobed, three-valved to the
base. —This and the following are the smallest and most slender species of the genus. Prate XVI. Fig. 1, flower;

2, section of ovarium ; 3, capsule; 4, vertical section of the same; 5, seed :—all magnified.

6. Metrosideros Colensoi, Hook. fil. ; frutex scandens, gracilis, distiche ramosus, ramulis velutinis, foliis
(1-2 unc.) distichis quasi pinnatis sessilibus ovato- v. oblongo-lanceolatis acutis pubescentibus v. glabratis
submembranaceis, thyrsis axillaribus lateralibusque rarius terminalibus pubescentibus, floribus parvis gracile
pedicellatis, calyce basi angusto in tubum campanulatum producto, capsula submembranacea globosa pubes-
cente calycis tubo campanulato breviore ad basin 3-valvi.

Has. Northern Island. Bay of Islands and east coast, Hdyerley, Colenso, ete.

Very similar to the last, but readily distinguished by the sharp leaves, tomentose ramuli, downy leaves, flowers,
and fruit, and larger capsules. The panicle is generally effuse, and 14 inch long, but sometimes contracted.

8 e. Capsule surrounded below the middle by the persistent calyx-tube ; the three valves free above.

7. Metrosideros robusta, A. Cunn.; arbor erecta, ramosa, ramulis 4-gonis puberulis, foliis (13 unc.)
petiolatis elliptico-oblongis obovatisve obtusis coriaceis subaveniis reticulatis, thyrsis terminalibus subtricho-
tome ramosis puberulis, calyce obconico v. infundibuliformi, capsulis oblongis obtusis calycis limbo in-
crassato 5-dentato medio cinctis superne 3-valvibus. 4. Cunn. Prodr. M. florida, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4471.
Tas. XVII.

Has. Northern Island, especially near the sea-coast; abundant about the Bay of Islands, Cunning-
ham, etc. Nat. name, “ Rata," Cunningham. (Cultivated in England.)

A tall tree, 60—80 feet high, branching above, erect, never scandent; wood hard, close-grained, successfully
employed for ship-building. Leaves (14 inch) on short petioles, elliptic-oblong or obovate, smooth, coriaceous,
blunt, minutely reticulated with many nerves. Thyrsi broad, terminal, of many handsome scarlet. flowers; branches
and peduncles stout, angled, and calyx pubescent. Calys obconic, five-toothed. Pedals and stamens ($ inch)
scarlet. Fruit an oblong, often pubescent capsule, (4-4 inch long,) encircled at the middle by the coriaceous thick
rim of the calyx; valves three, blunt, free.— Very similar to the M. florida, but flowers a deeper scarlet, and the
fruit widely different. PLATE XVII. Fig. 1, petal; 2, vertical section of germen; 3, capsule; 4, vertical section of
the same; 5, seed :—all magnified.

8. Metrosideros tomentosa, A. Cum. ; arbor robusta, ramulis (crassis) foliis subtus inflorescentiaque
dense albido-velutino-tomentosis, foliis valde coriaceis (3-4 unc.) elliptico-lanceolatis rarius late ovatis acutis
valide petiolatis marginibus recurvis, thyrsis breve pedunculatis multifloris, floribus ternis sessilibus calycis
tubo brevi obconico, capsula sublignosa medio calycis tubo incrassato cincta apice 3-valvi. 4. Rich. Mora.
A. Cunn. Prodr. M. excelsa, Banks et Sol. MSS.

Has. Rocky coasts, etc., of the Northern Island; abundant, Banks and Solander, etc. Fl. December.

Nat. name, “ Pohutu-Kawa,” Cunningham. (Cultivated in England.)

A common, and, when in flower, very handsome, small, stout, branching tree, 30—40 feet high. Branches thick,

E
1
E
|
;
:

Myriacea. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 69

round, woody; leaves below and inflorescence densely covered with a white velvety tomentum. Leaves very coriaceous,
elliptic, (3-4 inches long,) reticulately veined above. Zhyrsi terminal, of many scarlet flowers. Capsule large,
2 inch long, woody, surrounded at the middle by the thick calyx-tube.

9. Metrosideros scandens, Banks et Sol.; arbor alte scandens, dichotome ramosa, ramulis densifoliis
foliis subtus pedunculisque hirto-pubescentibus, foliis parvis (3 unc.) distichis brevissime petiolatis ellip-
tico-oblongis rotundatisve basi rotundatis v. cordatis obtusis coriaceis super lucidis subter 9-nerviis punctatis,
thyrsis terminalibus subtrichotomis 6—8-floris, calycibus turbinatis glaberrimis, capsulis parvis globosis
calycis persistentis tubo 5-dentato ad medium cinctis 3-valvibus. Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic. Gartner, v. 1.
1.34. M. perforata, A. Rich. Flora. A. Cunn. Prodr. M. buxifolia, 4. Cunn. Prodr. Hook. Bot. Mag.
Melaleuca et Leptospermum perforatum, Forst.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands, Forster, Banks and Solander, etc. Common in the forests. FI.
December. Nat. name, “Aka,” Cunningham. (Cultivated in England.)

Cunningham's name of M. buxifolia is very applicable, but the plant he describes is clearly identical with
M. scandens. —A climbing large shrub or small tree, with very leafy dichotomous pubescent branches. Leaves
distichous, almost sessile, uniform in size (2 inch), broadly elliptical-ovate, oblong or rounded, very coriaceous,
with recurved margins, glossy above, paler, three-nerved, punctate and hairy below. Thyrsi of six to eight white
small flowers, terminal; peduncles and pedicels pubescent. Calyx quite smooth and glossy. Stamens z inch long.
Capsule size of that of M. hypericifolia, globose.—Wood hard, heavy, handsome.

Ogs. Metrosideros ? salicifolia, A. Cunn., is partly an Olea, and partly Mida salicifolia, according to his ori-
ginal specimens in Herb. Heward.

Gen. II. LEPTOSPERMUM, Forst.

Calycis tubus turbinatus; lobis 5, valvatis. Petala 5, rotundata, concava. Stamina numerosissima, *
petalis breviora. Ovarium inferum, 4—5-loculare; ovulis perplurimis, pendulis; stylo elongato, recto. Cap-
sula coriacea v. lignosa, 4-5-locularis, turbinata, apice 4—5-valvis. Semina perplurima, linearia.—Folia
alterna v. fasciculata.

White-flowered shrubs, with fasciculate branches, and small, dotted, coriaceous, alternate leaves. lowers .
axillary, solitary or fascicled, shortly pedicellate. Calyx tube turbinate, five-lobed; lobes valvate. Petals five,
rounded, concave. Stamens numerous, shorter than the petals. Style filiform; stigma capitate. Capsule four- to
five-celled, four- to five-valved, coriaceous or woody, bursting at the top; seeds very numerous, linear, pendulous from
the upper angle of the cell.—A large genus of shrubs and small trees, confined to Australia, New Zealand, and
the Malay Islands; in the latter locality very few species are found, and those on the mountains only. The
species are very variable and difficult of discrimination; even the two New Zealand ones, though distinct from one
another, run into varieties which are often taken for new species. (Name from Aerros, slender, and omreppa, a seed.)

1. Leptospermum scoparium, Forst.; fruticosum, erectum (montibus prostratum), ramulis angulatis
novellis foliisque junioribus sericeo-pubescentibus, foliis brevissime petiolatis (2-5 lin.) patulis v. recurvis or-
biculatis v. ovatis v. lineari-lanceolatis linearibusve acuminatis pungentibus concavis rigide coriaceis enerviis
punctatis, floribus axillaribus v. ramulis brevissimis terminalibus sessilibus, calyce brevi turbinato glabro
lobis deciduis rotundatis, capsula lignosa calyce semi-immersa apice 5-valvi. Forst. Gen. Smith, Trans.
Linn. Soc. DC. Prodr. A. Rich. Flor. A. Cunn. Prodr.

Var. a. scoparium; erectum, foliis lanceolatis. L. scoparium, Forst.

Var. B. linifolium; erectum, foliis anguste lineari-lanceolatis. L. squarrosum, Geríner, v. 1. p. 174.

Var. y. myrtifolium; erectum, foliis ovatis patulis v. recurvis.

70 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [Myrtacee.

Var. 8. prostratum; caule prostrato, ramulis ascendentibus, foliis late ovatis orbiculatisve squarroso-
recurvis.

Has. Abundant throughout the Islands. Fl. November. Var. 8, on the mountains (stunted). Nat.
names, “ Kahi katoa” and “Manuka.” (Cultivated in England.)

A most common large shrub or small tree, with erect trunk (prostrate in the mountains), of very hard wood
and fastigiate branches, clothed with white flowers for two months. Branchlets and young leaves silky. Leaves
very variable in shape, patent or recurved, 2 lines to 3 inch long, varying from linear-lanceolate in the largest states,
to orbicular in the stunted, sessile, always acuminate and pungent, rigid, concave, veinless, dotted. Flowers very
variable in size (4-5 inch), sessile, solitary, axillary or on terminal short branches. Calyx short, broadly turbinate,
smooth, with five orbicular, deciduous lobes. Petals orbicular, clawed, crumpled. Stamens numerous. Fruit a
woody, persistent, broadly turbinate capsule, half-sunk in the calyx-tube, which encircles it with a thick ring, and
above which the five valves are free, and together form a hemispherical crown.—The wood is hard and good,
though small; the leaves have been used as tea in Australia and Tasmania, where the plant is very abundant and
equally variable.

2. Leptospermum ericoides, A. Rich.; arbuscula glaberrima v. sericeo-pubescens, erecta, ramulis vir-
gatis angulatis, foliis (2-4 lin. longis) fasciculatis breve petiolatis linearibus v. anguste lineari-spathulatis
acutis coriaceis enerviis concavis punctatis, floribus aggregatis axillaribus pedicellatis, calyce turbinato pedi-
celloque pubescentibus v. glabris lobis ovatis persistentibus, capsulis turbinatis calycis tubo immersis valvis
apice vix liberis. A. Rich. Flora. A. Cunn. Prodr.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; common. Fl. September to December. Nat. name, “ Rawiri,”
Northern Island, Cunn.; “ Manouea," Middle Island, D’ Urville.

A scarcely less common plant than the former, attaining a greater size (20 feet), and readily distinguished by
its smooth twiggy branches, narrower, less coriaceous, acute (not pungent), uniformly narrower, suberect leaves,
which grow in bundles (sometimes curved outwards), and more especially by the pedicellate small flowers, and
fruit immersed in the tube of the calyx.

Gen. TII. MYRTUS, Z.

Calycis tabus globosus, limbo 4—5-lobo. Petala 4-5. Stamina perplurima, petalis longiora. Bacca
globosa, calycis lobis coronata, 2-3-locularis. Semina pauca v. plurima, reniformia v. angulata; testa
ossea; embryone tereti, curvato; cotyledonibus parvis, brevibus.

Aromatic shrubs or trees, with opposite dotted leaves, axillary peduncled flowers, and globose-berried fruit.
Calyx tube globose; limb four- to five-lobed. Petals four to five. Stamens very numerous, exserted. Berry two-
to three-celled, globose, crowned with the calyx-limb; seeds few or many in each cell, reniform or angled, with a
bony testa and long terete curved embryo, with small cotyledons.—This genus, though so well known as including the
European Myrtle, is not a large or common one; species are found in the Northern temperate regions, in the tro-
pical mountains of South America, in India, and in the temperate regions of Chili and New Zealand, extending to
Cape Horn in the New World and Akaroa in New Zealand. (Name, pupros, in Greek.)

1. Myrtus bullata, Banks et Sol. ; arbuscula, ramulis pedunculisque petiolis costaque folii pubescen-
tibus, foliis petiolatis late elliptico- v. rotundato-ovatis bullatis subtus discoloribus pedunculis folio brevi-
oribus v. aequilongis 1-2-floris, floribus 4-meris, bacca verrucosa 2-loculari oligosperma. Banks et Sol. le.
et MSS. A. Cunn. Prodr. Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 551.

Has. Northern Island; frequent, Banks and Solander, ete. Fl. December. Nat. name, “ Rama-
Rama,” Cunn. (Cultivated in England.)

An erect shrub or small tree, 10-15 feet. Branches suberect ; upper pubescent, as are the petioles; midrib of the

Myrtacee. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 71

leaf, peduncles, and calyx covered with a rusty-brown tomentum. Petioles 2-3 lines long. Leaves (1 inch) broadly
elliptical, ovate or rounded, blunt or sharp, with few veins, the surface bullate or bladdery between the veins, rarely
even, bright green above, reddish below. Flowers white, on peduncles 1 inch long, $ an inch in diameter. Berries
deep red-purple or black, sweetish, much eaten by birds, as large as a black currant, two-celled, with several reni-
form hard seeds in each cell.—The leaves are occasionally quite even on the surface.

2. Myrtus pedunculata, Hook. fil. ; frutex glaberrimus, ramis divaricatis, ramulis 4-gonis, foliis parvis
breve petiolatis oblongis obovatisve punctatis subtus pallidis, pedicellis axillaribus 1-floris, floribus 5-meris,
bacca 2-loculari polysperma. Je. Plant. t. 629.

Haz. Northern and Middle Islands. East coast and interior, Colenso, Sinclair. Nelson, Bidwill.

A straggling shrub, 10-12 feet high, quite glabrous. Branches slender, four-angled; bark white. Leaves (4-3
inch) shortly petiolate, variable in size and shape, linear-oblong or obovate, blunt, plane. Peduncles very variable in
length, shorter or longer than the leaves, solitary, one-flowered. Flowers small, 4 inch diameter, white. Calyx-lobes
and petals five. Berry size of a ved currant, orange-yellow, two-celled, with several pale compressed shining seeds.

3. Myrtus obcordata, Hook. fil. ; frutex ramosus, ramis divaricatis ramulis petiolis pedunculis calycibus-
que sericeis, foliis (parvis) obcordatis in petiolum brevem angustatis, pedunculis 1-floris, floribus 4-meris,
bacca 2-loculari polysperma. Eugenia obcordata, Raoul, in Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. 2. v. 2. p. 123.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands. East coast, and mountains of the interior, Colenso. Akaroa, Raoul.

A shrub, very similar to M. pedunculata in respect of size and habit, but the leaves (which vary from four lines
to one inch long) are always truly obcordate ; the branches, petioles, peduncles, and calyx are pubescent; the flowers
have four petals and four calyx-lobes, and the berries M. Raoul states to be of a violet-colour.

Gen. IV. EUGENLA, Mich.

Omnia Myrti, sed semina pauca, magna, angulata; embryone crassa; radicula cotyledonibusque con-
fluentibus.

Trees, or large shrubs, with opposite leaves and peduncled flowers, exactly like Myrti, from which they only
differ in the structure of the berry and seed Calya tube globose; limb four- to five-lobed. Petals four or five.
Stamens very numerous. Ovary two- to three-celled ; ovules numerous. Berry globose, one- to two-celled, with a
few large seeds, which have a thick embryo, presenting no conspicuous radicle or cotyledons.—This genus abounds
in the Tropics of the West Indies and South America; many species are found in India and the Malay Islands,
a very few in Australia. They do not advance so far south as Myrtus, attaining their highest latitude in the
Old World in New Zealand, and in the New in South Chili. (Named in honour of Prince Eugene of Savoy, a
patron of botany.)

1. Eugenia Maire, A. Cunn.; arbor erecta, tota glaberrima, ramulis angulatis, foliis (1-13 une.) pe-
tiolatis elliptico-lanceolatis ellipticisve acuminatis siccis crispatis, paniculis cymosis trichotome divaricatim
ramosis terminalibus multifloris, pedicellis elongatis superne incrassatis, calyce late obconico obscure 5-
lobo, petalis parvis, bacca urceolari oligosperma. 4. Cunn. Prodr.

Has. Northern Island, often in swamps. Bay of Islands, Cunningham, etc. Fl. April. Nat. name,
* Maire tawake,” Cunn.

A tree 30-50 feet high, quite smooth in all parts. Bark pale. Leaves (là inch) petiolate, elliptical, acumi-
nate, crisped when dry. Flowers usually in terminal, trichotomously branched, spreading panicles, white; pedicels
in threes, 4 inch long, gradually thickened upwards. Calyx obconic, very broad, 2 lines long, with five obscure
lobes. Petals five, rounded, small, white, commonly falling away together before expanding. Filaments capillary,
linch long. Fruit an urceolate berry, nearly $ inch long, crowned with the calyx-tube, containing about one
large, and several small seeds, which are of irregular form, compressed, convex on one face and rugose on the other.

72 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Passifloree.

Nar. Og». XXVIII. CUCURBITACEA, Juss.
Gen. I. SICYOS, L.

Flores unisexuales. FL. maso. racemosi. Calyx campanulatus, 5-dentatus. Corolla calyce continua,
5-loba. Stamina 3-5; filamentis in columnam coalitis; antheris liberis, 1-locularibus. Fr. ram. capitati,
umbellati v. solitarii, pedunculati. Calycis limbus campanulatus, 5-dentatus. Ovarium l-loculare; ovulo
solitario; stylo 3-fido. Fructus ovatus, coriaceus, hispidus v. spinosus.

Prostrate or climbing, alternate-leaved herbs, with tendrils from the axils of the leaves, and axillary unisexual
flowers. Male flowers racemose. Calyx campanulate, five-toothed. Corolla five-lobed, continuous with the calyx.
Stamens three to five, their filaments united into a column; anthers free, one-celled. Female flowers capitate on an
axillary peduncle, solitary or umbellate. Calyx-tube adnate with the (one-celled, one-ovuled) ovary ; limb campanu-
late, free, five-toothed. Style trifid. Fruit a coriaceous, hispid or spinous, ovate, one-celled nut; seed one, pen-
dulous. —A small, chiefly western American genus, of which the present is the only one of the large Natural Order
to which it belongs, found in Tasmania or New Zealand. The species of Sicyos are variable, and some of them very
widely spread, especially the present, which is found in Tasmania, Australia, Norfolk Island, the United States,
Mexico, and throughout South America to Bonaria and South Brazil. —A few species inhabit the Pacific Islands,
and with the present are the only extra-American ones known. (Name, osxvos, a cucumber; from the habit of this
plant, which is allied to that genus.)

1. Sicyos angulatus, Linn. ; pubescens v. glabratus, foliis late reniformi-cordatis ovato-cordatisve varie
3-7-lobatis, lobis acutis acuminatisve dentatis basi 2-lobis sinu rotundato, cirrhis 3—5-fidis, fl. $ cymoso-
racemosisve glanduloso-pilosis glabratisve, fructibus ovatis hispido-echinatis. Forst. Prodr. A. Rich. Flora.
S. australis, Zndl. Prodr. Fl. Norf. A. Cunn. Prodr. Ñ. fretensis, Hook. fil. Lond. Journ. Bot. v. 6. p. 478.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; chiefly on the eastern coasts, Forster, etc. Nat. name, “ Ma-
whai,” Col. :

Stems trailing or climbing, pilose or smooth. Leaves petiolate, very variable in size, two to six inches across,
scabrous or smooth, broadly reniform, cordate or ovate, three- to seven-lobed ; lobes acute, toothed, deeply bilobed,
cordate at the base, with a rounded sinus. Flowers variable in size; male in racemes, 1-4 inches long, pedicellate,
smooth or covered with long glandular hairs, 2-5 lines broad; female smaller, capitate on a short peduncle, corolla
pedicellate. Fruits five to seven, ovate, 3-3 inch long, pilose or smooth, but covered with spines, which, being
barbed, are the means of attaching the seeds to animals, and so dispersing them.—I can find no difference between
these and American specimens, in either foliage or inflorescence ; it varies extremely in size in both hemispheres.

NAT. Ord. XXIX. PASSIFLOREAL, Juss.

Gen. I. PASSIFLORA, 2.

Flores uni-bi-sexuales. Sepala 4-5. Petala 4-5, basi corona filamentorum instructa. Stamina 4-5 ;
filamentis basi in columnam pedicello ovarii aceretam coalitis, superne liberis, divaricatis; antheris 2-locu-
laribus, versatilibus. Ovarium stipitatum, ovoideum, 1-loculare; ovulis plurimis, placentis 3 parietalibus
affixis; stylis 3, stigmatibus capitatis. Bacca carnosa. Semina numerosa; testa reticulata v. rugosa,
crustacea.

The New Zealand Passion-flower is a perfectly smooth climbing plant, with alternate, simple, petiolate leaves,
axillary tendrils, and small axillary panicles of green flowers, that only differ from those of the American

Portulacee. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 78

Passion-flowers in being dicecious and tetramerous. Sepals and petals four, oblong, blunt, with a ring of filaments
at the base of the latter. Stamens four (those of the female flower, small, empty); filaments united at the base
into a column, above filiform and diverging. Antherstwo-celled. Ovarium stipitate (stipes surrounded by the tube
of filaments), ovoid, one-celled, with three short styles, terminated by capitate stigmata, and three parietal many-
ovuled placentee. Berry fleshy, globose, many-seeded ; seeds compressed, oblong; testa crustaceous, rugose.—This
genus is almost wholly a native of South America, where very many kinds are found, some of which are great orna-
ments of English stoves; three or four are found in India; and a similar genus, Disemma, Lab., inhabits Australia,
Norfolk Island, New Caledonia, and probably other Pacific Islands. M. Raoul has made of the New Zealand plant
a new genus, I think unnecessarily. (Name from patior, I suffer, and flos, a flower; because the South American
missionaries saw the emblems of our Saviour’s passion in this plant.)

1. Passiflora tetrandra, Banks et Sol.; glaberrima, folis petiolatis ovatis ovato-lanceolatisve inte-
gerrimis acuminatis eglandulosis, involucris nullis, pedunculis axillaribus 2—4-floris, floribus abortu monoicis
4-meris, stylis 3. Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic. DC. Prodr. A. Cunn. Prodr. Tetrapathea australis, Raoul,
3-9. bite

Haz. Northern and Middle Islands; not uncommon in dry woods, Banks and Solander, etc. Fl. De-
cember. Nat. name, “ Ku-papa,” R. Cunn. (Cultivated in England.)

Leaves 3—4 inches long, linear or ovate, lanceolate, acute or acuminate, narrowed at the base, shining above.
Flowers small for the genus (4—4 inch), pale green. Fruit globular, yellow-red, 1-14 inch broad.— The Spanish
missionaries of South America compared the digitate leaves (of one species) and tendrils to the hands and flagella
with which our Saviour was scourged; the ten pieces of the perianth to the ten faithful disciples; the corona of
filaments to the crown of thorns, the five stamina to the wounds, and the three stigmata to the nails used at the

crucifixion.

NAT. Oz». XXX. PORTULACEA, Juss.

Gen. I. CLAYTONIA, Z.

Sepala 2, ovata, concava. Petala 5, membranacea. Stamina 5, petalis opposita et basi inserta.
Ovarium l-loculare; stylo erecto, 3-fido. Capsula 1-locularis, 3-valvis. Semina 3, compressa, funiculis
elongatis placente basilari inserta; testa atra, crustacea.

A small, creeping, tender, succulent, pale green, herbaceous plant, with linear opposite leaves, membranous and
cuneate at the base, and scapes of solitary, white, very membranous flowers. Sepals two, ovate, concave. Petals five,
white, membranous, obovate. Stamens five, opposite and attached to the base of the petals. Ovary ovate, one-celled,
with a straight three-cleft style. Capsule one-celled, three-valved, with three seeds attached to the base of the cell by
long funiculi; testa black, shining. .Embryo terete, curved, in a mealy albumen. This, with the present exception,
is entirely a North American genus, extending from the Arctic Circle to the Southern United States. C. Australasica
differs from its congeners in its one-flowered scape; it is common in Australia and Tasmania. (Named in honour
of John Clayton, an English traveller in North America and a botanist.)

1. Claytonia Australasien, Hook. fil. ; ceespitosa, sarmentosa, foliis anguste linearibus, petiolis basi mem-
branaceis dilatatis connatis, scapis axillaribus 1-floris. Hook. le. Plant. t. 298.
Has. Middle Island. Milford Sound, ya.

Very variable in size, Australian specimens being from 2 inches to a foot high. Stems creeping, 6—8 inches
long. Leaves 1-4 inches long, rather broader and spathulate above, blunt, nerveless. Scapes shorter than or as

long as the leaves, fleshy. Flowers pure white, 1—2 inch across.

74 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND, [Scleranthee.

Gen. II. MONTIA, Z.

Sepala 2-3. Petala 5, libera v. basi coalita, membranacea. Stamina 5, petalis opposita et basi in-
serta. Ovarium l-loculare; stylo recto, 3-fido. Capsula ut in Claytonia. Semina 1-3.

A small, succulent, suberect or creeping, marsh or water-plant, forming pale green tufts, with narrow, opposite
leaves, and small, axillary, pedicellate, white flowers. Sepals two, rarely three. Petals five, slightly united at the
base, or free. Stamens three to five, inserted into the base of the petals. Ovary sessile, ovate, with a short three-
cleft style. Capsule one-celled, three-valved, one- to three-seeded.—The only plant of this genus is very abundant
in all temperate and cold parts of the world, from the Arctic Circle to Cape Horn, Kerguelen's Land, Tasmania,
Lord Auckland’s Group, and Campbell’s Island. It has no character of importance to distinguish it from Clay-
toma, than which it is a very much smaller plant. (Name in honour of Joseph de Monti, a Bolognese professor
and botanist.)

1. Montia fontana, L. DC. Prodr. Fl. Antarct.

Has. Alpine parts of the Northern Island, Colenso, Sinclair, ete. Common in the Middle and
Southern Islands, Raoul, Lyall.

Extremely variable in size. Stems much branched, a few lines to 5 inches long, laxer and longer in water,
tender, succulent. Leaves 2 lines to 2 inch long; narrow, linear or spathulate, blunt or sharp. Peduncles shorter
than the leaves, curved and pendulous when in fruit. Flowers about a line broad across the petals.

NAT. Ord. XXXI. SCLERANTHEA, Link.
Gen. I. SCLERANTHUS, Z.

Calyx tubulosus, 4—5-fidus, coriaceus, persistens; tubo urceolato, lobis erectis. Petala 0. Stamina
1-5, fauce calycis inserta. Styli 2. Capsula evalvis, l-sperma. Semen funiculo capillaceo e fundo loculi
orto suspensum.

Small, rigid, tufted plants, of a harsh wiry habit, with opposite, subulate, serrulate, or entire leaves, and incon-
spieuous green flowers, placed in the New Zealand species in pairs on a short peduncle, that elongates when in fruit,
and bears four persistent bracteze at the top. Calyx a small, coriaceous, four- to five-lobed tube, with one stamen
inserted half-way up, and no petals. Ovary with two styles, and one ovule, suspended from a long cord that rises
from the base of the cell.— This genus is found in Europe, North America, Australia, and New Zealand. (Name from
okAnpos, hard, and avos, flower ; from the indurated perianth.)

1. Scleranthus biflorus (Mniarum, Auct.); dense ceespitosus, floribus geminis quadrifidis monandris
pedunculo communi per paria sessilibus basi 2-bracteolatis, folis serrulatis v. integerrimis. Mniarum,
Forster. Brown. DC. Prodr. A. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zeal. A. Cunn. Prodr. M. pedunculatum, Lad. FI.
Nov. Holl. v. 1. p. 8. t. 9. Ditoca muscosa, Banks et Solander, et Gertner.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; chiefly on the east coast; not uncommon. Nat. names,
Northern Island, “ Kohu-Kohu," R. Cunn.; Middle Island, “ Naéréoré,” D' Urville.

Stems seldom more than an inch long, densely leafy, growing in compact tufts. Leaves 4-4 inch long, rigid
and wiry. Flowers at first sessile amongst the leaves; the peduncles are afterwards elongated to 4 inch, and are
stout and erect.—I see no grounds upon which to separate this genus from Scleranthus, to two Tasmanian species of
which the present is very closely allied. The leaves vary much in New Zealand and Tasmanian specimens of this

species, both in length and in the degree of serrulation of their margins.

Crassulacea. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 75

Nat. On». XXXII. CRASSULACEA, DC.
Gen. I. TILLZEA, Mich. (including Bulliarda, DC.)

Sepala, petala, et stamina 3-5. Sguama ad basin carpellorum 3-5 v. 0. Ovaria 3—5; stylis bre-
vibus recurvis; ovulis plurimis. Carpella 3-5, membranacea, intus dehiscentia. Semina, pauca v. plurima.

Very small, succulent plants, with opposite leaves, and axillary, solitary, or fasciculate flowers. Sepals, petals, and
stamens three to five. Scales as many, opposite the ovaries, or 0. Ovaries with short recurved styles, one-celled,
many-ovuled. Carpels few- or many-seeded.—The few species belonging to this inconspicuous genus are inhabitants
of damp or dry places, and are scattered over various parts of the globe, chiefly in temperate latitudes. One of the
Southern species belongs to Bulliarda of DC., a genus differing only in the more highly-developed glands or scales
opposite the ovaries, which I do not think affords of itself a character of generic importance. (Named in honour of
Michael Angelo Tilli, an Italian botanist of Pisa.)

1. Tillea verticillaris, DC.; erecta, simplex v. e basi ramosissima, foliis oppositis lineari-oblongis,
floribus 4-meris axillis dense congestis sessilibus paucis pedunculatis, sepalis petalisgue subulato-acumi-
natis, glandulis sguamisve 0, carpellis 1-2-spermis. DC. Prodr. v. 8. p. 382. (non Hook. Ic. Plant.
t. 295.) A. Cunn. Prodr. T. muscosa, Forst. Prodr. A. Rich. Flora.

Haz. Northern and Middle Islands; dry rocky places; abundant, Forster, Colenso, ete.

Whole plant a pale red-brown colour. Stems succulent, 2-4 inches high, simple or branched from the base.
Leaves linear-oblong, 1-2 lines long, succulent, blunt. Flowers very densely crowded in the axils of the leaves, very
minute, mostly sessile, a few pedicellate; pedicels slender, longer than the leaves. Sepals four, ovato-subulate,
acuminate. Ovaries without glands or scales. Carpels one-seeded.— Very like the European T. muscosa, but usually
larger in all its parts, with tetramerous larger flowers, and narrower sepals. It is also a Cape of Good Hope plant.

2. Tillea debilis, Col.; caule repente laxe ceespitoso distanter folioso, foliis oppositis connatis brevi-
oblongis linearibusve obtusis, floribus solitariis v. 9 axillaribus sessilibus pedunculatisve 4-meris, sepalis
oblongis acutis, petalis brevioribus ovatis acuminatis, glandulis 0, carpellis 1-2-spermis.

Has. Northern Island. Hast coast, Colenso.

Stems 2-3 inches long, weak, slender, simple or sparingly branched. Leaves opposite, in remote pairs, 1-2 lines
long, connate, ovate-oblong or linear. Flowers few, one to two, sessile or peduncled, very minute. Sepals four,
ovate, acute, longer than the ovate acuminate petals. Glands none. Carpels four, one- to two-seeded. —I am
doubtful how far this is really distinct from T. verticillaris, which it closely resembles.

3. Tillea purpurata, Hook. fil. ; perpusilla, caulibus e basi decumbente ramosa erectis prostratisve, foliis
oppositis connatis linearibus, floribus breve v. longe pedicellatis 4-meris, sepalis ovatis obtusis v. subacutis,
petalis parvis acuminatis, glandulis 0, carpellis 4 magnis obtusis recurvis apice hiante bilobo, seminibus
plurimis. Nob. in Lond. Journ. Bot. v. 6. p. 472. An T. peduncularis, Sm., DC. Prodr. ?

Has. Northern Island ; east coast, Cape Palliser, etc., Colenso.

A very minute, purplish plant. Stems prostrate, 4-3 inch long, rarely longer. Leaves as in the other species.
Flowers few, in the axils of the leaves, sometimes nearly sessile, but often on pedicels longer than the stem. Sepals
four, blunt. Petals as many, very short, sharp. Glands none. Carpels longer than the sepals, blunt, recurved,
many-seeded, the top when burst two-lobed. Seeds many.—A very distinct species, but so minute as to require a
strong lens to make out its characters. It is a native of Tasmania.

4. Tillea (Bulliarda) moschata, DC.; ceespitosa, caule e basi prostrata radicante erecto parce ramoso
v. simplici, foliis oppositis connatis carnosis lineari-oblongis obovatisve obtusis, pedunculis solitariis axilla-

76 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. | Ficoidee.

ribus 1-floris folio brevioribus, floribus 4-meris, sepalis obtusis, petalis longioribus albis obovatis obtusis,
glandulis hypogynis linearibus cuneatis, carpellis 4 turgidis, stylis brevibus recurvis polyspermis. DC.
Prodr. v. 3. p. 382. Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 535 (glandulis omissis). Bulliarda, D’Urville. Fl. Antarct.
v. l. p. 15. e£ v. 2. p. 278. B. Magellanica, De Cand. Crassula moschata, Forster.

Has. Northern Island; east and south coast, Colenso. Middle Island, common.

Much the largest species of the genus, of a red-brown colour, having conspicuous though small white flowers,
on solitary axillary peduncles shorter than the leaves. Stems 2 inches to a span long, simple or sparingly branched.
Leaves small, uniform, succulent, 2—4 lines long, oblong, spathulate or linear-oblong, blunt, often throwing out roots
at the axils. Flowers 2 lines across. Sepals four, obtuse, half as short as the spreading, obovate, obtuse, white
petals. Glands at the back of the ovaria linear, wedge-shaped, truncate. Capsules many-seeded.—This is a very
abundant and widely-diffused southern plant, found at Fuegia and Cape Horn, Kerguelen’s Land, Auckland and
Campbell’s Islands; but not hitherto in Tasmania, whose southern coast it however probably inhabits.

NAT. On». XXXIII. FICOIDEA, Juss.
Gen. I. MESEMBRYANTHEMUM, Z.

Sepala 4-5, plus minusve inter se et cum ovario connata. Petala plurima, linearia, multi- v. pauci-
seriata. Stamina plurima; filamentis plurimis. Ovarium superum v. inferum v. semisuperum, 1-00-locu-
lare; stigmatibus plurimis, distinctis ; ovulis perplurimis ; funiculis capillaribus, placentis liberis confluenti-
busve insertis. Capsula 1-00-locularis, multivalvis. Semina plurima.

The only New Zealand species is a very succulent, smooth, prostrate, sea-side herb, woody towards the root,
with opposite, linear, three-angled, fleshy leaves, and many-petalled flowers, on a stout erect peduncle. Sepals five,
united together, and with the ovarium below, free above. Petals very numerous, linear, blunt. Stamens in many
series, inserted along with the petals on the calyx. Ovary sunk in the fleshy calyx, about eight-celled. Sigmas five,
subulate. Capsule turbinate, eight-celled, bursting at the top into as many slits, which radiate from the centre.
Seeds small, black, very numerous, attached to the inner angle of the cells.—This immense genus is typical of a
desert country or soil, and is nearly confined to the Cape of Good Hope: two species only are found in Australia,
and one of these in New Zealand; a few inhabit the Atlantic Islands, North Africa, and the Mediterranean. They
have long been favourites in cultivation, from the beauty of their flowers and curiously-formed leaves. (Name from
peonuBpia, mid-day, and avdos, flower; from many species flowering at mid-day.)

1. Mesembryanthemum australe, Sol.; caule semitereti prostrato, foliis oppositis curvis levibus
linearibus v. lineari-oblongis obtusis triquetris glaucis punctatis, scapo compresso foliis equilongo sursum
clavato. Sol. in Ait. Hort. Kew. DC. Prodr. A. Cunn. Prodr.

Has. Northern Island; common along the coasts, Banks and Solander, ete.

Stems 6-12 inches long, semiterete, giving off here and there short axillary branches, and opposite, fleshy,
triangular leaves, 1-13 inch long, which are curved, smooth, glaucous, dotted, variable in thickness from 1-3 lines.
Peduncles 3-2 inches long, compressed, swelling upwards into the turbinate calyx. Flowers pale reddish, very
variable in size, 1-3 inch. Petals numerous, linear.—There is a Cape of Good Hope species (from Somerset),
M. crassifolium, L., which I cannot, from dried specimens or from De Candolle’s descriptions, distinguish from the
New Zealand one. I have not compared them alive, and they are too succulent and difficult to distinguish by short
characters to admit of their being united by the only examination I can make. This is an abundant Australian and

Tasmanian plant.

Escalloniee. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. H

Gen. II. TETRAGONIA, Z.

Calycis tubus ovario 4-gono continuus; lobis 4, obtusis. Petala 0. Stamina 4-12. Styli breves,
3-8. Fructus subdrupaceus, tetragonus v. prismaticus, angulis obtusis v. in cornua productis; endo-
carpio osseo, 3-8-loculari; loculis 1-spermis.

Procumbent, littoral, herbaceous plants, with alternate, petiolate, fleshy leaves, and axillary pedunculate flowers,
of which the only New Zealand species is known as “native spinach.” Calyx of four blunt sepals, united below to
the obconic, four-angled ovarium lobes. Petals none. Stamens four to twelve. Styles three to eight, very short.
Fruit a terete or four-angled, obconic, hard, indehiscent nut, with a thin, green, fleshy coat; the angles often pro-
duced into tubercles or horns, three- to eight-celled ; cells one-seeded.— This genus abounds at the Cape of Good
Hope, and is confined to the Southern Hemisphere, a few species being found in South America and Australia.
(Named from rerpa, four, and yoria, an angle ; from the four-angled calyx.)

1. Tetragonia expansa, Sol.; pubescens v. glabrata, caule elongato prostrato ramoso, foliis ovato-
tetragonis obtusis obscure sinuatis in petiolum angustatis, floribus axillaribus solitariis breve pedunculatis
abortu unisexualibus? staminibus paucis numero variis, stylis 3—8 recurvis, fructu immaturo urceolari
maturo tetragono v. tereti inermi v. tuberculato et cornuto 4-9-spermo. Sol. in Hort. Kew. DC. Prodr.
v.9. p. 452. A. Rich. Flora. A. Cunn. Prodr. T. trigyna et cornuta, Banks et Sol. MSS. T. halimi-
folia, Forst.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; abundant along the shore in many places, Banks and
Solander, etc.

A smooth or pubescent plant, very variable in size and shape of the fruit, which is either rounded, angled,
or bears two to four short spines or horns. Leaves petioled, ovate, somewhat rhomboid, blunt, entire, obscurely
sinuate, 2-2 inches long. Flowers on short peduncles, probably dicecious, inconspicuous, 2—4 lines broad. Stamens
variable in number and insertion. Styles three to eight, recurved.—A common New Holland, Tasmanian, Norfolk
Island, South Chilian, and Bonarian plant. Endlicher, in his < Norfolk Island Flora, remarks how variable the
fruit is, and that sometimes flowers are borne on the tubercles or horns of the nut. The nuts vary from 2 lines to

4 inch long, and are very bony inside.

Nar. Ord. XXXIV. ESCALLONIEA, Br.

Gen. 1. CARPODETUS, Forst.

Calycis tubus ovario adnatus; limbus 5-dentatus. Petala 5, valvata. Stamina 5, sub disco lato
epigyno inserta. Ovarium turbinatum, 4—5-loculare, multiovulatum, ovulis angulo interiori loculi suspensis,
sub-2-seriatis, anatropis; stylus l, rectus; stigmate discoideo. Capsula indehiscens, coriaceo-carnosa,
depresso-spheerica, medio calycis margine zonata, sub-5-loba, 4—5-locularis, polysperma ; semina ovoidea ;
testa coriacea, foveolato-punctata; embryone minimo, brevi, tereti, axi albuminis dense carnosi; radicula
hilo proxima.

A small, branching, pubescent tree or large bush, with alternate, petiolate, exstipulate, serrate leaves, and ter-
minal or axillary corymbose racemes of small flowers. Calyx tube broadly turbinate, united to the ovary; limb of
five small teeth. Petals five, spreading, valvate. Stamens five, inserted under a broad disc. Ovary five-celled, with
many ovules hanging from the inner upper angle of each cell. Style one, erect, terminated with a discoid stigma.
Capsule rounded, coriaceous, almost fleshy, marked round the middle with the margin of the calyx, bursting irregu-
larly, four- to five-celled ; cells many-seeded. Seeds small, red-brown, surface deeply pitted.—A curious plant, the

E

18 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [Escalloniee.

only one of its genus, much resembling Rhamnez in habit, inflorescence, valvate perianth, and epigynous disc; but
certainly allied to Escallonia in the structure of the fruit: the latter is an extensive genus, confined to South
America, and represented by Carpodetus in New Zealand, and by Quintinia in New Holland. The valvate petals are
found in another allied plant, Cornidia of Chili. (Name from kapros, fruit, and deros, bound ; from the fruit being

girt by the calyx.)

1. Carpodetus serratus, Forst. Gen. DC. Prodr. A. Cunn. Prodr. Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 564.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; usually on river-banks. Nat. name, “ Piri Piri Whata,” Cunn.
(Cultivated in England.)

Bark grey-brown, tuberculated on the branches, which, with all other parts, are covered with scattered small
white appressed hairs. Leaves ovate-oblong or elliptical (13 inch), acute, coarsely serrate, narrowed into a petiole
(ž inch long), clouded red, yellow, and green, paler below ; veins reticulated. Leaves on young plants small, + inch,
very variable, rounded or obovate, panduriform or deeply sinuate below the middle, displaying that tendency to
lobation common to so many other New Zealand plants. Panicles shorter than the leaves, branches spreading.

Flowers white, 2 lines across.

Gen. II. QUINTINIA, 4. DC.

Calycis tubus obeonicus, elongatus, ovario adnatus ; limbus 5-dentatus, 7-superus. Petala 5, imbricata.
Stamina 5. Ovarium 3-4-loculare, superne liberum, conicum, in stylum crassum 3-lobum contractum ; ovulis
plurimis, angulo interiori loculorum insertis. Capsula lignosa, costata, supra medium calyce persistente
cincta, superne libera, 3-valvis, incomplete 3-locularis. Semina parva, fusiformia, imbricata, late alata.

The only New Zealand species are shrubs or small trees, covered more or less with lepidote scales, that secrete
a viscid exudation; they have alternate, exstipulate, entire, or obtusely serrated leaves, and axillary or terminal
racemes. Calyx with a rather long obconic tube, united with the ovary; the limb five-toothed. Petals 5, imbri-
cated. Stamens 5. Ovary three-quarters immersed in the calyx; upper part free, conic, forming a three-lobed
style, with as many capitate stigmata (rarely four-lobed), three-celled, with many ovules at the inner angle of the
cells. Capsule coriaceous, ribbed, terete, oblong, encircled above the middle by the persistent calyx-teeth, incom-
pletely three-celled ; upper part free, three-valved. Seeds numerous, imbricating, oblong-fusiform, with a broad
membranous hyaline border, formed of long delicate cells, albuminous; embryo very minute, not seen. —The
dehiscent woody capsule of this genus is very different from that of Carpodetus, as are the membranous hyaline
seeds, which closely resemble those of Hydrangea, Cornidia, Philadelphus, and others, to which this is more nearly
allied than to Carpodetus, although the leaves are alternate. The Australian Q. Sieber? has longer and more com-
pletely consolidated styles. I have not discovered the true nature of the seed in either: itis very small, and loosely
enveloped in a beautiful broad, membranous, compressed coat. (Named in honour of La Quintinie, a French
botanist and writer on horticulture.)

1. Quintinia serrata, A. Cunn.; foliis elongato-linearibus lineari-oblongis lanceolatisve sinuato-
serratis integerrimisve lepidotis discoloribus, racemis multifloris folium subeequantibus. 4. Cunn. Prodr.
Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 558.

Has. Northern Island; not uncommon in dry woods, Cunningham, ete.

A small, erect tree. Young branches, leaves, and racemes, covered with lepidote scales. Leaves petiolate
(3-6 inches), very narrow, linear or linear-oblong, blunt, sinuate, serrate or entire, reddish below. Racemes about
as long as the leaves, strict, erect, many-flowered ; pedicels 2 Iines long. Flowers + inch across. Capsules 2-3 lines

long. —- Very variable in length and breadth of leaf. A
2. Quintinia elliptica, n. sp.; foliis ellipticis elliptico-lanceolatisve integerrimis obtusis. Aw sp.

distincta ?

Cunoniacee. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 19

Has. Northern Island; east coast, Colenso.

Mr. Golenso considers this a very distinct plant, and so it may be; but his specimens are only in bud and fruit,
neither of which show any difference from Q. serrata: the petioles are longer, leaves smaller (13—2 inches), broader,
elliptical, and guite entire.

Nar. Ord. XXXV. CUNONIACEA, Br.

Gen. I. ACKAMA, 4. Cunn.

Calyx 5-partitus, valvatus. Petala 5, lineari-spathulata. Stamina 10, glandulis hypogynis totidem
alternantia, elongata. Ovariwm liberum, dense strigoso-hirsutum, 2-loculare ; ovulis plurimis, angulo loculi
interiori affixis; stylis 2, filiformibus. Capsula libera, calyce persistente suffulta, coriacea, septicide
2-locularis, 2-valvis; valvis stylis persistentibus terminatis; semina minima; testa laxa, reticulata.

Ackama rosefolia is the only known species: it forms a tree 30-40 feet high, with opposite, pubescent, impari-
pinnate leaves, and axillary spreading panicles of very small flowers. Calyx five-partite; lobes valvate. Petals as
many, very narrow, linear-spathulate. Stamens ten, long, exserted, alternating with ten erect fleshy glands. Ovary
free, densely hispid with stiff white hairs, two-celled, with two long free styles. Capsules of two turgid, boat-
shaped, coriaceous valves, terminated with the persistent style. Seeds extremely minute.—The genus is hardly
distinct from the following, Weinmannia, except in the form of the petals. (Name, an anagram of the native one.)

1. Ackama rosafolia, A. Cunn. Prodr.

Has. Northern Island; Bay of Islands, 4. Cunningham, ete. Nat. name, “ Maha Maka,” 4. Cunn.
(Cultivated in England.) 5

Young branches, petioles, leaflets below, and panicles, covered with a yellowish tomentum. Leaves 5-8 inches
long; petiole terete. Leaflets five to eight pair, opposite, the upper gradually larger, sessile, obliquely oblong or
ovate, lanceolate, acute, serrated, reddish below. Panicles large and spreading, sub-trichotomously divided, branches
slender. Flowers minute, 2 line across, sessile. Capsules black, turgid, 14 line long.

Gen. II. WEINMANNIA, ZL.

Calyx persistens, 4-partitus, imbricatus. Petala 4, imbricata. Stamina 8, glandulis totidem v. lobis
disci alternantia, elongata. Ovarium liberum, 2-loculare, basi disco cinctum; stylis 2, liberis. Capsula
coriacea, libera, septicide 2-valvis, poly- v. oligo-sperma, stylo persistente terminata; seminibus parvis,
glabris v. pilosis; albumine parco; embryone cylindraceo; radicula hilo proxima.—Weinmannia et
Leiospermum, Don.

Evergreen shrubs or trees, with opposite, stipulate, simple, ternate or imparipinnate leaves, and racemose
flowers. Calyæ small, four-lobed, imbricated. Pedals four, imbricated. Stamens eight, alternating with eight
linear glands or lobes of a disc; filaments long. Ovary free, seated on the disc (when present), two-celled, with two
long styles. Capsule coriaceous, with a septicidal dehiscence ; valves boat-shaped, sharp-pointed. Seeds generally
few, very minute, with a loose testa, smooth or loosely covered with long hairs.—A genus chiefly confined to
the Southern Hemisphere, but theré common to all tropical and temperate latitudes, advancing as far as the south
end of New Zealand, Tasmania, and the Cape of Good Hope, in the Old World, and South Chili in the New.
(Named after J. J. W. Weinmann, an eminent German author.)

1. Weinmannia sylvicola, Banks et Sol.; arborea, ramulis petiolis pedunculis costisque pubescentibus
v. glabratis, foliis simplicibus 3-nis pinnatisve, foliolis coriaceis petiolatis terminalibus obovatis v. obovato-

80 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [Savifragee.

lanceolatis lateralibus oblongis omnibus acutis acuminatisve grosse serratis, glandulis hypogynis erectis
linearibus obtusis, seminibus laxe pilosis. Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic. A. Cunn. Prodr.

Var. a; folis ternatis imparipinnatisve, foliolis coriaceis glabris, pedunculis petiolis ramulisque
pubescentibus. W. sylvicola, 4. Cunn. Prodr.

Var. B. fuchsioides; folis simplicibus ternatisve majoribus, ovario capsulaque pilosis. W. fuchsioides,
A. Cunn. Prodr.

Var. y. betulina; folis ternatis imparipinnatisque minoribus, foliolis valde coriaceis obovatis basi
angustatis. W. betulina, A. Cunn. Prodr.

Haz. Common in woods, throughout the three Islands, Banks and Solander, etc. Fl. August to
November. (Cultivated in England.)

A small tree, 20-30 feet high, with blackish bark. Branches, petioles, costa of leaf below, and peduncles
pubescent. Leaves opposite, simple, ternate, or imparipinnate, often on the same specimen. Leaflets very variable
in size, 1-2 inches long, obovate-oblong or obovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, coarsely serrate, coriaceous ;
when pinnate the lateral leaflets are oblique. Stipules deciduous, large in young plants, leafy, obovate, blunt, placed
between the petioles. Racemes as long as the leaves, erect; pedicels 2—3 lines long. Flowers numerous, white,
variable in size, 2 lines broad. Capsules 2-3 lines long. Seeds few, very minute, with a tuft of woolly hairs at each
end.—An exceedingly variable plant, of which Cunningham has made three species; these, however, present no
constant characters.

2. Weinmannia racemosa, Forst.; ramulis glabris, foliis simplicibus ternatisve coriaceis ovato- v. ellip-
tico-oblongis acutis grosse sinuato-serratis, costa glaberrima, racemis glabris, capsulis glaberrimis. Forst.
Prodr. DC. Prodr. v. 4. p.9. W. spatiosa, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic. Leiospermum, Don. A. Cunn.
Prodr. An prioris forma?

Has. Abundant throughout the Islands, Banks and Solander, Forster, etc. Nat. names, “ Tawai,”
Cunn.; “Tawhero,” Southern Island, Lyall.

I am quite unable to distinguish this generically from 7. sylvicola, as Y find the ripe seeds (on the supposed
smoothness of which Don founded the genus Zeiospermum) to be invariably hairy, precisely as in Weinmannia, though
in both immature (abortive?) smooth seeds may be found. The present has larger, broader, more coriaceous leaves,
smooth peduncles, petioles, and costa of the leaf, often larger flowers, longer pedicels and styles, and larger narrower
capsules ; but none of these are constant characters ; they do not accompany one another on the same specimens; and,
in short, this species appears to run into the former in every possible way. The leaves are sometimes 33 inches

long and rounded, and the racemes 5 inches.

Nat. Og». XXXVI. SAXIFRAGEA, Juss.
Gen. I. DONATIA, Forst.

Calycis tubus turbinatus, ovario adnatus; limbi lobis 3-7, regulariter v. irregulariter insertis. Petala
5-10, calyce inserta. Stamina 2-8, basi cum stylis coalita v. libera, disco epigyno imposita; antheris ex-
trorsis. Ovarium conicum, 9-3-loculare; ovulis paucis, e summo anguli interioris loculi suspensis, ascen-
dentibus; stylis 2-8, liberis v. basi coalitis. Capsula coriaceo-carnosa, 2-8-locularis, polysperma.

The New Zealand Donatia is one of the most interesting recent discoveries in those Islands, for the genus, of
which only one species was previously known, was supposed to be confined to Antarctic America. Both
species are small, moss-like, densely tufted, alpine plants, forming hard masses on the ground, of a bright green
colour, and often contributing to the formation of peat. Leaves fleshy, linear, alternate, densely crowded; the

Brewiacea. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 81

solitary terminal white flowers appear on a level with them. Calyx tube obconical; limb in the New Zealand
species of five equal regular lobes; in the American, of three to seven irregularly placed lobes, of unequal length.
Petals five, regular in the New Zealand plant; more numerous, irregular, and passing into the calyx-lobes in the
American. Disc broad, flat. Stamens few, placed near the centre; the filaments free or cohering round the styles, of
which there are two to three. Ovary obconic, two- to three-celled, with many ovules suspended from a projecting pla-
centa at the upper inner angle of each cell. Capsule coriaceous, indehiscent ?— The New Zealand plant appears to
have all the flowers fertile, and they are regular in the number and disposition of their parts; the American plant,
again, is apparently unisexual, and has the calyx lobes and petals very irregularly placed. (Named in honour of
Antonio Donati, a Venetian botanist and physician.)

1. Donatia Nove-Zelandie, Hook. fil.; foliis linearibus subacutis carnosis glaberrimis basi sericeis,
calycis lobis petalisque 5 regularibus, staminibus 2, stylis 9 brevibus basi connatis, ovario 2-loculari.
Tas. XVIII.

Has. Mountains of the Southern Island, Dr. Lyall.

Stems very short, an inch or two high, branched, densely leafy, sending down here and there very stout simple
roots ; including the leaves, as thick as the little finger. Leaves bright green, the lower red-brown, closely imbricated
in many series, erect, appressed, + inch long, linear, thick and coriaceous, blunt, nerveless. Flowers sessile, sunk
among the leaves in the ends of the branches, solitary. Calyx 4 line long; lobes ovate, acute. Petals white,
thick, and fleshy, 1 line long, ovate-oblong, blunt. Filaments short. Anthers extrorse. Styles shorter than the
stamens, with capitate stigmas.—PrATE XVIII. Fig. 1,2, leaves; 3, 4, flowers; 5, vertical, and 6, longitudinal
section of ovary :—all magnified.

NAT. On». XXXVII. BREXIACEA, Lindi.
Gen, I. IXERBA, 4. Cunn.

Sepala 5, patentia, imbricata. Petala 5, sub disco hypogyno obscure 5-lobo inserta, imbricata.
Stamina 5, disci lobis alterna. Ovarium superum, disco cinctum, conicum, in stylum strictum rectum
acutum sulcatum attenuatum, 5-loculare; ovulis geminis, collateralibus, funiculo brevi lato loculi angulo
interiori affixis, ascendentibus, anatropis. Capsw/a coriaceo-carnosa, libera, depresso-globosa, 5-loba,
5-locularis, stylo 10-sulcato torto terminata, loculicide 5-valvis; valvis basi confluentibus, apice bifidis.
Semina loculis solitaria, reniformi-oblonga, hilo lato adnata; festa coriaceo-crustacea, nitida; albumen
0; embryo membrana propria inclusus, obovatus; cotyledonibus magnis, plano-convexis; radicula parva,
supera. `

This beautiful plant, the only one of its genus, forms a small evergreen branching tree, with exstipulate, petio-
late, alternate, opposite or ternate, coriaceous, linear-lanceolate, sinuato-serrate leaves, and terminal panicles of a few
large white flowers. Calyx of five imbricated silky sepals. Corolla of as many long, spreading, white, coriaceous
petals. Stamens 5 ; filaments long, erect, inserted under the edge of a 5-lobed spreading disc, which occupies the
centre of the flower, and is continuous with the conical ovarium ; anthers subsagittate or oblong, acute. Ovary
five-celled, terminating in a stout, erect, twisted, sharp, ten-furrowed style; ovules two, side by side in each cell.
Capsule free, coriaceous, five-celled, opening at the top by five valves, each terminated with two awns, which are
portions of the style, which latter splits from below upwards into ten pieces; cells smooth and shining inside.
Seeds one in each cell, projecting from the open valves, when still attached by their broad short funiculi. Testa
polished, clouded grey and black.— The nearest allies of this are a New Caledonian genus, Argophyllum, Forst.,
and Brewia, a Madagascar plant. To the latter its affinity is so very close, that Cunningham anagrammed Brewia
into Jverba. It differs from that plant in having few ovules, and in wanting a fringed disc.

UL

82 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [| Umbellifere.

1. Ixerba õrewioides, Cunn. ; foliis oppositis ternis alternisve linearibus lineari-lanceolatisve coriaceis
sinuato-serratis glaberrimis, corymbis terminalibus, pedunculis sepalis petalisque sericeo-pubescentibus.
A. Cunn. Prodr. Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 517, 578.

Has. Northern Island. Bay of Islands, Cunningham, Colenso. Wellington, Bidwill. Nat. name,
“ Tawari," Col.

A pretty tree, 20 feet high or so, which Mr. Bidwill says resembles an Arbutus. Leaves 4 inches long, by 4 inch
broad, but variable. Flower 11—13. inch broad, white. Capsule inch broad. Seed 4—4 inch long.

NAT. Orp. XXXVIII. UMBELLIFERAE, Juss.
Gen. I. HYDROCOTYLE, Z.

Fructus a latere plano-compressus, biscutatus. Calyeis margo obsoletus. Petala ovata, apice non
inflexa. Carpella evittata ; jugis 5 filiformibus, v. carinali lateralibusgue obsoletis, 2 intermediis accretis.
Semen carinato-compressum. Tuvolucrum oligophyllum v. 0.

Slender, ereeping, often very small herbs, with alternate rounded, lobed or crenate leaves, and axillary long or
short peduncles, bearing round heads or simple umbels of minute flowers, but comparatively large fruits. Involucre
few-leaved or none. Carpels laterally compressed (one sometimes abortive). Calyx margin obsolete. Petals
not intlected at the apex. Styles curved backwards.—A large genus, common to the tropical and temperate
regions of the whole world. 'The New Zealand species are all small, and to be examined require a simple
lens, with which the very marked characters of many of the species may be easily recognized. (Name from iõep,
water, and korvAn, a cup; from the cup-shaped leaf of the European water species.)

$ a. Peduncles very short. Umbels capitate, almost sessile.

1. Hydrocotyle Americana, L.; glaberrima, nitens, foliis orbiculari-reniformibus lobatis erenatis,
umbellis sessilibus v. brevissime pedunculatis 3—5-foris, fructu orbiculari flavido, carpellis utrinque 1-costatis
altero seepe vacuo hispidulo. Linn. Sp. Pi. Rich. Hydrocot. f. 10. Torrey et Gray, Fl. N. Am. p. 599.

Haz. Northern Island ; in boggy places. Bay of Islands, Cunningham, Sinclair, Colenso, ete.

Perfectly smooth, glistening, very delicate. Leaves orbicular, 4-1 inch broad, 5—7-lobed ; lobes blunt, crenate.
Carpels yellow when ripe, very small, with one rib on each side, one of them often empty and hispid.—This appears
to be a small state of a rather frequent North and South American plant; the leaves are more lobed and smaller
than in specimens from the United States; but in these respects agree with Bahia (Brazil) ones. Like all the
other New Zealand species, it varies extremely in size, depth, and form of the leaf-lobes.

$ b. Peduncles elongated. Flowers sessile, or nearly so.
2. Hydrocotyle heteromeria, DO. ; tenella, glaberrima v. parce laxe pilosa, nitens, foliis reniformi-
rotundatis 5-7-lobatis crenatis, pedunculis petiolis brevioribus, umbella capitata 6—8-flora, carpellis flavidis
utrinque 1-costatis altero hispido. DC. Prodr.v. 1. p. 66. A. Rich. Flora. A. Cunn. Prodr. H. glabra,

Banks et Solander, MSS. et Ic.
Has. Northern Island, Banks and Solander. Bay of Islands and Auckland, Sinclair, Colenso, etc.

Slender, shining, quite smooth, or with a few lax long hairs on the petiole and peduncle. In all respects but
the above, and the peduncles being about half the length of the petioles or shorter, it entirely resembles the
H. Americana, of which it may be a variety.

3. Hydrocotyle Asiatica, L.; pubescens v. glabrata, robusta, repens, foliis fasciculatis ovato-oblongo-
v. rotundato-cordatis obtusis sinuato-crenatis v. integerrimis, pedunculis folio brevioribus, involucri foliolis

Umbellifere. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 83

2 ovatis, umbellis 2—3-floris, carpellis magnis utrinque 2—3-costatis planis v. reticulatis. Zinn. Sp. Pl.
DC. Prodr. A. Cunn. Prodr. H. cordifolia, nob., in Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 308. H. indivisa, Banks et Sol.

MSS. et Ic.
Has. Abundant in marshy places throughout the Islands, Banks and Solander, Cunningham, ete.

The largest New Zealand species, and one universally distributed throughout the Tropics of both hemispheres,
the temperate latitudes of North and South America, the Cape of Good Hope, Australia, and Tasmania. It is
perhaps the most distinct species of the genus, easily known by its robust habit ; its leaves fasciculate at the root-
ing knots of the creeping stem, on petioles 1-7 inches long, with the lamina cordate, with a shallow sinus at the
base, blunt, sinuated or entire ; its short peduncles; conspicuous involucre ; and large, broad-ribbed carpels.

4. Hydrocotyle tripartita, Br.?; glabra, caule breviusculo, foliis parvis palmatim 3-partitis, seg-
mentis cuneatis 2-3-fidis, pedunculis folio subzquilongis, umbella capitata 3-5-flora, carpellis pallidis
utrinque l-costatis. DC. Prodr. v. 4. p. 65 (non Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 312).

Haz. Northern Island. Swamps at the foot of Tongariro, Colenso.

I am in doubt whether this be the plant of Mr. Brown or not; it is certainly not that figured and described by
me as such in the “Icones Plantarum. My New Zealand specimens are very insufficient —Whole plant an inch
or so long, rather stout, smooth. Leaves divided to the base into three cuneate segments, + inch long, lobed.
Peduncles nearly as long as the petioles. Umbels few-flowered. Carpels pale, sessile, with one rib on each face. —
This much resembles starved specimens of Ranunculus acaulis.

5. Hydrocotyle Nove-Zelandie, DC.; pilosa v. glabrata, caule elongato hirto tenello petiolis pe-
dunculisque superne preecipue retrorsum hirsutis, stipulis latis membranaceis persistentibus, foliis reniformi-
rotundatis sub-7-lobis acute dentatis v. obtuse crenatis glabratis, pedunculis petiolo brevioribus zqui-
longisve, umbellis laxe 5-10-floris, carpellis pallidis utrinque obsolete 1-costatis. DC. Prodr. v. 4. p. 67.
H. dichondreefolia e? H. Novæ-Zelandiæ, 4. Cunn. Prodr. H. pilosa, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic.

Has. Very abundant throughout the Islands, Banks and Solander, etc.

A very common and variable plant, nearly allied, if not identical, with a Chilian species (7. Bonplandii ?).
Stems 1—10 inches long, more or less hairy, especially on the peduncle and petiole, where the hairs are reversed;
also variable in the depth of lobing and sharpness of the teeth or crenatures, and of the depth of the sinus of the
leaf. Dr. Lyall’s specimens from Bluff Island have a prostrate almost woody stem, but the stems are usually weak
and trailing, and, as well as the whole plant, pale yellow-green. Stipules conspicuous, membranous. Leaves
4-1 inch broad, orbicular-reniform. Peduncles shorter than or as long as the leaves. Umbels loosely five- to ten-
flowered. Carpels pale, with one often obscure rib on each face.—I have imperfect small specimens apparently of
this plant, with leaves three- to five-lobed to the middle.

6. Hydrocotyle moschata, Forst. ; hispido-pilosa, pusilla, caule (pro planta) robusto repente, foliis late
reniformi-rotundatis 5-7-lobis, lobis argute dentatis, pedunculis folio brevioribus, capitulis multifloris,
fructibus dense compactis parvis brunneis, carpellis utrinque costatis dorso acutis. Forst. Prodr. DC.
Prodr. v. 4. p. 67. A. Rich. et A. Cunn., ete.

Var. B. compacta; folis profundius lobatis, lobis inciso-dentatis, pedunculis brevibus. H. compacta,
DC. Prodr. A. Rich. A. Cunn. H. capitata, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic.

Has. Both varieties abundant throughout the Islands, Banks and Solander. Forster, ete.

This common little plant is, I think, identical with a Chilian one ; it resembles in habit and foliage small robust
hairy specimens of H. Nove-Zelandie, from which it differs in the much smaller crowded dark brown fruits, the
carpels of which have sharper ribs and are sharp at the back. Though generally very distinct, I have many
specimens which might belong to either. Stems much branched, 1-3 inches long. Stipules membranous, con-

84 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Umbellifere.

spicuous. Leaves scattered; petioles 4-1 inch long; lamina 4-3 inch broad, broadly reniform-orbicular, five- to
seven-lobed, sharply toothed. Peduncles shorter and more slender than the petioles. Carpels dark brown, very
small. —Z. virta, Br., of Australia and Tasmania, seems intermediate between this and H. Nove-Zelandie. The
var. compacta has the leaves more deeply lobed, and the lobes more deeply and sharply cut.

7. Hydrocotyle microphylla, A. Cunn.; parvula, depressa, pilosa v. glabrata, subrobusta, foliis reni-
formi-orbiculatis laxe pilosis 5—7-lobis, lobis 3—5-dentatis, pedunculis glabris petiolo «equilongis, capitulis
multifloris, fructibus parvis brunneis dense congestis, carpellis utrinque 1-costatis dorso subacutis. 4. Cuna.
Prodr.

Has. Northern Island. Probably common, but overlooked from its small size, Cunningham,
Colenso.

A very small, rather stout, short-stemmed, tufted, depressed plant, sparingly hairy. Petioles 4 inch long.
Leaves + inch broad, variously lobed to about one-third their breadth ; lobes bluntly but coarsely toothed. ^ Capitula
very small, red-brown, hardly 1 line diameter, of many crowded sessile fruits. Carpels as in H. moschata.

8. Hydrocotyle dissecta, Hook. fil.; pubescens, caule tenello, foliis reniformi-orbiculatis 5-7-partitis
segmentis obovatis v. cuneatis laceris et inciso-dentatis, pedunculis gracilibus, capitulis multi (40—50)-floris,
fructibus dense congestis parvis? carpellis utrinque obscure 1-costatis dorso convexis.

Has. Northern Island, Colenso.

I have only imperfect specimens of this most distinct-looking plant. Stems slender, hairy, almost hispid, as
are the petioles, peduncles, and leaves, especially underneath. Leaves alternate or fascicled ; petioles 1 inch long;
lamina 3 inch broad, cut to near the base into five spreading, obovate, cuneate divisions, which are deeply lobed on
the sides and margin, and sharply inciso-dentate. Peduncle slender, shorter than the petiole. Capitulum pale,
globose, of forty to fifty densely-packed small fruits. Carpels one-ribbed on each side, rounded at the back.— Some
latitude must be allowed for this description, which is drawn up from imperfect materials. The plant is allied to
H. moschata.

$ e. Peduncles elongated. Flowers pedicellate.

9. Hydrocotyle elongata, A. Cunn.; pilosa v. glabrata, tenella, caule elongato, stipulis parvis, foliis
late orbiculari-reniformibus profunde 5—7-lobatis, lobis ovatis argute dentatis, pedunculis gracilibus petiolo
longioribus, umbellis multifloris, pedicellis elongatis radiatis, floribus minimis, fructibus parvis late didymis
brunneis, carpellis utrinque 1-costatis. 4. Cunn. Prodr.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands. From the Bay of Islands, Cunningham, etc., to Dusky Bay,
Lyall. 1

A very distinct species from any other New Zealand one, but very near an Andes plant. Stems slender, 8-10
inches long in large specimens, more or less hairy, as are all other parts of the plant except the flowers and fruit.
Petioles 1-2 inches long. Leaves 3-13 inch broad, deeply five- to seven-lobed ; lobes sharply toothed. Peduncles
considerably longer than the leaves, very slender. Umbels twenty- to fifty-flowered. Flowers very minute, on
slender strict pedicels, 3-3 lines long. Fruit dark brown, broadly didymous, very small. Carpels with one rib on
each side.

Gen. II. POZOA, Lag.
Fructus prismatico-tetragonus v. dorso compressus ; carpellis dorso concavis; jugis lateralibus dissitis ;
commissura valde contracta. Calycis margo 5-dentatus, persistens. Petala 5, apice non inflexa. Flores
monoici, dioici, v. hermaphroditi. Involuerum mono-poly-phyllum.

Herbs with radical leaves, and scapes, or creeping rhizomes, which are leafy, and bear scapes at intervals ;
inhabitants of temperate South America, New Zealand and Lord Auckland’s Group, and Tasmania (Pozopsis) ; the

Umbellifere. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 85

leaves are rounded in outline, or lobed, or partite. Umõels simple, with a toothed cup-shaped or a many-leaved
involucre. Calyæ five-toothed. Petals without inflexed apices. Styles moderate. Carpels compressed at the back,
concave or convex, with five ribs, two lateral, two approximated at the suture, and one dorsal.—The New Zealand
species are hermaphrodite, the American have unisexual flowers, and some Tasmanian ones are dicecious. The
Antarctic genus, 4zorella, differs from this more in habit than by any characters of the fruit; and I now feel
satisfied that 4. Ranunculus, D'Urv. (Fl. Antarct. p. 285. t. 98), should be included in Pozoa, and rank very near
the P. trifoliolata and P. reniformis of Lord Auckland’s Group: these, with the Tasmanian Pozopsis cordifolia
(Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 859) and the original South American species, form a very natural genus, of which P. coriacea
and P. hydrocotylifolia have entire involucres. The rest all belong to the subgenus Schizeilema, which I proposed
(in Fl. Antarct. p. 15) for the species with many-leaved involucres. (Named in honour of Joseph del Pozo, a

Spanish botanist.)

1. Pozoa trifoliolata, Hook. fil.; gracilis, glaberrima, pusilla, rhizomate repente radicante hic illic
folioso, foliis longe petiolatis 3-foliolatis, stipulis membranaceis laceris, foliolis petiolatis obovatis grosse
lobato-erenatis, pedunculis axillaribus folio multoties brevioribus, involucri foliolis paucis lineari-subulatis
pedicellis brevibus zequilongis, floribus 4-7 minimis, fructu oblongo 4-gono, carpellis dorso transverse
oblongis convexis. Hydrocotyle trifolia, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic. Tap. XIX:

Var. B. tripartita ; minima, hic illic rarissime setosa, foliis 3-partitis v. 3-foliolatis, foliolis sessilibus,
carpellis brevioribus.

Has. Northern Island. Totara-nui, Banks and Solander. Under large stones on the hills of
Pauanui, on the Ruahine range, east coast, etc., Colenso.

A perfectly smooth, slender, creeping plant, very like a Hydrocotyle. Rhizomes 3—6 inches long, leafy, and
rooting at remote intervals, sometimes giving off slender prostrate stems. Petioles filiform, 1-2 inches long. Leaflets
three, petioled, obovate, deeply crenate and notched, 4-4 inch long, membranous. Peduneles slender, one-third as
long as the petiole. Umbel of four to eight, nearly sessile, very minute white flowers, surrounded by an involucre of
as many subulate leaves. Fruits shortly pedicellate, 1 line long.— The var. 6 is certainly only a minute state of
this, with sessile leaflets, or even tripartite leaves. It is probably a common but overlooked plant. —PLate XIX.
Fig. 1, base of petiole and stipules; 2, flower and involucral leaf; 3, young fruit; 4, transverse section of the
same :—all magnified.

Gen. III. ERYNGIUM, Tourn.

Fructus subteres, obovatus, squamatus; carpellis semiteretibus, evittatis, ejugatis, carpophoro per
totam longitudinem adnatis. Calycis lobi foliolosi, erecti. Petala abrupte emarginata, cum apice inflexo.
Umbelle in capitula densa ovoidea aggregate. Involueri foliola exteriora radiata ; interiora sparsa, paleacea,
inter flores mixta.

One species alone of this extensive South European and South American genus inhabits New Zealand: it is
also found in Tasmania, and forms a small, rigid, spinous herb, with a stout root, radical leaves, and long prostrate
stems, thrown off like scions, which bear leaves and flowers here and there, but do not root. Flowers very minute,
dispersed in many deformed umbels, which are collected into dense heads, surrounded by a radiating involucre of
subulate spinous leaflets; the leaflets of the partial involucre are similar, but smaller, and scattered amongst the
heads. Oaly« limb of five erect leaflets; tube covered with chaffy scales. Petals obcordate, bilobed, with a flat
inflexed lamina, as long as the petal, and lacerate at the apex. Stamens long, incurved. Mericarps semiterete,
without vittee or ribs. (Name, epvyyıov, of Dioscorides.)

1. Eryngium vesiculosum, Lab.; glaberrimum, foliis radicalibus longe petiolatis lanceolato-oblongis v.
linearibus acuminatis argute grosse ineegualiter spinoso-dentatis subpinnatifidisve, surculis prostratis
x

at.

86 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Umbellifere.

nodosis hic illic foliosis, foliis depauperatis, pedunculis erectis radicalibus foliis brevioribus longioribusve,
involucri 8-10-phylli foliolis radiatis lanceolato-subulatis pungentibus capitulo depresso multo longioribus,
calyce dense squamuloso. Lab. Fl. Nov. Holl. v. 1. p. 13. t. 98. DO. Prodr. v. 4. p. 92.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands. East coast, Colenso. Port Cooper, Zyall.

Roots stout, descending, as thick as a goose-guill, throwing out suckers 4—8 inches long, that do not root. Radical
leaves tufted, 3-6 inches long, on long petioles, rarely $ inch broad, deeply toothed or pinnatifid; the segments
sharp, spinous. Surculi jointed, with a pair of small, cuneate, toothed leaves at the joints. Uméels pedunculate,
arising from the roots; peduncles shorter than the leaves, sessile, or pedunculate at the joints of the surculi.
Involucres 3-2 inch across; leaflets eight to ten, very rigid and pungent. Flowers in small dense heads, very
inconspicuous. Calyx densely covered with imbricating, bullate, cellular, chaffy scales.

Gen. IV. APIUM, Hoffm.

Fructus subrotundus, a latere contractus, didymus. Carpella 5-juga; jugis filiformibus crassisve ;
valleculis 1-3-vittatis; carpophoro indiviso. Semen antice planiusculum. Calycis limbus obsoletus. Petala
subrotunda, integra. Involucrum et involucellum 0. Umbelle subsessiles, subsimplices v. composite.

The ** Celeries ” of the Southern Temperate zone are common, smooth, herbaceous, sea-side plants, extremely
variable in habit, size, and form of leaf. They are by many considered as varieties of the common European wild
Celery, 4. graveolens, which is the origin of our cultivated stock. I advocated this opinion in the * Flora Antarctica 2
(p. 287), after an examination of the Fuegian Celery in its native state. This is an admirable vegetable, raw
or boiled, and forms an erect or prostrate, narrow- or broad-leaved herb, varying in every locality. Mr. Bentham,
who is better acquainted with the European plant, has pointed out a character in the thick spongy ribs of the
carpels of the Southern forms, that is unlike the slender ribs of the Northern, and which, in lieu of a better,
may be taken advantage of, to separate them. Considering how extremely variable the plants are in both hemi-
spheres, and that the fruits vary exceedingly in size, it still appears doubtful whether there be more than one species
or not. It is a point I would strongly recommend to the attention of Colonists.—Calya limb 0. Petals without
an inflected border. Fruit globose. Carpels with five thick spongy ribs. Umbels many-flowered, simple or com-
pound. Flowers white. (Name from ab, ap, or av, water, in various ancient European dialects; from the wild
species growing in wet places.)

1. Apium australe, Pet.-Th.; caule ramoso suleato prostrato rarius erecto, foliis pinnatisectis, foliolis
sessilibus petiolatisve bi-multi-jugis late obovatis lineari-elongatisve varie incisis dentatis lobatisve, umbellis
simplicibus pedunculatis vel compositis et sessilibus, carpellorum jugis crassis. Pet.-Thouars, Fl. Trist.
d? Acunha.

Var. a; foliolis late obovatis varie sectis. A. graveolens, DC. in part. Fl. Antarct. p. 287. A. decum-
bens, var. a. sapidum, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic.

Var. 8; foliolis in segmenta lineari-ligulata varie lobata sectis. A. prostratum, Labill. Ventenat,
Hort. Mal. A. decumbens, 8. tenellum, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic. Petroselinum, DC. Prodr. A. Rich.
Flora. A. Cunn. Prodr.

Has. Shores of all the Islands; abundant, Banks and Solander, ete.

Whole plant smooth, smelling strongly of Celery, prostrate, 6 inches to 2 feet long. Branches many, prostrate,
as thick as the finger or much less, channelled. Zeaves 3-8 inches long, pinnate; segments broad or narrow, va-
riously cut, sessile or petiolate. Umdels simple and pedunculate, or compound, and then sessile in the axils of the
leaves; primary and secondary branches always spreading.—I have seen the two distinct-looking varieties a and 8
growing from the same stem in Tasmanian specimens.

2. Apium filiforme, Hook.; caule prostrato filiformi distanter folioso gracili parce ramoso, foliis petio-

Umbellifere.) FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 87

latis ternatim sectis rarius pinnatisectis, foliolis rotundato-cuneatis inciso-lobatis. Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 819
Petroselinum, 4. Rich. Flora. A. Cunn. Prodr.
Has. Northern and Middle Islands, on rocky coasts, D’ Urville, ete.

A much smaller and more slender plant than 4. australe, of which I believe it to be probably a state,
growing in rocky places, with smaller and less divided leaves. Stems 6 inches to 1 foot long. Leaves 3-6 inches,
trifoliolate, rarely pinnate; segments more or less petiolate, obovate or rounded, variously cut. Umbels as in the
former, but more often compound and peduncled.—Very small slender specimens a good deal resemble Pozoa
örifoliolata.

Gen. V. ORANTZIA, Nutt.

Fructus subrotundus, fere orbicularis; carpellis (seepe insequalibus) semiteretibus, ad commissuram
non contractis, 5-sulcatis, 7-jugis; jugis crassis, semiteretibus; valleculis 1-vittatis. Calycis limbus obscure
5-dentatus. Semen versus commissuram carinatum. Petala non inflexa. Umbella simplex; involucro
parvo, oligophyllo.

The only known species is a small, succulent, strong-smelling, inconspicuous herb, with a creeping rhizoma,
fasciculate, fistulose, jointed leaves, and short scapes, with minute, inconspicuous, pedicellate flowers. Involucre of
few leaves, much shorter than the pedicels. Calyx limb five-toothed. Petals without an inflexed apex. Fruit
rounded, contracted above. Carpels semiterete, spongy, not contracted at the commissure, five-furrowed, the
ribs thick and convex.—This plant, placed by De Candolle near Hydrocotyle, I consider allied to O/foa and
Ginanthe. It is a common American plant from the Falkland Islands to lat. 35° S. on the east coast of South
America, and from 30° N. to 42° N. in the United States; and it is also found in Tasmania. The leaves in South
American specimens often become plane, linear-lanceolate and obtuse: they are always terete and hollow, with
transverse septa.

1. Orantzia Zineata, Nutt. DO. Prodr. v. 4. p. 10. Fl. Antarct. p. 287. t. 100.
Has. Northern and Middle Islands, in swamps and wet sand, etc. East coast, Colenso ; Nelson,
Bidwill.

Rhizome as thick as a crow-quill, 2-6 inches long. Leaves very variable in length (3-4 inches) and 4-2 lines
broad. Peduncles shorter than the leaves. Umbels simple, spreading, few-flowered.

Gen. VI. ACIPHYLLA, Forst.

Dioica v. monoica. Fructus lineari-oblongus, alatus. Carpella plano-convexa, dissimilia, unico 3- altero
4-jugo; jugis alatis, lateralibus marginantibus; valleculis commissuraque 2-3-vittatis; semine semitereti,
antice planiusculo. Calycis limbus contractus, 5-dentatus. Petala apice inflexa. Umbelle parvee, axillares,
simplices v. composite, in spicam racemumve grandem densum columnarem foliis spiniformibus reflexis
horridum aggregate.

A most remarkable, tall, unbranched, rigid, spinous herb, 5—7 feet high, with pinnated jointed leaves, whose
long, grassy, rigid, pungent divisions are spread out like a fan, and with an oblong terminal raceme of many umbels,
nestling amongst rigid recurved spinous involucral leaves. Flowers moncecious or diecious. Calyw limb contracted,
five-toothed. Petals with an inflected apex. Fruit linear-oblong. Carpels unequal, one three- the other five-winged.
Uinbels axillary in boat-shaped sheaths of the floral leaves, very irregular, simple or compound ; partial involucres of
few subulate leaflets. The male flowers have no ovarium, but long stamens, are smaller, more numerous, and ar-
ranged in more spreading and very compound irregular umbels. (Name from axis, sharp, and prov, a leaf.)

1. Aciphylla squarrosa, Forst. Gen. t. 38. Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 607, 608. Ligusticum Aciphylla,
DC. Prodr. A. Rich. A. Cunn. Prodr. Laserpitium, Linn. fil. Forst. Prodr. L. spinosissimum, Banks
et Sol. MSS. et Lc.

88 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Unbellifere.

Var. a. angustifolia; foliorum segmentis angustissimis.

Var. B. latifolia; foliorum segmentis brevioribus latioribus.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands. Rocky east and southern coasts, and interior of the Northern
and all parts of the Southern Islands; also found on the mountains, Banks and Solander, Forster, Bid-
will, Colenso, Lyall, etc. Nat. name, “Kuri Kuri,” Middle Island, Lyall.

One of the most remarkable plants of its large Natural Order and of New Zealand, very aromatic, perfectly
glabrous everywhere, but tuberculated minutely at the cartilaginous edges of the leaves and ribs of the stem, etc.
Root as thick as the wrist. Stem thicker than the thumb, deeply channelled, granulated on the surface. Radical
leaves numerous, spreading. Sheaths 1-3 inches long, 1-14 broad, with erect spinescent auricule at the top.
Leaves 8 inches to 2 feet long, pinnate, with the pinne very long and spreading; rachis or common petiole com-
pressed, distinctly jointed on to the sheath and at every pair of pinnee, which are opposite, grass-like in appearance,
but not in texture, 1-2 feet long, 2—6 lines broad, acuminate, pungent; midrib very strong, tubereulate ; margins
cartilaginous, crenulate-dentate. Floral leaves with rigid glossy channelled sheaths 1 inch long, and three to five
long subulate lobes, of which the lateral often project horizontally, and the middle one (which is much the longest,
2—4 inches) points downwards; altogether these leaves form a compact chevaus-de-frise around the flowers. Male
umbels compound, spreading: female smaller, shorter, less compound, nestling amongst the sheaths. Carpels
1 inch long.—Very variable in the breadth of the leaf-lobes. The whole plant assumes, when dry, a rich bright
yellow colour. Mr. Bidwill and Mr. Colenso both regard the variety with broad pinne as distinct, but the former
botanist never finds it in flower, and I perceive no difference in the flowers and fruit of Mr. Colenso’s. Var. 6 may
be the first year’s broad leaves of a biennial or perennial plant. Mr. Bidwill says that this plant often grows 9 feet
high, and so densely as to render tracts of country impassable to all but pigs, who grub up the roots for food; he
adds, that it exudes an aromatic gum-resin in great abundance, that every part tastes like all the garden Umbel-
lifere, and that it might be cultivated to advantage. It is closely allied to the following genus, and, like it, is
usually dicecious, but hermaphrodite flowers often occur, especially in the male umbels.

Gen. VII. ANISOTOME, Hook. jit.

Dioica v. polygamo-monoica. Fructus dorso compressus, late ovato-oblongus v. elongatus, alatus.
Carpella plano-convexa, dissimilia (rarius similia), unico jugis 5 omnibus alatis, altero (seepe abortivo) jugis
4 v. 5 aliis alatis aliis filiformibus; valleculis grosse vittatis; semine profunde sulcato v. tereti. Calycis
margo contractus, insequaliter 5-dentatus. Petala apice inflexa. Stamina incurva. Stylopodia $ magna,
depressa; stylis 9 elongatis. Umbelle composite; involucris 0 v. oligophyllis, seepe foliosis.—Herbe
habitu varia, erecta, prostrate v. subscandentes ; folis pinnatis v. decompositis.

A remarkable genus of perfectly smooth, herbaceous, very aromatie, herbaceous or half-shrubby plants, often
attaining a great size, first described in the “Flora Antarctica” from two Auckland Island species, which are much
larger than any hitherto found in New Zealand. Calyx margin of five unequal teeth. Petals with an inflexed
point. Stamens long, incurved. Stylopodia of male flowers broad and flat; of the female conical, terminating in
long erect styles. Fruit oblong, broad or narrow. Carpels dorsally compressed, unequal, rarely equal, one often
empty, all with winged ribs, five in the perfect carpels (two lateral and three dorsal) as many or fewer in the other
carpel, where two or more are reduced to mere lines. Umbels compound.—This genus is, as far as at present known,
confined to New Zealand and the islands south of it. (Name from avoos, unequal, and veuve, to cut; from the
unequal carpels of the fruit.)

8 a. Erect, herbaceous. Leaves radical, compound.

1. Anisotome Zya/lii, Hook. fil.; robusta, caule striato ramoso, ramis floriferis, foliis 1-2-pedalibus

bi-tri-pinnatisectis oblongis, petiolo crasso articulato basi vaginante, pinnis primariis late oblongis rachi arti-

culato secundariis in lobos lineares obtusos varie incisis.

Umbellifere. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 89

Has. Middle Island. Port Preservation, Lyall.

Of this fine plant I have only one specimen, past flower; in many respects it much resembles 4. antipoda, El.
Antarct., but is not a yard high, and has much less compound leaves. Siem as thick as the middle finger, branched
above into numerous, many-flowered, compound umbels, 2-4 inches across. Leaves 1-2 feet long, erect, recurved,
bi-tri-pinnate. Petiole with a broad sheath below, jointed throughout its length, and deeply grooved in the dried
specimens. Primary pinne 1-4 inches long, coriaceous, smooth, their partial petiole also jointed; secondary
oblong, deeply cut into linear, blunt, narrow lobes.

2. Anisotome intermedia, Hook. fil.; caule erecto superne florifero, foliis radicalibus longe petiolatis
(petiolo artieulato basi vaginato) oblongis bipinnatis, pinnis primariis late ovatis secundariis sessilibus ob-
ovato-cuneatis inciso-lobatis dentatisque segmentis subacutis, involucri universalis et partialis foliolis linea-
ribus acutis pedunculis brevioribus, fructibus breve pedicellatis lineari-oblongis, stylis elongatis, carpellis
fertilibus unico 5- altero 4-alato, semine profunde sulcato.

Has. Middle Island. Port Preservation, Lyall.

A much smaller plant than the former, 8-10 inches high, but similar in all other respects, except in the less
divided leaves and less cut pinnules. Leaves 5-8 inches long, including the long jointed petiole, recurved, 13 inch
broad across the pinnz, which are in four to eight pair, broadly ovate in outline, with a jointed secondary petiole ;
pinnules obovate or cuneate, 4 inch long, sessile, deeply cut and lobed. Fruiting stem as thick as a crow-quill,
several times divided, with a broad sheathing leaf at the fork, which bears a small, much reduced lamina. Umbels
13 inch across, /nvolucral leaves linear, shorter than the primary branches, which are $ inch long. Fruit narrow,
2 inch long, crowned with the long diverging styles. Carpels both fertile; one five-, the other four-winged; both
having as many stout vittee in the pericarp, and strong grooves in the seed, as there are spaces between the wings.
— This is intermediate between 4. Lyallii and A. aromatica.

$ b. Erect, herbaceous. Leaves all radical, pinnate.

3. Anisotome Gingidium, Hook. fil.; caulibus e radice paucis v. plurimis erectis superne ramosis, foliis
longe petiolatis lineari-oblongis pinnatis, pinnis oppositis sessilibus imbricatis inferioribus dissitis late ovato-
rotundatis obtusis basi obliquis serratis reticulatim venosis, umbellis multifloris, floribus plerisque uni-
sexualibus, involucro nullo, carpellis eequalibus, jugis lateralibus alatis dorsalibus filiformibus. Ligusticum
Gingidium, DC. Prodr. A. Cunn. Prodr. L. anisatum, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic. Gingidium mon-
tanum, Forst. Gen.

Has. Northern Island; central and southern parts, Banks and Solander, Colenso, Bidwill. Middle
Island; common, Forster, Lyall.

A very strong-scented, tall, stout herb, with one or many branching stems, and many radical leaves, given off
from a thick fleshy divided root. Leaves 4-10 inches long, pinnate; petiole longer than the leaf, which latter is
linear-oblong. Pinne six to ten pair, often imbricating, 1-2 inches long, sessile, broadly ovate, blunt, obliquely
cordate or truncate at the base, serrate with small teeth, without any nerves, but covered with reticulated veins.
Stems longer than the leaves, deeply striate, branching above, with broadly sheathing short leaves at the fork. Zn-
volucre 0. Umbels eight- to twelve-rayed ; rays many-flowered, unisexual or hermaphrodite. Flowers shortly pedi-
cellate, white. Fruit obovate, with broad lateral wings. Carpels equal; lateral ribs winged, broad; dorsal filiform.
Seed deeply channelled.

4, Anisotome aromatica, Hook. fil.; dioica, foliis radicalibus recurvis linearibus pinnatis, petiolo vagi-
nante articulato breviusculo, foliolis sub-8-jugis sessilibus oppositis venosis late cuneato-ovatis crenato-den-
tatis v. profunde incisis, lobis linearibus acutis aristatis, caule scapiformi erecto parce diviso axillis 1-foliatis,
umbellis masculis majoribus multifloris, floribus albis, involucri foliolis paucis lineari-subulatis, carpellis

X

|
i
|

ll
a

90 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. | Umbellifere.

eegualibus lineari-oblongis, jugis 5 omnibus eegualiter alatis, semine canaliculato. Ligusticum aromaticum,
Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic.

Haz. Northern Island. East and south coasts, and interior, Banks and Solander, Colenso, etc. Mid-
dle Island, Bidwill, Lyall, etc.

The smallest species I know, 8 inches to a foot high. Leaves all radical, except one at each fork of the stem,
recurved. Petiole 4-6 inches long, stout, jointed, with eight pair of pinnas extending nearly to the base, 4 inch broad
across the pinnze, which are coriaceous, deeply veined, cuneate-orbicular, more or less deeply toothed, or cut into
linear segments, each ending in a little bristle. Stems or scapes slender, sparingly divided. Male umbels 13-2
inches across, many-flowered ; flowers white, one line across. Calyw lobes variable, sometimes obsolete. Female
umbels much smaller, contracted, fewer-flowered. Involucral leaves partial and general, few, linear-subulate, shorter
than the peduncles. Fruit shortly pedicellate. Carpels linear, 2 lines long, equal, each with five winged ribs.
Seeds deeply grooved.— Very variable in the amount and depth of lobing of the pinnæ: sometimes they are cut to
the base, and I have a specimen from Mr. Colenso (without flower) of what may be a variety of this (but more pro-
bably a new species), in which the leaflet is pinnate, with a few irregular linear, aristate, lobed pinnules.

Subgenus EustyLis.

Fructus late ovatus, dorso valde compressus. Carpel/a 5-7-juga, jugis 2 lateralibus late alatis, 3-5
dorsalibus filiformibus. Semen alte sulcatum. Styli recti, elongati.—Suffrutices, ramis subscandentibus v.
flagellatis.

The great breadth of the lateral wings of the carpels and length of the styles, are the only technical characters
of this subgenus: the remarkable subscandent habit, and elongated woody-branched stems, are features so different
from those of Umdéellifere in general, and from the other Anisotomes, as to afford a better character. —A. Gingidium,
in its egual broad-winged carpels and rather long styles, should perhaps be included here, but its habit is that of the
herbaceous species.

5. Anisotome rosefolia, Hook. fil.; suffruticosa, caule tortuoso subscandente ramoso, foliis oppositis
imparipinnatis, foliolis oppositis sessilibus obligue oblongo-ovatis acutis serratis basi utringue stipellatis !
reticulatim venosis infimis interdum compositis, involucri foliolis paucis lineari-subulatis, floribus uni-
sexualibus, carpellis ovato-cordatis. Angelica? roseefolia, Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 581.

Has. Northern Islands, south of Auckland; not unfreguent, Sinclair, Colenso, etc. Nat. name,
* Koheriki," Colenso. :

Stems thicker than a goose-quill, hard and woody, several feet long, much branched. Branches covered with mem-
branous sheaths of old leaves, leafy upwards. Petioles 3-5 inches long, with the vagina produced into ovate mem-
branous auricles on each side, jointed at the insertion of the pinnae. Leaflets two to six pair, spreading, opposite,
sessile, 1-24 inches long, obliquely ovate or linear-lanceolate, simply or doubly serrate, sharp, each with two small
deciduous membranous stipules at the base, on the upper and under surface of the leaflets. Uimbels 1-4 inches across.
Involucral leaves four to eight, linear-subulate, shorter than the peduncles. Flowers white, unisexual. Pedicels as
long as the carpels, which are ovate, cordate, usually equal and five-ribbed, but sometimes one is seven-ribbed, the
five dorsal ribs being filiform.—The stipelle at the base of the pinne are, I believe, not found in any other plant
belonging to this Natural Order.

6. Anisotome geniculata, Hook. fil.; caule tenui elongato ramosissimo subscandente, ramis flagellatis
geniculatis apices versus distanter foliosis, foliis vaginatis 1- rarius 3-foliolatis, petiolo gracili, foliolo rhom-
beo-ovato v. rotundato obtuso basi cuneato v. truncato obscure crenato reticulatim venoso rarius lobato v.
tripartito, umbellis parvis terminalibus lateralibusgue, involucri foliolis paucis inconspicuis, floribus mini-
mis, carpellis ut in priore. Peucedanum? geniculatum, Forster. DC. Prodr. A. Rich. Flora. A. Cunn.
Prodr. Bowlesia, Schultz et Sprengel. Tas. XX.

Umbellifere. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 91

Has. Northern Island; south coast and interior, Co/enso. Middle Island, Forster, Raoul, etc.

This most remarkable plant more resembles Polygonum complevum than any Umbellifer. Mr. Colenso says it
forms a tangled mass, scrambling over shrubs, etc., a habit quite foreign to any of the Natural Order except 4. rose-
Jolia. Stems very slender, several feet long, much branched, terete. Branches jointed, flexuose, internodes 2-3
inches long. eaves with linear sheaths, produced upwards into blunt rounded auricles, Pedioles very slender, 4—4
inch long. Legflets usually solitary, variable in form, 3-3 inch broad, rhomboid, rounded, or obovate with cuneate
bases, entire, three-lobed or tripartite, obscurely erenate, finely reticulate. Umbels lateral or terminal, simple or
compound, of small white unisexual flowers. Fruit membranous, similar to that of 4. rosafolia in form and size,
large in comparison with the leaves and flowers. —PLATE XX. Fig. 1, umbel of fruit :—natural size. 2, petiole and
vagina; 3, male flower; 4, its stylopodia; 5, 6, female flowers; 7, petal; 8, ripe fruit; 9, transverse section of the
same :—all magnified.

Gen. VIII. DAUCUS, Tourn.

Fructus dorso compressus, oblongus. Carpella plano-convexa ; jugis primariis 5, setosis, 3 dorsalibus,
2 sutura commissurali impositis; secundariis 4, prominulis, aculeatis; valleculis vittatis. Semen antice
planiusculum. Calycis limbus 5-dentatus. Petala apice inflexa, exteriora seepe radiantia. Umbelle com-
posite. Zuvolucri foliola simplicia v. pinnatifida.

This large European genus, to which the Carrot belongs, is represented in New Zealand, Tasmania, and South
Australia by one species, little like the garden plant in appearance, but agreeing in botanical characters very closely.
It may be recognized at once by its prickly fruit and much-divided leaves. Calyx limb five-toothed. Petals with a
deep notch and inflected apex ; the outer ones of the outer flowers in each umbel are very large in some species of the
genus, but not in the New Zealand one. Carpels oblong, with nine ribs, of which four are very prominent, and form
a series of stiff spines barbed at the apex ; the five intermediate ones (of which two are on the flat inner surface of
the carpel) are much smaller, and bear each a double row of bristles pointing right and left. (Name, Saveos, in Greek.)

1. Daucus drachiatus, Sieb.; erectus, ramosus, pilosus v. glabratus, foliis bipinnatisectis, segmentis mul-
tifidis incisis ultimis linearibus, umbellis pauciradiatis, radiis inzeguilongis, foliolis involucri simplicibus
v. foliaceis involucelli simplicibus pedicellis brevioribus, petalis minimis rubris, jugis secundariis fructus
oblongi pectinatis aculeis apice glochidiatis. Sieber, Pl. Husicc. p. 115. DC. Prodr. v. 4. p. 214. Caucalis
glochidiata, Poiret. Scandix, Lab. Nov. Holl. v. 1. p. 75. t. 102. C. tenuifolia, Banks et Sol. MSS.

Has. Northern Island; Auckland, Sinclair; east coast, etc., Colenso. Middle Island; Akaroa,
Raoul.

Plants pilose or smooth. Stems many from the root, 6 inches to a foot high, branched, slender in flower, stout in
fruit. Leaves chiefly radical, with a slender petiole, bi-tri-pinnate ; pinna multipartite, flaccid ; pinnules cut into linear
narrow segments, 1-2 lines long. Üwöels axillary and terminal, of eight to ten very unequal rays, i-1 inch
long in fruit. Involucre ; general, simple or multipartite, like a leaf; partial small, of few short linear-subulate rays.
Petals very small, scarlet. Carpels 1 line long. —A common plant in South Australia and Tasmania; very closely
allied to a North and South American species, the D. australis, Poepp., D. pusillus, Mx., D. microphyllus, Presl,
D. scaber, Nutt., as also to D. toriloides, DC., of various parts of South America, from Mexico to Juan Fernandez,
all which species I agree with Bentham (Plant. Hugel.) and Bunge (Plant. Preiss.) in considering should be united.

Gen. IX. OREOMYREHIS, Zadl.

Fructus oblongo-obovatus, a latere subcompressus, stylis coronatus. Carpella jugis 5 obtusis promi-
nulis, 2 marginalibus, 3 dorsalibus ; valleculis 1-vittatis. Semen antice planiusculum v. concavum. Petala
apice incurva, pilosa. Umbella simplex; pedicellis floriferis brevissimis, fructiferis seepe elongatis. Invo-
lucrum polyphyllum.

92 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Araliacee.

An Australian and South American genus, of which one species inhabits New Zealand, and is a small herb
with radical, pinnate, much-cut leaves, and an erect scape, bearing a solitary simple umbel. Calyx limb obsolete.
Petals incurved at the apex, pilose at the back. Fruit linear-oblong, nearly terete. Carpels plano-convex, with
five thick ribs, one vitta between each, and two at the commissure. Seed plane or slightly hollow in front, not
grooved deeply or subconvolute.—De Candolle and Endlicher both describe the seed of this genus as deeply grooved
and subconvolute on the commissural face, whence it is placed in the tribe Scandicinee. Such is not the case with
the New Zealand species, nor with any others I have examined, nor with those which De Candolle has himself
figured (under the name of Caldasia), and the genus should therefore be placed in his tribe Sesedinee, where it will
rank more naturally than in that in which it has been placed. (Name from opos, a mountain, and Myrrhis, the name
of an allied plant.)

1. Oreomyrrhis Colensoi ; glabra v. pilosa, caulibus laxis elongatis v. dense ceespitosis depressis,
petiolis gracilibus, foliis pinnatis, pinnis multijugis oppositis petiolatis v. sessilibus oblongis inciso-
pinnatifidis, segmentis ovatis linearibusve acuminatis, scapis erectis v. decumbentibus laxe pubescenti-
pilosis pilis superne reflexis, involucri foliolis ovatis obtusis, floribus sessilibus, fructibus pedicellatis.

Haz. Northern Island. Mountainous places on the east coast and in the interior, Colenso.

A very variable smooth or pilose herb, with a slender, simple, perennial root, that becomes stout and much
divided, giving off many very short leafy stems, densely covered with the sheaths of old leaves ; in alpine localities
the whole plant is very stunted and depressed. Leaves all radical, pinnate, very numerous, 2-6 inches long ; petiole
very slender. Pinnules uniform, opposite, sometimes again pinnate, petiolate, or sessile, 2—4 lines broad, broadly
oblong, inciso-pinnatifid; segments ovate, sharp. Scapes several, short when in flower, much longer than the
leaves when in fruit, pubescent or almost woolly, especially upwards, where the hairs are reversed. Zwvolucre of
six to eight ovate leaves, 2 lines long. Flowers white, sessile. Pedicels pubescent, with reflexed hairs, 3-4
inch long when in fruit. Fruit quite smooth.

Oss. There is in Dr. Lyall’s collection from Milford Haven a very remarkable, possibly Umbelliferous plant, with
the leaf broadly peltate, glabrous, shining, coriaceous, orbicular, crenate, much veined (with radiating veins), reticu-
late, about 6 inches in diameter; the petiole is as thick as a swan’s quill, mottled with red. A very small speci-
men, apparently of the same plant, from the South Island, is also in Dr. Lyall’s herbarium ; it has rounded, reniform,
crenate radical leaves, not peltate, about 13 inch broad ; petioles pilose, vaginate ; roots very long, terete, tomentose.
I have no idea to what Natural Order to refer these with much probability.

Nar. Orp. XXXIX. ARALIACEA, Juss.
Gen. I. PANAX, L.

Flores polygami v. dioici. Calycis limbus brevissimus, obsolete 5-dentatus. Petala 5, sub disci
margine inserta. Stamina 5. Ovariwm 2—4-loculare ; stylis 2—4. Bacca compressa, orbiculata v. didyma,
2—4-locularis ; loculis 1-spermis.

Evergreen shrubs or small trees, rarely herbs (none are herbaceous in New Zealand), with alternate, trifoliolate,
pinnate, or digitate leaves ; petioles jointed on to the stem, and the leaflets also jointed on to the petiole. Flowers
usually unisexual, often dicecious, green, umbellate. Umbels sometimes reduced to a few axillary flowers. Calyx tube
adnate with the ovary ; limb very small, thick, five-toothed. Petals five, fleshy or coriaceous, valvate. Stamens five,
inserted, as are the petals, on an epigynous disc. Ovary compressed, two- to four-celled, with two or four simple styles.
Berry succulent or coriaceous, two- to four-celled ; cells one-seeded. —All the New Zealand species are peculiar to
those islands, including Lord Auckland’s Group; but they are allied to Chilian and Australian plants. The genus
is artificially separated from Aralia by the number of cells of the ovary and styles, and though plants of a very

Araliacee. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 93

different habit belong to each, technical characters whereby their species may be more naturally arranged are wanting.
The male flowers are usually the largest, and have long filaments. Tn the females the stamens are usually present,
but small and sterile. (Name from sav, everything, and akos, a remedy ; on account of the supposed virtues of the
famous P. Ginseng of China.)

§ a. Leaves simple (1-foliolate). Umbels small, imperfect.

1. Panax anomala, Hook.; fruticosa, ramis divaricatis setosis sguamulosisgue, foliis parvis 1-fo-
liolatis in petiolum. brevissimum articulatis obovatis oblongisve obtusis remote crenato-dentatis glaberrimis,
umbellis parvis axillaribus paucifloris breve pedunculatis, ovario 2-loculari. Hook. in Lond. Journ. Bot.
v. 9. p. 492. t. 12.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands. Bay of Islands, east coast and interior, Colenso. Nelson, Bidwill.
Nat. name, “ Wawa paku,” Col. (Cultivated in England.)

A very anomalous species, on account of its small leaves, setose scaly branches, and small axillary umbels.
It forms a shrub very like Melicope simplex and Eleodendron micranthum in general appearance. Branches thickly
covered with small scales and bristles. Leaves rather remote, small (3 inch), jointed on to a very short petiole,
obovate or oblong, blunt, crenate or serrate, rather coriaceous, quite smooth. Petiole flat, with stipelle at its
apex. Umbels axillary, one- to four-flowered ; peduncle shorter than the petiole. Flowers very minute, green, with
very short pedicels. Fruit large for the plant, 2-3 lines broad. Styles two.

2. Panax linearis, Hook. fil. ; arborea? glaberrima, ramis infra folia bracteolatis, foliis breve et crasse
petiolatis lineari-oblongis obtusis v. apiculatis crassis et coraceis l-nerviis remote subserratis, umbellis
parvis paucifloris axillaribus foliis multo brevioribus subsessilibus, stylis 2-4 recurvis.

Has. Middle Island. Chalky Bay, Zya/7.

Everywhere quite smooth. Branches terete, woody, scarred, leafy at the apices, and bearing rigid, coriaceous,
ovate, acuminate, simple or trifid bracteole, about 13 line long, among the bases of the leaves. Leaves simple,
very rigid, thick and coriaceous, on short thick petioles, with adnate subulate stipules at the base, narrow oblong,
exactly linear, 2 inches long, 4 broad, blunt, with one stout central nerve, and a thickened obscurely serrate margin.
Umbels axillary. Male flowers unknown, as are the petals. Female umbels of eight to ten flowers, nearly sessile
on a bracteolated common peduncle, in the axils of the leaves. Fruit (unripe) broadly urceolate, two- to four-
celled, with as many recurved styles, united at the base.— In some respects this curious plant resembles Aralia cras-
sifolia more nearly than Panax; in others, P. simplex, which is perhaps its nearest affinity.

$ b. Leaves simple, the young ones only 3—5-foliolate. Petioles without stipules. Umbels many-flowered.

3. Panax simplex, Forst.; arborea, foliis longe petiolatis 1-foliolatis (junioribus 3—5-foliolatis),
foliolis obovato-lanceolatis subacutis grosse serratis coriaceis lucidis, umbellis terminalibus axillaribusque
compositis, umbellulis 6—10-floris, ovario 2-loculari. Forst. Prodr. DC. Prodr. A. Rich. Flor. t. 31.
A. Cunn. Prodr. Fl. Antarct. v. 1. p. 18. t. 12.

Has. Northern Island; in the mountains, Colenso. Middle and Southern Islands, abundant, Forster
and Bidwill, etc.

A small, smooth, evergreen tree, 12—20 feet high, with glossy dark foliage. Leaves on petioles 1-3 inches
long; young ones three-foliolate, older one-foliolate; leaflet 2—4 inches long, obovate or lanceolate, blunt or acumi-
nate, coarsely serrated. Umbels racemose, axillary or terminal, shorter than the leaves; ultimate umbels ten- to
twelve-flowered. Flowers on pedicels 3-5 lines long, dicecious. Styles two.— This plant is abundant in Lord
Auckland’s Group. Mr. Bidwill sends as seedling plants of this, from Nelson, specimens with five-foliolate leaves,
the leaflets deeply sinuato-pinnatifid, which I suspect may belong to an 4ralia, since I have gathered seedling
plants of P. simplex, and always found three-foliolate leaves, the leaflets in all respects like those of the old plant.

7

94 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Araliacee.

4. Panax Zdgerleyi, Hook. fil.; arborea, foliis longe petiolatis simplicibus 1-foliolatis (junioribus
3-foliolatis), foliolis magnis ellipticis lanceolatis lineari-oblongisve acuminatis integerrimis coriaceis lucidis,
umbellis axillaribus terminalibusque, umbellulis 8-10-floris, ovarii loculis stylisque 3—4.

Has. Northern Island; mountainous parts of the interior, Zdgerley, Colenso. Middle Island; Nelson,
Bidwill ; Port Preservation, Lyall. Nat. name, “ Rau-Raua,” Zdgerley.

This fine species is very similar to P. simplex, but may be recognized at once by its larger foliage, of which the
leaflets vary in breadth and in length from 2 to 9 inches, and are quite entire, and by the three- to four-celled ovary,
three to four styles, and consequently three- to four-celled and -seeded fruit. Mr. Colenso sends a seedling plant
with five-foliolate leaves, and deeply sinuato-pinnatifid leaflets, as belonging to this plant, just.as Mr. Bidwill does
(apparently the same seedlings) for P. simplex. This is a point left for the investigation of the colonist. P. Edgerleyi
would by some botanists be placed in Aralia, on account of the three- to four-celled ovarium, etc.; but its nearest,
and indeed very near, ally is P. simplex. Mr. Edgerley remarks, that the natives rub their bodies with the fragrant
leaves, whence the native name.

$ e. Leaves 3-1 -foliolate. Petioles with sheathing stipules.

5. Panax arborea, Forst.; arborea, robusta, foliis longe petiolatis stipulatis 5-7-foliolatis, foliolis
petiolatis late v. anguste oblongis subacutis grosse sinuato-dentatis valde coriaceis, umbellis amplis ter-
minalibus axillaribusque longe pedunculatis compositis radiatis, umbellulis multifloris, floribus dioicis,
stylis 2. Forst. Prodr. DC. Prodr. A. Rich. Flora. A. Cunn. Prodr. Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. v. 9. p.
421. £. 11.

Has. Throughout the Islands, abundant, Forster, etc. Nat. names, “ Wawa-Paku," R. Cunn.;
* Whau-whau Paku,” Colenso. (Cultivated in England.)

A robust tree, 12-20 feet high. Branches round, as thick as the finger. Pešioles stout, 4—8 inches long, with a
broad base, and large adnate sheathing stipules. Leaflets five to seven, very coriaceous, glossy, 4—6 inches long,
on petioles 1-1 inch, oblong, variable in breadth, deeply sinuato-serrate. Inflorescence unisexual, very spreading,
of eight to twelve radiating peduncles, sometimes collected on a common stout peduncle, all of about equal length,
1-4 inches long, bearing about twelve pedicellate eight- to ten-flowered umbels, collected into a globose head.
Peduncles 2-4 lines long. Styles and cells of the ovary two.—The young inflorescence is, when in bud, enclosed in
thick, brown, imbricating, gummy scales; and similar ones form a covering or involucre to the partial umbels. All
are very deciduous.

6. Panax Colensoi, Hook. fil.; arborea, robusta, folus longe petiolatis stipulatis 3-7-foliolatis, foliolis
sessilibus oblongo-lanceolatis subacutis grosse sinuato-dentatis valde coriaceis, umbellis terminalibus latera-
libusgue pauciradiatis, floribus dioicis, stylis 2. Tas. XXI.

Has. Northern Island. Ruahine mountains, and Tararua, Colenso. Southern Island, Herb.
A. Richard.

A shrub 6-15 feet high. In most respects this closely resembles the P. arborea, but the leaflets are sessile on
the petiole, and the umbels are fewer-flowered and less effuse. In other respects these two species are so alike that
this requires no further description. Mr. Colenso sends a specimen with the leaflets deeply pinnatifid, and the lobes
dentate, as the young state of this. Its petioles are not stipulate.—PrATE XXI. Fig. 1, young plant; 2, male
umbel; 3, 4, male flowers; 5, 6, female flowers; 7, female umbel ; 8, fruit :—all but fig. 1, 2, and 7 magnified.

Gen. II. ARALIA, Z.

Flores monoici v. polygami. Calycis tubus ovario adnatus, limbus obsoletus v. dentatus. Petala 5,
valvata. Stamina 5, filamentis brevibus. Ovarium 5-10-loculare ; stylis 5-10, liberis v. coadunatis:
Bacca 3-10-locularis.

Araliacee. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 95

This genus, in its present state, contains a heterogeneous mass of Araliacee, and is only distinguished from
Panag (as that genus is now defined) in the many-celled ovary and many styles. A thorough revision of the
Natural Order would probably lead to the establishment of several genera upon habit and inflorescence. It is found
in various parts of the Old and New World, and in both temperate and tropical climates. (Name, Canadian for
one of the genus.)

$ a. STILBOCARPA. Herbaceous. Leaves stipulate. Inflorescence umbellate ; styles and stylopodia separate.

1. Aralia polaris, Homb. et Jacq. ; polygama, herbacea, caule foliisque setis mollibus laxis obsitis,
foliis maximis simplicibus longe petiolatis orbiculari-reniformibus multilobatis profunde cordatis dentatis
Habellatim nervosis, umbellis maximis compositis densifloris partialibus multiradiatis: globosis, petalis late
oblongis obtusis, fructibus depresso-sphericis exsuccis atris nitidis 3—4-locularibus. Homb. et Jacq. Voy.
au Põle Sud, t. 2. Fl. Antarct. p. 19. Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 144.

Has. Southern Island, Lyall,

A very magnificent plant, originally found abundantly in Lord Auckland’s Group, where it appears to attain
much greater luxuriance than in New Zealand, forming a rounded, bushy, herbaceous, annual-stemmed plant, with
masses of green foliage and flowers, 4—5 feet high. Stems thick, hollow, stout, much branched, covered, as well as
the leaves, with soft setze. Petioles 1-2 feet long, stout, with a ligulate leafy stipule at the base, as broad as two
fingers, truncate and toothed, and lobed. Leaf orbicular-reniform, 1-2 feet across, with many shallow lobes and
sharp teeth, many-nerved, glossy, coriaceous, deeply cordate at the base. Inflorescence very compound, of many
globose umbels, irregularly involucrate; involueres leafy. Flowers unisexual, yellow, numerous, dense. Petals
broadly obovate-spathulate, patent. — Stylopodia three to four, reniform, distant, placed in a sunk area at the top of
the ovary; styles very short, recurved. Berries dry, jet-black, size of a tare, depressed, with a broad hollow disc
above, three- to four-celled ; cells coriaceous.— This is certainly of a different genus from Aralia proper, but in
the present confused state of the Natural Order it is not expedient to separate it in this local Flora, on grounds
which an extensive examination of the Order may prove not to be the legitimate ones. Its remote stylopodia and
styles appear the most prominent technical character, together with the habit, stipules, spongy dry black fruit, and
obovate petals, which seem hardly valvate. Ihave proposed the name of Stilbocarpa, in allusion to the shining
fruit. I have described this as forming, in Lord Auckland's Group, large orbieular masses of green foliage and
waxy flowers, and presenting a very striking appearance. The black berries on the withered white stalks of a former
year's plant have a singular effect. The whole plant has a heavy disagreeable smell, but is readily eaten by pigs
and goats.

$ b. ScruerrTLERA, Forst. Shrubby or arboreous. Leaves stipulate, compound, digitate. Umbels small, in large
compound racemes or panicles. Styles united at the base.

2. Aralia Schefflera, Spr. ; fruticosa v. arbuscula glaberrima, foliis longe petiolatis stipulatis digitatis
sub-9-foliolatis, foliolis petiolatis lineari-ellipticis oblongis lanceolatisve acuminatis serrulatis lateralibus
parvis, paniculis axillaribus v. caulinis folio longioribus, ramis primariis basi bracteolatis, umbellis 5-10-
floris breve pedicellatis, floribus puberulis, stylis 10 basi coadunatis, bacca 10-loculari. DC. Prodr.
4. Rich. Fl. A. Cunn. Prodr. A. polygama, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Te. Scheefflera digitata, Forst. Gen.
Tas. XXII.

Has. Throughout the Islands, abundant, Forster, etc. Nat. names, “Pate,” R. Cunn; “ Patate,”
Middle Island, Zya//. (Cultivated in England.)

A large, branching, smooth shrub, or small tree. Petioles 3-7 inches long, terete, with a broad, obtuse, adnate,
axillary, sheathing stipule at the base (as in Panag arborea). Leaflets seven to eleven, radiating, petiolate, the larger
4—7 inches long, lateral smaller and on shorter petioles, oblong-lanceolate in general outline, variable in breadth,

acuminate, rather membranous, veined, sharply and finely serrate. Panicles axillary or from the branches, unisexual,

96 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. | Araliacee.

10-12 inches long, patent, rachis or main stem straight; secondary alternate, spreading at right angles to the main
stem, with an oblong acuminate deciduous bractea at the base. Flowers in very numerous, small, irregularly formed,
pedunculate umbels, alternate along the branches. Female flowers with ten short styles, collected at the base into
one short conical column. Berry smaller than a pepper-corn, with ten cells united together; purple-black, pulpy,
ten-lobed when dry. —PLATE XXII. Fig. 1, 2, male flowers; 3, female umbels; 4, fruit; 5, the same cut open
transversely :—all but fig. 3 magnified.

$c. ARALTA, L. Shrubby or arboreous. Stipules wanting. Leaves simple or digitate. Primary branches of the
umbels umbellate. Styles united at the base.

3. Aralia crassifolia, Banks et Sol.; subarborea, dioica v. polygama, foliis polymorphis junioribus
simplicibus v. 2-3-foliolatis longissime linearibus adultis simplicibus lineari-oblongis omnibus profunde
sinuato-dentatis rarius integerrimis crassissimis et coriaceis, umbellis terminalibus, pedunculis primariis 5-10
elongatis umbellas racemosas 8-10-floras pedunculatas gerentibus, stylis 5 in columnam aceretis apice liberis,
bacca globosa coriacea 5-loculari. Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic. A. Cunn. Prodr. Hook. Ic. Plant. t, 583, 584.
Xylophylla longifolia, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic.

Has. Throughout the Islands; abundant, Banks and Solander, ete. Chatham Island, Diefenbach.
Nat. names, “ Horoeka," Cunn.; “ Hohoeka," Middle Island, Lya//. (Cultivated in England.)

A very remarkable plant, on account of the variable form of its leaves, which renders it difficult to decide
whether or no there may be more than one species included under the name of 4. crassifolia. A small erect tree,
20-30 feet high. Young plants forming simple flexible poles, 12 feet high, with curious spreading, distant, alternate,
linear, very thick and. coriaceous, remotely toothed leaves, 8 inches to a foot long, and $ inch broad; these leaves
are dull green, with a broad yellow blotch at the base of each tooth. Towards the top of the plant the leaves are
petiolate and trifoliolate; each leaflet like one of the simple lower leaves. In this state the plant is common in cul-
tivation, presenting two varieties however, one slender, never branched, and with green bark and broader leaves; the
other stouter, sometimes branched, with brownish bark, all the leaves simple and broad in proportion to their length.
This latter I suspect to be the 4. Lessoni. Dried specimens in flower have always simple leaves, sessile or narrowed
into short very stout petioles, not jointed at the apex; they are 6—10 inches long, linear-oblong or cuneate, gra-
dually broader upwards, never more than 1-14 inch broad, usually 3 inch, deeply irregularly sinuate, or toothed,
rarely entire. Inflorescence terminal; primary branches five to ten, sessile, elongate, of nearly equal length, bearing
peduneulate racemes or rarely irregular umbels of pedicellate flowers. Styles five, united into a column, free at the
top. Berries coriaceous, globose, five-celled.—In Dr. Lyall’s specimens from the Southern Island, the ultimate
umbels of female flowers are regularly umbellate, not at all racemose. ;

4. Aralia Lessoni; subarborea, dioica v. polygama, foliis (polymorphis junioribus simplicibus ?)
adultis longe petiolatis 3-5-foliolatis, foliolis sessilibus oblongo-lanceolatis acutis sinuato-dentatis crassis
et coriaceis, umbellis terminalibus, pedunculis primariis elongatis secundariis racemoso-floriferis, stylis 5 in
columnam concretis, bacca oblonga 5-loculari. Cussonia, A. Rich. Flora, p. 285. t. 32. A. Cunn. Prodr.
Panax? De Cand. Prodr. Aralıa trifolia, Banks et Sol. MSS.

Has. Northern Island. East coast, Cunningham; Auckland, Sinclair; Middle Island, Bream Bay,
D'Urville. Nat. name, * Whau whau,” R. Cunn. (Cultivated in England.)

A small tree, apparently closely resembling in habit and inflorescence 4. erassifolia, but the old leaves are very
like those of Panax Colensoi, and the berry is larger and oblong, not rounded. The foliage of the young plants I
suspect to be as protean as that of the former, and possibly the plant has hence been overlooked by Mr. Colenso,

who has never sent specimens.

Cornea. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. UT

Gen. TIL. BOTRYODENDRUM, Endi.

Flores polygami. Calyx fl. 3 4-partitus, imbricatus; fl. 9 tubus ovario adnatus, limbo 6-fido. Pe-
tala 0. Stamina calycis laciniis opposita, fl. 3 4, fl. 9 6. Ovarium 6-loculare ; ovulis solitariis, pendulis ;
stylis 6, divergentibus. Bacca coriaceo-carnosa, 6-locularis; loculis osseis, l-spermis. Semina pendula
Araliacearum.—Arbores trunco gracili, apice diviso. Folia simplicia (1-foliolata) ; petiolo apice artieulato.
Flores capitati, involucrati; capitulis paniculatis, polygamo-dioicis.

One species alone of this fine genus has been found in New Zealand, but I have seen the leaves only; two
others inhabit Norfolk Island, and a third Tahiti. "They form erect, slender, small trees, with a long simple trunk
12—20 feet high, and with thick pith, branching sparingly at the top, and bearing very large, coriaceous, entire,
spreading, simple (unifoliolate) leaves. The flowers are collected into heads, are free or united, unisexual; heads poly-
gamous and arranged into a stout, sparingly branched, erect panicle. The flowers and fruit are described from
Norfolk Island species, and may not tally with the New Zealand one. Male flowers :— Cale four-parted. Corolla 0:
Stamens four, opposite to the calyx. Female :—Calyx tube adnate with the ovary; limb six-parted. Stamens and
styles six. Ovary six-celled. Fruit with six bony one-seeded nuts.—This genus has been called anomalous by
Zndlicher on account of its four to six calyx-lobes opposite the same number of stamens, and want of petals, and with
less reason on account of the simple leaves and unisexual flowers. The structure of the ovary and fruit would be ano-
malous if, as described by Endlicher, the ovules were erect and seeds margined ; but such is not the case with the Nor-
folk Island fruits I have examined. Embryo small, with a terete curved radicle pointing to the hilum, and two rather
broad flat cotyledons. (Name from forpvs, a cluster, and Bevõpov, a tree; from the densely crowded inflorescence.)

1. Botryodendrum Sinclair, Hook. fil.; foliis longe petiolatis late oblongo-lanceolatis obtusis basi
cordatis integerrimis.

Has. Northern Island; between Capes Rodney and Brett, Sinclair. Colenso.

Leaf coriaceous, shining above, 12-20 inches long, and the petiole nearly as long. There is a tendency to
become panduriform in the leaf, which contracts above the cordate base; its greatest breadth is 9 inches, the
general outline obovate or oblong-lanceolate, and the margin is thickened, quite entire, undulated.— Dr. Sinclair
sends the fruit of Pisonia as belonging to this; the latter has also a very large leaf, but the present exceeds that of
any other dicotyledonous plant in the Colony.

Nore. Polyscias pinnata, Forst., introduced into A. Cunningham’s * Prodromus from De Candolle, is errone-
ously stated to be a native of New Zealand. Forster collected it in the island of: Tanna.

Nar. Og». XL. CORNEA, DC.
Gen. I. GRISELINIA, Forst.

Flores dioici. Calya 5-dentatus. Petala 5, valvata (fl. 3 subimbricata). Stamina 5, petalis alterna,
(in fl. 20). Ovarium (8.3 0) tubo calycis inclusum, 1-2-loculare ; loculis 1-ovulatis; ovulo pendulo ;
stylis 3, brevissimis, recurvis, intus stigmatosis. Dacca carnosa, 1-2-locularis, 1-sperma, loculo altero vacuo.
Semen pendulum ; testa membranacea; albumine copioso, dense carnoso; embryone supero, minimo; radi-
cula brevissima, hilo proxima; cotyledonibus divaricatis.—Frutex lucidus, coriaceus, late virens, radice
(parasitica?) crassa, tuberosa, Aucubam referens. Folia alterna, integerrima, lucida, obliqua, petiolo caule
articulato. Flores paniculati, panicula puberula.

A bright green, lucid, evergreen, leafy, erect, branching shrub, 10-12 feet high, probably parasitical in its young
state, and afterwards often epiphytical, forming a thick somewhat tuberous root. Leaves alternate, petioled, jointed

9 A

98 ELORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Cornee.

on to the stem, very oblique, oblong, ovate, obovate, or rounded, quite entire, very thick and coriaceous, the petiole
obscurely expanded into a sheathing base. Panicles axillary or terminal, pubescent with yellowish down, as long as
or longer than the leaves, male largest; in bud surrounded with coriaceous, ovate, acuminate, sheathing bracteolee ;
main branches bracteolate at the base. Male flowers have a five-toothed calyx, five subimbricated petals, and as many
alternating stamens. Female, an inferior one- to two-celled ovarium, crowned with a five-toothed calyx-limb, five
valvate petals, and three short, erect, conical, recurved stigmata. Ovules solitary, pendulous. Berry ovoid, crowned
with the styles and five-toothed calyx, one rarely two-celled (one always empty). Seed pendulous.—A very fine
genus, closely related to 4ucuba of Japan, and still more nearly to Decostea of Chili. The corolla, being valvate
in the female and subimbricate in the male flowers, is curious, but involves only a question of degree, which, however
important in most cases, is of none here.

1. Griselinia Zueida, Forst. Prodr. A. Cunn. Prodr. G. littoralis et G. lucida, Raoul, FT. p. 22.
4.19. Pdukateria, Raoul, in Ann. Soc. Nat. 1844. p. 120. Scopolia, Forst. Gen. Lissophyllum, Banks
et Sol. MSS.

Has. Throughout the Islands; from the Bay of Islands to Dusky Bay, Forster, ete. Fl. October.
Nat. name, “ Poukater," Raoul. (Cultivated in England.)

Very variable in size and shape of the foliage, the leaves being 1-5 inches long, more or less remarkably unequal
and oblique, and the petioles extremely variable in length. I have seen but one species from New Zealand.

Gen. LI. COROKIA, 4. Cunn.

Flores hermaphroditi v. l-sexuales. Calyeis tubus turbinatus, ovario adnatus; limbo 5-dentato, val-
vato. Petala 5, extus sericea, valvata, intus basi squamula aucta. Stamina 5, petalis alterna, sub disco
5-lobo inserta. Stylus erectus, apice bilobus. Ovarium 2-loculare; ovulis loculis solitariis, pendulis.
Bacca 2-locularis (abortu 1-locularis). Semen pendulum; testa membranacea; albumine carnoso; em-
bryone lineari ; radicula hilo proxima.—Frutices pilis medio affivis sericei. Folia alterna, exstipulata, inte-
gerrima. Flores paniculati v. fascieulati, sericei.

A genus of evergreen shrubs, containing two species, both natives of New Zealand, having alternate, exstipulate,
entire leaves, which, as well as the young branches and flowers, are densely clothed below with white silky hairs ;
the latter, if examined with a microscope, are seen to be attached by the middle to the surface of the leaf, and thus
point two opposite ways. Flowers fasciculate or paniculate, white or yellow. Calyw tube obconical; limb of five
valvate teeth. Petals five, valvate, silky on the back, with a small scale at the base inside. Stamens five. Ovary
two-celled; ovules solitary, pendulous. Style erect, two-lobed at the top. Berry ovoid, fleshy, red, with a one-
to two-celled nut; cells one-seeded; seed pendulous, albuminous. (Name derived by Cunningham from the
native one.)

