y é is BULLETIN. No. 17.” (Re xd DIVISION OF AGROSTOLOGY. - [Grass and Forage Plant Investigations. : JAN GRASSES-II. * x "WASHINGTON... -— GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFIC y : 1901. PF : BULLETIN No. 17. (Revised edition.) (bios. 80.) U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, DIVISION OF AGROSTOLOGY. [Grass and Forage Plant Investigations.] AMERICAN GRASSES—II. (ILLUSTRATED.) F. LAMSON-SCRIBNER, AGROSTOLOGIST. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1901. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Division OF AGROSTOLOGY, Washington, D. C., January 5, 1901. Sır: I have the honor to transmit herewith copy for a revised edition of American Grasses—II, Bulletin No. 17 of this Division, and I respectfully recommend its early publication. The first edition of this work was quickly exhausted, and there are frequent applica- tions for copies which it is impossible to supply; a new edition is necessary to meet this demand. American Grasses— [I was published as Bulletin No. 7 of the Division of Agrostology, and contains descriptions and illustrations of 302 species, Three revisions of that work have been published. In this bulletin 325 addi- tional species are described and illustrated, making a total for the two bulletins of 627 species. In this revision the synonymy has been carefully gone over and revised or extended, and the same is true of the descriptions, which have been entirely rewritten. This has been made possible by the adoption of the present form and the use of smaller type, permitting more ample descriptions, which have been deemed necessary, and the occasional addition of economie notes. Many of the illustrations are drawn from type specimens. This is especially true of the new species of Panicum. For information concerning the forage or other eco- nomic values of the grasses described, the reader is 3 4 referred to previously published bulletins of the Divi- sion, and especially to Bulletin No. 14. The illustrations are of the same character as in American Grasses—I, and have been executed by the same artists. Respectfully, F. LamMson-Scrispner, Agrostologist. Hon. James WILSON, Secretary of Agriculture. DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIES, METRIC MEASUREMENTS AND THEIR ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS. The metric system adopted in this bulletin is now quite gen- _ erally employed in botanical and other scientific publications. For those unfamiliar with this system, the English equivalents are added in parentheses, the signs ° for feet, ’ for inches, and ” for lines or twelfths of an inch being used. 6 i W Fig. 303. IMPERATA BRASILIENSIS Sci. Math. Phys. et Nat. 2: 331. 1833. (I. caudata Chapm. Suppl. Fl. So. U. S 668. 1884. N RA 833, or Scribn. 1882. GRASS.—A rather slender, erect perennial 3-7 dm. (19-21?) high, with narrow, white-hairy panicles, 6-12 em. (2’-5’) long, and linear-lanceolate leaves. Sheaths nt; ligu , 15-60 m. (6/-19" sometimes hairy bos the SPT surface he ar the base. apitats (a) 6-7 mm. (331% long: e abou - (3”) 1 ong with few scattered, long, whitc hairs. tk f ) with a stout, twisted awn 14-18 minm. | (zh 9") long; hairs as long as or exceeding the N npo moist grounds, New Jersey to South Carolina and westw Tex tember. Elliott (Sk. MX 8. C. and geh i: epider d a wrong idea of Andropogon alope- curoides L., as scribed it as having a straight awn. Examination of Baldwin's ispeot E. contortus i Herb. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia shows that itis distinct this species. 6. 305. MANISURIS TESSELLATA (Steud.) Seribn. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Am. Bul. 20: 20. 1900.. ( Rottboellia tessellata Steud. Syn. Pl. Gram. 362. 1854. Rottbollia corrugata of authors, not of Baldwin, Am. Journ. Sci. 1: 355. 1819.) TALL RAT- TAIL- GRASS.- —A. 8 tout, erect perennial, 11 m. S) or more t bih, (2}/-3/) long, terminating the branches from the upper joints of the um Sessile spikelets, 5-6 mm. (217-3") long, with transverse ridges peal pesma pressi t grow: P pin IL i is pois Moo, the transverse ridges baak e e 10 G. 306. MANISURIS RUGOSA (Nutt.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. pa 2: : pe ttti roa Nutt. Gen. 1: 84. 1818 BR. re ata Bald : 355. 1819.) Stir with ous Sak culms 1-2 m, 39-6 0) high, narrow leaves 3 m. — e es Outer glum sessile spikelet (a) about m. (2" long and strongl trans e t "s wet soil Delaware to Florida and Ala y near the coast. August to October fs ma a Š st CHAPMANI pacii 8 Se occurs in Florida, has much less outer glumes, shorter inte ternodes of the inflorescence, and elongated dander flowering branches, Manisuris ru a (Nutt.) Kuntze, and Manisuris corrugata (Baldw.) exis are identical, as rie itr by the type specimens in the Herb. Acad, Nat. Philadelphia, and Baldwin na ecla gem them to be the same and to pics been described from the same terial. € grass referred to M. corrugata in recent eollections is M. ee pim ) € (Fig. 305.) 11 vg A MANISURIS CYLINDRICA (Michx.) Kuntze, pei Gen. Pl. 2: 719. ( Tripsacum cylindricum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 60. ; Rottbellia atin. Pac. R. R. Rept.45: 108. 1857.) SLENDER 1 GRASS.— A slender perennial, with T terete, erook ipee 6-9 dm . (29-39) high, nar- row leaves 15-30 em. (6’-12’) lo li racemes 12-18 em. (5,7 long. Sheaths smooth; 1 short, eiliolate Wet Pus d (1%) broad, smooth beneath, scabrous above and on First glume (c) of tuse, i Pedicellate spikelet vadimen ntary, 1.5-2 mm. (?/-1”) long Sessile spikelet (b) 6-7 mm. (3/-3}”) long.— Prairies, — to eee ee Indian Terri- ry, and Texas. June to Septem Fie. 308. TRIPSACOIDES Humb. et Bonpl. in Willd. Sp. P 4:941. 1806. (Rottbellia ciliata N utt. Gen. 1:83, 1818. FA MASA 15-50 em. (6/-20^) 1 nder, more es 8-14 em, (3/-6’) in length. Sessile spikelets lanceolate, 7-10 mm. (34/7-5") long, with a , densely lus 1-1.5 mm. (y. ong; first glume (e) acute, bifid at the a searious on the ; and third glumes (d, d’ qual, m. long.—Low pine barrens and marshy grounds, Florida to Texas. (So ugust, mber. dung 309. ANDRO N TENER Kunth, Rev. S ch 565. 1835. BEARD- SS BROOM ont a A slender perennial grass dm. (39-29) high, with rp narrow leaves and very slender racemes 3-6 em. ates phen Sheaths. equaling or exceeding the internodes; ligule very short, truncate; leaf-blades 5-15 em. (2’-6’) long, 1-2 mm. (1"-1" ses - Senile — (a) 4-5 mm. (2"-2i") i a 1 hills and pine barrens, “Florida, Alabama, and Mississippi to Kew Mexico. (Cuba, Mexico.) July to September. : 14 Fic. 310. e th, Enum. 1:489. 1833. SHORT- BEARDED BROOM SEDGE.—A rather stout, cœspitose perennial 6-10 dm Sit high, with narrow leaves and slender racemes 8-12 em. (3’-5’) long. f-blades 15-30 em. (67 12“) long, 2-4 mm. (1-27) wide, sometimes subvillous at the base, Sessile spikelet (a) 7-8 mm. (3}’-4”) long, wb the slender awn of the deeply cleft fourth glume di 10-16 mm. (5/-8") long. The first, second, 'umes are shown by b, e, d.—Florida to New Mexico and Nevada. (Cuba, Porto Rico ) September to April, Var. PRUINATUS Hack. in DC. Mon nog. Phan. 6: 370. 1889. (A. tener Curtiss N. A. P1. 3633, not hasth 1 prui Florida wW UE 311 ROPOGON HIRTIFLORUS OLIGOSTA! Cha we) Were in DC. 1 Phan. 6: 372. 1889. (Andr n tesa ed Chapm. Fl. So. U. S. 581. 1860. )—A slender perennial 6-12 dm. (2949) high, with nar- row, smoot 5-6 (2/-21^) long. — spikelet (a) 6-7 mm. (37-317) long, with the first il lume (b) hirsute and th deeply cleft fourth glume (e) bearing a slender vat die awn about 15 mm (7% long. The second and third glumes are shown by d, c. and the lodicules n V Fourn.) Hac orm brous on both sides; sheaths piloso above, ciliate, the first glume pilose an roughened. New Mexico. (Mexico.) smm FIG. 312. ANDROPOGON GRACILIS Spreng. Syst. 1:284. 1825. Not Presl. 189. SLENDER BROOM SEDGE.—A slender, erect perennial 3-4 dm. (12-16) high, with thread-like leaves 10-20 em. (4’-8’) long and terminal, silky-hairy em. (1/2) long. Sessile spikelet (a) 4-6 mm. (2,370 long, with to the right in a) densely plumose-ciliate, with white hairs one and a half times as loi he p ; ) 1 I southern Florida. (West Indies.) June to August. | E e Ulo c d 5 (Ell.) Hack. in Pr 1 n the lower prise isse villous. suey 30-50 em. lets (a) 44 . (2"-22") long; awns 16-20 mm. (8"-10") long.—Moist pine barrens end oud Malda deyss Alabama t = a c September, October. Var. VIRIDIS Hack, l. € s lea and very smooth xtd — vur.GLATOUS Hack. a .€., has Smooth puri gie ER e ths nd eu icle branches and nodes; vàr. DEAL Mohr, I. c., is a oe the lower medien and pee ied otc yei the panicle- aei i bearded at the nodes. sos also Bul. 7: 16 fig. 10.) 1 5 pe 18 Fig. 314. ANDROPOGON MOHRII Hack, in Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: .Phan.6: 413, 1889.) M mes erawn about 20 mm. (10% long. The sessile and spikelets are shown by a, the first glume by b, the second by c, the third by and the broad glabrous lodicules by f.—Low vine | Alabama, Mississippi, and 5 1i. October, November. FIG. 315. ANDRO NGIBERBIS Hac Mba var. distachyus aen ij predecir "BROOM 'SEDGE.—A slender gram oe m. (2°-3°) Meh oes — silky-villous sheaths, nder panicles 20-30 em. (8'-12" sone. Racemes se cm. u- i eee spikeet 44. 5 mm. (20-2) long, nente broader th viri ing a sender a awn invia (de mm. (8") long; first glume (b) acute or scarcely mucro; cabrous on the keels; second and third glumes (e, red acute, cem brous. pue sessile and on a 3 are shown by d and the lodicul by /.—High pine lands, Florida | | \ = VER = 2 — Ga, f GBA N » 1, Hg 2 — — SN A SR < Ss ANDROPOGON BRACHYSTACHYS Chia v l pm. Suppl. Fl. So. U. * SHORT-SPIKED BROOM SEDGE.—A stout, erect perennial 12-15 narro 2 UE glume (b) very acute, entire, caniculat ! ~ ] , , € between the seabrous keels; sec ird, and fourth glumes (c, d, e) ciliat i ende! Aas 2-8 zug. (847) o Hà l, e) ciliate, the fourth glume (e) bearing a slenaé’ 4 and the lodicules by /—Pine barrens, Florida, September, October. 21 Fig. 317. ANDROPOGON GLOMERATUS (Walt.) B. S. P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. oT. 1859. _ (Cinna e vat S eme M 1788; A. macrourus Michx. 1803.) t perennial 6-12 dm. (2°49) high. Sessile spikelets mm. (2") long. 5 id reduced to a short bract or minute slender plumose pedicel longer than the sessile spikelet. The sessile ink d pedicellate s spikel ets are shown by a, the first, second, and third glumes by b, e; A the fourth f.—Low grounds, New York t . fee a to Texas s, New Mexico, and Nevada. (Mexico, tower California, LM and Jamaica.) 5 = Dr ember. : 27, Jig. 9. 22 —2 — = SSS Le —— —— | SS aS a SS M — —— ASS — ae ” 318. Suppl. Fl. So. U. S. 668. A. scoparius maritimus Hack, in DC. Mon BROOM SEDGE. A rather ew og. Phan. 6: 385. 1889.) 8 Sr gregis with numerous ab reflexed, rigid, and glabrous leaves 5-10 em. (2/-4’) long an em. (1}’-2’) long. Sessile (€ d stout racemes spikelets 5 os. (9^) long, with the bifid fourth gl an awn about 13 mm. (6} attenuate; the an - (61") long; first glume (b) 3-5-nerved, ird glumes are shown by cand d. Pedice spikelets 7-10 mm. (3}”-5”) long, the first glume 7-nerved, short-aristate. pedice late spikelets are shown ct and the stamens of we September to Novem A good sand binder, "allied to A. scoparius, but quite distinct, G. 319. ANDRO N HALLII Hack. Sitzungsber. Ak. Wiss. Wien, 89: E 1884 COLORADO ATO BÁN D-GRASS.—A aa glabrous perennial 4-9 dm. il PUn " more, wi ith flat lenya R m. (4’-8’) in length, and stout 8 edt /-3i^)long. Sessile spike- lets. (a) pm mm. (4-5Y") long, with the first ( glume (b) ahne ks the keels 3-nerved, retrorsely ciliate on the infolded margins. The fourth or y dicus ; glume is shown by eand the palea by f. Awn shorter than the spikelet or wanting.— Dry, sandy soil, North Dakota, pem southward to Kansas, Texas, and New Mexico. (Mexico.) July to Septem Var. FLAVEOLUS Hack. I. c., has boj oints of the rachis yellow-villous, spike- Jets 8 mm. (4% long, awn 2-5 mm. (1"-2j") long. — INCANESCENS Hack. I. c., has the joints of the rachis white-canescent, spikelets 11 mm. n ione, awn as in the preceding. Var . MUTICUS Hack. m RO M onog. Phan. 6 1899, 5 eee LH . ANDROPOGON WRIGHTII Hack, Flora, 68:139. 1885. BROOM SEDGE.—A sender, erect perennial 5-8 dm. (149-89) high, with 100, flat leaves 15-20cm. (6' 4 cm. (147) long. Sessile spi kelet 5.5-6 mm, arn long, with the very narrow fourth glume (e) bearing a rv awn » (0^ 7V/^) (b) Ms narrow infolded m as long as the glume; ned se us eee spikelet equaling the ee one, consisting of three | and sessile spikelets are shown in a.—Dry mesas, rms Me Fic. 322. ANDROPOGON gerig a n. Sp. Pl. 1045, 1753. (Hetero- contortus Beauv. in R. & S. Syst, Mk 1817.) TWISTED BEA GRASS.—A stout perennial 3-10 dm 8 high, with rather broad lea’ and solitary b racemes ter ti culm or its branch about 5 em. (2) long. Sessile | mm. „ with a sharp- ted is callin, pubsscesti ; second gl (d) glume (f) hyaline at the base, e awn 8-10 em, (3/-4’) aps Pedicellate spikelets rae ss (4550) long, om es membr near the mar toward the apex. The senile and pedicellate spikelets are shown at a, and j spikelet opened to show the parts at b.—Sandy soil, Texas to subtropical countries of both hemispheres.) te first glum ; narrower, 3-nerved; third glume (v) very - E fourth or v xtended abo , twisted, an 27 FIG ANDROPOGON MELANOC. onanera core e riduce 146. in. Brest uat Of enin Gram. 183. 1817; Heteropogon mela pus Ben rn. Linn. Soc. 19: 71. 1882) LARGE-FRUITED BEARD- GRASS.—A stout, t bin xum ng 8 with 3 ee, ps culms 5-20 dm. Lu BBN TY and terminal or lateral race m. (1}’-2}’) long. Sheaths subcom smooth ik X ai isos 15-40 em. (6'-16") long, 5-1 ec (215% wide, scabrous. " Sessile spikelet (b) 7-9 mm. (3i1^-4i") long, with a sharp barbate callus 3 mm. (13”) long, and a stout, densely-villous em. (3’-5’) long. Pedicellate sectae = 16-20 mm. (8”-10”) long, 2 to essile ,0 — te- Fields and roadsides, Florida to Alabama. OTENE ue Tropics. ) 28 FIG. 324. NAZIA ALIENA (Spreng.) Scribn. U. S. Dept. w m. AR ias i 17: 28, fig. 324. 1899. (Lappago aliena Spreng. Neue Entd. 8:15 3 occidentalis Nees; Nazia racemosa aliena Scribn. & Smith, U. 8 T i n Agros. - 4: 12. 1897.) WESTERN PRICKLE-GRASS.—A rather Fe diffu “naps c t (4'-12/) in with tenga dub d. Sender: Aae > racemes 2-8 em. (1-3) lon mi Sheaths loose, striate, shorter the internodes; p blades 1-3 em. ( 1.140 long, 3-5 m w. lll“ 2“ wide, 1 vel strongly on the ma 0 Pas teeth extending "n short hyaline auc rachís ubese 8 strigose glume minute or wanting; second UM 00 po ‘its back covert e PE vere e s; flowering glume (v) and palea (d) hyaline, shorter thar * cond g d pur rocky hillsides, Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. (Mex e Wan: Indies, and South America.) 29 G. 825. 5 e eee M. Muhl. Gram. 96. d E en ,wi Mert 1829.) F uch- ranched, asc uberi ord jn. a creeping o float ing base, J. 5-9 dm 19-39) long, and 10 to 50 slender racemes2-6 em 5 long. pane ses pesei or more or less densely papillate-pilose; ligu le short, membranaceous; blades lanceolate, 2.5-15 em aes long, 6-14 mm. (37-7") wide, scabrous, ae seo of the racemes flat, thin, nd- ing beyond them into an acute tip. Spikelets (0, d arranged: in two rows a. thinly pubescent with minute glandular hairs; outer glum denies 2-nerved, the first slightly exceeding the second, which ohne a brown m t the git The flowering glume is shown by d, and the palea by e, Southern n Dllinois to Florida, Louisiana, Indian Territory, and Texas. (Tropical America.) July to tober 30 m n 3.0 f FIG. 326. PA ; r.75. 1788. Not Lam. 1791. s walterianum Schultes.) WALTER'S PASPALUM. —A low, creeping, 5-4.5 dm at leaves, and 2 to 6 small racemes 1-5 em. (1-2^) long. Sheaths what inflated, smooth; ligule about 2 mm. ds long; leaf- blades 1-5 em. (2) long, 2-4 mm. (1/-2/) wide, acute, smooth, or Spike- lets (b, e) ovate, obtuse, smooth, about 2mm. a lon led in t orowson ‘one side of the flat rachis (a), which is 2-3 mm. (17-147) wide, elliate-scabrous | on margins; outer glumes 5nerved; flowering glume (d) lenticular, rounded-obtuse, a little shorter than the outer ones. The e palea is by e.—Wet soil, New Jersey and Delaware, south to Florida and westward to southern Ohio and Texas, (Cuba.) July to October. 31 Fic. 327. PASP. BOSCIANUM Flügge, Monog. 170. 1810. (P. pur- purascens El. eum seg virgatum Walt., not inn. y: pape 5 A stout perennial, with ascending, | m. (29-39 h, long, flat leaves, and numerous, usually purple-flowered racemes 2-6 em. pea long. crowded near the summit of the eulm orits branches. Sheat ths lax. 8 longer than the internodes; leaf-blades 15-45 c m. (6-180) long, 6-12 mm. (3'-6^) wide, scabrous on the margins. Spikelets (b, c) ‘glabrous, crowded, a on obovate, obtuse, 2 mm. (1^ 7) Jong; empty g h, 5-n smooth; very d as is also the palea (e). —Low woodlands and Pues grex es, North Carolina ii Tennessee to Florida, westward to Mississippi and Louisiana. July to tember. 32 Fig. 328. PASPALUM LARRANYAGAI Arech, Gram. Urug. 48, pl. 2 1894. (P. vase: aseyanum Seribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. Bul. 17: 32, f. 328. wbiflorum i") long, the acute outer glum long-hairy on the margins, the firs thinly hairy all over, iato slightly exceeding the flowering glume (d). e pal shown by e.—Along ditches, roadsides, and in old fields, Louisiana to Texas, South ‘Aileen July to Sep- mber. te 33 Fic. 329. PASPALUM CURTISSIANUM Steud. Syn CURTISS'S PASPALUM.—A coarse, erect perennial 9-18 Pul enn high, with the lower sheaths usually er villous, long, flat leaves, and 3 spik 1-10 em. wee ) long. Spikelets eee compressed on the back, about ne mm. aan long, biseriate, as shown by a, emissus Hate. The foun ering glume is shown by d and the palea and lodi- cules by e.—Damp pine — Florida to Misisippi. July, August. No. 4990, A. H. Curtiss, 1894; and 3865, S. M. Tracy 13412—No. Pn c3 Fic. 330. PASPALUM LIVIDUM Tri lecht. Linnsa, 26: 3 1854.—A rather slender, en ee perennial 6-7.5 dm. deci ev with ve peii cess usually erect leaves and 4 to 8 i aall à ed racemes 2-3 em. (1-140 long. Sheaths compressed; leaf es smooth 1 5-25 Pag (6-10) long, about 3 mm. (1% wide, Hkc ay am crowded it two ate, subacute, 2-3 mm. (1"-1j") long; — V ni 3-nerved the first gesagt at (b) very minutely ese the seco! ionge is sho The dorsal view of the the palea by e.—Low amada, Texas Plant oft. 35 — | | Fig. 331. Linn.Mant.1: 29. 1767. DITCH LET.—A densely cespitose perennial 2-6 dm. (39 um high, with rather vss src often geniculate at the ion joints, narrow, flat leaves, and 2 to s 2-4 em. (4117) long, approximate near the summit of the culm or its branches, Spike ets (b, e) rounded, obtuse, 2-8 mm. ial long. A portion of t ] view of flowering glume, d; anterior of palea. e.—Wet places, Sas (No. 5760, Curtiss, 1006). (Tropical subtiles of both hemispheres. ) August, September. EU ** rainy-season rci The grain is eaten by the lower classes and the straw is used for : the intern h 10’) long, about 5 mm. (24) tuse, about ydg - (4^) long, „with the g nerved outer eee ubescen I view ot of the f the do . sion d, and anterior view of the 9 800 c.—Southern. Very variable as to the length of the leaves. 37 FIG. 333. P. AL GIGANTEUM Baldw. in Vasey, Bul. Torr. Bot. Club, 1 TER-GRASS.—A stout, erect, coarse perennial 8-18 dm. (219-6?) high, wi , flat leaves an 5 racemes 15-25 em. (6/-10^) long. Sheaths loose, striate, exceeding the internodes, the lower ones pilose; leaf-blades m. (12/-24’) long, 2-3 em. (4-1) wide, smooth ly P nt. Spikelets (b, c) about 3 mm. (14) long, crowded, obtuse, arrang in two rows as e portion of the axis and pedicels at a; two ro empty glumes smooth, 3-nerved. The flowering glume is shown by d, and the palea by ¢.—Moist ground and ditches, Florida. June to August. * Fig. 334. PASPALUM BIFIDUM (A. Bertol. Nash. Bul. e g Pe 94:192. 1897. (Panicum bifidum A. Bertol. Mem. Acad. Sci. portion o: an les, are shown in d.—Dry, n eaa soil, Ln cdg of Alabama and Florida westward to and Texas. A to October. amm y Fic. 335. PASPALUM MONOSTACHYUM Vasey, in Chapm. Suppl. Fl. So. ded, in two rows along one side of the filiform rachis (a, b), oblong, obtuse, 3 mm. (1}”) long; first glume3-nerved, somewhat shorter than the spikelet; second glume equaling the flowering glume. The palea is shown by e.—Low grounds, Florida to Texas. 40 Fig. 336. ANTHJENANTIA RUFA (ElL) Schultes, Mant. 9: M (Aulazanthus rufus Ell. fk. Bot. S. C. and Ga. 1: 108. 1817; Kunth.) RED-HAIRED . NTELENANTIA.—A slender, erect, ses and rather rigid narro or ee us, We loosely-flowered 15 em. (3'-6/) long. Sheaths erowded a the ; leaf-b! 2-4 dm. (8/-16/) long, 3-5 mm. fee. wide, obtuse, rigid, erect eee pha labrous. Spikelets (a) 3 mm. umes; e flower exas. August to October 41 [TETTE (Michx.) 3 Agrost. pus t 10, f. . FIG. 337. ANTHZENANTIA 7. 1812. (Phalaris villosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. m Panicum ignoratum Kunth.)—An erect, somewhat m. (2-4 ) high. from strong, creeping rootstocks, with flat, rather s short leaves sand dea — t es leaf-bla spreading, 1-2.5 dm. (4/-10/) long, 5-8 mm. Qin Ww wide. amp m — t 3 mm. (14) long, outer er es villous with spreading hairs. wer With 3 ens; anthers and stigmas yellow. ee sandy soil, ne open pin e barrens, etc., South Carolina to Florida and westw: Louisiana and Texas. July to October. Fie. "- 1 A Munro in Vasey, U. S. Dept. Agr. D 2 121: 1, pl. 1. 1890. SILKY EVERLASTING-GRASS.—A * e ufted Told 3-10 dm. (19-349) high, with numerous basal le veri simple, racemose panicles 15-20 cm. (6’-8’) long, consisting of 6 to 10 alternate, appressed branches, the lower ones about 2 em ui > length. he 0-25 Pad long, softly pubescent. Spikelets (b, €) baue acute, m. (14-2) “ld imbricate in two rows along one side of foe flat rachis gl er is 8 by d and the palea bye. Pedicels (shown in a) bearing hairs e as the spikelets,—Dry soils, Texas to Arizona, September. 43 Fic. 339. PANICUM SANGUINALE Linn. Sp. Pl. 57. 1758. (Digitaria 33 Seop.; Syntherisma præcox Walt.; S. sanguinalis Dulac.) CRAB- GRA much-branched, leafy annual, more or dise: decumbent and rooting at sa 8 nodes. Stems 3-12 dm. (19-49) long; nodes and sheaths usually hairy; ligule 2 = (1) long; leaf-blades flaccid. 5-12 em. (2-5) long, 4-8 mm. (A) wide, scabrous, sometimes pilose, and usually purple tinged. Spikelets (a, b) 2.5-3 mm. RS long, lanceolate, acute, in digitate or subfasciculate racemes, which are 5-18 em. (2’-7’) long; first glume very minute; second about one-half as long as the spikelet, usually ciliate and 3-nerved; flowering glume (c) smooth.—Throughout the United States. (Warmer r temperate regions of both hemispheres.) June to September. been gps ae weed in the Northern States, is of great | value as & forage plant in the So rage and a good quality "s hay. In Bohemia, Europe, the grain is used for food. Often a troublesome weed in law ii Fig. 340. PANICUM PLATY TYPHYLLUM Munro in Vasey, Contr. U. Nat. Herb. 3: 27. 1892. FLAT-LEAFED PANIC-GR. RASS.—A much-bran oe leafy perennial, often rooting at the lower joints, with flowe h a l ed, sm apes d an oblong palea. The flowering vien is shown by e, and the palea by /.— UN gm Texas. (Cuba.) June, Jul i G. 341. CUM PROSTRATUM Lam. Tabl. Encycl 1: 171. 1791. LOW PANICGRASS - —A slender, creeping, anā much-branched perennial, with ` composed of 5 to to 10 simple racemes. Culms ascending, ders. belo w, 3-6 dm. (19-29) iso Sheaths shorter than the internodes; leaf-blades "ie em. (14/-2^) long, clasping at the base; sun pape with stiff hairs. Spikelets | ys b. e )ovate, oblong, gieheows mm. (1 "1 d te-pointed. The palea is shown in e —Moist, wet grounds Hew Jersey (ballast), ames to Florida, and west- to Louisiana and eastern Texas. (Tropieal countries of both hemi- has) September. 46 : hum ochst. r RASS.—A leafy, erect perennial MAL 8 pr sank aspi below; eulms terminated b y narrow panicles 10-20 em. (1-8) e lon mp 5-15 cm. (2/-6/) long, end gen nerally more or less ubescent. Spikelets about 3 mm. (1j ng, densely — the sprea er hairs 3-4 (14-2) long. cbe d third re shown d, the flo glume by d and the parda aaa by f.—Dry hides ida ete., 8 „Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. A grass which is apparent PON Eth Q thwest. 47 Fie. 343. PANICUM TENERRIMUM unth, Rev. Gram. 1:39. 1829 a — Nees, Agrost. gm 89. 1829.) SLENDER WOOLLY slende: d 1 ean with Med and father rigid, flat eae and simple panicles about 10 cm. (I) long. Leaf-blades flat, 5 cm. (2^) long or less, rather rigid; lower sheaths pubescent, Spikelets (a, b, e) 2 mm. a”) long; the first glume glabrous; hort, silky hairs; fo werin glume (e) smooth. The anterior view of ‘the flowering glume enveloping the palea is shown at f.—Low „ Pecos County, Texas; rare. (South Amer- ica.) September, Oc : 48 — — Wass = ee cam — NRE 2 7 NI. Fic. 344. PANICUM CILIATISSIMUM Buckl. Prel. Rept. Geol. and Surv. Tex.4. 1866. INDIAN WHEAT. CANET GRASS.—A creeping, m branched, leafy perennial, with upright flowering stems 1-3 dm. . (4-17) d es i g ? 9-nerved, smooth except at the sale fa Dei. s long as the — glume densely ciliate-hairy near the Margin; third glume (c) somewhats than the second, ciliate on the margins, its palea MM t in length; flo eren (d) obtuse, oy 23 The fertile palea is shown by ! , Southern n species is PAM ‘known a as compet ow. The extensively cree rd vsus .and leafy stems of this iat aes present a close resemblance 49 Fic. 345. PANICUM URVILLEANUM Kunth, Rev. heres 1: 35 et 2. 403, t. 115. 1885. WOOLLY-FLOWERED PANIC.—A stout, erect perenni ial 3-6dm. ied Big with long, flat leaves and open panicles 15-25 em. (6/-10^) long. rigid, dm, (12/-18’) long and 6 mm. (3”) wide at the base, ceous glumes silky-villous; first glume 7-nerved, two-thirds as as the 15-nerved Second one; third glume (d) slightly shorter; flowering rcs e (f) ee on the margins, otherwise smooth. Whole plant more or less hairy.—Sand: h San Jacinto, Southern Calif. No. 887 S. B. & W. F. Parish, June, 1882. 13412—No. 17—01——4 Mo. Bot. Garden, 10080 Fic. 346. PANICUM PHILADELPHICUM Bernh. in Trin. Gram. 1826, as synonym; Nees, Agrost. Bras. 198, 1829. (Panicum diffusum Am. Sept. 1: 68. 1814. Not Swartz. 1788; P. capillare minus Muhl. 1817. Not P. pubescens minor Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 4: 272. 1816; nor Gatt. Te P. Scribn. Bul. Torr. Bot. Club. 20: 416. 1893.) WIRY GRASS.—A rather slender, erect annual 3-6 dm. (19-29) high, branchin base, with flat leaves, capillary panicles, and rather distant spikelets. pilose or bearded at the nodes; ö . Spik acute, or acuminate; flowering glume (d) narrowly oblong, obtuse. moist and dry sandy soils, Pennsylvania and Michigan south and Mississippi. July to October. 51 e s a ATUM Schultes, Mant. 2: 235. 1824. (P. diver- Fig. 34 ene an wee B. = 1815; P.autummale Bose. 1825.) F. opes caesi 1 regents slender, erect, or ascending perennial, usually much-branched a the base, 3-6 dm. (1°-2°) high, with rather short, narrow leaves an 3 the culm or mo Sheaths smooth, erie lower o ones sparsely hairy; ligule obtuse, pum leaf-blades 5-7 em. pra -3') long, 4-6 mm. (2"-3") wide, scabrous on the margins. Spike — bos e gend m the ends of the branches, spindle-shaped or obovate, (1 pal ) ibn the first glume very minute; second and third glumes iw at exceeding the floweri peri —Dry soil, negra Caro! Florida & to Illinois, Minnesota, K e a 25 . Jun iie t; refi CAPILLARIOIDES Vasey, Contr. U. S. Nat. hing pere! 54. An erect ree ja qvas) high, with narrow and more or less elongated flat lea diffuse panicles 15 em. (6’) long. Spikelets (a, b) narrowly lanceolate, 5-6 g g e a ad AE ee , smooth, about Palen 0 sterile flower (c) small, 1-1.5 mm. Qr ^) long; dac tame ( (d) less UM an nb smooth and sh inig Bonth rn Californ ia, & , tive) + 53 Fig. 349. PANICUM MINIMUM (Engel.) Scribn. & Merrill, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. Cir.27: 4. 1900. (Panicum capillare minimum Engel. in Scribn. Tenn. : Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 7: 44, fig. 40. 1894; P. minus Nash, Bul. Torr. Bot. Club, 22: 421. 1895. Not P. capillare minor Muhl. Descr. 124. 1817.) SMALL WITCH- GRASS.—A sl ender annual, rarely more than 3 dm. ae) high, with long-pilose sheaths, narro red panicles 8-16 em. (36) bit d 5-10 em. (2/-4’) long psc; p "-3") „erect, more or less pilose or pubescent. Spikele p 2 b, o about 15 mm. (7) long, elliptical, aeute, smooth, borne singly or t the ends of the ultimate riers first st glume about one-third as longa as * equal, acute, second a third on Dry woods and thickets, New Brunswick to Michigan and Missouri, eee August, September. 54 CAPILLARE Linn. Sp. Pl. 58. 1758. OLD or ODE HAY.—An annual, with usually coarse, branching short, ciliate; leaf-blades flat, lanceolate or linear, acute, usually thinly’ on both sides, 12 (a, b, e) Mm, smooth, about 2 mm. (1) long. acute or inate, smooth. wering glume is shown by d and by e.—A weed in cultivated fields, 3 in sandy div Maine d to British Columbia, southward to Florida and Texas. ‘Var. GATTINGERI Nash, Brit, and Br. Illus, Fl. 1:129. 1896, Has numerous lateral panicles, the terminal one rarely exe em. (6^) in length. . " aa HIRTICAULUM PIA. Seed Msg: 1: 830. ROUGH P C- —A slender y Mons erect acie €: ( 1.7. 5 dm. G 2% high, , oft te-pilose sheaths, flat and usually glabrous leaves, and rs more or less — ng, many-flowered les. Sheaths usuall pere ies inter- nodes; leat- -blades 5-20 em. (2 long, pn mm, dee e, acute, sometimes de 2 (a, b, e) lanceolate, acute, about 3 mm. (137) long, poate First glume acuminate, two-thirds as long as the spikelet; second and third glumes lanceolate- mate, 5- to 7- nerved. The third glume anit Minti e palea is shown ph - the flowering glume by e, and the fertile palea by f.—Texas, New Arizona hae dae ( soon tk Galapagos Islands.) August, Septem roe. L. by its titer and more strongly tuberonlate a dl g fi t gl which is } to $ he spikelet. wide, scabrous. sopita (a,b, €) very acute, . crowded. The third glume and palea are shown by d, the c ect TR si flowering glume by e, pim anterior view of same dicet palea by f meadows and along the -— streams, New Jersey to North Carolina Kentucky. August, Septem’ _ This species is closely related to Panicum agrostoides Spreng., but is Ainge panicles. Apparently included in P. agrostoides by Muhlenberg. 57 Fig. 353. PANICUM DIVARI Linn. Ameen. : 902. 1759. (P. latifolium Linn, Sp. Pl. in part, reference to Solane's Lene e y.) SMALL CANE.—A coarse, wood boo-like perennial 18-24 dm. (6°-8°) high, reclin- Leav: long, 4-12 mm. (26% wide, deciduous from the persistent sheaths. Panicles Aen ee. Spikelets (a, b) swollen, about 4mm. (2”) long; lower third ume triangular-ovate, one-third as long as the spikelet; second an nd thi ho 9- to 11- 5 AMT of the osok glume (d) pubescent. Anterior view of the third glume and its palea is shown by c.—Dry woods and thick- , Southern Florida. (West est Indies, Mexico, and tropical America.) March mber., PANICUM oo Ell. Sk. Bot. S. C. and Ga. 1: M ra pp — fibrous-rooted, smooth perennial, with niculate, stems 6- spas — high, with long 755 rather flat leaves and ben eee nicles about 30 em. (12’) long. 2 g T than the internodes, paki leaf-blades 3 dm. (1°) long or E (1^) wide, cordate at the base. Spikelets (a, b, c) lanceolate-acute, ) i puer one side of the panicle branches; empty gh ceolate, scabrous two to th (6; third glume (a) about Snerved, inclosing a palea one-half as long a8: J- Low grou: ounds, Georgia and Florida, -— eroi tg Texas. July to September. ber. Of no recognized agricultural value. 59 Fig. 355. PANICUM SETUM Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Mec 27:9. 1900. (P. subspicatum Vasey, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Bot Bot. Bul. 8 Not Desv. Opuscules 84. 1831.) PR PPED PANIC.—A rare erect, mes ng leaves, and narrow, nearly simple, terminal cles, the ulti- b te in a short bristle. lades 2-12 em. (1/-5’) long, 26 mm. (1”-3”) wide, rather rigid, light green, | acute, the upper longer than the lower ones. Spikelets (a,b, c) mm. (1” ia esi half as as the spikelet; second glume 7-nerved; t oo sass rachis with | a short bristle at the apex an and sometimes es a s a brise b 3 spikelets. lea by ¢.—Dry, sandy by dan P plains, southern Texas. August. G. 356. PANICUM REVERCHONI Vasey, C. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Bot. Bul. 8: vus 1889. REVERCHON'S PANIC.—A siet SM and rather densely csspitose perennial 25-45 em. (10/-18’) high, with v visendi erect leaves simple panicles, the a in: and terminal, branch nating bristles; leaf-blades Piaget , plane, or ane sprig em. (2/-8’) long, wen (V) wide. Spikelets (a, b) 3-4 mm. i^n Ja ong; first glume one f as long eee greed obtuse; flowering glume (e. d) finely ed or stria: lains, Texas. eia upto tember. 61 a is CUM WRIGHTIANUM &crib ribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. sene Pie esas 1898.—A slender, much-branched, leafy perennial, with an mans Toe panicles 2-3 em. (3,147) long, and minute spikelets (a, b, EX a : (%) long, the second and third glumes of which are minutel 8 pubescent. Leaves He um. qa) a 2-3 mm. (1"-1i") iba. id mi- above. First glume a " one-third as long as the spikelet or ‘shorter cites nd « with a small palea viii Net but en seer and shining, obtuse. Close we e Ter ime but readily separated from that species by its t culms - : smaller, pubescent 5 —Moist, gets in open pine w lands, Misslesi ppi and Florida. (Cuba.) May to Octo! Poe m aens sahl a parast — aoa 1 A spik e h to one-third as lernt tue rd glumes 7-nerved, the latter (e) with a short palea; 3 ering glume (d) obtuse, inclosing a palea (as shown at ¢) of 11 'w pine woodlands and swamps, Florida. April to October. ustration drawn from the type specimen 64 $T Nash, Bul. Torr. Bot. Club, 24: Fic. 360. PANICUM LEUCOTHRIX 1897.—A slender, erect or ascending, sparingly nd a glumes pu (d) with a short palea; flowering glume (e) elliptical-oblong, obtuse. June o soil in - pine barrens and c cypress swamps, Flori (West Indies.) coss SER drawn from the LM micum, which was collected in low pine : land at Eustis, Lake County 5 branch rennial 14 de 2 (4'-18^) high, with short, erect leaves 2-6 em. (#/-2}’) long, and ovate 9 Fic. 361. PANIOUM ERECTIFOLIUM Nash, Bul. Torr. Bot. Club, 23: 148. : 1896. (P. sphzeroc worming Vasey, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div . Bot. Bul. 8: 33. 1889. Not P. floridanum Trin. 1834.)—A À rather stout, glabrous perennial 46 dm. "ode Hà e with erect and rather rigid leaves an rminal at length ex- serted, man. flowered, ov vate or oblong SS em. (3'-5 a pe he ets (a, b, c) about 1.5 5 mm. (i") long, t ped minutely pocta m nag Ben (d) broadly oval, o obtuse.—Swamps, Florida and Mississippi 1341 d 3 Low, boggy places, chiefly in thickets and low $ June to October. 67 363. PANT LUCIDUM Ashe, Journ. E. Miteh. Sci. Soc. 15: 47 ulosum Michx x.?)—A ve ry slender, erect or reclining, glabrous perennial wJ =, acs an rd to Texas; common. gnicolum Nash by its s mici and glabrous spike- * Shap ands smooth Mom Pap Fig. 365, PANICUM POLYANTHES Schultes, Mant. 2: 257. 1824. (P. mu tiflorum Ell. 1817. Not Poir. ie £ microcarpon Muhl. June, 1817. Not ex Ell. Jan. 1817.)—A toi finally sparingly branched, sanum Pareno. -A din. 250 hgh. i h broad, spreen leaves, many-flowered panicles, 7-18 em. (3’-7’) long, and ke tely pubescent, nearly a spike- lets (a,b, e) about 1.5 mm. (4% long. re ligule none; upper lea longer than Lo lower ones 12-25 em. (5’-10’) long, lanceolate from a in pin o ciliate base, First glume minute, the second and third 7-nerved; the s eem hyaline palea; flowering glume (d) shining, round-ovoid, . Dry, open woodlands and occasionally in open gro rounds, New York "pend to Florida and westward to Michigan, Nebraska, and Texas. June Panicum microcarpon Ell. is P. barbulatum Michx. as now understood. 70 hee 366. PANICUM DICHOTOMUM Linn. Sp. Pl. 58. 1753. (2) (Panicum tichotomum, viride Vasey, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. Bul. 8: slender, glabrous, end finally inuch-branched above, somewhat wiry pe lt is not known exactly what Panicum dichotomum Lin tha um Linn. is. The form abov is considered as representing that species, as it a more nearl escription any othe : fulfills the FF Fic. 367. PANICUM VILLOSISSIMUM Nash, Bul. Torr. Bot. Club, 23: 149. 1896. (Panicum pubescens of Scribn. Bul. Tenn. Agr. Exp. Sta. 72: 52. 1894. Not Lam pubescent leaves 5-10 em. (2 "A long, and perii ovate or pyramidal panicles obovate spikelets (a, b, ee. are 2 mm. (17) in length. Culms Mni lous; nodes pubescent; sheaths densely villous, shorter than the internodes ligule a dn. fringe of short hairs kaire leaf blades papillate-pilose with long white hairs. Panicles about i (3*) long; & xis pilose; the second and third pun 3 a latter (d) with a small palea; flowering glume (e) obtuse.— cra ideis ia om New Jersey to South Dakota and eee era thee Gur M. May to Septem "Suus f Fic. 368. PANICUM BRITTONI N h, Bul. Torr. Bot. Club, 94: 194. 1897 BRITTON'S PANIC-GRASS.—A dat. erect, caespitose perennial, with ker ; culms 1-2 dm. (4’-8’) high, erect leaves, and ovate panicles 2-3 em ps long. Ligule a ring of short hairs, culm leaves 1-3 em. (1/-12/) long. SP vii second a umes y long m x spikelets, En: the second and third glumes 7-nerved, the third (c) Ta a pel one-half its van fourth glume (d) obtusely apiculate. t w Jersey. May July. ; 1 | | NODUM (Smith) e & Merrill, Fic. 369. PANICUM NITIDUM OCTO U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. Bul. 24: 34. 1901. (Panicum G. Smith, U. S. Dept. Agr June 30, 1899.)—A part — branched, glabrous pere 4-6 dm. (16/-24^) high, ear, e nding, leaves, and narrowly pyramidal, rather densely fowere es 5-10 em. (2’-4’) lo ule a rather dense f of hai ee es (a, b) elliptical-ovate, obtuse, 1.5 mm. (about long; second an faintly 7-nerved and glabrous. In swamps , Delaware and Texas. July to T. Distinguished from the species (fig. 371) by its glabrous spikelets. Fic. 371. PANICUM NITIDUM Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1: 172. 1791. (Panicum spretum Schultes, Mant. 9: 248. 1824; 5 i Nas viis rr. Bot. Club, 25: . 1898; P. paueipilum Nash. ibid. 26: 573. 899.)—A erect, cœspitose. nally 0 dm foe high, wi h erect, lanceolate leaves and rather narrow and emi flowered panicles ta em. (3'-5^) long. le a ring of long hairs; leaf-blades 4-10 em. ian long, 3-10 mm. (13”-5”) bus Spikelets ovate-oblong, about 1.6 mm. an The second and third glabrous; the second and third. N s i y (d) with a small pa flowering glume (e) oblong, obtuse: t grounds, Maine to Senn Mississippi and Texas, mostly near ve elie See 3 & Merrill, U. S. Dept. Agr. die. Agros. Bul. 84:32. Notes on te. 1901. 76 j AVS ia d ni g 7 54. Fic. 372. PANICUM ATLANTICUM , Bul . Bot. : ah wia 1897.