CANADIAN HORTICULTURAL HISTORY an interdisciplinary journal HISTOIRE DE L HORTICULTURE AU CANADA revue interdisciplinaire Vol. 2, Nos. 1 & 2, 1989 CENTRE FOR CANADIAN HISTORICAL HORTICULTURAL STUDIES ROYAL BOTANICAL GARDENS Hamilton, Ontario Canada L8N 3H8 Tel. (416) 527-1158 Canadian Horticultural History publishes deni research papers on the history of Canadian horticulture and related discipline he wide range of interest in all phases of horticulture is interpreted in the pericete sense to include these subject areas: historical garden restorations an structions; biographies of arboreta, experimental stations, commercial naarseries and seed firms; accounts a communications, book reviews, announcements and news of conferenc ces. L'Histoire de I’horticulture au Canada publie des études originales sur |I’histoire de |.horticulture et des disciplines connexes au Canada. 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(416) 527-1158 JUN 24 1991 GARDEN LIBRARY Dene Sen ccd: Ree EN ig Me eon) CANADIAN HORTICULTURAL HISTORY HISTOIRE DE L’HORTICULTURE AU CANADA CONTENTS Vol. 2, Nos. 1 & 2, 1989 Botanical exploration of the Canadian watershed of Lake Huron during the nineteenth century. James S. Pringle 4-88 Ow Southampton Sudbury en Sound Collingwood Barrje D @ a% ! ' ' \ "aoa % moe Torontoe_ ag Hamilton® => 4 inn +h - 2 4 y this study. en, — ~ Canadian Horticultural History/Histoire de I’horticulture au Canada 1(1 & 2): 4-88, 1989 BOTANICAL EXPLORATION OF THE CANADIAN WATERSHED OF LAKE HURON DURING THE NINETEENTH CENTURY ' es S. Pringle Royal Botanical Be aaa” ox 399, Hambnad: Ontario, L8N 3H8 Abstract Early botanical exploration of the Lake Huron basin in Canada was mainly by British horticulturists, along with a few government appointees and travelers of Ow and later of Hamilto a dint 3 contributions to floristic exploration in th region during the 1oev% ntury were ma y n Macoun of Alfred University and later of the Bascekeat Survey so pti Resumé By sheet précoce botanique du bassin du Lac Huron au Canada fut fait prin- p. des universités sont devenus de plus en plus importants chez | Cc s environ 1 usqu’a la fin le, ol- lectioner les im des es encouragea botanise les naturalistes mateurs de la région. La Société botanique du Canada, ae’ ne dura pas lon ps, stitué par ut particuliérement important dans ce rd pendant les années 1860es; plus tard, plusieurs groupes locaux d turalistes et académi de science ont pris un rdle ilaire s important parmi les collectioneurs a teurs de la ion furent Jessie D. Ro e Owen S Bur floristique dans la région pendant le 19eme siécle furent faites par John Macoun de Alfred University et plus tard de la Commission géologique du Canada Introduction I tanical Beachcombers and Explorers, a study of the history of botany, particularly floristics, in the Upper Great Lakes region, Voss (1978) presented ‘’a few words about the east side of Lake Huron,” but noted that “the Canadian basin of that lake deserves a fuller historical. treatment.”” That fuller treatment is the purpose of this paper. 1Contribution No. 65 from the Royal Botanical Gardens, Hamilton, Ontario. Traduction de Caireen Brain. Although — called for such a study, he commented that ‘The east shore of Lake Huron seems actually to have received little botanical attention in the 19th sbi Neate e Gicaiectionably. the botanical exploration of the Canadian shore did lag behind that of the Michigan shore. The first known botanical the Canadian shore of Lake Huron itself. By this time, most of the distinctive shoreline species of the Upper Great Lakes (see Guire & Voss, 1963) had been discovered and published upon by Thomas Nuttall, who explored portions of the Michigan shore of Lake Huron in 1810, or even earlier by André Michaux, who encountered outlying populations of some of these species at Lake Mis- tassini in present-day Québec in 1792. Likewise, many of the prairie species were a number of persons, many of them poorly known to botanical historians, who did make significant contributions to floristics in this region during the nineteenth century. The geographic area covered in the present study is the Canadian water- shed of Lake Huron, from the outlet of Lake Geo ae to the head of a = well-known botanical explorers, namely David Aaa (1798-1834), pie i: : : tained some specimens in the vicinitey of Sault Ste. Marie in 1831: ‘and Zina Pitcher (1797-1872), whose botanical explorations in the 1820s probably extended to the Ontario side of the St. Mary’s River. (For references on these persons, see Desmond, 1977, and Voss, 1978.) Mention is made of two explorers who probably sent horticultural material to Europe from this region in the seventeenth and eighteenth cen- the voyages of explorers, missionaries, and traders. Devitt (1934) and Voss (1978) are among those who have reviewed some of this early literature. The present study, however, deals only with those persons who collected botanical published papers nor preserved botanical specimens, but whose knowledge of the local flora was enthusiastically ight eg to others, doubtless including some of the individuals who are mentioned her ? References by Macoun (1883-1902) to Maclagan specimens from Owen Sound appear to represent confusion of Jones Falls just west of Owen Sound hed Daaingy Falls in Leeds County, in which area Maclagan is known to have This paper deals only with those who collected Embryophyta; no at- tempt has been made to investigate the history of collecting restricted to algae, fungi, or lichens. A useful technique in determining who collected specimens pertinent to this study has been, when visiting herbaria, to examine specimens of some twenty or thirty species that are a of unusual habitats in the Lake Huron basin but are uncommon or un wn elsewhere in Ontario. These habitats include the dune-panne complexes =e oh eastern shores o Lake uron; the cliffs of the Bruce Peninsula and nearby islands; and acidic shores and oligo- trophic lakes in the Muskoka and Parry Sound districts. As a result, only one fe) specimens collected by several persons mentioned here hav eb e e infe eve s b e represented by several to many more specimens, from the Lake Huron basin and often elsewhere as well, of more widely distributed species. Names of persons known to have preserved botanical specimens from the for some persons mentioned incidentally follow their names in the text. Stand- ard abbreviations for herbaria follow Holmgren et al. (1981). Early exploration and collection for Hooker’s Flora Boreali-Americana Of the seventeenth-century missionaries, it is perhaps a to mention here those of the Récollet_ order who established a mission nea hem, 6 ole Frére Gabriel bi (to which name he added the agnomen Théobat), was also responsible for the introduction of some species from the Rees een Peninsula to European horticulture “Pringle, 1988). ere is one eighteenth-century botanical explorer who should be mentioned here because of the extent of his accomplishments, even though these did not include any definite ee to the knowledge of the flora of the Lake Huron basin. This is Francis Masson (1741-1805), a native of Aber- deen, Scotland, who became an un ce -gardener at Kew in 1771, shortly before Joseph (later Sir Joseph, Bt.) Banks took over “the directing of botanical acti- vities at Kew” (see Turrill, 1959, on this phase of Kew history). Banks “‘planned to grow in the botanic garden plants from all over the world,”’ and to this end appointed Masson its first official collector. From 1772 through 1795 Masson sent plants to Kew from many parts of the world, most notably from South greatest ce iin at least to British horticulture, the Cape heaths, pee African Erica species Masson‘s next destination was Canada. This change from tropical and subtropical climates may not have been Banks’s original plan for Masson; it appears, instead, that Masson’s intended destination was the British West Indies, w it beca i i i seeds of 123 species, and a quantity of herbarium specimens. Masson’s health began to decline about this time, and the number of plants he sent to Banks (Michx.) Salisb., to England.( Primarily from Jarrell, 1983, supplemented by material from Britten, 1884, and Coats, 1969.) Masson’s voyage of 1799 took him through a part of the area covered by the present paper, but whether he obtained any material for Kew on that portion of his journey is unknown. The rate of travel of the North West Com- 2) 4 ao) Oo w ae oa < nn 2) 3 ise] ° h ot = oD r plants he sent from Canada were the pro- genitors of the types of names based on plants cultivated at Kew. son (infra). Hooker, however, was a proponent of floras for all parts of the British Empire, and was particularly interested in the flora of British North America (Hooker, 1825). He had, moreover, recently completed botanical aendices to Captain (later Rear Admiral Sir) William Edward Parry‘’s nar- ratives of three of his expeditions to arctic North America, and he had access to specimens collected in North America by David Douglas on behalf of the Horticultural Society of London. Hooker therefore expanded the scope of the Flora Boreali-Americana, making it a flora of British North America When writing the Flora Boreali-Americana, Hooker was Regius Pro- fessor of Botany at the University of Glasgow. (He became Director of the British North America before Hooker was commissioned to prepare the botani- cal accounts of the Parry and Franklin expeditions. The Flora Boreali-Americana was the first major flora to Meliigtes on and to deal with all of British North America, and the only one to cover all of present-day Canada until the publication of John Macoun’s (1883-1902) pi logue of Canadian Plants. The lasting importance of the Flora Boreali-Americana conferred a special significance to botanical history upon the many consci- entiously acknowledged persons who oat ovided specimens for it. (For citations of many publications on Hooker, see Desmond, 1977, and Stafleu & Cowan, 1979.) first botanical collector in the eastern watershed of Lake Huron, e in quest of both herbarium specimens and horticultural material. Goldie had studied under Hooker at the botanical garden in Glasgow, and those specimens that Goldie was able to ship back to Scotland became part of Hooker’s her- barium. There are several biographical publications on Goldie (listed by Ewan, 1968), and his jo journal of his North American travels has been published (Spawn, mati the region being considered here. At this time he explored the territory around the southern end of Lake Simcoe from a base of operations at “the upper landing place’ on the Holland River [ca. 2.4 km NNW of the present community na Holland Landing] (Goldie, in Spawn, 1967). Although the period spent e was brief, this was, according to Reznicek (1980), ‘‘clearly ... one of the high! ights of Goldie’ s summer travels. In this area, Goldie discovered a remarkable complex of dry prairies and savannahs, fens, and Larix swamp forest, a portion of which was observed by Reznicek (1980) still to exist in 1976 much as it had in 1819. Here Goldie re- corded seeing some sills species, such as Euphorbia corollata L. and Asclepias tuberosa L., that are uncommon and highly localized in that part of Ontario. Goldie also found sabe rare3 calciphytes then new to science, viz., Ranunculus rhomboideus Goldie, from open, dry, sandy sites, and Drosera linearis Goldie realized that the species so named had been described four years earlier as Lonicera hirsuta A. Eaton. pecies are referred to as “rare” or more specifically as “provincially e”’ or “nationally rare’ in this paper on the basis of their being listed as such “a Piel ‘ White (1977). 1825, Captain (later Sir and, posthumously, Rear Admiral) John Franklin and the other officers of his Second Land Expedition to the Polar = visited the Naval Establishment at Penetanguishene, en route from New ork to the Arctic via York [Toronto], Lake Simcoe, Georgian Bay and Lake — The surgeon-naturalist on this expedition was Dr. (later Sir) John tion. Other members of Franklin’s Second Land Expedition included Lieutenant (later Captain Sir) George Back (1796-1878), who, on this expedition, col- lected plants along the Arctic coast, and who later led expeditions of his own; and Lieutenant Edward Nicholas Kendall (1800-1845), who Spot eh pose Hooker with specimens from New Brunswick. Thomas Drumm as also a member of the Franklin party, as assistant naturalist, ainouchs he was to separate from the main party at Cumberland House, in present-day Saskatchewan, to explore the Rocky Panes. Drummond was at that time about to begin his activities as one of the most important early botanical ex- i i la s e Stafleu & Cowan, 1976; Desmond, 1977, and references therein; ee ica 1980; and, on Kendall, Harper, 1970). The Franklin party passed through Upper Canada in April 1825. The first — specimens collected, as would be — so early in the season, were mosses, including Fontinalis dalecarlica B.S.G., from “a rivulet at Holland oO a] 2 So Oo Cc ] ao = 8 o Cc ) _ oO oo #9 ° °O =| Cc 3 ° be 2. 2 wn n 1902). Some o m ‘s other specimens from Upper Can ada, without specific locality data, were Sable also collected at this time, including some of the nomenclatural types cited by Ireland & Ley (1984). Research Institute). The party left Penetanguishene 23 April 1825, as soon as the ice conditions permitted travel by cano e. Nevertheless, before leaving, they rapidly as possible, rather than spend their limited summer time exploring Upper Canada. This they did, arriving at Sault Ste. Marie on 1 May 1825. There are only a few other collections from “‘Canada’’ by Richardson and Drummond cited in the Aetd pitt? -Americana. These specimens, representing species hate ng in midsu r later, che as Nymphaea odorata Ait. and Brasenia schreberi S.G. sy i Hydropeltis purpurea Michx.), or collected with ripe fruits, must have been obtained on the return voyage in 1827. In view of the rapid pace, the flowering times of the plants, and the restricted use of the name Snel in Franklin’s Narrative, it is probable that all or most of these specim were collected well down the Ottawa River, or in the more relaxed x api after the party ve at Lachine. While at Penetanguishene, Richardson met the medical officer of the Naval Establishment, Clement wipes Todd. Todd had been based at the naval hospital in Kingston during the latter part of the War of 1812-1814 and im mediately thereafter, and had ie. aboard H.M.S. Confiance in the Battle a Lake Champlain. He had subsequently spent two years at the Naval Establish- ment at the mouth of the Grand River (Port Maitland), before ig assigned to Penetanguishene in 1819 (Wood, 1926; Anonymous, 1981; Pringle, 1986- 1988). Todd, who was described by Bayfield (H.W. Bayfield in epist. to J.W Also, using Pursh’s Flora Americae Septentrionalis for identification, Todd had already collected a modest number of botanical specimens. One can readily imagine Todd's delight at the arrival of ascientific party at this small and isolated outpost, where he and a lieutenant were the only officers. Richardson told Todd about Hooker’s projected flora of British America and of his interest in obtain- ing specimens from Upper Canada for this purpose, and encouraged Todd to collect plants more extensively in 1825 and 1826 (Pringle, 1986-1988). specimens provided by Todd, representing 204 taxa according to the material from Upper Canada.4 These taxa, by their distribution, indicate that Todd explored much of present-day — County, and possibly regions species of restricted distribution, sai es uch species as Parnassia glauca Raf. (as P. caroliniana renige in the , Hypericum kalmianum L., and Satureja arkansana (Nutt.) Brig. (as Micrane glabella (Michx,) Benth.), which grow in the dune-panne piste at along the shore of much of the Penetanguishene Peninsula (see maps by Guire & Voss, 1963). Of particular interest in this cate- gory was a specimen called Linum virginianum L. by Hooker, but later desig- nated the noone of the name L. medium (Planch.) Britt. Linum medium, if circumscribed so as to comprise pete the allotetraploid populations, is Ontario’ s only known ater vascular-plant species> Other uncommon species collected 4 Although bryophytes were not dealt with in the Flora Boreali-Ameri- cana, Todd also sent some mosses to Hooker, as indicated in citations by Macoun & Kindberg (in Macoun, 1883-1902, 6:83, 197) 5Old records from the vicinity of Lake Erie, including one from Pennysl- vania, were noted by Dugal (1984), but plants from the Lake Erie area were previously found to be diploids by Harris (1968; also C.M. Rogers, pers. comm. ca. 1969), and were included in var. texanum (Planch.) Fern. with the comment that this taxon might better be recognized as a distinct species. by Todd include psammophytes, such as Spiranthes lacera Raf. (as S. gracilis Bigelow) and Si/ene antirrhina L., that were probably found in the open pine woods on outwash plains or glacial-lake terraces. Historically significant speci- mens represented several naturalized species, including the first record of the now-abundant Hesperis matronalis L. from North America. Nomenclaturally significant specimens collected by Todd included, in addition to the type of the name Linum medium, syntypes of the names Hyperi- cum elipticum Hook. and Gentiana andrewsii Griseb., still in use, respectively, for a species of St. John‘s-wort and the most widely distributed species of the bottle gentians; and a syntype of the name Spiranthes decipiens Hook., the Ribes huronense Rhdb., names now relegated, respectively, to taxonomic synonymy under Goodyera ob/ongifolia Raf., Arabis drummondii A. Gray, and Ribes cynosbati L. (Todd’s specimens are discussed further in Pringle, 1986- 1988). e 1830s, ornamental trees and shrubs introduced from North Robert Brown, a partner in the Perth, Scotland, nursery of Dickson & Brown (subsequently Dickson & Turnbull). Brown is best known in horticultural his- of William McNab, who in 4 was Curator of the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Later, James McNab himself became Curator of the Royal Botanic a , after having served as Curator of the Garden of the Royal Caledonian both Brown and McNab, see Desmond, 1977, and references cited therein; on McNab, see especially Fletcher & Brown, 1970). : In North America, Brown and McNab hoped “to see the perfection to which North American plant species attain in their native soils,” thus to “’be better able to judge the degree of perfection to which they are capable of being © Although, at least in Canada, the orthography “McNab” is sometimes considered to be a solecism, Dr. E. Charles Nelson (in epist., 1987), who has was James McNab by the mid-1800s, e.g. as stamped on his herbarium sheets. It appears, however, that James McNab often used the form “Macnab” in earlier years, ome this was the form used in the two papers by him cited here and was a ook New York. From Fort Niagara they went to Niagara Falls, where they began their overland journey through Upper Canada. Thence they traveled to Hamilton, Brantford, near which they found some notable prairie species, and London and entered the Lake Huron watershed near the present site of Lucan, en route comfortably, in farm wagons; the notorious ‘Black Donnellys’ had not yet begun their London-Exeter stage service.) Along they passed through continuous forest, much of it dominated by huge elms, many of them 1-2.5 m in diameter (Macnab [sic] , 1835b). and Brown arrived in Goderich in late August, 1834. According to McNab (1835a), ‘With the exception of one of the New Jersey swamps, the portion of [North America] from which [they] reaped the greatest harvest of size, ~ logs of these species with 300-400 annual rings. He also noted contig Jersey, where McNab made a number of historically significant collections in the Pine Barrens. The herbarium specimens that McNab obtained on this ex- edition were made available to Hooker in time for citation in parts 8-12 of the Flora Boreali-Americana. ree taxa new to science were discovered by McNab and Brown in the area covered by the present paper (Nelson & Dore, 1987), and were named by McNab (1835a) upon his return to Scotland. The first was the white-petalled form of the cardinal flower, now (Pringle, 1988a) known as Lobelia cardinalis L. forma a/ba (McNab) St. John, encountered along the Goderich Road just north of the present site of Exeter. By the e stuary of the aol pie: = Goderich, McNab discovered a new species of valerian that he named Pat: longifolia. The species is still accepted as distinct, but the ESS longifolia could not legitimately be transferred to Va/eriana, so the species is now know by the later name Va/eriana edulis Nutt. ex T.&G., with the subspecies ae o Goderich being called ssp. ci/iata (T.