1. Corokia duddletoides, A. Cunn.; fruticosa, erecta, folis lineari-lanceolatis acuminatis, floribus
paniculatis, paniculis axillaribus terminalibusque multifloris. 4. Cunn. Prodr. Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 424.

Var. 8; foliis latioribus elliptico-lanceolatis, baccis majoribus.

Has. Northern Island. Bay of Islands, Cunningham, ete.; Auckland, Sinclair; East coast, Colenso,
ete. Nat. name, “ Korokio-taranga," Colenso. Var. 8. Chatham Island, Diefenbach. (Cult. in England.)

A shrub 6-8 feet high. Leaves shortly petiolate, lanceolate, 2—4 inches long, acuminate. Flowers yellowish,
in axillary and terminal panicles, densely silky. Berries 4 inch long, red, fleshy.—In var. 8 the leaves are broader
and the berry larger, but I see no other differences in the imperfect specimens I possess.

2. Corokia Cotoneaster, Raoul; frutex ramosissimus, ramis atris tortuosis, foliis (parvis) alternis v.
fasciculatis spathulatis orbiculatis obovatis v. obcordatis emarginatis in petiolum latum linearem angustatis,
floribus axillaribus fasciculatis. Raoul, Fl. Nov. Zeal. p. 22. t. 20.

Loranthacee.| FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 99

Has. Northern and Middle Islands, chiefly on the eastern shores; not uncommon, Cunningham,
Colenso, ete. Fl. September. (Cultivated in England.)

A low, spreading, rigid shrub, with black, tortuous, woody branches. Leaves alternate or fascicled, small, 4—2
inch long, rounded, obovate, obcordate, or spathulate, narrowed into a linear flat petiole. Flowers small, axillary,
solitary or fascicled. Berries red, fleshy, 4 inch long.

Nar. Orv. XLI. LORANTHACEA, Juss.
Gen. I. LORANTHUS, Linn.

Flores hermaphroditi. Calycis tubus ovatus, ovario adnatus; limbo truncato, obsoleto. Petala 4-8,
valvata, libera v. coalita. Stamina 4-8, petalis opposita, iis inserta; antheris 2-locularibus. Ovarium
l-loculare; stylo elongato; stigmate incrassato. Bacca 1-locularis, l-sperma. Semen albuminosum;
embryone recto v. obliquo ; radicula tereti, supera; cotyledonibus plano-convexis.

Parasitical evergreen herbs or shrubs, growing attached to the branches of woody plants, from which they
derive their nourishment by sucker-like roots, which penetrate the bark. Leaves opposite or alternate, quite entire,
very thick and coriaceous, jointed on to the stem. Flowers in axillary or terminal spikes, panicles, or corymbs.
Calyx tube united with ovary ; limb truncate, very short. Corolla of four to eight long pieces, free or united into a
terete tube below, valvate, fleshy, deciduous. Stamens united with and opposite the petals. Ovary one-celled, with
a straight or curved style and capitate stigma. Berry ovoid, with one albuminous seed generally attached to the walls
of the cavity all round, and a straight or curved embryo; radicle terete, pointing upwards.—I have purposely
avoided all allusion to the number and position of the ovules in this genus, which involves one of the most difficult
points in vegetable anatomy for investigation, and about which nothing very conclusive has been published. I have
also adopted the usual view of the calyx and corolla, which I believe to be the true one, and is the only one accord-
ant with the relations of the similar parts in Cornee, Santalacee, and other allied Orders; but many botanists of
eminence consider what I call the calyx as an expansion of the apex of the peduncle, in which the ovary is sunk, and
the corolla as a true calyx; chiefly because of the stamens being opposite and attached to it. It would be out of
place here to argue against this latter view, which appears to me hypothetical and paradoxical, and to support which
the regulaxly-lobed superior calyces of many plants must be supposed to be of similar origin, and to be anoma-
lous productions of the peduncle. Loranthus is a most abundant Tropical genus; one species inhabits middle and
southern Europe, several are Chilian, and others New Holland ; none are known from Tasmania or Fuegia; in the
latter country the curious genus Myzodendron takes its place. (Name from depos, a thong, and avbos, a flower ; the
eorolla being composed of narrow strap-shaped. pieces.)

1. Loranthus tetrapetalus, Forst.; foliis oppositis breve petiolatis elliptico-oblongis obtusis, floribus
axillaribus solitariis v. geminis, petalis 4 linearibus liberis. Forst. Prodr. De Cand. Prodr. A. Rich. Flor.
A. Cunn. Prodr.

Has. Northern Island, and northern parts of Middle Island; abundant, Banks and Solander.
Forster, etc.

Parasitical, often on Metrosideros and Vitex; very handsome. Stems terete, branched, 1-2 feet long. Leaves
opposite, shortly petiolate (1 inch long), elliptical-oblong, blunt. Flowers axillary, solitary or in pairs, as long as
the leaves. Peduncle very short, bracteolate at the apex. Calya limb produced into a broad open cup. Petals
slender, free, the lower half erect, upper patent or recurved. Anthers linear. Stigma very small.

2. Loranthus Colensoi, Hook. fil.; folis oppositis petiolatis late oblongis rhombeisve obtusis sub-
enerviis, floribus magnis racemosis, pedunculis validis brevibus 3-7-floris, floribus oppositis cum terminali,
petalis liberis. Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 633.

100 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [Zoranthacee.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands. Parasitic on Metrosideros tomentosa, at Lake Waikare, Colenso.
Nelson, Bidwill.

A much larger species than Z. felrapetalus, and handsomer. Leaves opposite, 2-3 inches long (petioles 3-3
inch), broadly oblong or rhomboid, blunt, nerveless. Peduncles 3-1-flowered, axillary, as long as the petioles.
Flowers 14-2 inches long, scarlet, opposite and sessile on the peduncles, with a terminal one, Calyæ limb dilated.
Petals free, linear, broader below ; apices boat-shaped. Anthers linear.

3. Loranthus flavidus, Hook. fil. ; foliis oppositis petiolatis lineari-oblongis obtusis apiculatis nervis
parallelis, racemis axillaribus multifloris nutantibus, floribus breve pedicellatis, petalis infra medium coalitis,
antheris oblongis, stigmate capitato. L. tetrapetalus, Banks et Sol. Herb. Tas. XXVII.

Has. Northern Island. Tortara-nui, Banks and Solander. Fagus (Beech) forest on the Ruahine
Mountains, Colenso.

Plants 1-2 feet long, sparingly branched. Leaves opposite, 13-2 inches long (petiole 4-3 inch), linear-
oblong, blunt, with a little point, margin thickened and crenulate when dry; veins few, parallel. Zacemes axillary,
shorter than the leaves, many-flowered. Flowers yellow, slender, 4 inch long, on short opposite pedicels. Petals
four, united into a tube below; upper half reflexed. Anthers linear-oblong. Stigma globose—P are XXVII.
Fig. 1, flowers; 2, ovarium and style; 3, transverse section of ovarium :—all magnified.

4. Loranthus micranthus, Hook. fil.; ramis teretibus, ramulis ancipitibus, foliis oppositis petiolatis
oblongis rhombeo-ellipticisve obtusis, paniculis axillaribus trichotome ramosis, floribus parvis, petalis 4
brevibus linearibus patulis, antheris late oblongis, stylo supra medium flexuoso incrassato, stigmate laterali
capitato, bacca viscosa. Viscum antarcticum, 4. Cunn. Prodr. (non Forst.)

Has. Northern Island. Bay of Islands, Cunningham, ete. Auckland, Sinclair. East coast, Colenso.
Akaroa, Raoul.

In general habit so like Tupeia, that in the dried state especially this plant is often confounded with it. Stems
woody, rounded. Branches compressed, two-edged. Leaves opposite, 13—2 inches long (petioles 4 inch), obovate,
oblong or rhomboid, blunt; nerves diverging. Panicles much smaller than the leaves, axillary, spreading, trichoto-
mously branched. Flowers very small, 2 lines long. Calye linear, urceolate ; limb or margin thickened. Petals
four, free, spreading. Stamens inserted below the middle of the petals, shorter than these. Anthers small, broadly
oblong. Style short, curiously thickened and twisted into a knot above the middle, with a large capitate lateral
stigma. Berry viscid, ovoid, $ inch long.—A very curious species, which should perhaps rather be regarded as an
hermaphrodite-flowered Tupeia than a Tupeia-like Loranthus. The style above the middle is bent twice—first down
with a sharp angle, and then it turns up equally suddenly.

5. Loranthus tenwiflorus, Hook. fil.; foliis petiolatis oppositis obovatis obtusis, floribus paniculatis
pedicellatis, calyce pubescente, corolla lineari-elongata, petalis 4 apice liberis, antheris late oblongis, stylo
gracili, stigmate simplici.

Haz. Northern Island, Colenso ?

Of this I have but one small specimen, of which the ticket has been lost. It is very distinct from any of the
former, and may be recognized by the pedicellate panieulate flowers, which are very slender, more than an inch long ;
the petals united into a tube, free at the apex ; and by the short broad anthers, and simple, hardly dilated stigma ;
ovary smooth or pubescent; calyx-limb cup-shaped. Leaves obovate, là inch long, on rather slender petioles ;
stems rounded, branches compressed.—Owing to the indifference of my specimen, some latitude must be allowed to

this description.

Gen. II. TUPEIA, Cham. et Schlecht.

Flores dioici (v. hermaphroditi?). Maso. Calye 0. Petala 4, valvata, decidua. Stamina 4, fila-

i

Loranthacee. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 101

mentis elongatis, petalis oppositis, iis basi insertis; antheris subrotundis. Fam. Calyx ovario adnatus,
elongato-urceolatus ; limbus incrassatus. Petala 4, decidua, valvata. Ovarium 1-loculare ; stylo valido, recto;
stigmate subdiscoideo, capitato. Bacca viscosa, l-locularis, l-sperma; semine pendulo, albuminoso ;
embryone axillari ; radicula tereti, supera ; cotyledonibus elongatis.—Fruticulus parasiticus, lignosus ; ramis
pallidis, divaricatis, teretibus, ramulis paniculisque puberulis. Folia opposita et alterna, petiolata, lineari-
elliptica v. obovata v. late rhombea, obtusa. Panicule arillares et terminales, juniores bracteate. Flores
parvi, albi.

A woody, parasitical, dicecious shrub, with terete jointed branches covered with pale bark, pubescent branchlets
and panicles, opposite and alternate petioled blunt leaves, and terminal or axillary panicles of small flowers, covered in
ayoung state with imbricated glossy scales. Male flowers of four valvate petals, and as many stamens opposite them,
and inserted into their bases; filaments free; anthers rounded. Female :—Calyw tube united with the narrow
urceolate ovary; limb a thickened margin. Petals four, valvate, deciduous. Stamens 0. Ovary one-celled. Style
elongated ; stigma discoid. Berry ovoid, very viscid. —A curious plant, differing from Loranthus in being dicecious,
and in habit; from Viscum, in the stamens being perfect. (Name, that of a South Sea Island plant, erroneously given
to this.)

1. Tupeia antarctica, Cham. et Schlecht. Linnea, v. 3. p. 208. Viscum antarcticum, Forst. Prodr.
A. Rich. Flora. V. pubigerum, A. Cunn. Prodr. Viscoides leta e£ V. latifolia, Banks et Sol. MSS.
Tas. XXVI.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; abundant, Banks and Solander, Forster, etc. Nat. name,
“ Piri-ta," Colenso.

Leaves very variable in form and size, 3-14 inch long, lanceolate, obovate, rounded or rhomboid in outline.
Panicles spreading, shorter than the leaves.—PraATE XXVI. Fig. 1, male flower; 2, the same laid open; 3, female
flower; 4, ovarium and style; 5, fruit; 6, the same cut vertically ; 7, cut transversely :—all magnified.

Gen. III. VISCUM, Zourn.

Flores monoici v. dioici. Calycis limbus obsoletus. Petala 4, triangularia, valvata. Anthere petalis
adnate, multiloculares, cellulose. Ovarium fl. 9 calyce adnatum, 1-loculare. Bacca intus viscosa, l-
locularis, l-sperma. Semen albuminosum ; embryo ut in Lorantho, sed interdum multiplex.

There is but one New Zealand species of this genus, which I have never seen in flower; it forms little yellow
tufts of jointed stems and branches 3—4 inches long, on Leptospermum and Gaultheria branches. Leaves none;
joints 2-4 lines long, terete, contracted below, dilated above. Flowers will probably be found to be very small,
and to be sunk in the tops of the joints; the perianth to be of four valvate petals, with a cellular porous amorphous
anther adnate to the face of each petal, the pollen lodged in cells of the anther.—This belongs to a large tropical
section of the genus to which the Mistletoe belongs, and is exactly like a Salicornia in appearance. (Name, ı$os,
sacred, according to various authors; the Mistletoe being hallowed by the ancients.)

1. Viscum salicornioides, A. Cunn.; pusillum, glaberrimum, erectum, ramosum, aphyllum, ramis
teretibus multiarticulatis, articulis inferne contractis apice dilatatis. A. Cunn. Prodr.

Has. Northern Island. Bay of Islands, Cunningham, ete.

lam not aware of this curious little species having been found except at the Keri-Keri falls, where it is

abundant.

102 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [Caprifoliacee.

Nar. On». XLII. CAPRIFOLIACEA, Juss.

Gen. I. ALSEUOSMIA, 4. Cunn.

Calycis tubus ovario adnatus ; limbo 4-5-partito, deciduo, valvato. Corolla tubuloso-infundibuliformis ;
tubo elongato ; limbi laciniis 4-5, patentibus, margine dentatis v. fimbriatis, valvatis. Stamina 4-5, fauce
inserta; filamentis brevibus ; antheris oblongis. Ovarium ovoideum, disco planiusculo coronatum, 2-loculare ;
ovulis 2-5, axi affixis; stylo gracili, exserto; stigmate clavato v. capitato, obscure 2-lobo. Bacca ovoidea
v. obovata, disco coronata, 2-locularis ; loculis 1-2-spermis. Semina albuminosa, oblonga, latere affixa ; testa
fusca, coriacea, reticulata; albumen carnosum; embryo rectus, radicula tereti, hilo proxima, cotyledonibus
paulo dilatatis, plano-convexis.—Frutices, foliis exstipulatis oppositis polymorphis ; floribus awillarıbus
solitariis fasciculatis v. subracemosis.

A genus confined to New Zealand, of erect, branching, smooth shrubs, closely allied to the Honeysuckle, and as
sweetly scented. Leaves alternate, exstipulate, petioled, extremely variable in shape in all the species, membranous,
entire or sinuate. Flowers nodding, axillary, long, green, solitary or fasciculate, rarely racemose, on short curved
bracteolate pedicels. Calyx tube united with the ovoid ovary ; limb of four to five small deciduous pieces. Corolla
funnel-shaped, with a very long tube, and four to five spreading toothed or fimbriate lobes. Stamens five; filaments
short, inserted at the mouth of the corolla. Style very long, arising from a small disc, which crowns the bilocular
ovarium. Berry ovoid or obovate, pulpy, crowned with a circular disc, two-celled ; one to two albuminous seeds in
each cell.—This curious genus differs from others of the Order Caprifoliacee in having alternate leaves. The species
do not spread south much beyond Auckland, and all vary extremely in the foliage. (Name from adgos, a grove, and
evoca, a sweet smell ; in allusion to the delicious odour of the flowers.)

1. Alseuosmia macrophylla, A. Cunn.; glaberrima, foliis 3-7 -uncialibus oblongis obovatisve obtusis
integerrimis sinuato-dentatisve, floribus magnis plerumque 5-meris, fructibus ovoideis 2-locularibus poly-
spermis. A. Cunn. Prodr. Tas. XXIII.

Has. Northern Island. Bay of Islands, Auckland, etc., 4. Cunningham, Sinclair, ete.

By far the largest species of the genus, forming a shrub 6—8 feet high, with oblong, obovate, or obovate-lan- `
ceolate, or linear-oblong, entire or sinuato-dentate leaves, 3-7 inches long. Flowers 1 inch long, with usually five
calyx lobes, and as many stamens and segments of the corolla, the latter with incurved fimbriate margins. Berry
many-seeded.—The size of the flower affords the best character. —PLATE XXIII. Fig. 1, flower; 2, the same with
corolla laid open; 3, transverse section of ovary; 4, ripe fruit; 5, transverse section of fruit; 6, seed; 7, the same
cut vertically :—all but fig. 4 magnified.

2. Alseuosmia guercifolia, A.Cunn.; ramulis glabratis puberulisve, foliis ovatis ovato-oblongis lineari-
oblongisve integerrimis v. sinuato-lobatis 1-3-uncialibus, floribus 4-meris mediocribus 3-uncialibus, brac-
teolis ciliato-pilosis, baceis oligospermis. A. quercifolia e£ A. Tlex, 4. Cunn. Prodr.

Has. Northern Island. Bay of Islands, etc., 4. Cunningham.

Never so large a plant as 4. macrophylla, either in foliage, flower, or fruit, but more variable in size and form
of the leaf, insomuch so, that I have doubted the two following proving distinct from this. Branches smooth or
pubescent. Leaves 1-3 inches long, linear-oblong or obovate, or broadly oblong, quite entire or sinuate-dentate,
or lobed like English oak-leaf. Flowers i inch lõng. Bracteole with red-brown hairs. Lobes of calyx and corolla
usually four, the latter toothed. Seeds generally few in each cell.

3. Alseuosmia Banksii, A. Cunn.; ramulis pubescentibus gracilibus, foliis polymorphis 3-2-uncialibus
longiuscule petiolatis obovatis rhombeisve grosse sinuato-dentatis lobatisve, bracteolis ciliato-pilosis, floribus

Rubiacee.) FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 103

i-$ uncialibus 4-meris, baccis turbinatis oligospermis. A. Banksii, A. atriplicifolia, et A. paleeformis,
A. Cunn. Prodr. Fagoides triloba, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic. Tas. XXIV.

Has. Northern Island. East coast and Bay of Islands, Banks and Solander, A. Cunningham, Colenso.
(Cultivated in England.)

A small shrub, 2-5 feet high, with slender, twiggy, slightly hairy branches. Leaves extremely variable, on
rather long petioles, linear-obovate, oblong, rhomboid, 3—2 inches long, variously toothed, sinuate or lobed.
Flowers like those of A. quercifolia, but generally smaller, 1—1 inch long. Berries broad, turbinate or ovoid; cells
with one or few seeds. —PLATE XXIV. Fig. 1, flower; 2, the same with the corolla laid open; 3, transverse section
of ovary; 4, fruit; 5, transverse, and 6, vertical section of fruit; 7, seed; 8, vertical section of seed :—all magnified.

4. Alseuosmia linariifolia, A. Cunn, ; fruticulus erectus, virgatus, ramulis puberulis, foliis (1-13 une.)
anguste lineari-lanceolatis oblongisve integerrimis sinuato-dentatisve, floribus parvis (4-3 unc.) 4-meris,
baccis late ovatis turbinatisve oligospermis. A. Cunn. Prodr. Tas. XXV.

Var. 8. ligustrifolia; folus majoribus lineari-oblongis. A. ligustrifolia, A. Cunn. Prodr.—Ad A. querci-

foliam approximat.

Has. Northern Island. Bay of Islands, 4. Cunningham, etc.

A small species much resembling broad-leaved states of Pittosporum pimeleoides. Branches slender, pubescent.
Leaves 1-13 inch long, very narrow, linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, quite entire or obscurely toothed; in var. 8
linear-oblong. Flowers small, 4-4 inch long. Bracteole with dark brown hairs. Calyx and corolla five-lobed, the
latter obscurely toothed on the lobes. Berry rounded or turbinate, few-seeded.— PLATE XXV. B. var. ligustrifolia :
—natural size. Fig. 1, flower; 2, the same with the corolla laid open; 3, transverse section of ovary; 4, berry; 5,
transverse section of berry; 6, seed; 7, vertical section of seed :—all magnified.

Nav. Orp. XLIII. RUBIACEA, Juss.
Gen. I. COPROSMA, Forst.

Flores diclines v. polygami. Calycis tubus ovatus; limbo supero 4-5-dentato. Corolla tubulosa v.
subcampanulata; tubo recto v. curvo; limbo 5-9-lobo. Stamina 4-9, imo corolle inserta; filamentis exsertis;
antheris lineari-oblongis, connectivo ultra loculos producto. Ovarium 2-8-loculare; loculis 1-ovulatis ;
stylis 2, filiformibus, elongatis, exsertis, undique piloso-stigmatiferis. Bacca ovoidea v. globosa, pulposa.
Semina 9 (rarius plura), plano-convexa. Embryo axi albuminis cornei orthotropus; radicula tereti, hilo
proxima; cotyledonibus foliaceis.— Frutices sempervirentes habitu varii. Flores virides, sessiles v. pedicellati,
solitarii, pedunculis (ramis floriferis) elongatis ramosis sepius sessiles. Baccæ rubra, sepe edules.

A very large New Zealand genus of creeping or erect, usually smooth shrubs and small trees, often of fetid
odour, with bright evergreen leaves, deciduous stipules, and inconspicuous, sessile or pedunculate, hermaphrodite,
moncecious or dicecious, solitary or crowded greenish flowers. Calyx tube united to the ovarium; limb four- to six-
toothed or lobed, or wanting; connate bracts often form a cup immediately below the male flowers, resembling a
calyx (as in C. rhamnoides, etc.). Corolla elongated, tubular or somewhat bell-shaped, with four to nine erecto-
patent lobes. Stamens four to nine, inserted into the base of the corolla; filaments long, exserted ; anthers large,
linear-oblong, the connectivum usually produced beyond the cells into a little claw. Ovary two-celled (rarely four-
celled), with an erect ovule in each cell. Styles two, exserted, filiform, pubescent. Berry round or ovoid, rarely
didymous, very fleshy, with two (rarely more) plano-convex seeds, placed face to face (like coffee berries).—This
curious genus is extremely abundant throughout New Zealand, and comparatively so in Norfolk Island, Tasmania,
and the South Sea Islands, but no species have been found elsewhere ; they are so variable, that I quite despair of re-
ducing them to anything like proper order; they are most frequently dieeious, and the inconspicuous green flowers in

104 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [Rubiacez.

many cases afford but indifferent characters; the berries vary extremely in size according to situation and moisture,
as do the leaves in size and form, and the plant in habit. It is certainly the most variable and difficult New Zealand
genus, much more so than Zpilobium, Pimelea, or Alseuosmia, and is far more abundant than these. Some species
are intolerably fcetid after being gathered; none are beautiful except in foliage, and I am not aware of their being
applied to any use whatever. I am far from being certain that I have referred in all cases Mr. Cunningham’s names
to the plants he intends; his descriptions are insufficient and inaccurate, and the species in his herbarium have
been mixed by himself, and do not tally well with his own descriptions. (Name from the abominable stench of
some species.)

$ a. Shrubs or small trees. Leaves large, more than l inch long. Flowers crowded upon axillary, more or less

elongated peduncles (peduncles often very short in C. robusta).

1. Coprosma Zucida, Forst.; arbuscula dioica, glaberrima, foliis (4-6 une.) coriaceis longe petiolatis
elliptico-ovatis obovatisve lanceolatisve acuminatis siccitate viridibus, pedunculis subsimplicibus articulatis
elongatis, floribus sessilibus, calyce truncato obscure 5-lobo, fl. d dense capitatis, corolla infra medium 5-loba,
staminibus 5, fl. 9 seepius ternis, corollae lobis lineari-oblongis patulis, stylis longissimis, seminibus late
oblongis. Forst. Prodr. DC. Prodr. v. 4. p.518. A. Rich. Flora. A. Cunn. Prodr. Pelaphia laurifolia,
Banks et Sol. MSS.

Has. Throughout the Islands; abundant, Forster, etc. Nat. names, “Karamu” and “ Karangu,”
Colenso. (Cultivated in England.)

A handsome, small, leafy tree, everywhere quite smooth. Leaves coriaceous, 3-6 inches long, narrowed into
long petioles (4-3 inch), lanceolate, oblong-obovate, or broadly obovate, acuminate or acute, rarely blunt, yellow-
green when dry, with reticulated veins. Stipules very broad, with short abrupt ovate tips. Peduncles longer than
the petioles, jointed twice or thrice, stipulate at the joints, and bearing fascicles of sessile flowers. Calyx tube
truncate, obscurely five-toothed. Corolla campanulate; tube variable in length, five-lobed ; lobes linear-oblong.
Stamens five. Styles very long (4 inch). Berry 4 inch long; seeds broadly elliptical, oblong.—I take this and the
following to be truly dicecious plants; the fruit is edible.

2. Coprosma grandifolia, Hook. fil.; arbuscula glaberrima, foliis longe petiolatis 4-8 unc. longis am-
plis submembranaceis late elliptico- v. oblongo-lanceolatis acutis apiculatisve, pedunculis elongatis trichotome
ramosis, floribus capitatis, calyce 5-dentato Y parvo, corolla d elongato-campanulata 4-fida, staminibus 4,
baccis ovoideis, seminibus elongato- v. elliptico-oblongis. Pelaphia leta e P. grandifolia, Banks et Sol. MSS.
et Ic. Ronabea australis, A. Rich. Flora.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; abundant, Banks and Solander, ete.

Closely allied to the preceding species, but very distinct, and to be recognized by the very large, broader,
more membranous leaves, often 7 inches long, with slender petioles 1 inch long. Peduncles slender, trichotomous,
the branches bearing heads of large sessile flowers. Calyz distinctly five-toothed, very small in the male flowers.
Corolla large, 4 inch long, campanulate, four-lobed. Berries variable in size and form. Seed generally longer than
in C. lucida.

3. Coprosma Baweriana, Endl.; fruticosa v. arbuscula glaberrima v. apicibus ramulorum puberulis,
ramis crassis, foliis petiolatis 3-2-uncialibus late obovatis oblongo-rotundatisve apice rotundatis retusis

apiculatisve coriaceo-subcarnosis siccitate atris marginibus recurvis, pedunculis breviusculis simplicibus ra-
mosisve, calyce brevissimo obscure 4-lobo, corolla 4-loba tubo brevi lobis oblongis, staminibus 4, stylis
robustis, baccis late obovatis turbinatisve. Hdl. Iconograph. t. ii. C. lucida, Endl. Prodr. Flora Norf.
Isl. p. 60. C. retusa, Nobis in Lond. Journ. Bot. v. 3. p. 416. Pelaphia retusa, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic.

Has. Northern Island, and northern parts of Middle Island. Bay of Islands; generally near the
sea, Sinclair, etc. Massacre Bay, Lyall.

Rubiacee. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 105

A low, branching, small tree or large shrub, with stout, thick, whitish branches, and very broad, often fleshy,
leaves, which vary a good deal in texture, and are black when dry. Leaves 14 inch long, seldom 2 inches, often
much smaller, suddenly contracted into short thick petioles, broadly oblong, rounded or obovate, with recurved
margins, thick veins, and a rounded or retuse apiculate upper extremity. Peduncles stout, simple or rarely
branched, shorter than the petioles. Flowers densely capitate; heads unisexual, dicecious? of very many sessile
flowers. Calyx obscurely four-lobed, very inconspicuous. Corolla with a short tube, and four spreading oblong
lobes. Stamens four; anthers broadly oblong; filaments stout. Styles stout. Berry generally obovate, the seeds
obscurely thickened or keeled at the back.—The New Zealand specimens are of a much more succulent and stout
habit than those of Norfolk Island; but I find no difference in the flowers or fruit, which latter varies extremely in
size, from that of a large pea to a small pepper-corn.

4. Coprosma robusta, Raoul; frutex v. arbuscula glaberrima ramosa foliosa, foliis 2-3 unc. longis
petiolatis ovalibus elliptico-oblongis lanceolato-ellipticisve acutis valde coriaceis siccitate atro-fuscis, pedun-
culis brevibus robustis articulatis, floribus plurimis confertis, calycis limbo brevissimo obscure 4-lobo,
corolla breviter campanulata 4-loba, baccis confertis. Raoul, Choix de Plantes, p. 23. t. 91. C. fostidis-
sima, 4. Cunn. Prodr. pro parte.

Haz. Throughout the Islands, abundant ; from the Bay of Islands, Cunningham (sub nom. C. lucida),
etc., to Akaroa, Raoul. (Cultivated in England.)

A large, leafy, erect, stout, woody shrub, everywhere quite smooth and glossy. Leaves 2-3 inches long, very
coriaceous, dark brown when dry, on short petioles, generally elliptical oblong, but often elliptic lanceolate or
obovate oblong, blunt or acute. Stipules broadly triangular. Peduncles rarely longer than the petioles, stout,
jointed, seldom branched, with connate stipules at the joints, as in all the species. Flowers densely crowded at
the joints, sessile, forming together heads } inch across. Calya-limb very short, truncate, obscurely four-lobed.
Corolla campanulate, four-lobed above the middle, 2-8 lines long. Anthers linear-oblong. Styles slender. Berries
the size of a large pepper-corn, bright red, very crowded. Seeds usually long, elliptical oblong.—A very distinct
species, as are the three preceding, though each is so variable in itself, that it is not easy to distinguish one till
familiar with the rest.

$ b. Erect, seldom prostrate shrubs or small trees. Leaves small (seldom 1 inch long), broad. Flowers sessile
or nearly so, solitary or few together. (In C. feetidissima the leaves are sometimes narrow, and 13 inch
long ; in C. spathulata the leaves are often larger. For C. propinqua and cuneata, see the following section.)
5. Coprosma ‚fetidissima, Forst.; frutex v. arbuscula ubique glaberrima, ramis cortice pallido ramu-
lisque ultimis glaberrimis, stipulis late ovatis acutis seepe apice subulatis submembranaceis deciduis, foliis
3-13 unc.) anguste v. late obovatis oblongisve obtusis acutisve in petiolum sublongum angustatis, floribus
magnis sessilibus solitariis; d' cal. minimo truncato obscure 4-lobo, corolla tubuloso-campanulata (4 mme)
4—8-fida lobis erectis, stamina sub-5, antheris lineari-elongatis coroll «equilongis; 2 cal. ore truncato
obscure 4-lobo, corolla campanulata infra medium 4-fida lobis linearibus recurvis marginibus papillosis,
stigmatibus crassis $ unc. longis, baccis carnosis rubris. Forst. Prodr. DC. Prodr. A. Rich. Flora. Fl.
Antarct. p. 20. t. 13.
Var. 8; foliis elliptico-lanceolatis acutis. C. affinis, FU. Antarct.
Var. y; foliis anguste lanceolato-oblongis, ramis decumbentibus prostratisve. C.? repens, 4. Rich.
Fl. Nov. Zeal. ?
Var. ò; parvula, ramis gracilibus, foliis 1-1 unc. longis.
Has. Mountains of the Northern Island, Colenso. Abundant in the Middle and Southern Islands,
Forster, ete. Nat. names, “ Karamu” and “ Karangu," Colenso.
A plant chiefly of the Middle and Southern Islands, which may almost be identified by its abominable smelt
2c

a
il
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D.

106 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Rubiacee.

when drying, though when alive and growing it is inodorous. It varies in size, from a small prostrate shrub to a tree
20-30 feet, and is always perfectly smooth, even the youngest branches. Bark white or pale. Stipules ovate, acute,
often with a subulate top, deciduous. Leaves oblong or obovate, very variable in length (4-13 inch) and breadth,
blunt or sharp, narrowed into a petiole 4-4 inch long. Flowers apparently sessile, solitary, being terminal on very
short axillary branches. Calyx tube truncate; limb none. Corolla very large, $ inch long: of the male tubular, four-
to eight-cleft ; of the female campanulate, smaller, divided below the middle into four linear recurved lobes, papillose
on the margin. Stamens often five; anthers very large, as long as the corolla. Styles exserted, very stout, + inch
long. Berry fleshy, red, very variable in size, ¿-3 inch long, with two linear-oblong seeds.—The perfectly
smooth branchlets, large flowers, petiolate leaves, and want of a calyx, are amongst the most constant characters of

this most variable plant.

6. Coprosma spathulata, A. Cunn. ; fruticosa, erecta, divaricatim ramosa, glaberrima, ramis gracilibus,
ramulis puberulis, stipulis late ovatis deciduis, foliis spathulatis late ovato-rotundatis rhombeisve acutis
retusisve in petiolum seepe longissimum planum lineare abrupte angustatis lucidis venosis (3-4 unc. longis),
foribus parvis solitariis v. 2-3; masc. calyce campanulato 4-partito lobis linearibus obtusis, corolla 4-loba
1 unc. longa, staminibus 4; fom. calycis limbo irregulariter 4—8-partito lobis linearibus ciliatis, corollæ
tubo brevi campanulato lobis 4-6 linearibus recurvis, stylis elongatis 3 unc. longis, bacca calycis laciniis
coronata. A. Cunn. Prodr. Pelaphoides rotundifolia, Banks et Sol. MSS.

Has. Northern Island ; abundant. Bay of Islands and east coast, Banks and Solander, Cunningham,
etc. (Cultivated in England.)

A shrub 3-5 feet high, with slender spreading branches, perfectly smooth, except the ramuli, which are very
obscurely downy. Leaves extremely variable in size and form, always suddenly contracted into a linear narrow
grooved petiole; lamina round, rhomboid, obovate or broadly ovate, or spathulate or obeordate, blunt, apiculate,
retuse or almost two-lobed, shining above, paler below ; sometimes 4 inches long with the petiole, sometimes not
1 inch; there is no constant proportion between length of petiole and lamina. Flowers small, axillary, solitary or
two to three together. Male flowers :—Calyz of four narrow lobes. Corolla subcampanulate, usually four-lobed.
Stamens four. Female :—Calya tube ovoid; limb of four to eight linear, unequal, ciliated, blunt lobes. Corolla with
a short campanulate tube, and four linear spreading segments. Styles stout, + inch long. Berry red, very variable
in size, ovoid, crowned with the calyx lobes.—The calyx lobes offer a very prominent character for this species.

7. Coprosma tenuicaulis, Hook. fil.; frutex erectus, divaricatim ramosus, ramis ramulisgue gracilibus
puberulis, cortice fusco, foliis parvis (4 unc.) sparsis subspathulatis late ovato-rotundatis in petiolum
planum angustatis obtusis subacutisve subtus puberulis reticulatim venosis, floribus puberulis solitariis
2-3-nisve parvis; masc. corolla calyce spurio cupulari inegualiter 4-lobo v. 4-partito suffulta (4—3 unc.)
tubo brevi lobis lineari-oblongis, staminibus 4, antheris oblongis; fcem. calycis tubo ovoideo limbo sub-
elongato obscure 4-lobo ciliato, corolla pubescente tubo brevi lobis 4 elongatis linearibus.

Haz. Northern Island. Bay of Islands, Colenso, etc.

A small shrub, with slender downy branchlets, and dark red-brown branches. Leaves small (4 inch), broadly
obovate-spathulate, narrowed into a short petiole, blunt, downy below. Flowers pubescent, small, 4—4 inch long.
Male flowers :—Apparent calya four-lobed, cup-shaped, more or less irregular, formed of two connate stipules. Corolla
very narrow at the base, four-lobed ; lobes spreading, oblong, blunt. Stamens four; anthers oblong. Female :—
Calyx tube ovoid; limb rather cup-shaped, obscurely four-lobed. Corolla with a short tube, and four long spreading
lobes.—My specimens of this are very uniform in appearance ; they resemble some states of C. divaricata very closely
indeed, chiefly differing in the pubescent under surface of the leaves. The enpuliform calyx of the male is the result
of the union of opposite stipules with rudimentary leaves. Small specimens from Mr. Colenso have the leaves much

reduced, hardly 1 line long.

Rubiacea. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 107

8. Coprosma rhamnoides, A. Cunn.; fruticulus flexuosim divaricatim ramosissimus, rigidus, ramulis
seepius validis cano-pubescentibus, folis parvis (4-3 unc.) late elliptico-ovatis rhombeis spathulatisve
obtusis subacutisve glaberrimis in petiolum brevem angustatis, floribus glaberrimis minimis solitariis ;
masc. (alabast. late obovatis) corolla calyce spurio cupuliformi 4-lobo suffulta lobis 2 oppositis majoribus,
corollee tubo brevi anguste campanulato 4-5-lobo, staminibus 4-5, antheris late oblongis; foem. calycis
tubo ovoideo limbo breviter tubuloso 4-5-fido ciliato, corolla infundibuliformi 4—5-fida lobis linearibus
recurvis, stylis 2 gracilibus, baccis parvis. A. Cunn. Prodr.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; chiefly on the east coast, Cunningham, ete.

A rigid woody shrub, variable in size and habit, very much branched ; the branches intricate, stout, patent and
flexuous, ultimate ones hoary with pubescence. Leaves pretty uniform in size (1-1 inch), rounded, obovate or
elliptic, oblong or spathulate, narrowed into short petioles, often green when dry. Flowers very minute. Male :—
Calyx none, except two connate stipules, as in the C. tenuicaulis, which may be seen beneath the ovarium of the
female flower. Corolla broadly obovate before expansion, four- to five-cleft. Stamens four to five. Female :—Calyx
tube ovoid ; limb a short, ciliated, four- to five-cleft tube. Corolla funnel-shaped, four- to five-cleft, with two long
slender styles. Berries very small, 1-2 lines long, rounded.—I have named this plant by specimens in Cunning-
ham’s Herbarium, which agree but indifferently with the wholly insufficient descriptions in his * Prodromus. The
very small flowers and fruit afford important characters.

9. Coprosma divaricata, A. Cunn.; frutex lignosus, rigidus, divaricatim ramosus, ramis seepius brunneis,
ramulis puberulis glabratisve, foliis parvis (3-4 unc.) rotundatis obcordatis obovato-spathulatis oblongisve
in petiolum mediocrem angüstatis coriaceis v. membranaceis obtusis, floribus parvis glaberrimis ut in C.
rhamnoides. A. Cunn. Prodr.

Var. B. gracilis; ramis gracilibus, foliis lineari-spathulatis obtusis. C. gracilis, A. Cunn. Herb. et
Prodr.

Var. y. pallida; ramis gracilibus, cortice albido, foliis obovato-spathulatis sublonge petiolatis.

Var. Ò. latifolia; ramis gracilibus, cortice fusco, foliis sparsis breve petiolatis majoribus (3 unc.) late
oblongo-spathulatis apiculatis retusisve subtus pallidis glaberrimis v. puberulis. (An sp. distincta?)

Var. e. coriacea; ramis robustis lignosis, foliis sparsis rigide coriaceis late obovato-rotundatis spathu-
latisve marginibus recurvis glaberrimis.

Has. Throughout the Northern and Middle Islands; common. Var. 8. Bay of Islands, east coast,
and Otago. (Cultivated in England.)

What I take to be the ordinary form of C. divaricata resembles C. rhamnoides, but has large, generally more
coriaceous leaves, less pubescent branches, and larger berries. I am quite at a loss, however, to give good dia-
gnostic characters for these species, which, being dicecious and very variable, and only known to me through dried
specimens, present almost insuperable difficulties in the herbarium. Amongst all the specimens I have included
here, there is no female flower, only young fruit; and the male flower entirely resembles that of the last species.
The habit is generally laxer than that of C. rhamnoides; branches widely spreading, slender, stout, sparingly leafy.
Leaves scattered, 1—2 inch long, obovate-spathulate, more or less elongated, and narrowed into petioles of very
variable length, smooth, blunt, retuse, or obcordate. Flowers very small, axillary, solitary or four or five to-
gether, shortly pedicellate ; pedicels bearing little cups like calyces, which are connate stipules, in which the flowers
are sessile. Male flowers as in C. rhamnoides. In var. B the leaves are rather longer than in the ordinary form ;
in var. y the slender branches are covered with a white silvery bark; in var. 8 the leaves are very broad, on short
petioles, are 3 inch long, blunt, apiculate, pale and sometimes pubescent below; in var. e the branches are very
woody and thick, leaves smaller than in var. 8, but very coriaceous.

10. Coprosma parviflora, Hook. fil. ; frutex rigidus, ramosissimus, ramis planis, ramulis divaricatis

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108 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Rubiacee.

foliosis pubescentibus, foliis plurimis parvis (4 unc.) uniformibus obovato-spathulatis lineari-obovatisve
obtusis breve petiolatis glaberrimis subcoriaceis, floribus minimis; masc. calyce brevi obscure 4-lobo, corolla
4-partita lobis lineari-oblongis, staminibus 4; foem. calycis tubo ovoideo glaberrimo limbo breviter tubu-
loso 4-lobo, corolle tubo brevi campanulato lobis 4 lineari-elongatis, baccis majusculis.

Has. Throughout the Islands. Bay of Islands and east coast; common in fir-woods, etc. Middle
Island, Otago and Bluff Island, Zyall.

A stout, erect, rigid shrub, 4—7 feet high, with spreading, flat branches, very much divided; ramuli spreading
laterally, pubescent, leafy, woody. Leaves uniform in size, numerous, $ inch long, linear-oblong or spathulate,
sometimes almost cuneate, blunt, on very short petioles, rather coriaceous. Flowers as small as in C. rhamnoides
and similar, but the males have a distinct though short four-lobed ealyx, and the tube of the female corolla is
shorter. Berries (in Dr. Lyall’s Middle Island specimens) globose, size of a pea; seeds with a rib down the back.—
Difficult to distinguish by words, but a different-looking plant from the two former, being very leafy, with leaves
uniform both in size and form. The male flowers, too, have an evident calyx.

11. Coprosma rotundifolia, A.Cunn.; frutex erectus, diffuse ramosus, ramis gracilibus divaricatis me-
diocriter foliosis ultimis petiolisgue villoso-pubescentibus, foliis membranaceis 1 unc. longis ovato-rotunda-
tis orbiculatisve cuspidatis in petiolum angustatis puberulis glabratisve siccitate undulatis atro-fuscis subtus
pallidioribus, floribus parvis solitariis 2-3-nisve ; masc. corolla campanulata 4-5-fida lobis tubo longioribus
linearibus calyce spurio 4-lobo suffulta, staminibus 4-5 ; feem. calycis limbo obscure 4-lobo brevissimo,
corolla ut in masc., baccis parvis didymis, seminibus orbicularibus valde convexis. 4. Cunn. Prodr.

Has. Northern Island, Banks and Solander; Bay of Islands, etc., abundant, Cunningham, ete.

A branching bush, 3—6 feet high, moderately leafy, with slender, spreading, round branches, the ultimate ones
villous with short hairs or pubescence. Leaves 4-14 inch long, very membranous and crumpled when dry, rounded
or oval, narrowed into a slender petiole 2-4 lines long, more or less pubescent with scattered hairs, always end-
ing suddenly in a sharp point. Flowers small, solitary or few together. Male:—Caly 0, except the four-
lobed cup-shaped bract formed by the confluence of a pair of stipules (as in C. rhamnoides, etc.). Corolla bell-
shaped, four- to five-cleft below the middle into as many narrow lobes. Stamens four or five. Female :-—Calyx
tube globose; limb very obscure, four-lobed. Corolla as in the male plant. Berry red, very small, 3—4 lines broad,
of two rounded lobes. Seeds broad and rounded.—A. very distinct species, with the flowers of C. rhamnoides, but
very different foliage, and a derry unlike any other of the genus I am acquainted with.

12. Coprosma myrtillifolia, Hook. fil.; fruticosa, erecta, ramis divaricatis cortice pallido ultimis pu-
berulis, foliis parvis (1-2 unc.) coriaceis breve petiolatis elliptico-ovatis oblongis lineari-oblongis lineari-
busve obtusis retusis emarginatisve, floribus solitariis rarius fasciculatis (pro planta) majusculis; masc. ra-
mulo subelongato pedunculatis cernuis, corolla late campanulata calyce spurio suffulta 4-5-fida lobis
brevibus elongatisve, staminibus 4; fom. calycis tubo ovoideo limbo tereti subelongato ore truncato ciliato
inzequaliter 4—5-lobo, baccis globosis. 77. Antarct. p. 21.

Var. ß. cuneata; depressa v. prostrata, foliis lineari-cuneatis apice rotundatis v. emarginatis retusisve.

Var. y. linearis; foliis anguste lineari-oblongis obtusis retusis emarginatisve.

Has. Northern Island; in mountainous districts, Colenso.

A small, erect shrub, 3-5 fect high, with rather stiff, strong, divaricating branches, pubescent at the apices,
covered with a pale bark. eaves 2-2 inch long, variable in width, linear-oblong, or broadly oblong or obovate,
coriaceous, smooth and glossy, blunt or notched at the apex. Flowers rather large for the size of the plant, gene-
rally solitary, peduncled on the short curved branchlets. Male:—Calyw 0, except the cuneate stipules forming a
four-lobed cup. Corolla broadly bell-shaped, with four long or short pubescent lobes. Female :—Calyx tube ovoid ;

limb shortly tubular, truncate; mouth ciliated, obscurely lobed. Berry globose.—Originally described from Lord

Rubiacea. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 109

Auckland’s Island specimens, which were not found in flower, and differ from Mr. Colenso’s only in being more
pubescent on the ramuli. It is closely allied to C. cuneata, of Lord Auckland’s Group, to which the var. 8 may
belong, and is hence intermediate between this section and the following. The flowers of C. myrtillifolia itself,
and of var. y, are smaller than those of C. cuneata.

$ c. Erect or prostrate shrubs. Leaves small, less than 1 inch long, narrow, more or less linear, generally more
than twice as long as broad. Flowers sessile or nearly so, solitary or fascicled. (See C. myrtillifolia and
C. foetidissima in section b.)

13. Coprosma propingua, A. Cunn.; erecta, virgata, ramis fastigiatis divaricatisve, ramulis puberulis,
folis (2-13 unc.) longis submembranaceis anguste lineari-elongatis lanceolatisve rarius elliptico-lanceolatis
acutis acuminatis v. rarius obtusis in petiolam brevem angustatis subtus nervosis rarius aveniis, stipulis
breviter ovatis elongatisve, floribus ramulis abbreviatis confertis solitariisve; masc. confertis, corolla calyce
spurio submembranaceo suffulta late campanulata breviter 4-loba; foem. confertis v. solitariis, calycis tubo
ovoideo limbo tereti breviter tubuloso 4-lobo glaberrimo, corolla profunde 4-fida lobis lineari-oblongis,
bacca ovoidea calycis tubo coronata v. nuda. C. propinqua e£ C. foetidissima, 4. Cunn. Prodr.

Var. a; folis majoribus latioribus, floribus fasciculatis, corolle lobis latiusculis, calyce 2 tubuloso
4-lobo.

Var. 8; minor, foliis brevioribus, floribus ut in a, corolle lobis lineari-oblongis, calyce 2 insequaliter
4-lobo. Pelaphia parvifolia, Banks e£ Sol. MSS.

Var. y. linarufolia; folis anguste lineari-elongatis, stipulis longe connatis, floribus 9 solitariis, calyce
4-lobo, lobis linearibus persistentibus, corolle lobis anguste linearibus.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; abundant on the east coast especially, Cunningham, etc.; Chat-
ham Island, Diefenbach.

A tall, generally erect shrub, with fasciculate or spreading, smooth, twiggy branches, and puberulous branchlets.
Leaves very variable in length and breadth, 1-12 inch long, very narrow, linear or lanceolate or linear-oblong, acute
or acuminate, rarely blunt, narrowed into a short petiole, black when dry, paler below, with usually a few conspi-
cuous nerves. Flowers crowded, rarely solitary, rather large for the genus, 13-2 lines long. Male :-—Calyx 0,
except the membranous connate stipules forming a four-lobed cup; corolla broadly campanulate, four-lobed ; lobes
short, blunt. Female :—Calyz tube ovoid; limb elongated, cylindrical, truncate, four-lobed or four-partite, quite
smooth, sometimes of four linear leaflets. Berries generally crowded, ovoid, sometimes terminated by the calyx.
—A very variable plant in foliage, and somewhat in the size of the flowers and berries. The var. y I had thought
a distinct species, from the solitary flowers, long sheathing tube of the connate stipules, narrow lobes of the corolla,
and long, linear, coriaceous calyx lobes; but I find all these characters gradually giving way when many spe-
cimens are examined.

14. Coprosma acerosa, A. Cunn.; frutex ramosissimus, ramis divaricatis ultimis puberulis, cortice
pallido, foliis subfasciculatis ericoideis acerosis brevibus (4 unc.) angustissime linearibus obtusis superne
convexis subtus canaliculatis coriaceis glaberrimis, floribus parvis solitariis; masc. corolla calyce spurio
membranaceo suffulta late campanulata 4-loba lobis late ovatis; foem. calycis tubo ovideo limbo truncato,
corolla late campanulata limbo 4-fido lobis latis, baccis parvis rotundatis. A. Cunn. Prodr. Pelaphia,
Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic.

Has. Northern, Middle, and Southern Islands. Bay of Islands and east coast; salt marshes, eto.,
Cunningham, Colenso, Sinclair, ete. New River, Southern Island, Herb. A. Richard. Nat. name, “ Tatara-

hake,” Colenso.

One of the most distinct species of the genus, which may be readily recognized by its heath-like leaves; it
2D

ESE

EE

E

E

110 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Rubiacee.

forms an erect, much and widely branching shrub, 3-4 feet high; branches slender, puberulous. Leaves very nar-
row, needle-like, 4 inch long, 3-3 line broad, convex above, channelled below. Flowers small, solitary ; male calyx
proper 0. Corolla in both sexes broadly campanulate, with four broad lobes, always surrounded at the base by a
cup-shaped false calyx —Fruit edible.

15. Coprosma microcarpa, Hook. fil. ; fruticulus humilis, ramosissimus, ramis divaricatis ramulisque
cicatricatis puberulis, foliis parvis (2 unc.) longis anguste elliptico-lanceolatis acuminatis breviter petiolatis
planis coriaceis enerviis, baccis solitariis minimis globosis brevissime pedunculatis cernuis.

Has. Northern Island. Top of Ruahine range, Colenso.

A small, very much branched shrub, a few inches high. Branches slender, spreading, covered with whitish
bark, pubescent, scarred. Leaves towards the ends of the branches, few, very small, + inch long, quite smooth,
coriaceous, nerveless, plane, narrow, elliptic-oblong, acuminate, shortly petioled. Berries very small, li line in
diameter, globose, on very short bracteate peduncles at the ends of the branches.—Apparently a very distinct little
species, of which I have seen fruiting specimens only.

16. Coprosma depressa, Col. ; fruticulus humilis, rigidus, prostratus v. suberectus, divaricatim ramosus,
ramis ramulisque validis ultimis puberulis, foliis parvis (4-4 unc. longis) subfasciculatis rigidis crassis
coriaceisque enerviis patulis subrecurvis anguste lineari-oblongis subcuneatisve superne concavis planisve
subtus convexis, fl. foem. ovario stipulis calyciformibus immersis, calycis tubo ovoideo limbo truncato v.
4-lobo, baccis globosis aurantiacis ramulis terminalibus.

Haz. Northern Island; high ground on the east coast, etc., Colenso. Middle Island; Port Cooper,
Iyall.

A small, prostrate, smooth, woody, branching shrub, a span to a foot high, with rigid, spreading, stout, oppo-
site branches, and very small coriaceous deep green or yellowish thick patent recurved leaves, 4-4 inch long, linear-
oblong, narrow, blunt, shining, veinless, narrowed into a very short petiole. Female flowers alone seen, and after
the corolla has fallen away. Ovarium ovoid, sunk in the cup-shaped connate stipules. Calyx tube quite smooth;
limb 4-lobed or wanting. The calyx-lobes appear sometimes to lengthen a little as the fruit ripens. Berry
globose, fleshy, about 3 lines in diameter, sweet and eatable.—This much resembles a very small state of C. cuneata.

17. Coprosma euneata, Hook. fil. ; fruticulus lignosus, rigidus, ramosissimus, erectus v. prostratus, ramis
validis cortice pallido cicatricatis foliosis ultimis pubescentibus, foliis patulis recurvis crassis coriaceisque
enerviis brevissime petiolatis (2-4 unc.) longis marginibus subrecurvis anguste lineari-cuneatis lanceolatis
elliptico-oblongisve rarius late cuneato-oblongis obovatisve subacutis obtusis retusis emarginatisve, stipulis
villosis glabratisve, floribus magnis solitariis stipulis calyciformibus suffultis, calyce masc. 0, foem. ore trun-
cato v. breviter 4-lobo, corolla late campanulata lobis lineari-oblongis patulis, antheris majusculis, baccis
rubris calycis dentibus brevissimis coronatis. /'/. Antaret. p. 21.

Haz. Northern Island, on the mountains. Tongariro, Bidwill. Ruahine range, etc., Colenso.

A very rigid, woody, much-branched, small, prostrate or erect species, with whitish bark and leafy branches,
very variable in habit, and in the size and form of the foliage. Leaves numerous, 4-3 inch long, very thick and
rigidly coriaceous, margins somewhat recurved, shortly petioled, linear-cuneate, lanceolate or oblong, rarely obo-
vate, blunt or notched, rarely sharp; stipules generally woolly at the mouth. Flowers large for the plant, 2—3 lines
long, solitary, sessile. — Calyz 0 in the male flower; female with the mouth truncate or four-lobed. Corolla broadly
campanulate, with four linear blunt lobes.—This species was first found in Lord Auckland’s Group.

$ d. Stems shrubby or herbaceous, creeping.

18. Coprosma repens, Hook. fil. ; fruticulus longe repens, glaberrimus, ramosissimus, -foliosus, ramis
ramulisque brevibus, foliis parvis 4-1 unc. longis rigidis coriaceo-carnosis patulis elliptico-ovatis obovatisve

Rubiacea. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 111

subacutis obtusisve in petiolum brevem angustatis supra planis concavisve subtus convexis, stipulis
brevibus, floribus 9 parvis axillaribus solitariis calyce brevissime 4-lobo, corolla tubulosa ad medium 4-fida,
baccis magnis carnosis 2-4-coccis. Ml. Antarct. p. 98. t. 16 A.

Has. Mountains of the Northern Island. Lake Taupo, etc., Colenso.

A small, decidedly creeping species, with long, half-herbaceous, stout, whitish stems, growing amongst moss,
rooting everywhere, and with short, smooth branches. Leaves crowded, thick and coriaceous, i-i inch long, broadly
obovate or elliptic-ovate, blunt or sharp, plane or convex above, nerveless. Stipules short, broad. Flowers axillary,
small; female alone known. Calyx short, deeply four-lobed ; lobes blunt. Corolla with a long tube, cleft to the
middle into linear erect or slightly-spreading lobes. Styles exserted, two to four, sometimes united towards the
base. Berry fleshy, as large as a pea, with two to four plano-convex seeds.

19. Coprosma pumila, Hook. fil.; fruticulus repens, glaberrimus v. foliis junioribus ciliatis, ramulis
brevibus suberectis foliosis, foliis parvis (4-4 unc.) longis lineari- v. elliptico-obovatis obtusis acutisve
rigidis coriaceo-carnosis in petiolum brevem angustatis, floribus magnis axillaribus sessilibus, calyce brevi
4-fido, corolla tubulosa 4-fida, filamentis longissime exsertis, baccis carnosis 2-coccis. Hook. fil. in Lond.
Journ. Bot. v. 6. p. 465. FI. Antarct. t. 16 B. sub nom. C. repens.

Has. Northern Island. Mountains of the interior, Colenso.

A small species, very similar to C. repens in most particulars, but the foliage is narrower, flowers larger, less
deeply divided, and the berry has only two seeds. It is found in Tasmania, whence male specimens in flower were
figured in * Flora Antarctica.’ Both the stamens and style are very much exserted ; the former have long pendulous
anthers. The flowers are as long as or longer than the leaves, rather inflated, or campanulate towards the mouth.

Gen. II. OPERCULARIA, 4. Rich.

Calycis limbus 3-5-lobus. Corolla 3-5-fida. Stamina 1-5. Semina sublævia.—Herbæ basi suffruti-
culose. Folia opposita, utrinque stipulata. Capitula globosa, terminalia, aut ex dichotomiis ramorum orta,

pedunculata aut subsessilia. — Involucrum universale 0, aut foliis 2 stipulisque A parvis constans. Tnvo-

lucra partialia gamophylla, acute 8-10-dentata. DC.

Herbaceous plants, woody at the root, with opposite stipulate leaves, and flowers collected into dense, globose,
terminal or axillary, sessile or pedunculate heads, which are surrounded by toothed partial involueres of many
leaves united together. Calyw three- to five-lobed. Corolla three- to five-lobed. Stamens one to five. Capsules
opening like little boxes, whence the name (from operculum, a lid).—This genus is almost peculiar to Australia and
Tasmania, where the species are numerous; I know nothing of the two described below, of which there are no speci-
mens in Cunningham's Herbarium.

1. Opercularia diphylla, DC. ; “ capitulis ex dichotomia ramorum stipitatis spheericis, involucris par-
tialibus setoso-hispidis, in capitulis pluribus 3—4-floris, corollis 4-andris." DC. Prodr. v. 4. p. 616. A.
Cunn. Prodr.

Has. Northern Island, Banks and Solander.

2. Opercularia aspera, Gertn.; “foliis oblongis scabris venosis, floribus capitatis pedunculatis axilla-
ribus." DC. 7. c. p. 616. A. Cunn. Prodr. Rubioides aspera, Banks et Sol. MSS.

Has. Northern Island, Banks and Solander. Bay of Islands, R. Cunningham.

Gen. III. NERTERA, Banks et Sol.

Flores hermaphroditi. Calycis tubus ovoideus; limbus truncatus v. obscure 4-dentatus. Corolla
tubulosa v. infundibuliformis, 4-loba. Stamina 4; filamenta basi corolle inserta; antheris longe exsertis.

112 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Rubiacee.

Stigmata 2, hirsuta, filiformia, ad basin discreta. Bacca rotundata, carnosa, dicocca. Cocci coriacei,
l-spermi. Semina plano-convexa, intus sulcata. Albumen corneum.

Creeping herbs, found in shady mossy places, with opposite entire leaves, and inconspicuous axillary flowers,
differing from Coprosma only in the flowers being hermaphrodite. (Name from veprepos, lowly ; in allusion to the
habit of growth.)

1. Nertera depressa, Banks et Sol.; glaberrima, caulibus repentibus, ramulis suberectis v. demissis,
folis petiolatis late ovatis acutis, calycibus ovariisgue glaberrimis, embryone majusculo. Banks et Sol.
in Gartner. Smith, Icon. Ined. t. 28. Fl. Antarct. p. 28.

Has. Middle and Southern Islands. Milford Sound, Otago, and Stewart’s Island, Lyall.

Quite smooth in every part. Stems obscurely four-angled, creeping and rooting, a span to 2 feet long, leafy at
the joints. Leaves 4-4 inch long, on petioles as long as the lamina or shorter, broadly ovate, blunt or rather sharp,
coriaceous or fleshy. Flowers sessile, axillary, very small and inconspicuous. Stamens exserted ; anthers broadly
ovate. Styles 2, diverging, hairy. Berry red, fleshy, with two seeds, each enclosed in a hard plano-convex
coriaceous nut.—This species is common in Lord Auckland’s Group and Campbell's Island; also at Cape Horn, in
South Chili, and on the Andes as far north as Santa Fe de Bogota.

2. Nertera Cunninghamii, Hook. fil.; tenella, glaberrima, caulibus repentibus, ramulis prostratis,
folis parvis petiolatis anguste ovatis acutis, calycis limbo obscure 4-lobo, corolla brevi infundibuliformi
4-loba, staminibus erectis, antheris late ovatis, stigmatibus divaricatis vix exsertis, baccis parvis oblongis.
N. depressa, A. Cunn. Prodr.

Has. Northern Island. Bay of Islands; common in mossy places. Falls of the Wytangi River,
Cunningham, etc.

A much smaller and more delicate plant than the former, with narrower, sharper leaves, and smaller berries, but
otherwise so similar, that I have made a species of it with much hesitation. I have seen a specimen from the
Philippine Islands (Cuming, 943) apparently identical with this.

3. Nertera dichondrafolia, Hook. fil. ; pilosa v. villosa, caule repente ramoso, ramis prostratis, foliis
longe petiolatis late ovato-cordatis acutis apiculatisve submembranaceis inferne glabris papillosis, floribus
parvis axillaribus ut in N. depressa. Geophila? dichondreefolia, 4. Cunn. Prodr. Tas. XXVIII. A.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; abundant, Cunningham, etc. Otago and Port Preservation,
Lyalt.

A small creeping herb, with stems, branches, and leaves on the upper surface more or less hairy. Stems a span
to 2 feet long, prostrate, creeping, slender. Leaves on slender petioles as long as the lamina, which is 4-3 inch
long, very broadly ovate-cordate, acute or apiculate, rather membranous, smooth below and papillose or rugose
when dry. Flowers very small, quite like those of N. depressa, as is the fruit.—Very variable in size and amount of
hairiness. PLATE XXVIII. 4. Fig. 1, stem with stipules; 2, flower; 3, ovarium cut across; 4, berry; 5, berry
cut across; 6, nut; 7, vertical, and 8, transverse sections of the same :—all magnified.

4. Nertera setulosa, Hook. fil.; pusilla, hispida v. glabrata, caule filiformi repente radicante, ramis
tenuibus subereetis, stipulis minimis bidentatis, foliis petiolatis late ovatis rotundatisve obtusis ciliatis gla-
bratisve, floribus parvis axillaribus, calycis tubo setoso limbo obscure lobato, corollee tubo elongato ore cam-
panulato 4-fido, lobis setosis glabratisve, filamentis longe exsertis, antheris lineari-oblongis basi bicaudatis,
stigmatibus filiformibus exsertis hirsutis, baccis setosis 2-coccis, embryone parvo. Tas. XXVIII. 2.

Has. Northern Island. Fast coast. Palliser Bay, Colenso.

Stems slender, rather rigid and wiry, creeping, rooting. Branches suberect, 1-2 inches long, smooth or hispid.
Leaves on short petioles, 4-3 inch long, loosely covered with stiff white hairs, smooth below, broadly ovate or oblong,

en

|
|
|

Rubiacee. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 113

blunt. Stipules very small, notched. Flowers axillary, white, inconspicuous. Ovary hispid. Corolla very long and
slender, nearly as long as the leaves, five-toothed. Stamens and stigmata long, exserted. Anthers pendulous, linear-
oblong; lobes produced downwards into two points. Berry small, hispid. —A very curious little plant, more like a
Coprosma in the long tubular corolla and pendulous anthers and stigmata; but the flowers appear truly hermaphro-
dite. —PLATE XXVIII. B. Fig. 1, leaf and stipule; 2, 3, flowers; 4, corolla laid open; 5, stamen; 6, berry;
7, transverse section of berry; 8, nut; 9, vertical section of the same :—all magnified.

Gen. IV. GALIUM, Zinn.

Calycis tubus globosus v. oblongus; limbo 0. Corolla rotata, 4-partita, rarius 3-partita. Stamina
3-4, brevia. Styli 2, breves. Fructus didymus, subrotundus, siccus; carpellis 2, indehiscentibus, 1-
spermis.

Prostrate, erect, or subscandent herbs, with very slender, weak, branching, four-angled stems and entire whorled
leaves. Flowers very small and inconspicuous, axillary in the New Zealand species, pedunculate; peduncles one- or
several-flowered. Calyx tube globose; limb wanting. Corolla rotate, three- to four-partite. Stamens three to four.
Styles two, short. Fruit small, dry, two-lobed, of two indehiscent one-seeded nuts.— This genus is common to
most latitudes and every climate; the species are generally local: those of New Zealand are both peculiar; as are
the Tasmanian and Australian, which are numerous. (Name from yada, milk, which an English species was used
to curdle.)

1. Galium tenuicaule, A. Cunn.; scaberulum v. glabratum, caule debili elongato vage ramoso laxe
folioso, foliis 4-nis lineari-lanceolatis acuminatis subaristatis marginibus costague inferne scaberulis, pe-
dunculis axillaribus brevibus v. elongatis 1—3-floris, carpellis parvis globosis levibus glaberrimis. 4. Cunn.
Prodr.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; abundant in grassy situations, etc.

Stems slender, straggling or loosely tufted, 2—3 feet long, branched, smooth or scabrid with remote, short, stiff
hairs. Leaves in remote whorls of four, 1—$ inch long, linear-lanceolate, acuminate or aristate, scabrid along the edges
and midrib below. Peduncles one- to three-flowered, longer or shorter than the leaves, spreading and curved down-
wards when in fruit. Fruit of two globose, smooth carpels, each smaller than a mustard-seed.

2. Galium propinquum, A. Cunn. ; annuum, caule debili prostrato vage ramoso ciliato v. glaberrimo,
foliis 4-nis late elliptico-ovatis mucronatis ciliatis v. glaberrimis, pedunculis gracilibus 1—3-floris foliis bre-
vioribus longioribusve, fructibus levibus glaberrimis. A. Cunn. Prodr. G.umbrosum, Banks et Sol. MSS.

Var. a. elongata ; laxe ramosa, caule foliisque laxe ciliatis.

Var. 8. glabrata ; laxe ramosa, caule foliisque glaberrimis.

Var. y. hispidula ; parvula, caule robusto ramoso folioso foliisque longe ciliato-pilosis.

Has. Throughout the Islands; abundant, Banks and Solander, etc. Var. y. In dry and alpine
situations.

A smaller species than the former, much more variable in size and amount of short or long hairs on the stem
and leaves. Stems 1 to 10 inches long, branching, stout, or weak and straggling amongst grass. Leaves broadly
elliptical, acuminate or aristate, often marked with pellucid oblong spots, seen by holding them between the eye and
light, 4-2 inch long. Peduncles one- to three-flowered, solitary or one to three together, usually trifid. Flowers very
minute. Fruits globose, quite smooth.—The small variety y is usually more hispid than the larger ones, but is
very variable in this respect.

114 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Composite.

Gen. TV. ASPERULA, Linn.

Omnia Galii, sed corolla infundibuliformis v. campanulata.

This genus differs from Galium in the campanulate or funnel-shaped corolla, which in the New Zealand species
is not a very obvious character.—The species are not so numerous as those of Galium, nor so very widely spread,
being chiefly abundant in the temperate and dry regions of the globe; several are found in Australia, (Name from
asper, rough ; many of the species, but not the New Zealand one, being scabrid.)

1. Asperula perpusilla, Hook. fil.; annua, decumbens, glaberrima, caulibus capillaceis curvis ramosis
ascendentibus foliosis, foliis 4-nis minimis lanceolatis acuminatis aristatis, flore terminali solitario sessili pro
planta magna, corolla campanulata 4-partita lobis suberectis obtusis, stylo erecto brevi bifido, stigmatibus
capitatis, fructu glaberrimo.

Haz. Northern Island. Foot of Tongariro, and of the Tararua range, Colenso.

A very small, perfectly smooth plant, resembling a slender Zillea, 1-2 inches long. Stems very slender, thread-
like, branched ; branches ascending. Leaves four in a whorl, 1-2 lines long, lanceolate, acuminate, with a bristle at
the point, smooth, often curving to one side. Flowers white, large for the size of the plant, terminal, solitary, sessile,
Ovarium, quite smooth. Corolla campanulate, divided to the base into four linear blunt lobes. Styles united nearly
throughout their length, separate and diverging at the top, each with a capitate stigma.—This is the smallest species
of the genus I know.

Nar. Oz». XLIV. COMPOSITAE, Juss.
Gen. I. OLEARIA, Mench.

Capitulum multiflorum, heterogamum, radiatum v. discoideum. Involucrum depresso-hemispheericum,
cavum ; squamis multiseriatis, disco longioribus. Receptaculum convexum, nudum, alveolatum v. papillo-
sum, subfimbriliferum. 7. radii si adsint 1-seriati, ligulati, fosminei; staminibus abortivis: disci tubulosi,
hermaphroditi, 5-fidi; filamentis brevibus; antheris breviter caudatis. Achenium elongatum, costatum, gla-
brum v. sericeum. Pappus duplex; setis scabris, inæqualibus, 2-seriatis, exterioribus brevioribus.— Frutices,
floribus solitariis, pedunculatis subpaniculatisve.

Branching shrubs or small trees, generally woolly on the branchlets and underneath the leaves, which are broad,
coriaceous, alternate, petiolate, more or less toothed. Heads with or without a ray, very many-flowered. Zuvolucre
broadly hemispherical, of many narrow imbricate scales. Receptacle naked, convex, hollow, papillose or pitted.
Flowers of the ray when present whitish, ligulate, female, with very imperfect stamens or none; of the disc tubular,
campanulate, five-cleft. Fruit elongated, smooth or silky, ribbed. Pappus of many rigid scabrid bristles, placed in
two rows, irregular in length, the outer shorter. —This very fine genus comprehends the handsomest shrubby
Composite of New Zealand, bearing large heads, which are white with a purplish or yellow eye; they are chiefly
confined to the Middle and Southern Islands, especially to the west coast; the New Zealand species are all peculiar ;
a few others are found in Australia and Tasmania. It differs from Burybia in the double pappus and much larger
heads of flowers; from Oelmisia chiefly in being shrubby. (Name from Olea, an olive-tree, which some species
resemble.)

$ a. Peduncles 1-flowered. Flowers rayed.

1. Olearia operina, Hook. fil.; ramulis pedunculis bracteis foliisque subtus tomento albo laxe appresso
vestitis, foliis obovato- v. lineari-lanceolatis acutis acuminatisve obtuse crebre crenato-dentatis crassis coria-
ceisgue nervis superne obscuris impressis subtus inconspicuis, pedunculis validis erectis, bracteis lanatis

Composite. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 118

imbricatis ovatis obtusis, involucri squamis exterioribus latioribus dense lanatis interioribus anguste linea-
ribus acuminatis glabratis, floribus radii ligulatis, acheniis profunde sulcatis sericeis.
Var. a; foliis lineari-lanceolatis acuminatis, radii ligulis elongatis. Arnica operina, Forst. Prodr.
Var. 8; foliis latioribus lineari- v. obovato-lanceolatis, radii ligulis brevibus.
Has. Middle Island. Var. a. Dusky Bay, Forster, Menzies. Var. 8. Port Preservation, Lyall.

A small branching shrub, with the young branches, leaves below, peduncles, their bracts, and involucre densely
covered with a thick, loosely appressed coat of white wool, which turns yellowish in drying, and almost hides the
nerves of the leaf. Leaves crowded at the ends of the branches, spreading, very thick, coriaceous and rigid, 24-34
inches long, sharp-pointed, narrow, linear-lanceolate in var. a, broader and obovate-lanceolate in var. 8, which also
bears leaves like var, a; margins cut into many short, blunt teeth. Peduncles axillary amongst the upper branches,
shorter than the leaves, stout, erect, one-flowered, covered with closely imbricating, ovate, blunt bracts. Heads 1
inch broad, nearly 2 inches in var. a, on account of the long ligule, which are, when spread out, nearly an inch
long.—This beautiful plant I never knew perfectly till Dr. Lyall brought fine specimens from New Zealand. In the
‘Flora Antarctica’ (vol. i. p. 87) I considered this to be the same as the following species, O. semidentata, and as
belonging to the same genus with Chiliotrichum amelloides of Fuegia and the Falkland Islands (Flora Antarctica,
vol. ii. p. 304 bis); the latter genus, however, I now retain, on account of the narrower receptacle and linear scales
amongst the outer flowers of the disc.

2. Olearia semidentata, Decaisne; fruticulus erectus, ramulis gracilibus, foliis subtus pedunculis
bracteisque lana appressa dense vestitis, foliis lineari-oblongis lanceolatisve acutis remote serratis, pedun-
culis gracilibus, bracteis paucis remotis, floribus radii ligula elongata, acheniis elongatis costatis. Decaisne,
Icon. in Voy. Venus, nullis notis adjectis.

Has. Chatham Island, Diefenbach.

Apparently a smaller plant than O. operina, with more slender branches and peduncles, more appressed and
floccose down. Leaves 14-24 inches long, more linear and oblong, less contracted into a petiole, and much less
coriaceous than in O, operina, sharp but not acuminate, remotely toothed. Peduncles variable in length, with a few
linear-oblong, very woolly bracts. Heads 1-14 inches broad.— The specimens figured in Voy. Venus are larger
and have rather more lanceolate leaves than mine; they were gathered at Chatham Island, I believe.

8. Olearia angustifolia, Hook. fil. ; ramis robustis, ramulis foliis subtus pedunculis involucrisque dense
lanatis, foliis confertis anguste elongato-lanceolatis longe acuminatis creberrime crenulatis subtus nervosis
crassis coriaceisque, pedunculis validis, bracteis superioribus foliaceis, acheniis sericeis costatis.

Has. Southern Island, Dr. Lyall.

Apparently a large shrub, with stout branches, and branchlets as thick as the little finger, covered, as are the
leaves below, with a dense white tomentum.. Leaves 3-5 inches long, 3 inch broad, very thick and coriaceous,
narrow, linear-lanceolate, tapering to a long sharp point, the margins very closely crenate, with small blunt teeth;
under surface marked with prominent parallel veins. Peduncles of old flowers only seen, nearly as long as the
leaves, axillary, stout, erect, covered loosely with large linear bracts below, which above become larger and quite
like small leaves, an inch long. Scades of the old involucre linear-lanceolate; pappus rather short, brownish. Fruit

deeply furrowed and ribbed, silky.
$ b. BRACHYGLOSSA. Flowers in terminal and axillary panicles, with short rays or none. :

4. Olearia Colensoi, Hook. fil.; ramulis robustis foliisque subtus dense tomentosis, folis obovatis
petiolatis acutis irregulariter et argute subduplicato-eroso-serratis superne impresso-venosis, paniculis 5-7-
cephalis, capitulis pedicellatis, bracteis late ovatis concavis sericeis, involueri squamis glabratis apices versus

116 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Composite.

araneosis, floribus radii tubo elongato laxe piloso, ligula lata brevi trifida, achenio elongato profunde
costato.

Var. a; tomento laxiore fulvo, foliis majoribus, paniculis elongatis. Tas. XXIX.

Var. 8; tomento appresso argenteo, panicula abbreviata.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands. Var. a. Mount Hikurangi and east coast, Colenso. Var. 8.
Dusky Bay, Lyall.

A stout, branching, large shrub, with thick branches and branchlets, more or less woolly and spreading leaves,
crowded towards the ends of the latter. Leaves very thick, rigid and coriaceous, 14-4 inches long, broadly ob-
ovate, acute, tapered into a short stout petiole; margin cut irregularly into short and sharp unequal teeth; upper
surface smooth or rough, with reticulated sunk veins; lower covered densely with wool, which is loose and yellow
in var. a, appressed and silvery in var. 8. Panicles erect, with five to seven pedunculate heads of flowers, and ovate
concave bracts, more or less silky and woolly all over. Heads of flowers 3-1 inch across. Flowers of the ray with
a short, broad, trifid ligula, and long hairy tube. Pappus dirty yellow-brown, 3—4 lines long. Achenia as long
as the pappus, ribbed, silky.—PLATE XXIX. Fig. 1, receptacle; 2, floret of ray; 3, floret of dise :—all magnified.

5. Olearia Zyallii, Hook. fil. ; subarborea, ramis ramulisque validis crassis lignosis foliis subtus pani-
culisque lana molli alba appressa dense indutis, foliis amplis breve petiolatis elliptico-ovatis obovatisve
acutis obtuse crenato-dentatis, paniculis polycephalis, capitulis pedunculatis breviter radiatis, bracteis sub-
foliaceis oblongis dorso pedunculis pedicellis involucrisgue densissime lanatis, acheniis costatis dense seri-
ceis, pappi setis sordide fulvis, floribus radii 0? disci tubo dense sericeo. Eurybia Lyallu, 7%. Antaret.
suppl. p. 548.

Has. Middle Island, Milford Sound, ete., Zyall.

A very magnificent species, found originally in 1841 at Lord Auckland’s Group by Dr. Lyall, but not in
flower. In the ‘Flora Antarctica’ I assumed it to be the same species as the foregoing, and described them as one
plant, under the name of Zurybia Lyallü. Better specimens of O. Colensoi, together with others from Dr. Lyall both
of O. Oolensoi and Lyallii, from the Middle Island, prove them to be different plants. The present differs from the
former in its much larger and broader leaves, with blunt crenatures at the margin; as also in apparently wanting
the ray flowers. The tube of the corolla is densely silky.

Gen. IL. EURYBIA, Cass.

Capitulum pauci- v. multiflorum, heterogamum, radiatum. Involucrum oblongum ; squamis oblongis,
imbricatis, exterioribus brevioribus. Zeceptaculum convexum, parvum, alveolatum, nudum v. subsetosum.
FI. radii 1-seriati, ligulati, feminei: disci tubulosi, 5-dentati, hermaphroditi. Antheris breviter aristatis.
Achenium glabrum v. pubescens, costatum. Pappus 1-seriatus ; setis scabris, subeequilongis.— Frutices v.

arbores habitu varia; capitulis parvis.

Trees or shrubs, variable in habit, with generally tomentose under surface of the leaves, branches, and pedicels ;
and eorymbs or panicles of small heads of white-rayed flowers, with a yellow dise. Heads few- or many-flowered ;
the outer flowers rayed, female, in one series; the inner tubular, five-cleft, hermaphrodite. Receptacle convex, con-
tracted, pitted, naked or with a few bristles. nvolucre oblong, of many rigid, scarious, blunt, imbricating scales,
the outer shortest. Achenia smooth, glandular, or pubescent. Pappus of one series of scabrid bristles, nearly
equal in length. —A. very large New Holland and Tasmanian genus, unknown elsewhere, except in New Zealand.
The Z. argophylla forms one of the largest forest-trees of Tasmania. (Name, that of the Mother of the Stars in
Greek Mythology; given in allusion to the numerous star-like flowers.)

Composite. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 117

$ a. Trees or large shrubs, with large broad leaves and much-branched panicles. — Capitula with many florets.

1. Eurybia furfuracea, DC.; arborea v. fruticosa, foliis alternis petiolatis ovatis ovalibusve coriaceis
integerrimis v. obscure sinuato-dentatis undulatisque utrinque reticulatim venosis subtus ramulis petiolis
corymboque appressissime argenteo-tomentosis nitidis, corymbo amplor amoso, involucri elongati subtur-
binati squamis eglandulosis apices versus marginibusque lanatis, capitulis 6-8-floris, acheniis glandulosis,
radii ligulis breviusculis. DC. Prodr. Aster, A. Rich. Flora. Haxtonia, A. Cunn. Prodr. Shawia, Raoul,
Choix de Plantes. Solidago illita, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic.

Has. Throughout the Islands; abundant, Banks and Solander, etc. Nat. name, “ Ake piro," Col.
(Cultivated in England.)

A large shrub or small tree, 8-15 feet high, with the under surface of the leaves, petioles, and branches of the
corymb covered with white or yellowish tomentum, so closely appressed as to be smooth and shining. Leaves ovate
or oblong, sharp or blunt, very coriaceous, 2-3 inches long, on petioles 1-1 inch long, reticulated with raised veins
on both surfaces, quite entire, waved, or obscurely remotely toothed. Corymös terminal and lateral, 6 inches to a
span across, of very numerous white-rayed capitula, which are many-flowered. Zwvolucre turbinate, i inch long;
scales oblong, blunt, pubescent or tomentose at the margin and sides. Flowers of the ray few, with broad white
rays; those of the disc six to eight, yellow. Achenium glandular.

2. Eurybia nitida, Hook. fil. ; arborea, foliis alternis petiolatis late ellipticis ovatisve acutis v. acumi-
natis marginibus undulatis integerrimis v. repando-subsinuatis subtus pube dense appressa sericea nitenti-
bus costa nervisque fuscis, ramulis corymbique polycephali ramis pilis fuscis densis appressis nitidis,
peduneulis gracilibus, involucri breviter obeonici squamis laxe imbricatis exterioribus brevissimis dense
lanatis interioribus linearibus glabratis, fl. radii 15-20 ligulis elongatis, acheniis sericeo-pilosis. E.
alpina, Lindl. in Lindl. & Past. Magazine. Solidago arborescens, Forst.

Has. Southern parts of the Northern, and throughout the Middle Islands. Mount Egmont, 4000
feet, Dieffenbach. (Cultivated in England.)

Very similar in habit and general appearance to the ZE. furfuracea, but the leaves are broader, usually more
acuminate, not so coriaceous or reticulated, with a less closely appressed and more silky shining tomentum on their
under surfaces. Young branches, petioles, arid peduncles covered with silky brown appressed tomentum. Corymó
very large, effuse. Capitula ž inch broad, on rather slender peduncles. Involuere very different in shape from that
of E. furfuracea, being short and broadly obconic, of few loosely-imbricated scales; the outer very short, densely
woolly; inner nearly smooth, as long as the disc. Achenia very hairy.— This pretty species grows and flowers
freely in the Horticultural Society’s greenhouse at Chiswick, where it was named Æ. alpina by Dr. Lindley, a name
I had previously applied to a Tasmanian species. The under surface of the leaf is lustrous and very pretty when
fresh.

3. Eurybia Cunninghamii, Hook. fil. ; arborea, ramulis corymbis petiolis involucris foliisque subtus
molliter tomentosis, foliis petiolatis alternis ellipticis oblongis lineari-oblongisve acutis acuminatisve sinüato-
dentatis venis remotis reticulatis, corymbo composito polycephalo, involucri breviter turbinati squamis
omnibus brevibus dense tomentosis glabratisve, floribus radii ligula breviuscula, pappo fusco v. rufescente,
acheniis costatis glaberrimis. Brachyglottis Rani, 4. Cunn. Prodr. Solidago canescens, Banks et Sol. MSS.
Tas. XXX.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; frequent from the Bay of Islands southward to Banks’
Peninsula. Nat. name, “ Wharangi piro," Middle Island, Zyall.

A small tree, 12—14 feet high. Branches, leaves below, petioles, and branches of the corymb covered with

thick, soft, white or ashy tomentum. Leaves petioled, very variable in size and shape, 2-5 inches long, varying from
2 F

118 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Composite.

broadly elliptical to narrow oblong, sharp or acuminate, seldom blunt, margin unequally cut into broad, rounded or
sharp teeth. Corymb very large, much branched. Involueres short and small, their scales all short and blunt.
Flowers very much as in Æ. nitida ; but the pappus is often red, and the achenia are quite smooth.—Best distin-
guished by its smooth achenia, and the loosely appressed wool of the under surface of the leaves, ete. I have sup-
pressed the trivial name “ Rani,” given by Cunningham under the erroneous impression that it was the native one.
—PLArg XXX. Fig. 1, involucre and receptacle ; 2, flower of ray ; 3, its stigmas ; 4, flower of dise ; 5, its stigmas ;
6, stamen ; 7, pappus :—all magnified.

4. Eurybia dentata, Hook. fil.; arborea, ramulis corymbis petiolis foliisque subtus pube arcte
appressa subnitida argenteis, foliis elliptico- v. lineari-oblongis linearibusve acutis acuminatisve grosse ir-
regulariter obtuse v. argute eroso-dentatis sinubus rotundatis marginibus undulatis basi rotundatis v. trun-
catis subtus reticulatim venosis, corymbis effusis sericeo-nitentibus ramulis gracilibus, involueri campanulati
squamis tomentosis, floribus radii ligula lineari, acheniis villosis.

Var. a. oblongifolia ; foliis oblongis v. lineari-oblongis sinuato-dentatis, nervis coste obliquis.

Var. B. linearifolia ; foliis lineari-oblongis v. lineari-elongatis argute subspinoso-dentatis, nervis costee
perpendicularibus.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands. Var. a. Ruahine range, Colenso. Var. 8. Tongariro, Bidwill.
Top of Ruahine Mountains, Colenso. Otago and Milford Sound, Zyall. Fl. December.

A small tree, smelling strongly of musk, like the former species in habit, most easily recognized by the sharp
toothing of the leaves, which are white and shining below ; and by the hairy achenia. Leaves 3—5 inches long, variable
in breadth, oblong in var. a, linear-oblong, sometimes four times as long as broad in var. 8, in which the veins under-
neath spread so as to form a right angle with the midrib; under surface covered with a very closely appressed
white down, hence looking silvered ; margins waved, much cut into large teeth, sometimes almost spinous, like
holly. Branchlets and corymb covered with appressed brownish tomentum. Peduncles sometimes bearing small
leaves 2 inch long. Jnvolucres + inch long, of ten to fifteen tomentose linear blunt scales, very unegual in size.
Flowers of the ray ten to twelve, about as long as the involucre. Achenia furrowed and hairy. Pappus whitish
or red.

5. Eurybia albida, Hook. fil.; arborea, ramis ramulisque sulcatis incano-tomentosis, foliis sublonge
petiolatis oblongis ovato-oblongisve obtusis undulatis integerrimis coriaceis junioribus superne furfuraceis
senioribus reticulatis subtus appresse albido-tomentosis venosis, panicula effusa ramosa, ramis compressis
suleatis pube densa appressa albidis, involucri cylindracei squamis brevibus obtusis multiseriatis imbricatis,
flosculis 8-10, pappo albido, acheniis pubescentibus.

Has. Northern Island. Auckland, Sinclair. East coast, Colenso.

A small tree, very like E. furfuracea, distinguished from it by its oblong, longer, narrower leaves, which are never
toothed ; and by the imbricated involucral scales. Branches furrowed, hoary and downy. Leaves on petioles 4-2 inch
long, oblong, linear, or ovate-oblong, blunt, undulate, quite entire, 3 inches long, upper surface powdered with
white meal in a young state; when old, smooth, reticulated, under surface quite white with dense closely appressed
down, veins conspicuous. Panicles large, branched ; branches furrowed, quite white. nvolucral scales small,
closely imbrieated. Achenia downy.

$ b. Shrubs, with small broad or narrow leaves, less than 1 inch long. Capitula nearly sessile or shortly peduncu-

late, axillary or terminal, with sia to ten florets.

6. Eurybia nummularifolia, Hook. fil. ; frutex erectus, rigidus, fasciculatim ramosus, ramis validis lignosis
foliosis ramulis foliis junioribus involucrisque glutinosis, foliis subimbricatis crassis coriaceisque parvis breve
petiolatis obovato- v. oblongo-rotundatis obtusis marginibus recurvis integerrimis superne nitidis subtus

Composite. | : FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 119

tomento dense appresso nitidis, capitulis axillaribus breve pedunculatis, involucri turbinati squamis pauci-
v. multiseriatis imbricatis extimis parvis, fl. radii 3-5 ligulatis ligula latiuscula brevi v. elongata disci 6-8,
pappo fuscescente, acheniis pubescentibus.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands. Tongariro and mountains above Nelson, altitude 4500 feet,
Bidwili. East coast, Mount Hikurangi, etc., Colenso.

A rigid, erect, branching, leafy shrub, 2-3 feet high. Branches all stout, woody, scarred at the places where
leaves have fallen away, covered with pale brown bark; younger ones and leaves generally gummy. Leaves nume-
rous, closely set, uniform in size and shape, + inch long, shortly petiolate, very thick and coriaceous, round, oblong
or obovate, margin recurved, entire, young reticulated above, all covered below with dense white appressed tomen-
tum. Capitula on short axillary peduncles, nearly $ inch long. Involucre obconic-turbinate, of few or many scales,
the lower or outer much the smaller. Florets about eight or ten; outer ligulate ; ray variable in length and
breadth. Achenia pubescent.— This species, like the following, varies a good deal in the number of involucral
scales and in the length of the ray florets. It is a very handsome plant, and very closely resembles Cassinia
Vauvilliersii.

7. Eurybia Solandri, Hook. fil.; fruticosa, erecta, fastigiatim ramosa, ramulis gracilibus virgatis
tomentosis glabratisve junioribus foliisque viscosis, foliis parvis fasciculatis oppositisve anguste linearibus
lineari-obovatisve obtusis superne medio sulcatis marginibus integerrimis recurvis subtus albido-lanatis,
capitulis sessilibus axillaribus ramulis abbreviatisve terminalibus, involucri turbinati squamis brevibus
imbricatis dorso tomentosis, ligulis paucis brevibus, pappo pallido v. rufescente, acheniis glaberrimis sulcatis.
Calea axillaris, Sol. MSS. non DC.

Has. Northern Island. Sandy places by the coast, ete., Banks and Solander, etc. Thames, Sinclair.

An erect, branching, twiggy shrub, 5 feet high. Branches slender, twiggy, round or angled, smooth or tomen-
tose, the younger and young leaves glutinous. Leaves small, about + inch long, in opposite tufts, or solitary and
opposite on young twigs, linear-oblong, blunt, sometimes recurved, margins recurved, under surface thickly covered.
with appressed tomentum. Capitula longer than the leaves, solitary and terminal on the very short branchlets, or
axillary. Involucral scales viscid when young, in few or many rows, imbricated, short, blunt, tomentose along the
back. Florets eight or ten, those of the ray with short ligule. Achenia quite smooth.— Very similar to Z. ramulosa,
DC., of Tasmania, but the involucres are of a different shape.

8. Eurybia virgata, Hook. fil; frutex gracilis, ramosus, ramis sulcatis elongatis virgatis oppositis
divaricatis parce foliatis ultimis lanatis glabratisve angulatis, foliis fasciculatis parvis (fasciculis oppositis)
obovatis obtusis breve petiolatis subtus appresse tomentosis, capitulis solitariis geminisve gracile peduncu-
latis, pedunculis folio sequilongis brevioribusve tomentosis, involucri late campanulati squamis brevibus
tomentosis pauciseriatis, flosculis radii paucis ligulatis, disci 6-8, acheniis puberulis.

Haz. Northern and Middle Islands. In bogs, Wairarapa, Colenso. Warrau Pass, Nelson, Bidwill.

A shrub 5-8 feet high, with slender, twiggy, sparingly leafy branches, the younger tomentose. Leaves few and
small, in opposite fascicles, solitary and opposite on the terminal branchlets, 4—4 inch long, obovate or linear-obovate,
blunt, on short petioles, under surface thickly covered with closely appressed down. Capitula small, on slender to-
mentose peduncles, which are sometimes bracteate, 4 inch broad. Jnvolucral scales small, woolly, in few series, short.
Florets of the ray with short ligule. Pappus white or reddish. Achenia pubescent.

$ c. Trees or large shrubs, with large broad leaves and much-branched panicles. Capitula with 1-4 florets.
(Shawia, Forst.)

9. Eurybia Forsteri, Hook. fil.; arbuscula, ramis ramulisque sulcatis paniculisque fuscis pubescenti-to-
mentosis, foliis petiolatis elliptico-oblongis ovatisve obtusis undulatis integerrimis utrinque reticulatis subtus

|

een

120 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Composite.

pube arctissime appressa sericeis, panicula ramosa, capitulis 1-8-floris, involucri turbinati sguamis coriaceis
pubescentibus intimis linearibus obtusis, acheniis pubescentibus, pappo albido. Shawia paniculata, Forst.
Prodr. Raoul, Choix de Plantes, p. 18. 1.13. Solidago undulata, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ie.

Haz. Northern and Middle Islands, Banks and Solander, ete.

A small tree, very similar indeed to Eurybia furfuracea in habit and appearance, size of foliage, etc., but at once
distinguishable by its few-flowered capitula. Branchlets and panicle covered with fuscous down. Leaves petiolate
coriaceous, undulate, 2-3 inches long, elliptical-oblong or oblong-ovate, quite entire, reticulated on both surfaces,
the under white from the closely appressed down. Panicle of many one- to three-flowered capitula. Involucral
scales few, six to eight; the outer smaller, downy ; inner smooth, linear. Florets variable in number; generally one
is ligulate and female, with one to two discoid, hermaphrodite. Achenia pubescent, furrowed. Pappus white.—
The genus Shawia, founded by Forster on this plant, differs from Huryöia only in the few-flowered capitula, and as
the species is exceptional in this respect, I have not adopted the name (though the prior one), but have referred this
and the following to Zurybia, which is well established and contains very many other species.

10. Eurybia avicenniafolia, Hook. fil. ; arborea, ramis ramulisque sulcatis cano-pubescentibus, foliis
petiolatis elliptico-lanceolatis ovatisve planis subacutis integerrimis utringue reticulatis subtus pube arctis-
sime appressa albidis fuscisve, panicule effuse ramis appresse sericeo-pubescentibus, capitulis 3—4-floris,
involucri turbinati squamis pauciseriatis imbricatis viscosis, acheniis sericeis, pappo albido. Shawia avi-

cennicfolia, Raoul, l. c.
Haz. Middle Island. Akaroa, Raoul. Nelson, Bidwill. Milford Sound, Zyall.

Very similar indeed to Eurybia Forsteri, but leaves plane (not undulated), narrower, more elliptical and acute.
Involucral scales shorter, and capitula four-flowered. Mr. Bidwill is inclined to consider it a variety of Æ. Forster.

Gen. III. CELMISIA, Cass.

Capitulum multiflorum, heterogamum, radiatum. Involuerum late campanulatum ; squamis pluri- v.
pauci-seriatis, anguste linearibus. Receptaculum nudum, latiusculum, convexum, alveolatum v. fimbrilli-
ferum. FZ. radii numerosi, 1-seriales, foeminei, ligulati: disc? tubulosi, superne campanulati, 5-fidi, her-
maphroditi. Pappus rigidus, multisetosus ; setis 2-seriatis, scabris, ineeguilongis, interioribus longioribus.
Achenium lineari-oblongum.—Herbæ scapiger@ ; foliis omnibus radicalibus, plerumque subtus niveo-tomento-
sis; scapis bracteatis, 1-foris ; floribus amplis.

Beautiful herbaceous plants, often forming immense patches on the boggy mountain-tops, with spreading, radi-
cal leaves, linear, grass-like, or oblong, covered underneath in almost every species with thick white wool; and single-
flowered scapes. Heads usually large, sometimes very large, with a yellow dise, and broad, revolute, white, pink, or
purplish ray. Znvolucre broad, spreading, of several rows of linear scales. Receptacle naked, broad, convex. Plorets
of the ray very numerous, in one series, female; those of the disc tubular, bell-shaped above, five-cleft, hermaphrodite.
Pappus of two series of many unequal scabrid bristles, the outer shorter. Achenium linear-obovate, not furrowed,
smooth or silky.—This beautiful genus is confined to Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand, abounding in the
southern parts of the latter islands, and on the mountains, where the large flowers of several species are most con-
spicuous, resembling gigantic Daisies. One species, C. vernicosa (Fl. Antarct. p. 34. t. 26, 27), not yet found in
New Zealand, probably exists on its lofty southern mountains, as it abounds in Auckland's and Campbell’s Island.
It may be recognized by its numerous linear, rigid, varnished, perfeetly smooth leaves, forming broad stars spread out
on the ground. The allied genus Plewrophyllum (El. Antarct. p. 30. t. 22, 25) also abounds in the two above-named
islands, but has not hitherto been found in New Zealand. Tt contains two species, which may be known by their
being erect and tall stout herbs, with very broad, woolly, plaited leaves and panicled flowers ; those of P. speciosum with

Composite. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 121

broad purple rays, those of P. criniferwm without a ray. The characters of the flowers in the genus Pleurophyllum
are all but identical with those of Celmisia, as are those of the latter with Olearia, which is to be distinguished by its
shrubby habit and long achenia.

8 a. Leaves large and long (6 inches and upwards), not narrow and grass-like. Heads of flowers broad, very large.

1. Celmisia olosericea, Hook. fil.; vaginis glaberrimis, foliis oblongo-lanceolatis acuminatis argute
serratis superne glabris subtus tomento niveo dense appresso argenteis, scapo glaberrimo bracteato, bracteis
lineari-elongatis dorso niveo-tomentosis, capitulo maximo, involucri squamis viscosis linearibus multiseriatis
recurvis extimis dorso niveis, ligulis perplurimis, acheniis breviusculis sericeis. Aster, Forst. Prodr.
A. Rich. Flora. Tas. XXXI.

Has. Middle Island. Dusky Bay, Forster. Port Preservation, Lyall.

A most magnificent plant. Leaves a span to a foot long, numerous, their bases sheathing round the top of a
stout root, which is as thick as the thumb, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate, acuminate, with distinct
fine veins above, below densely covered with silvery tomentum, except the midrib; substance of the leaf more mem-
branous than in the following species. Scape 1-2 feet high, smooth, with scattered linear bractex an inch long; bear-
ing a capitulum 2-4 inches broad, yellow, with a white ray of innumerable revolute linear ligulate florets. Involu-
eral scales rather gummy, very numerous, linear, sharp, recurved, the outer white at the back. Achenia rather
short, silky. —PLATE XXXI. Fig. 1, floret of the ray; 2, of the disc :—oth magnified.

2. Celmisia verbascifolia, Hook. fil.; vaginis elongatis glabratis herbaceis sulcatis (purpureis) margine
lanuginosis, foliis subpetiolatis elliptico-ovatis lanceolatisve subacutis integerrimis subtus marginibusque
dense lanatis, scapo bracteis involucrisque tomento niveo v. fulvo laxe sericeo-lanatis, involucri squamis pauci-
seriatis erectis, ligulis linearibus vix recurvis, acheniis glaberrimis.

Has. Middle and Southern Islands. Milford Sound and Port Preservation, Zyall.

A very similar plant to the foregoing, but quite different in many respects. Sheaths of the leaves of a pale purple
colour, ribbed, margined with silky wool. Leaves very variable in size and shape, 6 inches to a foot long, linear-
oblong and lanceolate, or broadly elliptical-ovate, stout and coriaceous, smooth and whitish above, densely clothed
below and along the margins (which are quite entire) with a thick, soft, somewhat silky white or buff-coloured wool.
Scapes 6 to 12 inches long, with scattered linear bracts an inch long, covered with a loose, shaggy, silky white wool,
often becoming buff-coloured about the involueral scales, which are narrow-linear, fewer in number than in C. kolose-
ricea, and not recurved. Heads of florets about 2 inches across, deep yellow, with a white ray. Achenia quite
smooth.

8. Celmisia coriacea, Hook. fil.; vaginis albo-lanatis araneosisve senioribus glabratis, foliis (longissi-
mis) lineari-lanceolatis acutis sulcatis plicatisve integerrimis superne nitidis cuticula laxa pellucida e lana
dense appressa indutis subtus tomento, sericeo appresso albidis, scapis araneo-tomentosis, bracteis linearibus,
capitulis magnis, involucri squamis anguste linearibus apicibus subreflexis glabratis araneosisve, flosculis
radii plurimis elongatis revolutis, acheniis pubescentibus. Tas. XXXII.

Has. Middle and Southern Islands. Dusky Bay, Forster, Lyall. Warrau Pass, Nelson, Bidwell.
Ruahine range, Colenso.

A very much longer-leaved plant than the former; conspicuous for the delicate transparent skin, which is
loosely spread over the upper surface of the leaves in all my specimens, and which, in a young state, appears formed
of fine woolly hairs. Stems tufted, covering the ground in broad patches. Sheaths 2-4 inches long, grooved,
covered with silky white wool. Leaves 8 inches to 14 foot long, coriaceous, linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong, quite
entire, sharp, deeply grooved longitudinally or plaited, covered below with a thick layer of appressed white silvery
down, margins a little recurved. Scapes longer than the leaves, with linear scattered leafy bracts, covered with silky

26

122 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Composite.

white wool, cobwebby about the base of the capitulum. Heads 2-3 inches broad. Jnvolucral scales linear, narrow,
sharp, with recurved tips, nearly smooth. Ray florets very numerous, linear, revolute. Achenia linear-oblong,
pubescent or hairy.—Mr. Bidwill says that horses are fond of this plant, tearing it up in large tufts; also, that the
woolly epidermis of the leaf is spun into thread, and said to be woven into a kind of fabric. —PLATE XXXII. Fig.
1, floret of the ray; 2, of the disc :—both magnified.

4. Celmisia Mackaui, Raoul; vaginis elongatis glabratis intus araneosis, foliis longissime lineari-
lanceolatis acuminatis plicatis submembranaceis utrinque glaberrimis, scapis glabratis, bracteis plurimis
lineari-subulatis basi latioribus vaginatis membranaceis, involucri glaberrimi squamis e basi late ovatis

subulatis longe acuminatis, acheniis glaberrimis. Raoul, Choiw de Plantes, p. 19. t. 14.
Has. Middle Island. Akaroa, Raoul.

Very similar indeed to C. coriacea; but the leaves are more membranous and smooth, and have no loose cuticle ;
the scape also and involucres are quite glabrous, or nearly so. Bractee $-l inch long, with broad sheathing
bases, and long attenuated acuminate points. Involucral leaves glabrous, with ovate broad bases, and very long,
subulate, sguarrose or recurved points. Pappus yellowish. Achenium quite smooth.

5. Celmisia spectabilis, Hook. fil.; vaginis elongatis pilis molliter sericeis laxe et longe villosis, foliis
crassis et coriaceis anguste lineari-oblongis obtusis subacutisve marginibus recurvis obscure remote crenato-
dentatis integerrimisve superne glaberrimis nitidis suleatis subtus tomento albido v. fulvo dense obtectis,
scapis bracteisque anguste linearibus dense sericeo-villosis, involucri villosi squamis anguste subulatis
pauciseriatis, flosculis radii plurimis ligula latiuscula, acheniis glaberrimis. Nobis in FI. Antarct. p. 35
in nota. Tas. XXXIII. 4.

Var. 8? lanceolata ; foliis angustissime lanceolatis angustatis acuminatis. Tas. XXXIII. B.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands. Tongariro and Nelson, alt. 2-6000 feet, Bidwill. Mount
Hikurangi; on the east coast, Colenso. Var. 8. Middle Island, Zyall. Ruahine Mountains, Colenso.

A very different-looking plant from any of the former species, smaller-flowered, with shorter, more linear-
oblong, sharp or blunt, and very thick coriaceous leaves, covered below with a coarse, thick, appressed tomentum,
which turns yellow in drying. Sheaths of the leaves beautifully clothed with long silky soft wool, as are the scapes
and involucres. Leaves 5-10 inches long, 3 inch broad, smooth and shining above, marked longitudinally with
shallow grooves; margins slightly recurved, quite entire, or remotely obscurely crenate. Bractee very narrow,
linear. Involucre obeonical; scales very narrow. Ray florets numerous, broad. Aehenia quite smooth.—I have
referred the var. 8 here doubtfully, my specimens being unsatisfactory. Mr. Colenso's are in flower, and have the
leaves upwards of a span long, very narrow lanceolate, with long acuminated points. Dr. Lyall's are still longer,
1-14 foot, with more appressed silky white tomentum below, like that of C. coriacea ; but the specimens not being
in flower, I cannot speak decisively about them. In both there is a tendency in the margin of the leaf to become
remotely notched. —PLAtE XXXIII 4. Fig. 1, ray floret; 2, its tube; 3, disc floret; 4, stamen; 5, styles :—all
magnified. Prata XXXIII. B. represents a leaf of the var. 8?

8 b. Leaves very narrow, grass-like. Heads of flowers much smaller than in the former section.

6. Celmisia gracilenta, Hook. fil.; foliis anguste lineari-elongatis obtusis acutis acuminatisve margi-
nibus integerrimis planis plus minusve revolutis superne glaberrimis araneosis vel pube arcte appressa
argenteo-sericeis et nitidis subtus dense lanatis niveis, scapis foliis longioribus brevioribusve dense lanatis
floccosisve, bracteis linearibus, involucri sguamis anguste linearibus obtusis acuminatisve apice sphacelatis
pauciseriatis, acheniis elongatis glaberrimis, styli ramis fl. disci elongatis.

Var. a; foliis anguste linearibus acuminatis marginibus ad costam revolutis superne araneosis v. pube
appressa argenteo-sericeis nitidis. Aster gracilenta, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic. Celmisia, FI. Antarct. p. 35
in nota.

Composite. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 123

Var. 8; foliis latioribus anguste lineari-lanceolatis marginibus revolutis, scapis validis.

Var. y; foliis ut in var. a, involucri foliolis brevioribus lineari-oblongis obtusis.

Var. 8; foliis lineari-elongatis flaccidis submembranaceis superne glaberrimis viridibus subtus niveis
marginibus tenuiter recurvis. C. graminifolia, 77. Antarct. p. 35 in nota.

Has. Abundant throughout the Islands, Banks and Solander, etc. Var. B. Auckland, Sinclair.
Mount Egmont, close to the perpetual snow, Dieffenbach. Var. y. Canterbury, Lyall. Var. 8. Bay of
Islands, Sinclair, etc. Canterbury, Lyall.

A very common and variable plant, generally growing in dense tufts. Leaves numerous, very long, slender
and grass-like, 4-6 inches long, rigid or flaccid, usually acuminate, but sometimes blunt, the margins more or less
recurved, often revolute to the costa; upper surface quite smooth in var. ð, in the other varieties covered more or less
copiously with silvery white wool, which often forms a shining, delicate, loose cuticle, as in C. coriacea ; under sur-
face more or less densely covered with white wool. Scapes stout or slender, longer or shorter than the leaves, bear-
ing many linear bracteze 3—1 inch long, covered copiously with white floccose wool. Capitulum yellow, with a white
ray, very variable in size, 3—2 inches across. nvolucre obconical, of narrow, slender, flat, loosely imbricating,
woolly scales, brown at the tip, sharp or rarely (in var. y) blunt. Florets of the ray numerous, with narrow ligule.
Pappus copious, yellowish or fuscous. Achenia quite smooth. Styles of the flowers of the disc with long acuminate
branches.

8 e. Leaves small, short, broad, downy beneath or smooth. Receptacle often deeply pitted, with stiff-toothed

margins to the hollows.

7. Celmisia incana, Hook. fil.; foliis congestis (1-13-uncialibus) obovato-oblongis lineari-obovatisve
acutis utrinque vestitis subtus molliter dense superne laxius albo-lanatis incanis subplicatis marginibus
tenuiter recurvis remote denticulatis, scapis solitariis plurimisve dense lanatis bracteatis, involucri squamis
lineari-subulatis apicibus patulis fusco-tomentosis, radii ligulis gracilibus, achentis pilosis, receptaculo pro-
funde alveolato. Tas. XXXIV. 4.

Has. Northern Island. Mount Hikurangi and Ruahine range, Colenso.

A small species, covered everywhere, except on the involucre, with white wool. Leaves coriaceous and rigid,
numerous, crowded, spreading, 1—13 inch long, linear-oblong or obovate, sharp or blunt, narrowed into a very broad
petiole, densely clothed with white silvery wool below, hoary above and grooved, margins hardly recurved, obscurely
remotely toothed. Scapes usually several, very woolly, with many ovate subulate bracts, 3 inch long. Heads
1-13 inch across, yellow, with a white ray. Zwvolucral scales numerous, linear-subulate, tomentose, with tawny or
brownish down, somewhat glandular. Ray florets with narrow revolute ligule. Achenia hairy. Receptacle deeply
pitted, with raised, stiff, chaff-like margins to the hollows. —PLATE XXXIV. 4. Fig. 1, receptacle; 2, floret of ray;
3, floret of disc; 4, pappus; 5, arms of style; 6, stamen :—all magnified.

8. Celmisia discolor, Hook. fil.; caule brevi robusto diviso folioso, foliis congestis patulis lineari- v.
oblongo-obovatis obtusis subacutisve remote et obscure dentatis superne glaberrimis subsulcatis luride
viridibus subtus lana arcte appressa argenteis, petiolo brevi lato vagina sulcata sericea, scapis gracilibus
bracteis subulatis involucrique (subsquarrosi) squamis glanduloso-pubescentibus, capitulis ut in C. ¿ncana,
acheniis sericeis, receptaculo profunde alveolato.

Var. 8? foliis ellipticis petiolatis acutis apiculatis superne glabris planis submembranaceis inferne
lana arcte appressa sericeis. (An sp. distincta?)

Has. Middle Island. Nelson, on the mountains, Bidwill. Var. 8. Milford Sound, Zyall.

A very similar plant to C. incana, and perhaps only a variety; it differs in wanting the soft woolly clothing on
the under surface of the leaf, which is replaced by a closely appressed silvery coating; and in the upper surface
being dark green and quite naked; also in the scape being covered with the same glandular pubescence as is con-

124 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Composite.

fined to the involucral scales of C. incana. The leaves are narrower, less coriaceous, more distinctly petiolate, 1-14
inch long. Bractee of the scape less numerous, linear-subulate, covered with glandular pubescence, woolly in the
axils. Involueral scales rather squarrose. Of the var. 8 I have no flowers, and it may belong to a different species :
the leaves are pale green, larger, 14-2 inches long, not so coriaceous, plane on the surface (not furrowed), elliptical,
acute and apiculate, with a distinct petiole and smooth furrowed sheaths; bractese broader, silvery below and green
above.

9. Celmisia Žieraciifolia, Hook. fil.; foliis oblongo-obovatis obtusis crenatis in petiolum vix angustatis
planis superne glaberrimis subtus pube (siccitate) fulva arcte appressa vestitis nervis conspicuis, scapo
bracteato involucrique squamis squarroso-patentibus glanduloso-pubescentibus, capitulis majusculis, ligulis
anguste linearibus, acheniis elongatis pilosis. Tas. XXXIV. B.

Has. Middle Island. Nelson, on the mountains, Bidwill.

I have only one specimen of this pretty species, which Mr. Bidwill remarks is a very small one; it differs con-
sequently from C. incana and C. discolor in the size of the head, which is nearly 2 inches across, and in the squar-
rose involucral scales.—Stems solitary. Leaves membranous for the genus, 2-8 inches long, oblong-obovate, blunt,
crenate or toothed distantly, smooth above, pale green, below covered with dense, closely appressed, buff-coloured
(when dry), shining wool, through which the veins are seen. Scape stout, with large recurved bractes, covered
everywhere with glandular pubescence, as are the involucres. -Achenia much longer than in C. incana, hairy. Re-
ceptacle rather deeply alveolate.—Piate XXXIV. B. Fig. 1, floret of ray; 2, floret of disc; 3, pappus; 4, stamen :
—all magnified.

10. Celmisia glandulosa, Hook. fil.; parva, foliis congestis rigidis coriaceis obovatis vix petiolatis re-
mote argute dentatis acutis in petiolum oe latum angustatis utrinque glanduloso-puberulis (lana albida
nulla), scapo gracili bracteato involucrique squamis paucis subulatis glanduloso-pubescentibus, capitulis
parvis, ligulis paucis, receptaculo profunde alveolato fimbrillifero, achenio tereti piloso.

Haz. Northern Island. Foot of Tongariro, Colenso.

A remarkably distinct little species, very unlike its congeners at first sight, from wanting any down or white
woolly pubescence. Root and runners stiff, woody. Leaves $—1 inch long, spreading, hard and coriaceous, obovate,
sharp, sharply and coarsely toothed, covered with glandular pubescence on both sides, as are the scapes, bracteolee,
and involueral scales. Scapes 3-5 inches long, rigid, slender. Heads small, 3-1 inch across. Involucral scales
few, subulate, much shorter than the florets. Ligule of the ray few, narrow, revolute. Receptacle deeply alveolate,
with raised chaff-like margins. Achenium rather long, pilose.

Gen. IV. EURYBIOPSIS, DC.

Capitulum obeonicum, multiflorum, heterogamum. Involueri squame pauciseriatee, anguste lineares.
Receptaculum angustum, convexum, profunde alveolatum, nudum. FZ. radii 2, 1-seriales, anguste ligulati :
disci 8, tubulosi. Pappus sub-2-seriatus; setis scaberulis, ineequilongis. Achenium lineare, compressum,
sericeum. —Herbe v. fruticuli ramosissimi; ramis apice 1-cephalis; folis parvis, alternis.

The only New Zealand species forms a small, much-branched herb, a foot or so high, with woody prostrate
stems, quite unlike Hurybia, Olearia, or Celmisia in habit, but very near them in all characters of the flower, differing,
however, from all in the compressed (not rounded, cylindrical, or angled) achenium. The receptacle is very narrow,
much more so than is usual in the above genera, and the flowers of the ray have small, narrow, inconspicuous,
revolute ligulze, which are hidden amongst the abundant dirty- -white or reddish pappus ; "the latter is double. Whole
plant covered with a short hispid pubescence, glandular on the peduncles, stems and branches, and involucre. Leaves
numerous, 4 inch long, broadly wedge-shaped or linear-spathulate, three- to five-lobed at the apex. Branches 6-8
inches long, leafy, more or less elongated at the apex (but seldom for more than an inch) beyond the leaves, and

Composite. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 125

bearing solitary, erect, obconical heads, about as long as the leaves. Imvolueral scales in about two series, very
narrow, linear, unequal, herbaceous, margin scarious. Ray florets in one series, white, tipped with pink. Achenia,
when ripe, nearly as long as the involucral scales, linear, compressed, hairy.— The few other known species of this genus
are confined to Australia and Tasmania. (Name from its resemblance in botanical characters to the genus Zurybia.)

1. Eurybiopsis australis, Hook. fil.; hispido-puberula, caule basi decumbente lignoso ramosissimo,
ramulis erectis v. ascendentibus foliosis apice nudis 1-cephalis, foliis cuneatis v. lineari-spathulatis 3-5-
lobis, pedunculis involucrique squamis glanduloso-pubescentibus, acheniis lente compressis linearibus sub-
sericeo-pilosis maturis involucri squamis sequilongis, ligulis angustissimis. Vittadenia australis, 4. Rich.
Flora. A. Cunn. Prodr. DC. Prodr. Aster pumilus e£ A. humilis, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic.

Var. a; folis cuneatis trilobis, lobis subacutis.

Var. 8; foliis spathulatis petiolatis 8-5-lobis, lobis rotundatis.

Has. Common in most parts of the Northern and Middle Islands, Banks and Solander, etc.

Gen. V. LAGENOPHORA, Cass.

Capitulum multiflorum, heterogamum. Receptaculum planum, nudum. Imvolueri squamse disco sub-
eeguales, lineares, appresse, sub-2-seriatee, acute. FÜ. radii 2 , ligulati, l-seriati: disci tubulosi, 8 v. d.
Achenia radii plano-compressa, oblonga, epapposa, rostrata: disci abortiva.—Herbe graciles, sca-
pigea.

Small, daisy-like herbs, with spreading, smooth or hairy root-leaves, and slender scapes bearing small heads of
yellow flowers, with a white or purple revolute ray. nvolucre of two series of narrow, linear, appressed scales.
Receptacle rather broad for the size of the capitulum, naked. Floreis of the ray in one series, numerous, with
narrow revolute ligule, female, with compressed, oblong achenia, ending in a short beak and without pappus ;
florets of the dise tubular, five-toothed, male or hermaphrodite, with usually abortive achenia. —A small genus, con-
taining a few species in extra-tropical and Antarctic America, the Falkland Islands, New Holland, Tasmania, and
New Zealand. (Name from Aaynvos, a flagon, and pepo, to bear ; in allusion to the form of the achenia.)

1. Lagenophora Forsteri, DC.; glabrata v. glaberrima, foliis petiolatis late obovato-oblongis obtusis
grosse crenato-dentatis basi in petiolum angustatis v. lyrato-pinnatifidis subcoriaceis, petiolis glaberrimis
pilosisve, scapis gracilibus striatis glaberrimis v. puberulis nudis v. squamis 1-2 minimis, involucri squamis
linearibus obtusis subacutisve marginibus membranaceis ciliato-dentatis, flosculis radii perplurimis ligulis
latiusculis albidis, acheniis glaberrimis. DC. Prodr. A. Cunn. Prodr. Microcacalia australis, 4. Rich.
Flora, p. 231. t. 30. Calendula pumila, Forst. Prodr. Bellis geifolia, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic.

Has. Throughout the Islands, abundant, Banks and Solander, etc.

Stems very short, or elongated, arising from slender thread-like runners. Leaves eight to twelve, all radical,
spreading. Petioles 3-3 inches long, quite smooth or ciliated; lades broadly oblong or rounded, obtusely and
coarsely toothed, sometimes pinnatifid at the base, quite smooth or covered with scattered hairs, 4-1 inch long,
rather coriaceous. Scapes solitary, slender, erect, channelled, quite naked or with one or two subulate bracts, 2-6
inches long, perfectly smooth, or downy towards the summits. Heads variable in size, 4—4 inch across, with a con-
spicuous ray of revolute broad ray-florets, which have smooth achenia. Scales of the involucre linear, blunt and
sharp; margins toothed and ciliated irregularly.— Very closely allied to the Magellanic Z. Commersonii, but the
whole plant is larger, the ray much more conspicuous, and achenia smooth. The large ray-florets also dis-
tinguish it from the following.

2. Lagenophora petiolata, Hook. fil.; caule brevi v. elongato, foliis longe et gracile petiolatis late
elliptico-oblongis obtusis acute dentatis utrinque pubescentibus membranaceis, scapis gracilibus elongatis
3 H

126 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. | Composite.

superne precipue pilosis nudis v. bracteolatis, capitulis parvis, involucri squamis linearibus acuminatis,
flosculis radii ligulis brevibus revolutis, acheniis glandulosis viscidis.

Var. a; caule elongato, foliis majoribus elliptico-oblongis.

Var. 8; minor, caule abbreviato, foliis parvis grosse paucidentatis.

Haz. Northern Island. Top of Ruahine range, Colenso.

Very similar in habit and general appearance to the Z. Forsteri, but more uniformly hairy. .Petioles long in
proportion to the size of the plant, slender; leaf elliptical-oblong, rather broader in var. 8, toothed, the teeth apicu-
late. Scapes slender, 4—6 inches long, hairy on the upper surface. Heads very small, 1—1 inch across, with a narrow,
small, white or purplish revolute ray. Achenia viscid and glandular. Invoiueral scales acuminate, often tipped with
brown.—The flowers and achenia of this species very closely resemble those of Z. Commersonii of South America,
but the leaves are very different.

3. Lagenophora pinnatifida, Hook. fil.; caule brevi foliis utrinque scapisque hirsutis v. velutino-
pubescentibus, foliis obovato-oblongis lanceolatisve in petiolum gracilem angustatis obtusis pinnatifido-
lobatis lobulis obtusis apiculatis, scapis gracilibus nudis v. paucibracteatis patentim pilosis, capitulis
parvis, involucri foliolis lineari-subulatis acuminatis pubescentibus apicibus subrecurvis, flosculis radii ligula
anguste lineari parva alba revoluta, acheniis viscidis glandulosis.

Haz. Northern Island. Patea village, on the east coast, Colenso.

Foliage thickly covered with soft pubescence, formed of white hairs. Leaves obovate-oblong or lanceolate-
oblong, narrowed into a slender petiole, 1-3 inches long, which is covered with spreading white hairs; blade
blunt, deeply lobed in a pinnatifid manner, the segments rounded and blunt, with a short point. Scape long,
slender, and very pubescent. Head small, 4 inch broad, with a short white ray. JInvolueral leaves narrow, linear,
subulate, acuminate, somewhat recurved at the tips, very pubescent. Florets of the ray with narrow revolute ligule.
Achenia glandular and viscid.

4. Lagenophora /anata, A. Cunn. ; foliis breve petiolatis pilis patentibus hirsutis v. villoso-pubescenti-
bus oblongo-spathulatis obovatisve basi angustatis obtusis grosse et irregulariter crenato-dentatis coriaceis,
scapis gracilibus glaberrimis v. puberulis paucibracteatis, capitulis parvis, involucri squamis glaberrimis
linearibus subacutis apices versus eroso-dentatis, acheniis glaberrimis, flosculis radii ligulis brevibus anguste
linearibus revolutis. 4. Cunn. Prodr. Bellis pilosa, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic.

Has. Northern Island. Bay of Islands, etc.; abundant on dry grassy hills, Banks and Solander, ete.
Fl. October.

Stems very short, with creeping filiform runners. Leaves all radical, spreading, almost sessile, or with very
short, broad, villous petioles; lamina obovate-oblong or spathulate, coarsely irregularly erenate or dentate, densely
covered on both surfaces with copious soft hairs, rather coriaceous. Scapes erect, slender, perfectly smooth or
downy. Heads small, with a narrow ray. Involucral scales linear, acute or blunt, irregularly toothed at the tips,
which are often discoloured. Florets of the ray with inconspicuous revolute ligule. Achenium quite smooth. —A
very distinct species from any of the above; it may be recognized by the very hairy nearly sessile leaves, smooth
scapes and achenia, and small heads of flowers.

Gen. VI. BRACHYCOME, Cass.

Capitulum multiflorum, heterogamum. Receptaculum convexum v. conicum, nudum, papillosum v.
subalveolatum. Involueri late campanulati squamee 1-seriatee, margine membranacee. Moscula radu
ligulati, 2, 1-seriati: disci tubulosi, 5-dentati, 8. Achenium plano-compressum, erostre, pappo brevissimo
subsetiformi coronatum,—Herbe scapigere v. caulescentes.

B. radicata, the only New Zealand species, is a small herb, with stout woody roots of many thick fibres,

Composite. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 127

no stem, or a few short spreading ones from the roots, and spreading radical leaves, which are 1—3 inch long,
smooth and coriaceous or succulent, broad- or narrow-obovate or spathulate, narrowed gradually into petioles
longer than the blade, which is deeply lobed or pinnatifid, the lobes rounded or blunt. Scapes several from the root,
curving upwards, stout, 3-7 inches long, striated, quite smooth, or pubescent and glandular, naked, or with one or
more linear bracts. Heads 1-1 inch across. Involucral scales broadly linear, in one series, blunt, with broad mem-
branous margins, smooth or glandular. Receptacle naked, convex, papillose. Florets of the ray in one series, with
broad revolute white rays, female; those of the disc yellow, tubular, five-toothed, hermaphrodite. Acheniwm com-
pressed, linear-obovate, blunt, glandular and viscid, tipped with a very short pappus, of few bristles, when ripe
smoother, with a thickened margin.—This genus has hitherto been supposed to be confined to Australia and Tas-
mania, where many species are found. (Name from Bpayus, short, and kop, hair; in allusion to the short pappus.)

1. Brachycome radicata, Hook. fil.; radice lignosa elongata fibrosa, caule nullo v. caulibus paucis
breve decumbentibus foliosis, foliis longe petiolatis late obovatis spathulatisve profunde lobatis pinnatifidisve
lobulis rotundatis, scapis erectis glandulosis glaberrimisve, involucri squamis late linearibus obtusis, flosculis
radii ligula alba late lineari, acheniis lineari-obovatis obtusis glandulosis marginatis, pappo brevissimo.

Var. 8; foliis anguste lineari-spathulatis pinnatifidis lobis rotundatis.

Has. Northern Island, Cunningham, Colenso. Middle Island, Lyall. Var. 8. Southern Island,
Lyall. Nat. name, * Roniu,” Colenso.

The smallest species of the genus with which I am acquainted, allied to the B. scapiformis of Tasmania. The
var. B looks a different species; but I have only one small specimen, and that in young flower only. Mr. Colenso
says that the natives prize the flowers very much on account of their scent, and string them like daisies to hang round
their necks.

Gen. VII. COTULA, Linn.

Capitulum wultiflorum, discoideum, heterogamum. JImvolueri squame sub-2-seriate, lineares,
margine membranacee. Receptaculum planum, nudum, papillosum. FV. radii 2, 1-3-seriales, corolla 0
v. incompleta: disci v. 2, tubo corolle plano, obcompresso, basi seepe truncato v. bilobo, apice 4-crenato
v. dentato. Achenium plano-obcompressum, marginatum, epapposum: fl. radii stipitatum, disci seepius
sessile, angustum.—Cotula e Strongylosperma, DC. Prodr. ete.

Succulent or tender herbs, often growing in watery places, with straggling, rooting, sparingly leafy stems,
which ascend, and, appearing like scapes, bear solitary button-like heads of yellow flowers. Heads many-flowered,
without a ray. Jnvolucral scales in two series, linear, blunt, rather membranous. Receptacle rather convex,
papillose, naked, except at the margin, which bears the persistent stalks of the outer florets. Florets of the circum-
ference in one or several series, female, without a corolla, or with a very imperfect one; those of the dise very nu-
merous, hermaphrodite or male; corolla tubular, compressed, four-toothed or crenate, often cordate or lobed at the
base. Achenium of the ray oblong, much compressed, or with a broad wing, which forms a rudimentary sometimes
bifid corolla round the very short simple or bifid style, pedicellate, the stalk slender, looking like an achenium;
that of the disc smaller, often abortive.— This is a very insignificant-looking genus of weedy plants, found in various
parts of the world. Some of the species are very widely diffused, especially one of the New Zealand ones. (Name
from korvAn, a cup; in allusion to the form of the involucre.)

1. Cotula coronopifolia, L.; glaberrima, caule crassiusculo ascendente radicante, foliis amplexi-
caulibus lineari-lanceolatis varie incisis lobatis pinnatifidisve lobulis rotundatis obtusis, ramis scapiformibus
apice 1-cephalis, capitulis glaberrimis, acheniis radii late alatis ala apice bifida stylum fovente dorso glandu-
losis v. pilosis. Linn, Sp. Pl. DC. Prodr.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; abundant on the eastern side, Banks and Solander, ete.

128 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. | Composite.

A very common plant in the Southern Hemisphere, and also found in various parts of Europe, as at Hamburg
and in Spain, at the Cape of Good Hope, South Brazil, Australia, and Tasmania.—Smooth everywhere. Stems succu-
lent, creeping, branching, ascending, 2-10 inches long. Leaves scattered, 3-2 inches long ; petiole amplexicaul, often
dilated into a broad sheath, lobed or toothed; lamina lanceolate or oblong, variously cut, lobed, toothed, or pinna-
tifid. Heads 1-1 inch broad, terminating the long, slender, naked, scape-like ends of the branches. Florets of the
circumference with long stalks and broadly-winged achenia, which are covered with long glandular hairs on the
inner face; the wing bifid at the top, and enclosing the style.

2. Cotula australis, Hook. fil.; tenella, pilis laxis subsericea v. glabrata, foliis petiolatis oblongis pin-
natifidis lobis linearibus subacutis bipinnatifidisve segmentis integerrimis, caulibus apice longe nudis graci-
libus scapiformibus, capitulis parvis, involucri sub-2-seriati squamis membranaceis glaberrimis, flosculis
radii 3-seriatis stipitatis disci paucis, acheniis radii obovatis late alatis ala crassiuscula apice bifida v. in
tubum brevissimum producta. Strongylosperma australis, DC. Prodr. Ancyclus australis, Sieber, Plant.
Exsice. An Cotula microcephala, DO., et C. sororia, DC., Drege in Hook. Herb. ?