—A slender, = de Tee e ps dm. 2 a) iss the culm, sheaths white, spreading hairs : ed ligule a ring of hairs 2-ó mm. ara cn leaf-blades 3-10 em. mes jos wi brous Panicle 4-6.5 em. LI densely pubescent with short, spreading hairs; third glume (d palea; flowering glume or ro oval to orbicular.—In operi woods, chusetts to Virginia. June to August. 3 mms. Fic.373. PANIOUM IMPLICATUM Scribn. U.S. Dept. Agr. D v. Agros. Bul 11:43. July 20, 1898.—A weak, slender, hairy pere mal! sip dm. quam) bigh. Fes - EM a z. pyramidal i- —— (1'-2’) long. Culms pilose with een — , abrous ring immediately below. — es pilose on both sides. pilose eee b, c) 1.5 mm. (4% long, obovate, obtuse, minutely pubescent; first glume minute; the third (d) with a small palea; fourth glume (e) ovate, obtuse.—Low grounds near "e coast, e to Delaware. June to A Spikelets smaller and panicle putem gum 3 aei in P. Nash. Very elosely related to Pam lum Trin. P. pubescens ns oi authors, not Lam.) and perhaps only a variety ot ee Species, ; distinguished SOD T. — -Fa 22 Tel t. VUL C4 > — oe ga - P EN — N c S he! T t — v5 * g wr Tz * 5 |i ET NEA PANICUM a — x Me pides e ISONII N h, Bul. Torr. Bot. Club, 28: 83. 1898. ; ecumbent, aot finall - nial 5-4 dm. (10-16) "og ike y much-brane b cent, wi i PESE Mic: ubi n. hi & hairs; first glume nearly one-half as long as soi, New v Jersey. raii 285 flowering glume (d) oblong, obtuse.—Sandy 1 I in P. consanguineum Kunth. Fic. 375. PANICUM PEDICELLATUM Vasey, U. S. t. Agr. Div. Bul. 8: 28. 1889.—A slender, erect or ascending, and mae much- dae er! Tnerved. The Mind gtume e (d) had a small palea.—In open rocky woodla xas. 8 Allied to 9 Ell. 80 A —— 7 2 Fio. 376, PANICUM NUDICAULE Vasey, %, HA e slender, erect, smooth dm. (19-29) high, lanceolate, s agpi peget pee ng, much -exserted panicles 5-8 em. FF ek aa elliptical, oblong, 2-5 mm. (12 long. Culm-leaves remote. Firet with a thin palea and nearly one-fourth longer than : glume (d).—&wampes, Santa Rom County, Florida. April to May. 81 Fig. 871. PANIOUM WEBBERIANUM Nash, Bul. Tos Bot. Club, 23: 149. . WEBBER'S PANIC-GRASS.—A rather rigid, erect or ascending, end more or less branched perennial 2-4 dm. (8’~16’) high, with lanceolate, spread- ing leaves, and ovate, spreading panicles 6-9 cm. "n long. Sheaths 'wermost : e à minutely j le : ciliate; leaf-blades 5-10 em. (2/-4/) long. Spikelets (a, b, the secon: mes minutely pubescent, as apex; third glume (d) witha 13412—No. 17—01——6 Fic. 373, PANICUM LAXIFLORUM Lam. Encycl. 4: 748. 1797.—A Senden densely tufted perennial about 3 dm m. (19) ‘high, with rather long, ae soft leaves and loosely few-flowered, ae panicles 4-6 em. (12) * Sheaths papillate-pilose with 3 deflexed hairs. Spikelets (6 ^ ^ | ovate-elliptical , obtuse, about 2 mm. ( Y) long; first glume very rm d d tk nthe latter witha small palea.— Deren. open ea Virginia to Fl March to October. ie „Lamarck describes F. laxiflorum as having both sides li — pip gat -— settled h ti FOIS 4 de. tia Dart pna” J rY 83 — Ke XN 13 l J N p ^ ; . T4 ud e : — t n Fic. 379. PANICUM 8 and Ga. 1: 126. 1817. (Panicum ciliatifolium Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 36. 1829; P. leucoblepharis Trin. > Antiq. 234. 1 A slender, densely tufted perennial 1-3 dm (4-12) high, with rather short, finely ciliate sheaths and! and t "o Leaves glabrous, 2-6 (427) long, 4-12 mm. ( ) * cm. qr) 1 Spikelets (a, * te-pyramidal about 2mm. a )long,f first glume about. one-half the length of the spikelet, gla ub the latter ( th a palea in its axil; flowering glume (e) minutely apiculate.—Moist, open wood- lands in sandy soil, North Carolina to Florida and westward to Mississippi. March to October. ANICUM POLYC N Nash, Bul. Torr. Bot. Club, 2 e idi — low, pale: green, densely cœspitose perennial 1-2 dm. (4’-8’) high, we oblong-lanceolate leaves 2-7 em. (3/-24^) long, ciliate on margins, and ovate panicles 2-3 em. (1-147) long. Ligule a ring of 5 hairs. Spikelets (a, b) about 1.5 mm. (% long, obovate, trum e taet I grounds and margins of lakes, Virginia to Florida and Mississippi. ppi. (West ndies, : e! he closely allied P. eitiaium EN. by %% leaves, more slender culms, and smaller, foes oo a 8 L — — — r. A nili WA, 2 LA GLABRIFOLIUM Nash, Bul. Torr. Bot. Club, 24: 196. sie slender, densely cespitose, and rigidly erect, wiry perennial 1. 54 dm. (939) high, with narrow,linear, erect, and rather rigid leaves and ovate (X Lp ine (1-210) long. Culms leafy to the top, rds lower nodes bearded; ths pubescent; ligule a fringe of short hairs leaf-blades 3-9 cm. AP) i — algae av) wide. Spikelets (a, 5) 1-12 mm. (about Y » obovate; ed second and third glumes glabrous, the latter with a mall palea. Rich, ó Satay mon. Florida. Julyt ceris in P. baldwinii, with which P. glabrifolium is closely related. . Torr. Bot. Club, 94: 145. Fic. 382. t E CILIIFERUM sh, Bul peren- 1897.—A densely cæspitose, erect, or finally much-branched pubescent p Bes nial 2-8 dm - (8-8) high, d broadly midi few-flowered panicles t (3,4 long. Nodes bearded, with a glabrous ring immediately below; abo papillate-hirsute; ligule a dense ring of hairs; leaf- abrous poisi rough bescent beneath, th i Spikelets (a, b) 3 2.5 mm. (1277) long, the 9-nerved seco d third glumes the third with a palea.—High que lands, Florida. March to wir må 1 Closely related to P. malacon Nash, distinguished by = bee a illustration shorter. leaves, more open panicles, and ee shaped sp! oe is drawn from the type collected by Geo. V. Nash in poema 87 Fic. 383. PANICUM MANATENSE Nash, Bul. Torr. Bot. Club, 24: 42. 1897.—A glabrous, much-branched perennial with diffusely anger culms 2-4 dm. (8-16) long, nearly erect leaves 3.5-9 em. (13-34) long, and ovate, rath 6 cm. (11-27%) long. Ligule truncate, very short: leaf-blades rounded and sparsely ciliate at the base. Spikelets (a, b, e) el ene, PE t 2 3.5 mm. yd long, with distinct papille betwee and third glumes, the latter (d) with a Wall eae 5 eee (e) eee de eee en and m Georgia to Louisiana. Distinguished P. commutatum by its larger and more acute spikelets, Closely allied to P. joorii Vasey, but readily separated from from that species by its larger spikelets. 88 Seri ul. —A slender, erect, visos "'esspitose unm 24 (8/2167) high, ud Ie. linear-lanceolate, erect leaves and simple, e pani- cles pes oA (2’-33’) lo Culms simple eor branching near the bast, 2 m brous; 10 "m of hairs; leaf-blades scabrous or sparing] yp ilose. amp ne b 23. e genes obovate, obtuse, with the 7-nerved sec third 8 ly pilose, third glume (c) with iacit denti dem (d) ee e long as the third. Sandy soil in woodlands, sparingly grounds, New England southward to Virginia and westward to Texas. to August. 1f pP J. " PRI 4T 3 ntuse Spil 89 Aunug „ á Ù A T ` i PANICUM DEPAUPERATUM Muhl. Gram. 112. 1817.—A slender am. 9 much branched near the base, L ( -16’) high, with very narrow , erect leaves 8-20 cm. (38) long, few- narrow panicles 4-10 cm. ay’) long, and rather glabrous spikelets 2 ng; second and third glumes te-pointed, conspicuously longer than the fourth (e); the third glume (d ) has a small emen deaths a pilose ir in the type.—Open woodlands and Hon fields from August. larida and Texas. Fig. 386. PANICUM SCOPARIUM Lam. Encycl 4: 744. 1797. —— Bor. Am. 1: 49. 1808. Not of other wuthors, (Panicum e ens Lam. l 748. Michx. I. c. Not of other authors; Panicum viscidum 1. Sk. Bor EC and Ga. 1: 123. 1817.)—A rather stout, erect or a nn y ori branched perennial 6-12 dm. (29-49) high. nes r broad, verd v those on the primary stem 12-25 em. (5/-10’) long. "Panicle 10-15 em. ( m. (5/-10^) 1 an long, ovate or subpyramidal, many-flowered. Spike ibus n : 2 d long, roun nd 0 ed-obovate; first glume very the seco! nearly 1, densely pubescent; thet (d) ides asmall ed (€) broadly oval, obtuse. ole plant or at leas and sheaths Den m Lam., and Te pubescens Lam. 91 387. P. UM Ell Sk. Bot. S. C. and Ga. 1: 121. 1817.—A rather erect, y , 9-15 (32-59) high, with narrowly lanceolate leaves 8-16 mm. (4"-8") wide, and 7-20 2 (2¥-8’) long. Panicle 12-20 em. (5-8) long. Spikelets (a, b. c) mm. ( , glabrous. First the third (d) with a thin d or flowering glume (e) shorter than North Carolina to Florida and westward to Texas. May to A This species is closely allied to Lam. (P. viscidum Ell), leaves, and — ATA | | | TP RETE | THAT A! ll | ll LATI | DM i | | | WIL i |i M Wi W Fic, 388. PANICUM CLANDESTINUM Linn. Sp. Pl. 58. 1793— y erect, or 3 3 finally 8 above, 6-12 dm. (21 culms with broad x ulate lea d terminal diffuse panicles 8-13 em. (3'-5^) long. glabrous or papillate:p ilose seo sheaths usually very rough tu hispid; ligule very short. On the branch es the shorter leaves are and crowded. ‘Spikelets (a,b, : oblong, smooth or faar pilose, long. the most neluded wi uppermost s ths.—Low thickets, ben to Michigan pU south Georgia and Texas. May to Septem PANICUM ash, Bul. Torr. Bot. Club, 24: 197. 1897.— z rather rigid, erect, and finally much- e perenni nial 4-6 dm. (16'-24') igh, with bearded iry sheaths and stems, firm, erect leaves 3-10 cm. (1-4) long, and open few-flowered ‘panicles er em. 4) long. s a fringe of short Spikelets (a, b) obovate, obtuse, pu bescent, 3-3.5 mm. (1¥"-12”) long. The first glume spikelet; second and third glumes 9-nerved, densely pubescent; the third (c) with a thin palea. Whole plant _— t. with white, ascending hairs.—High pine lands of southern Florida. May 94 Fie, 390. PANICUM ANGUSTIFO! Bot. S. C. and Ga. mne pu : 3-6 dm. (19-29) high, at first simple, finally m much branched throug a of the primary stems erect, 8-15 cm. (3’-6’) v and 4-6 mm. ( 85 ow 1i") long, oblong, obtuse; outer glumes finely pubescent, the fio’ ‘glume (d) with a few short hairs at the apex.—Dry so soil, Delaware to and westward to Missouri and Texas. March to October. 95 Fic. 391. PANICUM WILCOXIANUM Vasey, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Bot. Bul. 8:32. 1889.—A rather slender, very hairy, vete end much-branched peren- nial 2-25 dm. (8-1(/) high, with erect ac ves, and , Sp panicles 2-3 em. (#-1}') long. Spikelets (a, í e) ‘oblong, obtuse, ^ mm. (14^) long, with pubescent outer glumes; the third glume with a small hyaline palea; fourth — “Dry prairi be an teaa b ES er arcane eat ar some peni 96 . 992. MALACOPHYLLUM Nash, Bul. Torr. Bo 198. 1897.—A hairy, erect, or ascending perennial 3s ám. 6.100 p length much branched above, with narrow, softly pubescent leaves and ope? , EI . rd € (e) round-ovate, I e barrens, e i May to July. hsc is allied to P seribnerianum Nash, but — in its longer i os spikelets, Its range is much more limited. 97 5 e i Seribu. 1895. (P. scoparium A. Gray in part. €— "um i minor Bul.Tenn. Agr. Experiment Station 72: 48. reif ipe. rect and finially branch- ing perennial 1.5-6 dm. (6'-24") high, with usualy papillate-pilose s prey ora flat] eaves, d smal ovoid panicles 2-Aem. au) long. Spikelets e 3 oder 3mm. am pad nearly glabrous. In dry or moist soils from M o westward Washington, and iini did to Tennessee, Texas, un Arizona. May to der tember. This f Pani liiScribn. & Merrill (P. coparium El.) and very unlik e P. seopari iab dada ene s 1 ed of Ellio tt. 13412—No. ee e surface, ro ed and p ee idm nearthe base. Sheaths pubescent, na ani ana t. Spikelets (a, b, c) oe ps crine mm. (2^) long. buie glumes pubescent, the latter a thin hyaline — ie and usually dam vhs sandy € 99 A a WSs Fic. 395. PANICUM EQUILATERALE Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bul, 11: 42, pl. 2. 1898.—A rather stout, eret, — densely — bite. tennial 3-6 dm. (19-2?) high, with long, 1 7-10 em. (3-4) long. Ligule ver short ı almost obsolete; leaf-blades 5-17 cm. (2-7) long, eee scabrous a y with a few long hairs on the und e ee ik c) Pp na or obovate, obtuse, 3-3.5 mm. tere sale with the first gl 3-nerved, the equal, 7- to 10- nerved, slightly pubescent; the third with a thin hyaline palea: the fourth glume o soont a length of the third. —Pine and hummock Florida. J Agen. Fic. 396. PANICUM LATIFOLIUM Linn. Sp. Pl. s. 1753. Exeludi cee erence to Sloane. (P. walteri Poir; P. porterianum Nash.)—A rather slen bran MN perennial 3-6 dm. (19-29) high, with broad pesar sie isis owered, nearly simple panicles. Nodes glabrous OT arded refle 18 glume (e) pee bee in dlan es et Ontario to Minneso ^ anh o Flori e^ y molle Vasey- The fh with pubescent sheaths and leaves is the variet (P. pubifolium Nash, Bul. Torr. Bot. Club, 26: 577. 1899.) 101 Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Bot. Bul. asey, I. c.)—A sleni rect or s ym (P. scoparium ii V der, € ascending perennial 3-6 dm. (19-29) high, with rather broad, Bat leaves and sp mm. few-flow (1¥"-2") long, the outer Cul 9 glumes pap hirsute; ligule a very and minutely ciliate leaf. R pilose on the j ly pilose above. Third glume (d) with a thin palea; fourth glume (e) oblong, obtuse. Th is by f. 102 e FIG. 398. PANICUM OVALE Ell. Sk. pu e 123. 1817. (e Journ. E. Mitch. Sci. Soc. 16: 90. 1900.)—4 rather stou villous cum rpon Ashe, erect, and finally much-branched perennial 3-5 dm. G high, with culms and sheaths med ovate panicles 5-8 em. 2. long. Nodes d si with soft hai ly below go nodes; ligul ME khaa kd 10 em fe long, 5-10 mm. 5 um P bescen , the to Tal 5 l hyaline palea.—In dry soil, South Carolina to eat Magy y. ee x 103 CUM XANTHOPHYSUM A. Gray, Ann. Lyc. N. Y m Emacs Ashe, Journ. E. Mitch. Sci, Soc. 15: 31. 1898.)— oecasionall er stout, erect perennial 3-6 dm. (1°-2°) high, ching near t the base, with bi lea nicles 3-10 cm. (1’-4’) long. f. y branc ERA iv and simple few usuall eaths glabrous or pilose, often —, at the apex; base. iT 104 : a à Linn.) R. & S. 2 peque NPR Pus Syst. Nat ed. D 870. 1759.) CREEPING GR extensively reeping ose ASS.. senobent 2x e dx. (8-2) long, with broad, fat leaves and simple, racemose P 6-8 cm. (24-34) long. Sheaths rather loose, usually shorter than the lades 1.5-6 em. : ) wide, T ng "ie ed, somewhat pilose, short-awned. —Moi oodlands and er Y and vont westward to Louisiana and Texas. (Mexico an Soul 105 Fig. 401. CHÆTOCHLOA GLAUCA sink) Scribn. U. 8. asm Agr. D Bul. 4: 1897. 7 ucum Linn. Sp. Pl. 1753; Mi. oose leaf-blades 5-15 cia em. (2’-6’, long, 4-8 mm. (2’-4”) wide, long-acuminate, ooth or scabrous. Bristles 5 to 10 to each spikelet, 3-8 mm. (14/4) eee usually yellow. Spikelets (a, b) dni 3 mm. (147) long, with the emi e vd one-half the length of t the transversely rugose flowering glume, Fie ete. Widely 3 rae Morth ridens, Naturalized from Europe. June to September. A common weed in cultivated grounds. 106 Div. Fic. 402. CHZETOCHLOA MAGNA e Seribn. U. S. Dep P ul.4:39. 1897. (Setaria . Fl. Brit. W. re 8 nor rugose) and glossy.—Low grounds along the lies and Virginia southward to Florida and westward * Texas. (Westl : mudas, and Central America.) July to October. 107 Fic. 403. CHABTOCHLOA VERTICILLATA ae on Div. Agros. Bul. 4: 39. 1897. (Panicum verticillatum Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 82. 1762; Setaria verticillata Beauv. Agrost. 51. 1812.) BRISTLY FOX-TAIL.—A leafy, upright annual 3-6 dm. (1°-2°) high, much branched near the base, wi rather slender, spike-like panicles 5-10 em. (2-4^) long. Sheaths loose, gla- rous, shorter than the — leaf-blades 7-18 em. (3’-7’) long, 6-12 mm. (3"-6") wide, scabrous, acumina! ristles as long as or a little exceeding the — downwardly barbed. Spikelets (a, b) nearly sessile, 2-2.5mm. int Pu to T nerved, 3 the flowering glume; flowering glume ni narrowly elip tical, rounded at th n ere and Kentucky, westward to South Dakota and 3 Naturalized from June to Septem’ 108 ga: W Fig. 404. CENCHRUS GRA Nash, Bul. Torr. ser sende | 1895. SLENDER SAND-BUR.—An ascending, sparingly b “es 352 2 yfi (1”) wide, scabrous on the midvein and m Invo x cli with eee slender, usually purplish | spines. spi A ad (4% lo: lo: ng, exse : pine lands, Pod re April to ee tribuloides tI This species is readily distinguished from C. echinatus and ©. tte n long, slender, usually purple spines, were involucres, an leaves. 109 ( c Ah FIG. 405. CENCHRUS IN Curtis, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 1: 185. 1837. (C. strictus Chap gris ag 1878.) SOU BUR.—A smooth, ascending, and more or less branched (?) 4.5-9 dm. (149-39) high, with flat leaves and slender spikes 5-8 em. (2/-3’) long. Sheaths smooth ted: leaf-blades 4-15 em. (2’-6’) long, 3-5 mm. (1-277 wide, plane, smooth. aoe inel in a bur-like involucre (a) which is naked (free n spines ines) below, with 6 to 12 stout above.—Sandy soil along the coast, ito T June to October. The smaller involueres naked : at the base, with fewer and shorter spines it somewhat resembles. volucres, which are this plant from (Cenchrus which bond eer sedes T its pubescent in y to the 110 Fra. 406, Pune MACROCEPHALUS (Doell) Scribn. U. S. Dept- Div. Agros. Bul. 17: 110, f. 406. 1899. (C. tribuloides macrocephalus bec Bras. 22, 312. 1877, ex char.) ee SAND-BUR.—A coarse, much and leafy annual, with prost ascending culms 3-6 dm. (15-27) e dense spikes 2-8 em. ll E Tong: p paea s very cuni glabrous, rarely UY". ims Magn ciliate margins a aboy ve, often exceeding t inter le; ligule densely ciliat frin sting eaf-blades on thei. involute, 3-10 em. . (197-4) long long, glabrous. 1. wich eres or “ burs” (a) pubescent, about 8 mm. (4”) long an and 6mm. (3) bue many stout spines.—Sands alo: m the coast, Delaware, New Jersey, PM ki to Alabama and Mississipp Sout eri 111 Fie. 407. ATUS Linn. Sp. Pl. 1050. 1753. COCK SPUR.— A stout, perennial 3-10 in, (19-319) high, with rather broad, flat leaves and c cylindrical, dense spikes 8-12 em. (3-5) long. Sheaths loose, glabrous; ligule TEPA 10-30cm 5-12 mm. ape) vi de, plane, acuminate, smooth or Involucres (a) pilose or downy, 3- to 5- flowered (b), with many spines above and with a row of rigid barbed bristles near the base. The with its unequal glumes, is shown by e, and the flowering glume and palea } . fields and waste Places, Sou and southward.) March to September. 112 W ISS 408. ZIZANIOPSIS MILIACEA (Michx.) Doell & Aschers. Fl. 12. 1871. (Zizania miliacea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 74. 1803.) WA LET.—A stout, erect, glabrous, semiaquatie grass 12-45 dm. extensively creeping rootstocks, with long, broad leaves and panicles 30-45 cm. (12-187) long. Leaf-blades 60 cm. (24^) long, or more, glabrous except on the scabrous margins. Spikel i low, and pistillate (a,b) ab ^ t h ha nanicle, the be mm. (3"-4") long, awnless, the latter about 6 mm. (3” with an awn 2-6 mm. (1"-3") long.—Swamps, ete., , A (according to Riddell) northward to Ohio. May to August 41 wW Fic. 400. ZIZANIA AQUATICA Linn. Sp. Pl. . 1753. WILD RICE, “REEDS a stout, M 9-30 dm 0°) high, with broad, flat leaves and large pan es 30-60 em. (12/-24/) sed Y incide loose, glabrous; ligule thin, short An Slates 30 em. (12/^) long or more, 1-3 cm m. (1/-1}/) wide, A above. Staminate spikelets (c e 8 8-24 3 ur n 24-48 mm. ax- 200 bug = € , 10-16 mm. (5"-8") pm d the narrow palea à pis of iue ‘fertile songs at b.—8w amps em shallow margins of . streams and rivers, New Brunswick to Manitoba, southward to to Florida and Tien June to ote is the f ite food of the reed bird, and it is iun vated to some extent by sportsmen with a view to attrac ting these and aquati fowl The stems are used by coopers for making the joints of barrels de e s grass is the Manorrin of the Chippewa Indians, who gather the in for food 13412—No. 17—01——8 i Asin.) Paris i Aui from S. odorata Scribn., by its narrower NM m and — flowered panicles, and awned flowering glum 115 Fre. 4n. S ARUNDINACEA Linn. Sp. Pl 55. 1753. REED CANARY-GRASS.—A stout, erect, glabrous, broad-leafed perennial, 6-15 dm. 2500 dre with densely flowered panicles 6-16 cm. a) long. Sheaths sho: the internodes; ligule 2-6 mm. (1"-3") long, obtuse; leaf-blades 8-25 p geo ues , 6-16 mm. (3-9) wide, acuminate, sm ooth or scabrous Spikelets (a) 5-6 mm. (27,3%) long, with scabrous, 3-nerved outer glumes (b), one-fourth longer than the obtuse, pubescent flowering glume (0: as $ rigi hairy Mole places and in an h water, Nova Scotia to Bri "€ ‘Columbia, and southward to 5 , Kansas, Arizona, and California (Europe, Asia.) June re ir This grass is 5 for cultivation on wet lands and flooded fields and its strong and extensively rootstocks make it especially valua uable for banks of rivers and ditches. The variety picta, known as ribbon grass, crated be: the leaves are variegated with green and white stripes, is cul- 412. PHALARIS LEMMONI “LEMMON CANARY-GRASS.— high, with short leaves * rd sple ke, cylindres P ( Bier obtuse 6 mm: (% long; leaf-blades plane or folded, se long. narrow . Spikelets 4-5 mm. be with sos ums rarer 117 gi ual twisted b helow t intoa * long slender stipe, w whic h l articu- Lower ] more numerous di e en giving the plant a lumes. have 18 the wind like a tumble nd. 118 ae Fig. 414. ARISTIDA Wo cin Michx Bor. 41. we. E ERTY GRASS—A slender, erect, dichotomously branching annual 15%, | (7-2?) high, with narrow, usually involute leaves and slender, Va MS ͤ s. MERERI Ne a 119 E E us TRIPLE. - ARISTIDA BASIRAMEA Engelm.Bot.Gaz.9:76. 1884. TUFTED (4-16 “yor An erect, slender, smooth, much- branched perennial 1-4 dm. like E with narrow. and few-flowered, spike- : i "op IC) long. Empty glumes (a) unequal; the first one- Mm as the second, which is 10-14 mm. eum in length, awn eat glume (b) shorter than glume; middle about (6"-9") long, coiled at base, and divergent, the lateral awns and Manitot as long as the middle one, erect or divergent.— and 120 Fig. 416. ARISTIDA DESMANTHA ha os Agrostidea, 8: 109. WESTERN BUNCH-GRASS,—A slender, bu rigid, erect, glabrous enníal 3-6 dm. (19-29) high, with narrow te-pointed leaves and panicles about 12 em. (5/) long. Ligule rina, truneate; — ime long ide, smooth be : h bea . Teflexed, somewhat coiled awns about 2i mm. - long.—Dry soil, „ and Texas. August, 417. ARISTIDA ll. Sk. Bot. 8. e gung Ga. 1: 141. 1817. _ BPIKE-XIKE POVERTY GRASSA pout e pdm. (19-39) high, . . Mith rather er long, linear leaves and densely flowered, „ spike-like 1 5 panicles, Leaf. b. bades conso zaia, th eee eg 3 ard ormore, h y glumes unequal, each awn-pointed and te uding on 1a, m. Lo long; flow ering glume 00 verys slender, i Lem. es ly an Ji jn. am lone 705 . awn longer rag the es; callus short barbate pine barrens, Georgia and Missisippi. Ju Vocem ^ 8 | G. 418. ARISTIDA OLIGANTHA Michx. Fl. Bo 2 A un RIE TRIPLE-AWN.—A tufted, much-branched sg annua , narrow pesos lax, f des (2.0% lon etre ual, vio N waif towering ume ri pel "exceeding the : shorter than at least aboye y equal, or the eis 1 pe 2 ~ midale e. strongly ‘divergent, 2-5 em. (1 DM 2 , e AAA Oh Oregon and California. July to October. stems 2-4 dm. (8-16) ats ene ths, na 123 AUY 10 AM WA » AN 4 NV nh Y P Ms , 4 hi 1 —— — A ee Wh A — = —__ gg — Fig. 419. ARISTIDA NGISETA Steud. Syn. Pl. DOG-TOWN d . Gram RASS.—A ione or sometimes rather 0 5 ‘densely gh dm. (8’-16’) high, with simple culm ther rigid, long. Spike ita) usual 1 empty glumes, the first ly purplish, with very unequa p about one-half he second, which is 18-24 eo long, : " the flowering pon (b) which is terminated by three divergen nearly equal awns varying in length from 5-10 em. (2/-4^).—Dry soil, — "i nsas and and British Columbia and Arizona. Ap Closely allied to A. rea Nutt., = eas ly distinguished by its simple -— Saiwa fewer-flowe ually racemose panicles, erect more rigid 124 Fig.420, ARISTIDA HAVARDII Vasey, Bul. Torr ot Club, 13 : 27. 186 nder, ching perennial e 2 em. about 3 dm. éd - with. setaceous lea eon 0 us long, the flexuous bran , e eee e Leaf-blades setae e glume about equaling the one glume; awns spreading, nearly equal, M , pani 3 —Prairies, western rams a New Mexico and Arizona 125 el lI EE aT - A N TER eee ES A DIVERGENS Vasey, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 8: 48. var. minor Vasey, Bul. Torr. Club, 13: 28. 1886. : E "n RASS.—A rather rigid, erect perennial 3-6 dm. (19-29) high, wit » invol ; T mm. (5/-6/) long, the lateral ones wanting or very short.—Arizona Divae le-pointed, and & little longer than the i Ann 1012 voten A3 £ August, September. 126 : eS "is b Fig. 422. ARISTIDA FLORIDANA (Chapm.) Vasey, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. = 3: 48. 1892. (Streptachne floridana Chapm. Fl. So. U. S. 554. 1 ) an.) Neq epum —A! slender , erect, | somewhat wiry paame ~~ 6 p ae at the throat; leaf-blades elongated, con volute, poe ‘the branches in pairs, scattered. Spikelets "i with nearly equal, P ah e (b) tà -a long, more or less curved or flexuous awn; lateral awns W: September. T SENS PLE IPM NEL a Oe ee ne ak m 121 ma BLA AVENACEA Linn. Sp. Pl. 78. 1753. (S. barbata Michx, LR Ok OAT GRASS Ae gatas e ee 3-7.5 dm. (19-219) high. - w. Spik ute filiform and o -flowered panicles 10-16 cm. (4-00 elets 8-10 mm. (%% sind empty inne (a) equal, glabrous, about . "Hm. (6% long: etc glume (b) slightly shorter, scabrous and minutel black, at the ape the sharp callus densely pilose; awn 3-5 em. (12-2) lands, | below, and usually twice genieulate.—Dry, open wood- ete, „Rhode ee to Ontario and Wisconsin and southward to Florida toJuly. tiep. Apr 128 Fic. 424. STIPA AVENA ES Nash, Pus Torr. Bot. Club, 22: 428. zn FEATHER-GRASS.—A er Bacar erect, smooth ENS n dm. ce 4n high, with long involute-se leav: le panic € on ths about one-half as long as the internodes, incl ea glabrous, the basal ones e dm. (1°) long, of the culm BERLL Spikelets few, with acuminate empty glumes (a) 16-20 mm. See in me 5 glumes (b), i including the 3 14-16 mm. () long, b d ring of short brown x, otherwise smooth; callus 68 (94^) long ng, eovered with appressed cos silky hai which increase length toward the base of the glume; awn 8-10 em 65 long, b below, twice geniculate.— Florida, in pine lands near Cassia, Lake March to qu vs : Distinguished from cree avenacea Linn.,by its much longer empty 2 ane langer flowering glum 129 8 STIP. MATA Trin. s Rupr. Agrost. —4^) long, : We em. n. (3 4’) (b) about 12 mm. (6”) long; awn sees 8 vis ea is shown dm — aran FP m sandy soil, British e Califo Nebraska, T valuable range grass, 13412—No. 17. 17—01——9 130 Fre. 426. 8 Thurb. U. 8. Geol splot goth Par. 5: OCCIDENTALI 380. 1871. Not poa Wilkes U. 8. Explor. Exped. 17 874. ( Vasey, Bul. Torr. Bot. Club. 10: 1883. Not ai Tati. Eneyel. 1791; S. ore is Scribn. U. S. at Agr. pee Agros. Bul. 17:1 10 ~ (12/-20^) high, with narrow, setaceously pointed eaves, short me contracted, erect panicles 8-16 em. (3/-6’) long agi T n d , Spikelets 1 10-12 mm, e g empty ‘glumes (a) & qe and earinate above, 3- to 5- nerved; flo ei gne 0) A ptis clothed RM with a Mb short pubescem and wi ciliate teeth at the apex; awn 24-36 mm. (12"-18") Ln pubescent s mose and twisted in the lower half. 5 California to W 131 masses. FE A PA HASSEI Vasey, Cont 8. Nat. Herb. 1: 267. GRASS.—A slender, vis ‘and densely tufted perennial uu is dm. (19-140) high, with ¢ erect A 6 cn 1 ee Spik eaths o , striate ; ligule very short; leaf-blades 10-20 em he first 885 elets kem 6 mm, (a ) long; mardi — (a) nearly equal, 1- or faintly 3- nerved, the second strongly 3-nerved; flowering glume p- about eq 5 85 equaling the outer ones, eee ne e with 3 strong nerves, (8yr) gee ta tone-half as long as the floweringglume. Awn 16-18 mm. 8, glabrous.—Dry soil, ridges, ete., southern California. 132 Fig, NEO-MEXICANA (Thurber) Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. D! Agros. Bul. 17: 132, J. 428, 1899. (S. pennata neo-mexicana Thurber in vee e 5. Dept. Agr. Div. Bot. Bul 192; 8, pl. 8. 1891.) FEATHERG pi T stout, erect, densely tufted perennial 3-9 dm. (19-39) high, hips inv se e and narrow, racemose ~~ les 8-10 ddr (34^) long. fang nearly equal, lon, ved, 1 ee flowering glume (b) 10-14 mm. (7) is as accu with a a die appressed pubescence. Awn desk 2 (3’-5’) long, plumose- hairy, excepting near the base. The palea is sh. y ¢.—High northern wed of the mour tains of sonthern a Seemed, . 8 — and Texas. May to to Septem ber. grass of 133 J Herb. 3: 54. see A PRINGLEI (Beal) Scribn, Contr. U. S. Nat. a Oryzopsis pringlei Beal, Bot. Gaz. 18: 112. 1890.) PRINGLE'S FEATHE RAss.— slend ess 134 g from the glume.—Colorado t us species is one of the most t grasses valuable h isses of the does very well under irrigation. T 135 ( IR 431. STIPA MACOUNII Scribn. Macoun Cat. Can. Pl. 2: 390. 1890. ‘richardsonii A. Gray. 1857. Not Link. 18893.) MACOUN'S STIPA.—A slen- narrow leaves and few fi I x € -Howered panicles 4-10 em. (}/-4’) long. Sheaths shorter than the inter- mm e about 2 mm. (1”) long, obtuse; leaf-blades 5-13 em. ro long, 1-2 8, 0 glumes 9 bipera scabro iiem involute-setaceous in g. Empty e (a) about mm. (27) ) long, o tuse, glabrous, the pubescent isse lum The pa he : pne shorter than the pae ones; awn £ "i 0 oe A i long. 25 3 August. 137 en hep STIPA BLOO and. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 4: 168. 1872. (perten Thurb. Not Lam. ) 3 STIPA.—A slender, densely cxs- Pitose pe perennial ea dm. (19-39) high, with long, narrow, or involute a -n more or less open panicles 12-24 cm. (5/-10’) long. Spikelets 8 mm. (4”) long; -— glumes (a) - minate, 3-nerved, minutely scabrous, an cuerdas T than dna es Sn with long. ae d s „ mm (8-97) long, sumas t below, seabrous above. T palea is shown by c.—Californ Montana, 138 FIG. 434. STIPA CORONATA Thurber in S forming a corona 4 mm. (2%) long; s awn itin. about 2 cm. aide long, minu. Scabr d Califo: Wats. Bot. Calif. 2: 287. TED FEATHER-GRASS.—A stout, erect perennial 12-18 = with flat leaves, the lower ones often 9 dm. (3°) lo rather densely flowered panicles 3-4 dm. (12/-16’) long. Spielt with un acuminate-pointed empty glumes (a), the lower one about 16 mm. 5-ne acumin brous.—Sandy plains and hill tember. March . FIG. 435. ARDSON'S Pr RICHARDSONI Link, Hort. Berol. 9: 245. 1899. RICH- h, with narro R-GRASS.—A slender, erect perennial 6-9 dm. (2°-3°) w leaves and nodding, open, few-flowered panicles 7-12 em. lanceolate, 140 ene e e C. V. Piper, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Ai E 1900 (Stipa occidental e Explor. Exped : EST i what unequal, the first 10 mm. (5% long, 3- to 5- peach "alle $-nerved second one; flowering glumes (b) 6-7 mm. (97-8) ) — "m : with appressed hairs, brownish gem | long, plumose below. Palea (e) one-fourth shorter than | i Rover ins FE Dry soil and rock The grass described as Stipa occidentalis by Thurber n soy U. S. ee re, 1874, and which has been considered € hip f that 2 tinct rom Stipa ¢ occidentalis Thurber i in U.S ; r. doth 1 idi a Vasey as S. edens (S. or ; a grass at distinguished f user eS trieta ele 141 a oe 137. STIPA VASEYI Scribn. U. A ae Agr. Div. Agros. Bul. 11: 46. GR aa ha viridula var. robusta Vase Stipa robusta Nutt.) S 1 RASS. A stout, erect pere nnial 13154 m. dan high, with long, flat leaves ra erect, densely flowered panicles 30-45 em. (12/-18^) long. mm. (57) long; empty glumes (a) firm in texture, minutely but distinetly Scabrous on the ba k; flowering glumes (b) pubescent, 6-7 mm. (3”-3}”) long. palea is shown by lorado, New Mexico, southern California. (Mex- June to September. * grass, although producing a large bulk of stems and leaves, is regarded Bur dee — It is said that when it is eaten in the fresh state crazed 1 a narcotic isonous effect, causing the animals to become z 2 ocoed, " loco weed (Astra- galus mon, 4 its ion resembling that of the deadly ( 142 a 650 ^) long, both $-nerved, acuminate; fi obtuse. Dry (S-) long. Palea (e) less than 2 mm. Ln yee and canyons to September. ‘ons, Colorado and New Mexico. 143 Fro. 499. STIPA eee, Vasey, Bot. 7: 82. se RASS.— ^ taer stout, doit; tufted i perennial 5 am. at) h, with TEn: 3 ong mm. (0/7) long; empty glumes (1 — lanceolate ag erved, mm. entate at the apex (d), the teeth less than 2 mm. ae ; awn o 18 mm. (9% long, smooth above, — us below.—Dry soil, ‘Southern and Lower California. June 144 Trin. & Rupr. dye 9:45. 1842. FEATHER-GRASS. A rather stout, erect, cespitose pere nnial 3-6 dm. high, with long, narrow, radical leaves an d erect, pose ee j (58) long. Spikelets 16-18 mm. (&"-9") long; empty s glumes (a) nearly acuminate, hyaline, the first 3, the second 5- to 7 flowering densely bearded, 10-12 mm. (%% long, silky-pu ien cent throughout, but distinetly 2-toothed; idi ay (14-37) ong, plumose below tbe with white, silky hairs 6 mm. (3”) long, smooth above.—Dry soil and Lower California. Puch America) apt 145 cman d TN NY Y 888, ‘ZOPSIS WEBBERI (Thurb. — T Bul. Torr. Bot. Club, 15: nder, wiry, inier webberi Thurb. in S. W. . Calif. 9: 283. te hairs; ques nearly equaling the mm. (2”) long, very de- bui. ee an ia Ame 18419 — No, 17—01 146 t. N. Y. 87. . YZOPSIS JUNOGHA 2 ME). B. 8. P. = Cat (Stipa x. Fl. Bor, Am. 1: "s canadensis Torr. s) SMALL MOUNTAIN RICE.—An erec labro us, Monde tufted Bem panicles ? G. 442. juncea Mich E 1.5-6 dm. (19-29) high, with erect, "stes = and narrow panicles i han the e, lig - ooth brou : pubescent with short, appressed, silky hairs; — —— uous, 2 mm. aneti less.—Dry, rocky soil and open woodla e to British Colum ward to Pennsylvania and Colorado, May fe pede 1860, (4 à CHOPODES (Ell.) Chapm. Fl. So. U. BUNCH Hay trichop 1 t. S. C. and Ga. 1: 135, pl. 8 f. I. 1817.) with very GRASS. -A sl r, rather rigid perennial 6-9 dm. (29-39?) high, (127) long. arrow, flat or involute leaves and cap panicles nearly 30 em. equal, hara]; nest (a) linear ren ; empty glume slightly Min 3 3 the length of flowering glume (c), which is short, st M the two lateral nt, termi Pine barrens wn. Palea (shown by b) equaling the flowering glume.—Dry ber, North Carolina to Florida and westward to Texas. July to Octo- 148 Fig. 44. MUHLENBERGIA COMATA (Thurb.) — Journ. Lini SEE 19: 83. 1881. (Vaseya comata Thurb. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1 i 1863.) WOOLLY ee rather stout or vow upright pe 3-9 dm. (19-39) high, with flat leaves and densely flowered, more or less oat — errupted panicles "rs em. (3’-4’) long. Spikelets about 3 ec 2 e or pe iem nearly $0; empty gl umes ct mid wly mewhat 0. footed at the apes on 3 awn 6-8 mm. (3/-4") iong, s anaes flextous,Rather moist | ener e in mountains and foothills, Nebraska to Oregon, south to July to Septem ang t 149 care 3:71. l. MUHLENBERGIA p OSA. Scribn. in Vasey, Contr. U. S. Nat 103, 182 y 1992. (Sporobolus 5 us (2) Seribn. Bul. Torr. Bot. Club, 9: leafy mj SHRUBBY DROP-SEED.—A stout, woody, much-branched, and cie simple panicles 1-3 em. (4,14% long. Leaf-blades filiform, very nearly equal 5 em. (2) long. Spikelets about 3 mm. (11^) long; empty glumes (a) "deseen 1 mm. (i^) long; flowering glume (b) narrow, "e Palea m nerved, pubescent below, „ tipped with an awn 4 mm. (2”) long. Paty longer than ais e.—Roe Polen ) May, June. 150 F MUHLENBERGIA e Buckley, Proc. 1 Phila.1862: 91. 1862.—A slender iry, much-branched perenaia high, with short, narrow leaves aca strict 2 in bee. -— ; elets sessile, 4 mm. (2”) long; empty unequal, not awned or pointed; the second one m n) long, first shorter, both Lnerved; flowering glume (b) 3 mm. i. (7) 45 E (Mexico.) August to October. Dea ar Texas to Arizona. 151 7. MUHLENBERGIA LEMMONI Sh LEM NI Seribn. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 70. MO son dd DROP-SEED. —A leafy, ascending, wiry perennial 3-6 dm. 8 e base, with narro . in Tru i j ter Pted panicles 6-8 em (23’-32/) long. Leaf-blades 2.5-5 cm glumes (a) la k tonta se), (ayy ae-acuminate, 2 mm. (1”) long or more; flowering glume (b) about 4 mm. am a dee lanceolate, and densely pubescent below; awn 2% long.—Mountains, Texas to Arizona. September. dec Cu. ud erf LR ee oe e mr 153 I "A ul A N W [/ j 9 V | | j N Y 4 j y f j i i // i \ il / | Ww y | | W | / S isa] US Fig. 449, 8: 71 ERGIA P. LUMIS Vasey, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. ALLODD PME. SEED.—A slender, o perennial $425 Howes 8M w 8 7 80 ; often branching, with rather rigid, narrow leaves and involute,2-10¢m, 5-M em. (754% long. Ligule short, fimbriate; leaf-blade ara i long. “Spikelets about 3 mm. a) long; empty glumes whi the teeth. mm Qi) an Nin with 2 sharp teeth at the apex, bearing between i October, wn 12-20 mm. (6/-10") long.—On o hillsides, Texas. e Po e HENCE IL D. K. Nov. Genet a ‘Fim an p 1815. TEXAN TIMOTHY.—A slender, wiry perenn - uch branched and often geniculate at the base, w leaves and cylindrical, spike-like panicles 3-6 em. di^ 210 w’) long 4 mm. (2”) long, with awned glumes (a), the first glume (e) often * in two. wns, the flow — glume (b) terminating in we M NN AUF aL cn on the mesas, Colorado to Te to New Mexico and A Arizona. enin) May to October 156 re mei ht ean ware uf e i aik Obtuse, densely iious outer glumes (a) about the length o 1 which is pubescent near the a x labrous bel ow, b back, just eber ee middle pex, gi pets pin a land, Labrador, to Alaska, (Arctic regions of c ; Asia.) July, Posen ; l 3 151 Fig. ther puso - SCHMIDTIA spanning Tratt. Fl. Oesterr. 1: 12. 1816. (Colean- a 3 in R. & S. Syst. 2: 276. 1817.) MOSS-GRASS.—A low, moss- like Palea 2 to-8 lobed or r toothed abo: sich ages the hispid, excurrent t midnerve. am uddy aces October. d Weshingion and Oregon. (Northern. Europe.) September, 158 FIG. 454. SPOROBOLUS UNIFLORUS eee ) Seribn. & Merrill, Agr. Div. Agros. Cir, 27:5. 1900. 1 s serotinus A. Gray, 1848; Agrostis serotina Torr. Fl. U. S. 1: ; Poa uniflora Muhl. G 1817.) LATE DROPSEED.—A siender,e erect t perennial 1. 5-4. ate (6'-18") with very 8 es 6-18 cm. (24. ths short, ona the lower part of the culm; nente lea ess than. "Y long, truncate; „ one-half as long as the culm”, (% wide or less, plane, slightly scabrous above. m about 1,5 mm. long, with the outer ; glumes (a) obtuse, smooth or somewhat scabrous; © by by cog and wet, sandy soil, Maine to New Jersey -- westward ugust, September. US JUNCEUS eye ) Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 68. 1835. . Fl. Bor. Am. 1 803.) RUSH iei — t, wiry perennial 3.6 dm. s high, with se 10% ") long, and open panicles 6-14 em. 0 500 in length. long, with very unequal empty glumes, the 1bacute 160 Man. 576. Fig. 456. SPOROBOLUS CRYPTANDRUS (Torr.) A. Gray, RUSH-GRASS ( Agrostis eryptan eaten. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1: 151. 1824. SAND An erect, glabrous, cespitose pe ; New Mexico, and Texas. (Mexico. 161 Bones BOLUS DOMINGENSIS (Trin.) Kunth, Enum. Pl.1: 214. ingensis 5 Trin. in Sprengel, Neue Entd. 2: 59. 1821; Agrostis brane tes.) shen INDIAN RUSH-GRASS.—An erect, glabrous, attenua usually about 3 dm. (1°) high, with rather rigid, flat, lon je Polnted leaves and arrow, many-flowered panicles 5-6 em. (2-217 , subeomp , sm ; leaf- on the upper surface. Spikelets nearly 2 ual first one-half as long as the sec- the flowering glume: flowering glume (b) 1-nerved, acute. lume.—Saline soil, near the coast 162 Fig, 458, SPOROBOLUS WRIGHTII Scribn. Bul. Torr. Bot. ne SACCATON. —A stout, erect perennial 10-18 dm. (3°-6°) high, with e Buc many open panicles 30-60 em. (12/-20") long. spikele an long, with thin, unequal empty glumes, the secon nee the first; fl about the same length as the second glume. Palea ince ct apex. grain is shown by c.