&G.) E. Meyer. The gentian named Gentiana barbata Froel. [var.] 8 browniana Hook. ex McNab, for McNab‘s arianian on this expedition, is now usually recognized at the rank of species, as Gentianopsis virgata (Raf.) Holub (Gentiana procera Holm). Other notable collections in- dune-panne complexes, e.g. Zigadenus glaucus (Nutt.) Nutt. (reported as chloranthus Richardson), Cacalia plantaginea (Raf.) Shinners (as C. tuberosa Nutt.; first report for Canada), and Prenanthes racemosa Michx. The Hooker - Macoun interval: beginnings of botanical exploration by Canadians The completion of Hooker’s Flora Boreali-Americana removed a major impetus for botanical collecting in British North America. After the journey of McNab and Brown, there appears to have been a oe s about 23 years in the botanical exploration of the i basin of Lake Hu It was during this interval — in 1848 — that some members of Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz’s well-known expedition to Lake Superior, including Agassiz (1807-1873) himself and James Elliot Cabot (1821-1903), who wrote the narrative of the expedition (in Agassiz, 1850), returned via Bruce Mines, Sturgeon collected, mostly by Charles Greely Loring, Jr. (1828-1902), brother-in-law of Asa Gray; these constituted the basis for a phytogeographic discourse by Agassiz ( but there is no “ronan that any botanical specimens were collected on this part of the journe e first person who did ates botanical specimens in the vicinity of Lake Hira Canada West, after 1834 was apparently Rev. William ine the native of Cork, Ireland, who, prior to coming to Msi in 1853, had eat at Manchester College in York, England, served as a Unitarian a eo and been professor of natural history at the viatet in Cork. He was known not as a scientist but also as an advocate of liberal causes, inckeding shorter working hours and the abolition of slavery and capital punishment. In Canada, his diverse interests continued to be represented in his publications, the topics of which encompassed botany, zoology, psychology, and economics. However, despite Hincks’s liberal views noted above, McKillop (1982) cited him as an exe mplar, during his latter years on the facult ty, of the “old guard, ... British training and outlook,’ who resisted proponents of more Canadian representation on the faculties of Ontario universities, and also noted his anti- whereas Thomas Henry Huxley been more highly recommen by his academic peers. Nevertheless, Hincks’s appointment was not without consider- able benefit to natural history, and in particular to botany, in Ca est many British plants and a small collection from the United States.” These speci- mens became the necleus of the University of Toronto herbarium.’”2 At least vy other plant collectors mentioned in this study, namely John Gibson, B.S Most of Hincks’s botanical collections were made in the Toronto area, but he i extensively in southern Canada West in his studies of the flora (note localities mentioned by Hincks, 1864).2 Of greatest interest in the present context is his 1857 visit to Owen Sound, where he made the first discovery of two rare aint Phyllitis scolopendr rium (L.) Newm. var. americanum Fern., the hart’s-tongue fern n, Moke Polystichum lonchitis (L.) Roth, the holly fern, at any of their now-fam Ontario localities (Hincks, 1864; Lawson, 1864; att, w a Schuck Bebb, John Howard Redfield, and others i in the United States. e next naturalist to botanize in the area discussed here was a resident of Mic Rigas Edward Payson Austin, who had studied at the University of Michigan from 1857 to 1859 but who had not received a degree. Upon leaving Upper Great Lakes until 1863. His chief contribution to botanical exploration in the Great Lakes region was a quantity of specimens collected in the vicinity of Fort Gratiot [now Port Huron, Michigan] in 1860, from localities on both sides of the border. Of particular interest is a specimen of the nationally rare orchid Apectrum aoe (Muhl.) Torr., found at Ipperwash 3 June 1860 (A. A. Reznicek, in epist., 1986). During the 1870s, Austin was employed by the Office of the Nautical praia in Washington, D. and by the U.S. War Department Engineers, with whom he made astronomical observations for a ber of papers. In 1874, Austin joined the staff of the observatory at Harvard University and was also one of the founding members of the Cambridge Ento- mological Club, although, contrary to a statement by Jones (ms. quoted by Lenz, 1986), he was never editor or “owner” of the Club’s journal, Psyche. He also conducted a “’Natural History et (advertised in Psyche), selling en- Sree ed supplies and sets of i specimens, and apparently also some plant specimens that he collected in roel: ae me specimens had previously been collected by Henry Holmes Croft (1820-1883), who had come to Toronto as professor of chemistry and experi- mental philosophy when the university (then the University of King’s College) began operations in itt These specimens were incorporated into the univer- sity diac ium wid Hine nckses of Toronto collected plant specimens now in TRT. Soper’s tes ie Boivin’ s (1980) references to ““(C.) W. Hincks’”’ apparently resulted, at least in the first instance, from the misreading of the handwritten “Gul.,” an abbreviated Latinization of “William,” as ‘““C.W.’’ Confusion of Rev. William Hincks with Dr. Clarence Meredith Hincks, who graduated from the University of Toronto Medical School i ig I h con n is presumably responsible for Lanjouw & Stafleu’s (1957) statement that Clarence Meredith Hincks collected in Ontario from 1837 to 1861, dates incompatible with the biographical data presented by McKay (in Wallace, 1978; see also Barnhart, 1965), in which C.M. Hincks’ life-span is given as 1885-1964. °Hincks planned to write a flora of Canada (in the pre-Confederation sense), but this project was never completed. Although Austin’s contributions to botany were modest, a complete account of his life would have been very much of interest, because there are indications that it might especially well illustrate the impact of the profession- Apagee of biology upon amateur naturalists in the 1880s. His announcement f a trip to Arizona in 1881, ‘‘primarily on business, but collaterally with saison to the insects to “s found” (Mann & Trelease, 1881), indicates that he had begun a transition to a new career before leaving ‘Cambridge. A decline in the submission of AP sie RS for Psyche and in attendance at meetings indicate problems in the Cambridge Entomological Club about that time, and the news columns of Psyche made no mention of the departure of a member of the executive from Cambridge in 1882. stin went to Salt Lake City, Utah, where he became an assayer His prolific authorship of entomological papers ceased abruptly, but he continued to indicate an interest in Coleoptera in information sent to The Naturalists’ Directory for another thirteen years (Cassino, 1898), and id writ- ings of Samuel Hubbard Scudder indicate that Austin maintained contact with that prominent entomologist at seat until ca. 1890. As an assayer, Austin was icageagen in 1891 by Marcus Eugene Jones, a geologist and mining engineer who became best known for his Rotana age dy se his publications on the flora of pe western United States pacila 986). Jones’s oli contain no mention of botanical activities with Aust Cassino (1898) last received data for The Naturalists’ Directory from Austin in 1895. It was probably about this time that Austin returned to Mas- sachusetts. As of 1903, he was living in Somerville and was a member of the Boston Society of Natural History (Allen, 1903). The following year he was not so listed; as far as the secretary was aware, however, he had not died, so he may merely have chosen not to renew his membership. No other information on Austin in Somerville has been encountered, despite searches kindly con- ducted by George K. Hart and Pamela B. Colt of the staff of the New England and Somerville History Collection, the Public Library of the City of Somerville. They reported that no pee: with his initials was listed in the 1907 city di- rectories. Assuming that the B.S.N.H. membership list is correct, it may be, o course, that Austin came 2 Somerville after BN bis ae the 1903 directory had been compiled and died or moved prior t A ame is — from the general and obituary indices to the Sonaviiie pe sat (G.K. Hart & P.B. Colt, in epist., 1988). (Information on Austin, where not Bade AP noe is from Mann, 1874, and Voss, 1978.) The Heeenionss ~~ in Upper Canada (Canada West after 1841) illustrate the contrast between the botanical history of Ontario and that of the mes, ences Allen eka Thomas Gibson Lea, John Leonard Riddell, and Charles Wilkins Short, all of whom were American-born and educated. Prevented by a history of two wars from continued identification with the British ae institutions, the United States had quickly founded its own; here were at least three universities and colleges in Kentucky and two in Ten- sag before the end of the eighteenth century, and others in Ohio and Michi- n by 1820. Canada West, in contrast, had no functioning universities until 1841. The early universities of Canada West were, moreover, “not founded in order to advance the state of Knowledge ...[but] to promote the cause of de- nominational religion’ (McKillop, 1982), which orientation, along with their Toronto to found the Literary and Philosophical Society of Upper Canada was dismissed by the powerful Anglican Archdeacon (later Bishop). ide Strachan with the comment that ‘such a society would scarcely be required in Upper pk for another hundred years.’’ Fothergill’s proposals for a botanical gar- en, provincial museum, and other cultural institutions likewise came to naught Pie 1944). All of the major botanical collectors in Upper Canada cited by Hooker — Douglas, Drummond, Goldie, Maclagan, McNab, Richardson, and d — were only temporarily in North America; they returned to their homes in Britain, and there, also, went the specimens they had collected. radual changes resulted from the growing population of Upper Canada and the formation of the United Province of Canada in 1841. The accompanying educational institution, although he had received his education and established his reputation in Ireland. The role of Canadians in education and science in- creased further following Confederation in 1867, which permitted the develop- ment of a national cultural identity and the establishment of federally supported research institutions. The first Saag As collector in the Lake Huron basin to have been born and educated in Can as Robert Bell, called ‘‘one of Canada’s leading ex- eel 3 Voss atee “Bell, in 1860, was a staff member of the Geological Survey of Canada and also an engineering student at McGill University. The previous summer, he had led a geological party exploring the north shore of Lake Ba and had traced the Silurian outcrops along the Niagara Escarpment from Owen Sound to Niagara Falls. From 10 September to 6 October 1860, after bwin explored portions of both the Canadian and Michigan shores of Lake Superior, Bell proceeded to Lake Huron, where he continued his geological studies and also collected plants on St. Joseph and Pallideau islands, at Bruce Mines, around the mouths of the Thessalon and Mississagi rivers and on nearby islands, on Great Cloche and Manitoulin islands, and finally at Owen Sound. Bell (1861) published a list of the plants collected, among which were some of the rien alvar species of the islands, including the nationally rare Astragalus neglectus (T.&G.) Sheldon (as A. cooperi A Gray). Identification of the plants was Bao Ne to Braddish Billings, Jr. (1819-1871), an amateur botanist of Prescott (shortly thereafter of Ottawa; on Billings, see Dore, 1962, 1968). Bell received his C.E. degree from McGill in 1861, and entered full-time p included a study of geological formations west of the Escarpment, from Haldi- mand to Bruce County, in 1861, and a survey of Manitoulin Island in 1865. Apparently he did little cag fess on these occasions, although, according to Hincks (1864), he collected Phy//itis Tlonewian: at Owen Sound in 1861. 10Goldie eventually did return to Canada, where he spent the last 42 years of his life, but he did little in botany during this peri riod. From 1863 to 1867, Bell served as interim professor of chemistry and natural history at Queen’s University, following the resignation of George Lawson — although he continued his work for the Geological Survey during the summer. In 1866, he undertook another survey expedition to northern Lake Huron, accompanied by his brother, John Bell, who had just received the degree of M.D. from McGill (on John Bell, see Anonymous, 1878, 1879). On this expedition, John Bell did the botanical collecting and published the account of the plants seen (J. Bell, 1870). Before proceeding to the islands, the Bells spent several days at Owen Sound, where John Bell obtained a number of speci- mens, including several rare ferns. The Bells left Owen Sound in mid-July and proceeded to Cape Smith, Wikwemikong Bay, Little Current, and Gore Bay on Manitoulin Island, and Whiskey [now William] Island hevpaltet to the east; thence to Mississagi Island in the North Channel and Bruce Mines on the main land; to St. Joseph Island, where Bell botanized at Hilton Beach, ichardeon Point, Hay Point, and several other localities to Little Cockburn and Cockburn islands, the latter being extensively explored, with specimens being collected at Thompson Point, Sand d Bay, cLeod’s Harbour, Point Huronia, and other localities on the coast and in the interior; to Drummond Island, Michigan; and ck to Owen Sound with additional stops on most of the islands visited earlier. John Bell (1870) listed 428 species of vascular plants, identified by Asa Gray, plus five bryophytes and four lichens from this expedition. Among these were the first record of the nationally rare Solidago ohioensis Riddell for Canada, from Cockburn Island; several other species uncommon in that part of the Great Lakes region, including Ceanothus herbaceus Raf. (C. ovatus Desf., misapplied) and Pterospora andromedea Nutt. from Manitoulin Island; and some weeds, such as Agrostemma cot L. from Richardson Point, St. Joseph's Island, and other naturalized species, such as Ranunculus repens L. from Gore Bay, Mani- toulin Island, for which cavith from 1866 are of historical interest ieccian & Venn, 1984). Between Sault Ste. Marie and Blind River, the next significant botanical exploration was by a University of Michigan expedition in 1932, on which Car! Otto Grass! and Walter Norman Koelz were the chief botanists, and by Norman Carter Fassett the same year. As recently as 1983, the area along the North Channel of Lake Huron was noted by Riley as being ‘generally poorly represented by collections in herbaria.’’ Likewise, Manitoulin Island was not well a Serr: until many years after the Bells’ visits (Soper, 1963; Morton & , 1984). Therefore, the Bells’ specimens, which bear remarkably precise beans po for their time, remain especially significant. John Bell died in 1878, but Robert Bell’s later career included numerous expeditions to Newfoundland and Labrador, northern Ontario, and the North- west Territories, on which he collected large numbers of botanical specimens, the first from some of the state ie viagra digs ca found time to study medicine, in order to serve the p in the areas he visited, and re- ceived his medical degree from ean in 1878. “He canara the Sudbury and French River topographic maps in 1888 through 1892, and did further surveys of the north shore of Lake Huron in 1894. (Ami, 1927; Voss, 1978, q.v. for citations of other papers on Bell.) George Lawson (1827-1895), now called ‘‘the father of Canadian botany,’’ arrived at Queen’s College (now Queen’s University) in Kingston in 1858, as i . Lawson h of the — and demonstrator in botany in his alma mater, the University of Edinburgh. Boivin (1981) has observed that “Lawson's appointment was AtinscsOres in many ways: he already had a bibliography of 52 as papers, one of which is about plant Message Ms in Canada; he was part of the new breed of Ph.D.’s trained in Ger y [University of Giessen, 1857] ; and he was a layman in a confessional orale chick had previously only appointed church- men as professors,’’ (On Lawson, see Anonymous, 1969, and Boivin, 1981.) Of greatest soghtae ave in the present context was Lawson’s founding of the Botanical Society of Canada in December 1860. Although the Society met only in Kingston ind vi majority of its nee members (“Fellows’’) lived in the Kingston area, there were other members thro ughout much of Canada West ada e Consequently, the Society’s herbarium acquired specimens from diverse regions. Also, doubtless in a < © x 2B oe ie 21 ing his autobiography (J. Macoun, 1922; see also Anonymous, 1880; W.T. Macoun, 1921; MacKay, 1922; and publication listed by Ewan & Ewan, 1981, and by ‘Stafleu & Cowan, 1981). wever, except for a brief reference to his first trip to Owen Sound in 1871, ibs s autobiography includes no mention of his trips to the Lake Huron area, and his own accounts of plants collected, along with other authors’ citations of his herbarium specimens, are the only published records. From his arrival in Canada from Ireland in 1850 until 1868, Macoun worked as a isola: and salesclerk, and, after graduating from the Toronto Normal School, as a schoolteacher at Castleton and later at Belleville. During this time he snidted ke fatcat sciences, especially pach largely independently, but with valuable assistance and encouragement from many correspondents, including Hooker, Hincks, and Ache "Be Il. Following the establishment of the Botanical Society of Canada (supra) based in Kingston, ca. 85 km from Belleville, Macoun’s participation enabled him to gain recognition in botany among the natural scientists of Ontario Consequently, when Albert College in Belleville atined university status in 1868, Macoun was offered a apeccacane tit in botany, which post he held while continuing to serve as a head m n the Belleville school system. In 1875, he became a full-time Albert Neale staff member, occupying the chair of his latter years on the faculty, Macoun was frequently on leave in order to participate in the toon Spa agg dare expeditions to western Canada that dominate his autobiography. In 1879, he resigned from the Albert faculty to devote full time to such walniien and, in 1882, he was given a permanent appointment as Naturalist in the Geological Survey of Canada. 1868, Macoun had been the botanist on a privately organized expedi- tion from Lindsay to the headwaters of the Trent River, but, although the party was said to have gone as far as the ‘Muskoka Lakes’ (Macoun, 1922, p. 42), Macoun’s collecting on this occasion was probably confined to the Lake Ontario watershed. The farthest point from Lindsay from which any specimens from this trip have been seen in the present study is Boshkung Lake (spelled ‘“‘Bushkong” b Macoun) north of Minden. (Just west of Boshkung Lake, the Bobcaygeon Road intersected the Peterson Road near the height-of-land between the Lake mens along it. Note also the records for Potamogeton and Juncus in Macoun’s Cata/goue, since these genera were especially prominent among the specimens from the 1868 expedition.) Also, Macoun had sailed from Collingwood on his 1869 expedition to Lake Superior, but it is unlikely that he collected any specimens there. In 1871, Macoun received an invitation to visit Owen Sound as a guest of Mr. & Mrs. William Roy. He eagerly accepted this invitation, already having heard of the rare plant species in the Owen Sound area from Hincks and Bell. e Roys lived at Royston Park, a farm of ca. 75 ha occupying Lots 10 and 11, bedi en Ill, Sarawak Township, just north of the present city limits of Owen Sound (Mc Leod, 1973; Croft, 1980). William Roy (1808-1895) was a prominent member of the Fruit-Growers’ Association of Grits: and the Annual Reports of the Association note the quantity, quality, and diversity of the apples, grapes, pears, plums, and peaches produced at Royston Park (see and rare plants, flourishing luxuriantly’”’ at Royston Park in 1874). It was Mrs. oy, however, who was the field botanist and who introduced Macoun to the rare plants of the area, although Macoun was careful to record that ‘Mr. Roy called himself our man Friday and carried a basket’’ on their aay ex- cursions. This visit was an especially enjoyable experience for Macoun, who “for the first time [had] communion with a botanist day after day’’ pre paiely 1922). s. Roy, née Jessie Dalrymple Gregg,'> was a native of Ireland, but was of reapers ancestry and had grown up in Aberdeen. She and Mr. Roy had lived for a time in Montréal and Brantford, but she does not appear to have been active in botany until some time after they moved to Owen Sound in 1863. Evidently, however, she did have a good educational background. Following a meeting of the Fruit- Growers’ Association of Ontario at Owen Sound in 1874, the Association’s president (Burnet, 1875) paid tribute to Mrs. Roy as ‘a corres- pondent with the learned and scientific in foreign lands, — one generally up in physics on especially skilled in botany and fruits — one whose knowledge in art is only equalled by her modest and womanly characte is likely that Mrs. Roy became interested in botany, or specifically in visiting her brother, William Gregg (spelling evidently later altered to Greig), superintendent of an emporium in Lodi, New Jersey. Austin lived at vis pie Ca. 13 km from Lodi, taught school there and at nearby Demarest, and w popular lecturer at the Englewood Institute, ca. 8 km from both Closter and Lodi (Demarest, 1918). This would explain why Austin, who included sp mens contributed by Mrs. Roy in sets of exsiccatae, entitled Musci Anpadisniant distributed in 1870, received specimens from Mrs. Roy earlier, apparently, than any of her other botanical correspondents. (On Austin’s exsiccatae, see Sayre, 1971, and Crowder, 1974.) Austin was well acquainted, through correspondence and exchanges, with numerous bryologists and other botanists in North America and Europe. Presumably it was he who told Mrs. Roy that James Fowler (then a clergyman in New Brunswick, but already active in botany), sel and Macoun would welcome correspondence and specimens from Owen Sound, and who first advised her on contacting botanists in ke United yi and Europe. (Biographical data on Mrs. Roy have been gleaned from census records, Sarawak Township, 114 [microprint, Archives of io]; Mrs. Roy’s death certificate [Monroe County Department of Health], Rochester, New York]; Gre Ontario]; and an obituary of Mr. Roy peat 1895]. A brief article [p. 2] - a standard death notice [p. 1] in The Owen Sound Advertiser, vol. XXVIII, 12; whole no, 1364, March 21, 1889, contain no further data. Material eaclausls sent by librarians in Lodi and nearby Passaic provided some information on William Gregg, but nothing pertaining to his and Mrs. Roy’s family background or childhood environment.) 