CANADIAN HORTICULTURAL HISTORY an, interdisciplinary journal HISTOIRE DE L HORTICULTURE AU CANADA revue interdisciplinaire Vol. 2, No. 4, 1991 4 CENTRE FOR CANADIAN HISTORICAL HORTICULTURAL STUDIES ROYAL BOTANICAL GARDENS Hamilton, Ontario Canada L8N 3H8 Tel. (416) 527-1158 Fax (416) 577-0375 Canadian Horticultural History publishes original research papers on the history of Canadian horticulture and related disciplines. 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Organismes: 25 $ par volume au Canada; 27 $ aux E.-U. et ailleurs Particuliers; 20 $ par volume au Canada; 22 $ aux E.-U. et ailleurs Prix du numéro a la an he 5 $ (vol. 1); 7 $ (vol. 2) Les chéques doivent étre libellés a l'ordre de Royal Botanical Gardens (CCHHS) et envoyés 4: CCHHS, Royal Botanical Gardens Box 399, staseeces, Ontario, Canada L8N 3H8 CANADIAN HORTICULTURAL HISTORY an interdisciplinary journal HISTOIRE DE L HORTICULTURE AU CANADA revue interdisciplinaire Vol. 2, No. 4, 1991 wea? CENTRE FOR CANADIAN HISTORICAL HORTICULTURAL STUDIES ROYAL BOTANICAL GARDENS Hamilton, Ontario Canada L8N 3H8 assoue! BOTANICAL Tel. (416) 527-1158 ” Fax (416) 577-0375 1 9 WL 3? " SARDEN LIBRARY CANADIAN HORTICULTURAL HISTORY HISTOIRE DE L'HORTICULTURE AU CANADA CONTENTS Contributions by Moravian missionaries to the knowledge of the flora of Labrador James S. Pringle 187-222 The botanical persuits of the Rev. Anton Schaffranek (1834-1923) James S. Pringle 223-242 Miscellaneous announcements 243-245 Erratum 246 ei 3 Nab eek ag ie i He fy i) Canadian Horticultural History/Histoire de |’horticult Canada 2(4): 187-222, 1991 CONTRIBUTIONS BY MORAVIAN MISSIONARIES TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE FLORA OF LABRADOR’ James S. Pringle Royal Botanical Gardens Box 399, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3H8 Abstract From 1765 to ca. 1940, at least 19 missionaries of the Moravian Church in ee I ore iy oe ong ak l fel = ad sali L va 756-18. 44), whose specimens were dee tt upon by botanists pa W.J. Hooker, qT. Nuttall, F. Pursh, and L.D. de lah i Later, majo Johann Georg Herzberg (1792-1864), Sa sie Weiz (1823- 1888), — Basics eh Stecker (1859-1939), fh? clan Paul Hettasch (1873-1949); sp m the two otonea were frequently cited by M.L. Fernald and his ahead : fritid University. esas 765 aux anneés 1940, au moins 19 missionnaires de |’Eglise de Moravie au re récoltérent des spécimens botaniques qui font maintenant pa artie des herbiers de différentes institutions. L’ fut Benjamin Gottlieb Kohlmeister (1765-1844); ses spécimens furent \' objet de ginproretahan re des botanistes tels W.J. Hooker, T. Nuttall, r, Pursh e tL. D. de ye einitz. Parm onretrouve Johann aoe Herzberg (1792-1864), Samuel Weiz (1823-1888), {(Gottieb) Adolph Stecker ii 1939) et (Richard) Paul Hettasch (1873-1949); les spécimens de ces deux dernie het d'ailleurs cités fréequemment par M.L. Fernald et ses abit deat de |’ nasa ard. Traduction de Céline Arsenault, Jardin botanique de Montréal Introduction _ Until the 1890s nearly all botanical specimens from ge pa north of t h(Church af the United Brethren; Unitas Fratrum; ee eet These include all of the i f Labrador (discussed below) were based; “many of the Labrador specimens cited i in the ie r floras by Pursh (1813), Hooker (1829-1840), and Torrey & Gray (1838-1843); and most of the Labrador specimens acquired by botanists in the let States ae the first half of the nineteenth century. However, despite the importance of their specimens in the early history of North American floristics, he ig plant collectors in Laney, with one exception, ay i Aat £4 Rei aby The exception is Benjamin iN Gina whose specimens were Publication date: February 1992 187 cited many times in the floras noted above, but even for Kohimeister there are discrepancies in the biographical data given in botanical references. Also, because of confusion among the collectors, distributors, and recipients of specimens, persons who were never in Labrador are often cited as the collectors of Labrador specimens here are many articles and books on the early history of the Moravian missions in Labrador. Those by Holmes (1827), Anonymous (1835), Roemer et al. (1871), Davey (1905), and Peacock (1976) were particularly useful i in the present study. Biographical data on th periodicals in Reeves Library of f Moravia College, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, and the Moravian Archives in the same city. During the first century of Moravian mission work in Labrador it was a ean practice for a missionary, upon retirement, to write an autobiographical sketch, or Lebenslauf, which would be sree. with editorial annotations after his or her death. The Periodical Accou published Church in England, also included letters from the mi issions, exce rots from diaries, and statistics (“miscellaneous intelligence” in the earlier volumes, later ° “editorial fr ssions, who were generally all of the missionaries at the respective posts. For those missionaries of whom no biographical sketch could be found, biographical data were pieced together from such statistics in the PeriodicalA , here cited “passim,” being too numerous for individual citations. satin unately, toward the end of the ec) century the volumes of the Periodical Accounts became slimmer and provided less and pom biographical information, and further reduction and ects Si pee inthe ecame or e useful as a source ot pie dled data on the more recent mission- aries. AllN Library were searched for such data, and a few dates and places of birth and pads were obtained from the card index to ne at = sei tig Archives. Some biographical data were obtained from S and manuscripts now at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, ceribiiod by ane Briffault for the abortive Encyclopedia Arctica project; these incorporate information contributed by Bishop S.H. Gapp of Bethlehem (in earlier years at Herrnhut, below). A few pieces of information were added by perusing Them Days, ajournal of Labrador histor part the reminiscences of long-time Labrador oe Inevitably, ‘however, the biographical coverage of the respective missionaries in the present paper is very uneven and is often not proportionate to their phe ir to botany. This paper does not, of course, fully represent the interesti of the flora of Labrador possessed by the many Moravian missionaries who hav served there. Its coverage is concentrated on those who contributed iaibonuin Specimens to botanists and to institutions where these specimens have been and continue to be available for study by plant scientists. The first part of this paper covers botanical activity by any of the Moravian missionaries in Labrador more or with voyages of reconnaissance and with only one or two established mission sites. Subsequent portions, in contrast, generally follow the careers of the respective missionary naturalists, most of whom served more than one post. Therefore, as a cross- others served in Labrador, only those missionaries known to have prepared botanical Sopenes are listed i in this table. 