— Adobe" soil, Texas, New ber. his species grows in great clumps, producing a large quantity " x irae hay. It is especially valuable for saline bottoms su sib 164 Fi. 460, SPOROBOLUS JONESII Vase y, Bot. Gaz, 6: 207- RUSH-G RANA. ema d wiry, densely tufted, erect gum high with numerous short, rigid, involute, about spreading panicles 3-6 cm. (1/2) long. Spikelets o ap) long, with nearly truncate or erose-dentate empty ud wat one-half as as the acute flowering glume the palea in texture, firm membranaceous, finely be summit, M ^ with a distinct callus,—Sode Springs, nest 165 Fis. 461. SPOROBOLUS LIG LIGULATUS Vasey & Dewey, eh hopes 3: 518, 1894,—A wi oh k, slender, smooth, upright perennial, 3-4.5 5 -1$ r3 » flat leaves, and contracted panicles 8-12 em. (3-5 22 dm. (4’-12’) 5 "- long, lanceolate; leaf-blades flat or convolute Qa. Spikelets ly equal Sa ets (a) 8-4 mm. (147-2) long, besser 1 bey the range dp umes (b we h bout one-half as lon tne es th 4 c. ddr. to & nerved, sub obtu e.—Canyons, western ex. Septem, 166 Fic. 462, SPOROBOLUS NEALLEYI Vasey, vem Torr. Bot. Club, 15: # 1888. NEALLEY'S RUSH-GRASS A pale green, slender, densely tufted, efe more or less me — bs, rigid, m 0 em. (1}/-4’) long, and open panicles 3-8 m. (12-9) long. Leaf- blades ri MM Pese divaricate, 1-3 em. (117 long, ple at the firt Spikelets (a, b) about 2 mm. (17) long, wit th n narrow, empty y qiue umes, 1 Habitat not known. Western Texas and New Mexico. July. Vasey, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 1: 57. ther slender, rigid perennial about 3 dm. lumes, the first about one-half as uals the fi į marshes, ete., K e flowering glume (b). Thegrain is shown Cn. = à pra distinguished from Species by its very unequal empty glumes. 2 E p V | | | ( | | — ` c ^, a e S ( à i N J 8 Fic. 464, SPOROBOLUS ASPERIFOLIUS (Nees & Mey.) Thurb. in 8. ve ; : 209. 1880. (Vi Nees & Meyen, in Trin. Agrostiðen 73. 1840.) ROUGH-LEAFED SALT-GRASS.—A slender, much-branched, len? perennial 1-3.5 dm. (4-14/) high, with diffuse panicles 6-10 em. (21/4) l A lets 1-1.5 mm. (-% long, with nearly equal, acute empty glumes p wo-thirds as long as the obtuse, mucronate flowering glume (b). The grain? pot hg ¢—Alkaline soil, Assiniboia to the Dakotas and Missouri, west" — Columbia, eme and California. June to September. a» species grows well on strongly alkaline soil, and may prove for propagation on such lands. : f 170 Fie. VAGIKJEFLORUS (Torr. Wood, Classbook , : 1861. (Va A n Trin. Agrost. 1: 34. 1840; Sporobolus ae Vasey. 1890. SOUTHERN ns ainan eee slender, cæspitose A y 1.5 to 4 dm. (6'-16') high, with very narrow, short, leaves and simple, q flowered, prism) and axillary, ageing panicles, which are about 2 om lets > " long and mostly inclosed in what inflated leaf-sheaths. dont 2-4 mm. (17-2) Ton, o ao tomes Py unequa goes MM or TH nd waste : ing glume (f) sca! metim h.—Dry fi es nearly Pisces, Ve Vermont ges South Diis and ionis. gestas rd to exas. August, September. ? VAR. NEGLE 41 sho! and usually OD : flowering which are glabrous or pilose below.—Same distribution enm. cies a and ¢ outer glumes, b and d florets of the variety ee ley nr 171 M 3 3 Fig, 467. REJO GR SPOROBOLUS UTILIS Torr. Pac. R. R. Rept. 5?: 365. 1857. APA- f ere -—A slender, win. much-branched perennial 15-50 cm. (6’-20’) few-fow, t spreadi recurv volute leaves and y Emp slumes (a) abou. ts about 2.5 mm. (11^) long, with the empty Ein ish t one-half the length ot th cios ering glume (b). The to Nevada and scu; -—Swampy places, along m ee ge —— ae Cette thern a. . green ember. and aparejos, or pack saddles, " 3 its toughness by elasticity especially adapt it. pac a purpose muc! te-pointed shown by e.—Moist p _ Related to S. gracillimus Thurb., but readily distinguished 11 senerallf by its broader, more rigid leaves, scabrous panicle-branches, stouter habit. flowering gl laces in 112 a bout one-half as long as d. ume (5), which is seabrous above. The gain the mountains of Colorado and I han the snerved daho. Jay? | from that sped | 173 : SPOROBOLUS FILIFORMIS (Thurb.) Scribn. U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Wen kt, i 173, f. 469. 1899. (Vilfa depau uperata füiform is Thurb. in = ria ben 40th ar 5: 376. 1871.) SLENDER RUSH-G high, with sety tufted annual 0.8-3 dm., usually about 1.5 dm. (3^-12", — s arro l-nerye 1 Moist soi in the than the flowering glume (b). The grain is shown by e— and pie ountains, Washington to California and eastward to (?) Utah July to September. 174 Fic. 470, SPOROBOLUS VIRGINICUS (Linn.) Kunth, Rev. Gram : 1835. (Agrostis virginica Linn. Sp. Pl. 63, 1753.) SEASIDE st oss bent more or less branching, leafy perennia (49-29) high, with creepi ocks an densely flowered, 3-6 cm. (121) long. Spikelets 2-3 mm. (1-1) long: empty (a) acute, g ; flow glume (b) uper slightly sho bout obtuse pa ys toTexas. (Mexicoand West 2 duo August M eee V 175 a NEURON TRICHOLEPIS (Torr. + Bul. rs 1857. —4 88. 1898. (Vilfa Wen Torr. Pac. R. R. Rept. 4^: 155. Mi slender, erect, densely cœspitose perennial 3-6 dm. (15-89) in with ,S abrous leaves and more or less spreading panicles 6-18 em. (2i/-7^) Carinate, 1. " thin, smoo Palea Pr ending flowering glume (b) pubescent or villous on the 3 nerves Nerves or enu " glume, slightly ciliate above and pubescent on the 2 » tara = Dry soll, Utah, Colorado to Texas, and westward (Mi ation) ae Fig POLYPOGON R rat littoralis W A tufted, slender 176 LITTORALIS (With.) Smith Comp. " 2 th. Bot. Arr. Brit. Pl. ed. 3, 8: f. 28. ing glume (b) broadly Wet places, Californ ) May, June. truncate or emargina ia and Oregon to ane Island. 5 ed. 2,9 , or rather stout perennial ds Pe m P) high. leaves and narrow, den flowered, man y-lo n e em. i d] long. Spikelets 2-3 mm. (17-1417) long; empty v gumes ett 177 ! "ms Willd. Gesell. Nat. Fr. Neue Schritt. 3: frinilum Roxb.) SEASIDE BEARD-GRASS.—An erect, mts sie eh with short, flat leaves and densely flow- wis 2-4 em. (4-17) long. Spikelets with two-lobed, awned " +h me) Awn of the lumes 4-6 mm. (2 (Europe. J empty g (2"-9") long.— 178 a) 8 3 Fie. 474. ARCTAG: 434, (Colpodium ae Y. R. Br. r. Suppl, A 2 pa 2-8 mm. 0 wide, — which is shorter than the obtuse, scabrous, flowering — 2 k Greenland and Labrador to Alaska. (Northern Europe an „ (v ROSTIS AR CEA (Trin. ) Beal, Grasses N. A. 2: 317. Olpodium a Hnacea Trin. Unt. 17. 1824; Sporobot rect coated en EED 2 dm. glum, m. (5% broad. Spikelets compressed, with near Pian. (a) about 4.5 mm, (2% long; flowering glume (b) acute or Palea obtuse or gpr 2-nerved.—In wet soil, river and British America. (Northeastern Asia.) July, August. 180 Fig. 476. CINNA BOLANDERI &Scribn. Pipa saaa Nat diee 290. 1884.. CALIFORNIAN REED-GRASS.—A sto us ; Leaf 15-22 dm. (5°-7°) high, with loose, open mount em. 0.44 ) one at y blades firm, prominently striate and scabrous on both sides, 30-60 em. 5mm. (% long, 20 mm. (10% wide, tapering to a sharp point. Spikelets about P long, with scabrous, broadly MN nearly equal em E glumes (4), QULA ANM ab the Pnerved y sessile floret (b b).—Califor 6090 August. . pte ibn. Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. regi 1884: 290, 1884, from and Wash; Ee re Fic. 478. AGROSTIS 1843. perennans THIN SEA —A slender, 182 ANS (W * Am Walt. Fl. Car. 74. 1788.) VEREN V j : 1 F A . ae eg cy > . S E um t — GEMINATA Trin. Unif. 207. 1824. UNTAIN —.— ee i ves, ee d capillary. spreading: les 5-8 cm. 3 Pit ara Spikelets 24-3 mm. b %) long; empty glumes (c (a) inapoiat, — obscurely 5-nerved, b abont LT Jom. 00 long, bearing an awn on the i IE or often exceeding the glumein a (Europe.) July, August. 184 Linn. Sp. Pl. 62. 1753. (A. rupestris Chapm. no rado, also in Labrador and Ne P ) 5 3 E l ; E mae recen 77! eri TIERE SNAM ternodes; leaf-bla ‘Spikelets 2.3 mm. om. Q^) ont, with nearly equal, su minutely toot! wnless ets om (b) Duet om e simus or seas ie —Mountains of Oregon, to September, 186 Fig. 482. AG U.S. Dept. Ag J. H BENT.—A M pests cespitose peren (4’-6’) high, w vith xr narrow leaves, and narrow, rather dense is icles 3-5 em. 8 long. Sheaths smooth, the lower ones thin er at least ; ligule ongated, about 2 mm. 0 pes leaf- ades. flaceid. the lower ones te, empit ^ smooth. Spikelets about 3 mm. (10 long, with ovate- lanceolate, a minili glumes (a), which are a little longer than the b y obtuse Labradot - scabrous, awnless flowering glume (b). Palea 0.5 mm. (2) long- tember. 187 V M tl jp Y Y f \ \ | | / |J / 9 Mi f Wh SN Ww Y A WA ^ N / š ~ 3 Wh ő , (SS AGROSTIS ALBA Linn. Sp. ‘Pi. 63. 1758. HERD'S GRASS or ; DOM kno loniferous, with am. (1 9-39) high, flat leaves and erect, many-flowered a gule 2-8 mm open hs A (%% long: 8) pda scabrous. Spikelets 2-3 mm. (4%) long, es (a), which are a aps longer than the 9 glume (b). Palea one-half to hree-fourths as long 1 IET za sele at i ) a in A. Gray Man. ed. 6, 647. 1890, is a form with e than 2 mm. (1) in length and more spreading : "e. * le species is widely A: and is valuable for ! 8 wen where the soil is not too dry. Some of the 188 . AGROSTIS ee 1779. (4. L5 WATER BENT-GRASS.—A s lender aot ‘with flat leaves, we m. wnless fl Utah to Texas and westward to California. (Mexico, Sou Europe, and India.) May to August. GROSTIS CINNOIDES (Muhl .) Barton, Comp. F1. Phila Cinnoides Muhl. Gram. 187. 1817; Calamagrostis pipere 2,951. 1854.) NUTTALL'S REED-GRASS.—A stout, erect i ntracted h aucous-green and purple. Spikelets empty glumes (a) attenuate from near the e ; flowering glum ) 4-5 mm. (2“ 3 ) long, he ; awn attached abou fourth slightly exceeding the glume, straigh P (c) about 2 mm. (1") long, its hairs inte A Moist soil, Maine to Ohio, south to North Carolina Ala- tember. dne other North American species of Calamagrostis in having the prolongation of the rachilla villous pee 190 : ; ; 20. a ion naar S BREWERI Thurb. in S. Wats. Bot. Cat ? BRE REE D- GRASS. d sel tufted -5-3.5 dm. (6/-14’) en with " a Slender. enn T. sal leaves , cnn and open, Acad oan panicles 1. 5-6 c em. (i^ ^y) long er s; basal leaves 3-8 em. (1}/-3’) long, 1 renis or im minutely sea. k purple. lets 3.5-4 mm. aw plo rous, Pa ed in € dark p. gone l p (b) pen 3 mm. (147) long, glabrous, or nearly so, the conspicuo" ery short, un i : ttac m am. 1 Ain on equal, awnlike teeth; awn st Callus ban antl) spike —Mountai ins of Cali fornia . ds: 3 other S ats vitesse species of Calamagrostis s a erect intra’ j sl wi contracted panicles 15-20 em. (6/-8’) long. Sheaths es, glabrous; leat blades 1.5-4.5 dm. cradle long, 2.5-5 | FX n, becom n and somewhat purplish. * ppakelets x P Blume (b X t: empty vene (a) N strongly scabrous; — tached about ag mm. (1}/’-2”) long, minutely 4-dentate at the apex; above ias yum ualing the cles hose of the gaos Agnes. Bol Au . 1898.—. es, smaller d d wick e Key AK lish spik | ur With short, refsa e; Posi cett below the constricted iiam Tae eS hairs; d, purplish; awn very short or 192 Fig. 488. CALAMAGROSTIS PORTERI A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acs ^s pee 1862. PORTER’S REED magenta slender, erect, gl nnllo. pani (2249) high, with rough, flat leaves and narr ow, rather loosely rr cles 8-16 em. (3’-6’) long. Sheaths shorter bán the intern: es n w) strongly bearded at the Summit, otherwise smooth; lent De t 5 ni interrupted, erect. Spikelets 4-6 mm. (2"-3") long; empty glumes or y scabrous, the first slightly longer than the emp flowering glume (b) 4-5 mm. (2.2%) long, t equaling the second at the , Nar’ , minutely denticulate or sharply 4-dentate stout, apex; awn attached about one-fifth above the base, 3-4 mm. (1-2 long, minutely scabrous, bent above the middle, twisted below the ge basal h one-third i Po of the rachilla (c ) about 1 mm, (4^) long, with its hairs about one-fifth M than the palea.— Woodlands, New York and Pennsylvania. July, 193 B AMAG — ROSTIS SCOPULO Proc. Calif, Acad. Sci. II. (149-240. M REED-GRASS.—A slender, erect, * x, flat lea h Rodes flowered el d narrow, er pe Seabrons or g “dd 2-156 yis. long. Sheathsshorter than the inter a Boxe, the lower marcesce at; a 15-50 em. cle 4-6 mm. (2"-3”) lone; 9 pronus ter nearly equal, lan- otherwise ring glume ed, The prolongation oft the rachilla tah. Bah. September. TeS Debt. Agr. D. Bul jte De d d n. firm in. more stric somewhat eh shining — Mh and more compressed 9. 17—01——13 “egg beneath, densely heat rt-pubescent above. Spike Solia empty glumes, = 3 attenuate- pointed, | or E Blume (b)4-5 — " extend. dg awn-like tee 4-5 mm. (2. 247) lon ng, truncate, then rves M. | bu, as the serous, 3 geniculate near the middle. . 3 as rather pi bifid. Callus hairs € short. Rachilla (o roa ee 2 mm. (17) long.—Dry, rocky soil in the mountains, Green. Pu M 8 in the mountains to South Dakota, CDI and Cali- mt Semen v s Dept. Agr. Div. Agros, Bul. 11: 19. 1898. A — "d em. (7^) high or i with ee com rely Set St. Pau Bering Sea jur ^l panicles. Spikelets 5 mm. (27) long. 196 / ca = 3 1G. 492, CALAMAGROSTIS MACOUNIANA Vasey, Contr. U. 8. f 3: 81. 1892. (Deyeuxia macouniana Vasey, Bot. 10: 297. 1885.) high, REED-B ENT.—A slender, erect, leafy perennial, 4.5-9 dm. (14°-8°) © AITO and narrow thes 5 acut a least on the keel; flowering glume (b) a li g the second om thin-membranceous, with hyaline margins and apex; awn 9 slightly : above the middle, straight, eq ualing im rapi mesi Callus aline, glabrou® sion nent, its hairs , soft, about 2 as glume copious 5 marsbe ^ r Fachille (c) very short and slender.—Moist sandy soil, borders of I Assini Missouri, Montana a Washi us ies is m C. ca allied, = its usually stricter habit. vov. more co panicles, and smaller spikelets. LT. —— tRosTIS FASCICULATA Kearney, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. enni . JL 1898. COUCH REED-GRASS.—A slender, rather rigid, : th na th —— Eenieulation. Callus hairs few, much shorter than n un = one PENA 1-1.5 mm, (1%) long.—Mendocinc e a CALAMAG Unig. 24 H Gram. ROSTIS LANGSDORFFII Trin. J. 10. 3 824. LAN RFF'S REED-G eee remit (29-49) im aa long flat leaves and ope ppnta - long. Sheaths shorter than the in terns — " yd those of the callus.—Moist to the mountains of New — nd, , Utah June to Septem! Var. LACTEA (Beal) Kearney, U. 8 . Dept. Agr. Div. ore open F^ (C. lactea Beal. 1806.) producti rp M its palea more than two-thirds as long as the glume.— ashi 199 ian Bul OVILFA CURTISSII (Vasey) Scribn. : : Suing ur U. 8 Nat. 7 199, £ 495. 1899. ( Calamagrostis cur tes má ien 11 ee t. Herb. 3: 85 1892; Ammophila curtissii p Petenni HERN REED-GRASS—A rather slender, wiry, erect leaves and ar (39-60) high, from a stout rhizome, with narrow, invo imbr ted panicles 16-20 em. (6’-8’) long. : . Basal sheaths r , te, and di : : ring. Spikelets abou P an obieno per pond esr due barrens, Fiend, Palea (b), Callus bearded with a few short hairs—Low pine Florida. July, August. 200 | y MUTICUM (Boland. ) Seribn. U. S. Dept. W Bull. 1 1: $0, Lr July, 1898. (Trisetum subspicatum VAT. in part) land. in S. Wats. Bot Oait 2: 296. 1880; Trium wolpi Vasey, ft : BEARDLESS FALSE OAT.—A rather stout or more often slender, tose perennial 3-7.5 E. (19-249) high, with tat, P— leaves, and or densel in m. (3-7) ioni te 6-7 mm. (3/-34^) 1 3-flowered; empty y glumes aC neari l S y as long as the spikelet; 4 flowering glumes acute, nen america ward toCalifornia, Wyoming, and Colorado, July to Septembe This species is in every way stouter than T, wolfii (fig. y^ ) with bro leaves and larger and more densely flowered panicles. pies more nearly equal and the flowering glumes firmer in "m y a , m 4 Ps & 4 f this 201 ii 100th Merid. 6: TRISETUM w. LFII Vasey, in U. S. Geog. Surv. W. I 8 e, ime, Sone 3 Div. Agros. Bul. 11:50f.9. 1808. WOLF'S 15 OAT.—A slender. erect, tufted perennial, with rathershort, flat, sca sonorous ing ah ose towered, nodding and contracted panicles 5-10 em, (2-4) 8. Spikelets 2-flow. wered, 5-6 ) long; empty g (a) Y ae about 6 mm ) long; flowering gl 1 e) ppm 8 „) Jong. Palea is „bearing an awn often 1 mm. (4^) 1 didis of Colorado, rare.| August. 202 Fi E ribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. pi Aa july, 1901. (T. argenteum Seribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. Bul. 1 with 1898. Not R. &S. 1817.) SILVER OAT-GRASS.—A slender, er e leaves, smooth culms 5-7.5 dm. (149-219) high, minutely scabrous sis pik and narrow, silvery- urplish panicles 10-20 cm. (4-80 t glumes (0), 4-5 mm. (2"-2y/) long, 1- to 2- flowered, with unequal, acute ub and min scabrous, short-awned flowering gl (b), lightly 2-cleft which is about 4 m long, narrowly par ei aoe T 1.1% 10087 at the apex, awned below a) w , 1-3 mm. (i Near Sil es, = and Twin La Named for te collector, Mr. C. L. Shear. 203 Fie. 409. AVENA FATUA Linn. Sp. Pl. 80. 1753. WILD OAT.—An erect, een annual 6-12 dm. (2°-4°) high, with flat leaves and spreading panicles poles Oat-like, nodding spikelets. Sheaths smooth, or scabrous at the sum- sometimes sparingly hirsute; ligule 2-4 mm. (1’-2”) long. Spikelets 2- to UNE iM the spikelets, scabrous, twisted, and geniculate.—Fields and Pious from Minnesota westwerd; abundant in grain fields on the i (Introduced from Europe.) June to September. 204 b Fic. 500. BOUTELOUA POLYSTACHYA (Benth.) Torr. in Pac. R. R. ee ^ 52: 366, pl. 10. 1857. (Chondrosium polystachyum Benth. Bot. Voy. SUP GRA ff 1844) SIX-WEEKS MA.—A slender and diffusely spreading; pe | bran nnual, 1-4 dm. (4'-16/) high, with short, narrow leaves age linear spikes about 2 cm, (4^) long, approximate near the apex of the ¢ larger its branches. Spikelets with glabrous, unequal em E (a), the h second one 1.5 mm. (% long, and 4-lo flowering glumes (b), M awned be he lobes and ciliate on the es 7 and shown by d and the palea by c.—River valleys, etc., Utah ward to southern California. (Mexico.) July to September. 205 15, m OUA PROSTRATA Lag. Varied. Cienc. Lit. Art. 9: 1 short, narro ind ? GRAMA. —A slender, tufted annual r2 dm. (4-80 high, with Sheth o , curved, pikes 1.5-2 em . (4/-4^) long. an the internodes ; ligule short; leaf-blades narrow, o. the em. Gu x long Spikelets with v PETEN glabrous, empty glumes mm. (2") long; giten glume (b) broadly oblong, R : | smooth, or slightly ent on the back, about 6 mm. (3 ) mon on uced to 3 stiff awns with 1 or 2 scales at the base.—Com October m lands, New Mexico, Colorado, and Arizona. (Mexico.) June 206 A BROMOIDES (H. B. K.) Lag. Gen. et Sp. Pl. 5. 5. 1218. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. Pl. 1: 172, t.51. 1815.) gPRUCE ; ligule a cilia A dni a ng, a aa ar") wide. lanceolate, 1-nerved, n" m. (147-2) lon, giume g. me second Jonger: flowering 8 (Mexico.) ANS de optem ri a palea.—New Arizona RE, ae n. / 207 Fig, CRASS on GREENII V Bot. Gaz. 16: 146. 1891. CH "vu (4-19) high, "oe and more or Hiis branching, leafy annual 1-2.5 d long. Sh Sheaths ], Wand rather densely flowered spikes 2-6 em. ta uos ' scent or somewhat glabrous, shorter than the (2 e ete; leaf-blades rigid, loosely involute, sca 5 em. eat * less. Spikelets (a) eee kee i 6”) , % to 15- i many-nerved, papillate-pilose and dentate glumes; empty ae. (2) 3 ng, prominently 9- to 11-nerved; flowe rome ) 5mm. t of, Habitat nc kn With 5 to 7 prominent nerves terminating in as many Own. Chico, California, June. 208 . 504. GII (8. Wats.) Hack. in ^ Far 5 Phan. 6: 261. 1889. hloé kingii S. Wats. in King’s Explor 4 pen 382, t. 40. 1871.) 'S DESERT-GRASS.—A low, densely tufted Pica, .2-0.6 (4277 t numerous short, spreading 1-2 cm. (5-10) long, and densely flowered, subeapitate panicles Lenis acute in the upper 1 ths. ikelets about 3-flowe th 4 mm. (”) empty glumes (a) 6-7 (3/-3y/) long; flowering glume (b) about the keel long, deeply 2-cleft, densely hairy or villous at the base and 5 one and marginal t es extending into short awns, the foothills 9» longest, shown in (e), and like the marginal ones ciliate.—Dr¥ i the deserts of Nevada and Arizona. Aprilto July. | pst (Torr. ) Scribn. Bul. Torr. Bot. Club 10: 30. 1883. - Rept. LENDER TRIODIA.— dm. (12/-20/) high, with short, narrow leaves le ej 0-20 em. (4’-8’) lo dra ding the ciliate; leaf-blad brous, inv inted. „Slo mm. (4 long; empty frites (a) 1-nerved, the ifl long, the second about 1 mm. (7% longer; flowering ate 5.5-7 mm. (2/-33% long, pu the keel hear the sid Arizon 210 Fic. 506. ODIA ELONGATA (Buckl.) - new comb elongata Buckl. Proc. Acad. = Sci. Phila. 1862: 89. d glumus, Munro in A. Gray, I. c. 333, nomem n udum ou ge ep Nash.) WIRY. TRIODIA.—A a ye cite a nial 6-10 em. (2°-3}°) high, with narrow leaves and contracted, gran cles isi sé em. (9-6) } long. Spikelets T Ln flowered, 6-10 mm- f btuse or ac iJ 2 hi S „ ed; flo sil, 0) domm. (2-2/7) ie and d pubescent 2 pen nerves - eh Jun 1 F i im DIA STRICTA nm "i cents U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Bot. Bul. 1833-1897) pe ro ( Windsoria stri utt. siqua Am. Phil. Soc. II, 5 : 147. (49-59) -) SPIKED TRIODIA.—A e ipiis ose perennial 12-15 dm. Panic] high, with rather long, rigid leaves, and um rond, spike-like G 2% hug s (4127) long. Spikelets e sessile, 5 to 8-flowered, 4-5 mm. the Pig with lanceolate, acute, 1-nerved, empty glumes (a), which exceed — ts in len ; flowering glumes (c) oblong, obtuse, 3-nerved, mm. and mucronate or short-awned. Lateral and dorsal nerves and dor 8 for three-fourths their — e soil, Louisiana and Texas. August to Oe 212 . 508. SIEGLINGIA DECUMBENS M — Bernh. Syst. oe 1800. (Festuca d. dens Linn. Sp. Pl. 75. 1753; Triodia de cei V. Agrost. 67. 1812) HEATHER-GRASS.—An 4 or often de glabrous Perennial 1.5-4.5 dm. (6-18) high, with narrow leaves and simp! rected Sende 2-4 esi bile Le o" Bheathssborier than i rus abore brous B3 th beneath, usually 2215 em. ved ) long, m mm. ( to. 6 flowered 6-1 mm. (3-5 q^ Wr * un Spikelets (a) g to 5-flowere e ee pty g n barbate (b, c) ) which are sent on the margins margins a ; Da. | TRIPLASIS PURP PURPUREA (Walt.) Chapm. Fl. So. U. S. 560. 1860 1 e re Wait Fl. Car.78. 1788; Tricuspis purpurea A. Gray Sieglingia : Caspite "eed eim erneut smooth, ai or spreading, Petite Peren -3°) high, with narrow, rigid leaves and simple ie ay 1255 decay Sheaths shorter than the 3 leaf-blađdes a an- (27 long 2 mm. (17) wide or less rigid scabrous, 1 lets 2 2-to 5. flowered, 5-8 mm. (2}/-4”) long, with smooth h empty thorn And hairy, 2-lobed and short-awned flow ng glumes (e), yl 5 Maine to Florida and westward to Nebraska and Texas. July om this grass has an acid taste. 214 Fie MOLINIA OZERULEA (L.) Moench, Meth. 183. 1794. ( Aira cami led L. a o 63. 1753; Enodium ceruleum Gaud.) MOLINIA.—A rather coarse perennial 6-10 dm. (29-349) high, with rather stiff leaves an lish panicles 15-30 em. (6/-12/) long. sessi 3 “ot eA 1 KM the culm; leaf-blades smooth beneath, = 10 above. Spikelet wered, 5-8 mm. (2 a ugs E je long, f ss " ) mm. (20) long. Sparingly introduced, in waste places, ‘ame sp pein’ ys pe w rew Tork. ge rope.) August, September. 215 Ss MS a b Fue, i prostie ponia G: MAJOR Host, aes. 4: 14, pl. 24. 1809. (Era- EL TM Gray.) pasi -GRASS.—A rather showy, much- l with erect or ascen 1.5-9 dm. (4°-3°) high. Spike- ante nete fovere 535 wins ( ly mm. ( wm yong, and about 3 mm. (/) wide; tow y equal, ovate-lanceolate, 2 mm. (1”) or less in length; yering gumes S ovate, obtuse, prominently nerved d and scabrous on the keel. ultivated or waste ground, usually in sandy soil, through- 8 United Staten, (Europe, naturalized in tropical erica.) June When. fresh this plant emits a strong, unpleasant odor. 216 Fig. 512. ERAGROSTIS PILOSA (Linn.) Beauy. Agrost. 1812. - pilosa L.Sp.Pl.68. 1753. SLENDER MEADOW-GRASS.—A slender A ing annual 1.5-4.5 dm. (6-18) high, with narrow, flat leaf-blades and 0P^* ill es of l a d, 5- to 12. flowered spikelets (a) $9775 (14-3") long; emp ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, a — flowering glumes (e) about 1.5 mm. (% long, with the lateral nerves Y and té or obsolete. Palea (d) urge on the keels, The grain is shown by ^ rachis of a e by b.—In cultivated fields, — an y Massachusetts to Illinois a 2 Kansas, south to Florida, Texas, and gaps e ge distributed in tropical and warm temperate countries.) June to Be ees oe mera are nerve] flowering glumes. distinguished from E. purshii Scrhad., by me pages pun f b glumes ej abo q d mm. (1}”-1¥’) long, the lateral nerves prominent. The the pistil by d.—Sand-hills and prairies, Illinois to e Territory, and Texas. July to September. 218 ny ; N/A wy SN LIT d VEA R AW h prr N iW * [^ x E TA MEA ERST 2 AN ^L oe, F. S3 i LIB SAN LA y RA XI F NI A IN RS SS Hes / LES \ g 2 “o a *N n ; dde 514. ERAGROSTIS CAPILLARIS Linn.) Nees, Agrost. Bras 508, T5 : capillaris Linn. Sp. Pl. 68. 1753; Poa tenuis Ell. Sk. Bot. S. C. and Gd P ^. 1817.) LACE-GRASS.—An erect annu. dm. (4°-! 3 branching m 1 : base, with oblong-ovoid, widely expanded capillary panicles of very ei s to si flowered spikelets (a) 2-3 mm. (1/-13”) long; empty DO i ) long, equal, aeute, hispid on the keel; flowering glumes acute, ON its Senet LA res. (98) o Palea rough-ciliate on . ay s and roadsides, Rhode Island to Illinois and M a nets exas, August, September, and T Of no agricultural interest. rootstocks, with stiff, panicles 8-14 em. (3'-5/) long. M istis Au D fowered, ng; empty glumes (a) somewhat com ,l-nerved; ies (b, c) Sashes uiid rounded on the back, smoo! 3 Palea cage y scabrous on the keels.—Sandy, alkaline soil, coreg (Dison spicata) in habit. 220 4 VCC eee ARE Eee Sea INES TT ; : Fig. 516. ERAGROSTIS Poetica nun Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 33 is oxylepis Torr. interrupta Nutt., not Lam. VE-GRASS. -A smooth pienia L 5-9 dm. A aet high, w1 2 em. (1-50) long. * w b) crowded, strongly compressed, 8- ed, 6-20 mm" ae i emp glumes subequal, acute; “flowering e o B . mr ys Alabama, and westward to Kansas, Indian Territory, Texas, ! p (Mexico and Central America.) July to November. d ed flowering glumes (c) about 5 mm. (24% long. Lower and t A present, narrowly lanceolate. The palea is shown by d il by ¢—Uncultivated alkali goons Sandia” Colusa County, Thie berm ML a ebe is recognized by Hackel in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pf. 25 222 Fig. 518. MELICA rege A Trin. Gram. Suppl. 68. : 1 dioides Nees; M. pani s Nutt.) SMAL — ee w, lat somewhat dender, erect n 6-9 dm. (29-39) high, wi Vai MINOR Scribn. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1 its low and densely tufted habit, short leaves, ae yee and generally smaller spikelets. A TORREY MELIC-GRASS. A slender, leafy, ceespi itose mt e flower raised às long as or exceeding the flowering glume 0) d fe he apex.—California. May to Septem guished from Melica imperfecta, with which it is very es, long. y its more pele longer, and more aeute ou oe welle celed rudimen nt flowering glum 224 4, 1870. - MELICA FUGAX Boland. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. às. (c) i : SMALL MELIGORASS A slender, erect peren yng i ( jeles from a b flat leaves and few n eA cs (0) about 4mm. ( Palea minutely pubescent on arched sese „ slightly noe aa vas sS otl grounds in open - woods, dry mountain sides, to California. May,June. ur E^ ‘the spikelets nose thickened, spikelets of M. fugaz the rachilla is smi pee Pea ni MELICA LONGILIGULA Scribn. & Kearney, U. S. Dept. Agr. 1 . 225. J. 521. 1899.—A slender, erect, cœspitose d ran P a ( 240% Lu». with narrow leaves, and strict, more or less interrupted pa oe 20 em. (6’-8’) long, Sheaths exceeding the internodes; ligule — P 8 Li E * ge I 8 4 fair! nÈ 8. I] [^ ? S e B 2 % — s 5 E d er t (a) unequal, the larger second. one 5-5.5 mm. (2 long: the first flow- he xo 6-6 mm. (247-37) long.—Southern California, (No.865. Parish 1881.) larger from M. imperfecta, with which it is closely related, by its mtn e eee empty glumes, and palea distinctly shorter the flowering glum adve. 17—01——15 Fic. 522, MELICA BULBOSA Thurb. ae Wats. Bot ONT ya Sagi emen — Á m Pac. R. R. Rept. 45: 157. Sei. Phila. 1 YO RNIA MELIC- C-G iem —À uide, erect perennial, 3-9 dm. (19-39) high, with very narrow leaves and contracted icles 8-16 em. (3-6^) long. Spikelets 8-10 mm. (4-0 second as long as s the first flowering giume; —€— one about 8 mm. Ae bigs —Dry slopes and ridges, Cal The first and d publications 101 Melica bulbosa Geyer, are The first eee of the name, with description, is by Thu inal of California, and while t the e species the re deseribed is not Geyer at all, t} + stand for the ‘Sulu p ribn. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1885: * (20-330 16. 1885. WOODY MELIC-GRASS.—A stout, leafy perennial 6-10 45, dm. (20. REE (a ae as Ing fully on ly one- Slume.— so ipe its length. Palea usually about one-half as long as the 'alifornia. (Lower California, Mexico.) April to June. 228 Fig. 524, MELICA INFLATA Vasey, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb p nari MELIC-GRASS.—An erect, leafy perennial 9-18 am. . y ane : bulbous at the base, with spreading, simple panicles 1 ae : ) long, 2-4 mm. Spikelets (a) cay mm. (6/-9") pw 6- to 8-flowered; emp subacute, the first 3- to 5- nerved, the second 5- to 7- nerv pales (b) sonis mm. (4^) long, subacute eod i oblong-lanceolate. "^ rter than the glume, somewhat scabrous, € of Cal brute June, July. Allied to Melica bulbosa Thurb. (Fig. 522.) 229 Maa Et oe eet a eee ree i E A NEU RE DEL A SIN S er arene Boland, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sei. 4: 102. 1870. RD'S MELIC-GRASS.—A rather slender, erect, wiry perennial 6-15 ith narrow, flat leaves and erect, narrow, — M es 10-20 em. (4’-8’) long. Spikelets . (6/-8") long, RS De UN unes ual,the second on idis mm. (3^) b ) long, hes short-awn vue cli ign, in below.—Mountains of une, Tay. umet (a) and long-attenuate-poii inted flow ng, canyons and damp woodlands, British Columbia to pee (South ). May to September. SMITHII (Porter) Mond Bul. Torr. Bot. Club, 15: 5, 640. 1867.) Sng his C- leaves, and sp: A slender, erect, perennial 7 dm. 3 high, with flat the internodes; Heute 12-24 em. (5’-10’) long. Sheaths shorter nm. 0.00 wide, mm. (2^) long; leaf-blades 10-20 em. (4'-8^) long, 6-12 With un scabrous, Spikelets (a) 3- to 6- flow im 20 mm. (10”) long, mm, 10 long: g glumes (b) about 10 the glume. The palea is Shown b y e Columbia, “Kot woodlands to E Montana, Washington, and British Allied : 232 A ARISTATA Thurb. in Boland. Proc. Calif. i ARDED MELIC-GRASS. — slender, s tufted tea perenni cles (119. -340 ppan with flat. (4— fed n Sheaths as long as the internodes; siege» (2% long, wan es flat, pubescent, about 10 cm. a long, 3-4 mm. (877. ig uneq rs near the base; awn 8-14 mm. (4/-7") June, July. CA (Nees) tine U. S. Dept. Agr. Nees, Ann. Nat. ‘ wer 1841.) CALI- le-green, tufted perennial, with soft or rather 3-6 dm, (19-29) high, flat leaves, and terminal racemes spreading litus eee de m. (i^) long; cable iiis umes (a) thin- below, the first 2-3 mm. (1-14) long, the TM longer, towering glumes (b) one about 6 mm. (3^) stt te at th. dst aceous apex, bearing à rough à which is sting as ee as the aaa The palea sans dm ^, moist grounds, California. May. 234 Fic. 530. UNIOLA LONGIFOLIA Scribn. Bul. Torr. Bot. e da. (649) gh K ONG 4 15-45 em. (6 ae) agi er ones, WI h long, flat leaves and narrow panicles “nl scent or lanate, at sa gar low i m- ') long wit en compre of soft hairs at the ; lower leaf-blades st (4"-8") wide, scabrous near dis apex, often E = i , 7-8 mm. (31-4 ^ ong, vhs Texas, base. Spikelets (a) 3- to fi e e 13-21") long. —In ering ) (a i^) Viol OW! glumes (e thickets, or in hummock land, East Tennessee to Fie.581. UNIOLA SESSILIFLORA Poi. in Lam. Encyc. 8: 185. 1806. acumina Qumes (b) about empty glumes 6-8 mm. onere an long, acute, scabrous — amps near the coast, ( Uni- 3/4") long; flowering on the keels, about 13-nerved.— Georgia to Louisian June to 236 : t. Agr. Div. FiG. 532. DISTICHLIS TEXANA (Vasey) Seribn. U. ps sp s. Nat. js Bul. 17: 236, f. 532. June 30,18 0 and Vasey, 99. (Poa r * "- 1890 vein wrightii Vasey, l. e 1893.)—A rathe 9 long; nearly } obtuse; flowe e 0 0 Texas aea sdin, peepee Pm Aan) we 8 5 flowering glumes we e) 8-10 m. (4"-5/) long, 3- to 5- n New Mexico. (Mexico.) 5 Sp. Pl. 68. 1753. LOW SPEAR-GRASS or tufted annua l, with erect or ascending, somewhat ere masque, the. first I-nerved, the second D WAS 31. a eani 5n wl. Palea 2-keeled, keels hairy.— , dooryards, ete., everywhere —— the United (Europe.) April to Septembe southward to Texas, New Mexico, Arizona , elongated: sot te floret This species is distinguished from P. annua by its n and by oh p à Boti + 11 y hair t th amm eee rr, Fl. N. Y. 9: 459. 1843, SLENDER SPEAR- ue ot MOO both perennial 3-5 dm. (19-29) high, with rather and nodding, e re open panicles 4-12 cm. Supt ) 1 much shorter than the internodes; 5 eaf-blades 2.5-11 em. aca long, 2 mm. (1%) wide or Tas Scabrous above, Spikelets 3-4 mm. (12% long, 2- to 4- teles acute empty glumes (a), broadly obtuse and scarious- flowering glumes (b), which are conspicuonsly webbed at the glabrous, In rocky woodlands, Nova Scotia and New Bruns- Pennsylvania and westward to Minnesota. May to July. FIG. 536. POA — + A.Gray, Man. Bot. ed. 2, 562 p db BLUE-GRASS.—A slender, e nia nam oe ^" meia and open Peel i — em. (3-90) long. — lades ben. (2”) long, narrowly ovate, very y faintly nerved, villous on the! * Thickets : uet l Nova Scotia to Ontario and Minnesota, gpl to North Carolina ey nessee, May, June. ct E. Vég. Ins, Siteh. 170. 1831. SLENDER —À en B erect perennial, about 3 dm, (19) high, t ranches in pairs, Spik h pikelets 2- to 3- flowered, about 6 mm, I ty 8 empty glumes (b). and linear-lanceolate, acute (a), which base. uu ~Wet t boggy places, mountains of Colorado, northward 1:28 Fic. 588. POA REFLEXA Vasey & Scribn. Contr. U. S. Nat = soft, #3 te _ NODDING BLUE-GRASS, sh slender, erect pur t, and final? capillary, rather distan ered: emp? ce branches. Spikelets ise 3-4 mm. m ) long, 2- : * deos (b) glumes nearly equal, scabrous the keels 5 t on de | s , pubescen * med and lateral nerves and webbed at the base. "i € xx tne glume, scabrous | on the — et, boggy P — nd British A 3 E seo hend P. leptocoma Tri gem which it differs in pi^ ous spikelets, which are crowded Bs the ends of the branches, rounded, obtuse flowering glumes. in the 2222 8 243 46 4 mm. (2) long. Culms usually rough near the pani nicle. Spikelets2 tog. EI et the Soom 3 mm. (1}”) long; empty glumes (a) ied acute, : the seno cond broader and 3-nerved; flowering es (b) ; base. the keel below and with long, forthe ned Stateg. 0 Palea. Smooth.—Meadows and roadsides throughout the la e . — but Ay i0 Amguat, but differing from that species in the absence of any 0 trii) : ligule, and the ebe ted for e Acca ‘fy Negtend and Europe and is 244 | 8 Ne uS ON E AL. e Fig. 540. gm ee ae S Vasey, Contr. U. 8. Nat. Herb. 1: 274 UE-G A slender or somewhat stout, 1 : àm. (119-239) Ls with open, loosely flowered panicles 15-30 em | AN , mostly much longer than pe inte! 060 v conspicuous, Miet scabrous on the outside; leaf-blades base,—In moist soil, New Me veli northward to Colo (?)Alaska. June to Septembe Sei 541. POA TRACYI Vasey, Bul. Torr. Bot. € club 1 E GRASS. —A rather stout, erect perennial, 4.5-10 jd. aam high, ic Spy munt ends of the branches, 3- to 4- flowered, about 5 mm. (2 A 0 ‘te (a) subequal, slight! — on = pega flowering glumes en lo sl wine back below. ilte: Aa 4 mm. (2”) long, 2 white pubescent Jato, an "eder nerves and keel. Leste soil, pics" and New Mexico. kee! sepan tas a Vasey, by the copious pubescence on the l and marginal n 246 Le. — FiG.542. POA ARACHNIFERA Torr. in Marcy’s Explor. Red Riv. ib 1853. TEXAS BLUE-GRASS.—A Daray pian nnial 3-9 os L : Lo strong, creeping rootstocks, long, flat leaves, and na flowered panicles. Spikel MM eril eee 3 257 33 xt Aet pu n" s (a, c) acute, the first 1-nerved, the second: 72 nerves boe Bird rage he base, those 455 : 15 3 "staminate s spikelets (d) smooth.- —A ure of Texas, and i ery x wo It t form s a dense D.C. SEU NU E CRM PES S mim winter M eet It is hardy in the latitude of we April to June. 5 t * E 1 NE i a ka Mo o NBI tea ee ate a FTC e PAS grees toy j 3 = i 247 A a (Steud.) Vasey, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Bot. Bul. FEN part. (Eragrostis fendleriana Steud. Syn. Pl. Gram. 278. DLER'S "BLUE-GRASS, MUTTON-GRASS.— Panic] ie ng; empty glumes unequal, the first 1-nerved, the seco m. (27) long; flowering glumes pubescent on the keel and margi below, otherwi wd ibewont UM e un Vari. April to June. ftom the NICA Williams, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. Cir. 1 1899. Differs and m g strongly glabrous throughout, with longer, rougher ert more unequal empty glumes. For a full discussion of the species eerie 248 2 Pigs E aa, E NESSPT, SM, STET Tul RO n IER E Fic. 544. POA COMPRESSA Linn. Sp. Pl. 69. Kip CA GRASS.—A slender but rather * and somew strongly flattened stems 1. 5-5 dm. (19-14?) high, and ae small, narrow esi € e )f NADA sed flowered panicl Spikelets deinde eri 09- preg jy nerved 3 with acute 3-nerv lumes and e a ; oweri lum — Ma 1 wende f. dien 1 NOTA 2-3 mm, a ) long, which > sparin at isown a section of the cul c, showing its strongly co er 4 Sont presence of pith. tad meadows and waste places, prine x Carolina, T Tennessee, and wi westw ard. _(Europe.) May to September e and its strongly compressed culms; it grows well on the very poorest soils, is especially POA BOLANDERI Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 7: 32. 1882. BOLANDER'S SS.—A smooth, loosely tufted erect perennial 3-6 dm. (1°-2°) high, panicles 8-12 em. (3/-5’) long. Sheaths the oblo; wering glumes ovate- the bas, about 2.5 mm. (147) long and nearly smooth except for a slight web at base. —Mountains of California and Oregon. March to August. 250 A NEMORALIS Linn. Sp. Pl. 69. 1758. NOR GRASS or WOOD MNADOW-GRAS8. —A slender, erect and rather nial 1.5-6 dm. high, with na: fl (114^) long. ä ligu le trancete 1-2 mm. (a labrous. leaf-blades 2.5-8 em. (1'-3/) long, 2 mm. (1") wide or less, phon a (a) umes 2- to 5- mm. (14-24) long, with very n 17 2 faintly nerved flowering glumes (b) which are 2-3 a The at the base, and scabrous on the keel and margins below by ¢.—Dry or rather moist soil, Labrador and Newfoundland vas) d June westward to British Columbia, Idaho, and Colorado. (Europe September. 252 l ; : j i * : ) m 1 Fig NI Vasey, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 1: 115 0 PATT TERSON' " BLUE. GRASS.—A low, densely-tufted perennis $ obo (4’-6’) high, with numerous basal leaves, 4-6 cm. (1-27) long ist densely-flowered panicles. Sheaths loose; lent blades flat OF ^ „ empty glumes (a) acute, nearly as long as the gm be nen glumes (b) 4 mm. (2) long, purplish, acute, pubescent on the fourths 3$ and keel oci the middle, but not webbed. Palea a three the glume, pubescent in the keels.—High mountains of Colorado. 253 oa NP A S a ER d M eU Git xs US POA PRINGLEI Scribn. Bul. . Bot. Club, 10: 3 ue ASS.