13The former Miss Elliott from Brantford referred to by Croft (1980) was the second Mrs. Roy, whom Mr. Roy married in 1890. 14 Mrs. Roy’s occupation is listed as “botanist” in this census record. 23 Mrs. Roy, as indicated by Macoun (1922), had already done considerable botanizing in the Owen Sound area prior to Macoun’‘s visit, specializing in ferns and mosses. In 1866 (or possibly 1868), she had discovered Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott, the male fern, the first record of this species for Canada (Lawson, 1889). — interesting discovery, although in this case it was not identified until 1968, was D. filix-mas X D. marginalis (L.) A. Gray (specimen at F, origin- ally identified as D. filix-mas), Other rare ferns that Mrs. Roy had found and was able to show Macoun included Angra ces (L.) Roth, Asplenium viride Hudson, Phyllitis scolopendrium (L.) Newm. var. americana Fern., and Cryptogramma stelleri (Gmel.) Prantl. Specimens collected by Macoun and Mrs. Roy in 1871 date from 22 July through early August. The majority came from Royston Park, Inglis Falls, and i als of Owen Sound north of the town. On the Bruce Peninsula, they went to Colpoy’s Bay, and continued northwest across the peninsula to Red Bay, where Macoun fone ‘beheld the ap Sap complexes of the Peninsula’s west coast. His brief introduction to these communities evidently stimulated a desire to study them further; Red Bay was a major collecting site on his 1874 expedition (infra)1> Reflecting Mrs. Roy’s interests, the 1871 collections included many mosses and ferns, as eh as ietalas. oe lants. A set of the mosses was sent to Prof. Thoma s Potts mes, of Harvard Univesity: who, in collaboration with Charles Léo Lesquerevs, was Warne on the Manual of the Mosses of North America. Prof. Sereno Watson, also of Harvard, received a set of the vascular- plant specimens edecrs 1944). Mrs. Roy continued to collect botanical specimens on her own during the 1870s and early 1880s. Most of her botanizing was done in the immediate vicinity of en Sound, although one may sometimes wonder if as many specimens actually came from Royston Park itself as the printed ae — Royston Park was, however, definitely the habitat of some rare fer ecies, as indicated, for example, by the more detailed data for vem Wicaet idj i 1883 Roy botanized, except for Niagara Falls, was evidently Manitoulin Island, which 131m the vicinity of Red Bay and Howdenvale, dune-panne complexes such as those visited by Macoun, with many of the rare species he encountered in 1871 and 1874, are preserved in the Petrel Point Nature Reserve (Federation of Ontario Naturalists) and the St. Jean Point Nature Preserve (Sauble Valley Conservation Authority). 16 Another factor besides lack of concern for locality data may have contributed to errors or loss of detail in labeling during the late nineteenth century. The post office, at least in Canada, interpreted labels as correspondence, which hone be sent separately from speci imens, as first-class mail. This pre- in substantial postal charges being levied against the recipient, depending on the mood of the authorities present (indicated in Mrs. Roy’s letter to M.S. Bebb, 15 March 1872). she visited in 1878, although in 1873 she had brought back some specimens from Scotland and Switzerland, among them a moss that she had scraped from the gravestone of Pierre Abélard. Mrs. Roy’s botanical activities were curtailed in 1876 by a hip dislocation, suffered when she was thrown from a sleigh. Although apparently she never however, were spent as a patient in the sanitarium at Rochester, New York e Lawson, who in 1869 was at Dalhousie University, was one of Nd pat botanists other than Austin to receive specimen s from Mrs. Roy. Other specimens of the hart's-tongue and male ferns dated 1 October 1883. Of s pecial interest to historians are specimens given by Mrs. Roy to Catharine Parr Strick land Traill (1802-1899) of Lakefield, one of Canada’s beg known nature- senha According to Boivin (1980), ‘one or two” of these specimens are extant i notebook of specimens, now at TRT, that had nclt presented by Mrs. Trail. to her granddaughter. s. Roy also exchanged specimens with many owners of private herbaria (of Salem), Arthur Carl Victor Schott, and George Vasey (whose specimens were “very poor”). most important recipient of Mrs. Roy’s specimens in the United The States, in the context of pteridological history, was Daniel Cady Eaton of Vole University eral of Mrs. Roy’s collections were cited in The Ferns of No rth much alla parts.”” me Europeans also exchanged specimens with Mrs. Roy. Among these were Viktor Ferdinand Brotherus in Finland, John Fergusson and William Wilson in Scotland, Paul Friedrich Reinsch in — (Crowder, 1974), and at least one botanist in France (letters to Bebb). Specimens now at Leiden (ferns and flowering plants), Liege (ferns), and Oxford pecan indicate additional exchanges with European botanists (Vegter, 1983). rs. Roy not only sought specimens from her correspondents for her own herbarium but also requested duplicates from which she might supply the desiderata of other correspondents. Likewise, her own shipments often included Beatie: that could be used by the recipients for further exchanges. Her own collections and desiderata very largely comprised mosses and ferns. On at least three occasions she asked Bebb for the names and addresses of persons who submitted to the noted American mycologist Job Bicknell Ellis for identification. The extent of Mrs. Roy’s exchanges and the size of her own herbarium are indicated not only by the number of correspondents but also by references to parcels that were as large as postal regulations allowed. Another indication is the mention of a purchase of 300-400 specimens of sedges, evidently a secondary interest, in 1870 (in epist. to Bebb, 15 March 1872). This purchase was unusual, as Mrs. Roy preferred to exchange specimens, but she also mentioned the pur- chase of a set of exsiccatae, containing ‘fine European ferns,’’ from the Prussian ples els botanist Gottlob Ludwig Rabenhorst (in epist. to Bebb, 1 March ae Roy's collections of bryophytes sigh ates ie first syed ttention to be ae to the rich bryoflora of the Owen Sound and Bruce Pen- insula aa (Crum, 1966). The lasting importance os ‘hose eens is Silank are few Ontario records and probably none earlier. In 1876 Calliergon richardsonii (Mitt.) Kindb. ex Warnst. at Owen Sound, the southern- most station known for this boreal species. (Moss names follow Crum, 1966.) Mrs. Roy's “botanical sgosacbeoni which was doubtless large and pre- sumably would have been, in her ti of significant monetary value, was and personal estate, including ... [her] books, jewelry and chattels’’ were left to her son, Alexander Keeler Roy, 4 Toronto stationer.1? As executor, however, A.K. Roy deemed it necessary only to list bank stocks in his account of the 17Two other children, Jessie and Willie, predeceased Mrs. Roy. However, aj according to ahead a8 Williams (pers. comm., 1987), the song “Willy Roy, the Crippled Boy” ased on the life of a boy in Dover, Ohio, although coincidentally both Rose nae to about the age of nine. estate. Many historic specimens from Mrs. Roy’s herbarium are now at OK, including mosses contributed by the Scottish bryologists Fergusson and Wilson, oe bearing the collectors’ original labels (Crowder, 1974). Largely because f these labels, specimens at have been interpreted as comprising the changes by Mrs. Roy, and may well have supplied duplicate labels. Therefore, these and Mrs. Roy’s own bryophyte specimens at OK, despite liga quantity, may be merely what she sent to Fowler. Only a modest number ern and our .. specimens collected by Mrs. Roy, all Oy them dated 1872, are now t QK, indicating a different disposition of at least her vascular-plant herbarium. Nothing appearing to represent the “‘original’’ has been encountered in this tudy. The most significant nineteenth-century botanical expedition in the Canadian basin of Lake Huron, in the total number r of species collected and in July and August 1874. The party comprised John Macoun, then professor of natural history at Albert College and University; John Gibson, then also on the Albert faculty; and James Burns, an amateur naturalist from Bayfield. They began their explorations along the Ausable River near Arkona, and proceeded north bogs and fens of the interior, and the Niagara Escarpment along the east coast. The expedition sac gbicsony at Owen Sound, where they ‘eoniieiad from 27 July through 10 Aug acoun’s associate on this expedition, John Gibson, was a native of Bay- field, Huron County, and had graduated from the University of Toronto in 1872. Subsequently, he served as head master of Almonte High School, '® as a faculty member of Albert University, and, after his expedition with Macoun, as pro- fessor of natural science at the newly founded Normal School in Ottawa. Prior to his field work with Macoun, Gibson had published a study of the geology of his native county (Gibson, 1873), based ona paper prepared as an undergraduate; this publication age considerable expertise in the earth sciences, and earned him election as a Fellow of the Geological pias (London, U.K.). During these geological studies, Gibson recorded a number of floristic observa- tions that were later cited by Macoun, but these do not appear to have been emo tanists. early geal attributed to typhoid fever, contracted on a scientific expedition he northwest shore of Lake Superior in 1876 (Anonymous, 1876, a,b; Webb, 1877, 8 At this time another notable plant collector, Rev. John Kerr McMorine, (1842- bie was rector of St. Paul’s Anglican Church in Almonte. Gibson, owever, was the son of a Presbyterian pastor. The first of the papers that resulted from Macoun and Gibson’‘s expedition in 1874 (Gibson & Macoun, 1875a) included an extensive discussion of the relationships between plant distribution and edaphic factors, reflecting py rails s knowledge of Pleistocene geology and his studies of the physiography of Hur County. The long list tha keg sani me (Gibson & Macoun, 1875b) edad nS rata = gas such as Cornus florida L., from the Ausable Valley; igo ecies, suc Seas oe be and other psammophytes, such a Bovaienus pon. se (L.) Mic aes outwash plains and the sania dunes of former Pariines: and rca species, such as Pinguicula vulgaris Oe time. Among these were Spiranthes romanzoffiana chan. Parnassia parv. flora DC., Primula mistassinica Michx., Cacalia plantaginea (Raf.) Shine (as C. tuberosa Nutt.), Solidago ohioensis Riddell, and Prenanthes racemosa Michx. The thoroughness of their floristic studies is indicated 28s the 52 taxa of cae ahaa bryophytes were also among the specimens, including several te weap because of the limited extent of ervoloulen collecting in see inal that tim coun was in Barrie in August 1878. On this occasion he discovered Cardaria draba (L.) Desv., the first Canadian record for a naturalized species still uncommon in Ontario although now abundant farther west. In June 1884, John sen and his son William Tyrrell Macoun (1869- 1933), who later became Dominion Jp ea went to the vicinity of Lake Nipigon, north of Lake Peta which had recently ster pats accessible by the construction of the Canadian Pacific Ra Gwe En route, the senior Macoun collected some specimens at Sudbury (then called Sudbury aceROnT probably while waiting for a train. These, which included a number of mosses cited in Part 6 of his Cata/ogue, appear to have been the first oeaiieat specimens from the interior of the Sudbury District. Macoun was again botanizing at Owen Sound in September 1890, and at Southampton in August 1901. Also of interest in the present context is his study of the flora and fauna of Algonquin National [now Provincial] Park in 1900, in which he and fellow naturalist William Spreadborough (1856-1931); on whom see Taverner, 1933, and Barnhart, 1965) traveled by canoe throughout much of the park as it was then bounded (Macoun, 1922; Brunton, 1979). Macoun sent haar of his collections to many individuals and in- stitutions in North America and Britain. He generally felt competent to identify the flowering-plant specimens himself, although George Newton Best of Rose- mont, New Jersey, was consulted on Aosa. T.J.W. Burgess (infra) collaborated on the ferns. The non-vascular plants were sent to specialists for identification. Early lichen collections were sent to Edward Tuckerman; later ones went to John Wiegand Eckfeldt. Coe Finch Austin identified the early collections of liverworts; after Austin’s death, this role was assumed, consecutively, by William Henry Pearson and Alexander William Evan: pgetr agli occasional contributions by bucien Marcus Underwood. William Stiling Sullivant and Thomas Potts James were the recipients of Macoun’s early moss specimens. Later, Caroline Coventry Haynes and a number of other oe Sskanir listed by Macoun, 1922) were sent mosses for a oe Eventually, as other bryologists declined to accept the large numbers of mo shoei ces, many of which consisted of mixed material under a single ome Macoun came to rely on Nils Conrad Kindberg, 28 of Linkoping, Sweden, for bryological identifications. Although Macoun’s reatest direct contributions to the knowledge of the Canadian flora came from his collections of vascular plants, it was the mosses sent to Kindberg that had the 1984). (Biographical data on the recipients of specimens mentioned above can be found in works cited by Barnhart, 1965.) In 1870, Andrew Thomas Drummond (1843-1921) published a paper on rapidly colonizing plant species sper with disturbed habitats, a subject that had hitherto been discussed in a few papers by botanists in the United States, but which had scarcely te mentioned in a Canadian context. Although his discussion included adventive a eater en! species, emphasis was on species that were native to eastern North America but had expanded their ranges and greatly increased in abundance in Hines times (now called apophytes). Drum- ond, on’s, had been Queen ie University’s youngest alumnus in 1860, and became, as vesianated fee Beschel (1966), “the first Canadian lichenologist.” He also authored a number of other papers on ecology and phytogeography, including another notably original work on ‘’The colours = fe) n a c oe 3°) pj oF ie) pare 7) oO ie) | co} oO r~ aw ee wn of flowers in relat t of flowering.”” He a pioneer in the i of sound forestry practices, especially governmentally supported reforestation, and was active in the f of the Canadian and American forestry associ riorated, a financier, involved particularly with railroad abet ea ate His activity in botany extended only to the mid-1890s, after which time he donated his herbarium of ca. 2000 specimens to Queen’s University ine. He had corres- d oO on Drummond, see Rose, 1888; Morgan, 1898; Anonymous, 1923; and Beschel, 1966.) Drummond’s (1870) aforementioned paper included a number of re- ferences to Lake Huron localities, some being merely statements of distribution, v ed himself did any botanizing around Lake Huron, although he did collect speci- mens from a number of Ontario and Québec localities, notably, at least in the context of bryology, London, Rice Lake, and Tadoussac, according to Crowder (1974). David Allan Poe Watt, mentioned earlier asa recipient of some of Hincks’s fern specimens, was a shipping and exporting merchant in Montréal, a patron of the att, an advocate of equal educational oe and suffrage for women, and an amateur ichthyologist and botanist. He contributed to botany largely rar promotion and recruitment and through ae support. He was a par- ticularly active member of the Natural History Society of Montréal, serving for a number of years as editor of its journal, The Canadian Record of Science, and was also a plant collector and author of botanical papers himself, being especially interested in ferns. Through his own collecting and through numerous exchanges and purchases, Watt amassed an herbarium estimated to comprise about 10,700 specimens, primarily of North American ferns and fern-allies, which was sold to the Missouri Botanical Garden after his death (Moore, 1920). For exchange purposes, Watt assembled sets of exsiccatae entitled Fi/ices Canadenses Collectae Distributaeque Cura D.A. Watt. Most of Watt’s collecting was done in Québec, but among the fern — are some with the printed Jocality datum ‘’Nottta- wasaga, C.W.” [= Wasaga Beach], a few dated 1869 and 1871, others undated. The anachronistic ‘’C.W."” may represent indifference to the 1867 name-change to Ontario, —— than indicating that Watt’s — collecting in this area began before Confederation. The account of his n botanizing, in his list of Canadian — ogams (Watt, 1 865), mentioned no fi eld work in Ontario prior to its publication in October, 1865. 19 (On Watt, see Morgan, 1898.) John Milne Buchan2° served successively as head master of the Hamil- ton Grammar School, Inspector of High Schools for Ontario, and principal of Upper Canada College in Toronto (Anonymous, 1885; Bailey, 1981). In 1869, he joined with four physicians in an unsuccessful attempt to establish a medical school in Hamilton. He did most of his botanizing in the vicinity of Hamilton, where he had grown up. He did, however, collect some specimens in the Lake Huron watershed, probably as his duties as Inspector from 1873 to 1881 took him around the province. Records attributed to Buchan by Macoun (1883- paper by Buchan (1874) on the flora of Hamilton and vicinity, which included a few records from other parts of the province. Among these were reports of this paper, Watt listed Po/ystichum braunii (Spenner) Fée var. purshii Fern. (as Aspidium aculeatum Sw. var. braunii (Spenner) Doll) as occur- separated sites in ymdeak: Ontario, but it remains unknown from the vicinity of Lake Huron exc n Great Duck Island, where it was piadole in 1976 (Kett, Ls Dickson , White, 3), 20 john Milne Buchan (1841-1885), Ontario educator, should not be confused with Hon. John Norman Stuart Buchan (b. 1911 ), later 2nd Baron they were collected by John Milne Buchan, although John Stewart Buchan (1852-1925; B.C.L. McGill 1884; middle name evidently later altered to Stuart) served as Corresponding Secretary and Vice-President of the Natural History Society of Montréal in the early years of the twentieth century. Claytonia caroliniana Michx. and Viola selkirkii Pursh ex Goldie, both from Walkerton and Owen Sound Buchan’s (1874) paper included two lists, the smaller of which noted species collected by himself and constituted a supplement to the larger list, that of plants collected by Alexander Logie. Logie, a native of Nairnshire, Scotland, studied law in Kingston and established a law practice in Hamilton in 1848. From 1854 until his death in 1873 he was Judge of the County of Wentworth. He was one of the founders of the Hamilton Association for the Advancement of Literature, Science and Art, and served as its president and also as president of the Fruit Growers’ Association of Upper Canada and the original Hamilton plants of Hamilton and vicinity. The latter paper (Logie, 1861) also listed a few plants collected at Mount Forest, Rocky Saugeen, and Collingwood. Buchan had access to Logie’s herbarium, and he apparently listed all the pic collected by ‘ records from the Lake Huron area were thereby stat dbo which were few species from Collingwood and Parry Sound; and three Lycopodium species from Bruce Mines. (On Logie, see Rico 1873; Buchan, 1874; Alexander & Dickson, 1901; and Laking, 1958.) Henry Byron — place in Canadian botanical history is assured by his authorship of Elements of Structural Botany and Wild Plants of Canada, which, in many editions ed printings, served as the standard on for secondary- school botany in Canada for many years. Otherwise, Spotton is best known for his career as an educational oo cea Following hse from the University of Toronto in 1864, he served as principal of the Beamsville Grammar School (1864-1868), principal of Barrie Collegiate Institute (1868-1892), First Principal of Harbord College Institute in Toronto (1892-1906), and Inspector of High Schools for Ontario (1906-1918) (Anonymous, 1933). It was while he was at Barrie that as most active During this period, he n bo eri collected plants in the Barrie area, and oublished a list of 350 taxa encountered there (Spotton, 1876). e present significance of the work of these three botanical authors A few_ duplicates ss by L to George Law are now at CAN (Boivin, 1980),21 and records a tMTMG Tndicate that ceneate at that adie Shree Buchan, unless he preneees: his specimens to the Logie herbarium, presumably took 21 After Lawson’s death in 1895, his herbarium went initially to Mt. Allison University, where it was located when Lawson’s type specimens were studied by Weatherby (1941). It was Goatees to CAN in 1950 (Boivin, 1980). 