188 Table 1. Moravian missions in Labrador served by missionaries known to have prepared botanical specimens, at each station. ad NAIN 1771- Brasen, C. 1771- Haven, J. 1771- At 1781-1782 Lundberg, J. 1811-1816; J. & H.A. 1819-1827, 1829-1850 KohImeister, B.G. 1818-1824 Henn, C.B. 1820-1824, 1825-1836 Glitsch, Z. 1823-1827 Herzberg, J.G. 1834-1837 Weiz, S. 1850-1852, 1863, 1865-1868, 1880-1884 Stecker, G.A. 1886 Martin, C.A. 1888-1889, 1900-1917, 1923 Schmitt, C. 1897-1900, 1901-1910, 1911-1912 Perrett, W.W. 1906-1913 Hettasch, R.P. 1914-1932, 1934-1947 OKAK 1776-1919 Haven, J. 1776-1777, 1778-1781 Kohimeister, B.G. 1790-1802 Knauss, G.F. 1815-1838, 1841-1852 Lundberg, J. 1816-1819 Henn, C.B. 1819-1820, 1836-1840 Mentzel, J. 1819-1829 Herzberg, J.G. 1824-1833, 1837-1848 Glitsch, Z. 1828-1833 Weiz, S. 1852-1863, 1869-1871 Stecker, G.A. 1886, 1887-1893 Perrett, W.W. 1892-1893, 1895-1896 Schmitt, C. 1893-1897 Hettasch, R.P. 1909-1912 HOPEDALE 1782- Haven, J. 1782-1784 Kohimeister, B.G. 1802-1806, 1810-1818 ed sch, Z. 1822 1823, 1833-1844 enn, C.B. 1 -18 a. i . Hf 1828-1829 Knauss, G.F. 1838-1841 oe 65 Stecker, G.A. 1884-1886 Perrett, W.W. 1896-1898, 1902-1904, 1915-1936 Hettasch, R.P. 1898-1908, 1912-1914 HEBRON 1830-1959 Menzel, J. 1829 (site), 1831-1855, 1856-1865 Kruth, F. 1 Glitsch, Z. 1844-1847 Table 1. (Concluded) Herzberg, J.G. 1848-1849 Hlawatschek, M.A. 1875-1898 Martin, C.A. 1917-1923 ZOAR 1865-1894 Stecker, G.A. 1886-1887 RAMAH 1871-1908 Weiz, S. 1871-1880 Schmitt, C. 1891-1893 Perrett, W.W. 1893-1895 Stecker, G.A. 1893-1896, 1897-1900 MAKKOVIK 1895- Perrett, W.W. 1898-1902 Hettasch, R.P. 1932-1934 KILLINEK 1904-1924 Perrett, W.W. 1905-1906 } tt eee c L 1 . ORGY FE pay _ following Holmgren et al. (1990). Al £ 4 + 4 - £ + #ie, AA; aly sole changed their to lingui they mov ved from one languages changed in Europe, especially during the Napoleonic era, it would sometimes be difficult or impossible to determine which form of . is ead Ss name was the original. Also ral use the first of their two given names, e.g. (Gottlieb) Adolph ‘Stecker = (Richard) Paul Hettasch. Some appear to have Seago the 2 sequence on occasion. Surnames gic generally more stable, except tha a ee English publications to cute phonetic barnes Other occasional variations in surnames include “ck” vs. “k”; “sch” sh"; and terminal ” me Avartok prior to the establishment of the mission; Hebron was Kangertuksoak, Zoar was Takpa angayok, and Ramah was Nullatartok. The mission at Killinek was briefly ikkertaujak; the present town at the site is Port Burwell, Northwest Territories, ea Killinig Island. Mission Sites and Environments The locations of the Moravian missions in Labrador are shown in Fig. 1. Although there was little woody vegetation immediately along the coast, extensive woodlands existed in valleys near Hopedale and Nain, black and white spruce being the dominant trees, with lesser numbers of tamarack, fir, and birch. Willows and alders formed dense stands along the riverbanks. Hopedale was considered to be “one of the most pleasant places on the Labrador coast,” with relatively warm and sunny summers. Here all but the exposed summits were forested. Packard (1891) was impressed by the rhubarb, potatoes, cabbages, and turnips in “Hopedale’s protected es ” and by the large greenhouse in which tomatoes, lettuce, and flowers were grown. Nain (Fig. 2) likewise had relatively mild summers, which permitted lle vegetable gardens at the mission. Spruce wo oods extended to the edge of the settlement, with the t the valleys, but tundra vegetation prevailed o on the plateaus. There were extensive outcrops and cliffs that supported little vegetation other than lichens. Climates were colder at Okak and Zoar. The vegetation of the island on which Okak was located consisted only of low shrubs and herbaceous plants, mostly gramin noids. f , situated at tl by high hills, was i ete a par. radis . because the gardens [were] so good” by one missionary. Trees did prevail in ae valleys on the nearby mainland. at Weiz in Packard 1891) considered the climate in the vicinity of Okak to be ificantly milder than that of f Labrador ee impressed by the richness of the local flora. The Inuit found the hunting and fishing g kak, but for many years there was little “outside peer influenza in the autumn of 1918, and the site was abandoned the following ar (Anonymous 1919, 1975). Hunting and fishing were not so good at Zoar, and this relatively late about 29 years, because of the pabie ws native population in ‘the area. ie was a bleak, treeless, windy site, with little “outside” contact until well into the ee th century, and was Seas to be the most difficult” of the Moravian missions in Labrador, at least u The indigenous population at Hebron was greatly reduced i in | numbers by an (MacMillan 1912) and by Spanish influenza in 191 8, wheh: two-thirds of the population died (Anonymous 1919, 1975). Ramah, farther north, was bleaker and colder yet, and storms were frequent. Gardening was virtually eestie. Althou gh the i lier had long hoped and planned for a mission at this site, see mission was short- lived. It _ reduced to an “out-station” or “filial” of Hebron a the Inuit, who found the hunting and fishing na deserted the area. Vin 1 eh ee © 4 = eal fall rlater) AtC Chateau Bay, southern Labrador, the captain insisted {that tw i at the missionaries remain with the Niger, so that interpreters would be available should any Inuit visit 194 the ship, but permitted the others, Haven and Christian Andreas Schlézer, to board the northward-bound snow Hope (Briffault 1949; Hiller 1971; Lysaght 1971, includ- ing material from Haven’s journal and the log of the Hope). The Hope ne er Bay 23 July 1765 and sailed along the coast as far as the present site of N farther north. From zt to 7 August the Hope remained a. anchor there, and the missionaries were é able to go ashore. Schlozer, who evidently had some Enowigdge otany, r s able to fulfill Banks's request to collect botanical cnet Also during this voyage, Schlézer prepared maps of the Labrador coast, which were superior in quality to other maps of that period. The Hope rejoined the Nigerat Chateau Bay3 September 1 1 }765 Siri lida 1835; Lysaght 1971). A brador coast in 1766, specimens in Ban aks’ s herbarium (now at BM) attributed to the Moravians and dated 1766 were doubtless collected in 1765 by Schlézer and possibly also by Haven and acquired by Banks the following year. Biographical data on Schlézer are otherwise deficient. The dates of his birth and death are lacking from the us =e sources of such data in Reeves Library. He evidentl {not return to