—A "rias Pied quicum from a cree root- lik € rather firm. w leaves and slender, acape- : l e zn -5 dm. 4.0) h es Toat ee mostly bi al 2.5-5 em. (1 x: Pes Aia rigid, icles contracted, few-flowered, usua Z f 8 em. (4^) long. Spikelets e i 5- flowered, 6-8 mm. (3’-4”) long; empty : (a) thin, membra 0 A tember, California and (?) Oregon and Washington. August, 254 _ ae. 550. . POA LECKENBYI Sc 189. ee e 1 hie. pr —A pale aiig tufted perennial € oH hier deno pale long, narrow, flat t leaves, somewhat inflated, persist rather narrow panicles 10-15 em. 55 -6') lo P lancea 5- to 6- flowered, 9-11 ng. pedes oblong ub: n the nt on TM) nitur often erose-dentate qub and pubesce below, io FR T nd very San = n the keel and marginal nerves.—Dry an spit 3 ashington. Jun d binder This grass Were on very sandy soils and is an e = Poa ee, e eres time a valuable hay grass, It somewhat rese may be easily distinguished by its inflated membranaceous spikelets, and pubescent, flowering glumes. Fig. 551. Poa NEVADENSIS Vasey in Scribn. Bul. Torr. Bot. Club, 10: 66. An erect, rather stout pe nnial about 6 dm. ma rae : shea ve — sca- : €12 mm. (39-9 cA Um) d. Spikelets eee ee e flowered. E elliptical nn do Mn with slightly unequal em pty glum es (a) od oblong- : : 24") long, base, strongly sca on the sinas above, and 75 8 oe short hairsat the mn and Mon the keel.—Moist soil, North Dakota to British Colum- Ward to Nebraska, Nevada, and Cali etn May to August 256 Fi6. 562. POA LUCIDA Vasey, Contr. U.S, Nat. Herb. 1: 27 Ne SPEAR-GRASS.—A slender, tufted perennial 4.5-6 dm. (142.20) bigh leaves ax panicles — 4’-6’) long. Rad em. (5-7) long, 2-4 Y -2") wide, th of e culm shorter; ras mm. (2^) long, d ik Spikelets (a) 6-8 mm. (3”-4”) long, 9-10 empty glumes (a) abruptly acute or obtuse, u See mooth, slightly compressed, scarious e margins; ing glumes (a) 4 mm, (2”) long and slightly pubescent on the keel erves — and minutely seab s, 5-nerved. nm the glume,— es, moist brooksides, anra ete., Dry, rocky plac si 300 m.; mountains of Sas Wyoming, Montana, and July to September, C! Seribn. . S. Dept. Agr. Div. ONE-SIDED BLUE GRASS. An erect, eee die (10,20% high, wink, narrow, basal leaves ly pani pa anicles " em. (4-2/0 long. ek es — — slender, flexibl ies em. (2/2) long, 2 ts . (D^) long; ricum e ed war Fsg glumes 4mm. (2) long, ea (b) pubescent on the fornia. April, B. 17—91-—17 FIG. asey, A GRACILLIMA V t Contr. U. 8. Nat. Her NER eee —A smooth, densel y tufted, ‘ p preset, itin $ 5-nerv siii rocky soil on apes rum and northern California to Washington and British Col 3 Herb. 1: 271. 1893. SICKII Vasey, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. : cos BLUEGRASS SS.—A densely cæspitose, glabrous perennial 3-4 bai 10 high, with very narrow leaves and contracted panicles 6-10 we (27-2) 12 € ons, Oregon and Idaho. Pigg 557. POA PADDENSIS Williams nom. nov. (Poa purpurase m 6: 297. s Not Spreng. Nov. Prov. 33. 18 819.) Pipes LETOP B Mt. A tufted, ere rennial 2.5-3.5 dm. (107 et, somewhat wiry pe m. (1)/-2)/) long. a) 58 mm, (24”-3”) long.—Moist hillsides and asain California eun to ug Columbia. July, August name is from Mount Paddo, where the species was first collected. 262 TENERRIMA Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agro 1899. SLENDER-FLOWERED BLUBGRA er 7 pes "I acute, the first about 2.5 mm. dd ong, somewha the eos: flowering glumes smooth excepting for à near the base, about 4 mm, 250 long. — California. i eRe Sere ee RT AERE TEN 263 Fic. 559 +909. POA VASEYOCHLOA Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div . Agros. Cir. 9: 1. ) VASEY’S BLUE- 3 to5- ered, 6-8 mm. (3 n4) ed empty glumes (a) about ly ; the glum, j e, biden: among : A and scabrous on the conspicuous nerves. rocks, Idah Washington, and Oregon. April, May. 264 Club, 15: , Bul. Torr. — sepitose, tuse, erect P , rather loo anceolate, 2- (2% long, obtuse, denticulate at the apex, broadly flowering glumes (b) 4-7 mm. X ote dd long, — minutely dene, eee as long as the 2 western Oregon. July. 265 42 A AL n E ez LL Et F . Fic. 561. POA GLUMARIS Trin. Mé Phys, et Nat, 1: 379. 189831. L. erect, smooth, glaucous perennial 3-9 dm. (19-39) high, from Tootstocks, with thic flat leaves, closely flowered, con racted cem. (3-637) long. Spikel 2m crema firm, empty glumes serie i Kei r n es qmm. n th l yor caine e dete, Palea (c) pubescent € Nova Scotia, Quebec, and westward to Alaska. May to Septem FIG. 562. POA DOUGLASSII Nees, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1: 284. Meo douglassii Hook. & Arn.) DOUGLASS’ SAND-GRASS.—A slem " nial 1.5-3 dm. (19-19) high, from long, creeping acute empty glumes (a,c) and acute flowering £ ong, ciliate-pub t on the keel above, and softly hairy below.—In sands along the coast, California and An excellent sand binder. Distinguished from llersize, softer, more slender leaves, more delicate, ovate flowering glumes, not scabrous allied to P. fulvescens Trin, t.) Griseb. in Ledeb. Fl. Ross argu A OOLPODIUM PEND Laest.) : . 1858. (Glyceria pendulina Laest. in Wahl. Fl. Suec., ed. 2, 108%. 1883.) m . (29-249) high, : wort hairs at the oist banks, Bri ceous apex, Smoo base. Palea less than 2 mm. (1") long, tish America and Alaska. (Northern Europe. 1; 'phoru 0.20 i rather stout, E leafy, and nidis perennial 2-6 pte * pa s 8-15 em. (360) long sharp-pointed leaves and o nic loose, imbricate; ligule lacerate, ee 3 mm (1% HK (2.10% 1 , 9-8 mm. (2}/-4”) wide, pungen with Spikelets 4- to 6- flowered, m 3% long, Moist situations, British Columbia to Alaska. Europe.) August. a. Ru nor. F1. Samoj. Cisural. 65, t. 6. 1845. Jisheri psilosanthum y.) SLENDER D DURONTA. E abrous perennial 1. in Ae TEP) high, from a ese —M leaves and contracted or, in Een ome o ' mm. (3” ea lumes (a) an da patr , obtuse, and slightly shorter than the (Aretic- Si iberia.) empty ae (b) b) which are napa Es Hudson Bay Ax Alaska. ; August, 270 Eo j NTIA FISHERI R. Br. Suppl. App. Parry’s irom FISHERS D DUPONTIA A slender, erect perennial 1- 2.5 dm. (4 Ane es an i a panicles 4-7 em. orar) es Sheaths — nene n j truncate; ars es 5-13 em. (2-5) long, 2-4 mm. (1”-2") wide, gn i att 2- flowered, 6-7. 5 mm. 6% % long, dins lanceolate, )an whic a silky i 55 1 tk * *Mrofat ait " Rarer 567. SCOLOCHLOA FESTUCACEA age Link, Hort. Berol. 1 137. festucacea a Enum, 1: 1809.) SPRANGLE-TOP.—A rect, glabrous perennial 9-15 dm. or) high, with long, fat leaves and 8 16-30 em. . Ms Sheaths glabrous; ligule 4mm. (2”) long; mor 2’) long, 6-8 mm. (3-47) wide, scabrous uii tbe e mar- Sem , 6-8 mm. (3/-4") long; emp lumes í t T owa to Nebraska, and northward. (Northern Europe.) VV F M NE r 8. i: 1824 san. FLOWERED MANNA-GRASS.—A rather — glabrous Du . qx ned UN with fat leaves and narrow, mple panicles 1 1 p de s mostly E ing the internodes; ooth beneath, scabrous * Spikelets (a) a) narrow, 24-42 mm. i Sae ook n to 12- oa mn Gen. Pl. 1G, 568, PANICULARIA ACUTIFLORA (Torr) Kuntze, Rev. AUE. 104. 2 exceeded by the long-acuminate , whic apex cet soil and in pes water, Talni to Ohio, and is species is at once Fra aged by its acute glumes an paleas. Th bidentate au 4€ VS S HAAN h VAV 10 TE i ae ANICULARIA B 3 Nash, N Torr. Bot. Club, 24: 348. : Nd. 6 angustata Vasey, Proc. Port. Soc. Nat. Hist., 2: 2 1895. Perenni Fries, 1869.) 8 MANN NA-GRASS.—A rather slender, 12-40 em, edis (149-59) high, with flat — Pus ee melosin 8 * Sheaths ides ing, smooth o: 0 s the base of the e: Heute gey mm. ( ee a long; leaf-blades N lon 6. 210 mm. ee wide. Lou: ets (a) 10-18 mm. 3 to 13- Fm empty unequal, very Smoo ooth, 1-nerved; nerves, (b) thin, 4-5 m m. ( yim long Tene, hispidulous on the line, obtuse Y scarious-margined at the ob apex. 8 ya- : 3 shorter than the acm. 1. W. ee iae and New York, westward to W: tín — tm Panicularia fluitans (L.) Kuntze, by its (— rs glumes, which are hispidulous on the nerves 0 13112 —No, 17—01— —18 274 gen, SE ANICULARIA OBTUSA (Muhl.) Kuntze, Rev. 1891. (Poa obtusa Muhl. Gram. 147. 1817.) DENSELY now GRASS.—A stout, erect, glabrous grass 3-9 dm. (19-39) high, in rg pa Fie. 570. P. lete; leaf-blades pip em. (3-14) long, 4-6 mm. (/) wide, TE ts 3- to ra) a ered, 4-6 mm. (27-3") long; empty "D 1-nerved, obtuse, scarious, the second 2.5 mm. (1) long, 2 flowering glumes (b) about 3 mm. (1}”) long. Wet, swampy P que to New York and Pennsylvania, south to Virginia an October. 275 d h 15 r OS RI S M (Poa 4,4" PUCCINELLIA DISTANS (Linn.) Parl. Fl. Ital. 1: 367. 1848 | distans Linn ET 1767.) SPREADING SPEAR-GRASS.—A : (529 high. s T es decumbent, tufted, glabrous pere: 1 | With flat leaves and diffusely spreading panicles em. (2’-7") 35mm. €s often beco: fin: defiexed. Spikelets 3- to 6- flowered, : (13-207) long; pty glumes (a) obtuse or acute, 1-nerved; the second glumes (b) ob Section of a leaf-blade is shown by e.—Saline soils, Nova Scotia to New DM lvania, and on the west eoast from California to Alaska, Asia.) June to August. Spikelets very narrow, 3- to 7- flowered, 4-6 m unequal, the second two-th as long as the gene Alberta, and Assiniboia. 277 NEM FESTUCA GII (S. Wats.) Scribn. U. S. Dept. ape Div. Agros. Festuca n 1897. (Poa kingii S. Wats. King's Explor. 40th Par € 1871; confinis Vasey, Bul. Torr. Bot. Club, 11:126. 1884.) . ib rather rigid m Soe are acute but not awned.—Dry mountain si sides, Montana “to i and south to Colorado and Nevada. May to August. scab: rved, empty aaa (a) unequal, the first I. nerved, the second 3-ne length OW! ets, Pennsylvania to Illinois, Peach August, glume; flowering eae (2. -2V) lon g, rounded on the back, obscurely nerv Kansas, M. (b) erved. : Mississippi, van Texas: uf, P isand ti pA er oo anes AA G TT p mIn 279 us, e ges and borders of woodla ia to Vancouver Island, an — N 1 „with ird sho th v nd; uminate, 3-nerved, an the glume.— ndsin the mountains, Wyom- d Alaska. June to August. 280 07 | Wi W ? AR d wW us à .9: 602 ; Fic. 576. FESTUCA DASYCLADA Hack. in Beal, ee, ib, the en often geniculate below, with smooth sheaths, narrow lender than be pyramidal panicles 7-12 em. (3/-5’) long. Sheaths sm smooth, internodes; ligule short, auriculate; leaf-blades involute, 2 mm. (1) wide. Spikelets usually 2-flowered, about 7 mm. ( a A m Bu : & 2) Utah, rare EMI a ee ee ; À ; ; : 3 4 X : * i 281 amm Fig. 577. slender, ee OVINA Linn, Sp. Pl. 73. 1753. rect perennial 2-6 dm. ($ o.29) high, wi h narro panicles umes (a) filiform, mval y tufted, e Seen Eee leaves and ae parri (expanding while in bioom) and ly LO Spikelets 3- to 5- flowered, with u 5 smooth or scabro us flowering glumes (b) 4 un land d Pennsylvania and westward An e variabl especie ESSE many w and Bum. in this country but is 5 suited to Bet, dry aut , espeeially valuable for sheep goradh FESCUE.— or to the Pacific. ell-marked v varieties, reach- mber of varieties in the ures and is weli —M 282 \, \ | | | VH mA NU : N & S « a * Fic. 578. FESTUCA MICROSTACHYS Nutt. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sei. (PME 50 187. 1848. SMALL-TOPPED FESCUE.—A slender, ezespitose p pines (4’-16’) high, with narrow, filiform leaves and Lg gn racemose o mon uet panicles2-10 em. (7-4) long. Sheaths smooth or pubescent, close; ligi sd than the leaf-blade, but very short; Sead bates involute, 5-7 em. (2-8) 10 1 i um an April to June, r HrmEENSN ouu uL F Nutt. Trans. Amer, 1. Soe. II. 5: 1837.— .5-5 dm. (4. mid uo. with 3 “filiform ie close, about long. y above, and termin Ar ated in slender awns kansas, Indian Territory, Mississippi, and Texas. Distinguished fro A langer awns. 284 a b FiG.580. FESTUCA OCTOFLORA Walt. Fl. Car. Bl. 1788. pec more of Willd. Mes 1:113. 1809.) SLENDER FESCUE.—A slender, Om ics tose annual 1-5 dm. (4/-20’) high, with narrow, simt nle very less ch 2-15 em. om. (9^4) ) long. Sheaths usually shorter than the internodes: fl vered, short; leaf-blades 4-8 em. (1Y-8’) long, involute. Spikelets 5- to x and nat 6-10 mm. (3/-5/) Jong, with slightly unequal, acute empty £ Lame e row, usually scabrous, short-aw mad or medrly — Canada t0 3-5 mm. Dun md Bote sandy, gravelly, or rocky soil, Florida and westward to Washington and California, May to August. JJ be es Pee EN a eae Neg Cea 285 M V | | Y | Y \ WA \ \ N \ NI W V \ È v $ a AS S URSUS VF 753. RAT'S-TAIL F Fig, 581. A MYUROS Linn. Sp. PL. n s hs a invo- CUE.—A smooth, 3-6 dm. (1 , aeneae erect 8 Ganicles 8.25 em. (3100) long. uma e E hairs on the much exceeding the glumes.—Fields ona waste iacet woe a ida, and westward ipsunt and Washington. (Europe) AP e to uly — 4 = JL Ne : 253 h high. Culms smooth. Sheaths usually shorter than the internodes, pu or smooth; leaf-blades flat, linear-lanceolate. Panicle erect, somewhat 18%, 31^) broad, sparingly compressed; empty glumes acute, the e, 5- the upper 7- nerved; flowering glumes (b) scabrous, 7- to g-nerved, with? — broad, hy: margin fields, California i a a a to Washingto: n and Idaho. July, August. p „ ha vine th Pd " api x i bd ie mt * W — W ZAN SS G. 583. Mich. Fl 6 OILIATUS L. Sp. Pl. i: 76. 1758. (Bromus w^ nadensis % . Am. 1: 65. 1808.)—A stout, leafy perennial 7 2 dm. (2°-4°) - eme p o 7- nerved, wn at rthe margins, dan near the apex. The palea c. Awns uh mentions dland to New York and westward to Nain I : hwa LUMIS oon U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. Bul. 28: 32. 1900. Flow- Div ul. th or with a very slight pubescence on the margins base.—Maine to 3 Carolina. (Canada.) wave toe POR Ae ae SN See TP eRe LEER 2 Fig. 584. BROMUS KALMII A. Gray, Man. Bot. 600. € „ f Muhl. Gram. 169. 1817. Not L. oe Bromus purgans Xa | 1843. Not L. 1758. )—A rather slender, erect perennial 4. — e (* panicle 3 with usuall ing, few-flowered PT nj. 5-15 em. (2-8) 1 ong. Culms 3 eg. ne — ‘the nodes. branches batie. flat, 6-18 em. (24/~ 7) Yong, 6-10 mm. (2 1h) b Pani exuous, bearing 110 2 spikelets. s. Spikelets n ning 7.,to 2 Us 4”) long; flower: i mm. (2/70 long, the second '5-nerved, obtuse, 7-8 m * 7 nerved, 40 ng gl rid g glumes obtuse, emarginate, rather densely silky-p ten odes of the m. (4%½5% long. Awns stented. 2-8 mm, (1”-1}”) long. In and rachilla ee England to New Vork, westward to : i 289 MUS HORDEACEUS L. Sp. Pl. 77. "e 112. 1762) S8 r m -8 dm. 1753. (B. mollis Linn. Sp. FT CHESS.—An — or ascending annual or bien- (39-249) Sus Dd somewhat pubescent at the nodes, wi ERU eaths 3 ft-pil ; 71 of 35 mm, (11917 oso pn e or nearly smooth, 5-15 cm. (2-6) long, u. j Vari toea a broad. icle contr , 5-10 em. (2/-4’) long, 24 cm. viret ert to 15- flowered, ovate-l ceolate, 2 15 mm. e Pübescen ide; empty glumes (a) broad, obtuse, coarse ka e a Peg * esa road, obtuse, 7-nerved, I — mm. (3-427) los (4-51) long; awn rather stout, fla ttened toward the base, j^ of drug i Pils es waste places throughout th e United States. (A . (Gos Shear, U. 8. f Ics en a wee cides S glabrous, ers from the species in having the peas a y orq . I3412—No. 17—91——19 = athe narrow; mostly long. Spikelets nding E b o T- flowered, x ses mm. rved, p flowering glumes pedis: 11-13 mm. (51/-6)/) orit clot pubescence, 2-toothed at the apex. Awn straight or slight 14 (03 ^T 14 (4^) long Washington, and California. (A weed introd Fic. 587. LOLIUM TEMULENTUM Linn: Sp. p. 83. 1758. DARNEL , erect, and 2dm a high, with flat eo tiim and erect spikes 10-30 em. (4-17) long. Cul b E long, the spike; sheaths scabrous; ligule short; „ 0-25 em. (4-100 * Kao Pen. qe de, smooth beneath, rous e. yea 4 to 8. Ted, 10-18 mm. (57 ong; the empty glume (a) strongly uerb as mee à ing the spikelet; lowering gl - nerv ! 8 ned or awnless. Waste places and cultivated grounds, New Brunswick to ] And Georgia; abundant on the Pacific coast. Introduced from Pl. 2: 79. 1891, from California, has the culm Kuntaa, Rey. Gen. Ins ` smooth below the spikes > sections this is a troublesome weed. The grain has a nar mals. * effect upon man and flesh-eating met FIG. on 455 1 mm. € ) nbi sverse to pagea saias which a e somewhat oblique, the first slightly longer ws an the nerv. rved, 5 mm. 5 are shoe long. Palea (d) aboutaslong as the glume, bidentate. p lodi by e.—Waste places, southern Pennsylvania to Virginia. Europe. May to July. 293 INCURVATUS (Linn.) Trin. Fund. Agrost.123. 1820. p. Pl. 1051. 1753; Rottboellia incurvata rvata Linn. pyes w lea u ke in. toe et cwn prominently striate, — about as long as the inter- neon the sae mm. an long, decurrent; leaf- 2 Pr du long, 2 mm. (17 ) wi T becoming involute when mm. M. b) about = ) long; ethan es rigid, very acute, Hed og dur sen flo aper glume (c), which is ed, Roo, i mm. bea ong. The palea is shown —Borders marshes, Maryland to southern ee New Jersey (on ships’ and California. Introduced from Europe tala 294 Div. FIG. 590. AGROPYRON PARISHII Se iti. & Smith, U. S. Dept. Agr. A Agros. Bul. a 28. 1897. a ARISH’S WHEAT: ASS.—A rather om erect, 6-10 PST o) high, with flat leaves and : vie ding spikes 15-30 em. T long. Culmsglabrous; nodes retrorse d ? d epa two-thirds as long as the spikelets, 5- d, searious on the , gines v 9-11 mm. (41-51) long, 42 8 on the paet CENE orsort — nerv inutely 3-toot Bu UE i ve, and ene ward the m E e Jh ong.—Foothills, San Bernal dino Mountains, California. May to Jun Var. LEVE S. & S., I. c., is a form with à ia p ie nodes and sheaths glabrous.—Dry banks, San It is the This species apparently connects Agropyron C Brachypodium: 1 only A k E e mete ; . AGROPYRON ViOLACEUM (Hornem. 2 go poe cn ea og ) Ms NN. (Triticum eee Hornem. rather WHEAT-GRASS.— erect, cæspitose Short, fat (gua and comparative eel stout spikes 2-6 em. len . to 4. flow SA Pointed, the awn s.—L&à , rarely as long as the glumes. hern Colorado and Utah, and pe be to Alaska. June to September. Diret Var, a S. & S., U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Tigid, wiry : k gl xceeding the With short, compact spikes, with the peris as or - l rie gl es, which are 8-10 mm. (850 long. Colorado. 296 Fie. 592. AGROPY RO s Scribn. & Smith, U N PSEUDOREPEN P uteri :34. 1897. FALSE 5 8 —An erect - perennial 3-9 dm. (19-39) m ts 0 ves a t spikes 8-16 em. (3-6) long. Spikelets 10-16 mm. iC 3- to 7- flowered, wit be eee err nearly equal, and 5˙n glumes (a) and acuminate or awn-pointed flowering glumes (b), back, Served katk moist qoe fiie g Nebraska, Montana, and British America, May to Se ith long?! Var - MAGNU M 8. & 8, Le. 35, is a robust vom 9 nds. GP) ee hare 24 mm. (120 pa Idaho. of Eu x This spec: as been confused with th: Agropyron TRON readily has Gon a pe ty rig oir - to ms did States, guished from that leaves, which 878 t species by 22 o r T koa flowering glumes 297 AGROFYnOW TENERUM Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 10: 258. 188. BLE ASS.—An erect, ceespitose, rather stout, smooth rennial gh, with narrow, leaves and slender, eylindrical spikes Sheaths striate, glabrous; leaf-blades 7-15 cm. (3'-6") long, ter gl a) 5-nerv ering es ED o veo ee iv. _ Bul. 4: a sea dy nt or the lower ones densely hairy.—Minnesota to Utah. a volute Y LIUM S. & S., I. c., has shining, rigid culmsand attenuate-pointed, leaves, nearly as long as the culm.—California to British Columbia. EGA ng 4 mm. (2”) long; flowering glumes (b) short canny about 8 mm. (4”) i » indistinct) erved, smooth and rounded, with a narrow, hyaline, —Alkali soil, Utah and Wyoming. June to August. Er, 2 aM 320 i 5 i x [ E 616. ELYMUS SIMPLEX Scribn. & —— 8. Dep Ar ; bulis. 2. 7. 1808. SALT LYME-GRASS.—A wiry, erect I 12’-16’) high, from strong, creeping rootstocks, wi with flat ( 15 b pungenti» pointed rigid leaves d densely- —À erect (2 AS long. Lower dint s crowded, erect e in spikelets sol in pairs, 5- to 7- flowered, about 15 mm. (% dong, with very eer vi poin a) and smooth flowering glumes (0), tigers of pag 7 mm. (3%) long, with rigid awns 5-6 mm. (21/-3") long.— n Wy uly, Var. LUXURIANS S. & w 1. e. 58, is glaucous throughout, longer and broader leaves, and narrower panicles, which and with spikelets 10- » 12- flowered. B S g B FF . GIANT ing in in ; g, rather 810 flat leaves sand d 4-17) long. 8 Sheat ths smooth; leaf-blades 1.5-9 dm. (19-2) long, 21 te Fee ) wide, sm Spikelets 3- to 6- flowered, with subu- : Fiumen (a and mucronate- inted flowering ponet 078 8 ac long, mi j 5 n 3-toothed M 8 malt moist and alkaline soils, „Nebraska and e e to 1 "ie ton and Oregon, south to Arizona and California. June to September. cen PUBENS Piper, Eryth. 7: 101. 1900, is a smaller form, with pubescentculms. inflorescenee the nodes, villouse-pubescent sheaths and minutely pubescent 1 W. 19412 No. 17—01— 21 322 tid = a OLN 8 Fig. 618, ELYMUS FLAVESCENS &cribn. & smith, U. 8. Dep . Bul. 8: 8, f. 1. 18972. YELLOW LYME-G GRASS.—À perennial 6-10.5 dm. (29-349) high, from Jong, creeping rootstocks, oe p Somewhat rigid leaves and rather loosely — Leer cm. (4’-8’) long. Sheaths striate, glabrous, ote 5 becoming loose and fibrous; leaf-blades 20-40 em. (8^ 27 ) Tone, 238 wide, smooth below, strongly scabrous o mate mde bescen pes 3- to 6- flowered, 10-20 mm. (5”-10”) long, nT Mme with yellow Glumes awnless, the outer ones very.un land ngton. May, Jun y a good sand binder for the dry regions of the interior. 323 wo arne INNOVATUS Beal, Grasses of N. A. 2: 650. 1896. (Ely- Scribn. & Smith, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. Bul. 8:7, pl.4. 1897; “ in Richardson, Franklin Narr. First Voy. 732. 1823. WN’S WILD RYE.—A rigid, rather — erect peren- ray) 1 Pu empty glumes (a) seabrous or minutely pubescent; (b) 8-10 mm. (4"-5") long, rounded on the back, densely ake tone short a 5 —Gravelly oF sandy panks, South Fie, 620, ELYMUS HIRSUTIGLUMIS Scribn. U. S. Dept. Bul. 11: 58. 1898. (E. intermedius ee 4:38. Bi termedius Bieb. Fl. Taur. Cauc. 1: : 82. 1808.) Y-FLOW GRASS.—A rather stout, erect ial 6 ier re high, culms and sheaths and erect, slender spikes 3-8 em. (130) long. cni tuii ; 13:-blades, erect, lin , scabro (4’-7’) long, 4-6 mm. (2"-3") wide, atte Spikelets mostly in twos, 1 e8; e n 10 mm. (5/) long,2-3 mm. 1509 e “hirsute wn; flowering gl on nerv and westward to Illinois and Nebraska. Jul 325 Pall.) Griseb. in Ledeb m littorale Pall. Reise 8: 287. 1776.)—4 stout, et perennial ib am, arr oar from strong, c sharp-pointed leaves, reeping nd lo loosel en branched spikes 20-30 trongly striate, glabro 20-40 cm. (8-167) lon ng, ,8-5 mim. array) prs M qiiod beneath istum above. Spikelets 5-1 to 9- flowered, wi th rigid, nar- hich are Bul. ate LY broad, compara y fi at rali €; ions Suas de 5-8 (12/-16/) rid ths striate, loose, the upper one elongated; leaf -b wide. Spikelets e to 5- flowered, about 15 cm. T nearly equaling the spikelet. Ligule nearly Se Island, Bering Sea; also Wrangell Island, Arctic Ame Type specimen from St. Paul Island, James M. ical 1 ong asthe culm. Spikelets 2- to 4- flow- linear-lanceolate; — 40-50 mm. (20/-25") long; eae (b) 2-toothed at the apex, 3- to 5- nerved, about oe mm. (9^) the awn, which is 3 em. (11^) or 9 in length.—Veta Pass, — breaking up as in Stanton. 328 Fic. 624. SITANION HANSENI (Scribn.) J. G. Smith, U. 4 i . 1899. us hansen Scribn. U. 8. D Div. Agros. Bul, 11: 56. f. 12. 1898.) HANSENS SITANION.—A rather a m. reading : WDS, | flowering glumes (b) 10-12 mm. (5/-6") long, entire or 2- i termi a straight, very slender awn, a ‘about 5 em. (20 long: County, California. Related ta 8 w 7 + tall 3 ies with mostly st and more remote spikelets. 329 ANION ee G. UE U Bs vieta Agr. Div. Agros. * dense June 24,1899. 0 ARLEY.—A rather stout, erect, ‘side a4 cespitose perennial, 3-5 (12-189) vue with Ge sheaths and under : Shea e leaves glabrous, the long-bearded spikes 5-8 cm. (237) long. E | han the internodes; leaf-blades 7-15 cm. = oo ; 2-5 mm. qa) wide, antes or ubescen seed ihe nerves tie Empty glumes bifid toth e very base, t the divisions see ice add ) long, à ee te; flowering glumes (b) 7 2 tg ong, lend and shining bifid at de os ti ein ede pe em. (12 long. —California to Washin 330 . . 626, ASPERELLA CA ICA (Boland.) Beal, Grasses N. 1 1896. (Gymnostichum californicum Boland. Cat. 35. 1870.) CALIFO ‘spren hairs; leaf-blades scabrous, 10-25 mm. (5’-124") wide. Spikelets 1- (0 9 "i. ered, with nearly obsolete empty mà es and strongly hispid flowering 87. (a) which are 5- to 6- nerved above, 125 mm. . long, ! tormina ting in a stouf, 7 331 P . aN ape aa ied mm. (12-24) long, 5- to 9- flowered; empty glumes unequal, the p ooh (24) long, 7-nerved, the second 10 mm. (5”) long, 11-nerved; flow- 1 b) e es ( inted, many-nerved, ciliate on the margins. Palea p. ume, 2-toot grain is shown "s a rich wet À hed. The "^ Tiver banks, ete. Virginia to Florida, and westward to “ls species forms the well-known ciue meh af the vdd E" “blooms but Tee, and when the seeds mature the plant dies. The canes are used for ma vi Such as fishing rods, splints for baskets, mats, etc. It can not cultivated successfully. INDEX. i The fig are in Bulletin. No.7 nyms. | ; Fig. Acute-flowered manna-grass.... 568 er. aromati ica Walt e 178 . arizonicum S. & S... gens Nees p glaucum decocti code S. & sS. e cide: ntale Seribn.. 594, 596, 598 molle Scrib: palme Scribn. 594 parishii s dius BS o 90 e S. & S. 590 peendorepens T 592 num S. &S 592 repens (Linn.) Beauv 298, agreste An- Scribn...... 298 richardsoni Schrad.. 597 ciliatum S. & S. 597 Tiparium S. ^ : DEDE 595 Scribneri Vasey ...... 299 smithii M 5 594 ) 3599 amex 594 b illust Nos. 1-302, inclusive, T Aerian Grasses I. Names in italics are syno- ig. Agropyron spicatum inerme (S. .) --.. 599 molle S. &S 594 palmeri S. Bu 594 tenuispi- cum (S. 8.) 599 tenerum Vasey...... 593 ciliatum S. & 8.... 593 longifolium S. & S.... 593 S. 598 violaceum ( Hórnem.) 591 andinum S. & S.. 591 latiglume S. & S.. 591 Agrostis vr bina Torr 3 127 wipe Lins eo e uve 483 ie With.)... 483 algida Soland ........... 118 arachnoides ElM......... 140 asper Michx 119 coarctata Ehr 136 vipressa Torr <5 --.- 125 eryptandra Torr 456 densiflora Vasey........ 137 egoensis Vasey ------- 139 domingensis Schultes... 457 elliottiana Schult....... foliosa Vasey ---- ------- geminata Trin.......... 479 N 135 indica Linn 126 junceus Michx .......... 455 latifolia rer 477 littoralis With .......... 472 longifolia Torr 120 mexicana Linn 100 perennans (Walt.)...... e pringlei Scribn ......... ; racemosa Michx......... 103 Ti... 1 480 rupestris Chapm........ 480 seroting Torr -=z .... 454 stolonifera L 484 tenuiflora Willd ........ 101 trichopodes Ell.......... 443 variabilis Rydb. ........ 481 varians Trin „481 verticillata Vill......... 4 en F 470 Airs aquatica Linn 256 atropurpurea WABI ss 158 rulea 510 op. 8 R 52 danthonioides Trin .. 157 ei:ongata Hook... ho te 156 Jlezuosa nnn 155 elicoides Michx ........... 219 itida Sprengel 253 obtusata Michx............. 252 Praecox nnr 153 purpurea Walt ............. 509 subspicaia Linn 160 Alkali Sacea en 36 267 * 615 „ alpinus d 1 Smith.. 452 "fulvus Smith ........ 115 decns Linn.... 115 fulvus (Smith) 115 liensis — 182 occidentalis Seribn . 117 pratensis Linn ...... 116 alpestris 117 Alpine foxtail 452 T 451 va V 410 American oat- 165 SERS CUM PIER 60 Ammophila arenaria Liu )- 149,265 -.. 149 cU LIE . 495 Pss e “floridanum Ohr 33 purshii Roni: 82 -Andropogon alopecuroides L.. 304 ambi. Michx.... 191 argenteus Ell ....... 11 argyrœus Schultes. 11 tenuis 2 u: avenaceus Michx 15 334 | Andropogon brachystachys E | Chapm..... ..... h Nash rm contortus Linn..... m curtissianum Steud 3 elliottii Chapm r glaucescens E: bn... 2 grani A 1 Be Seri 1 —— ucus Torr $5 pains (Walt.). LS s ume abbrevi- atus (Hack.) ...—— glomeratus co j osus ( mc glomeratus glaucop- (El.) gracilis Spreng ----- halepen: Linn.) . 321 hallii Hack ---------- jamesii Torr. liebmanni mohrii et cir. Taper Parque i (Mic Anthochloa colusana ( a (Davy) .... idles oda odoratum Linn. Aparejo grass Fi _ Andropogon scoparius ca esía Hac or K. 18 pruinatus Hack.. 310 tener 9 ie 310 tener Kun n . 309 tetrastachys Ell. ... 813 tetrastachys in ista- chyus Chapm....- 315 torreyanus 8 a , submu- ticus vot 8 unilateralis Hac 16 virginicus Linn. E 315 Tage ditio: cus st phyllus Hack.... 10 335 Aristida floridana (Chapm.) 423 sypina Bose ......... 8T vardii Vasey......... 420 lanata Pore cue dro 7 lanosa Mull! 87 oligantha Mich 418 palustris (Chapm.)..... 86 purpurea Nutt......... 419 schi ediana minor Vasey 421 spicif NH 417 stri iol... usc 85, 455 tuberculosa Nutt ...... 88 virgata palustris rig Ariz 600 eee Sonia elatius ages ). 167 Arundinaria macro %%% rocca dMrswéme rss 627 Arundo arenaria Linn 49 brevipilis Torr........... 190 ci inn. o. festucacea, Willd 567 15 85 EE a uos 2 5 S. californica ca (Boland). ie strix 3 2 Astraga Pe 9 5 437 . e Nutt. 204 Aulaxanthus rufus Ell. a chek, americana Scribn .. elatior : 53 Bearded hair-grass....-..-------- 448 joint 59 melic-grassss 528 short-husk ..---- ---- .--- 12 VVV 132, 472 Beardless Paar Wurde leues, NM f „ | Becknamiasreciorni dinn ) 208 „„ 171 „„ Quac q dM tmi 14 Bigelow s S vlae grass „ 534 tter Panic-grass.-..-.---------- 55 ed ae @Tass.-..------------ 20 336 Black grümx....- eo ng ke 19 s 174 e rice 92 423 Blepharidachne kingii (S. Wats.). 504 Blepharoneuron tricholepis ( Torr.) 471 5 Stipa 433 Blue 204 Bog re paring VVV 487 eee 8 — 515 Bottle- 302 Boutelouaaristidoidos (H. B. K.) 196 bre vi opoda Torr 199 ha vardi e . 198 hirsuta (H. B. K.)..... 205 oligostachya (Nutt.) . 204 polystachya Y ). 500 or Va- bee d vestita 8. ts. 202 p: rata Lag......... 501 racemosa Lag 195 ramosa Scribn ........ 200 rothrockii Vasey ...... 203 texana S. Wats ....... 197 fida Thurb .... -e Vasey ....... estita (S. Wats.)..... e le aristatum R. & S. 1 eee. (Schreb. vns Branching spear-grass. .......... 513 - Brazilian eee Hop Maa ere er's reed-grass ......:...... 486 T foxtail 403 !!!.. o Britton's s Ponie aak 3 368 nadensis Mick 284 TAE ioo codo: 5 NR Briza-like brome- grass Brizopyrum — Hook. and tiforsb. Fourn. mis FUA Aretie bent rn Bromus eee Mey 292 canadensis Michx ...... 583 natus hoo (Fharb tS eee Dh ND ciliatus Mull! 584 leviglumis Scribn Bromus hookerianus Thurb ho Bro wild r Pocho ë dactyloides Engelm . Buckle sda Buff. Burk's gr: Bushy estet. Calamagrostis aleutica e - ‘ican oO Fig „ — Trin. 5 a (Beal)..... 494 couni a . Gray 488 purpurascens R. Br S purpu Vi ie u suksdo FAL ene curtissii (Vasey) ... 495 California bottle o 626 V Mario rads 5 522 b ee . 529 reed - grass 476 . Campulosus 8 (Walt.). 178 hapadensis Trin... 179 Canada eee Lu oe EN Candy-grass 511 Cane 627 Capriola dactylon Kuntze 171 e e ,,, ...... 344 eee aquatica (Linn.) 256 Catch. fly i 74 ecum erectum Vasey. ---- 224 prostratum Presl. 224 i Doell .... 406 13412—N o. 17—01——22 Calamovilfa brevipilis (Tore. )... 150 | 331 Fig. ee grandiflora Hook ... 582 291 Mesa or corrugata ei : zu 06 vi- glauca (Linn.) ...... 401 teren Nash.......-.... ann se d oc RE are lad arund LIS. s bolanderi Scribn.......... 476 glomerata Walt 9,317 Pre att x M t R US 77 ne ber. ee 2 BENE Wir M e ere e . 212 i ee SEE BPNACEEEEN 407 oi . Coleanthus subtilis Seid —- 453 Colo: F 594 l 5353535353333 a sand- Colpodium arundinaceum Hook. a fulvum (Trin.)....... latifolium R. Br.....- — i (Lsest.). 563 Common reed ..........-.-------- 229 PEE Rate near deere ssp uev 173 338 Fig Magie , N Walt 478 Cotta 22 Gorton Fe e e Kunth 223 Cotton- grass 42,342 % oso oils E CEE 298 rood grab Lll oer 493 sig egg: |. iaaa 339 Creek sedge 177 Creeping beard-grass ............ 400 me 18 Panic 52 eee 5 PETERE A 73 Crested eee e . $4 Crowfoot-yraes 2... Ä 210 Crypsis schoenoides Lam ......... 113 marron Nutt... uu 221 Ctenium americanum REN: 1 chapadense Doell ....... 17 Curly Bard-graea. .............-.- JJ A S 18 Curtiss's ace 3 Cusick's blue grass 555 e e dps s dtp 171 5 egyptius Linn 210 aureus egg 3 270 cristatus Lbiun....... 255 indicus Linn Dactylis 3 Linn...... 173 glomerata Linn ........ 269 — . 177 o 174 TEE md ægyptiacum Willa 210 egyptium (Linn.)... 210 Danthonia pressa Austin.... 169 sericea Nutt.......... 170 spicata (Linn.) 168 e 587 Davyella colusana Hack.......-.. 517 r-g 130 Densely-flowered bent 137 manna-grass.. 570 3 Deschampsia atropurpurea cina Presl.... 157 elongata (Hook.)- = flexuosa (Linn.).. holciformis Presl. in Deyeuxia howellii Vasey . : sangwuinal —— Fig. Dinebra inimi. H. B. K. . 196 bromoides H. B. K viscida Seri 213 Dissanthelium E (Nutt) ps allosantbs Ru Eaton's grass. | Early Punch . i wild oat- Eleusine ewgyptica i te ca coa VANUS 223 Elionurus e mis Hack in, Humb. & Bonp i oom L4 sondensatus Pr sido 18 vov i gd ile Tig RELE E A BESÉuE dasystachys ga (Pall.) - a 75 ge 3 Elymus n R. Br ustus Scribn. Pix th * mit 613 salinus sprs re aurea 615 saundersii Vasey ........ 623 simplex Heng & Wil- Ham xc. 616 luxurians S, & 5 616 striatus Willd........... 611 illosissimus Scribn n 622 rgini db ocu 12 Enodium caeruleum (Gaud) ..... 510 rdi vibn EEA 131 BD EREET shies 130 Eragrostis “nica . 2⁴⁰ e pe s (Linn.)..... 514 ciliaris (Linn.)) co 3 Tru DRA ee T7 fever 5 i5togt.. uu 247 glomerata (W. Ro alt.) . 246 idum oides (Lam.) .... 245 ME ues 511 e exicana obtusiflora Scribn.... 515 rr 16 hx.). 242, pilosa (Linn.) 512 lumosa Link ........ 249 ides chya A. Gray ....... 5 hii Schrad ... 241.512 reptans Nees Secundiflora Presl.... 51 se pica Bu 2223 simplex Seribn ....... 244 uis A. Gray........ 513 trichodes (Nutt.)..... 513 Eremochlos kingii S. Wats 504 Erianth ssc ides (L.) 304 comy 3 Sn 304 strictus Baldw ....... lemmoni cien & EE ET 36 Eriochloa mollis (Michx.)........ 34 nctata (Linn.) 35 sericea Munro 338 Eriocoma cuspidata Nutt........ 97 C webberi'Thurb......... 441 Eustachys floridana Chapm ae 183 glauca DE su 180 neglecta Nash..... 181, 183 339 Fi Eustachys petraea Des 182, 183 Everlasting-grass ................ ip witch-grass: mid ea uae Dor uc ER 207 een „ sea ea 592 Sy OU ie coy DE 308 Feather Dod a (osea MN 5 219, 424, 428 Fendler’s blue-grass Festuca SS Schreb .... 287 a Phil 526 e con, pls TM c.l 513 dasyclada Hack ......... 516 decumbens Linn......... diandra Michx.......... elatior arundinacea (Schreb. ) 7 enen —— (Huds. ) 2 59 "n D ae s jonesii V. eli ous SED kingii G. W. Wata yl 4. We microstachys Nutt...... 578 myuros Linn............ 581 obtusa Spreng .......... octoflora Walt ...... 579, 580 in „577 pratensis Huds.......... 288 rubra glaucescens (Hegetschw.) ......... 289 sciurea Nutt 579 hortis Funn 574 icata Pursh ....... 594, 599 t "Wild... 580 unioloides Willd ........ 293 Few-flowered sorghum.......... 17 Fin ptor aget e-grass .......... — 556 Fine- 127 Fisher's eee e 566 Flat-leafed panic-grass .......... 340 Flat-stemmed Sporobolus ....... 125 Floating fortil.......— 115 manna-grass............ 285 water-grass ............ 825 Florida Amphicarpop ......-..- 33 curly-beard 422 6G 30 Fool hay 350 Fowl meadow 381 US GTREM LLL EU. occae cee 174 Fox-tail Plume-grass ...........- v GNI TRES. 888 oe Gastridium australe Beauy ---.--- lendigerum e e n Giant millet 402 340 Fig. Giant water-grass 333 Mega o s coru AT Glyceria acutiflora Torr 568 tata Fries 569 e Den? 284 elongate rt, 282 Juttans R. BR.... 285 angustata Va- Hy Sot ee Sols grandis S. Wats ........ E 280 maritima Mert. & Koch 286 i 28 pendulina Laest........ Golden-top oose-grass 209 Graphephorum fischeri psilosan- thum A. Gray. poor flea Fist Mehr: ) 279 fulvum A. Gray. 564 NUI... H ais Wigston (Michx.) 191 brevifolius Trin... 192 sus Beauv.. 191 n Mone californicum Bo- Par EPE ee, (Linn.) 6 Hacke ens 576 Hatsy eee Iyme- grass 620 grama 202 T 8 „ . 624 J 413 el ao s Melic-grass............ 525 Hasse's feather-grass ............ 427 Havard’s gramm uuu 198 poverty grass 420 Heatherg?jwum... s S ls 508 Heleochloa schoenoides (Linn.) 113 Hemarthri nei Kunth.. 5 Herd's powers contortus Beauv ... 322 melanocarpus Homalocenchrus he xandrus oryzoides n9); Rin D (Will d.) 24s III Hooker Hordeum adscendens eale 8 "ii 300,60 osum Li i usillum pes UT 40 : Hungarian brome grass. dini --- nge, lic-grass haemum s secun de Walt. ede rye- W Johnso: Jones's ‘one. NM rush-grass „ * 341 Fig. Late 454 5 im Wo Sica remade 75 le icula Mich 74 mo „ eb 78 0 1 5 76 virginica Will 77 Lemmon's canary-grass ......... 412 se 447 „ „ 572 e 36 Leptochloa d Ach (. BE. 2 fasci: s (Lam.).. 212 imbricata Thurb 4 langloisii Vasey..... ucr 5 )- 219 eyi Vasey....... pringlei bei DRIN. 218 bra Nees 21 Spicata (Nees)....... 211 ricta Fourn........ 216 scida ig Aro. 21 Lepturus ugs rk IDA. 297 : filifo: (Both3. 588 incurvatus (Linn.) 589 niculatus Nutt...... 193 Lesourdia karwinskyana Fourn.. 225 vultiflora Fourn...... Letterman's blue-grass .......... arkansana (Nutt.).... 133 pilosa (Trin.).. 138 Little barley 610 Blue Stems. A A 13 crab-grass 38 mountain-rice. ............ 95 Lizard-tail-grass _____........___- 6 Loco weed 437 Lolium ital 296 perenne Enn 295 temulentum Linn ....... 587 temulentum glaberrima untze 587 Long-awned poverty-grass.._... 88 bearded broom sedge...... 315 leafed spike-grass 530 St N 120 : Stalk NES o sul 62 Loosely-flowered Paspalum ..... 334 Lophochlena californica Nees .. 529 refracta A. Gray... 263 . iov unosi ori 24 Low panic-grass 341 DL. ORE e 538 . Luziola ensis Chapm..... 78 . Lyeurus phleoides H. B. K....... 450 . Macoun’s lym 4 Manisuris compres (Linn. f.). pr Fig. Manisuris corrugata (Baldw.)... or cylindrica (Michx.).. yide „ x: rugosa (Nutt.)........ 906 chapm (Hack.) .... 306 tessellata (Steud.). 305,306 ar ake (Hack.).. Ye „ broom sedge .... 313 richloris ....... 190 aga e A 187 Mar om- GIAE oara cata 5225 149 Marsh ate T 482 Oat-wress: 2.2.2 lll... $--- 159 Panic-grass 354 Mat-grass 5 Meadow barley 609 escue 288 oxtai 116 Melica Vesp: Boland. i.u 526 aristata Thurb....... 527,528 bulbosa Geyer............ 261 bulbosa S. Wats .......... 259 bulbosa Thurb ....... 522,524 californica Scribn........ 522 ce a ( PS ip a d. DEN colpodioides Nees 518 mS. Beribn ........ 523 fugax Boland...... 2:3. 520 Dra MIGNE c si 257 harfordii Boland......... 525 imperfecta Trin.......... 518 minor Scribn. 518 inflata Vasey . 2222. 2-22. 524 longiligula Scribn. & n,, EET 521 mutica l 257 parviflora Porter. 258 HIBPI aw NO cuis 518 parviflora (Porter)....... 258 pocoides Torr 522 porteri Seri 258 smithii (Porter) 2... <2: 527 spectabilis Scribn ........ 259 stricta Boland 260 bulata Scribn .......... 526 orreyana Scribn. ........ 519 Mexican dropseed................ 100 salt- E Milium compressum S 24 md € 5 98 . 141 ae eee ram bd vu id 35 Mille Mission. VVV Mohr's br dg 314 Molinia czerulea Gi- 0 342 Fig Monanthochloé littoralis En- gelm 226 Montana barley 608 Morton's oat-grass ............... 166 SENE oc ee nite SDD Mountain te 419 drop 468 foxtail 117 BAIPQTABA. 12.2115. 158 3 602 . 272 KETAR capillaris (Lam.). 448 ta (Thurb. d. 444 i PME MISMAS 109 . diffusa Schreb.... 99 dum osa Scribn... 445 erecta Schreb .... 112 Vasey glomerata Trin... 1 ilima Torr 106 breviaris- schaffn sylvatica Torr ... tenuifora (V wina. ) m eee ( o — virescen 8 ( K.) 110 willdenovii Trin.. 101 Munroa squarrosa Nutt ......... 227 Munro YS... A. 852 Mutton-grass. ........ į 543 Naked beard-grass ............... 191 Nardus stricta Linn.. ean ous NOE ar pped Panie. 355 Nash’ 8 | Panic im M Nazia aliona Spreng) -. ..-. 