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; in waste places, frequent, Cunningham, ete.

This also is a common plant in Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand, and, if I do not mistake, is identical with
a Cape of Good Hope species also, of which I have not examined ripe fruit. The genus Strongylosperma, to which
De Candolle refers it, is founded upon Sieber's Ancyclus australis, of which I have examined authentic specimens,
identical with this New Zealand plant. I do not find them to have rayed flowers with narrow ligule, as De Can-
dolle states. Carl Koch, in the ‘Botanische Zeitung’ (vol. i. p. 39, January, 1843), refers Strongylosperma to his
genus Pleiogyne, and distinguishes it from Cotula by the disc-flowers being few, and all, or a few of them, sterile,
and by the tube of the corolla not being winged—characters which appear of trifling importance, for the disc-flowers
of Cotula are generally only compressed (not winged), and the degree of imperfection of their achenia is a very
variable character. C. australis may at once be distinguished from C. coronopifolia by its very slender habit, much
divided leaves cut into pinnatifid narrow lobes, by the generally more or less hairy stems, branches, and peduncles,
and by the numerous florets of the circumference, which have a much thickened wing.

Gen. VIII. LEPTINELLA, Cass.

Capitulum multiflorum, homogamum v. heterogamum, discoideum. nvolucri squame 1-3-seriales,
late ovate: v. rotundate, marginibus scariosis sphacelatis. Receptaculum convexum v. conicum, nudum,
papillosum. Flosculi omnes sessiles v. breviter stipitati : flosculi radii 9 , pluriseriales ; corolla compressa,
inflata, latiuscula, tubulosa, ore incrassato 3—4-crenato; stylo exserto, bifido, ramis divaricatis : /loseuli
disci 8, steriles, tubulosi, 4-5-dentati; staminibus 4-5 ; stylo exserto, stigmate disciformi subbilobo.
Achenium fl. radii obovatum, obcompressum, marginibus incrassatis; fl. $ nullum v. breve stipitiforme.—

Herbze monoice v. dioica.

Creeping moncecious or dicecious herbs, often throwing out rooting suckers, smooth, silky, or woolly, with
scapes bearing solitary yellow inconspicuous heads, which have no ray, and are button-shaped. Leaves pinnatifid.
Involucral scales in one or many series, broad, with a membranous brown or purplish edge. Receptacle convex or
conical, naked, papillose. Florets all sessile, or shortly stipitate :—those of the circumference numerous, in many
series, female; corolla short, compressed, inflated, tubular, with a contracted small four-toothed mouth ; style exserted,
bifid; achenium obovate, compressed, with thickened wings and no pappus :—florets of the disc hermaphrodite, tu-
bular, with a four-toothed corolla, and a style ending in a cup or dise; achenium abortive.—This curious genus is
confined to New Zealand, Tasmania, Lord Auckland’s and Campbell’s Island, Kerguelen’s Land, and Fuegia, whence
eight or ten species are known. The most peculiar character consists in the inflated female flowers, whose corolla
is formed of two layers, with an intervening hollow space (see ‘ Flora Antarctica,’ p. 28). The three Auckland and

Composite. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 129

Campbell Island species have not hitherto been found in New Zealand, and are much larger and finer plants than any
here described. (Name, the diminutive of erros, slender ; in allusion to the habit of the species first discovered.)

1. Leptinella sgualida, Hook. fil.; subsericea, foliis lineari-elongatis petiolatis gradatim superne latiori-
bus pinnatifidis lobis alternis remotis approximatisve oblongis recurvis obtusis margine superiore pracipue
apiceque argute serratis, capitulo majusculo, involucri sguamis 3-serialibus sericeis, flosculis eglandulosis.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands. Hawke's Bay, Colenso. Akaroa, Raoul.

Allied to Z. lanata of Lord Auckland’s Group, but very much smaller, and not woolly. Stems glabrous or
pilose, rooting, ascending, 2—6 inches long, giving off tufts of leaves and scapes at the joints. Leaves more or less
silky with scattered hairs, sometimes villous at the base of the petiole, 1-2 inches long, linear-oblong or spathulate,
broadest towards the top, deeply pinnatifid; the lobes spreading, recurved, oblong, sharply-toothed along the upper
margin and blunt point. Scape longer than the leaves, silky. Heads of florets rounded, + inch diameter. Involucral
scales many, very broad, silky on the back, longer than the very numerous yellow florets.

2. Leptinella minor, Hook. fil.; parvula, caule robusto radicante sericeo, foliis punctatis glabratis
subcarnosis petiolatis lineari-oblongis pinnatifidis lobis lineari obovatis linearibusve patulis recurvis obtusis
integerrimis v. secus marginem superiorem dentatis lobatisve lobis inferioribus minoribus, capitulis hetero-
gamis nunc homogamis? flosculis glandulosis exterioribus stipitatis.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands. East coast, Banks and Solander, Colenso. Canterbury, Lyall.

A much smaller species than the last, with more finely cut and regularly pinnatifid leaves. Stems stout, creep-
ing, 3-8 inches long, smooth or silky. Leaves covered with glandular dots, rather fleshy, linear-oblong, quite
smooth, or more or less pilose, 1-14 inch long, regularly inciso-pinnatifid ; lobes spreading, recurved, blunt, toothed,
crenate or deeply lobed along the upper margin, the lower ones smaller. Heads about + inch across. Involucral
scales silky or smooth, in about two series. Florets of the circumference female, in several series; those of the disc
male; all covered more or less with large rounded glands.— Sometimes I find many flowers of one sex only in each

capitulum, whence the plant is occasionally diccious.

3. Leptinella dioica, Hook. fil.; glaberrima v. parce pilosa, foliis late v. anguste lineari-oblongis ob-
ovatisve longe petiolatis crenatis serratis lobatis inciso-pinnatifidisve segmentis subacutis oblongis, scapis
sericeis, involucri squamis pauci- v. pluri-seriatis, capitulis homogamis, flosculis glaberrimis. Cotula dioica,
Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic. Soliva tenella, A. Cunn. Prodr. ? (fide exemplar mancum in Herb. Heward.)

Var. a; folis glabratis longe petiolatis lineari-oblongis spathulatisve inciso-pinnatifidis lobis curvis
integerrimis serratisve: (capitula 9 solum visa.)

Var. 8; foliis glabratis longe petiolatis late obovatis rotundatisve crenato-lobatis lobis apiculatis :
(capitula 9 solum visa.)

Var. y. pusilla; caule robusto flexuoso, foliis brevius petiolatis forma var. a serrato-lobatis subpinnati-
fidisve: (capitula Y solum visa.)

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; probably common. Var. a and 8. East coast; Cape Turnagain,
Colenso; Akaroa, Raoul. Var. y. Cape Turnagain, Colenso.

This species presents much variety in foliage, if all the varieties cited are not different species; and appears
further to be constantly dicecious; for though I have examined several heads, I have never found one containing
flowers of both sexes. Whole plant generally smooth, except the scape, which is rather silky. — Leaves very variable,
3 inch (in var. y) to 3 inches long, more or less crenate, lobed or cut, broadly ovate or linear-spathulate, not dotted
with glands, entire or pinnatifid ; the pinnules broadly oblong, blunt, quite entire or toothed. Male flowers with a

very broad corolla.

4. Leptinella pusilla, Hook. fil.; caule rigido repente ramoso, foliis albido-sericeis v. glabratis unciali-
Zi

130 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. | Composite.

bus anguste linearibus pinnatifidis lobis integerrimis incisisve, scapis sericeo-villosis foliis brevioribus, capi-
tulis parvis paucifloris, involucri squamis 1-seriatis scariosis dorso sericeis, fl. $ 6-8 glaberrimis.

Has. Northern Island. East coast, at Turakirae, Colenso.

Mr. Colenso has sent this curious little species several times, but always in a very unsatisfactory state, as I
nowhere find female flowers. Stem rigid, wiry, creeping, several inches long, emitting very short, erect, leafy
branchlets. Leaves silky, 1 inch long, very narrow, pinnatifid; the lobes cut sharply and deeply, or entire. Scapes
silky and almost shaggy, shorter than the leaves. Capitula very small, + inch broad, with a few quite smooth
flowers; the males only seen. Znvolucral scales few, four to six in one series, silky, rather membranous and trans-
parent.—This little plant will probably be found to vary much in the size of the foliage and capitula, though Mr.
Colenso’s specimens are very uniform in those respects.

Gen. IX. MYRIOGYNE, Less.

Capitulum multiflorum, heterogamum, discoideum. —wvo/wcri squamæ pauciseriatæ, disco breviores.
Receptaculum convexum, papillosum, nudum v. pilosum. ZYosculi exteriores $ , multiseriati; corolla tubulosa,
perbrevi, ore subintegro ; stylo exserto, bifido : disei 8, pauci; corolla late campanulata, 4-fida; stylo apice
. discoideo v. bifido. Achenia fl. 9 lineari-clavata, angulata, epapposa, inferne pilosa, fl. stipitiformia.

A very curious, prostrate, creeping weed, quite smooth, with sessile, axillary, rounded, inconspicuous, yellow
heads, which are many-flowered; all but a few central flowers female. Involucre of two series of linear, blunt,
smooth or pubescent scales, shorter than the flowers. Receptacle convex, papillose, naked or with a few long hairs.
Female flowers very numerous, densely packed; achenium very long, club-shaped, hairy, ribbed or angled ; corolla
very short indeed, tubular; style bifid, exserted. Hermaphrodite flowers very few, in the centre of the female, barren ;
corolla broadly campanulate, four-cleft ; stamens four; anthers very short; style exserted, discoid and bifid. (Name
from puptos, a myriad, and yvvn, female; in allusion to the numerous female flowers.)

1. Myriogyne minuta, Less.; glaberrima v. glabrata, caule repente, ramis decumbentibus prostratisve,
foliis lineari-cuneatis spathulatisve apice grosse dentatis. A. Cunn. Prodr. DC. Prodr. Cotula minuta,
Forst. Prodr. A. Rich. Flora.

Haz. Northern and Middle Islands; abundant in waste places, chiefly about settlements, Banks and
Solander, ete.

A very common Australian, Mauritius, South Sea Island, and Indian plant; sometimes, especially when it
grows in dry places, possessed of pungent properties, causing sneezing when bruised under the nose, Stems four
inches to a foot long. Leaves 3-13 inch long, smooth, linear-cuneiform, coarsely toothed towards the point. Heads
of florets + inch broad.—This is very closely allied to the Chilian M. elatinoides, Less.

Gen. X. TRINEURON, Hook. fil.

Capitulum, heterogamum, discoideum. —Zuvoluerum campanulatum; squamis coriaceis, linearibus, 2-
seriatis, qualibus. Receptaculum angustum, papillosum, nudum. FZosculi radii , plurimi (8-10), pluri-
seriati; corolla tubulosa, elongata, ore 3-fido ; stylo longe exserto, bifido: disci 3, pauci, masculi, tubulosi,
tubo superne subcampanulato, 4-fido ; staminibus 4; stylo exserto, apice incrassato, bifido. Achenium fl. 9
lineari-oblongum, 3-4-gonum, angulis incrassatis; fl. Y breve, stipitiforme.

Very small, smooth, coriaceous, linear-leaved, alpine herbs, hitherto only found in the mountains of New Zea-
laud, Lord Auckland's Group, and Campbell's Island, where they form tufts amongst rocks, etc. "The genus is
nearly allied to Seleroleima of Mount Wellington in Tasmania, and to Abrotanella of Cape Horn; and still more
nearly to Ceratella of Lord Auckland's Group, a genus established with this in the * Flora Antarctica) The New
Zealand species differs from the original 7. spathulatum in having a four- not three-angled achenium of the female

Composite. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 131

flowers, and in wanting the cellular margins of the achenium and the three transparent nerves of the involucral
scales (from which the generic name was derived). In respect of the tetragonous achenium, it is more allied to
Ceratella, whence it is probable that these genera should be combined.—Capitulum hidden among the leaves, of
eight to fourteen flowers. —Jmvolucral scales coriaceous, linear, in two series, equal in length, erect, with one or more
transparent nerves. Receptacle narrow, convex, papillose, naked. Female flowers much the most numerous, with
large three- to four-angled achenia, and tubular three-toothed corollas; style far exserted, bifid. Disc flowers very
few, central, on short achenia, tubular and rather campanulate, four-cleft, with four included stamens, and an ex-
serted, discoid, or bifid style.

1. Trineuron pusillum, Hook. fil.; glaberrimum, caulibus ceespitosis foliosis gracilibus radices numero-
sas fibrosas emittentibus, foliis confertis patulis curvis anguste linearibus rigidis coriaceis subacutis supra
planis subtus costa prominula, capitulis breve pedunculatis, involucri sguamis linearibus coriaceis nervis
vix pellucidis, acheniis fl. 9 4-gonis, stylo fl. disci bifido.

Has. Northern Island. Snowy places amongst the Ruahine Mountains, Colenso.

Stems an inch high, slender, wiry, leafy all over, emitting long fibrous roots. Leaves coriaceous, 4 inch long,
spreading, linear, narrow, acute, flat above, with a prominent midrib below. Heads solitary, inconspicuous, sunk
amongst the upper leaves, 4 inch long, on short peduncles. Achenia of the female flowers four-angled. Style of
the disc flowers bifid.

Gen. XI. CRASPEDIA, Forst,

Capitula 5-8-flora, homogama, in glomerulum rotundum bracteatum aggregata, rachidi communi
brevi pedicellis brevissimis inserta. Receptaculum angustissimum, margine paleis linearibus hyalinis onus-
tum. Involueri squamee membranacez, hyaline, lineari-elliptice, flosculis equilonge. Corolla tubulosa,
5-dentata; antheris basi 2-setosis; stigmatibus inclusis. Achenium oblongum, villosum. Pappus 1-seria-
tus, dense plumosus.—Herbee simplices, basi foliosa, scapigere; scapis elongatis, 1-cephalis.

Herbaceous, stemless plants, with spreading radical leaves, and single, erect, long scapes, bearing a round,
silky, bracteate ball, which consists of many capitula or heads, crowded together and attached by short pedicels
to a central stalk. Heads of five to eight small, yellow, tubular, five-toothed florets. Znvolucre of long, very mem-
branous, transparent, hyaline, linear scales. Receptacle very narrow, bearing towards the margin slender hyaline
scales scattered amongst the flowers. Pappus of one row of very feathery hairs. Anthers terminated below with
two tails. Styles included. Achenia hairy —This genus may be recognized by its solitary round balls of minute
yellow flowers : it has been found nowhere else but in Australia and Tasmania. The species are extremely variable
in size, hairiness, and habit, being slender or stout, according to the nature of the soil, exposure, ete. I have therefore
referred to one species all the very different-looking specimens from New Zealand, many of which resemble the Tas-
manian C. Richea very closely indeed. (Name from kpaomeöov, a fringe; on account of the white border of the leaf.)

1. Craspedia fimbriata, DC. ; foliis radicalibus lineari-oblongis obovatis spathulatisve obtusis apiculatis
margine crispato v. plano tomento niveo fimbriato v. nudo. A. Cunn. Prodr. DC. Prodr. C. uniflora, Forst.
Prodr. A. Rich. Flora. Stehelina fimbriata, Forst. MSS. Cartodium apricum, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic.

Var. a. marginata; foliis obovato-spathulatis subcoriaceis utrinque puberulis pilosisve margine cris-
pato dense niveo-tomentoso, scapo valido pubescente, glomerulis 1 unc. diametro.

Var. B. minor; foliis ut in var. a sed pilis sparsis albidis subhispida, scapis gracilibus puberulis, glo-
merulis parvis 4-3 unc.

Var. y. major; folis lineari-obovatis petiolatis glabratis venosis marginibus obscure tomentosis v.
nudis, scapis gracilibus capitulis parvis. :

Var. 8. robusta; folis amplis lineari-spathulatis glaberrimis petiolo lato margine plano nudo, scapis
robustis glabratis, capitulis 1-2 unc. diametro. (Ad C. macrocephalam Tasmanie accedit.)

132 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. | Composite.

Var. e. Janata; tota lana laxa molli floccosa nivea induta. (Ad C. montanam Tasmanize accedit.)
Has. Northern and Middle Islands; abundant, from the East Cape southward. Var. 6. Milford
Sound, Zyall. Var. e. Nelson, Bidwill (on the mountains).

An extremely variable plant. Leaves generally all radical, with only small bracts on the scape, but sometimes
running up the scape, 1-8 inches long, very variable in breadth, petiolate or nearly sessile, blunt and apiculate,
obovate or spathulate, quite smooth or pubescent, or covered with scattered hairs, or woolly (in var. e). Scape 4
inches to 13 foot high, covered with scattered bracts, smooth, pubescent, or woolly, stout or slender. Globular
heads of capitula + inch to 2 inches broad, round, soft, dotted with the yellow florets.—Mr. Bidwill says of var. e
that the smell is disagreeable, and like Rhubarb.

Gen. XII. CASSINIA, Br.

Capitulum pauci(9-12)-florum; flosculis omnibus hermaphroditis tubulosis v. paucissimis ambitu
foemineis angustis. Receptaculum angustum, paleaceum ; paleis distinctis, linearibus, floribus immixtis,
apicibus plerumque radiantibus albidis. Lnvolucri squame multiseriate, scariosee, exteriores imbricatee,
breves, interiores sepissime elongate, apicibus albidis radiantibus. Stigmata obtusa, hispidula. Anthere
incluse, basi bisetce. Achenium obovatum, erostre. Pappus 1-2-serialis; setis plurimis filiformibus, apice

incrassatis aut penicillatis.

Branching shrubs, with small, evergreen or rusty-coloured, harsh leaves, and panicles of many white flowers.
Heads small, nine- to twelve-flowered ; flowers all tubular, hermaphrodite, or with a few slender female ones at the
circumference. Receptacle very small, with narrow, linear, white-tipped scales, like the inner ones of the involucre,
scattered amongst the florets. Scales of the involucre numerous, scarious, generally pubescent, outer imbricated,
inner with white radiating tips. duthers with two bristles at the base. Achenium obovate, blunt. Pappus of one
or two series of slender, soft hairs, which are pilose or thickened at the tips. —A rather extensive New Holland and
Tasmanian genus. (Named in honour of M. Henri Cassini, an eminent French botanist.)

1. Cassinia Zeptophylla, Br.; frutex ramulis fastigiatis incano-pubescentibus, foliis lineari-ligulatis
confertis (ericoideis) patulis v. recurvis obtusis marginibus recurvis utrinque v. subtus incanis, corymbis
terminalibus, eapitulis parvis, involueris turbinatis 6—8-floris glabratis v. tomentosis, acheniis puberulis.
Br. in Linn. Soc. Trans. DC. Prodr. Calea, Forster. C. cinerea, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic.

Var. 8; foliis paulo latioribus superne glaberrimis vernicosis.

Var. y; foliis paulo longioribus superne glaberrimis subtus ramulisque tomento fulvo viscido tectis,
involucris glaberrimis anguste obconicis.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; especially on the east coast, growing in sandy places, Banks and
Solander, Forster, Sinclair, etc. Var. B. Port Underwood, Lyall. Var. y. Canterbury? Lyall.

Very variable in size (10-16 feet high) and woodiness of the stems and branches, which are covered with white
down. Leaves small, heath-like, very numerous, uniform in size, 13—3 lines long, erowded on the slender branches,
spreading or recurved, linear, blunt, hoary on both sides or below only, with recurved margins. Corymbs terminal,
of many white, obconical heads, with white rays formed of the inner involucral scales, and the scales of the recep-
tacle. Involucre longer than the leaves, imbricate; outer scales whitish, smooth or pubescent, six- to eight-flowered.
Achenia smooth.—Very nearly allied to the following, and best distinguished from it by the narrow smaller leaves,
and smaller heads of flowers. Var. 8 approaches C. retorta in the larger leaves, and var. y has the yellow and glu-

tinous foliage and young leaves of C. Vauvilliersii.

2. Cassinia retorta, A. Cunn.; robusta, ramis fasciculatis foliosis dense tomentosis, foliis plerumgue

Dee

Composite. | - FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 133

recurvis obovato-oblongis linearibusve obtusis superne incanis v. glabratis subtus pube appressa dense
vestitis marginibus recurvis, corymbis terminalibus 2—8-cephalis, involucris turbinatis tomentosis radiatis.
DC. Prodr.

Has. Northern Island. Wangaroa Bay, Auckland, etc., generally near the coast, Frazer, Cunning-
ham, ete.

Very nearly allied indeed to C. leptophylla, as stated in the description of that plant; but more robust, with
larger, broader, more obovate, and more constantly recurved leaves, densely tomentose below. Corymds of few
(three to eight) heads, with very woolly peduncles. Heads of flowers larger than in C. leptophylla, i-i inch long,
broadly turbinate, woolly, with eight to ten florets.

9. Cassia Vawvilliersi, Hook. fil.; ramulis robustis fastigiatis foliosis sulcatis foliisque subtus to-
mento fulvo appresso dense vestitis, foliis lineari-oblongis obovatisve obtusis v. retusis marginibus revolutis
superne glabratis costa subtus prominula, corymbis terminalibus polycephalis tomentosis, capitulis radiatis.
Ozothamnus, Homb. et Jacq. Voy. au Põle Sud. t. 5. Fl. Antaret. p. 29.

Has. Northern Island; common on the mountains, Bidwill, ete. Middle and Southern Islands ; fre-
quent on the mountains and west coast, Bidwill, Lyall.

An erect, dense shrub, 6-10 feet high, with fasciculate branches, which are furrowed and covered with a closely
appressed, buff-coloured tomentum, which also clothes the under surface of the leaves. Leaves coriaceous, much
larger than in the two previous species, i-i inch long, spreading or recurved, decurrent on the stem, linear-ob-
ovate, oblong, or spathulate, blunt or retuse, smooth or a little pubescent above; margins recurved. Corymbs ter-
minal, of many (ten to forty) closely-packed white heads, on tomentose peduncles. Heads obconic, with tomentose,
imbricating involucral scales, of which the inner have white spreading tips. Florets eight to ten.—This plant was
originally published as an Ozothamnus from Lord Auckland’s Group, where it is very abundant. It so very closely
resembles the C. cuneifolia, A. Cunn. (in DC. Prodr.), of Mount Wellington, in Tasmania, that were that plant a
true Cassinia I should possibly have united them, but the latter having no pales on the receptacle amongst the
flowers, it must be referred to Ozothamnus.

Gen. XIII. OZOTHAMNUS, Br.

Omnia Cassini, sed receptaculum epaleaceum. Flores feminei speciebus Nove Zelandise 0.

This genus so elosely resembles the former, that it reguires some care to distinguish them; the absence of any
pales amongst the florets characterizes this. All the species are Australian and Tasmanian, except those of New
Zealand; many are very strongly scented. I have never found any female flowers in the New Zealand species.
(Name from ofw, to be scented, and Bauvos, a bush.)

§ a. Capitula corymbose. Leaves spreading, petiolate.

1. Ozothamnus glomeratus, Hook. fil. ; frutex, ramis tortis laxe foliatis, ramulis incano-tomentosis,
folis sparsis petiolatis ovato-rotundatis apiculatis planis subtus dense niveo-lanatis, corymbis congestis
glomeratis axillaribus terminalibusque tomentosis, involucri squamis scariosis. Swammerdammia glomerata,
Raoul, Choia de Plantes, p. 90. t. 16.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; on dry hills, from the Bay of Islands (Cunningham) to Otago,
Lyall.

A bush, with slender, spreading, flexuose, twiggy branches, the top ones woolly. Leaves scattered, 2-1 inch
long with the petiole, broadly ovate-rotundate, blunt, with a little point, bright green and smooth above, white with
soft wool below. Heads crowded into dense rounded corymbs, which are terminal, or sessile and axillary, 3-1 inch
in diameter. Involucral scales very delicate and hyaline, woolly at the base.— This is a very distinct plant, easily to

2 K

134 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Composite.

be recognized by the broad petiolate leaves and globular corymbs, which sometimes become diseased and form
round balls of silky wool, with brown scales interspersed (probably due to the puncture of an insect). The plant
was first described as a Swammerdammia (by M. Raoul), a genus I do not retain.

$ b. Capitula solitary. Leaves very minute, appressed to the stem.

2. Ozothamnus microphyllus, Hook. fil.; fruticulus decumbens, ramosus, incanus, ramis divaricatis
prostratis, ramulis ascendentibus, foliis minimis arcte imbricatis ramis appressis ovatis obtusis crassis coria-
ceis dorso glaberrimis convexis infra apicem cicatricatis intus superne lanuginosis, capitulis majusculis
solitariis ramulis abbreviatis terminalibus sessilibus, involueri squamis coriaceis margine scariosis, flos-
culis plurimis, receptaculo plano, acheniis pilosis. Tas. XXXV. 4.

Has. Middle Island. Nelson; stony places, Warrau Pass, 4000 feet elev., Bidwill.

A small, hoary, half-herbaceous shrub, a foot high, with woody branching stem, as thick as a crow-quill, and
short silvery branches, covered with small, closely appressed, inconspicuous scale-like leaves. Leaves ovate, thick
and coriaceous, blunt, smooth at the back, and marked with an oval spot below the tip, densely woolly on the upper
surface (next the stem), 4—4 line long. Heads terminal, solitary at the tips of the branches, 4 inch long, broadly
oblong. Involucral scales scarious, linear, blunt. Florets very numerous, yellow. Achenia pubescent. —A curious
plant, allied to the 0. lepidophyllus of Tasmania, but much smaller, and with solitary heads of flowers.—
PLATE XXXV. 4. Fig. 1, top of branch; 2, leaf; 3, involucre cut open; 4, floret; 5, pappus; 6, stamen :—a//
magnified.

3. Ozothamnus depressus, Hook. fil.; fruticulus decumbens, ramosus, sericeus, ramis prostratis, ramu-
lis brevibus ascendentibus subvirgatis ultimis dense foliosis, foliis arcte imbricatis caule appressis lineari-
ligulatis obtusis crassis coriaceis superne villosis dorso sericeis convexis, capitulis ramulis brevibus ter-
minalibus solitariis, involucri anguste oblongi squamis linearibus scariosis obtusis, acheniis costatis
glaberrimis. Tas. XXXV. B.

Has. Middle Island. Nelson; banks of streams at Warrau Pass, 2250 feet elev., Bidwill.

Very similar in habit and general appearance to 0. microphyllus, but more straggling. Stems very woody,
prostrate, as are the larger branches, the smaller ones erect or ascending, leafy, all covered with a closely appressed
silvery-grey pubescence. Leaves densely imbricated, narrow linear, blunt, silky at the back, woolly on the face,
appressed to the stem, 1 line long. Capitula narrower and rather longer than in the former species. FYorets also
longer; pappus very white, silky, and of slender hairs. Achenia quite smooth, ribbed or angled.—PLATE XXXV. B.
Fig. 1, top of branch; 2, leaf; 3, involucre cut open; 4, floret; 5, pappus; 6, stamen :—all magnified.

Norn. Ozothamnus pinifolius, Br. (Calea pinifolia, Forst.), is only known through a very indifferent specimen
in Forster’s Herbarium, to which the habitat of New Zealand is marked by that author with a mark of doubt. As
it has been found by no succeeding collector, I am inclined to suspect it to be more probably a New Caledonian
plant. It may be recognized by its very narrow acerose leaves, spreading on all sides, and its scarred branches,
exactly like those of a Pine.

Gen, XIV. RAOULIA, Hook. fil.

Capitulum multiflorum, heterogamum, discoideum. —Znvoluerum oblongum ; squamis scariosis, 1-2-se-
riatis, intimis erectis, disco eeguilongis v. longioribus, radiantibus, albis. Receptaculum. angustissimum,
alveolatum v. fimbrilliferum, rarius pilosum. ZWoseuli radii 9 , 1-seriales, angustissimi, tubulosi, 3—4-dentati :
disci 8, 5-dentati; antherm bicaudatee. Pappus pilis sericeis tenuissimis 1-seriatis barbellatis flosculis
longioribus.—Herbe perpusille Nove Zelandise et Tasmanie, simpliuscule v. ramose, foliose ; folis imbri-
catis; capitulis sessilibus, solitariis, terminalibus.

E

Composite. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 135

Very curious, and generally minute, alpine, simple or branching herbs, often tufted and moss-like, with very
small, smooth or woolly, loosely or densely imbricated leaves, and solitary terminal heads, sunk amongst the leaves
at the ends of the branches. Heads many-flowered ; outer florets in one row, female, slender, tubular, three- to four-
toothed ; inner hermaphrodite, tubular, campanulate, five-toothed. Involucre of several rows of erect scales, coriaceous
or scarious, often spreading outwards when dry; inner scales as long as the florets, and, like the others, in some
species radiating with long white ligule. Receptacle extremely narrow, convex, alveolate or fimbrillate or hairy,
hidden (even after the florets have fallen away) by the involucral scales, which always connive at the base. Stamens
of the disc-florets five; anthers with two (sometimes fimbriated) tails; arms of the styles generally protruded,
truncated, hispid at the points. Achenia smooth, glandular, or pubescent.— The very inconspicuous plants forming
this genus are difficult of discrimination, without great care and a magnifying glass. As a genus, it is not easily
defined, except by its size and habit: it differs from Ozothamnus in the regular series of female florets; from Heli-
chrysum by its habit, and very narrow receptacle; from Gnaphalium by the same characters. (Named in honour of
M. M. E. Raoul, surgeon in the French navy, author of the excellent * Choix de Plantes,’ repeatedly quoted.)

$ a. Involucral scales all similar ; none white or radiating.

l. Raoulia australis, Hook. fil.; perpusilla, densissime congesta, foliis dense imbricatis patulis subre-
curvis spathulatis obtusis crassiusculis concavis tomentosis albidis sulphureisve, involucri squamis exteriori-
bus foliis similibus intimis scariosis linearibus obtusis flosculis æquilongis. Nobis, in Raoul, Choix de
Plantes, p. 20. t. 15.

Has. Throughout the Islands, in dry rocky places, and on the mountains ; originally detected by Mr.
Bidwill on Tongariro; I have not seen specimens from north of the East Cape.

Stems 3-13 inch high, most densely tufted, branched ; branches closely covered with small, coriaceous, densely
imbricating leaves. Leaves 1-8 lines long, patent, recurved, spathulate, blunt, very concave above, generally thickly
covered with white or yellow wool. Heads terminal, small. Involucral scales often spreading when dry, conniving at
the base; the outer coriaceous, woolly; inner smooth, scarious, white or sulphur-yellow.—This beautiful little plant
varies much in the size of the leaves, which are sometimes so small that the whole plant resembles a moss ; it is of
a pale sulphur-colour.

2. Raoulia tenuicaulis, Hook. fil.; caulibus gracilibus dense v. laxe ceespitosis, foliis laxe imbricatis
patulis lineari-oblongis ligulatisve obtusis apiculatis acuminatisve glabratis sericeis tomentosisve, involucri
squamis hyalinis apicibus discoloribus sphacelatis. Tas. XXXVI. A.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; on mountains, etc., Colenso, Bidwill.

Similar in most respects to R. australis; but much more slender, and with longer, less densely-tufted stems.
Branches short or long, sometimes trailing for 6-8 inches, slender, sparingly leafy. - Leaves spreading, linear-oblong
or nearly lanceolate, sharp or apiculate, rather thick and coriaceous, more or less silky or woolly on one or both
surfaces, sometimes smooth, except towards the point at the back, 1-2 lines long. Heads terminal, a good deal
larger than the leaves, 4 inch long. Involueral scales imbricated ; outer woolly, coriaceous; inner scarious and
hyaline, with brown tips; none radiating beyond the others, or white.—I have seen (and figured) an hermaphrodite
flower of this species with three arms to the style.—PrATE XXXVI. 4. Fig. 1, 2, leaves; 8, floret of the ray;
4, of the disc; 5, pappus; 6, stamen :—all magnified.

$ b. Inner scales of the involucre longer than the others, radiating, tipped with white or all white.

9. Raoulia glabra, Hook. fil. ; caulibus gracilibus elongatis ramosis laxe ceespitosis superne foliosis,
foliis laxe v. dense imbricatis patulis lineari-ligulatis lineari-oblongisve obtusis superne concavis glaberrimis,
capitulis majusculis, involucri squamis interioribus foliis similibus apicibus sphacelatis v. concoloribus
intimis breviter radiantibus supra medium albidis.

Has. Middle Island. Milford Sound, Zyall.

136 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [Composite.

A larger species than either of the former, and the only one at present known with quite smooth leaves. Stems
loosely tufted, slender, 4-10 inches long, much branched. Leaves crowded along the terminal branches, imbricating
at the base, spreading, + inch long, linear or linear-oblong, blunt, concave, rather coriaceous, quite smooth, pale
yellow-green. Heads of flowers hardly exserted beyond the upper leaves, amongst which they nestle. nvolucrat
scales loosely imbricated ; outer like the leaves, but often brown at the tip; inner longer, radiating, with white tips,
or sometimes with the whole upper half white.

4. Raoulia subsericea, Hook. fil.; dense csespitosa, caulibus brevibus ramosis erectis v. ascendentibus,
foliis dense imbricatis lineari-ligulatis obtusis sericeis subcoriaceis patentibus v. suberectis enerviis, capitulis
majusculis, involucri imbricati squamis exterioribus brevibus lanatis intimis plurimis 1-serialibus basi
scariosis supra medium lineari-elongatis radiantibus albidis, flosculis perplurimis.

Has. Middle Island. Port Cooper, Lyall.

. A very pretty little species, with a conspieuous white ray to the head of flowers, which is not so large or broad
as in the following species. Stems 1-2 inches high, densely tufted, covered with closely imbricating, spreading, or
suberect leaves. Leaves linear, 3—4 lines long, sometimes rather spathulate, broader towards the end, more or less
silky, sometimes nearly glabrous, blunt, rather coriaceous, green. Heads large for the size of the plant, about twice
as long as the leaves, with very numerous florets. Outer scales of the involucre woolly, with scarious tips; inner

forming a regular series of many linear white rays.

5. Raoulia grandiflora, Hook. fil.; caule robusto brevi simplici v. diviso curvo folioso radicante, foltis
dense imbricatis erectis lineari-lanceolatis ligulatisve subacutis striatis sericeis nitidis vaginis lanatis mem-
branaceis, capitulis magnis foliis supremis immersis, involucri squamis extimis paucis brevibus sericeis intimis
1-seriatis longe radiatis albidis linearibus obtusis, acheniis receptaculoque pilosis. Tas. XXXVII. 4.

Has. Northern Island. Top of the Ruahine range, Colenso.

Much the prettiest and largest species of the genus, conspicuous for its imbricating, shining, silky leaves,
and large capitula, with white, radiating, involucral scales. Stems curved, stout, simple, rooting from amongst the
leaves, apparently prostrate and ascending, 2-3 inches long, with the leaves 4-4 inch thick. Leaves closely imbri-
cated, erect, shining and silky, lanceolate or linear, rather sharp, striated or furrowed, with broad, woolly, mem-
branous sheaths. Heads very large for the size of the plant, upwards of $ inch across. Outer ¿mvolucral scales
short and silky; inner forming a very distinctly separate series of about twelve to fifteen white spreading rays.
Achenia and receptacle hairy.—This species very much resembles a single-headed Helichrysum ; but I have retained
it in Raoulia, because of its evident close affinity to R. subsericea, and the very narrow receptacle. —PLATE XXXVII. A.
Fig. 1, involueral scale; 2, receptacle; 8, floret of the circumference; 4, of the disc; 5, pappus; 6, stamen :—all

magnified.
Gen. XV. GNAPHALIUM, Zinn.

Capitulum multiflorum, heterogamum ; flosculis omnibus tubulosis, radii 9 , pluriserialibus, tenuissimis,
disci $. Involucrum disco æquale v. longius, oblongum v. late hemisphericum ; squamis erectis v. radian-
tibus imbricatis scariosis apicibus plerumque hyalinis. Receptaculum planum v. convexum, nudum. An-
there basi bisete. Achenia teretia, papillosa v. glaberrima. Pappus l-serialis, setis filiformibus scaberu-
lis.— Herbs plereque lanata.

Woolly herbs, with alternate, generally narrow leaves, and solitary or corymbose heads of flowers. Heads
many-flowered ; florets of the circumference in many series, numerous, very slender, female; the rest tubular,
campanulate above, four- to five-toothed, hermaphrodite. Involucre of various forms, broad, with long, spreading,
white rays in the first two sections; narrow, cylindrical, with conniving or erect, imbricating, hyaline, or scarious
scales in the last section. Receptacle convex or nearly plane, broad or narrow. Anthers with two tails. Achenia

Composite. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 137

terete, papillose or smooth. Pappus of one series of very slender, slightly roughened hairs, of equal length. —
A large and not very natural genus as at present constituted, species of which are found all over the world; some of
these having also very wide ranges; indeed, few latitudes, climates, or elevations are without the genus. It differs
from Helichrysum only in the numerous female flowers of the disc, otherwise these are undistinguishable as genera;
and indeed. some species of each are very closely allied to one another. The radiate section should probably form
another genus, but if so, the radiate Helichrysa must also be made into a genus or be combined with these, disre-
garding the number of female florets as of generic importance. (Name from yvapaXov, wool.)

$a. Conopiscus. Heads solitary. Young receptacle conical. Inner involucral scales forming a broad,
conspicuous white ray.

1. Gnaphalium prostratum, Hook. fil.; caule prostrato ramosissimo, ramulis foliosis lanatis ascenden-
tibus apice monocephalis, foliis parvis obovato-oblongis spathulatisve obtusis mucronatis superne incanis v.
glabratis subtus pube laxe v. arcte appressa sericeis, capitulis subsessilibus v. breve pedunculatis, involucri
squamis extimis brevibus lanatis acuminatis intimis 2-3-seriatis longe radiantibus subacutis, flosculis radii
paucis foemineis 2-3-seriatis, receptaculo lato convexo primum conico. FZ. Antarct. p. 30. t. 21.

Has. Northern Island. Mount Egmont, at 4000 feet elev., Dieffenbach; top of Titiokura, Colenso.

Whole plant silvery, with white wool and shining appressed tomentum on the foliage. Stems prostrate, slender,
rather woody at the very base, 6 inches to 2 feet long, with ascending, leafy, woolly branches, terminated by an
almost sessile head ; the stem not being elongated beyond the cauline leaves into a bracteate peduncle as in the
following species. Leaves numerous, spreading or recurved, oblong-obovate or oblong-spathulate, 1-8 inch long,
blunt, with a sharp mucro; the upper surface hoary or downy, rarely glabrous, the under densely woolly. Heads
large, 3-3 inch across. Outer involueral scales short, woolly, acuminate; inner very long, narrow, radiating, white,
sharp-pointed, sometimes brown at the back. Floreis much shorter than the involucre; female small, few, in
several series. —The involucral rays of this pretty plant expand long before the florets are fully formed, and I was
(in the * Flora Antarctica") deceived as to the appearance of the latter, all of which I supposed to be hermaphrodite.
At that time I was acquainted with the following very closely allied species, only through indifferent original speci-
mens of Forster, which, from their incomplete state, I could not distinguish specifically from this. I accordingly
recorded them as the same in Flora Antarctica Supplement.

2. Gnaphalium bellidioides, Hook. fil. ; caulibus breviter prostratis ascendentibus divisis v. parce ra-
mosis, ramis foliosis apice in pedunculos lanatos bracteatos monocephalos abeuntibus, foliis lineari-obovatis
obovato-spathulatisve mueronatis superne lanatis glabratisve subtus dense argenteo-lanatis, pedunculis
elongatis laxe bracteatis, capitulis ut in priore. Xeranthemum bellidioides, Forst. Banks et Sol. MSS.
et Ic.

Has. Northern and Middle Island. Hast coast, Banks and Solander, Colenso; Cook's Straits, Forster,
D Urville; Otago, Lyall.

Very similar indeed to the preceding species, but not so prostrate and less branched, with the branches termi-
nating in long (3-6 inches), bracteated, woolly peduncles, bearing heads of flowers quite like those of G. prostratum.

$ b. Heads corymbose. Receptacle plane or conven, rather broad. Inner involucral scales forming a broad,

conspicuous white ray.

3. Gnaphalium Lyall, Hook. fil.; caule robusto basi decumbente ramoso, ramis ascendentibus seri-
ceis sulcatis foliosis, foliis (3-4 unc.) patulis anguste lineari-oblongis lanceolatisve acuminatis 1-3-nerviis
supra glabratis subtus dense niveo-tomentosis, corymbis polycephalis, capitulis subcongestis, involucri squa-
mis interioribus pluriseriatis longe radiantibus, flosculis foemineis multiseriatis, receptaculo lato convexo.

Haz. Middle Island. Massacre Bay, Lyall.

2L

138 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Composite.

A very handsome plant, 2-3 feet long, with the woody, prostrate, lower part of the stem sometimes a foot
long, and as thick as a swan’s-quill. Branches ascending, 2 feet high, grooved and covered with silky pubescence,
leafy. Leaves 2-4 inches long, linear-oblong or lanceolate, sharp-pointed, one- or three-nerved, glabrous above,
densely covered below with white appressed silky wool. Corymbs of twelve to twenty white heads, 3 inch in dia-
meter, on woolly peduncles.—Closely allied to G. frinerve, but a very much larger plant, with longer leaves and
many-headed corymbs, which terminate the branches and are not pedunculate,

4. Gnaphalium ¢rinerve, Forst.; caule elongato prostrato parce ramoso folioso apice sericeo in pedun-
culum lanatum bracteatum corymbiferum abeunte, foliis patulis (3-2 unc.) obovato-spathulatis lanceolatisve
acuminatis mucronatis enerviis v. 3-nerviis superne subsericeis glabratisve subtus argenteo-lanatis, corymbis
oligocephalis, capitulis 3-6 longe pedicellatis, involucri squamis interioribus multiseriatis longe radiantibus,
receptaculo lato convexo. Forst. Prodr. A. Rich. Flora. A. Cunn. Prodr.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands. Dusky Bay, Forster; Milford Sound, Zyall; foot of the Rua-
hine range, Colenso.

A beautiful and very distinct species, with prostrate, sparingly branched stems, 2 feet long, loosely covered
along their whole length with spreading leaves; the branches silky and woolly, terminating in loosely bracteated
woolly peduncles, 4-10 inches long, which bear a corymb of a few large heads. Leaves 4-5 inch long, obovate-
spathulate, obscurely three-nerved or nerveless, abruptly acuminate, with a sharp mucro, glabrous, sparingly silky
above, densely clothed below with silvery pubescence. Corymbs of three to six heads, on woolly pedicels. Heads as
large as in @. Lyallii and similar to them.-—The specimen figured in Forster's collection of drawings has a more
robust stem and larger leaves than Dr. Lyall’s. The three nerves are often very indistinct.

5. Gnaphalium Keriense, A. Cunn.; caule basi decumbente ramoso brevi v. elongato, ramis ascenden-
libus v. erectis lanatis apice abbreviatis v. elongatis corymbiferis, foliis anguste lineari-lanceolatis oblongo-
obovatisve acuminatis v. obtusis et mucronatis 1-3-nervüs supra glabratis subtus dense niveo-tomentosis,
corymbis polycephalis tomentosis, capitulis parvis, involucri squamis omnibus albidis longe radiantibus,
receptaculo convexo latiusculo. Helichrysum micranthum, 4. Cuna. in DC. Prodr. G. dealbatum, Forst.
Prodr. ?

Var. B. linifolia; folis angustissime lineari-lanceolatis.

Var. y. maeroleima; involucri squamis latioribus lacero-dentatis.

Var. y. spathulata; folis spathulatis, corymbis pedunculatis.

Has. Abundant in the Northern and Middle Islands, in various localities, Forster, Frazer, Cunning-
ham, ete. |

A rather variable plant in habit, size, and form of the leaves, easily recognized by the small heads from any of |
the preceding. Stems slender, branching, naked below, and rather woody, prostrate, with erect branches 3-8 inches
high, leafy towards the apex, and with terminal corymbs, which are sessile amongst the leaves or pedunculate. Leaves
3-9 inches long, of all forms between very narrow linear-lanceolate and obovate, acuminate or mucronate, one- to
three-nerved, glabrous, green above, white, with silvery appressed wool below. Corymds of many (five to fifteen)
pedicellate heads; peduncle and pedicels woolly. Heads X inch broad, with spreading, linear, rather sharp, white

involueral scales, which are rarely blunt and scarious, torn at the margin.

y e. Heads corymbose or combined into a dense spherical mass. Imvolueral scales erect or conniving, hyaline,

neither white nor forming a ray.

6. Gnaphalium Zuteo-album, L.; dense lanatum, erectum, caule basi diviso, ramis simplicibus laxe
foliosis, foliis linearibus lineari-lanceolatisve utrinque lanatis, capitulis corymbosis, involucri squamis fuscis
v. flavescentibus. Linn. Sp. Pl. DC. Prodr., etc. G. candidum, Banks et Sol, MSS. et Ic.

Has. Very abundant throughout the Islands, Bunks and Solander, etc.

Composite. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 139

This plant is found in warm and low temperate latitudes all over the world, and occurs in the South of Eng-
land, though perhaps introduced there. It may readily be recognized by its being covered with soft white wool.—
Stems a span to 2 feet high, branching below, simple above, leafy throughout. Leaves, radical and cauline similar
to one another, linear-lanceolate or spathulate, uniformly woolly on both sides, blunt, often with a point.
Corymbs woolly, of many heads, clustered into six or eight globose masses, which have no bractese or leaves mixed
with them. Involuere broadly campanulate, 4 inch long; scales numerous, linear-oblong, hyaline, shining, pale
yellow-brown; the inner narrower. lorets very numerous. Receptacle broad, convex, papillose. Achenia oblong-
obovate, smooth, grooved when dry.

7. Gnaphalium ¢nvolucratum, Forst.; caule simplici v. e basi ramosissimo, ramis strictis erectis folia-
tis simplicibus v. proliferis divisisgue cano-tomentosis lanatisve, foliis radicalibus paucis omnibus anguste
lineari-ligulatis lanceolatis spathulatisve acuminatis mucronatisve planis v. crispatis marginibus integerrimis
seepe recurvis supremis angustioribus subtus niveo-tomentosis superne glabratis, capitulis terminalibus v.
ramulis brevissimis axillaribus densissime in glomerulos congestis foliis lineari-elongatis bracteatis, involucri
pauciflori anguste oblongi squamis lineari-subulatis nitidis brunneis pallidisve conniventibus. Forst. Prodr.
4. Rich. Flora. A. Cunn. Prodr. DC. Prodr. etc. G. spheericum, Hort. (Herb. Hook.) G.lanatum, Forst.
et G. Cunninghamii, DC. fid. Herb. Mus. Brit., Howard, et DC. Prodr.

Has. Throughout the Islands; very abundant, Banks and Solander. (Cultivated in England.)

A very common and variable plant, easily recognized in its ordinary state by the dense round balls of capitula,
surrounded at the base by spreading or deflexed, linear, leafy bracteze. Stems woody and generally much branched
below, annual; branches erect, 1-2 feet high, simple, divided, or proliferous, bearing short leafy ramuli in the axils
of the leaves, always more or less woolly. Zeaves numerous, radical and on the stem, uniform throughout the plant,
but the upper narrower, all petiolate, narrow, linear, linear-lanceolate or spathulate, 1—4 inches long, sharp; the
margins plane or recurved, and often crisped, beneath white with appressed tomentum, smooth above. Capitula
crowded into globose masses $-1i inch in diameter, which are terminal on leafless short or elongated tops of the
branches, or sessile amongst the leaves. Involucres very numerous, narrow; scales conniving, linear, very narrow,
scarious, the outer shorter, broader, all usually brown towards the tips, rarely pale yellow-brown throughout, never
spreading after the florets have fallen away so as to expose the receptacle, which is very narrow. florets few, about
twelve; achenia papillose or pubescent.—This fine plant is also abundant in Australia and Tasmania.

8. Gnaphalium virgatum, Banks et Sol.; caule e basi ramoso, ramis strictis erectis gracilibus simplici-
bus proliferis ramosisve ubique cano-tomentosis, foliis anguste lineari-elongatis lanceolatisve acuminatis
superne glabratis subtus dense appresse niveo-tomentosis, capitulis in glomerulos bracteatos sessiles axil-
lares terminalesque densissime congestis, involucri pauciflori anguste oblongi squamis linearibus brunneis
conniventibus. Banks et Sol. MSS. G. involucratum, 8. ramosum? DC. Prodr.

Has. Northern Island. East coast, Banks and Solander. Bay of Islands, at Wycari mission station,
Je D. H.

Very closely allied to the former, but distinguished by Banks and Solander and also by Sieber, in whose New
Holland collection it is (no. 343). It chiefly differs from @. involucratum in the smaller size and slender habit,
very narrow leaves, smaller, more numerous globose heads of capitula, which are axillary on the branches as well
as terminal, and have shorter, narrower bractee. Though I have no variety of G. involucratum from Australia or
New Zealand quite like this, I expect these two species will eventually prove varieties of one another.

9. Gnaphalium collinum, Lab.; caule e basi ramoso v. simplici, ramis simplicibus erectis gracilibus
molliter lanatis, foliis radicalibus petiolatis obovato-spathulatis oblongo-lanceolatisve obtusis apiculatis
acutisve superne glaberrimis araneosisve subtus dense niveo-tomentosis lanatisve caulinis angustioribus

FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Composite.

140

acutis marginibus revolutis, capitulis in glomerulos dense congestis terminalibus v. ramulis brevibus
axillaribus vix bracteolatis, involucri campanulati squamis lineari-oblongis pallidis hyalinis, flosculis plurimis.
Lab. Fl. Nov. Holl. v. 2. p. 44. t. 189. DC. Prodr. G. simplex, Forst. fid. Herb. Cunn. A. Rich. Flora.
A. Cunn. Prodr. :

Var. a. spithamea ; folis radicalibus caulinis diversis nempe latioribus utrinque lanatis, caulibus
simplicibus.

Var. B ; omnia var. a sed foliis angustioribus superne glaberrimis subtus niveo- v. argenteo-tomentosis.

Var. y; pedalis et ultra, ramis ramulosis proliferisve, foliis omnibus angustioribus, glomerulis brac-
teolis 1-2 involucratis. Ad G. involucratum accedit.

Has. Throughout the Islands; abundant, Forster, ete.

This is a very distinct species, and may at all times be recognized from G. involucratum and G. virgatum by
the broad involucres, which have more numerous florets and paler broader scales; also by there being very few and
short bractese below the heads, or more generally none. The var. y has tall leafy branched stems, a foot high, and
very narrow leaves, resembling G. involucratum in habit and appearance very closely; but the usual state of this
plant is a tufted herb, a span high, with numerous radical petiolate leaves, and simple, sparingly leafy, woolly stems.
Radical leaves 1-3 inches long, linear-oblong or spathulate, sharp or apiculate, smooth or sparingly woolly above,
densely woolly below, or covered with appressed silvery tomentum; cauline leaves narrower, sharp. Capitula

' clustered into rounded terminal or axillary dense masses, 1-3 inch diameter, pale yellow-brown, shining, with one
or two generally short leafy bractese at the base. Involucres 3-3 lines long, broadly oblong or campanulate,
spreading after the florets have fallen away, and exposing the rather broad many-flowered receptacle.— This is also
a Tasmanian and New Holland plant. In the form of the involucres it resembles G. luteo-album, but the scales

are less numerous, and the densely-packed inflorescence not presenting the characters of a corymb will at once dis-

tinguish it.
Gen. XVI. HELICHRYSUM, DC.

Omnia Gnaphalii, sed flosculi radii 9 , 1-seriales.

'The New Zealand species of this genus are to be distinguished from Raoulia by the broad receptacle, and from
Gnaphalium by the female marginal florets forming but one row. In the Cape of Good Hope, and Australia and
Tasmania, there are very numerous and often extremely handsome species of Helichrysum, and a few are found in
Europe and elsewhere in the Northern Hemisphere. There is much difference of habit amongst them, some having
broad, white, rayed, involucral scales, like the first section of New Zealand Gnaphalia; others having narrow
involucres, with erect scales, as in the two species to be described here. (Name a Greek one, supposed to have
been applied to a South European species of this genus.)

1. Helichrysum ‚filicaule, Hook. fil. ; caule folioso filiformi suberecto simplici v. diviso, ramis apice
monocephalis lanatis, foliis uniformibus sessilibus obovato-oblongis acuminatis v. mucronatis subtus
argenteo-lanatis, capitulis pedunculatis, involucri late campanulati squamis exterioribus lanatis intimis
scariosis hyalinisve nullis radiantibus, acheniis pubescentibus. Conyza uniflora, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic.
Tan, XXXVI. B.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands. Dry hills, especially towards the east coast, Banks and Solander,
Forster, ete.

Stems very slender, a span to a foot long, simple or divided, woolly, leafy except towards the apex of the
branches, which form long teafy peduncles to the heads, which are solitary. Leaves uniform in size, scattered,
1—4 inch long, sessile, oblong-obovate, sharp or apiculate, smooth above, densely clothed with appressed silvery wool

below. Heads 4 inch long, broadly campanulate, many-flowered. Involucral scales imbricated ; outer shorter,

Composite. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 141

woolly ; inner narrow, scarious and hyaline at the tips, none rayed or white, all spreading after the florets have fallen
away, and exposing the convex papillated receptacle. Achenia slightly pubescent.—PrATE XXXVI. B. Fig. T,
floret of cireumference; 2, of the disc; 3, pappus; 4, stamen ; 5, arms of the style :—all magnified.

2. Helichrysum Zeontopodium, Hook. fil.; radice perenni uni-tri-cipite, caule brevi robusto dense
molliter lanuginoso, foliis radicalibus plurimis rosulatis dense congestis lineari-oblongis subacutis sessilibus
utrinque sericeis, caulinis paucis oblongis, capitulis congestis, bracteis patentibus densissime lanuginosis
involucratis, involucri squamis omnibus erectis. Tas. XXXVII. B.

Haz. Northern Island. Ruahine mountains and Mount Hikurangi, Colenso.

This very remarkable plant is so similar to the genus Leontopodiwm of the European Alps and Himalayan
mountains that it requires some care to discriminate it; the styles of the disc-flowers are, however, always more or
less bifid, generally deeply, and its technical characters are hence those of Helichrysum. Root perennial, simple or
branched at the top, bearing one or several short branches, densely clothed with numerous spreading leaves; and
simple stems 2-3 inches high. Radical leaves closely imbricating, spreading, 4-3 inch long, sessile, linear-oblong,
thick and coriaceous, rather blunt, silky on both sides. Stem densely woolly, bearing several short silky leaves, and
a terminal mass of eight to ten sessile capitula, surrounded by a spreading general involucre, formed of ten to twelve
or more thickly woolly, linear, blunt leaves. Involueres shortly pedicellate, oblong, campanulate, of one series of
linear, acuminate, scarious scales, woolly at the back. Florets of the circumference in one series, narrow, tubular,
four- to five-cleft; arms of the styles long, subacute. Disc florets very numerous; arms of the styles shorter, equal
or unequal, truncated. Pappus of one row of rather broad bristles, scabrous towards the tips. Achenia hairy.—
PLATE XXXVII. B. Fig. 1, capitulum; 2, the same cut open, showing the receptacle; 3, floret of the circum-
ference; 4, floret of the disc; 5, pappus; 6, stamen :—all magnified.

Gen. XVII. ERECHTITES, Raf.

Capitulum multiflorum, heterogamum, discoideum ; flosculis marginalibus 9 , multi- v. pauci-seriatis,
tenuissimis, 2—4-dentatis; disci $, 4-5-dentatis. Receptaculum nudum, subpapillosum. Involucerum
cylindraceum ; squamis anguste linearibus, l-seriatis. Sžy/i rami cono superati. Achenia oblonga, striata,
obtusa v. apice attenuata, pilosa v. scabrida. Pappus pluriserialis, tenuissimus, scaberulus.— Herbze erecta,
simplices v. ramosa, glaberrime v. lanate.

A genus of tall, smooth or woolly, simple or branched, herbaceous plants, bearing corymbs of many exceed-
ingly narrow heads, which have no ligulate florets. —Zmvolucre cylindrical; scales very long, narrow, erect, in one
series, with a few short ones at the base. Receptacle narrow, papillose. Florets of the circumference in one or
many series, extremely slender, female; those of the disc broader, hermaphrodite. Arms of the styles tipped with short
hairy cones. Achenia oblong, striated, hairy or smooth. Pappus of numerous, very slender, rough hairs, in many
series. —The species of Erechtites abound in Australia and Tasmania; a few are found in South America, and as far
north as the Southern United States. All the New Zealand species are also natives of Tasmania and Australia.
(Name used by Dioscorides for some species of Senecio.)

$ a. Whole plant quite smooth and glabrous.

1. Erechtites prenanthoides, DC.; glaberrima, caule elato robusto stricto v. flexuoso striato, foliis
anguste lineari-oblongis acuminatis inferioribus petiolatis caulinis semiamplexicaulibus basi dilatatis
auriculatis argute eroso-dentatis, corymbis ramosis polycephalis, involucri squamis anguste linearibus
glaberrimis, flosculis disci 4-5-dentatis, acheniis lineari-oblongis costatis, costis puberulis apice corona
callosa superatis. DC, Prodr. Senecio tabidus, Banks et Sol. MSS. et To.

Var. 8. minor ; foliis sinuato-lobatis subpinnatifidisve.

ass

MEET

|
|
|

142 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Composite.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; not unfreguent, Banks and Solander, Colenso. East coast,
Banks and Solander. Var. 8. Milford Sound and Otago, Zyall.

Variable in size, from 1 to 3 feet high. Everywhere perfectly smooth and glabrous, except a few occasional
hairs on the youngest leaves and unexpanded corymbs. Leaves 8-5 inches long, membranous, linear-oblong,
often very narrow, acuminate; the lower petiolate; upper sessile, expanded at the base into broad lobes, which half
clasp the stem; all sharply toothed, lobed and pinnatifid throughout their length in var. 8. Corymbs branched, very
large in fully formed specimens, 6-10 inches across, of very numerous capitula, ¿inch long. Zuvolucres quite smooth.
Achenia linear-oblong, grooved, the ribs hairy, surmounted by a callous ring that surrounds the base of the pappus.—

This species has been found in Tasmania and in Lord Auckland’s Group.

§ b. Plants more or less hispid or woolly.

2. Erechtites arguta, DC. ; tota araneo-tomentosa, caule stricto erecto simplici v. diviso, foliis anguste
lineari-lanceolatis oblongisve acuminatis subtus dense albido-tomentosis superne glabratis araneosisve omni-
bus v. superioribus basi auriculato-bilobis grosse insequaliter dentatis sinuatis pinnatifidisve lobis sinuato-
dentatis inferioribus plerumque petiolatis, corymbisramosis multifloris, pedicellis lanatis, involucri foliolis
glabratis, flosculis disci 5-dentatis, acheniis breviter oblongis sulcatis glanduloso-puberulis. DC. Prodr.
Senecio argutus, A. Rich. Flora. A. Cunn. Prodr. S. plebeius, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic.

Var. a; foliis lineari-oblongis longe petiolatis sinuato-dentatis.

Var. 8; caule folioso, foliis sessilibus auriculatis profunde lobatis sinuato-pinnatifidisve.

Has. Throughout the Islands; abundant, Banks and Solander, ete.

A tall herb, 14-2 feet high, everywhere woolly or cobwebby with scattered white down, branched at the top
into a very many-headed corymb. Leaves 3-5 inches long, narrow, linear, oblong or obovate; the lower generally
contracted into a long petiole; upper (sometimes all) sessile, with a broadly two-lobed stem-clasping base; mar-
gins unequally toothed, lobed or pinnatifid, with the lobes again toothed; upper surface nearly smooth, lower
densely clothed with white wool; uppermost leaves at the axils of the corymb, subulate, with broad, two-lobed,
toothed bases. Peduncles and pedicels woolly. Involucres woolly at the very base only, similar to those of the
former species. Ackenia grooved, pubescent or papillose on the ridges —This is also a very common Australian
and Tasmanian plant, always varying very much in the breadth and lobing of the leaves.

3. Erechtites Aispidula, DC.; tota pilis brevibus albidis hispidula, caule simplici, foliis anguste
lineari-oblongis obovatisve acutis eroso-dentatis v. ineegualiter lobatis lobis dentatis utrinque hispidulis
basi breviter biauriculatis, corymbo effuso ramoso, pedunculis pedicellisque gracilibus glabratis, involucri
squamis glaberrimis, flosculis disci 5-dentatis, acheniis elongatis sulcatis puberulis apice corona callosa
superatis. DC. Prodr. Senecio hispidulus, A. Rich. Sert. Astrolab. p. 92. t. 34. A. Cunn. Prodr.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands. Bay of Islands to Akaroa, D’ Urville, Cunningham, ete.

Very similar to Æ. arguta, but generally a smaller plant; the New Zealand specimens are not woolly, but
covered everywhere, except the pedicels and involucres, with short, white, scattered, hispid hairs. Leaves more or
less lobed and cut, 2-3 inches long, linear-oblong, sessile or narrowed into short petioles, having two small toothed
lobes at the base, half-clasping the stem. Corymbs and capitula as in E. arguta; but the achenia are longer, and
have at the top a callous ring surrounding the base of the pappus, as in Æ. prenanthoides —This is also a New Hol-
land and Tasmanian plant, but the specimens from the latter country are woolly as well as hispid. Those figured
by Richard have the leaves nearly entire.

4. Krechtites quadridentata, DC. ; tota albido-lanata v. araneosa, caule erecto simplici v. ramoso, foliis
angustissime lineari-elongatis acuminatis integerrimis marginibus revolutis basi simplicibus v. subauriculatis
utrinque unidentatis, pedunculis pedicellisque glabratis, involucri squamis anguste linearibus, flosculis disci

Composite. FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 143
p

sepissime 4-dentatis, acheniis elongatis profunde sulcatis pubescentibus apice subattenuatis. Senecio
quadridentatus, Lab. Fl. Nov. Holl. v. 9. p.48. t. 194. A. Cunn. Prodr. ÑS. incomptus, Banks et Sol.
MSS. et Ic.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; common in dry hilly places, Banks and Solander, etc. Nat.
name, “ Peka-peki,” Middle Island, Zyall.

Whole plant more or less clothed with loose white wool, except the pedicels and involucres. Stems simple or
branched, 2-3 feet high. Leaves rather stiff, very long and narrow, 2-8 inches long, often much crowded on the
stems, 4-1 inch broad, sharp, margins recurved, very woolly below, cobwebby above, quite entire or with a tooth on
each side at the base, where they are sessile on the stem. Corymbs spreading, with very slender branches. /nvolucres
much larger than in any of the former species, nearly 4 inch long, narrow; scales very slender, green. Achenia longer
than in any New Zealand species, deeply grooved and ribbed, the ribs pubescent, contracted below the tip, with an

obscure ring at the apex. —Found in common with all the preceding both in Australia and Tasmania.

Gen. XVIII. SENECIO, Zinn.

Omnia Hrechtitis, sed capitula homogama, discoidea v. radiata; flosculi radii iis disci consimiles v.
ligulati. Znvolucri sguama seepius apice sphacelatee, lineari-oblonge. Styli fl. $ apice truncati, pilosi.
Achenium teretiusculum v. sulcatum.

One of the largest known genera of plants, scattered over the whole surface of the globe, but rare in tropical
plains and in very cold regions; it contains upwards of 300 species. The individual species have not wide ranges,
but are extremely variable and are often difficult to define. The majority are herbs, but some form bushes, and a
few are small trees.— Capitula yellow, many-flowered. Florets of the circumference female, ligulate, or like those of the
disc; those of the dise tubular, campanulate above, hermaphrodite, five-cleft; anthers exserted. Arms of the styles
of the disc-florets truncated, downy at the tip only ; those of the ligulate florets linear, rounded, blunt, smooth.
Involucre broadly hemispherical or oblong, of one series of long, green, herbaceous scales, usually brown at the tips,
as long as the disc, and with a few much smaller scales at their base. Receptacle convex, papillose. Achenia
smooth or hairy, often ribbed. Pappus of two or more series of soft, slender, roughened or rigid and scabrous,
usually snow-white hairs.— This and Celmisia are the handsomest genera of New Zealand herbaceous plants.
Dr. Lyall's discoveries have added the most magnificent species of each from the Middle Island. (Name from senex,
an old man; in allusion to the white hairy pappus.)

§ a. Herbs (sometimes with shrubby stems) with radical spreading leaves, and one- or many-flowered scapes.

1. Senecio Lagopus, Raoul; folis (omnibus radicalibus) petiolatis oblongis ovatis ovato-rotundatisve
obtusis integerrimis basi rotundatis cordatisve superne rugosis hispido-setosis subtus dense fuscis sericeo-
tomentosis petiolo basi densissime sericeo-villoso, scapis paucifoliosis divisis patentim glanduloso-pilosis,
capitulis majusculis, involucri squamis glandulosis, ligulis elongatis, acheniis elongatis glaberrimis, pappo
brevi pilis rigidis inzequalibus scaberrimis, receptaculo alveolato. Raoul, Choix de Plantes, p. 21. t. 17.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands. Foot of Ruahine mountains, Colenso; Nelson, Bidwill; Akaroa
and Canterbury, Raoul, Lyall.

Root stout, fusiform, bearing a tuft of spreading, petiolate, radical leaves, 2-4 inches long. Petioles stout,
woolly, clothed at the base with a thick mass of brown silky wool. Lamina of leaf oblong or rounded, blunt,
entire, wrinkled, covered above with short, stout, scattered, conical, jointed setze, below with thick wool. Scapes
about 6 inches high, divided, each branch bearing a large yellow capitulum, pubescent and also covered with
spreading black glandular hairs, bearing small leaves at the axils. Heads 3-13 inch across, including the broad
rays. Involucral scales oblong, acuminate, pubescent and glandular. Receptacle pitted, almost alveolate. Achenia
long, slender. Pappus unequal, scanty, short, white, unusually rigid and scabrid for the genus. Ligule very long,

— i

A

—

e

144 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Composite.

narrow, not revolute. Arms of the styles of female (ligulate) flowers long, narrow, smooth, rounded or subacute ;
of the disc (tubular) florets shorter, truncate.—This and the two following are closely allied and very singular
species, the rigid bristles on the upper surface of this and of S. bellidioides are very peculiar, resembling those on
the foliage of the Auckland Island Plewrophyllum criniferum.

2. Senecio bellidioides, Hook. fil.; foliis (omnibus radicalibus) petiolatis ovato-rotundatis obtusis in-
tegerrimis marginibus ciliatis lanuginosisve superne hispido-setosis subtus glaberrimis reticulatim venosis
petiolo basi dense sericeo-villoso, scapis gracilibus l-cephalis remote bracteatis sericeo-lanatis pilis atris
glandulosis immixtis, involucri squamis pubescentibus, acheniis oblongis glaberrimis, pappo rigido, recep-
taculo papilloso.

Has. Middle Island. Canterbury, Zyall.

A smaller plant than the former, but very similar in habit, and in the woolly and silky bases of the petioles.
Leaves 13—2 inches long, generally margined with white, hispid above with short stout hairs, smooth and glabrous
below. Scapes single-headed, slender, woolly with a few black glandular hairs. Heads 1 inch across, including
the ligule. nvolucral scales pubescent, subglandular, rarely glabrous. Pappus not so rough and coarse as in 6.
Lagopus. Achenia short, quite glabrous.

3. Senecio sarifragoides, Hook. fil. ; foliis (omnibus radicalibus) amplis petiolatis, petiolo densissime
sericeo-lanato basi pilis longis villoso, lamina ovato-oblonga v. rotundata superne sericeo-villosa v. glabrata
subtus dense molliter lanata secus nervos sericeo-villosa, vetustioribus glabratis reticulatim venosis, scapis
divisis polycephalis robustis sericeo-lanatis setisque patentibus glandulosis purpureis onustis parce foliatis,
capitulis magnis, involucri squamis molliter pubescentibus, ligulis elongatis, acheniis elongatis glaberrimis
sulcatis pappo molli longioribus disco calloso coronatis.

Has. Middle Island. Port Cooper, Zyall.

A truly superb plant. oot stout, fleshy, with many strong, thick fibres. Petioles very stout, densely clothed
with long silky wool, and covered at their bases with brown, long, soft, shaggy hairs. Lamina of the leaf 3—5
inches long, broadly elliptical-ovate, oblong or rounded, sometimes oblique or cordate at the base; upper surface
clothed with shining silky and woolly hair, under with a thick woolly coat, silky along the ribs; both surfaces
become glabrous and wrinkled when the leaves are old. Scapes 1-13 foot high, stout, branched, bearing 8-10
broad heads, densely woolly and having spreading, soft, purple, jointed hairs, tipped with purple-black glands
scattered amongst the wool, and sometimes also on the margins of the leaf. Heads nearly 2 inches across the long
spreading ligule. /nvolucre $ inch long, broadly cylindrical, conical at the base; scales pubescent and glandular,
with brown tips and midrib. Achenia quite smooth, deeply furrowed, very long (4 inch) longer than the white,
rather rigid pappus. (Named from the general resemblance this plant bears to Saxifraga ciliaris.)

4. Senecio difistulosus, Hook. fil; glaberrimus, caule basi lignoso ramoso cicatricato, ramis apice
foliosis, foliis confertis patentibus coriaceis anguste lineari-elongatis obscure remote crenatis superne cana-
liculatis subtus marginibus villosis ad costam revolutis et adheerentibus, scapo l-cephalo bracteato, in-
volucri squamis late lineari-oblongis herbaceis dorso sublanatis, ligulis paucis latis non revolutis, pappo
molli, acheniis oblongis glaberrimis obscure costatis.

Has. Middle Island. Dusky Bay, Zyall.

A very remarkable species, of which I regret to say I have but one good specimen. Everywhere except the
involucral scales quite smooth, pale green. Stems prostrate, 2-3 inches long, woody, scarred like a Pine-branch,
ascending, leafy at the top. Leaves densely crowded, spreading, 1 inch long, narrow, linear-elongated, about 4 line
broad, subacute; the margins rolled back so as to meet the stout midrib, to which they adhere by a woolly border,
hence the leaves are apparently inflated and formed of two tubes placed side by side, constricted faintly here and

Composite. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 145

there, which gives them the appearance of being crenate. Scape rising from below the leaves, 4 inches long, with
many erect leaf-like bracts. Head erect, li inch broad across the ligule, which are few and broad. Tavolucral
scales few, broad, herbaceous, a little woolly at the back, % inch long. Achenia short, glabrous, obscurely ribbed.
Pappus very soft.—Closely allied to S. pectinatus of the Tasmanian mountains.

$ b. Smooth, glabrous (or nearly so), simple or branching, herbaceous plants, with leafy stems and corymbose
heads of flowers.

5. Senecio Jatifolius, Banks et Sol.; erectus, ramosus, glaberrimus, foliis polymorphis membranaceis
amplis inferioribus late elliptico-ovatis in petiolum alatum elongatum angustatis sinuato-lobatis denticula-
tisque superioribus ovatis profundius sinuatis basi pinnatifidis petiolo basi 2-auriculato semiamplexicauli
supremis sepissime lineari-oblongis supra medium contractis basi lobis argute dentatis dilatatis amplexi-
caulibus, corymbis polycephalis, pedunculis pedicellisque gracilibus, involucri hemispheerici squamuloso-
pubescentis v. glabrati squamis linearibus acuminatis, ligulis anguste linearibus, acheniis sulcatis glandu-
loso-puberulis, pappo tenuissimo molli sericeo, receptaculo alveolato. Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic.

Has. Northern Island; wooded hilly districts, Diefenbach, Bidwill. Wairarapa, Colenso.

A handsome branching herb, 2-3 feet high. Leaves large and broad, very variable in size and shape on the
same plant, sometimes all on long petioles, at others the lower only have long winged petioles, whilst the upper
are amplexicaul and sessile, with large dilated toothed auricles. Stems herbaceous, flexuose, furrowed. Leaves
membranous, 4—8 inches long, petiole sometimes nearly as long, dilated, toothed, and cordate at the base; lamina
broadly ovate, lobed, sinuate, toothed, and the lobes again unequally finely toothed. Corymbs broad, of many
heads; peduncles spreading. Heads 4-3 inch diameter, with narrow spreading and revolute pale yellow rays.
Involucre broadly hemispherical, ¢ inch long; scales narrow, acuminate, smooth, pubescent or covered with chaffy
pubescence. -Achenia shorter than the involucre, furrowed, covered with glandular hairs or long papillae. Pappus
much longer than involucre, of very soft white hairs.

6. Senecio Jautus, Forst.; glaberrimus, herbaceus, caule breviusculo simplici v. ramoso flexuoso
sulcato, foliis carnosis polymorphis omnibus v. inferioribus solum petiolatis lineari-oblongis spathulatisve
acutis sinuato-dentatis superioribus v. sepissime omnibus lineari-oblongis sinuatis lobatis pinnatifidisve
lobulis brevibus elongatisve integerrimis v. repando-dentatis, petiolis basi simplicibus v. semiamplexicaulibus,
corymbis oligo(3 -7)-cephalis, involucri late campanulati squamis linearibus acuminatis basi squamulis paucis
sepius subsquarrosis involucratis, ligulis brevibus elongatisve rarius 0, acheniis linearibus sulcatis costis
pubescentibus. Forst. Prodr. S. neglectus, 4. Rich. Flora. A. Cunn. Prodr. | S. rupicola, A. Rich.

Var. a. lautus ; ramosus, foliis pinnatifidis segmentis linearibus, capitulis ligulatis, ligulis elongatis
patulis, S, linifolius, Lab. Fi. Nov. Holl.

Var. 6. Raouli; caule subsimplici, foliis lineari-oblongis spathulatisve sinuato-dentatis, ligulis parvis
v. 0. S. Raouli, Spach, in Herb. Hook.

Var. y. macrocephalus ; caule ramoso, foliis sinuato-pinnatifidis lobatisve varie incisis, capitulis majo-
ribus depresso-hemispheericis, ligulis revolutis.

Has. Throughout the Islands, very abundant, especially on maritime rocks, Banks and Solander,
Forster, ete.

A smooth, rather succulent, generally branching herb, woody at the base, 1-2 feet high, with entire or gene-
rally lobed or pinnatifid leaves, and terminal corymbs of 3—7 heads; very variable in stature, foliage, size of the
heads, and development of the ligulate ray-flowers. Petioles simple or dilated a little, and clasping half the stem
at the base. Leaves 1-2 inches long, linear-oblong or spathulate, entire, lobed, pinnatifid or almost multipartite ;
lobes variously cut, Heads 3-1 inch broad, depending on the length of the ligule. Imvolucre broadly oblong or

2N

146 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [Composite.

hemispherical, 4 inch long; twice as broad, and depressed, in var. y. Scales linear, acuminate. Achenia linear-
oblong, deeply grooved, the ribs pubescent. Pappus soft, fine, and silky.—This most variable plant abounds in
Australia and in Tasmania, varying everywhere ; it is apparently the S. carnulosus, DC., S. crithmifolius, DO., and
S. australis, Herb. A. Cunn., and, further, is very closely allied to some South American species.

7. Senecio Zyallii, Hook. fil.; caule herbaceo simplici erecto folioso superne supra medium corym-
boso florifero, foliis angustissime et longe lineari-ligulatis acuminatis integerrimis 1-nerviis inferioribus basi
vaginatis superioribus gradatim brevioribus sessilibus semiamplexicaulibus, corymbo simplici polycephalo,
pedunculis axillaribus erecto-patentibus sublanatis inferioribus longissimis bracteatis, involucri squamis
lineari-oblongis glanduloso-pubescentibus, ligulis amplis elongatis patentibus involucro duplo longioribus,
acheniis linearibus dense sericeis, pappo parco insequali scabrido.

Has. Middle Island. Milford Sound, Lyall.

There are three specimens of this superb plant in Dr. Lyall's herbarium, perfectly similar to one another.—
Stem quite simple, herbaceous, erect, purple and deeply furrowed below, throwing out numerous very long slender
peduncles from the axils of the upper leaves, which all attain the same level, and bear beautiful large heads, nearly
2 inches broad, of golden-yellow florets; base of the stem with a few sheaths of old leaves, covered with long
villous silky hair. Leaves numerous, the lower 10 inches long by ž inch broad; they become gradually smaller up
the stem ; all are quite smooth and entire, with one central nerve and long sharp point; the upper sessile and half-
clasping the stem, the lower with broader sheathing petioles. Peduncles very slender, rather woolly, bearing scat-
tered linear bracts, the lower 8 inches long. Involucres $ inch long; scales glandular and pubescent. Achenia long,
silky. Pappus scanty, of few unequal rigid bristles.

8. Senecio? scorzoneroides, Hook. fil.; erectus, caule folioso basi vaginis sericeis foliorum delapsorum
dense obtecto pubescente superne oligocephalo glanduloso, folis omnibus integerrimis marginibus planis
radicalibus lineari-lanceolatis acuminatis elongatis caulinis ovato-lanceolatis acuminatis gradatim minoribus
basi latioribus semiamplexicaulibus inferioribus glabratis supremis glanduloso-pubescentibus, corymbo 3-6-
floro, pedunculis robustis bracteatis, involucri hemispheerici squamis glandulosis, acheniis lineari-elongatis
pilosis vix sulcatis, pappi setis paucis acheniis «equilongis 1-serialibus scabris sordide albis.

Has. Middle Island. Dusky Bay, Lyall.

Dr. Lyall's specimens of this plant are good in all respects except being past flower, whence I have referred
the species doubtfully to Senecio, from which it differs in the uniseriate scanty pappus. It is in this respect, how-
ever, as in all others, so closely allied to 8. pulcherrimus, that I cannot doubt its proving to be rightly placed here.
It differs from that plant in the much broader leaves, in the very short peduncles of the few-headed corymb, and in
the less silky achenium. Stems (of fruiting specimens) stout, erect, simple, except at the top, which forms the
branching corymb, 1 foot high, smooth below, glandular-pubescent above, covered below with a thick ball formed
of the silky sheaths of the old radical leaves. Leaves all rather coriaceous, quite entire, margins not recurved,
lower smooth, upper glandulose and pubescent, 4-5 inches long, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous, smooth ;
cauline numérous, generally smaller, ovate-lanceolate, broadest near the base, and tapering to a long acuminate
point, which is blunt; half-clasping the stem at their sessile bases, 2-3 inches long. Corymbs of three to six heads;
peduncles stout, glandular, bracteolate. Involucres broadly hemispherical, $ inch across. Scales narrow, linear-
lanceolate, glandular. Receptacle convex. Achenia narrow, linear, 2 lines long, covered with hairs. Pappus as
long as the achenium, dirty white, of one series of unequal scabrid hairs. Florets of the disc as in S. pulcherrimus;
those of the ray have fallen away. Radical leaves few,

9. Senecio Banksii, Hook. fil.; glaberrimus, caule erecto ramoso flexuoso, foliis lineari-oblongis acu-
minatis grosse irregulariter dentatis sessilibus basi late cordatis 2-auriculatis amplexicaulibus utrinque
glaberrimis nitidis reticulatim venosis, corymbis polycephalis, pedunculis pedicellisgue gracilibus, involucri

Composite. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 147

campanulati squamis acutis apice pubescentibus glabratisve, ligulis breviusculis, acheniis linearibus pubes-
centibus, pappo molli tenuissimo.

Var. 8? velleia ; robustior, foliis rigide coriaceis subtus glaucis venis prominulis, capitulis latioribus,
acheniis brevioribus.

Var. y? scabrosus; caule foliisque subtus scaberulis pilis raris brevissimis rigidis, foliis angustioribus
superne nitidis corymbisque glaberrimis. — $. scabrosus, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic.

Haz. Northern Island. East coast, Banks and Solander, Colenso.

The S. Banksii in its usual form is a rather slender, branched, perfectly smooth plant, with flexuose, leafy,
grooved stems and shining foliage. Leaves all sessile, 3-5 inches long, linear-oblong, acuminate, irregularly
toothed, below deeply two-lobed, and embracing the stem with two rounded auricles. Corymbs lax, branching,
of rather small heads, on slender pedicels. Involucre 4 inch long, of slender, blunt, smooth or sparingly pu-
bescent scales, much shorter than the pappus, which is white, very soft, and of slender hairs. Ray florets few,
with short ligula. Achenia long and slender for the size of the capitulum, nearly as long as the involucral
scales, grooved and pubescent.—The varieties 8 and y may belong to different species, but my specimens of
them are very indifferent. Var. 6 is a very thickly leathery-leaved plant, with stout stem and branches of the
corymb, which bears very numerous broader heads, that have much shorter achenia. Var. y again is a more
rigid plant, covered on the stem and under surface of the leaf with hispid scattered hairs, It was originally
found by Sir Joseph Banks and Dr. Solander. This species is allied to the S. velleioides, Cunn., of New Hol-
land and Tasmania, but is a more slender plant (except var. 8), and has much smaller capitula.

$c. Woolly or hairy, simple or branched herbs, with leafy stems, often woody below, and corymbose heads

of flowers.

10. Senecio Colensoi, Hook. fil. ; totus molliter albido-lanatus v. araneosus, caule robusto decumbente,
ramis foliosis ascendentibus, foliis lineari-oblongis oblongo-spathulatisve acutis obtusisve grosse et irregu-
lariter sinuato-dentatis marginibus recurvis basi sessilibus amplexicaulibus, corymbis oligocephalis, involu-
cris hemispheericis, ligulis brevibus revolutis, acheniis sulcatis pilosis, pappo molli pilis tenuissimis albidis.

Has. Northern Island. Bay of Islands, East Cape, and Cape Kidnapper, Colenso.

Stems and leaves more or less covered with snow-white appressed wool, more loose and cobwebby on the upper
surface and branches of the panicle. Stem woody, stout, and prostrate below, with short, leafy, herbaceous, ascending or
erect branches. Leaves numerous, crowded, very thick and coriaceous, 8-6 inches long, 3-14 broad, narrow-oblong,
acuminate, coarsely and irregularly toothed or lobed, sessile, with a contracted two-lobed stem-clasping base. Corymbs
of three to eight heads. Involucres broad, hemispherical, $ inch long and as broad. Ray florets with revolute ligule.
Achenia neither long nor slender, pubescent, grooved.— Young root-leaves of some specimens are pinnatifid; it is
probably a very variable plant in foliage, like 8. lautus, which it a good deal resembles in many respects.

Oss. I have another species of this section gathered on the east coast by Mr. Colenso, but in too young a state
for description. It is covered everywhere with short, white, hispid hairs. Stems short, leafy. Leaves 1 inch long,
obovate-oblong or spathulate, coriaceous, blunt, sinuate-pinnatifid and toothed, narrowed into short petioles, that
are dilated at the base and half stem-clasping. Corymés of many heads.

$ d. Shrubs or small trees. Stems and branches woody. Achenium obconic, dilated at the top. (Brachyglottis,
Forst., and Bedfordia, DC.)

11. Senecio glastifolius, Hook. fil. ; glaberrimus, subarboreus, ramis apice foliosis, foliis petiolatis ob-
ovatis obovato-lanceolatisve obtusis subacutisve integerrimis v. obtuse sinuato-dentatis, corymbis axillaribus
terminalibusve ramosis ad axillas foliosis, pedunculis strictis, capitulis magnis, involucri squamis late lineari-
oblongis obtusis, ligulis elongatis pallidis, acheniis lineari-obeonicis glaberrimis apice dilatatis, pappi setis

148 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [Composite.

paucis inzequalibus scabridis rigidis sordide albidis. Cineraria glastifolia, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic. Aster
retroflexus, 4. Cunn. Herb. Solidago arborescens, 4. Cunn. Prodr. et Herb., non Banks et Sol. nec Forst.
Tas. XXXIX.

Has. Northern Island; from the Thames river, northward. East coast, Banks and Solander. .

A small tree, 6-10 feet high, everywhere perfectly smooth, with brittle, naked branches, leafy at the tops, and
bearing corymbs of large pale yellow heads of flowers, with spreading or reflexed ligule. Young branches scarred.
Leaves black when dry, 2-5 inches long, on short, slender petioles, very variable in shape, lanceolate or obovate-
oblong, quite entire or bluntly sinuate. Corymbs 6-8 inches across, branches and peduncles spreading, leafy at the
axils. Znvolucral scales inch long, rather broad, blunt. Ligue nearly an inch long, pale straw-coloured. -Achenia
quite smooth, linear obconic, dilated at the top, striated. Pappus rather scanty; seta scabrid, rigid, dirty white. —
This fine plant has nothing of the habit of any other New Zealand species of Senecio, but yet wants characters
which will exclude it from the genus. In many respects, especially of habit and the rigid pappus, it agrees with
Brachyglottis, but the long ligule are quite foreign to the description of that genus, which is otherwise not dis-
tinguishable from Senecio; on the whole, it is more closely allied to S. perdicioides than to any other New Zealand
plant. —PLATE XXXIX. Fig. 1, involucre and receptacle; 2, ray floret; 3, disc floret; 4, pappus; 5, stamen; 6,
arms of style :—all magnified.

12. Senecio Greyi, Hook. fil.; fruticosus, ramis lignosis petiolis foliisque subtus dense albo-lanatis,
foliis longe petiolatis oblongis obtusis basi rotundatis integerrimis coriaceis, paniculis terminalibus ramosis
foliosis polycephalis, pedunculis bracteis capitulisque glanduloso-pubescentibus rarius gossypinis lanatisve,
involucri lineari-oblongi sguamis linearibus obtusis, ligulis elongatis, acheniis obconicis sericeis, pappi setis
scabridis. Tas. XXX VIII.

Has. Northern Island. Cape Palliser, Colenso.

A very handsome species, from the contrast between the snowy-white woolly under surface and dark green
upper surface of the leaf, and the racemes of numerous golden-yellow flowers. It forms a shrub about 5 feet high.
Branches woody, covered (as are the petioles, leaves below, and sometimes inflorescence) with appressed white wool.
Leaves on petioles about an inch long ; the blade 3-5 inches long, linear-oblong or ovate, blunt, thick and coriaceous,
quite entire. Panicle terminal, of very numerous yellow heads, with spreading ligule; its branches, leaves and
peduncles covered with glandular pubescence, and sometimes with white wool, which extends on to the narrow linear-
oblong involucral scales, which are 4—4 inch long. Ligule 3-5 inch long. Achenia rather short, obconic, silky.
Pappus scanty, rigid, white.—I have named this beautiful plant, at Dr. Sinclair's suggestion, in honour of his Ex-
cellency Sir G. Grey, Lieut.-Governor of New Zealand, who is no less distinguished in his official and political
capacity than as the zealous promoter of the extension of knowledge and scientific inquiry.—PrATE XXXVIII, Fig. 1,
receptacle and involucre; 2, floret of ray; 3, of disc; 4, stamen; 5, arms of style :—a7/ magnified.

18. Senecio (Brachyglottis) Forsžeri, Hook. fil.; arboreus, ramis ramulisgue cinereo-pubescentibus
lanatisve, foliis amplis longe petiolatis late ovatis rotundatisve repandis sinuato-dentatis subtus cano-tomen-
tosis, paniculis effusis terminalibus ramosis ramis dense lanatis flexuosis polycephalis, capitulis parvis,
involueri squamis linearibus glabratis, flosculis radii ligula brevi irregulariter 3—5-fida, pappo parco vix 2-
seriali setis scabridis, acheniis glanduloso-puberulis. Brachyglottis repanda, Forst. Char. Gen. A. Cunn.
Prodr. DC. Prodr. Cineraria repanda, Forst. Prodr. A. Rich. Flora. Cineraria dealbata, Banks et
Solander, MSS. et Ic. Tas. XL.

Haz. Throughout the Islands; abundant, Banks and Solander. Fl. November. Nat. name, “ Puka
Puka,” Colenso.

A small branching tree, 10—20 feet high, covered more or less with white or grey down or wool. Leaves very
large, sometimes a foot long, broadly ovate, rounded, sinuate or bluntly toothed, smooth above, white below;

Composite. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND, 149

petioles 3-5 inches long. Racemes effuse, drooping, as large as the leaves; branches zigzag, slender. Heads very
small, 2-3 lines long. /mvolucre campanulate, of smooth or pubescent, linear, scarious scales, with hyaline edges.
Kay florets few, with a short inconspicuous three- to five-lobed ray. Achenium short, covered with transparent papille.
Pappus white, scanty, in one series.— This is a well-known plant, the natives having used the broad leaves as
paper, whence the native name came to be applied by them to English paper. I have abandoned the genus Bra-
chyglottis, which was founded upon this species, S. rotundifolius, because it has no characters that are not common to
various species of Senecio. For the same reason Bedfordia (a Tasmanian genus) must also be reduced to Senecio, its
species being referable to Brachyglottis were that genus tenable. With respect to the species of Senecio, they vary
remarkably in the presence or absence of a ray, some of the rayed species even having the florets of the circum-
ference absent, or reduced to tubular ones. B. repanda shows well the conversion of a tubular into a rayed corolla,
the latter cut extremely irregularly, and often even simply tubular with unequal divisions. The pappus again, which
is normally soft and of many sete in Senecio, varies extremely in these respects; it is nearly simple in this plant,
double in most others, of unequal setee in many, pure white or dirty white. The obconic achenium with a dilated
top would offer a better character for Brachyglottis, but it is not always very evident, and is one of degree only,
for the Senecios with short achenia have also a strong tendency to this form. —PLare XL. Fig. 1, receptacle and
involucre ; 2, floret of the ray; 3, of the disc :—all magnified.

14. Senecio (Brachyglottis) perdicioides, Hook. fil.; fruticosus, ramulis pubescentibus apice foliosis,
foliis glaberrimis gracile petiolatis elliptico-ovatis obtusis crenato-dentatis, corymbis versus apices ramulorum
axillaribus terminalibusque, capitulis pedicellatis turbinatis sub-8-floris, pedicellis pubescentibus, involucri
squamis paucis obtusis puberulis, achenio profunde sulcato glaberrimo, pappi pilis 2-seriatis scaberulis.
Perdicium senecioides, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Le.

Has. Northern Island. Tolaga, in woods, Banks and Solander.

A bush, with rather slender pubescent branches, which are striated, covered with brown bark and scarred at the
places whence the old leaves have fallen away. eaves on slender petioles, quite smooth, 1-13 inch long, elliptic-
ovate, blunt, crenated and toothed, finely reticulated on the under surface. Corymbs of few heads, axillary and ter-
minal on the ultimate branches. Heads on pubescent pedicels. Znvolucre obeonic, + inch long, eight-flowered ;
scales few, broad, blunt. Ray florets few, with short broad ligule. Receptacle convex, pitted, with raised margins to
the hollows. Pappus of two series of scabrid hairs. Achenium obconic, deeply furrowed, quite smooth and glabrous.
—1 only know this very distinct plant from a specimen in the Banksian Herbarium.

15. Senecio (Brachyglottis) rožundi/olius, Forst.; arbuscula, tota (nisi pagina superiore folii) dense
appresse lanata, ramis ramulisque crassis, foliis valide petiolatis crassis coriaceisque late ovato-rotundatis
cordatisve obtusis integerrimis, corymbis amplis ramosis polycephalis, ramulis foliosis pedunculisque crassis,
involueri lineari-oblongi squamis coriaceis erectis, flosculis radii brevissime ligulatis, achenio elongato sub-
compresso glaberrimo, pappo biseriali setis plurimis insequilongis scabridis apice barbellatis.

Has. Northern and Middle Island. Dusky Bay, Forster. Mount Egmont, 6000 feet, Diefenbach.
Milford Sound, Zyall.

This is a remarkably leathery, thick-leaved, and very robust plant, every part except the upper side of the leaf
covered with a dense, appressed, whitish or buff-coloured, woolly coat. Zeaves large and spreading, on long petioles,
broadly rounded, ovate, more or less deeply cordate, blunt, quite entire, 3-7 inches long. Corymbs terminal, much
branched, many-headed ; branches very stout, erect, leafy. Involuere 5 inch long; scales very thick, erect. Ray
florets with short ligule or none. Achenia quite smooth, compressed, 13 lin. long. Pappus longer than the ache-
nia, of two rows of unequal scabrid hairs, with bearded, thickened tips. Receptacle pitted.— This and the two fol-
lowing species are very closely allied indeed, and are remarkable for their very robust habit and thick leathery foliage.
Dr. Dieffenbach’s Mount Egmont specimens are in bud only, but appear to belong to this species.
20

150 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Composite.

16. Senecio (Brachyglottis) eleagnifolius, Hook. fil. ; fruticosus, totus (nisi pagina superiore folii) dense
appresse sericeo-tomentosus, foliis petiolatis coriaceis ovato- v. elliptico-oblongis v. oblongo-lanceolatis ob-
tusis, racemis terminalibus elongatis ramis involucrisque molliter lanuginosis, capitulis oblongis, flosculis
omnibus tubulosis, acheniis sulcatis pubescentibus, pappo barbellato. Tas. XLI.

Has. Northern Island. Ruahine mountains, Colenso.

This plant differs markedly from the former in the more slender branches, less woolly and silky shining
covering of these, of the petioles, and under surface of the leaves, in the shape of the leaves and in the racemose, not
corymbose inflorescence, which bears much fewer heads. —A shrub 6-8 feet high, diffusely branched. Leaves 3-5
inches long, obovate-oblong or lanceolate, blunt, shining on the upper surface. Zacemes as long as the leaves, ter-
minal. Head without a ray, 4 inch long, densely woolly, the wool not appressed. Flowers all tubular. Achenia
furrowed and pubescent. Hairs of the pappus rough with bristles throughout their length. —PLATE XLI. Fig. 1,
involucre and receptacle; 2, floret; 3, pappus; 4, stamen :—all magnified.

17. Senecio (Brachyglottis) .Bódwillii, Hook. fil.; fruticulus robustus, totus (nisi pagina superiore
folii) dense lanatus, foliis (parvis crassissimis concavis) breve petiolatis ramulo articulatis late elliptico-ob-
longis utrinque obtusis enerviis superne reticulatim venosis nitidis politis, corymbis terminalibus, capitulis
molliter lanatis campanulatis, flosculis radii tubulosis, acheniis glaberrimis elongatis sulcatis, pappo ut
in priore.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands. Mount Hikurangi and Ruahine range, Co/enso. Mountains
near Nelson, alt. 6000 feet, Bidwill.

A small, very robust, alpine shrub, densely woolly. Leaves extremely thick, hard and leathery, 3-13 inch long,
on short stout (rarely elongated) petioles, which are jointed on to the branches, elliptic-oblong, the nerves wholly
concealed by wool below, upper surface very concave, glossy, smooth, polished and reticulated. Corymös terminal,
of many heads; branches slender or stout, short or elongated, densely woolly. Heads 4inch long, similar to those of
S. eleagnifolius. Achenia quite smooth, furrowed.

18. Senecio sciadophilus, Raoul; scandens, ramis gracilibus elongatis flexuosis ramulisque pubescen-
tibus v. glabratis, foliis sparsis petiolatis rotundatis ovato-rotundatisve grosse dentatis utrinque glabratis
(siccitate nigris), capitulis racemosis, racemis axillaribus terminalibusve, involucri foliolis paucis puberulis,
achenio glaberrimo sulcato, pappi pilis albidis scaberulis. Raoul, Choia de Plantes, p. 21. €. 18.

Has. Middle Island. Akaroa, in woods, Raoul. Fl. February.

A climbing shrub, with slender, flexuose, pendent, smooth or pubescent branches, and terminal or axillary
racemes of few capitula, which have long slender pedicels. Leaves petiolate, 1-2 inches long, ovate or rounded, very
coarsely toothed, smooth or with a few scattered hairs on both surfaces. Capitula as in 8. perdicioides, but the
ligule are longer and revolute.— Very nearly allied to 8. perdicioides, but distinct, especially in the rambling scandent
habit, slender stems and branches, broader, more coarsely toothed leaves, slender, nodding panicles and longer ligule
to the flowers of the ray. It has been found by M. Raoul only.

Gen. XIX. MICROSERIS, Don.

Capitulum multiflorum ; flosculis omnibus hermaphroditis, ligulatis. Znvoluerum anguste campanula-
tum; squamis linearibus, 1-seriatis, basi squamulis abbreviatis bracteolatis. Receptaculum nudum, alveo-
latum. Achenium lineari-elongatum, glaberrimum, striatum, erostre. Pappus 1-serialis, subpaleaceus ;
paleis glaberrimis, basi dilatatis, superne in setam rigidam scaberulam productis.

The only New Zealand species is a small smooth herb (with milky juice, I believe), 2 inches to a foot long,
with numerous, rather flaccid, linear leaves and scapes, that bear one yellow head. Leaves 1-6 inches long, linear,

Composite. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 151

quite entire, toothed or pinnatifid, very irregularly cut. — Scapes longer or shorter than the leaves, often downy above.
Heads 1-2 inch long. Involucre narrow, campanulate, of one series of linear, erect, fleshy scales, with membranous
borders; surrounded at the base by two series of much smaller, ovate, acuminate scales. Florets all ligulate, yel-
low, with narrow spreading ligule and short tubes. Achenia linear, quite smooth. Pappus pale yellow-brown, of
one series of slender, smooth bristles, expanding below and becoming paleaceous. Receptacle smooth, glabrous,
pitted.—This plant is common to Tasmania and South Australia, varying extremely in both countries, sometimes
attaining a height of nearly 2 feet, with leaves as broad as the finger: these vary extremely in amount of lobing,
being entire, or pinnatifid, with long, narrow, spreading segments an inch long. The only other species is also a very
variable and quite similar plant, found on the west coast of Chili; it differs from this only in the broader hairs of
the pappus, which are quite paleaceous. (Name from juxpos, small, and cepis, a lettuce.)

1. Microseris Forsteri, Hook. fil.; foliis anguste linearibus integerrimis sinuato-dentatis pinnatifidisve
lobis elongatis, pappi setis basi solum anguste paleaceis. , Scorzonera scapigera, Forst. Prodr. Banks et
Solander, MSS. et Ic. Monermos Lawrencii, Nob. in Lond. Journ. Bot. v. 6. p. 124. Microseris pygmæa,
Raoul, Choix de Plantes, p. 45. non Hook. et Arn. Leontodon lactucoides, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; frequent in many places, especially along the east coast, from the
Thames river southward, Banks and Solander, ete.

In the ‘London Journal of Botany’ I proposed making this plant a subgenus of Scorzonera, to which it had
been referred, having failed to reduce it to any genus of this difficult tribe described in De Candolle; it is, how-
ever, truly congeneric with the Microseris of Chili, as rightly determined by M. Raoul, but the species is quite a
different one.

Gen. XX. PICRIS, Z.

Capitulum multiflorum ; flosculis omnibus ligulatis. Involwert squamæ imbricatæ, exteriores patulæ.
Receptaculum nudum. Acheni sulcata, jugis apice transverse rugosis. Pappusl-2-serialis; pilis plumosis.

Tall, erect, leafy herbs, with milky juice, of which one European species also inhabits various parts of India,
Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand, varying considerably, especially in hairiness, in all places, being sometimes
nearly smooth, at others very hispid with stiff spreading bristles. Stems 2—4 feet high. Radical leaves petiolate,
linear-oblong, blunt, more or less sinuate, toothed and hispid; cauline smaller, sessile, linear, acuminate. Panicle
loosely branched; peduncles long and slender, often quite smooth; pedicels bracteolate. Involucres 1-1 inch long,
campanulate ; scales in two to three series, hispid and pubescent, the outer shorter, often recurved, inner long, forming
one row, acuminate. Flowers all ligulate, yellow ; rays spreading. Pappus of one series of fine white feathery soft
hairs. Achenia contracted above, turgid below, furrowed, the ridges tuberculate.—The other species of this genus
are chiefly natives of the South of Europe. (Name from rrixpos, bitter, as is the juice of this and many others of
the tribe.)

1. Picris Žöeracioides, L.; plus minusve hispido-pilosa, foliis petiolatis oblongo-lanceolatis sinuatis
dentatisve caulinis basi semiamplexicaulibus, capitulis corymbosis, acheniis superne constrictis striatis trans-
verse rugulosis. Linn. Sp. Pl. A. Cunn. Prodr.

Var. B. glabrata. P. attenuata, A. Cunn. Prodr.

Has. Northern Island. Dry hills about the Bay of Islands, etc., Cunningham, etc.

I cannot distinguish this from the common European plant, which I have also gathered in the Himalaya
Mountains at 9000 feet elevation. The var. 8 is only a rather more slender and smooth state of the plant.

152 ELORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Composite.

Gen. XXI. TARAXACUM, JL.

Capitulum multiflorum ; floseulis omnibus ligulatis. Involuerum biseriale, basi squamis parvis bracteola-
tum. Receptaculum nudum. Achenia oblonga, striata, costis muricatis v. denticulatis, abrupte in ros-
trum gracile elongatum contracta. Pappus plumosus.

The common Dandelion is a much more widely distributed plant than has hitherto been supposed. I have
already described it in the * Flora Antarctica ? as a native of the Falkland Islands, where, as well as at Fuegia, it
has been gathered in a certainly native state. Tt occurs in the collections of Banks and Solander, made in New
Zealand, from which, as well as the fact that the prevalent varieties collected by these voyagers and by Mr. Colenso
differ from the ordinarily introduced British form, confirm the opinion of the plant being truly indigenous. Like
the Microseris and allied scapigerous, herbaceous, and succulent Composite, the Dandelion varies extremely in
stature, and the size and cutting of the leaf. In Europe it especially haunts newly-cultivated soil, growing to a
very large size; but in its truly aboriginal localities, and especially on mountains, it appears generally to be a plant
of humble stature. So also in New Zealand, the earlier collected forms are all small, with slender scapes ; but
about the Bay of Islands, Thames district, and Canterbury, it is spreading on cultivated ground, and has there
already assumed the common English form, if indeed such specimens be not introduced with English seed. The
observant colonist will have a most interesting field for watching in New Zealand the influence of cultivation upon
the indigenous and introduced vegetation. In England we have already lost sight of this, and we regard the
road-side states of the Dandelion, Sow-thistle, ete., as the normal or typical, and treat the truly native and
natural forms as starved, stunted, and alpine. In doing this we forget that the former are often but transient in-
habitants of cultivated spots, and grow on them in great luxuriance, simply because their seeds are supplied by
nature with remarkable appliances for aiding dispersion ; they get there before other plants, and growing quickly,
monopolize the soil; soon other species of slower but surer growth, and with stronger powers of endurance, in-
sinuate themselves, and, pressing hard on the Dandelion and Sow-thistle, reduce the former to its lowly form and
kill the latter. Hence, in a first year's dressed field we often see succulent Dandelions a foot high, and Sow-
thistles 8 feet; in the second year the same field becomes a grass meadow, in which the first-named plant is
but a few inches high, and the thistle is gone.—The novice in New Zealand botany may recognize the genus
Tarawacum by its general similarity to Microseris, from which it differs in the broader foliage, but most remarkably
in the pappus, which is composed of one series of smooth hairs, supported on a very long slender stalk, proceed-
ing from the top of the achenium; the latter is turgid at the middle, ribbed, the ribs sharply toothed above the
middle. (Name of Arabic origin.)

1. Taraxacum officinale, DC. Prodr. Leontodon Taraxacum, Auct.

Var. a. elata; foliis petiolatis lineari-oblongis sinuato-dentatis runcinato-pinnatifidisve.

Var. B. minor; folis ut in var. a, scapo superne tomentoso. T. eriopodum, DC., ete.

Var. y. pygmaa; depressa, foliis anguste linearibus abrupte pinnatifide lobatis lobis dentatis.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands, in various places, chiefly on the east coast and on the mountains,

Banks and Solander, etc.

Gen. XXII. SONCHUS, L.

Capitulum multiflorum ; flosculis omnibus hermaphroditis, ligulatis. Jmvoluerum imbricatum ; squamis
multi- v. pauci-seriatis. Receptaculum nudum. Achenia conformia, compressa v. alata, erostria, costata,
levia v. tuberculata. Pappus mollis, albus, pluriserialis, pilis tenuissimis.

The English “ Sow-thistle" appears to be truly a native of New Zealand, having been found by the earliest
voyagers, as well as by all subsequent ones, in the most remote quarters. Mr. Colenso says that the natives know it
as undoubtedly indigenous, and distinguish it from the imported Sonchus oleraceus, or that which abounds on the

Composite. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 153

newly turned-up soil, ete., about the settlements, and which is probably introduced from Europe. Tt has been
found also in Tasmania and in Western Australia, abundantly throughout North and South America from Canada to
Chili, at the Cape of Good Hope, West Africa, and throughout India, Siberia, and Europe. Like all other plants
that follow civilized man, it is now quite impossible to define the limits within which it is truly indigenous. Of
the two well-marked New Zealand varieties, that sent by Mr. Colenso as certainly indigenous is the commoner Eng-
lish form, whilst the other, gathered by Dr. Lyall, in rarely visited spots, is the most abundant Tropical variety in
the New World. Dr. Sinclair sends fine specimens from Auckland and the Thames, precisely identical with Mr.
Colenso’s and the English states.—Sonchus oleraceus is a tall, smooth, branching or simple, leafy, succulent, milky
herb, with a hollow grooved stem, and subumbellate corymbs of yellow heads, varying extremely in size and habit,
and in the form and cutting of the foliage. — Leaves ovate-oblong or linear-oblong, petiolate or sessile, entire, sinuate
and irregularly toothed, or runcinate pinnatifid, with large or small toothed lobes, sometimes quite linear-elongated
and sessile and acuminate, with waved spinulose margins, in others broadly oblong, deltoid or fiddle-shaped, with a
long winged petiole; cauline leaves clasping the stem, with broad auricles. Zwvolucres in all the New Zealand
specimens quite smooth, but in other countries they are often pilose, pubescent, or glandular; scales in several
series. Heads yellow, 2-14 inch across, of many ligulate florets. Receptacle smooth. Pappus of many series of
simple white soft hairs. Achenium oblong, blunt at both ends, compressed, grooved and ribbed. In var. a they
are narrow, compressed, many-ribbed, the ribs muricated ; in var. 8 they are flat, broader, winged, with few scarcely
rough ribs. (Name from coudos, hollow, in allusion to the hollow stems ; eoyxos in Greek.)

1. Sonchus oleraceus, L., Sp. Pl. Forst. Prodr. A. Cunn. Prodr. A. Rich. Flora.

Var. a; acheniis obovatis compressis multistriatis, striis creberrime muricatis.

Var. 8; acheniis late oblongis valde compressis alatis paucistriatis, striis fere levibus. S. asper,
Vill., etc.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; abundant, Banks and Solander, Forster, ete. Var. a. Auckland
and Waikake, Sinclair; Ruapuke Island, Zyall. Var. 8. Interior, Colenso; Chalky Bay, Lyall. Nat.

names, “ Pororua” and “ Puwha," Colenso.

The wild plant, Mr. Colenso says, was eaten by the New Zealanders, who gave up its use on the introduction
of the European weed, which they prefer, as being less bitter. It would be very desirable to ascertain, if possible,
whether both varieties are truly indigenous, and whether the truly indigenous variety attaches itself to cultivated
grounds, and mixes with the imported one.

Oss. I have no specimens of the following very distinct plant :—

Hieracium fragile, Banks et Sol. ; foliis omnibus radicalibus lineari-spathulatis obtusis patulis e basi
ad apicem lobulatis lobulis loboque terminali amplo serrulatis costa crassa, scapis 3 crassis 1-foliatis
superne remote bracteolatis, involucri cylindracei squamis fuscis multiseriatis obtusis glandulosis, flosculis
luteis, ligulis truncatis apice dentatis. H. fragile e? Leontodon elegans, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic.

Has. Totarra-nui, or Queen Charlotte’s Island, Banks and Solander.

Apparently a very fleshy plant, with leaves 8-5 inches long, linear, spathulate, lobulate along the edge, termi-
nated by a large lobe, which, as well as the lobules, is denticulate ; midrib very thick. Scapes stout, with one or
two leaflets, 6 inches long. Heads yellow, as large as those of Taraxacum, or larger. Involucre oblong, of many
imbricating appressed scales, apparently covered with glandular pubescence.—Some latitude must be allowed for this
description.

154 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [Stylidieæ.

Nar. Orv. XLV. STYLIDIEA, Br.
Gen. I. FORSTERA, Linn. fil.

Flores monoici v. dioici. Calyx 1-8-bracteolatus ; limbus 3-6-partitus. Corolla campanulata ; limbus
4-9-fidus; faux nuda v. glanduloso-incrassáta. Glandule epigynæ staminibus alterne. Anthere 2, ad
apicem columns opposite, rima transversali dehiscentes. Stigma 2-lobum v. stigmata 2, floribus fertili-
bus porrecta, plumosa, masculis intra antheras occlusa. Ovarium 1-2-loculare; ovula plurima, columnæ
centrali affixa, ascendentia, anatropa. Fructus capsularis, 1-locularis, septicide ? bivalvis. Semina minima,
conferta; testa reticulata.—Herbe perennes, solitarie, simplices v. ramis dense congestis muscoidec.
Folia alterna, imbricata. Flores sessiles v. pedunculati, albi.

Very remarkable alpine plants of Tasmania, New Zealand, and Fuegia, nearly allied to the extensive New
Holland genus Sfylidium. Stems simple and solitary, or branched and densely tufted, forming broad, hard, mossy
patches. Zeaves more or less closely imbricated, alternate. Peduncles terminal, very short or wanting, or much elon-
gated, slender, one- to two-flowered. Ovary with one to three bracteæ at the base, turgid, one- to two-celled, with
many ovules. Calya lobes three to six, erect. Corolla white, campanulate, with a four- to nine-lobed spreading limb.
Stamens and style united into a central erect column, surmounting the ovary, having at its base two large, erect,
subulate or lunate glands. -4nthers on the top of the column, sessile, bursting transversely, the two halves hooded,
upper turned back. Stigma two-lobed, inconspicuous in the male flowers, plumose and spreading in the fertile.
Fruit a membranous capsule. (Named in honour of J. R. Forster, who accompanied Captain Cook's second voyage,
and discovered F. sedifolia at Dusky Bay; a plant which was not gathered again till Dr. Lyall visited the southern
extreme of New Zealand sixty years afterwards, in H.M.St.V. Acheron.)

$a. FORSTERA. Stems elongated, simple or nearly so. Leaves loosely imbricated. Peduncles long, slender,
one- to two-flowered.

1. Forstera sedifolia, Linn. fil.; caule elongato, foliis brevibus imbricatis crassis coriaceis patulis v.
reflexis obovatis obtusis enerviis costa subtus latissima marginibus cartilagineis, pedunculis gracillimis
1-floris, corolla campanulata 6-fida fauce ad basin loborum cristis transversis bicruribus donata, glandulis
epigynis 2 erectis subulatis, ovulis in placentam centralem liberam utrinque confertis. Forst. Nov. Act.
Ups. v. 3. p. 184. £. 9. Kenig et Sims, Ann. Dot. v. 1. t. 5. A. Rich. Flora. A. Cunn. Prodr. DC. Prodr.

Has. Middle and Southern Islands. Dusky Bay and Chalky Bay, etc., Forster, Lyall.

A beautiful and very remarkable plant, varying in length of stem from 3 inches to a foot, and m size
of corolla from i-i inch long. Stems slender, sparingly divided, descending deep in boggy earth, throwing
out fibres, covered throughout its length with closely set, uniform, small, patent or recurved, very coriaceous
leaves, which half-clasp the stem. Leaves 4 inch long, obovate, blunt, with broad cartilaginous margins, smooth,
nerveless above, below with a very broad midrib. Peduncle erect, slender, 3-6 inches long, one-flowered. Bracts
two to three. Calyx lobes five to six, rather unequal, linear-oblong, blunt. Corolla white, persistent, rather cori-
aceous, six-lobed to below the middle; tube with a curved thickened ridge and purple spot below the blunt oblong
lobes. Ovules attached to both surfaces of a free, compressed, central placenta. Hpigynous glands erect, subulate.—
This fine plant is allied through Donatia to Saaifragea.

2. Forstera tenella, Hook. fil. ; caule gracili brevi decumbente diviso basi nudo fibroso apice ascen-
dente parce folioso, foliis patulis lineari-obovatis obtusis margine tenuiter cartilagineis enerviis costa incon-
spicua, pedunculis gracilibus elongatis 1—2-floris, floribus cernuis, corolla 6-loba lobis basi utrinque linea

Stylidiee. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 155

incrassata donatis, glandulis epigynis subulatis, ovario post anthesin sursum elongato, capsula membra-
nacea lineari-elongata.

Has. Middle Island. Milford Sound and Otago, Lyall.

A very much smaller and more slender plant than the last. Stem rooting and decumbent below, 1-3 inches
long, with leafy ascending apices. Leaves rather fleshy, but not thick or coriaceous, 4 inch long, obovate, blunt,
with a thickened cartilaginous border. Peduncle 3-5 inches long, one- to two-flowered ; flowers nodding, smaller
than in F. sedifolia. Calyx tube oblong, lengthened when the plant is fruiting ; lobes five to six, broadly oblong.
Corolla white, campanulate, 4-4 inch long, of five to six broad blunt lobes, each with a vertical thickened ridge
at the base on either side. Stigmas two, broad, two-lobed. Capsule membranous, linear-clavate, i inch long.—
A very pretty little species, nearly allied to the Tasmanian F. bellidifolia (Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 851), but wanting the
supplementary lobules between the lobes of the corolla.

3. Forstera Bidwillii, Hook. fil.; caule robusto elongato basi nude fibroso cicatricato superne ascen-
dente simplici v. diviso folioso, foliis plurimis confertis coriaceis patulis lineari-ligulatis subacutis enerviis
marginibus recurvis cartilagineis, pedunculo gracili plerumque 2-floro, floribus cernuis v. erectis, calyce
5-6-lobo, corolla 5-7-loba glandulisgue ut in F. tenella, capsula clavata.

Haz. Northern Island. Tongariro, Bidwill. Ruahine range, etc., Colenso.

Intermediate in size, form, and habit between F. sedifolia and F. tenella, having the long, stout, leafy stems of
the former, and the longer, less imbricated leaves of the latter. Stems simple or divided, 3-8 inches long, stout,
scarred, fibrous below, leafy above for 2-4 inches. Leaves thick, coriaceous, spreading, 4 inch long, linear, rather
sharp, nerveless, with narrow, recurved, cartilaginous margins. Peduncles slender, generally two-flowered. Flowers
close together, white, like those of 7. tenella. Capsule membranous, club-shaped, six-nerved, not linear as in the
last species. —This plant I had regarded as the F. sedifolia till I received Dr. Lyall’s specimens of that plant, which
show it to be very distinct. The remarks, however, in * Flora Antarctica, under F. clavigera (made in allusion to
F. sedifolia from an examination of this), equally apply to F. sedifolia, except in the unimportant character of the two-
flowered peduncle.

$ b. HELOPHYLLUM. Stems short, very densely tufted. Leaves very closely imbricated. Flowers solitary, sessile.

4. Forstera clavigera, Hook. fil.; densissime ceespitosa, compacta, caulibus erectis ramosis, foliis den-
sissimis arcte imbricatis semiteretibus apicibus nodoso-incrassatis, floribus terminalibus sessilibus solitariis.
Fl. Antarct. p. 38. t. 98.

Has. Northern Island. Top of the Ruahine mountains, Colenso.

This very remarkable plant was discovered by myself on Lord Auckland’s Group, where it forms dense, hard,
green, convex patches on the ground. Tt probably abounds on the mountains of the Middle and Southern Islands,
but I have not seen it thence. The stems are 2—3 inches long, and with the leaves nearly 4 inch thick; a good
deal like those of Donatia Nove-Zelandie, which it also resembles in the sessile solitary white flower, buried
among the leaves, and the styles and anthers growing together from between the great epigynous glands. Corolla
of the same character as in the former species, but much smaller; generally seven-lobed, with a more tubular base
and spreading limb. Epigynous glands depressed, lunate.

Norge. Stylidium spathulatum, Br., introduced into A. Cunn. Prodr. from A. Rich. Flora, is a native of New
Holland, and erroneously supposed to be a New Zealand plant.

156 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [Zoöeliacee.

NAT. Orp. XLVI. GOODENOVLE, Br.

Gen. I. GOODENIA, Sm.

Calycis tubus ovario adnatus; limbus superus equaliter 5-partitus. Corolla unilabiata v. bilabiata.
Anthere distincte. Stylus simplex. Capsula 2-4-locularis. Semina imbricata, compressa.

A large Australian and Tasmanian genus, of which one species is also common to New Zealand and the coast
of Chili, and others are found in various tropical latitudes. The New Zealand species differs from the rest of the
genus in the corolla not being two-lipped, and its lobes, which are valvate, not being winged, whence the name
Selliera (given to it originally by Cavanilles) has been retained for it by many botanists. The whole plant is but a
few inches long, succulent, ereeping, herbaceous, generally growing near the sea. Leaves alternate, fleshy, 3 inch
to 5 inches long, linear-spathulate or very long lirear-ligulate, blunt, quite entire, nerveless ; petiole half-clasping
the stem. Peduncles axillary, solitary or two together, erect, one- to two-flowered, with two subulate bracts above
the middle. Calyx of five nearly equal lobes, superior. Corolla one-lipped ; lobes ovate, acute, not winged. Anthers
not united together. Style simple. Capsule rather fleshy, two-celled, many-seeded. (Named in honour of Dr. 8.
Goodenough, Bishop of Carlisle, a writer on British Botany.)

1. Goodenia repens, Lab.; glaberrima, subcarnosa, caule repente, foliis lanceolato-spathulatis v. an-
guste lineari-ligulatis integerrimis, pedunculis axillaribus v. binis 1- rarius 2-floris foliis sequilongis v.
brevioribus supra medium 2-bracteolatis, corolla 1-labiata, laciniis apteris valvatis, capsula carnosa. Lab.
Fl. Nov. Holl. v. 1. p. 58. t. 76. Br. Prodr. A. Cumn. Prodr. A. Rich. Flora. Selliera radicans,
Cavanilles, Icones, v. 5. p. 49. t. 474. f. 2. Goodenia radicans, DC. Prodr. Lobelia littoralis, Banks et
Sol. MSS. et Ic.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands. Abundant on all the coasts, Banks and Solander, ete. Ruapuke
Island, Lyall.

This curious little plant abounds on the Chilian coast, from Valdivia to Valparaiso ; and, according to Mr.
Bridges, is called “ Yerba Santa Maria,” and used by the natives to cure wounds. It is very common on all the
Tasmanian shores. In New Zealand, Tasmanian, and Chilian specimens, the peduncles vary extremely in length,
and are sometimes two-flowered. The length of the capsule also varies much; in some Valparaiso specimens it is
club-shaped, and nearly half an inch long, the usual form in all countries being broadly obovate and turgid. The
seeds are precisely alike in all states; they are pale, orbicular, compressed, with a narrow wing and compressed
dotted faces.

Norge. The Scevola Nove-Zelandiz of A. Cunningham’s Prodromus is Hymenanthera crassifolia; see p. 1T.

Nar. Ong». XLVII. LOBELIACEA, Juss.
Gen. I. COLENSOA, Hook. fil.

Calycis tubus obovato-obconicus ; lobis subulatis, eegualibus. Corolla bilabiata, dorso fissa ; labii supe-
rioris lobis 2 linearibus acutis, labio inferiore trifido. Anthere lineari-oblonge, apices versus piloso-tomentose,
inappendiculatee. Stylus bifidus ; lobis subzequalibus, divaricatis. Bacca globosa, coriaceo-carnosa, 2-locu-
laris, polysperma ; ovula placentis discoideis peltatis axi affixis adnata. Semina globosa.—Herba basi Zignosa,
erecta, glabrata. Folia longe petiolata, serrata. Flores Jonge pedunculati, racemosi; racemis brevibus,
terminalibus, nutantibus. Corolla elongata, caerulea, genitalibus exsertis.

An erect, simple or sparingly branched herb, 2-8 feet high, woody at the base. Stem flexuose, smooth. Leaves

Lobeliacee. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 157

3-8 inches long, on slender petioles 3-5 inches long, ovate, acute, unequally sharply serrate, membranous, glabrous
or slightly hairy. Racemes terminal, shorter than the leaves, six- to twelve-flowered. Peduncles more than an inch
long, bracteolate at the base. Calya tube broadly obconic or turgid ; lobes five, subulate, equal, ¿inch long. Corolla
slightly curved, long ($ to 2 inches), downy, pale blue, obscurely two-lipped, split to the base down the upper
side; upper lip of two lacinise, one on each side of the fissure, each linear, sharp ; lower three-lobed, lobes spreading,
oblong, sharp. Stamens exserted; anthers firmly united, pubescent, and covered with long hairs towards the tips.
Style bifid, arms spreading. Berry globose, $ inch diameter, between fleshy and leathery, two-celled; cells many-
seeded. Seeds globose, small, attached to broad peltate placente in the axis of the berry.— This fine plant was con-
sidered to belong to Lobelia by Mr. Cunningham, from which genus its berried fruit removes it, as also from the
division of that Natural Order to which Lobelia belongs, and places it with a curious group of berried congeners,
inhabitants of the Pacific Islands; and it is hence an instance of the alliance of the Polynesian Flora with that of
New Zealand. Ihave named it in honour of the Rey. W. Colenso, to whom I am so greatly indebted for investi-
gating the botany of the Northern Island.

1. Colensoa physaloides, Hook. fil. Lobelia, 4. Cunn. Prodr. DC. Prodr. Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 555 et 556.
Has. Northern Island. Wangaroa and Matauri, R. Cunningham, etc.; North Cape, Dieffenbach.
Nat. name, “Oru,” Cunn.

Gen. II. PRATIA, Gaud.

Calycis tubus ovatus obovatusve; lobis ovatis, superioribus paulo majoribus. Corolla subcampanulata,
dorso fissa, 1-labiata; lobis eequilongis. Anthera 2, inferiores v. omnes apice setose. Stylus bifidus; lobis
extus puberulis. Fructus baccatus, 2-locularis, polyspermus.— Herbze parva, repentes, glabra; succo agueo;
ramis radicantibus. Folia alterna. Pedunculi solitarii, axillares, 1-flori.

Small creeping herbs, with rooting branches and alternate leaves, smooth or slightly hairy. Peduncles axillary,
solitary, one-flowered. Calyx tube ovate; lobes ovate, the upper rather the larger. Corolla bell-shaped, with a
short tube split down the back to the base, and five rather spreading, equal, ovate lobes. Style with two short
spreading stigmatic arms. Anthers all, or the two lower, with a few bristles at their tips. Berry turgid, two-
celled, many-seeded.—This genus is confined to the temperate regions of the Southern Hemisphere as far as at
present known, except the Indian Piddingtonia be included, as it should probably be. (Named in compliment to
M. M. Prat-Bernon, a brother-officer of M. Gaudichaud’s in Freycinet's voyage.)

1. Pratia angulata, Hook. fil.; glaberrima, ramis prostratis elongatis radicantibus, foliis breve petio-
latis obovatis oblongis ovato-rotundatisve grosse sinuato-dentatis, pedunculis plerumque gracilibus elonga-
tis ebracteolatis. 7. Antarct. p. 41. Lobelia angulata, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic. Forst. Prodr. A. Rich.
Flora. L. angulata e£ L. littoralis, 4. Cunn. Prodr. DC. Prodr. v. T. p. 366.

Var. a; foliis rotundatis sinuato-dentatis breve petiolatis, pedunculis elongatis.

Var. 8 ; elongata, foliis obovatis repando-dentatis, pedunculis longissimis, calycis lobis subulatis.

Var. y. arenaria; folis breve petiolatis ut in var. a, pedunculis folio brevioribus v. brevissimis. P.
arenaria, 7. Antarct. p. 41. t. 29.

Haz. Throughout the Islands, in damp places; abundant, Banks and Solander, etc.

An exceedingly variable plant in the length of the stem (3-10 inches), distance between the leaves (4-14 inch),
shape of these, rotundate to obovate, and their length (4-3 inch), in the length of their petiole, which never ex-
ceeds a fourth of that of the leaf, depth and form of toothing and waving, and above all in the length of the
peduncle, which is very short, with almost sessile flower and frait, or 6 inches long, erect and slender. In the ‘Flora
Antarctica’ I made a new species, P. arenaria, from Lord Auckland’s Group, whose main character depended on
its almost sessile flowers, but I find nearly as short peduncles in Dr. Lyall’s Dusky Bay specimens, gathered with
others considerably longer. The corolla varies in length and is sometimes a little hairy.

158 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Lobeliacee.

Oss. Lobelia rotundifolia, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic., has lobules to the base of the leaves, which I do not find

in my specimens, and I therefore refrain from quoting it as a synonym.

Gen. III. LOBELIA, Z.

Calycis tubus obovatus v. obconicus; lobis 5, subeegualibus. Corolle 5-loba, dorso fissa, bilabiata v.
lobis subeequilongis unilabiata. Anthere connate, imberbes v. superiores barbatee. Stigma indivisum v.
2-lobum. Capsula 2—3-locularis, apice 2—3-valvis.

The two New Zealand species are herbaceous plants, with axillary pedunculate or subsessile flowers, differing
from Pratia chiefly, if not wholly, in the fruit being capsular, opening by valves (not fleshy and scattering the seeds
by decay of the pericarp).—This is a very large genus, which is found in all temperate and tropical parts of the globe,
many species inhabiting New Holland and Tasmania. (Named in honour of Matthias de L’ Obel, a Flemish botanist

and author.)

1. Lobelia anceps, Th.; glaberrima, caule compresso trigono angulis alatis erecto v. basi decumbente,
foliis decurrentibus linearibus lanceolatis spathulatis cuneatisve integerrimis v. dentatis, pedunculis axillari-
bus folio brevioribus, capsulis cylindraceis. DC. Prodr. L. alata, Lab. Fl. Nov. Holl. v. 1. p. 51. 4. 72.
Br. Prodr. A. Rich. Flora. A. Cunn. Prodr. L. cuneata, Lab. FI. Nov. Holl. v. 1. p. 51. €. 73.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; abundant as far south as Banks’ Peninsula, Banks and So-
lander, ete.