Labrado botanical specimens. Two ) specific names, both still i in use, were evidently based on specimens btained 16zer ont go \i aha eal labradoricaWirsing. The for herbarium (Lysaght 1971, iD. "346), but the latter, recor to Lysaght (1971, D. 343), s’s herbarium perhaps sent by Georg Dionysius | Ehret of London to Christoph hes Trew, a naturalist and patron of the arts with whom Wirsing was associated in Nuremberg. Aside from a Ehret’s death in 1770, P. labradoricais represented in Banks's herbarium only by an undated, but presumably pre-1770, series of specimens attributed by Banks to "Soc. Unit. Fratrum. Four years of negotiations between the Moravian Church and the Board of Trade and other eae of the Crown followed the Meravians’ voyages aboard the England, and Zeist, the Nathertands: He led another expedition in 1769, Whol the site was selected for the mission at Nain. Then he returned to England and began work on the components of buildings to Ke assembled at Nain. On 12 April 1771 he married Mary Butterworth from the Moravian community at Fulneck, by whom he had two se (Haven 1798; Anonymous 1835; Roemer etal. 1871; Hiller 1971, 1979; Peacock 1976). Tt i ivedat Naininth of 1771 andbegan assembling the buildings. Haven was a member of this group, but the superintendent selected or the mission was Christoph Brasen, a “skilled surgeon” also knowledgeable in beter, Brasen was born 3 January 1738 at Ripen, Jutland (now Ribe, Denmark), and came to Labrador in Hee with his wife, née Maria Catharina Federhahn, also from Ripen, as one of the gro f at Nain. Lieutenant Roger Curtis s (quoted by Davey 1905) found Brasen tok be “a man of learning and penetration, ” fluentin Inuktitut (from his earlier service noted below), and eathenite for Brasen to accompany him on his next exploratory voyage along the Labrador coast. Liss however, was not to be, because Brasen died 1S Risto’ 1774. Er back to Nain after to the site k established, Brasen’s vessel went on ‘the rocks 1 Goat 195 and was broken up by the sea; Brasen drowned in the attempt to reach shore (Anonymous 1835; Roemer et al. 1871; Davey 1905; Peacock 1976). Prior to his service in Labrador, rohan gh had spent some time at the Moravian mission at Godthab (now Nak), Greenland. In 1767 and 1768 he collected plant specimens in the vicinity of Godthab sel (Porsild 1935a). These are now at C. kK i + -i tl rasen is known t Labrador because of those cited by Georg Heinrich Weber, sera at Kiel, in his ydpongia Minus Cognitarum Decuria. (This work is sometimes credited to Sebastien Grauer. Ac- cording to Sprague [1922], Weber was actually the author of this work and of the new botanical names therein. Grauer, the “respondent,” discussed or ieee pia it aaa was based ona specimen obtained 1 by Brasen i in piel (Lysaght 1970, WI ame of Weber's herb wWioe atone (Stafleu & Cowan 1988). The mission at Okak, for which Brasen and his shipmates had been reconnoitering, was established in 1776 by Havenand Stephan Jensen (1724-1796). Haven remained at Okak until his furlough the following year. After visiting England, the Moravian seminary at Niesky, Saxony (now Germany), and Herrnhut, Haven returned to Okak via Nain in 1778 and remained there for three years. In 1778 he returned to Nain to work on the buildings to be assembled at the new mission at where he remained until 1784. Then, finding that his health no longer permitted service in Labrador, he retired to Herrnhut, where he died 16 April 1797 (Haven 1798 and ed. notes therein; Hiller 1979). Lysaght (1971) ted th f Pedicularis |. [ in the Banks herbarium from ' ‘Okkap” = dated 1778. ee specimen was probably collected by Haven, in response to Banks's reques According to Lysaght (1971, p. aren stints of Potentilla crantzii(Crantz) G. Beck “was collected for Banks r. LaTrobe from ‘Labrador Okkak the northernmost settlement of the ue 1778.'" Mr. LaTrobe is identified born at Reisen (now Rydzna, Poland, near Leszno) in the Grand Duchy of Posen 6 February 1756. In his early years he assisted his ) parents in the family bakery business, then i in A772 h ecame apprentice in Warsaw. Having acted t ian Church, Kohlmeister ani in 1778 to relocate in Herrnhut, where for the | next twelve years he operated a furniture-making business. He then acceded to a request to become a Ai in Labrador, and went to Okak in 1790. 196 ponies remained at Okak jy 1802. In 1793 he married ac ee Reimann, who was also a missionary at Okak. estat yrie mpl s came ador only as ser but Elizabeth — d bee es by adi ; Du uring this time KohImeister established a remarkable record of conversions to Ch best preachers and writers. He also served i in other roles, including those of medical practitioner and manager of sn with the Inuit at Okak. In 1806 the Kohlmeisters returned to Europe to enroll si first oe _— four children in ane Internatsschulen der Brudergemeine at Kleinwelka (now any), where most of the missionaries’ children were educated at um time, ie died of out ane shortly after their arrival. The Napoleonic wars delayed the Kohlmeisters’ og to pnconai until 1810. In the interim Kohimeister traveled to various places in Europe, spent some ti l British Bible Seem and worked - an Inuktitut Bible and Harmony of the Gospels. While on furlough Kohlmeister had obtained approval for a voyage to northern Labrador and Ungava Bay to reconnoiter sites for additional missions. In 1811 he, fellow missionary Georg Kmoch,’ and several Inuit made a voyage of 103 days to Nullatartok (now Ramah) Bay, where they spent twelve days exploring the surrounding territory, thence to Nachvak Bay, past Killinek Island, through Gray Strait, and south to the mouth of (then Kangertlualuksoak; present name give n by Kohimeister and Kmoch). After four days exploring the vicinity of the George River estuary they proceeded west to the Koksoak River. At a locality that they named Pilgerruh, near the site of ona Fort Chimo, they observed trees up to 20 feet tall and “juniper and currant berries in abundance,” and were assured by the natives that game was plentiful all year. This was considered a good site led a mission, but neither this nor any other projected missions on Ungava Bay w ever established. Kohimeister and Kmoch’ Ss account of their expedition nti Kohlmeister also made ovens. to the site of Hebron i in 1816 and Ae He is credited iy pote g hyip eather and tides in Lab and also to the study of the Inuktitut language shrotiah his many ae ice 1949). AOD1410O KALI SR ale 4 as ak AA Pade with his headquarters at Nain other mission sites. In 1824, feeling that neither his health nor that of his wie permitted further service in Labrador, he retired, going to London for about a year, then to Herrnhut. There his health improved and he assumed responsibility for the ministry to the pei division of the Moravian congregation at