994 0. & Smith 924 Nealley's Leptochloa ............ 216 | Needle grass seer coe MB Neostapfa co colusana: Davy 1 517 Nevada blue- grass „ Nimble Will it-grass Nodding boca peepee — Pale manna-grass nicularia acutiflora a Torr. - americana (Torr.). © —— wooo presen rao Stacy Mua Ty 343 Fig. Panicum atlanticum Nash... 372,373 utumn Bosc-.-.---.- JAT baldwinii Nutt. 357,358,381 latum Michx bifidum A 3 N brittoni Nash .......... bulbosum H. DE- 56 minor V calliphyllum naar * 399 capillare Linn. 348, 350, 351 fexil ile gattingeri N EN i minus Muhl.. 346 pap En- 33 349 capitiarioides Vasey... 348 ides El... 70 ters Kunth. 62,379 ciliatissimum Buckl... 344 iliatum Ell 379, 380 columbianum Scribn.. 60 383 commutatum .......... consanguineum Kunth 4 corrugatum Ell ........ 66 «ll Linn-........ mutic Vi i25 04 a Linn 5 a dichotomum Linn ..... nitidum Chapm. 358 viride Va- sey..... diffusum Pursh ........ 346 divaricatum Linn...... 353 divergens Muhl ........ 347 eatoni Nash ............ 311 i 395 l Pursh... 852 erectifolium Nash ..... 361 flexile Scribn........... 346 floridanum Trin 361 gib |o DENIS eT NEN 7 glabrifolium Nash..... 381 gl ä 37 glaucum Linn .......... 401 Fig. Panicum gowini Fourn .......... graci ibn... 39 grossarium Linn....... 43 mnoca — U ron W 50 Ell 48 .. 400 hirticaulu 5 351 mer tali C 68 rii N 383 lachnanthum Torr 342 atum Rottb......... latifolium Linn . 353, Va- laxiflorum Lam 378 bergii Scribn. 397 leucoblepharis Trin .... 379 eucocomum Scribn ... 40 leucophaeum H. B. K. 42 leu aps N 360 lineare Krock .......... 3 T capa Scribn .. 364, 384 longipedunculatum Scribn lucidum Ashe.......... 363 Bash. ..... 382, malacophyllum Nash.. 392 manatense Ni sucus DOO licarium Michx..... 48 i rpon Ell. 365 Muht... 365 ee ee BR 349 n 346, 349 Nichx.......... 34 multifiorum Ell ........ 365 um Scribn -.-.- 61 nitidam Lem ........—. 7 octododum (Smith)..... 369 minor Vasey . 358 nudicaule Vasey....... p obtusum H.B.K ....... H.B. octonodum J. G. Smith. po Gye EH — oc paspaloides Pers p pauciflorum Ell . 394 paucipilum Nash .....- 37 pedicellatum Vasey... 375 n S e end! Qarihn philadelphicum Bernh 346 platyphyllum Munro.. 340 polyanthes Schultes... 365 polycaulon Nash......- 380 Fig. um Nash ....- 396 above De 51 prostratum Lam ...... 1 psammophilum Nash. 60 pubes TEN aaa pro 386 W 367 coppie . or Poir.. 346 pq die , Nash . 396 ramisetum Scribn 355 ae token Michx? .... 363 ravenelii Scribn. and c repens Linn auia Va- Lier ae a 52 3 Vase eed 356 rostratum Nun . rufum Kunth.......... 336 tu uckl.... 342 sanguinale Linn....... 339 scabriusculum Ell 387 8c hon BL). oo oe nck 393 scoparium A. — 393 "emis Va- 88 mtn o „Y bn.... 393 Nash 392,393 icolum Nash 362, 363 spretum Schultes ...... 371 stenodes Griseb........ 46 stipitatum Nash ....... 852 strictum Chapm........ 46 strigosum Muhl........ 62 texanum Buckl ........ 44 notum im 41 tsugetorum Nash...... 310 arium Lam.... 386,387 scribnerianum Nash... 391 serotinum (Walt.)..... 38 sphaerocar 2H. 57 sphaerocarpon florida- mum Laer 361 bat A tum Trin. 373 rvilleanum Ke . 845 lon gi - glum — 345 bee gea RUE vill m Nash.... 367 virgatum "e „ 5 . T ‘Hl. 386, 387, — ; walteri Poir .... vd : webberianum Nash.... 377 werne ribn b. 364 wilcoxianum V .... 991 wrightianum Scribn .. 357 anthopysum ray. 399 Pappophorum e m Scribn.. reale Torr. 221 wrightii S. Wats. 321 Parish's feather gras auus n 439 eat-grass ...-...:..2. Paspalum bifidum y Bertol.) — ii Chapm m Flügge b^ (Sw. 21 curtissianum Steud.. 329 difforme Le Conte 20 digitaria Poir dilatatum Poir ------- 31 distichum Linn 25 elliottii S. Wats ------ 28 floridanum d 29,30 labratum 1 5 cid iicet Kung 35 gigan m Baldw.--- 339. laeve pex Nutr 21 pilos Scribn. 27 larranyagai Arech --- 328 livi Trin 330 membranaceum Walt. 3% onostacyum Vasey- 35 mucro e uhl... 35 ovatum Nees 3l paspa d os (Mich) : latycaule Poir ------- piii: Michx..-- 3 pubiflorum Rupr ----- 3 purpurascens Ell ----- L4 à racemulosum Nutt --- 33 scrobiculatum Linn.- 81 eum Mich » undulatum Poir ------ Š : vaseyanum e rgatum Walt. L4 : dos rum asey ---- 8 — walterianum varied “3 b Patterson's ie 2 7 Pennisetum um (Sw.) Perenni T 345 5 Fig Fig. Phalaris erucaeformis Linn pots Poa leckenbyi isai e 550 intermedia Bosc........ 80 lemmoni Vasey ..------------ 572 angu leptocoma ee „„ : Chapm.. 81 lette ui V EEEO 547 i lemmoni Vasey 412 lucida Vasey- ---------------- 552 oe . B r hs rr 562 sa Michx contre Hott ee 286 Phippeia algida (Soland. )R. Br.. 118 Lini: 5 2 546 um alpinum Linn ..........- ne N Dae itum Roxb........... 473 sid epe Vasey .----..- 550,551 pratense Linn ..........- 114 nudata Scribn........... ---- 556 schoenoides Linn ........ 113 ea : s DIU ; Phragmites communis Trin...... 229 identalis Vasey .....- 540,541 (Lam.) B paddensis Williams.....- --- 551 E V ttersoni Vasey .----------- 548 E Pleuraphis jamesii Torr pose Miche... ice cce 248 d mutica Buckl ........ 1000000 512 een Linn) is 213,539 pringlei Scribn .......-.----- pulchella Vasey -------------- 559 j ü rusce recu NT ieren 272 reflexa Vasey & Scribn 538 T 232 sylvestris reed Fees 275 é ndina Nutt 27 tenerrima Scribn...........- à NIC VV S rats 533,534 nin dien Buckley 3 278 nife Mp wn 542 tenue Rl ii apu rie 14 argentea Howell. ...........- 560 texana Upon VT 32 & Vasey 277 yi Vase 541 alsodes A. Gray 536 trichodes Nutt............... 513 aquati.a americana Torr 280 trivialis c 530 bolanderi Vasey ....... .--.-- uniflora Mubl....------------ bigelovii Vasey & Scribn ... 534 teralis Scribn .........- 553 ifo: Shi o ulis vasey' bm DO buckleyana Nash..........-- 278 | Podoscemum virescens K Hh i laris Scribn...........-- 556 | Polypogon 8 (With. „ : . oo 514 | maritim ine Willd. TS T: pmaniana Scribn .......- 211 | mons nn.) 132 C E: 88 . compressa Linn r’s reed bent 488 % V ————— 246 | Poverty grass 414 ata P iora E 119 BINH f dd aner 277 Mar Torr oo A 535 | tripleawn - 3 418 distans Linn 571 | Pringle's blue-grass-------------- 549 douglassii Nees 562 | feather-grass .......... 429 elongata Torr 282 | Puccinellia distans (Linn.).. neas 571 fendleriana (Steud.) ........ 543 lemm 572 arizonica Wil- maritima ( 1 ) ida. eat 543 | Pal. Au, a 096 Trin 564 | Purple canary-grass 7 fulvescens Trin 562 | 6 22¹ ta Walt 246 | love-grass .--------------- 516 aris Trin | 327 | | | Vase - kingii S. Wats. 573 : 8 on 5 268 : Rattlesnake-grass 5 Red-haired AN Line Ses QD Red Bent — r... Seg ent! 238 "Sepe, EPI. Qi V auclor 238 sd D MET 483 Reed ed J 475 Ann LLLI oo 411 TORCH n eo ho os 287 meadow-grass ............. 280 . 409 serine oligostachya ‘Munro. 22 Rescue grass 2093 Reverchon’s panie 35 enti T 41¹ %%% ĩ] ũAAA A ĩðVẽ 76 eee TM qe * 435 wheat- grass. 597 River-side wheat- grass. 595 Rocky mountain lerem N 161 Rothrock’s grama. 203 Rottboellia pcm Nutt ndis compressa Linn. f. 5 ata auet 305 ERE 306 cylindrica Torr...... 307 is Essa. DAD incurvata de TEMPE 589 eg „ 306 ils hi Marans 305 Round fowered TPaHIS 2 57 Rough-flowered rat-tail grass... 306 — „„ 464 Lep pee aces oe DIS panic- grass . 851 -stalked meadow- grass... . 539 Rush grass. . like timothy.. 5 113 ina e Ä ( 295 c ae 458 BAM cedar OC Og 226 EOM S i 515 bar e os ME REARS betwee 172 Sand bh Hines „„ 550 SIE ip aA oe 318 Ps Se Wane wee peg col ERU 69 c Ll 456 Saunders lyme-grass .... . 623 | i (Bw.) .. 3 410 | macrophylla ( Thurb.) : Linn.) . 83,4 : orata Schedonnardus panic : lat us Nut po ( — 8 Schedo onorus tec meee one € festucacea ( ) i: Maces herum: ( Thurb.)... 297 Seribner's feath: Seaside beard- pania barley —— neee ee sesen ae Sesleria dactyloides Nutt -.------ 20 2 Setaria composita H. B. K er. corru Shama millet. Ahaan’ P, Short-awned grama.. reed-grass . Short-bearded broom sedge Short-haired reed-grass Short-leafed — — —— i —— i * * , 1 Li * 3 ene Short-spiked ee. Short- stalked Eragrostis -> EC —— — 8 > : Li i * / i nU © IE Sieglingia RES Kuntze sae albescens Kuntze ----- mbigua Kun decumbens (Linn... 8 ; Nan | Silky eee „ " IET 1 3 Silver- beard... „ * eem rt 347 Fig. Silvery hair-grass 152 oat-grass 163 Sitanion anomalum J.G. Smith pe ith ps weed n 101 ic- --- 52 V 156 Bar Bog... Peon eee V 477 oe Batata MES 1l meadow-grass. ......... 512 sro, rum seta 531 Uer. a aS 5 FFF 39 CCTV 26 rat-tail grass ............ 307 sh- 5 469 e ee ssl 404 Spear-grass.......... 535, 554 PAO EEE E a oil 505 wheat-grass ............. 593 woolly grass ............ 343 Slough-grass 208 Small can 353 8 melic-grass . 518 mountain rice... a glumed drop-seed ...... .. Pg ON ee is jointed Panic-grass . ...... 46 n et f 520 URSUS Tie wea 442 ned "inta Mau dro or BM itch- Smith’s melic- grass. 527 %%% 0 FVV 180 crab-grass: 31 BEN oou oou Oe Smu — ee MEER 26 Soft weer Crabs eo 7 aceon ag ou oor Sorghum avenaceum Chapm..... 15 halep Pore: o i nutans Chapm | od 5 ucifiorum Chapm.... 17 : secun Son: sume hapm ...... Southern sand-bur. .............. 405 reed-grass 174 ial in (Michx.).. 172 ora stricta alternifl N 177 mariti (Wa dO * 2 Spider bent- grass % o S a | Spike-like poverty grass. 417 airoides Torr........ as olius BE UNE RIR , 464 buckleyi Vasey. --.-. 459 . 126 confusus (F burn) -. 129 eryptandrus (Torr.) 456 poni Thurb. 456 curtissii (Vasey) .... 124 be bis (?) Sc ae 3 445 omingensis (Trin.). prd filiformis (Thurb.).. floridanus Chapm.. curtissii ase im b .. 468 heterolepis A. Gray 121 indicus (Linn.) ...... 126 interruptus Vasey .. 122 jonesii Vasey........ 460 junceus ( Michx.).... 455 N Vasey alen b (Torr. Y. weno de iden ecd ... 454 simplex Scribn ...... texanus Vasey....... 463 thurberi Scribn ..... 465 uniflorus 3 ks 348 Fig. ‘Sporobolus irum Derr 467 aginaeflorus (Torr. ) 466 S var. neglectus (Nash).. 466 virginicus (Linn.)... 470 wrightii Scribn...... prangle-top Spreading spear-grass ........... 571 Sprouting crab- her ae AAE 1 Spruce-top 502 Squirrel-tail grass. ............... 5 Stapfia colusana Da vr 517 . Augustine-grass .............. 75 Stenochloa californica Nutt 239 Stenotaphrum americanum Schrank DADR ` -aiaa 72 secundatum (Walt) 22222. Stipa avenacea Linn 423, 424 venaceoides Nash ........ 424 barbata wehrt 2 ment Boland :....:..... capillaris Lam ta Trin. & Rupr ...... 425 ta Thurber ......... 434 fimbriata H. B. K 94 d RRO ILIO Lo e ees: 427 juncea MIDA os eee 0.4 442 kingii Boland ...... 90 mac F 431 melanocarpa Muhl......... mbranacea Pursh 97 rez P4 Trin. Mese robusta Vasey .... 497 E Switch- 51 Syntherisma gracillima Nash 39 linearis Nash... 9i leucocoma Nash.... 4 — praecox Walt. 339 . sanguinalis Dulac.. 99 — serotina Walt ...... 33 Tall grama 105 oat-grass 167 rat-tail grass Pes 305 Teff 240 289 Tennessee fescue..............-.- 2 T t-gr Ass. 100 P NR Terrell p — B € n vl 612 Texas blue-grass .--...... -«----- 5¹² Texan crab- grass drop seed timothy yx; witch- grass pid Thatch Ep o M a. bunch- drum Bets . 1 Uke Muhlenbergia. packs Thurberia arkansana Benth ..--. Thurber's rush- 3 h 3 elongata , toides Vase 193 463 duc 197 millet 44 - "EX Poverty A 948 177 261 ig rompe purpurea (Walt.).....- 509 m cylindricum Michx..- 307 dactyloides Linn .... 1 Trisetum argenteum Scribn ----- 498 randegei Scribn...... canescens Buckl......- 163 Tri A 164 interruptum Buckl ... 162 m Vasey ..-.- 161 muticum (Boland) .... 496 alustr OPE accede 159 p 5 cum 8 159 eee (Linn.) 160 icu (Boland) 496 shearii Scribkn 4 wolfii Vase 496, 497 at Naas 590 junce im U 596 littorale Pall 621 repens Linn 298 richardsoni Trin....... 997 violaceum Hornem.... 591 C „ triple-awn.....-.......--. 415 T beard-grass..........---- 322 Uniola gracilis Mick 266 latifolia Michx........-..- 264 laxa (Linn.) B.S. F.. 266 ngifolia Scribn .......-- 530 nitida „„ 531 paniculata Linn .......... 265 sessiliflora heel ee Rr E 531 c 267 Urachne Sina Trin. & dace (M Crate elongata Buckl.........- 506 RR TR E sa ene 83, 84 Paene comata Thurb. ........... HAE poe ative: FTT. 559 DEGREE... — eos 598 Paspalum 62.2-, 2.5.5.5. 328 reed grass. 490 —... 11 ans 15 Lep F 213 Vilfa arguta Nees 128 arundinacea Trin 75 vacea Tri mpeniA olia Nees & Meyen. 464 . 129 depauperata filiformis Thur! Fig. "f a . 129 tricholepis Torr...........- 471 vaginaeflora Torr 466 Wall balls ede reise 605 Walter’s Paspalum. ............-- 326 Warty panic-grass --------------- 4) Water bent-grass ---------------- 484 I.. cee 408 e e E 256 Webber’ i UM Siri bilo ques . 540 bunch- grass 416 ord- grass 175 feather-grass.........-- 426 ponte . 436 pri BE = 5 sche a= ee 324 West Indian pi SA PT dava 451 White-grass ------ ---------------- 77 untain-rice .........-.- 93- Wild barley ---------------------- 609 ill!!! 98 TU AIEE eroe e Ma 499 oat-grass.....-..----------- 168 1 8„ 409 timothy -------------------- 103 Wire bert 294 bunch-grass ...------------- 599 grass. 8⁵ Wiry grama ....------ „ 200 nic-grass ---------------- 346 riodia =- NO clue 506 3 185 9 a pallida Torr 283 stricta Nutt....------ 507 Wood meadow- „ oodland blue- grass 536 drop-s eee 102 8 grass 275 oody melic- grass 523 Woolly drop-seed ---------------- 444 flowered panic ----------- 345 Tool Gaon gots AEE Oy Te 199 poverty-gTass------------ 87 erbe sepes -— E Wright's broom sedge ..--------- Wri ey Pain e d eu Yard- ua TTE 209 Yellow colpodium 564 foxtail...-.--------------- 401 lyme-grass -- ------------ 618 spear grass 552 zania aquatica Linn 409 esae Le ARE UE 408 Michx miliacea (Michz.) . 408 Agros, 16 | BürLeiN NO. 18. | U. S DE PARTMENT OF “AGRICULTURE. a „piii OF -AGROSTOLOGY. M [Grass and Forage Plant Investigations.) AMERICAN GRASSES. “A SYNOPSIS OF THE GENUS SITANION, eo i wate BY „ OTA BT) CH SMPEHA 67 es WASHINGTON GOVERN NMENT 1 OFFICE. Agros, 46. BULLETIN No. 18. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. DIVISION OF AGROSTOLOGY. [Grass and Forage Plant Investigations. STUDIES ON AMERICAN GRASSES. A SYNOPSIS OF THE GENUS SITANION. BY JARED G. SMITH. PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF F. LAMSON-SCRIBNER, AGROSTOLOGIST, 24, 1899. ISSUED JUNE WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1899. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. U. si DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, jd DIVISION OF AGROSTOLOGY, Washington, D. C., May 3, 1899. Sin: I have the honor to transmit herewith the manuscript of a paper entitled“ Synopsis of the genus Sitanion,” prepared under my direetion by Mr. Jared G. Smith, assistant agrostologist, and recom- mend the same for publication as Bulletin No. 18 of this division under the general title of ** Studies on Ameriean Grasses." Respeetfully, ; F. LAMSON-SCRIBNER, Agrostologist. Hon. JAMES WILSON, Seeretary of Agriculture. 3 INTRODUCTION. The many and striking differences presented by the specimens which . have been referred to Stanton hystrix (Elymus sitanion) have long been recognized, but no one has heretofore attempted to define or classify them. From the material in the herbarium of the Academy of Natural Seienees of Philadelphia, it is evident that Nuttall distinguished at least two species. These are shown in Plate I, the tiekets attached to the specimens being iu Nuttall's An The large amount of material in the National Herbarium, gathere. from numerous and widely separated localities by many collectors, has afforded an excellent opportunity for a study of the variations which with the increase of the eolleetion became more and more apparent, and the necessity of their classification more and more evident. The present paper, prepared by my direction, was undertaken to meet this necessity, and while the species here defined may require some modification after further studies in the field, and while some classed as species may eventually be reduced to varieties, the subject as presented can hardly fail to be of interest to the student of grasses and helpful in the close discrimination of the species of a critical group of plants Nuttall, who first described the species of this genus, referred it to the European Ægilops and named his plant Ægilops hystrix, His description was carefully drawn up and his species can be readily „recognized. A year later, Rafinesque? published his genus Sitanion, based upon a single species, which he named Sitanion elymoides. It has been found impossible to determine with certainty which of the species enumerated in the present paper was the one named by Rafinesque; it certainly was not, however, the grass described by Nuttall. Our leading authorities, Bentham and Hooker, Hackel,* and Baillon,“ have all reduced Sitanion to a section of Elymus. The articulate rachis, readily breaking up at maturity, and the usually bifid or many parted and awned empty glumes are well-defined characters, distinguishing the species from Elymus, and justifying their separation as a distinct 1Genera North American aa 1:86. 1818. ? Journ. Phys., 89: 103. £9. 3 Genera Plantarum 3: *Die Natiirlichen be 2: part 5 Histoire des Plantes, Monographie des 9 258. 6 genus. To be sure there are species so closely connecting Elymus with Sitanion that it is difficult to determine to which genus they ought to be referred, but the same is true in the case of Elymus and Agropyron; there are e which may with equal propriety be placed either in the one genus or the other. That there are forms connecting Sitanion with Elymus S their close relationship, but this fact does not afford sufficient reason for uniting them, and the paper here presented, describing the many species into which Sitanion may be divided, affords good evidence and ample justification for its separation. - F. LAMSON- SCRIBMER. CONTENTS. Characters of the genus. Analytical key to the species 3 €"——— ͤͤ e ion 8 Exiit Section 8 VVV ection Elymoides f ILLUSTRATIONS. PLATE I. Sitanion villosum J. G. Smi th. H. Sita Page. Type anion hystrix (Nutt.) J. G. Smith. Photograph of Nuttall’s type in the Herbarium of the Philadelphia Academy of Science III. Sitanion brevifolium J. G. Smith. THEME C uoo sot 17 IV. Sitanion anomalum J. G. Smith. Cotype 8 A SYNOPSIS OF THE GENUS SITANION. CHARACTERS OF THE GENUS. SITANION Rafinesque, in Journ. Phys., 89: 103, 1819. en. N. Am. Pl., 1: 86, 1818; not Linn. (1737.) Potyantherir Kee, in Ann. Nat. Hist., Ser. I, 1: 284, 1838. ere " the spike artic- es 3 at each node base; with recurving or spreading, scabrous awns terminating Flowering glumes all alike, 8 acute, or that of the lowest floret sterile ee ee empty glumes; entire or ding awn, or trifid and 3-awned. very rarely spiciform- ee A genus endemic to western North America, containing 23 species. i on, section Elymoides, consists of 4 species intermediate between thi genus and e They are placed here tentatively, as being more closely allied to Sitani ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE SPECIES. * Empty glumes many-lobed; lowest floret sterile, subulate-setaceous. + Culms nest; 6— dm. bi gh, spike and florets large; awn of the asiste i. ubatum. o TID om long. ot S. ju tt Culms 1-5 dm. eh; spike and cage eite or small; awn of the flower- me 2-7 em Leaves short, flat, divergent; He blade and sheaths . 2. S. villosum Leaves long, erect or ascending, involute, strigose or pubescent f the empty and flowering glumes about as long as the axis J DLL Dee DUIS S. multisetum. Ans of the empty and edis glumes . than the axis of the spike. a Leaves of the innovations involute, filiform, pilose. . eee b Leaves of the innovations involute, rather rigid, strigos 5. S. brev tian: **Some of the empty glumes pode bifid from about the middle, the lobes abruptly divergent; lowest floret of one or both spikelets sterile and like the empty deseen! but inserted on ‘he rhachilla and falling away with it. + Only oné spikelet at each eth = fertile florets S. minus. tt Both iate bearing fertile iths and dorsal surface ws Tari glabrous; glaucous. a daw alpine plants 7. S. rigidum. 9. S. glabrum. .S. insulare. 13. S. ewspitosum. 9 10 tt Leaves remm pubescent or scabrous, to 3 times as long as the flowering glume. 11. ee cinereum. $$ eon at least 4 times as long as the flowering glum 1. Innovations very numerous; culms slender. i S. hystrix, 2. Innovations few; culms a Culm leaves 2-8 em. ue: flat, rigid, obtuse, divaricate. 8. S. californicum. b Culm ~~ 1-2.5 dm. long, flexnous; "yeu g glume r n See eet Sate 15. 8. oh gosum. oa Mp short, rigid, ascending, 5-10 em. long; flowering glume smooth below, scabrous above. 4. S. montanum, d Culm leaves rigid; flowering glume glabrous. S. molle. *** Empty glumes subulate-setaceous, entire; RUE floret hermaphrodite a Culm leaves very long, flexuous, filiform-involu 18. S. longifolium. 1 Flowering glume 1 em. long, glaucous; culms robust. 17. 8. brevifolium. 2 Flowering glume 7 mm. long, soft pubescent; culms low. 1 S. pubiflorum. **** Empty glumes lanceolate, 2-5-nerved, entire or eee + Lowest floret longer than the internodes of the ra i Leaves flat, glaucous, more strongly end o on geo back than above, 5-8 2 HHOI dA iino o uu urs ctu ied Urna an 0, S. planifolium. tt Leaves involute, more prominently nerved above E on the back, 2-3 V S. lanceolatum. tt Internodes of the rachis 5 than the lowest floret. Que spikelet ab each nodo. 2... irsini 99. S. hanseni. 2 Two spikelets at each node................ 23. S. anomalum. DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIES. $Polyantherix. (Nees,as a genus.) Lowest flowering glume of one or both spikelets sterile, awnlike; empty giumes deeply cleft into from 3 to I or more setaceous awns. 1. SITANION JUBATUM J. G. Smith, sp. nov. Culms stout, erect, or ascending, 6 to 9 dm. high, robust, terete, smooth. Nodes glabrous. Lower sheaths hirsute, the upper ones minutely pubescent or when young vomer edem 5 smooth, much exceeding the internodes, open at the thro Ligule cartilaginons, 1 mm. long. Blade narrowly linear-lance- olate, 10 we 18 em. long, 3 to 5 mm. wide, rather rigid, flat at the base, involute above and on the back toward the base, finely nerved above, with the midnerve prominent beneath, Spike 1 to 2 dm. long, often more than m. in diameter to the tips of the spreading awns, densely flowered, exserted or the basal portion inclosed uppermost leaf sheath. Empty glumes 4, 3- to any-parted from about the middle, the lobes setaceous, from 1 to 10 em. long. Spikelets 2 at a node, each 2- to 4-flowered, the lowest sterile, the second hermaphrodite, the uppermost staminate or sterile, eee giune e linear-lanceolate, acute, 8 to 10 mm. long, smooth and shining below, 5-nerved from about the middle, sparsely scabrous above, trifid at the apex, k lateral lobes setaceous, the mi dle one range into a slender, scabrous, subflexuous awn, 8 to 12 em. long. In ter- nodes of the rachis 5 to 7 mm. long, compressed or plano-convex, spatulate, 3 Type collected by Robert M. Horner, No. 573, Waitsburg, Wash., May 2 7, 1897, distributed as “ Elymus sitanion jubatum.” Also collected by Frank W. Hubby; . No. 48, among hes im Valley, California, May 7, 1896. Bul. 18, Div. of Agrostology. PLATE I. i Flora of Whitman °F See sv AO gt D 5 "gy + dnm Erg ss SITANION VILLOSUM J. G Smith. Type. 11 This grass is the largest and most robust species of Sitanion. It belongs to the S. multisetum group, differing from all other species in the very large spike and exceptionally long awn of the flowering glume. 2. SITANION VILLOSUM J. G. Smith, sp. nov. Pl. Culms stout, erect, or slightly geniculate, 2 to 3 dm. high, metet leafy at the base, forming close, matted tufts. Sheaths rather densely hirsute, the lower strict, the uppermost somewhat inflated, scabrous. Ligule almost obsolete. Blades short, rigid, ascending or divaricate, finely strigose-pubescent and more or less densely hirsute, scabrous along the 5 margins, e eee acuminate, pungently- pe: 4 to 8 em. long, nt 3 mm. wide, flat, or at length involute. Spike 6 to 8 em. long Vlogs cien its base ead in the greatly elongated aten We Empty glume 3- to 7- or 8-parted from near the base, each lobe a very slender, scabrous, divaricate awn from 2,5 to 8 em. long. Lowest floret usually sterile, M glume many-parted, like the empty glumes. Perfect florets 1 or 2. Flowering glume about 8 mm. long, obliquely lanceolate, smooth and shining at an vase, scabrous for the upper two-thirds, 3-awned, the middle awn rather stout, divergent, 8 to 10 cm. long, the lateral ones very slender, 5 to 10 mm. long Palea as long as the flowering glume, obtuse, acute, or with two short, slender awns di the apex. Internodes of the ‘seul 4 to 5 mm. long, linear-compressed, glabrou ¿Pype collected by A. D. E. Elm mer, No. 266, on rocky hilltops, Almota, Whitman County, Wash., June 13, 1896; also collected by C. V. Piper, No. 2598, on dry, gravelly prairies, Spokane, June 25, 1897; and Robert M. Horner, No. 574, Waitsburg, Wash., June 3, 1897. T PREY may be separated from Sitanion SGH RAN to which it is closely ted, by the short, rigid, hirsute basal culm leave 3. SITANION MULTISETUM J. G. Smith, sp. nov. Culms 3 to 5 dm. high, terete, striate, glabrous or srid strigose-pubescent, erect or slightly geniculate, much branched from t very base. Sheaths rather loose, open at the throat, scarious along the margins above, a and hirsute on the back, mostly longer than the internodes. Ligule very short, membranaceous, Blades 5 to 10 em. long, rigid, erect or ascending, linear, acute and pungently pointed, flat, becoming involute, sparsely hirsute on the back, scabrous on the margins, hirsute and scabrous along the prominent nerves above. Spike erect,5 to 8 em.long. Spikelets two at each node but usually only one slender, ascending, scabrous awns varying from 1 to 5 or rarely 8 cm. long. est flowering glume of the sterile spikelet subulate, resembling the —— of the empty glumes, gs somewhat lanceolate at the base. Flowering glume of the fertile spikelet about 8 or 9 mm. long, linear-lanceolate, sisi on the back, smooth and A below, keeled and seabrous above, 3-awned, the middle awn stout, rigid, scabrous, 5 to 6 em. long, the lateral ones slender,3 to 8 mm. long. Palea as long as the flowering glume, acute or bicuspidate. Internodes of the rachis (€ spatulate above, smooth and shining, scabrous along he margins, 4 to 5 m Ty pe: de collected ps “Coville and Funston, No. 1121, Tehachapi Valley, Kern yy, Cal., June 25, 1891. Other specimens which may be referred to this are Penis. No 225 Sonoma G 3 ; a specimen collected by Bolander at San a, No. 617, Clinton, Amador County, June 30, 1893 a specimen marked “J. A. Allen, California;” and L. Schoenefeldt, No. 3439, Nackos esie Valley, Lower 5 une It differs Punt Sifanion polyantheric and S. breviaristatum in the very much Mee and more rigid, erect or ascending awns of the empty pre and the leaves hirsute dorsally toward the base and along the nerves abov 12 4. SITANION POLYANTHERIX J. G. Smith, new name. Polyantherix hystrix Nees, in Ann. Nat. Hist. 1: 284 (1838), not ZEgilops hystrix Nutt. Culms 3 to 4 dm. high, terete, striate, minutely strigose- siad Sheaths striate, scabrous, closely enveloping the internodes and longe them, hirsute. Ligule very short, membranaceous. Blades 6 to 25 cm. long, eae long-attenuate or filiform, involute, acuminate, the ie hirsute on the back, the upper smooth, scabrous and sparsely hirsute on the nerves above. Spike 7 to 10 cm. long, rather rigid and densely flowered. Spikelets 2 at each node; all the florets of one of the spikelets sterile and the lowest and uppermost florets of the other either staminate or sterile, only the second producing seed. Empty glumes 5- to many- parted from near the base, the segments extending into slender, abruptly divari- cate awns, 6 to 25 mm. long. Flowering glume of the hermaphrodite floret linear-lanceolate, acute, smooth and shining for its lower two-thirds, slightly scabrous above, with a rigid, scabrous awn 2.5 to 3 cm, long arising from between two minute teeth, Palea a little longer than the flowering glume, acute, inter- nie of the rachis very short, smooth and shining, compressed, broadest above, 3 mm. long. vA Gen collected by Douglas, in California. There isa specimen in the National Herba- rium, labeled 1 pol 2 whieh was collected by Dr. J. M. Bigelow, surgeon and botanist to Lieut. A. W. Whipple's expedition for a railway route from the Mississippi River i the Pacifie Ocean, near the thirty-fifth parallel of latitude in 1853-54, 8 without locality, and it is from this plant that the above description is draw This species may be separated via S. breviaristatum, to which it is related, by the very long-attenuate, filiform leaves, and taller and more slender culms. 5. SITANION BREVIARISTATUM J. G. Smith, sp. nov. Low e on perennial, with slender, erect spikes and very long,rigid, erect o cending leaves. Culms about 2 dm. high, erect, clothed with dead lasten many-pa ens Qe seabrous, flexuous, divergent awns, from * to 20 mm. long. Flowering glume abont 6 mm. long, narrowly lanceolate, smooth below, scabrous above, tipped with a ate 1 awn from 1 to 1.5 cm. lon the flowering glume, acute, 2- rved, scarious along the margins, bieuspidate. Grain adherent to the palea, elliptical, oblanceolate, 5 inm. long, compressed, acute at the dier: rounded at goa . Internodes of the rachis compressed, 5 , Spatnlate above, glau Type ee „ by Coville and 8 No. 833, Willow Creek Canyon, Panamint Mountains, California, May 22, 1891. This on differs from Sitanion multisetum to which it is related, in the low, densely tose habit; short, slender spikes; and very short awns of the empty and "prope dividi The bases of the culms are clothed with papery leaf-sheaths. $$ Busitanion. Lowest floret of one or both spikelets sterile and like the empty der some of the empty glumes baa from about the middle, the divisions divergent; others entire, subulate-setace . 6. SITANION MINUS J. G. Smith, sp. nov. pee 1. 5 to 2 dm. high, slender, rigid, erect, terete, glabrous. Nodes glabrous. m leaves 5. Sheaths glabrous, closely enveloping and longer than the inter- du Ligule almost obsolete. Blades 5 to 7 em. ., those of the innovations 8 to 12 em. long, rigid, erect o: r somewhat N linear, 3 involute, smooth and glabrous on the back, scabrous on rigose-pubescent on the nerves above. Spikes 3 to 5 em. Jong, Hl their los foctüded in the 13 upper leat sheaths, closely-flowered. Empty glumes 4, subulate or one of the lateral ones often lanceolate and 2-nerved, bifid from above the middle, scabr ons, reduced to subulate awns. Lower floret of the other hermaphrodite, the flower- ing glume 5 mm. long, lanceolate, strongly nerved and scabrous above the siiis, smooth below, n tipped by a slender scabrous, subflexuous awn about 3 cm. long. Palea as long as the flowering glume, bicuspidate. Secon floret 5 a wned. Amt N of the rachis 2 to 3 mm. long, spatulate, glabro “Type 8011 by L. Schoenefeldt, No. 3277, International Boundary pi varum. Jaeumba Hot S We ad near monument 233, altitude 900 m., May 24, Related to Sitanion multiset 7. SITANION RIGIDUM J. G. Smith, sp. nov. vies 1 to 2 dm. high, terete, striate. Nodes glabrous. Shéaths longer than the rnodes, smooth and glaucous, or E lower ones hirsute, open nt the throat. Ligale cartilaginous, 1 mm.long. Blades 3 to 8 cm. long, 2 to 3 mm. wide, rigid, involute, smooth and glaucous on ds back, obtuse A acute at the apex, scab- rous along the margins and nerves above. Spike 2 to 8 em. long, ascending, serted its own length, or the base aid in ae uppermost leaf-sheath ; seis glumes 4 and entire, or 6 (i. e., the two lateral ones at each node divided to the very base) awned, strongly Givurlekts, 2 to 3 om. long. Lowest floret sometimes sterile, like the empty glumes. Spikelets few-flowered. Flowering glume 7 to 9 mm. long, linear-lanceolate, trifid, smooth and glaucous below, scabrous above, tipped with a stout, divergent awn 3 to 4mm. long. Internodes ; o rachis 3 to 4 mm. long, compressed, scabrous on the margins. Type collected by O. D. Allen, No. 178, Cascade Mountains, Washington, 1896. Other specimens CE are Elmer, No. 1145, Washington, 1898; and G. R. Vasey, Washington, 1889; E. Brown, No. 372, north side of Mount Shasta, 5 897; R. M. Horner, “he 579, Blue 9 Washington, July 29, 1897; A. Ne son, No. 1021, Union Pass, Wyoming, August 13, 1895; J. N. Rose, No. 271, Timber N northwest Wyoming, August 28, 1893; Frank Tweedy, No. 79, Teton Forest Reserve, Lm T 1897; and S. Watson, No. 1337, E. Humboldt This grass is related. to S. v eed differing i in the dwarf habit of growth and rigid glaucous leaves. 8. SITANION CALIFORNICUM J. G. Smith, sp. nov Culms low, ascending, 1.5 to 2.5 dm. high, terete, striate densely pubescent above, t geniculate at t odes. Sheaths longer than the internodes, the lower ones densely hirsu he upper minutely puberulent, the uppermost many times longer than the blade. Ligule obsolete. Blade 2 to 8 em. long, 3 to 4 mm. wide, rigid, divaricate or ascending, Lore: striate, linear-lanceolate, abruptly contracted at the base, attenuate toward the obtuse or subacute apex, scabrous above and on the margins, ems discs on the back. Spike subflexuous, erect or ascending, loosely few-flowered, 5 to 8 em. long, barely exserted or the base inclosed in tha uppermost leaf-sheaths. Lowest floret of one of each pair of spikelets sterile. Empty g glumes 4, entire, subulate- 5 divaricate, 3 t the tout awn about 4 cm. je arising from between two minute lateral seta. Palea 2 mm.shorter than the flowering glume, truneate or obtuse, scabrous on the nerves above. sicci of the rachis compressed, 4 to 5 mm. long, scabrous Type collected by S. B. Parish, No. 3295, San OIE Syren 35 alti- tude 2,150 m., June 23, 1894. Closely related t rigidum, but with 1 pubescent throughout and longer flowering glumes. 14 9. SITANTON GLABRUM J. G. Smith, sp. nov. Culms erect, terete, smooth and shining, glaucous. Sheaths glaucous, glabrous, rather closely enveloping and shorter than the internodes, scarious along the St O smooth and er e on the back, seabrous-pubescent along the nerves above. Spike 5 to 8 em. long, slender, subflexuous, its base inclosed in the swollen uppermost . Empty glumes bifid tion the very base, the lobes subulate, setaceous, 6 to 8 em. long, mbie xuous, slender, divaricate. Flowering glume 7 to m. long, rounded on the back, smooth and shining for its lower two-thirds, linear-laneeolate, aeute, entire or minutely bifid at the apex, tipped with a slender, rigid, setaceous awn 4 to 5 em.long. Palea as long as the flowering cepas ue scabrous on the nerves above. Internodes of the rachis eate, compressed, about 3 mm. long. 7 Tre casted by Coville and Funston, No. 914, near Crystal Spring, Coso Mountains, a, June 12, 1891. Also cua by J. A. Allen, California, without date or qud No. 821, Hall, San Jacinto Mountains, may be placed here; and also Purpus, No. 5289, Pah Mountains, 1897. The latter has the habit of typical S. glabrum, but the leaves and sheaths are minutely soft n and the spike- lets and 1 glumes poor Other specimens examined are: L. Schoenefeldt, No. a, Cal, e 14, 1894; and C. V. Piper, No. 1952, rus slopes Mount Rainier, Wash. 2 2.100 a pe 1895. 10. SITANION INSULARE J. G. Smith, sp. nov. Culms slender, erect, terete, glabrous. Nodes glabrous. Culmleaves4 or 5. Sheaths glabrous, closely enveloping the culm, open at the throat, shorter than the inter- nodes. Ligule almost obsolete. Blades linear, 1 to 1.5 dm. long, glabrous on along the margins. Spike slender, 5 to 8 c m.long. Empty glumes lanceolate, bifid and 2-awned, 4 to 5 mm Jong, 2 mm. wide, tipped with divergent, slender, scabrous awns, 10 to 20 mm. long. Flowering glume 8 mm. long, linear-lanceo- late, smooth ind shining, glabrous for the lower two-thirds, rounded on the back below, keeled above, 3-toothed, the middle nerve extending into a stout, scabrous, divaricate awn about 15 mm. long; lateral teeth 1 to 2 mm. long. Palea as long as the flowering glume, 2-toothed at the apex. Internodes of the cip linear, dilated above, sharply 2-edged, scabrous on the margins, 7 to 10 ong. Wine. Soles by Sereno Watson, No. 1338, Carrington Island, Salt Lake, Utah, Ju 1869. This undis is quite distinct from any other in the National Herbarium. It has the broad empty Lieu of Elymus, but two-parted, as in Eusitanion, with divaricate awns, Ihe empty amen are inse rted as in Sitanion, while the form of the spikelet cies of Agropyron. Asi in the other Sitanion species the rachis breaks up into segments at maturity. li. SITANION CINEREUM J. G. Smith, sp. nov. Slender, ascending, leafy perennial, 2 to 3 dm. high, the entire plant MEI qu * a close, dense pubescence. Innovations as long as the culms. Culms dies terete, pubescent. Nodes glabrous. Sheaths closely enveloping the internodes and shorter than them, densely Weed petite Ligule almost obsolete. Blades linear, rigid, involute, the uppermost 5 to 7, the lower 15 to 20 cm. long, densely strigose-pubescent on the nerves abov e, soft-pubescent or hirsute below. Spike slender, 4 to 5 em. long. Empty glumes very scabrous, bifid, 2-awned, mm. long, rounded on the back, scabrous throughout, 3-nerved toward the apex, 3-awned, the lateral awns very slender, 2 to 4 mm. long, the middle one stout, Bul. 18, Div, of Agrostology. PLATE Il. SITANION HYSTRIX (Nutt.) J. G. Smith. Photograph of Nuttall’s type in the Herbarium of the Philadelphia Academy of Science. ` 15 divaricate, 2 to 3 cm. long. Palea as long as the flowering glume, tipped with two slender scabrous awns. intende of the rachis scabrous along the mar- gins; 2 to 4 mm. lon Type collected by S. M. Tracy, No. 222, Reno, Nev T. It differs from any other specimen in ay National 1 in being densely gray- ish-pubescent throughout. In the character of the spikelets it approaches S. hystrix. No. 127 „ fiuksdorf, entm. Yakima County, Wash., June 7, 1884, with similar Saves and inflorescences, but the plant less densely 1 and quite uc e may be placed here. Also a specimen collected by Dr. C. H. Merriam on Mount Shasta, California, 1898. 12. SITANION HYSTRIX (Nutt.) J. G. Smith, new combination. (Ægilops hystrix Nutt. Gen. N. Am. Pl., 1: 86, 1818.) Pl. II. Culms 1 to 3 dm. high, slender, erect or ascending, scabrous above, clothed at the base with papery leaf-sheaths. Innovations very leafy, one third two-thirds the length of the culms, Sheaths striate, strigose-pubescent, open at the throat, closely enveloping the internodes. Ligule almost obsolete. Blac ^i narrowly linear, flat or at length involute, strigose-pubescent throughout, prominently 9-nerved, scabrous along the margins, erect or ascending; those of the innova- longer than the flowering glume, scabrous, tipped with two slender awns, 2 to 3mm. long. Internodes of the rachis gium, linear, not at all dilated above, . long. A common, worthless bunch grass on shale hills and among Ad sagebrush on the high plains from western Colorado to eastern Washing SPECIMENS scr iro Wyoming: P. A. Rydberg, No. 2028, go oR July 24, 1895; C. L. Shear, No. 2803, Wamsutter, June 24, 1895; No. 283, Green River, June 95, 1895; Thomas A. Williams, No. 2437, dry rocky hillsides, Evanston, July 10, 1897; No. 2319, dry sagebrush hills, ben River, July 9, 1897; Aven Nelson, No. 3058, Green River Hills, May 31, 1897; No. 3669, Wamsutter, July 0, 1897; No. 3784, North Vermilion Creek, July 20, 1897. iere C. V. Piper, No. 2579, on sagebrush land, Ellensburg, July 9, 1897. A. B. enby, Walla Walla, July 12, 1 ee i Joha Wolfe, No. 623, 1873; C. Phos, 1869; and F. E. Clements, No. 60, Wal- senburg, July 10, 1896. There are in the herbarium of the Philadelphia Academy of Science two of Nuttall's specimens of Sitanion. One of these, labeled “‘Chretomeris trichoides, R. Mts. Platte," is exactly identical with No. 3784, A. Nelson, and No. 283, C. L . Shear, both collected in the Red Desert of Wyoming. The other, labeled ‘‘ Elymus difformis, R. Mts. Platte," is nearly identical with No. 2028, Rydberg, from Wam- sutter, Wyo. If these specimens are those from which Nuttall's description of Ana hystrix was drawn, and they agree better w p his sire a than any specimen from the * arid plains of the Missouri” so far e mined, then there was his description of S. elymoides pee Nuttall's plant, and it is bem mee Rafin- esque's description (Journ. Phys. 1819) differs in import from that of Ægilops hystrix, Nuttall. 