31 his herbarium with him when he left Hamilton, but it, too, is evidently no longer extant, Twelve specimens contributed by Buchan, probably none from the Lake Huron basin, were included by Macoun in a set assembled for display at the United States Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia in 1876 and subsequently given to McGill University. The title of Spotton’s (1876) paper indicates that he did collect specimens, but no later authors appear to have seen them. Soper (1956), for example, cited Spotton’s records only as “published reports” rather as en legiate Institute. If his herbarium had remained at that school when he left, it would have been destroyed by the fire that leveled the building about a year later (A.A. Reznicek, pers. comm., 1981). The herbarium at Harbord Collegiate Institute in Spotton’s time was later discarded (J.L. Riley, pers. comm., 1982). Dr. Reznicek located one specimen at TRT, Calypso bu/bosa L. from the Barrie area that Spotton had given to T.J. Ivey, but otherwise his searches for Spotton’s specimens were unsuccessful. Dr. Thomas Joseph Workman Burgess was the son of a Toronto dry- goods merchant, but he was given his coe names after his godfather, a re- spected physician who was superintendent of the mental hospital in Toronto, and it was the latter’s vocation that Surhels followed. After graduating from the Faculty of ope te of the University of Toronto in 1870, Burgess served as physician —. tant superintendent at mental hospitals in Toronto (1870- 1872), Lon on, “Ontario (1875- 1887), and er are (1887-1890). Despite the disappointment and humiliation of having new and inexperienced men promoted over his head’’ (Anonymous, 1907b), aheaetiy because of political influence. In 1890, Burgess left Ontario for the more satisfying post of superintendent of the Protestant Hospital for the Insane in Verdun, Québec. He continued to be active in the Ontario Medical Association, however, and pressed for civil-service regula- tions and an improved system of promotions in the provincial hospitals. From its founding in 1881 until his departure from London, Burgess was also a member of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Western Ontario. Later, beginning in 1893, he taught in the Faculty of Medicine at McGill Univer- sity, where he provided the first lectures on mental disorders at any Canadian medical school. Believing in “as little restraint as practicable; none if possible,” Burgess acquired a lasting reputation for his progressive and humane approaches to the treatment of mental patients. He was elected president of the American Medico-Psychological Association in 1905. His scholarly interests included the history of the treatment of the insane, on which he published a major treatise (Morgan, 1898; Morphy, 1926). In addition, Burgess was one of the most knowledgeable amateur bota- nists in Canada in his time, as indicated by his several published works in this field, especially his discussion of sohidie areas for botanical research (Burgess, 1896). His coming to Hamilton greatly stimulated botanical activity in the i iati ience and and, si Andrew Alexander (infra), he established the Association’s herbarium in March, 1889, contributing 87 specimens he had collected the previous year for that. purpose (minute books of the Biological Section of the Hamilton rity Ca the treatment of the ferns in the Cata/ogue of Canadian Plants. Four of Burgess’s * Pi a / om * f =, “af “ * oF, Pi se Pe, fi American hart’s tongue, Phy//itis entrant um (L.) var. americanum Fern. aphed in Mono Cliffs Provincial Park. Herbarium specimens of this rare fern, whi ich reaches is greatest abundance along the Niagara Fors oement in Grey County, have been useful as indicators of who pa tanieed when in Grey and adjacent counties. ve The Rocky Saugeen River where it is crossed by Highway 6, originally =. Garafraxa Road. several other Ontario eusalises botanized here including Alexander Logi i: | Rev. ‘eal Cameron served a church near this site, and , H.M. Ami and F.J. Eame Robert Bell. From Proc, & Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, ser.III, William Hincks. (Photograph courtesy of the University o 12(Proc.):facing p.X. 1919.) Toronto Archives.) a Jessie D. (Mrs. William) Roy probably ca. 1872. (Photo for Botanical Documentation; original in the F from correspondence from Mrs. Roy to Michael S. and Anna E. Bebb.) | graph courtesy of the Hunt Institute ield Museum of Natural History, probably on’s Ferns of North America, open to the plate of Aspidium filix-mas (L.) Sw. (now oC Eat Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott), the male fern, painted by C.E. Faxon from a specimen collected by Mrs. Roy near Owen Soun 37 8e “ or ! hn i \ : Ae - PF, Ye Bes. “+ th, oo *2 oo & N 4 We ad “ ¢' "Tyr yet AY = i wm =F af c : a eae . Sf Mes. A portion of the dune--panne complex at Red Bay on the Bruce Peninsula, now part of the St. Jean Point Nature Preserve. A number of rare plant species were discovered in this area by John Macoun and John Gibson in 1874. omas Joseph Workman Burgess, 1907. Dr. Burgess received several honou rs that usually involved Publication ofa | sheds of the person thus honoured, but, despite extensive searching, this was the only likeness of Dr. Burgess that could be found. (From e News [Toronto] , new ser. vol, ‘07, no. “110, May 29, 1907, p.1; sketch reproduced with per- lighthouse on Flowerpot Asplenium ruta-muraria L., wall-rue, goat: graphed near the Island, where it was dnccieted by Dr. P.J. Scott in 1892. John Dearness on his 100th birthday. (From Talman, 1957.) Andrew Alexander, ca. 1897. (From Dickson 1898.) other botanical publications (one with Macoun) dealt with fern records; others dealt with Rhus and with orchids. He assembled a special collection of Viola specimens, with contributions from Dr. Ferdinand Blanchard of Peacham, Vermont, who was an authority and author on Viola, and from several European specialists, but he did not publish on this genus. He also assembled a lichen her- barium, in which is own collections (often made with Macoun) were supple- mented by gifts and exchanges from Macoun, Mmes. Roy (supra) and Saunders (infra), and others (records, MTMG). Although many of Burgess’s plant specimens were obtained in the began botanizing in the vicinity of Parry Sound and the resort areas east of Georgian Bay, where, on the shores of Lake Joseph and Muskoka Lake, he discovered the isolated Muskoka populations of Rhexia virginica L., the meadow beauty.22 ther rare and disjunct species were found by Burgess in the Mus- koka and Parry Sound districts in the 1870s and 1880s, including Lycopodium sabinifolium Willd. at Crane Lake, Dryopteris fragrans (L.) Schott at Moon River, Woodwardia virginica (L.) J.E. Sm. at Lake Joseph, and Xyris montana Ries (X. flexuosa Muhl. ex. Ell. var. pusilla A. Gray) at Blackstone Lake an Lake Joseph. Burgess’s collection of Myriophylium tenellum Bigelow at Lake Joseph, apparently the second Ontario record for the species, particularly well illustrated his keen observation and knowledge of plants, since these small, pale aquatic plants are easily overlooked. In 1880, Burgess visited Manitoulin in 1883, h i e Niagara Escarpment and the dune-panne complexes. Note y specimens from Southampton included Se/aginel/la selaginoides (L.) Link, at its southern- most station on the Lake Huron shore, Dalibarda repens L., and Cacalia plan- taginea (Raf.) Shinners (C. tuberosa Nutt.). Athyrium pycnocarpon (Spreng.) Tidestr. (Asp/enium angustifolium Michx.) was found at Lucknow about this time. Also, while he lived in London, Burgess visited localities on the southeast shore of Lake Huron, including Port Franks in 1883 and Point Edward in 1887. strative responsibilities at Verdun. One of the physicians who contributed specimens to Burgess’s herbarium was Charles Merrill Smith, who had graduated 22mMacoun & Gibson, in 1876, noted the presence of Rhexia virginica at Lake Joseph, on the basis of observations by Burgess. The oldest extant specimen of this species from the Muskoka Lakes region located in the present study, and in research on the distribution of A. virginica in Ontario by Mirek J. Sharp (pers. comm., 1982), was collected by Burgess at Blackstone Lake in 1878. in medicine from the University of Toronto in 1870.23 Smith’s contributions consisted mostly of ferns and orchids, collected while he was practicing at Owen 1879. He remained there until he moved to British Columbia, where other members of his family lived, in 1905. He practiced in Summerland until his retirement in 1912, while residing in nearby Peachland (Rose, 1886; Storey, 1979: Anthea N. Yeomans, in epist., 1985). No indication that Smith collected botanical specimens or engaged in other natural-history avocations after he left Owen Sound has been encountered in this study. Probably the most active plant collector ok fetes physician correspondents was Dr. Patrick John Scott, of Southam , who received his medical degree from Queen’s University in 1888 eageneinltg 1944). Scott’s ‘mere in the native eh may have been stimulated by Burgess’s visit to his home town in 1884, presumably as a guest of Scott’s father, who was also a physician in Southampton. Scott began collecting while a student, at feast as early as 1885, when he sent specimens of /ris /acustris Nutt. from Southampton Burgess (1892) identified as the first record of Asp/enium ruta-muraria L. s. lat. for Canada. In 1901, Scott discovered another inet of this rare species on Manitoulin Island; on this occasion, the specimen was sent to Macoun at the Geological Survey. Printed labels headed “’Ex Herb. P.J. Suet (e.g. on Asplenium viride Hudson from Flowerpot Island, at QK indicate that Scott, by the mid- 1890s, was engaged in considerable collecting for exchange purposes. In addition to Burgess and Macoun, Absalom Cosens and John Dearness (infra) were among the principal recipients of his specimens. name of Sarah Agnes Robinson Saunders has long been familiar to historians of biology as that of the matriarch of a family that included several distinguished professional and amateur scientists (Pomeroy, 1956). It is only relatively recently, however, that Mrs. Saunders’ own botanical contributions have come to light de 1970). Bags the Saunders family lived in London, Ontario, from 1857 to 1886, . Saunders assembled a private herbarium having her own herbarium, Mrs. Saunders contributed specimens to that of T.J.W. Burgess. (Charles) Merrill Smith, the Owen Sound physician, was not, of course, ee ‘Re Dr. (Charles) Merrill Smith, Methodist clergyman, who wrote the “Reverend Randollph” detective novels. 42 Later of Mrs. Saunders’ sons, the polymathic William Edwin Saunders, 24 statlebed an international reputation as ‘’the dean of Ontario age naturalists.” Saunders, a graduate of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy 1883, operated a pharmaceutical manufacturing and wholesale business in Landes and also taught chemistry at the London Medical College (Anonymous, 1943; Cross, 1947; Rutter, 1949; Pomeroy, 1956). His avocational interests were chiefly in ornithology and mammalogy, but he also collected plants, at localities including Wiarton in 1899. The Bruce Peninsula was one of his favourite and by his papers on the ferns of the Bruce Peninsula and Flowerpot Island (Saunders, 1929a,b). He distributed some gar aes specimens to other col- lectors, e.g. Noah Miller Glatfelter of St. Lou Marc Ami, upon graduating from McGill University in late ined the staff of the Geological Survey of Canada in Ottawa, and bec of the most active members of the newly founded Ottawa Field. Sita’ ok i career and his most significant scientific accomplishments were in paleontology, but ir We ornithology, and botany were also among his diverse interests, and within a few years he had ‘made Fane piel col- lections of plants in peer parts of Canece, and added a few e Canadian flora’ (Rose, 1886). The localities in which Ami collected ee. that were cite d by Macoun (beginning in Part II of the Catalogue, 1884) included dolo- 1883,25 and the interdunal habitats near Port Franks. (On Ami, see Rose, 1886, Morgan, 1898, Huntsman, 1931, and Reddoch, 1976.) mes Melville Macoun, John panne s son and associate in the Geo logical a Natural History Survey of Canada, was an important botanical ex- j n, graphical and. bibliographical references listed by Ewan & Ewan, 1981, St lle 1981.) William are. Saunders is to be distinguished from his father, William A (1836. 1914), who was also a noted naturalist. The senior Saunders’s interest in the flora of the London area led to his recognition of many medicinal plants, and this in turn led to LA establishment of the pharmaceutical business later taken over by W.E. Saunder oh ong these, ie was the only record of Aspidotis densa Belen ellen: Indian’s dream (then called Pellaea densa (Brackenr.) Hook.: a.k.a. Cheilanthes siliquosa Maxon), for Ontario, Marquis & Voss (1981) and others have been skeptical about this report, suspecting that incorrect locality data had become associated with this specimen, which was identified (by Macoun) ten years after its collection. Ami (1894) wrote an article for the about the coin of this specimen, even ee it of its habitat. Ami Durham”; Burgess; in Macoun, 1883-1902), and it seems possible that Ami recollections were actually of the habitat of C. ste//eri. Ami also found Phyllitis scolopendrium var. americanum at this locality. Sir (John) William Dawson (1820-1899; at McGill 1855-1893), one of nineteenth-centur anada’s most distinguished scholars, taught botany at McGill from 1858 through 1882. During the latter part of this period, and from pho through 1910, when botany was taught by David Pearce Penhallow (1854- 910), numerous specimens selected from student collections were added to be University herbarium (MTMG). a nine such specimens, including at least one from the Lake Huron watershed (Euonymus obovatus Nutt. from Sable, near Parkhill, 30 May 1883), were collected by James Ezra Gray, a medical student from Coldspring, Ontario, northwest of London. Gray was registered in the McGill Faculty of Medicine from 1882 to 1884, but did not receive his degree (records, The Graduates’ Society, ie. University). Gray later enrolled in the Faculty of Medicine, University of ern Ontario, from which he received his M.D. ca. 1889. He practiced for a fe years in Delaware, Ontario, then possibly because he had not qualified for registration by the Ontario College of Physicians and Surgeons and was encountering increasing legal opposition to his practice, he moved to New York State ca. 1894 to enter the employ of a proprietory medicine company. This phase of his career was terminated by addiction to morphine, for which he was committed to the mental sous at Rochester in 1904. cba his release, he devoted much of his energies to protesting conditions and treatments in North American mental Koel in general and at Rochester in car tieaiins (Anonymous, 1907 c,d).26 A search among specimens of sterioob species of the Lake Huron shores also revealed a specimen of Hypericum kalmianum L. from Lake Huron, collected in 1871 by “J. Anderson.” This presumably was James Alexander Anderson, from Tiverton, who received his B.A. from McGill in 1877 and shortly thereafter became a Presbyterian pastor, first at Whitechurch, near Wingham, then at Goderich, where he spent the rest of his life (Anonymous, 1910b). How many other specimens collected by this student are now at MTMG has not been determined in this study, because the herbarium accession books — generally an excellent resource for botanical historians — do not always suffice Company and later an explorer in the search for Franklin, and James Robert Riaieon (1841-1930), a naturalist in Victoria, British Columbia The greatest congregation of field botanists in the Muskoka Lakes area to that time, and probably to the present, took place from 31 August to 2 Sep- tember 1889, in connection with a meeting of the ocaaical ¢ Club of the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences in Toronto. According to Day (1889a), about fifty members participated in the Muskoka trip. About half were accommodated at Port Cockburn, at the northern end of Lake ae and the rest at Port Sandfield, near the southern end of the same lake.2” However, _ in discussing publications and herbarium specimens, only two persons, whe were in effect leaders of the expedition, need be emphasized. 28 James Ezra Gray should not be confused with James Gray (1855- 1944), M.D. McGill 1883, of Seaforth, who is not known to have collected plant specimens; nor with John Edward Gray (1800-1875) of ‘he British Museum, who made significant accomplishments in botany, but not in Canada. 271 ake Joseph, Lake Rosseau, and Lake Muskoka were sometimes regarded as one lake at the time, with the result that species actually found at Lake Joseph were reported from "Lake Muskoka.” as avid Fisher Day, who published an account of the trip and its dis- coveries (Day, 1889a), was one of the more senior participants and one of the active contributors of specimens. (On Day, see Cowell, 1900. Nathaniel Lord Britton, as of 1889, had been instructor in botany at Columbia University in New York City for three years, but his greatest accom- plishments lay well into the future. (In 1896, he became the first director of the New York Botanical es ae h had come into being very largely as a result his initiative. The the publication - the first volume of the eet edition of his penance. Wiese Flora.) Although it was Day who published the “official” record of the expedition,22 it was evidently Britton who made the greatest contribution in collecting specimens and bringing note- seetis discoveries to the attention of the botanical community, as indicated by citations of the Subu/aria discussed below. Quite likely it was also Britton who discovered we: 5 pees ate most of the more significant plants. (Biographical material on Britt s copious; see citations by Stafleu & Cowan, 1976, especially Howe, 1934, sey Merrill, 1938.) As observed by Day, the basin of Lake Joseph is granitic, and bain sa the party encountered a number of oxylophytes for which th ere few had been in the calcareous regions. Day’s (1889a) report listed several aquatic species, mostly characteristic of oligotrophic lakes, that he believed were pre- viously unknown for Ontario. In most cases, the first-record status was er- parts of his Catalogue. Subularia aquatica L. [ssp. americana Mulligan & Calder] and Elatine minima (Nutt.) Fisch. & Mey. (then included in E. americana (Pursh) Arnott) were, however, genuinely new for the province. The Subu/aria, found at Slater’s Bay near Port Sandfield, was the subject of a separate paper by Day (1889b), because there were at that time very few records of this species from any North American localities. Day (1889a) also listed all of the 191 species observed, most of which were reported from Port Cockburn and Port Sandfield, with others from Toronto, Gravenhurst, and a few other localities en route. director of the Buffalo Botanic Garden, botanized with Britton on St. and did botanical exploration in Panama on behalf of the New York Botanica Garden; and Thomas Meehan (1826-1901), proprietor, with his son, of a n- town, Pennsylvania, nursery, who had previously botanized in Cinerad aie Utah and along the coasts ‘of British Columbia and Alaska, and who later 28The title of a paper by Katherine Benedicta Trotter Claypole (1890), who presumably also participated in the Muskoka trip, implies something of a record of the expedition, but is actually a discussion of the habitats of three of the species as she had observed them in Europe. founded Meehan’s Monthly, a journal of horticulture and amateur field botany. (If specimens from this trip were preserved by Cowell, Burrill, or Meehan, they not listed in references on botanists and plant collectors, were men ned by Day as having reported observations. No records of specimens allected by these individuals have been encountered in the present study. Private herbaria and local scientific societies 7 oward the end of the nineteenth century, botanical Saeet increased a | 2. * er = et as ° ~, ©o © = N * om = 2) > n aw ~ om ot gi a?) wn : oO = = io) O° 2 @ ee ot is") gs 1) w ao) i3°) iF = < oy “ io] (") b> j Cc 2 ao 3) “ wn ° = their tim This was the era in which Socal scientific and cultural associations were springing up in cities throughout North America (see Voss, 1978, pp. 62-63, and urger, 1983, pp. 5-18.) T ong the members, publishing journals, operating ‘museums, and benefitting ban the leadership of some prominent scholars (including John Macoun and H.M. Ami in Ottawa and T.J.W. Burgess in Hamilton), these local societies greatly stimulated natural- history studies. e of the local scientific societies evolved from the Mechanics’ In- pont ion pr . i in some cases 0 museums as well. Because the course scientific society in present-day Ontario. Probably the strongest contender for this distinction is the Royal Canadian Institute (on which see Anonymous, 1899, and Wallace, 1949), founded in 1849 as an ee of architects, oe engineers, “ surveyors practicing in Toronto. When attendance dropped t oata ing in it was decided that pastel should be less re- stricted, pee: the Institute accordingly had much-diversified roles when it was in- corporated in 1851. The following year it began publication of The Canadian Journal (full, title varied), to serve not only its own membership but also the Mechanics’ Institutes and ‘‘all other Societies of a Scientific character” in da. From 1885 lag 1893, the ayeatlge Institute, as it was then known, included several sections, one of which was the Biological por with (as of 1890) Botanical, Miccecupet and Centiholoucal sub-sections. (The Bio- logical Section had existed independently from 1878 to 1885 as the Toronto Natural History Society. Legally, the Society, having been incorporated under that name, continued to exist concurrently with the Section.) The Biological Section had an herbarium, which was incorporated into TRT in 1925. The distinctive grey mounting-sheets are often deficient in data, especially as to the names of the collectors. Two persons, however, may be noted as having con- tributed specimens . this herbarium from Muskoka District, bade Charles W. Armstrong, who generally p ty datum ‘’Muskoka,”’ and Alice Holingwortt who botanized at Beatrice, ca. 13, ‘kin north of Bracebridge. Charles William Armstrong 22 was the most active member of the Bo- tanical Sub-section, which he served as secretary throughout its existence. ; tie? : : ‘ from the Toronto area, and established an exchange with the United States National Herbarium. In 1893, when most of the sections of the Canadian Institute had Nice seh into autonomous organizations or, conversely, gone into decline, Armstrong was one of a group of Toronto naturalists and biologists who attempted to tis gee the Biological Section as the Biological Society of Ontario° The Society promptly launched The Biological Review of Ontario, of which one volume of four issues was published in 1894. The journal, at least, began auspiciously, with a good balance of articles on mammalogy, ornithology, entomology, and botany, contributed by authors in various parts of Ontario, including papers by such prominent biologists as W.E. Saunders (supra) and Charles William Nash on ornithology and William whe on entomology. Alice Hollingworth (1894) contributed an article on some uncommon plants — two ferns and two orchids — that she had found in odsiec Nevertheless, despite the relative strength of the Biological Section within the Institute, ine viability of the Society as a separate organization seems to have been precarious from its inception. In March, 1894, Armstrong gst eo by Ste ws & Karg, essa doubtless viewed the Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club as a local organization, with its journal, as its name implied, being destined to concentrate on the na- tural history of the Ottawa district, whereas Harrington already envisioned a national role for the Ottawa Club’s journal, which was expressed 25 years ~ in the name-change to The Canadian Field- Naturalist. 