Neusalz, Silesia (now Nowa Sél, Polan He died at Neusalz 3 June 1844 ia Sail 1835; Kohimeister 1845; Kmoch 1858; Briffault 1949; Periodical Accounts passim). a Jah " Pe Kohlmeis cae vere missionary in Labrador and were more widely distributed. On the Kohlmeister ohann Chistian — a Schreber, director of the botanical garden at Erlangen, ae e Schreber who, in 1789, in his revision of Linnaeus’s Genera Plantarum (= “ed. 2), had published the name Brasenia for a n) pncomeapieed — r). At that tim Schreber had probably not received any specimens from yee and esis none collected by Kohimeister, but a connection with the Moravians is thereby 197 demonstrated that could well have begun before 1789. It seems quite likely that some Moravian churchman who sent specimens to Schreber and who knew of Christoph Brasen’s contributions to botany suggested that Schreber name a plant after Brasen. Schreber did not publish upon the Labrador plants collected by Kohimeister, but after Schreber's death in 1810 the specimens went to Franz von Paula von Schrank, professor at Munich. In 1818 Schrank published a paper on the flora of Labrador, including descriptions of several new species, based on Kohlmeister's specimens (now at M). None of these species is now recognized under the name given it by Schrank, with the occasional exception of Viola labradorica, which, however, has more often been included in Viola adunca Sm. in recent years. Sir Joseph Banks, after hi Newt llandand | Labrador cited in Pursh's (1813) Flora Americae Septentrionalis Later these specimens were studied by Sir William Jackson Hooker and were lin his (1829-1840) Flora Boreali- Americana. Pursh, Platanthera dilatata(Pursh) Lindl. ex Beck, and S | ursh. Later, after Dickson's widow had 1 his herbari cular plants to the Linnean Society of London (LINN), these specimens were studied by Hooker. Some of Kohimeister’s speci | quired by William Jameson, then of Edinburgh (later of Quito). The fate of Jameson’ herbarium i k n(Stafleu & Cowan 1979), but many i by him and by Dickson to other botanists are now at BM, E, K, PH, and elsewhere. pecimens ted by anyone else. Lambert acquired at least some of these Specimens through Hurlock, as indicated by specimens from his herbarium attrib- uted to Hurlock, who was never in Labrador. Others were evidently acquired from Dickson. When Lambert's herbarium id ion following his death in 1842, his Labrador plants were part of lot #256, comprising North American plants from Several sources. This lot was purchased by Edward Tuckerman of Philadelphia. Tuckerman lent these specimens to Asa Gray, and later presented them to the 198 Academy of Natural Sciences of ioe hh (Miller 1970). Lambert had previously allowed Hooker to select s ns from British North America for a latter's herbarium (Miller 1970) so env Kohan specimens from Lambert herbarium might have reached K via Hooker's herbarium Before the aette Americana d, Hooker saw Kohimeister litional In an Erohourratieteacth sis of the Flora, ublished in 1832, Hooker himself had acquired some of thes specimens, through the agency of his friend ae Davidson? of sedicherh, England (Hooker 1829-1840, 1:182). These specimens are now at “ eelagiild thereafter, Peter LaTrobe, Secretary of the oro Church in Great Britain (on whom see Barnhart 1935), allowed Hooker to examine the “beautiful clcton of the plants” of Labrador that Kohlmeister had assembled there, and w brought to England upon his retirement. The subsequent fate of this femetun is n. In the United States numerous Kohimeister specimens were acquired by Lewis David de Schweinitz. Schweinitz was born at Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, and was educated at the Moravian theological seminary in Niesky. Following pastoral work in Saxony, he returned to the United States in 1812 as Administrator of the Moravian Church Estates in North Carolina. In 1821 he went to Bethlehem as Senior Pastor and Administrator (later Proprietor) of the Moravian Church Estates in the northern United States (Pennell 1935; Stuckey 1979). Schweinitz was an enthusiastic and productive botanist. After his return to the United States he amassed a large herbarium (now at PH) through his own from rces (Stuckey 1979). His publications: were diverse; some of his most significant papers dealt with fungi, but work Viola(Schweinitz 1822) and Carex (Schweinitz see ‘Schweinitz & Torrey 1825). Schweinitz’s monograph and speci- ns that he sent to Hooker were Eee important for Hooker's treatment of Viola i in the Flora Boreali- Americana According to Pennell (in segtaneeh 1935), “a friendly rivalry in Labrador plants” onLe onte, an engineer in the United States Army and amateur naturalist, ae Lab by KohImeister. LeConte (on whom see Staflet! & cones 1979 and references cited therein) corresponded with Schweinitz and other leading American botanists and likewise published on Viola, among other botanical and entomological subjects. LeConte’s herbarium is also now at PH. The “interesting collection from rapt cit ‘ noted by Silliman (1833; see also Stuckey 1971) when the herbarium of Zacchaeus Collins of Philadelphia was advertised for sale, also evidently comprised specimens collected by Kohlmeister. (On Collins see Stafleu & Cowan 1976.) Torrey & Gray (1838-1843) noted oe seen specimens collected by Kohimeister, e.g. Solidago thyrsoidea E. Meyer (= S macrophyila a Pursh), in the herbarium of Collins as well as in that of Schweinitz. Colli Cehmalt7 ,an nd s's Rafinesque 5 “subsequently by Elias Magliore Durand (Pennell ae Durand’ s herbar ariu herbari Ww at TP (Chase 1936; Pennell 1945). Durand (in epist. to Torrey, 4 es 1841, aiibied by Stuckey 1971) suspected that the “Labrador” specimens in Rafinesque’ s herbarium were actually “alpine European plants” because the labels were “in a German or French hand.” Such handwriting would, however, be expecte a Moravian missionary such as Kohlmeister, or of possible intermediaries nate as 199 Huffel (below) or ae Durand’ Ss Suspicions therefore seen to have been unfounded. Stuckey (19 'S shea that Durand os given to William Darlington f nom at DWC), there were probably none that had belonged to Collins. Lat ever, Overlease & Rofini (1987) found two Specimens labeled “Labrador” ~~ pda has labeled “N. Sp. Raf. Labrador and Belgica” in Rafinesque’s handwriting among these specimens. The labels did not indicate from whom Rafinesque =f received these specimens. Another aay of the United Stat t ired lected b Kohlmeister was Daniel Steinhauer, a close friend of Schweinitz, Steinhauer was rn in Wales in 1785, and followed his brother Rev. Henry Steinhauer, a prominent Moravian clergyman also interested in botany, to Beynon in 1818. After teaching for a time in Ohio, Steinhauer returned to Philadelphia in 1822, and subsequently taught at Moravian schools in