125 5 unable cope to dite any Sitanion with which I am familiar as the true S. elymoides, Raf. The locality, * Missouri," of 1819, was then applied to gres now constitutes several large - 16 States in which a dozen or more separate species occur. Rafinesque apparently left no type, and the original description is too fragmentary to enable one to more than guess at the identity of the plant which he described. 13. SITANION CZESPITOSUM J. G. Smith, sp. nov. Densely cwspitose, with flat leaves, and weak, ascending rows 8 EA very leafy, erect or spreading, 1 to 2 dm. long. Culms 2 to 3 . high, ve slender, terete, glabrous. Nodes glabrous. Sheaths striate, open p the duse smooth and glabrous. Ligule membranaceous, entire, very short. Blades 4 to 10 cm. long, 2 to 3 mm. wide, linear, ; or the margins incurved, prominently 7-nerved dete glabrous on the peeks Mobius above. Spike 4 to 6 cm. long, its bas» sometimes inelosed in the uppermost sheath, mostly exserted, somewhat NE. Empty glumes entire or bifid, 3 to 4 em. long 5 piss rous. Flowering glume of the lowest fertile floret linear- e entire, smooth and shining below, sparsely scabrous above the middle, about 7 mm. ‘aie tipped with a flexuous scabrous awn, about 5 mm. long. Callus rounded, glabrous. Palea as long as the flowering glume, rounded at the apex. Joints of the rachis glabrous, except along the margins, not at all dilated above, two-thirds the t. Growing in rieh soil in the canyons around silver City, N. Mex yfy pe specimens collected by Jared G. Smith, near Cliff, N. Me. August 19, 1897. Also collected at the' same loeality in August, 1896. It grows only in shaded canyons, and bay moist ae slopes in the mountains at an altitude of about 000 m. Its green during the winter. It is one of the“ mutton cm? 5 abundant and highly valued as forage for sheep and cattle, now to be found only in protected situations. Probably also occurring in the mountains of western Texas, although there are no ncn from any other locality than the typical one in the National Herbar Closely related to S. hystrix (Nutt.) JGS., but the Sheet: 5 5 plades are glabrous on the back. 14. SITANION MONTANUM J. G. Smith, sp. nov. Culms rather stout, erect, 2 to 4 dm. high, terete, RE glabrous below, scabrous above. Sheaths rather loose, open at the throat, as long as, or longer than, the internodes, smooth, scabrous or pubescent. Blades 5 to 10 em, long, 3 to 4 mm strigose-pubescent on the prominent nerves above, scabrous along the margins, wned, some of those in the lower part of the spike unequally bifid, the lobes extending into scabrous, divergent awns 5 to 6 em. long, 2 or iis 3 spikelets at each node. Lowest floret sterile. Flowering glumes 10 to 11 mm. long, linear-lanceolate, rounded on the back, smooth and shining for the lower third, scabrous above and on the margins, trifid, three-awned, the scabrous, divergent middle awn 4 to 7 cm. long, the lateral awns very short, slender. Palea as long as the flowering glume, with two short, setaceous, scabrous awns, or sometimes rather obtuse and muticous. Internodes of the rachis linear or dilated above, compressed, glaucous, 4 to 6 mm. long. S. montanum differs from S. strigosum in the shorter, flat, and more rigid erect leaves oother flowering glume. This may be ue's S. elymoi Northern Wyoming and Montana to Oregon. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Montana: F. n-Seribner, No. 437, gravelly bottoms, — ege July 4, 1883; rather densely cinereous-pubescent throughout. P. , No. 3091 (type a Creek, July 15, 1896; and No. = Spanish n eiiis 18,1896. Tho Williams, No. 2002 2002, Spanish C k Basin, July 16, 1896, on sterile, aec soil. Wyoming : 3 Williams, "E 2776, Bull Camp, August 2, 1897; No. 2596, Ten - m Big Horn Mewutains,. August 19, 1897. Bul. 18, Div. of Agrostology. PLATE III. SITANION BREVIFOLIUM J. G. Smith. Typical. 17 Idaho: B. W. Everman, No. 319, shores of Petit Lake, August 13, 1895, Oregon: A fragmentary specimen collected by the U. S. South Pacific Exploring Expedition, under the command of Captain Wilkes, 1838-1842, is doubtfully referred here." 15. SITANION STRIGOSUM J. G. Smith, sp. nov. Culms stout, erect, 3 to 6 dm. high, terete, striate, glabrous, the uppermost inter- nodes minutely pubescent. Nodes brownish, glabrous. Sheaths open at the lower ones involute, rounded at the base, long-acuminate pointed, strongly nerved, strigose-pubescent throughout, sparsely hirsute along the nerves, sca-. brous on the cartilaginous margins. Spike stout, erect, exserted, 8 to 12 em. the back, scabrous and glaucous, strongly 3-nerved above, the middle awn stout, recurved, scabrous, 5 to 7 em. long, the lateral ones 1 to 2 mm. long. Palea nearly as long as the flowering glume; bifid, with two short awns, ciliate along the nerves above. "Type collected by P. A. Rydberg, No. 3298, Sheep Creek, Montana, August 8, 1896. Also collected by Charles A. Geyer, June 10, 1839, “in heavy ferruginous loam, Missouri, James and Shienne River valleys," probably at the eastern border of the Bad Lands, above Mandan, N. Dak. | ; : S. strigosum differs from S. montanum in the very long, less rigid, more strongly nerved culm leaves, the uppermost nearly as long as or much exceeding the spike, those of the innovations half the length of the culm. The flowering umes are more scabrous and shorter. This may be Rafinesque's S. elymoides. 16. SITANION MOLLE J. G. Smith, sp. nov. Culms stout, erect, rigid, 3 to 4 dm. high, clothed at the base with dead leaf-sheaths, terete, striate, pubescent. Innovations about half as long as the culm. Nodes pubescent, the lower ones sparsely hirsute along the nerves, the upper puberu- empty glumes. Flowering glume of the lowest hermaphrodite floret linear- lanceolate, acute, 1 em. long, smooth and shining, glaucous, trifid, or entire, tipped with a stout, spreading, scabrous awn 5 to 7 em. long. Palea as long as the flowering glume, acute, or bicuspidate scabrous along the nerves. i “Type collected by Shear and Bessey, No. 1469, East Side Buffalo Pass, Larimer County, Colo., moist, open mountain side, 3,200 m. August 14, 1898, r S. molle is related to S. montanum. It differs in being finely pubescent throughout. The leaves are longer and less strongly nerved. $$$ Hordeiformae. Lowest floret hermaphrodite. Empty glumes 4, entire. 9 032 17. SITANION BREVIFOLIUM J. G. Smith, sp. nov. Pl. III. 2494 Culms 3 to 6 dm. high, terete, stout, erect, obscurely striate, glancous. Innovations less than half the length of the culms. Nodes glabrous. Sheaths smooth, scarious along the margins, glaucous, longer than the internodes, the uppermost much elongated, the lower sometimes pubescent or hirsute. Ligule almost 20775—No. 18——2 18 e Nn Blades 5 to 10 or rarely 12 cm. long, 3 to 4 mm. wide, linear, acumi- te, flat or involute, rigid, divergent or ascending, smooth and E on ihe sik, ee eee along the prominent nerves above. Spike 7 to 15 m. long, loosely few-flowered, long-exserted. Empty glumes’ stout, setaceous, scabrous above. Flowering glumes 8 to 10 mm. long, linear-lanceolate, glau- cous, scabrous throughout, rounded on the back below, nerved above, entire, tipped with a stout, scabrous, spreading awn 4 to 8 cm. long. Palea as long as the flowering glume, scabrous on the margins above, obtuse. Joints of the rachis compressed, glaucous, 5 to 10 mm. long, linear. Closely related to 8. longifolium, but the culm leaves shorter and more rigid and the innovations less than half as long as the culms. ^ Type collected by J. W. Toumey, No. 797, Tucson, Ariz., 1892. SPECIMENS EXAMINED, Colorado: Tracy, Earle & Baker, No. 4274, Hamors Lake, July 24, 1898; No. 429, Mancas, July 8, 1898; No. 4272, Durango, J uly 18, 1898. 1896; No.912, Marshall Pass, July 27, 1896; No. 1003, Buena Vista, August 15, 1896; No.814 and 833, Veta Pass, July 13, 1896; No.1096, Como, September 1, 1896; No. 1240, Animas np, August 5, 1897. P. A. Rydberg, No. 2414, Georgetown, August 20, 1895; No. 2509, Boulder, September 3, 1895. Shear & Bessey, No. 1407, Egeria Park, August 4, 1898. Patterson, Georgetown, 1875. Wyoming: Thomas A. Williams, No. 2573a, Iron Mountain, July 2, 1897, and No. 2621, Bear Lodge, July 23, 1897; A. Nel, No. 3952, Albany County; August 9, 1897. ? Utah: Marcus E. Jones, No. bd, Marvine Laceolite, July 23, 1894; No. 56840 Sects Ellen, Henry Mountains, July 25,1894, and 5770p, Fish Lake, August 7, 5, vt4? 7 18. SITANION LONGIFOLIUM J. G. Smith, sp. nov. Culms 3 to 5 dm. high, stout, ascending, somewhat geniculate at the base, glaucous. Leaves of the en 1.5 to 3 dm. long, attenuate, involute, often as long as the culms. Nodes glabrous. Sheaths scabrous and glaucous, or more or less strigose-pubescent, or sparsely hirsute, longer than the internodes, loose, open at the throat, scarious along the margins above. Ligule entire, almost obsolete. Blades linear, pom ttenuate, acuminate, striate, smooth and glaucous or pubes- cent, or sparsely hirsute on the back, 1 to 2 dm. long, 1 to 3 o r 4 mm. wide. Spike 3 or somewhat nodding, 1 to 1.3 dm. long, rather loosely flo w- ered, its base inclosed in the inflated uppermost leaf-sheath. Spikelets 2 or rarely 3 at each node. Empty glumes subulate setaceous, divaricate, s scabrous, 6 to 8 em. E Flowering glumes 8 to 11 mm. long, scabrous, glaucous, a stout, scabrous A awn 5 to 6.5 em. long. Palea as long as the flower- ing ghime, obtuse or bicuspidate, 3 on the nerves above. Internodes of the rachis compressed, glaucous, 6 to 8 mm. long. Closely related to S. brevi- fox from which it may be distinguished by the long attenuate flexuous leaves the culms and innovations and by the subflexuous spikes, inclosed at the ii in the uppermost leaf-shea this. v Type collected by C. L. Shear, No. 1213, near Silverton, Colo., August 4, 1897, among rocks on the open sides of a canyon, altitude 3,000 m. SPECIMENS EXAMINED, Colorado: J. Wolfe, No. 1161-2-3, Denver, 1873. C. L. Shear, No. 1152 and No. 1158, Ouray, July 4, 1897; No. 886, Villa Grove, July 24, 1897; No. 836, Veta Pass, July 15, 1896; No. 717, Idaho Springs, August 27, 1895. M. E. Jones, No. 531, Idaho Springs, August 1,1878. Tracy, Earle & Baker, No. 4275, Chicken Creek, July 6, 1898. P. A. Rydberg» No. 2497, Idaho Springs, August à; Kanon: C. B. Thompson, No. 21, Ulysses, June 26, 1893. 19 Wyoming: D. Griffiths, Nos. 493 and 500, Sundance, August 10, 1897; No. 576, Little Missouri Buttes, August 15, 1897; No. 669, Inyankara Mountain, Augast 23, 1897; A. Nelson, No. 1602, Laramie Peak, August 6, 1895. Nevada: Shockley, without date or localit ity. Arizona: Dr. Palmer, No. 534, 1876. G. C. Nealley, No. 171, Rineon Mountains, m New Mexico: C. Wright, No. 2076, in part, 1851-52. E. O. Wooten, No. 322, White Mountains, August 12, Texas: J. Reverchon, Upp 8 River (Curtiss, No. 3536). 19. SITANION PUBIFLORUM J. G. Smith, sp. nov. Low, pere perennial, with stout, rigid, erect culms, 2 to 3 dm. high, and tufted, rigid innovations, 1 to 1.5 dm. long. Culmsterete, strigose-pubescent above. citi leaves 3 to 5. Nodes glabrous, glaucous. Sheaths about as lon ng as, or longer than, the a Spat at t the. throat, not at all comes: glabrous, Ligule obsolete. „rigid, linear-involu te, pungently- ointed, scabrous above, the lowest 10 cm. , the uppermost 1.5 to 4 em. eke and horizontally spreading or divaricate. Spike exserted, erect, about 5 em. long. Empty glumes setaceous, divaricate, 4 to 6 cm. long, scabrous throughout, not at all lobed or divided. Spikelets 24-flowered, the uppermost floret rudimentary. Flowering glume of the lowest floret 7 mm. long, linear-lanceolate, acute, with a rounded callus, scabrous and finely pubescent, tipped with a straight, erect, scabrous awn, 5 to 6 em. long. Palea rounded or entire at the apex, as long as the flowering glume, scabrous along the margins. Joints of the rachis one- half to two-thirds as long as the lowest floret, dilated above, scabrous. Arizona, New Mexico, and southeaster n Colorado: ype No. 795, J. W. Toumey, Tucson, Ari 1 esd N. Mex., May 29 ud C. S. Crandall, No. 535, Trinidad, Colo., May 13, 1892. hi d fi brevifolium by the rigid, convolute, erect, puberu- lent leaves, densely tufted at the base of the low culms, erect spikes, and smaller pubescent flowering glumes. $$$$Elymoides. Empty glumes lanceolate, 2-5-nerved, entire or lobed, lowest Jloret hermaphrodite; ito I. or 2 at a node, when I, the empty glumes inclosing the spike- let as in Elymus and Agropyron; rachis of the spike articulate à the nodes. 20. SITANION PLANIFOLIUM J. G. Smith, sp. nov. ; Culms stout, erect, 5 to 6 dm. high, the lower internodes smooth and shining, glau- cous, terete, the uppermost slightly prune. sgg Sheaths striate, glaucous, open at the throat, loose. Ligule obso lades 8 to 15 cm. long, 5 to 8 mm. wide, flat, lanceolate, becoming e toward the acuminate apex, scabrous above, and along the cartilaginous margins, glabrous on the back, more 5 nerved below than above. Spike erect or somewhat nodding, 6 to . long, purplish, long-exserted. Spikelets subcylindrical, com- pre Em pty glumes 6 to 7 mm. long, lanceolate, strongly 1- to 3-nerved, entire or bifid, glaucous at the 3 strongly scabrous on the nerves above, tipped with a slender, spreading, scabrous awn, about 2 om. long. Flowering glume 10 to 11 mm. long, lanceolate, flat or rounded on the back, glaucous, sparsely and minutely scabrous, bearing a stout, scabrous awn 3 to 4 cm. lon Palea as long as, or rem longer than, the flowering glume, glaucous, scabrous, er at the apex. Joints of is rachis linear, compressed ve, aucous, 5 mm. Lr ime MUN 2-edged, scabrous on the margins. An. collected by W. N. Suksdorf, No. 224, high mountains, Skamania County, 1 896 Ld ash., August 10, Closely related to S. lanceolatum, from which it differs in the glaucous sheaths and culms, flat, lanceolate leaves which are very smooth on the back, and the pur- plish, Tong-exserted spikes with glaucous florets. 565 hn 21. SITANION LANCEOLATUM J. G. Smith, sp. nov. ^ | Culms 2.5 to 5 km es erect or ascending, and somewhat geniculate at the lower nodes. Culms terete, smooth and ascending, striate above.. Nodes glabrous, Sheaths glabrous, striate, closely enveloping the culms, 3 than the inter- nod almost obsolete. Blades 8 to 15 cm. long, 2 to 3 mm. wide, rather i gent, 10 to 15 mm. long. Flowering glume 8 to 9 mm. long, glaucous, rounded on the back, lanceolate, entire, or minutely 3-toothed at the apex, with a stout, scabrous, divergent awn 2 to 4 em. long. Palea as long as its glume, obtuse arginate, scabrous on the margins above. Joints of the rachis, 5 to 7 mm. lon collected by P. A. Rydberg, No. 3381, Barker, August 17, 1896. The habit of this grass resembles that of pect boy pedet Beal; the spikelets and 3 glumes are arranged as in Elymus, but the ner vation of the empty gl trifid flowering glume, and the rachis dehiscent at the nodes, are suf- : tielont oliarscters to throw this species into Sitanion. 451 22. SITANION HANSENI (Scribn.) J. G. Smith, nom. nov. Elymus. hanseni Seribn. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agros., Bull. 11: p. 56. 1898. “A rather stout, glabrous perennial, 9 to 12 dm. high, with narrow, spreading leaves and slender fragile spikes 5 to 8 em.long. Sheaths smooth, striate. Ligu very short, hardly 1 mm. in length, entire. Leaf-blades 10 to 30 cm. long, 2 to 5 xtd. 3.5 cm. First flowering glume 10 to 12 mm mm. long, entire or 2-toothed at the apex, rminating in a straight or very slender awn about 5 cm. long. Palea about the length of the glume, minutely scabrous on the sh s. keels except at the base, slightly pubescent at the truncate or 2-toothed apex.” Amador County, Related to S, anomalum, but taller and more slender, with mostly single rather , remote spikelets, which are longer. eM 23. SITANION ANOMALUM J. G. Smith, sp. nov. (P1. IV). * Culms erect or ascending, rescence simple or Teac 1 to 1.5 pos ikel compressed, 4-flowered, the aset pue Empty glumes mostly lanceolate, entire, but those of the lowermost spikelets bifid above the T with short, scabrous, divergent awns 1 to 4 cm. long. ` Flowering glumes 1 em. long, narrowly linear-lanceolate, rounded on the back, smooth below. ot a above the middle, 3-aristate, lateral awns 1 to 2 mm. 056, OF bidentate, scabrous neme M mar intermediate between true Sitanion and true Elymus. The habit is that of teu rachis, occasionally bifid empty glumes and trifid Sitanion. DOUBTFUL „ SPECIES, Sitanion elymoides Raf. ‘Bul. 18, Div. of Agrostology. gy PLATE IV. Ld banc fas deohts. - : bee OS au f; AA pe SITANION ANOMALUM J. G. Smith. Cotype. INDEX. SUM ~ Page. Page. ZEgilops 9 | Sitanion elymoides...... . 15, 16, 17, 20 hystrix 12,15 glabrum 9, 13, 14 Agropyron caninoides 20 hanseni 10, 20 Chret is trichoid 15 ystrix 10, 15, 16 Fi mas differmis occ. 035... ose 15 insulare ' hanseni NO UNE jubatum 9,10 sitanion jubatum .................. 10 lanceolatum 10, 19, 20 Eusitanion 12 longifolium 10,18 ordeiformæ 17 minus 9, Polyantherix 9 molle 10, 17 hystrix 12 montanum hi 10, 16,17 Sitanion multisetum 9, 11, 12, 13 a k planifolium , 19 Drevisristateny cosas ic cuco use 9, 11, 1 yantherix 9, 10, 11, 12 brevitolium.- 2: tee cae 10, 17, 18, 19 pubiflo 10, spitosu 9,16 rigidum 9, californicum i 10, 13 strigosum 10, 16, 17 cinereum 10, 14 villosum 9,11 21 » BULLETIN No. 1B: Revel b. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. DIVISION OF AGROSTOLOGY. [Grass and Forage Plant Investigations. - Tg STRUCTURE OF THE CARYOPSIS OF GRASSES WITH REFERENCE — 0 THEIR MORPHOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION. - BY 3 P, BEVERIDGE “KENNEDY, PH. D EXPERT * AG "ENT IN CHARGE OF EXPERIMENTAL WORK. - PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION-OF F. LAMSON-SCRIBNER, AGROSTOLOGIST. WASHINGT N: „„ 7 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. - 1900. Wi. * BULLETIN No. 19.—REVISED. Agros. 66. U. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. DIVISION OF AGROSTOLOGY. [Grass and Forage Plant Investigations. THE STRUCTURE OF THE CARYOPSIS OF GRASSES WITH REFERENCE TO THEIR MORPHOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION. BY P. BEVERIDGE KENNEDY, PH. D., EXPERT AND AGENT IN CHARGE OF EXPERIMENTAL WORK. PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF F. LAMSON-SCRIBNER, AGROSTOLOGIST. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1900. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, DIVISION OF AGROSTOLOGY, Washington, D. C., March 28, 1900. Sır: I have the honor to transmit herewith a revised copy of Bul- letin 19, of this Division, entitled The Structure of the Caryopsis of Grasses with reference to their Morphology and Classification, by P. Beveridge Kennedy, Ph. D., and recommend the publication of a second edition, the first edition being entirely exhausted. This paper contains much of histological interest, but is of special value on account of the important facts brought out in the investigations relative to the morphology and classification of grasses. Respectfully, F. Lamson- doin; Agrostologist. Hon. James WILSON, Secretary af Agriculture. INTRODUCTION. The fruits and seeds of plants present characters which are less sub- ject to variation than any of the other organs or parts. In consequence, these characters are of the highest importance in studying the classifi- cation and relationships of plants. They are employed in separating the larger groups, and in some cases ordinal characters are based upon them; and within many families the fruit affords the best differential characters for the separation of subtribes, and even genera. To what extent the fruit, or caryopsis, of grasses may be employed in determin- ing the relationships of the various tribes and genera is to some extent indicated in the following paper. Enough is presented to show that the characters possess great value in this connection and clearly empha- size the interest and importance of a knowledge of the structure and morphology of the caryopsis of the different tribes of Graminex—a subject here treated for the first time in the English language. The structure of the fruits of the cereals has been investigated to some extent at a number of the agricultural colleges and experiment Stations, but the cultivated grains only represent three of the thirteen S. F. LAMSON-SCRIBNER. 4 CONTENTS. Historical review Summa ry General description of the fruit The scutellum The epiblast The plumule-sheath The root system Lateral buds The fibro-vascular system......... Homology of the parts of the embryo Detailed descriptions of fruits Tribe Maydex Tribe 2333 a oe ipn Zoysie Stt inte gi JJ 8 MER 8 "m Tribe Hordex 25 Tribe Bambuseæ - Relationship and syubenic itie connection of the tribes hy Bibliograp ES lieri of plates s * K N ASS NR NSS Si. EF ATIONS. THE STRUCTURE OF THE FRUITS OF GRASSES WITH REFERENCE TO THEIR — . MORPHOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION. HISTORICAL REVIEW. The first writer to mention the fruits of grasses from a morphologi- cal point of view was Malphigi, who described the embryos of Triticum and Avena in 1687. He regarded the seutellum as representing the eotyledon. Nothing further was written concerning the embryo of grasses for a hundred years, when Gaertner? described it in 1788. He studied a considerable number of species, especially in regard to the scutellum. The name “scutellum” was first used by him. He regarded the “ vitellus“ as a transition between the endosperm and the cotyledon. A. L.de Jussieu? in describing the grass fruit used the term “lobus ” implying the cotyledon. In the year 1808 Poiteau* concluded that the sheath in the embryo, called “ vitellus" and “ scutellum " by Gaertner, is a true cotyledon. He decided that the epiblast must be the rudiment of a second cotyle- don, because of its position opposite to the cotyledon or scutellum. Richard? in the same year presented the view that the seutellum originates from the lower part of the radicle, and that therefore the scutellum is a lateral protuberance of the radicle. By imagining the plumule raised in such a manner that it stands at right angles to the long axis of the scutellum, he constructed a homology with the embryos of the Naiadacew, Alismacec, Hydrocharidacec, and Nymphea- cee. The word epiblast originated with Richard. He regarded it as a continuation of the root sheath, basing his opinion on a section cut obliquely through the embryo of Oryza. In 1809 Kirbel® compared a number of embryos of the grasses in the resting and germinating stages with those of other monocotyledons. He believed that the scutellum represented a cotyledon and that the epiblast was a reduced cotyledon. In another work’ Kirbel regarded ! Opera omnia. 1687. ? De fructibus et seminibus plantarum. Genera plantarum secundum ordines n ^Mémoire sur l'embryon des Graminées, 5 Analyse des embryons Endorh. ou Monoc. et part de cel. d. Gr. 1808 6Eléments de Physiologie végétable, r. I. 1809 Examen de la division des végétaux en Endorhizes et Exorhizes. 1810. i 1788. aturales disposita. P. 28. 1789. des Cypéracées et du Nelumbo. 1808. 8 the plumule-sheath as belonging to the cotyledon, but in 1815 returned to his former view. Treviranus' opposed Richard’s view and regarded the scutellum as a cotyledon. He speaks of the scutellum as enlarging itself the length of the seed and taking on a yellowish color, which is certainly not the case. Turpin’ agreed with Mirbel that the embryo has two cotyledons. According to Cassini? the embryo of the grasses is composed of an axis, a cotyledon, one or two radicles, a plumule, and one or two *carnodes." His “cotyledon” is the plumule-sheath, while the “carnode,” a name for the scutellum, he regards as a protuberance of the radicle. Raspail! compared the fruit and the flower. He believed that there was also a homology between the embryo and the culm. On examining the cotyledon he discovered a large nerve, join- ing the two nerves of the plumule-sheath at the base. From this he concluded that the scutellum is homologous to the peduncle of the aborted flower in the spikelet and to the sheath of the culm-leaf. He compared the plumule-sheath with the two-nerved palet in the spikelet and to the first leaf of the vegetative bud, and the endosperm to the flowering glumes of the spikelet and to braets on the eulm. Dr. €. A. Agardh* in 1526 compared a longitudinal section of the embryo of Ruppia with the grass embryo and fruit, and found a great Similarity between them. He regarded the entire endosperm of the grasses as the cotyledon, and the scutellum as a covering of the same. This, however, is impossible, as the scutellum never surrounds the endosperm. Bernhardi* believed that a cotyledon must, aside from its function of nourishment, also aet as a protective organ to the young leaves. He therefore regarded the plumule-sheath as a cotyledonary- sheath and the scutellum as a cotyledon. Bischoff? also believed that the scutellum and epiblast are two cotyledons. He regarded the caryopsis as having an embryo with alterhate cotyledons, without how- ever giving any special grounds for this opinion. M. J. Schleiden“ was the first to study the develo»ment of the grass embryo. Accord- ing to him the seutellum and tle plumule-sheath together form the cotyledon. He regards the epiblast as an outgrowth of the cotyledon, since it is connected with the main axis lower down than the cotyledon ee e e e Te der Entwickelung des Embryo und seiner Umhilllungen ee Pflanzen Ek * Mémoire sur l'inflorescence des Graminées. Ann. d. Mus. d'hist. Nat, 1819. ? L'analyse de l'embryon de Graminées, Jour. de Physique. T.91. 1820. 4Sur la formation de l'embryon dans les Graminées. Ann. des Soc. Natur, Series 1, vol. 4, plates 13-14, 1824, 271-290. 1824. 5 Uber die Eintheilung der Pflanzen mee m 5 und besonders über den Samen der Monocoty ledon nen. 1 Nov. B.G, 4 Li M —— der merkwürdigsten 5 2. E as Pflanzenembryo. "Lehrbuch der Botanik I. 1834. Wieg. Archiv. II, L 1837. . des vegetale Organ bei den Phan., : 9 : itself. Adrien de Jussieu ' differed from his father in the interpreta- tion of the parts of the embryo, believing that the seutellum is not a true cotyledon but only a lateral appendage of the axis which resembles one. This view has been held by many up to the present time. Regel“ considered the plumule-sheath the true cotyledon, and the seutellum first as a stipule and again later as a bract from which the plumule arises laterally. In the same year Reisseck? advanced the opinion that the plumule-sheath is an axillary bud and that the cotyledon (Samenlappe) is an organ of the aborted terminal bud and the protect- ing leaf of the plumule, and that the epiblast is united with the cotyledonary-sheath, which is evidently also a part of the cotyledon. Lestiboudois‘ regarded the plumule-sheath as the cotyledon, but con- sidered the scutellum of no significance, because only the former is traversed by fibrovascular bundles, hence resembling two leaves grown together. Hofmeister? interpreted the embryo in different ways, describing the development of Zea. He called the scutellum the cotyledon and the " plumule-sheath a part of it. A few years later, in another work, he compared the so-called scutellum of the embryos of Zea ana Andropo- gon sorghum with the first leatless structures of Zostera. Demoor’ investigated a large number of the fruits of grasses in the mature stage, and also their development. He regarded the scutellum as the true cotyledon of the grasses, and the plumule-sheath not as represent- ing the ligule, but as a sheath of a primordial leaf. This would not, however, correspond to the alternating arrangement of the leaves of grasses, a difficulty which he bridges over by citing that there is no opening of the sheath in Melica uniflora because of the growing together of the two margins of the leaf. He admits, however, that he has not been able to observe this. J. C. Agardh? speaks of the embryo as sometimes presenting a thalloid form. Schacht“ considered the scutellum as the cotyledon, the plumule-sheath as the first leaf, and the epiblast a part of the cotyledon. Hofmeister,” writing again concerning the grass embryo, stated: “I still regard the seutellum of the grasses and the analogous structure Sur les embryons monocotylédones. Compt. Rend. des Soc. de l'Acad. des Sci- ences, 9: 15-31. 1839 Beobachtungen über den Ursprung der Stipeln. Linnaea, 17. ?Monocotyliseher Embryo. Bot. Zeit. 1843. 4 Phyllotaxie anatomique, Ann. des. sc. naturelles, ser. III, 10: 15. 1848. 5Die Entstehung des Embryo der Phanerogamen. 1849. 5 Zur Entwickelungsgeschichte des Zostera embryo. 1852. 5 Note sur l'embryon des Graminées. Bull. de Acad. roy. des Sci. de Brux. 1853. *'T'heoria system. plant. 1858. nen dor Seats und Physiologie der Gewachse. 2, 1859 und das Mikro- scope, 224. 1862. Neue Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Embryobildung der Phanero. der kónigl. sachs. Gesellschaft. d. Wien. 1843. gamen Abhand. 10 of Zostera as an outgrowth from the axis, and not as a leaf.” In this he agrees with Adr. de Jussieu. A. Gris, studying the embryo of Zea from a physiological standpoint, also regarded the cotyledon as a lat- eral expansion of the axis, modified in such a manner as to become the principal absorbing organ of the embryo. Duchartre? stated that the embryo is remarkable in having an oval, flat, or slightly curved, bud-like expansion at its base, called by Gaertner the “scutellum.” This organ directly adjoins the endosperm by its dorsal face. In front of it is another shoot, which Richard calls the *blaste? Le Maout and Decaisne? regarded the scutellum as a cotyledon, whieh is often split along its outer face, showing the rad- iele and plumule. The plumule is conical and composed of one to four: primary eonvolute leaves. They regarded the plumule sheath as the first leaf of the plumule. Sandeen* investigated a large number of ripe embryos and concluded that the scutellum is a thallus formation and that the plumule is a protuberance of the axis. Sachs? regarded the seutellum as an outgrowth of the axis beneath the cotyledon and the plumule-sheath as the cotyledon, enveloping the whole plumule like a mantle. Hanstein® studied the development of Brachypodium from the embryo sae to its maturity. He regarded the scutellum as a leaf and a cotyledon, and both the plumule-sheath and the epiblast as trichomatic projections. This is difficult to imagine. Van Tieghem’ reviewed the subject, illustrating the parts of the embryos of Triticum wstivum, Hordeum vulgare, Avena sativa, Phalaris canariensis, Zea mays, and Andropogon sorghum vulgare, briefly stating his own objections to the views previously held. He considered that the scutellum and plumule-sheath together represent the cotyledon, which has at its opposite side a small protuberance called the lobule or epiblast. Owing to the presence of two vascular bundles in the plumule-sheath, he calls it a double stipule united at the margins, and homologizes the scutellum and plumule sheath with the leaf and ligule. Hegelmaier? discussed the grass embryo from its developmental history, giving excellent figures of Triticum «stivum. He also noted the oceurrence of secondary roots in Coix, Hordeum, Secale, Avena, Triticum, and other genera, concluding with Van Tieghem that the ‘Recherches anatomiques et physioloques sur la germination. Ann. des Sci. natu- relles, ser. 5, 2: 1864. * Eléments de Botanique. 1867 ? Recherches anatomiques et physioloques sur la germination. Ann, des Sci natu- relles, ser. 5, 2: 1864. Bidrag till kaenn ed omen om Grasembryots byggnad och Utweckling. Acta Univers, Lundens, 1868 "Lehrbuchder Botanik, 474. 1868. Eng. Trans. and revision by S. H. Vines, 1882. *Die Entwickelung des Keimes der Monocot. and Dicot. Botanis. Abhand, 47. 1870. Taf. 14, figs. 11-21; Taf. 15-18. ie ms les Cotyledons des Graminées. Ann. des Sci. naturelles, series 5, 15: 723-726: Zur Entwickelungsgeschichte 1 tylischer Keime, ete. Bot. Zeit. 1874. 11 scutellum and plumule-sheath together correspond to the cotyledon of the other monocotyledons. A. Stephen Wilson! held that the cotyle- don of the grasses had not yet been correctly interpreted, and that the morphological interpretation lay in whether the two vascular bundles of the plumule-sheath represent the middle nerves of two leaves or whether they only occur to strengthen the organ. In com- paring this with the leaves in the terminal bud of the rhizome of Agropyron repens he found a difficulty, owing to the latter being many- nerved. He believed that the scutellum certainly has the function of a cotyledon and is a nourishing organ for the embryo at germination, but whether the plumule-sheath is also a nourishing organ is left in doubt. Gordon? studied the morphology of the inflorescence. He says that the node-like swelling at the base of the plumule-sheath occurs very generally in the grasses. It appears to be a part of the node, but in reality is only a circular swelling at the base of the closed sheath. The proper node lies underneath this swelling. The plumule-sheath must exercise a certain pressure on the axis, and if axillary buds are present this pressure must have a certain influence on the plumule. The author speaks of the well-known organ, which denotes the origin of a branch, and which is looked upon by most morphologists as a two- keeled simple “ Vorblatt” (prophyllum), with its back turned toward the main axis. The axillary shoots in Zea, Tripsacum, Coix, and many others make a cavity or groove in the culm, showing that they have developed under pressure of the sheath. The tissue at the base of the culm remains soft and capable of growth fora long time as » peel vegetation point. In other grasses, such as Arundo and Phalaris, the axillary shoot does not press itself into the culm. In these the grow- ing point breaks through the sheath to the light. In Arundinaria the sheath soon dries up and the growing point has nothing to hinder it. . Attempting au analogy between the fruit and the spikelet, he con- cluded that the plumule-sheath represents two leaves grown together. Certain Graminee, he says, have one or two buds in the axil of the plumule sheath, each with à prophyllum. Warming? regards the scutellum as the cotyledon and the plamale- sheath as an independent leaf, the latter because an e is occa- sionally found. Klebs* agrees with Van Tieghem. Hackel’ believes, as does Warming, that the epiblast is a rudimentary second coty 3 r d mbryo. Trans. and Proe. of the Bot. 5 lope of the plumule in the grass-e Soc. of Edinburgh. 13:457. 1879 (with plate) — Etudes morphologiques sur la famille des Graminees. Montpellier. 1879. ? Handbog i den Systematiske Botanik. Trans. by Potter. ent y Eio Beitrage zur Morphologie und Biologie der Keimung. Untersuch aus d. ^ Institut der Lubingen. 5Echte Gräser. Engler und Prantl. by Scribner and South worth. Revue des Sci. naturelles, Pflanzenfamilien, 2:1887. 2. Eng. Trans. 12 Regarding it as a cotyledon explains the peculiar position of the first leaf over the scutellum. Many authors, he says, regard the plumule- Sheath as a part of the cotyledon, surely an incorrect idea. Lermer and Holzner! in an exhaustive histological treatise on Hordeum vulgare describe in detail the different parts of the fruit. They regard the scutellum as a shield-like expansion of the hypocotyl, acting as a special absorption organ, and the plumule as composed of four leaves inelosed in a plumule-sheath, but attempt no interpretation of the latter view. Bruns’ has investigated the grass embryo chiefly from a systematic point of view. He describes and figures a large number of genera of each of the tribes. He regards the scutellum as one cotyledon, and the epiblast as a second, much reduced on account of the great development of the former. He considers it of no consequence from a systematic standpoint whether or not the scutellum and the epiblast are regarded as two cotyledons, provided it is granted that they represent two leaves, as the cotyledons are the first two leaves placed together. The plumule-sheath is the thickened first leaf of the plumule especially adapted for protecting the young leaves. It has no blade, a common characteristic of the lower leaves of grasses. Schlickum, in comparing the cotyledons of the monocotyledons, says that when the eotyledon has assimilating functions to perform its lamina displays a differentiation into a nutrient portion, the haustor, and a conducting portion, the conductor. In the grasses the conductor is very rudi- mentary or entirely suppressed, while the scutellum is transformed into the haustor, which bears no resemblance to a foliage leaf. The epiblast is probably an outgrowth of the coleorhiza. When the cotyledon does not emerge above the soil its function is to take up, by means of the haustor, the nutrient substances present in the endosperm, and to pro- tect the rudimentary leaves by the formation of a more or less developed cotyledonary sheath. Finally, Celakovsky* reviews the work of previous investigators and criticises them especially in regard to the homology of the epiblast and plumule-sheath. He believes that the true morphological nature are joined at the base; where they separate; and whether the plumule- MÀ e ZONES CN Sgt n ũà4àéẽk P . 222 RR ur Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Gerste. Munchen, 1886. Extract by Brown and Morris Chem. Soc. Jour. vol. 57. 1890. ? Morphologischer und anatomischer Vergleich der Cotyledon und ersten Keim- blatter der Keimpflanzen der Monocotyledon. Bibl. botan. Heft. 35. 