31 This reception presu 22Charles W. Armstrong, an associate member of the Canadian pone is to be distinguished from his father, Charles H. Armstrong (ca. 1843-1919), a full member (usually referred to simply as Charles Armstrong in the poi ings of the served as the Institute’s curator for several y He gave a brief presentation, subsequently sashes a onan Ee deone ect and a few unpublished Presentations, mostly on microscopy but in one instance on Canadian ferns, but otherwise does not appear to have been active in botany. i was such that Armstrong (in Wallace, 1949), niscing e 54 years later, essentially equated the Society with the seats ieee to cig a so s quarterly as having been published by the Section. *1See Cody & Boivin (1954) for a history of The Ottawa Naturalist and The Canadian Field-Naturalist. Harrington presumably objected only to the journal, as the Ottawa club continued to hold all of its meetings and excursions in the Ottawa area, from which it drew nearly all of its membership. 47 ig sae the Biological Society’s prospects of government support and of province-wide membership. No second volume of the Review was published, al a Society itself soon disbande ig Armstrong left Toronto for Vancouver ca. 1905, and worked as a com- mercial traveller in British Columbia. In 1929, he began collecting cacti and other succulents, especially Sempervivum species. Eventually he was able to give up his job as a salesman and establish a nursery specializing in cacti and Society (of Great Britain). (On Armstrong, see Anonymous, 1950b, 1951 one ty of Charles W. Armstrong of Toronto, ca. 1894, with Charles W. Arm- trong, Vancouver horticulturist, is indicated in ‘Wallace, 1949). Alice Hollingworth, a corresponding member of the Biological | hagerees was one te the six children of John and Betty Hollingworth, who, in 1868 were among the first es in the Beatrice area following the pte of the Mishka eauninaicn oad. Their farm, still in the family at the time of this writing, comprised Lot - Ceareiaien , Watt Township. Despite their olavor and the limited educational opportunities during the early years, the Holling- the Biological Section of the Canadian Institute were sufficiently impressed by Alice Hollingworth’s Soni butises to the knowledge of the Muskoka flora that they voted to present her with a copy of Gray’s Manual in recognition thereof sal Sneshacegg pers. comm., 1987, from Section minutes). Miss Hollingworth must certainly have apprecia ted receiving this expensive but virtually indis- consibne attioes During the 1891-1892 session, she reada a paper, unfortunately not published, entitled ‘Scientific researches in rural districts.” In 1896, accord- ing to the senior Armstrong (1896), ‘‘ninety-seven plants from the Northwest” were “given [to the Biological Section] by Alice Hollingworth”; the wording, however, does not definitely indicate that she collected these specimens in the field rather than aiiietan them through exchan Later, Miss Hollingworth’s membership in the Botanical Club of Canada ostly the first flowering of plant species but also some climatological and —— eine for which they supplied the dates on which these occur- rences observed in their respective areas. Alice Hollingworth was first listed as a pilaaintc and a contributor of data from Beatrice in 1896. She continued to submit data through vps in the last year as Mrs. Frank E. Webster. Reports from Beatrice resumed in 1904, but from then until the se of the Club in 1910 were submitted by her father. (Data on Alice Hollingworth from census records, Watt Township, 1881 [microprint, Archives of Ontario]; MacKay, 1897, and other reports of the Botanical Club of Canada in Proc. & Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada; Gordon Hollingworth, in epist., 1984. On the Club, see also Boivin, in 1910 were submitted by her father. (Data on Alice Hollingworth from census records, Watt Township, 1881 [microprint, Archives of Ontario] ; MacKay, 1897, and other reports of the Botanical Club of Canada in Proc. & Trans. Roy. av digitatum A. Br. (present identification) collected by Armstrong at Beatrice indicate that the Hollingworths were Armstrong's hosts on at least one trip to the Muskoka District. Association), founded in 1857, mentioned above in connection with Alexander Logie and T.J.W. Burgess. This association, along with the Hamilton economy, was active in the Hamilton Association, he was the founding president of the Hamil- ton Horticultural Society, following its reorganization under the Agricultural Act of 1897, and authored several articles on ornamentals in The Canadian Horticulturist (J.M. Dickson, 1898; Anonymous 1914b,c; Johnson, 1950). Alexander contributed his own sizeable herbarium to the Hamilton Association, and arranged exchanges with other collectors, including William Scott and James White (infra). Alexander did most of his botanical collecting near Hamilton and publish- ed on the flora of this area, but he also botanized in the vicinity of his summer home on Georgian Bay. In the latter area, his most frequent collecting sites cg i i known as Peacock Is- No. 9 Island, the largest of this group, Is now land. No. 8, a short distance to the north, is now called Alexander Island, but separated by ca. 220 m. No. 7, wae ander Island, has not been renamed. (From the Secretariat, Geograph ical Names, Energy, Mines and Resources Canada, communicated by A. Rayburn, in epist., 985 1985, and topographic maps.) the calcareous sedimentary rocks of Paleozoic age to the southwest, some of Alexander’s specimens from this area represent species near the limits of their ranges. There have been few other botanical collections from the Georgian Bay islands until recently; therefore Alexander’s specimens have remained especially significant The Entomological Society of Ontario33 in earlier and later years, was what its name implies, but from 1890 to 1906 it functioned primarily as a “London Academy of Science,’”’ with its meetings consistently being held at its London headquar rters” and its a sighs encompassing other branches of the ogy. (On th contributions to floristics in the Lake Huron basin during the 1890s, as noted by Judd (1979), although most of ices field work was concentrated in the London area, outside this watershed. Foremost among these was John Dearness, who was elected chairman of the ak Section when it was founded in 1890. Dear- as Inspector of Schools for East Middlesex; previously he had been a teacher and principal of the schools of Lucan and Strathroy. When the London Normal School was founded in 1899, he became its vice-principal; in 1918, he became principal. Through extramural studies, he qualified for the degrees of B.A. and M.A. from the University of Western Ontario in 1902 and 1903, respectively. Dearness‘s great ievements were in mycology, in which field he published any sch ly papers, including a series entitled ‘New species of Canadian hic collaborated with Job Bicknell Ellis of Newfield, New Jersey. He also published significant contributions in ornithology, history, and the teaching of biology, as well as in floristics. Dearness ‘scoured the fields, roadsides, and swamps for specimens” of flowering plants and fungi, and devel- oped “‘an incomparable knowledge of the plants of souwestern Ontario” (Judd, 1979). In June, 1891, Dearness and J.H. Bowman (infra) reported to the Bo- tanical Section on their floristic study of the Drowned Lands of the Aux Sables [Ausable] River valley, where they found the nationally rare sei A biter- natum (Raf.) Torr. & Gray and Buchnera americana L35The minutes the organization was founded in 1863 as the Entomological — the new name reflecting provincial — as well as the new meaning f “Canada” following Confederation. In 1950, an w Entomlogica Society of cs nada was founded, to “link” the En ies icleakea! Society of Ontario and several other regional societies that had formed in the interim. ae 4 Duri ring this period and for some time thereafter, there was a Toronto Branch of the Entomological Society of Ontario. Its functions were strictly entomological, since > ie Canadian Institute with its Biological Section and Botanical Sub-section existed at the same time. There was also a Montréal anch. 35The Ausable River itself had been diverted from this area 18 years earlier. The Drown ands were located west of McInnes, where Parkhill Creek enters the old course of the Ausable. Label data (OAC) indicate that the /sopyrum specimen was collected at the ‘flats of Mud Creek, Parkhill,”’ in April, 1891. Botanical Section (Judd, 1969) and herbarium records in CAN, DAO, and OAC indicate that Dearness botanized at Parkhill, Port Franks, and Grand Bend in subsequent years. (On Dearness, see Tamblyn, 1956; Talman, 1957; Judd, 1979; and references cited therein.) Dearness’s associate in the Drowned Lands study, James Henry Bowman, was a graduate of the Ontario rips ‘ei Pharmacy and had been employed by William Saunders (father of W. nders, supra) in London. In 1, he In the mulated Society, he was ’’the leading figure in the Microscopical Section’’ as well as an enthusiastic esas of the Botanical Section. He regarded as hen” ‘one of the best-informed members on the contitioation a plants of southwestern Ontario’’ (Judd, 1979). He also collected plants in more distant parts of the Lake Huron watershed. His most significant collections were made in the summer of 1 at Bala, on Lake Muskoka, where he found a number of uncommon species, including several from boggy and aquatic e S visited Owen Sound in "1891, as indicated by a specimen of Polystichum lonchitis in OAC. Another leading member of the Botanical Section was William Thomas MacClement, who contributed specimens from Port Franks in 1895, MacClement, a graduate of Queen’s University (B.A. 1888, M.A. 1889), was then a teacher at the London Collegiate Institute, to which he had come after teaching at schools in Sydenham, Kingston, and Ingersoll. Later, he obtained his doctorate in work toward degrees without interrupting their careers. He sO active in horticulture, habe oe g advice on garden pest and disease problems for the public, and served as chairman of the Ontario Horticultural Association com mittee that aoa Trillium grandiflorum (Michx.) Salisb. for sponsorship as the floral emblem of Ontario (Pringle, 1984). (On MacClement, see Anonymous, 1938b, and Beschel, 1966.) ohn Arthur Balkwill was a London bookkeeper, best known as an nd horticulturist (Anonymous, 1908; Bethune, 1908) rataegus in the London area by _— rague rgen 1908) named a hawthorn for him, now known as — — ia pesrh (Sarg.) Phipps. Balkwill was recorded as having observed Buchnera americana and certain other species at Port Franks, and as having collected Kal/mia polifolia Wang. (as K. glauca Ait.) while visiting at Wingham in 1891 (Judd, 1969, 1979). Otherwise, his plant collecting seems to have been done outside the geographic area and time period being considered here. J amateur entomologist a Stephenson.” This was presumably Hugh Allan Stevenson (1870-1942), then a student, later an anaesthesiologist (M.D. and C.M. Trinity Medical College, 51 affiliated with the University of Toronto, 1895) practicing in London. Steven- son is best known as having been a flamboyant and iy cose politician, who served as mayor of London and as an Ontario Labour Party member of the ee, Assembly. His brother, William John —— (1872. 1947), later a urgeon (M.D. and C.M. Trinity, 1896), also participated in sections of the Earamialonicat Society. The Megalodonta specimen was not found at OAC, nor were any specimens from the Lake Huron area collected by either of the sanbli sons encountered in the present study. (On both Stevensons, see Anonym ., and alumni records, University of Toronto; on Dr. Hugh A. Poe see whe Anonymous, 1942.) Yet another member of this coterie was Ernest Edwin ee (1870- 1959), who Feauedaal some plants observed near Forest, where he taught school from 1891 to 1895, before moving to London, but who apparently preserved no specimens from this area. (On Gibbs, see Judd, 1979.) In addition to a collection or collections by Bowman, at least one ad- ditional specimen, a hart’s-tongue fern from Owen Sound in 1891, was received from William Henry Jenkins, science master at the Owen Sound Collegiate Institute. Jenkins, a native of Madoc, had gone to Owen Sound after receiving his B.A. from the University of Toronto in 1890, and became principal of the Collegiate Institute in 1893. Owen Sound evidently took great pride in having rson of Jenkins’s Speed - the faculty, 03 regularly accorded him the title of Professor.” In 1902, he left Owen Sound to become registrar of the Ontario Department of Education, rhe he held te iboats until tuberculosis forced his retirement in 1906. (Anonymous, 1907a; Croft, 1980). Although Jenkins did little collecting of specimens, he neta established a reputation as being well informed about es ferns of the Owen Sound area, as indicated by the acknowledgment given him in a study of the hare’ s-tongue fern by the noted United States pteridologist William Ralph Maxon (see Soper, 1954). Nes =o Section of the Entomological Society of Ontario had an herbarium of native plant species at its London headquarters, established in 1891 and intially pence by J.A. Balkwill. This herbarium acquired over 300 specimens in its first year, largely from gifts by J.A. Morton and James White (infra) (Althouse, 1892). Specimens documenting some of the reports by Dear- ness, Bowman, MacClement, and Balkwill were placed in this herbarium. Along with with the Society’s library, the herbarium was given to the Ontario Agri- cultural College (now part of the —— o seks when the Society moved its headquarters there in 1906. However, by means all of the reports by these naturalists in the minutes of the Botanical ei (Judd, 1969) are documented by specimens at OAC. Many reports were made before the herbarium was begun. Some post-1890 reports may have been sight records only, and some of the a @ 3 an 3 a < o > i) 4 2 nw oO eo is) <= ao 33 | oe u ae ° a bn have been destroyed, before the transfer was made. Dearness sent specimens to Macoun, these now being at CAN, it developed a large private herbarium, now mostly at MTJB in part at DAO, to which Boivin (1980) has suggested part of the Botanical Section’s hese ecirn might have been transferred after the Section became inactive. Other = collected by members of the Section were sent to Burgess and are now at MTMG. However, records cited by Soper (1956, 1962) indicate that some oF the reports in the minutes lack documentation in any of these herbaria. In June, 1895, the Botanical Section was host to Rev. Dr. Robert Camp- bell, pastor of St. Gabriel Street Presbyterian Church in Montréal and a former president of the Natural History Society of Montréal, when the General Assemby of his church, of which he was clerk, met in London. Campbell, an 1858 gradu- ate of Queen’s University, had already published papers on the flora of Mon- n Count Stoney Point. Later that year, Campbell published a report on noteworthy plant records from this area and elsewhere (Campbell, 1895; see also Judd, 1969) He was especially interested in ferns, and addressed the Ottawa Field-Naturalists Club on this subject in 1901 (using lantern slides). Over the years, Campbell collected a large number of botanical specimens, which he donated in 1911 to the Natural History Society of Montréal. When this organization disbanded ca. 1927, its herbarium was given to McGill University, but at this time the Univer- sity’s herbarium was inactive. By the time the Natural History Society’s her- barium was integrated with that of the University some 30 years later, some of the specimens had been lost to decay (Milne, 1969; Boivin, 1980); this may account for the absence of specimens documenting some of Campbell’s pub- lished reports. (On Campbell, see Morgan, 1898, and Anonymous, 1922a.)36 , by fens, eskers, and other rich or unusual plant habitats. However, during the nw the p a with those in t uccessive editions of Gray's Manual, indicate that these specimens were probably collected ca. 1909 or 1910. mostly on birds. Orobanche purpurea Jacq., in a field at Wingham in 1895, the only time this speci a i —he expert whist player, and served as mayor and magistrate — Morton is o oe interest to the history of plant science in Ontario as a horticulturist and pioneer plant breeder, working with sweet corn and Gladiolus.3® Eventually, probably feeling that he had accomplished all he could in plant collecting, he relinquished this avocation and donated his herbarium to the University of Western Ontario (UWO). By this time, he had accumulated ca. 4000 specimens from the Wingham area, and ca. 1900 more from other parts of southern On- tario through his own collecting and op seit Earlier, he had made sizeable gifts of specimens to the herbaria of the Botanical Section of the Entomological Society of Ontario and Michigan State cei (Judd, 1879; data on col- lections from Vegter, 1976, and Boivin, 1980) =H Boivin (1980) expressed concern that the replacement of Morton’s original labels by W.G. Colgrove at UWO during the 1930s had been accompanied by “editing” of locality and habitat data and the substitution of ‘’bookish statements.’ However, nada Ne: own labels, which are still present on specimens sent to Amos Arthur Heller (seen at F; possibly present in greater numbers at BKL, which acquired Heller’s Retanunl indicate that no ate wer re | ost. These labels were Angie with “Wingham, Ont. Collector, J.A. Mor ’. the species name and the date were inserted with a rubber etre Secenthy age moveable type. Other data were waniaigh oe Another specimen, from the herbarium of Fayette Frederick Forbes, n t GH, also bears an original label with iden- tical printed data. All that is geese is the handwritten '’Tofieldia glutinosa Willd. [sic] Bunch Dee fam.,”" a number, and two dates in 1892. Tofieldia glutinosa (Michx.) Per cha bcsailigens species of interdunal shoreline habitats, was not likely see oa Wingham, although it does occur in a few inland fens in southern Ontario. Like mak other amateur collectors of his time, Morton fe) 1981; see also, e.g., comments on Amelanchier bartramiana Tausch) Roem. by Soper & Heimburger, 1892). Consequently, one of Morton's most significant pogo the first record of the provincially rare grass Melica smithii (Porter x A. ) Vasey for eastern Canada, collected in 1892, was viewed with sheers until the species was rediscovered in Huron County in 1966 (Dore & 38 One thing Morton evidently did not do, however, was travel to Alaska. Vegter hese stated that there were in UWO ca. 4000 specimens collected by Morton in Alaska beginning about 1891, the ates overlapping with those given for his collecting in Ontario. Expeditions to Alaska at that early date could hardly een overlooked by Judd’s (1979) sources, and according to Dr. J.B. pps (nes comm., 1981), there are no J.A. Morton collections from Alaska at 2 McNeill, 1980). (Melica smithii had been rediscovered in Ontario in 1908, but on the Bruce Peninsula rather than in Huron Coun e label of a specimen of the hart’s-tongue fern at HNH, from the herbarium of Ferdinand Blanchard, bears the printed heading “‘Ex herb. J.A. Morton,” with all other data, including the locality “Owen Sound,” being handwritten. This, however, was probably not one of Morton’s own labels; more likely it was printed for HNH, as it resembles other labels at that herbarium and the handwriting appears to be that of Henry Griswold Jesup, curator at the time of Blanchard’s death in 1892. Collection of this specimen in 1891 was credited to Mrs. Macdonald.” Without initials or other clues, her identity can- not definitely be established. Presumably she was an acquaintance who knew of Morton’s herbarium and though that he would appreciate fronds of a fern pointed out to her as a rarity. To his fellow naturalists, Morton was a gracious host, eager to encourage beginners and to take visitors to his favourite collecting localities. J.A. Balkwill’s visit has been noted above. Frederick Arno!d Clarkson was introduced to botany by Morton while Clarkson was a student at Mitchell and Seaforth, and the two sigs ye ae guys in the Wingham area during the 1 , when Clark- son wa teacher a nearby rural school. Clarkson subsequently graduated from the "University he Toronto Faculty of Medicine (M.B. 1901), did further study in internal medicine and pathology in London, England, and Vienna, and became professor of clinical medicine at the University of Toronto. He w recognized as a pioneer in radium therapy for cancer. He remained aioeeted in natural history, and contributed iichenglan-a specimens, including some from his early botanizing around Wingham, the herbarium of Absalom Cosens ee now at TRT. (On Clarkson, see A ieee 1960, 1963, and Judd, 9.) Morton and Dearness were evidently “the key instigators’ in the found- ing of The Canadian Botanists’ Correspondence Association in 1891. Although it attracted the attention of such prominent persons as Fowler and Macoun, it cus pieee anything significant.” : e founder of a similarly ephemeral, affiliated botanical club in Wingham teak 1987). He is, however, the only resident of Wingham whose botanical specimens are known to be extant. Another cr organization that came into being in — 1890s was the East Elg aap tanical — which met at Aylmer . 34 km Swerti rolinensis (Walt.) Kuntze in 1896, 1898, cs) by Anderson while pat lived at Aylmer date from 1894, — his family moved to Aylmer from -— through 1899. In 1900, he becam tudent at Victoria University in Toronto. There he was particularly jaca for good work in practical eb it but remained interested in other natural sciences as well. At the time of his death in 1903, attributed to a heart attack while swimming, he was assistant to Dr. Benj mongiee a University of Toronto zoologist, at the biological station at Go Home Ba He had assembled highly regarded collections of minerals, insects, birds, insects and eggs, as well as plants, and the + icsdaieciont specimens he had discovered in eastern Elgin County were much esteemed by the curator of the Provincial yey sa which institution he presented them in 1902. (On Anderson and the East Elgin Botanical Association, see Anonymous, 1903a,b, 1904, and Stewart, oe 1978.) e East Elgin Botanical Association established an herbarium (since destroyed) at Aylmer Collegiate Institute and a ange bureau,” active throu gh 1902, which distributed specimens to a number of institutions in No Am nd Europe. Also, the Botaniker Adressbuch, a world directory of plants, with specimens available for exchange. His own herbarium was presented to Victoria University after his death, and subsequently incorporated in TRT. Following the demise of the East Elgin Botanical fares Heke its ex- change program was taken over by one of the members, rge Lewis Fisher, who may already have been involved in such activities Ssataite i Association was founded. Sas was a resident of St. Thomas, who taught music there and occasionally also at Aylmer until he moved to Texas in 1911. Initially, he de- signated his Stain program the Canadian Botanical Exchange Bureau; later, in Houston, it became the American Botanical Exchange. Tens of thousands of specimens collected by Fisher and his clientele were distributed to individuals and institutions gh deoo North America and Europe. (Wingham and Seaforth Papers foun i were among those with whom Fisher traded specimens.) He collected and ex- changed vascular plants, bryophytes, and lichens, but was especially interested in ferns and ‘’fern-allies.”” Most of Fisher’s own collecting was done outside the geographic area and time period covered here, but citations (by Wilce, 1965) of a hybrid clubmoss, Lycopodium X_ habereri House (pro sp.), indicate that he did some botanizing at Dorset in the Muskoka District in 1898. (On Fisher and the Canadian Botanical Exchange Bureau, see Stewart, 1983, and numerous publications cited therein, especially Shinners, 1954.) At Queen’s University, the revival of botany upon the appointment of James Fowler (1829-1923) as lecturer in the natural sciences in 1880 included the establishment of the University’s herbarium, to which a and several of his colleagues and students contributed. William Nicol,49 one of Fowler's students (B.A. Queen’s, 1883), returned to Queen’s for his master’s —— after teaching high school at Guelph. Upon receiving his degree in 1889, Nic $8 This biological station was founded in 1898 by the Madawaska rate bers (Coombe, 1976). In 1901, it was superseded by a federal government facility (Wright, 1903; Bensley, 1912), but in practice it remained closely tied to the University of Toronto. This station had its own herbarium (Boivin, 1980), but this evidently came into being as a result of floristic studies of the area begun by Archibald Gowanlock Huntsman (1883-1973) in 1904 and continued the following year. It is, therefore, outside the scope of the present paper. When the eae station was discontinued in 1914, the herbarium was incorporated into went to Heidelberg, Germany, for a year’s further graduate study in mineralogy, with the understanding that he would fill the new faculty position in mineralogy to be created at Queen’s. Nicol taught at Queen’s and the affiliated School of Mining for 25 years, and donated the funds for a new building, now called Nicol Hall, for the geological sciences and School of Mining. He published a few papers on geology and mineralogy, but his greatest professional enthusiasm, except for teaching, was for collecting, in particular toward develo oping a large Nicol was listed by Beschel (1966) among the most important of the early con- tributors of specimens. Most of Nicol’s botanizing was done in the immediate vicinity of Kingston, constituting, according to Beschel, “a thorough plant survey’ of the area, especially of Cartwright’s Point and Cedar Island. Other Ontario localities, including Owen Sound, visited in June, 1889, just before he went to Heidelberg, were the source of lesser numbers of Nicol’s specimens Fowler’s undergraduate students also contributed some herbarium specimens of interest in the present context. Specimens from the vicinity of L University, from which he received his bachelor’s degree in 1883 and his master’s in 1891. It was while he was at Brampton, from 1887 to 1893, that Lees was most active in his studies of mosses and vascular plants, frequently accompanied on his field trips by James White and T.L. Walker einioae sharing with the latter an interest in mineralogy as well as botany (Crowder, 1974; Stewart, 1979). From 1893 to 1905, Lees taught at the St. Thomas foseuina Institute and was active in the East Elgin Botanical Association and in the Microscopical and Botanical sections of the dei gion Society. During this time he became especially interested in algae; he took a summer course on marine algae at Woods Hole Pi sachusetts, and spent ten Kits working on a thesis, accompanied by numer ous specimens and drawings, on Ontario fresh-water algae. Subsequently, however, ealing that he had unfairly been denied a doctorate from Queen’s he became disenchanted with the sciences. After his move to Peterborough in 1905, where be became public school inspector, “teaching and teaching methods were his hobby as well as his life work” and were the subject of a number of articles, eae professional and popular. He was one of the first educators in Ontario to become interested in consolidated schools, and was also a leader in esblinbied ss (adult) education (Anonymous, 1938c; Stewart, 197 Several other teachers in the primary saat a schools of Ontario enty years of the ancl became bota century, : as Spotton and Buchan (supra) ‘had as in earlier decades. some Ww — j i to be distinguished William Nicol (1861-1924) of Queen’s University is from Ontario Attorney General William Folger Nickle (1869-1957), who was chairman of the Queen’s University board fe) as ‘Billy’’ on the Queen’s a William pe professor of materia medica in i College in Toronto; and William Nicol (1768-1851) of edinburgh, Scotland, author on fossil conifers. 57 primarily concerned with providing teaching herbaria for use in their respective schools: others accumulated large personal herbaria as an avocation. One of these teachers was Absalom Cosens, whose plant specimens from the vicinity of Sea- forth and Clinton were so numerous that, as late as 1945, his and J.A. Morton’s collections were cited as sufficing well to represent the flora of Huron County in a phytogeographical discussion by Montgomery. Cosens’ botanical collecting began as least as early as 1890, when he found the nationally rare Erigenia bulbosa (Michx.) Nutt. at Seaforth, and continued well into the twentieth century.41 gree from the University of Toronto in ) 'The note ‘sent by W. Cosens” on a specimen of Caca/ia plantaginea from Clinton at TRT was doubtless based on an “A” not closed at the top, characteristic of Cosens’ signature. Apparent replicates of the same collection were attributed, by other recipients, to “A. Cosens.” Cosens was born near Seaforth in Tuckersmith Township, and taught at a nearby elementary school before enrolling at the University of Toronto, from which he graduated in 1896. He then attended the Ontario College of Education, and in 1897 began his career as a science teacher at Brampton Collegiate Insti- tute. In 1904, he became head science master at Parkdale Collegiate Institute in Toronto, which position he held until Parkinson’s disease dictated his retirement in 1928. During this time, he continued his studies at the University of Toronto, receiving his master’s degree in 1904. In 1913, he became the first person to receive a doctorate in Ratan from the University of Toronto (Forward, 1977), with a dissertation on galls. 42 In collaboration with Thomas Jayne Ivey (1874- 1927), science master at Harbord Collegiate Institute, Toronto, he authored Botany for High Schools, published in 1933, which became widely used as a .B. species (Anonymous, 1938a; E.H. Cosens, 1985). Cosens continued to develop his herbarium (now at TRT) as long as his health permitted, collecting specimens in much of southern Ontario, as indicated by label data and by localities includ- ing Owen Sound and Woodford that were mentioned in his paper on the habitats of Ontario ferns (A. Cosens, 1913). Cosens was also actively interested in entomology, seragli addressing the Toronto Branch of the Entomological Society of Ontario, an veral years he reported on the “insects of the Meat for the toe district in fe Annual fis inet of the Entomological Society. He participated in the organiza- tional meeting of the Toronto Field hea in 1923 (Talvila, 1974), but, because of his failing health, he was not long active in this organization. Seaforth in 1897 was also a botanizing site for another teacher, William Scott,43 whose specimens obtained on this occasion included the nationally rare Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott. Scott was an especially active collector of plant specimens across Canada. A native of Ashkirk in present-day Selkirk- atics master at the Ottawa Normal School. Science was added to his respon- sibilities in 1889. He moved to a similar position at the Toronto Normal School and became its principal four years later. While in Ottawa, Scott served for two vei as botanical editor for The Ottawa Naturalist, and in Toronto, author of two arithmetic textbooks. (On Scott, see Fraser, 1907; Morgan, 1912; Anonymous, 1920; and Wallace, 1949.) 2Cosens’ dissertation is a bibliographic oddity for North America, in that it was submitted as a published dissertation, following the custom at univer- sities in some European countries. 43 William Scott (1845-1920), ores in the normal schools, is to be dis- tt 2-1947), Ottawa lawyer active in issues tinguished from William Louis Scott (18 fe oni Fale Neturalists and both served as the Club's librarian. James White 44 was a native of Ireland, but he came to Canada in early childhood, and later became a schoolteacher, briefly at Carthage [now Britton], Dorking, Heide , i Paisley, Ontario, then for 32 years at Edmonton Leiberg, Conway MacMillan, Cyrus Guernsey Pringle, John Herman Sandberg, Charles Fay Wheeler, and others in the United States, and contributed specimens to their herbaria or to those of the universities with which they were associated. Other specimens were sold to the Paris and Budapest irene Moss specimens were sent to James Fowler at Queen‘s University and to Macou White was velba interested in the flora of the County [now Regional Municipality] of Peel, on which he published several family-by-family accounts e Ontario Acaial Science Bulletin. \t is illustrative to the expertise to which “White attained that these included lists of the Gramineae and Cyperaceae. White did, however, botanize in other parts of southern Ontario. Localities in the Lake Huron watershed at which he collected during the 1890s include Port 1986), since this species in Ontario is largely confined to the shores of a Huron exclusive of Georgian Bay. In September 1893, White was at Spanish Mills, on Aird Island in the North BitBaw: of Lake Huron, from which site one of his moss specimens became a syntype of the name Brachythecium caver- 44F our individuals named J. White were active, to various degrees, in the plant sciences in Ontario around the turn of the century. Barnhart (1965), Grace: (1974), and others have confused James White (1848-1931), the pigs schoolteacher, with James White (1863-1928), a geographer employed the Geological Survey of Canada and the Department of the Interior, The pis James White contributed material on the distribution of forest types and tree species for the first edition of the Atlas of Canada, but was not a collector of herbarium specimens nor otherwise an author of botanical works. James Herbert White (1875-1957), son of James White of Snelgrove, was a member of the Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, from 1909 to 1946. He establi- shed the herbarium of the Faculty of Forestry, ahaqueu incorporated into TRT (Boivin, 1980), but a large portion of the specim some specimens in the Toronto area from 1899 to 1902 (Boivin, 1987); James F. White, LL.D., principal of the Ottawa Normal School |, who was an honorary member of the. Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club from 1903 through 1913, but who is not known to have collected plant specimens; and Mrs. James S. White of Lion’s Head, who collected ferns there in 1953 (TRT). nosum Kindb., now regarded as a taxonomic synonym of 8. rutabulum Hedw.) B.S.P. Other notable discoveries by White included Phy//itis scolopendrium var. americana and ee — at Woodford in 1898. (On White, see nonymous, 1922d, which contains an extensive, but at some points exag- gerated, account of his b Mernevian also Anonymous, 1931.) On some of his moss forays in Peel County, White was accompanied by Thomas Leonard Walker of the Geological Survey of Canada. Walker had received s and master’s degrees in geology from Queen’s University, having studied under Robert Bell. His botanical collection were confined almost entirely to bryophytes, which he liked because they were compact and therefore easy to carry in the field. Of interest in the present context are his specimens bury area. These mosses were obtained at Parry Sound, the Spanish River, and several localities in the vicinity of Sudbury (Crowder, 1974). After Walker received his doctorate from the university at Leipzig, he did some of his most significant botanical collecting while assistant superintendent of the Geological urvey of India. In 1902, he joined the faculty of the University of Toronto, ae he became professor of mineralogy and petrography. Concurrently, he was director of res Royal Ontario Museum of Mineralogy (Morgan, 1912; Parsons, 1943). James Andrew Giffin raioap ig a small herbarium of fern specimens at St. Besiasines Collegiate Institute in 1899, pop age! of his collections from various points around Lake Muskoka that s . Giffin was the only collector of specimens pertinent to the present Seite pets prepared his labels with a typewriter. He received his B.A. from the University of Toronto in 1888, and taught at Clinton before coming to St. Catharines to teach biology in 1892. school in Toronto in 1887, but apparently never proceeded with medical studies. He did, however, find time to study for his law degree, which he received in 1895. He continued to teach seed at St. Catharines at least until 1906, but eventually he did follow through on one of his impulses to change careers, a poet, and published a volume of his poems, and contributed others to an anthology, in the 1930s. Some titles indicate a lasting interest in nature, but this interest does not appear to have been manifested in any further collecting of iffi : St. Catharines Collegiate Institute [Archives of Ontario] ; and, for dates of birth and of residence in St. Catharines, respectively, The National py Catalog and Mrs. Sheila Wilson, in epist., 1984. ) after leaving McMaster in 1900, he was employed in private industry as a geo- logist and mining engineer (Anonymous, 1914a; Wallace, 1949). Some of Will- 61 mott’s specimens were collected around Toronto, but others, perhaps a greater number, were obtained on ae outside this area. The first of these trips, and the only one pertinent to the present study, was to Jackson’s Point, on the south shore of Lake crane in op oa 1892. m its early manifestations in the first local scientific societies and the sicecitoad Botanical Society of Canada, botany as a hobby, or at least the development of private herbaria, had greatly increased in popularity by 1890. This growth was paralleled in many other avocations, as the North American Thomas Millman and J.A. Morton (supra), who accumulated large herbaria but published nothing on botany, exemplify the fad ay collecting that proliferated during the latter part of the nineteenth century. Herbaria were amassed in much the same spirit in which later collectors tei pet cards or china plates, rather than as wcane a resources or documentation. Correspondence from the period (e.g., Mrs. y's letters to Bebb) pital esta a collector’s desire to one good i each of as many species as possible, or of all of the species in some group, from any source, after which acquisition no further specimens of the respective species would be desired. n the United States and the United Kingdom, a small proportion but nevertheless a significant number of these amateurs progressed beyond mere collecting to make major contributions to systematic botany. In Canada, how- aceite relatively few of their herbaria were of any value to phytogeography or taxonomy, as they often lacked adequate locality and other data. The more antes effects of the collecting fad may have been negative, in that some c records for Macoun and other botanists of the time, when brought to their attention. Some that were ultimately donated to institutional herbaria continue to be of value to taxonomists and phytogeographers. Also, some individuals, even though they only collected a small number of specimens, were the only sehen for several decades to do any botanizing in their parts of the Lake Huron asin e of the collectors who did make a notable contribution to Ontario floristics aires the 1890s was William Herriot, whom Groh (1938; in part a paraphrase of Kerr, 1931) described as ’’a born naturalist, [whose] quick eye detected anything out of the ordinary, and enabled him to add not a few records to th e Canadian flora, along with a most creditable volume of regular sur a " Herriot was a lifelong resident of Galt [now part of Cambridge] , wher he was employed as a clerk in a machine shop of which the senior partner was a grandson of John Goldie. His botanical activity peaked in the early years of the twentieth century, stimulated by his membership in the Guelph-based ‘ 4° Speci ifically, it may be noted that Giffin’s sonnet titles included The Great Divide” and "In the Yellowstone Canyon,”’ but his name is absent from Ewan & Ewan’s (1981) thoroughgoing Rocky Mountain Naturalists. 