Lancaster, Nazareth, and Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. Later he spent some time in Kentucky and Louisiana, then returned to Bethlehem, where he died in 1852 (Stuckey 1967). According to Stuckey (1967), Steinhauer presumably had an herbarium, but its fate is unknown. Evidence that Steinhauer acquired some of Kohlmeister's specimens appears in a manuscript by Durand (quoted by Chase 19386), in which D "pre by the Rev. Steinhauer [sic®] with a peasobal ” Labrador plants.” The sequential position of this statement in Durand’s account of his herbarium suggests that the presentation was made in the late 1820s Cs 1830s, when both Durand and Steinhauer lived in Pennsylvania. Such a date, along with the association with Pennsylvania, At least one specimen from Labrador, an Antennaria, and probably others, were in wes pncadiy of Thomas Nuttall and are now at BM (Fernald 1931). Nuttall (1841), whonamed A elphia for England, aed that he had si the plants so named in Schweinitz’ : herbarium, which was very probably the source of the specimen or specimens he took with him. His pmire specimens may therefore be assumed to have been collected by Kohlmeister. Christian Gottlieb Hiffel is sometimes assumed to have collected plants in Labrador, usually because of credit given to Huffel for Labrador spacers in Schweinitz’s (1822) Viola monograph and in his herbarium, where the names of collectors and donors are not distinguished (Stuckey 1979, p. 13). Huffel a yet at Kleinwelka 13 September 1762 _ ne at Hermbhut 7 June 1842 (Anonymous 1895). He was a scholar of many subje i /and mineralogy, and he traveled widely. sa his service as President of the Provincial Boa ard of the Moravian Church in America from 1818 to 1827, he was based a th in Pennsylvania (Pennell 1935). There is ae biographical material on . Hiiffel, ines became a bishop in 1817, including references - his travels to the West Indies, but there is no indication that he ever went to L. or. Conversely, in none of the letters from Labrador published in the Periodical petit do any of the missionaries mention a visit from this illustrious bishop. It seems, therefore, that Huffel’s role was that of an intermediary in conveying KohImeister’s specimens to Schweinitz. In Schweinitz’s (1822) mono- graph on Viola, which was his first publication on flowering plants, there is only one reference to a ahocenen from Labrador: "| received this eet ie species [Viola punctata Schwein.; = V. adunca Sm. s. lat., or V. labradorica Schrank], among a considerable collection of Labrador plants, from my revered friend, R. Rev ©. G Hueffel now of Bethlehem.” This gift f first acquisition of specimens from Labrador. Names of collectors are not given in Schweinitz'’s 1824 paper on Carex, Nor do the names of collectors of Labrador plants appear in ston initz & Torrey’ hat genus. (Carex bicolor All. .— hiiees ual was Said to have been “collected by a Moravian missionary.”) Schweinitz’s contributions to the latter paper had, according to Torrey, been written several years prior to 1822, at which time Schweinitz may not have known who had actually collected the Labrador specimens sent to him by Hiuffel. Kohlmeister was probably also the collector of the Labrador specimens in the herbarium of Johann Jakob Roemer, formerly at LZ, since destroyed, that were attributed to Hiffel (Lanjouw & Stafleu 1957). Lundberg, Herzberg, and their Contemporaries The next _ botanical collector to arrive in Labrador was Johannes Lundberg. Lundberg was born 3 May 1786 at New Herrnhut, on the island of St. Thomas, Danish West ‘eakes (now fi Ss. Virgin Islands), to Moravian missionary parents. At the age of four he was sent to Europe for schooling. Like Kohimeister, he learned the trade of a carpenter and, t pon b g for missionar y sel vice in Labrador, that of a cooper as well. In 1811 Lundberg went to Nain, where he remained five years. In 1816 he was transferred to Okak, to which he traveled with KohImeister. He served at Okak until 1819, when he returned to Nain and married Henriette Gorke. At Nain the Lundbergs and the Paeesaiesto je scaetiad until the Kohimeisters’ retire- ment in 1824 The Lundbergs remained at Nain until 1827, when they went to Kleinwelka to place in school the eldest of their five children, of whom only two reached adulthood. They returned to Labrador the following year, going first to crc Lundberg particularly liked this site and I k there, but his stay was brief, as he was sent back to Nain in 1829. His new resnonsibiitios involved traveling to Okak and Hebron from this base. In 1850, suffering from the lingering effects of a foot injury and other infirmities, h with his wife to Herrnhut, where he died 8 May 1856 (J. Lundberg 1858). Although Lundberg may have assisted Kohlmeister in plant collecting prior to his furlough, his own name is associated with specimens dating from the latter part of his Labrador service, while he was based at Nain. In 1847 he sent 152 vascular-plant specimens to Europe. These, perhaps through one or more inter- mediaries, became the property of Wilhelm Hechel, a botanist at Brandenburg. Hechel later sent these specimens to Paul Friedrich August Ascherson of Berlin for identification. Among these specimens s Ascherson found and reported (Ascherson Labrador. The fate of Hechel’s herbarium is unknown. Other Lundberg specimens from his time at Nain were acquired by Joachim Steetz of Hamburg, who, as well as being a botanist himself, was an active trader in herbarium specimens (Stafleu & adi 1985). Specimens distributed by Steetz Potentilla palustris(L.) Scop. var. parviflora (Raf. ) Fern. & Long, collected by Lundberg near Nain, was seen at GH The set of Labrador cai esate by Samuel Litton, Professor of Botany to the Royal Dublin Society, must have been sent to Europe somewhat earlier than the specimens discussed pai because Litton died in June 1847. These specimens, now at DBN, are labeled only | in Litton’s handwriting, with no Uniquely among the specimens J 201 encountered in the present study, some of these—the only Labrador specimens from Litton’s herbarium that bear a collector's name, although all are probably from the same source - are attributed to “Mrs. Lundberg.” Sister Lundberg, née call. Her missionary career followed that of her husband until his death, after which li iving daughter in Herrnhut, where she died 10 April 1881 VIS iveuU VV trict Ui Wy oul (H.A. Lundberg 1881). At F, GH, M, MO, Z, and elsewhere there are specimens from Nain (or sometimes just “legit in Labradoria") collected ca. 1844-1847 that have been attributed to someone named Heldenberg, often designated “Rev.” (see, e.g., Lanjouw & Stafleu 1957). Nowhere in the Periodical Accounts or elsewhere in the references at Moravian College and the Moravian Archives is there any indication 1862), Doctor der Theologie, on whom see