An erect or decumbent, simple or branched, smooth herb, with weak, flattened, three-angled, winged stems
and branches, a foot or so high. Leaves 1-8 inches long, narrowed into rather broad decurrent petioles, very
variable in shape, linear-lanceolate, spathulate or much elongated and ligulate, sharp, entire or waved and toothed.
Peduncles solitary, axillary, short, 2-4 lines long, much shorter than the leaves they rise amongst, but rarely the
branches become racemose at the end, the upper leaves being reduced to bracts below the peduncles. Flowers in-
conspicuous. Ovarium narrow, very long when ripening. Corolla short, pale blue. Capsule variable in size, y inch
long.—This species abounds in temperate Australia and Tasmania, Juan Fernandez, Chili, and the Cape of Good
Hope. Mr. Colenso assures me that Lobelia angulata is the same as his Z. littoralis, but in Herb. Hook. this
species (Z. alata) is named L. angulata by Cunningham himself.

2. Lobelia perpusilla, Hook. fil.; pusilla, ceespitosa, repens, caule crassiusculo radicante divaricatim
ramoso, foliis patulis sessilibus ovato-oblongis acutis grosse dentatis pilosis, pedunculis brevissimis, floribus
pro planta magnis, calyce piloso lobis recurvis, coroll laciniis acuminatis, staminibus epipetalis, antheris
glaberrimis, fructus? An Pratia species?

Has. Northern Island. Hawke's Bay, in muddy places, Colenso.

A very minute species, resembling a Pratia in habit, and the fruit being unknown it may belong to that genus.
Stems stout, creeping, branched, 2—3 inches long. Leaves 2 lines long, sessile, oblong, sharp, deeply toothed, smooth
or pilose. Flowers sessile, pale, much longer than the leaves. Ovary hairy. Calyx lobes recurved. Corolla lobes
acuminate. Stamens inserted on the corolla. Anthers perfectly smooth; filaments joined together into a tube
below the anthers.—This species resembles the Z. irrigua of Tasmania.

Oss. Lobelia submersa, A. Cunn. Prodr., is Glossostigma elatinoides, Benth. (see Nat. Ord. Scrophulariacee),
according to a specimen in Herb. Cunningham in Mr. Heward’s possession, which differs in no way from the de-
scription in the * Prodromus Flore Nove Zelandiee,” except that I find no hairs on any part.

Campanulacee. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 159

Nar. Ord. XLVIII. CAMPANULACEA; Juss.

Gen. I. WAHLENBERGIA, Schrad.

Calycis limbus 3-5-fidus. Corolla campanulata, 3-5-loba. Filamenta basi vix dilatata. Stigma 2—3-
lobum. Capsula 3-locularis, apice 3-valvis.

Smooth or pubescent, erect, simple or branching herbs. Calya tube obovate ; limb of three to five segments.
Corolla bell-shaped, generally five-cleft. Stamens five; the filaments not dilated at the base. Stigma simple or
three-cleft. Capsule with three cells, opening at the top by three valves. Seeds very numerous.—A very large
genus, found in the tropics and warmer temperate zones of both hemispheres; especially abundant at the Cape of
Good Hope. The species are often extremely variable, the New Zealand and Australian ones especially. (Named
in honour of G. Wahlenberg, an eminent Swedish botanist.)

1. Wahlenbergia gracilis, A. Rich.; glaberrima v. hispido-pilosa, caule gracili striato v. angulato sim-
plici v. e basi ramoso erecto v. inferne decumbente, ramis apice sub-l-floris, foliis sessilibus v. petiolatis
linearibus lanceolatis oblongisve acuminatis radicalibus inferioribusve oppositis petiolatis spathulatis in-
tegerrimis sinuatis dentatisve plerumque siccitate crispatis cartilagineo-marginatis, floribus 3—5-fidis, corolla
ovario breviore v. longiore, capsula subglobosa oblonga v. obconica. A. Rich. A. Cumn. Prodr. DC.
Prodr. Campanula gracilis, Forst. Prodr. Brown, Prodr. Bot. Mag. t. 691. Campanula polymorpha,
Banks et Sot. MSS. et Ic.

Var. a; caule hispido e basi ramosissimo, ramis gracilibus in pedunculos 1-floros capillares abeuntibus,
foliis anguste linearibus acuminatis integerrimis undulatis crispatisve.

Var. 8; caule glabrato laxe ramoso, foliis inferioribus oppositis petiolatis elliptico-oblongis superiori-
bus linearibus sessilibus.

Var. y; caule simpliciusculo glabrato v. piloso, foliis inferioribus petiolatis lineari-oblongis lanceola-
tisve supremis sessilibus.

Var. 8. capillaris ; minor, caule capillari simplici paniculatim ramoso v. e basi ramosissimo glabro v.
piloso, foliis linearibus lineari-oblongisve, pedunculis elongatis gracillimis, floribus parvis seepe trifidis,
corolla ovario subgloboso breviore. Br. Prodr. p. 561.

Has. Throughout the Islands; abundant in dry and exposed situations, Banks and Solander, ete.
(Cultivated in England.)

This is perhaps the most variable annual in New Zealand, where it is well known as a common and troublesome
garden-weed. It is a very widely-diffused plant, being abundant in Australia and Tasmania, and India; and found
also in New Caledonia. Stems simple, branched from the base, or throughout their whole length, in a paniculate manner;
the branches terminating in long, generally slender peduncles; smooth or hispid with stiff white hairs, leafy or with
very few leaves, Stems 1 inch to 2 feet high, generally slender, angled or striated. Leaves usually linear, sessile, sharp,
toothed or waved, or crisped, or quite entire, margin often cartilaginous and white; lower ones sometimes spathulate,
toothed, and petioled. Flowers extremely variable in number, size, and length of the corolla, calyx lobes, and ovarium,
three and five being the prevailing numbers of lobes and stamens, and the length from 3 lines to 3 inch. — Corolla
bell-shaped, white or blue, usually small, 2 lines or 4 inch long, sometimes large, especially in Tasmania, where
it forms a large blue bell 3 inch across the mouth. Capsule extremely variable in size and shape, 1 line to ž inch
long, nearly globose or oblong, or linear-obconic.—The variety capillaris looks very distinct at first sight, from its
extremely slender habit, very small flowers, and globose capsule, but I find it passing into the larger state of the
plant, as Mr. Brown has indicated, by referring Tasmanian specimens of it to his W. gracilis. The flowers are
never nearly so large in New Zealand as in Australia.

160 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [Lricee.

2. Wahlenbergia sawicola, Br.; glabra, scapigera, caule abbreviato simplici v. decumbente ramoso,
foliis ad apices ramulorum confertis v. omnibus radicalibus petiolatis lineari-spathulatisve obtuse dentatis,
pedunculis scapiformibus gracilibus elongatis unifloris nudis v. basin versus 1-foliolatis, floribus magnis 4-5-
fidis, capsula subglobosa. Wahlenbergia albo-marginata, Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 818. Campanula saxicola,
Br. Prodr. p. 562. Streleskia? Nobis in Lond. Journ. Bot. v. 6. p. 266.

Has. Mountains of the Northern and Middle Islands. Tongariro and Nelson, Bidwill; Ruahine

» range, Colenso; Port Cooper, Otago, and Milford Sound, Zyall.

It is difficult to conceive this plant to be a variety of 777. gracilis, but, as Mr. Brown remarks, they are very
closely allied, however different they may look. It is a remarkably beautiful species or variety as the case may be,
inhabiting the mountains of New Zealand and Tasmania, differing conspicuously from W. gracilis in the short stems
and crowded leaves, which, in unbranched specimens, spring immediately from the root, and are spread out on the
ground in a stellate manner, and in branched ones take the same appearance at the ends of the procumbent
branches. In this state, and when the scapes are leafless, the plant has a totally different character from any variety
of W. gracilis; but in some specimens from Milford Sound the stem is drawn out to 6 inches, with the leaves
scattered along it, and running up the long scape.—Leaves 4-2 inches long, petiolate, linear-spathulate or lanceo-
late, toothed, sinuate, or entire, with sometimes white cartilaginous margins, often thick and coriaceous in very
alpine specimens. Scapes stout or slender, solitary, 3-7 inches long. Ovary turgid. Corolla large, white, 4-3
inch long, much larger than in any New Zealand specimen of W. gracilis, but smaller than in many common Tas-
manian states of that plant, four- to five-cleft in New Zealand, four-cleft, according to Brown, in Tasmania. Cap-
sule rounded.— Much stress is laid, in the ‘Icones Plantarum,’ on the white cartilaginous margins of the leaf of
the plant there figured, which I consider the same as this, but 77. gracilis itself presents the same character in
many of its usual states, as described under var. y. littoralis, Br. Prodr. Those who have been accustomed to
study the varieties of the English Blue-bell (Campanula rotundifolia) will understand how this scapigerous plant,
with petiolate radical leaves, may become elongated, acquire a branched leafy stem, and bear many terminal pedun-
culate flowers. I was so far myself misled by this plant as to describe what I now suspect to be a variety of it
from Tasmania, as a new genus of Lobeliacee! under the name of Streleskia; the latter Order and Campanulacea
are very closely allied (united by many), and the evident claw terminating two of the anthers in Streleskia induced
me to place it m Lodeliacee.

NAT. Og». XLIX. ERICEA, Juss.
Gen. I. GAULTHERIA, Z.

Calyx 5-fidus. Corolla ovata v. urceolaris, ore contracta, breviter 5-fida ; lobis recurvis. Stamina 10 j
filamenta plana, basi dilatata, hypogyna v. imo corollæ inserta; antherarum loculi biaristati. Ovarium 5-
loculare, basi glandulis 10 liberis connatisve suffultum. Capsula interdum calyce baccato inclusa, 5-locu-
laris, loculicide 5-valvis. PZacentæ ime columne adnate. Semina angulata ; testa reticulata.

Rigid, branching, evergreen (sometimes prostrate) shrubs, or small trees, with alternate, coriaceous, reticulated,
often glossy, toothed or crenate leaves, and often setose branchlets. Flowers axillary or terminal, solitary or in few-
or many-flowered racemes, white, succeeded by dry capsules or fleshy berries. Calyx quinquefid, often swelling round
the capsule and enclosing it. Corolla turgid, urceolate, with a small five-lobed mouth. Stamens ten, included;
filaments flat, dilated below, often hairy ; anther-lobes elongated upwards, where they open by a pore, and are each
terminated by two bristles. Ovary five-celled, surrounded at the base by five glands, or a ten-lobed dise. Capsule
small, coriaceous, quite free or surrounded by the persistent calyx, which sometimes becomes fleshy and forms
a berry. When this is the case, the capsule, though enclosed in the calyx, is free except at the point of attachment,

Ericee.] FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 161

splitting down the back of the cells. Seeds numerous, minute, attached to placente at the base of each cell. The
placentee are united to a central column, which remains after the valves separate.—This is a very extensive genus,
especially in damp mountainous regions of the Tropics ; it is also found in temperate North and Antarctic America, but
notin Europe, Northern Asia, or in Africa. A few species are found in Tasmania. The berried fruit, arising from the
enlargement of the calyx, though a prominent feature in many of the species, and one on which the genus has been
made mainly, if not wholly, to depend, to distinguish it from Andromeda, Pieris, etc., is a character of very minor im-
portance ; it is not accompanied by any others whereby the species of each may be recognized before coming into
fruit, and is besides variable in degree; and in both G. antipoda and G. fluviatilis capsular and berried fruit may be
found on the same branch, both being perfectly ripe. (Named in honour of M. M. Gautier, a French physician,
who settled in Canada, and wrote a work on the Sugar-maple.)

§ a. Leaves alternate. Flowers solitary, axillary, sometimes numerous towards the ends of the branches, which
become leafy racemes.

1. Gaultheria antipoda, Forst. ; fruticosa, vage divaricatim ramosa, ramulis pubescenti-tomentosis et
setosis, foliis late ovatis oblongis lanceolatisve obtusis serratis, floribus 5-6-meris axillaribus solitariis breve
pedicellatis, pedicello pubescente bracteolato, calyce baccato v. immutato. Forst. Prodr. A. Rich. Flora.
A. Cunn. Prodr. Gaultheria erecta, Banks et Sol. MSS. e£ Ic.

Var. a; frutex erectus, ramosus, ramulis pubescenti-tomentosis, foliis late oblongis rotundatisve
elliptico-lanceolatisve.

Var. B. fluviatilis; frutex erectus, virgatus, foliis elliptico- v. lineari-lanceolatis, floribus parvis versus
apices ramulorum subracemosis, pedicellis longioribus glabratis. G. fluviatilis, A. Cunn. Prodr.

Var. y. depressa; fruticulus depressus, vage divaricatim ramosus, ramulis setis fulvis onustis pedun-
culisque pubescentibus, foliis latis angustisve, floribus axillaribus, calycibus fructiferis valde auctis. G.
depressa, JVobis in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. v. 6. p. 267.

Var. 8. microphylla ; fruticulus prostatus, vage ramosus, foliis rigide coriaceis ovatis lineari-lanceola-
tisve 2-4 lin. longis, pedunculis pubescentibus glabratisve.

Var. e. ciliata ; foliis parvis coriaceis lanceolatis serratis, dentibus setigeris.

Has. Throughout the Islands, abundant, Banks and Solander, etc. Var. B. In shaded places. Var. y,
ò, and e. In mountainous localities.

An exceedingly common and variable plant. Stems usually 2-3 feet high, but prostrate on the mountains.
Branches spreading, pubescent, and also covered more or less thickly with appressed black or yellow-brown bristles.
Leaves coriaceous, shortly petiolate, orbicular, oblong, linear-lanceolate or elliptical, blunt, sharp, or acuminate, 2—4
lines long in var. microphylla, 2-2 inch in vars. a and 6, bluntly serrate, the teeth terminated by a bristle in var. e.
Flowers axillary, solitary, few, or crowded towards the ends of. the branches, which become leafy racemes, especially
in var. B, small, white. Peduncles curved, pubescent, longer and glabrous in var. 8 and some mountain states.
Calya five- rarely six-lobed; lobes red at the tips, often swelling round the capsule, sometimes as large as a wild
cherry, often remaining quite unchanged.—I have reduced Mr. Cunningham's G. fluviatilis to a variety of the
G. antipoda with no hesitation; also the alpine Tasmanian G. depressa, which has been found abundantly in the
Middle Island by Mr. Bidwill and Dr. Lyall.

8 b. Leaves alternate. Flowers in axillary or terminal, bracteolate, leafless, many-flowered, simple or branched

racemes.

2. Gaultheria rupestris, Br.; frutex glaberrimus, ramulis rigidis setosis glabratisve, foliis breve petio-
latis crassis coriaceisque oblongis ellipticis lineari-oblongisve subacutis acuminatisve crenato-dentatis,
racemis terminalibus axillaribusque elongatis glaberrimis pubescentibusve, pedicellis basi bracteolatis, floribus

2 R

162 FLORA OF. NEW ZEALAND. [ Hricee.

parvis, calyce rarius baccato. Br. Prodr. in not. p. 559. A. Cunn. Prodr. DC. Prodr. v. 1. p. 594.
Andromeda rupestris, Forst. Prodr. A. Rich. Flora, p. 208. t. 27. Tas. XLII. A.

Var. B. parvifolia ; foliis parvis late oblongis. Tas. XLII. B.

Has. Northern Island. On the mountains, Bidwill, Colenso. Middle Island, on the west coast.
Dusky Bay, Forster, Menzies. Milford Sound, Lyall. Var. B. Nelson, on mountains, Bidwill. Ruahine
range, Colenso.

Like the G. antipoda, this is a very variable species, some of the varieties resembling that plant very closely,
but always easily distinguished by the truly racemose inflorescence. In bud these racemes are seen to form little
scaly cones in the axils of the leaves or at the ends of the branches, being quite different in origin and nature from
the racemose ends of the branches of G. antipoda. Stems shrubby, woody, stout, much branched, 6 inches to 2 feet
high; branchlets smooth or setose, stout. Leaves very thick and coriaceous, shining and reticulated on both surfaces,
bluntly serrate, sharp-pointed, very variable in size, from 4 inch in var. 8 to 13 inch in Menzies’ Dusky Bay speci-
mens, no less so in shape, from broadly oblong and blunt to narrow elliptic or linear-lanceolate and acuminate.
Racemes simple, axillary, and terminal, or compound and paniculate, 3—4 inches long; branches fastigiate or spread-
ing, usually smooth, pubescent in a specimen from Mount Egmont gathered by Dr. Dieffenbach. Peduncles curved,
bracteolate at the base. Flowers small. Calyw rarely baccate, but sometimes so, as in some of Dr. Lyall’s Milford
Sound specimens, and in part of the panicle of var. B, from Mr. Bidwill, while the ripe capsules of the other part of
the panicle have persistent but not thickened calyces.—PrATE XLII. 4. Fig. 1, ripe fruit and bracts; 2, flower;
3, calyx, glands, and ovarium ; 4, stamen :—all magnified. B. var. B of the natural size.

4. Gaultheria Colensoi, Hook. fil.; fruticulus glaberrimus, foliis breve petiolatis ovato-rotundatis sub-
cordatisve obtusis crenatis concavis crassis, racemis elongatis multifloris. An precedentis var. ?
Haz. Northern Island. Plains at Taupo and base of Tongariro, Colenso.

Very closely allied to G. rupestris, and perhaps only a variety of that plant, but the leaves are shorter, rounder,
especially at the base, where they are almost cordate, 4 inch long, very blunt, thick and coriaceous. Racemes 2-4
inches long, terminal, many-flowered, quite smooth. Calyx not thickened in my specimens. Flowers as in G.
rupestris.

5. Gaultheria fagifolia, Hook. fil. ; fruticosa, ramosa, glaberrima, ramulis setosis, foliis ovato- v.
oblongo-cordatis creberrime crenulatis v. obtuse serrulatis acutis, racemis terminalibus axillaribusgue, caly-
cibus immutatis.

Haz. Northern Island. Motukino, east of Lake Taupo, Colenso.

This appears a very distinct species from any of the foregoing, of which however I have only two specimens,
one in flower and one in fruit; it forms a shrub 4-5 feet high. Branches twiggy, setose, running out into racemes
at the apices, but also bearing axillary racemes. Leaves petiolate, $ inch long, ovate-cordate or oblong-cordate,
sharp, flat, minutely reticulated, margin finely crenulate. Lateral racemes about as long as the leaves, quite smooth ;
terminal elongated, many-flowered. The calyx does not enlarge in my fruiting specimen.—Considering how variable
the preceding species are, it is probable that as copious a suite of this as I have of those would prove this to be
equally so. The leaves are very similar in form to those of the following species, and resemble those of an evergreen

Beech, whence the specific name.
$ e. Leaves opposite. Inflorescence as in $ b.
6. Gaultheria oppositifolia, Hook. fil.; fruticosa, divaricatim ramosa, glaberrima v. rarius setosa,
foliis oppositis sessilibus ovatis subacutis basi late cordatis crenulato-dentatis, racemis simplicibus axillaribus

terminalibusgue et paniculatim ramosis, ramis patentibus multifloris bracteolatis. Tas. XLIIL.
Var. 8 ; ramulis foliisque subtus setosis.

Epaeridee. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 163

Has. Northern Island. In mountainous situations, Dieffenbach, Bidwill, Colenso.

A remarkably fine shrub, to be recognized at once by the large, sessile, cordate, opposite leaves. Branches
smooth, rarely setose, di-tri-chotomously forked. Leaves 13-13 inch long, sessile, the lobes of their cordate bases
sometimes half-clasping the stem, blunt or sharp, concave, bluntly serrulate or crenate, sometimes doubly crenate ;
in var. 8 the backs of the leaves, as well as the branches, are covered with appressed brown sete. Zacemes axillary
and terminal, the former simple, as long as or longer than the leaves, the latter paniculate, with spreading branches.
Flowers numerous, small, like those of G. rupestris—I have numerous specimens of this fine plant, collected by va-
rious travellers; they are very constant in their characters, and none of them have berried fruit—Puars XLII.
Fig. 1, raceme of fruit, natural size; 2, flower; 3, ovarium; 4, stamen ; 5, ripe capsule :—all magnified.

Nat. On». L. EPACRIDEA, Br.
Gen. I. CYATHODES, Zr.

Calya multibracteatus. Corolla infundibuliformis v. urceolata, tubo calycem vix superante, intus
glaberrimo, imberbi; limbo patente, barba rara v. 0. Filamenta inclusa v. exserta. Ovarium 5-10.loculare ;
loculis l-spermis. Drupa baccata.

An Australian and Tasmanian genus, also sparingly found in the Pacific Islands, and as far south as Campbell’s
Island. Flowers solitary or few together, small, white or yellow, their pedicels covered with bracts, which are
gradually larger upwards, and appear to pass into the sepals. Corolla funnel-shaped or urceolate, the tube scarcely
longer than the calyx, five-lobed; tube smooth, lobes also smooth or bearded. Filaments included or exserted.
Ovary five- to ten-celled ; cells with one ovule. Drupe with a bony five- to ten-celled nut. (Name from «vados, a
cup ; in allusion to the cup-shaped dise surrounding the ovarium.)

1. Cyathodes acerosa, Br.; fruticosa, erecta v. decumbens, foliis lineari-oblongis linearibusve patulis
acerosis acutis pungentibus glaberrimis ciliatisve subtus glaucis 5-10-nerviis nervis extimis pectinatim ra-
mulosis, floribus solitariis, calycis lobis bracteisgue obtusis obscure ciliatis, corollis glaberrimis. Br. Prod».
p. 539 in nota. A. Cunn. Prodr. DC. Prodr. Styphelia acerosa, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ie. Leucopogon
Forsteri, A. Rich. Flora. Hpacris juniperina, Forst. Prodr. Ardisia acerosa, Gartner.

Var. B. latifolia ; ramis robustis, foliis latioribus ($ unc. longis 3 lin. latis) subtus multinerviis
acutis vix pungentibus, baccis magnis.

Var. y. parvifolia ; ramis gracilibus, foliis ž unc. longis, baccis parvis.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands. Abundant on the skirts of woods, etc., Banks and Solander,
ete. Var. 8. Chatham Island, Digffenöach. Var. y. Port Nicholson, Taupo Lake, ete., Colenso, ete. ;
Middle Island, Zyall.

A very abundant, large, evergreen shrub or small tree, with blackish woody branches, densely covered with
little harsh, sharp, needle-like leaves, and bearing very small white flowers and large globose red or white drupes.
Branches slightly pubescent. Leaves spreading, generally $ inch long, very narrow linear, with pungent apices,
broader, longer, and sharper in var. 8; shorter but still pungent and needle-like in var. y; margins often recurved
and ciliated, white underneath, with many parallel veins, the outer ones branching towards the margin of the
leaf beyond its middle. Flowers solitary, shortly pedicellate, minute. Bractee and calyx lobes blunt, mi-
nutely ciliated. Corolla scarcely larger than the calyx, quite smooth; lobes spreading, sharp. Berry varying in
size from a pepper-corn to a large pea.— This is a very variable plant in foliage, and I suspect not distinct from the
following. There is a tendency in the leaf (very variable in amount) to become broader towards the tip, whence
the outer nerves branch to supply the increased surface, which I do not observe in the following species; this

164. FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Epacridee.

character Mr. Brown detected, and applied in distinguishing them. The flowers are smaller than in Tasmanian spe-
cimens of C. oxycedrus.

2. Cyathodes oxycedrus, Br.; fruticosa, erecta v. decumbens, foliis semiuncialibus linearibus lineari-
subulatisve acerosis pungentibus margine nudis subtus 3-5-nerviis nervis omnibus simplicibus. Br. Prodr.
DC. Prodr.

Var. 8; foliis longe lineari-subulatis aristatis 2-uncialibus.

Var. y; decumbens, foliis sparsis patulis $-uncialibus.

Has. Middle and Southern Islands. New River, Herb. A. Richard. Bluff Island, Lyall. Var. B.
Dusky Bay, Menzies. Var. y. Port Underwood, Lyall. Nat, name, “ Pa totara,” Middle Island, Lyalt.

I very much doubt this species being distinct from C. acerosa, from which it differs in the narrower, more
subulate leaves, with fewer veins below, all simple (none branched). I have not seen flowers except in Mr.
Menzies’ specimens of var. 8; they entirely resemble those of C. acerosa, being smaller than those of the Tasmanian
C. oxycedrus.

8. Cyathodes empetrifolia, Hook. fil.; caulibus prostratis gracilibus incanis, ramulis ascendentibus,
foliis parvis patulis linearibus subacerosis obtusis marginibus recurvis subtus glaucis incanis puberulis
ciliatisve, floribus solitariis binisve parvis, bracteis calycisque lobis ciliatis. Androstoma empetrifolia, 77.
Antaret. p. 44. t. 30.

Has. Mountainous regions of all the Islands, abundant, Bidwill, Colenso, ete.

A common straggling mountain plant, with slender, heath-like, prostrate, leafy branches, and very small white
axillary flowers. Stems 1-2 feet long. Leaves very uniform, + inch long, spreading, rigid, linear, blunt, convex
and smooth or hoary above, margins recurved, under surface glaucous, ciliated, pubescent or glabrous. Peduncle
very short, clothed with imbricating bracteolee, the two upper of which are rather larger than the rest. Corolla
scarcely exserted. Drupes two- to five-celled. —I made of this plant (which I discovered in Lord Auckland's Group)
a new genus, characterized by the stamens being placed at the very mouth of the corolla, and hence exserted, while
Cyathodes is described as having included filaments ; but I find that both C. acerosa and C. oxycedrus have the fila-
ments always exserted, as in C. empetrifolia, and they must all therefore be kept in the same genus.

Gen. II. LEUCOPOGON, Br.

Calyx 2-3-bracteatus. Corolla infundibuliformis v. campanulatus; limbo patente, longitudinaliter
barbato. Filamenta inclusa v. exserta. Ovarium 2-5-loculare ; loculis l-ovulatis. Drupa baccata v.
exsucca, rarius crustacea.

This is a very extensive Australian and Tasmanian genus, some of the species giving a heathery appearance to
the landscape in many places. There are Pacific Island and Malayan species also, but few and scattered. It differs
from Cyathodes in the calyx having but two (rarely three) bractex, and in the lobes of the corolla being always
bearded. The drupe is sometimes reduced to a coriaceous pericarp and hard one-celled one-seeded nut; at others it
is like that of Cyathodes, round and fleshy. (Name from Aevros, white, and royo», a beard.)

1. Leucopogon fasciculatus, A. Rich.; fruticosa v. arbuscula, foliis planis patulis lineari- v. obovato-
lanceolatis oblongisve acuminatis pungentibusve marginibus planis ciliatis serrulatisve, spicis axillaribus et

terminalibus aggregatis solitariisve 3-8-floris foliis «equilongis brevioribusve puberulis, floribus parvis,
calycis lobis bracteisque obtusis viridibus. A. Rich. Flora. A. Cunn. Prodr. DC. Prodr. Hpacris, Forst.
Prodr. Styphelia lanceolata, Banks et Sol. Ic.

Var. 8; foliis subverticillatis breviter obovato-oblongis.

Var. y; foliis parvis anguste lineari-lanceolatis pungentibus.

Epacridee.] FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 165

Has. Abundant throughout the Islands, Banks and Solander, etc. Var. 8. On the mountains and
in low grounds. Var. y. Mountains. Nat. name, “ Tumingi,” Middle Island, Lyall.

In its ordinary state this variable plant forms a small evergreen tree, or small bush, with twiggy pubescent
branches, and somewhat whorled, spreading, linear-lanceolate, acuminate leaves, an inch long and 2-8 lines wide. In
var. 6, however, they are comparatively much broader and blunter, 4 inch long and 3 lines wide; whilst in var. y
they are shorter and very narrow, with pungent apices. In all varieties they are nearly flat, striated above, ob-
scurely veined below, with ciliated or denticulate margins. Spikes shorter than or as long as the leaves, drooping,
five- to ten-flowered, pubescent. Flowers sessile on the spike, 1 line long; bractese and calyx-lobes blunt. Stamens
inserted at the mouth of the corolla. Drupe small, hardly fleshy, oblong, few-celled.

2. Leucopogon Colensoi, Hook. fil. ; fruticulus, caule decumbente ramoso, ramis ascendentibus, ramulis
incanis, foliis erecto-patulis lineari-oblongis acutis obtusisve marginibus ciliolatis apices versus seepissime
submembranaceis subtus glaucis 5-7-nerviis, nervis extimis ramosis, racemis brevibus 3-5-floris, calycis
lobis bracteisque 2-3 late ovatis obtusis, staminibus fauce corolle insertis, drupis baccatis, nuce 5-loculari.

Has. Northern Island. Base of Tongariro, Taupo, etc., Colenso.

A small, prostrate, heath-like shrub, a foot high, with long, woody, leafy branches. eaves uniform in size,
+ inch long, linear-oblong, blunt or sharp, smooth above, glaucous and many-veined below, the outer veins branch-
ing; margins minutely ciliated, thickened, except towards the tip, where they are often dilated and membranous.
Spikes erect, short, stout, longer than the leaves, puberulous, three- to five-flowered. Flowers nearly sessile, with
one bract at the base of the very short peduncle and two below the calyx, which, as well as the calyx-lobes, are
broadly ovate, blunt and concave. Corolla with the tube a little exserted, white. Drupe fleshy, white or red, with
a five-celled, bony, enclosed nut.—This very distinct species so closely resembles in foliage the Cyathodes Tamaia-
meie, Cham., of the Sandwich Islands, that it is difficult to distinguish them at first sight. It is still more nearly
allied to the Leucopogon suaveolens, Nob., of Borneo. See Hook. Ic. Plant. in note to t. 898.

3. Leucopogon Frazeri, A. Cunn.; fruticulus humilis, caule e basi decumbente erecto simplici v. di-
viso, ramis erectis foliosis puberulis, foliis erectis imbricatis obovato-oblongis acuminatis aristatis striato-
venosis marginibus ciliolatis cartilagineo-chartaceis, floribus axillaribus sessilibus solitariis, corolla tubulosa
calycis lobis ovatis acuminatis ter longiore, drupa baccata. A. Cunn. Prodr. L. nesophilus, DC. Prodr.
v. T. p. 752. L. Bellignianus, Raoul, Choi de Plantes, p. 18. t. 19. Styphelia humilis, Banks et Sol.
MSS. et Ic.

Has. Abundant throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, in dry, sandy, clayey, and rocky places,
Banks and Solander, etc. Nat. name, “Totara,” Col.

Whole plant 2—4 inches high, branching from the base. Branches erect, covered with imbricating leaves
1-1 inch long. Leaves obovate-oblong, acuminate, aristate, striated, with cartilaginous, thin, serrulate margins.
Flowers axillary, solitary, sessile, longer than the leaves, white, large for the size of the plant and for the genus,
sweet-scented. Corolla at least thrice as long as the calyx, tubular. Style hairy. Drupe orange-coloured, eatable,
sweetish.—Very similar to a Java species, which might well be supposed the same, judging by the leaf only; but

the corolla in that is barely longer than the calyx. It is still more nearly allied to a Tasmanian species, L. pungens,
which I called Pentachondra pungens (Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. vi. p. 270); but in that plant the corolla is much
shorter than in this, and hardly twice the length of the calyx. M. De Candolle has altered the specific name of this,
and retained another MS. name of Cunningham’s (also of Frazeri) for a New Holland plant. A. Cunningham had,
however, published the New Zealand one under this name before the appearance of the seventh volume of De
Candolle containing the Epacridez.

i
D.
|
|
|

166 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [.Epacridec.

Gen. III. PENTACHONDRA, Br.

Calyx bracteis 4 pluribusve. Corolla infundibuliformis ; limbo patente, longitudinaliter dense barbato.
Ovarium 5-loculare. Bacca 5-pyrena.

The only New Zealand species is also found in the mountains of Tasmania. It forms a glabrous, much branched,
little shrubby plant, 2-3 inches high, growing amongst moss, etc., in a tufted manner. Leaves 1-2 lines long,
glossy, coriaceous, concave, elliptical, blunt, three- to five-nerved, with obscurely ciliate cartilaginous margins.
Flowers large for the size of the plant, sessile, solitary, twice as long as the leaves; mouth of corolla open, densely
bearded. Berries large or oblong, round, hollow, with five seeds. (Name from evra, five, and xovöpos, a seed.)

1. Pentachondra pumila, Br.; fruticulus glaberrimus, ramosus, depressus, foliis imbricatis coriaceis
nitidis ellipticis elliptico-ovatisve obtusis concavis marginibus cartilagineis subeiliatis 3-5-nerviis, calycibus
4-bracteatis. Br. Prodr. A. Cunn. Prodr. Epacris pumila, Forst. Prodr.

Haz. Common on the mountains of all the Islands, Forster, etc.

Gen. IV. EPACRIS, Smith.

Calyx multibracteatus. Corolla tubulosa; limbo imberbi. Stamina epipetala; antheris supra medium
peltatis. Sguamule hypogyne 5. Ovarium 5-loculare; ovulis plurimis, columne centrali quovis loculo
affixis.

A large Australian and Tasmanian genus of often very beautiful plants, of which the few New Zealand species
Rigid, erect, usually smooth, heath-like shrubs, with axillary flowers, Pedicels

are inconspicuous as regards flowers.
covered with numerous coriaceous bracts scarcely distinguishable from the calyx. Corolla tubular; limb glabrous.
Anthers peltate, on short filaments, placed near the mouth of the corolla. Hypogynous scales five. Ovary five-
celled, with a central column in each cell, to the apex of which the ovules are attached. Capsule coriaceous. (Name
from ent, upon, and axpis, a mountain ; in allusion to the native place of some of the species.)

1. Epacris pauciflora, A. Rich. ; fruticulus erectus, strictus, ramis foliosis virgatis, foliis erectis patulisve
subimbricatis rhombeo-ovatis subacutis integerrimis obscure venosis concavis crassis, floribus versus apices
ramulorum plurimis axillaribus solitariis, pedunculis multibracteatis, corolle tubo calyce vix sequilongo,
staminibus inclusis. 4. Rich. Flora. A. Cunn. Prodr. DC. Prodr.

Has. Northern Island; abundant on dry hills, Banks and Solander, ete.

A twiggy slender shrub, a foot or so high, simple or branched in a fasciculate manner, perfectly glabrous
everywhere. Leaves small, hardly + inch long, numerous, loosely imbricating or recurved, rhomboid-ovate, rather
suddenly contracted into a sharp or blunt point, very thick and coriaceous, with quite entire smooth margins and
faint veins. Flowers numerous towards the ends of the branches, solitary in the axils of leaves that are sometimes
larger than the rest. Peduncles short, stiff, clothed with very numerous ovate, acute, imbricating bracteolw.
Flowers small, white, 14 line long, sunk in the ovate sharp calyx-lobes. Fruit a small five-celled, many-seeded
capsule. — A very common plant, rather variable in habit, but constant in its main characters.

2. Epacris alpina, Hook. fil.; fruticulus ramosus, ramis erectis cicatricatis, foliis patulis late ellipticis
ovatisve obtusis glaberrimis crassis coriaceis concavis aveniis, floribus solitariis axillaribus, pedicellis brevibus

paucibracteatis, bracteis late ovatis obtusis.
Has. Northern Island; in mountainous situations. Base of Tongariro, Bidwill, Colenso.

Very similar to E. pauciflora, but a smaller plant, with shorter, broader, blunter leaves, and very short pe-
v 3

duncles, which bear only five or six very broad blunt bracteol:e.

Epacridea. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 167

3. Epacris? racemosa, Hook. fil.; ramis puberulis virgatis, foliis subverticillatis patentibus obovato-
oblongis subacutis planis enerviis coriaceis reticulatim venosis, floribus racemosis breve pedicellatis 2-brac-
teatis?, racemo puberulo, bracteis caducis?, calycis lobis oblongis obtusis striatis margine late scariosis
ciliatis, corolla campanulata limbo patente, filamentis inter lobos insertis, ovario 5-loculari, ovulis plurimis
columnee ascendenti affixis.—An novum genus?

Has. Great Barrier Island, Capt. D. Rough (communicated by Dr. Sinclair).

Of this very remarkable plant I have but one fragment without anthers, presenting, however, so many marked
characters, distinguishing it from any Epacrideous plant known to me, that I have not hesitated to record it as a new
species; having little doubt, however, that it is generically different from Epacris. The habit is that of a broad-
leaved Leucopogon, but the structure of the ovarium removes it from the one-ovuled section of the Order to that con-
taining Epacris itself. It differs from the last-named genus in the few bracteole, and remarkably in habit, but
agrees with it in the five-celled ovarium with many ovules in each cell, attached to an erect columnar placenta.
Leaves fascicled at intervals, appearing whorled, 1 inch long, i inch broad, spreading, coriaceous, flat, ob-
ovate, rather acute, striated with reticulated veins, quite glabrous on both sides and on the margins. Raceme
(the only one I have seen) terminal, nodding, pubescent, eight- to ten-flowered, as long as the leaf. Flowers
drooping, white, nearly 4 inch broad, on short pedicels 1 line long. Bractee one or two (perhaps more), caducous.
Calyx lobes oblong, blunt, striated, with membranous ciliated margins. Corolla campanulate, with spreading,
ovate, slightly ciliated, blunt lobes; tube longer than the calyx. Stamens inserted at the mouth of the corolla.
Style very short, stout, included. Stigma five-lobed. Glands surrounding the ovarium five, lobed.

Gen. V. DRACOPHYLLUM, Zas.

Calyx 5-phyllus, bracteatus. Corolla tubuloso-infundibuliformis ; loborum apicibus incurvis, imberbi-
bus. Stamina 5 (speciebus Novee Zelandiz corolle adnata). Sguama hypogyna 5. Capsula 5-locularis.
Semina columne centrali pendulce adnata.—Frutices v. arbores, ramis cicatricatis annulatis. Folia basi va-
ginantia, graminea v. subulata. Flores racemosi, paniculati, v. spicati.

Shrubs or large trees, confined to New Caledonia, Australia, and the New Zealand Islands, and abounding in the
latter country, very scarce in the others. Leaves usually very narrow, grassy, sheathing, when falling away leaving
ringed scars on the branches. Inflorescence racemose, spicate, or paniculate. Flowers bracteate, white. Calyw of
five, hard, coriaceous leaves. Corolla with a broad tube and five spreading lobes, curved in at the point, quite
glabrous. Stamens inserted on the corolla in the New Zealand species, hypogynous in the Australian and New Cale-
donian. Ovary five-celled, with five glands at its base. Ovudes many, attached to a column which hangs down in
each cell.—This fine genus forms a prominent feature in the New Zealand Flora, the species being very numerous,
abundant in individuals, and occurring from the sea-coast to the mountain-tops, and both on the wet and dry
coasts. Some of them are very difficult to distinguish specifically, others are well-marked. (Name from 8paxov,
a dragon, and $vXXov, a leaf; from the analogy between this plant and Dracena, to which Labillardióre at one time
thought it allied.)

§ a. Flowers panicled. Bracts deciduous. Calyx much shorter than the tube of the corolla. (D. Menziesii has
sometimes racemes.)

l. Dracophyllum Zatifolium, A. Cunn.; arboreum, foliis 14-pedalibus concavis longissime lanceolato-
subulatis subflexuosis (pro genere latis) serrulatis in vaginam glaberrimam gradatim dilatatis, panicula effusa
nutante pilosa demum glabrata, floribus parvis, foliolis calycinis pubescentibus late ovatis, capsulis parvis.
A. Cunn. Prodr. DC. Prodr. Fl. Antarct. Epacris longifolia, Banks et Sol. MSS. et To.

Haz. Northern Island; common in woods, Banks and Solander, etc.

168 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. | Epacridee.

The most handsome in foliage, but one of the smallest-flowered species of the genus; it forms a small black-
barked tree, with curious tufts of sguarrose grassy leaves at the ends of the branches. Leaves about a foot long,
an inch broad at the base, recurved, serrulate, gradually dilated into short smooth sheaths, tapering to very long
points; hollow along the upper surface. Panicle drooping, 6 inches to a foot long, much branched, very many-
flowered. Flowers and fruit very small, the latter 13—2 lines broad.

2. Dracophyllum Menziesii, Hook. fil. ; arboreum, foliis 6-8-uncialibus (pro genere latis) patulis con-
cavis in vaginam glaberrimam sensim dilatatis longe subulatis subcrenulatis rigidis, panicula (interdum in-
florescentia racemosa) contracta curva pendula pilosa, calyce glaberrimo corolla majuscula multoties bre-
viore, capsulis majusculis, E. longifolia, 4. Rich. Flora? non Forst. Prodr.

Has. Middle Island. Dusky Bay, Menzies; Port Preservation, Lyall.

This I suspect to be the plant described by A. Richard as the D. longifolium of Forster, but which is certainly
not that plant according to Forster's drawings, etc., in the British Museum.—A small tree. Leaves of the same
character asin the last species, but much shorter, only 6-8 inches long, less squarrose and recurved; the carti-
laginous margins are hardly crenulate, but marked with short cracks. Inflorescence very different from the last, of a
short, drooping, contracted panicle or raceme, 4-5 inches long, pubescent, with large flowers; the corolla 4 inch
long, four times longer than the calyx lobes. Capsules + inch broad.

3. Dracophyllum sérictum, Hook. fil.; arbuscula ?, foliis 2-3-uncialibus late subulatis supra vaginam
glaberrimam paulo dilatatis acuminatis concavis striatis erectis serrulatis, panicula erecta 2-unciali sub-
coarctata pilosa, ramis crassis, foliolis calycis ovatis acutis tubo corolla dimidio brevioribus, corolla majus-
cula 5 lin. longa. 77. Antarct. in nota.

Has. Northern Island. Tongariro, Bidwill.

I have seen but one specimen of this fine species ; it resembles D. Menziesii in the size of the corolla, which is
however narrower; it differs remarkably from that plant in the small erect panicle and much shorter leaves.
Branches rather stout, leafy for some length. Leaves 23—3 inches long, slightly contracted just above the sheath,
which is not remarkably or suddenly dilated or broader than the lamina, perfectly glabrous, 3 inch long; from the
contraction upwards the leaf gradually narrows from + inch to an acuminate point; margin serrulate ; upper sur-
face concave. Panicle erect, 3 inches long; branches short, downy. Flowers + inch long. Calyx about i the

length of the tube of the corolla.

4. Dracophyllum affine, Hook. fil.; frutex, foliis (2-uncialibus) late subulatis patentibus e basi vagi-
nante glaberrima sensim angustatis planiusculis serrulatis, panicula gracili 2-unciali nutante effusa, ramis
gracilibus brevibus glaberrimis, foliolis calycis late ovatis acutis tubo corolle (22 lin. longs) parve + bre-
vioribus. Z7. Antaret. l. c.

Haz. Northern Island; in the mountains, Diefenbach.

The ticket of this species has been lost, and I regret not being able to give a more precise locality, as it
has been gathered by Dr. Dieffenbach alone. At first sight it very much resembles D. strictum, having leaves
of exactly the same form and character, but smaller and spreading, 2 inches long and 2 lines broad, hardly hollow
along the upper surface. The panicle affords the best character: it is erect, but curved or nodding, slender, slightly
pubescent or quite glabrous. Flowers much smaller, hardly $ inch long.—When I described this plant in the
* Flora Antarctica, I did not doubt its being distinct from the D. strictum; but now that I have seen how very much
more variable some of the species of the following section are than I had anticipated, I regard this with some
doubt. It is remarkable that no specimens of either have been collected by any later explorers; it seems to indi-
cate the paniculate section to be a scarce one, for I have received copious suites of nearly all the racemose or
spiked species, since I originally described them.

Epacridee.] FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 169

$ b. Flowers spiked or racemose, rarely solitary. Calyx as long as the tube of the corolla. (D. Menziesii, which
has sometimes panicles, is placed in the former section. D. rosmarinifolium has solitary flowers.)

5. Dracophyllum Jongifolium, Br.; arboreum, foliis (6-8 unc.) confertis supra basin vaginantem cilia-
tam abrupte angustatis longissime lineari-subulatis strictis recurvisve concavis striatis glabris, spicis soli-
tariis binis v. aggregatis lateralibus 7-9-floris, bracteis deciduis, corollee lobis late ovatis obtusis. Br.
Prodr. p. 356 in nota. A. Cunn. Prodr. DC. Prodr. Fl. Antarct. p. 45. t. 31, 32. Epacris longifolia,
Forst. Prodr. et Char. Gen.

Has. Middle Island. Dusky Bay, Forster.

A small tree, abundant in Lord Auckland's Group and Campbell's Island, but of which I have seen but one,
and that an indifferent specimen, from New Zealand. Leaves 6-8 inches long, with broad ciliated sheaths, 4—3 inch
long, above which they contract suddenly to 2 lines, and thence gradually taper to slender long points; upper
surface channelled. Racemes 14-2 inches long, seven- to nine-flowered, axillary or terminal, on short lateral
branches. Bractee falling away during the flowering, ovate, acuminate, as well as the calyx-leaves ciliated, the
latter nearly as long as the corolla.

6. Dracophyllum Zyallii, Hook. fil. ; arbuscula, foliis 2-5 unc. longis e basi vaginante ciliata abrupte
angustatis angustissime subulatis strictis rigidis superne canaliculatis supra medium triguetris basi 1 lin.
latis, racemis glaberrimis erectis terminalibus 13-2 unc. longis 6-10-floris, floribus breve pedicellatis,
bracteis caducis, calycis foliolis ovatis acuminatis ciliatis, corolle lobis late ovatis.

Has. Middle and Southern Islands. Dusky Bay, Menzies. Port Preservation and Thomson’s Sound,
Lyall.

Very similar indeed to the former, and probably only a variety ; but amongst many specimens I have none
with leaves anything like the length of those of my Auckland Island plants of D. longifolium. The bractee and
calyx leaflets vary very much in length and breadth; the former fall away during flowering. Leaves 2-5 inches
long, quite similar to those of D. longifolium, but smaller, more rigid and triquetrous beyond the middle. Corolla
and general character of the inflorescence the same in both.

7. Dracophyllum sguarrosum, Hook. fil.; arbuscula, foliis 3—4-uncialibus patentibus sguarrosis sub-
gramineis (junioribus strictis) e basi vaginante gradatim lineari-subulatis concavis serrulatis, racemis 13-2-
uncialibus lateralibus fasciculatis 5—6-floris, bracteis foliolisgue calycinis ovato-lanceolatis gradatim acumi-
natis florem superantibus, corolle tubo gracili, lobis lanceolatis obtusis. £7. Antarct. p. 48. Hpacris longi-
folia, 8 squarrosa, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic.

Has. Northern Island. East coast, Banks and Solander. Manakau Bay, Colenso. Auckland,
Sinclair.

This appears a very'distinct species, and I have lately received specimens both from Mr. Colenso and Dr. Sin-
clair, quite confirming the characters originally given to it. The habit and long flexuose subsquarrose grassy foliage
are its most prominent characters. Leaves, when fully grown, 8-4 inches long, spreading, upwards of ž inch broad
above the sheath, from which they taper upwards to a long acuminate point, and are concave throughout their
length. Zacemes axillary, 13-2 inches long, with persistent bractee ; the latter and calycine lobes ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, as long as the tube of the corolla. Corolla with a rather slender tube, and narrow spreading
lobes, that have an oblong inflexed point.

8. Dracophyllum jilifolium, Hook. fil.; fruticosum, ramis fastigiatis gracilibus flexilibus, foliis 5-8-
uncialibus vix 3 lin. latis angustissime lineari-subulatis filiformibus erectis vix flexuosis superne ad medium
canaliculatis dein ad apicem triquetris, vaginis quadratis superne fere 2-lobis marginibus membranaceis,

z $T

170 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. LEpacridee.

racemis 4-8-floris lateralibus brevibus vix uncialibus, floribus parvis, bracteis lobisque calycinis late ovatis
acuminatis corollam superantibus, corolla parva, lobis late ovatis.
Has. Northern Island. Auckland, Stephenson. Fast coast, Ruahine mountains, etc., Colenso.

A remarkably distinct shrubby species, 6—8 feet high, which may be recognized at once by its very slender
flexible branches, and almost filiform leaves, 5-8 inches long, arising from comparatively very broad nearly square
sheaths, with membranous margins, truncated or almost two-lobed at the top; the leaves are rigid, not flexuose,
but erect, scarcely half a line broad, grooved on the upper surface for half-way up, and then three-angled to the
tip. Racemes about an inch long, or less, of six to eight very small flowers, 4 inch long. Bracts and calyx lobes
ovate, acuminate, as long as the corolla, whose lobes are ovate.—In many respects this resembles the following species,
but the leaves are twice as long, and the bracts are not furnished with such long subulate points.

9. Dracophyllum Zessonianum, A. Rich.; fruticosum, ramis castaneis, foliis ramulis breviusculis
fasciculatis 2-3-uncialibus angustissime lineari-subulatis supra planiusculis, vaginis elongatis brevibusve
abrupte truncatis ciliatis, spicis 13-2-uncialibus 5-8-floris, floribus subremotis, bracteis foliisque calycinis
corolla longioribus gradatim longe acuminatis pungentibus, corollee lobis oblongo-lanceolatis. 4. Rich. Flora.
A. Cunn. Prodr. Fl. Antarct. Ardisia longifolia, 8 attenuata, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ie.

Var. B. robustum ; folis brevioribus, spica pauciflora. D. robustum, 77. Antaret.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; frequent from Cook's Straits northward, Banks and Solander, etc.

Best distinguished from the former, with which it has many characters in common, by the generally plane
upper surface of the leaves, which are only 2-3 inches long, by the less ciliated sheaths, and by the long acuminated
points of the bracts, which project beyond the flower. The leaves are generally borne on short lateral branches, and
not upon long very slender stems, as in D. filifolium. The racemes are long, many-flowered, 13-2 inches long, with
the flowers somewhat distichously arranged ; they are longer and the flowers smaller than in D. filjfolium. The
var. robustum has more rigid leaves and shorter racemes, in which respects it approaches even more nearly the
following.

10. Dracophyllum Urvilleanum, A. Rich. ; fruticosum, ramis atris, foliis ramulis brevibus fasciculatis
24-3-uncialibus strictis angustissime lineari-subulatis supra canaliculatis, vaginis brevibus ciliatis abrupte
truncatis, racemis brevibus 3-5-floris, floribus congestis, bracteis foliolisque calycinis late ovatis breviter
acuminatis, corolle parvæ segmentis ovato-oblongis. A. Rich. Flora. A. Cunn, Prodr. Fl. Antarct.

Haz. Northern and Middle Islands. Tasman’s Bay, J’ Urville. Bay of Islands, on the banks of the
Keri-Keri River, above the falls, Cunningham. Nelson, Bidwill.

I have again, since describing this plant in the ‘Flora Antarctica, examined an extensive suite of specimens,
and am still inclined to consider this as being quite a distinct plant from .D. Lessonianum, though it requires some
care to discriminate them ; on the other hand, it is so much nearer D. jilifoliwm in all characters, except the length
of the leaf, that I doubt these two proving distinct, though so different-looking at first sight. Stems slender, always
very black in my Bay of Islands specimens. Leaves quite similar to those of D. Lessonianum, but distinctly chan-
nelled. Racemes small, short (4 inch long), few, three- to five-flowered. Bracts broadly ovate, acuminate, shorter
than the flowers, which are as small as and quite similar to those of D. jiljfolium.

11. Dracophyllum scoparium, Hook. fil.; arbuscula, ramis ramulisque fasciculatis strictis, foliis e basi
vaginante gradatim angustatis subulatis strictis 1-2 unc. longis rigidis margine pubescentibus v. glabratis
supra medium planiusculis dein ad apicem trigonis, spicis brevibus dense sub-4-floris, bracteis foliolisque
calycinis corollam brevem superantibus sericeis glabratisve, corolla lobis brevibus late ovatis. FU. Antarct.
p. 41. t. 83.

Haz. Northern Island. Top of Ruahine Mountains, Colenso. Chatham Island, Diefenbach.

Epacridea.) FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 171

This small species was first described from Campbell's Island specimens, which are much less pubescent than
those from Chatham Island. In the latter the leaves are beautifully margined with white down. Mr. Colenso’s
specimens are quite glabrous. In general characters the foliage resembles that of D. Lessonianum, but is more rigid,
and the leaves are shorter (the longest 2 inches); the sheaths are not abruptly truncate, and the raceme is very
short, 4-3 inch, and consists of a dense club-shaped spike of numerous bracts, and three or four small flowers. The
bracts and calycine leaves are ovate, acuminate, more or less silky and woolly or glabrous, and the corolla is small,
2 lines long, with a short tube and broad ovate lobes.

12. Dracophyllum subulatum, Hook. fil. ; fruticosum, erectum, ramis fuscis gracilibus sparse foliatis,
foliis fasciculatis e vagina lata ciliata abrupte angustatis ciliatis rigidis subtriquetris 1—3-uncialibus, racemis
folis brevioribus v. sequilongis lateralibus ramulisve brevissimis terminalibus pauci(2—4)-floris, floribus
plerumque congestis parvis, bracteis foliolisque calycinis late ovatis acuminatis corollam superantibus,
coroll; tubo brevi, lobis latis. 77. Antaret. p. 50.

Has. Northern Island. Barren plains at Tewaiiti, base of Tongariro, ete., Colenso.

A distinct-looking little bushy twiggy plant, with very slender stems, 3-6 feet high, sometimes drooping
branches, and tufts of small leaves, never an inch long, usually about 4, sometimes only + inch. The spikes are
small in proportion, of two to four flowers, surrounded with bractese which exceed the corolla in length; sometimes
the racemes are converted into dense ovoid masses of leaves, probably owing to the puncture of an insect.

13. Dracophyllum rosmarinifolium, Br.; fruticulus, caule erecto v. decumbente fastigiatim ramoso,
folus 3-13-uncialibus erectis rigidis coriaceis subulatis obtusis dorso convexis striatis supra canaliculatis,
vagina latiuscula ciliata, floribus solitariis erectis breve pedicellatis multibracteatis, bracteis ovato-lanceolatis
foliolisque calycinis apice angustatis obtusis, corollz brevis lobis late ovatis. Brown, Prodr. p. 556 in nota.
A. Rich. Flora. A. Cunn. Prodr. DC. Prodr. Hpacris rosmarinifolia, Forst. Prodr.

Has. Middle Island. Dusky Bay, Forster, Lyall. Nelson, tops of the mountains, Bidwill.

A. remarkably distinct little species, though at first sight resembling a stunted form of D. suõulatum. Branches
prostrate, ascending, woody, fasciculate, 3-8 inches long, sometimes depressed. Leaves very short, 1-12 inch long,
but comparatively broad, rigid, blunt, convex and striated at the back. Flowers solitary in all Forster's, Dr. Lyall's,
and Mr. Bidwill’s specimens, though the inflorescence must be regarded as a reduced raceme. Peduncle short, erect,
covered with the ovate bractece, which, as well as the calyx-leaflets, have contracted blunt points.

14. Dracophyllum reeurvum, Hook. fil. ; fruticulus erectus, robustus, ramosus, foliis ad apices foliorum
plurimis recurvis 1-13-uncialibus e vagina dilatata linearibus obtusis rigidis apices versus angustatis supra
canaliculatis subtus convexis, floribus in racemos terminales ovoideos dense congestis bracteatis, bracteis
foliolisque calycinis late ovatis acuminatis. FU. Antarct. p. 50.

Has. Mountains of the Northern Island. Tongariro, Bidwill. Mount Hikurangi and top of the
Ruahine mountains, Colenso.

One of the most distinct species of the genus, with the spreading recurved foliage of D. latifolium and D.
sguarrosum, but very different from these in size and inflorescence. Stems stout, 6-10 inches high, branched.
Leaves all crowded towards the ends of the branches, numerous, patent, recurved, rigid, linear, narrowed to an
obtuse point, 1-14 inch long, concave along the upper surface. Fowers in dense, erect, terminal, ovoid heads,
small, surrounded by ovate acuminate bracts.

172 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [Myrsinee.

NAT. Og». LI. MYRSINEE, Zr.
Gen. I. SUTTONIA, 4. Rich.

Flores polygamo-dioici. Calyx 2-5-partitus, rarius obsoletus, Petala 4-5, rarius basi connata.
Stamina 5; filamentis brevibus, basi corollee insertis ; antheris basi cordatis. Ovariwm ovatum, in stylum
breve attenuatum, 1-loculare, 1- rarius 2-ovulatum ; ovulis placenta globosa immersis; stigmate cyathiformi,
lobato v. lacero. Fructus subbaccatus; putamine crustaceo, l- rarius 2-spermo. Semina reliquiis mem-
branaceis placentee induta.

Shrubs or small trees, quite glabrous, with scattered, alternate, exstipulate, entire or sinuated leaves, and very
inconspieuous axillary, solitary, or fascicled flowers. All parts covered with glandular oil-cavities, seen as trans-
parent dots when the leaves are dried and held between the eye and the light. The species are confined to New
Zealand, Lord Auckland’s Group, Campbell’s Island, and Norfolk Island. Flowers moncecious, rarely hermaphrodite.
Calyx of two to five lobes, sometimes wanting. Corolla of five concave ciliated petals, sometimes united at the
base, often becoming reflexed before falling away. Stamens short, inserted on the petals, with short broad fila-
ments and subsagittate anthers broad at the base. Ovary somewhat flaggon-shaped, turgid below, tapering into a
short thick style, which is terminated by a broad-lobed concave or fimbriated stigma, one-celled. Ovules one,
rarely two, immersed in a globose fleshy placenta, which so much resembles a seed that it requires careful examina-
tion to find the ovules in it. In the ripe fruit this fleshy placenta appears as a thin, brown, membranous covering
to the rounded seed, which has a very delicate testa, horny albumen, and terete rather curved radicle lying across
the seed. (Named in honour of the Rev. Dr. Sutton, F.L.S., author of a paper on British species of Orobanche.)

$ a. Petals cohering at the base. Ovules and seeds one or two.

1. Suttonia salicina, Hook. fil.; arbuscula glaberrima, foliis lineari-elongatis obtusis integerrimis
glandulis oblongis perplurimis notatis, floribus hermaphroditis ramis fasciculatis sublonge pedicellatis,
petalis basi coheerentibus calycisque lobis subciliatis, baccis ovatis oblongisve 1-2-spermis. FL. Antarct.
p. 52 in nota. Myrsine salicina, Heward, MSS. Drymis axillaris, A. Cunn. Herb. Tas. XLIV.

Haz. Northern Island, from the Bay of Islands to Hawke’s Bay; in woods, Cunningham, ete.

A small erect tree, leafy at the ends of the branches, everywhere perfectly glabrous. Leaves spreading, 4-7
inches long, about 1 broad, linear, blunt, guite entire, narrowed into a short petiole, marked with copious small
oblong transparent glands, seen in the dried leaf between the eye and the light. Flowers very numerous, in many-
flowered bunches, growing from buds on the branchlets, below the leafy portion. Peduncles 1-1 inch long, without
bracts, stout, straight. Calyx of five blunt ciliate lobes. Petals five, linear-oblong, blunt, revolute, ciliated. Ovary
with a short style, large cup-shaped irregularly lobed stigma, and one or two ovules. Berry 4 inch long, oblong
or obovate. —PLare XLIV. Fig. 1, bud; 2, flower; 3, petals; 4, ovarium; 5, ripe fruit; 6, vertical, and 7,
transverse section of the same; 8, seed in its withered placenta; 9, seed removed from placenta; 10, embryo :—
all but fig. 5 magnified.

$ b. Petals free. Ovules and seeds solitary.

2. Suttonia australis, A. Rich.; fruticosa v. arbuscula glaberrima, stricta, erecta, virgatim ramosa, fo-
liosa, foliis obovatis obovato-oblongisve breve petiolatis obtusis undulatis reticulatisve venosis, floribus in
glomerulos sessiles aggregatis brevissime pedicellatis, calyce 0 v. 2-4-lobo, antheris petalis majoribus,
baccis parvis pedicellatis late oblongis. 4. Rich. Flora. Fl. Antarct. Myrsine Urvillei, 4/p2. DC. Prodr.
Myrsine undulata, 4. Cunn. Prodr. Merista levigata, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic.

Myrsinee.] FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 173

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; abundant, Banks and Solander, etc. Nat. names, “ Mapau,”
“Sipau,” and “Matipo,” Middle Island, Zyall. “Tipau,” north of the Thames river, and “ Mapau,”
south of that river, Colenso. (Cultivated in England.)

A small leafy tree, very closely resembling Pittosporum undulatum in appearance. Bark dark, of the branch-
lets red-brown. Leaves 1-14 inch long, obovate, blunt, on short petioles, waved, reticulated on both sides, studded
with little round glands. Flowers fascicled, sessile, very small. Calyx two- to four-lobed or none. Petals revo-
lute ; anthers as large as or larger than the petals. Ovary with a sessile capitate stigma. Berries clustered, on short
pedicels, + inch long, oblong.

8. Suttonia divaricata, Hook. fil.; fruticosa, ramis divaricatis arcuatis tortuosis, foliis alternis v. ra-
mulis lateralibus brevissimis fasciculatis glaberrimis coriaceis breve petiolatis late obovatis obtusis retusis v.
obcordatis 2-lobis rarius elliptico-ovatis subacutis, floribus aggregatis, pedicellis brevibus, petalis obovatis.
Fl. Antarct. p. 51. t. 34. Myrsine? divaricata, A. Cunn. Prodr. Alph. DC. in Prodr.

Var. B. montana; arbuscula, foliis elongato-obovatis oblongisve obtusis rarius retusis :—potius species
distincta.

Has. Abundant throughout the Islands, 4. Cunningham, etc. Var. B. Top of Ruahine range,
Colenso.

Very similar to a shrubby Coprosma inhabit and appearance. Branches flexuose, tortuous, woody. Leaves
scattered, alternate, or fasciculate on abbreviated lateral shoots, 3-1 inch long, coriaceous, broadly obovate, blunt,
retuse or obcordate and bilobed, marked with rounded glandular dots, finely reticulated, quite entire. Flowers very
minute, scattered in little bunches. Calyx four- to five-lobed. Petals four or five, obovate. Ovary with a short
style and broad concave irregularly-cut stigma. Berry depressed, spherical, one-seeded.—This species has a very
wide range in latitude, being frequent from the Bay of Islands to Lord Auckland’s Group and Campbell’s Island,
where the leaves of seedling plants are irregularly serrate or lobed. Ihave not ventured to make a different species
of var. 8 montana, though Mr. Colenso considers it as such. I have no good flowers or fruit of it; what there are
do not differ from those of M, divaricata, and the very variable nature of the leaves is equally conspicuous in both
plants. The leaves of the var. 8 are however longer, more obovate, rounded, seldom retuse, and the plant forms
a small tree: hence, though Mr. Colenso’s specimens are insufficient for description as such, I suspect them to
belong to a new species, for which the name 8. montana may be retained,

4. Suttonia nummularia, Hook. fil.; fruticulus prostratus, caulibus gracilibus elongatis parce ramosis,
foliis parvis breve petiolatis rotundatis reticulatim venosis, floribus sparsis sessilibus solitariis axillari-
bus ramulisque nudis, calyce brevi 4-lobo, petalis obovato-rotundatis longe ciliatis, bacca subglobosa.
Tas. XLV.

Has. Northern Island. Top of Ruahine range. Lake Rotoatara, etc., Colenso.

A very small, prostrate, alpine species. Stems slender, a span to a foot long, sparingly branched, rooting at
the base; branches scarred, ascending. Leaves small, uniform, spreading, coriaceous, shortly petiolate, orbicular ;
margins quite entire, recurved, much wrinkled with reticulated veins, and dotted with rounded glands. Flowers
scattered, solitary, axillary or growing from the branches, very minute. Oalyx very small, four-lobed. Petals
four, concave, ciliated. Stamens large for the size of the plant, sessile on the petals. Berry round, the size of a
peppercorn. —PLATE XLV.

174 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [Sapotee.

Nat. On». LII. SAPOTEAS, Juss.

Gen. I. SAPOTA, Plum.

Sepala 4-6, imbricata. Corolla tubuloso-campanulata, ad medium 4-6-loba; lobis appendicibus subu-
latis alternantibus. Stamina 4-6, corolle lobis inserta; filamentis brevibus; antheris extrorsis. Ovariwm
ovoideum v. globosum, 4-12-loeulare. Stylus erectus, glaber. Stigma inclusum. Ovula solitaria. Bacca
1-pauci-locularis. Semen nucumentaceum; testa ossea, nitida; albumen carnosum; cotyledones ample,
foliaceze.

The only New Zealand species forms a small tree 20 fect. high, with bright evergreen foliage, and solitary in-
conspicuous pedicellate flowers scattered along the branchlets, distant from the axils of the leaves, but at the scars of
those that have fallen away. Young branches hoary, with very inconspicuous appressed down. Leaves quite gla-
brous except the petiole and base, which are downy, petiolate, 2-3 inches long, coriaceous, elliptical-obovate, blunt,
reticulately veined on both surfaces. Pedicels stout, curved, ž inch long. Flowers (some perfect, others neuter, and
some apparently female only) globose, + inch diameter, never spreading open. Calyw of four (rarely five) orbi-
cular, imbricate, unequal, concave, ciliated, fleshy pieces. Corolla tubular, with four imbricate lobes, erect, pro-
jecting a little beyond the ealyx, and with an ovate subulate fleshy scale placed in front of the junction of each
pair of lobes, Stamens short, small, sunk in the hollow face of the petals. Filaments broad, fleshy. Anthers
bursting by slits opening towards the petal. Ovary very hairy, globose, with stout erect style and simple stigma,
four-celled. Ovules solitary, suspended by broad ventral cords from the middle of the inner angle of each cell.
Fruit an oblong or round one-celled berry, variable in size and shape, often as large as a walnut, containing one
elliptical, long, flattened, chestnut-brown, polished seed, with a bony testa, marked with a broad, flat, rough line down
the inner side, by which it is attached to the cavity of the pericarp. nner coat much veined, membranous. Albu-
men fleshy ; embryo as broad and long as the albumen, of two thin ovate cotyledons, and a terete radicle pointing
downwards. At the upper extremity of the rough mark on the testa is a little hole, through which the nutrient
vessels of the cord go. The neuter (?) flowers have short, ovate, concave, fleshy petals, scarcely united at the base,
and flat, short, rudimentary anthers, and an ovate blunt ovarium without stigma or style, containing four cells,
which are confluent at the top, the ovules hanging from a little central column just below the point of confluence.
In the male flowers, the ovary has the same characters, but the petals are larger and the stamens perfect.—The
genus Sapota consists chiefly of tropical Asiatic, African, and American plants, a few being Australian, Cape of Good
Hope, and North American. Most have milky juice, which forms the “ Gutta percha ” of the allied genus /sonandra.
The bark of many is bitter and a febrifuge, and their seeds often yield abundance of oil by pressure. The Star-
apple, Sapodilla plum, and many other tropical fruits belong to this genus and order, whilst the seeds of some of
them are reputed poisonous, but being enclosed in a hard bony testa do not prevent the use of the fruit containing
them. (Name, the West Indian for one species that produces an excellent fruit.)

1. Sapota costata, Alph. DO.; ramulis appresse puberulis, foliis obovatis obtusis breve petiolatis
glaberrimis utrinque venosis, floribus (stirp. Nov. Zeland.) tetrameris (Norf. Ins.) pentameris, ovario 4-5-
loculari, bacca 1-loculari, semine lineari-elliptico utrinque subacuto. Alph. DC. Prodr. v. 8. p. 179. Endl.
Prodr. Fl. Norf. Isid. p. 49. Icon. Gen. t. 4240. A. Cunn. Prodr.

Has. Northern Island. Wangarei Bay, Colenso. Coast opposite the Cavallos io, R. Cunningham.
Nat. name, “ Tawaapou,” Col.

This seems identical with specimens of Achras costata, Endl. in Hook. Herb., except that the flowers are all
but uniformly tetramerous (not pentamerous). The plate in Endlicher's * Iconographia’ is a very bad representation of

Oleinee. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 175

the foliage of this, if it belong to the same species, the leaves being represented as linear and blunt, and their veins
at right angles with the costa.

Nar. Oro. LIII. OLEINEA, Hoff.
Gen. I. OLEA, Z.

Calyx monophyllus, irregulariter lobatus. Corolla monopetala v. 0. Drupa baccata.—Species Nov
Zelandiæ arborescentes ; floribus polygamo-dioicis ; calyce urceolari, petalisque 0.

À genus of shrubs or large trees, to which the European Olive belongs ; it has three New Zealand representa-
tives, belonging to Endlicher’s section Gymnelea, all forming trees, with exceedingly variable evergreen leaves, and
all having, as far as I have observed, very imperfect apetalous unisexual flowers, the stamens in the female flowers
bearing no pollen, and the ovarium in the male flowers being rudimentary. Branches with white bark. Leaves op-
posite or alternate, exstipulate, evergreen, entire. Flowers inconspicuous, in axillary short panicles. Male calyx
unequally two- to four-lobed. Stamens two, opposite, with large exserted anthers, opening by lateral slits. Calyx
of the Jemale flower larger, urceolate, unequally four-lobed, with two included compressed anthers and an oblong ovary,
with one short style and two curved stigmas. Ovary two-celled, each cell with two suspended ovules. Fruit an
oblong drupe, one- or two-celled, generally ripening only one seed.—A few species of this genus are found in Aus-
tralia, and one in Norfolk Island; the latter is also a Gymnelea, and the only species of this section found out of
New Zealand. Numerous species are scattered over the temperate and tropical regions of the globe. Many have
hard excellent wood, and some very fragrant flowers, such as that which is used by the Chinese to give fragrance to
Tea. The European Olive may no doubt be cultivated with success in Australia and in the warmer, drier parts of New
Zealand. (Name, Olea in Latin; of the same root with aaa in Greek; olew in Celtic; and olivier in French ;
Oelbaum, German; oil, English.)

1. Olea Cunninghamii, Hook. fil. ; arbor excelsa, ramulis novellis pubescentibus, foliis 3-5-uncialibus
coriaceis ovato- v. oblongo- v. elongato-lanceolatis linearibusve obtusis, venis (sicco) paucis divaricatis non-
reticulatis pagina superiore impressis, racemis pubescenti-tomentosis brevibus 10-15-floris, floribus breve
pedicellatis, fl. d calyce 4-lobo, lobis 2 dentiformibus, filamentis elongatis, $ corolla urceolari irregulariter 4-
fida, staminibus brevibus, fructu ovoideo baccato. Olea apetala, A. Cunn. Prodr. non Vahl nec Endl.
Prodr. Flor. Ins. Norf., ete.

Has. Northern and eastern parts of the Northern Island, Banks and Solander, Cunningham, Colenso.
Nat. name, “ Maire raunui,” Col.

A tree about 50 feet high, unbranched below. Leaves very coriaceous, variable in shape; on young trees nar-
row, linear, 9 inches long ; on fully-grown, linear-ovate, oblong-lanceolate or elliptical-oblong, blunt, all petiolate,
3-5 inches long, margin recurved when dry. Racemes opposite, rising from the branches below the leaves, 1-14
inch long, straight, with a stout hairy rachis and short peduncles. Flowers distichous ; pedicels as lone as the
calyx, hairy, with a large ovate concave bract at the base; males the smallest, with a four-lobed corolla, two small
lobes, and two much larger opposite the stamens ; female flowers with an urceolate unequally four-lobed calyx, 14
line long, two anthers bearing no pollen, and an oblong ovarium, with two exserted stigmata. Berry obliquely
ovoid, 3 inch long, red, seated on the persistent calyx, containing a single crustaceous or bony one-celled one-seeded
nut; a slit in the wall of the nut shows the position of the second cell, which ripens no seed.—Mr. Cunningham
considered this plant to be the same as the O. apetala (“iron wood”) of Norfolk Island, from which it differs in
the narrower leaves, hairy racemes, and more shortly pedicelled flowers. — Vahl, though he gives New Zealand as a

habitat for O. apetala, describes the Norfolk Island plant.

176 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Loganiacee.

2. Olea danceolata, Hook. fil.; arbor, ramulis puberulis 24-34-uncialibus anguste linearibus ovato-
lanceolatisve acutis glaberrimis coriaceis, venis (sicco) utringue prominulis obliguis laxe reticulatis, racemis
sparse pilosis gracilibus 6—8-floris, floribus gracile pedicellatis.

Var. a; foliis ovato-lanceolatis 3-uncialibus.

Var. £; foliis anguste lineari-ellipticis 2-uncialibus.

Has. Northern Islands. Woods on the east coast and in the interior, Colenso. Auckland, Sinclair.

Although I have many and good specimens of the New Zealand Olives, they are not sufficient in a genus so
remarkable for the protean forms of its leaves to pronounce decidedly upon. I have therefore, in separating this
from O. Cunningham, relied more upon the nervation than on any character of form or dimensions, and have
united under the varieties a and of this, plants differing only in the size and breadth of the leaf.—O. lanceolata
is a smaller tree than O, Cunningham, 20-30 feet high, with smaller, narrower, less coriaceous, sharper leaves,
varying from less than 2 inches long in var. 8 to 3$ in var. a, and proportionally in breadth, from linear to ovate-
lanceolate. The veins in dried specimens are prominent on both surfaces, and are reticulated towards the margin,
with very broad open spaces, whereas in O. Cunninghamii they are fewer, spread more from the costa, do not branch,
and present sunk lines on the upper surface. The flowers and fruit are much the same in both, but the racemes
more slender, fewer-flowered, less hairy, in O. lanceolata. Berry crimson. ;

3. Olea montana, Hook. fil.; arbor, ramulis pubescentibus, foliis plantis junioribus 5-6 adultis 2-8
unc. longis angustissime lineari-elongatis obtusis acuminatisve coriaceis nitidis aveniis v. venis laxe reticu-
latis inconspicuis, racemis 8-10-floris pubescentibus, drupis lineari-oblongis parvis. Metrosideros salicifolia,
A. Cunn. Prodr. in part. Tas. XLVI. A. et B.

Has. Northern Island. From the Bay of Islands to the east coast, generally in mountainous dis-
tricts, Cunningham, Colenso.

A large bushy-headed tree, 40-50 feet high. Branchlets pubescent. Leaves very narrow, linear, coriaceous,
2-3 inches long on old trees, 6 and upwards on young ones, acuminate or blunt, seldom more than ž inch broad,
very coriaceous, shining, veinless, or with a few parallel reticulated veins. Inflorescence as in the former species,
but smaller in the same proportion in all parts as the foliage is smaller. Berries + inch long, linear-oblong.—I have
given on Plate XLVI., at fig. B, a pair of leaves of one of Mr. Cunningham’s specimens of Metrosideros salicifolia,
which I thought at one time belonged to another Olea, but which I now suspect are Mida salicifolia, Cunn.—
PLATE XLVI, 4. flowering, and B. fruiting specimen of Olea montana, natural size, Fig. 1, female flowers; 2,
young anthers; 3, ovarium ; 4 and 5, vertical and transverse sections of ditto; 6, ripe fruit; 7 and 8, transverse
and vertical sections of ditto ; 9, seed :—all magnified.

NAT. On». LIV. LOGANIACEA.
Gen. I. LOGANIA, Br.

Calyx 5-partitus. Corolla subcampanulata, fauce villosa v. pilosa, lobis sestivatione imbricatis. Stamina
5, tubo corolle inserta. Stylus 1, persistens. Ovarium 2-loculare. Capsula 2-partibilis. Semina numerosa,
peltata; placenta suture ventrali adnata.

'The only New Zealand species is a small, alpine, woody, rigid, branching, prostrate shrub, with numerous
small white flowers, turning black when dry, and much resembling an alpine Coprosma. Stems 3-6 inches long,
much branched ; branches short, rigid, pubescent. Leaves + inch long, crowded, opposite, the bases of each pair
united by two small blunt stipules, very coriaceous, elliptical, ovate or spathulate, blunt, nerveless, quite glabrous,
entire and shining. Flowers 1 line long, two to three together, on axillary, stout, pubescent pedicels, which are

Gentianee. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 177

shorter than the leaves, and furnished with opposite, subulate connate bracts. Calyx of five oblong, blunt, ciliated
sepals. Corolla with a short tube and five veined, rounded, spreading, imbricated lobes, villous at the mouth.
Stamens five; filaments slender; anthers deeply two-lobed from the base upwards. Ovary very small, low, de-
pressed; style erect, with a short club-shaped s/igma.— This genus is frequent in Australia, but not found in Tas-
mania, where are numerous species of the allied genus Mitrasacme, of which it is somewhat remarkable that none
are found in New Zealand. (Named in honour of James Logan, a botanical author.)

1. Logania depressa, Hook. fil.; fruticulus rigidus, decumbens, lignosus, ramosissimus, ramis crassis,
ramulis pubescentibus, foliis parvis elliptico-ovatis spathulatisve coriaceis nitidis, pedunculis axillaribus
2-3-floris bracteatis.

Has. Northern Island. Ruahine Mountains, Colenso.

I have seen no fruit of this plant, nor can I determine the nature of the ovarium. I had long overlooked it in
Mr. Colenso’s collection, assuming it to be a prostrate woody Coprosma, like C. cuneata, and I am indebted to Mr.
Bentham for determining it to be a Logania, as far as can be judged without the fruit. It may prove to be a species
of Geniostoma.

Gen. IT. GENIOSTOMA, Forst.

Calyx 5-fidus. Corolla tubulosa v. subcampanulata, fauce barbata, lobis 5. Stamina 5, fauce corolle
inserta; filamentis brevibus. Ovarium 2-loculare. Capsula 2-locularis; valvis 2, integris, marginibus
introflexis placentiferis cohserentibus columnam liberam semi-inferam post dehiscentiam valvarum efficienti-
bus. Semina plurima.

This genus agrees in all respects but the structure of the capsule with Logania. The valves of the capsule are
entire (not bifid), and their opposite margins are inflexed, meet in the axis, and are united by the placent, forming
a central seed-bearing column, from which the valves when ripe fall away.—The genus is a small and insular one, a
few species inhabiting the Pacific Islands and the Mauritius. (Name from yevewov, a beard, and oropa, a mouth ;
from the villous corolla.)

1. Geniostoma Zigustrifoliwm, A. Cunn. ; frutex v. arbuscula glaberrima, foliis elliptico-ovatis acumi-
natis petiolatis subtus discoloribus, petiolis mediante stipulis late rotundatis connatis, floribus subcorymbosis
axillaribus pedicellatis, pedunculis pedicellisgue bracteolatis, corollze lobis reflexis, stigmate 2-lobo. 4. Ounn.
Prodr. DC. Prodr. Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 430. G. rupestris, 4. Rich. Fl. non Forst.

Has. Northern Island. From the east coast northward, Banks and Solander, etc. Nat. name,
“Hange Hange,” Col. (Cultivated in England.)

A perfectly smooth, branching, leafy, evergreen bush or small tree. Branches slender. Leaves elliptical-ovate,
shortly petiolate, acuminate, 2-3 inches long. Flowers white, small, on axillary, simple, or branched peduncles,
which are slender, bracteate, about as long as the petioles when in flower; bracteole small, subulate. Calyz lobes
acute. Corolla villous at the mouth ; lobes reflexed. Stigma two-lobed. Capsule of two ovate, sharp, boat-shaped
valves.

NAT. Ord. LV. GENTIANEA, Juss.
Gen. I. GENTIANA, Z.

Calyx 4-5-fidus. Corolla infundibuliformis v. hypocrateriformis, 4—5-fida, fauce nuda. Stigma
2-lobum. Semina immarginata.

Herbaceous plants, more or less bitter to the taste (especially the roots, which are frequently yellow in colour),
9X

178 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Gentianee.

and with simple or branched, erect or decumbent stems, with opposite, entire, exstipulate leaves and corymbose in-
florescence. Calyx four- to five-lobed or -partite. Corolla funnel- or salver-shaped, with a spreading or erect four-
to five-lobed limb. Stamens five, inserted on the corolla. Ovary one-celled, with marginal placentze and very
numerous ovules. Stigma two-lobed. Capsule two-valved. Seeds not winged.—A large genus of very beautiful
plants, which abound on tropical mountains, especially the Andes, and are very frequent in the north temperate
latitudes, and comparatively scarce in the south, becoming more common towards the southern extreme of Australia,
in Tasmania, and in the Middle Island of New Zealand, Lord Auckland’s Group, and Campbell’s Island. The
species are very variable in stature and branching, and size and form of leaf and flower, the same species being low
or tall, prostrate or erect, simple or branched, large- or small-flowered, also varying in the colour of the corolla and
size and form of the calyx-lobes. I can offer no constant characters by which to separate many states of the follow-
ing species. (Named in honour of Gentius, King of Illyria, who, according to Pliny, introduced the use of the
root into medicine.)

1. Gentiana montana, Forst.; annua, caule simplici erecto v. e basi ramosissimo, ramis gracilibus rarius
e basi decumbentibus erectis 1-floris v. laxe corymbosis, foliis radicalibus obovato-spathulatis obtusis,
caulinis omnibus v. supremis tantum ellipticis ovatisve, pedunculis gracilibus, lobis calycinis lineari-subu-
latis linearibusve obtusis, corolla 5-fida campanulato-infundibuliformi lobis obovatis oblongis subacutis v.
obtusis. Forst. Prodr. Br. Prodr. A. Cunn. Prodr. A. Rich. Flora. G. Grisebachii, Nobis in Hook.
lc. Plant. t. 636.

Has. Mountains of the Northern and Middle Islands. Common in Dusky Bay, Forster. Tongariro
and Nelson, Bidwi77. Ruahine range, etc., Colenso.

A remarkably beautiful plant, usually 6-8 inches high, but sometimes a foot and more, especially in Tasmania,
where it is very abundant, and reaches 2 feet; it is also found in the Blue Mountains of Australia and as far south
as Bass’s Straits. In Lord Auckland’s Group and Campbell’s Island it is generally dwarf, and very abundant, the
G. concinna (Fl. Antarct. t. 36) being probably a state of it. Stems simple, erect, or very numerous and branch-
ing from the very root, then decumbent and ascending, always slender in my New Zealand specimens. Radical
leaves petiolate, linear-oblong or spathulate, cauline of the same form, or some or all ovate or elliptical, sessile.
Flowers on long erect pedicels, whitish or pale yellow, streaked with red or blue. Calya teeth narrow, subulate, or
linear and blunt. Corolla 1-2 inch long, deeply five-lobed ; lobes sharp or blunt.

2. Gentiana saxosa, Forst. ; erecta v. decumbens, radice perenni uni-multicipite, caulibus simplicibus
erectis elatis v. e radice perplurimis basi prostratis foliosis apicibus erectis uni-multifloris nunc umbellatim
ramosis, foliis radicalibus plurimis obovato-spathulatis obtusis coriaceis caulinis consimilibus v. supremis
ovatis sessilibus, floribus solitariis v. ad apices ramorum paucis, lobis calycinis lineari-oblongis obtusis sub-
recurvis, corolle profunde 5-lobz lobis late obovatis apicibus rotundatis. Forst. Prodr. A. Cunn. Prodr.
Grisebach in DC. Prodr. o. 9. p. 89.

Var. a. robusta ; radice valida polycephala, ramis brevibus congestis, foliis brevibus perplurimis rosu-
latis late obovato-spathulatis.

Var. B. gracilior ; radice gracili ramos perplurimos graciles decumbentes emittente, pedunculis gracili-
bus, calycis lobis angustioribus. Ad G. montanam accedit.

Var. y. pleurogynoides ; caule simplici v. basi ramoso erecto robusto, foliis caulinis rosulatis, floribus
umbellatis longe v. breve pedicellatis, foliis late ovatis sessilibus involucratis. G. pleurogynoides, Grisebach
in DC. Prodr. v. 6. p. 99.

Has. Mountains of the Northern Island, rare; more frequent in the Southern and Middle Islands,
Forster, etc.

Gentianea. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 179

I have examined a large series of magnificent specimens of this beautiful plant, collected in various parts of
the Southern and Middle Island by Dr. Lyall, varying in size from 2 inches to 2 fect high, and am satisfied that all
are referable to one species, which is far too nearly allied to G. montana. It is to be distinguished from the last-
named plant by very frequently, if not constantly, having a perennial root ; by its robust habit, larger flowers, and
broader leaves and calycine and corolla lobes. Sometimes it is wholly prostrate, with a very much divided root,
that gives off numerous decumbent branches, 2-4 inches long, sparingly leafy, with long, petioled, narrow, spathu-
late leaves, and single terminal one-flowered pedicels. This probably grows in shaded moist places. Another form
has stout short stems from the divided root, with dense masses of broad, spathulate, thick, radical leaves, spread
out like a star, and simple bracteate scapes, with a large solitary flower on each. Of this state there is a specimen
from Forster himself in Herb. Hook., labelled G. saxosa, but differing widely from the specimens he describes from.
The third form, which I have called pleurogynoides, has generally erect, robust stems, simple or branched, with of
without spreading tufted leaves at the base, and bears umbels of three to ten beautiful large flowers, their pedicels
surrounded at the base by several sessile blunt leaves, forming a general involucre. This is a common Tasmanian
state, found chiefly on the mountains, and has been called G. pleurogynoides by Mr. Grisebach in his monograph of
the Order Gentianee. All intermediate states between these are too common to admit of a doubt of their being but
one species, and both the erect and decumbent states of any, when slender, are hardly distinguishable from @. mon-
tana. Mr. Bidwill, who sends beautiful specimens of this from the Warrau Pass, where it covers the ground in
masses, with flowers an inch broad, finds it impossible to sort its various forms into varieties with tangible charac-
ters, or to distinguish it from G. montana.

Gen. II. SEBAA, Soland.

Calyx 4-5-partitus ; lobis carinatis v. alatis. Corolla 4-5-fida, marcescens. Stamina exserta. Anthere
longitudinaliter dehiscentes, defloratee subtortæ, apice calloso recurvo. Stigmata 2. Capsule valve mar-
gine inflexe. Semina plurima axi centrali libero affixa.

S. ovata is a slender herb, also found in Tasmania, with annual root and erect four-angled stem, 2—6 inches
high, simple or dichotomously branched above, with a flower placed at each fork. Leaves 2 inch long, sessile, very
broadly ovate, blunt. Flowers few, clustered at the tops of the branches, i inch long, yellow. Calyx lobes ovato-
lanceolate, acuminate, keeled. Corolla with a straight tube, and five oblong blunt lobes, that are twisted after the
flower is closed. Stamens five, with very short filaments, placed at the mouth of the corolla. Anthers slightly
twisted after flowering. Ovary two-celled, with two straight styles and small capitate stigmas. Capsule of two
linear, concave, pointed valves, that separate from a central axis bearing numerous seeds.—This is one of a
small genus, chiefly native of the Cape of Good Hope. (Named in memory of Albert Seba, an Amsterdam apothe-
cary and author.)

1. Sebeea ovata, Br.; caule simplici superne ramoso gracili 4-gono, foliis parvis late ovatis obtusis,
calycis lobis carinatis, floribus 5-fidis. Br. Prodr. S. gracilis, 4. Cunn. Prodr. Exacum ovatum, Lab.
Fl. Nov. Holl. v. 1. p. 88. t. 52.

Haz. Northern and Middle Islands. Bogs at Hokianga, R. Cunningham. Grassy places, Ahuriri,
Colenso. Port Cooper, Lyall.

Cunningham considers his specimens of this plant to be different from Brown's 8. ovata ; but after a careful
comparison with Tasmanian ones, I find no difference at all in habit, flower, capsule, or seed : the leaves are a little
smaller than in the generality of Tasmanian specimens, and the nerves are never strongly marked.

180 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Apocinee.

Nat. Og». LVI. APOCINEA, Juss.
Gen. I. PARSONSIA, Br.

“ Corolla infundibuliformis ; fauce tuboque esquamatis; limbo 5-partito recurvo, laciniis zequilateris.
Stamina exserta (v. inclusa). Filamenta medio v. juxta basin tubi inserta, simplicia. Anthere sagittate,
medio stigmate coheerentes, lobis posticis polline destitutis. Ovaria 2, v. ovarium 1 biloculare; stylus 1;
stigma dilatatum. Sguama hypogyne 5, distinctes v. connate. Follieuli 2, distincti v. coherentes.”
Br. Prodr.

Climbing shrubs, with slender rounded branches, milky juice, opposite leaves, extraordinarily variable in form
on the same plant, and terminal or lateral cymes of small flowers. Calya five-cleft. Corolla funnel-shaped, with a
broad tube and five-parted recurved limb. Stamens with short filaments and sagittate anthers, cohering with the
middle part of the dilated stigma. Ovaries two, cohering in the New Zealand species, with five hypogynous glands
at their base. —A genus of shrubby climbing plants, which may be readily recognized by the curious long terete
capsule, grooved down either side, and full of feathery seeds. The other species are found chiefly in Australia and
the East Indies. (Named in honour of Dr. Parsons, author of * The Microscopical Theatre of Seeds.")

1. Parsonsia capsularis, Raoul; ramulis subincanis, foliis lanceolatis oblongo-lanceolatis v. angustis-
sime ligulatis breve petiolatis, corymbis paucifloris, calycis lobis lanceolatis acutis tubum brevem corollæ
superantibus, antheris 3-exsertis basi Q-aristatis. Raoul, Ohoix de Plantes, p. 11. Periploca capsularis,
Forst. Prodr. et Herb. Mus. Paris, non Herb. Mus. Brit.

Haz. Northern and Middle Islands. Dusky Bay? Forster. East coast and interior, Colenso. Ma-
nukau forest, Sinclair. (Cultivated in England.)

A very slender plant, according to my specimens from Mr. Colenso, which have all very long, narrow, strap-
shaped leaves, 3-5 inches long, and 1 line broad, waved at the margins. Branches puberulous. Racemes axillary
and terminal, 1 inch long, very few- (four- to eight-) flowered. Peduncles and pedicels very slender. Flowers yellow,
or tinged with red, 14 line long; calyx lobes as long as the very short tube of the corolla; lobes of the latter
reflexed ; anthers exserted for three-fourths of their length, having slender tails half their own length.—M. Raoul
describes this plant from Forster’s specimens in Mus. Paris, which agree with the description in his * Prodromus,’
and with my specimens, except that M. Raoul describes the appendices of the anthers as short, which are long in my
plant, and the leaves as oblong or lanceolate-oblong, the latter a character of no importance.

2. Parsonsia rosea, Raoul; ramulis puberulis, foliis adultis longe linearibus rarius lineari-lanceolatis
margine sinuatis obtusis mucronatisve, lobis calycinis lanceolatis tubum corolle subeeguantibus, corolle
lobis lineari-lanceolatis subacutis, antheris paulo exsertis 2-aristatis. Raoul, Choim de Plantes, p. 16.
non t. 12.

Haz. Southern parts of the Northern Island ; more abundant on the Middle Island. Akaroa, Raoul.
East coast, Colenso. Port Cooper and Nicholson, Zyall. (Cultivated in England.)

Tntermediate in all characters between the last species and the following, but on the whole I think distinct.
Stem robust. Leaves extremely variable; sometimes one is broadly spathulate whilst that opposite it is almost linear ;
the spathulate ones are sometimes two- and three-lobed, the linear are waved along the margins. The best characters
are afforded by the length of the calyx lobes, which equal the tube of the corolla, and by the long lobes of the latter.
The flowers are more numerous, larger and longer than those of P. capsularis, but variable in these respects, and
rose-coloured.—M. Raoul’s description of this plant does not agree with his plate, the flower having the calyx lobes

Solanea. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND, 181

much shorter than the tube, which answers to his description of P. albiflora (heterophylla, A. Cunn.) ; the specimen
also which I received with the fine New Zealand herbarium he was so good as to give me, though labelled P. rosea,
is clearly his P. albiflora. I do not find that difference between the length of the appendices of the anthers in these
two species (rosea and capsularis) that M. Raoul mentions.

3. Parsonsia heterophylla, A. Cunn.; caule robusto, ramulis puberulis, foliis ovatis ovato-lanceolatis
elliptico-lanceolatis v. lineari-elongatis acutis, racemis axillaribus terminalibusque multifloris pubescentibus
folio longioribus, calycis lobis brevibus corolle tubo elongato multoties brevioribus, corolle lobis brevius-
culis, staminibus inclusis, antheris breviter bicaudatis. 4. Cunn. Prodr. Hort. Soc. Journ. v. 5. P- 195.
cum lc. P. albiflora, Raoul, Chois de Plantes, p. 17. Periploca capsularis, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands. Abundant from the Bay of Islands southward, Banks and So-
lander, ete. Otago, Lyall. Nat. name, “Kai Ku,” Colenso. (Cultivated in England.)

A very much stouter plant than either of the former, with large, ovate, lanceolate, or elliptical, generally broad,
coriaceous leaves, 2-3 inches long and 14 broad, but often very narrow. acemes large, numerous, many-flowered,
downy. Flowers more than + inch long, very odoriferous. Calyx lobes very short. Corolla with a long tube and
revolute segments. Anthers included, with short aristee at the bases of the lobes. Fruit 3-4 inches long, terete,
with two grooves, sharp.—Why M. Raoul changed Cunningham’s name of heterophylla for this plant to albiflora,
does not appear. If it be because the other species are equally heterophyllous, the same argument should hold
good for changing Forster’s name (retained by M. Raoul), for the original species of capsularis, all the species
having capsular fruit. The latter name Mr. Cunningham should have retained for his P. heterophylla, since he be-
lieved that it was the same with Forster's Periploca capsularis, and it agreed with Forster’s authentically named
specimen in Herb. Brit. Mus., though not with his description in the Prodromus, nor with the equally authentically
named specimen in the Paris Mus. Under these circumstances I have thought it best to retain Forster’s name of
P. capsularis for that he originally discovered, described and so named in the Paris Mus., Cunningham’s name of
P. heterophylla for his plant, and M. Raoul’s for the P. rosea, though neither the authentically named specimen he
gave me nor his drawing agree with his descriptions. Those who deal with large herbaria, containing critical
species, know how inevitable such errors are.

4. Parsonsia variabilis, Lindl. ; “caule volubili pubescente, foliis nitidis acutissimis nunc linearibus
angustissimis basi rotundatis subundulatis, nunc ovalibus utringue acutissimis, nunc obovatis, nunc lineari-
bus apice dilatatis circularibus, paniculis brevibus raris secundis subfoliosis, sepalis corolla 3-plo breviori-
bus, corolla campanulata (nec urceolata ut in P. 2eterophylla), limbo revoluto tubo 4-plo breviore, antheris
ecaudatis.” Lindl. in Hort. Soc. Journ. v. 5. p. 196.

Has. New Zealand. (Cultivated in England.)

Very much like P. heterophyila, but the leaves are shining and more variable in form, the linear ones being far
narrower, and often expanding into a circular blade. The flowers are not more than half the size, and instead of
being contracted at the mouth and urceolate, are exactly campanulate ; they are also far less hairy, by no means so
numerous or densely arranged, and usually intermingled with long narrow leaves.

Nat. On». LVII. SOLANEA, Juss.
Gen. I. SOLANUM, Z.

Calyx 4-5-fidus. Corolla rotata v. campanulata, plicata, 4—5-fida. Anthere 5, conniventes, apice
poro gemino dehiscentes. Bacca globosa v. oblonga, 9-locularis. Semina plurima ; embryone valde
curvato.

2x

i
IE
4

182 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Convolvulacea.

One of the largest genera of plants, but in a great measure confined to the Tropical regions, especially of South
America. The wild Potato is, however, extratropical, being a native of the humid coasts of Chili, where the produc-
tion of tubers does not appear to be a constant character, but one depending on local causes, and increased very much
in degree by cultivation. There are a great many (about thirty) species in Australia, but only one in Tasmania, the
S. laciniatum of New Zealand, except the S. nigrum, now equally abundant there and here, be included. The latter
is a plant that is now universally diffused in all temperate and tropical latitudes, and is certainly indigenous to
many and transported into others. It swarms about the Bay of Islands, Auckland, and all the settlements, and I
find it in Banks and Solander’s collections.—The New Zealand Solana may be readily recognized by their herbaceous
habit, the stems woody at the base only, alternate exstipulate leaves, cymose nodding flowers, often rising from the
stem above the leaf (to whose axil they are referable, the peduncle being connate with the stem). Calyx and corolla
five-lobed, the latter plaited, rotate, or bell-shaped. Stamens five, with short filaments and long anthers, conniving
and forming a cone. Fruit a two-celled, many-seeded berry. (Name of doubtful origin.)

1. Solanum aviculare, Forst. ; herbaceum, basi fruticosum, glabrum, foliis lineari-lanceolatis integris v.
pinnatifidis laciniis elongatis, racemis axillaribus ramisve lateralibus corymbosis simplicibus v. divisis,
calyce breviter v. ad medium 5-fido, corolle lobis emarginatis obtusisve, baccis ovoideis. Forst. Prodr. A.
Rich. Flor. Solanum laciniatum, Hort. Kew. Br. Prodr. Bot. Mag.t. 349. S.lanceum, Banks et Sol.
MSS. et Ic.

Has. Throughout the Islands. Common in woods, Banks and Solander, etc. Nat. name, ** Poro-
poro” in the northern, and ** Kohoho " in the southern parts of the Islands, Co/. (Cultivated in England.)

A herb with shrubby stems, 2—5 feet high, and green leaves 4 inches to a foot or so long, petiolate, linear-
lanceolate, or ovate and pinnatifid. Cymes axillary or on the branches, eight- to ten-flowered. Flowers very variable
in size, $-1 inch across the corolla, which is purplish. Berry egg-shaped, yellow, eaten with avidity by birds and
the natives. —Cook’s sailors ate it on the faith of the birds not being poisoned, a very dangerous experiment, as
animals eat many fruits and leaves that are poison to man.

2. Solanum nigrum, L.; herbaceum caule basi frutescente, erectum v. prostratum, foliis subovatis
sinuato-angulatis acutis membranaceis, corymbis lateralibus subumbellatis. Zinn. Sp. Pl. Banks et
Sol. MSS.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands. Abundant in various situations, especially near houses and
cultivation, Banks and Solander, etc. (Native of Britain.)

One of the most common and universally distributed plants throughout the tropical and temperate latitudes of
the globe, varying exceedingly. Stems 1-3 feet high, branching from a woody base, erect or procumbent. Leaves
petioled, ovate, acute, sinuate-dentate, 1-3 inches long. Flowers in lateral cymes, or subumbellate, white, with
yellow anthers, drooping. Berries size of a black currant, black or red.

Oss. The seeds of Solanea are remarkably tenacious of their vitality, and hence various species of the Order
are soon naturalized; amongst those in New Zealand are the common cultivated Potato, S. tuberosum (“ Tihou”
and ** Kumera ”), the Cape Gooseberry, or “ Tipare " of India, Physalis pubescens, Tobacco, Nicotiana Tabacum, and
Capsicums (Lycopersicon), all natives of the Americas.

NAT. On». LVIII. CONVOLVULACEA, Juss.
Gen. I. CALYSTEGIA, Br.

Calyx 5-partitus, bracteis 2 foliaceis inclusus. Corolla campanulata, 5-loba, plicata. Stamina sub-
qualia, limbo breviora. Ovarium semi-biloculare, 4-spermum. Séydws indivisus; stigmata 2, obtusa.
Capsula 1-locularis.

Convolvulacee. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 183

A very beautiful genus, too well known as Convolvulus to reguire any detailed description. The species of
Calystegia are few, but very widely diffused beyond the Tropics, and distinguished from Convoleulus by the leafy
bracts at the base of the calyx, and the two blunt stigmas. Their flowers are the most graceful and beautiful to
be found in New Zealand; but the different kinds, if indeed they be different, are extremely difficult to define
by words. —Olimbing or prostrate smooth herbs, with milky juice. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. Flowers solitary,
axillary, peduncled. Calyx of five sepals, enclosed in two leafy bracts. Corolla bell-shaped, plaited, five-lobed.
Stigmas two, blunt. (Name from krahvi, a calyx, and oreyos, a covering.)

1. Calystegia sepium, Br.; scandens, caule puberulo v. glaberrimo, foliis amplis oblongo-sagittatis
acuminatis basi alte cordato-bilobis, lobis rotundatis angulatis lobatis truncatisve, bracteis acutis v. obtusis
calyce longioribus, pedunculis petiolo sepissime duplo longioribus angulatis. Br. Prodr. A. Rich. Flora.
A. Cunn. Prodr. DC. Prodr. Convolvulus, Linn. Engl. Bot. t. 813.

Has. Throughout the Islands, abundant, Banks and Solander, etc. Nat. name, “ Panahe and Pohue,”
Col. (A native of Britain.)

This beautiful plant, the English “ Bind-weed," is as common in the Southern Hemisphere as it is in the
Northern, being found in Chili, Australia, Tasmania, and Java, varying in the colour of its flowers from white
to rose-purple. It is to be distinguished from the following by its great size, long leaves (2-4 inches), some-
times acute, but generally acuminate, and deeply bilobed at the base, the sinus often 1 inch deep, rounded at
the insertion of the petiole; the lobes long and parallel, placed close together, their apices round angled, truncate,
or sinuate. Peduneles angled or margined, 3-5 inches long. Bracts very variable in shape, broadly ovate or oblong,
acute or with long acuminate points, longer than the calyx. Corolla 8—4 inches broad, in small states 14 inch,
but these are rare.—Of the above characters there is not one that can be strictly relied upon, and I do not know
how this plant is to be distinguished in all its states, except by applying the above description in a general
sense. Generally there is no difficulty in recognizing this, from its climbing habit, large size, deeply two-
lobed leaves, and large flowers; but small, prostrate, short-leaved specimens are very puzzling. The large tu-
berous root is eaten by the natives. It is to be remarked that the root of C. sepium in Hurope is considered
poisonous, whereas that of this New Zealand plant is eatable; but I cannot allow this character alone any
weight as of specific value. The properties of the same species vary eminently in various localities. This is
notoriously the case with many medicinal plants, which are of violent action in one climate and innocuous in
others.

2. Calystegia žuguriorum, Br.; caule prostrato, foliis submembranaceis late ovato-cordatis deltoideisve
acutis obtusisve integris sinuato-lobatis angulatisve sinu lato, pedunculis petiolo longioribus, bracteis
calyce «equilongis obtusis v. acutis acuminatisve, capsula ovata acuta, seminibus fulvis. Br. Prodr. P.
483 im obs. Convolvulus tuguriorum, Forst. Prodr. C. versatilis et C. lentus, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic.
Tas. XLVII.

Var. B. minor; foliis parvis unc. longis ovato-cordatis acuminatissimis. Convolvulus lacteus, Banks
et Sol. MSS. et Te.

Has. Abundant throughout the Islands, Banks and Solander, ete. (Cultivated in England.)

More generally a prostrate plant than C. sepium, smaller in all its parts. Leaves broadly ovate-cordate or
deltoid-cordate, with a shallow sinus, membranous, blunt, sharp or rounded at the point, entire, angled, or
sinuate and almost lobed. Peduncles longer than the petioles. Bracts as variable in shape as in C. sepium, but
usually shorter. Corolla white or rose-coloured. Capsule ovate, sharp-pointed, + inch long, with yellow seeds
size of a tare in the few fruiting specimens I have examined.—PrATE XLVII. Fig. 1, stamen; 2, ovarium —
both magnified.

3. Calystegia Soldanella, Br. ; caule repente prostrato, foliis crassiusculis reniformibus sinu basi lato

184 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Convolvulacec.

rotundato integris v. sinuato-lobatis apice rotundatis acutisve, pedunculis teretiusculis, bracteis cordatis
obtusis acutisve calyce sequilongis, capsulis magnis globosis, seminibus grossis atris. Br. Prodr. p. 483 in
nota. A. Rich. Flora. A. Cunn. Prodr. Calystegia reniformis, Br. Z. c. Convolvulus Soldanella, Eng. Bot.
4. 314. Convolvulus reniformis, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic.

Has. Abundant on the shores of all the Islands, Banks and Solander, ete. (A native of Britain.)

This plant I have carefully compared with the European C. Soldanella, and with Mr. Brown’s C. reniformis of
Port Jackson and Tasmania, both of which seem one species, and that a very common one on the shores of various
parts of the world. In fruit it is very easily distinguished from C. tuguriorum, the capsule being large, nearly 3
inch broad, globose, with a stiff point, and containing 1-3 black seeds, nearly 4 inch broad. In other respects,
however, these plants are very similar, and only to be distinguished by the prevailing succulent habit of this, its
broader, kidney-shaped, blunter leaves, with rounder deeper sinus, and very rosy flowers.

4. Oalystegia marginata, Br.; scandens, foliis late sagittatis oblongo-linearibus acuminatis sinu lato
lobis divaricatis elongatis integris sinuatis bidentatisve, pedunculo petiolo breviore angulato angulis margi-
natis subalatis undulatis, floribus parvis, bracteis corolla brevioribus v. longioribus. Br. Prodr. Tas.
XLVIII.

Has. Northern Island. East coast, Banks and Solander, Colenso.

A remarkably distinct little species, slender, climbing. Petioles 1-2 inches long. Leaves longer than the pe-
tioles, sagittate, linear-oblong, or ovate, acuminate, sinus broad, lobes at the base spreading, long, entire or un-
equally two-lobed or toothed. Peduncles shorter than the petioles, with crisped wings. Flowers 3-1 inch long,
white. Corolla small, hidden by the bracts, or exserted. This species was discovered by Mr. Brown in the Port
Jackson district of Australia. —PLATE XLVIII. Fig. 1, bracts and calyx; 2, corolla laid open; 3, ovarium :—all

magnified.
Gen. II. IPOMŒA, Jacq.

Calyx 5-partitus, nudus. Corolla campanulata v. infundibuliformis, 5-plicata. Ovarium 2—9-loculare;
loculis 2-spermis. Stylus indivisus; stigma capitatum, 2—3-lobum. Capsula 2-3-locularis. Br. Prodr.

Climbing herbs (rarely erect), chiefly differing from Calystegia in wanting the bracts below the calyx, and in
having a simple lobed stigma. The species are very numerous indeed, and almost wholly tropical; the various
kinds of Batatas and Sweet Potato belong to it; of these the “ Kumerahoa" was found cultivated by Banks and
Solander in these islands, as all over the Pacific. It is not known where it is a native. (Name derived by Linneus
from up, which he erroneously supposed to mean a Convolvulus (but which signifies a worm), and õpotos, like.)

1. Ipomea pendula, Br.; glabra, foliis guinato-digitatis, foliolis lanceolatis mucronulatis margine
integerrimis extimis indivisis bifidisve, pedunculis 1-3-floris, calycis foliolis obtusis tubo corolla multoties
brevioribus. Br. Prodr. p. 486. Andrews, Bot. Rep. t. 613. A. Cunn. Prodr. Convolvulus mucronatus,
Forst. Prodr.

Haz. Northern Island. East coast, Banks and Solander. Cavallos Islands, Colenso. Bay of Islands,
Cunningham, ete. (Cultivated in England.)

A climbing herb, with five-foliolate leaves. Leaflets lanceolate, acuminate, guite entire, the two outer some-
times bifid. Peduncles one- to three-flowered; flowers pendulous. Calyz lobes blunt, much shorter than the tube
of the corolla, which is pink, about 14 inch long.—Found also in Australia.

Convolvulacee.) LORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 185

Gen. III. CONVOLVULUS, Z,

Omnia Calystegia, sed calyx ebracteatus, v. bracteolis 2 parvis suffultus.

The absence of the two large bracts which include the calyx of Calystegia distinguishes the New Zealand Con-
volvulus, The species of this genus are numerous, and found in all latitudes, except the Arctic and Antarctic ;
several are found in Australia and Tasmania. (Name from con and volvo, to twine together.)

1. Convolvulus erubescens, Br. ; prostratus v. volubilis, appresse pubescens, pilosiusculus, foliis ob-
longis hastatisve, pedunculis solitariis 1—3-floris, calycis foliolis eequalibus ovatis obtusis mucronatisve, cap-
sula bivalvi, seminibus scabris. Br. Prodr. p. 482. Bot. Mag. t. 1067. DC. Prodr.

Haz. Northern and Middle Islands. Bay of Islands? Cunningham. Canterbury, Lyall. (Cultivated
in England.)

I have very indifferent specimens of this plant from Dr. Lyall, and presume it to be that alluded to in
Cunningham’s * Prodromus’ as C. arvensis? found at the Bay of Islands. So common an Australian plant is very
likely to be a native of New Zealand, especially as it is further very probably identical with the most widely diffused
English, European, and Asiatic C. arvensis, and the same as a South African species that has been published under
several names. Mr. Brown says of C. erubescens, “Too closely allied to C. altheoides and C. lanuginosus,” both of
them European species; and neither his description of C. erubescens nor of C. angustissimus (of which he says,
“ preecedenti affinis, an distincta ?”) includes nearly all the varieties we now know of C. erubescens. This is a point I
shall discuss in the Tasmanian Flora.—A twining or prostrate, slightly hairy or pubescent plant, with stems 4-10
inches long. Leaves oblong or hastate, sometimes linear, entire or three-parted, the lobes very variable in
length and breadth. Peduncles one- to three-flowered, bracteolate. Calyx lobes oblong, blunt or mucronate.
Corolla generally rose-coloured, 3-1 inch across.

Gen. IV. DICHONDRA, Forst,

Calyx 5-partitus. Corolla subrotata; limbo 5-partito, plano. Ovaria 2, 2-sperma. Styli 2, basilares.
Stigmata capitata, — Utriculi 1-spermi. Br. Prodr.

A small, silky, procumbent herb, variable in size, abundant in Australia, Tasmania, and various warm coun-
tries of South America, etc. Stems slender, 3-10 inches long, sometimes tufted, creeping. Leaves solitary ; petioles
erect; blade kidney-shaped, quite entire, rounded or notched at the point, more or less silky on both sides, 3—1
inch broad. Peduncles solitary, axillary, about as long as the petioles, without bracts. Flowers small, yellow.
Calyx five-partite. Corolla nearly rotate, having a short tube and flat five-lobed limb. Ovaries two, each cell with
two seeds and one style; stigmas capitate. Capsules membranous, indehiscent, one-seeded. (Name from dis,
double, and yovõpos, a seed.)

1. Dichondra repens, Forst. Prodr. Br. Prodr. A. Rich. Flora. A. Cunn. Prodr, etc. Smith, Ic.
Ined. t. 8. Seripha reniformis, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic.

Has. Throughout the Islands, very abundant, Banks and Solander, etc. (Cultivated in England.)

Gen. V. CUSCUTA, Z.

Calyx 4-5-fidus. Corolla globoso-urceolata v. campanulata, marcescens; limbo 5-fido; tubo squamis
plerumque aucto. Ovarium 2-loculare ; loculis 2-spermis. Capsula 2-locularis, cireumscissa.

A very remarkable genus of parasitical, climbing, leafless plants, that germinate in the ground, from a slender
spiral undivided embryo, but whose climbing stems become detached from the root, and derive their nourishment
from little suckers, that penetrate the bark, and come into contact with the wood of the plants they grow upon,

27

186 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Cyrtandracee.

The species occur as yellow matted filamentous branches, twisted together, and generally strangling the plant
(always if an herbaceous one) which they attack. In England the genus is called “ Dodder,” and the species do
great mischief to clover and flax crops, with which the seeds are sometimes imported from the Continent. Various
kinds are natives of the North Temperate zone, a few of the Tropics, two species are found in Australia, and one in
Tasmania.—The only New Zealand species has slender stems, like masses of tangled pack-thread, and crowded six-
to ten-flowered racemes i-i inch long, of small yellow flowers + inch long. Calyx with five short blunt lobes.
Corolla marked (as is the calyx) with oblong-linear transparent oil-canals, subeampanulate, with five recurved lobes.
Stamens placed at the junction of the lobes of the corolla. Scales inserted below the middle of the tube, on the
thickened filaments, which are adnate with the corolla, broadly oblong, fimbriated, united at their bases into.a thin
membrane. Ovary two-celled, with two straight styles terminated by capitate stigmas; cells with two ovules in
each. Capsule membranous, two-celled, two-seeded, splitting all round above the base transversely ; seeds albumi-
nous.—The only New Zealand plant at all resembling this is Cassytha. (Name of doubtful origin.)

1. Cuscuta densiflora, Hook. fil.; caule filiformi, racemis dense congestis 4—8-floris, calyce breviter
5-lobo, corolla subeampanulata glandulis linearibus notata, filamentis crassiusculis, squamis late oblongis
obtusis fimbriatis basi membrana brevissima coheerentibus, stylis 2, stigmatibus capitatis.

Has. Middle Island. Port Underwood, Lyal/.

Nar. Ong». LIX. CYRTANDRACEA, Jack.
Gen. I. RHABDOTHAMNUS, Cuan.

Calyx alte 5-fidus. Corolle tubus campanulatus; limbo 2-labiato. Stamina antherifera 4, exserta ;
antheris in coronulam cohzerentibus, loculis divaricatis. Ovarium ovatum, in stylum elongatum desinens ;
stigmate obtuso, obscure bilobo. Capsula demum 4-valvis; placentis utrinque seminiferis. Semina albu-
minosa.

The mountains of India and the Malay Archipelago are the favourite haunts of the beautiful but small natural
family to which this genus belongs. One species is found in Australia, several inhabit the Cape of Good Hope, one
Europe, and a few are found in other quarters of the globe.— R. Solandri forms a slender, twiggy, very much branched
shrub, 9—4 feet high, everywhere more or less pubescent, with opposite leaves and pretty yellow and red striped
flowers. Leaves petiolate, 3-1 inch long, broadly obovate or orbicular, repand or coarsely toothed, scabrid on both
surfaces, dull green. Flowers pedicellate, solitary and axillary, or in terminal pairs; pedicels as long as or shorter
than the leaves, without bracts. Calyx of five ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent, more or less united or free
leaflets 1 inch long. Corolla 3 inch long, two-lipped, horizontal, with a bell-shaped tube; upper lip two-lobed,
under three-lobed. Stamens four; filaments exserted, their tips arching towards one another. Anthers united. Ovary
broadly ovate. Style long, slender, curved and dilated at the apex, truncate, obscurely two-lobed. (Name from
paßõos, a twig, and dauvos, a shrub.)

1. Rhabdothamnus Solandri, A. Cunn.; frutex virgatus, ramosissimus, ramis griseis pubescentibus,
foliis oppositis petiolatis orbiculatis v. late obovatis repando-dentatis utrinque scaberulis, pedicellis folio
eguilongis v. brevioribus solitariis binisve axillaribus et terminalibus ebracteatis, sepalis liberis coalitisve
lanceolatis acuminatis. 4. Cunn. Prodr. Brown et Bennett, Flora Java. Columnea scabrosa, Banks et

Sol. MSS. et Ic.
Has. Northern Island. From the Bay of Islands, as far south as the east coast, Banks and Solan-

der, etc. (Cultivated in England.)
The leaf of this plant a good deal resembles that of young specimens of Carpodetus serratus, and of Trophis

aspera, having the same lurid pale green tint.

Serophularinee.) FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 187

NAT. On». LX. SCROPHULARINEA, Juss.
Gen. I. CALCEOLARIA, eui.

Calyx basi ovario subadheerens, 4-partitus. — Corol/e tubus brevissimus; limbus concavus, 2-lobus, lobo
inferiore inflato. Stamina 2, lateralia. Capsula ovato-conica, septicide dehiscens; valvulis bifidis, margini-
bus inflexis columnam placentiferam nudantibus. Benth. in DC. Prodr.

A very large South American genus, of which upwards of a hundred species are known, chiefly from the west
side of the Andes. The only two extra-American species are the New Zealand ones, and are Herbs, with opposite
leaves and axillary or terminal many-flowered peduncles. Calyx four-parted, adhering to the very base of the
ovary. Corolla of two lips; upper lip small, arching; lower large, inflated; tube very short. Siamens two, one
on each side of the tube of the corolla.— The New Zealand species belong to the section Jovellana, which
has the corolla more equally two-lipped and less inflated. (Name from calceola, a slipper ; from the shape of the
lower lip.)

1. Calceolaria Sinclairi, Hook.; herbacea, basi suffrutescente, viscoso-pubescens, laxe ramosa, foliis
petiolatis ovatis grosse dupli- v. triplicato-crenatis lobatisve cordatis v. breviter oblique cuneatis subtus pal-
lidis, panicula gracili pauciflora, calycis laciniis ovatis acutis, corolle puberule labiis concaviusculis alte
connatis superiore calyce pluries longiore inferiore vix majore apice brevissime involuto. Hook. Ic. Plant.
t. 561. Benth. in DC. Prodr. v. 10. p. 206.

Has. Northern Island. East Cape, Sinclair. Hawke’s Bay, Colenso.

This species is so very nearly allied to C. punctata, of South Chili, that it is only to be distinguished by the
usually broader leaves, fewer flowers, and smaller calyx, characters used by Mr. Bentham to distinguish Dr. Sin-
clair's, the original specimens, but which are hardly borne out by others received from Mr, Colenso. Did the New
Zealand plant occur in South Chili, it would be referred to C. punctata, but the wide difference of locality suggests
the propriety of adopting very slender grounds to separate them. — Whole plant covered with glandular pubescence.
Stems. decumbent, woody below, simple or branched, 6 inches to a foot high. Leaves petiolate, opposite, membra-
nous, 3-6 inches long (petioles 4-3 inches), ovate, coarsely doubly or trebly crenate, or serrate, or lobed. Pamicles
trichotomously branched, slender, few-flowered. Calyx very small; segments ovate, blunt. Corolla downy, yellow,
spotted with purple, 4 inch long, divided to the middle into two concave lips, the upper shortest, lower obscurely
lobed.—This is a variable plant, differing according to size and hairiness with the exposure.

2. Calceolaria repens, Hook. fil.; herbacea, pubescens, caule gracili elongato repente ramoso, ramis
prostratis ascendentibusve filiformibus, foliis longe et gracile petiolatis rotundatis grosse dupli-triplicato-
crenato-dentatis, pedicellis paucis gracilibus 1-2-floris, calyce semisupero lobis brevibus obtusis, capsulis
membranaceis.

Has. Northern Island. Base of Ruahine range, in ravines, Colenso.

A very slender, creeping, pubescent plant. Stems long (8-10 inches). Branches suberect, sparingly leafy,
slender. Leaves opposite; petiole slender, $ inch long; lamina 4-4 inch, orbicular, coarsely crenate, the crenatures
toothed. Peduncles axillary or terminal or subpaniculate, two or three together at the ends of the branches.
Capsule membranous, + inch long, obovate, its conical lower half adherent to the calyx; valves blunt.—I regret
very much being unacquainted with the flowers of this curious species; it appears very closely related to a South

American one.

188 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Scrophulurinee.

Gen. II. MIMULUS, Z.

Calye tubulosus, 5-angulatus, 5-dentatus. Corod/@ labium superius erectum v. reflexum, 2-lobum, in-
ferius patens, 3-lobum; fauce seepius bigibbosa ; laciniis rotundatis planis. Stamina fertilia 4; antherarum
loculi demum subconfluentes. Stylus 2-lamellatus; laciniis subsqualibus. Capsula 2-valvis, loculicide de-
hiscens ; valvis integris, raro bifidis, medio septiferis, columnam centralem placentiferam nudantibus.

Herbs, chiefly natives of western North and South America, also of Northern India and Australia —Erect or
procumbent. Leaves opposite. Peduncles axillary or terminal, one-flowered, without bracts (except in M.? radicans); -
upper sometimes racemose. Flowers blue, yellow, or red. — Calye with five teeth and angles. Upper lip of Corolla
2-lobed, reflexed; lower 3-lobed. Stamens four, all fertile. Style with two equal, flat plates. Capsule two-valved ;
valves falling away from a central seed-bearing column. (Name, mimulus, a little mask, which the flowers resemble.)

1. Mimulus repens, Br.; repens, foliis sessilibus v. amplexicaulibus ovatis oblongisve obtusis, pedun-
culis folio parum longioribus brevissimisve, calycibus ovatis truncatis brevissime dentatis. Br. Prodr.
Has. Throughout the Islands, common. East coast, Colenso. Nelson, Bidwill. Akaroa, Raoul, Lyall.

A perfectly smooth, succulent, creeping, small herb. Stems 2-4 inches long, spreading over muddy and
marshy places, or suberect. Leaves small, 2—4 lines long, rather fleshy, orbicular, quite entire, sessile. Flowers
axillary; peduncles longer than the leaves or very short. —Calyz bell- or funnel-shaped, becoming hemispherical,
truncate, the mouth obscurely lobed. Corolla large, blue or pink —Not an uncommon Tasmanian species.

2. Mimulus? radicans, Hook. fil.; caule repente radicante ramulos foliiferos erectos emittente, foliis
paucis petiolatis oblongis obtusis integerrimis pilosis glabratisve, pedunculis terminalibus 1-2-floris, calyce
campanulato laxe patentim piloso, corolla ampla, staminibus 2 inferioribus corolle tubum zequantibus,
superioribus brevioribus.

Has. Northern Island. Tararua Mountains and Wairarapa Valley, Colenso.

A very curious species, of which I have not seen the fruit. Stems stout, creeping and rooting, a few inches
long, with short erect branches } inch high, bearing a few petiolate leaves and one or two large flowers. Leaves
petiolate, 4-3 inch long, oblong, blunt, entire, smooth or hairy, blotched green and brown. Peduncles erect, with
a subulate bract, glabrous or hairy. Flowers 4-3 inch long. Calyx bell-shaped, five-lobed, covered with white

spreading jointed hairs. Stamens four. Style with two oblong blunt lobes.—The genus of this plant is doubtful.

Gen. III. MAZUS, Lour.

Calya late campanulatus, 5-fidus. Corolla labium superius erectum, ovatum, breviter bifidum, inferius
multo majus, patens, trifidum; fauce bigibbosa. Stamina fertilia 4; antherarum loculi contigui,
divaricati. Stylus apice bilamellatus; laciniis ovatis, eequalibus. Capsula globosa v. compressa, obtusa,
loculicide bivalvis, valvulis integris. Placente crasse, subcarnosw. Benth. in DC. Prodr.

A small genus, found in the mountains of India, the Malay peninsula and islands, and one species in Tasmania,
which also inhabits New Zealand. The M. Pumilio is an extremely variable plant in size of leaf and flower and
length of peduncle, and is smooth or hairy. Stems very short, rising from a long underground creeping rhizoma.
Leaves radical, 1-4 inches long, linear, obovate-oblong or spathulate, blunt, entire or sinuate and toothed. Scapes
shorter or longer than the leaves, sometimes 5 inches long, one- to five-flowered, racemose or paniculately branched ;
pedicels slender, 4-13 inch long, erect, patent or recurved, each with a subulate bract beneath the flower. Calyx
campanulate, five-toothed, much shorter than the corolla. Corolla 2-2 inch long, pale blue; upper lip curved back,
a little bifid; lower very large, three-lobed; mouth with two swellings. Stamens four; anther-lobes spreading.
Style with two flat plates at the top. Capsule globose, compressed, blunt, loculicidal.—A. common plant in Tas-
mania; always variable. (Name from pacos, a breast; from the swellings on the throat of the corolla.)

Serophularinee. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. ; 189

1. Mazus Pumilio, Br.; glaberrimus v. pilosiusculus, caule brevissimo, foliis radicalibus lineari-
oblongis obovatis subspathulatisve obtusis integerrimis sinuato-dentatisve, scapis 1—5-floris, pedicellis
elongatis, corolla calyce subtriplo longiore. Br. Prodr. Benth. in DC. Prodr. Endl. Iconograph. t. 102.
Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 567.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands. Manawata river, East coast, etc., Colenso. Canterbury, Lyall.

Gen. IV. GRATIOLA, Z.

Calyx 5-partitus ; segmentis angustis. Corol/e labium superius integrum v. breviter bifidum, infe-
rius trifidum, palato non prominente. Stamina 2, postica fertilia, inclusa, antherarum loculis parallelis ;
2 antica sterilia, filiformia v. nulla. Stylus apice deflexus, dilatatus v. 2-lamellatus. Capsula 4-valvis.
Benth. in DC. *Prodr.

Generally extratropical herbs, and natives of North America; a few are found in South America, Australia,
Tasmania, Asia, and one in Europe. Leaves opposite, entire, crenate or toothed. Flowers axillary, solitary,
sessile or pedunculate, generally two-bracteate below the five-partite calyx. Corolla with the upper lip bifid,
lower trifid. Stamens two, included (the other two reduced to subulate filaments or absent). Style dilated or two-
lobed at the apex. Capsule four-valved. (Name from gratia, grace ; from the medicinal properties of G. officinalis.)

1. Gratiola serdentata, A. Cunn.; procumbens, glabra, foliis oblongis v. ovato-sublanceolatis sessilibus
paucidentatis sub-3-nerviis, floribus sessilibus v. pedunculo folio breviore, filamentis sterilibus elongatis.
A. Cunn. Prodr. Benth. in DC. Prodr. G. Peruviana, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands, Banks and Solander, ete.

A rather fleshy herb, 6-8 inches long, quite glabrous, sparingly branched. Leaves opposite, ovate or oblong,
sessile, blunt; with a few teeth towards the point, ž inch long. Flowers 4 inch long, yellow, nearly sessile ; pedun-
cles sometimes elongated in fruit. Anihers two-celled, one cell sometimes empty.

2. Gratiola pubescens, Br.; procumbens, viscido-puberula, foliis sessilibus oblongo-lanceolatis acu-
tiusculis dentatis 3-nerviis, floribus breviter pedunculatis. Br. Prodr. Benth. l. c.

Haz. Northern Island. Bay of Islands, R. Cunningham.

A smaller plant than G. sexdentata, and puberulous, but not uniformly or constantly so: I find no other
difference between these two. Mr. Bentham observes that this entirely resembles G. Peruviana, except in the long
sterile filaments. G. pubescens is an Australian and Tasmanian plant,

Gen. V. GLOSSOSTIGMA, Arn.

Calyx campanulatus, obtuse 3-4-lobus. Corolla minima ; labio superiore bilobo, inferiore paulo majore,
8-lobo. Stamina 2-4; anthere uniloculares. Stylus apice dilatatus, spathulatus. Capsula subglobosa,
loculicide 2-valvis ; valvulis medio septiferis, columnam placentiferam integram nudantibus. Glossostigma
et Tricholoma, Benth. in DC. Prodr.