62 Wellington Field Naturalists’ Club, during which time he published a number of papers on the plants and birds of Galt and vicinity. In 1906, Herriot accom- other naturalists, including ates Campbell (supra). (On Herriot, see Kerr, 1931; Groh, 1938; Boivin, 1980.) Another significant contributor to Canadian floristics was William Copeland McCalla, best known for his extensive collection of Alberta plants. ere he became a teacher school librarian, McCalla operated a fruit farm at his native St. Catharines, Ontario. He had studied at Cornell University, according to Porsild (1964), “long enough to come under the lasting influence of Dr. L.H. Bailey and Dr. K.M. Wiegand,” His collecting sites in Ontario included the vicinity of Newmarket, onick he visited in 1896, and possibly other localities in the Lake Huron basin. (On McCalla, see Porsild, 1964, and Boivin, 1980.) mund Murton Walker (whose father, Sir [Byron] Edmund Walker, was as late as Walker’s time, was remarkable for its prairie and savannah communi- ties, and had been “the first sandy, flat, dry landing on Lake Simcoe” beyond the Holland Landing area for aboriginal peoples and fur traders travelling north to Georgian Bay. A number of rare and disjunct species are known from this locality (Reznicek, 1983; Reznicek & Maycock, 1984). Walker received his secondary-school education at Harbord Collegiate Institute, while H.B. Spotton (supra) was principal, and his bachelor’s ee eg from the University of Toronto in 1900. After receiving the degree of M.B. in 1903 and doing some graduate study in Germany, Walker joined the foihy of the University of Toronto, where he taught invertebrate zoology and forest entomology and served as head of the Department A Zoology. His ligt publications were largely confined ority the sciences and other cultural fields.” He was one of the founders of the Toronto Field Naturalists’ Club in 1920 (Talvila, 1974), and “his wide knowledge of the trees of the forest, shrubs and plants” was greatly appreciated on the field trips that he led for this organization “ide, 1970). ed at Cape Croke the Bruce Peninsula in 1895. Massey, an 1893 graduate of vidtorie eciese had then just completed a year of high-school teaching at Wiarton. Subsequently, he studied Aglaia at Trinity Medical College, Toronto, from tin he ssinlield his M.D. and C.M. degrees in 1898. He spent a year in Labrador with the Royal National Mlesion to Deep Sea Fishermen (the “Grenfell Mission’), then entered 63 medical missionary work in Africa. After serving in British Central Africa [now Zambia], he went to the Belgian Congo [now Zaire] , where he was appointed on African sleeping sickness was highly regarded, and two arthropod species were named for him (Anonymous, 1922a,b). Unfortunately, he does not appear to have collected botanical specimens after he left Ontario. Another of these Victorian collectors was James Alexander Porter (1864-1902), who received his B.A. from McGill in 1883 and his M.D. in 1887. During his undergraduate years, he collected some botanical specimens in Québec, which in 1883 were in the McGill University herbarium (Macoun, 1883-1902). After he received his medical degree, Porter, who was originally from Kemptville, became the first physician to practice in Powassan, Ontario, some, sent by Porter to correspondents, are now in distant herbaria. (Informa- tion on Porter from Stripe & Budreau, 1980, and from records in the Registrar's Office, McGill University.) - exploration in Egypt, Syria, and Crete with Petrie and others, Currelly returned = Canada (Mcliwraith, 1957; L. Dickson, 1986). His Sparrow Lake specimens, Another private herbarium acquired by TRT was that of Marcella Wilkes na sent identification) from Atherley on Lake Couchiching, but the majority of the specimens were obtained outside the area and time considered in this paper. Toward the end of the nineteenth century, some notable botanica collectors from the United States added their efforts to those of Ontario’s resident naturalists. Charles Keene Dodge was an 1870 graduate of the Univer- sity of Michigan, where he had studied botany under Alexander Winchell. He lived in Port Huron, Michigan, from 1875 to 1889 and from 1891 until his death in 1918, where he was first a practicing lawyer and later a deputy collector cluded further significant contributions to Ontario floristics. One of these was a flora of Lambton County in its entirety (Dodge, 1915), which incorporated records of plants collected (after 1900) by Newton Tripp (1847-1936), a banker and conveyancer in Forest, Ontario; another was a flora of Point Pelee and vicinity. As noted by Voss (1978), Dodge “‘was particularly obsessed with citing his home town almost every time he used his name,” with the result that many of his specimens obtained elsewhere have been incorrectly attributed to Port Huron. (Several biographical sources on Dodge have been cited by Voss, 1978.) reported from both Ontario and Michigan were attributed to Lambton County on Wheatley’s authority. Wheatley was a fruit grower (with additional business interests in his later years) at Blackwell. He was listed in The Naturalists’ Direc- tory for 1898 (Cassino, 1898) et seq. as a collector of botanical specimens and presumably had a large herbarium of his own, but this does not appear to be extant. Only specimens that he gave to Dodge have been seen in this study. (On Wheatley, see Anonymous, 1906, 1925, and Phelps, 1980.) Another botanical collector from the United States was Gerritt Smith Miller, who became Curator of Mammals at the Smithsonian Institution. Miller, although known primarily as a mammalogist, also engaged in botanical research during the earlier part of his career, and was especially interested in Nuphar (then known as Nymphaea), on which he co-authored a taxonomic monograph with Paul Carpenter Standley. In 1896, Miller, who was at that time a recent graduate in zoology from Harvard University, employed by the Biological Survey of the United States Department of Agriculture, spent some time north of the Great Lakes studying the fauna and, incidentally, collecting some plant speci- mens. During the period from 7 August to 8 September, Miller was in the vicinity of North Bay. Most of this time was spent ca. 8 km north of North Bay, where he found “a great variety of [physiographic] features within easy reach (Miller, 1899). His specimens from this area were particularly significant in view of the paucity of floristic records from the vicinity of North Bay (see Riley, 1983). (On Miller, see Shamel et al., 1954.) A third collector from the United States during this period was David LeRoy Topping, who obtained a few specimens at Mortimer’s Point on Lake Muskoka in 1899. Topping, a native of North Harpersfield, New York, and a for- mer schoolteacher, was an accountant in Washington, D.C., at the time of this Canadian trip. In Washington, he had become acquainted with the pteridologist William R. Maxon, and had accompanied Maxon and other botanists from the Smithsonian Institution on many field trips. About 1903, Topping accepted a mained there until his retirement in 1922, except for service in Vladivostok with the American Red Cross during and/or immediately after the First World War. Topping, who was especially interested in ferns, collected numerous botanical specimens in many parts of the continental United States, the Philippines, and Siberia; on Mt. Kinabalu in British North Borneo [now Sabah, Malaysia] ; and finally in Hawaii, where he lived following his retirement (Anonymous, 1939; Degener & Degener, 1968). Colin Campbell Stewart, Jr., was a native of Owen Sound and received his bachelor’s degree from the University of Toronto in 1894. After graduation, he went to Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts, from which he re- ceived his Ph.D. in physiology in 1897, and walt the rest of his distinguished career as a physiologist and 63 Gat in the United States. After teaching in the medical schools of Harvard, Columbia, and the University of Pennsylvania, St i the rest of his life, ultimately occupying an endowed chair and serving for a time as acting dean. He was known during his earlier years at Dartmouth as “inter- seedy an out-door man, a mountain climber ... [who] helped organize the rtmouth Outing Club,” ‘and “always a keen student of flowering plants” enone. 1945). In his herbarium, which he donated to Dartmouth College, were specimens collected while visiting his family in Owen Sound in the summer of 1900, from localities including Inglis Falls and Kemble. f the pate od of the name Amelanchier huronensis Wieg. is Biltmore Herbarium no. 5664 (GH), from Gravenhurst, On ntario, collected in 1897 (Wiegand, 1920). (Amelanchier huronensis is now usually included in A. sanguinea (Pursh) DC.) The numerous specimens distributed by the Biltmore Herbarium (on which see Lanjouw & Stafleu, 1954, and McVaugh, 1956, p. 103) lacked the names of the collectors. However, the principal collector of sa mens for this herbarium, Aigotnal A in 1897, was Chauncey Delos Beadle. He a native of St. Catharines, and ut father, Delos White Beadle, a roeseuad: nurseryman, and fou vie ng editor of e Canadian Horticulturist, lived in Ontario all his life ape Sa 1965). Therefore, " seems highly probable that the Amelanchier and other specimens were obtained by C.D. Beadle on a visit to his native province. gardens. To Olmstead, Beadle’s “encyclopedic ‘tree-sharpness’ was a source of wonder and admiration” (Roper, 1973). After Olmstead’s work was completed, Beadle remained at Biltmore as supervisor of the estate and the nursery and curator of the herbarium (Anonymous, 1950a). Under Beadle’s direction, the herbarium grew to ca. 100,000 specimens and distributed thousands to many other institutions. As well as as being an assidu- ous collector, Beadle was a student of the southeastern flora and several plant genera, including Crataegus, Marshallia, and Philadelphus, in which and other genera he described a number of new taxa between 1898 and 1902, all, however, from the southern United States. A flood in 1916 that destroyed about 75 per cent of ee specimens, combined with the death of George Washington Vander- bilt, the founding patron, and declining interest in private natural- -history col- lections brought an end to the herbarium, and the types and other s specimens Tt previously unknown in American gardens (Anonymous, 1950a; Frohman Elliot, 1960). Two Ontario naturalists of the turn of the century probably preserved no botanical specimens but deserve mention because of their publications on trees and shrubs. Jabez Henry Elliott (1873-1942) ceaapoen his M.B. from the University of Toronto in 1 and, in what was an unusual move for a well man at the time, became medical superintendent of the Muskoka Cottage Sanatorium for tuberculosis patients, near Gravenhurst. He remained at the rsnae bint until 1907, except for a two-year leave when he visited sanatoria in Eur participated in an expedition to Nigeria for the study of malaria and filariasis. In 1907, he went to Johns Hopkins University for further study, then established a practice in Toronto as a specialist in tuberculosis. As well as being eminent in this specialty, he was an early advocate of many public-health measures. Other interests included medical history, one of the subjects he taught in the Univer- and shrubs of the Muskoka District. He continued these studies while at Graven- hurst, and in 1905 published an annotated list of the native trees and shrubs of Muskoka (Elliott, 1905). A few species listed, some of which seem unlikely to represent misidentifications, have not otherwise been reported from the Mus- koka District, but no specimens by which these reports might be documented are known to exist (annotations by A.A. Reznicek, based on a ms. list of the Muskoka flora by R.E. Whiting & J. Goltz, 1979). Elliott acknowledged that many of his notes had been made con- junction spt William Hawthorne Muldrew (1867-1904). Muldrew, after pe years as a public-school teacher near Rice Lake, had studied at the Training Queen's in 1894. He e taught briefly in Orillia, then became sages Na Graver- While at Gravenhurst, Muldrew established on the school grounds ' arboretum, where practically all the trees and shrubs of the district [might] . which culminated in his Sy/van Ontario, which in its second edition comprised "69 pages of illustrated dichotomous keys followed by notes on the distribution of species, with many references to occurrences in the Mus- 67 Ontario Agricultural College in Guelph, where he established a Department of Nature Study. His career was terminated by his sudden death from diphtheria during his second year as dean (Lochhead, 1905). Hague Harrington (1852-1918) spent two days in July, 1892 in the Sudbury District (Harrington, 1894a, 1919). (Harrington stayed on for two more days.) Fletcher, who was then Dominion Botanist and Entomologist, was the author of the Flora Ottawaensis and other botanical publications and a contributor of many specimens to the herbarium now designated DAO, as 8 as being a lepidopterist and an authority on insects of importance to agricultu Harrington, who had been one of the founders of the Ottawa Field- Naturalist Club in 1879, was primarily interested in entomology, but was also active botany in his later years. According to Harrington (1909), ‘Fletcher nie largely in the hope of capturing Erebja discoidalis,"” the red-disked alpine, a rach that had previously been taken at Copper Cliff although rare that far outh and east. They collected 275 ee on that occasion, although EF. dis- pears Kirby was not among them. However, because of their cadena on insects and the curtailment of their field. oe by rain, it is unlikely that they collected plants at Copper Cliff. Harrington’s (1894) detai led accounts of their activities, including, e.g., visiting their host and touring smelters, made no men- tion of botanical specimens. Harrington (1894) did, however, record observations of damage attributed to air pollution and acid rain in the vicinity of Sudbury. (On Fletcher, see Anonymous, 1910a; ream bie 1909; other articles in vol. 22, no. 10 [1909] of The Ottawa Naturalist, which is a memorial number to Fletcher: and Cody et al., 1986. On Harrington, see A. Gibson, 1918.) es Henry Fleming (1872-1940), ‘‘the Air soone dean of Canadian ornitho sone (so designated by Taverner, 1941, q.v. for biography), spent con- siderable time in the Parry Sound and Mu iy districts, based at Emsdale, around the turn of the century. Although his — of birds (Fleming, 1901-1902) began as early as 1897, the only botanical specimens derived from this field work to have been seen in the present er nko from 1902, L‘envoi Herbert Groh (1938), in his tribute to William Herriot, wrote: “It is fitting that those who have contributed from their obscurity to the sum total of our existing knowledge should share with others, more officially placed, in our grateful recognition of services rendered.” It is in this spirit that the present paper has been written. Only a part of our knowledge of the flora of the Lake Huron stan shed in Canada was contributed by botanists of the stature of John Richardson and John Macoun; the rest was amassed through numerous small pdciseetcosee by persons to whom botanical history has hitherto paid minimal attention. Probably there were other collectors who could have been mentioned in this paper. Certainly much of our knowledge of the flora of other parts = aes has ebigpeves. ors through similar small contributions by little- known sons, ives and collections likewise deserve attention from cient aes Sie Acknowledgments As noted in the introduction, herbarium specimens were in many cases my primary sources of information on who had botanized when and where in the Lake Huron region. | am, therefore, grateful for the opportunity to examine specimens at CAN, DAO, F, GH, HNH, MICH, MO, MTMG, OAC, OK, and TRT Most of the library research for this paper was done at McMaster Univer- en te) was the source of a number of historic botanical publications, The Archives of Ontario was also an especially valuable source of biographical data m also grateful for the cooperation | received from staff members, b la mostly in the rare books, special collections, and local history departments, at several other libraries, viz., the public libraries of Hamilton, London, Owen of the libraries at Dartmouth College and the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor My Agee hp: is also hereby expressed to the staff members at the archives a alumni reco as i Aeape of McGill University, Queen’s University, and the University ot and to the = of the United Church of Tor Carade and the Pia teston Chorek i in Canad Thanks are also extended to those persons a caer of in- formation by mail (‘‘in epist.’’) or orally (“pers. comm.”’) are acknowledged in the text of this paper. These include librarians, aoe Siativns of botanical collectors, and fellow botanical historians. am especially Ligeosgie to Dr. Anton A. Reznicek for a general review ny | of a preliminary version of the manuscript, on which occasion he made ma valuable comments and an eas for its improvement 69 Appendix: List of known nineteenth-century botanical collectors in the Canadian basin of Lake Huron, with years of birth and death (if known) and present repositories of specimens Alexander, Andrew 1832-1914 greatest number, including own herbarium, at ;some at CAN, MTMG, TRT Ami, Henry Mare 1858-1931 greatest number at CAN; some at MTMG Anderson, James Alexander 1853-1910 small number at MTMG Anderson, Robert ta i 1878-1903 greatest number, including own her- barium, at TRT; small numbers at : IN, and probably else- where (possibly ale from Lake Huron basin at these herbaria) Armstrong, Charles William ca. 1870-1950 TRT, US Austin, Edward Payson probably late 1830s-probably ca. 1903 Ee a few may be at other herbaria, but, if so, probably none from Ont Balkwill, John Arthur ca. 1842-1 1908 a few at CAN, DAO, MICH, MTMG; probably also at OAC, possibly at A; few specimens collected from Lake aie basin and perhaps none extant Beadle, Chauncey Delos 1866-1950 principal iy cacti US; some, including skoka District at GH; for many other possible repositories, ost of which, however, may lack Cancer ore see Lanjouw & Stl Rigel under heading “Biltmore Herbariu Bell, John 1 -1878 vascular plants: principal ‘anak of Lake Huron cllectios CCO; some at CAN, TRT; small numbers GH, MTMG; non- scular plants: CANL, CANM Bell, Robert 1841-1917 vascular plants: CAN, QK; small hoinbers at CCO, GH, US; non-vascular plants: CANL, C ,QK sonia pies Henry 1853-1936 OAC: po ssibly a few at DAO, MTMG; ec gos from Lake Huron basin mostly collected with John Dearness, bearing Dearness’s name drktcn. Nathaniel ban 1859-1934 -NY; numerous other repositories ‘ag by u & Cowan (1976) may contain none from 1889 Muskoka trip Brown, Rober ca. 1767-1845 specimens from North ae collected with es McNab, q.v., and ntti bearing McNab’s Buchan, “John Milne 1841. 