Frohnmeyer (1953). Barth's greatest interest was in missions. His relationship with the Moravian missions in Labrador is indicated, for example, by a note by Brother A. Ribbach (1850) at Nain, who acknowledged receiving “through our dear friend Dr. Barth, a large globe, a gift of Dr. Schubert, of Munich.” The Periodical A tsal led that Brother Glitsch divisions of specimens for exchange purposes some herbaria received specimens with eously copied or ambig data. Labrador specimens attributed to Barth as collector, although probably collected by Lundberg, are at FI (ex herb. P.B. Webb) and elsewhere and were formerly also at B (Lanjouw & Stafleu 1954). In 1830 Ernst Heinrich Friedrich Meyer, professor of botany and director of the botanical garden at Kénigsberg, Prussia (now Kaliningrad, U.S.S.R.), published the first flora of Labrador. This flora, called “remarkably complete” by Abbe (1936), listed 169 species Itwasb 1 I j " it y eae pr u L QMmervery, 202 a missionary who had been interested in natural history since early childhood. Herzberg was born in Gottingen, Prussia (now Germany), 11 February 1792 and, after completing his elementary schooling, was apprenticed to a carpenter. As a young man of anti-Napoleonic sentiments, he left Gottingen to avoid conscription into the French forces. He later joined a band of anti-French rebels in Berlin and papa many perilous experiences in the conflicts that followed. After the war, n his decision to become a missionary, he was sent to Gnadenfeld (now Paw Pink Poland) to study medicine and surgery. In 1824 Herzberg arrived at Okak, where he remained until 1833, practicing both medicine and carpentry as well as carrying out his ministerial responsibilities. During this period he collected the specimens studied by Meyer. Then, on furlough in Europe, he married Anna Jensen, with whom he returned to Labrador in 1834. Until 1837 the Herzbergs were at Nain, where their two children were born. They were at Okak from 1837 to 1848, then at Hebron until their retirement vin 1849. and his wife, oe health improved in Europe, and for a time he was able to serve in the ministry in Upper Lusatia. He died at Niesky 15 April 1864 (Herzberg 1866; Periodical pea passim). Meyer's herbarium was ultimately incorporated into B, and few specimens from it are extant. Meyer, however, may have a. portions of some o Herzberg’s specimens, and these may now be present in some of the European herbaria known to house Meyer's duplicates. No definite Magee of any ph botanical collecting by Herzberg has been encountered in this study. There however, specimens from Okak now at DBN, including Dane Lacnean Toim. ) ee seb active in botany at missions where Herzberg served after 1830, and sp s from these posts are generally associated with their names. Nevectlcee | in view of Herzberg’s avowed interest in natural history, it seems not unlikely that he as well as Knauss (below) contributed some of the botanical specimens from Okak in the mid-1840s Christian Benedict Henn, another collector of botanical specimens during this period, was born in late 1788 or early 1789. His first post in Labrador was Okak, to which he went in 1819. He served at Nain from 1820 to 1824, and married Johanna Eleanora Zippel there in 1823. He was at Hopedale from 1824 to 1825; at Nain again from 1825 to 1836; and at Okak from 1836 to 1840. In 1840 the Henns returned to Europe, first to London and then to Kleinwelka, where their children were sent to school. Sister Henn died during this furlough, and Brother Henn decided to retire from missionary work. However, in 1841, on what was expected to be a brief visit to the Moravian missions in Suriname, as escort of a group of women missionaries en i pee from Europe, he decided to remain. He served | in Suriname for about three t. He died in Amsterdam 8 coker “1844 (Periodical Accounts passim). The principal Leanral sist s botanical specimens was Diederich Franz Leonhar essor of botany at Halle, who based his 1835 flora of Labr. ado oron Henn’ sine a "Schlechtendaf s herbarium is now at HAL. ied specimens collected by Henn are now at BR, ex herb. Carl Friedrich Philipp vo Martius, and were formerly at LZ, since destroyed (Lanjouw & Stafleu 1957), 203 L LI 1 Hy 1 yrroenre WO90G VaVel vy A +h nik An ohh ANOUTCT observations at Okak (Henn 1839). Joachim Steetz, ti 1 at i tion with Lundberg specimens, also acquired and distributed specimens from Hopedale collected by Ferdinand 1847, and served at Hopedale until his death there 31 December 1863 (Periodical Accounts passim). Fernald & Sornborger’s (1899) attribution of aspecimen of Cerastium trigynum Vill. from Hopedale to “Kunth” is evidently an error for “Kruth.” The label of this label of C. trigynum the name beginning with “K" is blotted and Virtually illegible. There was a Brother Adam Kunath (1779-1836) serving in Labrador from 1815 to 1829, with a furlough in 1817-1818, buthe retired toE ' pea year before the Hebron mission was founded or the site received its name (Periodical Accounts and United Brethren’s Missionary Intelligencer passim). At this point it may be noted that Johann August Miertsching (1817-1877, on whom see Neatby 1967) coll k ical speci in 1850-1854, while seconded to the British Admiralty as an interpreter on an Arctic expedition in the search for Sir John Franklin (Miertsching 1967). While some presumably were lost, a significant quantity from Banks and Victoria islands are extant (Simmons 1913). No botanical specimens from Miertsching’s earlier service in Labrador, mostly at Okak, are known. Following the Arctic expedition, despite his fluency in Inuktitut and his enthusiasm for Labrador, he was sent to South Africa, where he spent the remainder of his missionary career. Increased Trade in Botanical Specimens Because the missions were intended to be as self-supporting as possible through trade, whatever financial arrangements had been made with the early recipients of botanical specimens were doubtless significant (Abbe 1936). Shortly such specimens, did not themselves visit Labrador. (On Wenck and Breutel see Porsild 1935b; on Breutel see also references cited by Stafleu & Cowan 1976.) Porsild'(1935b) has published p h aset of specimens, now at C, that had been purchased from Breutel for the “Naturalien Cabinett” of the princely House of Stolberg-Wernigerode. These specimens had been identified by Georg 204 Ernst Ludwig Hampe, apothecary at Blankenburg (Harz), bryologist, and friend of Breutel, probably ca. 1857, judging from the a that Hampe consulted for their identification (Porsild 1935b, p. 86). Greenland specimens in the same portfolios bear collection dates from 1847 through 1856. Some of the Labrador specimens bear locality data, either Nain, Hopedale, or Hebron. The Nain specimens can be assumed to have been collected By i i since other Nain specimens