4 Uber den Homologien der Grasembryo. Bot. Zeit., Sept. 1897. ERU (pete ESTER, EA py DES 13 sheath is inserted directly over the scutellum; and, finally, how the insertion of the plumule-sheath becomes separated so far from the scutellum through the elongation of the axis. He also homologizes the grass fruit with Smilax, Potamogeton, Ficus elastica, the mosses, and theleaf of the grasses. He regards the seutellum as the blade of the cotyledon, and as being homologous with the blade of the leaf. Over the scutellum is situated the plumule-sheath which is homologous to the ligule. The epiblast is the blade of an opposite second cotyledon, SUMMARY. The most important views of the different authors may be summed up as follows: 1. The scutellum is the cotyledon; the epiblast a second independent leaf; the plumule-sheath a third leaf; while the first true leaf is the fourth lateral appendage of the embryo.—(Malphigi, Mirbel, and Poiteau.) 2. The scutellum and the epiblast together form the cotyledon, the plumule sheath a second leaf, and the first true leaf becomes the third lateral appendage of the embryo.—(Schleiden, Shacht, and Decaisne.) 3. The plumule-sheath represents the cotyledon, the scutellum and epiblast being only expansions of the axis or of the radicle; and the first true leaf then becomes the second lateral appendage of the embryo.—(Riehard, Adr. de Jussieu, Lestiboudois, Hofmeister, and Sachs.) . 4. The scutellum is the central portion of the cotyledon, the epiblast an opposite appendage of it, and the plumule-sheath an ascending part in the form of a protective organ; the first true leaf then becomes the second lateral appendage of the embryo.—(Gaertner and Mirbel, at a certain time.) 5. The scutellum and the plumule-sheath together represent the cotyledon, and correspond to the blade and ligule of the culm-leaf ; the epiblast is a protuberance of the cotyledon on the opposite side.—( Van Tieghem and Klebs.) 6. The sixth view is the same as tke fifth, with the exception that the epiblast represents a second cotyledon opposite the seutellum.— (Celakovsky. 7. The PS is one cotyledon and the epiblast is the other, the plumule-sheath being the first leaf of the plumule.—( Bruns.) GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE FRUIT. The embryo of grasses stands isolated from those of other oen d ledons in possessing two peculiar structures, the epiblast and plumu Sheath. The followin g investigations were undertaken to — the morphological significance and taxonomic value of these 33 in the different tribes. Owing to the difficulties met with at the out in securing a suitable method, the work is not so complete as at first anticipated. 3 The fruit of the Gramineew was described first by Mirbel under the name “cerium” and rechristened later by Richard ‘caryopsis.” Its contents at maturity consist largely of endosperm and embryo, — the tissues of the nucellus, ovule, and ovary being almost completely — displaced. The only remnants of the nucellus which are recognizable _ in the ripe grain are the empty cells which spring from the funiculus, . and the epidermis of the nucellus, which is continuous as a very attenu- | ated layer of cells around both endosperm and embryo. Of the walls of the ovary only the inner one persists as a double layer of cells form- * J. DU IT TASA LER, LAIT ing the testa or true coat of seed. Within the nucellus are one to four layers of cells with highly cuticularized walls. In section they are somewhat rectangular in form and constitute the gluten cells which contain the closely packed aleurone grains. Lying between the starch-containing portions of the endosperm and the embryo is a comparatively thick layer of compressed cells belong- 3 ing to the scutellum. They are for the purpose of dissolving the starchy material of the endosperm during germination. The endosperm con- sists of thin-walled cells packed closely with starch granules, embedded in a fine mass of proteid material. These starch-containing cells each possess a nucleus which is not easily recognized. The embryo is situated laterally and at the base of the seed. Itis diiferentiated into the scutellum, the plumule, the radicle, and fre- quently the epiblast. The plumule is surrounded by the plumule-sheath, which sometimes has a slit-shaped opening on the side opposite to that of the scutellum. The plumule sheath is composed of a vegetation point and several layers of leaves. The radicle is inclosed in the lower part of the embryo, and at germination, before making its exit, must break through a protective mass of tissue, the coleorhiza, so called because it forms a kind of sheath around the radicle. Secondary radi cles frequently occur in the mature and resting embryo. They arise in = the axis usually just below the plumule. The vascular system may be traced down into the primary radicle, and also into the scutellum, plumule-sheath, and plumule. THE SCUTELLUM. The name “scutellum” has been given to the cotyledon of the grasses — because of its resemblance to a little shield. It has for its object the E. protection of the plumule and the absorption of nutrient materials from the endosperm. P7.•12᷑: : . —ů!J ai ... MEL LL The author wishes to express his thanks to Prof. W. W. Rowlee for many helpful suggestions during the progress of the work; also to Profs. F. Lamson-Scribner and ; a W. J. Beal for much valuable material, and to Prof. F. C. Harrison, of the Ontario — Agricultural College, at Guelph, Canada, and to Messrs H. R. Carveth and O. Shanta — 15 for aid in the discovery of a method. 15 Observing a cross section of any embryo, one sees that the scutellum surrounds the plumule like a sheath. In Zea (figs. 4 A-F, Pl. I), Andropogon (figs. 10 A and B, Pl. II), and others the plumule is almost completely surrounded by the scutellum, so that only a narrow opening may be seen. A longitudinal section of Andropogon saccharatus (fig. 9, Pl. II) shows the scutellum so completely surrounding the plumule that it appears as if an epiblast was present. By observing a cross section, however, it is seen that the margins of the scutellum surround the plumule with the exception of a small slit (fig. 10 B, Pl. II). At a point toward the apex of the plumule sheath the scutellum bears a protuber- ance which projects over the plumule. This is especially distinct in Lygeum (fig. 25, Pl. IV), Lolium (fig. 75, Pl. VII, and Ammophila (fig. 42, Pl. V). This part has been called the cotyledonary sheath (e. 8.) to distinguish it from the plumule-sheath (pl. sh.). At the base of the scutellum there is another protuberance in many embryos, such as Avena (fig. 44, Pl. V), Triticum (fig. 69, Pl. VIL), Anthoxanthum (fig. 29, Pl. IV), Uniola (fig. 61, Pl. VII), Bulbilis (fig. 58, Pl. VI), and Beckmannia (fig. 60, Pl. VI). Sometimes a deep cleft occurs, appearing as a separation of the radicle. In some embryos the scutellum has a distinct sheath and a blade. A striking example of this may be seen in Avena (fig. 44, Pl. V), Spartina (fig. 53, Pl. VI), and Zizania (fig. 22, Pl. III). The attachment of the scutellum to the axis varies considerably in different embryos. Desmazeria (fig. 63, Pl. VII) and Anthoxanthum odoratum (fig. 29, Pl. IV) have the attaehment directly at the base of the plumule. In others there is a lengthening of the axis with the attachment at the base, leaving a very small proportion of the embryo to represent the hypocotyl: Zizania (fig. 22, Pl. III), Homalocenchrus (fig. 28, Pl. IV), and Spartina gracilis (fig. 53, Pl. VI). The scutellum has at every point where it comes in contact with the endosperm a layer of peculiar oblong cells called the epithelial layer. Sachs regards it as corresponding to the somewhat similar layer found in the cotyledons of the palms, and to the young epidermis of Ricinus and many other seeds. The scutellum, therefore, may be regarded as part of the cotyledon. THE EPIBLAST. The peculiar organ, the epiblast of Richard, situated opposite to the scutellum, is not very well understood. Its occurrence in the Graminee is of much greater frequency than is generally supposed. Warming! . describes the fruit of the grasses, but does not mention the epiblast. He figures a fruit of Avena sativa, but does not represent the epiblast, which is always present and quite distinct. Van Tieghem" speaks of the existence of a second cotyledon in a dozen or less of the genera of Warming and Potter. 1895. i 2Comptes Rendus heb. Lean. l'Acad. des Sei. 124: 1896 and 1897. * Scutellum, yet there are many grasses in which it reaches a considerable 16 E 3 the Graminew. Unlike the scutellum, the epiblast has no vaseular 4 system, and on this account much dispute has arisen over its morpho- logical nature. This, however, is no proof against its leaf nature, as there oeeur many instances of reduced organs without fibrovaseular _ systems. E Although the epiblast is usually very small in comparison with the a . size. Zizania aquatica (fig. 22, Pl III) has a well-marked epiblast extending from the base of the lengthened axis to about the middle of the plumule, or even further. E In the genus Stipa there are marked differences in the size of the — epiblast in the different species. S. tenacissima (fig. 30, Pl. IV) has a very small one; in S. pennata it is long and attenuated; while in 8. ie richardsonii (fig. 36, Pl. V) and S. viridula (figs. 32 and 33, Pl. IV) it is very large and broad. Sometimes the margin of the epiblast is curved e | or deeply keeled, although in the large majority it is Straight. Homa . locenchrus oryzoides ( fig. 28, Pl. IV) has a very large epiblast which — greatly resembles the form of the scutellum. 1t is large and broad at the base and has a shield.like appearance. A small protuberance occurs at the base similar to that in the scutellum. E 3 A fact which seems to indicate that the epiblast has the same mor- phological value as the seutellum is, that it is inserted on the axis almost at the same height, Even in Zizania (fig. 22, Pl. III), where the axis elongates to a great length and the insertion of the scutellum is almost at the base of the embryo, the epiblast is inserted directly opposite. : The absence or presence of the epiblast appears to be fairly constant in the different tribes, and the presence of an epiblast in a tribe where the majority of the genera have none may indieate that it is not in its natural position. The tribes Andropogonew and Maydee, to conclu from the genera examined, might be regarded as being without a epiblast. The scutellum almost entirely surrounds the embryo, as may observed in any of the cross sections figured, more especially amon, the Maydew. In the tribe Zoysiee there occur genera without an epiblast, as Nazia, Trachys, and Anthephora, while Zoysia has a dis- tinct one. The Tristeginew, to conclude from Beckera and Arundine have no epiblasts. The Panicee appear to be without an epiblast, only exception being Olyra, which has a very large epiblast coverin; the plumule. From its great resemblance to the embryos of Leersia and Oryza it seems probable that it should be placed with them, 0 Should form a Separate intermediate tribe. The Oryzec appear to have a very large epiblast, The Phalaridew, so far as examined, vary. Anthozanthum and Phalaris having small epiblasts, while Ehrhart has none. a The Agrostidew examined, although varying greatly in their external form, all possess an epiblast, In the large majority it is small, but in 17 some, as in Stipa, it is remarkably large, extending the whole length of the plumule. The Avene also, so far as examined, all possess an epiblast. It is in the Ohloridec that the most remarkable and varying formations of the embryo are to be found. Eleusine (fig. 52 A-D, PI. VI) has a round nut-like fruit, with a small embryo having a very large . epiblast; while Spartina (fig. 53, Pl. VI) has a long fruit, with the embryo extending almost the length of the seed, but with no trace of an epiblast. Between these occur the genera Bulbilis (fig. 58, Pl. VI), Leptochloa (fig. 56, Pl. VI), Astrebla (fig. 55, Pl. VI), Cynodon (fig. 57, Pl. VI), and Beckmannia (fig. 60, Pl. VI), each with an epiblast. In the Festucew, a very large percentage of the genera have a well- formed epiblast, but in Bromus and some others it is absent. Among the Hordew, Secale (fig. 67, Pl. VIT) and Hordeum (fig. 35, Pl. IV) are without an epiblast, while in Lolium (fig. 70, Pl. VIII) and Triticum (fig. 69, Pl. VII) it is present, Elymus (fig. 72, Pl. VIII) has a very light projection at the point where the epiblast is usually situated, and might be regarded as a transition stage between those with and those without an epiblast. Among the Bambusec only the genera Arundinaria (figs. 74, 75, 76, Pl. VIII) and Bambusa have been examined. They possess very large broad epiblasts. It appears, therefore, in most cases that the tribes Maydee, Andro- pogoneæ, Zoysiew, Tristeginee, and Panicec are without epiblasts, while in the Oryzew, Phalaridew, Avene, Chloridec, Hordee, Festucew, and perhaps, the Bambusee, it is usually present. The following table will show that it is not correct to regard the epiblast as usually wanting in the Graminex. MAYDEX. Without epiblast. With epiblast. Euchlaena. Zea. Coix. Tripsacum. ANDROPOGONEE. *Saccharum.! Andropogon. * Erianthus. Apluda ZOYSIEJE. Perotis. Zoysia. * Trachys. | Nazia Anthephora. | d by the writer. The genera starred (*) are taken from Bruns’ work, not examine No. 19——2 „„ $8 TRISTEGINE.E. PANICE, ORYZE. ygeum. 'harus.? PHALARIDEJE., Oryzopsis. Brachyelytrum. Ammophila. AVENE. : Avena, Arrhenatherum. Danthonia. Aira. ; Holeus. 19 CHLORIDE. Spartina. Leptochloa. Eleusine. Chloris. Beckmannia. Cynodon. Astrebla. Bulbilis. HORDES. Secale. * Nardus. Hordeum. Lolium. Asperella. Triticum. FESTUCACE. * Boissiera. * Echinaria. * Schismus. Cynosurus. Fest " Gynerium. Leptochloa. Melica Koeleria. oa. Panicularia. * Lamarckia. BAMBUSE E. Arundinaria. | * Bambusa. THE PLUMULE-SHEATH. This peculiar structure is found in all grasses, completely surround- ing and protecting the plumule, with the exception of a small opening or slit toward the apex on the side opposite to the scutellum. At ger- mination the young leaves break through this sheath, which soon afterwards dies down. The plumule-sheath always has two distinct vascular bundles situated laterally and slightly inclined toward the scutellum. Considerable controversy has arisen as to whether this organ is a part of the cotyledon or whether it represents the first true leaf of the embryo. This will be treated of later under the chapter on the homology of the parts. It usually originates directly under the plumule and close to the insertion of the scutellum, although it is 20 widely separated from the scutellum in many grasses. See Zizania and Homalocenchrus (figs. 22 and 28, Pls. III and IV). Because of its thick- ness, it is specially adapted for a protective organ. THE ROOT SYSTEM. The large majority of the embryos of grasses have only one radicle, situated at the base of the embryo, usually in a vertical position, but sometimes turned obliquely, as in Oryzopsis (fig. 388A, Pl. V) and Stipa richardsonii (fig. 36, Pl. V), or, again, completely horizontal, as in Eriocoma (fig. 34, Pl. IV), Oryza sativa (fig. 27 , Pl. IV), and Eleusine (fig. 52A-D, Pl. VI. In Homalocenchrus oryzoides (fig. 28, Pl. IV) it has a slightly upward tendency. There are, however, embryos with numerous lateral roots. Triticum estivum (fig. 69, Pl. VII) has four lateral roots, two on each side of the scutellum. Zizania (fig. 240-Q, Pl. III) has three, situated directly under the plumule, a long distance from the main radicle. Cois (fig. I, Pl. I) has four radieles, obliquely one above the other on the axis. In the illustration only three are seen, as they are not all in the same plane. Hordeum vulgare (figs. 65, 66, G .and H, Pl. VII) has eight secondary radicles, three on each side of the scutellum and two in front. On germination the primary radiele is soon outstripped in growth by the secondary ones. Both the primary and secondary ones are surrounded by a compact mass of cells which form the coleorhiza or root-sheath. Each radicle terminates in a rootcap, the cells of which appear as regular continuations of the rows of cells in the radicle. The rooteap can thus be distinguished from the coleorhiza, in which the cells are very irregular. The rootcap is not connected with the coleorhiza. The former is produced from the embryonic tissue, while the latter is derived from the preembryonic tissue and is connected with the lower part of the seutellum. In dissecting out the embryo the radicle or radicles, with their rooteaps, easily separate from the coleorhiza, leaving the latter at the base of the sockets in the lower part of the scutellum. LATERAL BUDS. In a number of genera of the tribe Hordec there is a lateral bud in the axil of the plumule-sheath: Hordeum (fig. 65, Pl. VIT), Triticum (fig. 69, Pl. VID, Elymus (fig. 72, Pl. VIII) and Secale (fig. 67, Pl. VII). Bruns regards this as proving that the plumule-sheath must represent a leaf. Similar buds, however, may be found in Polygonum, Rumes, and a large number of plants with axillary stipules. Van Tieghem describes and figures lateral buds in Avena sativa, but it was not pos sible, after making many paraffin sections through different embryos, to discover them, "This circumstance is remarkable, in that Avena belongs to the tribe Avenew, while all other genera in which lateral buds have | been found belong to the tribe Hordec. Bruns, however, figures psc : 4 uarie: a Bambusa with a large lateral bud in the axil of the plumul ea 21 THE FIBRO-VASCULAR SYSTEM. The fibro-vaseular system of the embryos of the Graminew may be considered under three main divisions, according to the manner and place of insertion of the plumule-sheath on the axis and its connection with the scutellum. 1. Thé plumule-sheath is inserted on the axis directly above the insertion of the scutellum: Stipa (fig. 36, Pl. V), Phlewm (fig. 41, Pl. V), Ammophila (Fig. 42, Pl. Vy, and perhaps all of the Agrostidec. An example of this modification oceurs in Stipa viridula (figs. 32 and 33, PL IV). A vaseular bundle passes through the entire length of the scutellum. At the insertion of this bundle on the axis two branches are sent off from it which traverse the plumule-sheath (fig. 33, Pl. IV), while the main branch continues into the axis and then descends to the radicle, A little above this insertion numerous small bundles form and run up into the young leaves and vegetation point. Asthese different bundles are not all in the same plane, it is not possible to obtain a sin- gle seetion showing them. In any transverse section of the plumule, however, the bundles of the plumule-sheath may be seen quite dis- tinetly. In Eriocoma cuspidata (fig. 34, Pl. IV) the bundles ascend from the axis into the plumule-sheath, while in a cross section of Stipa richard- sonii (fig. 37 B, Pl. V), taken below the insertion of the scutellum on the axis, the vascular bundle may be seen entering the radicle. Again, in Triticum (fig. 69, Pl. VII) a bundle may be seen entering the first true leaf. Hordeum (fig. 65, Pl. VII) shows the bundles passing up into the second true leaf and the vegetation point, while several may be seen branching off from the axis into the secondary radicles. All the genera of the tribes Agrostidee and Hordee, so far as examined, have this arrangement of their vascular systems. : 1 2. The plumule-sheath is inserted on the axis at some distance from that of the scutellum, with whieh it is connected by a vascular bundle traversing the axis: Zizania (fig. 22, Pl. III) and Homalocenchrus (fig. 28, Pl. IV). The embryo of Zizania aquatica (figs. 22, 23 A - B, 24 A-T, Pl. III) has a remarkably long axis, which separates the insertion of the plumule-sheath and the scutellum to a very considerable degres It will be noticed in the longitudinal section (fig. 22, Pl. LIT) that two vascular bundles traverse the axis, one terminating in the main radicle, while the other curves sharply round and traverses the long linear seutellum. The exceedingly large epiblast is devoid of any vascular Kaum. hs thetrüustorio sections (e 14 A-T, PL IL) itis found that in A, a section taken through the apex of the plumule-sheath, the two. bundles have joined into one. In B they are beginning to separate, while in © and D they are entirely free. Figure E shows à m aca through the tip of the first leaf of the plumule, the ee + L its two widely separated lateral bundles surrounding it. 5 e illustrate sections taken through the plumule at different heights, show- ing the arrangement of the leaves with their bundles. The bundle in 22 the center of the leaf is always a little larger than the lateral ones, The bundle of the scutellum now appears distinctly in all sections taken through the region of the plumule. N represents a section taken directly underneath the plumule-sheath. The bundles of the sheath have united with those of the leaves and appear very irregular, with a secondary radicle appearing on each side. A little lower down a third secondary radicle is seen on the side of the axis next to the scutellum, The axis now for a considerable distance presents the appearance shown in P and Q, with two distinct, separate, vascular bundles in the center. At the base of the long axis one of these bundles situated nearest to the scutellum joins with the bundle of the latter, as in S, while the other continues down into the main radicle, as in T. This seems to prove conclusively that the plumule-sheath is not an independent leaf, but that it belongs to the scutellum. There is no difference between this group and the first, represented by the Agrostidew, except that between the insertion of the plumule- Sheath and the scutellum there occurs a very long axis representing the first node. 3. The plumule-sheath is inserted on the axis at the base of the plu- mule, but its fibro-vascular bundles are not directly connected with that of the scutellum: Zea, Coix, Pennisetum, Paspalum, Panicum, and Spartina. Zea mays may be taken as typical of this arrangement of the vascular system, as shown by a series of sections from the radicle to the plumule (figs. 3, and 4 A-F, Pl. I). Fig. 4 A represents a cross section through the main, radicle. There are two systems of vessels, consisting of six large ones toward the center and about sixteen smaller ones on the outside, which, along with their conjunctive tissue, make. up the central cylinder. Section B, taken somewhat higher up, above the region of coleorhiza shows the axis with its bundles beginning to form round the periphery of the central cylinder, the two systems of vessels remaining the same as in the radicle. The dark portions of the scutellum are sections through the lateral branches of the scutellum bundle. These peripheral bundles widen and come closer and closer to the center until they reach the condition figured in C, where there 18 an irregular mass of vascular strands and bundles with only a few of the vessels. Immediately above this the bundles arrange them- selves round the periphery, leaving only a few in the center, while a vascular strand branches off and penetrates through the cortical parenchyma into the scutellum, where it divides into an ascending and descending branch, as in D. The large vessels have returned to their original position, while the smaller ones have become fewer, and are arranged irregularly nearer the center. At E, a section taken through the upper part of the scutellum, two radicles emerge from the axis to se his boo i bundles are found both in the periphery and 5 © center of the cylinder. The @xis now continues in a regular form with its two systems of vessels and bundles arranged in the periphery, | 23 until just below the plumule, where several bundles in the periphery unite on either side and branch off into the plumule-sheath, Soon numerous, bundles form in the center, until the whole axis is completely filled with them. "These arrange themselves in a definite manner and run up into the leaves of the plumule. There is no direct connection between the vascular bundle of the seutellum and those of the plumule-sheath, both originating from the peripheral bundles of the axis separately. The same condition occurs in all the genera of the Maydew, Chloridee, Panicew, and Andropogo- nec examined, with slight modifications as to the number and size of the vessels and bundles. This would seem to indicate that these tribes are closely related to one another, although it is not exactly in aecord- ance with Hackel’s classification of the tribes with reference to the Chloridea. HOMOLOGY OP THE PARTS OF THE EMBRYO. To what do the scutellum, epiblast, and plumule-sheath correspond; from what have they been developed; and to what parts of the leaf and spikelet of the grasses are they homologous? The scutellum is at present generally regarded as the cotyledon, cor- responding to the single cotyledon characteristic of the group of monocotyledons, but differing from them in not emerging from the caryopsis at germination. The epiblast has been regarded in various ways by different authors. Bernhardi, Schleiden, Schacht, and, later, Van Tieghem, regard the epiblast as part of the cotyledon. Hanstein concludes that it is merely an insignificant trichomatic projection of the hypocotyl. The majority of writers, however, with Poiteau, Mirbel, and Bruns, regard it as a second rudimentary cotyledon, and in embryos in which it is wanting, look upon it as having become completely aborted. Van Tieghem! in his new classification of the phanerogams based upon the ovule, revised his opinion concerning the epiblast, regarding it as a second rudimentary cotyledon, and explaining its partial or complete abortion as due to the pressure more or less exerted by the seed coat or pericarp upon the embryo. From this and other char- acters of the integuments and ovules he is led to believe that the Graminew are in reality dicotyledons, which have accidentally become monocotyledons. : In dicia of the faet that there has never been found the slightest trace of a vascular system in the epiblast, yet it seems most reasonable to regard it as a second rudimentary cotyledon. One inclines to this view from the study of the perfectly developed epiblasts of Homalocen- chrus, Zizania, and Oryza, where they are inserted on the axis opposite the insertion of the scutellum. ! Comptes Rendus seanc. l'acad. des Sciences, 124 : 1896-97. 24 The plumule-sheath is, of all the organs of the embryo, the most striking and difficult to explain. Three very different theories are held regarding its interpretation. To the first we attach the names of Hofmeister and Sachs, who regard it as an outgrowth of the so-called hypocotyledonary internode. The adherents of the second view regard it as an independent leaf belonging to the plumule and next in leaf arrangement to the scutel- lum. According to this the plumule-sheath, which is directly above the scutellum on the same side of the axis, would not correspond to the distichous arrangement of grass leaves: but if one regards the epiblast as a leaf, i. e., a second cotyledon, then the apparent disagreement is explained and the plumule-sheath becomes the third leaf alternating with the epiblast. Bruns, who is a strong advocate of this view, sees no reason why Hanstein should deny the independent nature of the plumule-sheath because of its origin. . Let us briefly follow the devolopment of Brachypodium according to Hanstein’s investigations. The young embryo is at first a spherical mass composed of three with sometimes a fourth smaller cell. These cells divide several times in all directions and the embryo takes on à club-shaped form, becoming longer and narrower at the base. This many-celled body is at this time without distinct internal or external differentiation. The lower-most cell, which has now become considera- bly divided, later goes to form the suspensor, while the two upper cells form the embryo proper. Soon the internal differentiation of the radicle can be seen with its dermatogen, periblem, and plerome. The second stage of development takes plaee in the external part of the embryo. In the wall there oceurs a depression which marks the divi- Sion of the seutellum from the hypoeotyledonary part. The tissue immediately above this depression is the cotyledon, from which a part of the plumule-sheath soon emerges, while that on the lower side forms the vegetation point with its later-developed leaves. The projection on the upper part of the embryo, i. e., on the upper side of the depression, shows again on its upper surface another depression similar to the first, thus forming a second projection. At the same time a projection in the form of a half eollar has formed on the lower part below the vegetation Point. These two projections stand opposite one another like lips. Finally they grow and their margins unite to form a complete cap over the plumule. The occurrence of a slit in the mature plumule-sheath is in all probability caused by the incomplete junction of the margins of these collar-shaped projections. The tissue above this second depres- sion, which sometimes curves down to a considerable degree pro- tecting the plumule, forms that part of the cotyledon known as the cotyledonary-sheath. Thus the origin of the plumule sheath indicates that it must bea part of the scutellum. To regard the plumule-sheath — as an independent leaf as Bruns has done, one must look upon it as arising from a stem and not from a primordial leaf, which, according t0 Hanstein’s investigations, is evidently the case, 25 The third view is that the plumule-sheath is a ligule like growth pro- ceeding from the scutellum as au inseparable part. The existence of an intermediate part between the insertion of the plumule-sheath and that of the seutellum in many embryos, is relied upon by Bernhardi, Bruns and others as positive proof that there can be no connection between these organs. By many authors it has been called an inter- node, whieh latter always develops between two leaves and not between two parts of a leaf. Bruns says that while in Euchlena the two insertion points are near together, it hardly seems plausible in the case of Spartina, and espe- cially of Zizania, to regard two organs which are so widely separated from one another as the same. The occurrence of a bud in the axil of the plumule-sheath also influences his conclusion that the plumule- sheath must represent a leaf. From a careful study of the vascular system of the different tribes, together with Hanstein's investigations, one is led to believe with Van Tieghem and Celakovsky that the so-called internode between the plumule-sheath and the scutellum, occurring so distinetly in Zizania and Homalocenchrus, and not at all in the genera of the Agrostidea, is nothing but the first unusually lengthened node. The ligule-like growth, the plumule-sheath, is usually inserted directly over the scutel- lum, but sometimes the axis stretches itself between the insertion ot the scutellum and the plumule-sheath as in the mature fruits of Zizania, Homalocenchrus, the Chloridea, or as in Oryza (according to Bruns and Schlickum) soon after germination. The vegetative leaf of the grasses is composed of a sheath and blade and a more or less strongly developed ligule inserted at the point of junction of the sheath and blade. The ligule is usually small, without chlorophyll and stomata, and exclusively parenchymatous, but as Duval-Jouve! has shown in Ammophila arenaria, it attains a length of about 4 centimeters and possesses nerves with chlorophyll and stomata. The ligule thus represents a double sheathing axillary stipule. i Of the three parts of the leaf it is the sheath which develops last, by an intercalary growth, which raises up the blade and ligule. DE Comparing the eulm leaf with the scutellum and singes , the cotyledonary leaf of the embryo, one finds that the latter > no sheath. Its sessile blade, however, elongates to form the scute "n while the pumule-sheath, which is homologous with the ligule, SIES a great size with vascular bundles similar to the ligule of — a arenaria. It is provided with two prominent lateral nerves, whie i rophyll and stomata. : : d iu parts may in the same manner be carried aed i the spikelet. The awn of the floral glume, when present, I$ rega i he leaf, and therefore to the scutel- as corresponding to the blade of t x Xs Work of tbe lum of the embryo. When the awn 1s inserted on the bac 1 Anatomie de l'arete des Graminees 1871. 23 OU SN M DURUTSSN CEDE Mem. de l'ae. des Sci. et lettres. Montpellier. 26 glume some distance from the apex, that part between the insertion and the apex is regarded as corresponding to the ligule, and, in conse- quence, to the plumule-sheath. That part of the glume below the insertion of the awn is regarded as the sheath of the leaf, while its analogous structure in the embryo has been arrested in its development. Colomb,' who has investigated the stipules of many plants, also takes up the ligule and sees in it an analogy to the stipules of Potamogeton and Smilax. Celakovsky? makes a comparison between these, adding another plant, Ficus elastica. He carries his homology still further to the mosses, believing that the moss capsule is homologous to the cotyledon and the seta or their bases to the hypocotyl. DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF FRUITS. Tribe MAYDEJE. The fruits of the genera of this tribe are large, ellipsoidal or round- ish, and inclosed, with the exception of Zea, in a hard capsule formed of the glumes or of part of the articulate rachis. They have a very large embryo, with the scutellum almost completely surrounding the plumule. Coix lachryme-jobi L. (figs. 1, 2 A-G, Pl. I. The structure of the embryo of Coir resembles that of Zea mays, the main difference con- sisting in the former possessing four lateral radicles. Only three are shown in fig. 1, the fourth and uppermost one not being in the same plane. Fig. 2 A represents a transverse section through the upper part of the plumule, showing the plumule-sheath with its two bundles and the first and second true leaves in their normal position. .A see- tion through the base of the plumule (fig. 2 B) shows the plumule- sheath and a small part of the first, true leaf. Within is the axis with its numerous bundles which belong to the leaves of the plumule. t At € is the axis, with its numerous bundles and the plumule-sheath. Some of the bundles in the periphery of the central cylinder unite and branch off into the plumule-sheath on each side. A little lower down, between the insertion of the plumule-sheath and that of the scutellum the axis appears with its numerous bundles arranged in the periphery of the. central cylinder (fig. 2 D). Fig. 2 E shows the scutellum iuserted on the axis by its broad, fibro-vascular bundle, at the same — time cutting through the first lateral radicle on the opposite side. A number of duets are scattered here and there in the axis. The axis terminates in the lowermost radicle, the central cylinder having six distinct ducts or vessels, Fig. 2 F shows a section through the upper part of the lowermost radicle and one of the lateral radicles, while G represents a section through the lowermost radicle, Each radicle is 3 provided with a root-cap while the coleorhiza surrounds them all. The } Recherches sur les stipules. Ann. des Boi. nat. Ser. 6, 1: 19. 1887. Ueber die Homologien des Grasembryo. Bot. Zeit., Sept., 1897. 27 seutellum entirely surrounds the remainder of the embryo, as may be seen in cross section or in the longitudinal section (fig. 1). There does not appear to be such a direct connection between the vaseular bundle of the scutellum and those of the plumule-sheath, as in Zizania (fig. 22, Pl. III), Homalocenchrus (fig. 28, Pl. IV), and other embryos. The vas- eular bundle of the scutellum, as in the other genera of the Maydec, branches into two, one traversing the upper and the other the lower part of the scutellum, and these again sending off lateral branches. The leaves of the plumule are arranged as in all grass embryos. Zea mays L. (figs. 3, 4 A-F, Pl. I).—The vascular system of Zea has already been described. The general structure of the embryo differs but little from that of Coix. Instead of four large lateral radicles it has one large main radicle (fig. 4 A) and two smaller secondary ones at the insertion of the scutellum bundle on the axis. The scutellum sur- rounds the remainder of the embryo like a mantle, the margins almost coming together, but separated by a long, narrow groove (figs. D and E). There is a deep cleft between the base of the scutellum and the coleorhiza (fig. 3). Tripsacum dactyloides L. (figs. 5, 6, T, A-B, Pl. I.—The embryo of Tripsacum is very similar to that of Zea and Coix, except that it has only one radicle. The axis is remarkably long and consists of à num- ber of vascular bundles, as in Coix. About halfway down the axis the bundles in the periphery increase toward the center, presenting the same condition as in Coix and Zea, again returning to the periphery and disappearing as they approach the radicle. The insertion of the scutellum-bundle is not as in Coiz, Zea, and Euchlena at some distance from the plumule but directly under it, where the plumule-sheath also branches off (fig. 6). The scutellum-bundle soon after leaving the axis divides, one branch traversing the lower, and the other the upper part of the seutellum, while these in turn have lateral branches (fig. 6). Aside from these bundles connected with the vascular system there are conducting vessels running irregularly through the seutellum, appar- ently nourishing organs for the plumule and radicle, as they can be traced to be directly connected through the epithelial layer with the other parts of the embryo (fig. 6). Euchlena mexicana Schrad. (fig. 8, Pl. II).