Very minute, tufted, creeping, moss-like herbs, natives of tropical India and Asia, also of Australia, the Cape of
Good Hope, and New Zealand. G. elatinoides has stems 1-2 inches long, smooth or slightly hairy. Leaves opposite,
petiolate, spathulate, quite entire, blunt, 2—4 lines long. Peduncles axillary, solitary, 1-flowered, erect, shorter than
the leaves. Flowers very small, erect, 13, line long. Calyx bell-shaped, with 5 short blunt lobes. Corolla com-
panulate, two-lipped, rather compressed vertically; lips spreading, upper two-, lower three-lobed ; lobes rounded,
blunt. Stamens four. Anthers peltate, exserted ; cells didymous, confluent. Ovary ovate, with a slender style, and
spathulate, flat, fimbriated stigma. (Name from yAwooa, a tongue, and stigma.)

1. Glossostigma elatinoides, Benth. ; minima, glabra, ad nodos radicans, foliis geminis petiolatis

9 A

190 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [Serophularinee.

spathulatis obtusis integerrimis, corolla pilosa v. glabrata, staminibus 4. Tricholoma elatinoides, Benth. in
DC. Prodr. v. 10. p.426. Lobelia submersa, A. Cunn. Prodr. fid. Herb. Heward.
Has. Northern Island, common in wet places, Cunningham, Colenso, etc.

Gen. VI. LIMOSELLA, Z.

Calye campanulatus, 5-dentatus. Corolle tubus brevis, subrotato-campanulatus ; limbo 5-fido. Sta-
mina 4; antherarum loculis confluentibus. Stylus brevis; stigmate incrassato, breviter bifido. Capsula
2- (raro 3-) valvis; valvis integris, dissepimento tenuissimo incompleto placentifero libero parallelis.

A genus of very small delicate flaccid plants, growing in marshes, sometimes under water, generally in tempe-
rate climates. The only New Zealand species is also found in Europe, Tasmania, Australia, the Falkland Islands,
Kerguelen's Land, throughout North and South America, and is a native of England: it is thus characterized.
Everywhere quite smooth. Stems none or creeping; throwing out white fibrous roots and fascicles of leaves.
Leaves 2-12 inch long, linear or subulate, blunt or dilated at the apex. Peduncles solitary, or several from the
roots, short. Flowers very minute, white. Calyx bell-shaped, five-toothed. Corolla obscurely two-lipped, between
rotate and bell-shaped; limb five-toothed or -lobed. Stamens four; anther-cells confluent. Style short; stigma
thickened. Capsule rounded, often on a curved pedicel, two-valved, partially two-celled ; valves entire, parallel to
the dissepiment. (Name from limus, a marsh ; in allusion to the place of growth.)

1. Limosella aquatica, Linn., var. tenuifolia ; folis linearibus lineari-subulatisve obtusis dilatatisve,
corolla lobis ovali-oblongis tubo calycis multoties brevioribus. F7. Antaret. p. 384. L. tenuifolia, Nuttall;
Benth. in DC. Prodr. v. 8. p. 427. L. australis, Br. Prodr. p. 443.

Has. Throughout the Islands. Common in wet places, Sinclair, ete. Ruapuke Island, Lyall. (A
native of England.)

Gen. VII. VERONICA, L.

Calyx 3-5-partitus. Corolla rotata v. breviter campanulata, 4-loba; laciniis patentibus, lateralibus
seepe angustioribus. Stamina 2, ad latera lacinise superioris inserta. Stylus elongatus ; stigmate subcapi-
tato. Capsula compressa, bisulcata; carpellis dorso loculicide dehiscentibus, marginibus inflexis columns
placentiferee adherentibus v. ab ea septicide solutis; v. capsula septicida cum columna placentifera biparti-
bilis. Benth. in DC. Prodr.

One of the most extensive and beautiful genera of New Zealand plants, abounding in all the Islands, and form-
ing a greater proportion of the Flora in them than in any other part of the world. Species are found in all tempe-
rate climates, and in some tropical mountains, but in very different proportions. In Europe and North Africa they
abound, but are scarce throughout America. Many are found in North Asia, a few in the Himalaya, in Australia,
and Tasmania, none in Norfolk Island or in the Pacific Islands. Of the shrubby species, many are very well
marked; others run very much into stirpes and varieties. Although the species hybridize with great facility, they
cannot be said to be quite so puzzling on the whole as the other great New Zealand genera, especially Epilobium
and Coprosma. There are probably too many species made, in the first group especially. The size of the
flowers is a conspicuous but deceptive character, as Mr. Bentham informs me, who has observed the perennial Euro-
pean species to present two varieties, one with large blue and the other with smaller pink flowers.—Small trees,
shrubs, or creeping herbs, with opposite exstipulate leaves, and racemose, often blue, flowers. Calyx generally
four-partite. Corolla rotate or campanulate with a very short tube, deeply four-lobed; lateral lobes generally
smaller than the others, sometimes with the lower lobe smallest. Stamens two; filaments slender; anthers two-
celled. Style slender, with a small capitate stigma. (Name from iepa eıxav, the sacred picture ; because the flowers
of a European species were said to bear a representation of our Saviour.)

Serophularinee. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 194

§ a. Shrubs with coriaceous, perennial, decussate, glabrous, entire (not toothed) leaves, in rather remote pairs.
Racemes axillary, many-flowered. Capsule septicidal ; valves bifid.

1. Veronica Macroura, Hook. fil.; fruticosa, glaberrima, ramis teretibus, foliis sessilibus obovato-ob-
longis lanceolatisve, racemis axillaribus densifloris puberulis, sepalis oblongis obtusis v. subacutis, capsula
calyce vix duplo longiore. Benth. in DC. Prodr. v. 8. p. 459.

Has. Northern Island. East Cape, Wangarei, Cook's Straits, etc., Colenso, etc.

A shrub 1-6 feet high. Branches terete. Leaves 15-23 inches long, obovate or oblong-lanceolate, or lanceo-
late, sessile, hardly acute, with a faint white edge. Racemes opposite, axillary, strict, pubescent or smooth, longer
than the leaves, blunt. Flowers very numerous and densely crowded, + inch long. Corolla of a beautiful blue,
shortly tubular. Calyæ lobes 1 line long, oblong, blunt. Capsules small ( inch), crowded on curved or pendulous
racemes ; pedicels recurved or spreading, or all curved one way; valves acute, not twice as long as the calyx lobes.—
This species approaches very closely some states of V. salicifolia.

2. Veronica speciosa, R. Cunn.; fruticosa, glaberrima, ramis crassis teretibus, foliis late obovato-
oblongis breve crasse petiolatis basi obtusis truncatis cordatis v. in petiolum angustatis, racemis subtermi-
nalibus brevibus obtusis latis densifloris, rachi stricta crassa, sepalis ovatis acutis tubo corolle ample
brevioribus, capsula calyce plus duplo longiore. Bot. Mag. t. 4057 et sub 3461. Benth. l. c.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands. By the sea coast, Hokianga, Cunningham. Ship Cove and Port
Nicholson, Lya//. Nat. name, “Titi rangi,” Middle Island, Zga//. (Cultivated in England.)

A large shrub, one of the most beautiful when in flower, also the largest-leaved of the genus. Branches terete.
Leaves rather crowded, 3—4 inches long, obovate, blunt, narrowed into the very short thick petiole, or blunt or cordate
at the very base. Racemes quite glabrous, short, broad, not much longer than the leaves; rachis stout. Sepals ovate,
acute, shorter than the tube of the corolla. Corolla very large, nearly $ inch across, a beautiful wine-purple, with
stout filaments and large anthers. Capsules densely crowded, 3—4 lines long, thrice as long as the sepals.

3. Veronica Dieffenbachiü, Benth. ; fruticosa, glaberrima, folus lineari-oblongis subobtusis basi parum
angustatis amplexicaulibus, racemis axillaribus folio longioribus glabris, sepalis lanceolatis acutis corolle
tubo brevioribus, capsula ovoidea subacuta calyce subtriplo longiore. Benth. l. c.

Has. Chatham Island, Dieffenbach.

I have only seen one specimen of this plant, which entirely resembles 7. speciosa in most respects, but the
leaves, though as long, are narrower, the raceme longer, flowers smaller, pale blue. It quite resembles what a cross
between Y. Macroura and Y. speciosa might be supposed to yield.

4. Veronica salicifolia, Forst.; frutescens v. subarborea, ramulis glabris junioribus subeompressis,
foliis subsessilibus amplexicaulibusve lanceolatis acutis integerrimis compressis, racemis densifloris glandu-
loso-pubescentibus glabratisve foliis longioribus densifloris acuminatis, sepalis oblongo-lanceolatis acutis
acuminatisve corolle tubo brevioribus, capsula calyce subduplo longiore. Forst. Prodr. Banks et Sol. MSS.
et Ic. Endl. Ann. Mus. Vind. v. 1. t. 14. A. Cunn. Prodr. Benth. l. c. V. Lindleyana, Paxt. Mag. Bot.

Var. B. stricta; capsulis minoribus acutioribus, calyce hirsutiore. V. stricta, Banks et Sol. MSS.
Benth. l. c.

Has. Throughout the Islands, very abundant, Banks and Solander, etc. Fl. all the year round.
(Cultivated in England.)

A very common shrub or small diffusely-branched tree, everywhere quite smooth, except the raceme, which is
often pubescent. Leaves sessile or half-clasping the stem, 3-6 inches long, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute or
acuminate, very variable in length and breadth. Racemes sometimes 10 inches long, and slender, with numerous

pss

192 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [Serophularinee.

flowers, not so densely crowded as in the 7. Macroura, rather large, but smaller than in Y. macrocarpa and speciosa.
Sepals ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, very variable in the proportion they bear to the tube of the corolla.
Capsules generally small. —A most abundant and variable plant in all particulars, and one I am quite at a loss how
to define. There are no characters possessed by the other species of this section (except Y. speciosa and pubescens)
that one or more of my immense suite of specimens of this does not present in leaf, flower, or fruit. I have it from
fully forty stations between the Bay of Islands and Southern Island of New Zealand.

5. Veronica macrocarpa, Vahl; fruticosa v. subarborea, ramulis glabris junioribus subcompressis, foliis
sessilibus lanceolatis linearibusve subobtusis v. acutis integerrimis glaberrimis, racemis puberulis v. glabratis,
floribus amplis, sepalis lanceolatis ovato-lanceolatisve corollz tubo duplo brevioribus, capsula magna ovato-
oblonga acuta calyce subtriplo longiore. Vahd, Symb. v. 3. p. 4. Benth. l. c.

Var. B. myrtifolia ; racemis glabratis, sepalis tubo corolle paulo brevioribus capsulaque obtusa duplo
brevioribus. V. myrtifolia, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic. Benth. l. c.

Has. Northern, Middle, and Southern Islands, Banks and Solander. Mount Egmont, Diefenbach.
Cook's Straits, D’ Urville. Bay of Islands, Logan, ete. Port William, Lyall.

Very closely allied to Y. salicifolia, but on the whole a larger plant in all its parts, especially in flower and cap-
sule, upon which its characters mainly depend. Leaves as in Y, salicifolia, but sometimes 6 inches long, and usually
narrower. Racemes smooth or puberulous, very many but not densely flowered, shorter than the leaves. Pedicels
slender. Flowers large, as in Y. speciosa, deep blue or pale lilac, nearly ž inch long, with long exserted stamens.
Corolla lobes the length of the tube. Sepals ovate or oblong-lanceolate, sharp, shorter than the tube of the calyx,
half as long as the large black capsule, which is blunt in var. 8.—Dr. Lyall’s Southern Island specimens have
leaves only 2 inches long, and very pale flowers; they are not in fruit.

6. Veronica ligustrifolia, A. Cunn.; suffruticosa, laxe ramosa, foliis oblongis lineari-oblongis anguste
lineari-lanceolatisve obtusiusculis integerrimis glabris, racemis laxifloris vix puberulis, sepalis ovatis lanceo-
latisve acutis corolle tubum sequantibus, capsula ovata acuta calyce subduplo longiore. A. Cunn. in Bot.
Mag. sub t. 3461. Benth. l. c.

Var. B. acutiflora ; foliis angustis elongatis, sepalis lanceolatis acuminatis tubo corolle subduplo longio-
ribus. V. acutiflora, Benth. l. c. V. angustifolia, A. Cunn. Prodr. non Rich.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands. Bay of Islands, at the falls of the Keri Keri River, Cunning-
ham, etc. Akaroa, Raoul.

Mr. Bentham doubts whether this be not the salicifolia of Vahl, a point it is impossible to clear up from de-
scriptions, that species and this being very closely allied. The chief characters of V. ligustrifolia are its small size
(1-3 feet high), the much smaller, usually narrower, and more linear blunt foliage, and the short racemes. Leaves

1—9 inches long, and + inch broad in var. 6, sometimes 4 inches by 4 inch broad, blunt. Racemes 2-3 inches
long, 5 or 6 inches in var. B. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, sharp, as long as or longer than the tube of the corolla.
Capsule small.—This species may best be known by its general characters, which are its small size, oblong or
narrow, linear, blunt leaves, and short racemes of rather large loose flowers on long pedicels.

7. Veronica parviflora, Vahl; fruticosa, glabra, foliis anguste lineari-lanceolatis acutis mucronatisve
integerrimis sepissime carinatis, racemis numerosis gracilibus glabris v. puberulis multifloris, floribus see-

pissime parvis folio equilongis v. longioribus, pedicellis brevissimis, sepalis obtusis corolle tubo capsulisque
duplo brevioribus. Vahl, Symb. v. 3. p. 4. Benth.l.c. V. angustifolia, 4. Rich. Flora. V. stenophylla,
Steud. Nom. Bot.

Var. B. phillyreafolia ; foliis anguste lineari-elliptico-oblongis subacutis, racemis folio longioribus den-
sifloris, sepalis parvis obtusis, corollis majusculis.

D

Scrophularinee. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 193

Has. Northern and Middle Islands. Cook’s Straits, D’ Urville. Abundant on the southern coasts,
and in the interior of the Northern Island, Bidwill, Colenso. Nelson, from the sea to 3000 feet, Bidwill.
Nat. name, “ Koromiko," Bidwill (also given to all the shrubby species). Fl. all summer. Var. 8. Nelson;
abundant, Bidwill.

This in its typical form appears a most distinct species, the foliage being of the small size of Y, ligustrifolia,
but more coriaceous, narrower, short and keeled, while the flowers are much smaller, on very stout pedicels, and
more dense ;. but I have some specimens with larger, looser-packed flowers, and others with plane leaves, very like
those of Y, ligustrifolia. —A shrub 6 feet high. Branches black. Leaves 1-23 inches long, + broad, linear, sharp or
mucronate, coriaceous, concave, keeled. Racemes axillary, generally rather short and thick. Flowers pale lilac,
crowded on short pedicels, tubular, + inch long. Sepals oblong, blunt, much shorter than the tube of the corolla
and than the broad capsule, which is two lines long, but variable.

8. Veronica pubescens, Banks et Sol.; fruticosa, foliis undique pilis brevibus rufo-fulvis obtectis
oblongo-lanceolatis integerrimis villosis, racemis axillaribus multifloris, sepalis oblongo-lanceolatis acutis
hirtis, capsula ovata subacuta calycem duplo superante. Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic. Benth. l c.

Has. Northern Island. Opuragi, in woods, Banks and Solander.

A shrub 6 feet high, covered everywhere when dry with red-brown hairs. Leaves 1-2 inches long, oblong-
lanceolate. Racemes axillary, many-flowered ; sepals oblong, lanceolate, sharp, hairy, half the length of the capsules.
—This very distinct species has not been found since Cook’s first voyage.

$ b. Shrubs or small trees, with coriaceous, perennial, decussate, crowded or imbricate, uniform, veinless, quite entire,
flat or keeled leaves, often giving the branches a square appearance. Racemes axillary or terminal, corym-
bose, rarely solitary. Capsule septicidal; valves bifid. :

9. Veronica diosmefolia, A. Cunn.; fruticosa, glaberrima, foliis breviter petiolatis lanceolatis oblongis
ellipticisve acutis rigidis glaberrimis v. remote glanduloso-denticulatis, racemis brevibus ad apices ramorum
corymboso-ramosis, sepalis 3 obtusis supremo latissimo, inferioribus ovatis corolle tubum eeguantibus, cap-
sula calyce duplo longiore. 4. Cunn. in Bot. Mag. sub t. 3461. et Prodr. Benth. l.c.

Has. Northern Island. Bay of Islands, and Hokianga, Cunningham, Edgerley, etc.

A slender shrub, 3-12 feet high; much branched. Branches strict, leafy. Leaves decussate, closely placed,
spreading, concave and keeled, elliptical or oblong, 4—1 inch long. Racemes short, in corymbs towards the ends of
the branches. Flowers numerous, small, white. Calyx 1 line long, of three sepals ; upper very broad, lower as long
as the tube of the corolla, half as long as the capsule. Seeds few, large, much compressed.

10. Veronica Menziesii, Benth. ; fruticosa, glaberrima, foliis breviter petiolatis oblongis lineari-ob-
longisve acutis rigidis, racemis brevibus ad apices ramorum corymboso-ramosis, sepalis 4 lanceolatis sub-
acutis capsula dimidio brevioribus. Benth. l. c.

Has. Middle Island. Dusky Bay, Menzies. Nelson, Bidwill.

Very similar to Y. diosmefolia.—A shrub, with oblong acute petiolate leaves, which are rigid and sharp. Ra-
cemes short, corymbose. lowers purplish-white. Sepals four, lanceolate, sharp, half the length of the capsule.—
Mr. Bidwill's specimens are from a garden in Nelson, into which the plants were brought from the neighbourhood.

ll. Veronica eliptica, Forst. ; fruticosa v. arborea, glabra, v. ramulis puberulis canisve, foltis brevis-
sime petiolatis ovali- v. oblongo-ellipticis mucronatis integerrimis, racemis axillaribus brevibus paucifloris
rarius corymboso-ramosis, sepalis 4 ovatis marginatis acutis corolle tubo paulo brevioribus, capsulis late
ovatis. Forst. Prodr. Benth. in DC. Prodr. Fl. Antarct. V. decussata, Hort. Kew. Bot. Mag. t. 242.

3B

194 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Scrophularinee.

Has. Middle and Southern Islands. Dusky Bay, Forster. Otago, Port Preservation, and Ruapuke
Island, Lyall.

A small tree or large shrub, branching from the base, with often long branches, covered with uniform bright
green decussate leaves, and corymbs of large white, or pale blue, or purplish flowers. Branches pubescent, or hoary
with two white lines. Leaves 3-1 inch long, 2-5 lines broad, shining, oblong or lanceolate, acute or blunt, with a
mucro. Racemes hardly longer than the leaves, axillary or terminal, few-flowered, rarely corymbose, with four to six
(rarely eight to ten) pedicellate large flowers. Sepals four, sharp, shorter than the tube of the corolla. Corolla 3
inch across. Capsule broadly ovate, about 6 lines long.—This handsome plant is also a native of Lord Auckland’s
Group, Tierra del Fuego, and the Falkland Islands.

19. Veronica Levis, Benth. ; fruticosa, glabra, foliis basi in petiolum brevem angustatis petiolatis ovali-
oblongis v. late obovatis mucronatis crassis rigidis integerrimis costa carinatis, racemis brevibus ad apices
ramorum subcorymbosis pauci- v. multifloris leviter glanduloso-puberulis, sepalis 4 oblongis obtusis corollze
tubum sequantibus v. brevioribus, corolla laciniis majoribus ovatis vix tubum zequantibus. Benth. l. c.

Var. B. carnosula; foliis late obovatis obtusis subcarnosis cartilagineo-marginatis costa dorso valido v.
evanido.

Haz. Northern and Middle Islands. Tongariro, Bidwill. Ruahine range, Colenso. Nelson, moun-
tains 2-6000 feet, Bidwill.

A small shrub, 2—4 feet high, guite smooth, except the raceme, which is pubescent. Stems and branches thick,
woody, scarred, black. Leaves small, 3-4 inch long, numerous, decussate, very thick and coriaceous, oblong-lan-
ceolate or obovate, acute, concave, mucronate, sessile or narrowed into a very short thick petiole. Racemes in the
upper axils, short, many- or few-flowered, 4-2 inches long. Sepals four, oblong, blunt, as long as the tube of the
corolla, or much shorter. Corolla very variable in length. Stamens included or exserted. The var. 8 has much
broader and almost fleshy leaves.—This species is too nearly allied to 7. buxifolia.

13. Veronica Jumifolia, Benth. ; fruticosa, glaberrima, foliis breviter petiolatis ovali-ellipticis vix mu-
cronatis integerrimis crassis rigidis concavis basi truncatis, racemis brevissimis paucifloris ad apices ramu-
lorum congestis, floribus subsessilibus, sepalis 4 obtusissimis corolla tubum zeguantibus, corollie laciniis ma-
joribus ovatis tubo eeguilongis, staminibus corolla vix brevioribus. Benth. [. c.

Haz. Northern and Middle Islands, Dieffendach. Ruahine mountains, Colenso. Nelson, altitude 6000
feet, Bidwilt.

A glabrous shrub, 2-3 feet high, very like Y. levis in most characters, but smaller, with the leaves more
densely imbricated, and truncated above the petiole. Racemes shorter, fewer-flowered. Leaves 4-3 inch long, very
thick, coriaceous, sharp, keeled, concave, suddenly truncate, with a short thick petiole and slender midrib. Zacemes
scarcely longer than the leaves, few-flowered. lowers large, white with purple veins.—Very nearly allied to 7.
levis, and perhaps not distinct; the P. odora of Lord Auckland's Group (Fl. Antarct. p. 62. t. 41) is probably a
variety of this.

14. Veronica tetragona, Hook.; fruticulosa, humilis, ramosissima, foliis arcte quadrifariam imbricatis
ovatis obtusiusculis carinatis crassis nitidis basi latis lanosis ceeterum glabris, floribus paucis in apicibus ra-
mulorum subsessilibus, sepalis oblongis obtusis rigidis corolle tubum «quantibus. Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 580.
Benth. l.c. Podocarpus Dieffenbachii, Je. Plant.

Has. Northern Island. Tongariro, Bidwill Mount Hikurangi, Colenso.

A most remarkable species, quite like Dacrydium tavifolium in young foliage. Shrubby, 8-10 inches high.
Stems and branches very woody, denscly covered with imbricated decussate leaves. Leaves connate, very thick and
coriaceous, ovate, blunt, keeled, shining, woolly inside at the base. Flowers few, nearly sessile.

Scrophularinee. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 195

15. Veronica pimeleoides, Hook. fil.; suffruticulus parvus, parce ramosus, ramis pubescenti-villosis,
foliis late obovato-orbiculatis subacutis 1-3-nerviis enerviisve crassis et subcarnosis, racemis brevibus sub-
terminalibus paucifloris lanatis, floribus brevissime petiolatis, sepalis ovatis acutis ciliatis corolle tubo longi-
oribus capsula dimidio brevioribus, valvis capsule bifidis.

Has. Middle Island. Port Cooper, Zyall.

A very small shrub, a span high, resembling Pimelea prostrata. Stems woody, scarred, covered with white
down. Leaves 2 inch long, broadly obovate, nearly sessile, wrinkled when dry, with one to three parallel nerves, or
nerveless. Flowers in axillary or terminal villous racemes, sessile, six- to eight-flowered. —A remarkably distinct
little species.

16. Veronica Zavaudiana, Raoul; suffruticulus ramosus, ramis erectis v. ascendentibus laxe foliosis
glanduloso-pubescentibus, foliis sparsis oppositis lineari- v. obovato- v. rotundato-spathulatis in petiolum an-
gustatis obtusis crenato-dentatis coriaceis, racemis glanduloso-hirsutis ad apices ramulorum paniculatis
corymbosisve multifloris, floribus congestis subsessilibus subdistichis, sepalis ovatis acuminatis capsulam
brevem subzequantibus. Raoul, Choim de Plantes, p. 16. t. 10.

Has. Middle Island. Akaroa, Raoul. Port Cooper, Lyall.

A remarkably distinct and pretty little species, with much too loosely placed leaves to harmonize well with the
other species of this section.—A span to a foot high; branches and racemes glandular, pubescent. Leaves spreading,
obovate, or linear-obovate, or rounded-spathulate, blunt, crenate, coriaceous, 1 inch long. Racemes paniculate, or
corymbose at the generally elongated ends of the branches; with small leaves at the bases of the peduncles, whence
the branches appear paniculate. Flowers crowded, somewhat distichous, sessile. Sepals ovate, acute, nearly as long
as the small coriaceous blunt capsule, whose valves are bifid.

§ c. Herbaceous, prostrate or creeping plants, with slender woody stems, and scattered, opposite, toothed, smooth
leaves. Racemes awillary and terminal, simple, erect, solitary. Capsule broad, laterally compressed, two-lobed,
loculicidal.

17. Veronica cataracta, Forst.; suffruticosa, ramosa, prostrata, ramis gracilibus elongatis flexuosis
bifariam puberulis, foliis petiolatis lanceolatis lineari-lanceolatisve grosse serratis crassis discoloribus glabris
l-nerviis, racemis elongatis puberulis longe pedunculatis, pedicellis gracilibus puberulis, sepalis late ovatis
oblongisve acutis, floribus amplis, capsulis turgidis late obcordatis bilobis. Forst. Prodr. A. Cunn. Prodr.
Benth. l.c.

Var. B. lanceolata; foliis anguste lineari-lanceolatis petiolatis calloso-serratis. V. lanceolata, Benth. /. c.

Var. y. minor; gracilis, foliis uncialibus lanceolatis, racemis minoribus.

Has. Mountains of the Northern Island, and in the Southern and Middle Islands; abundant, Forster,
Dieffenbach, Lyall.

A very handsome but extremely variable species, of which I have superb specimens from Dr. Lyall’s Herbarium,
collected in Dusky Bay.—Stems 4 inches to 24 feet long, slender, with two lines of pubescence. Leaves 3-4 inches
long, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, petiolate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, coriaceous, one-nerved, pale below. Ra-
cemes axillary, on slender peduncles, 8-6 inches long, many-flowered. Flowers loosely disposed, on slender pedicels
3 inch long. Sepals ovate or lanceolate, blunt, acute, or acuminate. Corolla $—$ inch across. Capsule turgid, +
inch broad, two-lobed.—The Northern-Island specimens are all smaller than those from Dusky Bay; some are quite

small, and approach states of the following closely allied species.

18. Veronica diffusa, Hook. fil.; caule prostrato suffruticoso elongato diffuso, ramis flexuoso-ascen-
dentibus glabris v. tenuissime bifariam puberulis, foliis brevissime petiolatis ovatis ovato-lanceolatisve grosse
calloso-serratis basi rotundatis crassiusculis glabris, racemis longe pedunculatis simplicibus axillaribus pube-

196 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [Serophularinee.

rulis, floribus gracile pedicellatis, sepalis oblongis obtusis acutis mucronatisve, capsulis ut in Y, cataracte.
Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 645. Benth.l. c.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands. East coast, Taupo, Tongariro and Ruahine mountains, ete.,
Bidwill, Colenso. Dusky Bay, Menzies.

Very nearly allied indeed to 7. cataract, and only differing in the broader, shorter leaves, and in the sepals
not being acuminate. Stems 1-2 feet long, flexuose, prostrate, diffuse, sparingly branched. Leaves 1-14 inch long,
2 broad, similar in consistence, colour, and toothing to Y. cataracte. Racemes the same, but sepals blunter.

19. Veronica Bidwillii, Hook. ; parvula, herbacea, caule repente ramisque prostratis foliosis apicibus
ascendentibus, foliis minimis breve petiolatis obovatis obtusis grosse pauci-dentatis lobatisve glabris coriaceis,
racemis erectis longe pedunculatis puberulis multi- v. paucifloris, floribus gracile pedicellatis, sepalis oblongis
obtusis capsulam bilobam sequantibus v. brevioribus. Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 814.

Has. Middle Island. Warrau Pass near Nelson, elev. 2250 feet, Bidwilt.

A very pretty species, and, as far as Mr. Bidwill's specimens go, a very distinct one, resembling much a small
creeping Zpilobium. Stems rather stout for the size of the plant, branched, prostrate, creeping, puberulous, 3-5
inches long. Leaves thick and coriaceous, 2 lines long, obovate, shortly petiolate, unequally distantly lobed or
toothed. Racemes on peduncles 2-4 inches long, few- or many-flowered, pubescent. Flowers small, 4 inch across ;
pedicels slender. Sepals oblong, blunt. Corolla rotate, with the lateral lobes rounded and lower smallest. Capsule
broadly obcordate, imbedded in the calyx or exserted.

20. Veronica Zyallii, Hook. fil. ; caule prostrato vage divaricatim ramoso, ramis diffusis ascendentibus
pubescentibus glanduloso-villosisve inferne bifariam pubescentibus, foliis coriaceis breve petiolatis obovatis
oblongis rotundatisve rarius ovato-lanceolatis obtusis glaberrimis grosse crenatis calloso-serratisve subtus
discoloribus, racemis longe pedunculatis erectis breviusculis pauci- v. vix pluri-floris, pedicellis inferioribus
precipue elongatis basi foliaceo-bracteolatis, sepalis late obovatis oblongisve subfoliaceis, corolla ampla lobis
ut in Y. Bidwillii, capsula late obovata biloba calyce inclusa.

Var. 8; caule suberecto basi frutescente, foliis ovato-oblongis profunde crenato-dentatis.

Has. Middle Island. Milford Sound, Zyall.

A very beautiful little species, but according to Dr. Lyall's specimens a very variable one. In the usual state
the stems are slender, flexuose, woody at the base, a span to 13 foot long, diffusely branched ; the branches prostrate,
covered with glandular pubescence. Leaves petiolate, 4-3 inch long, ovate or oblong, deeply coarsely toothed or
create, coriaceous. acemes few-flowered, on slender peduncles 2 inches long, pubescent. Flowers large, nearly
1 inch broad, on slender pedicels, with a leafy bract at the base; the pedicels of the lower flowers-are longest, some-
times 2 inch. Sepals broadly obovate, blunt or mucronate, large and leafy, as long as the capsule.—In var. 8 the
stems are more robust, branches erect, and leaves deeply bluntly serrate, almost lobed.

21. Veronica nivalis, Hook. fil.; humilis, prostrata, ceespitosa, ramosa, foliis breve petiolatis ovatis
obtusis crenatis supra glabratis subtus ramulisgue pubescentibus, pedunculis robustis elongatis apice co-
rymbosis paucifloris glanduloso-pubescentibus, sepalis ovato-oblongis subacutis hirtellis ciliatis. Hook. Ic.
Plant. t. 640. Benth. l. ce. V. Hookeriana, Walpers, Rep.

Haz. Northern Island. Tongariro, Bidwi//. Summit of Ruahine range, Colenso.

A small, robust, sparingly branched, prostrate plant, a span or so long, with stout pubescent stem. Leaves
numerous, approximate, petiolate, ovate, blunt, bluntly coarsely crenate, coriaceous, i inch long, smooth on both
sides, or downy below. Peduncle axillary, stout, erect, 2 inches long, bearing a small, subcorymbose, pubescent,
glandular raceme of six to eight flowers, which are pedicellate. Lower pedicels longer, stout, with leafy brac-
teole. Sepals oblong, blunt or subacute, glandular, pubescent, ciliated. Capsules as short as or longer than the
calyx. Flowers white, with pink veins.

Scrophularinea. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 197

22. Veronica spathulata, Benth. ; humilis, prostrata, czespitoso-ramosissima, foliis petiolatis obovato-
spathulatis erenatis supra glabris subtus ramulisque hirto-puberulis, pedunculis folio paulo longioribus
apice paucifloris, sepalis late oblongis obtusis hirtis capsulam latam truncatam «equantibus. Benth. l. c.

Haz. Northern Island. Tongariro, Bidwill.

Stems 2—4 inches long, prostrate, branching, tufted, leafy. Leaves very thick and coriaceous, + inch long,
petioles as long, obovate-spathulate, with a few large blunt erenatures. — Peduncles very little longer than the leaves,
stout, erect, with a few flowers at the top. Sepals oblong, blunt, as long as the broad truncate capsule.

23. Veronica Anagallis, Linn.; glabra v. rarius puberula, decumbens, herbacea, flaccida, foliis sessili-
bus semiamplexicaulibus rarius breve petiolatis ovali-ellipticis oblongisve obtusis crenato-serratis crassiusculis
basi rotundatis, capsula. membranacea. subrotunda turgida emarginata. Linn. Sp. Pl. Engl. Bot. t. 781.
Benth. 1. c.

Has. Northern Island. Watery places on the east coast, etc., Colenso.

A succulent plant, frequenting wet places; everywhere smooth, rarely pubescent. Stems rooting at the base,
à span to a foot long. Leaves 1-2 inches long, membranous when dry, oblong, blunt, obtusely exenate, with con-
tracted half-stem-clasping bases. Racemes numerous, axillary, opposite, longer than the leaves, many-flowered.
Peduncles patent or reflexed, + inch long. Flowers pale blue or flesh-coloured.

24. Veronica elongata, Benth. ; caulibus elongatis procumbentibus vel reptantibus glabris, foliis petio-
latis late ovato-deltoideis inciso-serratis glabris v. utrinque hirtis, racemis brevibus 1—4-floris v. elongatis
remote paucifloris depauperatis, bracteis oblongis, sepalis obovatis capsulam latam emarginatam superanti-
bus. Benth. l. c. V. calycina, A. Cunn. Prodr. non Br.

Has. Northern Island. Bay of Islands, Cunningham, ete.

Stems very long and slender (2-3 feet), flexuose, glabrous or pubescent, prostrate, diffusely branched. Leaves
broadly ovate-cordate or deltoid, 4-1 inch long, coarsely irregularly crenate or toothed, three-nerved, glabrous or
slightly hairy, on petioles 3-3 inch long. Peduncles axillary, stout, bearing short or elongated racemes of four to
ten flowers, 3-5 inches long. Pedicels elongate, 4 inch long, with leafy bracts. ^ Sepals leafy, obovate, blunt, 24
lines long, longer than the ripe capsule.—A very distinct species, closely allied to the Australian Y. calycina.

Gen. VIII. OURISIA, Comm.

Calyx 5-lobus v. -partitus. Corolla infundibuliformis, incurva v. obliqua ; limbi 5-fidi laciniis obtusis
planis. Stamina 4, didynama, inclusa ; antherse subreniformes, loculis divaricatis confluentibus. Stylus
apice capitato-stigmatosus. Capsula loculicide bivalvis; valvulis medio septiferis, placentas auferentibus.
Semina plurima ; testa laxa, reticulata. Benth. in DC. Prodr.

Erect or creeping herbs, natives of Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, and the mountains of South America.
Leaves opposite, radical or cauline, or both, the latter sometimes whorled. Flowers axillary and solitary, or race-
mose, or subumbellate. Calya five-lobed or -parted. Corolla funnel-shaped, with an oblique or incurved tube, and
five blunt lobes. Stamens four, didynamous. Anthers reniform, two-celled ; cells divaricating, confluent at top.
Style capitate. Capsule two-valved, loculicidal. (Named in honour of M. Ouris, Governor of the Falkland Islands,
who procured the first species from Fuegia.)

1. Ourisia maerophylla, Hook.; elata, caule brevi repente, foliis radicalibus longe petiolatis ovato-
cordatis v. basi obliquis crenatis floralibus verticillatis oblongis, racemo multifloro umbelliformi v. pedicellis
verticillatis, corollee tubo limbi laciniis calyceque subeeguilongo. Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 545, 546. Benth. l c.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands. Mount Egmont, Diefenbach. Ruahine mountains, Colenso.
Chalky Bay, Lyall.

30

198 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Scrophularinee.

A very handsome plant, variable in size from an inch to 2 feet, glabrous or pilose, or almost hispid with
spreading hairs. Stems short, creeping, sending down strong, thick, fibrous roots. Radical leaves on long stout
petioles, exceedingly variable in size and thickness on large plants; petiole 3 inches long; blade as long, ovate,
cordate, or oblong, oblique at the cuneate base, blunt, crenate, glabrous or hairy on both sides. Scape or flowering
stem a foot high, stout, erect, flexuose, with one or two pair of sessile, oblong, crenate cauline leaves. Inflorescence
of one umbellate raceme of pedicellate flowers, or several (three to seven) whorls of pedicellate flowers ; umbels or
whorls involucrate, with many linear-oblong leaves, much shorter than the pedicels, which are erect, slender, 13-2
inches long. Sepals lanceolate, 4 inch long. Corolla white or purplish, with a curved tube, villous within, 3 inch
long, and five obovate retuse lobes, 2 inch across. Capsules membranous, + inch long.—I have numerous speci-
mens of this very beautiful plant, which present all varieties, from a little alpine hairy herb an inch long, with a
single white flower 4 inch across, to a stout, erect, leafy plant, 2 feet high, with long, petioled, broad leaves $ foot
long, and seven involucrate whorls of ten flowers in each whorl, and corollas 2 inch in diameter, of a fine pale purple
colour. Dr. Lyall’s Chalky Bay specimens are more slender, membranous, and pilose than those from the Northern
Island. They are not in flower.

2. Ourisia macrocarpa, Hook. fil.; elata, glaberrima, caule brevi repente, foliis radicalibus longe petio-
latis vagina petioli ciliatis late ovato- v. rotundato-cordatis coriaceis crenatis, scapo robusto, floribus verticil-
latis, sepalis coriaceis anguste linearibus lineari-oblongisve obtusis coriaceis glaberrimis capsulam magnam
superantibus, corolla intus pubescente.

Has. Middle Island. Dusky Bay, Zyall.

Very nearly allied to 0. macrophylla, much resembling the largest-sized specimens of that plant, but uniformly
much more robust and glabrous, with more coriaceous broader leaves and large capsules. Sepals 4 inch long, linear-
oblong, blunt. Capsules very large, as long as the sepals, or nearly so. Corolla smooth inside.—My specimens
vary from a span to a foot and a half high.

3. Ourisia cespitosa, Hook. fil.; humilis, depressa, glaberrima, caule crasso repente ramosissimo,
ramis brevibus prostratis foliosis, foliis subimbricatis patulis crassis coriaceisque obovato-spathulatis breve
petiolatis recurvis obtusis obtuse 2—4-crenatis enerviis, petiolis vaginantibus glaberrimis ciliatisve, pedunculis
brevibus crassis erectis 2-4-floris foliatis, floribus pedicellatis erectis, sepalis linearibus obtusis tubo corolle
brevioribus, corollee intus pubescentis lobis tubo brevioribus.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands. Summit of the Ruahine mountains, Colenso. Milford Sound,
Lyall.

Everywhere quite smooth. Stems 2-4 inches long, stout, creeping, much branched, very leafy. Leaves
numerous, imbricating, patent, recurved, very thick and coriaceous, 4-2 inch long, with three to four blunt crena-
tures. Petiole sheathing at the base, glabrous or ciliated. Pedunele stout, erect, 1-2 inches high, with one to
three pairs of small opposite bracts or leaves, from the axils of which spring solitary pedicels. Sepals linear, blunt,
1 inch long, shorter than the broad tube of the corolla. odes of corolla shorter than the tube, which is glabrous
inside.

Norn. I have a fragment of possibly a fourth species of Ourisia, gathered by Mr. Colenso near Taupo, but
too imperfect for description, and perhaps only a state of O. macrophylia.

Gen. IX. EUPHRASIA, Z.

Calyx tubulosus v. campanulatus, 4-fidus. Corolle galea late concava, apice 2-loba, lobis latis paten-
tibus; labium patens, trifidum, lobis obtusis emarginatisve, palato non plicato. Stamina didynama;
antherarum loculis mucronatis. Stylus apice subdilatatus. Capsula oblonga, compressa.

Herbaceous plants, sometimes erect, branched and shrubby at the base, generally glabrous. Leaves opposite,

Serophularinee.) FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 199

lobed, toothed, or cut. Flowers solitary, axillary, spiked or subracemose, very variable in size in all the species.
Calyx tubular or campanulate, quadrifid. Corolla with an arched two-lobed upper lip, and three-lobed spreading
lower one. Stamens didynamous, under the arched upper lip. Stigma dilated.—Natives of the temperate and cold
regions of both hemispheres, but the species are nowhere numerous; more so in Australia, Tasmania, and New
Zealand than elsewhere; always very variable. (Name from evppacia, joy ; in allusion to its reputed virtues.)

1. Euphrasia cuneata, Forst.; suffruticulosa, glaberrima v. puberula, caule simplici v. ramosissimo
erecto, ramis virgatis foliosis, foliis petiolatis obovatis cuneatis oblongo-lanceolatis spathulatisve, floribus
plurimis pedicellatis, calycis lobis brevibus obtusis, corolke labii laciniis emarginatis, antheris pilosis
mucronatis duarum breviorum posticarum loculo altero longius calcarato. Forst. Prodr. A. Rich. Flora.
A. Cunn. Prodr. Benth. in DC. Prodr. E. conspicua, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Tc.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; from the Thames river to Otago; not unfrequent on the coast
and in the mountains, Banks and Solander, etc.

Erect, a span to 3 feet high. Stem simple or much branched ; branches fasciculate, glabrous or downy, leafy.
Leaves small, petiolate, in pairs or fasciculate on short ramuli, 2-6 lines long, petiolate, very variable in breadth,
spathulate or obovate, remotely coarsely toothed. Flowers pink or purplish or yellowish, very numerous, occu-
pying the axil of every leaf on the upper parts of the branches, or few, extremely variable in size (3 lin. to 2 inch),
pedicellate. Calyz campanulate, four-lobed. Corolla with a broad funnel-shaped tube and spreading lips; upper
shortly two-lobed. Anthers hairy, the two posterior with rather unequal lobes, one lobe with a shorter spur
than the other. Capsule linear-clavate, 4 inch long. —An extremely variable plant in stature and foliage, and size
of Aower, depth of its lobing, ete.

2. Euphrasia antarctica, Benth.; pusilla, glanduloso-pubescens, caule simplici v. e basi ramoso, ramis
decumbentibus dein erectis laxe foliosis seepe bifariam puberulis, foliis sessilibus v. breve petiolatis obovatis
cuneatisve 3-5-fidis v. grosse crenato-dentatis, spicis brevibus floribusve axillaribus pedicellatis, calyce
campanulato, lobis brevibus obtusis, corolle tubo brevi v. exserto, limbi lobis breviusculis, capsula obovata
obtusa calyce inclusa, antheris glaberrimis omnibus loculis subzequaliter mucronatis.

Var. a; minima, erecta, simplex v. ramosa, foliis cuneato-trifidis, corollee tubo brevi v. elongato.

Var. 8. major; caule basi ramoso, ramis decumbentibus erectis, foliis obovatis 3-5-lobis crenato-
dentatisve, corolle tubo exserto elongato.

Var. y. grandiflora; omnia var. 8, sed corolla 4 unc. lata, tubo brevi.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands. Var. a. Top of Ruahine and other mountains, Colenso. Var.
&. Milford Sound, Lyall. Var. y. Dusky Bay, Zyall.

Mr. Colenso's specimens of this pretty little plant seem quite the same as Fuegian ones, and form a small wiry
pubescent erect herb, an inch high, with obovate-cuneate crenate leaves, a line long, and a few minute white flowers.
Calyx campanulate, twice as long as the leaves, obtusely four-toothed. (Corolla 9—4 lines long ; tube as long or longer
than the calyx. Anthers equal and smooth, equally spurred. Capsule membranous, obovate, blunt, included in
the calyx. Dr. Lyall's Milford Sound specimens (var. 8) are larger, 8 inches high, much branched, slender, with
sessile obovate lobed leaves, and calyces 3 lines long, which become pedicellati in fruit, much larger, and nearly à
inch across the mouth. Var. y has leaves nearly 3 inch long, and fruiting calyx nearly as long, much larger
flowers, with a short tube to the corolla.—Only two or three specimens of the ZL. antarctica have been brought
from Tierra del Fuego, and all are in one state, a very diminutive one, so that, considering how very variable all
the other species of this genus are, it may be doubted how far I am correct in redueing the large New Zealand
form to varieties of the smaller Antarctic one, for the large may be the normal state of the plant, and the small
merely a variety.

3. Euphrasia revoluta, Hook. fil.; humilis, glanduloso-pubescens vel glabrata, caule simplici decum-

rn

A ee

ee

Fe

200 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. | Boraginee.

bente ascendente v. e basi ramoso folioso, foliis obovatis obtusis lobatis marginibus. recurvis, calyce
campanulato 4-lobo, corolle (ample) brevis v. elongate limbo patente, antheris barbatis duarum posticarum
loculo unico mutico altero calcarato, capsula membranacea late obovata obtusa calyce inclusa.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands. "Top of the Ruahine mountains, Colenso.

A small species, 1-3 inches high, with very large flowers, only to be distinguished from Æ. antarctica, B, by
the hairy anthers; of these the anterior pair have blunt lobes, the posterior have one blunt and one spurred lobe.
In this respect it agrees with E. cuneata, of which it may prove an alpine small state.

4. Euphrasia repens, Hook. fil.; perpusilla, puberula, caule repente vage ramoso, foliis sessilibus
cuneatis trilobis lobis linearibus acutis, pedunculis axillaribus solitariis floribusque erectis, calycis oblongo-
campanulati lobis acutis, antheris glabris, loculis subeegualiter mucronatis.

Has. Middle Island. Bluff Island, Zyall.

A very curious little species, 1-2 inches long. Stems and branches creeping, throwing out fibrous roots from
the joints. Zeaves very small, 1-13 lin. long, smooth or puberulous, in scattered opposite pairs, sessile, cuneate,
three-lobed; lobes acute, erect. Flowers very large for the size of the plant, shortly pedicellate, erect. Calyx
oblong, campanulate, four-lobed ; lobes acute. Corolla 4 inch long, with a long tube. -Anthers all smooth, their

lobes nearly equally spurred. Ovarium pubescent.

Nar. Orv. LXI. BORAGINEA, L.

Gen. I. MYOSOTIS, Z.

Calyx 5-partitus. Corolla hypocrateriformis, fauce fornicibus clausa; limbo 4-partito, obtuso.
Anthera peltate. Stigma capitatum. Nuces 4, distinctee, basi umbilicate.

Herbaceous plants, more or less hispid or pubescent, with radical and cauline, quite entire, alternate leaves,
and leafy or naked cymes or racemes, that are circinate in bud, and bear small flowers, which vary much, and often
change colour. Flowers generally small, blue, very variable in size in the same species. Calyx five-parted. Corolla
hypocrateriform or infundibuliform, with a short tube, closed at the mouth with scales; lobes blunt. Fruit of four
small, generally polished, one-seeded nuts.— This genus abounds in the Northern Hemisphere, but is comparatively
rare in the Southern. (Name from pus, a mouse, and ovs, an ear; from the appearance of the leaves.)

$ a. Flowers in terminal racemes, without bracts. Anthers included. Corolla hypocrateriform.

1. Myosotis capitata, Hook. fil. ; tota molliter pilosa, caulibus e radice plurimis ascendentibus robustis
foliosis simplicibus v. apice divisis, foliis radicalibus plurimis lineari-spathulatis v. ligulato-obovatis obtusis
planis utrinque subsericeo-pilosis, racemis simplicibus v. compositis plurifloris junioribus subcapitatis,
foribus amplis, calycis lobis linearibus obtusis, corolle tubo zquilongis v. brevioribus. £0. Antaret.
p. 56. t. 31.

Has. Middle Island. Port William and Ruapuke Island, Zga//.

By far the largest and most beautiful New Zealand species, originally found in Lord Auckland's Group, where
it grows near the sea. Whole plant covered with soft white appressed hairs. Roots woody, with tufted black
fibres. Stems several, sometimes rising from a woody black rhizoma, 6-10 inches high. Radical leaves 3-5 inches
long, 1 inch broad, linear, ligulate or spathulate, blunt; cauline numerous, smaller. Zacemes simple or compound,
robust, very many and densely-flowered. Flowers shortly pedicellate. Calyx 9 lines long. Corolla 2-3 lines
broad.

2. Myosotis Forsteri, Rem. et Sch.; annua? tota dense hispidulo-pilosa, caulibus plurimis elongatis

Boraginee.] FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 201

ascendentibus gracilibus foliosis, foliis radiealibus longe petiolatis orbiculatis spathulatisve apiculatis caulinis
brevius spathulatis, racemis simplicibus aphyllis elongatis laxe multifloris, pedicellis calyce zeguilongis,
calyce pilis patentibus seepe uncinatis tecto profunde 5-fido corolle tubo breviore, antheris inclusis,
nucibus calyce campanulato inclusis orbiculatis late ovatisve obtusis compressis pallide fuscis nitidis. Rem.
et Sch. Syst. Veg. A. Cunn. Prodr.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands, Banks and Solander. East coast, etc., Colenso. Akaroa, Port
Cooper, etc., Raoul, Lyall.

Very variable in size, and rather so in habit. Stems covered everywhere with somewhat hispid hairs, nume-
rous, ascending, slender, leafy. Radical leaves 2-1% inch long, on petioles 13 inch or less, broadly ovate or orbi-
cular, apiculate; cauline spathulate. Racemes leafless, sometimes 8 inches long. Flowers numerous, rather re-
mote, on spreading pedicels 2 lines long. Calyx hispid, quinquefid to below the middle, campanulate in fruit. Corolla
very variable in size, 2-4 lines across the mouth. Anthers included. “Nuts two, very small, broadly ovate, blunt, or
orbicular, compressed, pale yellow-brown, polished. |

3. Myosotis australis, Br.? dense hispido-pilosa, caulibus e radice plurimis erectis, foliis oblongo-
lanceolatis lineari-spathulatisve obtusis, floribus breve pedicellatis, calyce 5-partito pilis uncinatis patenti-
bus hispido. Br. Prodr. DC. Prodr.

Haz. Middle Island. Otago, elev. 1800 feet, Lyall,

I have only one specimen of this plant from Dr. Lyall, a very good one, but only in flower ; it agrees entirely
with Tasmanian and Australian specimens of M. australis, and may be readily recognized by the copious, spreading,
hooked hairs on the calyx, more abundant than in M. Forsteri, from which it also differs in the more deeply divided
calyx, short pedicels, and narrower sessile leaves. The corolla is larger than in the usual Tasmanian state.

$ b. Stems procumbent, diffuse, leafy throughout. Flowers solitary or awillary on the stems. Anthers included.

4. Myosotis antaretica, Hook. fil.; parvula, hispido-pilosa, caulibus elongatis brevibusve et ceespito-
sis prostratis apicibus ascendentibus foliosis, foliis obovato-oblongis spathulatisve, floribus axillis foliorum
superiorum solitariis breve pedicellatis, corolle fauce squamulis clausa, nucibus ovatis subacutis compressis
atris nitidis. 77. Antarct. p. 57. €. 88.

Haz. Northern Island. Fast coast and interior, chiefly in dry, stony, and mountainous places,
Colenso.

A very small species, variable in habit according to exposure, hispid and pilose; seedling plants simple and
slender, older ones with a perennial root, and prostrate, often ceespitose, leafy branches, 1-4 inches long. Leaves
a inch long, obovate, spathulate, sessile; cauline smaller. Flowers very minute, blue, yellow, or purple, nearly
sessile, axillary, solitary. Calyx deeply four-cleft, strigose. Corolla tube exserted, mouth closed with scales.
Anthers included. Nut small, compressed, ovate, subacute, black, shining.—This species was originally discovered
in Campbell’s Island.

5. Myosotis spathulata, Forst.; hispido-pilosa, caulibus gracilibus prostratis elongatis vage ramosis
laxe foliosis, foltis petiolatis orbicularibus obovatis spathulatisve obtusis apiculatis, floribus solitariis axilla-
ribus extra-axillaribusve pedicellatis parvis, calyce 5-partito, corolle subinfundibuliformis fauce nudo, fila-
mentis gracilibus medio tubi insertis, antheris 3-exsertis, stigmate clavato, nucibus brunneis obtusis. Forst.
Prodr. DC. Prodr. Anchusa spathulata, Rem. et Sch. A. Cunn. Prodr.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands. Dry stony places, not unfreguent, Banks and Solander, etc.

Whole plant pilose and rather hispid. Stems many from the same root, slender, prostrate, sparingly leafy,
4-10 inches long. Leaves petiolate, 4-1 inch long, orbicular or broadly ovate, blunt, apiculate. Flowers small,

3D

E eae

E

Se

—

202 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Boraginee.

pedicellate, in the axils of the leaves, or growing from the stems. Calyx deeply five-parted. Corolla funnel-shaped,
with a broad tube, five long lobes, and no scales at the mouth, but an obscure thickening at the base of each lobe.
Filaments slender, inserted half-way down the tube. Anthers linear, half-exserted.—This plant is intermediate,
in form of corolla and length of stamens, between this section and the following; in foliage it equally resembles
M. Forsteri and M. petiolata.

$ c. Stems erect or decumbent. Flowers in terminal racemes, without bracts, or the lower ones bracteate. Corolla
funnel-shaped. Filaments evserted. (Exarrhena, Br.)

6. Myosotis (Exarrhena) petiolata, Hook. fil. ; subhispido-pilosa, caulibus plurimis basi decumbentibus
elongatis laxe foliosis, foliis radicalibus longe petiolatis elliptico-oblongis obtusis apiculatis, caulinis minori-
bus brevius petiolatis, racemis multi-laxifloris, floribus longe pedicellatis, calycis profunde 5-fidi lobis an-
guste linearibus, corolla ampla, filamentis longe exsertis.

Haz. Northern Island. In dry stony places, Colenso, Sinclair.

Loosely covered with rather hispid white hairs. Stems many from the root, slender, decumbent, ascending,
sparingly leafy, 6-15 inches long. Radical leaves 4-2 inches long, oblong-elliptical, blunt, apiculate, on petioles
sometimes 3 inches long; cauline few, on shorter petioles. Racemes loosely many-flowered. Flowers large, pedi-
cellate. Calyx deeply five-lobed. Corolla sometimes 4 inch across the mouth ; tube broad. Filaments long, slender,
exserted.—The foliage of this plant much resembles that of M. Forsteri and of large specimens of M. spathulata.

7. Myosotis (Exarrhena) sawosa, Hook. fil.; perennis, tota pilis albidis dense subhispido-villosa, cauli-
bus e radice brevibus decumbentibus foliosis, foliis lineari-spathulatis subacutis apiculatisve, racemis sub-
longe pedunculatis paucifloris, floribus breve pedicellatis, calycis elongati 5-partiti lobis anguste linearibus,
corolle infundibuliformis fauce squamulis parvis instructa, antheris mediocriter exsertis.

Has. Northern Island. Crags at Titiokura, east coast, Colenso.

Whole plant small, stout, leafy, copiously covered with rather long, soft, white hairs, that give the appearance
of hispidity. Stems 2-3 inches high, sparingly leafy below ; upper part naked, racemose. Leaves 4-2 inch long,
crowded, linear-spathulate, on broad petioles. Flowers crowded, nearly sessile. Calyx nearly + inch long, segments
linear. Corolla with small scales at the base of the lobes. Anthers and filaments exserted.—1 have seen but three
specimens of this plant from Mr. Colenso.

8. Myosotis (Exarrhena) Zyalli, Hook. fil.; perennis, hispidulo-pilosa, caulibus paucis brevibus de-
cumbentibus, foliis radicalibus confertis lineari-obovato-spathulatis obtusis apiculatis, racemis simplicibus v.
bifidis paucifloris basi foliatis, floribus pedicellatis, calyce amplo campanulato ad medium 5-fido lobis acutis,
corollae infundibuliformis tubo brevi fauce squamulis parvis donato, filamentis gracilibus, antheris exsertis,
nucibus ovatis compressis subacutis atris nitidis.

Has. Middle Island. Milford Sound, Zyall.

Root perennial. Leaves radical, 13-2 inches long, narrow, obovate, spathulate, blunt, apiculate, with very
broad petioles, covered, as are all other parts, with rather soft white hairs. Stems two to three, decumbent, 2—5
inches long. Racemes few, six- to ten-flowered, leafy at the base of the lower flowers. Flowers shortly pedicellate.
Calyx very large, + inch long, quinquefid to below the middle. Corolla small in proportion, funnel-shaped, with small
scales at the mouth; slender filaments and exserted linear anthers. —A good deal like M. capitata in foliage, but
very different in the large calyx and form of corolla, etc. Ihave only three specimens from Dr. Lyall, therefore
some allowance must be granted for variation from this description.

Verbenacee. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 203

NAT. Ord. LXII. VERBENACEA, Juss.
Gen. 1. VITEX, Z.

Calya brevis, integer v. 5-dentatus. Corolla 2-labiata; labio superiore 2-fido, inferiore 3-fido, lacinia
media majore. Stamina 4, didynama, ascendentia. Stigma bifidum. Drupa putamine 4-loculari, 4-
spermo.

The only New Zealand species of this extensive tropical genus is a large tree, 50-60 feet high and 20 in girth ;
well known (as are many of its congeners) for the valuable timber it yields, which is hard, easily split, works well,
and is indestructible under water. Branches spreading. Leaves opposite, on petioles 2—4 inches long; leaflets
ternate or quinate, petiolate, elliptical or obovate, suddenly acute, quite glabrous, 3-4 inches long. Panicles axillary
and terminal, spreading, four- to eight-flowered, dichotomously branched, 2-3 inches broad; branches and pedicels
slender. Calye short, cup-shaped, obscurely lobed. Corolla pubescent, an inch long, dull red, two-lipped ; upper lip
arched, bifid, lower deflexed, trifid. Stamens four, exserted, ascending, two shorter than the others. Stigma bifid.
Ovary four-celled, four-ovuled. Drupe obovoid, with a bony four-celled four-seeded nut. (Name, the old Latin
one, of unknown derivation.)

1. Vitex Zittoralis, Cunn.; foliis glaberrimis 3-5 -foliolatis, foliolis petiolatis ellipticis obovatisve acutis
integerrimis, panicule 4-8-florce ramis patentibus gracilibus, calyce hemispheerico truncato, corolla pubescente,
drupa obovoidea. 4. Cunn. Prodr. DC. Prodr. Ephialis pentaphylla, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic.

Has. Northern Island. From the east coast, northward, Banks and Solander, etc. Rare in the
Middle Island. Nat. names, “ Puriri,” and * Kaneree” south of the Thames, Colenso. (Cultivated in
England.)

Gen. II. TEUCRIDIUM, Hook. fil.

Calyx campanulatus, 5-dentatus. Corolla campanulata; limbo insequali, 5-fido. Stamina 4, didy-
nama. Stylus bifidus. Ovarium 9-loculare; loculis fere bilocellatis, 2-spermis; ovulis angulo interiore
pendulis. Fructus ad medium 4-lobum, e coccis 4 confluentibus conflatum, 4-spermum. Semina angulo
interiore pendula.—Herba 5-pedalis, erecta, ramosa, puberula, Teucrii facie. Caulis ramigue 4-goni.
Folia opposita, spathulata v. ovato-rotundata, petiolata, obtusa, integerrima. Flores awillares, solitarii,
breve pedicellati ; pedicello 2-bracteato. Calyx campanulatus, 5-nervius; dentibus subulatis. Corolle
pilosa tubus calyce aquilongus ; limbi lobis oblongis, obtusis. Stamina erserta; antheris peltatis, 1-locu-
laribus. Ovarium pilosum. Fructus nucumentaceus, calyce ringente inclusus.

A very curious plant, resembling a Teucrium; but truly Verbenaceous, and, though so different in habit, allied
to Vitex. Mr. Bidwill says it forms thickets, and grows 2-3 feet high. Herbaceous, 4—5 feet high according to Mr.
Colenso, erect, dichotomously branched, more or less pubescent. Stems slender, four-angled. Leaves opposite, in
scattered pairs, petiolate, with the petiole 11 inch long, rounded, broadly ovate or spathulate, blunt, quite entire.
Flowers solitary, axillary, shortly pedicellate; pedicel with two bracts. Calyx bell-shaped, with five sharp teeth.
Corolla hairy, broadly bell-shaped, about + inch long, deeply divided into five obovate blunt unequal lobes. Sta-
mens four, didynamous, exserted. Anthers one-celled. Ovary four-lobed, hairy, two-celled, the cells incompletely
divided into two. Ovules four, pendulous. Style exserted, with two unequal subulate arms. Fruit a small four-
lobed hispid nut, sunk in the bottom of the withered persistent calyx, of four achenia, each hard, one-celled, with
one pendulous exalbuminous seed ; testa thin; cotyledons large, ovate; radicle short, pointing downwards. (Named
from the general resemblance to Teucrium.)

1. Teucridium parvifolium, Hook. fil. Tas. XLIX.

ee

= ES

204. FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [Myoporinez .

Haz. Northern and Middle Islands. Wairarapa Valley, Colenso. Akaroa, Raoul. Nelson, Bidwill.

PLATE XLIX. Fig. 1, flower; 2, corolla laid open; 8, stamen; 4, pistil; 5, ovary cut open; 6, iru: 7,
achenium ; 8, the same cut open; 9, seed; 10, embryo :—all magnified.

Gen. III. AVICENNIA, Z.

Calyx 5-partitus, equalis. Corolle tubus mediocris, campanulatus; limbo 4-partito, patente, lacinia
postica parum dissimili. Stamina 4, subineequalia. Ovarium 2-loculare; loculis 2-spermis, ovulis pendulis.
Stylus brevis. Stigmata 9, acuta. Pericarpium l-spermum, coriaceum, 2-valve. Semen germinans.
Embryo nudus; cotyledonibus conduplicatis, bilobis; radicula infera. Br. Prodr.

A small but widely diffused genus of littoral trees, growing like Mangroves (Rhizophora) in tidal estuaries of
most warm countries, and as such familiar to all travellers.—Roots woody, spreading, standing out of the mud
and over-arching in entangled masses, sending up multitudes of Asparagus-like shoots from their underground parts.
Branches, young ones spreading, pubescent. Leaves opposite, evergreen, petiolate, ovate or oblong, quite entire,
blunt, pubescent below, coriaceous, 2—3 inches long. lowers in threes, silky, + inch long, collected in trichotomous
panicles, crowded, each with three ovate silky bracts. Calyx of five rounded lobes. Corolla coriaceous, shortly cam-
panulate, four-lobed. Stamens four. Ovary two-celled, with two pendulous ovules in each cell. Style short, bifid.—
After fecundation one ovule commences to germinate as the seed ripens, and the others become obliterated. Cotyle-
dons conduplicate, two-lobed; radicle tomentose ; plumule two-leaved. (Named in honour of Avicenna, the cele-
brated oriental physician.)

1. Avicennia tomentosa, L. Br. Prodr. A. Cunn. Prodr. A. resinifera, Forst. Prodr. A. Rich.
Flora.

Haz. Northern Island. From the Thames river, northward. Chatham Island, Diefenbach. Nat. name,
* Manawa,” Cunn.

Owing to some mistake, this plant has been reputed as yielding a gum in New Zealand, whence the trivial
name resinifera was given it. It is also a native of Australia, as far south as Bass’s Straits, and of the Tropics of
both worlds.

Nar. Og». LXIII. MYOPORINEÆ, Br.
Gen. I. MYOPORUM, Banks et Kol.

Calyx 5-partitus, fructifer haud mutatus v. parum auctus. Corolla subhypocrateriformis ; tubo brevi,
limbo 5-lobo, subæquali. Stigma obtusum. Drupa baccata, 4-locularis, 4-sperma, v. 2-locularis, loculis
2-spermis. Br. Prodr.

Shrubs or small trees, belonging to a natural family that is hardly known out of Australia, Tasmania, and the
Pacific Islands. Leaves without stipules, opposite or alternate, viscid when young, often covered with transparent
glands. Flowers in axillary bundles or from the branches; pedicels one- -flowered, without bracts. Calyx small, five-
parted. Corolla hypocrateriform or bell-shaped, bearded within, five- lobed. Stamens five, inserted in the tube of
the corolla. Ovary two- to four-celled. Ovules four, one in each of the cells, or two when the ovary is two-celled.
Drupe a berry. (Name from pvo, to shut, and mopos, a pore; from the cavities in the leaves.)

1. Myoporum /etum, Forst.; glaberrimum, foliis petiolatis elliptico- -lanceolatis obovatisve acutis mu-
cronatisve apices versus subserratis integerrimisve, calycis laciniis lanceolatis acuminatis, corolla late cam-
panulata fauce lobisgue late rotundatis villosis. Forst. Prodr. A. Cunn. Prodr. DC. Prodr. Citharexylon
perforatum, Forst. fid. Sprengel.

Labiate.) ` FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 205

Has. Northern and Middle Islands, from the Bay of Islands to Banks’ Peninsula, Banks and So-
lander, ete. Nat. name “ Ngaio,” Col. (Cultivated in England.)

A small tree, 8-10 feet high, with bright-green rather succulent leaves, and pretty flowers, white spotted with
red; everywhere quite glabrous. Leaves 3-5 inches long (on petioles 3-1 inch), elliptical lanceolate or obovate,
acute or mucronate, thickly studded with round pellucid glands, more or less serrate above the middle, or quite
entire; veins inconspicuous. Flowers about six in a tuft ; pedicels 3-3 inch long. Corolla upwards of 4 inch across
the mouth; lobes broad, rounded, villous inside.

Oss. Myoporum pubescens, Forst. Prodr., is quite unknown to me, and probably belongs to some other
genus.

NAT. Oz». LXIV. LABIATA, Juss.
Gen. I. MENTHA, Z.

Calyx 5-dentatus, striatus. Corolla limbo 5-fido ; lacinia superiore latiore, emarginata. Stamina
distantia. Br. Prodr.

The genus Mentha, to which the Peppermint, Spearmint, etc. belong, is widely diffused, especially in the
temperate countries of the Northern Hemisphere, but is very sparingly represented in the Southern. A few species
inhabit Australia, Tasmania, and one New Zealand, M. Cunninghamii: it is a fragrant, small, slender, diffuse,
branching herb, with pubescent four-angled branches, opposite leaves, and axillary solitary flowers. eaves dotted
below, petiolate or sessile, rounded or ovate, blunt, quite entire, $-$ inch long, including the petiole. Pedicels as
long as the petiole, or longer. Flowers erect, 22 lines long. Calyw campanulate, five-toothed, striated, hairy,
villous on the teeth. Corolla bell-shaped, with a short tube and five unequal rounded lobes. Stamens included.
Style exserted. (Name from puv6a, in Greek.)

1. Mentha Cunninghami, Benth.; puberula, caule prostrato diffuso ramoso, foliis sessilibus petiolatisve
late ovatis rotundatisve obtusis integerrimis subtus punctatis, floribus breve pedicellatis axillaribus solitariis,
calyce hirsuto fauce villoso nudo dentibus villosis, antheris inclusis. Benth. in DC. Prodr. Micromeria
Cunninghamii, Benth. Gen. et Sp. Lab. A. Cunn. Prodr.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands. Not uncommon on dry banks, Cunningham, Colenso, ete.
Akaroa, Raoul.

Gen. II. SCUTELLARIA, Z.

Calyx bilabiatus, ebracteatus ; labiis integris, superiore intus fornicato, extus apice gibbo; fructus
clausus. Corolla ringens, galea sub-3-dentata ; labii inferioris lacinia media emarginata. Br. Prodr.

Herbs or small shrubs, natives of almost all parts of the world except South Africa; but very few species are
found in Australia and Tasmania, including however the present 8, humilis, a very variable plant both in Australia
and New Zealand, in the form of leaf and size of flower. A straggling, proeumbent, or erect slender herb, 4 inches
to 13 feet long. Stems faintly downy. Leaves petiolate, in scattered pairs, 3-3 inch long, oblong or rounded, blunt,
sometimes cordate, entire, distinctly toothed or lobed. Flowers white, + inch long, on solitary, axillary, one-flowered
pedicels, as long or longer than the petiole. Calyz much enlarged and closing over the fruit, of two entire lips,
without bracts, glabrous ; upper arched, with a scale or gibbosity above. Corolla two to three times longer than the
calyx, downy, tubular, two-lipped; upper lip three-toothed, galeate ; lower three-lobed, the middle one notched.
(Name from seutella, a little cup, which the scale on the calyx of some species resembles.)

1. Scutellaria Aumilis, Br.; folis ovatis oblongis cordatisve integris lobatis grosse dentatisve subtus
3 E

Il
n
Mi
a
id

206 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. | Lentibularie.

sepius punctatis et puberulis, floribus axillaribus, calycibus glabratis corolla bis terve brevioribus. Br.

Prodr. Benth. in DC. Prodr.
Has. Middle Island. Fox’s Hill, Nelson, Bidwill.

NAT. On». LXV. LENTIBULARIA, Rich.
Gen. I. UTRICULARIA, Z.

Calyx 2-phyllus; labiis «equalibus, indivisis. Corolla personata; labio inferiore basi calcarato. Stamina
2; filamentis apice intus antheriferis. Stigma 2-labiatum.

A very large genus, whose species abound in watery and marshy places of both hot and cold climates, some-
times in wet moss; many kinds float by means of minute bladders attached to the stems and leaves, some terrestrial
kinds are likewise thus provided. Calyx of two leaves. Corolla two-lipped. Stamens two. Ovary globose. Stigma
discoid, cup-shaped, or two-lipped. (Name from utriculus, a little bladder.)

1. Utricularia Nove-Zelandie, Hook. fil.; radicibus vesiculiferis, vesiculis pedicellatis, scapo simplici
erecto apice 1—4-floro, foliis deciduis radicalibus lineari-lanceolatis carnosulis 1-nerviis, bracteolis late ovatis
obtusis, pedicellis brevibus, calycis labio superiore orbiculari retuso v. bilobo multinervi inferiore cochleato
obscure 3-dentato, eorolle labio superiore cuneato retuso inferiore late securiformi margine integerrimo,
caleare porrecto obtuso.

Has. Northern Island. Wet rocks at Palliser Bay, Colenso.

A minute slender herb, with fibrous roots, covered with pedicellate bladders, and a simple thread-like scape,
bearing three to four flowers. Leaves few, all radical, linear-lanceolate. Bracts broadly ovate, blunt. Flowers
white, shortly pedicellate. Calyx two-lipped ; upper lip orbicular, retuse, or two-lobed ; lower concave, obscurely
three-toothed. Corolla two-lipped ; upper lip wedge-shaped, retuse; lower broadly axe-shaped, margin entire; spur
projecting, blunt.—Nearly allied to the Tasmanian U. dichotoma, but much smaller; also near U. monanthos, but
the spur is longer, and the scape bears more flowers.

2. Utricularia Colensoi, Hook. fil.; omnia U. Nove-Zelandie sed corolle labio superiore lineari-
oblongo bilobo inferiore late cuneato 3-lobo, lobo medio retuso, disco 3-gibboso.

Haz. Northern Island. East coast, Colenso.

My only specimens are preserved in camphorated spirits of wine, and hence not easily examined; but they
appear to differ conspicuously from the former in the linear two-lobed upper lip, and broadly wedged-shaped three-
lobed lower, which has three swellings on the disc.

3. Utricularia protrusa, Hook. fil.; natans, caule elongato, foliis capillaceo-multipartitis vesiculiferis,
scapo erecto valido 2—4-floro, sepalis ellipticis, corollæ labio superiore 3-lobo inferiore subquadrato mar-
ginibus recurvis fauce protrusa, calcare brevi obtuso.

Has. Northern Island. Bogs, Bay of Plenty, Colenso.

The specimens were preserved with U. Colensoi, and the character may require much correction; it is the
only long-stemmed floating Utricularia 1 have seen from New Zealand. Stems a span long, covered with capillary
leaves and little bladders. Scape stout, transparent, with a few yellow flowers. Upper lobe of corolla three-lobed ;
lower broad, with the disc bulging out and margins recurved. Spur short, blunt.

Plantagine. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 207

NAT. Og». LX VI. PRIMULACEA, Juss.
Gen. I. SAMOLUS, Z.

Calyz semi-superus, 5-fidus. Corolla subcampanulata, 5-fida. Stamina 5 fertilia lobis corolle
opposita; 5 sterilia alterna. Capsula semi-infera, semi-5-valvis, 1-locularis. Semina plurima, placente
centrali liberee affixa.

The only New Zealand species is a very variable, small, white-flowered, herbaceous, littoral plant, which abounds
on all the New Holland and Tasmanian coasts, and in South Chili. Stems branching, leafy, terete, prostrate, 6-10
inches long. Leaves fleshy, linear-spathulate or lanceolate, very variable in length and breadth, sharp or blunt, 2
lines to 1$ inch long. Flowers solitary, white, axillary, on one-bracteate pedicels longer or shorter than the leaves.
Calyx half-superior, five-lobed ; lobes sharp. Corolla shortly bell-shaped, with five rounded lobes. Stamens ten,
five fertile opposite the lobes of the corolla. Capsule one-celled, with five short valves, and many seeds attached to
a free central placenta.—Of the other species of this genus one is found almost all over the world, and a few others
are Australian and South American. (Name, Druidical, according to Pliny, for some marsh healing plant.)

1. Samolus /ittoralis, Br.; caule tereti ramoso folioso, foliis spathulatis lanceolatisve, calycis laciniis
acutis. Br. Prodr. ete. Sheffieldia repens, Linn. Suppl.
Has. Abundant throughout the Islands, on all the coasts, Banks and Solander, etc.

Nar. Ord. LXVII. PLANTAGINEA, Juss.
Gen. I. PLANTAGO, Z.
Flores hermaphroditi. Capsula 2—4-locularis.

Herbaceous plants, with radical leaves, and scapes bearing few flowers, or long or short spikes of often densely
packed hermaphrodite flowers. Sepals four. Corolla of a scarious texture, persistent, with a four-lobed spreading
limb. Stamens four, on long exserted filaments. Ovary sessile, two- to four-locular. Ovules few or many, peltate.
Style one, exserted, filiform, hairy. Capsule bursting horizontally across the middle. Seeds attached to either face
of a longitudinal dissepiment, sessile, peltate. —A very large genus, found in all parts of the globe, to which the
English herbs called Plantain belong, some of which have been introduced with seed into New Zealand. (Name
so applied by the Romans.)

$ a. Scape one-, or few- (two- to siz-) flowered.

1. Plantago uniflora, Hook. fil. ; pusilla, foliis petiolatis lineari-lanceolatis sinuato-dentatis integerri-
misve basi lanatis, scapo gracili pubescente 1-floro, bractea parva late ovata obtusa, sepalis linearibus
obtusis.

Has. Northern Island. Top of the Ruahine mountains, Colenso.

Stem very short, stout. Leaves few, 3-1 inch long, petiolate, linear-lanceolate, sinuate-toothed or entire,
villous at the base. Scape longer than the leaves, puberulous, one-flowered. Flower small Bract very short,
blunt. Sepals narrow, linear.—I have but three imperfect specimens of this curious little plant, which is very nearly
allied to the P. carnosa, but the sepals are narrower.

2. Plantago carnosa, Br.; glaberrima v. pilosa, radice crassa, foliis plurimis stellatim patentibus
lanceolatis integerrimis inciso-lobatis dentatisve carnosis basi nudis v, villosis, scapis brevibus erectis
prostratisve crassis pilosis 2—4-floris, floribus capitatis, sepalis late ovatis obtusis corollee tubo eequilongis,
capsule loculis 2-4-spermis. Br. Prodr. Fl. Antarct. p. 65. t. 43. Dene. in DC. Prodr.

208 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [Nyetaginee.

Has. Northern Island. Summits ofthe Ruahine mountains, Colenso.

I cannot distinguish these specimens from Auckland Island ones, nor from the P. carnosa, Br., of Tasmania,
though that plant has usually, but not constantly, but two seeds in each cell. Tt varies very much in habit, size,
and hairiness. Roots very stout. Leaves numerous, fleshy, spreading, lanceolate, entire or lobed or toothed, 14-2
inches long, glabrous, or villous at the base. Scapes stout, short, hairy, two- to four-flowered. Bracts short, blunt.
Sepals broadly ovate, blunt.—Various European species of Plantago grow both on mountain-tops and on the sea-
shore, as seems to be the case with this plant.

8 b. Flowers in dense spikes,

3. Plantago spathulata, Hook. fil.; sparse villosa v. glabrata, foliis carnosis confertis stellatim paten-
tibus obovato-lanceolatis spathulatisve obtusis integerrimis 3-nerviis in petiolum latum angustatis basi
villosis, scapis hirsutis, spicis breviusculis densifloris, floribus omnibus confertis infimisve dissitis, sepalis
pilosis obtusis, capsule loculis 2-spermis.

Has. Northern Island. ast coast on rocks and in sand, Colenso.

A rather large species, but variable in size, and in amount of villous hairs on all parts, sometimes nearly
glabrous. Leaves numerous, spreading, 1-5 inches long, oblong-lanceolate, spathulate, blunt, quite entire, three-
nerved. Seapes numerous, hirsute. Spikes many-flowered, 4-14 inch long. Sepals hairy. Capsule two-celled ;
cells two-seeded.

4. Plantago Raoulii, Dene.; glabrata, pilosa, pubescens v. subhirsuta, foliis elongato-lanceolatis 1-5-
nerviis integris dentatis lobulatisve basi lanatis, scapis elongatis pilosis, spicis brevibus oblongo-cylin-
draceis parvifloris multifloris, bracteis late marginatis dorso glabratis, sepalis late ovatis obtusis orbiculatisve
glabris, corollæ lobis parvis, capsule loculis 2-spermis. Dene. in DC. Prodr. P. varia, A. Cunn, Prodr.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands. Abundant from the Bay of Islands, Cunningham ; to Otago,
Lyall.

An extremely variable plant in foliage, but very constant in the flowers. Root stout or fibrous. Leaves
1-10 inches long, pubescent, pilose, or nearly glabrous, villous at the base, linear-lanceolate or elliptical-lanceolate,
entire, lobed, or toothed, rigid or flaccid, often narrowed into long hairy petioles. Scapes numerous, longer than
the leaves, hairy. Spikes 3-1 inch long, more slender and smaller-flowered than in the last species. Sepals broadly
ovate or orbicular. Capsule two-celled ; cells two-seeded.— Very nearly allied to the Australian P. varia, but the
flowers are smaller, spike shorter, and bracts glabrous; still nearer P. Tasmanica, but the bracts have in that very
narrow margins, which are broad in this.

Oss. The P, Aucklandica of Auckland Island (Fl. Antaret. p. 64. t. 42) has not been gathered in New Zealand.

Nar. On». LXVIII. NYCTAGINEA, Juss.

Gen. I. PISONIA, L.

Flores hermaphroditi, v. abortu dioici, Perianthi limbus plicatus, 5-lobus, persistens. Stamina
6-10. Utriculus tubo angulato aucto clavato perianthii inclusus. Hmbryo erectus. Br. Prodr.

A small genus, chiefly of littoral tropical shrubs or trees, with viscid cymes of fruit, sometimes armed with
hooked spines, in which small birds get entangled. P, Sinclairii, the only New Zealand species, grows also in Nor-
folk Island and in the Port Jackson colony (Five-finger Bay), and forms a small tree, 12-15 feet high, with oppo-
site or ternate, very large leaves, and paniculate cymes of lurid greenish flowers. Stems and branches glabrous.
Leaves petiolate, broadly oblong, 4 inches to a foot long, quite entire, blunt, glabrous, deep green, flaccid when dry.

Polygonea. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 209

Cymes compound, pubescent, 2-4 inches broad, many-flowered. Flowers pedicellate. Perianth tubular or funnel-
shaped, pubescent, with a bluntly five-lobed mouth. Stamens seven ; filaments unequal in height, united into a
tube surrounding the base of the ovary. Ovary elongated, membranous, one-celled, with one erect ovule, a long
slightly curved style, and discoid heart-shaped stigma. U¢ricudus surrounded with the hardened, lengthened, ribbed
perianth, 13 inch long; ribs viscid, not spinous. .Embryo linear, with longitudinally-folded, crumpled cotyledons,
enclosing a little albumen and a short terete radicle. (Name from William Pisoñ, a Dutch botanist and Brazilian
traveller.)

1. Pisonia Sinclairii, Hook. fil.; arborea, foliis amplis elliptico-oblongis obtusis glaberrimis, cymis
compositis puberulis, floribus 7-andris, perianthiis fructiferis costatis viscidis costis inermibus. P. grandis,
A. Cunn, Herb. Norf. Isl. et Austral. Non Br. Tas. L.

Has. Northern Island. Wangarei Harbour, Sinclair. East coast, Colenso. Nat. name, “ Para-
para," Col.

PLATE L. Fig. 1, flower; 2, perianth laid open; 3, ovarium ; 4, ripe fruit enclosed in the perianth; 5, utri-
eulus, ripe, removed from ditto; 6, transverse section of perianth and ripe utriculus; 7, embryo; 8, part of the
same laid open, showing the crumpled cotyledons and radicle :—all but fig. 4 magnified.

NAT. Ord. LXIX. POLYGONEA, Juss.
Gen. I. POLYGONUM, Z.

Perianthium petaloideum, 4-5-lobum v. -partitum. Stamina 4-9. Stylus 2-3-partitus; stigmata
capitata. Nuw perianthio quandoque baccato tecta. Zwörgo unilateralis.

Herbs or shrubs, erect or climbing, found in every quarter of the globe and in most latitudes; with alternate
leaves, whose petioles have stipules that form membranous tubular sheaths around the stem above them. Flowers
generally racemose, sometimes spiked, or solitary and axillary. Perianth petaloid, four- to five-lobed or -parted.
Stamens four to nine. Styles two to three, or two- to three-parted, each arm bearing a capitate stigma. Nut
angled or compressed, with one erect seed, enclosed in the withered, dry, or fleshy perianth. Albumen mealy.
Embryo placed at one side of the albumen.—The species of this genus are very difficult of determination, being ex-
tremely variable in size, habit, foliage, and inflorescence, The fleshy calyx of the Muhlenbeckia section is sometimes
white, transparent, and very large and juicy; at others in the same plant merely thickened and opake. (Name
from modus, many, and yovv, a joint ; in allusion to the jointed stems.)

$a. PERSIGARIA. Flowers hermaphrodite, spiked. Style bifid. Nut lenticular, included in the withered
‚perianth.

1. Polygonum prostratum, Br.; herbaceum, glabrum v. pilosum, caule prostrato, foliis lanceolatis
margine scaberulis, ochreis ciliatis, spicis axillaribus terminalibusgue gracilibus longe pedunculatis laxifloris,
floribus glabris. Br. Prodr. A. Cunn. Prodr., etc.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; not uncommon, especially in grassy and cultivated places. Nat.
name, “ Tutu-nawai,” Col.

Smooth or pilose, herbaceous. Stems prostrate, elongated, sparingly branched, a foot long. Leaves scattered,
linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 2-8 inches long, scabrid at the margin, membranous; ochrex elongated, brown, with
long cilia at the mouth. Spikes on long peduncles, axillary or terminal, slender, 1-2 inches long. Flowers small,
not crowded. Bracts truncate, ciliate or smooth at the mouth. —Abundant in the southern parts of Australia, and
in Tasmania.

3 F

210 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Polygonee.

$ b. AvicuLarz. Flowers hermaphrodite, axillary. Style trifid. Nut trigonous, surrounded by the withered

pertanth,

2. Polygonum aviculare, L.; herbaceum, basi suffruticulosum, caulibus prostratis flexuosis profunde
sulcatis, ramulis scaberulis, foliis parvis lineari-lanceolatis, ochreis breviusculis scariosis albidis ad basin fere
laceris, floribus solitariis breve pedicellatis 6-andris, nuce calyce «equilonga. Linn. Sp. Pl, etc. Engl. Bot.
1.1252. P. plebeium, A. Cunn. Herb. An Br. Prodr.?

Has. Northern and Middle Islands. Akaroa, Raoul. Ahuriri, Colenso. (A native of England.)

A rigid, very sparingly branched species, found in many parts of the world, with prostrate, rather hard, but
scarcely woody, deeply-grooved, flexuous stems, and smooth or minutely scaberulous branches. Leaves scattered,
linear-lanceolate, blunt or sharp, with recurved margins, coriaceous, 3-1 inch long. Ochrea white, silvery, mem-
branous, split nearly to the base into ragged pieces. Flowers small, solitary. Stamens eight.

3. Polygonum Dryandri, Spr.; herbaceum, caule rigido diffuse ramoso prostrato ramisque sulcatis
scaberulis, foliis patulis linearibus lineari-oblongisve obtusis coriaceis marginibus recurvis, ochreis brevibus
seariosis albidis ad basin laceris, floribus hermaphroditis axillaribus solitariis 2-3-nisve pedicellatis 6-andris,
stylo 3-fido, nuce trigona calyce inclusa v. exserta. Spr. Syst. Veg.

Has. Northern Island. East coast, Colenso. Port Cooper, Lyall.

A smaller species than the last, abundant in India and other parts of the world; much branched from the base;
branches 6-10 inches long, less rigid, the upper ones slightly scaberulous. Leaves numerous, spreading, thick,
3 inch long, linear-lanceolate or oblong, quite entire, glabrous. Ochree short, silvery, torn to the base, scarious,
white. Flowers small, pedicellate. Stamens six. Nut smooth, as long as the perianth, or protruded beyond it.

$c. MUHLENBECKIA. Flowers polygamous, solitary, spiked or panicled. Stamens eight. Style trifid. Nut

trigonous. Perianth fleshy in fruit.

4. Polygonum (Muhlenbeckia) australe, A. Rich.; frutescens, caule elongato ramisque flexuosis
complexis profunde suleatis, ramulis scaberulis, foliis 3-2-uncialibus petiolatis late cordatis obtusis apicu-
latis acuminatisve junioribus 3-lobis glaberrimis, ochreis (ramulis junioribus) elongatis ore integris, spicis
paniculatis multifloris glaberrimis, bracteis obtusis 1-8-floris, floribus unisexualibus breve pedicellatis.
A. Rich. Flora. A. Cunn. Prodr. Coccoloba, Forst. Prodr. P. adpressum, Lab. Fl. Nov. Holl. p. 99.
t. 127. Br. Prodr. A. Cunn. Prodr.

Has. Throughout the Islands; common, especially on the coasts, Banks and Solander, ete. Nat.
name, “ Puka,” Cod.

A large rambling bush or small tree, common also in Norfolk Island and Tasmania, variable in foliage. Every-
where quite smooth. Branches long, flexuose, matted together, deeply grooved; the branchlets obscurely scaberu-
lous. Leaves petiolate, cordate, blunt, apiculate or acuminate, quite smooth, 4—2 inches long ; young three-lobed.
Ochree deciduous ; those on the young branches long, membranous, truncate and entire at the mouth. Spikes pani-
culate, quite smooth, axillary and terminal. Bracts blunt.

5. Polygonum (Muhlenbeckia) complezum, A. Cunn.; fruticosum, polymorphum, ramis ramulisque
implexis elongatis flexuosis sulcatis scabridis, foliis glaberrimis petiolatis late obovatis orbiculatis cordatisve
obtusis v. apiculatis infra i-uncialibus integerrimis punctatis impunctatisve junioribus 3-lobis, ochreis
integris, spicis brevissimis v. elongatis simplicibus paniculatisve pubescentibus tomentosisve, bracteis ob-
tusis. 4. Cunn. Prodr.

Has. Throughout the Islands, abundant, Banks and Solander, ete. (Cultivated in England.)

One of the most variable plants in New Zealand, of the same habit as P. australe, but much smaller in all its
d with downy or tomentose spikes, which are seldom panicled. Stems and branches deeply grooved, scabrid.

parts, an

Polygonee. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 211

Leaves 3 lines to } inch long, petiolate, quite smooth, often dotted below, usually broadly obovate, cordate, or
rounded, rarely acute, sometimes almost as large as in P. australe. Spikes sometimes long and panicled, at others
reduced to axillary capitate masses -of flowers.—Mr. Bidwill sends an alpine state of this plant, from an elevation of
6000 feet on the mountains above Nelson, with short, stout, woody stem, and branches 4 inches long, small, fleshy,
dotted leaves, and terminal clusters of flowers. a

6. Polygonum (Muhlenbeckia) ephedroides, Hook. fil. ; aphyllum v. sparse foliosum, fruticosum, diffuse
ramosum, ramis flexuosis intertextis profunde sulcatis ultimis scaberulis, foliis petiolatis sessilibusve parvis
linearibus subhastatisve basi obtuse dilatatis subacutis, ochreis obligue truncatis brevibus, floribus spicatis
solitariis axillaribusque, spicis glaberrimis.

Has. Northern Island. East coast, near the sea, Ahuriri, etc., Colenso.

A very curious species, closely allied to P. complexum, but with glabrous spikes; also near P. australe, but
the spikes are not racemose; whilst in the narrow small leaves it differs conspicuously from both.—Very varia-
ble in habit, prostrate, 6 inches to several feet long, leafless, or with small scattered leaves 4-1 inch long;
small plants resemble P. aviculare, large ones have rigid, wiry, leafless stems, and look like rushes scattered on
the beach (according to Mr. Colenso). Usually the male flowers are in loose spikes, with one or two females
scattered on the same spikes ; when the latter predominate on a plant they are often solitary and axillary.

* 7. Polygonum awillare, Hook. fil.; pusillum, cespitosum, ramosissimum, ramulis striatis puberulis
gracilibus confertis, foliis parvis elliptico-oblongis obtusis petiolatis, ochreis oblique truncatis integris,
floribus solitariis axillaribus pedicellatis. Lond. Journ. Bot. v. 6. p. 278.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands. Mountains near the east coast, Colenso. Port Cooper, Mil-
ford Sound, and Ruapuke Island, Zyall.

A very small species, 1-2 inches high, quite glabrous, except the branchlets, and sometimes petioles, which
are puberulous, with slender, tufted, very much branched stems, spreading on all sides from a small woody root.
Leaves petiolate, flat, elliptical-oblong, blunt, quite entire, glabrous, 14-2 lines long. Ochree short, obliquely
truncate, entire. Flowers solitary, axillary, pedicellate.—Found also on the Tasmanian mountains, where the species
straggles a good deal.

Gen. II. RUMEX, Z.

Perianthium 6-partitum, duplici serie. Stamina 6. Styli 3. Stigmata multifida. Nus 3-guetra,
perianthii laciniis interioribus auctis valviformibus tecta.

Besides the English Dock, which is said to have been fraudulently introduced by Europeans into New Zealand,
in barter, as Tobacco seed, there is a truly native species of Rumes in these islands, R. flexuosus, which forms an erect
or procumbent herbaceous branched plant, with grooved, zigzag, flexuous and angular stems, 1-2 feet long or high;
everywhere quite smooth. Leaves petiolate; radical 4—8 inches long, linear, obliquely cuneate, truncate or obtusely
two-lobed at the base, margins rather crisped or flat; cauline smaller, on shorter petioles. Flowers green, 1 line
long, in axillary whorls, drooping, on pedicels 2 lines long. Perianth of six oblong acute pieces, in two rows, of
which the inner expand into triangular coriaceous veined valves 14 line long, enclosing a trigonous nut; valves
with acuminate recurved points, a keeled, sometimes spinous costa, and three to four long spines on each margin.
Stamens six. Styles three, with laciniate stigmata,—The other species of Rumex, which are very numerous, are
scattered over all parts of the world. (Name of unknown origin.)

1. Rumex /fezuosus, Banks et Sol.; glaberrimus, caule profunde sulcato flexuoso divaricatim ramoso
prostrato, foliis anguste linearibus margine crispatis v. planis, pedicellis fructiferis reflexis incrassatis, flori-
bus hermaphroditis, valvulis triangularibus apice acuminato recurvo dorso carinato seepius arcuato, lateribus
spinuloso-fimbriatis. R. Brownianus, Campd. Monog. A. Cunn. Prodr.

212 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [Chenopodiacez.

Has. Abundant throughout the Islands, Banks and Solander, ete.

Very nearly allied to R. fimbriatus, Br., of Port Jackson. I think the R. cuneifolius, Camp., of Lord Auck-
land’s Group (Fl. Antarct. p. 67), is probably a young state of the same, with blunter leaves.

Nat. Oz». LXX. AMARANTHACEA, Juss.
Gen. I. ALTERNANTHERA, Forsk,

Perianthium, 5-partitum. Stamina 5, omnia v. 3 fertilia, in cyathulum ovario brevius coalita; an-
there l-loculares. = Siylus brevissimus; stigmate capitato. Utriculus obreniformis, compressus, semine
amplior.

A large genus of often weedy herbs, found chiefly in the Tropical regions; one species, 4. sessilis, Br., is very
widely diffused in the Old World, and found in New Zealand, New Holland, and Tasmania. Stems glabrous or with
two lines of hairs, prostrate, branched, 3—4 inches long. Leaves opposite, linear-obovate or oblong, blunt, quite
entire, fleshy, 3-1 inch long, pubescent at the axils, Flowers white, minute, in globose sessile axillary heads.
Perianth five-parted; segments acuminate, glabrous. Stamens five, two of them with empty anthers; filaments
united into a cup. Utriculus compressed, broadly obovate, with one compressed seed. (Name from alterna and
anthera, in allusion to every other filament only bearing an anther.)

1. Alternanthera sessilis, Br.; glabra v. ramis bifariam pilosis, foliis breve petiolatis lineari-oblongis
lanceolatisve obtusis integerrimis carnosulis, capitulis parvis sessilibus folio multoties longioribus, perianthio
albido bracteis duplo longiore, utriculo obcordato. Br. Prodr. Mog.-Tand. in DC. Prodr. Wight, Icon.
4. 627. A. denticulata, A. Cunn. Prodr. vie Br. Prodr.

Has. Northern Island; in boggy places, not unfrequent, Colenso, etc. Nat. name, “ Mahurie,”
Raoul.

Nar. Ong». LXXI. CHENOPODIACEA, Juss.
Gen. I. CHENOPODIUM, £.

Perianthium 3-5-partitum. Stamina 2-5. Stylus 2—-4-fidus. — Utriculus membranaceus, depressus,
perianthio haud mutato tectus. Testa seminis crustacea; embryone annulari.

Erect or prostrate, green or reddish, often succulent herbs; common by the sea and in waste cultivated places ;
with erect or prostrate stems, and very small clustered insignificant, green flowers. Perianth five-parted (rarely
three- or four-). Stamens two to five. Style bifid to quadrifid. Utriculus membranous, depressed. Seed solitary, with
a crustaceous shining coat. Zimbryo annular, curved round a mealy albumen, not spiral.—The genus is found all
over the world, as are some of the individual species, and is very variable in habit and foliage. (Name from yn», a
goose, and rovs, a foot ; in allusion to the form of the leaf in the species called ** Goose-foot.”)

§ a. Seed horizontal, rarely (in C. glaucum sometimes) vertical.

1. Chenopodium žriandrum, Forst.; herbaceum, caule basi suffruticuloso ramoso, foliis parvis gracile
petiolatis late rhombeo-triangularibus ovatis orbiculatis v. rarius oblongis subhastatisve obtusis integerrimis
basi sinu lato subeordatis glauco-cinereis glaberrimisve viridibus, racemis spicatis laxis aphyllis, calyce fruc-
tifero late aperto, staminibus 2-4, stylo 2-3-fido, semine punctato utriculo adherente. Forst. Prodr. A.
Rich. Flor. Mog.-Tand. l. c.

Haz. Northern and Middle Islands. Common as far south as Otago, Forster, ete.

Chenopodiacea. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 213

A small species, 6 inches to a foot high, bright green, or glaucous and pulverulent, much branched. Leaves
small, broad, sub-hastate, with blunt lobes and a shallow sinus at the base, 3-4 inch long. Flowers powdery, in
small loose spikes, axillary and terminal. Stamens two to four. Styles bifid or trifid.

2. Chenopodium urbicum, L.; caule herbaceo ascendente sulcato angulato ramoso, foliis petiolatis
ovato-rhombeis inequaliter duplicato-crenatis dentatisve utrinque viridibus spicis aphyllis subcymosis di-
varicatim ramosis, semine horizontali punctato margine obtuso. Linn. Sp. Pl. Eng. Bot. t. 1919. Mog.-
Tand. l. c.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands. East coast, Colenso. New River, Hb. A. Richard. (A native
of England.)

A large branching species, 2-3 feet high. Leaves petiolate, broadly triangular, 1-15 inch long; margin
deeply and irregularly cut into teeth or lobules. Flowers densely spiked. Perianth five-cleft; segments blunt. Seed
much depressed, punctate, with blunt edges.—A common plant of the North Temperate zone, following cultivation
everywhere, and possibly introduced into New Zealand.

3. Chenopodium glaucum, L.; prostratum, subcarnosum, foliis petiolatis oblongo-ovatis deltoideisve
flaccidis sinuatis inferne glaucis farinosis, spicis erectis farinosis foliosis v. subaphyllis, semine verticali v.
horizontali punctulato. Zinn. Sp. Pl. A. Cunn. Prodr. Mog.-Tand. 1. c. Engl. Bot. t. 1454.

Has. On the shores of all the Islands; not uncommon, Banks and Solander, ete. (A native of
England.)

Stems numerous, branched, a span long, rather succulent, prostrate. Leaves ¿-1 inch long, petioled, deltoid
or oblong ovate, sinuate, toothed, white and mealy below. Spikes short. Perianth three- to five-parted. Seed
erect or horizontal, punctate. —Abundant in various parts of the North Temperate zone, also found in South Chili.

4. Chenopodium ambrosioides, L.; herbaceum, erectum, ramosum, pubescens v. glabratum, glandu-
losum, aromaticum, foliis in petiolum augustatis ovatis lanceolatisve basi cuneatis sinuato-lobatis utrinque
viridibus supra glaberrimis subtus glanduloso-punctatis venosis, racemis foliosis subspicatis, perianthio
fructifero clauso, semine horizontali. Zinn. Sp. Pl. Mog.-Tand. 1. c.

Has. Northern Island. Cultivated ground, Colenso, ete.

Very similar to C. carinatwm, but foliage larger. Flowers fewer together, much larger, in leafy racemes or
spikes. Perianth closed over the seed, which is horizontal. Stamens usually five. —A very common plant throughout
the Tropics; probably introduced into New Zealand. The seeds are said to be sometimes vertical, but I do not
find them so in New Zealand specimens.

§b. AMBRINA. Seed vertical. (For ©. glaucum see $ a.)

5. Chenopodium earinatum, Br.? totum glanduloso-puberulum, caule ramoso, ramis suberectis v. diffusis
elongatis, foliis petiolatis ovatis lineari-ovatisve basi cuneatis obtusis obtuse sinuato-lobatis supra glabris
subtus glaucis pulverulentis, floribus minimis dense glomerulatis monandris, perianthio fructifero exsucco
non clauso, semine verticali margine obtuse carinato. Br. Prodr.? Blitum, Mog.-Tand. 1. c. C. botrys,
4. Cunn. Prodr.

Has. Northern Island. Bay of Islands, Cunningham, ete. Auckland, Sinclair.

Very similar in habit and appearance to C. botrys, but the flowers are in little heads, not spikes or ra-
cemes, and the seed is always vertical. Whole plant puberulous and glandular, smelling strongly. Stems
branched, 1-2 feet long. Leaves small, 3-1 inch long, petioled, blunt, deeply sinuate, lobed. Flowers very
minute, in axillary leafy clusters. Stamen one.—Mr. Brown's description of C. carinatum agrees, on the whole, so
well with this, that, considering how Protean its congeners are, I think it better to retain that name than to make

8 8

214 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Chenopodiacee.

a new species in a Natural Order already overloaded with synonymy, and made up, as it stands in systematic works,
of probably more bad species than good. I have drawn up the description from New Zealand specimens, which
differ from the description of Moguin-Tandon's (DC. Prodr.) in the smaller more fleshy leaves, the lobes of which
are not mucronate, and whose upper surface is glabrous, not scaberulous; the flowers, too, are not $; line long.

6. Chenopodium Pumalio, Br. ; parvulum, totum glanduloso-pubescens, farinosum, caule e basi ramo-
sissimo, ramis suberectis, foliis petiolatis obovatis late ovatisve obtusis integris obscure sinuatisve utrinque
glandulosis viridibus subtus venosis, floribus axillaribus glomerulatis minimis monandris, semine verticali.
Br. Prodr. ;

Hus. Northern Island. Shores of the east coast and Lake Taupo; abundant in native cultivated
grounds, Colenso.

A very small, excessively branched plant, 4 inches or so high, with slender branches and small leaves, every-

where covered with pubescence and glandular powder. Leaves 1 inch long, on slender petioles, oblong or obovate,
blunt. Flowers very minute and pubescent. Perianth five-parted; not thickened in fruit, except down the

midrib. Slamen one. Seed vertical.—Found in New Holland.

Gen. II. SUAIDA, Forsk.

Perianthium 5-partitum, 2-bracteatum, demum carnosum v. baccatum. Stamina 5. Stylus brevis.
Stigmata 2-3. Utriculus perianthio tectus. Testa crustacea. Embryo spiralis.

A small fleshy cylindrical-leaved shrub, 1-2 feet high, found near the sea close to high-water mark, and in
salt marshes in many parts of the Temperate and Tropical world. Branches erect, covered with fleshy, rather sharp,
powdery leaves, 4-4 inch long. Flowers small, solitary, or two or three together, sessile in the axils of the leaves ;
each with two small bractez at the base. Perianth 5-cleft. Stamens five. Stigmas two or three, on a short style,
placed on a broad depressed utriculus. Seeds punctate, horizontal. Embryo coiled spirally. (Name from Sued,
an Arabic name for a species yielding soda.)

1. Sumda maritima, Dum. ; suffruticosa, foliis subacutis, stigmatibus 2-3, semine horizontali. Mog.-
Tand. 1. c. Chenopodium, Z. A. Cunn. Prodr. Engl. Bot. t. 633. Salsola fruticosa, Forst. Prodr. etc.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands, not uncommon, Banks and Solander, etc. (A native of England.)

I cannot distinguish this specifically from British specimens of $. maritima, which have also stems shrubby
below; it appears to me a common plant all the world over, of which very many species have been made by
authors.

Gen. III. ATRIPLEX, Z.

Flores monoici v. dioici. FL. 3. Perianthium ebracteatum, 3-5-partitum v. -lobatum. Stamina 5.
Fu. 2. Perianthium 5-partitum v. 2-valve. Stylus 2-partitus. Utriculus perianthio aucto inclusus. Semen

erectum.

Shrubs or herbs, generally growing near the sea, with unisexual, spiked, or racemose flowers, sometimes col-
leeted into heads. Male perianth three- to five-parted, without bracts. Stamens five. Female perianth as in the
male, or of two valves, always enlarging and enclosing the utriculus. Styles two. Seed erect (rarely horizontal).
— The species are very variable, and affect the same localities as Chenopodiums. (Name from a, nof, and rpedew, fo
nourish ; as contradistinguished perhaps from the Chenopodia, many of which are pot-herbs.)

1. Atriplex cinerea, Poiret; frutex dioicus, totus cinereo-lepidotus, ramis robustis angulatis, foliis
alternis anguste oblongis lanceolatis subdeltoideisve obtusis integerrimis coriaceis in petiolum angustatis,
perianthio fructifero 2-valvi, valvis demum reniformi-rhombeis integerrimis coriaceis disco levibus. Poiret,
Dict. Mog.-Tand. l. c. A. Halimus, Br. Prodr.

Chenopodiacea. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 215

Has. Northern Island. Sandy shores of Palliser Bay, etc., CoZenso.

A very common New Holland and Tasmanian plant, the 4. Halimus of Mr. Brown, and possibly of Linnzeus
also, which is common to both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. —A small dicecious shrub, 10 inches to 2
feet high, uniformly and densely covered with a pale buff ashy covering of minute appressed chaffy scales. Stems
angled, leafy. Leaves narrow, oblong, blunt, entire, 1-2 inches long. Male flowers densely clustered, in many-
flowered racemose spikes. Female axillary, clustered or solitary, two-valved. : Valves nearly + inch long, rhomboid

or reniform, coriaceous; margins thin, quite entire, surface even.

2. Atriplex patula, L.; erecta, ramosa, glaberrima v. parce furfuracea, foliis petiolatis lineari-ovatis
sinuato-lobatis lobulis basi suberectis obtusis lineari-oblongisve integerrimis inferioribus seepe hastatis
summis linearibus, racemis spicisve interruptis, floribus glomeratis, perianthio fcemineo rhombeo-denticu-
lato levi v. tuberculato. Mog.-Tand. I. c. Eng. Bot. t. 936. M. Australasica, Mog.-Tand. 1. c.

Has. Northern Island. East coast; in salt marshes, plentiful, Colenso. (Native of England.)

A very common plant in England and various parts of the temperate world, also found in Tasmania.—An
erect herb, 2—4 feet high, glabrous, or with a few minute chaffy scales about the upper branches and inflorescence.
Stems often striped green and white. Leaves petiolate, 2-3 inches long, narrow ovate, oblong or hastate, blunt,
quite entire or lobed, two lower lateral lobes spreading or ascending. Flowers small, inconspicuous, green, in
clusters which are scattered along slender, erect, axillary, and terminal peduncles. Perianth of the fruit rhomboid,
toothed, the back of the valves smooth or tuberculated.

3. Atriplex Billardieri, Hook. fil.; herbacea, carnosa, caule prostrato, ramis ascendentibus, foliis
(ramulisque) papillosis petiolatis oblongis obtusis integris lobatisve, floribus monoicis & fasciculatis breve
pedicellatis perianthio 5-lobo 9 solitariis binisve sessilibus urceolatis, perianthio fructifero urceolato sub-
baccato compresso ore 2-labiato, semine compresso labiis subacutis integris lobulatisve contrario. A. crys-
tallina, Nod. in Lond. Journ. Bot. v. 6. p. 279. Theleophyton Billardieri, Mog.-Tand. in DC. Prodr.
o 13. p 115:

Has. Northern Island, 4. Cunningham. Sandy places, Wangururu Bay, Colenso.

A succulent herb, with prostrate stems, a foot or two long, and ascending leafy branches, which, as well as the
leaves, are covered with crystalline papillæ. Leaves oblong, blunt, 4—4 inch long. Female flowers few, axillary.
Perianth urceolate, when in fruit fleshy, 3 lines long, with two blunt or sharp, entire or toothed lips or valves, en-

closing an erect compressed seed, whose edges are opposite the lips, not parallel to them, as is usual in Atriplex.
This curious species is also found in Tasmania. It is named Chenopodium ambiguum in A. Cunningham’s Herb. of
New Zealand.

Gen. IV. SALSOLA, Z.

Flores hermaphroditi, bracteati. Perianthium 5-partitum, fructiferum connivens, utriculum includens;
laciniis transversim alatis v. carinatis. Stamina 5. Stylus 2-fidus. Semen horizontale, exalbuminosum.
Embryo spiralis.

A curious genus, from which soda is abundantly manufactured, found always in salt-marshes or ground im-
pregnated with saline matter, in various parts of the world. The only New Zealand species is a low, spinous, green
bush, apparently Australian also, but I have no flowering or fruiting specimens; if so, it is probably common to
many parts of the world, including the English coasts, for S. australis scarcely differs from the European 5. Kali.
Everywhere quite glabrous. Stems a foot or two high, suberect or prostrate, woody, furrowed, branched. Leaves
scattered, small, rigid, succulent, sessile, patent or recurved, subulate, pungent, 2-4 lines long. Flowers solitary,
very inconspicuous, axillary, shorter than the bracteæ. Perianth five-parted ; when in fruit the base encloses the
calyx, and the limb is expanded into a broad, membranous, veined wing. Seed horizontal. Embryo spiral. (Named

from sal, salt.)

216 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [Zaurinee.

1. Salsola australis, Br.; fruticosa, glaberrima, divaricatim ramosa, foliis parvis subulatis pungentibus,
bracteis perianthio fructifero longioribus, alis perianthii fructiferi amplis insequalibus obovatis obtusis mar-
gine sinuato. Br. Prodr. Mog.-Tand. 1. e. An var. S. Kali? Mog.-Tand.

Has. Northern Island. Port Nicholson Harbour (introduced ?), Colenso.

Gen. V. SALICORNIA, Z.

Perianthium turbinatum, carnosum, caule articulato conditum, obscure lobatum. Stamina 1-2, imo
perianthii insertum. Stylus 2—3-fidus. ^ Utriculus perianthio aucto inclusus.

A remarkable and very natural genus of salt-marsh leafless plants, found in all parts of the world, with creeping
woody stems, and erect, herbaceous, cylindrical, simple or branched, fleshy, jointed branches. "The only New Zea-
land species is also Australian and Tasmanian. Mr. Brown identifies it with a very widely-diffused plant of both
tropical and temperate shores. M. Moquin-Tandon (DC. Prodr. vol. xiii.) breaks up this species into genera, founded
on the position of the seed and its embryo. My specimens not being in fruit, I am at a loss where to place it in his
complicated system, and have therefore followed Mr. Brown's decision.— Branches a few inches high, their joints
3 inch long. Flowers minute, whorled, crowded at the tops of the joints, which become shorter upwards, whence
the branches appear like fleshy spikes. Perianth fleshy, oblique, sunk a little into the tops of the joints. Stamens
one or two. Ovary oblique, with one or two styles. (Name from sal, salt, and cornu, a horn.)

1. Salicornia Indica, Willd. ; caule suffruticoso, ramis ascendentibus, articulis junioribus clavatis
senioribus cylindraceis retusis, spicis cylindraceis terminalibus, floribus plurimis subverticillatis v. paucis
1-2-andris. Br. Prodr. A. Cunn. Prodr. | S. australis, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands. Salt marshes and rocky places, Banks and Solander, ete.

NAT. Ord. LXXII. LAURINEA, Juss.
Gen. I. TETRANTHERA, Jacq.

Flores dioici. Lnvolucrum 4-5-phyllum, deciduum. Perianthium O v. 4-6-partitum. FL. g.
Stamina 6-15; filamenta interiora v. omnia basi glandulis aucta. Anthere 4-loculares. Pistilli rudi-
mentum. FL. 9. Glandule staminaque sterilia. Stigma dilatatum, sublobatum. Bacca nuda.

Large trees, chiefly abundant in the Tropics of the Old World, often yielding valuable products, as timber, oils,
ete. ; several are Australian. The only New Zealand species forms a very leafy, evergreen, umbrageous, small tree ;
everywhere quite glabrous. Leaves petiolate, ovate, blunt, quite entire, 3-4 inches long, sometimes glaucous
below. Flowers numerous, dicecious, in umbels surrounded with four or five concave deciduous bracts. Perianth
of five to eight linear pieces. Stamens numerous, on long filaments. Anthers dilated, four-celled, opening in front
by four valves. The female flowers have rudimentary stamina, and an ovarium with an erect style and dilated
stigma. Berry ovoid, $ inch long, placed on the thickened end of the peduncle. (Name from rerpa, four, and
avénpa; in allusion to the four-celled anthers.)

1. Tetranthera calicaris, Hook. fil.; arborea, glaberrima, foliis ovatis obtusis integerrimis subtus
glaucis concoloribusve, pedunculis petiolo brevioribus, involucris 4—5-foliolatis concavis, floribus 4-5 sequi-
longis, pedicellis sericeis, perianthii foliolis 5-8 oblongis, staminibus 12, filamentis omnibus 2-glandulosis,
antheris introrsis. Laurus calicaris, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic. A. Cunn. Prodr.

Has. Northern Island. From the Bay of Islands to the east coast, Banks and Solander, etc. Nat.
name, “ Tangao.”

Laurinee. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 217

Gen. II. NESODAPHNE, Hook. fil.

Flores hermaphroditi. Perianthium 6-partitum, subeguale, deciduum. Stamina 12, 2-seriata ; antheris
2-locularibus; 6 exteriora fertilia, introrsa, eglandulosa; 3 interiora fertilia, extrorsa, basi extus 9-glan-
dulosa, cum 3 sterilibus eglandulosis alternantia. Ovarium 1-loculare; stigmate simplici. Fructus baccatus,
nudus.— Arbores sempervirentes e tribu Persearum.

Very large trees, with evergreen leaves and small greenish flowers in axillary and terminal panicles. Flowers
not bracteate or involucrate, hermaphrodite. Perianth six-cleft. Stamens nine fertile, with two-celled anthers, of
which six form one row opposite the segments of the perianth, have no glands at the filaments, and the anthers
of which burst inwards; three others form a second row, alternating with three sterile stamens, their anthers open
outwards, and there are two glands opposite the bases of their filaments. Ovary one-celled, with a short style and
simple stigma. Berry ovoid, purple, placed on the top of the swollen peduncle. (Name from voos, an island, and
Sagdyn, a laurel.)

1. Nesodaphne Tarairi, Hook. fil.; arborea, ramulis ferrugineo-tomentosis, foliis obovato-oblongis
obtusis supra glaberrimis subtus glaucescentibus pubescentibus costa nervisque tomentosis, paniculis dense
tomentosis patentibus multifloris. Laurus Tarairi, 4. Cunn. Prodr.

Has. Northern Island, Banks and Solander, etc. Nat. name, “ Taraire,” Cunn. (Cultivated in
England.)

A large tree, 50-80 feet high, the wood of which, according to Cunningham, is white, and splits freely, but is
not much used. Branches, panicle of flowers, petiole, costa and veins of the leaf below densely covered with red
or brown rusty down. Leaves coriaceous, 3-6 inches long, obovate-oblong, blunt, quite glabrous and shining above,
pubescent, with prominent veins, and glaucous below. Panicles 1-2 inches across, branched. Flowers 2 lines long.
Berries 13 inch long, ovoid, purple, much eaten by birds, and, when boiled, by man; the kernel is said to be

poisonous.

2. Nesodaphne Zawa, Hook. fil.; foliis (junioribus sericeis) anguste linearibus lanceolatis elliptico-
oblongisve utrinque reticulatim venosis subtus glaucis puberulis, panicule ramis elongatis, floribus parvis
glaberrimis. Laurus Tawa, A. Cunn. Prodr. L. salicifolia, Banks et Sol. MSS.

Has. Northern Island, Banks and Solander, etc. Nat. name, “Tawa,” Cunn. (Cultivated in
England.)

A large tree, 60-70 feet high. Young branches pubescent, with silky young leaves. Old leaves very variable
in size and breadth, 3-4 inches long, narrow, lanceolate or elliptical oblong, finely reticulated on both sides, very
glaucous below. Flowers small, in loosely branched glabrous panicles, with long slender peduncles. Berries smaller
than in N. Tarairi, also eaten.—Wood poor, very destructible, used for spears.

Gen. III. CASSYTHA, Z.

Perianthium 6-fidum ; tubo brevissimo; laciniis 3 exterioribus nanis. Stamina 12, biseriata, interiorum
3 sterilia laciniis interioribus opposita, reliqua basi biglandulosa. Anthere 2-loculares. Fructus perianthio
baccato tectus.—Herbe v. fruticuli volubiles, aphylli.

A very curious, not extensive, genus of generally tropical plants, of which a few species are found in Australia
and Tasmania, and one in New Zealand, apparently the C. glabella of Australia, as far as can be decided without
fruit. —A leafless, twining, half-shrubby, glabrous plant, consisting of densely interwoven masses of string-like
stems. Like Cuscuta, this germinates in the ground, but afterwards becomes parasitic, feeding on the sap of the
plants it grows over by means of suckers attached to the surface of the stem, that corrode the bark of the stock.

9H

218 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Monimiacee.

Flowers insignificant, in short, simple, or divided spikes, 1-2 inches long, smooth. Perianth cylindrical, of six
pieces ; three outer very small; inner erect, linear oblong, blunt. Stamens twelve, in two series, three of the outer
series imperfect. Anthers two-celled. Fruit included in the berried perianth. (Name, the Greek one for Cuscuta,
which this genus closely resembles.)

1. Cassytha paniculata, Br.; glabra, apicibus ramulorum puberulis sericeisve, spicis simplicibus divi-
sisve, floribus cylindraceis distantibus glabris. Br. Prodr. p. 404.
Has. Northern extremity of the Northern Island, Diefenbach, Colenso.

NAT. Ord. LXXII. MONIMIACEAL, Juss.

Gen. I. LAURELIA, Juss.

Flores unisexuales. Perianthium 5—15-fidum ; laciniis multiseriatis. FL. 3. Stamina 7-14, biglan-
dulosa; anthere 2-loculares, 2-valves. FL. 2. Sguamule disco perianthii numerose. Pistilla plurima,
villosa. Achenia longe plumosa, perianthio aucto urceolari 4-valvi v. lateraliter rupto inclusa; stylis plu-
mosis, breviter exsertis. Semen erectum, albuminosum ; embryone basilari.

A small genus of aromatic trees, of which the New Zealand and a South Chilian species are the only ones
known. Branchlets and petioles downy. Leaves coriaceous, opposite, petiolate, ovate or oblong, blunt, quite
glabrous, obtusely serrate, 13-24 inches long. Flowers dicecious, in axillary racemes, silky, 3 lines across. Perianth
five-parted. Stamens eight to ten; filaments with two glands; anthers two-celled, two-valved. Female perianth
covered with scales in place of stamens, and having in the centre many hairy ovaria. Fruit composed of the linear-
urceolate, altered, coriaceous perianth, nearly an inch long, containing many achenia, with long styles and simple
stigmas, wholly clothed with long silky hairs. (Name from the resemblance to a Laurel.)

1. Laurelia Nove-Zelandia, Cunn.; ramulis petiolisque puberulis, foliis oblongis obtusis grosse obtuse
serratis, racemis floribusque sericeis, perianthio 5-partito. A. Cunn. Prodr. Tas. LI.

Has. Northern Island and northern parts of Middle Island, Cunningham, etc. Nelson, Bidwill.
Nat. name, “ Pukatea," Col.

Mr. Bidwill says this is one of the largest New Zealand trees, 150 feet high and 3—7 in diameter, besides
having buttresses 15 feet thick at the base. Bark white; wood soft, yellowish, much used for boat-building.
Ramification resembling a pine, or the allied genus 4therosperma of Australia. Cunningham describes the plant as
aromatic; Mr. Bidwill says it is not so. I have always found the fruit very odoriferous, even when dry.-— PLATE
LI. Fig. 1, male flower; 2, stamen ; 3, female flower; 4, ovaria; 5, fruit; 6, carpel ; 7, vertical section of carpel :
—all but fig. 5 magnified.

Gen. II. HEDYCARYA, Forst.

Flores dioici. Perianthium rotatum, 5—10-fidum. FL. 3. Stamina plurima; anthere fundo peri-
anthii sessiles. Fr. 9. Ovaria plurima, 1-locularia; stigmate sessili, obtuso;.ovulo 1, pendulo. Drupa
pauce, stipitatee, perianthio immutato sessiles.

A remarkable genus, of a few East Australian and New Zealand plants; only one is found in the latter country,
which forms a large evergreen bush, or sometimes a tree, 20-30 feet high. Branches pubescent. Leaves opposite,
petiolate, glabrous or slightly pubescent, linear-oblong, blunt, entire or toothed distantly. Flowers dicecious, in

axillary, pubescent, few-flowered panicles, which are shorter than the leaves. Perianth pubescent, 4 inch across,
rotate, five- or ten-lobed, persistent. Male flower with very many sessile oblong anthers, hairy at the tip. Female
flowers of eight to ten one-celled ovaries, with a sessile stigma and solitary pendulous ovule. Fruit of about four

Proteacee. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 219

red, oblong, obtuse, pedunculate drupes + inch long. Hudocarp coriaceous. Seed pendulous, albuminous. Zmbryo
half the length of the albumen; cotyledons diverging ; radicle pointing to the hilum. (Name from nous, sweet, and
kapva, a nut.)

1. Hedycarya dentata, Forst.; ramulis pubescentibus, foliis lineari-oblongis obovatisve remote dentatis
v. integerrimis, paniculis axillaribus paucifloris pubescentibus. Forst. Prodr. A. Rich. Flora. A. Cunn.
Prodr. Raoul, Choia de Plantes, p. 30. t. 30 (excl. syn. Forst.). H. scabra, A. Cunn. Prodr. Xantho-
xylon Nove-Zelandie, A. Rich. Flora.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; found as far south as Akaroa, Banks and Solander, Forster, etc.
(Cultivated in England.)

NAT. Ord. LXXIV. PROTEACE EE, Juss.
Gen. I. KNIGHTIA, Br.

Perianthium 4-phyllum. Stamina ultra medium corolle inserta. Glandule hypogyne 4. Ovarium
sessile, 4-spermum. Stigma verticale. Folliculus coriaceus, l-locularis. Semina apice alata.

A very large tree, nearly 100 feet high, erect, and very narrow for its height, hence conspicuous: the wood
(Rewa-Rewa) is much prized for its colour (mottled red and brown), and for splitting into shingles. Branches very
stout, woody, pubescent. Leaves 4-8 inches long, very hard, linear-oblong, blunt, coarsely and bluntly toothed.
Racemes nearly as long as the leaves, densely covered with red-brown velvety down, as are the pedicels, flowers, and
ovaria. Flowers in pairs, 1 inch long, slender. Perianth jointed on to the peduncles, of five linear valvate pieces.
Stamens with very long anthers, and short filaments, attached to the pieces of the perianth. Style long, slender,
thickened towards the end. Fruit a woody, downy capsule, 1 inch long, with a long style, and four seeds winged
at the apex. (Named in honour of 7. 4. Knight, an eminent author on vegetable physiology.)

1. Knightia excelsa, Br.; foliis crassis coriaceisque lineari-oblongis obtusis obtuse dentatis, racemis
axillaribus dense ferrugineo-tomentosis, bracteis parvis deciduis. Br. in Linn. Soc. Trans. v. 10. p. 194. t. 2.
A. Cunn. Prodr.

Has. Northern Island; common in woods. Nat. name “ Rewa Rewa.” (Cultivated in England.)

Gen. II. PERSOONIA, Sm.

Perianthium 4-phyllum, foliolis medio staminiferis, regulare, deciduum. Glandule hypogyne 4.
Ovarium pedicellatum, 1-loculare, l-2-spermum. Stigma obtusum. Drupa baccata; putamine 1-2-
loculari.

A very large Australian and Tasmanian genus, of which only one species is found in New Zealand, P. Zoro,
a small evergreen tree, perfectly glabrous. Leaves narrow linear or linear-lanceolate, 4-8 inches long, coriaceous,
acuminate, narrowed into the petiole, shining. Flowers one-bracteate, on short, erect, axillary, pubescent, six- to ten-
flowered racemes an inch long. Perianth of four pubescent lacinize, bearing the stamens about the middle. Ovary
glabrous, sessile, with a short style and blunt stigma. Fruit an oblong two-celled drupe. (Named in honour of
Dr. D. C. H. Persoon, a native of the Cape Colony, and an eminent Botanist.)

1. Persoonia Zoro, A. Cunn.; glaberrima, fruticosa v. arbuscula, foliis anguste lineari-lanceolatis
acuminatis nitidis coriaceis paucinerviis, racemis axillaribus strictis pubescentibus 6-10-floris, floribus
pubescentibus. 4. Cunn. Prodr.

Has. Northern Island. Woods, from Auckland northward, Banks and Solander, etc. Nat. name,
Toro, Gol,

220 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. | Thymelee.

Nar. Ord. LXXV. THYMELE, Juss.
Gen. I. PIMELEA, Banks et Sol.

Perianthium. infundibuliforme; limbo 5-fido; fauce esquamata. Stamina 2, fauce inserta. Stylus
lateralis; stigmate capitato. Wuv corticata v. baccata.

A very large Australian and Tasmanian genus, whose species are extremely difficult to define. They abound
on all the coasts, especially of New Zealand, forming small or large shrubs, easily recognized by their decussate
leaves, and very tough bark, used for cordage, paper, etc. Flowers usually white, and collected into terminal heads.
Perianth almost always silky, tubular, with a flat four-lobed limb, or funnel-shaped mouth with four scales. Stamens
two, inserted just inside the mouth. Ovary (often hairy) one, with a lateral style and capitate stigma. Fruit a
utriculus enclosed in the dry or baccate perianth. (Name, myueAy, fatness; from the oily seeds.)

1. Pimelea Zongifolia, Banks et Sol; frutex erectus, ramosus, glaberrimus, foliis 1-2-pollicaribus
1-1 unc. latis oppositis lineari-lanceolatis oblongisve acuminatis subtus glaucescentibus nervosis floralibus
late ovatis v. conformibus, capitulis sessilibus multifloris sericeo-villosis, perianthii tubo limbo ter longiore,
limbi laciniis oblongo-lanceolatis obtusis, staminibus exsertis, fructu parvo fundo perianthii incluso ovato-
oblongo integumento atro-crustaceo. Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic. Smith in Rees's Cyclop.

Haz. Northern Island and northern parts of the Middle Island. East coast, Banks and Solander,
Colenso. Auckland, Sinclair. Nelson, Bidwill.

A small erect shrub, 2—6 feet, with narrow, opposite leaves 1-2 inches long, much larger than in any other
New Zealand species, somewhat resembling those of a willow, always (as are the dark-coloured branches) quite
smooth on both surfaces, often polished above, opake or glaucous below, with a stout midrib and evident petiole.
Flowers abundant, odorous, white, in terminal heads 1-13 inch across, nearly 3 inch long, with a slender very silky
tube, and stamens and style protruded.

2. Pimelea virgata, Vahl; fruticulus erectus, virgatus, ramis cicatricatis profunde striatis rufo-brun-
neis, ramulis sericeis v. glabratis, foliis (2 unc.) subconfertis brevissime petiolatis lineari- v. oblongo-lanceo-
latis acutis obtusisve subtus pallidioribus sericeis glabratis glaberrimisve floralibus conformibus, capitulis
parvis sessilibus sub-8-floris, perianthii tubo dense sericeo-lanato urceolato limbi laciniis late ovatis obtusis
duplo longiore, fructu majusculo, pericarpio baccato v. sicco, integumento crustaceo fusco. Vahl, Enum.
A. Rich. Flora. A. Cunn. Prodr. P. axillaris, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic. P. pilosa, Fai. Passerina
pilosa, Forst. Prodr. Banksia tomentosa, Forst. Gen.

Has. Abundant throughout the Islands, Banks and Solander, etc.

A small erect dense shrub, a foot or so high. Stems silky and twiggy, with copious foliage, and small heads of
pale silky flowers. Leaves spreading, about 3 inch long, rarely an inch, generally glabrous above, sometimes below
too, but often very silky with long hairs. Flowers + inch long; tube swelling below; divisions broad, obtuse.
Fruit a small obovate nut, enclosed in the base of the perianth, which becomes fleshy and forms an eatable berry,
but often it is dry. The covering of the seed itself is brown or black, glossy, and brittle.—The longer leaves and
larger flower are the best characters whereby to distinguish this from certain states of P. prostrata, which is often erect.