The Hopedale speci collected by Kruth. The Hebron specimens are annotated “leg. Wenck,” ‘unlike | those from the other mission sites, indicating a separate history, discussed elsewhere in this paper. Another individu b involved in distributi from the Labrador missions vas. Rudolf Friedrich Hohenacker, who was in — a Esslingen, Wurttemburg, from 1842 to 1858 selling sets of herbarium specim collected by himself and others (Stafleu & Cowan 1979 and references pied therein). He also acted as an agent for Breutel in selling some of the latter's series of exsiccatae. This, of course, increased the number of intermediaries and led to further confusion of data, including the richie citation of Hohenacker, who never went to Labrador, as the collector of Labrador specimens. Of interest in the present context are speci mens, most or all from the vicinity of Hopedale, that Hohenacker sold as a series of exsiccatae in 1848. Kruth was most likely the collector of these. Séts are now at LE and UPS re their identity as a set has not been maintained. Also pertinent to the | present study are specimens from Hebron and Okak dated 1853. When these were sold it was not always indicated which of the specimens had come from which of these sete aie Botanists who acquired such specimens, either from Breutel or from Hohenacker, included Jacques-Etienne Gay, Joachim Steetz, Philip Barker Webb, and doubtless several others. Moreover, some of the purchasers bought sufficient quantities for further exchanges of their own. Thus, although all or most of the original purchasers of specimens from Breutel and Hohenacker were European, a number of American botanists, ds ri Asa Gray, subsequently acquired some of these specimens through exchanges € specimens of this period from Hebron, including those enbeoge dea Wenck" and those attributed to Hohenacker Mentzel, whose name does appear on some labels. Mentzel came to tee in 1819andse t Okak. | n 1829 he, Brother John Christian Beck, and six young Inuit men went from Okak to th hosen for tl 1e@ H , to nth work on the buildings. After the initial ph fth tion, M went to England. His marriage appears to have taken place during this visit. He jo mes to Hebron with additional building materials in 1831, and served there until 1855. After a furlough he returned to Hebron in 1856, and remained there until his retirement in 1865. He died at Herrnhut 24 April 1873, aged 80 (Periodical Accounts passim). Okak specimens from the same period, i.e. ca. 1845, were collected by Georg Friedrich Knauss. Knauss was born ca. 1873, came to Okak, his first Labrador post, in 1815, and remained there until 1838. In 1823 he married Maria Catharina Fischer. He served at Hopedale hed thas to 1841, then returned to Okak. After Samuel Weiz (below) arrived at Okak in 1852, Knauss retired to Europe the same year. He died at Konigsfeld in 1859 ces Accounts passim). a" Papers yy v € ad 's +, rail Knauss is ) New at GH, ex nthe J.-E. mi (Gay’s hased| loseph Dalton ret of Kew, who sent numerous du seat icates from j it to Asa Gra’ y.) Handwritten data, apparently by P.B. Webb, include several literature citations eet ‘Fratres Morav. 205 legerunt. Webb ded. 5 Febr. 1854” (i.e., Webb tl tt on that date). pete also appears, rubber-stamped in block capitals in blue ink, “KNAUS LEG.” “LABRADOR OKKAK,” the aa sche data presumably having been Pats by Breutel or Hohenacker Al ra! L <7 J by Webb. Some, e.g. Senecio pauciflorus Pursh at GH, bear labels headed "Herb. Webbianum.” These and many others bear, in the same sca citations of works by E. Meyer, Schlechtendal, and Webb, and “Webb ded.” or “Webb dedit’ followed by a date | in 1853 oF early 1854 and generally " ‘Fratres oa. legerunt.” Labrador specimens to Asa Gray) and J.-E. Gay. Some are labeled ” circa Hokkak wel circa Hebron” in the same handwriting, but many (seen at GH) bear the same “LABRADOR OKKAK” stamps as the oted above, but in purple rather than blue ink and with no mention of Knauss. Webb's own herbarium i is now at Fl, dae visited in the present study, and presumably contains many other such specimens. However, considering how much writing was copied onto the “Webb dedit” ase it seems unlikely that any important data on the originals were omitted. (On Webb and his erbarium see Stafleu & Cowan 1988 and references cited therein. Still other specimens at DBH and GH (some »f = latter ex i J. Ball) have the blue (presumably earlier) “LABRADOR OKKAK" stamp but lack "Webb dedit” and other material in that handwriting, indicating that sai sat Ball's and other herbaria otherwise than via Webb. e such specimen at DBH with ‘the blue ’ ‘LABRADOR OKKAK" stamp is labeled ‘ ‘Glitschleg Vahl. Zacharias Glitsch was born 2 Cseeboey 1792 at Landenhausen, Oberhesse, inthe Grand Duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt (now Germany, NW of Fulda). After working on the family farm and as weaver of sacking, he joined the Moravian community at Neudietendorf in the Duchy of Gotha (now Germany, N of Armstadt) in 1809 and continued his work as a weaver. A serious injury in 1818 was the first of many physical problems to beset him. He was called to missionary service in Labrador in 1822 and was asigned to Hopedale, where he remained about a year. His next post was Nain, where he resided with petal reel otis ie he studied Inuktitut. The in Europe i in 1827, but he was sent’ to Okak the saa aa There, in 1831, he married Juliana D. Etzel. There too he collected botanical specimens along with Herzberg, who was also at Okak at the time. Glitsch was an enthusiastic gardener, especially pleased with his flower bed at Okak, and was much involved with the musical components of the worship In sie teas was placedi in Arete? of trade ; at Hopedale, where he: served for eleven y le the lus one silbor, ghia t only ‘three reached ‘adulthood. In 1844 Glitsch was ; assigned to Hebron, which h d to Hopedale, but even there ra was able to report ~~ ithe : gardens | looked well His health deteriorated i in Hebron and he longed t 1847. In Herrnhut, however, his odes worsened, apparently exacerbated by feelings of guilt over having concentrated too much on the secular work of the missions rather than on evangelism. On 23 October 1857 Glitsch, who had been especially enthusiastic — the gifts of tobacco sent to the missions, died at Herrnhut from an illness characterized by a “cough and oppression of the chest” (Glitsch 1859; Periodical eet passim). Botanical specimens collected by Glitsch are now at LY (Lanjouw & Stafleu 1957) and E, as well as at DBN. UVa It is sometimes assumed that G. Anspach, identified (Lanjouw & Stafleu 1954) as the collector of botanical specimens from Labrador and als ee aos) Fuego ca. 1891 or fe (MO, NY, the latter ex herb. LC. Mart dale), was a Moravian missionary, but h having thi : surname in connection th hee