1885 most specimens srobebhe j si extant; a few, ably none from Lake asa! basin, at MTMG Burgess, Thesan Joseph Workman 1849-1925 greatest numbers at CAN, DAO, ; some (1887-1890 collections) at HAM: smaller numbers at BM, NY, OAC, TRT, UWO Cameron, Charles James 1819-1901 small legs at OK Campbell, he ne own herbarium at MTMG; smaller numbers at a few at OAC (possib! athe from Lak at eee oacye y ake Huron basin Clarkson, Frederick Arnold 1874-1963 T TRT Cosens, Absalom 1869-1938 own herbarium at TRT Currelly, Charles Trick 1876-1957 TRT Day, David Fisher 1829-1900 BUF 461 anjouw & Stafleu (1954) listed K among the repositories of speci- mens collected by this Robert Campbell. According to Jackson (1901), however, the specimens at K were obtained along the MacKenzie River [Northwest Ter- henge ll ly obviously, in view of the date and location, by Robert Camp- e 1 fur trader and explorer, rather than by Robert Campbell (1835-1921), clergyman. : sats Dearness, an 1852-1954 greatest number (exclusive of fungi), including most n herbarium, at MTJB; other major repositories DAO, OAC (the ebay non Entomological Society herbarium); smaller numbers at CAN, GH, TRT Dodge, Charles Keene 1844-1918 own herbarium at MICH; other major re- positories MIN, US; smaller numbers at A, CAN, CS, CU, E, GH, MO, SC, NY, TEX, TRT (some may have Michigan specimens only) Drummond, Thomas 1790-1835 specimens from Franklin’s Second Land Ex- pedition collected with John Richardson, q.v. Fisher, George Lewis 1868-1953 two specimens from Dorset known to be at salt! for many other repositories, most of nea probably have few if any from the Lake Huron one see vine (198 Gibson, John ca. 1852-1876 greates mbers at CAN, oar a few at MTMG; cosa from 1874 caine: pasado with John Macoun, q.v., and bearing Macoun’s name Giffin, rexteh hen 1862-1949 a few at HAM Goldie, John 1793-1886 K; a few at OXF, PH (specimens at MTMG from Niagara Falls only) Gray, James Ezra 1859-1907 small number at MTMG Herriot, William 1870-1930 own herbarium at OAC; other major repositories — fern smaller numbers at CU, GH, L, NY, TRT (some may have no ens from Lake Huron basin) Hincks, Wiliam 1794-1871 greatest number of Canadian specimens at TRT; a t CAN, F, GH, MO, OK (specimens in Irish and U.K. herbaria not eat pais Hollingworth, Alice (subsequently Webster) 1870-1954 small number at TRT Jenkins, William Henry 1863-1907 a few at OAC Kemp, Alexander Ferrie 1822-1884 own herbarium at OK Lees, a = 6-1938 greatest numbers at OK, TRT; a few at OXF (probably m Lake Huron basin) Logie, Alexander 1823-1873 few specimens extant, probably none from Lake n basin; a few at CAN, MTMG; two at HAM Macon: William Thomas 1861- 1938 specimens from Lake Huron basin co ollected with John Dearness, q.v., and generally bearing Dearness’s n Macoun, James Melville 1862-1920 greatest number at CAN; other major ye gions F, NY; numerous other herbaria sasage by Stafleu & Cowan 981) (probably few if any have specimens from the Lake Huron basin) Macoun, eth 1831-1920 vascular plants: greatest ee at CAN; other major Ss gsipehaedit BM, O, GH, K, MTMG, NA, OK; smaller mbers at A, BRU, CU, HHH, HNH, LIV, Bik NY, PH, QPH, TRT, US, and elsewhere; non- “vascular plants: gre t numbers at CANL, CANM: other major repositories FH, NY, PH hens QK, S (mosses), YU (liverworts); smaller numbers at DBN (moss Massey, Alfred Yale 1871-1922 one specimen known . ie at t CAN McCalla, bean peers 1872-1962 own herbarium at ALTA; some Ontario im t CAN; see Porsild (1964) and Boivin (1980) pe additional repositories es may contain none from the Lake Huron basin McNab (a.k.a. Macnab), James 1810-1878 own Pe at DBN; other repo se oF Canadian specimens BM, E, LIV, MO Miller, Gerritt Smith, Jr, 1869-1956 greatest number at is. bis some at GH a Morton, James Alexander 1848-1932 greatest number, including own herbarium, O; another major repository MSC; smaller numbers at BKL, CAN, DAO, E, F, GH, eons HNH, MSC, MTMG, ND, NY, OAC, PH, QFA, Q TRT, and elsew Muir, John 1838-1914 few Cenacian specimens extant, these at MO Nicol, William 1861-1924 Richardson, John 1787- ne greatest numbers at BM, E, K, OXF47 Roy, Jessie Dalrymple Gregg 1813-1889 vascular plants: small numbers at BUF, CAN, DBH, F, GH, HAM, K,L,LG, MICH, MO, NY, MTMG, OK, TRT, US, YU, and elsewhere; non-vascular plants: greatest number probably at QK; other repositories CANL, CANM, FH, MTMG, NY, OXF, TRTC, and probably also BM, H, UC, and elsewhere; mosses also distributed in sets of exsiccatae by C.F. Austin — sets at BM, FH, G, K, MANCH, NY, PRE, OK, W Saunders, Sarah Agnes Robinson 1835-1915 DAO; possibly a few at MTMG Saunders, William Edwin 1861-1943 greatest number at UWO; some at MO and probably elsewhere Scott, Patrick John 1865-1944 CAN, DAO, MTMG, QK, TRT, UWO Scott, William 1845-1920 own herbarium at TRT; smaller numbers at CAN, cS _ GH, MSC, NY, QFA, QUE, UWO Smith, Charies Merrill 1848-1919 small numbers at MTMG, TRT Spotton, Henry Byron 1844-1933 few specimens extant; one known to be at TRT Stewart, Colin Campbell, Jr. 1873-1944 HNH Todd, Clement Charles ca. 1795-1828 greatest number at K; a few at E, E-GL Topping, David LeRoy 1861-1939 own herbarium at US; smaller numbers at MA ICH, NY, and elsewhere (probably none from Ontario at these rbaria Tytler, William 1842-1932 small number at QK Walker, Edmund Murton 1877-1969 own herbarium at TRT Walker, Thomas Leonard 1867-1942 greatest number at QK; some at TRT, CANM (possibly none from Lake Huron basin) Watt, David Allan Poe 1830-1917 own heharins at MO; another major re- siaiaeds E; some at BM, F, GH, HHH, K, MTMG, NA, and elsewhere ( ibly none from Lake Huron basin at some of these herbaria) lara: Thonies Coulson 1841-1925 most specimens probably not extant; mall number at White, ae 1848-1931 greatest number, including own herbarium, at TRT; another major repository OAC (from Entomological Society herbarium); some at BP, CAN, E, GH, HAM, MIN, MT, P, QK, UWO, and elsewhere (possibly none from Lake Huron basin at some of these herbaria) Wilkes, Marcella 1842-1935 own herbarium at TRT Willmott, Arthur Brown 1867-1914 HAM *7 According to Vegter (1983), additional specimens from Franklin’s expeditions are at CGE, DBN, Fl, G-DEL, GH, H, LINN, M (lichens), NMW, NY, PH, and SFD. Most of the specimens at these herbaria are probably from regions northwest of the Lake Huron basin. Literature cited Adams, J. 1928-1930. A bibliography of Canadian plant geography to the end of the year 1920. Trans. Roy. Canad. Inst. 16:293-355; 17:103- 145, 227- Agassiz, L. 1850. Lake Superior: its Physical Character, Vegetation, and Anivnets, mpared with those of Other and Similar Regions. Boston : Gould, Kendall and Lincoln. Republished 1974. Huntington, NY: Robe bert E. Krieger Publishing Company. xii + 428 pp. + [i] + 9 pl. + new intro- duction by A.V. Carazzo, 25 pp. Alexander, A., & J.M. Dickson. 1901. Biological ret ae Report for 1900-01. J& Proc. Hamilton Sci. Assoc. 17:97-98 + 1 Allen, G.M. 1903. Report of the Secretary and gene Glover M. Allen. roc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 31:32-54. cinco - .W. 1892. Report of the Botanical Section, Ann. Rep. Dept. Agric. Ontario [for] 1891 (22nd Ann. Rep. Entomol. Soc. Ontario): 18. Ami, H.M. 1894. Pellaea densa, Hooker. 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Synopsis of the flora of the valley of the St. Lawrence and Great Lakes, with descriptions of the rarer plants. Canad. J. Sci. Lit. Hist., ser. 1], 15:51-66, 161-176, 349-364, 429-435, 46-556. 5 Macoun, W.T. 1921 [1920]. Obituary: John Macoun, 1831-1920. Assistant Dir ector and Naturalist to the Geological Survey of Canada, Canad. Field. Nat. 34:110-114. Maheux, A. 1960-1961. Louis-Ovide Brunet, botaniste, 1826-1876. Naturaliste Canad. 87:5-22, 53-57, 120-164, 228-236, 277-286; 88:78-83, 149-161, 324-336 Malte, M.O. 1920. James Melville Macoun, C.M.G. Canad. ew Nat. 34:38-40. woo B.P. 1874. Introductory. Psyche (Cambridge, MA) 1 . Trelease. 1881. Proc ae a societies. a ei Entom- ological Club. Psyche (Cambridge, MA) 3:245-279. Marquis, R.J., & E.G. Voss. 1981. = i at some western North Ameri- can plants disjunct in the Great Lakes region. Michigan Bot. 20:53-82. McDougall, E.A.K. 1982. Kemp, Alexander Ferrie. /n: Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Volume XI: 1881 to 1890. 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Toronto: The Champlain Society. cxiv + 445 pp. + 8 figs xiv Nelson, E.C., & W.G. Dore. 1987. James McNab’‘s collections from eastern North America, 1834: notes on nomenclature, and type specimens in the National Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin, Ireland. Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 44:343-349. Parfitt, C.D. 1943. Dr. Jabez Henry Elliott. Canad. Med. Assoc. J. 48:181-182. Parsons, A.L. 1943. Memorial to Thomas Leonard Walker. Proc. Vol. Geol. Soc. Amer. 1942:241-249 + pl. 12. Also published 1943, without biblio- graphy and with minor changes as: Thomas Leonard Walker racic’ 1942). Proc. & Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, ser. III, 37(Proc.):91-93 + 1 Paterson, A. 1983. he History of the Rose. London, U.K.: on Collins Sons & Co. 255 p Subpart D.F. 1897. < review of Canadian botany from 1800 to 1895. Part | [of whole review]. Proc. & Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, ser. II, 3(4): 2 56. Phelps, C.S. 1980. A History of Blackwell Church and Community: 100 Years 1880- tee Blackwell: Blackwell Church, United Church of Canada. 12 Pomeroy, E.M. 1056. William Saunders and his Five Sons: the a et the arquis Wheat Family. Toronto: Ryerson Press. xiii + 192 pp.+3p Porsild, ee -E. 1964. William Escutand McCalla — an appreciation. gains Pak 78:1 38. Porsild, A.E., & W.J. Cody. 1980. Vascular Plants of Continental Northwest Territories, Canada, Ottawa: National Museums of Canada. viii + 667 pp. Pringle, e 1984. Trilliums of Ontario. Roy. tah t. Gard. Techn. Bull. 5, ed. 3. 27 pp. (Includes introduction by A. Paterson. Pringle, Js "i986 [(“1985"], 1988 [“1987”]. ‘Chines Charles Todd (d. 1828), early naturalist and botanical collector in Upper Canada. Canad. Hort. Hist 1:15-27; Addendum. Canad. Hort. Hist. 1:186. Pringle, JS. 1988a. Nomenclature of the white cardinal flower, Lobelia car- dinalis forma alba (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae). Plant Press 5:4-5. Pringle, J.S. 1988b. 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INDEX Underlined numbers refer to pages on which biographical data are given for persons who collected botanical specimens within the geographic area and time covered by this paper. Numbers not underlined refer to pages on which these and other individuals are otherwise mentioned. Abélard, P. 25 Buchan, J.M. 14, 30-32, 57, 70 Agassiz, J.L.R. 14 Buchan, J.N.S. 30 Alexander, A. 32, 40, 49-50, 60, 70 Buchan, J.S. 30 Ami, HM. 34, 43, 46, 70 Burgess, T.J.W. 14, 25, 32, 39, 41-42, Anderson, James 44 46, 49, 70 Anderson, James Alexander 44, 70 Burns, J. 27 Anderson, James Robert 44 Burrill, et rh Anderson, R.T. 55-56, 70 Cabot, J.E. Armstrong, C.H. 47 Cameron, C. . oe 34, Armstrong, C.W. 47-48, 70 Campbell, R. apes < 62, 63, 70 Austin, C.F. 23, 25, 28 Campbell, R. (fur trader) 7 Austin, E.P, 15-16, 70 Clarkson, F.A. 55, 70 Back, G. 10 Claypole, K.B.7. 45 Bailey, L.H. 63 Clinton, G.W. 45 Baker, J.G. 25 Colgrove, W.G. 54 Balkwill, J.A. 51-52, 55, 70 Cosens, A. 42, 55-56, 58-59, 70 Banks, J. 7-8 Coville, F.V. 47 Barnston, J. 29 Cowell, J.F. 45-46 Bartram, W. 12 Croft, H.H. 15 Beadle, C.D. 66-67, 70 Currelly, C.T. 64, 70 Beadle, D.W. 66 Curtiss, A.H. 25 Bebb, A.E. 36 Davenport, G.E. 25 Bebb, M.S. 15, 24-26, 36, 62 Dawson, GM. 41 Bell, J. 18, 70 Dawson, J.W. 44 Bell, R. 17-18, 20, 22, 35, 61, 70 Day, O.F. 44-46, 70 Bensley, B.A. 55-56 Dearness, J. 40, 42, 50-52, 55, 71 Bessey, C.E. 61 Dodge, C.K. 64-65, Ti Best, G.N. 28 Douglas, 0. 6, 8, 17 Billings, 8., Jr. 17 Drake, 0 Blanchard, F. 41, 55 Drummond, A.T. 29 Bolander, H.N, 25 Drummond, T. 10-11, 17, 71 Bowman, J.H. 50-52, 70 Eames, F.J. 34 Brandegee, T.$. 25 Eaton, A.A. 60 Britton, N.L. 45, 70 Eaton, D.C. 25, 37 Brodie, W. 47 Eckfeldt, J.W. 28 Brotherus, V.F. 26 Elliott, J.H. 67 Brown, R. 12-14, 70 Ellis, J.B. 26, 50 Brunet, L.0. 29-30 Emerton, J.H. 25 Evans, A.W. 28 door, J.F. 25 Fassett, N.C. 18 Kemp, W.F. 20, 71 Faxon, C.E. 25, 37 Kendall, E.N. 10 Fergusson, J. 26-27 Kindberg, N.C. 28-29 Fisher, G.L. 56, 71 Koelz, W.N. 18 Fleming, J.H. 68 Lapham, I.A. 16 Fletcher, J. 68 Lawson, G. 18-20, 23, 25, 29, 31 Forbes, F.F, 54 Lea, T.G. 16 Fothergill, C. 17 Lees, R. 57, 71 Fowler, J. 20, 23, 25, 27, 56-57, 60 Leiberg, J.B. 60 Franklin, J. 8-10, 44, 72 Lesquereux, C.L. 24 Fraser, J. 12 Logie, A, 31-32, pe 49, 62, 71 Gay, C.C.F. 45 Loring, C.G., dr. Gibbs, E.E, 52 MacClement, ¥. +; Bue te Gibson, J. 14, 27-28, 38, 71 Macdonald, Mrs. 55 Giffin, JA. 61-62, 71 Mackay, A.H. 48 Glatfelter, N.M. 43 MacMillan, C. 60 Goldie, J. 9, 12, 17, 62, 71 Maclagan, P.W. 6, Grass], C.0. 18 Macoun, J. 9, 20-24 nM 26-29, 32, 38, 41-43, Gray, A. 29 45, 46, 52, 60, 63, 68, 71 Gray, James 44 Macoun, J.M. 43, 60, 71 Gray, James Ezra 44, 7i, 74 Macoun, W.T. 28 Gray, John Edward 44 Mann, H., Jr. 20-21 Gregg, W. 23 Massey, A.Y. 63-64, 71 Hall, &. 25 Masson, F. 7-9 Harrington, W.H. 47, 68 Maxon, W.R. 52, 65 Haynes, C.C. 28 McCalla, W.C. 63, 71 Heller, A.A. 54 McIlwraith, T. 49 Herriot, W. 62-63, 68, 71 McMorine, J.K. 27 Hincks, C.M. 15 McNab, J. 12-14, 17, 70, 71 Hincks, F. 14 McNab, W. 1 Hincks, W. 14-15, 17, 19, 22, 35, 71 Meehan, T. 45-46 Hollingworth, A. 47-49, 71 Michaux, A. 6 Hollingworth, 8. 48 Willer, 6.$., dr. 66, Hollingworth, J. 48-49 Millman, T.L. 62 Hooker, W.J. 8, 11, 12, 14, 17, 21, 22 Moffat, J.A. 53 Houghton, 0. 6, 16 Morden, J.A. 53 Huntsman, A.G. 56 Morton, J.A. 52-56, 58, 62, 72 Huxley, T.H. 14 Muir, 0. 21 Ivey, T.J. 32, 59 Muir, J. 24, 72 janes, £. 16 Muldrew, W.H. 67-68 James, T.P. 24-25, 28 Nash, C.W. 47 Jenkins, W.H. 52, 71 Nickle, W.F. 57 Jesup, H.G. 55 Nicol, W.8. 57 Jones, M.E. 16 Nicol, William (of Canada) 56-57, 72 87 Nicol, William (of Scotland) 57 Thoreau, H.0. 20-21 Nuttall, T. 6 Todd, C.C. 11-12, 17, 72 Olmstead, F.L. 66 Topping, D.L. 65-66, 72 Parry, W.E. 8-9 Trail], C.P.8. 28 Pearson, W.H. 28 Tripp, N. 65 Penhallow, D.P. 44 Tuckerman, —. 28-29 Peters, T.M. 25 Tytler, W. 19, 72 Petrie, F. 64 Underwood, L.M. 28 Pitcher, Z. 6 Vanderbilt, G.W. 67 Porter, J.A. 64 Vasey, G. 25 Porter, T.C. 25 Walker, B.E. 63 Pringle, C.G. 60 Walker, E.M. 63, 72 Provancher, L. 29 Walker, T.L. 57, 61, 72 Rabenhorst, G.L. 26 Watt, D.A.P. 15, 25, 29-30, 72 Ravenel, H.W. 25 Wheatley, T.C, 65, 72 Redfield, J.H. 15 Wheeler, C.F. 60 Reinsch, P.F. 26 White, J.E. 60 Richardson, J. 8-11, 17, 68, 72 White, JF. 60 Riddell, J.L. 6, 16 < White, J.H. 60 Robinson, J. 25 White, James (of Ottawa) 60 Roy, A.K. 26 White, James (of Snelgrove) 49, 52, 57, 60-61, 72 i ese ne Mo Th eee |S J.$. 60 ORY legand, K.M. 63 sumac Wilkes, M. 64, 72 hor Willmott, A.B. 61-62, 7 Sargent, C.S. 51 i] 12 Saunders, S.A ti 41-43, 72 Vison, W. 26-27 Saunders, ¥. 4 ps Winchell, A. 64 Saunders, W.E. ie 47, 50-51, 72 Schott, A.C.V. Smith, C.M. (clergyman) 41 Smith, C.M. (physician) 41-42, 72 Spotton, H.B. 14, 31-32, 57, 59, 63, 72 Spreadborough, W. 28 Stevenson, H.A. 51-52 Stevenson, W.J. 52 Stewart, C.C., Jr. 66, 72 Strachan, J. 17 Sullivant, W.S. 28 rm NOTICE TO CONTRIBUTORS Manuscripts: Manuscripts to be considered for publication should be sent to the Editor, Canadian Horticultural History, CCHHS, Royal Botanical Gardens, Box 399, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3H8. Manuscripts should be sent in duplicate (original and one copy), including illustrations (originals); typed on one side of the paper, double-spaced with a wide margin (at least 5 cm). Manuscripts will be accepted and published in English or French. The author(s) should a a short (200 word) informative abstract which will be translated in Canada’s other official language. Pages should be numbered consecutively throughout ely manuscript. Literature citations should conform to the formats below: Book Pomeroy, E.M. 1956. William Saunders and his five sons: Sey story of the Marquis Wheat Family. Toronto: Ryerson Press. xiii 192 pp + 3 pl. Wilson, E.H. 1927. Plant hunting. Boston: Stratford hee 2 vols. Chapter in a book of multiple authorship. Stothers, D.M., & R.A. Yarnell. 1977. An agricultural revolution in the lower reat Lakes. /n: Romans, R.C., ed. Geobotany. New York and London: Plenum Press. pp. 209-232. Thesis or dissertation. Waterston, C.M. 1978. The Hermitage: an exercise in landscape reconstruction. M.Sc. thesis, University of Guelph. ix + 137 pp. Journal article. Schuyler, D. 1984. The evolution of the Anglo-American rural cemetery: Land- scape architecture as social and cultural history. J. Gard. Hist. 4:291-304. Barker, W.G., I.V. Hall, L.E. Aalders & G.W. Wood. 1964. The lowbush blue- berry industry in eastern Canada. Econ. Bot. 18:357-365 Bulletin or journal in which each issue comprises one article, ind dentl paged Bowden, W.M. 1976. A survey of wisterias in southern Ontario. Roy. Bot. ard. Techn. Bull. 8. 15p Abbreviations of journal titles oe to B-P-H, Botanico-Periodicum-Hun tianum, Lawrence, G.H.M. et al. 1968, Pittsburgh: Hunt Botanical bea: Acknowledgements, if needed, should appear at the end of the article before the references. Footnotes should be kept to a minimum and should be numbered consecutively. The author(s) will receive proofs, which they are requested to correct and return before the stated deadline. Minor changes can be accommodated, but an extra charge will be made for excessive additions and changes. Papers will be ee by independent reviewers. Authors are encouraged to suggest the names of tw qualified r reviewers. Final selection will be the prerogative of the Edito Illustrations All photos should be submitted unmounted as black and white glossy prints (preferably 5° x 7’ or 127 mm x 178 mm) showing good contrast and clear definition of outline. Charts, graphs, diagrams and artists’ renderings should be executed in black drawing ink on good quality white paper. Page proportions should be considered in preparing such materials. Captions should be typed on separate paper and appended to appropriate illustrations. Tables will be laid out by the typesetter; however, the type size, page size and proportions should be taken into account when composing tables in rough form Page size is 9’ x 6” (22 cm x 15cm). Page Charge No page charges are levied; however, voluntary contributions toward publication costs are welcomed from authors associated with institutions having such funds available Reprints: Each contributor will receive, free of charge, three copies of the issue in which the article appeared. Reprints of the article can be obtained at a reduced rate, without covers and with the original pagination, if ordered prior to publication. 91 AVIS AUX COLLABORATEURS DE LA REVUE Manuscrits Les manuscrits que |’on souhaite faire publier doivent étre envoyés a la ré- dactrice en chef, Histoire de I’horticulture au Canada, CCHHS, Royal Botanical surah Box 399, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3H8. Ils doivent étre n double exemplaire ( ‘original et une copie) accompagnés d’ Wiatenlons isvaiiates) et tapés sur un seul cOté de la page. a double interligne, avec une bonne marge (au moins 5 cm). Nous acceptons et publions des manuscrits en anglais et en francais. Les auteurs doivent également envoyer un bref résumé (200 mots) de leur article, qui sera traduit dans l'autre langue officielle du Canada. Les pages doivent étre numérotées consécutivement dans tout le manuscrit. Les références des citations devraient respecter la tation indiqueée ci-dessous: Livre Pomeroy, E.M. 1956. William Saunders and his five sons: Aad story of the Marquis Wheat Family. Toronto: Ryerson Press. xiii 192 pp. + 3 pl. Wilson, E.H. 1927. Plant hunting. Boston: Stratford Saicig 2 vols. Chapitre d’une livre rédigé par plusieurs auteurs Stothers, D.M., & R.A. Yarnell. 1977. An agricultural revolution in the lower Great Lakes. /n: Romans, R.C., ed. Geobotany. New York and London: Plenum Press. pp. 209-232. Thése ou mémoire Waterston, C.M. 1978. The Hermitage: an exercise in landscape reconstruction. M. Sc. thesis, University of Guelph. ix + 137 pp. Article de journal — D. 1984. The evolution of the Anglo-American rural cemetery: land- cape architecture as social and cultural history. J. Gard. Hist. 4:291-304. Hp dad W.G., I.V. Hall, L.E. Aalders & G.W. Wood. 1964. The lowbush blueberry industry in eastern Canada. Econ. Bot. 18:357-365. Bulletin ou journal dont chaque numéro comprend un article, paginé individuellement Bowden, W.M. 1976. A survey of wisterias in southern Ontario. Roy. Bot. Gard. Techn. Bull. 8. 15 pp. sear porto = titres de j sige Voir B-P-H-, Botanico-Periodicum-Huntianum, Lawrence, G.H.M. et al. 1968. Pittsburgh: Hunt Botanical Library. Les remerciements doivent figurer, le cas échéant, a la fin des articles, avant les références. On ei au maximum les notes en bas de page et on les numérotera consécutivement. Les auteurs recevront les épreuves qu’ils sont priés de corriger et de renvoyer — la date Billa fixée. Il sera sages de faire des changements mineurs, ar Cc e, les ajouts et les changements hice th as seront facturés. Les peer ll sca searing par des critiques adeoeedan et nous encourageons les auteurs a proposer le nom de deux critiques EP iy En dernier ressort, ce sera la rédactrice en chef qui fera le choix des articles publiés. IIlustrations Nous demandons des photos (de préférence 5’’ x 7° ou 127 mm x 178 mm) en noir et blanc sur papier glacé, non montées, ot le contraste et les contours sO lairs s tableaux, graphiques, diagrammes et croquis d’artistes doivent étre exécutés a l’e noire sur du papier blanc de bo lité, tenant compte du format des pa Les légendes doivent étre tapées sur une feuille séparée jointe aux illustrations. Les tableaux seront mis en page par le compositeur; cependant, dés leur élaboration, il faudra tenir compte de la dimen- sion des caractéres, ek format de la page et des proportions. Les pages sont de 9” x 6” (22cm x 15c¢c Frais La publication a articles est gratuite. Néanmoins, nous sommes toujours re- connaissants des contributions que pourraient verser les auteurs associés a des organismes avast a Sten disposition des fonds a cet effet. Réimpression Chaque collaborateur recevra gratuitement trois exemplaires du numéro dans lequel son article parait’ Pour obtenir des réimpressions de |’article a un tarif réduit, sans couverture et avec la pagination originale, il suffit d’en faire la demande avant la publication. CENTRE FOR CANADIAN HISTORICAL HORTICULTURAL STUDIES The Centre for Canadian Historical Horticultural Studies (CCHHS) was estab- lished at the Royal Botanical Gardens, Hamilton, Ontario, in 1979 through an endowment from the i Grubb Foundation. The ae. ‘a CCHHS are to collect documentation on all cts of the history of Canadian horti- culture and to facilitate Sah aoe of original research in ae tourna Canadian rabies Sahel History. Le Centre for Canadian Historical achat Studies (CCHHS) a été créé au Royal Botanical Gardens de Hamilton (Ontario) en 1979 grace 4 une dona- tion de la fondation Dunington Grubb. es CCHHS a pour mission de recuellir des documents sur tout ce qui concerne |’horticulture canadienne et de permettre - publication d’études originales dans sa revue intitulée Histoire de /’horticu/ture u Canada. CCHHS Executive Committee/Comite éxécutif du CCHHS Harold Dixon, Hamilton, — Financial advisor/conseiller financier Art Drysdale, Toronto, Jack Lord, a Baecalca Gardens. Co-ordinator of Education/coordonnateur de |’éduc Allen Paterson, a Botanical Gardens. Director/directeur. | an, Curator CCHHS and editor CHH, Royal rigid epics aiid ach du CCHHS et rédactrice en chef de HHC.; Roy Botanical Gardens, bibliothécaire. CCHHS Advisory Council/Conseil consultatif du CCHHS Céline Arsenault, Montreal Botanical oan oe Quebec. Susan Buggey, Canadian fri Service, Ottaw Pleasance Crawford, Toronto, On Bernard S. Jackson, Momariat University Botanical Garden, St. John’s, NFL. Helen Skinner, Toronto, On Roger Vick, Devonian Souried Garden, Edmonton, Alta. donW Antique acid-free paper by University of Toronto Press.