3. Pimelea prostrata, Vahl; fruticulus polymorphus, procumbens v. prostratus, rarius erectus, ramis
ascendentibus cicatricatis, ramulis foliisque sericeis glabratisve, foliis brevibus imbricatis v. remotis patulis
recurvisve sepius decussatis brevissime petiolatis ovatis oblongis lanceolatisve rarius obovatis coriaceis
planis concavis carinatisve integerrimis v. obscure denticulatis 3-4 unc. longis, capitulis parvis 6—8-floris,
perianthii tubo dense sericeo limbi laciniis oblongis obtusis vix longiore, staminibus stylogue exsertis, fructu
ssepius baccato. Vall. A. Rich. Flor. A. Cunn. Prodr. Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic,

Thymelee. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 221

Var. B. repens; prostrata, subrepens, caulibus gracilibus, foliis remotis obovatis, floribus parvis. P.
prostrata, Forst. Prodr. et Herb.
Has. Throughout the Islands, abundant, Banks and Solander, efe. (Cultivated in England.)

A. most variable and extremely abundant little shrub, differing from P. virgata in the habitually prostrate
mode of growth, small size of foliage, inflorescence, and short tube of the flower. Stems 4—6 inches to 2 feet long,
and branches usually silky. Leaves + inch long on the average, often imbricated in opposite pairs, and forming a
four-sided branch, at others loose, spreading or reflexed, flat or concave, sometimes very coriaceous, keeled below
and smooth on both surfaces. Flowers in small heads, + inch long; stamens and style generally exserted, often
considerably. Fruit a white berry.—Large erect states of this can hardly be distinguished from P. virgata, those
with coriaceous, smooth, decussate leaves from JP. Urvilleana, and those with very silky ones from P. arenaria.
Others are smooth and erect and coriaceous-leaved, like P. Gnidia.

4. Pimelea arenaria, Cunn. ; fruticulus erectus v. prostratus, ramis cicatricatis ascendentibus, ramulis
foliisque subtus dense sericeo-villosis, foliis laxis densisve decussatis patulis v. reflexis sessilibus late ovatis
ovato-lanceolatisve obtusis rarius acutis coriaceis superne glabris nitidis opacis vel sericeis medio canalicu-
latis 3-3 unc. longis siccitate fuscis, capitulis sub-10-floris, perianthii tubo brevi villoso limbo longiore
laciniis late ovatis obtusis, fructu majusculo subbaccato. A. Cunn. in Bot. Mag. t. 8270, et Prodr. P.
villosa, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands, in various places, especially on sandy dunes, also in the interior,
Banks and Solander, etc. Chatham Island, Diefenbach. Nat. name, “ Aute taranga,” Col. (Cultivated in
England.)

A beautiful small shrub, 8 inches to 2 feet high; the branches and stem densely clothed with shining white
silky villous hairs. Leaves generally thickly set, broader than in any other New Zealand species, and densely silky
beneath. Fruit eaten and bark used as that of the Broussonetia, whence the name “ Aute."— Very closely allied
indeed to the P. sericea, Br., of the mountains of Tasmania, and only distinguishable by the short tube of the flower,
which is not jointed in the middle, and by the short stamens and style. In all other respects these species exactly
resemble one another.

5. Pimelea Urvilleana, A. Rich.; fruticulus prostratus v. decumbens, ramis validis ascendentibus,
ramulis erectis creberrime cicatricatis dense sericeo-villosis, foliis 2-4 unc. longis quadrifariam imbricatis
patulis v. recurvis sessilibus ovatis v. ovato-oblongis rarius ovato-rotundatis obtusis v. subacutis coriaceis
aveniis glaberrimis planis concavis carinatisve, capitulis densifloris, perianthii dense villosi tubo limbum
sequante v. paulo excedente, limbi laciniis late oblongis obtusis, antheris vix exsertis. A. Rich. Flora.
A. Cunn. Prodr. P. quadrifaria, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands. Not unfrequent on the coasts and interior, Banks and So-
lander, ete.

A curious little prostrate shrub, easily recognized by its habit and small thick leaves, imbricated in four rows.
They are guite smooth, ž inch long; the branches that bear them are densely silky, and rough below, with the
numerous scars of fallen leaves. The flowers are small, with a short tube and rather broad divisions. The natives
are said to chew the stems of this (and probably other) species, to separate the wood from the bark, which latter is
afterwards beaten into a pulp, and a cloth made from it, for the top-knots of the chiefs. The Broussonetia papyrifera
was formerly used for similar purposes. As a species this is distinguished mainly by the combined characters of
prostrate habit, silky branches, densely guadrifariously imbricated, coriaceous, smooth leaves; characters which P.
prostrata often assumes in a less degree, and also P. arenaria.

6. Pimelea Gnidia, Forst.; suffrutex erectus, ramis validis, ramulis cicatricatis glaberrimis puberulisve,
foliis laxe quadrifariam imbricatis suberectis patentibus v. recurvis brevissime petiolatis ovatis subacutis
9I

222 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Thymelee.

glaberrimis valde coriaceis superne medio canaliculatis subtus carinatis costa marginibusque incrassatis
floralibus paulo latioribus, capitulis laxifloris, perianthii tubo gracili laxe sericeo-villoso laciniis lineari-
oblongis spathulatisve 3-2-plo longiore, genitalibus exsertis. Forst. Prodr. A. Rich. Fl. A. Cunn. Prodr.

Var. B. Menziesii ; ramulis glaberrimis, foliis elliptico- v. oblongo-lanceolatis lineari-oblongisve.

Has. Throughout the Islands, from south of the Thames to Stewart’s Island. Scarce in the Northern
Island. Base of Tongariro, etc., Colenso. Southern Island, Lyall. Var. 8. Dusky Bay, Menzies.

An erect shrub, 3-5 feet high, which, except when in flower, may readily be mistaken for Veronica buxifolia
or some of its allies. As a species it appears very distinct, from its erect growth, smooth or sparingly hairy branches,
quadrifariously imbricated, glabrous, coriaceous leaves, which are keeled, have a thick margin, and are often glossy,
and from the upper ones being broad and forming a sort of involucre to the inflorescence, as in most of its Australian
congeners, but not to so remarkable a degree. The leaves are so thick as often to wrinkle in drying ; they turn deep
brown or yellow-green, the upper ones often assuming a verdigris-green hue, also characteristic of various New
Holland species. Var. 8 may be a new species, but I have scen only one specimen, and that in bud only. P. virgata
is, perhaps, the nearest ally of this, and agrees in the form of the flower; and I have erect specimens of P. pro-
strata coming very near it in other respects.

7. Pimelea Zyallii, Hook. fil.; caule elongato prostrato robusto divaricatim ramoso, cortice pallide
brunneo, ramis ascendentibus sericeo-villosis, foliis siccitate pallide flavo-viridibus 3 unc. longis subdense
guadrifariam imbricatis lineari-oblongis acutis rarius elliptico-ovatis supra concavis glabratis subtus convexis
pilis longis laxe sericeis, capitulis 3—4-floris, perianthii sericei tubo lobis ovatis obtusis paulo longiore.

Has. Middle and Southern Islands. Ruapuke Island and Port William, ya//.

Most nearly allied to P. arenaria, Cunn., but a different-looking plant, retaining a pale yellow-green hue when
dry, instead of the dark-brown of P. arenaria, and having remarkably few-flowered capitula. Stems prostrate, a foot
or more long, stout, flexible, covered with pale-brown bark. Branches 4-6 inches long, densely silky, villous.
Leaves numerous, loosely imbricate, 4 inch long, linear oblong or elliptic ovate. Flowers rather shorter than the
leaves.—I have also a small specimen of this from Mr. Colenso, labelled as from the Southern Island.

Gen. IT. DRAPETES, Zam.

Perianthium tubulosum; limbo 4-fido; fauce squamata v. esquamata. Stamina 4, fauce inserta.
Stylus lateralis; stigmate capitato v. plumoso. Nua ecorticata.

Small creeping moss- or heath-like plants, with minute linear imbricating leaves, and solitary or few, terminal,
inconspicuous flowers, that differ from Pimelea only in having four stamens, and scales at the throat of the perianth.
Only four species are known, one from Fuegia, two from New Zealand, and one from the mountains of Borneo.
Endlicher has separated the D. Dieffenbachii generically, on the ground of the tube of the perianth not being angular
and jointed, and its throat being closed by the scales. The Borneo D. ericoides however (Hook. Ic. Plant.) combines
the characters of unjointed perianth, glandular faux, and capitate stigma; and all the species rank naturally under
one genus. (Name from 8pamerns, a runaway ; from the deciduous perianth.)

1. Drapetes Dieffenbachii, Hook.; fruticulus, caule repente ramosissimo, foliis dense imbricatis linea-
ribus obtusis apice barbatis, floribus brevissime pedicellatis foliis immersis, perianthii fauce squamata,
pedicellis ovariogue apice barbatis. Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. v. 6. p. 497. t. 17.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands. Mount Egmont, Diefenbach. Tongariro, Bidwill Top of
Ruahine mountains, Colenso. Warrau mountains; abundant, Bidwill.

A small heath-like plant, with prostrate, slender, shrubby stems, 6 inches to a foot long. Leaves imbricated,
linear, appressed, blunt, bearded at the tip, 2 lines long.

Santalacee. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 223

2. Drapetes muscosa, Hook. fil.; caule elongato repente robusto, ramis erectis glaberrimis dense
foliosis, foliis undigue dense imbricatis lineari-ligulatis obtusis marginibus apiceque ciliatis, floribus termi-
nalibus solitariis.

Has. Southern Island, and southern extreme of the Middle Island, Lyall.

A much smaller plant than D. Dieffenbachii, pale green when dry, with densely imbricated, shorter, and rather
broader leaves, less than a line long, and broader at the base.—I have seen only one or two fruits; they are solitary
on the ends of short lateral branches.

NAT. On». LXXVI. SANTALACEA, Br.
Gen. I. EXOCARPUS, Lad.

Perianthium 5-partitum, rotatum. Stamina 5, basi laciniarum inserta. Stylus brevissimus ; stigmate
obtuso. Mua supera, corticata, l-sperma, pedunculo baccato inserta. Embryo axi albuminis inversus.

A very remarkable genus, of often leafless plants, with jointed stems, that bear little scales, which are sometimes
expanded into the appearance of leaves, but not in the only New Zealand species; they are abundant in Australia
and Tasmania, and a few species are found in Norfolk Island and the Pacific Islands; but the genus is unknown
elsewhere. The baccate peduncle is eaten and called “ Native Cherry” in Australia, where some kinds are arboreous.
— Flowers polygamous, very minute, in axillary spikes. Perianth five- (rarely four-) parted. Stamens five. Style
short, with a capitate stigma. Nut superior, placed on a fleshy swollen peduncle. (Name from ežo, outside, and
«apros, fruit ; from the scarlet swollen peduncle resembling the fruit.)

1. Exocarpus Bidwi/lii, Hook. fil.; frutescens, procumbens, ramulis teretibus sulcatis, folis mini-
mis triangularibus squameformibus, floribus 6-10 spiculis brevibus crassis puberulis sessilibus 5-meris.
Tas. LII.

Has. Middle Island. Warrau mountains, 1000—1500 feet above the plain, Bidwill.

A low shrub, 6-10 inches high, creeping amongst stones. Branches terete, grooved, bearing no other leaves
than minute triangular scales. Flowers eight to ten, on short club-shaped puberulous peduncles. Perianth five-
parted. Nut black, seated in a scarlet fleshy peduncle.— Very closely allied indeed to the Z. humifusa of the mountains
of Tasmania, differing only in the perianth being five- instead of four-parted. —PLATE LII. Fig. 1, branch and
flowers; 2, bud; 3, expanded flower; 4, branch and fruit; 5, section through nut and peduncle; 6, embryo :—
all magnified.

Gen. II. SANTALUM, Z.

Perianthii limbus deciduus, 4-5-lobus. Stamina 4-5, glandulis totidem alternantia; filamentis dorso
fasciculo pilorum v. glandula pilosa instructis. Stigma 3-4-lobum. Drupa subbaccata, apice marginata.

The only New Zealand species forms a small tree, with alternate leaves, extremely variable in size and breadth.
Branches angular, woody; bark pale. Leaves alternate, of young plants opposite and minutely dotted, shortly
petioled, 2-4 inches long, varying from narrow linear-lanceolate to broadly obovate, veined. Flowers green, in
axillary panicles, 4-4 inch broad. Perianth with a hemispherical tube and four or five ovate deciduous lobes.
Stamens four to five, alternating with minute glands ; filaments with a tuft of hair at the base behind. Style short;
stigma three- to four-lobed. Berry obovate, or turbinate, or clavate, $ inch long, truncate, crowned with the
border of the perianth and persistent style. Zimbryo nearly as long as the albumen.—The other Species of this
genus (which produces the Sandal-wood) are Asiatic, Australian, and Pacific Island plants. (Name, Arabic,
Szandal.)

1. Santalum Cunninghamii, Hook. fil. S. Mida, Hook. Ie. Plant. t. 568 et 565. Mida salicifolia,

224 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Urticee.

eucalyptoides, et myrtifolia, A. Cunn. Prodr. Variat folus anguste lineari-lanceolatis et late obovatis, ju-
nioribus oppositis punctulatis margine crispatis.

Has. Northern Island. From the east coast northwards, Cunningham, etc. Nat. name, “ Maire,”
Colenso.

This is one of innumerable instances of the impropriety of adopting native names for scientific purposes.
This plant is not the “ Mida” of the New Zealander, as Mr. Colenso assures me, but the “ Maire,” and closely re-
sembles Zugenia Maire, the “ Maire Tawake.” I have hence not hesitated to suppress a name which conveys no
meaning to botanists in general, and can only confuse the New Zealand student. My own experience in botanical
nomenclature has convinced me that the practice of adopting local names for species of plants is highly unadvisable;
it has introduced confusion into the botany of every country, and served no good purpose.

Nar. Og». LXXVII. URTICEA, Juss.
Gen. I. TROPHIS, P. Browne.

Flores dioici. Fu. 4 amentacei, bracteati. Perianthium 4-phyllum. Stamina 4. Fr. 9 axillares,
solitarii. Perianthium maris. Ovarium ovatum, stylo brevi, stigmatibus 2. Drupa ovata. — Cotyledones
contortuplicatee.

The “ Milk-tree ” of the Nelson and Wellington colonists is described by Mr. Bidwill and Dr. Sinclair as pro-
ducing a milk which is used with tea, and is egually suitable for the purpose with that of the cow; it is also drunk
as it flows from the tree, and is good and sweet, but has a vegetable after-taste.—A large tree, 60 feet high, very
variable in habit, form, and foliage, often extremely like Carpodetus serratus. Branches brittle, covered with dark
brown bark. Leaves alternate, petioled, 3—2 inches long, dark green, obovate-oblong, serrate, veined. Male flowers
in slender catkins, which are axillary and solitary or panicled, often becoming diseased, and forming masses of
pendulous, flowerless, bracteate peduncles. Perianth minute, seated in a small bract, four-leaved. Stamens four.
Female flowers solitary or few together, in very short spikes, each bracteate. Ovary ovoid. Fruit a small red berry,
terminated with the two stigmata. The species of this genus are ill-defined and chiefly tropical; some have been
referred to Epicarpurus of Blume, in which M. Raoul places this, but that genus is described as having the female
perianth swollen and fleshy, and the male with two bracteolee. (Name from rpepw, to nourish.)

1. Trophis? opaca, Banks et Sol.; inermis, ramulis ultimis amentisque puberulis, foliis obovatis
elliptico-oblongisve serratis. Banks et Sol. MSS. et lc. Epicarpurus microphyllus, Raoul, Chow de
Plantes, p. 14. t. 9.

Haz. Northern and Middle Islands, Banks and Solander, ete. Nat. name, “ Towai,” Raoul.

Gen. II. URTICA, Z.

Flores unisexuales, glomerati v. remoti, spicis racemisve dispositi. Fr. g. Perianthium 4-5-partitum.
Stamina 4-5. Fu.. Perianthium 4-phyllum ; foliolis exterioribus minoribus v. 0. Ovarium liberum.
Stigma sessile v. elongatum. Achenium oblongum, perianthio inclusum. Cotyledones ovatee.

The New Zealand Nettles are similar in general appearance to the English, but quite different specifically. As
a genus Urtica is known by its small unisexual flowers, collected into little heads, or solitary, scattered along
axillary spikes or panicles. Male fl. :—Perianth four- or five-parted. Stamens four or five. Female fl. :—Perianth of
four leaflets, which enclose the ripe achenium; the latter consists of a compressed nut, with a thread-shaped long style,
or short, sessile, feathery stigma. Ootyledons ovate, plano-convex.—This genus is found in most parts of the world.
Some of the species do not sting ; those that do so, effect it by the breaking off the ends of the stings, which con-

Urticee. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 225

tain an irritating fluid, which is consequently applied to the wound they make in penetrating the skin, producing
inflammation. (Name from wro, to burn.)

1, Urtica feroz, Forst.; monoica, caule erecto fruticoso tereti ramoso, ramis incanis herbaceis petiolis
costisque setis (longe stipitatis) rigidis patentibus dense obsitis, foliis oppositis longe petiolatis ovatis v.
linearibus integris v. basi utrinque lobatis acuminatis basi rotundatis v. cordatis profunde et irregulariter
acute sinuato-dentatis membranaceis superne glaberrimis v. sparse setosis subtus glaberrimis v. puberulis,
glomerulis masculis spicatis foemineis subracemosis, racemis spicisve petiolo subeequilongis, floribus acheniis-
que parvis, stigmatibus sessilibus plumosis. Forst. Prodr. A. Rich. Flora. A. Cunn. Prodr. U. hastata,
Banks et Sot. MSS. et Ic.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands. From the east coast, Banks and Solander, to the southern ex-
tremity, Lyall. Nat. name, “ Onga Onga,” Col.

The woody branching stem, 6-8 feet high, and long stipitate stings, at once distinguish this Nettle. The woody
branches are as thick as a crow- or goose-guill, smooth, or, as well as the leaves underneath, pubescent. Petioles
1-13 inches long. Leaves 3-6 inches, very variable in breadth, entire or lobed at the base. Flowers rather larger
than in the English U. wrens, similar to them.—Mr. Colenso describes this as stinging violently, the pain lasting for
four days.

2. Urtica australis, Hook. fil.; herbacea, caule robusto crasso subsimplici erecto nudo v. setoso,
folis oppositis ternisque stipulatis longe petiolatis late rotundato-cordatis grosse crenato-dentatis supra
glaberrimis subtus pubescentibus v. glabratis, stipulis ovato-lanceolatis integris v. bifidis, spicis simplicibus
v. paniculatis petiolo longioribus, stigmate sessili plumoso. 27. Antarct. p. 68.

Has. Northern Island. Wellington, Bidwill.

A tall succulent herb, found also in Lord Auckland's Group. Stem smooth, glabrous, or setose, especially at
the bases of the leaves, 2—4 feet high. Leaves stipulate, 4 inches broad, on petioles 2-4 inches long, opposite or
ternate, broadly cordate, deeply toothed. Spikes branched or subpaniculate, glabrous or more or less covered with
stings.

3. Urtica Jucifuga, Hook. fil.; herbacea, monoica, tota glaberrima v. setis longis sparsis instructa,
caule erecto parce ramoso, foliis oppositis longe et gracile petiolatis late deltoideo-cordatis grosse dentatis
membranaceis, spicis simplicibus v. divisis, floribus confertis, achenio laciniis 2 interioribus majoribus
perianthii incluso rarius tubo perianthii elongato immerso, stigmate sessili. Lond. Journ. Bot. v. 6. p. 285.

Var. (8. linearifolia ; folis anguste linearibus lineari-oblongisve, floribus glomeratis axillaribus vix
spicatis.

Has. Northern Island. In various places, Colenso, Sinclair, ete.

A tall slender species, sparingly branched, quite glabrous, or with a few scattered long stings, chiefly on the
petioles. Stems 2 feet high, weak. Leaves very variable in size, 3-3 inches long, membranous, deeply toothed,
broadly cordate, acuminate ; petioles 1-3 inches long. Flowers clustered in numerous spikes, which are shorter
than the petioles. -4chenia enclosed in the two outer larger leaflets of the perianth; sometimes the perianth of the
fruit is tubular, however, and encloses the achenia.—Also found in Tasmania, where the leaves are often narrow
and linear. The var. 8 may be a different species, but rather appears a starved weak state; its leaves are very
narrow, linear-oblong or linear-elongate, 1-3 inches long, and the spikes reduced to little more than axillary
glomeruli.

Gen. III. AUSTRALINA, Gaud.

Flores monoici. Ft. 3 ad apicem pedunculi solitarii elongati axillares, solitarii v. bini. Perianthium
(v.involucellum) cochleare. Stamen 1. FL. solitarii v. 2-3, subsessiles, axillares. Perianthium lagene-
9 K

226 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. | Urticee.

forme, compressum, ore minimo, achenium amplectens. Stylus elongatus, exsertus.—Herbe Australasiee
et Novee Zelandie tenelle, puberule ; folis alternis stipulatis v. estipulatis, grosse crenatis dentatisve.—An
Australina, Gaud.? Anaganthos, Hook. fil. MSS.

There are two species of this curious little genus, one Tasmanian (4. Tasmanica, MSS.), the other New Zealand.
The latter forms a slender, prostrate, delicate, membranous herb, 4-8 inches long, pubescent on the stems, petioles,
and pedicels. Leaves alternate, with subulate stipules and slender petioles as long as the blade (4 inch), which
is rounded and coarsely bluntly toothed. Flowers moncecious, axillary. Males in the upper axils, two together at the
apex of a slender peduncle as long as the petiole. Perianth concave, almost bell-shaped, obscurely two-lipped,
pilose. Stamen solitary. Female solitary, or two to three in the axils of the lower leaves; bracteole very small or
absent. Perianth compressed, flagon-shaped, having an inflated tube and very small mouth, through which the fili-
form pubescent stigma protrudes. Nut crustaceous, compressed, brown, smooth, enclosed in the perianth. (Name
from the original species inhabiting Australia.)

1. Australina Nove-Zelandie ; caule puberulo, foliis stipulatis longe petiolatis, fl. $ binis, perianthio

subcampanulato, fl. 9 bracteolis minimis v. 0.
Haz. Northern Island. Bay of Islands, in dark woods. East coast, Colenso.

Gen. IV. PARIETARIA, Tourn.

Flores axillares, fasciculati v. cymosi, polygami, involucrati. Fr. 3. Perianthium 4-5-phyllum. Sta-
mina totidem. Fr.9. Perianthium tabulosum, ventricosum, 4-fidum. Ovarium liberum, perianthio in-
clusum. Stigma capitatum, sessile.

A small genus (of which, however, very many species have been made on very insufficient grounds) of weedy
plants, found over all the warm and temperate parts of the globe. The New Zealand species abounds in Australia
and North and South America (where it is called P. Floridana), and in some parts of Europe, under the name of
P. Lusitanica. It is very nearly allied to, and perhaps only a variety of, the original European P. officinalis of
Linnzus, with fewer flowers.—4A very weak, trailing (rarely erect and stiff), pubescent or glabrous herb. Stems
8-12 inches long. Leaves membranous, alternate, exstipulate, petiolate, ovate, blunt, quite entire, 3-13 inches
long. Flowers polygamous, pilose, inconspicuous, green, clustered in the axils of the leaves, surrounded by a
two- to four-leaved involucre, composed of connate braeteole. Zavolucres one- to three-flowered. Male flowers
with a four-leaved perianth and four stamens; female with a tubular or urceolate four-cleft perianth. Achenium
turgid, with a small capitate sessile stigma. (Named from paries, a wall; in allusion to the species frequenting old
walls.)

1. Parietaria debilis, Forst. ; floribus paucis axillaribus subsessilibus, involucris 2—4-foliolatis 1-8-floris.
Has. Common throughout the Islands, Banks and Solander, ete. (Native of England.)

Gen. V. ELATOSTEMMA, Forst.

Flores monoici, rarius dioici, in capitulis sexu distinctis involucrati receptaculo subcarnoso inserti,
bracteolati. Fr.d. Perianthium 4-5-partitum. Stamina 4-5. Fr. 9. Perianthium 2—4-phyllum v. rudi-
mentarium. Stigma sessile, laciniatum.

The only New Zealand species is a succulent, prostrate or suberect, hoary, watery herb, with a curved, ascend-
ing, thick, fleshy stem, 1-2 feet high, branched at the base. Leaves 4-10 inches long, alternate, sessile, elongate,
lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate, acuminate, curved; base auriculate, half-clasping the stem on one side; margins
deeply toothed, puberulous, rugose. Stipules deciduous, membranous, lanceolate. Receptacles discoid, moncecious.

Male capitula 4 inch broad, rather fleshy, surrounded by imbricating broad connate pilose or glabrous leaflets, axillary,
solitary or binate, sessile or shortly pedunculate. Flowers small, pedicellate, hidden among the large membranous

Piperacea.| FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 227

bracts. Perianth four-parted. Stamens four. Female capitula much smaller, more pubescent. Bractee small,
narrow. Flowers minute, nearly sessile; perianth none, or of one to four narrow linear hairy pieces. Ovary ovate,
compressed, with a sessile capitate stigma. Achenium inflated, crustaceous, white mottled with brown. Seed erect,
with a coriaceous testa. (Name from eharnp, elastic, and ornuov, a stamen.)

1. Elatostemma rugosum, A. Cunn.; carnosum, foliis sessilibus elongato-lineari-lanceolatis oblongisve
acuminatis rugosis grosse dentatis sessilibus basi latere conico auriculato, receptaculis sessilibus v. breve
pedunculatis axillaribus. 4. Cwnn. Prodr. Dorstenia, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic.

Has. Northern Island, abundant in dark woods, Banks and Solander, etc. Nat. name, “ Paratani-
wha,” R. Cunn.

Nar. Ord. LXXVIII. HUPHORBIACEA, Juss.
Gen. I. EUPHORBIA, Z.

Involucrum urceolare v. cupulæforme, multiflorum, 4-5-fidum; lobis glandulis alternantibus. Fr. ¢
plurimi. Perianthium 0. Stamen 1, pedicellatum. FL. 9 solitarius. Perianthium 0 v. squamæ. Ovarium
pedicellatum, 3-lobum, 3-loculare. Ovula loculis solitaria, pendula. Stylus 3-fidus. Capsula 3-cocca.

An immense genus, whose species abound in Tropical regions and the Temperate climates of the Northern hemi-
sphere, but are comparatively rare in the Southern. The only New Zealand one is a herb, with acrid milky juice ; also
found in Norfolk Island. Everywhere quite smooth, often glaucous. Stems tufted, stout, simple, erect, 1-2 feet
high, leafy above. Leaves spreading, alternate, narrow linear-oblong or broadly obovate, subacute, 2-3 inches long,
yellow when dry ; floral ones short, broad. Flowers without any perianth, numerous, enclosed in involucres resembling
a perianth, mixed with hairy filaments and flat imperfect male flowers. Jnvolucre bell-shaped, + inch across, fleshy,
having four to five purple flat binate glands at the mouth. Male flowers numerous, included, each consisting of a
single stamen, mounted on a pedicel, appearing like a jointed filament (the joint indicates the place where a
perianth is produced in some species). Anthers didymous. Female flower exserted, hanging over the side of the
involucre, pedicellate, the pedicel jointed below the ovarium, which is three-lobed, three-celled, with a trifid style
(its arms bifid), and one pendulous ovule in each cell. Capsules of three cocci, separating from a central axis,
splitting down the back and exposing a single albuminous pendulous seed, with a hard grey testa. Cotyledons large,
flat. (Named from Huphorbus, a physician of Mauritania, who brought the plant into use.)

1. Euphorbia glauca, Forst.; glaberrima, glauca, caule simplici robusto erecto superne trichotome
ramoso folioso, foliis lineari-lanceolatis oblongis late obovatisve obtusis, floralibus latioribus, involucri
glandulis lunatis. Forst. Prodr. A. Rich. Flora. A. Cunn. Prodr.

Has. Throughout the Islands, common on the shores, etc., Banks and Solander, etc. Nat. name,
* Wainatua” (Demon’s milk), Col.

NAT. Ord. LXXIX. PIPERACEA, Rich.

Gen. I. PIPER, Z.

Bractee foliacex, peltate, sessiles v. decurrentes. Stigma 3—4-fidum, puberulum.

The New Zealand Pepper is a small tree, 12-20 feet high, or sometimes a rambling shrub, with a very aro-
matic smell ; it has been used for Tea, and for the cure of toothache ; it is found also in Norfolk Island, and belongs
to a subgenus (Macropiper) including the very nearly allied P. latifolium of the Feejee and South Sea Islands. The
wood is of very curious structure. Stems zigzag, jointed, quite smooth, glabrous. Leaves petiolate, 2-3 inches long,

228 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. | Chloranthacee.

broadly cordate, acuminate, five- to seven-nerved at the two-lobed base ; petioles dilated below, winged, with adnate
stipules. Spadices axillary, generally two together, peduncled, 1 inch long. Berries yellow, eaten, but not the seeds,
which are rejected. (Name, rerepu, in Greek.)

1. Piper excelsum, Forst.; caule fruticoso v. subarboreo, foliis late cordatis subacuminatis, petiolis
basi stipulis adnatis alatis, spadicibus geminis solitariisve strictis erectis breve peduneulatis. Forst. Prodr.
A. Rich. Flora. A. Cunn. Prodr. P. myristicum, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic. Macropiper excelsum, Miquel,
Monogr. Pip.

Haz. Northern and Middle Islands, as far south as Banks’ Peninsula, Banks and Solander, etc. Nat.
name, “Kawa Kawa” (piquant), Col. (Cultivated in England.)

Gen. II. PEPEROMIA, Ruiz et Pav.

Bractee peltate, crasse. Stigma capitatum, globosum, villosum.

Small succulent herbs, found in all tropical and subtropical countries, differing from Piper only in the fleshy
bracts and capitate stigma. The New Zealand species is very similar to, if not the same, as a South Sea Island
one ; but the species of this genus are fleshy, and consequently preserve badly, so that they cannot be easily ex-
amined in a dried state. P. Urvilleana is a perfectly smooth or very faintly pubescent, succulent, branching herb,
frequenting mossy banks and the trunks of trees. Stems branched at the prostrate base, 4-10 inches high. Leaves
alternate, shortly petioled, broadly obovate or elliptical-oblong, three-nerved at the base, i-l inch long. Spadix
peduncled, axillary, solitary, erect, 1-13 inch long. (Name from its affinity to Piper.)

1. Peperomia Urvilleana, A. Rich. ; glaberrima, caule procumbente ramoso, foliis alternis breve petio-
latis late obovatis elliptico-oblongisve obtusis, spadicibus axillaribus solitariis erectis. A. Rich. FI. 4. Cunn.
Prodr. Mig. Monogr. Pip. Piper insipidum, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic.

Has. Northern Island. Common in damp woods, etc., Banks and Solander, etc.

Nar. Og». LXXX. CHLORANTHACEA, Br.
Gen. I. ASCARINA, Forst.

Dioica. Flores laxe spicati, l-bracteati. Fi. 3. Anthera oblonga, 2-locularis, 4-sulea. Fr.9.
Ovarium sessile, 1-loculare, globosum v. oblongum, 1-ovulatum. Stigma sessile, depressum.

A very curious genus of shrubby plants, of which the only species hitherto (and that imperfectly) known is a
native of the Sandwich Islands. The New Zealand one is a small tree, 12—14 feet high, everywhere perfectly
smooth. Stems jointed. Leaves 2 inches long, opposite, petioled, stipulate, linear-oblong or obovate, blunt, coarsely
bluntly serrate, bright green above, glaucous below. —Sfipules short, connate with the petiole. Inflorescence of four
to eight racemed, slender, opposite spikes, 3-3 inch long. Flowers very minute, green, sessile, alternate. Bract
minute. Perianth 0. Ovary sessile, ovate, with a blunt stigma, one-celled and with one pendulous ovule.—Male

flower unknown. (Name from ackapıs, à small white worm, which the anthers resemble.)

1. Ascarina Zueida, Hook. fil.; fruticosa, foliis petiolatis obovato- v. elliptico-oblongis obtusis grosse
obtuse serratis supra leete viridibus subtus glaucis, spicis 9 gracilibus paniculatis oppositis, paniculis folio
brevioribus, floribus minimis. Trophis lucida, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic.

Has. Northern Island. Totara-nui, Banks and Solander. Swamps, Wairarapa Valley, Colenso.

Cupulifere. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 229

Nar. Og». LXXXI. CUPULIFERA, Rich.

Gen. I. FAGUS, Tourn.

Flores monoici. Fu. 3. Perianthium v. involucrum campanulatum, 5-6-fidum. Stamina 8-12,
eirca discum glandulosum inserta. Pr. 9 2-4, involucro 4-partito inclusi. Perianthium urceolatum, cum
ovario coadunatum ; ore contracto. Ovarium 3-loculare; ovulis quovis loculo solitariis, pendulis. Sžylis
3, filiformibus. Nuces involucro indurato dorso fimbriato v. spinuloso sessiles, compressce, trigonee, abortu
1-spermee.

The Beeches of the Southern Hemisphere rank amongst the finest trees of the regions they inhabit—South Chili,
Fuegia, New Zealand, and Tasmania. Al are much smaller leaved, flowered, and fruited plants than the Northern
Beeches, and their fruit is hence not worth eating by natives, as our Beech-mast would be. All become stunted,
prostrate, and depressed in alpine situations. A peculiar genus of Fungi, Cyttaria, grows on the Tasmanian and
Fuegian species, and is an important article of food amongst the Fuegians; it has not yet been found in New
Zealand, but probably will be. All the species here described are evergreens, but one Tasmanian and several
Fuegian have deciduous foliage. Flowers moncecious; male consisting of several stamina in a bell-shaped
perianth, surrounding a central gland; female of two to four ovaria, closely invested with an urceolate perianth, en-
closed in a four-parted involucre, which becomes woody, fimbriate, or spinous in fruit. Ovary three-celled, with
three styles. Fruit of several compressed, flagon-shaped, small nuts, each one-celled, with one seed, no albumen,
and plaited cotyledons. (Name, pyyos in Greek, from payo, to eat.)

1. Fagus Menziesta, Hook. fil.; arbor elata, sempervirens, ramulis fulvo-tomentosis, foliis glaberrimis
crassis coriaceisgue breve petiolatis rhombeo-ovatis orbiculatisve obtusis profunde duplicato-crenatis venis
inconspicuis, involucri laciniis fimbriatis fimbriis multiseriatis apicibus globoso-incrassatis, fructibus coriaceis
puberulis alatis, alis sursum productis, perianthio infra stylum paucifimbriato. Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 652.

Has. Mountains of the Northern and Middle Islands. Dusky Bay, Menzies. Ruahine mountains
and Waikare Lake, Bidwill, Colenso. Mountains of Nelson, above 3000 feet, Bidwill. Nat. name,
“ Tavai,” Col. “Red Birch” of the colonists.

A very handsome tree, 80-100 feet high, 2-3 in diameter. Bark silvery, outer layers peeling off and ex-
posing a red surface. Branches tabular, tufted and leafy at the extremities. Branchlets covered with fulvous pu-
bescence. Leaves bright deep green, very rigid and coriaceous, + inch long, as broad, rhomboid, blunt, doubly
erenate. Involucres puberulous, 2-2 inch long; segments erect, armed on the back with five to seven tiers of soft
spines, each recurved and swollen at the point. Nuts fimbriated towards the apex, rarely entire, puberulous, two-
to three-winged; wings produced upwards into flat sharp points.— Very nearly allied both to the 7. Cunninghamii
of Tasmania, and F. öetuloides of Fuegia.

2. Fagus fusca, Hook. fil. ; arbor elata, sempervirens, ramulis pubescentibus, foliis glaberrimis venosis
petiolatis ovato-oblongis obtusis grosse serratis basi cuneatis integerrimis, pedunculis fl. masc. subpanicu-
latis 3-floris puberulis glandulosis, involucris late -ovatis coriaceis segmentis dorso lamellatis, nucibus pu-
berulis alatis, alis apice subdentatis. Betuloides fusca, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic.

Var. a; folis submembranaceis siccitate crispatis, dentibus majoribus subacutis. Hook. Ic. Plant.
t. 631.

Var. Ø. Colensoi; folis coriaceis, dentibus minoribus obtusis. Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 630.

Has. Mountains of the Northern Island, Banks and Solander, ete. Common in the Middle Island,
Bidwill. Nat. name, “Tawai,” Bidwill. “Black Birch” of the colonists. (Cultivated in England.)

3L

230 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Conifere.

A lofty, handsome forest-tree, 80-100 feet high, sometimes 35 in girth at 5 feet from the ground. At Nelson
Mr. Bidwill says it ascends from the sea to 3500 feet elevation. Branchlets pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 1-14 inch
long, evergreen, not very coriaceous, oblong-ovate, deeply toothed; teeth smaller and blunt in var. 8, which has
more coriaceous leaves, the base cuneate, entire. Male flowers in pubescent racemes at the end of the branches,
three together at the end of a common peduncle, pilose or pubescent and viscid, five-toothed. Involucres broadly
ovate; divisions broad, coriaceous, lamellate; lamelle entire or cut. Nuts winged; wings toothed at the apex.—
Mr. Bidwill considers the varieties of this enumerated above as the same species; though they have a different
look, which is, I find, wholly confined to the leaves of var. 8 being more coriaceous, with smaller blunter teeth.

3. Fagus Solandri, Hook. fil.; arbor elata, sempervirens, ramulis pubescentibus tomentosisve, foliis
parvis breve petiolatis lineari- v. ovato-oblongis obtusis integerrimis subtus albo-tomentosis, pedunculis fl.
masc. brevibus 1-floris, perianthio eyathiformi, involucris parvis lamellatis tomentosis glabratisve, lamellis
inagualibus integris dentatisve, nucibus alatis integerrimis. Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 639. Cliffortioides ob-
longa, Banks et Sol. MSS.

Has. Mountains of the Northern and Middle Islands, Banks and Solander, Menzies, etc. Nelson,
3000-6000 feet, Bidwill. English name, “ White Birch,” Bidwill.

A very beautiful lofty evergreen tree, attaining 100 feet in deep rich soil and 4-5 in diameter, varying much
according to exposure (Bidwill). Young frees like young English Beeches. Old bark black, cracked; young white,
smooth, like Birch, which the wood also resembles, being close, tough, white, not durable under exposure, with no
conspicuous medullary rays. Branchlets very densely pubescent. Leaves small, shortly petiolate, 1—2 inch long,
linear or ovate-oblong, blunt, quite entire, oblique at the base, finely reticulated above, covered with white appressed
down below. Male flowers shortly pedunculate. Perianth solitary, broad, shallow, toothed. Imvolucres glabrous
or tomentose; segments lamellate; lamelle unequally toothed or entire. Nut smooth or downy; wings entire,
narrow.

4. Fagus Cliffortioides, Hook. fil.; arbor v. arbuscula sempervirens, ramulis pubescentibus, foliis pro
genere minimis breve petiolatis ovatis obtusis integerrimis subtus albido-tomentosis, pedunculis fl. masc.
unifloris, perianthio cyathiformi, involucris pubescentibus lamellatis, lamellis dentatis, nucibus alatis. Hook.
Ic. Plant. t. 673.

Haz. Mountains of the Northern and Middle Islands. Dusky Bay, Menzies; top of the Ruahine
mountains, Colenso; mountains near Nelson, 5000-7000 feet, Bedwill.

Very similar indeed to F. Solandri, and also called “ White Birch,” but a more alpine plant. The most alpine
tree in New Zealand, covering the tops of the Nelson Mountains (alt. 6000-7000 feet) with a dense scrub, 6 feet
high, according to Mr. Bidwill. Zeaves the smallest of the genus, only 1-2 inch long, distinguished by their ob-
ovate shape from F. Solandri.

NAT. Og». LXXXII. CONIFERA, Juss.
Gen. I. DAMMARA, Rumph.

Flores dioici. Fu. 2. Amenta extra-axillaria. Stamina plurima, imbricata, subsessilia. Anthere
loculis 8-15 cylindraceis, e basi connectivi duplici serie pendulis. Fr. $. Amenta terminalia. Syuame
ebracteatee; ovula solitaria, inversa. Strobilus ovatus v. obovatus; squamis dense imbricatis, axi deciduis.

Seminis testa late ineegualiter alata.

The Kawdi, Cowri, Kaudi, Kauri, Kowri, or Cowdi Pine of New Zealand, as it is indifferently spelt or mis-
spelt and pronounced, is too well-known a tree to require a detailed description for its identification ; I shall therefore

Conifere. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 231

only briefly give its characters for the information of those who desire to understand something about its curious struc-
ture.—Dammara australis forms a tall erect tree, with whorled branches in its young state, but it has, when old, a tall
straight trunk, 80-100 feet high and 30 in girth, with a small bushy crown. Bark thick, yielding tears of resin
in great profusion; enormous masses of a similar resin, many pounds in weight, are found in soil in many places
far from where these trees now grow, and are presumed to have the same origin, but I have been told that no living
trees produce such masses. Wood light, very strong, well adapted for shingles, masts, and many other pur-
poses. A highly-magnified delicate transverse section shows rings of growth, and no ducts, but a mass of woody
fibres so squeezed together as to look like a network of square cells; a thin longitudinal slice shows the tubes of
wood to be marked with very curious discs. Such a structure of wood and such discs are common to all wood of
this Natural Order, and almost identifies it; similar but not identical discs exist in Drimys and its allies. Leaves
very coriaceous, scattered, in young plants lanceolate, 2-3 inches long, in old, oblong or obovate, glaucous, 1-13
inch. Male flowers consist of lateral cones, 1 inch long and 4 diameter, covered with closely imbricating peltate
scales, which scales are modified anthers, with short filaments and a broad, dilated, coriaceous connectivum, from
which hang several cylindrical pollen-cells. Female flowers in terminal, large, obovate cones, with a woody axis,
around which coriaceous imbricating glaucous scales are whorled. Ovules naked, without any kind of ovarium or
perianth, solitary, one on each scale, inverted, the foramen pointing to the base of the scale. Fruit the well-known
obovate cone, whose deciduous woody scales bear each a single much-compressed seed. Testa hard, with a broad
wing on one side and a narrow one on the other. Hméryo in the axis of a fleshy albumen, with a cylindrical
radicle and two blunt cotyledons. (Name from dammar, an Indian name for resin.)

1. Dammara australis, Lamb. ; folis junioribus oppositis linearibus lanceolatisgue senioribus alternis
obovatis obtusis enerviis, strobilis obovatis, squamis apice subacutis. Don, in Lamb. Pin. part 9. p. 14. t. 6.
A. Cunn. Prodr. Agathis, Salish. Podocarpus? zamieefolius, A. Rich. Flora.

Has. On the east coast of the North Island, from Mercury Bay northwards, Banks and Sol., etc.
Nat. name, “ Kauri ;" “ Wari Kauri” of the fresh gum, “ Kapia" of that dug up. (Cultivated in England.)

Gen. II. THUJA, Tourn.

Flores monoici v. dioici, terminales. FL. 3. Amenta parva. Stamina plurima, axi inserta, laxe im-
bricata ; anthere loculi 4, connectivo dilatato excentrice peltato penduli. FL. 9. Amenta minima. Sguame
paucee, 4-fariam imbricate. Ovula squamulis gemina, erecta. Strobili squame laxe imbricate, demum
lignescentes, clausi, demum patuli. Semina gemina; testa alata.

The Arbor-vitee (or Cypress, as it is called at Nelson) of New Zealand belongs to a genus found in South Chili,
Europe, and the Northern Temperate zone generally. Z. Doniana forms a large dicecious tree, 30 feet high, 3-5 in
diameter. Bark stringy, also scaling (like Leptospermum). Wood fine-grained, close, heavy, dark, beautiful and
durable. Branches tortuous, terminal, horizontal in old plants, vertical in young, like Cypress ; all pinnate, much
flattened, uniformly covered with imbricating, coriaceous, small, ovate, rather blunt, broadly subulate or trian-
gular leaves; young branches much compressed and broader, with the lateral rows of leaves longer; those on the
upper and lower faces very small; in old plants nearly tetragonous. Male flowers in small terminal catkins, 4 inch
long, scarcely broader than the tips of the branches, of 10-15 loosely imbricating anthers; filaments short; connec-
tivum smooth, ovate, excentrically peltate; cells about four, pendulous from the connectivum. Female flowers also
in terminal catkins of a very different form, composed of four coriaceous scales, the two inner much the largest,
erect, horned at the back. Ovules two, at the base of the two large inner scales, erect. Ripe cone woody, i inch
long; outer smaller scales sharp, inner longer, erect, blunt, all with a prominent curved subulate horn above the
middle. Seeds four, erect, with a broad oblong membranous wing. (Name from 6vo, to sacrifice.)

1. Thuja Doniana, Hook.; ramis pinnatim ramosis, ramulis foliosis compressis, amentis foemineis

232 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. | Conifere.

elongatis, strobili squamis 4 dorso cornutis 2 exterioribus minoribus, seminis ala oblique oblonga obtusa.
Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. v. 1. p. 571. £. 18. Dacrydium plumosum, Don. A. Cunn., etc.

Has. Mountain woods of the Northern and Middle Islands, Bennett, R. Cunningham. Ruahine
mountains, Colenso. Nelson, elev. 6000 feet, Bidwill. Nat. names, “ Moko piko,” Bidwill; “ Kawaka,”
Cunn. (Cultivated in England.)

I find no difference between the specimens from the Northern and Middle Islands. The Bay of Islands plant
is however so different-looking from that gathered at 6000 feet on the Nelson mountains, that I think there must
be two species. I have no fruit or flower of the former, which differs in the branches being rather broader.

Gen. III. PODOCARPUS, Herit.

FL. 2. Amenta terminalia, cylindracea. Anthere imbricate, sessiles; loculi 2, lateraliter dehiscentes.
FL. 2. axillares, solitarii; ovulum disco lobato insertum, anatropum. Fructus drupaceus, disco rapheque
carnoso instructus. Semen nuciforme, inversum.

Large trees or small shrubs, usually with linear, distichous or imbricated leaves; natives of various tropical
countries, and of the Southern Temperate regions ; various species are found in South Chili, Australia, and Tasmania.
Catkins of male flowers solitary, spiked, or clustered. Stamens of numerous sessile imbricated anthers, without fila-
ments, and with a dilated connectivum, two-celled; cells bursting laterally. Female flowers a lobed dise, solitary,
minute, axillary, bearing a minute inverted ovule: the raphe and chalaza swell during the ripening of the fruit into
a fleshy drupe-like pericarp surrounding the hard inverted nut-like seed. Embryo enclosed in farinaceous albumen
(Name from «ovs, a foot, and xapros, fruit; from the thick pedicel of the berry.)

1. Podocarpus ferruginea, Don; arborea, foliis distichis faleatis linearibus acutis, amentis & solitariis
axillaribus, antheris muticis, drupa magna pedunculata. Don, in Lamb. Pin. Appendix. A. Cunn. Prodr.
Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 549.

Haz. Northern Island, Banks and Solander, etc. Nat. name, “ Miro," Cunn. (Cultivated in
England.)

A large timber tree, 40—60 feet in height and 12 in girth. Wood brittle, close-grained, durable, reddish.
Leaves turn red-brown when dry, 1- inch long, distichous, falcate, linear, acute. Male catkins axillary, solitary,
blunt, shorter than the leaves; connectivum of the anthers blunt. Berries glaucous, fine red-purple, ž inch long,
tasting of turpentine, eaten by birds and sometimes by men.

2. Podocarpus nivalis, Hook.; fruticulus rigidus, lignosus, foliis undigue patenti-recurvis lineari-ob-
longis mucronatis dorso costa crassa, amentis brevibus, antheris muticis, drupa exsucca? Hook. Ic. Pl.
1:582.

Has. Mountains of the Northern Island. Tongariro, Bidwill. Top of Ruahine range, Colenso.

Very near P. ferruginea, and possibly an alpine state of it, differing in habit, small foliage, and dry? drupe. A
small shrub, a span to a foot high. Leaves placed all round the branches, patent, recurved, short, 4 inch long, very
thick and coriaceous, linear-oblong, apiculate, with a very thick midrib.— This very closely resembles the Tasmanian
P. alpinus, Br.; but the connectivum of the anther in that species is produced into a little horn.

3. Podocarpus spicata, Br.; arborea, foliis distichis subfalcatis linearibus obtusis apiculatisve subtus
glaucis, amentis Y spicatis horizontaliter patentibus, antheris acutis, drupis ad'apices ramulorum subspicatis.
Br. in Plant. Rar. Jav. p. 40. Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 543. Dacrydium taxifolium, Banks et Sol. Lambert,
Hist. Pin. D.? Mai, 4. Cunn. Prodr.

Has. Northern Island and northern parts of the Middle Island, Banks and Solander, etc. Nat.
names, “ Mai,” Cunn., and “Mataii,” Col. (Cultivated in England.)

Conifere.| FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 233

A large tree, 80 feet high, yielding a good durable wood. eaves linear, straight or slightly falcate, blunt or
apiculate, glaucous below. Male catkins 2-3 lines long, distant, horizontal, on terminal spikes. Anthers acute.
Drupes numerous towards the ends of the branches, sometimes spiked, roundish, 4 inch long, sweet and eatable.

4. Podocarpus Totara, Cunn.; arborea, folis undique imbricatis breve petiolatis valde coriaceis acu-
minatis pungentibus, amentis 3 aggregatis pedunculatis bracteolatis, antheris eroso-dentatis, drupis pedun-
culo baccato solitariis binisve. Don, in Lamb. Pin. A. Cunn. Prodr. Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. v. 1.
pi h 19.

Has. Throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, Menzies, ete. Nat. name, “Totara,” Cunn.
(Cultivated in England.)

A large tree, 60 feet high and 6-8 in circumference, spreading, yielding a red wood, only equalled by that of
the Dammara for lightness, toughness, and durability. Its value formerly was said to be so great, that good growing
trees became heir-looms, and disputes for possession led-to bloodshed. Bark used for roofing. Leaves 3-14 inch
long, placed all round the branches, spreading, very thick and coriaceous, pungent, pale green, linear, acuminate,
with an indistinct midrib. Male catkins short, thick, blunt, solitary or two together, pedunculate ; peduncle bracteate
at the top. Connectivum of the anthers eroso-dentate. Drupes solitary or two together, placed on a swollen pe-
duncle, which forms an eatable fruit bigger than the berry.

5. Podocarpus daerydioides, A. Rich.; arborea, foliis biformibus, aliis ramulorum juniorum distichis
(more Selaginella) patulis curvis falcatis linearibus acuminatis, aliis ramulorum seniorum minimis undique
imbricatis late subulatis acuminatis dorso carinatis, amentis & parvis solitariis terminalibus, antheris acutis,
drupis subexsuccis parvis pedunculo baccato sessilibus. A. Rich. Flor. p. 358. 4. 89. A. Cunn. Prodr.
P. thujioides, Br. Plant. Jav. Dacrydium thujioides, Banks et Sol. MSS.

Has. Northern Island. Common as far south as Auckland; rare beyond it, Banks and Solander,
ete. Nat. name, “ Kahi-katea," Cunn. (Cultivated in England.)

A common gregarious tree of great size, 150 feet high and 15 in circumference, branching at the top. Roots
spreading over swampy ground. Wood white, soft and spongy, of no use. Leaves of two forms; those in young
trees and branches pinnate, curved, linear, with acuminate up-turned points, + inch long, nerveless, on slender
branches, which are used by the natives for making eel-baskets. Leaves on old branches small, subulate, acumi-
nate, 2 lines long, appressed and imbricating, keeled at the back. Male catkins small, solitary, sessile, terminal ;

anthers acute. Drupes small, gibbous, on swollen peduncles, eaten by the natives.

Gen. IV. DACRYDIUM, Sod.

FL. 5. Amenta terminalia. Anthere imbricate ; loculis 2, lateraliter dehiscentibus. Fu. 2. solitarii,
axillares v. terminales. Ovulum disco cupuliformi solitarium, erectum. Fructus 3-drupaceus. Semen nuci-
forme, disco baccato immersum, erectum.

A genus in all respects very similar indeed to Podocarpus, but the ovule and seed are erect, and the berry is
formed by the seed becoming included within the swollen fleshy disc. The species are few, and natives of
Tasmania and the Malay Islands, as well as of New Zealand; many have beautiful long weeping branches. The
Huon Pine of Tasmania is D. Franklinii. (Name from darpv, a tear; in allusion to the weeping habit.)

1. Dacrydium cupressinum, Don; arbor excelsa, ramis ramulisque pulcherrime pendulis, foliis biformi-
bus, ramulorum juniorum undique imbricatis patentibus subulatis subacerosis, seniorum multoties minoribus
laxe imbricatis subulatis subacutis, ramulis fructiferis arcuatis, semine disco carnoso obliquo cupulari im-
merso. Don, in Lamb. Pin. p. 93. 6. 41.- Rich. Conf. p. 127. t. 2. A. Rich. Flora. A. Cunn. Prodr.

Has. Throughout the Islands, abundant in forests, Banks and Solander, ete. Nat. name, “ Rimu.”
(Cultivated in England.)

3M

234 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Conifere.

One of the most remarkable and beautiful trees in New Zealand, conspicuous, especially when young, for its
pyramidal form, pale green colour, and very long weeping branches. Trunk 80 feet high, 4-5 in diameter. Wood red,
solid, heavy, excellent. From the young branches spruce-beer was manufactured by Captain Cook, which proved
an excellent remedy for scurvy. Leaves of two forms; those on the young weeping branches patent, needle-shaped,
sharp, spreading, two lines long; those on the older branches shorter, imbricated, blunter. Fruit borne on short
curved branchlets, solitary, sessile. Seed surrounded at the base by a cup-shaped disc, which is eaten by the
natives.

2. Dacrydium Colensoi, Hook.; frutex v. arbuscula polymorpha, habitu varia, foliis laxe v. arcte im-
bricatis v. undigue patentibus biformibus, aliis lineari-elongatis obtusis patulis, aliis crassis brevissimis
dense imbricatis trigonis carinatis, amentis 3 sessilibus terminalibus solitariis, antheris paucis obtusis obtuse
carinatis, seminibus parvis lateralibus disco carnoso insidentibus. Hook. lo. Pl. 4. 548. Podocarpus ?
biformis, Jc. Pl. t. 544.

Has. Mountains of the Northern and Middle Islands. Dusky Bay, Menzies. Tongariro and Rua-
hine mountains, Colenso. Mountains around Nelson, elev. 4000—6000 feet, Bidwill.

One of the most variable plants in New Zealand, which certainly contains an extraordinary proportion of
singularly Protean plants. In its largest form it attains 12 feet in height, and has long spreading prostrate branches ;
other forms are reclinate or erect, prostrate or creeping. Stems and branches stout and woody, covered below with
small scale-like broad triangular coriaceous leaves. Leaves of many forms on the same branch, or uniform, all
coriaceous, deep-green and polished: those of one kind linear, blunt, spreading, 4-4 inch long, with a stout midrib ;
while others are densely imbricated, triangular, blunt, thick, coriaceous, 4 line long, and give the stem a square
appearance. Male catkins terminal, solitary, sessile, of four to six imbricating anthers, consisting of a broad blunt
ovate connectivum, and two loculi at the lower margins. Seeds small, coriaceous, lateral, axillary, seated on a hori-
zontal cup-shaped resinous disc.

3. Dacrydium Zawifolium, Hook. fil.; fruticulus elongatus, gracilis, prostratus, foliis parvis biformibus,
aliis laxe imbricatis patulis linearibus obtusis dorso convexis, aliis (plerisque) imbricatis brevissimis ovatis
obtusis obtuse carinatis, amentis terminalibus sessilibus solitariis, antheris paucis imbricatis obtusis,
seminibus parvis terminalibus ramulisve brevissimis axillaribus disco carnoso insidentibus. Hook. Ic. Pt.
6. 815.

Has. Mountains of the Northern and Middle Islands. Tongariro and mountains of Nelson, elev.
6000-7000 feet, Bidwill. Ruahine range, Colenso. Nat. name, “ Rimu,” Bidwill.

A very remarkable little species, one of the smallest Pines in the world, covering the ground in patches
5-6 feet long. Mr. Bidwill says the natives call it “ Rimu,” the name in common use for young plants of D.
cupressinum, as also for seaweeds and plants assuming this habit, not only throughout New Zealand, but in the
Pacific Islands, whose inhabitants speak kindred tongues with the Maori (I was in error in supposing (Ic. Plant.)
that Mr. Bidwill thought this a var. of D. cupressinum, from his having attached the name of “ Rimu” to it). Stems
slender, woody, prostrate, flexible. Branches very slender, covered with leaves of two forms, each of them like those
of D. Colensoi, but much smaller; these two forms pass into one another in this plant, which they do not so evi-
dently in D. Colensoi. Fruit scarlet, terminal or lateral.

Gen. V. PHYLLOCLADUS, Br.

Amenta & solitaria v. fasciculata. Anthere utin Dacrydium. Fr. $ solitarii v. in conum glomerulumve
carnosum aggregati. Ovarium squamula cyathiformi sessile, solitarium, seepius pedunculo carnoso cupuli-
formi immersum. Fructus subbaccatus v. siccus, disco immersus.— Folia in phyllodia connata.

The ** Celery-leaved Pines" are natives of New Zealand, Tasmania, and the mountains of Borneo ; they form small

Naiadacee. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 235

trees, with whorled branches, and may be recognized by the foliage, which consists of coriaceous, obovate, toothed
phyllodia, entirely resembling leaves, but which are really formed by the growing together of many of these, as may
be seen by examining seedling plants, where the true leaves are found to be linear. In some species the flowers
grow from out of these phyllodia, proving that they are not simple bodies, but consist in such cases of leaves and
stem combined. Inflorescence and flowers of the same nature as in Dacrydium, except that the flowers of this are often
clustered together, and sunk in fleshy peduncles. (Name from puhXov, a leaf, and khados, a branch.)

1. Phyllocladus žrichomanoides, Don; arborea, phyllodiis rhombeis ovatisve basi cuneatis sinuato-lo-
batis irregulariter eroso-dentatisve lobulis truncatis, amentis masculis terminalibus fasciculatis, antheris ob-
tusis, semine compresso, fl. foem. phyllodiis marginalibus solitariis. Don, in Lamb. Pin. Rich. Conif. t. 8.
A. Cunn. Prodr. Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 549, 550, 551. P. rhomboidalis, A. Rich. Flora.

Has. Northern Island; not unfrequent in woods, Banks and Solander, etc. Nat. names, “Tanekaha ”
north of the Thames, and “Toa Toa” south of that river, Col. (Cultivated in England.)

A slender tree, 60 feet high, of small girth, with whorled branches. Wood pale, very close-grained, durable
and good. Bark used for dyeing red. Phyllodia distichous, very coriaceous, 3-1 inch long, rhomboid or ovate;
toothed or lobed; the lobes truncate. Female flowers solitary on the margins of the phyllodia.

2. Phyllocladus alpinus, Hook. fil.; arbuscula, phyllodiis obovatis dentatis lobulatisque lobulis erosis,
floribus feemineis in globum carnosum connatis, semine compresso. Tas. LIII.

Has. Mountains of the Northern and Middle Islands. Tongariro, Bidwil!; Ruahine mountains,
etc., Colenso; Nelson, alt. 6000 feet, Bidwill.

I have very many specimens of this plant from Mr. Bidwill and Mr. Colenso, and fear it may prove only an
alpine variety of P. trichomanoides. Mr. Bidwill, however, thinks the contrary, judging from habit and appearance,
characters I consider of little importance in the case of alpine forms of variable plants. "The whole shrub is smaller
and denser than the P. trichomanoides, leaves much smaller, thicker, and more obtusely lobed. Female flowers im-
mersed in small fleshy capitula or cones at the bases of the phyllodia. —PLATE LIII. Fig. 1, male, and 2, female
specimens—nat. size; 3, male and female cones growing close together; 4, male cones; 5, female ditto; 6, back,
and 7, front of anther; 8, ripe fruit; 9, longitudinal section of the same :—all magnified.

Crass MONOCOTYLEDONES, Juss.

NAT. On». LXXXIII. NAIADACE4, Juss.
Gen. I. TRIGLOCHIN, Z.

Perianthiwm 6-phyllum, deciduum ; foliolis concavis, 3 interioribus altius insertis. Stamina 6, brevis-
sima. Anthere postice, subsessiles. Ovaria 3-6, l-ovulata. Stylus brevis. Capsule 3-6, evalves ;
seminibus erectis. Br. Prodr.

Herbs growing in watery and marshy places, often near the sea, in various temperate countries. Leaves her-
baceous, filiform or grassy; scapes bearing slender spikes or racemes of small green flowers. Perianth of six
concave pieces, in two rows, the outer lower than the inner. Stamens three to six, with nearly sessile anthers burst-
ing outwards. Ovaries three to six, each with one ovule and sessile plumose stigma. Capsules three to six, one-
seeded, indehiscent. (Name from rpes, three, and yhoxis, a point; from the three points of the fruit.)

236 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [.Vaiadacea.

1. Triglochin ¿riandrum, Mich.; foliis filiformibus scapum equantibus longioribusve vaginis fissis,
floribus pedicellatis, fructu subgloboso, capsulis 3 dorso carinatis cum 2-8 sterilibus alternantibus dissepi-
mentiformibus, stigmatibus brevibus recurvis. T. decipiens, Br. T.filifolium, Sieb. Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 579.
T. flaccidum, A. Cunn. Prod. T. Montevidense, Spreng. Syst. Veg. T.tricapsulare, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic.

Has. Throughout the Islands, in marshy places, often near the sea, common, Banks and Solander, etc.

Plants everywhere quite glabrous, very variable in size, 3 inches to a span long. Leaves filiform, grassy, semi-
terete, all radical, as long or longer than the scape. Racemes of very minute, green, pedicellate flowers. Fruit
orbicular, angled, of three-keeled carpels, alternating with as many or fewer abortive ones. Stigma short, recurved.
—Abundant in Australia and Tasmania, the Cape of Good Hope, and extra-tropical North and South America.

Gen. II. POTAMOGETON, L.
Perianthium 4-partitum. Stamina et ovaria 4. Capsule 4, evalves, 1-spermze; embryone curvato.
Glabrous water-plants, found in most temperate latitudes, many species of which are scattered over various
parts of the globe. Stems elongated, branched. Leaves with often ochreate stipules, grassy and linear, or broad
and petiolate, submerged or floating; sometimes the submerged ones differ from the others. Flowers sessile in
terminal or axillary spikes, on peduncles which rise from a membranous spatha, green. Perianth of four pieces-
Stamens and ovaries four. Stigmas sessile. Carpels one-seeded, dry, indehiscent. (Name from moropos, a river,

and yerwv, a neighbour.
Y >

1. Potamogeton natans, L.; foliis natantibus petiolatis elliptico-oblongis lanceolatisve utrinque rotun-
datis acutisve. Linn. Sp. Pl. A. Cunn. Prodr. Eng. Bot. t. 1822.
Has. Northern and Middle Islands, 4. Cunn., ete. (A native of England.)

One of the commonest European and North American water-plants, also found in India, Australia, Tasmania,
and South America. Leaves petiolate, 13—3 inches long, floating, oblong or elliptic lanceolate, generally rounded at
both ends; lower submerged leaves sometimes narrow and linear.

2. Potamogeton ocreatus, Raoul; “ foliis linearibus apice rotundatis truncatis v. emarginatis viridibus
internodio duplo longioribus, stipulis ochreatis membranaceis apice fimbriato-laceris, pedunculis erectis,
spica oblonga." Raoul, Choiw de Plantes, p. 13. t. 6.

Has. Middle Island. Akaroa, Raoul. /

I never saw this plant, which seems, according to M. Raoul's description and beautiful plate, to be the common
P. gramineus, found in many parts of the world, including Australia and Tasmania. It may be recognized by the
linear, grassy, blunt leaves, 23-3 inches long; and the membranous sheathing tubular stipules, with a fimbriated
mouth.

Gen. III. RUPPIA, Z.

Flores hermaphoditi, pauci, spicati. Perianthium 0. Stamina 4; antheris l-locularibus. Stigma
indivisum. Achenia 4, pedicellata, 1-sperma.

A very remarkable plant, found in Tasmania and many parts of the world, in salt or brackish water, submerged
and partially floating. Stems filiform, branched. Leaves linear, setaceous, with (often inflated) sheaths. Flowers
minute, two together, distant; buds on a spadix or peduncle, which is first included in the sheath, afterwards
elongated and spirally twisted. Perianth 0. Stamens four, sessile on the spadix; anthers one-celled; pollen a
curved tube, with 2-3 contained globules. Ovaries four little tubercles. (Named after Henry Barnard Ruppius,
author, in 1718, of a ‘ Flora Jenensis.’)

1. Ruppia maritima, L. Eng. Bot. i. 136.
Has. Northern Island, frequent. Sinclair, ete. (A native of England.)

Pandanee.| FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 237

Gen. IV. ZANNICHELLIA, Michel.

Flores monoici. FL. 3. Perianthium 0. Stamen 1; anthera 2—4-locularis. FL. 2. Perianthium
l-foliolatum. Ovaria 4 v. plura. Stigmata peltata. Achenia stipitata (rarius sessilia).

Floating or submerged plants, forming tangled masses in fresh water, with long, thread-like, branching stems
and leaves, and minute axillary flowers, which are unisexual, and arise from a membranous bract. Male flower a
long filament, on a short peduncle, with an anther at the sammit. Female sessile or shortly pedunculate, surrounded
with a membranous hooded bract. Achenia linear, curved, stipitate, with long styles and discoid stigmata. The
Z. palustris is found in most temperate climates, Australia, ete. (Named in honour of J. J. Zannichelli, a Venetian
apothecary and botanist.)

1. Zannichellia palustris, L. Engl. Bot. t. 1844.
Has. Northern Island. East Cape, Colenso. (A native of England.)

NAT. ORD. LXXXIV. PANDANEA, Br.
Gen. I. FREYCINETIA, Gaud.

Flores pseudo-polygami ; spadice simplici. FL. 3. Stamina plurima, circa discum oblongum fascicu-
lata; filamentis filiformibus ; antheris 2-locularibus. FL. 9. Ovaria plurima, in phalanges connata, stamini-
bus effcetis stipata, 1-locularia. Ovula plurima, placentis 3 parietalibus funiculis brevibus affixa, ascenden-
tia, anatropa. Bacce carnosule, e carpellis connatis multiloculares, polysperme.

A very remarkable genus of chiefly Tropical Asiatic, Malayan, and Polynesian climbing plants, with sheathing,
long, rather grassy leaves, usually spinous or serrate along the edge, and terminal, solitary, or fasciculate simple
spadices of unisexual flowers. The F. Banksii climbs the loftiest trees, rooting as it ascends, and branching co-
piously. Leaves 2-3 feet long, linear-subulate, minutely toothed along the edges, with a long trigonous tip.
Spadices fascicled, surrounded by fleshy white bracteze formed of reduced leaves, pedunculate, male and female on
separate branches, erect, cylindrical, 3—4 inches long. Males of numerous bundles of stamens surrounding a raised
gland (or abortive ovary). Female of many bundles of concrete ovules, surrounded by abortive stamens. Fruit a
mass of rather fleshy truncate berries, formed of the connate ovaria.—The bractez and young spadices of this plant
are eaten by the natives, and made into a jelly by the colonists, tasting like preserved strawberries. Leaves used
for making baskets, etc. (Named in honour of the French Admiral Freycinet, who cireumnavigated the globe in the
frigate L'Uranie.)

1. Freycinetia Banksii, Cunn.; alte scandens, foliis 2-pedalibus anguste lineari-subulatis serrulatis,
bracteis carnosis, spadicibus cylindraceis obtusis. A. Cunn. Prodr. Pandanus inclinans, Banks et Sol. MSS.
eric. Tas. LIV. ef LV.

Has. Northern Island, as far south as the Thames and east coast, Banks and Solander, etc. Nat.
name, “ Tawhara,” Col.

PLATE LIV. and LV. Fig. 1, male spadix; 2, flowers; 3, stamen; 4, ovarium; 5, its imperfect stamen;
6, ripe female spadix; 7, ripe fruit detached; 8, vertical section of the same; 9, 10, seeds; 11, vertical section
of ditto :—all but fig. 1 and 6 magnified.

238 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. LAroidee.

Nat. Og». LXXXV. AROIDEA, Juss.

Gen. L TYPHA, 7.

Amenta cylindracea, mascula et foeminea eodem culmo. Am. 3 superius, perianthio 3-setoso ; staminibus
stipiti communi impositis, Am. 9 perianthio papposo ; ovariis stipitatis ; sžy/is capillaribus. Utriculi stylo
coronati, evalves.

The New Zealand Typha angustifolia very closely resembles the common English “ Reed-mace,” or ** Cat’s-
tail” (by some called Bulrush), and is found in all parts of the globe: it forms a tall erect water-plant, growing in
vast profusion in watery places, with a creeping rhizoma, which sends up tufts of very long linear leaves, and simple,
reed-like, solid stems, 4—8 feet high, with two cylindrical, rich-brown, soft catkins; the upper of male flowers,
lower of female, each 6—7 inches long. Perianth none, or of three soft long hairs. Male jl. :—stamens one or more,
and monadelphous ; anthers cuneate. Female fi. a long spindle-shaped utricle, with a slender stalk and equally slender
style, glandular towards the tip on one side.— Some species of this genus are found in all parts of the globe. Leaves
used for building houses, thatching, etc. The blanched parts of the roots are eaten in many parts of the world.
Of the pollen bread is made, as of the same species by the natives of Scinde. (Name from rupos, a marsh.)

1. Typha angustifolia, L.; amentis remotis, foliis planiusculis. Br. Prodr. A. Cunn. Prodr. A.
Rich. Flora. T. latifolia, Forst. Prodr.

Has. Northern Island. Common in marshes, Cunningham, etc. Nat. name, “ Raupo,” Col. (A
native of England.)

An extremely variable plant. I find no difference, except in size, between this and the European 7. angustifolia,

which is generally much smaller and more slender, varying extremely in this respect.

Gen. II. SPARGANIUM, ZL.

Amenta spheerica ; mascula superiora. Perianthii squame 3. FL. d. Stamina 3; antheris ovatis.
Fr. 2. Achenium sessile, mucronatum.

Water or marsh plants, found in various temperate climates, with erect herbaceous stems, long grassy linear
leaves, and flowers collected into round heads or catkins, the upper male. Leaves in the New Zealand species,
which is found in very many parts of the world, a foot long, + inch broad, channelled, sharp. Flowering stem
slender, erect. Fem. fl. in three to six globose remote balls, + inch diameter, each in the axil of a linear spreading
leaf. Perianth of three scales, which are probably reduced stamens. Male fl. in more numerous, smaller heads,
without leaves. Stamens three, with ovate anthers. Fruit a ball, $ inch diameter, of dry, obovate, mucronate nuts,
each obscurely trigonous, smooth, shining, 2-3 inches long. (Name from ormapyavov, a band; in allusion to the
form of the leaves.)

1. Sparganium simplex, Huds.; foliis planis basi trigonis, pedunculo florifero simplici, stigmate
lineari, acheniis apice conicis. Engl. Bot. t. 745.

Haz. Northern Island. In watery places, common, Bidwill, ete. Nat. name, “Maru,” Col. (A
native of England.)

Gen. TIT. LEMNA, £.

Spatha membranacea, urceolata. Stamina 1-2; antheris didymis. Fructus utriculus 1—4-spermus.

A. very curious genus, known as Duckweed in England, and found in most parts of the Temperate world. They
are reduced to small floating scale-like fronds, with no distinct leaf or stem; they seldom flower, but increase by

Orchidee.) FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 239

buds, which grow from clefts on the opposite margins of the fronds; these expand and again produce buds from
their sides while attached to the parent frond, hence many fronds are attached at right angles to one another. The
fronds throw out one simple capillary root, or tuft of these, furnished at the apex with a calyptra. Flowers rare,
very minute, enclosed in a bract. Stamens one to two, with didymous anthers. Utriculus with one to four seeds.
(Name, cuva in Greek, said to be derived from Aeris, a scale.)

l. Lemna minor, L.; fronde ovali utrinque plana, radicibus solitariis. Br. Prodr. ^ Eng. Bot.
t. 1095.

Has. Middle Island. Port Cooper, Zya//. Probably common, and overlooked elsewhere. (A native
of England.)

An extremely abundant European plant, found in various other parts of the globe, as in Australia and Tas-
mania. Fronds ovate, flat, 2 lines long, each with a single root.

2. Lemma gibba, L.; fronde obovata supra plana subtus convexa subhemispheerica, radicibus solitariis.
Linn. Sp. Pl. Eng. Bot. t. 1233.
Has. Northern Island. East coast, Colenso. (A native of England.)

Very like Z. minor, but the frond is rounded below, sometimes hemispherical. This is also a very common
Huropean plant, and found in other parts of the world.

Nar. On». LXXXVI. ORCHIDEA, Juss.
Gen. I. EARINA, Lindt.

Perianthii foliola patentia, subcarnosa, subeequalia. Zabellum posticum, cucullatum, 3-lobum, columns
subparallelum, basi sub-2-tuberculatum, disco nudo. Columna nana, stigmatis labio inferiore prominulo.
Anthera 9-locularis. Pollinia 4, ceracea, collateralia, per paria coherentia—Herbee emiphytice, caule-
scentes ; rhizomate articulato, repente ; foliis rigidis, distichis ; floribus racemosis paniculatisve ; bracteis
cucullatis.

Rigid epiphytical plants, growing in great tufts on the branches of trees, etc. Räizoma creeping, sending out
long white simple fleshy or hard roots. Stems compressed, simple, erect, covered with distichous, linear, coriaceous,
green leaves. Flowers in terminal simple or branched bracteate racemes, small, white. Perianth of six nearly equal
pieces, all spreading ; sepals equal, oblong, subacute; petals ovate, more fleshy, blunt; Zip three-lobed, retuse, lateral
lobes curved inwards. Column short. Pollen-masses four, united, in pairs, to a very small strap-shaped caudicle,
powdery.—This genus is confined to New Zealand. (Name from eapıvos, spring-flowering.)

1. Earina mucronata, Lindl.; caule gracili ancipiti, folus longe lineari-ligulatis acuminatis, panicula
gracili, sepalis lineari-oblongis, labello profunde 3-lobo. Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orchid. A. Cunn. Prodr.
Epidendrum mucronatum, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic.

Has. Throughout the Islands, as far south as Otago, Banks and Solander, ete.

Stems slender, 1-3 feet long, two-edged. Leaves 4-6 inches long, 4 broad, acuminate. Panicle slender,
sparingly branched. Bracts remote, obtuse. Flowers z inch diameter; sepals and petals linear-oblong ; labellum
deeply lobed, spotted.

2. Barina autumnalis, Hook. fil.; caule robusto lente compresso, foliis linearibus rigidis subacutis
acuminatisve, panicula subdisticha ramosa, sepalis late oblongis, petalis late ovatis, labello obtuse 3-lobo sub-
quadrato. Epidendrum autumnale, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic.

Has. Throughout the Islands, to Stewart’s Island, Banks and Solander, ete.

240 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Orchidee.

A shorter, more robust plant than Æ. mucronata. Stems li foot high, slightly compressed. Leaves 25-33
inches long, 4 broad, rigid, nerved and striated, sharp or acuminate. Paniclerigid, rarely simple, usually with many
diverging many-flowered distichous branches. Bracts crowded, imbricated. Flowers white, speckled. Sepals broadly
oblong. Petals ovate. Labellum broad, obscurely three-lobed, retuse.

Gen. II. DENDROBIUM, 7.

Perianthii foliola membranacea, patentia. Sepala lateralia majora, obliqua, cum pede columne con-
nata. Labellum pede columne articulatum v. connatum, sessile. Columna semiteres, basi longe producta.
Anthera 2-locularis. Pollinia 4, per paria collateralia.—Herbx epiphytica, caulescentes.

A very large Tropical Asiatic genus, of which several species are found in Australia and Polynesia, and one in
New Zealand. D. Ounninghamii is a tufted epiphyte, with masses of cylindrical white roots on trunks of trees, etc.,
and numerous, pendulous, slender, wiry, polished, branching stems, 1-2 feet long. Leaves numerous, distichous,
1-13 inch long, + broad, linear, acuminate, striated, pale green, three-nerved. Flowers 3 inch broad, in axillary,
slender, branched, two- or more-flowered racemes, which are shorter than the leaves. Pedicels slender, bracteolate.
Leaflets of the perianth nearly equal in length. Sepals acute, upper narrower, lower broad, united at the base to-
gether, and with the base of the lip, into a blunt prominent spur. Petals oblong, blunt. Zip continuous with the
base of the column ; claw long, connate with the lower sepals ; lamina three-lobed ; outer lobes small, middle broad,
retuse, or truncate, broader than long, undulated; disc with five lamelle.—This species is allied to the Polynesian
D. biflorum, Sw., of Otaheite. (Name from devöpov, a tree, and Bus, life; in allusion to the epiphytical habit.)

1. Dendrobium Cunningham, Lindl.; caulibus pendulis fasciculatis ramosis gracilibus teretibus
foliosis, foliis distichis linearibus acuminatis striatis 3-nerviis, pedunculis gracilibus 2-4-floris folio breviori-
bus, sepalis ovatis acutis, petalis oblongis subacutis, labello 3-lobo, lobis lateralibus parvis obtusis, inter-
medio amplo undulato retuso, disco 5-lamellato. Lindl. in Bot. Reg. sub 1756. A. Cunn. Prodr. D. bi-
florum, 4. Rich. Flor. non Swartz. Epidendrum biflorum, Forst. Prodr. E.ramosum, Banks et Sol. MSS.
et le.

Has. Throughout the Islands, as far south as Stewart’s Island, Banks and Solander, ete.

Gen. III. BOLBOPHYLLUM, Thouars.

Sepala subæqualia; lateralia obliqua, pede columnæ connata; petala plerumque minora. Zabellum
pede columns articulatum, unguiculatum, sepius integrum et posticum. Columna nana, antice 2-cornis.
Anthera 1-2-locularis. Pollinia 4, valde ineequalia.—Herbee epiphytice; rhizomate repente, pseudo-
hulbifero.

This genus abounds throughout the Tropics, but few species have been found south of those limits. The New
Zealand B. pygmeum is one of the smallest, and forms flat mossy masses of interwoven creeping rhizomata and long
fibrous roots on the limbs of trees. Pseudo-bulbs rounded, the size of a pepper-corn. Leaf solitary, sessile,
linear-oblong, coriaceous, i inch long, grooved down the middle. Flowers very minute, solitary, on a bracteate
pedicel rising from the base of the pseudo-bulb. Ovary short, turgid, gibbous, hairy. Upper sepal hooded, sub-
acute; lateral very broadly ovate, acute, united with the claw.of the labellum into a blunt prominent spur. Petals
linear-oblong, blunt, shorter than the sepals. Zip with an articulate, ovate, blunt lamina; disc with thickened lines
down the centre. Column very short, with two prominent teeth in front. (Name from BoXBos, a bulb, and pudov,
a leaf.)

1. Bolbophyllum pygmaum, Lindl. ; rhizomate intertexto repente, pseudobulbis depressis, folio lineari-
oblongo subacuto, pedunculo 1-floro bracteato folio equilongo, ovario turgido perianthiogue minimo pilosis,

Orchidee.) FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 241

sepalis late ovatis acutis, petalis minoribus obtusis, labelli lamina ovata obtusa, disco sublamellato. Zind.
Gen. et Sp. Orchid. A. Cunn. Prodr. Epidendrum, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic.
Has. Throughout the Islands, as far south as Dusky Bay, Banks and Solander, ete. Nat. name,
= Bir Bin, Col
Gen. IV. SARCOCHILUS, Br.

Perianthium carnosum; sepala subzequalia, obtusa, lateralia basi cum labelli basi connata; petala
minora, obtusa; Zabellum columna continuum, ecalearatum, calceiforme, lobo intermedio carnoso solido.
Columna brevis, erecta, semiteres. Anthera 2-locularis. Pollinia 4, ceracea, per paria arcte coheerentia, in
caudicula latiuscula, glandule stigmatis affixa, sessilia.—Epiphytice ; caule drevi ; foliis distichis.

À small genus of New Holland and Malayan epiphytical plants, of which one species inhabits New Zealand.—
S. parviflorus is a short-stemmed herb, with. very long fibrous aerial roots, running along the trunks of trees.
Leaves three to five, distichous, shortly sheathing at the base, coriaceous, linear-oblong, blunt, 13-23 inches long.
Flowers very small, fleshy, rather crowded in axillary pedunculate racemes, which are shorter than the leaves, white
speckled with purple. Bractee membranous, shorter than the germen. Sepals broadly oblong, blunt, lower broadest,
united below to the base of the lip. Petals smaller, oblong, blunt. Zip continuous with the base of the column,
very thick and fleshy, orbicular, very concave, margins recurved, blunt, with a thick, lobed callus at the lower
end; disc concave, with thickened ridges. Column short. Anther two-celled. Pollens four, waxy, globular, closely
united in pairs, seated on a flat broad caudicle, which is fixed by a broad gland to the stigma. (Name from capé,
flesh, and xeıXos, a lip.)

1. Sarcochilus adversus, Hook. fil.; caule brevissimo, foliis lineari-oblongis obtusis, racemis multifloris,
floribus minimis, sepalis petalisque late oblongis obtusis, labello concavo, disco lineis incrassatis aucto apice
calloso. Epidendrum adversum, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic.

Has. Northern Island. Opuragi, Banks and Solander. Bay of Islands and Wairarapa, Edyerley,
Colenso.

Gen. V. PRASOPHYLLUM, Br.

Perianthium ringens; sepala distincta v. basi coheerentia ; petala insequilateralia; Zabellum posticum
unguiculatum, indivisum, ecalearatum. Columna trifida, laciniis lateralibus (staminodiis) membranaceis
integris bifidisve. Anthera dorsalis; loculis 9 approximatis. Pollinia 2, apice stigmatis affixa, pulverea.
—Herbe terrestres monophylla v. aphylle ; floribus parvis ; caule vaginato ; foliis fistulosis ; radice tuberosa.

"Terrestrial Australian, Tasmanian, and New Zealand plants, with fleshy round tuberous roots and simple stems :
leafless, or with one fistular leaf. Flowers spiked, green, small, spreading. Sepals distinct, or the two lower united
below. Petals smaller, with the nerves nearer one margin. Lip superior, clawed; lamina thick and fleshy, without
lobes, appendices, or spur. Column trifid; lateral lobes erect, large, membranous, entire or divided. Anther
placed behind the column, two-celled. Pollens two, granular, two-lobed. (Name from pacos, green, and $vAXov,
a leaf.)

1. Prasophyllum Colensoi, Hook. fil.; caule supra medium foliato, folio racemum superante, ovariis
obovatis tumidis, bractea parva obtusa pedicellum «equante, sepalis obtusis posticis basi connatis, labello
breviter unguiculato trulliformi apice incrassato subacuto, anthera obtusa, columnze lobis lateralibus brevis-
simis ineequaliter 2-lobis.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands, common. East Coast and interior, Colenso. Canterbury, Lyall.

Root a round tuber, with thick fibres at the crown. Stem erect, a span to a foot long, slender or robust, with
a membranous sheath at the base, and one long leaf, sheathing half-way up. Raceme many-flowered. Flowers small,
sweet-scented ; bract as short as the pedicel, blunt; ovary obovate, gibbous. Perianth 1— inch long. Lower

30

242 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Orchidee.

sepal oblong, blunt; two back ones joined at the base; petals smaller, linear, blunt; Zip ovate, with a short claw and
thickened point. Column very short, with very low two-lobed lateral pieces. Anther blunt.

9. Prasophyllam tunicatum, Hook. fil.; caule gracili basi vagina fibrosa tunicato, folii vagina cauli
eeguilonga, lamina brevi racemi dimidium equante, bracteis obtusis pedicello »quilongis v. ovarium sub-
cylindraceum elongatum 4-equantibus, sepalis liberis ovato-lanceolatis petalisque longe acuminatis,
labello unguiculato, lamina ovato-lanceolata acuminata, staminodiis amplis acuminatis subdentatis, anthera
late oblonga longe apiculata.

Has. Northern Island. East Coast, Colenso.

Stem slender, covered at the base with a thick brown fibrous coat, and above with the sheath of the leaf, till
close to the raceme, where the lamina begins, which is half as long as the raceme. Ovaries linear-oblong. Sepals all
free, and petals ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. Zaöellum narrow, with a long claw. Staminodia large, sharp, toothed.
Anther broadly oblong, with a long point.

3. Prasophyllum pumilum ; radice tunicata, caule gracili basi vagina membranacea, folii vagina cauli
eeguilonga, lamina brevi racemi dimidium eequante, bracteis parvis ovario breviter obovato 3-aquantibus,
floribus minimis, sepalis liberis late ovatis acuminatis, labello unguiculato, disco carnoso incrassato margine
membranaceo, column lobis lateralibus amplis 2-3-dentatis, anthera late oblonga mucronata.

Has. Northern Island, Edyerley. East Coast, Colenso.

The smallest New Zealand species; a span high. Tuber coated with reticulated fibres. Stem with a mem-
branous sheath below, also covered throughout its length with the long sheath of the leaf, whose lamina is shorter
than the raceme. Flowers bent down, minute, with very short ovaries. Sepals broad, acuminate. Lip jointed on
to a long claw, linear-ovate, with a broad fleshy dise. Wings of the column large, broad, 2-3-toothed. dnther
broadly oblong, mucronate.

4. Prasophyllum nudum, Hook. fil.; caule vagina folii incluso, lamina brevissima acuta, bracteis
brevibus obtusis, ovariis subcylindraceis, sepalis 2 posticis breviter connatis petalisque ovato-lanceolatis
acuminatis, labello longe unguiculato, lamina lanceolata acuminata, staminodiis profunde bifidis, anthera
breviter mucronata.

Has. Northern Island. Port Nicholson and Taupo Lake, Colenso.

Intermediate between P. tunicatum and P. Colensoi in most characters, differing from both in the leaf having no
lamina. Ovary linear-oblong. Sepals and petals ovato-lanceolate, acuminate, two back sepals connate at the base.
Staminodia membranous, large, deeply bifid. Anther broad, with a short mucro.

Gen. VI. SPIRANTHES, Z. Rich.

Sepala lateralia labello supposita, basi brevissime saccata; supremum cum petalis in galeam con-
nivens. .Labellum breve unguiculatum, columnam brevem amplectens. Antkera dorsalis stipitata, rostello
laminato apice bifido incumbens. Pollinia 2, glandule communi affixa.— Herbs plerumque foliose,
terrestres.

A large genus of Orchidee, one of the few found in most quarters of the globe. The New Zealand species is a
small erect herb, a foot high. oot of thick fibres. Radical leaves 2 inches long, narrow linear-lanceolate,
acuminate, narrowed into a long petiole. Stem covered loosely with acute sheathing bracts. Spike 1-3 inches
long, spirally twisted. Bracts ovate, acuminate, nearly as long as the flowers. Ovary glandular-pubescent, broadly
ovate, gibbous. Perianth small; sepals puberulous, two lower placed under the labellum, rather saccate below,

linear-oblong, blunt; upper ovate, sharp; petals linear-oblong, blunt, forming a hood from conniving with the
upper sepal Zip oblong, waved and crisped, with two glands at the base, its margins enclosing the short column,

Orchidea. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 243

which has no staminodia, and a broad two-lobed blunt anther, placed behind the stigma.—This species differs from
the S. australis of Port Jackson in the narrow labellum. (Name from corren, a spike, and avOos, a flower.)

1. Spiranthes Nove-Zelandie, Hook. fil; radice fibrosa, foliis anguste lineari-lanceolatis petiolatis,
caule vaginato, bracteis acuminatis folio subeeguilongis, ovario brevi glanduloso-pubescente, sepalis puberulis
inferioribus obtusis superiore ovato acuto, petalis lineari-oblongis obtusis, labello oblongo obtuso crispato
basi 2-glanduloso.

Has. Northern Island, Colenso.

Gen. VII. ORTHOCERAS, Br.

Sepala lateralia, anguste linearia, erecta; superiore crasso galeato obtuso; petala parva, linearia, bifida
v. integra, sub galea conniventia. Labellum sessile, 3-lobum, breve unguiculatum. Columna brevis;

staminodiis petaloideis. Antkera dorsalis mutica v. acuta.—Herbe terrestres, iubere indiviso; foliis
Jliformidus.

A very small genus, consisting of one New Holland and one New Zealand species. Root a long ovoid tuber.
Stem rather stout, erect, 1-2 feet high. Radical leaves sheathing at the base, filiform. Stem sheathed. ` Spike
flexuous, four- to eight-flowered. Bracts ovate or lanceolate, acuminate, longer than the flowers. Ovaries pedicellate,
large, linear-oblong, erect, 1-3 inch long. Perianth shorter than the ovary. Lateral sepals linear, quite erect;
upper concave, hooded, fleshy, blunt. Petals small, linear-oblong, bifid. Zip short, three-lobed, with two glands
at the base. Staminodia subulate. Anther acute. (Name from oplos, straight, and xepas, a horn.)

1. Orthoceras Solandri, Lindl.; caule erecto, folio filiformi longe vaginato, spica flexuosa 4—8-flora,
bracteis acuminatis florem superantibus, petalis parvis lineari-oblongis bifidis, labello 3-lobo basi 2-glan-
duloso, staminodiis subulatis, anthera mutica. Lindley, Gen. et Sp. Orchid. O. strictum, 4. Cunn. Prodr.
non Br. Diuris Nove-Zelandie, 4. Rich. Flor. p. 163. t. 25. fig. 1. Ophrys cornuta, Banks et Sol.
MSS. et Ic.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands, abundant in clay soil, Banks and Solander, etc. ^ Ascends to
4000 feet at Nelson, Bidwill. Nat. name, “ Makaika,” Colenso.

Gen. VIII. THELYMITRA, Forst.

Perianthii foliola omnia conformia. Labellwm sessile, conforme. Columna bifida; anthera postica
stigmateque clinandrio petaloideo inclusa, lobis lateralibus (staminodiis) penicillatis v. nudis. Podlinia 4,
stigmatis glandule affixa.—Herbe Zerrestres ; caule foliato.

Terrestrial herbs, natives of Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand. Zuders oblong, with long fibres at the
crown. Stem erect, sheathed at the base, and with one generally long leaf. Flowers few, spiked, large. Sepals,
Petals, and Labellum all similar, the latter sessile. Anther posticous and stigma hid in the hooded column, which
is made up of column and connate staminodia; the latter project, and are often terminated by tufts of hairs.—The
New Zealand species are so very difficult to distinguish specifically, that it is probable that all belong to one very
variable form. I find all gradations in colour, size, breadth of sepals and petals, and in the development of stami-
nodia; the species here described are hence perhaps only marked states. From Mr. Edgerley’s note I find that he
found the most dissimilar forms connected by intermediate ones. (Name from 6yAvperpa, in Greek, in allusion to
the hooded column capping the anther.)

l. Thelymitra Forsteri, Sw.; sepalis petalisque ovatis ovato-lanceolatisve, labello obovato, columma
bifida, staminodiis breviter porrectis dense v. parce plumosis columna bifida brevioribus. Swartz. A. Rich.
Flor. p. 165. t. 25. J. 9. 4. Cunn. Prodr. Lindi. Gen. et Sp. Orchid. T. longifolia, Forst. Char. Gen.
Serapias regularis, Forst. Prodr.

244 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Orchidee.

Has. Very abundant throughout the Islands, Banks and Solander, etc., to the Southern extreme,
Lyall.

Stems stout or slender, with a membranous sheath at the base, sheathed above the leaf, a span to 23 feet high.
Tubers elongate, rarely rounded. Leaf with a long sheath, and thick linear or linear-lanceolate lamina, very variable
in length and breadth. Flowers two to twelve, 3-13 inch long, sessile or on slender pedicels, bractese ovate or lan-
ceolate, acuminate, as long as the flower, or shorter. Leaves of the perianth 4-3 inch long, ovate or lanceolate, acute
or acuminate, dull purple or yellowish. Column rounded at the summit, bifid. Staminodia shorter than the
column, with two projecting feathery teeth.—I have examined this plant very carefully in its living state, collecting
handfuls of it in my daily walks about the Bay of Islands, in its many different forms, and have compared 150
dried specimens from various parts of both Islands, and can find no specific difference between the little slender one-
or two-flowered plant with broad sepals, yellowish flower, and linear leaf, and the great stout form, 2 feet high,
with broad leaf, ten or twelve flowers, nearly 14 inch long, and lanceolate sepals; the form of the column and
staminodia is the same throughout. My 7. stenopetala (Fl. Antarct.) of Lord Auckland’s Group is probably a
variety of this.

2. Thelymitra imberbis, Hook. fil.; gracilis, caule paucifloro, folio lineari, floribus erectis parvis
flavis, bracteis ovario brevioribus, sepalis petalisque late obovato-oblongis acutis, staminodiis columne
eeguilongis apice crenatis nudis v. obscure fimbriatis.

Haz. Northern Island. Bay of Islands, etc., Colenso, Sinclair, etc.

Stems slender, 4 inches to 1 foot high. Leaf narrow linear. Flowers few, small. Bractee broad, acuminate,
shorter than the ovary. Perianth yellow, + inch long; sepals and petals broad, acute. Column as long as the blunt
crenate or fimbriate staminodia.

3. Thelymitra pulchella, Hook. fil.; caule gracili 3-5-floro, folio anguste lineari, perianthii foliolis
late obovatis acutis, labello obcuneato, staminodiis erectis ultra columnam porrectis apice fimbriatis den-
tatisve.

Haz. Northern and Middle Islands, Colenso. Otago, Lyall. Nat. name, “ Maikaika,” Lyall.

Tubers small, with long fibres at the base of the stem, on which other tubers are formed. Stem slender, 1 foot
high. Leaf very narrow. Flowers glaucous, large, pale purple, very handsome ; sepals and petals obovate, acute.
Lip broadly obovate, truncate, or wedge-shaped. Column shorter than the erect toothed or fimbriate staminodia.
This is a handsome and very distinct form in the structure and length of the staminodia; I have fifteen very good
specimens, but it is probable that it will be found to pass into T. Forsteri, through the following.

4. Thelymitra wniflora, Hook. fil.; folio lineari, caule 1- rarius 3-floro, floribus erectis, sepalis pe-
talisgue obovato-oblongis acutis, labello obovato, staminodiis erectis columne equilongis apice insequaliter

bidentatis. 7. Antarct. p. 10.
Has. Middle and Southern Islands. Milford Sound and Port Preservation, Zyall.

A smaller species than the foregoing, a span high. Leaf linear. Flowers erect, usually solitary. Ovary pyri-
form, with a short bractea. Sepals and petals obovate-oblong, acute. Zip obovate. Staminodia as long as the

column, unegually toothed, rarely entire. —A very southern form, originally found in Lord Auckland’s Group.

5. Thelymitra pauciflora, Br.; gracillima, folio longissime lineari, caule 1-3-floro, perianthii flavidi
foliolis anguste lanceolatis acuminatis, staminodiis elongatis ultra columnam longe porrectis plumosis,
anthera mucronata. Br. Prodr. Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orchid.

Has. Northern Island, Colenso.

I have four specimens of this pretty little plant, which are all of a very slender habit, with narrow ovaria, and
lanceolate yellow sepals. Staminodia very long, slender, erect, curving, much longer than the column, feathery at

Orchidee. FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 245

the tip. Anther broadly oblong, with an erect stout mucro.— This looks like a drawn-out state of T. Forsteri,
growing in long grass or shade. Also a native of Australia and Tasmania.

Ogs.—I have received from Mr. Colenso specimens of a Zhelymitra in acetic acid, resembling 7. Forsteri in all
respects, except that the staminodia are subulate, sharply toothed, and not feathery; they are too soft and decayed
for determination, as is often the case with specimens thus pickled.

Gen. IX. MICROTIS, Br.

Perianthium carnosum. Sepalwm superius galeatum, lateralia sessilia, labello supposita; petala
ascendentia ; Zabellum subunguiculatum, basi bicallosum. Anthera terminalis, persistens. Columna brevis,
biaurita. Pollinia 4, apici stigmatis affixa.—Herbe terrestres ; floribus minimis, dense spicatis.

An extensive Australian and Tasmanian genus, of which but one, and a highly variable species, inhabits New
Zealand; it much resembles Prasophyllum Colensoi, but the flowers are smaller and not resupinate.— Root of one
small round tuber. Stem 6 inches to 2 feet high, sheathed at the base. Leaf solitary, terete, tubular. Spike
1-6 inches long, twenty- to eighty-flowered. Flowers very small, green, sessile, 3-1 inch long. Bract very short.
Perianth minute, fleshy. Upper sepal broadly ovate, concave, hooded, two lower placed under the lip, broad, sub-
acute; petals small, ascending, blunt. Zip oblong, crenate or crisped, blunt or obscurely bilobed, with two lumps
at the base and one towards the tip on the disc. Column very short, with two broad lateral lobes. Anther ter-
minal. (Name from puxpos, small, and. ovs, an ear.)

1. Microtis porrifolia, Spreng.; sepalis lateralibus ovato-oblongis acuminatis, supremo late galeato
apice recurvo, petalis lineari-oblongis obtusis, labello oblongo basi 2-calloso apice retuso marginibus sub-
calloso-undulatis disco verrucoso. Spreng. Syst. Veg. M. Banksii, A. Ounn. in Bot. Mag. fol. 3911, et
Prodr. Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orchid. Epipactis, Swartz. Ophrys unifolia, Forst. Prodr.

Has. Abundant throughout the Islands, Banks and Solander, etc. Port William, Zyall.

Gen. X. ACIANTHUS, Br.

Sepala aristata, lateralia labello supposita, angustiora. Petala suberecta v. reflexa. Labellum dis-
simile, porrectum, basi bicallosum. Columna semi-teres, elongata, arcuata. Anthera terminalis, opercu-
laris. Pollinia 4, per paria coheerentia.—Herbe terrestres, tenella, sylvicole, l-foliate, pauciflora.

A small genus of Australian and Tasmanian very delicate herbs, found in mossy places in deep woods. The
New Zealand species has been found also in Lord Auckland’s Group, and is very closely allied to the Australian
A. fornicatus, but differs in the lip being less glandular.—Zubers round, formed at the end of long thick fibres.
Stems 1-3 inches high, with one broadly cordate, acute, deeply two-lobed leaf, 4-3 inch broad. Racemes of two to
six green flowers. Bracts broad, acute. Ovarium oblong. Perianth 2 lines long. Sepals all aristate; upper
broad; three-nerved ; lateral narrow, longer, one-nerved, toothed below the arista. Petals small, lanceolate, acute.
Lip ovate-lanceolate, with two lumps at the base and a warted thickened apex. Column slender, curved, not winged.
Anther terminal. (Name from arn, a point, and avos, a flower.)

1. Acianthus Sinclairii, Hook. fil.; folio late cordato acuto profunde bilobo, racemis 9—6-floris,
bracteis late ovatis acutis, sepalis aristatis supremo late oblongo 3-nervi, lateralibus lineari-elongatis infra
aristam obligue 2-dentatis, labello ovato lanceolato basi bicalloso apice acuto verrucoso.

Has. Common throughout the Islands, Sinclair, ete.

Gen. XI. CYRTOSTYLIS, Br.

Perianthium sub-2-labiatum ; foliolis linearibus. Sepalum supremum erectum, lateralia deflexa ; petala

3P

— - €—À————— pre

246 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Orchidee.

suberecta v. reflexa. Labellum breve unguiculatum, planum, deflexum, basi 9-callosum. Columna semi-
teres, superne alata. Anthera terminalis. Pollinia 4.—Herbe terrestres, sylvicola, tenella, tuberose,
lfohata, pauciflore ; perianthio explanato.

A very small genus of delicate green herbaceous Australian, Tasmanian, and New Zealand plants, with tuberous
roots, slender stems, solitary, broad, cordate leaves, and few-flowered racemes of expanded somewhat two-lipped
greenish flowers. Upper sepal and petals narrow, erect, or ascending, the latter sometimes reflexed ; two lower
sepals also narrow, deflexed. Zip deflexed, with an oblong membranous lamina, a short claw, and two lumps at
the base. ı Column curved, winged above. Anther terminal. (Name from xupros, curved, and orvhos, a style.)

1. Cyrtostylis oblonga, Hook. fil. ; folio ovato-oblongo obtuso apiculato basi cordato sessili rarius in
petiolum brevem angustato, labello obovato-oblongo apice rotundato v. retuso apiculato.

Has. Northern Island. Frequent in moist woods and on shady banks, Sinclair, Colenso, ete.

Leaf from near the root, 1—1 inch long, oblong-ovate, blunt, apiculate, generally deeply cordate at the base, rarely
narrowed into a blunt petiole. Flowers usually one or two, $ inch long from tip of upper sepal to that of lip,
yellow-green, with a membranous red-brown tip. Sepals and petals very narrow. Lip oblong, tip often rather
dilated, retuse and apiculate.

2. Cyrtostylis rotundifolia, Hook. fil.; folio orbiculari obtuso profunde cordato, labello lineari-
oblongo obtuso v. subacuto.

Has. Northern Island. Raukawa Ridge, Hawkes’s Bay, and Cape Kidnapper, Colenso.

Very similar to C. oblonga, but smaller, shorter, with an orbicular leaf, blunt and cordate at the base, and nar-
rower lip, rather narrower at the base than above; the latter organ is however a variable one in C. oblonga.

3. Cyrtostylis macrophylla, Hook. fil. ; folio amplo orbiculari obtuso v. apiculato, floribus majusculis,
labello lineari-oblongo obtuso.

Has. Northern Island. East coast, Colenso.

A much larger species than either of the former. Leaf 1-13 inch broad. Siem 2-5 inches high. Flowers

1—$ inch long, from the upper sepal to end of labellum ; the latter is narrow, linear-oblong.

Gen. XII. ADENOCHILUS, Hook. fil.

Perianthium subbilabiatum, puberulum ; sepalum supremum subgaleatum, acuminatum, basi dorso
columnee adnatum ; lateralia labello supposita, lanceolata, acuminata, obliqua, trinervia; petala suberecta,
lineari-lanceolata. Labellum breve unguiculatum ; lamina subguadrata, triloba, lobo intermedio caudato
discoque glandulis stipitatis sub-4-seriatis ornato. Columna elongata, alata; alis ultra antheram productis,
apice subdentatis. Anthera terminalis, 2-locularis—Herba gracillima, glaberrima, habitu Eriochili; caule
medio unifoliato ; folio sessili, ovato, acuto; pedunculo gracili, 1-floro, medio 1-bracteato ; ovario erecto,
valde elongato, basi bractea vaginante incluso’; flore flavido.

1. Adenochilus gracilis, Hook. fil. (Tas. LVI. 4.)

Has. Northern Island. Bay of Plenty, Colenso.

A very curious plant, intermediate between Chiloglottis, Caladenia, and Hriochilus ; differing from the former in
the solitary leaf, glandular perianth, and want of the appendix at the base of the lip; from Caladenia in habit and
two-lobed column; and from ‚Briochilus in the glandular labellum and sessile lateral sepals, agreeing however with
that genus remarkably in habit, and in the very long ovary. Stems slender, a span high, with one ovate, oblong,
acute, membranous, sessile leaf, placed half-way up, $ inch long. Flower solitary, glandular, erect. Ovary slender,
3 inch long, surrounded with a sheathing bract at the base. Perianth 3 inch long; leaflets all acuminate, glandular.
Upper sepal hooded, adnate to the base of the column as in Péerostylis ; lateral longer, placed under the labellum,

Orchidee. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 247

free, obliquely three-nerved. Petals lanceolate, spreading. Lip oblong-quadrate, with a short claw and a long recurved
tail; several rows of stipitate glands run down the lamina, and are continued on to the tail. Column curved,
winged, bifid at the top, lobes toothed. Anther-case adnate, hidden behind the broad stigma on the face of the
column below the apex, very broad, two-celled. (Name from adn», a gland, and xenos, a lip.)—PrA-TE LVI. 4.
Fig. 1, flower; 2, column and lip; 3, lip; 4, front view of column; 5, lateral view of column with one wing re-
moved :—all magnified.

Gen. XIII. CALADENTA, Br.

Perianthium extus glandulosum. Sepalwm supremum planum v. cucullatum, lateralibus basi connatis
v. liberis. Zabellum breve v. longius unguiculatum, integrum v. 3-lobum, apice angustatum, disco glandulis
seriatis ornato. Columna alata. Anthera terminalis, persistens. Pollinia 4, per paria cohserentia.—
Herbze terrestres ; radice tuberosa ; caule 1-2-phyllo ; floribus glanduloso-puberulis.

Terrestrial tuberous-rooted herbs, more or less glandular. Leaves one or two. Flowers solitary or several.
Upper sepal plane or hooded; two lateral free or joined at the base; petals narrow. Lip with a claw, rarely ses-
sile, entire or three-lobed, sometimes narrowed ; dise with two or more rows of stipitate glands. Column curved,
winged. (Name from xaAos, beautiful, and adıv, a gland.)

1. Caladenia minor, Hook. fil.; patentim glanduloso-pilosa, radice basigue caulis tunicata, folio an-
guste lineari glabrato, scapo medio bracteato, flore roseo basi bracteato, sepalis linearibus obtusis petalis
angustioribus, labello latiore quam longo profunde trilobo lobis lateralibus membranaceis intermedio
late subulato margine glanduloso, disci glandulis 2-seriatis stipitatis, anthera ad apicem columnee sessili.
(Tas. LVI. B.)

Has. Northern Island. Dry clay hills, abundant, Edyerley, ete.

The smallest New Zealand species, 4—6 inches high, very slender, one-flowered, covered with spreading patent
glandular hairs. Leaf solitary, very slender, linear. Flower nearly erect, 4 inch broad, pink. —PLATE LVI. B.
Fig. 1, flower; 2, flower with the sepals and petals removed; 3, lip; 4, column; 5, anther :—all magnified.

2. Caladenia Zyallii, Hook. fil.; radice tunicata, folio radicali anguste lineari, caule pilis patulis
glanduloso medio 1-bracteato 1-2-floro, floribus bracteatis, sepalis lineari- v. obovato-oblongis acuminatis,
labelli lobo intermedio brevi subulato recurvo.

Has. Middle Island. Otago, Lyall.

A very much larger-flowered and stouter species than C. minor, with one to two flowers, each twice as large
as in that species, and broad sepals, which are linear-oblong, or obovate and acuminate. (This is probably the Cala-
denia No. 4 of ‘Flora Antarctica,’ p. 70.)

3. Caladenia? 62folia, Hook. fil.; glanduloso-pubescens, folis 2 basi caulis suboppositis ovato-
oblongis subacutis, scapo nudo, flore solitario basi bracteato, sepalis petalisque linearibus, labello vix
unguiculato late obovato basi glandulis 9-seriatis ornato, columma breviter alata, anthera ad apicem co-
lumnz sessili.

Has. Middle Island. Otago, Lyall.

This is apparently the Orchideous plant No. 5 Caladenia ? of Lord Auckland’s Group mentioned in the * Flora
Antarctica,” p. 70, and differs from Caladenia in the almost sessile labellum.— Whole plant glandular, 4 inches high,
robust. Root of small tubers and thick large fibres. Leaves nearly opposite, sessile, 1 inch long, ovate-oblong.
Scape with one bract below the flower. Ovary obovate, + inch long. Flower rather large, 3 inch across. Sepals
and petals linear, blunt. Lip obovate, with two short rows of linear glands near the base. Column with narrow
wings and the anther at the top. —This differs from Caladenia in having two leaves, but the upper of them is re-
presented in the other species of the genus by the bract on the middle of the scape.

248 FLORA. OF NEW ZEALAND. [| Orchidee.

Gen. XIV. PTEROSTYLIS, Br.

Perianthium ringens, membranaceum. Sepalum superius cum petalis in galeam coheerens; laterales
basi connata. Zabellum unguiculatum, subinclusum, basi gibbosum v. appendiculatum. Columna basi
cum galea adnata, apice alata, medio stigmatifera. Anthera terminalis, persistens. Pollinia 4, compressa.
— Herb tuberosa, terrestres, foliata ; floribus majusculis, membranaceis, viridibus.

A large Australian and Tasmanian genus of herbaceous, delicate, membranous, or succulent transparent green
plants.—Zeaves rosulate or sheathing up the stem. Flowers solitary in all the New Zealand species, usually large
and green. Upper sepal concave, attached at the base to the back of the column, conniving with the linear petals
to form a hood over the column; lateral sepals combined at the base, or up to the middle. Lip clawed, narrow,
included in the perianth. Claw with a callus or a curved appendix. Column usually slender, winged above, with
the stigma on the face about half-way up. Anier terminal. (Name from mrepos, a wing, and orvos, a column.)

1. Pterostylis Banksii, Br.; caule folioso, foliis lineari-lanceolatis carinatis longe acuminatis, flore
magno, perianthii foliolis longe caudatis, labello lineari basi appendicula curva lineari-elongata apice villosa.
Bot. Mag. t. 3119. A. Cunn. Prodr. Lindt. Gen. et Sp. Orchid.

Haz. Northern and Middle Islands. As far south:as Akaroa, Banks and Solander, etc.

Much the largest and largest-flowered New Zealand species, 6-18 inches high. Leaves numerous, sheathing
the whole stem, produced much beyond the flowers, narrow, grassy, acuminate. Flower 14-3 inches long. Sepals
and petals produced into very long filiform tails. Zip with a long claw, narrow, linear-oblong ; appendiz long,

curved, tipped with a pencil of hairs.

2. Pterostylis australis, Hook. fil.; caule foliato, foliis anguste lineari-oblongis planis acuminatis,
scapo ultra folia elongato, flore erecto, sepalis lateralibus subulatis erectis, supremo petalisque ultra medium
decurvis longe acuminatis, labello lineari longe unguiculato, appendicula breviuscula curva apice peni-
cillata.

Has. Middle and Southern Islands. Port William and Thomson’s Sound, Lyall.

Nearly as large as P. Banksii, but the leaves are shorter, broader, not keeled, reticulated. Stem sheathed by
the leaves. Perianth 3-1 inch long, erect at the base, then suddenly curved downwards. Lateral sepals with
subulate erect tips. Upper sepals and petals with long acuminate points. Zip as in P. Banksii, but the appendix
is shorter.

3. Pterostylis graminea, Hook. fil.; caule breviusculo foliato, foliis linearibus lineari-lanceolatisve
acuminatis, perianthio suberecto lente curvo foliolis acuminatis, labello lineari-oblongo, appendicula brevius-

cula curva penicillata.
Has. Northern and Middle Islands. Auckland, Sinclair. East coast, Colenso. Otago, Lyall.

A small species, 4-6 inches high, like a miniature of P. Banksii, but without the long tails to the perianth,
which is only 1—2 inch long.

4. Pterostylis micromega, Hook. fil.; foliis radicalibus petiolatis lineari-oblongis subacutis, caulinis
superioribus vaginantibus, flore (pro planta) magno erecto lente curvo, petalis sepalisque acuminatis late-
ralibus apice subulatis erectis, labello lineari, appendicula breviuscula apice penicillata.

Haz. Northern Island, Zdgerley. East coast, Colenso.

Stem slender, 4-8 inches long. Radical leaves few, petiolate, 2 inches long, linear-oblong, hardly acute;

cauline numerous, upper sessile. Flower large for the size of the plant (whence the name), 13 inch long, erect,
curved slightly. Sepals and petals acuminate ; lateral sepals with long, erect, subulate apices.

Orchidee. FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 249

5. Pterostylis foliata, Hook. fil.; foliis radicalibus petiolatis elliptico-oblongis obtusis v. subacutis
reticulatis, scapo 1-2-foliato, perianthio basi erecto supra medium curvo horizontali, sepalis petalisque acutis,
sepalis lateralibus apice subulatis, labello lineari-oblongo, appendice breviuscula apice penicillata.

Has. Northern Island. Marshy places, East coast, and Ruahine Mountains, Colenso.

This is a very handsome species, but, like its congeners, very variable in size: alpine specimens are almost
stemless, with three to four sessile radical leaves, a short scape, and a flower hardly exserted beyond them; more
generally it is an erect plant, a span high, very like the P. micromega, but with larger, more reticulated radical
leaves and flowers, whose perianth (3—1 inch long) is erect at the base, and then curved horizontally, with the tips
of the petals and upper sepal bent downwards.

6. Pterostylis Zru//ifolia, Hook. fil.; pusilla, caule gracili, foliis radicalibus longe petiolatis late
ovato-cordatis acutis, scapo 2-3-bracteato, perianthio basi erecto dein decurvo, sepalis lateralibus apice
filiformibus supremo petalisque acuminatis, labello lineari, appendice apice penicillata.

Has. Northern Island. Bay of Islands, Zdgerley, Colenso, etc. Auckland, Sinclair.

A very common slender species, 4-6 inches high. Radical leaves broadly ovate, cordate, triangular or the
form of a trowel, 2 inch long, on slender petioles 4-1 inch long. Scape with two or three small bracts. Perianth
+ inch long, erect below, upper half horizontal or decurved; lateral sepals with filiform erect points, the other

sepal and petals acuminate; Zip linear, with a short subulate blunt appendix, villous at the point.

7. Pterostylis puberula, Hook. fil.; pusilla, foliis radicalibus confertis breve petiolatis ovatis acutis
acuminatisve, scapo glanduloso puberulo 3-bracteato, perianthio basi erecto dein curvo, sepalis lateralibus
apice filiformibus supremo petalisque subacutis, labello lineari-oblongo, appendice subulata infra apicem
subramosa.

Has. Northern Island. Auckland, Sinclair.

I have several good specimens of this peculiar little species, which is more robust than P. trudlifolius, with
glandular scape, and crowded ovate acute radical leaves on short petioles. Root of small tubers, attached to long
fibres. Leaves 4 inch long, with the petioles. Scape 2-3 inches high, with three sheathing bracts. Perianth
3 inch long; lateral sepals with filiform apices, upper and petals broad and blunt at the tip; lip linear-oblong, broader
and more membranous than in the previous species, with a delicate curved appendix, irregularly but sparingly

fimbriate or branched towards the tip.

8. Pterostylis sguamata, Br.; foliis radicalibus confertis ovato-lanceolatis acuminatis, scapo bracteato,
perianthio erecto, sepalis lateralibus brevibus linearibus obtusis supremo galeato acuto, petalis anguste
lineari-subulatis, columna apice utringue late alata, alis decurvis margine superiore cornutis. Br. Prodr.
Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orchid.

Has. Northern Island. Auckland, Sinclair.

A very singular and beautiful plant, a native of Tasmania, easily recognized by the filiform lip, fringed with
feathery yellow hairs, and thickened into a round purple glandular head, like that of a nail. Plant 5—8 inches
high. Leaves sessile, numerous, crowded, radical, ovato-lanceolate, acuminate, 4—1 inch long.» Scape with sheathing
bracts. Perianth erect, £ inch long; upper sepal hooded, acuminate, the narrow petals cohering to its margin;
lateral sepals deflexed, linear, blunt, shorter than the upper. Zip with a curved, villous (sometimes blunt, glabrous)
appendix. Column with two broad projecting hooked fimbriated wings at the tip, which have a long erect subulate
horn,

Gen. XV. NEMATOCERAS, Hook. fil.

Sepalum supremum cucullatum, lateralia elongata, filiformia, labello supposita, porrecta. Petala
elongata, filiformia, erecta. Labellum maximum, cucullatum, truncatum, fimbriato-lacerum. Columna brevis.

3 Q

250 ELORA OF NEW ZEALAND. | Orchidee.

Anthera terminalis.—Herbe terrestres ; caule brevissimo ; folio solitario, membranaceo ; scapo brevi, unifloro,

‚Fruetifero elongato ; floribus sordide purpureis.

One of the most curious-looking genera of this remarkable Natural Order, similar to Corysanthes of Australia,
to which it is closely allied.—Roots fibrous. Stems succulent, sheathed at the base, often appearing like a petiole,
from the side of which the flower bursts. Leaf broad, sessile or petioled. Scape short, with one flower and bract,
lengthened in fruit. Flowers lurid purple, conspicuous for the filiform slender petals and sepals. Upper sepat
hooded, lateral filiform, placed under the lip, projecting horizontally. Pelals filiform, erect. Lip very concave,
cordate at the base, broader than long, with incurved margins, and many veins, which, projecting beyond the
truncate edge, give it a fringed appearance. Column short, curved, with a terminal, one-celled, two-lobed anther.
Pollens four (according to Brown).—The species all reguire examination in a living state; those described appear
remarkably distinct from one another, but more specimens are very much desired. (Name from vyua, a thread, and
kepas, a horn.)

1. Nematoceras oblonga, Hook. fil.; folio sessili ovato-oblongo apiculato, scapo ex axilla folii orto,
bractea ovario sequilonga, flore parvo, sepalis lateralibus labello quadruplo longioribus, petalis sepalis
brevioribus, labello late quadrato cucullato marginibus incurvis apice truncato ciliato-dentato, columna
subelongata arcuata. Tas. LVII. 2.

Has. Northern Island, Cunningham, Edgerley, etc. Mountains of the interior, Colenso. Auckland,
Sinclair.

Root covered with thick woolly fibres. Stem 1-2 inches. Zegf ovato-oblong, sessile, with an apiculus, sometimes
cordate at the base, 2-11 inch long. Scape short. Bract as long as the ovary, leafy, acuminate. Lateral sepals
2] inch. Zip 4 inch, broadly reniform, cordate when spread out, deep blood-red purple, with transparent edges,
margin in front sharply toothed, tip subulate. Column curved.—PrAvs LVII. B. Fig 1, Flower; 2, lip; 3, the
same spread open; 4, column :—all magnified.

2. Nematoceras macrantha, Hook. fil.; folio petiolato late rotundato cordato apiculato basi profunde
bilobo, scapo brevi caulino, bractea parva, flore resupinato, ovario curvo, sepalis lateralibus labello ter
longioribus supremo lanceolato cucullato acuminato, petalis longissimis labello ter guaterve longioribus,
labello maximo latissimo recurvo cucullato marginibus incurvis undulatis apicem versus eroso-dentatis,
columna brevissima. Tas. LVII. 4.

Haz. Northern and Middle Islands; wet woods, bogs, etc. East Coast, Colenso. Port William, Zyall.

Stem very short. Leaf petioled, orbieular, cordate, apiculate, deeply two-lobed, 1-1} inch long. Flower on a
short scape, very large, with filiform lateral sepals two to three times its own length, and very long, slender, erect
petals. Bractea very small. Ovarium short, curved. Upper sepai horizontal, lanceolate, acuminate, larger than the
lip, which is very much broader than long, $ inch long, recurved, deep red-purple, with undulate recurved edges.—
PLATE LVII. 4. Fig. 1, flower; 2, lip; 8, column :—al magnified.

3. Nematoceras triloba, Hook. fil.; folio petiolato late reniformi orbiculato basi profunde bilobo apice
3-lobo, lobo intermedio acuto, scapo caulino petiolo breviore, ovario curvo, sepalis lateralibus labello 5-plo
petalisgue duplo longioribus, supremo apice dilatato obtuso, labello magno latissimo recurvo fere 2-partito
basi 2-auriculato, columna nana.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; damp woods. East Coast and interior, Colenso.

A smaller plant than N. macrantha, with proportionally still longer thread-like lateral sepals and petals. Leaf
petiolate, 3 inch across, deeply cordato-reniform, trifid, rarely entire at the point; middle lobe acute. ` Peduncle
shorter than the petiole, often much lengthened when in fruit. . Perianth 4 inch long; sepals 2 inches; petals half
the length of the lateral sepals; upper sepals dilated and retuse at the point. Zip very large, of two parallel
recurved lobes, and having two curved ears at the base; margins nearly entire. — Column very small.

T

Orchidee. FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 251

4. Nematoceras rotundifolia, Hook. fil.; caule elongato, folio rotundato cordato apieulato, scapo ex
axilla folii orto brevi, bractea ovario eequilonga.

Has. Northern Island. Clay banks. Manawatu, Colenso.

I regret not having expanded flowers of this curious little plant; those I have in bud resemble N. oblonga in size
and form of the pieces of the perianth. Stem slender, 1-2 inches long. Leaf orbicular, cordate, acuminate or
apiculate, 4 inch broad. The flower rises from between the lobes at the base of the leaf in my specimens, but this
may not be a constant character. I have leaves of this or a very similar plant from Lord Auckland’s Group.

5. Nematoceras rivularis, Hook. fil. ; folio subsessili ovato-cordato basi bilobo apice retuso apiculato,
bractea subfoliacea ovario breviore, flore mediocri, sepalo supremo lineari-oblongo acuminato lateralibus
labello duplo longioribus, petalis longissime lineari-setaceis sepalis duplo longioribus, labello trulliformi
recurvo marginibus undulatis apice angustato retuso apiculato, columna mediocri. Acianthus rivularis,
4. Cunn. Prodr. Lindt. Gen. et Sp. Orchid.

Has. Northern Island; in shaded ravines. Wangaroa Bay, A. Cunningham. Auckland, Captain
Hautain.

This resembles N. triloba very closely, but the leaf is shortly petiolate, and the labellum of a very different
form, being trowel-shaped, much recurved, with a retuse truncate apex. The leaf also is longer and ovate.

Obs. I have several species or varieties of this genus, from the Middle and Southern Islands, gathered by Dr.
Lyall, and from Lord Auckland’s Group; but they are not in a fit state for determination.
Gen. XVI. GASTRODIA, Br.

Perianthii foliola in tubum apice 5-fidum basi ventricosum connata. Zabellum posticum, inclusum,
liberum, unguiculatum. Columna cava, basi antice stigmatosa. Anthera terminalis, decidua. Pollinia 4
? o 5 o >

per paria coheerentia.—Herbee terrestres, aphylle ; scapo vaginato ; floribus racemosis.

A curious genus, belonging to a small section of the family, of which very few species are known; they inhabit
dark woods, one in New Zealand, another in Tasmania and Australia. A very few closely allied plants occur in
Java, the Indian mountains, and in Siberia; all are leafless parasites, and are of a uniform pale brown colour. G.
Cunning ghamii has a root as thick as the fore-finger, sometimes eighteen inches long, full of starch, and eaten by the

natives.—Stem 1-2 feet high, stout, bearing here and there semi-amplexicaul, obtuse, membranous, alternate or
opposite and connate bracts. Raceme 6-10 inches long. Flowers 20-50, shortly pedicellate, pendulous, with short
scarious bracts. Perianth tubular, split half-way down the back, gibbous or swollen below, five-toothed, + inch long,
fleshy. Zip free, clawed; claw winged; lamina linear-oblong, membranous, waved, with two thick ridges down the
middle. Column very short. Anther two-celled, deciduous. Pollens two (or four in cohering pairs), of very large
grains. Stigma a glandular surface in front of the base of the column, communicating by a cavity with the ovarium
(Name from yaoryp, a stomach.)

1. Gastrodia Cunningham, Hook. fil.; vaginis inferioribus oppositis connatis, racemo multifloro,
labello basi truncato medio 2-cristato apice incrassato obtuso, columna brevissima. G. sesamoides,
4. Cunn. Prodr. non Br.

Has. Throughout the Islands; in deep woods. From the Bay of Islands, R. Cunningham, to Port
Preservation, Lyall. Nat. name, “ Perei,” Col.

Oss. Cheilogioltis cornuta and Lyperanthus Antarcticus, both natives of Lord Auckland’s C Group, have not yet

“been gathered in New Zealand.

252 ELORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [Hypozidee.

NAT. Ord. LXXXVII. IRIDEA, Juss.

Gen. I. LIBERTIA, Spr.

Perianthium 6-phyllum, laciniis patentibus. Stamina 3, imo perianthio inserta; antheris ovatis,
versatilibus. Ovarium 3-gonum, 8-loculare; ovulis plurimis, 2-seriatis; stigmatibus 3, filiformibus. Cap-
sula obovata, coriacea v. membranacea, loculicide 3-valvis. Semina plurima, angulata.—Herbe ; foliis
equitantibus ; floribus subumbellatis.

Herbaceous plants, natives of Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, and Chili, with radical, equitant, linear or
sword-shaped leaves, and scapes bearing umbels of white flowers. Perianth of six spreading pieces, in two series.
Stamens three, inserted at the base of the perianth. Ovary three-angled, inferior; styles three, filiform. Capsule
coriaceous or membranous, three-valved, with many, sometimes black seeds. (Named in honour of Madame Libert,
authoress of a work on Hepatice.)

1. Libertia ¿wioides, Spr.; elata, foliis rigidis, umbellis paniculatis, floribus amplis, perianthii foliolis
interioribus rotundatis exterioribus oblongis herbaceis triplo majoribus, capsula obovata coriacea. Spr.
Syst. Veg. A. Cunn. Prodr. L. grandiflora, Sweet. A. Cunn. Prodr. Sisyrinchium, Forst. Prodr.
A. Rich. Flor. S. exaltatum, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic. Ferraria, Willd. Renealmia grandiflora, Br.
Prodr. Addenda sub R. paniculata.

Has. Throughout the Islands, abundant, Banks and Solander, ete. Nat. name, “Turutu,” Lyall.
(Cultivated in England.)

Very variable in size, from 6 inches to 2 fect high, stout. Leaves rigid, acuminate, 4-1 inch broad. Scapes
compressed; branches alternate, arising from linear spathes, bearing umbels of three to ten pedicellate flowers.
Pedicels 1-2 inches long, from membranous spathes. Perianth 1 inch across, often much smaller ; outer pieces oblong,
blunt, much smaller than the inner. Capsule coriaceous, club-shaped or obovate, 4-4 inch long. Seeds yellowish or
brown.—I find no difference whatever between Z. ivioides and L. grandiflora, except in the size of the flower, which
varies extremely. ;

2. Libertia micrantha, A. Cunn. ; pusilla, foliis gramineis, scapo simplici apice pedicellisque puberulis,
perianthii foliolis subæqualibus, capsulis membranaceis globosis trigonis. 4. Cunn. Prodr. Anthericoides
pygmæa, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Lc.