—The structure of the embryo of Euchlena is almost identical with that of Zea mays, except thatit has no secondary radieles and the insertion of the scutellum- bundle is at some distance from the plumule. Tribe ANDROPOGONE. The fruits of the tribe Andropogonec have an embryo which is usually about half the size of the fruit itself. As in the Mayder, the seutellum almost completely surrounds the remainder of the embryo. By com- paring the embryo of Andropogon (fig. 9, Pl. II) with Zea (fig. 3, Pl. I) one notices a striking similarity. The scutellum-bundle is inserted on 28 the axis at some distance from the plumule, as in the majority of the Maydee. Andropogon saccharatus (fig. 9,10, A-O Pl. II). -The scutellum almost surrounds the plumule. The projection appearing in fig. 9 like an epi- blast is only a longitudinal section through one of the margins of the scutellum. The scutellum-bundle is inserted on the axis at some dis- tance from the plumule, while directly under the plumule two bundles branch off into the plumule-sheath. Fig. 10 A shows a section through the plumule with its plumule-sheath and bundles of the first true leaf, while fig. 10 B represents a section taken through the axis between the plumule and the insertion of the scutellum-bundle. Only one radicle is present with a large vessel in the center and five smaller ones around it in the central cylinder (fig. 10 C). There is a deep groove between the scutellum and the coleorhiza. Apluda cristata (figs. 11, 12, Pl. II). The embryo of Apluda cristata resembles those of the Maydew and Chloridew. There is no epiblast. The radicle appears as in fig. 12, with one large vessel and six smaller ones in the central cylinder. This arrangement continues through the axis until near the insertion of the scutellum, where vascular bundles appear. These continue through the lengthened node as far as the -base of the plumule, where they send off branches into the plumule- Sheath. The ring around the radicle in fi g. 12 represents a cross section through the coleorhiza. Tribe ZovsrkE x. The Zoysiew resemble on the one hand the Andropogonec, through Trachys, Anthephora (fig. 13 A-E, 1 Pl. II), and Perotis (fig. 15 A-D), and on the other hand Oryzee through Zoysia (fig. 14 A-D) and Nazia. Bruns, in a list of genera, represents Nazia without an epiblast, while : in his figures he represents it with an epiblast, both in longitudinal and transverse sections. The scutellum in Anthephora and Perotis i8 inserted at some distance from the plumule, while in Zoysia it is inserted directly under it. The radicle of Zoysia is also curved in à horizontal direction like Oryza. Tribe TRISTEGINEJE. Unfortunately no representatives of this tribe could be secured. Bruns, however, who has investigated the fruits of Beckera and Arum- dinella, found them to be without an epiblast, and similar to the Zoysiea. 29 described and figured by Bruns, and differs in every respect from the other Panicew. The scutellum is broader than long, while the plumule is covered by a very large epiblast. A peculiarity mentioned by Bruns is that the radicle is hollowed out. Owing to the general appearance of the fruit and embryo, with its large epiblast and the insertion of the scutellum-bundle, also the fact that the flower is monecious, would seem to indicate that it does not belong to the Panicew. It might, perhaps, be placed with the Oryzew or form an intermediate tribe with Zoysia between the Panicew and Oryzee. Pennisetum spicatum (figs. 16, 17, 18, Pl. II). The fruit of Pennisetum has a very large embryo. The scutellum surrounds the remainder of the embryo, although not to such an extent as in the Andropogonea and Maydec. The projection opposite the scutellum in fig. 16 is not an epiblast, but a longitudinal section through the margin of the scu- tellum. A single large radicle is present, whieh consists of one large vessel in the center and six small ones surrounding it in the central cylinder (fig. 18). The ring around the radicle represents the coleorbiza with its attachment to the scutellum. Fig. 17 represents a cross section through the plumule, showing the seutellum with its bundle and the plumule-sheath with its two lateral bundles. Within is the first true leaf. The seutellum-bundle is inserted on the axis at some distance from the plumule (fig. 18). Chetochloa macrocheta (fig. 19, Pl. III). -The embryo of this nut-like fruit resembles in the main other Panicew. The insertion of the scutellum-bundle is, however, somewhat closer to the plumule. A deep cleft or groove is present between the scutellum and coleorhiza. Paspalum pubiflorum glabrum (figs. 20, 21, Pl. III).—The embryo of Paspalum resembles that of Pennisetum, although much smaller. It possesses a large radicle, and its seutellum-bundle is inserted at some distance from the plumule. Tribe ORYZEJE. To this tribe belong, among others, the genera Homalocenchrus, Zizania, and Oryza. Great variation occurs in the size and formation of the fruits. The embryo is usually small compared with the amount of endosperm, but in Zizania it attains a considerable size. All the genera belonging to this tribe have a well-marked epiblast. Zizania aquatica (figs. 22, 23 A-B, 24 A-T, Pl. III) (see p. 21).—The fruit of Zizania is long and linear, with an epiblast which reaches three- quarters the length of the whole fruit. Figs 23 A and B show the rela- tive size of embryo and endosperm; A through the plumule, and B through the axis or lengthened node. Figs.24 A-T represent a series of sections through the embryo from the apex of the plumule-sheath tothe main radicle. A and B show the two vascular bundles of the plumule-sheath, which at this point are united into one. At C and D they have become separated, while at E the plumule-sheath appears as 30 a complete ring, inclosing the upper part of the first leaf. The opening in the plumule-sheath on the side opposite to the scutellum now appears for a short distance as shown at G. At H, I, and J it is again closed, : and within is seen the arrangement of the leaves of the plumule, K i shows the first appearance of the epiblast, while at M it has increased - in size. Within the plumule-sheath and first leaf one sees the axis with its bundles which belong to the remainin g leaves of the plumule, Immediately below the plumule are three secondary radicles repre- sented in N and O. The embryo for a considerable distance presentsa form similar to that shown at P. The vascular system in the region of the secondary radicles presents a confused mass, but here it consists of two regular strands which course the lengthened node. As they approach the insertion of the scutellum the inner one becomes larger until it unites with the bundle of the scutellum. R shows the attach- T ment of the epiblast to the axis, the division being marked by a dotted line, while T is a section through the main radicle surrounded by its coleorhiza. NE Homalocenchrus oryzoides (fig. 28, Pl. IV).—The fruits of Homalocen- ; chrus, although much smaller and of a different form from that of Zizania, yet in the main possess the same structural characters of the : embryo. Lygeum spartum (figs. 25, 26 A-E, Pl. IV). The embryo of Lygeum — differs from the other genera of the Oryzew examined in having a very small epiblast. The insertion of the scutellum-bundle occurs directly D beneath the plumule, Also at this point branches are sent off into the — plumule-sheath (fig. 26 B). The radicle is here lengthened out to a : considerable extent. Lateral roots also arise from the node, as in fig. € secondary radicles and the base of the epiblast. —Compared with the amount of endo- ll embryo. The epiblast is large and . n Lygeum, the insertion of the scutellum is at es le. The large radicle is directed obliquely Tribe PHALARIDE Æ. Of the Phalaridew only Phalaris and Anthoxanthum (fig. 29, Pl. IV) were examined. These much resemble the Agrostidew, having a small i epiblast and a straight radicle. The scutellum-bundle is inserted at the base of the plumule-sheath, Tribe AGROSTIDE X. The Agrostidea may be characterized as fruits with small embryos, x ] always with an epiblast, which, however, varies greatly in size. The - scutellum-bund]e is inserted on the axis at the base of the plumule. running up into the plumule- 31 Sheath. The short axis terminates in a single radicle. Among the peculiarities noticed in this tribe is the genus Stipa. Stipa pennata has a well-marked epiblast more than half the length of the plumule, while S. tenacissima (figs. 30 and 31, Pl. IV) has a very small epiblast. In fig. 31 the opening of the plumule-sheath is apparent. In Stipa richard- sont (figs. 36 and 37 A and B, PI. V) the epiblast extends more than half the length of the plumule, and the radicle is directed obliquely outward. Although S. viridula (figs. 32 and 33, Pl. IV) has a very small fruit, yet its embryo has proportionately the largest epiblast. Eriocoma cuspidata (figs. 34 and 35, Pl. IV).—The fruit of Eriocoma resembles that of Oryzopsis, but has a very large epiblast which extends the whole length of the plumule. The scutellum differs from Oryzopsis in having a groove at its base. This character, together with the long, densely hairy, flowering glumes, would warrant its being placed as a separate genus Hriocoma, which is regarded as a subgenus by Hackel. Oryzopsis micrantha (figs. 38 A and B, Pl. V), Phleum pratense (fig. 41, Pl. V), Cinna arundinacea (figs. 39 and 40, Pl. V), and Brachyely- trum erectum (fig. 43, Pl. V) all have a well-marked epiblast. The last named ean easily be recognized by a long, pointed projection proceeding from the pericarp. This projection contains no starch, and its presence is remarkable from the fact that it is the only fruit in which such a structure has been found. Ammophila arenaria (fig. 42, Pl. V) presents a peculiar appearance. Its cotyledonary sheath extends down to the apex of the plumule. The seutellum also branches into three in the upper part. Tribe AVENE. The Avene resemble the Hordec in the structure of fruits. The embryo is usually small compared with the amount of endosperm. Lateral roots oceur in Avena. The scutellum-bundle is inserted at the base of the plumule and continues down into the axis in the form of a loop. doen sativa (figs. 44, 45, 46 A-B, 47 A-G, 48, Pls. V and VI)—Fig. 47 A-G, Pl. V, represents a series of transverse sections through the embryo from the plumule to the radicles. At A one sees the peculiar shape of the scutellum, with its vascular bundle, while within is the plumule-sheath, with its bundles, inclosing the first true leaf. B repre- sents a section taken somewhat lower down in the plumule and shows the position of the second leaf directly opposed to the first. The scu- tellum-bundle branches at the base of the plumule, as may be seen at C, to form the bundles of the plumule-sheath. Part of the plumule- sheath is still present, while within is the axis with the first leaf and its bundles just beginning to differentiate. Figs. D, E, and F show the axis, and the epiblast which becomes larger toward the base. At E only one radicle is present while at F there are three. G shows the position of the four radicles. The main radicle is in the center with one on each side to the right and left, and a fourth smaller one in front. 32 A longitudinal section of this small radicle may be seen in fig. 48, Pl. VI. The seutellum-bundle forms a loop in the axis as in fig. 48, a strand branching off from it forms the central bundle of the first true leaf. Fig.45, Pl. V, represents a section facing the embryo. The main radicle with its two lateral radicles to the right and left are all sur- rounded by a coleorhiza. Figs. 44 and 46 A and B, Pl. V, represent longitudinal and transverse sections through the whole fruit showing the relative size of endosperm to embryo. ; Holcus lanatus (fig. 51, Pl. VI.), Arrhenatherum elatius (fig. 49), and Danthonia spicata (fig. 50) all have a small epiblast and a single termi- nal radicle with the scutellum-bundle inserted directly under the plumule. Tribe CHLORIDE Æ. The Chloridew, according to the characters of their embryos, are more closely allied to the Andropogoneæ than to the Avenew and Festu- 3 cec, with which they are placed in Hackel'sclassification. The fruit varies d considerably both in regard to ifs form and the structure of the embryo. id There is a spherical nut-like fruit, as in Eleusine (fig. 52 A-D, PL VI), with a well-marked epiblast, and a long linear fruit with an embryo — more than half the size of the fruit itself and without an epiblast, as in : Spartina gracilis (fig. 53). The scutellum is inserted on the axis at SED some distance from the plumule. 4 Eleusine coracana (fig. 52 A-D, Pl. VI).—This peculiar nut-like fruit has an embryo with a very large epiblast. The radicle is in a hori- zontal direction, while a deep groove is present between the scutellum : and coleorhiza. The insertion of the scutellum-bundle is close to the base of the plumule, while the axis between the plumule and radicleis very short. Fig. 52 A represents a longitudinal section through the embryo, while at B we see the plumule with the large epiblast pro- ting it. 7 T fromthe plumule-sheath. One single vascular st ened node until it sends off a branch to the scutellum, and then con- tinues down into the very small radicle. Fig. 54 A, B, O show sections through the radicle, lengthened node, and plumule, respectively. It is : noteworthy faet that this is the only genus of the Chloridew examined which does not have an epiblast. : Astrebla pectinata (fig. 55, Pl. VI)—The embryo of Astrebla is very large, with a very small epiblast. A deep groove is present between the seutellum and the coleorhiza. The seutellum-bundle is inserted on he axis at some distance from the plumule, The axis terminates in a single radicle, which preserves its root structure until just before it reaches the insertion of the scutellum, where vascuiar bundles appear 33 Beckmannia eruceformis (fig. 60, Pl. VI), Bulbilis dactyloides (figs. 58 and 59, Pl. VI), and Leptochloa imbricata (fig. 56, Pl. VI) have about the same charaeteristies. Tribe FESTUCEJE. The embryo of the Festucew is usually small. There is, according to Bruns, great variation in the presence and absence of an epiblast in this tribe. Uniola latifolia (fig. 61, Pl. VII)—A broad epiblast reaehes about half the length of the plumule. The scutellum-bundle is inserted on the axis at some distance from the plumule, while the single radicle is turned obliquely outwards. Desmazeria sicula (fig. 63, Pl. VII), Cynosurus eristatus (fig. 64), and Panicularia aquatica (fig. 62, Pl. VII) all have the epiblast well marked. The scutellum-bundle differs from that of Uniola in being inserted directly at the base of the plumule. The axis terminates in a single radicle. Tribe HORDE. The tribe Hordew may be characterized as having large fruits. The embryo usually has several radicles and a lateral bud in the axil of the plumule-sheath. A transition seems to take place between those with- out an epiblast, as in Hordeum (fig. 65, Pl. VII), and those with a dis- tinetly formed epibiast as in Triticum (fig. 69, Pl. VII). Hordeum vulgare (fig. 65, 66 A-H, Pl VII. The fruit of Hordeum vulgare has many peculiarities not found in other grasses, There are two, and in some parts three, layers of gluten cells, while in nearly all grass fruits there is only one. This embryo often has, besides its main . radicle, eight secondary ones, three on each side of the scutellum and two in front. In the axil of the plumule-sheath next the scutellum there is a large lateral bud (see p. 20). By examining figs. A-F it will be seen that the scutellum-bundle is composed of two strands which unite just before their insertion on the axis. The scutellum is inserted on the axis at the base of the plumule, a secondary radicle also emerg- ing from it at this point, thus making the axis very short. At fig. 65 the bundles may be seen whieh belong to the first and second leaves and the vegetation point. Those of the plumule-sheath not being in the same plane are not represented. A transverse section through the upper part of the plumule (fig. 66) shows the opening in the sheath opposite to the scutellum and the two bundles situated laterally. Within is the upper part of the first true leaf. The seutellum shows a peculiar groove ou its convex side next to the endosperm (fig. 66, A, B). B shows a similar condition a little lower down through the plumule. At C and D the position of the first leaf opposite to the plumule-sheath, the second opposite the first, and the third opposite the second, accord- ing to the true distichous arrangement of all grass leaves may be noted. 20946— — 34 E shows a section taken at the base of the plumule with the bundles in E the axis whieh belong to the leaves of the plumule, also the two bun- dles of the disappearing plumule-sheath. At F the scutellum bundles are inserted on the axis. On the opposite side are two secondary rad- icles in the center of the bundles of the axis, while to the right and left appear the origin of the bundles of the plumule-sheath. At C the seutellum-bundles are no longer present, while three secondary radieles emerge from the axis. Four of the secondary radicles may be seen at H with the axis continuing down to form the main radiele. These rad- icles are all provided with a root-cap and surrounded by the coleorhiza. "Although no epiblast is found here yet there is a slight prominence which might indieate its abortion. Secale montanum (tigs. 67, 68 A and B, Pl. VII).—The structure of the fruit of Secale resembles that of Hordeum vulgare. There is how- ever only one secondary radicle. Not even a trace of an epiblast can be seen. The coleorhiza surrounds both radicles, forming a deep groove between them. At the base of the plumule-sheath next to the seutel- lum there is a lateral bud. The seutellum-bundle consists of a single strand, which is inserted on the axis almost directly at the base of the plumule. At this point branches are sent off into the plumule-sheath. The bundles in the axis belong to the leaves of the plumule while the axis continues down into the main radicle, a branch being sent off to the secondary radicle, Fig. 68 B represents a transverse section through the upper part of the plumule and A through the main and secondary radicles. Elymus virginieus (figs. 72 and 73, Pl. VIII).—The fruit of Elymus has a very small embryo at the base of a long fruit. Although the epiblast is not present yet there is a slight elevation which might be regarded as a remnant of it. The scutellum bundle consists of a single strand which curves around to the base of the plumule where it divides into three branches, two of them going into the plumule-sheath and the other continuing down into the axis and single radicle. A lateral bud is present in the axil of the plumule-sheath. Fig. 73 rep- resents à transverse section through the upper part of the plumule. Lolium rigidum (figs, 70, 71 A-C, Pl. VII). The embryo of Lolium resembles Secale montanum with only one large radiele. A lateral bud is present in the axil of the plumule-sheath. riticum estivum (fig. 69, Pl. VIT).— The fruit of Triticum stivum has been so frequently described by previous writers that it is not necessary to treat it at length here. An excellent treatise by Bessey is to be found in Bull. 32 of the N ebraska Agr. Exp. Station, 1894. Its embryo has a small epiblast, a main radicle, and two secondary ones situated in front to the right and left. There isa prominent lateral bud in the axil of the pl i i 2 ptumule-sheath. In al ee the tribe Hordew, n all other respects it resen 35 Tribe BAMBUSE X. A small plant of Arundinaria falcata bloomed in the Cornell nursery during the summer of 1898. About a dozen fruits were secured and sections of the embryo made. The fruit is oval and is covered by a pericarp, which easily separates from the endosperm and embryo. The embryo is small, with its scutel- lum almost completely surrounding the plumule (fig. 74, Pl. VIII). The vascular bundle traversing it is branched in ail directions, as shown in any of the transverse sections (fig. 76 A-J, PI. VIII). The plumule-sheath differs from all ho fruits of the Graminece investigated in having five vascular bundles instead of two. At its apex there is a well-marked slit or opening and only two vascular bundles (fig. 76 C). Figs. 76 D, E, F show the position of the five vas- eular bundles inelined toward the exterior side of the embryo. heleaves have seven vascular bundles and are arranged as in all grass embryos (fig. 76 E). The epiblast is large and broad, but does not extend far up on the plumule. Toward the base it is rectangular in cross section (fig. 76 G, H). The axis terminates in one large radicle (fig. 76 K). | RELATIONSHIP AND SYSTEMATIC CONNECTION OP THE TRIBES. Botanists disagree very generally as to which are the most primitive tribes of the grasses. The three great authorities on the subject are Hackel, Bentham,’ and Warming. Their classifications are as follows: . BENTHAM’S CLASSIFICATION. A. Panicacee. | B. Poacee. Tribe I. Panicez. | Tribe VII. Phalarideie. II. Maydes. | VIII. Agrostide: III. Oryzeæ. IX. Isachneæ IV. Tristegineæ X. Aveneæ I V. Zoysiex. | XI. Chlorideæ. VI. Andropogone:e. | XII. Festuceæ. | XIII. Hordes. | XIV. Bambuse:e HACKEL'S CLASSIFICATION. A. Panicacea. B. Poacee. Tribe I. Maye Tribe VII. Phalaridex. . ee UAE | VIII. Agrostide:. III. Zoysiex. | IX. Avene : IV. Tristegineæ. X. Chloridex. Y XI. Festuce:e. XII. Horden | . Panicezm, | VI. Oryzeæ. | w. | XIII. Bambuseæ. t Hackel, E. Echte Græser. Engler and Prantl, Pflanzenfamilien, 2?: 2 Eng. trans. by Scribner and Southworth, 189 ? Bentham, Geo. Notes on Graminez,” Jour. of the Linn. Soc., 19: 14-134, 1881-82, Warming, E., and Potter, C., Systematic Botany. 36 WARMING’S CLASSIFICATION. VI. Avene. Tribe I. Bambuse:. | Tribe VII. Agrostide:. I. Oryze:w. | VIII. Phalarideæ. III. Maydex | IX. Chlorideæ. IV. Andropogoneæ. | X. Panicee. V. Fes | XI. Horde. It will be noticed that Hackel's arrangement is in the main similar to that of Bentham, while Warming's varies, omitting the tribes Zoy- sie and Tristeginee. Bentham, on the one hand, regards the tribes Panicee, Maydew, and Oryzew, while on the other, Hackel places the Maydew, Andropogonee, and Zoysiee as the most primitive of the grasses, Warming, however, presents an entirely different view, and regards the Bambusec and Oryzee as the most primitive. This great difference of opinion is probably due to the faet that the can be said of his arrangement of the tribes. The Andropogonee together with the Maydeæ, Panicea, Tristeginew, and Zoysiec without doubt represent a very natural group of the Graminec, but it is a ques- tion whether they are the most primitive, If one studies the Andropo- gonee from the standpoint of their resemblance to other Monocotyle- dons one is unable to find the slightest trace of such resemblances in any of the genera, while among the Bambus and Oryze there are many similarities. The Bambusew are characterized as large, often tree-like, grasses, with woody, rarely herbaceous culms. The leaves are broad, some- times compound and usually petioled. There are from three to six, or many, Stamens while the prevailing number in the other Graminec is two or three. Usually three remarkably large lodicules? are present on the rhachilla. "There is great variation in the structure and in the form of the fruit. Both Munro? and Hackel* use fruit characters to divide the different genera into sections. They may be elassified as the berry-bearing and the true bamboos, the latter with linear Or oblong-linear fruits, like those of Avena and Triticum, with a distinet furrow down one side and the seutellum visible below. In the berry-bearing bamboos the caryopsis appears to be contained in an envelope somewhat analogous to the sac or perigynium which incloses the seed of Carex, In Melocanna bambusoides this covering e E., Andropogonew. De Candolle's Monographie Phaner. Rowlee, W. W. The Morphological Significance of the Lodicules of Grasses. Bot. Gaz. 25: 199-203, 1898. 5 Memoir on Bambusez, Trans. of the Linn. Soc. xxv1: Hackel, E., Echte Greser. Engler and Prantl, Pflanzenfamilien, 11°: p. 92. Eng. trans. by Scribner and Southworth. poete ae ee RE S AA 37 becomes very fleshy and the fruit attains the size of a large pear. Schizostachyum acutiflorum has very curious bundles of hairs on the scutellum, and the pericarp of the oblong fruit is quite loose and rugose. Some of the genera of the section Triglossee approach very closely in the structure of the spikelet the tribe Panicee. The Oryzew may be compared with the Bambusem. In regard to their leaves there is a great variety of forms, from broad, ovate, petiolate leaves in Pharus, to long, linear ones in Zizania, and short, narrow leaves rounded at the apex in Hydrochloa. There is also great varia- tion in the inflorescence. In some of the genera a number of bracts are arranged spirally around the main axis, while in others the inflores- cence is inclosed in a spathiform envelope. The normal number of stamens is six, although they vary from one to eight. The pistil usually branches into two plumose stigmas, with occasionally a three- branched style, as in Pharus. The lodicules vary from 2 to 3. There are long, linear fruits, as in Pharus, and oblong-linear fruits, as in Oryza. The Oryzec therefore resemble the Bambusee in the following respects: (1) They show great variation in the structure of their fruit and spike- jet. (2) Both have remarkably large epiblasts. (3) Some genera have the same number of lodicules. (4) Pharus has a style with three stig- mas. (5) Many of the genera have broad petiolate leaves and transi- tions between these to linear ones. (6) They have to a great extent the same geographical distribution, the larger number of the genera being indigenous to tropical America. It would appear therefore that the Oryzee are closely related to the Bambusew, and that together they represent the most primitive of the grasses, thus bringing them nearer to the other Monocotyledons (e. g., Palmacew). So far as it has been observed there appears to be no similarity between the Bambusew and Hordee, although they are looked upon by both Bentham and Hackel as being closely allied. The Zoysiew, Tristeginew, Andropogonee, Maydec, and Panicee, both according to the characters of the fruit and those of the inflorescence, according to Hackel’s classification, form another natural group, joined to the Oryzew through the Zoysiew and Tristeginew. The Chloridec, although regarded by both Hackel and Warming as being removed some distance from the Andropogonea, are like them in their fruit characters. The remaining tribes, Phalaridew, Agrostidew, Avenew, Festucee, and Hordee, from their fruit characters, form another group in the order named, which corresponds with the classification given by Hackel. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1. AGARDH, Dr. C. A. Über die Eintheilung der Pflanzen nach den Cotyledonen ; und besonders über den Samen der Monocotyledonen. 1 Nov. Act. C. B. C., | T XIII, P. 1. 1826. AGARDH, J. 0. W orte system. plant. 1856. 3. recte eid S. Om de primara caiga ap utveckling hos Monocotyledo- nerna, Svenska V. Ak. Bihang, Bd. 13, Abth. III, No. 12, p. 23 (2 plates). 1 1, 38. ne 889. 4. ASCHERSON, P. Uber die Fruchtbildung bei Oryza clandestina. Bot. Zeit., vol. 22, p. 350. 1864. BAILLOR, H. Sur le fruit du Rhizocephalus crucianelloides Boiss. Bull. mém. de a Soc. Linn. Paris, No. 127, p. 1012. à 6. BAILLON, H. Sur les péricarpes libres des eee Bull. Soc. Linn. Paris, No. 130, pp. 1036-1037. 1892. ; ; 7. BAILLON, H. Sur les Graminées à à ovules exceptionnels. Bull. Soc. Linn. Paris, pp. 699-701. 1887. 8. BAILLON, H. Le fruit du Thuarea, Bull. Soc. Linn. Paris, No. 137, pp. 1092-_ 1093. 1893. or 9. BAILLON, H. Suppression des Tristeginées comme tribe. Bull. Soc. Linn. Paris, 0. 136, pp. 1081-1087; 1093-1094. 1893. 10. BALFOUR, J. H. Manual of Botany, p. 628, Graminew. | ll. BEAL, W. J. A study of the 5 lengths of the sheaths and internodes of grasses for the purpose of determining to what extent this is a reliable specific character. Bot. Gaz., vol. 17, pp. 277-278. 1892 12. BEssEY, C. 5 Wheat and some of its products. Bull. 32, Agr. Exp. Sta. 8 13. ieee 1 n die merkwürdigsten Verschiedenheiten des entwickelten flanzen-Embryo. Linnwa. 1832. 14. BISCHOFF. Lehrbuch der Botanik, I. 1834 15. UNS, E. Der Grasembryo. Flora, vol. 76. 1892. 5 16. CASSINI, H. L'analyse de l'embryon des Graminées. Jour. de Physique, vol. 91. 1820. 17. CELAKOVSKY, L. J. Über die Homologien des Grasembryos. Bot. Zeit., Heft 9, Taf. IV, pp. 141-174. 1897. 18. Corowm, G. Recherches sur les stipules. Ann. des Sci. Nsturelles, ser. 7, vol. 6, pp. 19-28; 37-44. 1887. 19. DELPINO. Classification of the Monocotyledons. Mem. Reale Accad Bologna, vol. 6, pp. 83-116 E Review Bot. Centralb., vol. 67, p.370. Synopsis Bot. Gaz., vol. 22, p. 507 d 20. DEMOOR. pen eed dune des Graminées, Bull. de l'Aead. Roy. des Sci. de 21. . Pu ee lien til oplysning af Graskimens morphologi. Bot. F., Vol. XVIII, plates 1-4 e ee of Zea mays. Thesis for M. A. degree. Cornell Univ. 1897. EH x 39 DucHARTRE, P. Eléments de Botanique. Graminew, pp. 905-907. 1867. . DvTAILLY. Sur la préfeuille des Graminées. Bull. Soc. Linn. Paris, No. 27, p. 79. 3 . DUTAILLY. Sur les variations pe structure de la ligule des Graminées. Bull. 170. 1878. Soc. Linn. Paris, No. 22, p DUVAL-JOUVE, J. Diaphragmes vasculifères des Monocotylédons aquatiques. Mém. de l’Acad. de Montpellier, vol. 8, pp. 157-176, Pl. VIII. 1873. Review t. Zeit., No. 13. 1873. à 8 . J. Wistotaxte des feuilles des Graminées. Ann. des Sci. Natu- relles, ser. 6, vol. 1, pp. 294-371. (With 4 plates.) . EICHLER. Zur Entwickelungsgeschichte des Blattes mit besonderer Beriick- 861. sichtigung der Nebenblattbildungen. . ENGLER. Die systematische Anordnung der.monokotyledonen Angiospermen. Abhandl. Kónig. Preuss. Akad. Wissen. Berlin. . ENGLER und PRANTL. Pflanzenfamilien, II, 2, p. 2. 1897. Eng. trans. by Serib- 90. ner and Southworth. . FALKENBURG, P. Stammbau der Monocotylen. Vorläufiger Ber. in Nach von der Kónig. Ges. der Wiss. zu Góttingen. 1874. Review, Bot. Zeit., p. 751. 1874. A fed. m A. Zweiter Beitrag zur Keimblattbildung im Pflanzenreiche. Dot. 76. „ pp. 540-542, 1 Sa aas Beiträge zur Embryologie der. ani und Dicotylen-Flora. 34. GARTNER. De fructibus et seminibus plantaru 8 * 5 GIBELLE e FERRERO. Ricerche di anatomia e qu della Trapa natans. Malphigia, cinis 149144 hi bue Jo H h F t ie e mpar 1 y t de l'albumen nn. des Sci. Naturelles, ser. 6, vol. 19 “ kan Études morphologiques sur la famille des Graminées. Rev. des Sci. 1897. Naturelles, Montpellier, vol. 8. GOEBEL. Ein Beitrag zur Morphologie der Gräser. Flora, vol. 81. 1895. GOLINSKI, J. Sr. Ein Beitrag zur FFF des Androcceums es Gynocceums der Gräser. Bot. Centralb., vol. 55, pp. 1 ; hs = Recherches ere et physiologiques sur la ee nalion. pee vol. 2. 1864. s Sci. Naturelles, ser. : 3 CHR Bidrag til 5 om Gros Frugtens Byning hos forskjellige Slegter og Arter. Bot. Tidsskrift, III. R., Bd. I, pp. 140-174 (with 47 plates and French résumé). Kopenhagen. 1877. HaCKEL, E. ur les graines A deux téguments. Bull. de la Soc. Bot. de 1888. . JUSSIEU, P L. DE. Genera plantarum secundum ordines naturales disposita. 8. 17 p. : JUSSIEU, ADRIEN DE. Sur les embryons monocotylédons. Compt. Rend., vol. 9, pp. 1839. KLEBs. Beitrüge zur UA und Biologie der Keimung. Untersuch. aus d. Bot. Institut zu Tiibin KLINGE, L. Vergleichende Ristiologioohe Untersuchung der Gramineen und Cyperaceen-Wurzeln inbesonders der Wurzelleitbündel. Mém. de l’Acadé- - mie impér. des scien. de St.-Pétersbourg, Ser. VII (28), No. 12 (5 plates). 18 . KUbELKA, F. Ueber die Entwickelung und den Bau der Frucht und Samen- schale unserer Cerealen. Landw. Jahrbücher, p.460. 1875. . Laux, W. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Leitbündel im Rhizom monocotyler Pflanzen. Vehr. des Bot. Ver. der Prov. Brand., vol. 29, plates 2 and 3, pp 109. 1888 65-109. ; LE MaouT et DECAISNE. Traité général de Botanique. 1868. Eng. trans. by Mrs. Hooker and revised by J. D. Hooker. 1873. . LEsTIBOUDOIS. Phyliotaxie anatomique. dini. des Sci. Naturelles., ser. 3, vol. 1848. , P- . LERMER dud HOoLZzNER. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Gerste. Herausgeg. von G. Holzner, München, 106 pages (51 plates). 1888. Review Bot. Centralb., vol. 37, p. 317. Extract Brown and Morris. Chem. Soc. Jour. Trans., vol. 57. 1890 - MALPHIGI. Opera omnia. . MaNGUIN, L. 1681. r l'origine et l'insertion des racines adventices chez les Mono- ylédones, Bull. dela Soc. Bot. de France, vol. pel De 162-166. 1882. co . MiRBEL. Éléments de Physiologie végétale. Vol. I. . MIRBEL. Examen de la division des végétaux en 5 et Exorhizes. 1810. Munro, Geo. A Monograph of the Bambusew. Trans. of the Linn. Soc., vol. 26, pp. 1-157, plates 1-6. . NoBBE, FR. Ueber das Licht einen ee Einfluss auf boss Keimung T PENZ IG, O. Studi morfologici sui cereali. I anomalie sirvit nella Zea mays (frumentose). Sep.- bdr. aus Bollettino della Stazione agraria di Modena, n. IV, 17 pages . PoITEAU. Mémoire sur Peinbtyon des Graminées, des Cypéracées et du Nelumbo. 1808, POTTER, C. On the junction of the pr and stem in monocotyledonous plants. Procee = = Cambridge Soc., vol. 4, pp. 396-399. 1883. RASPaIL, e oo de la mag dans les organes de la fructification sace as et analyse microscopique de la fécule, suivie d’expériences as à en e la M en gomme. Ann. des Sci. Naturelles, ie 1, vol. 6, pp. 224-384 (with plates). - RASPAIL, M. Sur la formation de ns dans les Graminées. Ann. des Sci. Naturelles, ser. 1, vol. 1, pp. 295-319 (with plates). REGEL. Beobachtungen über den Ursprung der Stipeln. Linn:ea, vol. 17. 1843. 79. 80 5 o6 - R & 8 41 RErisSsECK, S. Monocotylischer Embryo. Bot. Zeit. ue L. Analyse des embryons et endorhizes ou me et part. de cel. d. 3 Lehrbuch, der Botanik, p. 474. 1868. Eng. trans, and revision by S.H 2. BANDEEN, n Hin till Kennedomen om Grasembryots byggnad och Utveck- li 1868. ing. Acta Univers. Lundens SCHACHT. Lehrbuch der Asten und Physiologie der Gewächse. 2. 1859. Und Das Microscop, p. 224. 186 2. SCHLEIDEN. Einige Blicke auf die Entwickel hichte des vegetab. Organ. bei den Phanerog. Wieg. Archiv, III, 1. 1 . SCHLICKUM, A. Morphologischer und ee Vergleich der Cotyledonen und ersten Keimblätter der Keimpflanzen der Monocotylen. Bibl. botan., Heft 35. 1896. SorLMs-LAUBACH, GRAF ZU. mee monocotyle Embryonen mit scheitelburtigem Vegetationspunkte. Bot. Zeit. 1878. . TOWNSEND, F. On some points 5 to the morphology of Carex and other 873. monocots. Jour. of Bot., pp. 162-166 TRECUL, A. Evolution de e des Graminées (2° partie). Types de structure du rachis N Ordre d’apparition des premiers vaisseaux. Comptes Rendus, vol. 90, pp. 211-2 H . TREVIRANUS. Von der Eutwiekelnng den Embryo und seiner Umhiillungen im 5. Pflanzen-Ei. TRUE, R. H. On the development of the caryopsis. Bot. Gaz., vol. 18, plates 24-26. 1 . TURPIN. Mémoire sur l'inflorescenee vs Cypéracées et Graminées. Ann. d. Mus. d’ Hist. Nat., vol. 5, p. 426. M AN 5 Pu. Observations diei sur hes cotylédon des Gramincées. 8 des Sei. Naturelles, ser. 5, vol. 15, pp. 275 (with plates). 18 VAN one Pu. Sur l'existence de feuilles sans méristéles dans a fleur de Phanérogames. Revue Générale de Botanique, vol. 8, } 896. VAN 8 Pu. Classification nouvelle des Phanérogames eid tig sur Tr ovule et la graine. Comptes Rendus, vol. 124, p. 919. 1897. VELANOVSKY, J. Morphologische Beobachtungen. Flora, pp. 451-459, 1 plate. 1887. WARMING, E. „ ks Phragmites communis. Bot. Notiser, pp. 165-166. 4 eview Dot. Cet ., vol. 21, p. 1885. WanMING, E. Haandbog i rn aystematiske Botubik. Eng. trans. by Potter. 895 5. . WILOZ EK. Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Baues der Frucht und des Samens der Cen 1 Cyperaceen. Bot. tralb., vol. 51, pp. 129, 193, 225, 257 (with plates). WILSON, A. STEPHEN. On the envelope of the plumule in the Grass embryo. Trans. and Proc. of the Bot. Soc. of Edinburgh, vol. 13, p. 437 (with plates). 100. ZoEBLE, A. Der anatomische Bau der Fruchtschale der Gerste, Hordeum dis- tichum. 9-181. Bot. Centralb., vol. 42, p. 179 Fic. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. “PLATE E 1. Coix lachrymæ-jobi, long. sec.; (x 7). 2 A-D. Coix lachrymæ-jobi, cross sec. of embryo; (x 9). 3. Zea Fae long. sec. of embryo; (x 4 A-F. Zea mays, cross sec. of N 6 14). 5. Tripsacum dactyloides, long. sec. ed embryo; (x 8). 6. Tripsacum dactyloides, long. sec.; (x 8). 7 A and B. Tripsacum e cross sec.; (x 8). PLATE IT. 8. Euchlena mexicana, long. sec. of embryo; (x 23). 9. Andropogon saccharatus, long. see.; (x 19). 10 A-C. Andropogon saccharatus, cross see.; (x 34). 11. Apluda cristata, long. sec.; (x 12). 12. Apluda cristata, cross se 13 A-E. Anthephora elegans, aig and cross sec.; (x 17). 14 A-D. Zoysia pungens, long and cross se 2). 1 A-D. Perotis latifolia, long. and cross HS SNR m Pennisetum spicatum, cross sec.; (x 16). 8. Pennisetum spicatum, cross sec.; (x 28). m E PLATE LH. 19. Chetochloa macrocheta, long. sec.; (x 13). 20. Paspalum pubiflorum glabrum, long. sec.; (x 20). . 91. Paspalum ꝓubiſlorum glab P eross sec.; (x 12). 22. Zizania aquatica, ae: 866. + (x5). . 22 Aand B. Zizania e : GM sec.; (X 10). 24 A-T. Zizania aquatica, cross sec. of embryo; (x €). PLATE IV. 25. Lygeum spartum, long. sec.; (x 6.5). 26 A-E. Lygeum spartum, cross see.; (x 18). 21. reed sativa, long. sec.; (x 7). 28. Homalocenchrus oryzoides, long. sec.; (x 14). . Anthoxanthum odoratum, long. sec.; (x 23). A = E = i E ^ S 5 oa 2 E . Stipa viridula, long. sec.; (x 14). . Stipa viridula, cross sec. ; Eriocom ta, ur sec.; è 17). 35. Eriocoma cuspidata, cross sec.; (x 43). 44 PLATE V. FIG. 36. Stipa richardsonii, long. sec.; (x 17 M 37. A and B. Stipa richardsonii, cross sec.; (x 24). A. Oryzopsis micrantha, long. and cross sec.; (x 14). 38 B. Oryzopsis micrantha, long. and cross sec.; (x 29), 39. Cinna arundinacea, long. sec.; (x 10). 40. Cinna arundinacea, cross sec.; (x 50). 41. Phleum pratense, long. sec.; (x 18). 42. Ammophila arenaria, long. sec.; (x 20). M 43. Brachyelytrum erectum, long. sec.; (x 6). | Avena sativa, long. sec.; (x 5). Hs 45. Avena sativa, long. sec. facing embryo; (x 6). 46 A and B. Avena sativa, cross sec.; (x 10). 47 A-G. Avena sativa, cross sec. of embryo; (x 13). PLATE VI. 52 A-D. Eleusine coracana, long. and cross sec.; (x 13). * 54 A-C. Spartina gracilis, eross sec.; (Xx 16). ec.; (x 20 - Bulbilis dactyloides, cross sec.; (x 18). . Beckmannia eruce formis, long, sec.; (x 26). PLATE VII. A-H. Hordeum vulgare, cross sec. of embryo; (x 18). 15). 68 A and B. Secale montanum, cross, sec.; (x 14). 69. Triticum cstivum, long. sec. of embryo; (x 13). PLATE VIII. 70. Lolium rigidum, long. sec.; (x 16). 71 A-C. Lolium rigidum, cross sec. ; (x 24). 72. Elymus virginicus, long. sec. ; (x 11). 73. Elymus virginicus, cross sec.; (x 32). 74. Arundinaria falcata, long. sec. of embryo parallel to scutellum; (x 19). 75. Arundinaria faleata, long. sec. of embryo; (x 16). 76 A-K. Arundinaria falcata, cross sec, of embryo; (x 29). 2 , Bul. 19, Div. of Agrostology. PLATE I. STRUCTURE OF THE CARYOPSIS OF GRASSES. iom wo — PLATE ll. v pi EM uS . . er OSA V Oda BN OP QN AS P 155 55 ^ PX 8 * prr TS pia En Em ST. 5 A FEINTEN 5 8 e Mes T EUN UAE r e Y eu 7 Cre Bul. 19, Div. of Agrostology. STRUCTURE OF THE CARYOPSIS OF GRASSES. Bul. 19, Div. of Agrostology. g gy PLATE III. STRUCTURE OF THE CARYOPSIS OF GRASSES. Bul. 19, Div. of Agrosto'ogy. gy PLATE IV. STRUCTURE OF THE CARYOPSIS OF GRASSES. Bul. 19, Div. of Agrostology. - grostology PLATE V. STRUCTURE OF THE CARYOPSIS OF GRASSES. Bul. 19, Div. of Agrostology. PLATE VI. STRUCTURE OF THE CARYOPSIS OF GRASSES. Bul. 19, Div. of Agrostology. PLATE VII. STRUCTURE OF THE CARYOPSIS OF GRASSES. Bul. 19, Div. of Agrostology. - PLarE VIII. E OF THE CARYOPSIS OF GRASSES. STRUCTUR