Has. Throughout the Islands; in damp woods, Banks and Solander, A. Cunningham, ete.

A very much smaller plant than Z. irioides, with less rigid leaves, 4-6 inches long, usually as high as the
scape, which is downy above, and bears a single umbel of three to eight flowers. Pedicels pubescent, surrounded
by an involucre of as many green spathes. Perianth 3-3 inch across; leaflets nearly equal in size, Capsule rounded>
membranous.

Nat. Ord. LXXXVIII. HYPOXIDE, br.

am: L HYFOXDS 75

Perianthium 6-partitum, æquale. Stamina 6. Ovarium 3-loculare, ovulis 2-seriatis; stylus 1;
stigmata 3. Capsula 3-locularis. Semina plurima ; umbilico laterali, rostelliformi,

Herbaceous plants, natives chiefly of the Southern Hemisphere, most abundant at the Cape of Good Hope,
also found in Australia, Tasmania, South America, India and its Islands, Of the only New Zealand species I have

Smilacee. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 253

but one specimen 1+ inch high, which closely resembles the Tasmanian H. hygrometrica, and as this latter is very
variable, the following description may require future modification.— oo bulbous, covered with matted fibres.
Leaves surrounded with a membranous sheath below, narrow linear, nearly glabrous. Scape shorter than the leaves,
one-flowered. Perianth superior, of six yellow, glabrous, ovate-lanceolate pieces, 13 line long, outer striped at the
back. Stamens six. Ovary three-celled; ovules many. Style one, with three stigmas. (Name from óro, beneath,
and o£vs, sharp ; in allusion to the tapering base of the capsule.)

1. Hypoxis Aygrometrica, Br.? foliis anguste linearibus glabratis margine simplicibus, scapo folio
breviore 1-floro, perianthio glaberrimo foliolis ovato-lanceolatis, stylo 1 brevi, stigmatibus 3, ovario obovato
basi attenuato.— Lab. Nov. Holl. v. 1. p. 82, 4. 108? Br. Prodr.

Has. Northern Island. Hast Coast, Colenso.

Nar. Oz». LXXXIX. SMILACEA, Br.
Gen. I. RHIPOGONUM, Forst.

Perianthium 6-partitum, eguale, 2-bracteatum, deciduum. Stamina 6; filamentis subulatis, glabris;
antheris basi biloba insertis. Ovarium 3-loculare, 3-ovulatum ; stylo brevissimo; stigmate 3-lobo. Bacca
1-2-sperma. Albumen cartilagineum. Embryo excentricus; radicula vaga.—Frutices volubiles.

A genus of one New Holland and one New Zealand species; the latter, R. scandens, forms a knotted-stemmed,
glabrous, climbing shrub, rendering forests in many places impassable from its matted wire-like stems, which are
used as cords, and the root as sarsaparilla, but with doubtful success. —Leaves opposite and alternate, coriaceous,
three-nerved, 3-5 inches long, petiolate, linear-ovate or oblong, subacute. Flowers in spreading axillary and terminal
racemes, pedicellate, + inch broad. Perianth of six linear-oblong, very small pieces. Stamens six, very large, on
short filaments. Ovary three-celled, with one ovule in each cell, a short style, and three-lobed stigma. Fruit an
eatable searlet one- or two-seeded berry; seeds with a pale memibranous testa and almost horny albumen. (Name
from pup, a twig, and yovv, a joint.)

1. Rhipogonum scandens, Forst.; caule inermi, foliis oppositis alternisve lineari-ovatis oblongis
lanceolatisve, racemis paniculatis, perianthio antheris ter breviore.— Forst. Char. Gen.t.25. A. Rich. Flor.
R. parviflorum, Br. Prodr. A. Cunn. Prodr. Smilax Rhipogonum, Forst. Prodr. S. lagueans, Banks et
Bol. MSS. et Ic.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands, as far south as Otago, Banks and Solander, etc.

Gen. II. CALLIXENE, Comm.

Perianthium corollinum, 6-partitum ; laciniis sequalibus, interioribus basi 2-glandulosis. Stamina 6.
Ovarium 3-loculare; ovulis paucis. Stylus validus, 3-sulcus; stigmate 3-lobo. Bacca 8-locularis ; loculis
oligospermis. Semina subglobosa; testa membranacea, pallida.—Herbe ramose ; caule basi sguamato,
superne foliato ; foliis distichis, nervosis ; pedicellis 1-foris.

A genus of three very beautiful plants, of which two are found in South Chili and Fuegia, and one in New
Zealand. The latter is a wiry-stemmed glabrous herb, 8-10 inches long. Stem knotted, with small membranous
sheaths, rooting and creeping, flexuose above. Leaves alternate, scattered, distichous, ž inch long, linear or linear-
oblong, blunt or acute, three- to five-nerved; petiole short, twisted. Flower on a short terminal pedicel, 2 inch
broad, white. Perianth of six ovato-lanceolate acute pieces, with obscure green glands towards the base of each;
inner rather smaller. Stamens six; filaments glabrous. Ovary ovoid, with a thick style, three-lobed stigma, and
three few-ovuled cells. Berry round, three-celled, with several horny seeds, covered with a thin membranous testa.
(Name from kados, beautiful, and £evos, a stranger.)

DR

254 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [Liliacee.

1. Callixene parviflora, Hook. fil.; caule filiformi elongato, foliis lineari-oblongis anguste linearibusve
subacutis 3-5-nerviis, floribus solitariis terminalibus breve pedicellatis—Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 632.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands. Dusky Bay, Forster v. Menzies (in Hb. Banks.) Alpine woods,
Colenso. Nelson, Bidwill. Southern Island, Lyall.

NAT. Og». XC. LILIACEA, Juss.

Gen. I. ARTHROPODIUM, Br.

Perianthium patens, 6-partitum, deciduum. Stamina 6; filamentis barbatis; antheris basi insertis.
Ovarium 3-loculare, loculis multiovulatis; stylo filiformi; stigmate hispidulo. Capsula subglobosa, 9-lo-
cularis, loculicide 3-valvis. Semina pauca, subangulata. Embryo curvatus.—Herbe; radicef asciculata ;
pedicellis medio articulatis.

Australian, Tasmanian, and New Zealand herbs, with roots of thick fascicled fibres, very short stems, chiefly
formed of the sheathing bases of flaccid linear leaves; and scapes which bear racemes of pendulous flowers.
Perianth of six, spreading, deciduous pieces; three inner waved or fimbriated, rarely flat. Stamens six; filaments
bearded. Ovary three-celled, cells many-ovuled. Style filiform, hispid at the tip. Capsule globose, three-valved.
Seeds numerous, black. (Name from ap6pov, a joint, and «rovs, a foot or pedicel.)

1. Arthropodium cirrhatum, Br.; elatum, foliis ensiformi-lanceolatis longe acuminatis, panicula ramosa,
bracteis foliaceis, perianthii ampli foliolis lanceolatis longe acuminatis, filamentis supra medium barbatis
basi 2-appendiculatis.— Do. Mag. t. 9350. Bot. Reg. t. 109. 4. Cumm. Prodr. Anthericum, Forst.
A. Rich. Flor. A. latifolium, Banks et Sol. MSS.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands, Banks and Solander, etc. Nat. name, “Renga Renga,” in
Northern districts, and “ Maikai Ka,” in Southern, Colenso. (Cultivated in England.)

A tall, handsome plant, 2 feet high. Zeaves 1 foot long, li inch broad. Panicle branched. Flowers white,
4-1 inch across. Seeds black, opaque, angular. Roots formerly eaten by the natives.

2. Arthropodium candidum, Raoul; gracilis, tenella, foliis gramineis anguste linearibus flaccidis,
scapis elongatis, racemis paucifloris simplicibus varius ramosis, floribus solitariis binisve subsecundis parvis
longe pedicellatis, filamentis barbatis.—Raoul, Choix des Plantes, p. 14. t. 6.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands, Anderson (in Cook's third voyage). Akaroa, Raow/. East
Coast and interior, Colenso, etc.

Leaves slender, flaccid, very narrow, 4-8 inches long. Scape very slender, simple, rarely branched, 6-10 inches
high. Flowers small, white, + inch broad, on long secund pedicels, solitary or two together. Capsules small, round,
membranous. Seed black.

Gen. II. CHRYSOBACTRON, Hook. fil.

Flores dioici v. hermaphroditi. Perianthis foliola 6, patentia, sequalia, tarde decidua. Stamina 6;
filamentis glaberrimis. Ovarium 3-loculare, loculis 2-ovulatis ; stylo erecto, stricto; stigmate 3-lobo.
Capsula 3-loba, loculicide 3-valvis; loculis 2-spermis; seminibus elongatis, triquetris, atris. Embryo
lente curvatus.—Herbe ; radice e fibris crassis; folis lineari-elongatis, ensiformibusve ; foribus dense
racemosis.

A very beautiful genus of herbaceous plants, with roots of fleshy tufted fibres, long concave leaves, sheathing
at the base, and erect stout scapes, bearing dense cylindrical racemes of yellow flowers, which are dicecious in the

Liliaceae. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 255

Auckland Island species and hermaphrodite in the New Zealand, which is the only other. Perianth of six equal
oblong blunt pieces. Stamens six, with glabrous filaments. Ovary three-celled, with two ovules in each cell, a
straight style, and three-lobed stigma. Capsule membranous, three-valved, with two long triquetrous black seeds
in each cell. (Name from xpvcos, gold, and Bakrpov, a staff or rod.)

1. Chrysobactron Hookeri, Col. MSS.; floribus hermaphroditis, foliis anguste linearibus.— Hook. Te.
Plant. t. 817. Bot. Mag. 1. 4607.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands. Ruahine range and Taupo, Colenso. Waiu valley, Nelson,
Bidwill. Canterbury and Chalky Bay, Zyall. (Cultivated in England.)

A foot high. Leaves 8-10 inches long, 4 inch broad. Bractee variable in length, sometimes as long as the
pedicels. Racemes 3-5 inches long. Flowers 4 inch across.—This beautiful plant flowers abundantly in Kew
Gardens, where the plants are much larger than my dried specimens, almost equal in stature to the more magnifi-
cent C. Rossii of Lord Auckland’s Group (Fl. Antarct. p. 72, t. 44 and 45). Though the flowers of C. Hookeri are
hermaphrodite and those of C. Rossii dicecious, T suspect that these will prove to be but one species eventually, and
that the genus will merge into Anthericum on a revision of the Order.

Gen. III. DIANELLA, Zam.

Perianthium 6-partitum, equale, patens, deciduum. Stamina 6; filamentis curvis, apice incrassatis
antheris linearibus, strictis. Ovariwm loculis multiovulatis ; stylo filiformi; stigmate simplici. Bacca glo-
bosa, polysperma. Semina testa nitida, crustacea.— Herbze perennes ; radice fibrosa ; foliis gramineis ;
floribus paniculatis, pedicellis apice articulatis; foribus eeruleis.

Australian, Indian, and New Zealand herbs, with wiry fibrous roots, rigid linear equitant or sheathing leaves,
and scapes bearing often very compound panicles. Flowers jointed on to the rigid pedicels. Perianth of six equal
pieces, deciduous. Stamens six; filaments curved, much thickened above. Anthers linear. Ovary three-celled,
cells with many ovules; style simple, filiform. Berry globose; seeds numerous, covered with a black, metallic,
brittle, polished testa. (Name from Diana, Goddess of woods.)

1. Dianella intermedia, Endl.; elata, foliis rigidis anguste lineari-ensiformibus basi subequitantibus,
panicula ramosissima, ramulis gracilibus, pedicellis curvis, floribus parvis, filamentis apice incrassatis.—
Endl. Prodr. Ft. Ins. Norf. p. 28. A. Cunn. Prodr. Anthericum ensatum, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Te.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands, common, Banks and Solander, etc.

Rhizoma woody, with fibrous roots and often underground runners. Zeaves 1-5 feet long, narrow, rigid,
sometimes rough along the edge. Panicle 10—18 inches long, very much branched ; peduncles and pedicels curved,
slender, wiry. Flowers drooping, greenish-white, $ inch diameter. Berry nearly $ inch long, deep blue.— This
plant is a native of Norfolk Island.

Gen. IV. PHORMIUM, Forst.

Perianthium tubulosum, curvatum, sex-partitum ; laciniis erectis, 3 interioribus apice patentibus.
Stamina 6, exserta, 3 alterna breviora. Ovarium 3-loculare; ovulis plurimis, 2-seriatis. Stylo 3-gono ;
stigmate simplici. Capsula oblonga, 3-gona, coriacea, submembranacea, loculicide 3-valvis. Semina
plurima, compressa; testa atra, laxa.—Herbe elate; radice tuberosa, fibrosa; folis distichis, coriaceis,
tenacissimis ; scapo exaltato ; floribus paniculatis, erectis.

The genus Phormium, of which there is only one well ascertained species, is confined to Norfolk Island and
New Zealand, where it is too well known to require detailed description. The leaves are equitant at the base,
full of strong fibre, also secreting a gummy exudation. Scapes panicled above, with alternate bracteate branches.
Flowers curved, jointed on to. stout pedicels, 1-2 inches long, erect. Perianth tubular, of six erect pieces, three

256 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [Ziliacee.

inner spreading at the tip. Stamens six, exserted. Fruit a long bluntly triangular capsule, three-valved ; valves
membranous or coriaceous, black, more or less twisted or straight. Seeds very numerous in each cell, two-rowed,
flattened, with a loose black testa. (Name, poppov, a basket, from the use the leaves are put to.)

1. Phormium tenaz, Forst. Char. Gen. t. 24. Prodr. Endl. Prodr. Fl. Ins. Norf. A. Rich. Fi.
A. Cunn. Prodr. Lachenalia ramosa, Lamarck, Encycl. Méh.

Var. a; elata, foliis 3-6-pedalibus, scapo 6-16-pedali, floribus majoribus luteis v. sanguineis.—
P. tenax, Forst. Prodr. Endl. Prodr. Bot. Mag. t. 3199. P. Forsterianum, Colenso in Loud. Journ.
Bot. v. 3. p. 8. P. Cookianum, Le Jolis, Mém. sur le Lin de la Nouvelle Zélande. Redouté, Liliacee,
1.448, 449. Chlamydea tenacissima, a sanguinea, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic.

Var. 8; humilior, foliis 2—3-pedalibus, scapo 8-6-pedali, floribus minoribus pallide stramineis luteisve
virescentibus sanguinolentibusve. P. tenax, Ze Jolis, Mém. P. Colensoi, Nob. MSS. in Raoul En. Plant.
(Choix des Plantes.) Chlamydea tenacissima, £ pallens, Banks et Sol. MSS, et Ic.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands, as far south as lat. 46° 30'. Var. a, Bay of Islands, etc. ; var. £,
Southern parts of the Island. Nat. name, “ Harakeke,” Col. (Cultivated in England.)

There are two, and perhaps many more, varieties of this celebrated plant, which have given rise to some dis-
cussion between Mr. Colenso, M. Le Jolis of Cherbourg, and myself; and which, after much examination, with Mr.
Brown and Mr. Bennett, who have kindly given me their assistance and opinions, I have (in conformity with their
views) considered as one species. This was the conclusion arrived at by Banks and Solander, who discovered the
plant, examined it at several points along the coast, and made admirable drawings and full descriptions of both
states. The var. 8 was discovered, drawn, and described in Poverty Bay, October 9th, 1769 ; there are no data
showing when var. a was first gathered, but it was drawn and described at Totara-nui, January 15th, and again
on February 5th, 1770. Of var. a it is said, that the leaves are brighter green above, glaucous below, scapes red-
purple, outer sepals deep orange (though figured as red-purple), inner yellow at the base; the pod variable in
size, often a span long and twisted. Var. (9 again is described as a smaller plant, with paler leaves, more slender
flowers (14 inch long); the outer sepals are yellow with a red blush, inner paler, striped with green. Forster,
who first published Phormium tenax, collected it at Queen Charlotte’s Sound, on November 17, 1778, and his
figures (in Mus. Brit.) represent Banks and Solander’s var. a, for which the name ¢exaz must be retained. I
gathered the var. a abundantly, at the Bay of Islands, in 1842, and Mr. Colenso showed me var. | in his garden:
it looked a most distinct plant, and I proposed that it should bear his name, but have since abandoned the idea of
its being specifically distinct for many reasons; being influenced, firstly, by the views of Banks and Solander, who
paid particular attention to this very point, gathered the plants repeatedly and at many places, and who in this,
and in all other cases, did nothing imperfectly ; secondly, by Mr. Brown’s and Mr. Bennett's opinion, which will,
by all botanists, be thought conclusive ; thirdly, by the differences between a and 8 being far within the usual limits
of variation amongst Liliacee ; although, owing to the size of the plant, they are peculiarly conspicuous, and have
hence had undue importance attached to them: I must remind the student, however, that a Botanist alone can
appreciate this argument. Lastly, I find variations in the size and colour of all parts of the cultivated plants of
Phormium in Europe, and none agree with Banks and Solander’s, Forster’s, or my own wild specimens. With
regard to the cultivated individuals, that described by M. Le Jolis as Cookianum grew from seeds gathered in lat.
46° 30' S.: it agrees with Banks’s var. 8 in its size, and the colour of the foliage and stem, but differs in the green
inner sepals, and dark blood-red outer ones: it is described as having long twisted capsules.—M. Decaisne states,
that the plant which flowered at the Jardin des Plantes had large yellow flowers; and such is the case with those
figured in the “Botanical Magazine, in Redouté, and in Miller’s Icones Plantarum. In a drawing shown me by
Mr. Brown, the Norfolk Island plant is represented with large yellow flowers; it is undoubtedly a native of that
island, having been observed there during Cook’s voyage. It remains to be mentioned, that the flax produced in
the southern parts of the Northern Island of New Zealand is stated to be of much finer quality than that yielded
by the larger red-flowered Bay of Islands plant. The roots are said to be purgative.

Liliaceae.) FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 257

Gen. V. CORDYLINE, Comm.

Perianthium campanulatum, 6-fidum, sequale, deciduum. Stamina 6, fauce inserta; filamentis subu-
latis, glabris; antheris versatilibus. Ovarium loculis polyspermis; stylo erecto; stigmate 3-lobo. Bacca
globosa, 3-locularis. Semina plura v. abortu solitaria; umbilico strophiolato.—Frutices caulescentes v.
arbores trunco elato, apice folioso ; floribus paniculatis, 2-3-bracteatis.

Natives of the Tropical islands and South Temperate zone; one species is Australian. Of the New Zealand
species, one is a small stemless plant, the others are trees with tall trunks and leaves clustered at the top.—Flowers
white, sessile or nearly so, on the branches of a spreading terminal panicle, 2-3-bracteate. Perianth 6-partite,
bell-shaped. Stamens glabrous, attached to the pieces of the perianth. Ovary three-celled; ovules many; style
straight; stigma three-lobed. Berry globose, three-lobed, three-celled, ripening but few seeds. —The celebrated
“Ti” of the South Sea Islands (whence the New Zealand name “Ti” for C. australis) belongs to this genus, and
forms an important part of the Sandwich Islanders’ food; its roots are eaten baked, are bruised, fermented, and dis-
tilled for preparing an intoxicating drink, and are boiled for sugar. The leaves are eaten by cattle, and used for
thatching; the fibre is woven into cloth. The whole plant forms a hedge. (Name from xopdvAn, a club.)

1. Cordyline stricta, Endl. ; acaulis, rhizomate crasso, foliis angustissime lineari-lanceolatis basi sub-
eguitantibus costatis striatisque margine scaberulis, panicule ramis gracilibus elongatis, panicula laxiflora,
floribus parvis sparsis breve pedicellatis, perianthio brevi—ndl. Synops. Fl. Ins. Occ. Austr. in Ann.
Vienn. Mus. v. 1. p. 162. A. Cunn, Prodr. Anthericoides stricta, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic. Via Draceena
stricta, Bot. Mag. t. 2575, et Bot. Reg. t. 956. Tas. LVIII.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; common, Banks and Solander, etc.

Much the smallest New Zealand species. Stem none, or very short, and covered with the bases of the leaves.
Leaves distichous, rigid, deeply striated, 13-23 feet long, 4-4 inch broad. Panicle large and spreading, with very
long and slender distant ascending branches. Flowers small, greenish, 2 lines across, nearly $ inch apart. Bracts
subulate, outer longer than the short pedicel.—This does not appear to be the Dracena stricta of the ‘ Botanical
Magazine’ and ‘Register,’ but is the Anthericoides stricta of Banks and Solander. Endlicher describes it as a
Norfolk Island plant, whence I have seen no specimens.—Puate LVIII. Fig. 1, flower; 2, the same laid open :—
both magnified.

2. Cordyline australis, Endl.; arborea, trunco 10—40-pedali simplici v. apice ramoso, foliis lineari-
lanceolatis planis sessilibus vel in petiolum angustatis basi dilatatis striatis costa venisgue inconspicuis,
panicula laxiflora, floribus sparsis.—JZnd/. Prodr. Fl. Ins. Norf. Bot. Mag. t. 2835. C. obtecta, Graham
in Ed. Phil. Journ. 1827, p. 175. Draceena australis, Forst.

Haz. Northern and Middle Islands, Banks and Solander, etc. Nat. name, “ Ti,” Cunn. (Cultivated
in England.)

This is a common Bay of Islands plant, with a trunk 20-40 feet high, and 30 inches in diameter, simple or
divided at the top, and a head of long, coriaceous, lanceolate, acuminate, sword-shaped leaves, 2—3 feet long, often
narrowed into a petiole, and with midrib and veins inconspicuous, or the latter distinct but slender. Panicles 2-4
feet long, much branched. Flowers numerous, odorous, larger, and rather more crowded than in C. stricta, nearly
3 inch across when expanded, white; segments of the perianth linear-oblong. Bracs three, very variable in size
and form ; outer largest, ovate-acuminate or blunt, inner broader, blunt. The pith and bases of the petioles of this
were once used as food by the natives. Wood soft, of no value.—I think there may be two species confounded
under this,—one common in the Bay of Islands and other northern parts, with the leaves scarcely contracted into a
petiole, and the nerves very inconspicuous; the other with leaves much contracted and the lateral nerves distinct.
The latter Mr. Colenso describes as a smaller and very different plant, but I find no character whatever in the

38

258 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [Lihacee.

flowers; those of the foliage are very variable, and the allied Dracenas vary extremely in habit, according to the
situation they grow in. :

A 3. Cordyline indivisa, Kunth; trunco arboreo indiviso, foliis late lanceolatis valde crassis et coriaceis,
panicula nutante densiflora ramis crassis, floribus densissime congestis.—Kunth, Enumeratio Plantarum.
Draceena indivisa, Forst. ete.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands. Dusky Bay, Forster. Foot of Ruahine mountains, Colenso.
Thomson’s Sound, Lyall. Nat. name, “ Tikapu,” Col.

Trunk 10 feet high according to Colenso (20 in the Middle Island), nearly a foot in diameter, undivided.
Leaf very thick and coriaceous, 4—5 feet long, 5 inches broad, often glaucous below. Panicle 4 feet long, stout,
drooping. Branches 8-10 inches long, very stout, densely covered with crowded pedicellate flowers. Perianth
white, bell-shaped; segments oblong, + inch long, recurved.—Mr. Colenso says that the fibre of the trunk of this
plant is extensively used in the manufacture of mats and garments, called “ Toii,” of which he has communicated
one now exhibited in the Kew Museum of Economic Botany.

Gen. VI. HERPOLIRION, Hook. fil.

Perianthium spathis inclusum, 6-partitum, tubuloso-campanulatum ; laciniis subsequalibus, linearibus.
Stamina 6 ; filamentis filiformibus, puberulis v. glabratis; antheris basi affixis, demum subtortis. Ovariwm
3-loculare, oblongum, loculis multiovulatis; stylo filiformi; stigmate simplici.—Herbe Tasmanise ef Nove
Zelandize ; rhizomate repente, radicante ; foliis pollicaribus, linearibus, acuminatis, subglaucescentibus, basi
vaginantibus ; floribus + wwe. longis, solitariis, breve pedicellatis, spathis erectis—Genus Stypandre
proximum.

Small tufted herbs, allied to Stypandra of Australia, with wiry, creeping, underground stems, sending down
fibrous roots, and having very short erect scapes, covered with the sheathing bases of linear recurved or spreading
glaucous leaves, which are 1 inch long, acuminate, striate, folded down the middle, and appearing terete. Flowers
yellow in H. Nove-Zelandie, solitary, almost sessile amongst the leaves, 4-1 inch long; bud enclosed in a spatha-
ceous bract. Segments of the perianth linear, tips spreading. Stamens six; filaments pubescent. Ovary three-
celled, with many ovules and one filiform style.—The other species (Z. Tasmanic) resembles this very closely, but
is larger and has two or three spathes. (Name from épro, to creep, and Aıpıov, a lily.)
| 1. Herpolirion Vove-Zelandie, Hook. fil.
| Has. Northern Island. Plains near Taupo, Colenso.

| Gen. VII. ASTELIA, Banks et Sol.

Flores polygamo-dioici. Perianthium subglumaceum, campanulatum v. rotatum, 6-partitum, sericeum.
Stamina 6. Ovarium 3-gonum, l- v. 3-loculare; ovulis plurimis paucisve; stylo brevi v. nullo; stigmate
3-lobo. Semina plurima v. pauca; testa crustacea, atra, nitida; embryo brevis.

À very remarkable genus, common in New Zealand, of which a few species are found in Oahu, one in Fuegia, |
and another in Tasmania. All are densely tufted herbs, with a short creeping rhizoma, and very long leaves, more |
or less covered with shaggy wool or silvery hairs. The large kinds form a conspicuous feature on the lofty New
Zealand forest-trees, where, growing epiphytically on branches, they resemble gigantic birds’ nests: the smaller
kinds inhabit marshes. The species being diœcious, I have had great difficulty in matching the sexes; nor could I
have done this but for the drawings and descriptions of Banks and Solander, who alone, of all New Zealand
collectors, seem to have attended to this point: as it is, I would warn the student of laying too much stress on my
characters taken from the male plants. Cunningham confused. all the species and sexes, examined none, and

E

Liliacee.] FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 259

referred at random to Banks and Solander’s drawings and notes, substituting names of his own for theirs. The
species with one-celled ovaries and parietal placentc cannot be generically separated from those with three cells and
axile placentee ; it is indeed sufficiently difficult to distinguish A. Cunninghamii specifically from 4. Banksii without
a careful dissection of the ovary, as in the former the placentee project considerably, but do not meet in the axis.
Were it not however for the 4. Cunninghamii on the one hand, and the Fuegian A. pumila on the other, the one-
celled small species (4. linearis and alpina of Tasmania) would be conveniently and naturally separated generically,
these being alpine and marsh plants, with very few-flowered panicles, one-celled ovaries and parietal placente, and
terete seeds; but .4. Cunninghamii has the same characters of the fruit, with a branched habit and epiphytic mode
of growth, whilst the Fuegian 4. pumila has the habit of A. linearis and 4. alpina, with a three-celled fruit.—
Flowers silky or chaffy, in branched, leafy, or bracteate racemes or panicles. Female Panicles with the branches
shorter, stouter, and rarely divided. Perianth of the male flower campanulate or rotate, deeply six-lobed ; of the
female rotate or urceolate, sometimes surrounding the fruit. Stamens six, rudimentary in the female flowers; fila-
ments subulate or filiform; anthers linear or broad. Pollen elliptical. Berry globose or ovoid, with a short style
and three-lobed stigma, generally full of transparent gluten, which exudes from delicate long jointless tubes, that
proceed in fasses from the placenta, and often cover the umbilical cord also*. (Name from aoreheyos, wanting a
stem or trunk.)

§ a. Perianth of the female flower not enlarged nor enclosing the ripe fruit. Berry unilocular. Seeds terete.

1. Astelia Cunninghamii, Hook. fil.; foliis elongatis subulatis multinerviis utringue sericeis glabra-
tisve, paniculis sericeo-villosis, masc. effusis, ramis elongatis, perianthii glabrati laciniis subulato-lanceolatis,
antheris late oblongis, fem. panicula subcoarctata, ramis brevioribus, ovario globoso 1-loculari, placentis
parietalibus, stigmate sessili 3-lobo, bacca globosa perianthio persistente suffulta, seminibus 6-8 placentis
parietalibus versus apicem loculi pendulis curvis lineari-clavatis teretibus atris.

Has. Throughout the Northern Island, common, usually on limbs of trees, Cunningham, etc. Nat.
name, * Kowhara-whara,” Col.

This species very closely resembles 4. Banksii, with which it is confounded in Cunningham's herbarium,
but from which it differs in the larger male flowers, globose one-celled ovary with a short style and parietal
ovules, much smaller globular fruit (about i inch diameter), and linear, terete, curved seeds. Leaves 2-5 feet
long, variable in breath (4-1 inch) plaited, silky on both surfaces, or silvery and glabrous, sometimes villous.
Peduncle of male flowers 1-12 foot long, angled, flexuose, shaggy with silky wool (tawny when dry), branches scat-
tered, alternate, 8-12 inches long. Flowers numerous, one to three together. Perianth rotate, + inch across;
segments acuminate (red-brown when dry). Peduncle of female flowers a foot long, branches crowded, 3-8 inches
long. lowers crowded; perianth like that of the males. Ovary globose, with a short style. Ovules from the
upper part of three parietal placentze ; cavity of the ovary full of a gluten formed by a multitude of jointless tubes
or hairs of excessive delicacy that project from the funiculi and placente, and breaking up exude a transparent glue
(this character is common to several other species). Seeds linear, terete, narrower towards the funiculus, curved ;
testa thick, black, shining; embryo small, conical; at germination the embryo pushing forward breaks away the
apex of the seed opposite to it, which falls off like a little black lid: in doing this it is aided by the expanding force
of the swelling albumen.—I have what may be another species, closely allied to this, with larger panicle and flowers,
the female panicle effuse and like the male, and its branches divided, and the half-ripe ovaria larger; but my
specimens are insufficient to describe it, and I rather think it only a large specimen of 4. Cunninghamii, with
possibly moncecious inflorescence: it was found near the Bay of Islands by Cunningham.

* These tubes are similar to those which proceed, from the moistened surface of Garden Cress (and other Cru-
ciferous) sceds, and from the achenia of some Composite. Similar tubes are commonly seen in the fruit of some
epiphytical tribes of Orchidee (as Vandee), where they also originate from the placentee, but do not become a
glutinous mass. They possibly aid in the fertilization of the ovules,

Ó—————————

260 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [Ziliacee.

2. Astelia Zinearis, Hook. fil.; dioica, pusilla, caulibus ceespitosis, foliis anguste linearibus acuminatis
carinatis marginibus recurvis, scapis folio brevioribus paucifloris, bacca lineari conica trigona, stigmate
sessili, seminibus plurimis placentis parietalibus affixis.—77. Antaret. p. 16.

Has. Northern Island. Summit of Ruahine mountains, Colenso.

The smallest New Zealand species, first found in Lord Auckland's Group, densely tufted. Leaves spreading,
1-6 inches long, linear, silky, and villous at the base, glabrous or covered with appressed scales, or ciliated above,
keeled. Flowers few, on short peduncles. Berry large for the size of the plant, red. Seeds obovoid, shining, not
angled.—The 4. alpina of Tasmania and 4. pumila of Fuegia are closely allied to this.

$ b. Perianth of the female flower often enclosing the ripe fruit. Berry trilocular. Seeds angled.

3. Astelia nervosa, Banks et Sol.; foliis anguste lineari-elongatis subulatis 2—8-nerviis argenteo-
sericeis glabratis v. glaberrimis, panicula subcoarctata, ramis robustis; masc. perianthii infra medium 6-
partiti laciniis late lineari-oblongis subacutis, staminibus medio laciniarum insertis, antheris late oblongis ;

fm. perianthio maris, ovario conico trigono, stylo brevi crasso, bacca 3-loculari perianthio urceolato

baccato immersa stylo crasso terminata, placentis axillaribus, seminibus atris nitidis tereti-angulatis.—
Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic.

Haz. Northern and Middle Islands, Banks and Solander, etc., in boggy ground. Ruahine mountains,
Colenso. Mountains above Nelson, 5000 feet, Bidwill. Middle Island, Zyall. Akaroa, Raoul.

Leaves 2 feet long, very narrow, ¿- inch, generally silky, sometimes quite glabrous. Panicle a span long,
erect, with stout ascending branches. Flowers much larger than in 4. Banksü. Perianth silky and chafty, cut to
below the middle into six broad, oblong, blunt pieces, on which the stamens are inserted. Fruit yellow, enclosed in
the fleshy perianth, three-celled. Seeds black, shining, and angled. The two lateral nerves of the leaf are sometimes

stronger than the middle one, and red.

4. Astelia Solandri, A. Cunn.; foliis e basi lata densissime villosa longe lineari-subulatis 2—3-costatis,
paniculee ramis brevibus v. valde elongatis; mase. densifloris, floribus breve pedicellatis, perianthii profunde
6-partiti laciniis membranaceis linearibus, filamentis elongatis, antheris lineari-elongatis ; fun. paniculee
ramis densifloris, floribus minoribus tubo hemispheerico limbi lobis 6 reflexis, staminibus sterilibus ore
perianthii insertis, ovario globoso 3-loculari, ovulis placentis axillaribus affixis, stylo subelongato.—4. Cunn.
Prodr. A. furfuracea, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands, on limbs of trees, etc., Banks and Solander, Cunningham, etc.

A very distinct plant, both in male and female flower; if I am right in referring these to the same species.
Leaves covered below with a thin pellicle as in Celmisia coriacea, often 2-4 feet long, very broad, 3 inches at the
base, and there clothed with dense silky masses of snow-white wool, smooth above, silvery below, with two very
strong nerves. Panicle 6 inches to 13 foot long; male of very stout branches 1 inch across, including the flowers ;
female branches sometimes 10 inches long. Male flowers very large, of a more membranous texture than in the
other species. Perianth divided into six lincar, blunt pieces, silky externally. Stamens with very long exserted
filaments, + inch long, and linear oblong anthers. Female perianth much smaller, more scarious, with a hemi-
spherical tube and six recurved segments. Ovary globose, three-celled, with a straight style. —I have not seen ripe
fruit. The texture of the perianth of this plant is quite that of other Liliacea, whereas that of its congeners is more
dry and opake.

5. Astelia Banksii, A. Cunn.; dense molliter argenteo-sericea, foliis anguste lineari-subulatis sericeis
glabratisve, panicule mase. ramis laxis elongatis, perianthiis parvis glabratis segmentis lanceolatis acuminatis,
filamentis subulatis, antheris parvis latis, panicule /wm. ramis brevibus confertis, perianthiis rotatis sericeis
segmentis acuminatis, ovario conico trigono stigmate subsessili, bacca ovoidea obtusa 3-loculari, loculis 3-6-

Palma.) FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 261

spermis, seminibus angulatis e apice loculi pendulis funiculis capillaribus, testa atra crassa nitida.—4. Cunn.

Prodr. A. sericea, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic. Hamelinia veratroides, A. Rich. Flora, p. 158. t. 94?

Has. Northern Island and northern parts of the Middle Island, common, Banks and Solander, etc.
(This or A. Cunningham? is cultivated in England.)

Similar in foliage and inflorescence to 4. Cunninghamii, but very different in the structure of the ovary, fruit,
and form of the seeds.— Whole plant 2-3 feet high. Leaves 2 feet long, generally narrow, 4-3 inch, silky or nearly
glabrous. Panicle densely covered with white, long, silvery, silky hairs: male with alternate long slender branches,
and very small flowers + inch broad ; perianth glabrous, of spreading narrow acuminate segments ; filaments subulate ;
anthers small, broad. Female panicle of shorter, stouter, more crowded branches, 3—4 inches long, with broader
bracteal leaves, and more silky, broader perianths, which do not embrace the fruit. Ovary conical, with three cells and
axile placente. Berry ovoid, with a sessile stigma 4 inch long, yellowish. Seeds three to six in each cell, sharply
angled, pendulous by long slender cords from the top of the cell; testa very thick, hard, black and shining. —I am
doubtful whether M. Richard’s figure of Hamelinia veratroides refers to this or the previous species; the fruit figured
is immature. Mr. Colenso sends male specimens of what appears a very narrow-leaved glabrous variety of this, from
the summit of the Ruahine range: like all the other species, this varies extremely in the breadth and silkiness of the
leaves, size of the panicles, length of their branches, and breadth and silkiness of the perianths.

I consider the above descriptions of all the species of Æstelia susceptible of revision, and strongly recommend
the genus to the New Zealand student’s attention, who should be guided in his investigation of their characters by
the fruit and seeds, and not be led astray by supposed specific differences arising from the specimens growing on
rocks or the ground, instead of on trees.

Oss. I have an imperfect specimen of another New Zealand Liliaceous plant, characterized as follows :—

Pusilla, caule gracili, foliis paucis basi vaginantibus anguste linearibus, flore solitario, pedicello brevi, capsula
semi-matura elliptica obtusa.

Haz. Middle Island. Canterbury plains, Lyall.

I have but a scrap of this plant, with wiry flexuous stem, 2 inches long, having two filiform leaves of the same
length, sheathing at the base, and a solitary half-ripe elliptical capsule, ¢ inch long, with the remains of a perianth

at its base, and a straight simple style.

NAT. Og». XCI. PALMA, Juss.
Gen. I. ARECA, Z.

Flores monoici, sessiles in eadem spadice, spatha duplici cincti; masculi superiores plerumque foemineis
2 stipati. d Perianthium 6-partitum, 2-seriale ; stamina 8-12. 2 Perianthii foliola 6, imbricata, con-
voluta. Ovarium l- v. 8-loculare. Stigmata 3, sessilia. Drupa l-sperma, fibrosa; albumen corneum, in
sp. Nov. Zel. non ruminatum. -Embryo basilaris.

The New Zealand Palm isa plant of great interest, as being the most southern representative of the fine
Natural Order to which it belongs, occurring as far as latitude 38° 99' south, whereas 35° is the limit of Palms
in Australia, latitude 30° in Africa, and latitude 36° in South America. The genus 4reca (which produces the
Betel-nut) is found in Asia and its islands; but the group to which 4. sapida belongs, and which has a one-celled
ovary, is supposed to be confined to New Zealand, Norfolk Island, and the Malay Archipelago. Mr. Brown distin-
guished the Australian allied Palm under the name Seaforthia; it resembles the New Zealand species, but differs
from it in having numerous stamens and ruminated albumen.— 4. sapida is a small Palm; trunk 6-10 feet high, 6-8
inches in diameter. Leaves pinnate, 4—6 feet long; pinnules very narrow, linear-lanceolate, margins replicate ; nerves,
costa, and especially the petiole, covered with lepidote scales. Spadia glabrous, much branched, densely flowered,
18-24 inches long, enclosed in two boat-shaped spathes; young inflorescence eaten. Flowers very numerous, males

3T

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262 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [Juncee.

and females mixed, one of the former having generally two of the latter, one on each side of it; all sessile. Male
perianih six-cleft, or of six ovate acuminate pieces in two rows, outer smaller. Svamens six, surrounding the rudi-
ment of an ovary.. Female perianth also of six broadly ovate leaflets, rolled round one another, and enclosing a one-
celled ovarium, with three sessile stigmas and a pendulous ovule on one side of the cavity. Fruit an ovoid drupe,
= inch long, with a fibrous outer coat, membranous testa thickened on one side down the raphe, and horny albumen,
whose surface is not ruminated. Zmbryo small, in the base of the albumen. (Name from Areec, an Indian word.)

1. Areca sapida, Soland. ; foliis pinnatis, pinnis multijugis anguste lineari-lanceolatis replicatis termi-
nalibus preemorsis, costis petioloque lepidotis, perianthii & foliolis exterioribus angustis interioribus ovatis
acuminatis, 9 late ovatis, drupis ovoideis, albumine squabilii—Sodand. in Forst. Plant. Esc. 4. Rich.
Flora. A. Cunn. Prodr. A. Banksii, Martius. A. Kentia, Banks et Sol. MSS. Tas. LIX. et LX.

Has. Northern Island and north part of Middle Island, Banks and Solander, etc. Nat. name,
“ Nikau,” Colenso. (Cultivated in England.)

Mr. Cunningham has applied to this Palm Endlicher’s description, drawn up from Ferdinand Bauer’s drawings
of Norfolk Island specimens. This does not agree with the New Zealand plant in the shape of the drupe, said to
be globose in the Norfolk Island species. Mr. Smith (Royal Garden, Kew) has both in cultivation, and has shown
me a very considerable difference in habit and in the breadth of their pinnules, those of the Norfolk Island Palm
being twice as broad; but there is great variation in these respects with both species. Von Martius also separates
them, but gives Forster’s name to the Norfolk Island plant, whereas Forster figured the New Zealand one only, to
which the name of sapida must remain attached, whilst that of Baueri may be given to the Norfolk Island species
if it prove really distinct. There is as much difference between the narrow and broad pinne of specimens of 4.
sapida growing in Kew Gardens, as between the latter and the pinne of 4. Baueri.—PrATE LIX. and LX. Fig. 15
male flower; 2, pollen; 8, female flower; 4, ovary ; 5, vertical section of ditto; 6, ripe drupe; 7, vertical section
of ditto; 8 and 9, seeds; 10, embryo; 11, albumen :—all magnified.

Nar. Orb. XCII. JUNCEA, DC.

Gen. I. JUNCUS, Z.

Perianthium 6-partitum, coriaceum, 2-bracteatum. Stamina 6 v. 3. Stylus brevis. Stigmata 3.
Capsula 3- (rarius sub-1-) locularis, 3-valvis, polysperma.

This genus, to which the various English Rushes belong, is found all over the world, and most frequently in
temperate and very cold climates; all the species have slender, often jointed stems, called culms, full of pith,
or sometimes hollow between the joints, and are leafless, or have grass-like, or terete, or compressed foliage.
Flowers in terminal or axillary tufts, or branched. panicles, rarely solitary, generally dark brown. Perianth of six
‘hard glumaceous pieces, with two bracte below, six (rarely three) stamens, a three-celled ovary, with a short
(rarely long) style, and three long stigmas. Capsule three-valved, three-celled, with several seeds. (Name from
jungo, to join ; the leaves being used as cordage.)

$ a. Leaves none, or solitary. Panicles lateral.

1. Juncus maritimus, Lam.; folis paucis omnibus radicalibus teretibus culmisque pungentibus,

panicula composita erecta ramis compressis apice sub-4-8-floris, sepalis lanceolatis acuminatis, capsulis
ellipticis subacutis perianthio equilongis, testa laxa utrinque appendiculata.— Lam. Encyl. Br. Prodr.
Engl. Bot. t. 1125, A. Cunn. Prodr. ete.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands, D’ Urville. Bay of Islands and east coast, Sinclair, Colenso, etc.
Nat. name, “ Wi," or ** Wi-Wi" (for the whole genus), Colenso. (A native of England.)

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Juncee. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 263

Culms 2-3 feet high, terete. Leaves one, or rarely two, sheathing round the base of the culm, pungent.
Panicle of many, fascicled, erect, compressed branches, 4 inches long. Flowers red-brown, in pedicellate heads of
four to eight. Capsule elliptical, acute, as long as the perianth. Seeds with a loose testa, produced beyond each
end.—A native of various parts of Europe, North America, and of Australia, according to Mr. Brown, who says the
capsule is oval and blunt, whereas it is described in books on British plants as elliptical and mucronated.

2. Juncus vaginatus, Br. ; culmo aphyllo tereti basi vaginato, panicula laterali subumbellata, umbellis
compositis, floribus aggregatis, capsulis ovalibus obtusis perianthium acutum «equantibus, testa utrinque
breviter appendiculata. —Br. Prodr. Raoul, Chois des Plantes. J. tenax, 8 major, Banks et Sol. MSS.
et Ic,

Has. Northern and Middle Islands, Banks and Solander, Raoul, Sinclair, ete.

My specimens are very indifferent, though received from various sources. Culms robust or slender, 2 feet
high, leafless, with a few sheaths at the base. Panicle with spreading, often divaricating branches, subumbellate.
Flowers pale-coloured, in terminal heads, spreading, not so closely pressed together as in J. maritimus. Capsule
obovate or oblong-obovate, blunt. Seeds with the testa shortly produced beyond the apex.—This is also an Aus-
tralian plant. :

3. Juncus effusus, L. ; culmo tereti nudo basi vaginato, panicula laterali effusa v. contracta et pauci-
flora ramis alternis gracilibus, floribus distinctis alternis, capsulis obovatis obtusis perianthium sub-
zquantibus, testa laxa exappendiculata v. brevissime appendiculata.— Zinn. Sp. Pl. A. Cunn. Prodr. ete.
J. tenax, 8 minor, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic. J. communis et J. filiformis, A. Rich. Flora.

Has. Throughout the Islands; common in wet places, Banks aud Solauder, ete. (Native of England.)

My specimens are more slender than the commonest English form, but not more so than it is often found to
be in various situations, especially in Australia, Tasmania, etc. Itis found in most parts of the globe. I find the
same plant in Herb. Hook., from Australia, labelled by M. E. Meyer ‘J. pallidus, Br. ; but the latter plant is de-
scribed by Mr. Brown as having the branchlets of the panicle crowded and the flowers subimbricated, which is not
the case with the Australian or these specimens.—Culms slender. Panicle effuse, branches slender. Flowers pale,
scattered, alternate. Capsule blunt, about as long as the perianth, or longer, but variable in this respeot.

$ b. Culms leafy at the base. Panicles terminal or lateral.

4. Juncus planifolius, Br.; culmis basi foliosis, foliis planis culmo brevioribus longioribusve, cyma
terminali decomposita capitata v. effusa bracteata, floribus congestis 3—6-andris, capsulis prismaticis tri-
quetris mucronatis perianthio brevioribus longioribusve, seminibus striatis.— Br. Prodr.

Has. Abundant throughout the Islands, Sinclair, Colenso, Lyall, etc.

A common Australian and Tasmanian plant, also found in Lord Auckland's Group and in South Chili; very
variable in stature, and form of inflorescence, and number of stamens (three or four), but always to be recognized
from its New Zealand congeners by the flat grass-like leaves. Flowers generally chestnut-brown.

5. Juncus cephalotes, Th.? culmo compresso, foliis involucroque monophyllo teretiusculis articulatis,
cyma terminali v. laterali effusa, capitulis multifloris hexandris, perianthio acuminato striato, capsulis
prismaticis perianthium eeguantibus. An J. prismatocarpus, Br. Prodr. ?

Has. Northern Island. East Coast, Colenso.

I have only tops of culms from Mr. Colenso, which quite resemble a Cape and Australian Species, and also the
J. striatus of Europe. It may be recognized from all the larger New Zealand species by the leaves and culms being
knotted or jointed. As in J. planifolius, the cymes are sometimes reduced to a ball of pale flowers, at other times
the branches spread. Seeds deeply striated and transversely rugose: in this respect, and in the hexandrous flowers,
it differs from Mr. Brown's description of J. prismatocarpus.

264. FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [Juncee,

6. Juncus ¿ufonius, L.; culmis fastigiatis simplicibus basi foliosis, foliis lineari-setaceis sulcatis,
cyma terminali laxe dichotome ramosa, ramis elongatis geniculatis bracteatis, floribus majusculis subsessi-
libus solitariis 2-3-nisve, capsula perianthio breviore.—Linn. Sp. Pl. Engl. Bot. t. 802. J. plebeius,
Br. Prodr. ete.

Has. Abundant throughout the Islands, Sinclair, Colenso, etc. (A native of England.)

A very common plantin many parts of the world, and found in Australia and Tasmania. — Whole plant very pale-
coloured. Culms a span high, tufted; leaves setaceous, grooved, short. Panicles or Cymes very large, sparingly
branched ; branches long, with large, very distant, scattered flowers, which are solitary or few together. Capsule
much shorter than the perianth.

7. Juncus Nova-Zelandie, Hook. fil.; culmis cespitosis filiformibus, foliis angustissime linearibus
subsetaceis acutis striatis fistulosis nunc articulatis, floribus 3-5 infra apicem culmi sessilibus rarius
terminalibus, capsulis 3-locularibus obovatis apiculatis castaneis nitidis perianthium obtusum superantibus.

Has. Northern Island. Bogs on the East Coast and interior, Colenso.

A small, slender, tufted species, 3-6 inches high. Leaves almost setaceous, hollow, striated, often conspicuously
jointed. Flowers three to five, towards the top of the culm: sometimes there are two series of them, at others a
short branch is given off close to the three sessile flowers, and bearing three others. Perianth of red-brown seg-
ments, blunt, with white membranous margins. Capsule polished red-brown, obovate, mucronate, three-celled.

8. Juncus capillaceus, Hook. fil. ; pusillus, subcespitosus, culmis setaceo-filiformibus folis setaceis
articulatis brevioribus, floribus lateralibus solitariis v. 2-3 sessilibus v. breve pedicellatis 2-bracteatis,
bractea superiore (culmi apice) basi vaginato, inferiore aristato flore breviore, perianthii foliolis oblongis
obtusis, staminibus 6, stylo subelongato. :

Haz. Northern Island. East Coast, Colenso.

A very small slender species, 2—4 inches high, with capillary culms, shorter than the setaceous articulate
leaves. Flowers small, solitary, or two or three on the side of the culm, which is produced beyond them into a
subulate bract, membranous at the base; opposite to this is a similar shorter bract. Perianth of six, egual, linear
oblong, blunt pieces. Stamens six. Style rather long, with three long stigmas.—Allied to J. Scheuchzerioides of the
Falkland Islands, and J. antarcticus of Campbell Island.

Oss. J. antarcticus (Fl. Antarct. p. 79. t. 46), a native of Campbell Island, may occur on the New Zealand
mountains; it much resembles very small states of Zuzula campestris in habit and foliage, but has short scapes and
capitate terminal heads of three to six hexandrous flowers. Segments of the perianth subulate.

Gen. II. LUZULA, DC.

Perianthiwm 6-partitum, glumaceum, 2-bracteatum. Stamina 6. Ovarium basi 3-ovulatum. Stig-
mata 3. Capsula 1-locularis, 3-valvis, 3-sperma.

A. genus scattered over various parts of the world, most abundant in temperate and arctic climates; one
New Zealand species is common to both the Northern and Southern hemispheres. Readily distinguished from
Juncus by the grassy, almost invariably pilose leaves, and one-celled three-seeded capsule. (Name of doubtful
origin.)

1. Luzula campestris, DC. ; pilosa v. glabrata, spicis capitatis subumbellatis paniculatisve inzequaliter
pedunculatis nunc in capitulum congestis, bracteis integris, perianthii laciniis ovatis acuminatis brunneis
albo-marginatis, capsulis obtusis—DC. Flor. Franc. Br. Prodr. Juncus, Linn. Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic.
Engl. Bot. t. 672.—Variat insigniter statura, inflorescentia spicata paniculata v. dense congesta, colore
pallida v. castanea, et foliis brevibus subulatis elongatisve et gramineis.

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Restiacee. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 265

Has. Abundant throughout the Islands, Banks and Solander, ete. (A native of England.)

A very familiar plant to the English Botanist, which is likely to puzzle the New Zealand student from its
singularly protean habit.—Stems 1-16 inches high. Leaves short and almost subulate, or long and grassy, generally
with long scattered hairs. Inflorescence a dense, sessile, rounded or lobed head or spike, solitary or with one or
more pedunculate spikes rising from its base, or broken up into many little pedunculate spikelets. Flowers very
pale, or deep chestnut-brown. Perianth with a broad central brown area, and comparatively narrow white border.—
All the New Zealand varieties are found in Europe, and most of them in Australia, Tasmania, and other parts of
the world. One of these, gathered by Mr. Colenso on the Ruahine and other mountains, is tufted and not an inch
high, nearly glabrous, has subulate leaves, and a small dense spike sunk amongst the leaves; this latter closely
resembles Alpine specimens of the Auckland Islands Z. crinita; I have examined a similar state of LL. campestris
from the Norwegian Alps.

2. Luzula picta, A. Rich.; gracilis, laxe pilosa, spiculis paucifloris gracile pedunculatis v. rarius
congestis, bracteis integris, perianthiis acuminatis subaristatis albidis fascia castanea angusta. L. picta,
A. Rich. Fl. L. Banksiana, E. Meyer in Linnaa, v. 99. p. 412. Juncus campestris var., Banks et Sol.
MSS. et Ic.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands, frequent, Banks and Solander, D’ Urville, etc.

A very variable plant, possibly a variety of Z. campestris, but much smaller, more slender, and narrower-leaved,
with sparingly branched, rather cymose inflorescence.—Spihelets few-flowered, on filiform spreading peduncles, rarely
clustered into one spike. Perianth pale, glistening, of very sharp, almost aristate segments, with a narrow chestnut-
brown. stripe down the middle.

Oss. —Lueula crinita (Fl. Antarct. p. 85. t. 48), which is abundant in Lord Auckland’s and Campbell’s
Island, has not yet been gathered in New Zealand: it is much too nearly allied to Z. campestris, but it is a more
robust, very villous plant, with thicker, more coriaceous, and keeled perianth, and fimbriate bracts.

Oñs.—The genus Rostkovia, of which two species inhabit Lord Auckland’s and Campbell’s Islands, has not
been gathered in New Zealand, but probably exists in the Middle and South Islands. It may be recognized by its
long terete leaves, large solitary flowers, long style, and three long stigmas.

Nar. Orp. XCIII. RESTIACEA, Br.

Gen. I. LEPTOCARPUS, Br.

Flores dioici, fasciculati, amentacei. Perianthium 6-glume. d Stamina 3; anthere 1-loculares,
peltate. — 9 Ovarium l-ovulatum; stylus 1; stigmata 3. Nu crustacea, basi styli coronata.

Rush-like dicecious plants, with a stout, scaly, creeping rhizome, and erect, simple or branched, cylindrical,
jointed, sheathed culms. In the only New Zealand species the male plants have a loosely panicled inflorescence of
pedicellate spikelets; scales imbricating, lanceolate or ovate, long or broad, acuminate or awned, spreading; glumes
acute, three outer larger, inner shorter; stamens three, with short filaments surrounding a thick disc, which is a
deformed ovary. Female plants with sessile, crowded or remote, simple or fascicled, short spikelets. Scales broad,
concave, acute, mucronate or awned ; flowers flattened; three outer glumes concave, acuminate, erect, spreading at
the tips; inner shorter, connate at the base, acute or acuminate in the flower, often becoming blunt, and always
hard, and enclosing the ripe fruit. Ovary trigonous, with short style and three long deciduous stigmas. <Achenium
one-celled, indehiscent, with one pendulous seed. The other species are all Australian and Tasmanian. (Name
from Aerros, slender, and kaprros, fruit.)

1. Leptocarpus simplex, Br.; culmis e rhizomate repente simplicibus gracilibus v. robustis, spiculis
3 U

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266 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [Restiacez.

masculis paniculatis pedicellatis, squamis ovato-lanceolatis v. subulatis acuminatis floribus 2-plo longioribus,
spiculis fcemineis fasciculis sessilibus alternis remotis aggregatisve dispositis, squamis exterioribus late
ovatis rotundatisve aristatis mucronatisve puberulis glabratisve floribus longioribus, glumis lanceolatis
exterioribus acuminatis interioribus brevioribus acutis v. demum. obtusis chartaceis, achenio glumis inte-
rioribus persistentibus incluso.— Zr. Prodr. A. Rich. Flor. A. Cunn. Prodr. Restio simplex, Forst.
R. tenax, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic. (Tas. LXI. A et C.)

Var. B. fasciculatus; culmis robustis, fasciculis versus apices culmorum subpaniculatim congestis,
squamis exterioribus late ovatis mucronatis aristatisve floribus vix longioribus, glumis lanceolatis exterio-
ribus acuminatis interioribus obtusis. (Tas. LXI. B.)

Has. Northern and Middle Islands, common on sand-hills and in marshes, Banks and Solander, etc.
Var. 8, Massacre Day, Zyall. Nat. name, “Oioi” (shaking), Col.

A variable plant in size; abundant in Tasmania. Stems quite simple, numerous, arising from a sheathed
creeping rhizome, slender or stout, 1-2 fect-high. Sheaths 1-3 inches apart, 3 inch long. Peduncles of the male
spikes glabrous or downy. Zuscicles of female flowers solitary or generally crowded into lobed heads 3-1 inch long,
which are sessile and alternate on the culms, sometimes very few, small, and distant. Outer scales broadly
ovate, acuminate or mucronate or awned, longer than the glumes, which are lanceolate, the outer acuminate. The
var. B is a much larger and more robust plant than Z. simple, with fascicles of flowers collected in dense somewhat
panicled sessile heads nearly an inch long. I had long supposed the males and females of this plant to belong to
different species, especially as Mr. Brown describes the female flowers of R. simplex as occurring on the upper part
of the same culm as the males: this however is not the case with Forster's original specimen from New Zealand, nor
with mine from Tasmania. Those from the latter country are shorter and more slender than the New Zealand ones,
with terminal heads or fascicles of spikelets, and the peduncles of the female spikelets more downy. I can find no
characters however whereby to separate them specifically.—Prate LXI. 4. Female plants of Z. simplex, its
common form; B. of var. fasciculatus; C. male plant. Fig. 1, male flower and scale; 2, the same removed; 3,
stamen ; 4, female flower; 5, the same with the inner scales surrounding the ripe fruit; 6, achenium; 7, vertical
section of the same :—al/ magnified.

Gen. II. CALOROPHUS, Lad.

Spice vaginis culmi axillaribus breviter exsertee, pauciflore. Flores dioici, rarius monoici, bracteata.
d Perianthii foliola 6, linearia. Stamina 3, antheris peltatis. 9 Perianthii multibracteati foliola 6, bre-
vissima. Styli 2-8, decidui. Nur ossea, calva, 1-sperma, basi perianthio breviore cincta, spicam terminans.
—Herbe Australasie et Nova Zelandie. Culmi jiliformes, graciles, (sepe fastigiatim) ramosi, elongata,
semiteretes, striati, virides, rigidi, stricti v. flevuosi. Vaginee breves, cartilaginee ; ore sapius barbato ;
lamina brevi, subulata, sepe divaricata. Spice subulate, breves, stricta, squamis cartilagineis rigidis.—
Calorophus, Lab. Fl. Nov. Holl. Restio in part., Br. Prodr.

Rigid, wiry, green plants, with very slender, often flexuose, fastigiately branched, striate culms, flattened on one
side. Sheuths short, very coriaceous, with generally bearded mouths, and short, subulate, often spreading points.
Spikes unisexual, short, rigid, subulate, sunk in the sheaths, few-flowered. Males with three or four flowers each,
hid within a hard convolute scale. Glwmes six, lanceolate. Stamens three; anthers peltate, one-celled, exserted.
Female spike of two or three flowers, the terminal only fertile. Scales as in the male, but more numerous. Glumes
six, short and broad. Nut terminal on the spike, bony, obovate, blunt, shining, one-celled and seeded, with two or
three curling deciduous styles, longer than the six persistent glumes which surround its base.—This genus is also
found in Tasmania and Australia, as are two of the New Zealand species. Mr. Brown, who had not seen the fruit
(which is however correctly represented in Labillardiére’s drawing), united it with Restio, from which it differs in
the one-celled and seeded nut; it is much more nearly allied to Hypolena, but differs conspicuously in habit and

Restiacee. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 267

the lateral spikes. Restio Jlexuosus, Br., possibly belongs to this genus, but I have not seen its female flowers or
fruit. (Name from xadwpodos, a Restio, according to the author of the genus.)

1. Calorophus elongata, Lab.; culmis basi subfastigiatim ramosis, ramulis gracilibus elongatis
flexuosis, vaginis apicibus patulis subulatis, spicis vaginis immersis, Y 4-6-floris bractea obtusa barbata
suffultis, glumis 6 linearibus squama pungente involutis, 9 spicis 3-floris, glumis brevibus, floribus remotis,
inferiore 2-glumi, bracteola obtusa barbata, czeteris 6-glumis bracteola acuta v. pungente.—Za2. Fl. Nov.
Holl. v. 2. p. 1. t. 228. Restio lateriflorus, Br. Prodr.

Has. Northern Island. Great Barrióre Island, Sinclair. Swamps at Wangarei, Colenso.

A common South Australian and Tasmanian plant, 2 feet high, branched from the base; branches green,
slender, flexuose, slightly compressed or angled. Sheaths 4 inch long, with spreading subulate points. Flowers in
Short spikes, sunk in the sheaths ; males four to six, crowded, subtended by an oblong blunt woolly braet. Glumes
six, linear, acuminate, enclosed in a scale with a pungent point. Female spike more exserted, three-flowered, lower
of two glumes with a bearded blunt bract ; upper of six glumes, with acute or pungent bracts.

3. Calorophus minor, Hook. fil.; fastigiatim ramosus, ramis brevibus filiformibus gracilibus striatis,
spiculis Y sub-2-floris, fl. 9 subsolitariis.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands. Bogs, base of Tongariro, Colenso. Top of Morse Mount, 6500
feet, Bidwill. Port Preservation, Lyall.

A span to 2 feet high; smaller and more slender and branched than the last. Stems ascending, much branched ;
branches short. Tops of sheaths erect. Male spikelets two-flowered; female flowers solitary, pedicellate.— Dr.
Lyall's specimen is not in flower; it is rather more robust than the rest, with a large beard within the sheaths.
In one of Mr. Bidwill'sIfind a ripe fruit of what I take for a male plant: it occupies an upper sheath of the culm.
This is also a common alpine Tasmanian plant: I doubt its being distinct from C. elongata, Lab.

3. Calorophus? ramis fastigiatis strictis erectis levibus estriatis, vaginis longe acuminatis.

Has. Chatham Island, Dieffenbach.

I regret not having this very distinct-looking plant in flower or fruit. Stems 2 feet high, much branched ;
branches quite erect, smooth, round, polished, not striated nor flexuose. Sheaths with acuminate points. —A much
more robust plant than either of the former, and possibly belonging to a different genus.

Gen. IIT. GAIMARDIA, Gaud.

Spicula terminalis, 1-2-flora. Spatha bivalvis, inferior superiorem minorem amplectens. Stamina
2; antheris peltatis. Ovaria 2, in unum coalita; stylis 2, exsertis. Utriculus membranaceus, 2-locularis,
2-valvis, 2-spermus.

A genus of three species, one found in New Zealand, another in Lord Auckland’s Group, and the third in
Fuegia and the Falklands. G. setacea forms large patches on the ground, resembling moss. —Everywhere guite
smooth, bright green. Stems densely tufted, 1-2 inches long. Leaves imbricated, setaceous, } inch long, acuminate,
with broad, membranous, often laciniated sheaths. Flowers minute, solitary, on an erect terminal peduncle + inch
long. Perianth of two bracts, outer or lower enclosing the upper, coriaceous. Stamens 2. Ovaries 2, united, each
with a long style. Fruit membranous, 2-celled. (Name in honour of M. Paul Gaimard, surgeon and naturalist to
Admiral Freycinet’s voyage.)

1. Gaimardia setacea, Hook. fil.; foliis setaceis, vaginis membranaceis glaberrimis.

Haz. Southern extreme of New Zealand. Port Preservation, Lyall.

Oss. The G. ciliata of Auckland’s Island (Fl. Antarct. p. 86) closely resembles this, but has blunt leaves with
ciliated sheaths.

268 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. | Cyperacee.

Gen. IV. ALEPYRUM, Br.

Spieula terminalis. Spatha bivalvis. Stamen 1, elongatum; anthera peltata. Ovaria 4-18, varie
connata; sty/i totidem, filiformes, liberi v. connati. Uirieuli indehiscentes v. lateraliter dehiscentes.

A Tasmanian and South Australian genus, containing several species. The only New Zealand one is a very
remarkable little plant, described in the “Flora Antarctica’ as a Gaimardia, from imperfect specimens gathered in
Auckland Island. Habit similar to that of Gaimardia, but this plant is smaller, and of a very pale green colour,
with less coriaceous, softer, subulate leaves, 1 inch long, having transparent membranous sheaths. Peduncle
terminal, shorter than the leaves, terminated by two unequal bracts, which enclose one flower that has no further
perianth. Stamen one; filament long, much exserted; anther broad, peltate. Ovaries four, united in pairs, one
above the other, or three together and one solitary; each with a long slender style. Some Australian species have
many ovaries. (Name from a, privative, and Aerupov, a covering ; from the utricles resembling naked seeds.)

l. Alepyrum pallidum, Hook. fil. Gaimardia? pallida, FZ. Antarct. p. 86. (Tas. LXII. C.)

Has. Summit of the Ruahine mountains, Colenso.

PLATE LXII. C. Fig. 1, leaf; 2, end of branch, with leaves and two flowers in the bracts; 3, inner bract
and ovaria :—all magnified.

Nar. Oz». XCIV. CYPERACEA?, Juss.

Gen. I. CYPERUS, Z.

Spieula disticha, multiflora. Sguama carinate, fere omnes florifere, 3-andre. Sete hypogyne 3.
Stylus ovario inarticulatus, deciduus.

An immense Tropical genus, abundant in Australia. The only New Zealand species has the culms leafy below,
2-3 feet high. Leaves grassy, flat, scaberulous at the margin. Involuere of many long grassy leaves. Umbels of
6—10 oblong, dense-flowered, deep brown spikes, 1 inch long, some peduncled. Spikelets numerous, sessile, + inch
long, suberect. Scales 6-8, distichous, oblong, acute or mucronate, striate, shining. (Name, the «vreipos of the
Greeks.)

1. Cyperus ustulatus, A. Rich.; culmo trigono levi foliis planis denticulatis breviore, involucri
foliolis elongatis longissimisve foliaceis, umbelle 6-10 radiatz spicis oblongis obtusis sessilibus peduncula-
tisque, spiculis congestis suberectis lineari-oblongis acutis, squamis 6-8 oblongis acutis mucronatisve striatis
castaneis nitidis.—.4. Rich. Flor. p. 101. t. 17. A. Cunn. Prodr. O. piceus, Banks et Sol. MSS.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands, abundant, Banks and Solander, D' Urville, A. Cunningham, ete.
Nat. name, “ Upoko tangata,” Col. “Toetoe whatu manu” (or “toetoe of which kites are made"), Lyall.

Gen. IL. SCIRPUS, Z.

Spicula undique v. distiche imbricata. Squame fere omnes florifere, 2-3-andree. Seta hypogyne
squamis breviores. Stylus ovario inarticulatus, deciduus v. basi persistente articulatus.

A large genus, found in most climates, as are several of its species. Spikelets terminal or lateral, on often
leafless culms, sessile or peduncled, solitary or clustered. Scales imbricated on all sides, most or all with bi- or
tri-androus flowers, furnished at the base with two to six scales or bristles. Style simple and continuous with the
ovary, or bulbous at the base and jointed. (Name of Latin origin, but doubtful meaning.)

1. Scirpus maritimus, L. ; culmo trigono folioso, spiculis terminalibus subpaniculatis sessilibus pedun-

Cyperacee. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 269

culatisque, involucro foliaceo polyphyllo, squamis aristatis integris bifidisve, nuce 3-gono.— Linz. Sp. Pl.
Eng. Bot. t. 542. Br. Prodr.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands, abundant, Colenso, ete. Nat. name, “ Ririwaka,” Col. (Common
in England.)

Abundant in Australia, and in many other parts of the world. —1-3 feet high. Roots often tuberous; eaten
by pigs, and formerly by natives. Leaves flat, as long or longer than the triangular culm. Spikelets terminal,
4-4 inch long, ovate, sessile or peduncled, surrounded with long involucral leaves. Scales glabrous or puberulous,
membranous, ovate, blunt, entire or bifid, awned. Nut three-angled, obovate, compressed, with two to four bristles
and two or three stigmas. Anthers long, twisted after flowering.

2. Scirpus Zacustris, L.; culmo tereti aphyllo, spiculis ovatis umbellatis paniculatisve versus apicem
culmi lateralibus, squamis glabris late ovatis ciliatis trifidis mucronatis, antheris apice appendiculatis, nuce
trigona brevi obovata, setis 6 setulis reversis scabris. — Linn. Sp. Pl. Eng. Bot. t. 666. A. Rich. Flor. A.
Cunn. Prodr. 8. medius, Banks et Sol. MSS.

Has. Common in the Northern and Middle Islands, Banks and Solander, D Urville, ete. Nat.
name, “ Ko pou pou," D Urville. (Native of England.)

A very common plant in Australia and many other parts of the world, extensively used in England for matting,
chair-bottoms, in coopering casks, etc.—Culms 2-8 feet high, rounded, sheathed at the base, spongy inside.
Spikelets ovate, 4-4 inch long, lateral, panicled, sessile or peduncled. Scales broadly ovate, bluntly trifid, mucro-
nate, ciliated. Nut short, trigonous. Styles two or three. Bristles six, margined with reversed sete. Anthers
with an obscurely hairy point.

3. Scirpus érqueter, L.; culmo triquetro basi folioso, foliis acute carinatis, spieulis lateralibus soli-
tariis v. dense glomeratis, squamis glabris aristatis—Linn. Sp. Pl. Br. Prodr. Engl. Bot. t. 1694.
S. glaucus, Banks et Sol. MSS.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands, not unfrequent. Hast Coast, Banks and Solander, etc. (A native
of England.)

Found in Australia, and various other parts of the world.—Root creeping. Culms sharply three-angled, 1-2
feet high. Leaves few, narrow, sharply keeled. Spikelets few or solitary, sessile in all New Zealand specimens
(sometimes peduncled in those from other countries). Scales bifid and often ciliated, awned, very similar to, but
smaller than in 5. maritimus, as are the nut, bristles, stamens, and style. Anöhers with a sharp point.

Gen. III. ELEOCHARIS, Br.

Spica (solitaria, axillaris v. terminalis) undique (rarius distiche) imbricata. Sgwama fere omnes
floriferze, 3-andre. Sete hypogyne 4 v. plures, denticulate. Stylus 2-3-fidus, basi dilatatus, ovario articu-
latus. Wuv trigona v. lenticularis, apice incrassata.—Herbx aphylle v. foliata, spica solitaria terminali
v. axillari.

A genus found all over the world, usually merged in Scirpus, but I have kept it separate on account of the
different habit of the New Zealand species, which have leafless, cylindrical or trigonous culms, with a solitary
terminal spike of flowers not differing from those of Scirpus, except in the distinctly jointed style, which falls away,
and leaves a bulbous top on the nut. (Name from éAos, a marsh, and xaupw, to delight in.)

1. Eleocharis sphacelata, Br.; culmo crasso articulato inani, spica cylindracea, squamis plurimis
lineari-oblongis obtusis margine sphacelatis.—Br. Prodr. A. Cunn. Prodr.

Has. Northern Island, in various marshy places, Cunningham, etc. Bluff Island, Lyall.

Culms as thick as the finger, striated, hollow, with many close partitions. Spikes 1-2 inches long. Scales

3x

270 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Cyperacee.

blunt, linear-oblong. Bristles six to eight. Styles three-cleft.—An Australian plant, very similar to a species found
abundantly in the Tropics.

2. Eleocharis gracilis, Br.; culmis caspitosis gracilibus striatis elongatis intus cellulosis, vaginis ore
mucronatis, spicis elongato-ovatis linearibusve subacutis, squamis ovatis obovato-oblongisve obtusis ecari-
natis, setis 4-6 ovario parum longioribus, stylo 3-fido, nuce obovata trigona compressa impunctata.—
Br. Prodr. Scirpus palustris a, Banks et Sol. MSS.

Var. B. gracillima ; culmis gracillimis, vaginis ore obliquo, spicis brevibus, squamis ovato-oblongis
infimis elongatis, setis 5-6 nuce longioribus. E. acicularis, 4. Cunn. Prodr. et Herb. Scirpus palustris,
Banks et Sol. MSS.

Var. y. radicans; parvula, rhizomate valido longe repente squamis imbricatis membranaceis nervosis
subacutis tecto, culmis ascendentibus setaceis striatis, spicis late ovatis obtusis, squamis paucis ovatis
membranaceis, setis 6. Fimbristylis, 4. Cunn. Herb.

Has. Bogs throughout the Islands, Banks and Solander, ete.

A native of Australia, and probably a variety of the European F. palustris, but differing in the trigonous fruit
and three stigmas.—Culms tufted, a span to 2 feet high, slender, striated, cellular. Sheaths with a small point at the
mouth. Spikes 1-3 inch long, linear-ovate, subacute ; scales linear-obovate, membranous, blunt. Bristles four, rather
longer than the broadly obovate, compressed, three-angled, shining nut. Style three-cleft. The var. 6 is a much
more slender plant. Culms 4-10 inches high, almost thread-like, tufted and creeping at the base, sheaths
oblique at the mouth, with a short erect point. Spikes pale-coloured, 4 inch long, ovate, acute, of ovate-oblong,
blunt, membranous scales, the lower the largest. Bristles usually six, longer than the broadly obovate, bluntly
three-angled, polished achenium.—The var. y is easily recognized by the stout, woody, creeping rhizome, covered
with membranous imbricating nerved sheaths. Culms ascending, thread-like, 2-3 inches high. Spikes 3-2 lines
long, of few membranous blunt scales. Bristles six. This may be a new species, but my specimens are not suffi-
cient to prove it so.

Gen. TV. ISOLEPIS, Br.

Spice aggregate: v. solitarie. Sguame fere omnes floriferee, undique v. subdistiche imbricate. Sete
hypogyna O. Stylus cam ovario inarticulatus, basi simplici, deciduus.—Ilerbe foliate ; spiculis sepius
aggregatis et lateralibus.

A very widely dispersed genus, of generally very variable marsh- or water-plants, with slender leafy culms, and
lateral, rarely terminal, solitary or clustered sessile spikelets. Scales nearly equal, the lower empty. Bristles 0.
Stamens one to three. Styles two or three. Nut pointed or blunt, compressed or triangular, not conspicuously
thickened at the top. (Name from wos, egual, and Aeris, a scale.)

1. Isolepis nodosa, Br.; culmis elatis aphyllis tereti-compressis basi vaginatis, capitulo globoso
polystachyo, spiculis congestis ovatis, squamis late ovatis obtusis, stylo 3-partito, nuce pallide castanea
levi nitida apiculata compressa vix 3-gona.—Br. Prodr. A. Rich. Flor. 4. Cunn. Prodr. Scirpus glu-
tinosus, Banks et Sol. MSS.

Haz. Northern and Middle Islands, common throughout, Banks and Solander. Nat. name “ Wi-wi,”
for this and similar sedges and rushes, Zyall.

A stout, tufted, rushy plant, 1-8 feet high, very different in habit and stature from any New Zealand congener.
Culms cylindrical below, compressed above, sheathed at the base. Spikelets aggregated in globose, dense, lateral
heads; beyond which the rigid pungent culm is lengthened. Scales broad, concave, blunt. Styles tripartite.
Nut smooth, polished, pale brown.—A common Australian plant, very similar to a South African species, and to
some varieties of Z. Holoschenus.

Cyperacea. FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. DL
ID

2. Isolepis setacea, Br.; culmis setaceis capillaribusve striatis basi 1-phyllis, spiculis solitariis gemi-
nisve ovatis lateralibus v. subterminalibus, sguamis obtusis mucronatis subacutisve subearinatis castaneis
1-3-andris, stylo 2-3-partito, nuce obovata trigona v. compressa minutissime punctulato-striata.— Br. Prodr.
4. Cunn. Prodr. Y. setosa, 4. Rich. Flor. Scirpus setaceus, Linn.

Var. 8. monandra ; major, spiculis 3-5, squamis monandris.

Var. y. lenticularis ; spiculis 8-5, squamis subacutis, staminibus 1-2, nucibus lenticularibus, stylis 2-3.

Var. 8. capillaris ; culmis capillaribus elongatis, spiculis 1-3, squamis obtusis monandris striatis,
nucibus trigonis,

Has. Northern and Middle Islands, common, Banks and Solander, etc. (A native of England.)

A small, slender, excessively variable plant, varying in every locality and habitat, 9—10 inches long, native of
Europe, Australia, and probably other parts of the world. Culms tufted, erect, filiform or capillary, striated, with
one or two leaves at the base. Spikelets solitary, sometimes two to six, small, of six to eight broad, concave, blunt
or mucronate or sharp, pale reddish or chesnut-brown scales. Stamens one to three. Nut covered with minute
impressed dots, pale, yellow or brownish, compressed, lentieular, or more or less trigonous.—None of my New Zea-
land specimens quite agree with the J. acicularis or Savii of Europe, nor with any of the five or six allied species
in Mr. Brown's * Prodromus ;' at the same time I find so great variation in size and habit, the form of the scales,
number of the stamens and styles, and amount of compression of the lenticular or trigonous nut, that I am quite at
a loss how to divide my specimens into well-marked varieties. Some of these approach 7. 4ucklandica of Auckland’s
Group (Fl. Antaret. p. 88. t. 50), but that species has longer, broader leaves, and a much larger and not punctate
nut. —In moist places the heads become proliferous, when it is chiefly distinguished by its smaller size from J.
prolifera.

3. Isolepis cartilaginea, Br.; pusilla, rigida, culmis brevibus curvis basi 1-2-foliatis, foliis trigono-
setaceis basi membranaceis, spiculis 1-3 infra apicem culmi, squamis paucis cartilagineis carinatis striatis
late ovatis subacutis 2-andris (3-andris, fig. Br.), nucibus triquetris scaberulis; stylis 3.— Br. Prodr.

Has. Northern Island. East Coast, Ahuriri, Colenso.

A small, densely tufted, stout, rigid species, 1-12 inch high. Culms trigonous, curved. Leaves rigid, subulate,
channelled, keeled. Spikelets one or two, sessile, small, green. Scales coriaceous, rigid, rather distant, curved, much
laterally compressed, subacute, with a thick blunt keel, deeply striate, with chesnut-brown lines. Stamens two.
Styles three. Nut broad, triangular, rough, with pitted facets.—I am not convinced of this being Mr. Brown’s
New Holland plant, which has triandrous flowers (a character of little importance, however), and scaberulous nuts,
whereas these can be considered rough from the depth and number of the impressed dots only. y

4. Isolepis prolifera, Br.; culmo tereti striato stolonifero aphyllo basi vaginato, capitulis polystachyis
passim proliferis lateralibus terminalibusque, spiculis oblongis, squamis ecarinatis obtusis monandris, stylo
trifido, nucibus obovatis apiculatis compressis punctato-striatis pallidis. —Br. Prodr.

Has. Northern Island; watery places. East Coast, etc., Colenso.

Rather a large tufted species. Culms 4-10 inches long, thick but weak, striated, terete, leafless, sheathed at
the base. Spikelets short, ovate, brown, clustered at or near the end of the culm, proliferous. Scales red-brown,
blunt, herbaceous, not keeled. Stamen one. Style bifid. Nut obovate, apiculate, compressed, striated with im-
pressed dots, pale.—Probably a very variable plant, found in many parts of the world.

Gen. V. DESMOSCHGNUS, Hook. fil.

Spicule globose, multiflore, secus culmum apice folioso-bracteatum densissime confertee, sessiles,

amentum interruptum efformantes. Squama omnes fertiles. Sete Aypogyue 0. Stamina 9, antheris

272 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. | Cyperacea.

aristatis. Stylus 3-fidus, basi simplici. Nwa compressa, late obovata, leevis.—-Herba erecta, elata, siccitate
flava ; culmo obtuse trigono, striato, rigido; foliis squarrosis, pedalibus, rigide coriaceis, flexuosis, pungentibus,
apices versus carinatis, denticulatis ; bracteis foliaceis, elongatis, basi lata decurrentibus ; pseud-amentis
spicularum unilateralibus, interruptis.

A tall, rigid, squarrose, excessively harsh plant, allied to Holoschenus, very yellow when dry, much used for
thatching, etc., by the natives.—Rhizome creeping, sheathed, woody. Culms erect, stout, three-angled, striated,
1-8 feet high, leafy at the base, bearing at the top a kind of malformed catkin, or succession of catkins, amongst
which grow very long, foliaceous, rigid, wiry bractese. Leaves very numerous, squarrose, concave above, keeled below
towards the long harsh points, margins cutting, with minute teeth. Flowering part of culm a span long, of con-
fluent clusters of sessile red-brown spikelets, occupying one side only of the culm, and spirally arranged. Brac-
teal leaves with adnate, open, denticulate, sheathing, decurrent bases, produced into flexuose, rigid, subulate
apices, a foot long. Spikelets sessile, globose, of many imbricated, concave, striated, blunt, obovate, shining scales.
Stamens three; anthers linear, with a long terminal awn. Ovary without bristles; style trifid, deciduous, not
jointed. Nut compressed, broadly obovate, blunt, quite smooth. (Name from deoun, a bundle or truss, and
TXOWOS, a rush.)

1. Desmoschcenus spiralis, Hook. fil. Isolepis spiralis, A. Rich. Flor. p. 105. 4. 19. A. Cunn. Prodr.
Scirpus frondosus, Banks et Sol. MSS.
Has. Northern and Middle Islands, Banks and Solander, etc. Nat. name, “ Pingao,” Colenso.

Gen. VI. FIMBRISTYLIS, Vahi.

Spicula solitarie v. umbellatee, undique imbricate, fere omnes florifere. Stylus compressus, ovario
articulatus, basi ciliatus, bulbosus. Stigmata 2, raro 3. Sete hypogyne 0.

Chiefly tropical grassy weeds, abundant in Australia. There is but one New Zealand species (apparently the
F. velata of Port Jackson), forming a slender tufted herb, a span high, with panicled spreading involucrate umbels
of ovate, acute, pedicellate, compressed spikelets. Leaves slender, long, filiform, subulate, soft; involucral ones
longer than the inflorescence. Scales all bearing flowers, imbricated on all sides, ovate, acute, nerved, recurved,
scabrid or hispid at the back. Bristles 0. Stamen one. Style bifid, compressed, bulbous below, the bulb covered
with long cilia, that spread downwards over the ovary. Nut turgid, broadly obovate, compressed, with thickened
margins, white smooth surface, surmounted with the persistent bulbous base of the style. (Name from the jim-
briated style.)

1. Fimbristylis velata, Br.; culmis gracilibus flaccidis, foliis subsetaceo-filiformibus culmo «equilongis
vaginis glaberrimis, umbella composita involucrum zequante v. superante, spiculis ovatis acutis pedicellatis
pallidis, squamis subrecurvis sparse hispidis subacutis nervosis monandris, nuce late obovata pallida levi
compressa marginibus incrassatis, styli bifidi basi pilis densissime sublanata.—Br. Prodr.

Has. Northern Island. Bay of Islands, Auckland, etc., Colenso, Sinclair.

Gen. VII. CARPHA, Banks et Sol.

Spieule fasciculate v. paniculate, uni-bi-flore. Squame distiche, inferiores vacuse. Seta hypogyne
elongate, 3-6, planze, lineares, plumose, squamis »quilonge. Stylus trifidus, ovario inarticulatus. Nue
prismatica, styli basi cuspidata.

The typical species, of which there are three, are natives, one of a high southern latitude, in Fuegia, another
of Port Jackson, and the third of lofty mountains of Tasmania and New Zealand.—C. alpina is a densely tufted,
rigid, wiry alpine plant, an inch to a foot high. Leaves linear-setaceous, blunt, grooved above, with broad, quite

Cyperacee. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 273

smooth shining sheaths,which are sometimes scabrous to the touch. Culms longer or shorter than the leaves, slender,
obtusely three-angled. Spikelets in few, sessile or pedicelled fascicles from the axil of a bracteal leaf, + inch long,
of four to six glabrous, linear oblong, shining, concave scales; lower smaller, empty ; upper fertile. Bristles six,
large, flat, feathery, very conspicuous. Stamens three. Style bifid. Nut trigonous. (Name from kapbos, chaff;
in allusion to the chafly scales.)

1. Carpha alpina, Br.; foliis scaberulis leevibusve lineari-setaceis obtusis, spiculis paucis fasciculatis
1-floris, setis per totam longitudinem plumosis. —Br. Prodr.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands. Top of Ruahine range and Taupo plains, Colenso. Nelson,
Morse’s Mountain, 4—5,000 feet, Bidwill. Chalky Bay, Lyall.

Gen. VIII. CHAUTOSPORA, Br..

Spicule fasciculatee v. paniculates. Squame distiche (raro undique imbricate), plereque vacus, extima
minores vacuze, 1-3 superiores florifere (in C. tenaw 0). Sete Aypogyne squamis breviores. Stylus
deciduus.

Rigid, grassy plants of Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, South Africa, and extra-tropical South America.—
Spikelets capitate, panicled or fascicled, one- to three-flowered. Scales distichous; lower smaller, empty. Bristles
three to six, or very numerous, shorter than the scales, none in C. tenaz. Stamens three. Style falling away from
the turgid trigonous nut. (Name from xaırn, a hair, and omopos, a seed.)

§ a. Scales distichous. Spikelets compressed.

1. Cheetospora tenaz, Hook. fil.; culmis elongatis subaphyllis tereti-compressis, vaginis in laminam
brevem subulatam culmo appressam productis, spiculis subpaniculatis erectis pedicellatis lineari-oblongis
pallide brunneis 3-floris, squamis distichis acuminatis enervibus subciliatis, setis nullis, stylo 2-3-fido.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands. Dry hills, abundant, Cunningham, etc.

Tufted, 13-2 feet high. Culms rounded and compressed, smooth, polished, slender, with long sheaths below
that bear short subulate grooved laminee, 1 inch long. Spikelets erect, 3 inch long, panicled, few together, from
each upper sheath, peduncles longer than the sheath. Scales pale brown, opaque, lanceolate-ovate, acuminate,
concave, nerveless, subciliate. Bristles 0. Styles two or three. Nut turgid, with three thick angles, and the faces
obscurely transversely waved.— Very closely allied to the following.

2. Chzetospora Zendo, Hook. fil. ; culmis fasciculatis elongatis filiformibus canaliculatis levibus rigidis
aphyllis, vaginis basi lamina brevi subulata culmo appressa, spiculis subpaniculatis erectis lineari-ovatis
3-floris, squamis distichis castaneis subearinatis acuminatis, setis paucis brevibus, nuce turgida albida
obscure 3-gona levi. Cyperus Tendo, Banks et Sol. MSS.

Has. Northern Island. Opuragi, in wet, shrubby places, Banks and Solander. On clay hills,
common, Sinclair, etc.

A smaller, more slender species than C. £enav, with grooved culm, smaller dark brown spikelets, evident bristles
tothe ovary, and a turgid, hardly angled, quite smooth-surfaced white nut.

3. Cheetospora pauciflora, Hook. fil; culmis cespitosis filiformibus rigidis striatis basi vaginatis
1-foliatis, folio setaceo erecto, spiculis 3-4-floris paucis supra apicem culmi paniculatim fasciculatis, pedicellis
gracilibus, squamis distichis carinatis acuminatis glaberrimis, setis nuce bis longiore, nuce trigono pallide
brunnea nitida lineis impressis punctatim striata.

Has. Northern Island; bogs. Tongariro and Patia, Colenso.

A slender, wiry species, a span to three feet high. Culms angled, striated, covered with chesnut-brown sheaths

below, each with one short subulate grooved leaf. Panicles solitary, lateral, short, of a few pedicellate spikelets.
9 Y

274 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [Oyperacee.

Scales distichous, acute, keeled, chesnut-brown, green at the back, three- or four-flowered. .Bristles six, long, slender.
Nut pale brown, shining, striated with long impressed dots.—Closely allied to the South Chilian C. antarctica (Fl.
Antarct. p. 361. t. 147), but the leaves are much shorter.

4. Cheetospora imberbis, Br.; glaberrima, culmis fasciculatis foliosis, foliis subflaccidis lineari-setaceis
suleatis superne canaliculatis brevioribus, spiculis parvis 1-2-floris castaneis in capitula bracteata dense
congestis sessilibus, bracteis foliaceis elongatis, squamis distichis acutis enerviis infimis arista scaberula,
setis 6.— Br. Prodr.

Has. Northern Island. East Coast, Colenso.

A. span high, tufted, leafy, quite glabrous, more flaccid than its congeners, resembling a small Juncus. Leaves
numerous, linear-subulate, acute, channelled above, back’ striated, longer than the leafy culms. Spikelets small,
1 line long, black or chesnut-brown, one- or two-flowered, densely clustered into one or two bracteate heads; some-
times one cluster is on a long pedicel. Scales few, distichous, with white margins; upper acute, glabrous; lower
with hispid, long points. Bristles six, slender. Nut not ripe.—A native of Australia and Tasmania.

5. Cheetospora awillaris, Br.; pusilla, culmis ceespitosis procumbentibus rarius ascendentibus com-
pressis radicantibus ramosis, ramis prostratis distiche foliosis, foliis patentibus anguste lineari-subulatis
obtusis, spiculis solitariis binisve axillaribus et terminalibus breve pedicellatis sessilibusve paucifloris,
squamis subdistiche imbricatis 2 supremis fertilibus, setis 6 ovario longioribus, nuce late ovata pallida
subacuta trigona vix punctata. —Br. Prodr. (Tas. LXII. 4.)

Has. Northern Island. Abundant in wet places, 4. Cunningham, ete.

A small, green, leafy, tufted, flaccid plant; also found in Australia. Culms 1-4 inches long, generally creeping,
branched. Leaves very narrow, linear setaceous, blunt, green, spreading. Spikes solitary or rarely two together, 1-2
lines long, axillary, on short peduncles, Scales few, pale, distichously imbricated, keeled, subacute, green, with
green backs, one or two upper fertile. Bristles three, longer than the ovary. Stamens three. Style triid. Nut
small, white, smooth and polished, three-angled, sharp-pointed, broadly obovate.— Very dissimilar in habit to its
congeners, and closely resembling Isolepis fluitans of Europe, in habit and the compressed branched stem, but
differing in the more foliaceous habit, axillary spikes, trigonous nut, three stigmas and bristles. —PLATE LXII. 4.
Fig. 1, spikelet; 2, flower and upper scale; 3, ripe fruit and bristles; 4, the fruit cut open; 5, vertical section
of the seed; 6, embryo :—all magnified.

§ b. Scales imbricated all round. Spikelets terete.

6. Chzetospora concinna, Hook. fil.; pusilla, ceespitosa, culmis brevibus striatis basi foliatis, foliis
setaceis, spicula solitaria terminali v. laterali castanea 2-3-flore, squamis undique imbricatis convolutis
subacutis carinatis enerviis, setis hypogynis 6, nuce levi sparse hispida v. pubescente nitida basi pilis
fastigiatis brevibus dense barbato. (Tas. LXII. B.)

Has. Northern Island. East Coast and base of Tongariro, Colenso.

A very small, Heocharis-like plant. Roots tufted, creeping. Culms erect, setaceous, leafy below, 1-2 inches
high, slender. Leaves shorter than the culms, setaceous, with chesnut-brown sheaths. Spikelet cylindrical, ovate,
solitary, shining, brown, 2 lines long, lateral or terminal when the lower scale forms the apex of the culm, and is
setaceous. Scales rolled round one another on all sides, blunt, two- or three-flowered. Stamens and Styles three.
Nut pale brown, trigonous, turgid, scabrous or glabrous, surrounded at the base with a dense brush of short inarti-
culate bristles, besides the scabrous scales.—Allied to C. nitens, but the spikelets are nearly solitary; scales more
convolute and blunter, and the hypogynous bristles quite different—Puiare LXII. B. Fig. 1, spikelet; 2, the
same, with the lower scales removed; 3, nut; 4, hairs from its base :—all magnified.

7. Cheetospora nitens, Br.; culmo gracili teretiusculo v. trigono striato foliis setaceis canaliculatis
longiore, spiculis brevibus sessilibus glomeratis lateralibus rarius terminalibus parvis paucifloris foliolo

Cyperacea. FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 275
YP

involucrali rarius auctis, squamis nitidis late ovato-rotundatis obtusis, setis hypogynis plumosis, stylo
3-fido, antheris mucronatis, nuce late trigono nitido.—Br. Prodr.

Has. Northern Island. Sandy flats on the Hast Coast, Colenso.

A small, slender plant, 2 inches to a span high. Culms leafy below, with bright, brown, varnished sheaths,
triangular or rounded, furrowed, longer than the setaceous grooved leaves. Spikelets 14-2 lines long, broad, sessile,
crowded, lateral or rarely terminal. Scales few, very broad, blunt, truncate or two-lobed. Sete very numerous,
small, unequal, or six and finely divided into many hairs. Nut very broad, three-angled, polished. Styles three. —
Very closely allied to a Valdivian (South America) species, which only differs in the longer bristles being fimbriated
at the base. C. nitens is a native of South Australia and Tasmania,

Gen. IX. OREOBOLUS, Zr.

Flos solitarius, pedunculatus. Squame 2-8, spathacem. Perianthium (squamule hypogynee) 6-par-
titum, persistens. Stamina 3. Stylus 3-fidus, basi bulbosus. Nua 3-gona, crustacea, obovata; puta-
mine apice incrassato.

A small genus of densely tufted, mossy, rigid, subulate-leaved plants, forming convex patches on the moun-
tains of Tasmania, Fuegia, and New Zealand. The 0. pectinabus was discovered in Auckland Island, forming great
convex green lumps in the peaty soil.—Stems densely tufted, 1-3 inches long. Leaves rigid, subulate, distichous
and equitant, with hard striated sheaths, curved outwards and upwards, 13—3% inches long. Flowers minute, solitary,
on very short terminal peduncles, which are elongated (1 inch) and rigid in fruit. Scales two or three, enclosing one
flower, with six ovate acuminate scales in two series, forming a perianth, which is persistent after the nut falls
away. Stamens three; filaments long. ‘Style one, trifid, bulbous below. Nut obovate. (Name from opos, a
mountain, and BwAos, a ball.) ;

1. Oreobolus pectinatus, Hook. fil.; foliis distichis arcte imbricatis patenti-curvis subulatis pungen-
tibus.—/7. Antarct. p. 81. t. A9.

Has. Mountainous regions. Taupo plains and top of Ruahine mountains, Colenso. Morse’s moun-

tain, Nelson, alt. 6000 feet, Bidwill.
Gen. X. OLADIUM, Browne.

Spieule l-3-form. Sguame@ undique imbricate, plereque vacuæ. Seta hypogyne 0. Stylus deciduus,
cum ovario articulatus. Nux styli basi equali mucronata; nucleo non transversim rugoso.

Generally large sedgy or rush-like plants, found in many parts of the world, with simple or decompound, spicate,
fascicled, or panicled inflorescence, and round, iriquetrous, or flat stems. Some of the New Zealand species are
anomalous, and may be referred to Lampocarya or Lepidosperma.—Spikes of many scales, imbricated all round;
upper three or four with triandrous flowers. Bristles or scales 0, or very obscure. Nut with a deciduous style,
sharp, not thickened at the top. Seed not transversely wrinkled. (Name from kkados, a branch; from the many
branched spikes.)

1. Cladium glomeratum, Br.; culmis teretibus, foliis elongatis tereti-subulatis caulinis abbreviatis,
panicula coarctata, spiculis 2-3-floris in fasciculos capitulave pedunculata v. sessilia congestis spathaceis,
squamis ciliatis ovatis acuminatis dorso scaberulis, filamentis non incrassatis, ovario trigono apice globoso-
incrassato puberulo. —Br. Prodr. Schoenus rubiginosus, Banks et Sol. MSS.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands. Opuragi, Banks and Solander. Marshy places, freguent,
Sinclair, etc. Nelson, Dr. Monro.

Culms tufted at the base, not creeping, 2 feet high. Leaves sheathing, 1 foot long, terete, subulate. Panicles

276 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Cyperacee.

distantly branched, bearing pedunculate or sessile, dense, compound fascicles of red-brown spikelets, surrounded
with broad spathaceous bracts. Stamens three; filaments not elongated. Ovary trigonous, compressed, with a large,
swollen, acute top, which is puberulous.—The spathes distinguish this species, which is a common Australian and
Tasmanian plant.

2. Cladium teretifolium, Br.? culmo tereti striato, foliis teretibus striatis apice subulatis caulinis
abbreviatis, panicula ramosa subcoarctata, spiculis fasciculatis sub-2-floris squamis castaneis late ovatis
ciliatis aristatis, nuce turgida suberosa rugosa apice incrassata cuspidata. —Br. Prodr. p. $31? Schenus
strictissimus, Banks et Sol. MSS.

Has. Northern Island. Opuragi, Banks and Solander. Bay of Islands, frequent in marshes, Cun-
ningham, Sinclair, ete.

In foliage like C. glomeratum, but the panicle is rather dense, 2-5 inches long, oblong, much branched, dark
chesnut-brown, of many crowded fascicles of spikelets, which have no conspicuous spathaceous bracts. Nut with
a corky furrowed surface, and cuspidate swelling at top—as is probably the case with the two former species.—If
this be Mr. Brown’s plant, it is also a native of Australia.

3. Cladium articulatum, Br. ; culmo tereti striato folioso, foliis teretibus subulatis articulatis, panicula
decomposita effusa.—Br. Prodr.

Has. Northern Island. Lake Rotoetara, Colenso.

My specimens are very imperfect. Tops of the culms, in one specimen, as thick as a pencil, spongy, striated,
fistulose, disjointed, terminated by large effuse nodding panicles. In another specimen the top of the culm has
very close-set joints, and a young lateral panicle. Spikelets fascicled, three-flowered, longer than the awned bracteze.
Scales subaristate, scabrous at the back. Ovary with a large bulbous apex.

Gen. XI. VINCENTIA, Gaud.

Spieule 1-8-flore, monosperma. Sguame undique imbricate, plereque vacuæ. Stamina 3 ; filamentis
post anthesin elongatis. Sete v. squamule hypogyne 0. Ovarium pedicellatum, utrinque attenuatum.
Nuw crustacea, trigona, basi styli simplice inarticulata, puberula, cuspidata, pedicello basi incrassato stipata.
—Herba elata, 3-5-pedalis ; culmo compresso, lavissimo, folioso ; foliis obcompressis, complanatis, gladiatis,
equitantibus, acuminatis, marginibus levissimis ; panicula ampla, decomposita, nutante, basi spathaceo-brac-
teata, ramulis gracilibus basi spathaceis; spiculis fasciculatis, fasciculis bracteatis ; bracteis squamisque
submembranaceis, puberulis, infimis aristatis dorso scaberulis.

The few known species of this genus inhabit chiefly the Cape of Good Hope and the Pacific Islands.— P.
anceps has the flat leaves and habit of Lepidosperma, simple, acuminate, not bulbous-topped nut of Cladium Mariscus,
and the long filaments of Zampocarya. It is a tall marsh-plant, with flattened leafy culms, several feet high and
1 inch broad, their edges blunt. Leaves equitant, striate, nearly an inch broad, quite flat; edges sharp, quite even,
not cutting. Panicle soft, a foot long, very much branched, nodding; with a flat, sheathing spathe. Branches
fascicled, arising from sheathing spathes, drooping, very many-flowered. Spikelets small, fascicled, pale brown.
Bracts and lower scales awned, all slightly downy, striated, rough at the back. Flowers about three, one only
bearing stamens and also ripening fruit. Filaments three, those of the fertile flower much elongated. Nut small,
trigonous, much narrowed at both ends, below into a pedicel, which is bulbous at the base; above into a cuspidate
puberulous point; pericarp crustaceous, mottled with red. (Name in honour of the late Col. Bory de St. Vincent,
an eminent French botanist.)

1. Vincentia anceps, Hook. fil. Scirpus anceps, Banks et Sol. MSS.
Has. Northern Island; marshes, not uncommon. East Coast and interior, Banks and Solander,
Colenso. Auckland, Sinclair.

Cyperacee. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND, 277

Gen. XII. LAMPOCARYA, Br.

Spieule 1-flore ; squame undique imbricate. Sete v. squamule hypogyne 0. Stamina 3-6 ; filamentis
post anthesin plerumque elongatis. Nue filamentis staminum elongatis suspensa, ossea, nitens, superne
incrassata, obtusa v. seepius styli basi cuspidata, nucleo non v. obscure transversim rugoso.

Generally rigid, harsh, leafy Sedges, with large panicles and cutting leaves; natives of Australia, Tasmania, and
New Zealand. — Spikelets one-flowered, with many scales imbricated on all sides. Stamens three to six, filaments
elongated. Bristles 0. Nut hanging to the long filaments, hard, bony, shining, very thick, especially at the top;
seed not conspicuously transversely wrinkled. (Name from Aaumw, to shine, and kapvov, a nut.)

§ a. Filaments three, not elongated after flowering.

1. Lampocarya affinis, Brong.; culmo robusto folioso angulato scaberulo foliis convolutis rigidis
asperulis breviore, panicula elongata erecta folioso-bracteata ramis paucis erectis, spiculis fastigiatis pallidis
bracteolis longe aristatis seepius brevioribus, squamis subbifariam imbricatis dorso marginibusque ciliolatis
extimis aristatis, filamentis 3 vix elongatis, stylis 3, nuce ovata acuminata atra nitida.—Brongniart in
Duperrey Voyage. - Morelotia-Gahnicformis, Gaud. in Freye. Voy. p. 410. 4. 28. A. Rich. Flor. A. Cunn.
Prodr. Schoenus arenarius, Banks et Sol.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; on hills, common, Banks and Solander, ete.

Very nearly allied to the M. Gaudichaudii of the Sandwich Islands, but the nut is smaller and less turgid.—
Culms 8-18 inches, obtusely angled, rough, much shorter than the very long, narrow, rigid, convolute, striated
leaves, which are rough to the touch. Panicle 3-6 inches high, narrow, erect, with long leafy bracts. Branches
erect, few together, with fascicles of bracteolate, pale spikelets; bracteoles and outer scales awned, inner acuminate.
Filaments three, scarcely lengthened after flowering. Nw narrow ovate; when young turgid, with three thick pale
ribs; when old black, shining, cuspidate, grooved down one side.

2. Lampocarya tenaz, Hook. fil.; culmo gracilimo tereti levi striato subaphyllo v. 1-foliato, folio
elongato subulato culmo equilongo, vaginis paucis lamina erecta brevi subulata terminatis, panicula
elongata gracili pauciflora, bracteis longe vaginatis acuminatis v. lamina subulata donatis, ramis strictis
elongatis, spiculis subalternis pallidis, bracteolis striatis aristatis, squamulis convolutis late ovatis striatis
subcarinatis aristatis dorso marginibusque ciliolatis, stigmatibus filamentisgue tribus vix elongatis, nuce
ovata utrinque obtusa obscure trigona flavo-brunnea nitida basi apiceque atra.—Schcenus tenax, Banks et
Sol. MSS.

Has. Northern Island; Opurago and Tolaga, Banks and Solander ; Bay of Islands, R. Cunningham ;
Auckland, Sinclair.

Culms 2-3 feet high, very slender, terete, striate, quite smooth. Sheaths one or two, 13-2 inches long, with
short subulate laminæ. Panicle very slender, erect, pale, few-flowered, 4-8 inches long. Branches few, slender,
arising from sheathing bracts. Spikelets scattered towards the tops of the branches, 2 lines long; bracteolee and
scales broad, convolute, awned. Nut small, ovate, blunt, 1 line long, with three obscure, convex, yellow-brown,
polished sides, and black base and top, attached to the three scarcely lengthened filaments.

8 b. Filaments four, elongated after flowering.

3. Lampocarya /acera, A. Rich.; culmo tereti valido folioso vix scaberulo, foliis levibus longissimis
planis convolutisve in setas longissimas capillares desinentibus culmo brevioribus, panicula densiflora elongata
foliosa, bracteis longissimis apice filiformibus, spiculis alternis sessilibus, bracteis sguamisgue exterioribus
late ovatis aristatis intimis acutis, fllamentis 4 elongatis, nuce obscure 3-gona elliptico-ovata atra intus
obscure transverse rugosa.—4. Rich. Flor. A. Cunn. Prodr. Schomus melanocarpus, Banks et Sol. MSS.

3z

278 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. | Cyperacee.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands ; abundant in woods, Banks and Solander, etc.

A tall, coarse, leafy Sedge, 3 feet high and upwards. Culms stout, leafy ; sheaths slightly rough to the touch.
Leaves very long, flat or with convolute margins, smooth, ending in very slender filiform points. Panicle erect,
10-18 inches long, much branched and leafy. Branches not very long, inclined. Spikelets alternate, pedicelled.
Bracteole and outer scales ovate, aristate, with membranous margins, often downy. Nut black, elliptic-ovate,
obscurely trigonous, slightly transversely ribbed inside, suspended by the very long filaments.—The ribbing inside
the nut indicates an approach to Gahnia.

4. Lampocarya zanthocarpa, Hook. fil.; culmo tereti elato robusto foliisque longissimis convolutis
levibus striatis, panicula maxima effusa inclinata, ramis elongatis pendulis multifloris, bracteis foliaceis,
spiculis subalternis puberulis, bracteolis sguamisgue extimis aristatis intimis acutis, filamentis longissimis,
nuce elliptica utrinque acuta pallide flava trigona nucleo obscure rugoso.—Schoenus xanthocarpus, Banks
et Sol. MSS.

Has. Northern Island ; Bast Coast, Banks and Solander, Colenso; Auckland, Sinclair.

A very fine species, 6-8 feet high, with a stout polished culm, and very long, guite smooth, grassy, coriaceous
leaves. Panicle 2-8 feet long, nodding, with leafy bracts. Branches very numerous, fascicled, 10 inches long,
drooping, bearing very numerous spikelets. Scales, Stamens, etc. like those of L. lacera.

Gen. XIII. GAHNIA, Forst.

Omnia Lampocarya, sed nuce intus transverse sulcata.

This Australian and New Zealand genus is known from Lampocarya, by the nut being wrinkled or grooved
transversely inside, and the seed being correspondingly cut into parallel transverse ridges. The filaments are four
in the New Zealand species, very much elongated. Stigmas three, or four, in which case one is bifid. ZL. lacera
has the cavity of the nut partially wrinkled, and should perhaps be placed here, but the seed in my specimens is
unripe. (Named in honour of Dr. Henry Gahn, a Swedish botanist.)

1. Gahnia setifolia, Hook. fil.; culmo tereti gracili sublevi, foliis convolutis longissime subulatis
asperulis apicibus filiformibus, panicula elongata gracili laxiflora, ramis elongatis, bracteis exterioribus
subulatis ramis pallidis brevioribus, spiculis alternis atris breve pedicellatis, bracteolis spiculis brevioribus
sguamisgue extimis puberulis aristatis intermediis acuminatis supremis subobtusis, filamentis 4 capillaribus,
stigmatibus 8-4, nuce rufa elliptica nitida subtrigona apice cuspidata atra.—Lampocarya? A. Rich. Flor.
Schcenus erythrocarpus, Banks et Sol. MSS.

Has. Northern Island; common in woods, ete., Banks and Solander, ete.

A very coarse, cutting, harsh Sedge, 2—4 feet high, with smooth round culm and long subulate convolute
leaves, ending in scabrous filiform points, Panicle 1-2 feet long, slender, inclined, leafy below. Branches pale,
contrasting with the black spikelets, slender, much longer than the upper bracts. Spikelets alternate, 2-3 lines long,
shortly pedicelled. Outer scales and bracts faintly downy, awned; inner scales acuminate, upper blunt ; two of the
latter often have flowers; the lower with four filaments only, upper with four stamens, and an ovarium with three or
four stigmas. Nut as long as the spikelets, pale red-brown, shining, obscurely angled, grooved on one side,
elliptical, with a black point.—Very nearly allied to G. erythrocarpa of Tasmania, but the bractez and scales have
long awns in this species.

2. Gahnia procera, Forst.; culmo levi, foliis longissimis basi levibus supra medium scaberulis, pani-
cula elongata gracili laxiflora, bracteis filiformibus elongatis, ramis apicem versus floriferis, spiculis paucis
magnis pedicellatis bracteolisque aristatis atro-purpureis, squamis paucis latis extimis aristatis spiculam
superantibus, filamentis 4, stigmatibus 3-4 bifidis, nuce pallide brunnea.—Jorst. Prodr.

Cyperacee. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 279

Has. Middle Island; Dusky Bay, Forster ; Port Preservation, Zyall.

A very fine species, 3—4 feet high. Leaves longer than the culms, smooth below, scabrid above, with scabrid
filiform apices. Panicle as in the last, but with fewer shorter branches, longer foliaceous bracts, and fewer, much
larger spikelets, nearly 4 inch long, of a fine vinous-purple colour. Scales few, not so convolute as is usual in the
genus, outer longer than the spikelet. Filaments four, very long. Nut pale brown, scarcely shining.—The size
of the spikelets at once distinguishes this very handsome species.

Gen, XIV. LEPIDOSPERMA, Br.

Spicula 1-2-flore. Squame plurime, undique imbricate. Syuamule hypogyne 6, connate, carnosce
v. membranacem. Stamina et stigmata 3. Nue obsolete triquetra, stylo basi sphacelato acuminata, v.
obtusa.

Coarse and often gigantic Sedges, with simple, unbranched, flat or angled culms, and usually sword-shaped
cutting foliage at the base; natives chiefly of Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand. —FYowers panicled or spiked,
of the same structure as Cladium, except that there are small membranous or fleshy scales round the base of the
nut, which are more or less united together and to the nut, (Name from Aemus, a scale, and omeppa, a seed.)

1. Lepidosperma australis, Hook. fil. ; culmis ewspitosis glaberrimis compressis 3-4-gonis striatis,
foliis 8-4-gonis rigidis subulatis erectis, spiculis in capitulum oblongum confertis, bracteis vaginantibus,
bracteolis mucronatis striatis, squamis 6-8 acuminatis, squamulis hypogynis 6 connatis nuce adnatis.—
Vauthiera australis, 4. Rich. Flor. p. 107. 1.20. A. Cuna. Prodr.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; common on banks of lakes, etc.

A tufted, rigid, almost leafless, rush-like Sedge. Culms 1-12 foot high, quite smooth, irregularly 3—4-angled,
striated, compressed or square, angles sharp. Sheaths with rigid subulate 3-4-angled erect leaves, 2-8 inches long.
Spikelets crowded, spiked or fascicled, pale brown, forming a terminal short oblong capitulum 4 inch long. Bract
Shortly sheathing, with a subulate erect point. Bracteole mucronate, striate; scales 6—8, acuminate, terminal with
one flower. Stamens and stigmas three. Hypogynous scales six, connate into a six-lobed cup, which is persistent
on the ripe nut.

2. Lepidosperma Jongitudinalis, Lab.; culmis planis utringue convexiusculis foliisgue acuminatis
complanatis marginibus acutissimis minutissime denticulatis, panicula terminali bracteata contracta pauci-
flora, spiculis 1-floris subfasciculatis breve pedicellatis, fasciculis bractea late ovata «equilonga aristata
acuminata suffultis, squamis aristatis puberulis, nuce obovata apice bulbo crasso levi terminata basi squa-
mulis adnatis obscuris suffulta.—Zaõi/. Fl. N. Holl. v. 1. 4.16. 7.18. Br. Prodr. Lepidosperma elatior,
A. Cunn. Prodr. non Br.

Has. Northern Island; Bay of Islands, A. Cunningham, etc.; Auckland, Sinclair.

Culm leafless, except at the very base, 1-2 feet high, quite flat and tape-like, 2~3 lines broad, with cutting
denticulate edges. Leaf similar, acuminate. Panicle erect, rigid, 2—3 inches long, of few branches, with an acute
spathaceous bract at the base. Spikelets few, one-flowered, short, scattered in little appressed fascicles of two or
three, surrounded by an awned bract. Scales puberulous, with awned or subulate points, rough at the back.
Stamens three; filaments not elongated in fruit. Zalf-ripe nut with a very large swollen polished bulb, broader
than itself, and adnate scales at the base.—My specimens are not good, but appear to be the same as a very common
Tasmanian plant, and Sieber’s L. linearis (Herb. Exsicc. n. 9).

3. Lepidosperma striata, Br.; culmo tereti exsulco vaginato, vaginis elongatis, foliolo brevissimo
obcompresso verticali, panicula spicaeformi, spiculis subsessilibus subgeminis spatha obtusa inclusis 1-floris,
ovario trigono apice bulboso incrassato puberulo.— Br. Prodr. Schcenus unguiculatus, Banks et Sol. MSS.

280 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Cyperacee.

Has. Northern Island; salt and fresh marshes, etc.; Bay of Islands, Banks and Solander, Sinclair,
ete.

A rigid, wiry, rush-like species, 1-2 feet high. Roots tufted and creeping, Culms smooth, cylindric, leafless.
Sheaths with long tubes, oblique mouths, and short, curved, erect, laterally flattened, blunt leaflets. Panicle small,
of a few short branches, with appressed, sessile, one-flowered spikelets in alternate pairs, surrounded by linear, rather
blunt, striated spathes. Scales linear-oblong, hardly sharp.—This also is a Tasmanian and Australian plant; the
rush-like habit, small panicle, and curious compressed little leaf of the sheaths distinguish it.

Gen. XV. CAREX, Z. (Auctore F. Boott, M.D., F.L.S.)

Flores diclines, amentacei; squamis unifloris, undique imbricatis. 7. d stamina 3. Fl. 9 in eodem
v. diverso amento. Perianthium (perigynium) urceolare; ore contracto, seepe rostrato, integro v. bifido.
Stigmata 2-3. Nue perianthio persistente inclusa.

Tufted, grassy plants, with short or tall, generally triangular culms, and long harsh leaves, often cutting at
the edges; seldom or never eaten by cattle, however similar to those of Grasses. The genus is one of the most
extensive amongst plants, and the species are found in all parts of the world, but rarely in the low countries of the
Tropics, and most abundantly in cold regions. — Flowers unisexual, solitary in the axils of imbricated scales, which
are arranged in long or short spikes. Spikes male or female, or containing both male and female flowers, never
irregularly mixed, the flowers of each sex being together at the top, base, or middle of each spike ; generally the
upper spikes are males. Male flower of three stamens ; female of a nut with two or three stigmas enclosed in a
flagon-shaped perianth with a narrow mouth, through which the stigmas project.—Dr. Boott has had the kindness to
examine and furnish me with descriptions of all the southern Carices, and his accuracy, skill in their determination,
and critical knowledge of the genus are unrivalled. He made the very curious remark that half the number of
New Zealand species have male: flowers at the base of those spikes which are almost always, in the similar species of
other parts of the globe, wholly female spikes, or female with male flowers at the top. Several New Zealand
species, it will be seen, are common to New Zealand, Antarctic America, and Australia. Three are European and
American, but are not found in Australia. (Name of unknown origin.)

$ a. Spike simple, with male flowers towards the top. Stigmas generally three.

1. Carex Pyrenaica, Wahl.; spica apice mascula oblonga ferruginea nuda v. bracteata, stigmatibus
3 rarissime 2, perigyniis lanceolatis emarginatis ore albo membranaceo compressis enerviis stipitatis basi
pallidis squama ovata acuta v. obtusa longioribus angustioribusque.—Boott, MÉS.

Has. Northern Island; summit of the Ruahine mountains, Colenso.

A small, grassy, tufted plant, 6 inches high, found in Europe and in the Rocky Mountains of North America.
— Leaves twice as long as the culm, which bears a pale, red-brown, linear, oblong, shining spike 4-4 inch long.
Stigmas three, rarely two.

2. Carex acicularis, Boott; spica apice mascula subrotunda involucrata, stigmatibus 9, perigyniis
lanceolatis 3-guetris acuminato rostratis ore obliquo demum fisso superne serratis stipitatis squama ovato-
lanceolata acuta (inferioribus 2 vel 3 setaceo-foliaceis) multum brevioribus vel (ad apicem spice) eam
eguantibus.—Boott, MSS. (Tas. LXIIT. C.)

Has. Northern Island; top of the Ruahine mountains, Colenso.

A small, wiry, rigid species, 4—6 inches high, with narrow channelled curving leaves, as long as or longer than
the filiform culm. Spike broad, pale brown, 4 inch long and as broad, apparently lateral, from the lowest scale being
produced much beyond it; sometimes an inch long; the two or three lower scales are usually foliaceous, length-
ened and subulate. Male flowers four to six, imbricate, blunt; females about six. Perigynium 2 lines long, 3 line

Cyperacee. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 281

broad. Achenium oblong, triquetrous, shorter than the flat linear serrate racheola, which is green, ferruginous at the
tip.—Allied to C. caduca, Boott, of Fuegia, which differs in having two stigmas, compressed perigynia, a lenticular
achenium, and shorter lower scales. —PLATE LXIII. C. Fig. 1, spike with the lower scale removed; 2, perigy-
nium; 3, achenium :—all magnified.

$ b. Spike compound. Spikelets androgynous. — Stigmas two.
* Spikelets with male flowers below.

3. Carex inversa, Br.; spiculis 2-8 (rarius 1) androgynis basi masculis obovatis arcte contiguis
pallidis longe bracteatis, perigyniis ovalibus rostratis bidentatis superne margine acutis serratis nervosis
appressis squamam ovatam acuminatam cuspidatam subzequantibus, stigmatibus 9. Boott, MSS. Brown,
Prodr.

Has. Northern Islands; Ruahine mountains, and marshes on the East Coast, Colenso.

A very slender species, with smooth filiform culms 6-9 inches long, and very narrow leaves. Bracts unequal,
the lowest often 2-4 inches long. Spikelets one to three, crowded, pale, broadly ovate.— This is also a native of
Australia and of Tasmania.

4. Carex Colensoi, Boott; spiculis 2-4 androgynis basi masculis ovalibus arcte contiguis sessilibus
albo-castaneis infima (v. 2) brevi bracteata, perigyniis ovalibus ovatisve erostratis lucidis castaneis obsolete
nervatis squama ovata castanea margine albo-membranacea nervo pallido brevioribus angustioribusque,
stigmatibus 2. Boott, MSS. (Tas. LXII. B.)

Has. Northern Island; dry grassy plains in the interior, Colenso.

Similar to C. inversa, but a more wiry plant, with larger, more coriaceous, brown spikelets, and shining chesnut
oval perigynia, that have no beak, and indistinct nerves. Culms 3-9 inches long, angles obtuse, often flexuose,
smooth or rough above. Leaves involute, shorter than the culm, wiry. Bracts one or two, the lower nearly 1 inch
long. Spikelets turgid, 3-4 lines long, 13-2 broad. —PLATE LXIII. B. Fig. 1, spikelet; 2, perigynium ; 3, ache-
nium :—all magnified.

5. Carex stellulata, Good.; spiculis 3-4 androgynis basi masculis paucifloris alternis nudis suprema
basi clavata mascula, perigyniis ovatis acuminatis bidentatis margine serratis nervosis divaricatis squama
ovata acuta longioribus, stigmatibus 2. Boott, MSS. Engl. Bot. t. 806.

Has. Northern Island; in bogs at Lake Taupo, Colenso. (Native of England.)

A very common British plant, a native of boggy places throughout temperate Europe, Asia, and North America.
Culms a span to a foot high, very slender, with short brown spikelets, forming an interrupted ovate spike 4-1 inch
long, which appears squarrose from the spreading perigynia. Spikelets few-flowered, without bracts.

** Spikelets with male flowers at the top.

6. Carex teretiuscula, Good.; spica oblonga subpollicari nuda v. bracteata e spiculis androgynis
apice masculis paucis ovatis sessilibus contiguis composita, perigyniis ovatis conico-rostratis bidentatis su-
perne alatis serratis plano-convexis dorso nervatis squamam acutam subzequantibus, stigmatibus 2. Boott,
MSS. Engl. Bot. t. 1065.

Has. Northern Island; in bogs at Hawke’s Bay, Colenso. (Native of England.)

This, like C. stellulata, is also a common plant of the north temperate zone, but has only been found in New
Zealand in the southern hemisphere. Culms very slender, a span to 2 feet high, bearing a terminal, rather dense,
linear oblong spike, of a few crowded spikelets, whose perigynia spread as in C. stellulata.

7. Carex secta, Boott; spica androgyna apice mascula elongata seepe subsesquipedali decomposita
basi ramosa, ramis apertis, inferioribus elongatis superne tantum spiculiferis seepe nutantibus, perigyniis

4A

282 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [Oyperacee.

oblongo v. subrotundo-ovatis biconvexis enerviis v. obsolete nervosis squamam ovatam subeeguantibus,
stigmatibus 2. Boott, MSS.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; not uncommon in marshes.

A large, very coarse, rigid, wiry, cutting Sedge, whose culms and roots form tussocks 2—4 feet high and a
foot in diameter, in bogs. Culms 2-3 feet high, very slender, especially above, scabrid to the touch, sharply angled.
Spikes very long, often nodding, branched below, with long lower branches that bear spikelets towards their ends.
Leaves harsh, keeled, 13 line broad.

8. Carex virgata, Sol.; spica elongata subsesguipedali angusta basi ramosa, ramis oblongis appressis
inzequalibus omnino spiculiferis, infimis nudis v. longe setaceo-bracteatis, perigyniis subcordato-ovatis denti-
culatis utrinque nervatis plano-convexis squamam ovatam seepe ciliolatam rigidam subsquantibus. Boot,
MSS. C. virgata, Banks et Sol. MSS. C. collata, Boott in Lond. Journ. Bot. v. 3. p. 447.

Has. Throughout the Islands; common in woods, Banks and Solander, ete.

A coarse Sedge, resembling C. secta, but a native of woods, with much broader (2-3 lines broad) leaves, of a

more grassy texture, and strongly nerved plano-convex perigynia.

$ e. Spikes unisevual, or all, or the lower only, with male flowers below.
* Stigmas two. Spikes unisevual.

9. Carex subdola, Boott; spicis 5-7 sexu distinctis cylindraceis erectis solitariis v. geminatis,
masculis 1-3, terminali longiore, infima cum spica feminea geminata, foemineis 3-4 solitariis v. supremis
geminatis longissime bracteatis, superioribus approximatis sessilibus seepe apice masculis, infima remota v.
radicali vaginata, perigyniis ovalibus rostellatis ore integro nervosis stipitatis squama oblonga emarginata
hispido-aristata v. mutica longioribus v. subequantibus, stigmatibus 2. Boott in Linn. Soc. Trans. v. 20.
p. 142.

Has. Northern Island; woods and moist places. Bay of Islands, Colenso, etc.

A slender species, 2-3 feet high, with narrow, grassy, smooth leaves, and trigonous culm that bears five to
seven shortly peduncled, cylindrical, dark brown spikes; the latter are erect, solitary or two together, an inch long,
and subtended by very long leafy bracts.

10. Carex ternaria, Forst.; spicis 15-24 sexu distinctis cylindraceis multifloris evaginatis, & 1-6
inferioribus geminatis, 2 8-18 geminatis ternatisve raro guinatis, superioribus sepe apice masculis inee-
qualiter longe pedunculatis pendulis longissime bracteatis, perigyniis subrotundo-ovatis v. ellipticis obova-
tisve ore integro v. emarginato nervosis ferrugineo-punctatis squama ovata v. lanceolata truncata v. emar-
ginata rarius acuta longe hispido-aristata brevioribus, stigmatibus 2. Boott, MSS. Forst. Prodr. C.
geminata, Schkuhr, Car. v. 15. C. polystachya, A. Rich. Flor. p. 111. t. 21. Fl. Antarct. p. 89.

Has. Throughout the Islands, abundant, Banks and Solander, etc. Nat. name, “ Rautahi," Col.

A large and very variable species, 2-4 feet high, with broad, slightly rough, grassy leaves, very long leafy
bracts, and very numerous, pendulous, stalked, long and slender, or short and thick, black or green, cylindrical spikes.
Flowers very dense, with spreading, long, hispid awns to the scales. —It is a native of Lord Auckland’s Group.

11. Carex Zestacea, Sol. ; spicis 4 sexu distinctis contiguis, & cylindrica gracili, 2 3 ovatis oblongisve
bracteatis infima brevi inserte pedunculata, perigyniis ovalibus vix rostellatis bifidis plano-convexis nervosis
superne margine serratis apice purpureis lucidis basi pallidis squama emarginata hispido-aristata ferrugineo-
punctulata medio pallida trinervi brevioribus angustioribusque, stigmatibus 2. Boott, MSS. Banks et Sol. MSS.

Haz. Northern Island; Tigadu, Banks and Solander; Auckland, Sinclair.

Culms filiform, a span to a foot high. Bracts very long and slender. Male spikes 7-13 lines long, 1 line
broad ; females an inch long, robust, + inch broad, nearly sessile, pale yellow-brown.

Cyperacee. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 283

** Stigmas two. Spikes all, or one lower only (rarely none), male below.

12. Carex Raoulii, Boott ; spicis 4-6 approximatis sessilibus, terminali longiore basi magis con-
spicue mascula, reliquis ovatis oblongisve ima basi masculis bracteatis, perigyniis ellipticis obovatisve
rostellatis bifidis compressis serratis purpureis crebre pallideque nervosis inter nervos scabris squama pallida
emarginata hispido-cuspidata trinervi brevioribus angustioribusgue, stigmatibus 3. Boott, MSS.

Has. Middle Island ; Akaroa, Raoul.

Culm slender, almost filiform, 1-14 foot high. Leaves grass-like, 2 lines broad. Bracts few, long and leafy.
Terminal spikes 1-12 inch long, often male from below the middle; the rest shorter, 3 lines in diameter, stout,
shortly peduncled, pale brown. Achenium lenticular.

13. Carex lucida, Boott; spicis 5-8 erectis, masculis 1-3 suprema elongata gracili, 9 3-5 ferrugineo-
purpureis, superioribus sessilibus sepe abbreviatis, inferioribus remotis longe exserte peduneulatis bractea-
tisque basi laxifloris rarius ima basi masculis, perigyniis ovatis rostratis ellipticisve bifidis lucidis atro-
purpureis basi rostroque pallidis rarius margine scabriusculis biconvexis obsolete nervosis coriaceis squama
acuta v. obtusa rarius emarginata ciliata hispido-cuspidata firma purpureo-ferruginea nervo pallido longio-
ribus brevioribusve, stigmatibus 3. Boott, MSS. C. pulla, Sol. MSS. non Good.

Has. Northern Island; in grassy places, frequent, Banks and Solander, ete.

A slender, but harsh, wiry species, growing in dense tufts, slightly scabrid to the touch, with culms 2-3 feet
high, much shorter than the narrow keeled leaves, and very long, leaf-like bracts. Spikes erect, four to eight; the
upper very shortly stalked; lower distant, stalked, of a rusty purple colour ; upper male, slender, lower with some-
times a few male flowers at the base.

Seek Stigmas three. Spikes unisexual.

14. Carex drevieulmis, Br.; spicis sexu distinctis parvis contiguis sessilibus albo-viridibus, d solitaria,
? 2-4 seepe apice masculis bracteatis, perigyniis ellipticis triguetris utrinque subattenuatis emarginatis
nervosis viridibus pubescentibus squama alba nervo viridi ovata longe cuspidata brevioribus, stigmatibus 3.
Boott, MSS. C. breviculmis, Br. Prodr. (Tas. LXIII. A.)

Has. Northern Island; Bay of Islands, East Coast, and interior, in grassy places, Colenso, ete.

A short, very densely tufted, leafy species, nearly smooth to the touch. Culms very short, 1-3 inches high,
stout, the pale-green spikes hidden amongst the leaves, which are numerous, 2-10 inches long, curved, broad and
grass-like, 1—2 lines wide. Spikes few, sessile, oblong, close together; male solitary; females 2-4 in number, 4-5
lines long, 2 broad, often male towards the apex, bracteate; bracts leafy.—This is also a native of Port Jackson.—
PLATE LXIII 4. Fig. 1, female spike; 2, scale; 3, perigynium; 4, achenium :—all magnified.

15. Carex fascicularis, Sol.; spicis 5 sexu distinctis cylindricis pedunculatis, d$ solitaria, $ quatuor
olivaceo-viridibus nutantibus longissime bracteatis seepe apice sterilibus evaginatis nisi infima interdum
radicali longe exserte pedunculata, perigyniis ovatis obtuse triquetris cylindrico-rostratis bicuspidatis longe
stipitatis costato-nervosis squama lineari v. lanceolata hispido-aristata castanea medio pallida scabra ciliata
subzquilata brevioribus v. equantibus, stigmatibus 3. Boott, MSS. O. pseudo-cyperus, Br. Prodr. non
Linn.

Var. 8. minor ; spicis 3 sessilibus. C. fascicularis, Sol. MSS.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; common in moist woods, etc., Banks and Solander, etc.

This forms large tufts of long, soft, pale green, grassy foliage, like the C. pseudo-cyperus of Europe, which it
closely resembles.—Culms 2-3 feet high, quite smooth, as well as the leaves, which are as long or longer, and nearly
$ inch broad. Spikes about five, drooping, pale green, pendulous, the lower on a long slender peduncle; variable
in length, 1-4 inches long, pale green, rather squarrose from the spreading awns of the scales. Bracts very long
and leafy.— This species is also found in New Holland and Tasmania.

284 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Cyperacee.

16. Carex Zittorea, Lab.; spicis 4-5 sexu distinctis approximatis, ¢ 1-3 cylindricis, 9 2—4 ovatis,
inferioribus breve exserte pedunculatis longissime bracteatis, perigyniis ovatis ventricosis acuminato-rostratis
bifidis leviter nervosis ferrugineis squama ovata acuta cuspidata margine albo-membranacea longioribus v.
eequantibus, stigmatibus 3. Boott, MSS. C. littorea, Lab. Flor. Nov. Holl. v. 2. p. 219. C. fusca, Banks
et Sol. MSS.

Haz. Northern and Middle Islands ; on sandy shores, Banks and Solander, etc.

A wiry, smooth Sedge, with long, creeping, rigid, almost woody, rooting, scaly culms, that run amongst the
sand and ascend, bearing many curving leaves, with scarious sheathing bases. Leaves a foot long, much longer than
the culms. Spikes close together, shortly peduncled, erect, thick and broad when ripe, with few, very large, pale-
brown carpels, and long, leafy, rigid bracts.—Also found in New Holland and Tasmania.

17. Carex trifida, Cav.; spicis 7-9 sexu distinctis purpureis crassis cylindricis approximatis erectis
d1-4,9 5-6 exserte pedunculatis longe lateque bracteatis inferioribus seepe basi compositis, perigyniis
oblongo-obovatis rostratis bifidis stipitatis nervosis squama oblonga v. lanceolata emarginata longissime
hispido-aristata purpurea brevioribus. Boot, MSS. C. trifida, Cav. lc. t. 465. Flor. Antarct. pp. 89,
368. C. incrassata, Banks et Sol. MSS.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; Totara-nui, Banks and Solander ; Akaroa, Raoul; Dusky Bay,
Lyall.

One of the most handsome species of the genus, found also in Lord Auckland’s Group, in South Chile, and the
Falkland Islands.—Culms 3-6 feet high, as thick as the thumb below, with long, rather soft leaves, 3 inch broad,
slightly rough along the margins, much longer than the culm. Spikes numerous, close together, erect, shortly
stalked, very large, 2-4 inches long, deep red-brown, blunt, 3 inch broad. Bracis long and broad. Seales bifid,

with long hispid awns.

tk Stigmas three. Lower spikes (sometimes all in C. Forsteri) with male flowers ab the base.

18. Carex Solandri, Boott; spicis 6-7 cylindricis d 1-4 gracilibus, reliquis basi clavato-masculis
remotis longe exserte pedunculatis nutantibus ferrugineo-purpureis, inferioribus infimave basi compositis,
perigyniis ovali-oblongis ovatisve rostratis bidentatis' nigro-purpureis lucidis enerviis v. basi nervatis
superne margine scabriusculis squama ovata v. emarginata (sinu parvo) hispido-aristata ferruginea longio-
ribus brevioribusve, stigmatibus 3. Boott, MSS. C. debilis, Sol. MSS., non Michaux nee Forster.

Has. Northern Island; East Coast, Banks and Solander, Colenso.

A slender species, 2 feet high, nearly smooth. Leaves long, flexuose, very narrow. Spikes six to eight, on
slender stalks, nodding, 1 inch long, black-purple. Scales with hispid awns. Bracts rather longer than the culms.

19. Carex dissita, Sol; spicis 5-7 oblongis ferrugineis, Y 1 (3-4, Sol. MSS.) seepe abbreviata
sessili, reliquis basi attenuatis masculis, superioribus sessilibus, inferioribus exserte pedunculatis remotis
longe bracteatis, infima nunc nutante, perigyniis obovatis v. late ovatis basi attenuatis rostratis breviter
bifurcatis basi crebre nervosis sepe e medio sursum margine aculeato-serratis rubro-ferrugineis basi pal-
lidis, squama ovata emarginata (sinu parvo) hispido-cuspidata ferruginea sequilata longioribus, stigmati-
bus 3. Boott, MSS.

Has. Northern Island; Bay of Islands, Auckland and East Coast, Banks and Solander, Sinclair,
Colenso, ete.

Culms slender, 1-3 feet high, smooth. Leaves as long as or longer than the culms, 2 lines broad. Spikes five
to seven, distant, stalked, short and broad, 4-1 inch long, suberect, blunt. Bracts long and leafy.

20. Carex Lambertiana, Boott; spicis 4-6 oblongis cylindricisque stricte erectis, Y 1 clavata sessili
bracteata, reliquis basi attenuatis masculis, inferioribus exserte valideque pedunculatis longe bracteatis,

Cyperacee. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 285

perigyniis ovalibus sublanceolatis obovatisve subrostellatis emarginato-bidentatis nervosis apice margine
scabris squama emarginata (sinu lato) hispido-euspidata brevioribus longioribusve, stigmatibus 3. Boott,
USS. C. dissita 8, Solander, MSS. C. viridissima, 802. (juvenilis).

Has. Northern Island; in woods, etc., frequent, Banks and Solander, Sinclair, ete.

A very similar species to C. dissita, indistinguishable from it in general appearance, but the perigynia are only
toothed at the mouth, not divided into two prongs, like a fork, as in that species.

21. Carex vacillans, Sol.; spicis 5-9 cylindricis cinnamomeis, & 1-4, reliquis ima basi masculis
infima remota (seepe radicali) vel inferioribus longe exserte pedunculatis nutantibus basi attenuatis laxifloris
simplicibus compositisve, perigyniis fusiformibus triquetris bifidis nervosis deciduis squama lanceolata
hispido-aristata longioribus, stigmatibus 3. Boott, MSS.

Has. Northern Island; common in moist woods, Banks and Solander, ete.

A more rigid, harsh species than C. dissita or C. Lambertiana, with smooth, nerved leaves. Culms 13-21 feet
high, slender, shorter than the leaves, which are three lines broad. Spikes five to nine, pale brown, slender, on long
slender peduncles, the lower drooping, 1-21 inches long, + inch diameter. Scales and perigynia deciduous, loosely
imbricated, the former lanceolate, narrowed into a long hispid awn; the latter spindle-shaped, bifid, and strongly
nerved. Bracts long and leafy. :

22. Carex Forsteri, Wahl.; spicis 5-8 pallidis eylindrieis, 2 1-3 gracilibus, reliquis (v. omnibus)
basi masculis, superioribus (apice sterilibus) approximatis sessilibus, inferioribus remotis exserte pedunculatis
demum pendulis longissime bracteatis, infima rarius composita, perigyniis ovato-lanceolatis bifidis nervosis
divergentibus v. recurvis squamam lanceolatam hispido-cuspidatam subzequantibus, stigmatibus 3. Boott,
MSS. C. Forster, Wahl. Act. Holm. C. latifolia, Banks et Sol. MSS. C. debilis, Forster, Prodr.
C. recurva, Schkuhr, Car. n. 84. C. punctulata, 4. Rich. Flor. t. 22.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; abundant in moist woods, Banks and Solander, etc.

A very handsome, tall Sedge, 2—4 feet high, resembling 0. fascicularis in habit and general appearance, differing
in wanting the terminal male spike, very variable in the size of all its parts, of a pale colour. Leaves 1-1 inch
broad, with three strong nerves, much longer than the culms. Spikes 11-3 inches long, pale yellow-brown,
suberect, nodding or drooping, squarrose from the diverging or recurved, ovate lanceolate, bifid, pale perigynia,
which are as long as the cuspidate scales, and become dotted in age. Bracts long, broad, and leafy.

Os. The C. appressa, Br., of Lord Auckland's Group, is erroneously stated (Fl. Antarct. p. 91) to be a native
of New Zealand. It much resembles C. virgata, but is a more robust, broader-leaved plant; and being found in
Tasmania also, it will, in all probability, be found in the southern parts of New Zealand.

Gen. XVI. UNCINIA, Pers. (Auctore Francisco Boott, M.D.)

Omnia Caricis, sed perigynium fl. fem. seta hypogyna exserta apice hamata auctum.

A remarkable genus, containing about thirty species, most of which are natives of damp climates in south
temperate latitudes, as Australia, New Zealand, Chile, ete. A few are found in Tropical America. The genus
differs from Carex only in the curious flat appendage to the female flower: this is inserted below the ovary, pro-
jects beyond the perigynium, and is hooked at the tip; its exact nature is obscure, but it probably represents a
continuation of the axis of the flower. (Name from oyxuvos, a small hook.)

§ a. Perigynia scabrous.

1. Uncinia scabra, Boott; spica filiformi laxiflora subelongata nuda v. bracteata, perigyniis lanceolatis
dorso leviter nervatis apice scabris margine serratis squama lanceolata acuta v. obtusiuscula persistente
longioribus. Boott, MSS.

4 B

286 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. | Cyperacee.

Has. Northern Island. Summit of the Ruahine range, Colenso.

Culms filiform, slender, rough towards the tips. Leaves flat, longer than the culms. Bracis setaceous, short,
sometimes becoming leafy, and longer than the spike. Spike lax-flowered, 14-24 inches long, 1 line broad, with or
without bractez. Male portion very slender, setaceous, with small alternate scales; female with equidistant
approximate scales. Perigynia 24-22. lines long, 4-2 line broad, lanceolate, serrate, rough at the top, longer than
persistent, blunt or sharp, lanceolate scale.

2. Uncinia distans, Boott; spica filiformi laxiflora subelongata longe setaceo-bracteata, perigyniis
linearibus leviter nervatis apice scabris squama lanceolata acuta decidua longioribus. Boott, MSS.

Has. Northern Island. East Coast, Titiokura, Colenso.

Culms 2 feet high, slender, filiform, rough towards the tip. Leaves flat. Spike 2-8 inches long, slender, lax-
flowered, with long setaceous bracts. Male scales uniform, lanceolate, closely imbricated, deciduous. Perigynia
32 lines long, 3 line broad, linear, rough at the tip.

3. Uncinia Zeptostachya, Raoul; spica filiformi laxiflora elongata nuda, perigyniis linearibus leviter
nervatis superne scabris squama lanceolata obtusa persistente longioribus. Boott, MSS. U. leptostachya,
Raoul, Ft. Nov. Zel. p. 19. t. 5. U. australis, Forst.

Has. Middle Island. Queen Charlotte’s Sound, Forster. Akaroa, Raoul.

Culm slender. Leaves flat. Spike lax-flowered, 4-8 inches long, 1 line broad, without bracts. Male scales
small, alternate, laxly imbricated; female lower, rather distant, lanceolate, blunt, persistent. Perigynia 31 lines
long, + line broad, linear, rough at the tip.

8 b. Perigynia smooth. Spike oblong or elongated, generally lax-flowered (in U. divaricata, U. australis, and
U. ferruginea many-flowered).

4. Uncinia divaricata, Boott; spica oblonga pluriflora densa pallida setaceo-bracteata, perigyniis
fusiformibus triguetris utrinque attenuatis ore integro leviter nervatis demum divaricatis sguamam lanceo-
latam acutam pallidam deciduam æquantibus. Boott, MSS.

Has. Northern Island; Ruahine mountains, Colenso. Middle Island; Milford Sound, Zyall.

Culms 4-6 inches long, smooth. Leaves 1-2 lines broad, lax, grassy, longer than the culm. Spike oblong,
dense-flowered, 8-12 lines long, 4 (becoming 8) broad, the upper fourth male. Scales pale, uniform, lanceolate,
acute, deciduous, the lowest shortly cuspidate. Perigynium 24 lines long, 2 broad, spindle-shaped, triguetrous.
Achenium 14 line long, broad, subplano-convex; mouth contracted, variable in size, some of Mr. Colenso’s Ruahine
mountain specimens being especially so— Allied to U. compacta, Brown, but the spikes are pale, more dense and
with more numerous and crowded flowers; the perigynia are narrower, and become spreading, and the leaves are
longer and laxer.

5. Uncinia rupestris, Raoul; spica 1-2-pollicari sublaxa setaceo-bracteata, perigyniis ovatis attenuatis
subsessilibus trinervibus, rostro oblique truncato squamam lanceolatam acuminatam obtusiusculam margine
scariosam subeeguantibus. Boott, MSS. U. rupestris, Raoul, p. 13. 4. 5. U. riparia, Hook. fil. in Lond.
Journ. Bot. v. 3. p. 411. non Br. U. Hookeri, Boott in Fl. Antarct. v. 1. p. 91. t. 51.

Has. Middle Island; Akaroa, Raoul.

Culm slender, smooth. Leaves flat, longer than the culm. Spikes one or two, an inch long, lax-flowered, with
setaceous bracts. Seales lanceolate, acuminate, blunt, with searious margins. Perigynia ovate, three-nerved, with
a blunt oblique mouth, as long as the scale.

6. Uncinia filiformis, Boott; spica oblonga laxiflora nuda v. bracteata apice imbricatim mascula,
perigyniis linearibus leviter nervosis squamam ovato-lanceolatam eequantibus. Boott, MSS.
Haz. Northern Island; top of the Ruahine mountains, Colenso. Middle Island, Zyall.

Cyperacea.] FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. : 287

Culms filiform, smooth, when fully grown 14 feet long. Leaves involute, shorter than the culms. Spike
oblong, lax-flowered, with or without bracts. Scales ovate-lanceolate, those of the male flowers uniform, closely
imbricated ; females approximate, alternate, equidistant. Perigynia linear, 3 lines long, 4-4 line broad.—Mr.
Colenso’s specimens are in flower; Dr. Lyall’s are nearly all past fruit.

7. Uncinia Banksii, Boott; spica filiformi laxiflora nuda v. bracteata apice attenuata alternatim
mascula, perigyniis linearibus leviter nervatis subremotis squama ovata acuta albida nervo viridi duplo
longioribus. Boott, MSS. Carex uncinata, Solander, MSS. non Linn. nec Swartz.

Var. 8. major; flosculis foemineis pluribus magis attenuatis.

Haz. Northern and Southern Islands, Banks and Solander, Sinclair, Lyall, ete. Var. B. Woods,
Wairarapa Valley and Palliser Bay, Colenso.

Culms slender, smooth, a foot high. — Leaves 14 line broad, generally involute. Bracts setaccous. Spike 2-24
inches long, filiform, lax-flowered, naked or bracteate, narrow at the point; male scales smaller, alternate; female
(six or seven) ovate acute, the lower remote. Perigynia 24 lines long, 4 broad, linear, scattered, twice as long as
the scale.

8. Uncinia rubra, Boott; rubro-purpurea, spica laxiflora nuda, perigyniis lanceolatis ore obliquo
dorso nervatis squama lanceolata acuta persistente brevioribus. Boott, MSS. (Tas. LXIV. 4.)

Has. Northern Island. East Coast, Tehawera, and top of Titiokura, Colenso.

Whole plant of a dingy reddish colour when dry. Culms rigid, scaberulous towards the tip, 4-1 foot high.
Leaves rigid, 1-3 line broad, shorter than the culm, more or less involute. Spike lax-flowered, without bracts,
9 lines to 2 inches long, 2 lines broad. Male scales four to six, imbricated; females three to seven, alternate,
contiguous, lanceolate, acute, persistent. Perigynium 22 lines long, 2 broad, lanceolate, with an oblique mouth,
shorter than the scale.—PrATE LXIV. 4. Fig. 1, portion of spike, with perigynium and hooked appendage; 2,
front, and 3, lateral view of achenium; 4, the same cut open, showing the seed :—all magnified.

9. Uncinia cespitosa, Boott ; spica subelongata laxa bracteata, perigyniis pluribus lanceolatis squama
lanceolata acuminata aeuta v. obtusiuscula brevioribus v. sequantibus (in 6 longioribus). Boott, MSS.

Var. 8; perigyniis brevioribus, sguama longiore, bractea anguste foliacea nunc spica terties longiore.

Var. y; foliis angustis, spica tenui.

Var. 0; foliis angustis, spica pollicari, perigynio squama longiore.

Has. Northern Island; woods, Ruahine mountains. Var. B. Wairarapa Bay. Var. y. Summit of
the Ruahine mountains. Var. 8. Port Nicholson, Colenso.

Culms a foot high, rough at the angles. Leaves longer than the culm, 1 line long. Bractea short, setaceous.
Spike 21-3 inches long, 24 lines broad. Scales uniform; males closely imbricated, females numerous, loosely
imbricated. Perigynia lanceolate, as long as or shorter than the lanceolate scale, which is blunt or sharp. In var. 8
the perigynia are shorter in proportion to the scale, and the bractea foliaceous: in var. y the spike is slender and
leaves narrow, and the perigynium is longer than its scale.

10. Uncinia australis, Pers.; spica elongata multiflora flavescente v. olivaceo-viridi seepe demum fusca
longe (1-2-) bracteata, perigyniis elliptico-oblongis utrinque sque attenuatis leviter nervatis squamam
lanceolatam acutam superne ferrugineam apice albo-membranaceam eequantibus vel demum ea longioribus.
Boott, MSS. U. compacta, A. Rich. Flor. (non Br. Prodr.) Carex uncinata, Linn. Suppl. Forster. C.
hamata, Soland. MSS. non Swartz.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; abundant in woods, etc., Banks and Solander, éte.

Culms 1-3 feet high, rigid, smooth. Leaves 2-8 lines broad, often twice as long as the culm. Bractea longer
than the spike, 1 line broad; sometimes there is a second smaller bract. Spike yellowish, 3-52 inches long, 2-3

eee

288 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [| Graminee.

lines broad; male part 6-10 lines long. Perigynia 23-1 lines long, 2 broad, yellowish, elliptical oblong, narrowed
at both ends, as long as the lanceolate acute scale, which is brown above, with white membranous margins.

11. Uncinia ferruginea, Boott; spica elongata multiflora ferruginea longe 1-2-bracteata, perigyniis
ovato-lanceolatis basi attenuatis leviter nervatis squama lineari-lanceolata longe acuminata medio pallida
nervosa subduplo brevioribus. Boot, MSS. (Tas. LXIV. B.)

Has. Northern Island. Base of the Ruahine range, Colenso.

Culms slender, a foot high, smooth. eaves 11 line broad, as long as or longer than the culm. Lower bract
setaceous, longer than the spike, upper shorter. Spike 5 inches long, 4 lines broad, male portion 1} inch long.
Scales all long, narrow, linear lanceolate, pale in the centre; the upper or those of the male flowers shorter. Peri-
gynia ovate, lanceolate, 24 lines long, 3-2 line broad, half as long as the scale.—PrATE LXIV. B. Fig. 1, scale
and male flower; 2, scale and perigynium ; 3, perigynium removed from scale; 4, achenium :—all magnified.

Nar. Og». XCV. GRAMINEA*, Juss.

Gen. I. EHRHARTA, Thunb.

Gluma mutic ; flosculis 3, sessilibus, distiche imbricatis, 2 inferioribus neutris, 1-paleatis; terminali
hermaphrodito, 2-paleato. Palee fl. inf. carinate, aristatee; fl. term. palea inferiore carinata, mutica ;
superiore lineari. Sguamule 2-lobe. Stamina 2-6. Ovarium sessile.—Gramina planifolia; spiculis
paniculatis, pedicellatis.

A small genus of Australian, South African, and New Zealand Grasses, with short or long and branching culms,
flat or concave (not involute) leaves, and panicled spikelets.—Glumes two, unequal, keeled, hardly awned, shorter
than the florets. Florets three, compressed; two lower of one acuminate, keeled palea, containing neither stamens
nor pistil; upper (or terminal) flower hermaphrodite, and of two pales; lower palee compressed, very blunt ;
upper linear. (Named in honour of F. Ehrhart, a Swiss botanist.)

1. Ehrharta Colensoi, Hook. fil; glaberrima, ceespitosa, culmis ramosis curvis subdistiche foliosis,
folis confertis suberectis strictis lineari-subulatis intus scaberulis, vaginis brevibus, ligula brevissima,
panicula suberecta contracta, ramis paucis brevibus, spiculis striato-nervosis, glumis acuminatis inferiore
3-5-nervi superiore 5-nervi, flosculis inferioribus basi barbatis, fl. neutr. palea 7-nervi aristata, fl. her-
maph. palea inferiore brevi truncata superiorem linearem duplo longiore, staminibus 2, antheris oblongis.
(Tas. LXV. A.)

Haz. Northern Island. Tufts at the top of the Ruahine range, Colenso.

A small, tufted, glabrous Grass, 4 inches to a span high, all my specimens of which have dried of a very pale
straw-colour.—Culms much branched; branches covered with suberect distichous leaves, 2—4 inches long, which are
linear-subulate, faintly nerved, concave, 1 inch broad at the base, and suddenly contracted at the ligula, which is
very short and ragged, smooth or rather scabrid above, quite smooth on the back. Panicle 14-2 inches long,
inclined, of few, slender, suberect branches or one-flowered pedicels. Spikelets compressed, linear-oblong, + inch
long, deeply striate or nerved. Glumes acuminate, unequal, half as long as the awned palee of the lower florets,
which are twice as long as the blunt lower palea of the upper (hermaphrodite) floret. Lower florets with long silky

* I have received very great assistance in the determination of the Grasses from my friend Major W. Munro
(39th Regiment), who has made the whole Natural Order his special study, and possesses an unrivalled knowledge
of the genera and species. Most of those here described have been critically examined by both of us, and our views
of the limits of the genera and species are quite in accord.

|

Graminee.] FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 289

hairs at the base, upper with a very short setula (of a third flower, which is not produced) at the back of the upper
palea, which is narrow and membranous, with two central nerves. Stamens two. Anthers short, oblong.—PLATE
LXV. 4. Fig. 1, spikelet: a. glumes, 5. neuter flowers, c. hermaphrodite; 2, florets removed; 3, hermaphrodite
floret; 4, sguamula; 5, ovary :—all magnified.

Gen. II. MICROLZENA, Br.

Gluma minime, 3-flore, floribus remote; floribus approximatis stipitatis, stipite barbato, inferioribus
neutris 1-paleatis, paleis aristatis; terminali hermaphrodito; paleis 9: inferiore carinata, acuminata v.
aristata; superiore breviore, lineari, hyalina. Sguamule 2, glabre. Stamina 4. Ovarium sessile. Cary-
opsis libera, paleis obtecta.—Culmi simplices v. ramosi. Folia parva v. elongata, plana. Spicule racemosa
v. paniculata.

A small genus of New Holland, Tasmanian, and New Zealand Grasses, closely allied to Tetrarrhena and Diplaz,
differing from them in the long villous pedicels to the florets, which are thus separated from the small glumes, as
also by the narrow awned palea of one or both of the neuter flowers, the linear hyaline upper palea-of the terminal
flower, and the linear compressed caryopsis; the stamens are four in the New Zealand species. (Name from puxpos,
small, and xhawa, a covering ; in allusion to the small glumes.)

1. Microlena stipoides, Br.; glabra v. vaginis foliisque parce pilosa, culmis gracilibus basi ramosis
foliosis, panicula gracili nutante, pedicellis inferioribus elongatis, glumis minimis acutis stipite florum
brevioribus, aristis palearum subsequilongis, paleis scaberulis subeegualibus v. inferiore 1 breviore floris
hermaphroditi inferiore acuta v. breviter aristata. —Br. Prodr. Kunth, Agrost. p. 16. — Ehrharta stipoides,
Lab. Fl. Nov. Holl. v. 1. p. 16. t. 118.

Haz. Northern Island; Hawke's Bay and Cape Palliser, Auckland, ete., Sinclair, Colenso.

A slender Grass, 18 inches to 2 feet high, smooth or slightly hairy on the sheaths and leaves, which are short
and flat (2-3 inches long). Panicle branched at the base, long, slender, nodding. Lower spikelets on long slender
stalks. Glumes very minute, deciduous, generally shorter than the bearded pedicel of the flowers. Flowers 1 inch
long, the two lower of one palea each, their awns of equal length, or the lower one-third shorter than the upper.
Lower palea of the upper flower sharp, or with a short bristle.—This is a rather common Tasmanian and Australian
Grass.

Gen. III. DIPLAX, Banks et Sol.

Gluma minime, 3-flore ; floribus sessilibus, approximatis, basi nudis; inferioribus neutris, 1-paleatis,
paleis acuminatis v. aristatis ; supremo hermaphrodito, 2-paleato; palea inferiore acuminata, superiore
hyalina. Sguamule 2, glabre. Stamina 2-4. Caryopsis libera, paleis obtecta.—Culmi simplices v. ramosi.
Folia elóngata, plana. Panicule mutantes.

A Tasmanian and New Zealand genus, very nearly allied to Microlena, but differing in the sessile flowers, not
hairy at the base, and hardly awned pales of the neuter flowers. (Name in allusion to the two stamens of the first-
discovered New Zealand species.)

1. Diplax avenacea, Raoul; culmis cespitosis simplicibus v. basi ramosis levibus, foliis planis latis
scabriusculis, panicula ramosa elongata nutante, paleis fl. neutr. longe aristatis inferiore superiore 2 breviore,
fl. herm. palea inferiore acuminata, staminibus 2.—Raoul, Choix des Plantes, p. 11. t. 8.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; abundant in woods, Banks and Solander, etc.

A tall, handsome Grass, 9—4 feet high. Culms densely tufted, compressed and leafy at the base, simple and
quite smooth above. Leaves 14-2 feet long, i-i inch broad, rough at the edges. Panicle white, 10-15 inches
long, with many long, slender, few-flowered branches. Spikelets with the awns i inch long. Glumes minute,

40

290 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [Graminee.

unequal, persistent. Lower neuter flowers of one awned palea, the lower shortest. Lower palea of fertile flower
acuminate, not awned.

2. Diplax polynoda, Hook. fil.; glaberrima, culmis gracilibus elongatis nodosis ramosis, foliis angustis,
racemis simplicibus paucifloris, spiculis inferioribus breve pedicellatis, paleis fl. neutr. breviter aristatis,
inferiore paulo breviore, fl. hermaphr. palea inferiore acuta v. mucronata, staminibus 4.

Has. Northern Island; Hast Coast, base of Ruahine range, etc., Colenso.

A very different-looking Grass from JD. avenacea, quite smooth. Culms slender, 8-4 feet long, knotted, and
branching at the knots. Leaves narrow, 4-8 inches long. Raceme slender, simple, few-flowered. Spikelets sessile,
the lower on short pedicels. Palee of the neuter flowers with short awns. Stamens four.

Gen. IV. ALOPECURUS, Z.

Glume 2, naviculares, subzequales, basi connate, 1-floree. Palee 1-2, marginibus connatis v. liberis;
inferior carinata, dorso seepius aristata; superior brevior, 1-nervis, v. 0. Sguamule 0. Stamina 3. Cary-
opsis elliptica, compressa, inter glumas induratas paleasque libera,—Culmi sepius simplices. Folia plana.
Paniculee conferte, spicaformes, cylindracea, densiflora.

A genus almost wholly confined to the temperate and frigid regions of the Northern hemisphere; one species
is common to the Arctic and Antarctic regions (Fuegia), and the New Zealand one is found both in Tasmania and
in Europe. Culms generally simple, with flat leaves. Panicles contracted into dense, pale, cylindrical spikes.
Spikelets one-flowered. Glumes laterally flattened, boat-shaped, keeled, joined together below. Palee one or two, free
or connate; lower keeled, often awned at the back; upper when present smaller, one-nerved. Stamens three. Cary-
opsis compressed, free, included in the hardened glumes and pales. (Name from aXwmyE, a fox, and ovpos, a tail.)

1. Alopecurus geniculatus, L.; culmis cespitosis basi geniculatis, panicula contracta cylindracea,
glumis pubescentibus, palea dorso infra medium aristata—Engl. Bot. t. 1250. A. australis, Nees in
Mitchell s Australia.

Haz. Northern and Middle Islands; marshy places. East Coast, Colenso. Canterbury, Lyall, (A
native of England.)

The Foxtail Grass of England.—Culms and leaves quite smooth; the former 12-93. feet high, ascending, bent
below. Panicle contracted into a soft, downy, cylindrical, green spike, 14—24 inches long. Spikelets imbricated
on a woolly rachis. Glumes downy and fringed. Palea with an awn of variable length inserted at or below the
middle, sometimes at the base.

Gen. V. PASPALUM, Z.

Spieule 2-floree, cum pedicello articulate; flore inferiore neutro, superiore hermaphrodito. Gluma 1,
rarissime 2, inferior minuta, superior (antica) florem neutrum sequans. 27. neutr. :—Palea mutica, mem-
branacea. 77. hermaph.:—Palea 2, coriaceze, muticee, inferior concava superiorem 2-nervem amplectens.
Squamule 2, carnosee, breves. Ovarium sessile. Curyopsis oblonga, intra paleas induratas libera.—Culmi
sepius ramosi. Spicule in rachem continuam spicata, unilaterales.

A very extensive tropical genus, rare in the temperate regions of both the North and South hemispheres. Many
of the species have very wide ranges.—Culms simple or branched. Spikelets small, two-flowered, jointed on short
stalks, arranged along one side of a continuous often flattened rachis. Glumes 1-2, lower minute, upper as long as
the neuter flower. Lower flower neuter, with one membranous palea; «upper hermaphrodite, with two coriaceous,
blunt pales, of which the lower surrounds the two-nerved upper. Scales two, fleshy. ^ Caryopsis included in the
hardened pales. (Name from maoraAXos, a Greek name for Millet.)

i
Í
1
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1
H
|

E:
|
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Graminee.) FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 291

1. Paspalum scrobiculatum, Linn. ; glabrum, foliis planis marginibus scaberulis, spicis 3-6 alternis
basi seepius setigeris, rachi lata, spiculis 2-seriatis imbricatis, flosculis glabris ovato-orbiculatis, glumis
3-nerviis.—Linn. Mant. P. orbiculare, Forst. Prodr. Br. Prodr. A. Rich. Flor. A. Cunn. Prodr. P.
venustum, Banks et Sol. MSS.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands, Banks and Solander, ete.

A tall, smooth, tufted Grass, with stout, leafy, simple culms, 1-2 feet high. Leaves flat, rather broad, often
wrinkled, and always rough at the margin. Spikes three to six, 1-2 inches long, with a few long hairs at their
insertion. Rachis broad, green. Spikelets in two rows, imbricating, quite smooth, nearly orbicular. —An extremely
abundant Grass in the temperate and warmer regions of the globe, found at Port Jackson, but not in Tasmania.
It is one of the few pasture grasses about the Bay of Islands.

2. Paspalum distichum, Burm.; glaberrimum, culmis repentibus ramosis foliosis compressis, foliis
distichis involutis, spicis 2 conjugatis sessilibus pedunculatisve, rachi angusta, spiculis biseriatis laxe
imbricatis ovatis acutis glabris.— Burm. Ind. P. vaginatum, Swartz, Fl. Ind. Occ. P. littorale, Br. Prodr.
Trin. Ic. 10. 4. 118.

Has. Northern Island; Bay of Islands, R. Cunningham, etc. ; Auckland, Sinclair, ete.

A perfectly smooth, creeping, generally littoral Grass, common in the tropics and warm regions of most parts
of the globe, and also found in Australia. — Culms branched, compressed. Leaves bifarious, involute. Spikes two
together, equal, 1 inch long. Rachis narrow. Spikelets loosely imbricated, ovate, acute, quite smooth.

Gen. VI. ISACHNE, Br.

Spieule 2-fore; flore inferiore 3 v. 8, superiore 9 interdum 3. Gluma 2, subsequales, concave,
obtuse. 77.8. Palee 2, subsequales, concave, inferior superiorem 2-nervem amplectens. Squamule 2,
truncate, I. 9.Paleg utin d. Staminum rudimenta. Caryopsis intra paleas induratas libera.—Folia
lata, plana ; vagine callo barbate. Spicule pedicellate, paniculate, pedicello continue.

Usually tropical Grasses, inhabiting wet places, distinguished from Paspalum by the equal florets, of which
the lower is male or hermaphrodite. G@lumes nearly equal, as are the palee. Caryopsis included within the
hardened glumes. Leaves flat, the mouth of the sheath bearded. (Name from wos, equal, and axvy, a glume.)

1. Isachne australis, Br.; glabra v. scaberula, culmis foliosis ramosis decumbentibus, panicula ovata
v. lanceolata, ramulis inferioribus elongatis pedicellisque flexuosis.—Br. Prodr. p. 196.
Has. Northern Island; Bay of Islands, Cunningham, etc. ; Auckland, Sinclair.

This is a common Australian Grass, and apparently the same asa species found in India and many tropical
countries. Culms 6-18 inches long, prostrate below, the branches curving upwards. Leaves usually scabrid, flat,
broad, 3-5 inches long, $ inch broad. Panicle 2 inches broad, of long, flexuous, sparingly divided branches, bearing
solitary, pedicelled, hard spikelets, 1 line long. Glumes and palee blunt.—As is the case with Oplismenus amulus,
the name I have given to this plant is most probably not the earliest it has received; but the genus is involved.
in great confusion, and to settle this point would require a critical examination of many species.

Gen. VII. OPLISMENUS, Pal.

Spicula 9-fore; flore inferiore $ v. neutro, superiore d. Glume 2, insequales, sepissime aristate.
Fl. 3. Palea 2; inferior aristata; superior interdum 0. 2.8. Palee 2, subeeguales; inferior mucronata,
superiorem parinervem amplectens. Squamule 2, truncate. Caryopsis intra paleas libera.— Folia plana.
Spicule spicate ; spicis racemosis paniculatisve ; rachi continua.

H

292 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [Graminea.

Broad-leaved, generally tropical Grasses, distinguished from Paspalum by the awned glumes and pales. (Name
from omhicpevos, curved ; alluding to the curved palea.)

l. Oplismenus @mulus, Kunth; culmis gracilibus decumbentibus glabratis basi repentibus, va-
ginis nodisque pubescentibus, spica (racemove) interrupta basi composita, spiculis 2-3 confertis 4-6-
floris basi barbatis, floribus hispidis scaberulisve, glumis ambabus aristatis, interioris arista brevissima, fl.
neutr. mutica. —Kunth, Agrost. p. 142. Orthopogon, Br. Prodr. Panicum unguinosum, Banks et Sol.
MSS. et Te.

Has. Northern Island; common in woods and shady places, Banks and Solander, ete.

A slender, prostrate Grass, with sparingly branched, weak, ascending culms, 6-10 inches long. Sheaths of the
leaves and knots of culms more or less downy; blade of leaf flat, 4-6 inches long, à broad. Raceme of a few
distant hispid spikelets, which are clustered together, nearly sessile, and surrounded with a brush of long hairs at
the base. Glumes awned, the lower awn very short, upper + inch long, very stout and blunt for its size.—A
common Grass in some parts of Australia, and throughout the tropics of Asia, Africa, and America. I have retained
Mr. Brown's name for it of emulus, though it has probably earlier ones; an investigation of the question of its
synonymy would however demand a critical examination of the genus, which is much involved.

- Gen. VIII. SPINIFEX, Z.

Flores polygamo-dioici; spieulis bifloris; masculis solitariis, ad basin racheos elongate aristeeformis ;
androgynis in distincta planta, spicatis. G/ume 2, membranacem. Spicule androg. :—Flos inferior d v.
neuter. Palee 2 v. 1, membranacex. Flos superior 8. Palee 2, coriacex, inferior superiorem binervem
amplectens. Sguamule 2, carnose. Styli basi subeoheerentes. Caryopsis intra paleas libera.—Gramina
ramosissima, subfrutescentia, in arenosis repentia. Spicze masculee umbellatim congeste, in acumen pungens
producta ; feminez fasciculata, fasciculis in capitulum congestis.

A very remarkable and conspicuous genus of downy or silky Grasses, forming creeping, bushy tufts in sea-sand,
much branched.— Spikes collected into globose bunches; male spikes solitary, placed at the base of a long, naked,
subulate rachis ; hermaphrodite (androgynous) spikes usually on separate plants. Spikelets two-flowered. Glumes
two, membranous, nearly equal. Palee of the male spikes two, membranous; lower oblong, channelled ; upper with
two ciliated keels. Androgynous spikelets spiked, two-flowered ; lower flower male or neuter, with two (rarely one)
membranous pales; upper flower hermaphrodite, with two coriaceous oblong concave paleze, the lower including
the upper, which is two-nerved. Scales two, fleshy. Caryopsis enclosed between the pales, free. (Name from
spina, in allusion to the termination of the rachis.)

1. Spinifex Airsutus, Lab.; vaginis sericeo-tomentosis inferioribus interdum glabratis, foliis intus
glabris, rachi spicze masculee spicam superante.— Labill. FI. Nov. Holl. v. 9. p. 81. t. 930, 231. S. sericeus,
Raoul, En. Plant. non Br. S. inermis, Banks et Sol. MSS. Txalum inerme, Forst. Prodr. fid. Raoul.

Has. Northern Island; Bay of Islands, Auckland, East Coast, etc., by the sea-coast, Banks and
Solander, Cunningham, etc.

A very strong-growing, silky and woolly Grass, with creeping, knotted, stout, rooting culms, branched here and
there; the branches bearing long involute flexuose leaves, 1-14 feet long. Lower sheaths smooth and shining ;
upper, as well as the back of the leaf, covered with shaggy or silky wool. Male spikes numerous, peduncled, silky,
J inch long, collected into an involucrate head, the rachis produced beyond the flowers. Hermaphrodite (androgy-
nous) spikes also numerous and collected into an involucrate head, formed of numerous silky spines, 4-5 inches
long, that stick out in all directions: each of these is a peduncle or rachis, at whose base only the fertile or
androgynous flowers are to be found.—This is a common Tasmanian and South Australian plant.

Graminee. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 293

Gen. IX. ARISTIDA, Z.

Spicule l-floræ, flosculo pedicellato. Glume 2, ineequales. Palee 2: inferior coriacea, tereti-involuta,
apice arista tripartita; superior minima. Stamina 8, ovarii basi adnate. Caryopsis intra paleas libera.
—Gramina sepius rigida ; folis involutis.

A very large genus of Grasses, chiefly inhabiting tropical and warm countries; several are Australian.—Culms
generally rigid and wiry ; leaves involute. Glumes two, unequal. Floret one, stipitate. Palee two, very unequal;
lower coriaceous, involute, narrow, with a rigid awn split to the base into three arms, of which the two lateral are
often patent; upper palea very minute. Stamens three; filaments adnate to the narrow base of the ovary. (Name
from arista, an awn.)

1. Aristida calycina, Br. ; glaberrima, culmis gracilibus rigidis simplicibus, foliis breviusculis subulatis,
panicula angusta rara pauciflora, ramulis brevibus pedicellisgue glabris, glumis subzequalibus flosculo
zquilongis mucronatis, aristis flore longioribus v. eequilongis.— Br. Prodr. p. 178.

Has. Northern Island; Bay of Islands, 4. Cunningham.

The only specimens I have seen are indifferent ones in Cunningham’s Herbarium, now in Mr. Heward's posses-
sion. The plant is also a native of tropical Australia.—Culms rigid, wiry, quite smooth, a foot high. Leaves
subulate, wiry. Panicle 3 inches long, very slender, few-flowered, and sparingly branched; pedicels very short and
smooth. Spikelets 4 inch long. Glumes narrow, mucronate, as long as the lower palea, which is shorter than the
three spreading rigid arms of the awn.

Gen. X. DICHELACHNE, Endi.

Spicule 1-flore; floris stipite brevi barbato. Guma 9, membranacex, acuminatz, florem «quantes
v. superantes. Pale 2: inferior scabra v. sericeo-pilosa, bifida, inter lobos aristata; arista simplici sub-
torta basi inarticulata; superior brevior, linearis, 2-dentata, inferiori conformis, tenerior. Stamina 2, sub-
faleatee.— Folia convoluta. Panicula coarctata.

Rigid, wiry Grasses, with flat, subulate or convolute leaves, and narrow, rather dense panicles of shining
flowers; natives of Australia, Norfolk Island, and New Zealand. Glumes two, membranous, sharp, as long as or
longer than the solitary flower, which has a short bearded stalk. Palee two: lower membranous or coriaceous,
scabrid or silky, bifid, with a twisted or straight awn from between the lobes, which is not jointed on to the palea ;
upper shorter, linear, two-toothed at the tip. Scales curved, three according to Endlicher (Prodr. Fl. Norf. Island),
two according to Trinius and Ruprecht (Act. Acad. Imp. Scient. Petrop. 1842), and in all the New Zealand species.
Seed very narrow. (Name from 3exgAos, cloven-footed, and axvn, chaff; in allusion to the bifid palea.)

1. Dichelachne crinita, Hook. fil. ; glaberrima scaberula v. molliter pubescens, foliis planis involutisve,
panieula elongata coarctata spiculis densissimis rarius lobata v. rariflora aristis flexuosis quasi crinita,
glumis angustis longe acuminatis florem breviter stipitatum excedentibus, palea inferiore scaberula acuminata
apice integra v. bifida, arista dorsali supra medium inserta longissima flexuosa haud tortili, palea superiore
breviore apice bidentata.—D. vulgaris e£ Forsteriana, Trin. et Rupr. Act. Acad. Imp. Scient. Petrop. 1842.
Muhlenbergia mollicoma, Nees in Herb. Hook. Agrostis crinita, Br. Prodr. Apera crinita, Pal. Beauv.
Agrost. Anthoxanthum crinitum, Linn. Forst. Prodr. Lab. Fl. Nov. Holl. v. 2. p. 115. t. 263. Agrostis
barbata, Banks et Sol. MSS. et Ic.

Has. Northern Island, abundant, on dry clayey hills, etc., Banks and Solander, ete.

A very abundant and variable Grass, quite smooth, or with the lower leaves and sheaths covered with soft
down. Culms annual, tufted, 1-3 feet high, stout or slender, leafy at the base, and sometimes up to the inflores-
cence. Panicle 4-8 inches long, pale yellow-green, shining, contracted, dense and spike-like, rarely thin, with the

4 D

294 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [Graminez.

branches conspicuous and few-flowered, almost covered with the long flexuous awns. Glumes very long, slender,
acuminate, scabrid at the keel, longer than the flowers by one-half or one-third. Lower palea long, scabrous, hard,
with a contracted, narrow, entire or bifid point, and a dorsal awn, which is flexuous, and not twisted, inserted above
the middle. Upper palea shorter, narrow, membranous, bifid at the tip.—This curious plant differs from Dichel-
achne in the awn not being twisted, from Agrostis in the pedicelled flower, from Muhlendergia in the long glumes.
I have followed Trinius and Ruprecht by placing it in the first-named genus, but T have retained the original specific
name crinita, which is most appropriate and familiar, and used by Brown, Labillardiére, Forster, and Linnzus.
MM. Trinius and Ruprecht, on the other hand, substitute that of vulgaris for the Australian specimens, and Forste-
riana for the New Zealand ones, besides making other species from Australian and Tasmanian specimens.

2. Dichelachne sciurea, Hook. fil.; levis v. culmis basi vaginis foliisque scaberulis, foliis planis v.
involutis, panicula elongata laxa rariflora, glumis inegualibus acuminatis florem vix superantibus, arista
tortili palea inferiore scaberula subtriplo longiore.—Agrostis sciurea, Br. Prodr. D. Sieberiana, rim.
et Rupr. Act. Acad. Scient. Petrop. l. c. Muhlenbergia, Trin. Diss. Stipa micrantha, Nees, Diar. Ratisb.
Jid. Trin. et Rup.

Has. Northern Island; Bay of Islands and Auckland, Cunningham, Colenso, Sinclair, ete.

A different-looking plant from D. crinita, but very closely allied to it, differing in the slender, thin panicle,
which is loosely branched, and comparatively very few-flowered. The glumes are shorter than in D. crinita, as
long as the floret, and the twisted awn is not four times longer than the upper palea. It is also a Tasmanian and
Australian plant. I feel again reluctantly compelled to reject MM. Trinius and Ruprecht’s specific name of Siebe-
riana, which those authors substitute for the applicable and familiar one of sciwrea, by which this plant has been
known for thirty years to the Australian Botanist.

3. Dichelachne sõipoides, Hook. fil.; ceespitosa, glaberrima, polita, foliis elongatis strictis setaceo-
involutis, panicula erecta contracta pauciflora parce ramosa, glumis levibus longe setaceo-acuminatis flos-
culum 4 excedentibus, paleis subcoriaceis inferiore sericeo-villosa, arista geniculata glaberrima flosculo bis
terve longiore.—Avena angustifolia, Banks et Sol. MSS. (Tas. LXVI.)

Has. Northern Island, on rocks near the sea; Hast Coast, Banks and Solander ; Bay of Islands
and Auckland, Sinclair, ete.

Also found in Tasmania, growing, as in New Zealand, near the sea.—A handsome, densely tufted, rigid, wiry,
smooth and polished, yellow Grass, often forming large tussocks, with the habit and appearance of a Stipa. Culms

4-8 feet high. Leaves longer than the culms, slender, involute, wiry, erect, rounded. Panicle contracted, 4—6
inches long, strict, erect, few-flowered, and sparingly branched; branches short, capillary, erect. Glumes 1-3 inch
long, white or yellow, membranous, thin and shining, lanceolate, with a long, slender point. Floret shorter than
the glumes, covered with soft, silky, spreading hairs. Palee rather coriaceous; lower with two small teeth at the
top, one on each side the awn, which is curved, about an inch long, and quite glabrous.—PrATE LXVI. Fig. 1,
spikelet ; 2, floret; 3, tip of lower palea; 4, stamen; 5, pistil and scale; 6, caryopsis and scales :—all magnified.

Gen. XI. APERA, Adans.

Spicule l-floræ; flore breviter pedicellato. Gluma subzequales, flore longiores, mutice v. breviter
aristate ; arista haud tortili. Palee herbacese, demum indurate, inferior ad apicem integrum aristata.
Squamule 2, membranacex. Caryopsis libera.—Gramina caspitosa, plerumque gracilia; culmis sepe
ramosis ; spiculis pedicellatis, paniculatis, non articulatis.

Generally slender, often branched Grasses, the few previously known species of which are natives of Europe
and North America. Panicles diffuse. Glumes nearly equal, as long as the flower, which has a very short pedicel.

Palee herbaceous, afterwards hardening; dower with a terminal, not twisted awn, and entire apex. (Derivation of
the name not known to me.)

Graminee. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 295

l. Apera arundinacea, Hook. fil.; glaberrima, levis, rhizomate repente, culmis basi squamatis
elongatis gracilibus strictis rigidis tenacissimis simplicibus v. ad nodos remotos ramosis foliosis, foliis superne
scaberulis involutis coriaceis vaginis elongatis, panicula elongata ramis capillaribus primariis verticillatis,
spiculis parvis pallidis, glumis setaceo-acuminatis superiore obscure 3-nervi, carinis scaberulis, flore breviter
stipitato callo glaberrimo, palea inferiore coriacea involuta nervis obscuris apice scaberula obtusa incrassata
aristata, arista caduca terminali scabra glumis duplo longiore, superiore paulo breviore bidentata, squamulis
2 basi connatis, stamine 1, anthera brevi. (Tas. LX VIL.)

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; Cape Turnagain, Colenso; Akaroa, Raoul. Nat. name, “ Hu-
nangamoho," Col. E

A very remarkable and handsome Grass, forming immense tufts of long, nodding culms on the tops of hills,
ete.— Culms 2-5 feet high, very slender, rigid and reed-like, arising from a creeping rhizome, quite smooth, sheathed
at the base, leafy at the distant joints, and sometimes branched. Sheaths of leaves long; ligula short, truncate ;
lamina coriaceous, narrow, involute, the upper surface slightly scabrid to the touch. Panicle thin, erect, wiry,
8-16 inches long; primary branches whorled at the knotted joints, capillary, the branchlets whorled, pedicels
alternate. Spikelets minute, 14 line long, pale, shining. Glumes nearly equal, longer than the flower, acuminate,
smooth, with a scabrid keel, upper faintly three-nerved. Lower palea coriaceous, opaque, on a short glabrous callus,
thickened and rough at the top, blunt, furnished with a rigid, caducous, scabrid awn. Scales two, linear, connate
at the base. Stamen one. Anther short. Ovary pedicelled, with short feathery stigmas. Caryopsis curved, trun-
cate. —PLATE LXVII. Fig. 1, spikelet; 2, floret; 3, upper palea; 4, stamen; 5, germen; 6, scales; 7, seed : —
all magnified.

Gen. XII. SPOROBOLUS, Br.

Gluma \-flore, carinate, inferior minor. Palee 2, mutice: inferior acutiuscula ; superior minor,
bicarinata. Sguamule 9. Stamina 2-3. Caryopsis libera, epicarpio laxo solubili.—Folia plana v. convo-
luta. Spicule minuta, pedicellate, lave v. dense paniculate ; panicula interdum spicaformis.

Tropical and subtropical Grasses, found in all parts of the world within the above limits, differing from Apera
in the very minute flowers that have awnless glumes and pales. Spikelets panicled, often very densely, forming a
cylindrical spike. Glumes one-flowered, keeled, the lower smallest. Palee two, awnless, lower sharp, upper two-
nerved. Scales two. Stamens two to three. Seed quite free, with a loose outer coat. (Name from omopos, a seed,
and Bodos, a shedding ; from the fugacious seeds.)

1. Sporobolus e/ongafus, Br.; panicula coarctata elongata e spicis alternis divisis, inferioribus distan-
tibus.— Br. Prodr. p. 170. Kunth, Agrost. p. 213.
Has. Northern Island; Auckland, Sinclair.

A rigid, stout, perfectly smooth Grass, 1-2 feet high; abundant in all tropical countries, also found at the
Cape of Good Hope and at Port Jackson. Leaves spreading; sheaths deeply furrowed; ligula short; lamina
narrow, involute. Panicle 6 inches to a foot long, contracted, slender, of very numerous, small, pale green spikelets,
z line long
2 .

Gen. XIII. AGROSTIS, Z.

Glume 2, uniflore, subeeguales, carinatz, mutice, flore majores. Palee 2: inferior mutica v. dorso
aristata ; arista haud tortili ; superior bicarinata, interdum minima v. obsoleta. Sguamule 2, subintegree.
Stamina 8. Caryopsis libera.—Gramina cespitosa ; foliis planis involutisve; paniculis diffuse ramosis ;
ramis sepius verticillatis, rarius brevibus in spicam cylindraceam confertis.

A large genus of Grasses, most abundant in temperate and cold climates, advancing nearer to either Pole than
any other phenogamic plants do. Culms often tufted. Leaves flat or involute. Panicles lax or dense; branches

296 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [Gramineg.

often whorled. Gluimes two, nearly equal, keeled, one-flowered, or often with the pedicel of an upper flower. Palee
two: lower awnless or awned at the back (often in the same species); upper two-nerved, rarely 0. dwn never
twisted. Scales two. Stamens three. —Caryopsis quite free. (Name from aypos, a field; the species abounding in
open places.)

1. Agrostis canina, L.; glaberrima, culmis ceespitosis foliosis, foliis planis, ligula membranacea elon-
gata, panicula effusa lanceolata, ramis primariis capillaribus verticillatis, spiculis parvis, glumis subsequalibus
acuminatis flore paulo longioribus carinis apicibusque ciliatis, palea inferiore basi breviter pilosa membra-
nacea 4-nervi apice truncata 4-cuspidata, arista supra medium inserta vel exserta, superiore brevissima v. 0.
(Diagnosis ad exempl. Noves Zeland.) — Linn. Sp. Pl. Engl. Bot. t. 1856.

Has. Middle Island; Milford Sound, Lyall. (A native of England.)

One of the most common and variable pasture-grasses of Great Britain, also found in the Falkland Islands,
but not hitherto in Australia. I have not seen it in any New Zealand collection but Dr. Lyall's; it was gathered
in Milford Sound, but I have no reason to suppose that it has been introduced. —Culms 1-14 foot high, slender,
perfectly smooth, leafy. Leaves flat, with a rather long sheath and membranous ligula. Panicle effuse, erect, of
numerous, whorled, very slender thread-like branches, and small, often purplish spikelets. Glumes ciliated at the
back and tips, sharp, longer than the flower. Lower palea membranous, with four nerves, produced a little beyond
the truncate tip, and a short awn inserted above the middle; upper very small or wanting.

2. Agrostis (Trichodium) parviflora, Br.; parvula, tenella, glaberrima, culmis gracilibus ceespitosis,
foliis planis angustis, panicula effusa capillari rariflora, glumis acuminatis florem excedentibus carina scabris,
palea inferiore membranacea glaberrima truncata nervis inconspicuis, arista dorsali inclusa v. nulla, superiore
minima v. 0.—Br. Prodr.

Var. B. perpusilla ; muscoidea, culmis brevissimis ceespitosis foliosis, foliis confertis setaceis $-uncia-
libus recurvis, panicula foliis immersa pauciflora, arista 0, palea superiore 0.

Haz. Northern Island; East Coast, Cook's Straits, etc., Colenso.—Var. 8. Top of the Ruahine
mountains, Colenso.

A slender, tufted Grass, 6-8 inches high, (var. 8 not an inch high,) erect or prostrate at the base, quite smooth.
Culms leafy upwards or only at the base. Leaves very narrow, flat or involute, setaceous in var. 6. Ligula long,
membranous. Panicle of few lax capillary trichotomous branches, whorled in threes. Spikelets minute. Glumes
about 4 longer than the flowers; nearly equal, scabrid along the keel. Lower palea quite glabrous, very mem-
branous, broad, truncate, with faint nerves. Aww when present, as in the specimens from the East Coast, dorsal,
slender, included, wholly absent in those from Cook’s Straits. Upper palea wanting in my specimens.—This is also a
native of Tasmania, where it attains a foot high, and the panicles are green or purplish, and where alpine specimens
growing in exposed places have rigid subulate leaves, and very short culms; it is very nearly allied to the 4. alpina
of the European Alps, but the awn when present is never basal in this, and the panicle is fewer-flowered.

3. Agrostis quadriseta, Br.; ceespitosa, culmis vaginisque levibus scaberulisve, foliis planis involutis
v. setaceis, panicula coarctata cylindracea continua v. lobata rarius interrupta v. subeffusa, glumis acumi-
natis flore basi sericeo longioribus, palea inferiore levi v. scaberula nervis 4 apice percurrentibus breviter
4-cuspidata, arista dorsali infra medium v. basin versus inserta inclusa v. glumis 4 longiora, superiore paulo
breviore bidentata. —A. quadriseta ef A. montana, Br. Prodr. Raoul, Choiw des Plantes. Avena, Lab.
Fl. Nov. Holl. v. 1. p. 25. t. 32. Bromidium, Vees.

Has. Northern Island; Auckland, Bay of Islands, ete., Cunningham, ete.

An extremely variable and very common Grass, presenting no constant characters by which its many forms
may be always known from one another. —Culms a span to 84 feet high, smooth cr rough, as are the leaves and
sheaths. Leaves broad or narrow, short or long, smooth or scabrid. Panicle densely spicate, cylindrical and con-

Graminee. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 297

tinuous, or lobed or more open and pyramidal, with the lower branches remote and spreading. Glwmes 4-4 inch
long, always longer than the flower, but very variable in this particular. Flower on a short, villous pedicel. Lower
palea scaberulous, rarely quite smooth, hard, concave, contracted at the point, and then bifid or ending in four little
awns very variable in relative length, great awn dorsal, inserted below the middle or towards the base, bent, twisted
below ; upper palea shorter, with two nerves, that are scabrous at the back above. Stamens three.—I have examined
a vast number of Tasmanian, Australian, and New Zealand specimens of this most variable Grass, vainly trying
to divide them into species or constant varieties. Brown’s specimens of 4. montana (in Brit. Mus.) have a slender
panicle ; florets as long as the glumes; palea rough, awned near the base.

4. Agrostis Lyallii, Hook. fil; gracillima, glaberrima, foliis setaceo-involutis, panicula capillari
effusa pauciflora, ramis primariis ternis elongatis trichotomis, pedicellis divaricatis, glumis zequalibus ovato-
lanceolatis acutis dorso scaberulis flore + longioribus, palea inferiore sericea membranacea truncata apice
erosa dorso ad medium aristata, arista palea duplo longiore, palea superiore hyalina nervis inconspicuis
acuta v. breviter bifida, stylis basi remotis.

Has. Middle Island; Milford Sound, Zyall.

A very elegant species, of which I have only rather old specimens, having both flower and seed however.
Culms tufted, very slender, 8—12 inches high, branched below, perfectly smooth, as are the involute setaceous filiform
leaves. Panicle very large and widely spreading, of few branches and spikelets; rachis flexuous, at the few distant
joints; branches ternate, capillary, spreading, an inch long before dividing into three hair-like flexuous branchlets,
or long, single-flowered pedicels. Spikelets small,iinch long. Glumes equal, sharp, about one-third longer than the
sessile membranous flower. Lower palea silky, truncate, toothed at the top, with a short awn from the back above
the middle; upper shorter, acute, with the nerves hardly distinguishable.— This plant resembles Aira caryophyllea of
Europe, but the panicle is much more slender, with longer branches, and the spikelets ave constantly one-flowered.

5. Agrostis pilosa, A. Rich.; “panicula pedali erecta pyramidali, ramis semiverticillatis pluries
ramosis pendulinis hirtellis, valvis dorso denticulatis, palea exteriore glumz pilosa. 4. Rich.” Flor. p. 134.
t. 23.

Has. Middle Island; Astrolabe Harbour, D’ Urville.

I have seen no specimens of this plant, which, according to Richard’s description and figure, is very dis-
tinct from any of the preceding, but allied to 4. Lyallii in habit. It may be distinguished by its large size (2
feet and upwards), rough culm and leaves, which, as well as the branches of the panicle, are covered with short,
stiff, spreading hairs. Ligula 3—4 lines long, membranous, torn at the top. Lower palea hairy (villous in the
plate), bifid, four-nerved, with a dorsal straight awn; upper much shorter, glabrous, without any pedicel of a second
flower.

Os. Agrostis rigida and A. procera, A. Rich. Flora, do not appear, from the descriptions, to be species of
this genus; they are possibly single-flowered varieties of species of Danthonia (see Trinius and Ruprecht, Gram.
Stip. p. 5).

Gen. XIV. ECHINOPOGON, Beauv.

Spicule uniform, setula villosa accedente, coarctate. Glume zequales, flore equilonge. Palee 2,
eeguilongee ; inferiore basi villosa, apice bifida, longe aristata, arista haud torta; superiore bicarinata, apice
bidentata. Stamina 3. Ovarium barbatum.—Gramen scaberulum ; foliis planis; panicula spicaformi.

The only known species is a very common extratropical, Australian, Tasmanian, and New Zealand, harsh,
scabrid Grass. Spikelets crowded into an ovate or globose head, bristling with rigid spreading awns. Glumes
equal, acuminate, rigid, as long as the solitary floret, which has a tuft of silky hairs at the base. Paleæ nearly
equal: the lower with a bifid top, and rigid, not twisted awn; upper with a small, stiff, villous bristle at its base.
Stamens three, Ovary bearded at the top. (Name from exwos, scabrid, and mwywv, a beard.)

4E

STERNE

298 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [Graminee.

1. Echinopogon ovatus, Pal. Beauv. Agrost. p. 42. t. 9.7.5. Agrostis ovata, Forst. Prodr. Lab. Fl.
Nov. Holl. v. 1. p. 19. t. 21. Br. Prodr. Dactylis barbatus, Banks et Sol. MSS.

Has. Northern Island; common on dry hills, etc., Banks and Solander, ete.

Culms tufted, 6 inches to 2 feet high, leafy below. Sheaths of upper leaves long, ligula short, lamina flat.
Panicle contracted into a cylindrical, blunt, short or long (2-12 inch long) head, with spreading, stiff, scabrid
awns, Spikelets shortly pedicellate.

Gen. XV. DEYEUXIA, Clar.

Spicula 1-floree, cum pedicello plumoso floris secundi accedente (rarius flore secundo imperfecto).
Gluma 2, subxquales, canaliculatee, mutice, florem plerumque superantes. Palea 2: inferior dorso aristata,
arista recta v. torta; superior bicarinata. Squamule 2. Caryopsis libera.—Gramina, foliis planis vel in-
volutis ; panicule ramis plerumque valde elongatis, capillaribus.

Generally slender Grasses, with broad or narrow, flat or involute leaves, and very effuse panicles, that have long
thread-like branches, and long pedicels to the spikelets. The genus differs from Agrostis chiefly in the presence of
a feathery pedicel (of a second flower, which is sometimes though rarely produced) at the back of the upper palea.—
Glumes two, very narrow and sharp, not awned, longer than the flower. Paleas two: the lower with a dorsal,
often twisted awn, often truncate, and the nerves produced into short awns; upper two-nerved. Seed free.—The
species of this genus frequent the temperate and colder regions of both hemispheres; the New Zealand and
Australian ones are very beautiful, and remarkable for their slender pedicels and spreading branches of the effuse
panicle. (Name in honour of M. Deyeuv, an eminent French chemist.)

1. Deyeuxia Billardieri, Kunth; scaberula, folis latiusculis, panicula laxa, ramis primariis cito
trichotomis, spiculis majusculis, glumis scaberulis glabrisve flore 4 longioribus, carina scaberula, palea
inferiore basi sericea 4-nervi nervis percurrentibus lateralibus aristatis, arista ad medium pales inserta
glumis 3 v. duplo longiore, palea superiore inf. eeguilonga lanceolata bicuspidata setula 4 longiore—Kunth,
Agrost. p. 244. Lachnagrostis, Trin. Gram. Unifl. Agrostis, Br. Prodr. A. Rich. Flor. Avena filiformis,
Lab. Fl. Nov. Holl. v. 1. p. 24. t. 31. Ag. variabilis, a procera, e£ A. diffusa, Banks et Sol. MSS.

Has. Northern Island, Banks and Solander ; abundant at the Bay of Islands, Auckland, and East
Coast, Sinclair, Colenso, etc.

A very common Tasmanian species. —Culms tufted, 13 foot high. Leaves 6 inches long, 1-2 inch broad,
flat, smooth or rough to the touch. Panicle very lax, scabrid; branches very slender, whorled, trichotomous ;
pedicels long, slender. Spikelets larger than in the allied species, 1-1 inch long, often purple. Glumes narrow,
smooth or scabrid, always so at the keel. Lower palea silky at the base, three-fourths as long as the glume, with
four nerves that project at the truncate top, the lateral of which are produced into short awns. .4ww inserted at the
middle of the palea, bent, one-half or twice as long as the glumes. Upper palea as long as the lower, with two
short points, longer than the silky pedicel at its back.

9. Deyeuxia Porsteri, Kunth; glaberrima v. scaberrima, foliis latiusculis angustisve, panicula laxa,
ramis primariis elongatis capillaribus trichotomis, glumis (pallidis) glabris carinis scaberulis flore duplo
longioribus, palea inferiore sericea brevi late truncata nervis 4 percurrentibus breviter 4-cuspidata nervis
lateralibus rarius elongatis, arista dorso ad medium pales inserta glumis duplo longiore, palea superiore
inf. breviore obtusa v. bidentata, setula plerumque brevissima.—Kwnth, Agrost. p. 244. Agrostis Forsteri,
A. Rich. Plor. Ram. et Sch. A. Cunn. Prodr. A. emula, Br. Prodr. A. Rich. Flor. A. retrofracta,
Schrad. in Herb. Hook. Avena filiformis, Forst. Prodr. Lachnagrostis Forsteri, Trin. Gram. Uniflor.
L. filiformis, Trin. Fund.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands, abundant, Banks and Solander, etc., Forster.

Graminee. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 299

Generally a taller plant than D. Billardieri, with many more, much smaller pale-green spikelets. Culms 1-3
feet high. Leaves flat, broad or narrow, quite smooth or scabrous. Panicle 4-8 inches long, of very numerous,
whorled, slender branches, that do not generally divide so soon as in the former species. Pedicels very slender.
Spikelets $-$ inch long. Glumes smooth, except along the keel, twice as long as the flower, and half as long as the
awn. Lower palea very silky all over, truncate, the teeth produced into short points, awn inserted at the middle.
Upper palea shorter, blunt or two-toothed. Sefula generally very small. This plant is the vena filiformis of
Forster in Herb. Hook., and also of Labillardióre in Herb. Hook. Mr. Brown however refers Labillardidre’s
plant to his D. Billardieri, with which the figure in Lab. Plant. Nov. Holl. agrees. This appears as common and
variable a plant in Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand, as Agrostis canina is in Europe; its synonymy is much
involved.

3. Deyeuxia setifolia, Hook. fil. ; ceespitosa, levis v. scaberula, foliis setaceis filiformibusve, panicula
contracta parce ramosa pauciflora, glumis acuminatis carinis scaberulis flore paulo longioribus, palea
inferiore basi longe sericea v. glabrata apice truncata 4-cuspidata v. erosa, arista ad medium dorsi inserta
glumis 3 longiore incurva, palea superiore breviore 2-dentata setula longe ciliata 3 longiore. (Tas.
LXV. B.)

Has. Northern Island: Titiokura, top of Ruahine range, and Waikare Lake, Colenso.

A small, wiry, tufted Grass, of a different habit from the preceding.— Culms 6-8 inches high. Leaves very
harrow, filiform or setaceous, smooth or rough to the touch, wiry, shorter than the culms, Skeaths short. Panicle
1-2 inches long, narrow, contracted, sparingly branched, of few, erect, pedicelled, pale, shining spikelets 14-2 lines
long. Glumes acuminate, rather longer than the flower. Lower palea more or less silky, truncate, toothed or 4-
cuspidate at the tip. Awn inserted at the middle, rather longer than the glumes, curved or bent inwards. Upper
palea shorter than the lower, with two teeth at the truncate top, longer than pedicel, which has very long, silky
hairs.— PLATE LXV. B. Fig. 1, spikelet; 2, flower; 3, pistil and scales :—all magnified.

Gen. XVI. ARUNDO, Z.

Spicule 2-5-flore ; floribus distichis, subremotis, summo tabescente. Glume 2, subzequales, acute,
inter se remote. Palee 2: inferior apice bifida, inter lobos subulatos breviter aristata, extus basi imprimis
sericea; superior brevior, bicarinata.—Gramina hygrobia, elata; folis planis v. involutis ; paniculis ra-
mosissumis diffusis.

Generally tall, very handsome, sometimes almost shrubby Grasses, growing in watery places in various parts
of the world. —Zeaves flat or involute. Panicles very large, effuse, soft and silky, often shining. Glumes long and
narrow, nearly equal, keeled, sharp. Lower palea bifid, with an awn between the subulate lobes; very silky,
especially at the base; upper shorter. Scales two, thick. Stamens three. (Name, arundo, in Latin.)

1. Arundo conspicua, Forst.; elata, glaberrima, foliis coriaceis elongatis involutis, panicula maxima
ampla nutante effusa, ramulis capillaribus levibus vel pilosiusculis, glumis nitidis sequalibus longissime
acuminatis 2-3.floris floribus longissime sericeo-ciliatis subduplo longioribus, palea inferiore acuminata
longe aristata, arista subtorta inclusa.—Porst. Prodr. Willd. Sp. Pi. A. australis, 4. Rich. Flor. A.
australis ef Agrostis conspicua, 4. Cunn. Prodr. A. lutescens, conspicua, ef sericea, Banks et Sol. MSS.
Agrostis conspicua, 4. Rich. Flor. Achnatherum, Pal. Beauv. Agrost. Calamagrostis conspicua, Gel.
Syst. Kunth, Agrost.

Haz. Northern Island, in moist places, Banks and Solander, ete. Nat. name, “ Kakaho,” Col.

The largest Grass in New Zealand.—Culms 3-8 feet high, as thick as the thumb below, extensively used in
lining houses with reed-work. Leaves coriaceous, involute, narrow, smooth or scabrid along the upper surface and
Panicle very beautiful, 1-2 feet long; branches drooping, loaded with innumerable shining yellow spikelets,

edge,

300 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [Graminea.

on smooth or hairy capillary pedicels. Glumes very long, acuminate, 1-3 inch long. Flowers two or three, half as
long as the glumes, surrounded with long, silky hairs. Lower palea ending in a straight, slightly twisted awn as
long as the glumes.—This beautiful Grass has hitherto been found in New Zealand only ; though rarely one-flowered,
there can, I think, be no doubt that it is Forster’s Arundo conspicua, both from Solander’s indentification and
Trinius’s observation in the Index to his Gram. Unifl. p. 274.

Gen. XVII. HIEROCHLOE, Gmel.

Spieule 8-flore ; floribus lateralibus masculis, intermedio hermaphrodito. Glume 2, carinate, sub-
equales. Palee 2, mutice v. inferior aristata, carinata; arista terminali v. dorsali, recta v. incurva, brevi.
Squamule 9, biloba. Fl.d Stamina 3. Fl. $ Stamina 9. Caryopsis libera, paleis obtecta.—Gramina
odora ; foliis planis v. involutis; spiculis paniculatis, nitidis, majusculis.

A very beautiful genus of sweet-smelling Grasses, found principally in the cold climates of both hemispheres
and on the lofty mountains of warmer ones. One southern species is common to Tasmania, New Zealand, and
Fuegia; another to Europe, New Zealand, and Tasmania.— Leaves soft, flat or involute. Culms tufted. Panicles
loose or compact, of many, large, pedicelled, shining, often pale yellow spikelets. GJumes equal, keeled, with three
almost sessile flowers, the two lower male, with three stamens, the middle or upper hermaphrodite, with two
stamens. Palee broad, blunt, often downy; lower keeled, with a short, straight, or bent terminal or dorsal awn ;
upper two-nerved; middle flower with shorter awns or none. Seales two, two-lobed. Seed free within the paleas.
(Name from tepos, sacred, and xAon, a grass; the H. borealis being dedicated to the Virgin Mary.)

1. Hierochloe redolens, Br.; folis planis scaberulis glabrisve, ligulis late ovatis obtusis, panicula
effusa nutante, glumis flosculos «equantibus superiore nervis lateralibus ad medium attingentibus, fl. masc.
5-nerviis pubescentibus basi subvillosis infra apicem aristatis marginibus dorsoque ciliatis, fl. hermaph.
obtuso mucronato v. subaristato.——Dr. Prodr. in not. Fl. Antarct. v. 1. p.92. Torresia, Ram. et Schultes.
A. Cunn. Prodr. Holcus, Forst. Prodr. Holcus Dioneus, Banks et Sol. MSS.

Has. Throughout the Islands, common in wet places, Banks and Solander, ete.

A large and handsome Grass, conspicuous for its delicious odour, like that of the common Vernal Grass
(Anthovanthum) of England, that gives the sweet scent to new-made hay.— Culms leafy, densely tufted, 2-3 feet long,
herbaceous. Leaves flat, smooth or minutely scabrid to the touch; ligula membranous, broad. Panicle nodding,
6-10 inches long, of many shining, pale spikelets; branches capillary, hairy here and there, lower 2-3 inches long.
Glumes shining, about + inch long, as long as the florets; outer with sometimes two lateral very short nerves at the
base; upper three-nerved to the middle. Lower palea of the lateral flowers bearded below, downy above, the
margins and back with long cilia, five-nerved. dwn short, inserted below the top. Lower palea of the upper
flower smooth or downy above, with a short awn.—This fine Grass occurs also in Campbell’s Island, and one
variety of it is frequent in Tasmania, and a second in Tierra del Fuego and the Falkland Islands: the slight differ-
ences between all these have been dwelt upon in the ‘ Flora Antarctica’ at length.

2. Hierochloe dorealis, Reem. et Schultes; czespitosa, glaberrima, foliis culmo gracili brevioribus,
panicula brevi ovata pauciflora, glumis coloratis 3-nerviis flosculis aquilongis, palea inferiore sericea mutica
v. aristata. —Bngl. Bot. t. 2641. H. Frazeri, mihi in Fl. Antarct. note, p. 93.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands: top of Ruahine mountains, Colenso; mountains near Nelson,
Dr. Monro.

A very distinct-looking Grass, much smaller than H. redolens, with shorter, more strict leaves, and a small

ovate panicle, of fewer smaller flowers. Culms a foot high, tufted. Leaves 4-8 inches long, strict, quite smooth,
flat. Panicle 2-3 inches long, ovate. Spikelets + inch long, broad. Glumes short, acute, as long as the flowers,
three-nerved, the lateral nerves shorter, sometimes obscure. Florets silky; outer palea with ciliated margins, and

Graminea. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 301

an awn, which is very variable in length, inserted above or below the middle.—I had named this Grass H. Frazeri
in the ‘Flora Antarctica,’ from Tasmanian specimens gathered by Mr. Frazer on Mount Wellington, but I quite
agree with Major Munro in considering it identical with the H. borealis, a very common plant in the Arctic regions
and in the mountains of Northern Asia, Middle and Southern Europe, and North America. It varies greatly in the
position and length of the awn and size of the panicle.

Oss. The H. Brunonis (Fl. Antarct. p. 93. t. 52) which has only been found in Lord Auckland’s Group and
Campbell’s Island, possibly occurs on the mountains of New Zealand, and may be known by its resemblance to H.
redolens, and by its glumes being much longer than the florets.

Gen. XVIII. DESCHAMPSIA, Pal. Beauv.

Spicule 2-8-flore ; floribus distichis, summo tabescente. Gluma 2, carinatee, mutice, subsequales,
floribus breviores. Palee 2: inferior supra basin aristata, 4-dentata; arista brevi, recta, apice truncata;
superior apice bifida, mutica. Sguamule 2, integre. Caryopsis libera.—Spicule paniculate, pedicellate.

This genus is most frequent in the temperate and Arctic regions of the Northern hemisphere, but is also found
in Fuegia, Tasmania, and New Zealand. —Oulms slender, often branched. Leaves flat or convolute. Spikelets
panicled, shining, pedicellate, two- or three-flowered, the upper flower imperfect. Glumes 2, keeled, awnless,
nearly equal, shorter than the flowers. Lower palea truncate, four-toothed, with a short straight awn from above the
middle; upper with two nerves, bifid, awnless. Scales entire.

1. Deschampsia cespitosa, Beauv.; glaberrima, nitida, culmis cespitosis, foliis plerumque rigidis
involutis, panicula diffusa rachi levi ramulis verticillatis scabris, glumis glabris, floribus 2 «equilongis
acutis, paleis glaberrimis superiore basi sericea truncata apice erosa arista sequilonga dorso ad medium
inserta superiore bifida sequilonga, setula ad basin floris secundi pedicellati villosa.—Beauv. Agrost. Aira
cespitosa, Linn. Sp. Pl. Engl. Bot. t. 1453. Aira Kingii, Fl. Antarct. p. 916. t. 135. Aira australis,
Raoul, Choix de Plantes, p. 12?

Has. Northern Island: East Coast, on low grounds, Colenso. (Common in England.)

A very common and beautiful Grass, usually perfectly smooth, pale yellow, and shining.-—Culms tufted, 6
inches to 24 feet high, slender, wiry. Leaves involute, sometimes setaceous. Panicle 3 inches to a foot long, loose,
effuse; branches slender, whorled or fascicled, rough. Spikelets shining, yellow, green, or purple, + inch long, bear-
ing two flowers, with the villous pedicel of a third. Glumes nearly equal, acute, as long as the flowers, which are
silky at the base, the upper ona long pedicel. Lower palea truncate, toothed at the tip, with a short dorsal awn;
upper as long, bifid.

Gen. XIX. TRISETUM, Kunth.

Spicule 2-4-floree ; flore summo interdum tabescente. Gluma 2, carinate, muticæ, subsequales v.
ineequales, floribus breviores. Palee 2: inferior bifida, dorso aristata, rarius mutica, arista tortili; superior
bicarinata. Caryopsis libera, glabra.—Gramina plerumgue monticola; foliis plants v. involutis; paniculis
spicato-confertis, rarius diffusis.

Culms tufted. Leaves flat or convolute, smooth or downy. Panicles generally contracted and spike-like.
Spikelets two- to four-flowered, the upper flower often incomplete. Glumes two, unequal or nearly equal, keeled,
awnless, shorter than the flowers. Lower palea bifid, with two subulate teeth at the top, awned at the back (rarely
awnless), awn twisted. ^ Ovary glabrous. (Name from the lower palea being often three-awned.)

1. Trisetum antarcticum, Trin.; ceespitosum, glaberrimum, leve v. foliis subscaberulis, culmis strictis
erectis foliosis, foliis anguste lineari-subulatis, panicula erecta elongata subcontracta, spiculis pallidis
nitidis subtrifloris, glumis inegualibus acuminatis flosculis brevioribus dorso scabridis, palea inferiore
scaberula bifida arista reflexa, pedicello floris superioris longe sparse ciliato.—Zrinius, Act. Petrop. Aira,

Forst. Prodr. Avena, Rem. et Schultes. Br. Prodr. p. 209 (in note). A. Cunn. Prodr. Torresia, Pal,

4 F

302 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. | Graminea.

Beauv. Danthonia, Spreng. D. pallida, 4. Cunn. Prodr. et Herb. non Br. Avena Forsteri, Kunth,
Agrost. (Tas. LXVIII. B.)

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; abundant as far south as Banks’ Peninsula, Banks and So-
lander, ete.

A very elegant Grass, confined to New Zealand, as far as is hitherto known.—Culms tufted, 1-2 feet long,
strict and erect, weaker in wooded localities, smooth, shining. Leaves narrow, setaceous or elongated, quite smooth
or rough to the touch. Panicle slender, erect, contracted or rather diffuse, always narrow ; branches short. Spikelets
+ inch long, flat, white and glistening, three- or four-flowered ; conspicuous for the reflexed awns. G?umes unequal,
acuminate, shorter than the florets, scabrid at the back. Pedicels of the florets short or long, with long white
scattered hairs. Lower palea scabrous, bifid, with a glabrous recurved awn; twice as long as the floret. —PLATE
LXVIII. B. Fig. 1, spikelet; 2, floret; 3, scale; 4, ovary :—all magnified.

Oss. Trisetum subspicatum, Pal. Beauv., a very common plant in all cold and mountainous countries of Europe,
Asia, and America, and also found in Tasmania, Fuegia, and in Campbell’s Island, probably grows on the lofty
New Zealand mountains: it has a dense spiked panicle, and generally downy or woolly culm and leaves.

Gen. XX. DANTHONIA, DC.

Spicula 2-8-flore ; floribus distichis, summo tabescente. Glum@ 2, subcarinate, mutica, subee-
quales, flores «equantes v. superantes. Palee 2: inferior barbata, concava, multinervis, apice bifida, inter
lacinias muticas v. aristato-subulatas aristata; arista basi complanata, torta v. brevissima, recta. Squamule
2, integre, glabree v. pilose. Ovarium stipitatum. Caryopsis compressa, libera.—Gramina cespitosa, ple-
rumque rigida ; folis planis v. involutis ; spiculis majusculis, pedicellatis, racemosis v. paniculatis.

Generally harsh, tufted Grasses, growing in dry soils and climates, as in Australia, South Africa, and the South
of Europe.—Leaves flat or involute. Panicles rather contracted, of few large often shining spikelets. Flowers two
or more, the upper often imperfect. Glumes two, awnless, nearly equal, as long as or longer than the flowers. Lower
palea concave, many-nerved, bearded, bifid at the point, with a long or short, flattened, twisted awn. Ovary smooth,
stipitate. Seed compressed. (Name in honour of M. Danthoine, a French botanist.)

1. Danthonia antarctica, Hook. fil.; elata, rigida, culmis basi crassis, foliis culmo longioribus crassis
coriaceisque inferioribus basi intus sericeis, ligula villosa, costa valida, panicula maxima effusa, ramis
elongatis, pedicellis sericeis, spiculis (magnitudine variis) 4-7-floris albidis nitidis, glumis insequalibus,
flosculis distantibus multo brevioribus acutis apice integris erosis bidentatis, palea inferiore sericeo-villosa
bifida, arista recta v. recurva palea duplo longiorebasi compressa.—Bromus antarcticus, Flora Antaret.
p. 97. t. 54. Arundo flavescens, Banks et Sol. MSS.

Var. a. elata; culmis validis, foliis coriaceis latiusculis intus basi sericeis, panicula densiflora, spiculis
majusculis.

Var. B. lawiflora ; elata, culmis foliisque ut in var. a, panicula rariflora.—Agrostis pilosa, 4. Cunn.
Prodr. fid. Herb. Heward, non A. Rich. Flor. (Tas. LXIX. 4.)

Var. y. parviflora ; spiculis minoribus sparsis.

Var. 8. minor; glaberrima, culmis brevioribus, foliis setaceo-involutis, panicula pauciflora.

Haz. Northern and Middle Islands, Banks and Solander, etc. ; top of the Ruahine range, Colenso,
Sinclair, ete. Var. y. Southern Island, Dr. Lyall. i

A tall and very handsome Grass, but variable in size and habit, number of spikelets, breadth of leaves, their
texture and hairiness, denseness of panicle and length of glumes.—Culms 3-5 feet high, often as thick as the thumb
at the base. Leaves longer than the culm, rigid, coriaceous, with a very thick midrib, furrowed; sheaths glabrous;

ligula a transverse villous line; lamina usually silky towards the base on the upper surface. Panicle a span to a
foot long, yellow, much branched; branches a foot long, or short, slender, often downy or silky. Spikelets white,

Le

Graminee. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 303

very shining, 4-3 inch long, five- to seven-flowered. Glumes unequal, acute, erose or toothed at the tip. Florets
on a silky rachis, 4—4 inch long. Lower palea deeply bifid, seven-nerved, very silky, especially at the base and
margins, with long shining hairs; awn twice as long as the palea, straight or recurved, very flat below, seldom and
only sparingly twisted. Ovary quite glabrous.—This Grass, which is a native of Lord Auckland’s Group, is figured
and erroneously referred to Bromus in the ‘Flora Antarctica,’ from which genus it is to be distinguished by the
awn being sometimes twisted and by the ovary being glabrous. Cunningham refers the var. laxiflora to Agrostis,
though his specimens have four or five florets.

2. Danthonia rigida, Raoul; rigida, elata, vaginis subsericeis, foliis involutis glabris, panicula ampla
glabra, glumis 3-floris lanceolatis acuminatis flosculis sequilongis, palea inferiore dorso marginibus basique
sericea profunde bifida, arista basi compressa torta— Raoul, Choix de Plantes, $.19. (Tap. LXIX. A.)

Has. Middle Island: Akaroa, on stony mountains, Raoud.

I have only an imperfect specimen of this from M. Raoul, which closely resembles the last in habit and general
appearance, and may prove a variety of it; but it differs in the longer glumes, fewer florets, and less silky pales, as
also, according to M. Raoul’s description, in the silky sheaths of the leaves. —PLATE LXIX. 4. Fig. 1, spikelet ;
2, floret; 3, scale; 4, ovary:—all magnified.

3. Danthonia Žromoides, Hook. fil.; glaberrima, foliis culmo longioribus involutis, collo barbato,
panicula lanceolata contracta, ramis pubescentibus, spiculis magnis 6-floris, flosculis glumis ovato-lanceolatis
acutis multo longioribus supremis incompletis, rachi villosa, palea inferiore dorso basique sericeo-pilosa
superne puberula apice breviter bicuspidata, arista recta basi plana palea subduplo longiore, palea superiore
carinis scabris, ovario glaberrimo, squamulis obovatis ciliatis. (Tas. LX VIII. 4.)

Has. Northern Island, Stephenson.

Unlike the other species in general appearance, and more resembling Bromus mollis, but the ovary appears
perfectly glabrous.—Culms a foot or so high, quite smooth and glabrous. Leaves involute, longer than the culm,
numerous, glabrous, except at the ligula, which is represented by silky hairs. Panicle 4-5 inches long, contracted ;
branches downy. Spikelets yellow-green, not shining, 2 inch long (without the awns), six- or seven-flowered ; rachis
silky. Glumes unequal, ovate-lanceolate, acute, much shorter than the spikelet. Lower palea with long silky hairs
at the base, margin, and back, smooth or faintly downy above; its summit split into two cuspidate conniving points ;
awn twice as long as the palea, straight, flattened below. Upper palea shortly bifid, nearly as long as the lower,
with long silky hairs at the base and margins, and two scabrid keels. Scales obcuneate or obovate, ciliated with
long hairs. Anthers linear, elongate. Ovary quite glabrous.—I have only two specimens of this, and hence some
allowance must be made for probable variations in size and hairiness of parts —PraTeE LXVIII. 4. Fig. 1, floret;
2, upper palea; 3, scale; 4, stamen; 5, ovary :—all magnified.

4. Danthonia pilosa, Br.; culmis foliis setaceis vaginisque plus minusve molliter laxe patentim pilosis,
panicula coarctata lanceolata, spiculis 6-floris glumis brevioribus, palea inferiore basi medioque barbata,
fasciculis superioribus pilorum raris brevibus, aristis lateralibus elongatis palea longioribus, glumis inclusis
exsertisve intermedia torta flosculo bis ter longiore. —Br. Prodr. Trin. Sp. Gram. v. 1. t. 51.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands: Bay of Islands, etc., Sinclair, efe. ; Canterbury, Lyall.

A slender, tufted, rigid, wiry Grass.—Leaves setaceous, and culms (a span to 2 feet high) more or less covered
with long scattered hairs. Panicle contracted, lanceolate or ovate, pale-green, 13—3 inches long. Spikelets erect,
shining, with brown exserted awns, six-flowered, + inch long. Glumes longer than the florets. Lower palea with
a tuft of silky hairs at the base, and a few small tufts above the middle; lateral awns twice as long as the palea, as
long or longer than the glumes, half as long as the twisted middle awn. —A very common Tasmanian plant, also
found at Port Jackson.

5. Danthonia gracilis, Hook. fil.; foliis filiformi-setaceis culmisque gracilibus patentim pilosis, pani-
cula subsimplici elongata contracta pauciflora, glumis sub-4-floris flosculis longioribus, palea inferiore basi

304 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [ Graminee.

medioque villosa, fasciculis superioribus pilorum elongatis paleam occultantibus, aristis lateralibus pales
sequilongis gluma brevioribus, intermedia gracili breviter exserta. (Tas. LXIX. B.)
Has. Middle Island: Aglionby Plains and Motucka Valley, near Nelson, Monro.

Closely allied to D. pilosa, and equally hairy, but a more slender Grass, with longer leaves.— Panicle very
narrow. Glumes longer than the florets, of which there are only four or five. Lower palea with a dense tuft of long
hairs above the middle, and three awns, of which the middle is as long as the palea, and half as long as the slender
intermediate awn, which is scarcely longer than the glumes.—PLATE LXIX. 2. Fig. 1, spikelet; 2, floret; 8,
scale; 4, stamen ; 5, ovary :—all magnified.

6. Danthonia semiannularis, Br.; culmis vaginis foliisque glaberrimis, ore vagine longe barbato,
foliis involutis elongatis setaceisve, panicula contracta pauciflora subsimplici, glumis flosculis 4-6 multo
longioribus, palea inferiore basi medioque barbata, fasciculis superioribus pilorum aristis lateralibus (palece
zquilongis brevioribusve) sequilongis v. 4 brevioribus, arista intermedia torta glumis sequilonga v. paulo
longiore.— Br. Prodr. A. Cunn. Herb. N. Zeald. Lab. Fl. Nov. Holl. v. 1. p. 26. €. 33. Trin. Sp.
Gram. v. 5. t. 52.

Var. a. breviseta ; foliis setaceis, aristis lateralibus paleam zequantibus intermedia glumis :equilonga v.
paulo longiore.

Var. 8. Unarede ; folis latioribus involutis, aristis lateralibus paleam aeguantibus, intermedia glumis 4
longiore.—D. Unarede, Raoul, Choix de Plantes, p. 11. t. 4.

Var. vy. setifolia ; folus setaceis, panicula effusa pauciflora, aristis lateralibus paleam eequantibus inter-
media glumis longiore.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands: vars. a and 8, abundant, Cunningham, etc.; var. y, in moun-
tainous places, Colenso ; Gordon's Nob, near Nelson, Monro.

A very common and variable Grass, growing in dry, rocky places and poor soil; common in Australia and
Tasmania, whence (as from New Zealand) I have examined numerous specimens, under many different-looking
forms.—Culms and leaves quite glabrous, 8-24 inches high, slender. Mouths of the sheaths with long, spreading,
silky hairs. Panicle very variable in size, 1-5 inches long, contracted, rarely effuse, sometimes of only four spikelets.
Glumes 1—1 inch long, much longer than the four to six florets. Lower palea very villous at the base and above the
middle; hairs of the upper series sometimes as long as the lateral awns; the latter vary much in length, being
always much shorter than the glume; sometimes as long as, at others shorter than, the palea. Middle awn twisted
below, as long as or longer than the glumes; never so stout and long as in D. pilosa.—In small starved specimens
the glumes are only four-flowered, and the panicle is reduced to a few spikelets.

Gen. XXI. GLYCERIA, Br.

Spicula multiflore; floribus distichis imbricatis hermaphroditis. Glume 2, concave, obtuse; infe-
rior brevior. Palee 2, subsequilonge ; inferior ovato-elliptica, obtusa v. obtuse 3-loba, 7-nervis. Squamule
2, plus minusve inter se connate. Stamina 2-3. Curyopsis oblonga, libera.—Gramina aquatica, repentia ;
foliis plants ; panicule simplices v. ramosa ; ramis fasciculatis, subverticillatis.

A small genus of aquatic Grasses, whose seeds have been used as bread-corn in time of famine, and called
Manna.—L£eaves flat. Culms creeping below. Panicle long, simple and racemose, or more branched, with
whorled branches. Glumes concave, blunt, many-flowered. Flowers numerous, imbricated on a flexuous rachis, all
hermaphrodite. Lower palea elliptical, ovate, blunt, or with three blunt teeth and seven nerves ; upper rather shorter.
Stamens two or three. Seed free.— The species are few in number; one of these, G. fluitans, though very widely
distributed, has not hitherto been found in New Zealand. (Name from yAvxepos, sweet, in allusion to the eatable
grains.)

1. Glyceria séricta, Hook. fil; glaberrima, culmis ceespitosis strictis foliosis, foliis brevibus strictis

Graminee. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 305

involutis, panicula stricta erecta contracta, ramis pedicellisque brevibus strictis, glumis insequalibus acutis
superiore 3-nervi, flosculis 6—14 confertis, palea inferiore glaberrima acuta coriacea, nervis inconspicuis,
squamula oblonga.

Has. Middle Island: Akaroa, Raoul.

Culms 13-2 feet high, strict, stout, leafy throughout, perfectly glabrous everywhere. Sheaths of leaves long,
striate, rather swollen ; ligula short, broad, membranous. Lamina short, 2-4 inches, subulate, strict, erect, involute.
Panicle 4-6 inches long, very slender, strict, with short, stout, erect, appressed branches. Spikelets terete, rather
crowded, pale-yellow, almost shining, 4 inch long. Florets six or seven to fourteen, closely imbricated. Glwmes
unequal, sharp; upper three-nerved. Palee quite glabrous, coriaceous; lower sharp, with obscure nerves. Syuamule
ovate.—Mr. Gunn has also sent me specimens of this plant from Tasmania; they are much larger than the New

Zealand ones, but not otherwise different.

Gen. XXII. KOLERIA, Pers.

Spicule 2-1-Aore; floribus distichis. Gluma carinate, mutice, inequales. Palea inferior acuta,
mutica, v. apice v. infra apicem breviter aristata; superior apice bifida. Syuamula 2, insequales, 2-3-fide.
Caryopsis libera.—Gramina temperate hemisphere borealis australisque rara; culmis cespitosis ; foliis
blanis ; paniculis confertis, spiceformibus ; spiculis pedicellatis.

A small genus of Grasses, scattered over the temperate regions of the Northern hemisphere, of which one
European and American species is found in Tasmania and New Zealand, and in many other parts of the world. —
Culms tufted. Leaves flat or involute. Spikelets pedicelled, clustered into a dense cylindrical spike, small, two- or
many-flowered. Glumes keeled, unequal, awnless. Lower palea sharp, awnless, or awned at the tip or back; upper
bifid at the point. Seed free. (Name in honour of G. L. Köler, an author on French and German Grasses.)

1. Keeleria cristata, Pers.; glaberrima v. vaginis foliisque puberulis, panicula spicata elongata erecta
basi interrupta nitida, glumis subacutis 2—5-floris flosculis longioribus, palea inferiore dorso breviter aristata.
~—Pers. Synops. Aira, Linn. Engl. Bot. t. 648.

Has. Middle Island: Aglionby Plains, near Nelson, Monro. (Native of England.)

A handsome Grass, 1-3 feet high, conspicuous for its white, shining, spiked panicle of compressed spikelets,
with inconspicuous awns.—Whole plant more or less downy or glabrous. Leaves flat, a span long, narrow. Panicle
spiked, erect, 3-5 inches long, interrupted at the lower parts. Spikelets very variable in size, imbricate, erect, two-
to five-flowered. Glumes shorter than the florets, unequal, acute. Lower palea with a short awn at the back below
the point.— This is also a Tasmanian Grass, and is very common in Britain.

Gen. XXIII. POA, Z.

Spicula 2-8-flore; floribus distichis, hermaphroditis, nunc basi lanatis, interdum abortu dioicis.
Gluma 2, mutice, subzequales. Palee 2, muticee; inferior carinata v. concava; superior bicarinata.
Squamule 9. Stamina 2-8. Caryopsis libera, v. palese superiori adheerens.—Gramina plerumgue extra-
tropica ; foliis planis, rarius setaceis; spiculis majusculis, pedicellatis, paniculatis, rarius racemosis v.
sessilibus et spicatis,

A very large genus, found in all parts of the world, but most frequent beyond the Tropics and in cold climates,
where the species often form extensive pastures.—Leaves generally soft and flat, sometimes setaceous. Spikelets two-
or many-flowered. Flowers sometimes unisexual, smooth or webbed with wool at the base, Glumes awnless, nearly
equal. Lower palea blunt, awnless. Stamens one to three. Seed free or adhering to the upper palea.—The species
of this genus are extremely variable, especially those of Australia and New Zealand, which often assume widely
different forms. I have not united any of the New Zealand species with South American or European ones, though
an are so very closely allied to these, that I can hardly discriminate between them; still the New Zealand species
1n their prevalent forms are distinet and peculiar in habit. The confusion amongst the Northern species, complexity

4 G

306 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [Graminee.

of their synonymy, multiplication of trifling varieties, and constitution of these into species, is carried to such an
extent that the whole genus requires revision. —(Name, roa in Greek; said to be from maw, to feed.)

1. Poa ¿mbecilla, Forst.; tenella, debilis, glaberrima, culmis capillaribus, foliis angustissimis, ligula '
membranacea, panicula capillari rariflora ramis alternis binisve, spiculis minimis 3-8-floris, glumis inzequa-
libus obtusis, flosculis glabris rachi communi distantibus, palea inferiore nuda superioris carinis pubescen-
tibus.— Forst. Prodr. A. Cunn. Prodr. Br. Prodr.? P. Sprengelii, Kunth, Agrost. ?

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; abundant in woods and shady places, Banks and Solander, ete.

A very weak, generally slender, straggling, glabrous Grass, with long capillary culms, a span to a foot long,
and narrow, flat, green leaves, 1 line broad. —Zigula membranous. Panicle capillary, few-flowered; branches
solitary, alternate or two together, rarely whorled, with two or three sessile or pedicelled green minute spikelets.
Glumes unequal, three- to seven-flowered. Florets glabrous, distant, seated on a slender rachis, Zower palea
glabrous, three-nerved, green. —Also found in Australia,

2. Poa anceps, Forst.; plerumque glaberrima, culmis vaginisque sepius compressis, foliis distichis
laxis confertisve planis levibus subcoriaceis rarius scaberulis, ligula brevissima, panicula effusa v. contracta
ovata v. elongato-lanceolata ramis brevibus robustis v. elongatis et capillaribus, spiculis glabriusculis, glumis
breviusculis acutis obtusisve, flosculis 3-6 remotis vel approximatis superioribus plerumgue remotis, palea
inferiore latiuscula basi lanata.—Forst. Prodr. P. australis, 4. Rich. Flor. A. Cunn. Herb. et Prodr. non
Br. Prodr.

Var. a. elata; 2-3-pedalis, foliis planis culmo longioribus coriaceis, panicula effusa v. contracta,
spiculis majusculis 6-floris, flosculis remotis patulis, glumis subacutis.

Var. B. foliosa ; foliis distichis confertis angustioribus planiusculis v. carinatis culmo longioribus,
panicula contracta elongata ramis suberectis, spiculis minoribus 2-5-floris ovatis, flosculis approximatis,
glumis latiusculis.

Var. y. breviculmis ; culmis brevibus compressis, foliis distichis culmo brevioribus curvis coriaceis
latiusculis acutis, panicula parva ovata ramis brevibus, spiculis brevibus ovatis 3-4-floris, flosculis confertis,
glumis brevibus acutis, palea inferiore lata.

Has. Abundant throughout the Islands, Banks and Solander, ete.

I have repeatedly tried in vain to find constant characters for this and the two following species ; I believe that
all are states of one infinitely variable plant, but being totally dissimilar in habit and general appearance, I have
retained them as distinct species. Myr. Brown remarks the same wide variation in the P. australis of Australia and
Tasmania, of which he makes four arbitrary species, that have no constant characters to distinguish them. Though
the species of this genus are almost invariably glabrous and smooth in the moist climate of New Zealand, they are
generally rigid and scabrid in the drier one of Australia, and there are often no other characters by which to discri-
minate the similar forms of both countries: and I have examined New Zealand states of each of the following species,
which are all but undistinguishable from Australian specimens.—A tall or short, smooth Grass, with compressed
culms a span to 3 feet high. Leaves rather broad, flat, distichous, usually longer than the culm, thick in
texture, with a very short coriaceous ligula. Panicle 1 inch to a foot long, ovate or lanceolate or elongate, effuse
or contracted; branches long or short, erect or spreading and slender. Spikelets generally broad, large, smooth,
four- to six- (rarely two-) flowered, 4-4 inch long. Gdwmes nearly glabrous, rather sharp, broad or narrow, shorter
than the floret next them. Plorets crowded or distant, each with a woolly beard at the base.—The following
varieties pass into one another in every possible way. Var. a is 3 feet high, with coriaceous leaves, longer than the
culm, ž inch broad; an effuse or contracted large panicle, of broad spikelets, 3 inch long. Florets remote, spreading.
—Var. B is a smaller and more contracted form, growing in woods, with very compressed culms and sheaths, a foot
or more high, narrower, generally distichous and numerous leaves, and a contracted panicle, which has erect branches
and smaller spikelets. Florets two to five (rarely solitary) placed closer together, and not spreading. Glumes and
pelea broader and blunter.—Var. y looks a very different plant, from growing in open turfy ground; I gathered it

Graminee.) FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 307

near the Bay of Islands. Culms a span high, leafy at the very base only. Leaves 2-3 inches long, thick, curving.
Panicle ovate, contracted. Spikelets short, broad, three- or four-flowered ; florets placed close together. Glumes
short, broad, sharp. Lower palea very blunt, broad, very villous at the base. This closely resembles the P.
pratensis, L., of Europe.

3. Poa affinis, Br.; elata, culmis compressis, foliis distichis glaberrimis planis, ligula brevissima,
panicula effusa v. contracta, glumis scabridis acuminatis flosculo longioribus brevioribusve, flosculis 1-6
remotis angustis scaberulis basi villosis.—P. affinis, Br. Prodr. P. cespitosa, Forst. ? Prodr. Ram. et
Schultes Syst. p. 536. Sprengel in Mem. Acad. Petrop. 1810, p. 302.

Var. a. multiflora; panicula effusa, glumis 4-6-floris flosculo brevioribus.

Var. B. agrostoidea ; sepius scaberula, panicula contracta, glumis 1—2-floris flosculo longioribus.—
An Agrostis rigida, 4. Rich. Flor. ?

Has. Northern Island. Var. a. Hawkes’ Bay, Colenso. Var. B. Ahuriri, Colenso; Great Barriére
Island, Sinclair.

A very similar plant indeed to P. anceps, but the glumes are fewer-flowered, sharp and scabrid.—Zeaves long
and flat. Culms 2 feet high. Panicle very large and effuse, upwards of a span long in var. a, which has many-
flowered glumes; contracted in var. 6, in which the glumes are one- to three-flowered. —The variety of this plant
with one flower in each spikelet might well be mistaken for an Agrostis: the glumes are often longer than the
floret, and always very scabrid.

4. Poa Zevis, Br.; glaberrima v. scaberula, culmis cespitosis foliosis, foliis culmo brevioribus
eeguilongisve rigidis setaceo-involutis filiformibusve strictis curvisve, panicula laxa ovata effusa ramis
capillaribus, glumis acutis glabriusculis 8-6-foris, flosculis remotis basi nudis villosisve apice scariosis.—
Br. Prodr.

Var. a. brevifolia ; parvula, glaberrima, culmis foliis longiore, panicula elongata effusa.

Var. 8. filifolia; culmis foliis filiformibus eeguilongis v. longioribus, panicula elongata, spiculis ramis
inferioribus subspicatis.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands: Taupo plains, Ruahine range, etc., Colenso; Otago, Lyall ;
Aglionby plains, Monro. Var. 8. Akaroa, Raoul; Taupo plains and Tarawera, Colenso.

A very pretty species, common in Tasmania, and there extremely variable, becoming scabrid all over, and
passing into forms resembling the P. affinis and P. anceps.—A span to 24 feet high, perfectly smooth. Culms rigid,
tufted, slender and leafless above, densely leafy at the base. Leaves rigid, filiform or setaceous, polished, as long
or shorter than the culm. Panicle small, few-flowered, broadly ovate, of few capillary spreading branches, each
bearing a large broad spikelet of four to six spreading florets, or elongate, with slender branches bearing sessile
spikelets. Glumes sharp. Florets distant, quite glabrous or webbed at the base, membranous at the blunt tips.
—Var. ais a small plant, 3 inches to a span high, with short, rigid, curving, subulate foliage, and a small broad
panicle, of few capillary one-flowered branches.—In var. 8 the culms are two feet long. Leaves erect, very numerous
and slender, rigid, wiry, filiform, as long as the culm. Panicles 3-5 inches long, slender, few-flowered, effuse ;
branches few, distant, capillary, the lower bearing several sessile or shortly pedicelled spikelets. This variety
differs widely in appearance from the former, but the species is so extremely variable in Tasmania, that I dare not
pronounce it distinct.

Gen. XXIV. CATABROSA, Palis.

Spicule 2-flore, pedicello flosculi tertii interdum accedente; flosculis hermaphroditis; inferiore sessili ;
Superiore longe pedicellato. Gluma inszequales, concave, flosculis breviores. Palee concave, truncate,
erosee. Sguamule 9. Stamina 3. Ovarium sessile, glabrum.—Gramina regionum temperatarum ; foliis
Planis v. involutis ; panicula ramosa.

A. small genus of Grasses, of which one species inhabits north temperate regions; it resembles Deschampsia in

308 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [Gramin ee.

the form of the spikelets and florets, of which there are usually only two, but differs in the glumes being shorter
than the florets, in the long pedicel of the second flower, and in the truncate jagged lower palea. It differs from Poa
in the latter character and in the fewer florets.—(G/umes unequal, shorter than the florets. Florets two (rarely three
or four), both hermaphrodite; lower sessile, upper with a long, slender stalk; the latter is sometimes continued as
the pedicel of a third floret, which is rarely produced. Lower palea concave, broad, with a broad truncate jagged
top; upper two-nerved. Stamens three. (Name from xaraBpwors, in allusion to the erose tops of the glumes.)

1. Catabrosa Antarctica, Hook. fil.; glaberrima, culmis laxe ceespitosis gracilibus ramosis foliosis, foliis
filiformibus involutis culmis longioribus, vaginis sulcatis, ligula elongata membranacea, panicula subcontracta
laxa pauciflora ramis capillaribus 1-2-floris, spiculis parvis 2-floris nitidis pedicello flosculi tertii accedente,
glumis insequalibus subacutis, palea inferiore subenervi basi parce barbata.— 77. Antaret. p. 102. t. 66.

Has. Northern Island: summit of the Ruahine range, Colenso.

A very delicate, slender Grass, a span to a foot high, first found on the mountains of Campbell’s Island.— Culms
very slender, leafy, branched below. Sheaths deeply furrowed. Ligula long, slender, membranous; leaf longer than
the culm, filiform. Panicle very slender, erect, contracted, few-flowered, 1-2 inches long, sparingly branched ;
branches capillary, one- or two-flowered. Spikelets small, 4 inch long, flat, white and glistening. Glumes acute,
unequal. florets two, each with a small tuft of loose hairs at the base; upper with a pedicel as long as itself.
Lower palea concave, membranous, with a broad jagged top; nerves obscure. Anthers short and broad. Sguamule
oblique.

Gen. XXV. FESTUCA, Z.

Spicule bi-multi-flore. Glume 2 (raro in $ Vulpia 1), carinatee, insequales, mutice. Palee 2:
inferior ecarinata, apice acuta v. aristata; superior bicarinata, Squamule 2, acute bifide. Stamina 1-3.
Caryopsis glabra, libera, v. palese superiori adheerens.—Folia plana v. setacea ; spicule plerumque pedi-
cellata, paniculate v. racemose ; rachilla articulata.

A large genus of Grasses, almost confined to temperate and cold regions, forming extensive pasture-lands in
the Alps of Europe and elsewhere.—Leaves flat or subulate. Spikelets pedicelled, panicled or racemose, rarely
spiked ; florets often numerous, on a jointed partial rachis. Glumes two (sometimes one in $ Vulpia), keeled.
Palee two; lower keeled, quite entire at the tip, acute, often with a terminal awn. Scales two, bifid, smooth.
Stamens one to three. Styles terminal. Caryopsis free or adhering to the upper palea.—I know of no character but
the acuminate and often awned palea to separate this genus from Poa. The entire tip of the lower palea distin-
guishes it from Schedonorus. (Name, a Latin one of uncertain derivation.)

1. Festuca scoparia, Hook. fil.; glaberrima, rigida, culmo folioso, foliis setaceo-involutis elongatis
subfiliformibus ligula brevissima, panicula contracta v. effusa, spiculis majusculis latiusculis 4—7-floris,
glumis subsqualibus flosculis brevioribus, palea inferiore scaberula acuminata basi longe barbata.— 77.
Antarct. p. 98.

Has. Middle Island: Port William, Lyall.

A littoral Grass, originally found in Lord Auckland and Campbell’s Islands. —-Perfectly smooth, polished, rigid,
densely tufted. Culms 1-3 feet high. Leaves involute, filiform or setaceous, as long as or shorter than the culm.
Ligula very imperfect. Panicle 1-5 inches long, contracted or effuse. Spikelets few, four- to seven-flowered, 3-4
lines long. florets spreading. Glumes acuminate, shorter than the florets. Lower palea acuminate, scabrid,
bearded at the base.— This plant approaches very near small states of Schedonorus littoralis, but I find no trace of
toothing at the top of the lower palea.

2. Festuca foliosa, Hook. fil.; glaberrima, culmis cespitosis compressis foliosis (in exempl. Nov.
Zeland.) brevibus, foliis subdistichis planis v. subinvolutis culmo brevioribus longioribusve, ligula mem-
branacea triangulari, panicula nutante effusa multiflora, glumis 4-6-floris acuminatis flosculis approximatis

Graminee. | FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 309

brevioribus, palea inferiore 5-nervi acuminata subsericea v. glaberrima basi barbata.—FJora Antarct.
2. 99. £. 55.
Has. Middle Island: Port William, Zyall.

Also a littoral Grass, found first in Lord Auckland and Campbell’s Islands, where it grows to a great size and
3 feet high. Milford Sound specimens are only a span long, quite glabrous.— Culms short, tufted, leafy at the base.
Leaves coriaceous (not rigid), plane or keeled and compressed; shorter than the culm (in New Zealand specimens).
Ligula conical, membranous. Panicle inclined, effuse, many-flowered. Spikelets 24-3 lines long, four- to six-
flowered. Glumes smooth, acuminate. Lower palea acuminate, five-nerved, quite glabrous or silky, bearded at the
base.

3. Festuca duriuscula, L.; stricta, erecta, glaberrima, culmis ceespitosis basi foliosis, foliis setaceo-
involutis strictis erectis v. patulis, panicula elongata coarctata, ramis brevibus elongatisve paucifloris,
glumis 6—8-floris insequalibus acutis flosculis brevioribus, flosculis linearibus remotis scabridis, palea
inferiore basi nuda acuminata aristata.— Linn. Sp. Pl. Engl. Bot. t. 470.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands, in mountainous districts: East Coast, Cape Turnagain, etc.,
Colenso ; Aglionby Plains, etc., Monro. (A most abundant British Grass.)

A widely distributed Grass, found in Tasmania and Fuegia, and in almost all temperate and cold climates. It
forms a great proportion of the alpine pasture grass in the moorlands of the British Islands, and is extremely
variable in stature and habit.—Quite smooth, generally shining. Culms densely tufted, leafy chiefly at the base,
1-3 feet high, strict, slender. Leaves setaceous, often long and filiform, sometimes short and rigid. Panicle an
inch to a span long, erect, narrow, contracted or spreading, few-flowered ; branches erect, long or short, slender.
Glumes acuminate or acute, shorter than the florets, four- to eight-flowered. Zlorets narrow, remote, glabrous.
Lower palea acuminate, awned, generally scabrid.

4. Festuca (Vulpia) Žromoides, L.; annua, glaberrima, culmis plurimis dense cespitosis foliosis, foliis
filiformibus involutis, vaginis elongatis, ligula membranacea, panicula contracta unilaterali racemosa ramis
brevibus erectis, spiculis sessilibus 8-10-floris leevibus scaberulisve, glumis unilateralibus valde inzequalibus
subulato-acuminatis, flosculis approximatis anguste lanceolatis, palea inferiore longe aristata, arista scabe-
rula.— Linn. Sp. Pl. Engl. Bot. t. 1411. F. plebeia, Br. Prodr. :

Var. 8. tenella ; culmis brevibus capillaribus 1-3-floris.

Has. Bay of Islands, Auckland, and Great Barriere Islands, abundant, Sinclair, ete. Var. B. Bay
of Islands, freguent. (A native of England.)

A. very common Grass, native of Europe and (generally naturalized) of other parts of the world. Tt has pos-
sibly been introduced into New Zealand, as I do not find it in any of the older collections, and, except Dr. Sinclair’s
Great Barriére Island specimens, all are from the vicinity of settlements. It was found in Tasmania by Mr. Brown,
and is common in that island.—An annual Grass, very variable in size, from 2 inches to 2 feet, always perfectly
smooth. Culms densely tufted, simple, more or less leafy upwards, slender (in var. fj as slender as a thread).
Leaves narrow, involute, filiform; sheaths long. Panicle generally 1-3 inches long, erect, contracted, rather dense,
sometimes reduced in var. f to one spikelet. Branches short, erect, appressed. Spikelets rather crowded, shortly
pedicelled, three- to ten-flowered, 3 inch long with the awns. Glumes narrow, subulate, the upper much the
largest, strongly nerved, placed at one side of the base of the spikelet. Florets close together on a slender rachis,
Lower palea scabrous or smooth, concave, narrow, lanceolate, tapering into a long scabrid hair-like awn.

Gen. XXVI. SCHEDONORUS, Paz.

Omnia Festuce, sed palea inferiore mutica, sub apice breviter emarginato-dentata.

This genus only differs from Festuca in having the sharp lower palea notched at each side near the top, or
obscurely three-toothed—a very obscure character in 6. lifforalis, and sometimes wanting: the southern species are
4

210 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [Graminea.

generally wiry, rigid Grasses. (Name from oxedov, near, and ópos, the top; whence Schedonorus, as written by Palisot,
and not Schenodorus, as it is usually spelt.)

1. Schedonorus Zittoralis, Pal. Beauv.; glaberrimus, culmis ceespitosis inferne ramosis erectis strictis
rigidis foliosis, foliis erectis involutis teretibus apicibus pungentibus culmo longioribus, panicula elongata
coarctata ramis brevibus, spiculis (magnis) compressis, glumis lanceolatis acuminatis, flosculis sub-6 imbri-
catis, palea inferiore pubescente carinata obscure 3-dentata basi nuda v. barbata.—Pal. Beauv. Agrost.
S. Billardierianus, Nees. Festuca? littoralis, Br. Prodr. Fl. Antarct. p. 99. T. juncea, Banks et Sol. MSS.
Poa littoralis, Lab. Fl. Nov. Holl. v. 1. p. 29. t. 91. Arundo triodioides, Trin. Sp. Gram. v. 8. t. 351.

Var. 8. minor ; panicula breviore, spiculis minoribus.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands, near the sea: East Coast, etc., Banks and Solander, Stephenson,
Colenso. Var. 8. Auckland, Sinclair, and Port William, Lyall.

A common Grass on the Tasmanian and Australian coasts, growing in sand and on rocks, where it forms dense
hard tufts, of a pale yellow colour.—Culms 1-3 feet high, and leaves perfectly smooth, glabrous and polished,
shining, striated, rigid, erect, wiry, branched at the base. Leaves involute, terete, sharp, almost pungent, longer
than the culms. Panicles 3-10 inches long, slender, pale yellow, green, with a rigid rachis and short erect branches.
Spikelets broad, compressed, five-flowered, 4—2 inch long. Glumes acuminate, shorter than the florets, which are
pubescent. Lower palea sharp, three-toothed at the tip.—I fear there are no characters whereby to separate 7.
scoparia of Lord Auckland’s Island and Port William from this. Small specimens gathered at Auckland by Sinclair
have quite entire tips to the paleæ, and, proceeding southwards, the same organ seems to get more hairy below,
till, at Lord Auckland’s Group, it becomes absolutely bearded.

Gen. XXVII. BROMUS, Z.

Spicule multiflore. Glume 2, mutice. Palee 2: inferior ecarinata, apice bifida, inter lobos aristata ;
arista non torta; superior bicarinata, carinis ciliatis. Syuamule 2, integre. Stamina 3. Ovarium apice
hirsutum; stigmatibus 2, basi remotis.—Gramina planifolia, paniculata.

A large genus of Grasses, chiefly natives of Europe and North America, where many species are roadside
weeds.—Culms generally annual, simple or branched at the very base only. Leaves flat. Spikelets pedicelled,
panicled, many-flowered. GZumes unequal, not awned. /lorcts all perfect, distichous, imbricated. Lower palea
split at the top, with a straight awn between the lobes. Scales entire. lamens three. Styles remote, one on
each side of the hairy top of the ovary. (Name, a Greck term for Oats and other cereal Grasses.)

1. Bromus arenarius, Lab.; totus villosus pilis mollibus patentibus, foliis utrinque villosis, ligula
brevissima, panicula patula nutante ramis elongatis paucifloris, spiculis lanceolatis 5—7-floris longe pilosis,
glumis lanceolatis setaceo-acuminatis, palea inferiore lanceolata marginibus late apicibusque membranaceis,
arista palez «equilonga reeta— Lab. Fl. Nov. Holl. v. 1. p. 23. t. 28. B. australis, Br. fid. A. Cunn.
Prodr. et Herb.

Has. Bay of Islands; rocky places near the sea, 4. Cunningham, Colenso, etc.

Also a native of Australia.—Culms 3 inches to a foot high, densely covered, as are the leaves on both sides,
and spikelets, with long soft spreading hairs. Panicle nodding; branches few, slender, spreading, few-flowered.
Spikelets with the awn an inch long, narrow, lanceolate. Glumes five- to seven-flowered, lanceolate, acuminate,
almost awned. Lower palea with two bifid tips, which, as well as the margins, are white and membranous. Awn
straight, as long as the palea.

Gen. XXVIII. TRITICUM, Z.

Spicule spicatee, rachi parallele, tri-multiflorz ; floribus distichis. G/um@ 2, suboppositee, insequales v.
subeequales. Palee 2: superior bicarinata, carinis ciliatis. Sguamule 2, integre, seepius ciliate. Ova-
rium apice pilosum. Caryopsis libera v. paleis adnata.—TFolia plana; spicule rachi continua spicata;
floribus rachilla sepius articulata. sessilibus.

Graminee.] FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 311

This genus, which includes the cultivated Wheat, is found in various parts of the world. — Culms branched at
the base. Leaves flat. Spikelets generally arranged in a dense spike, parallel to the unjointed rachis, three- to many-
flowered. Glumes two, nearly equal. Palee two; upper with two ciliated keels. Scales two, entire, often ciliated,
Ovary hairy at the top, free or with the pales adhering to it. (Name, originally given to the Wheat grain, from
tritum, beaten; in allusion to the operation of thrashing.)

1. Triticum multiflorum, Banks et Sol.; erectum, culmis gracilibus vaginisgue glabris, foliis planis
superne scaberulis, spica elongata, spiculis levibus appressis 6-16-floris, glumis insequalibus lanceolatis
obtusis acuminatisve nervosis flosculo 4-3 brevioribus, palea inferiore inferne enervi superne nervosa
obtusa apiculata v. in aristam brevem scabram rectam angustata, superiore obtusa.—T. multiflorum et T.
languidum, Banks et Sol. MSS. T. scabrum, A. Cunn. Herb. non Br. T. repens, A. Rich. Flor. ?

Has. Northern Island: Bay of Islands, Auckland, East Coast, ctc., Banks and Solander, etc.

Closely allied to the 7. repens of Europe and very many other countries, but distinguished by the many-
flowered spikelets: Major Munro has pointed out to me its identity with a Tibetan species, the T. semicostatum,
Nees, which is, I believe, unpublished. The whole genus requires a revision, which will, no doubt, result in a
reduction of the many supposed species to a very few cosmopolitan ones.—Culms annual, slender, erect or prostrate
below, 1-2 feet high, striate and quite glabrous, as are the sheaths. Zeuves flat, 4—8 inches long, smooth below,
rough to the touch on the upper surface. Spike a span long, of six to twelve alternate spikelets, each many- (eight-
to sixteen-) flowered, 1—3 inch long. Glumes unequal, acuminate, nerved, one-third smaller than the pales. Lower
palea smooth, concave, nerveless and pale below, green above, there nerved, and produced into a short, rigid, rough awn.

2. Triticum scabrum, Br.; culmis cespitosis gracilibus vaginisque levibus (rarius scaberulis), foliis
planis v. involutis utrinque scabris (rarius levibus) striatis, spica 2-10-flora, spiculis scaberulis 4—8-floris,
glumis lanceolatis subzequalibus nervosis palea flosculo duplo brevioribus, palea inferiore basi levi enervi
superne scaberula carinata in aristam validam lente recurvam scabridam palea bis terve longiorem angus-
tata.— Br. Prodr. A. Rich. Flor. T. squarrosum, Banks et Sol. MSS.; nob. in Lond. Journ. Bot. v. 3.
P. 417. Festuca scabra, Lab. Fl. Nov. Holl. v. 1. p. 22. t. 26. Vulpia scabra, Nees in Plant. Preiss.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands; in dry places, often near the sea, Banks and Solander, ete.

Very nearly allied to the T. longiaristatum, Boiss., of Persia, T. elymoides, Hochst., of Abyssinia, and a very
common Tibetan and North-west Himalayan species, if indeed these be not all identical. —A very common and
variable Australian Grass, also found in Tasmania, being generally more scabrid, and bearing a smaller spikelet,
in those countries than in the moister climate of New Zealand.—Culms tufted, slender, 8 inches to 2 feet high,
sometimes capillary, with only one spikelet, varying in such cases just as Festuca bromoides does. Culms and sheaths
generally quite smooth. Leaves usually very scabrid on both surfaces, 1-4 inches long, flat or involute. Spike
4-6 inches long, two- to cight-flowered. Spikelets scabrous, erect, alternate, 14-24 inches long, including the awns.
Glumes unequal or nearly equal, often very small, sometimes half as long as the palez (without the awns), lanceo-
late, nerved. Lower palea smooth and nerveless below, keeled and scabrid above, produced into a long, rigid,
slightly recurved awn, twice or thrice as long as itself.

Gen. XXIX. GYMNOSTICHUM, Schreb.

Spicule spicatee, rachi parallele, 2-3-flore ; flores distantes. Glume 2, setiformes, v. 0. Palee 2:
Superior bicarinata, carinis ciliatis. Stamina 3. Sguamule glabre v. ciliate. Caryopsis paleis adnata. —
Gramina planifolia ; spiculis rachi continua subdistichis.

A genus hitherto supposed to contain only one species, which is found in the United States. It is distinguished
from Triticum by the glumes being absent or reduced to a pair of rigid bristles, and by the distant, fewer, long-
pedicelled florets. In the New Zealand species the spikelets are solitary, in the American G. hystrix they are
placed two together. (Name from yupwos, naked, and ortyxos, a rank ; in reference to the absence of glumes.)

312 FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. [Graminee.

1. Gymnostichum gracile, Hook. fil.; culmis gracilibus vaginisque levibus, foliis planis angustis
elongatis superne asperulis, spica elongata subflexuosa gracili, spiculis 20-40 distichis sessilibus, glumis
setiformibus v. nullis, flosculis 2-8 hispidulis inferiore breviter secundo longe pedicellato plerumque
pedicello tertii accedente, palea inferiore 5-nervi (lateralibus obscuris) in aristam rectam rigidam palea
breviore angustata. (Tas. LXX.)

Has. Northern and Middle Islands: woods at Patea and Tarauera villages, Colenso; Akaroa, Raoul.

Slender, erect, 3-4 feet high. —Culms and sheaths smooth. Leaves narrow, flat, rough above. Spike 4-1
inches long, slender, erect. Rachis flexuous, very flat, edges ciliate. Spikelets with awns 4-2 inch long, sessile,
solitary, twice as long as the internodes. Gwmes 0, or two rigid sete. Florets two or three; upper often imperfect,
with the pedicel of a third at its base; lower shortly pedicelled, secund, with a pedicel half as long as the upper
palea. Lower palea narrow, five-nerved, rough with short hairs, produced into a straight awn one-fourth to one-half
as long as itself. Scales ovate, entire or obliquely bilobed, ciliate. Ovary with a bristly pencil of hairs at the top.
—PraTE LXX. Fig. 1, spikelet with subulate glumes; 2, spikelet without glumes; 3 and 4, scales; 5, stamen ;
6, ovary :—all magnified.

Gen. XXX. ZOYSIA, Willd.

Spicule uniflore; flore sessili. Guma 1, antica, carinata, marginibus basi connatis. Palee 2,
membranaceee : inferior uninervis, carinato-complicata; superior brevis v. 0, enervis, carinata. Squamule 0.
Caryopsis libera.—Gramen pusillum, rigidum; foliis distichis, canaliculatis ; spica simplici, racemosa, con-
tinua ; spiculis imbricatis.

A small, rigid, wiry, creeping Grass, with short leafy culms and a terminal spicate raceme.— Leaves distichous,
channelled. Spikelets one-flowered; flower sessile. Glume one, keeled, compressed, the margins connate, open
above. Palee two, membranous; lower keeled, compressed, ovate-oblong, one-nerved ; upper short, nerveless, keeled,

or wanting. Scales 0. Caryopsis free. (Name in honour of Baron Charles de Zoys, a Carniolian ecclesiastic and
collector of plants.)

l. Zoysia pungens, Willd.—Br. Prodr. Kunth, Agrost. p. 471. Agrostis Matrella, Zinn. Mant.
Rottboellia uniflora, A. Ounn. Prodr.

Has. Northern and Middle Islands: Bay of Islands, abundant, Sinclair, ete. ; Motucka valley, near
Nelson, Monro.

A curious little Grass, a native of New Zealand, Australia, India, and the Mauritius.—Culms woody below,
there creeping horizontally, sending downwards long wiry roots, and upwards short divided branches, 1-2 inches
long, that bear distichous, spreading, subulate, generally involute leaves. Upper part of culm naked, slender, 1 inch
long. Spike small, of four to six closely appressed, imbricate, sessile or shortly pedicelled spikelets, arranged on a
flattened flexuous rachis.

END OF VOLUME I.

JOHN EDWARD TAYLOR, PRINTER,
LITTLE QUEEN STREET, LINCOLN’S INN FIELDS.

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