missions. During the first 20 years of the nineteenth century Lewis A. Ans ations of the island’ s ea poet fisheries, but he was an Anglican. Samuel Weiz and Times of Change It is possible that some of the specimens bearing the purple (presumably pipe “LAB RADOR OKKAK" s +h, AA Labrador nu el Weiz. In view of the extent of his contributions to biology, it is unfortunate that no biographical article on Weiz appears to exist. The following data have been gleaned from the Periodical Accounts passim, especially Weiz (1871) and Bourquin et al. (1886), and from Briffault (1949). Samuel Weiz was born at KGnigsfeld, in the Grand Duchy of Baden (now Germany), in 1823 and first came to Labrador in 1850. He was at Nain until 1852, then at Okak ae 1863. After returning briefly t to Nain, Sie was assigned to Hopedale in th 18 th. After about two years there he eae to Nain, where he served until 1868. That year he made a reconnais- sance voyage to Nachvak Bay and, in September, returned to Europe to oe the overseas missions at the pate Synod of the Moravian Church | in Herrnhut This visit was aka until June 1869, becaus since his Nachvak Bay voyage. Upon fer to Labrador, he was assigned to Okak. In 1871 he peng the new mission, to bec alled Ramah, at Nullatartok (now Ramah) Ba Lie s earlier by Kohimeister, was selected over the slightly ern Nachvak ag because the Hudson’ s ee areal ted had established a yolieae postat the latter site.) Weiz made several! trips from Okak to Ramah and back ay a the construction of the mission buildings. He evidently considered the establishment of Ramah to be the crowning achievement of his missionary career, and he served there until he sifted, a severe attack of “gastric fever” in 1880 and returned to the less arduous post of Nain. He retired 13 August 1884 and died at Herrnhut 27 April 1888. Major changes in the Labrador missions and in the botanical collecting associated a them began to occur while Weiz was in Labrador, and continued at an Diep sb ie pace as the century approached its Close. hae most of the their successors after pee ey were often from England or the United sensi Secued Ea assitaton and co nication reduced the isolation of the missions. Als so reducing the herbaria passed, b missions, especially from the United States, also from Canada and Newfoundland. Most of the narratives of thes se expeditions acknowledge valuable assistance provided by the Moravians. requests for specimens more seis coming | from the United States, the mission- a, especially to the Gray Herbarium of Harvard iniversity (GH). +r. eee ie eae oles ry +a in th t t t took place in v ” 207 1864. It was organized by William Bradford, a New York artist, and its leading scientist was Alpheus Spring oy a an entomologist and general zoologist ee Sue on the Williams College expedition, which explored the coast of southern Labrador, then crossed the Labrador Sea to Greenland. The 1864 expedition sailed along the Labrador Coast as far north as Hopedale, where Packard met Weiz. Packard was primarily interested in Weiz’ sacuke gies Lise rvations, but was also impressed a knowledge of the flora and by the quantity and diversity of the plant specimens had collected, especially in the vicinity of Okak (Packard 1891). Packard i published an annotated list of the vertebrates Weiz had observed at Okak, and (Packard 1888) cited an insect specimen that Weiz had collected at Hopedale. Packard's (1891) ieee of the 1860 and 1864 expeditions included a list by the Canadian botanist John Macoun of all the rivet reported from Labrador up to 1891, amo h vere Many recora Okak tha t Weiz had given Packard. The International Polar Explorations of 1882-1883 included a German expedition that visited Hopedale and Nain. Weiz gave K.R. Koch, an expedition biologist, a list of the vertebrates that he had apeonnid in Labrador, giving the scientific, German, and Inuktitut names; this was published in the report of the expedition (Weiz 1891). Another of Weiz’s oy alba Neb was a map of the wath’ — ee and discussed | in Anonymous 1888) that served as an importa as urs, island tel ies et place names for over twenty ies A Canadian government meteorological expedition to Hudson Bay in 1884 was accompanied by Robert Bell of the vein eam and Natural History Survey ¢ of Canada. (On this expedition see Bell 1 885. )B Bell v vir 1 1 sit A nth expeditions. Of the Labrador localities at which this expedition came ashore, Nain was the only one at which there was a Moravian mission. On this brief visit to Nain, Bell learned that “the Rev. Dr. S. Weiz ... had made a collection of the Settee of the vicinity, which he had submitted to some of the leading botanists of Eur who had attached the proper names to each specimen.” Weiz allowed Bell we see the list of plants: he had collected, which, as reported by f Bell (1 885), included 176 taxa of vas cular p n in the High attend gardens at Nain and noted “a great variety of flowers” peaneh n. Since Weiz was then about to retire, it is unlikely that Bell’s visit had much direct ee on plant sdaecing in Labrador after his departure. However, another missionary (not named by Bell) did promise to collect Lepidoptera for Bell the following year. A l+h ee re ed a ae FNULE rough fo Ul his ti ) fanimals, he was pestantk the most prolific collector of Labrador plants i in his time. Most of h e fror vicinity of Okak, which he found to have a milder climate and richer flora than most tlocalities on that part of the Labrador Coast. As a result of the extensive purchasing, dividing, and exchanging - herbarium se ae that went on “imi the latter half of the nineteenth century, his specim , are now relatively numerous in BM, GH, Ke imaj herbaria of continental | Europe. The fat eS 8 | his evidently bi v th t j Lilho study Cotton-grass specimens collected by Weiz at Okak are paratypes of the name Eriophorum callitrix f. moravium (Raymond) Boivin, Raymond’s (1951) dedi- cation having acknowledged contributions by Weiz and also by Kohlmeister, Herzberg, Henn, and other Moravian missionaries to the knowledge of the flora of Labrador and Greenland. Another missionary of this period se presumably collected botanical specimens was Hermann Theodor Jannasch. Jannasch served at Hopedale from 1879 to 1881; at Nain from 1881 to 1893; at Okak from 1893 to 1895, after which he went on furlough; and at Makkovik from 1896 until 1903, when his wate s illness dictated the Jannasches’ return to Europe. Thereafter he worke home missionary based at Stuttgart. He is credited with a major role in the an tin of the mission at Makkovik, where he was the chief builder of the house and church and designer and builder of the mission boat (Periodical Accounts ieppantye ot Anonymous 1903). According to Ratz (1975; Ratz’s information on Hermann T. Jannasch largely from Hans W. Jannasch, Unter Honehiaar “uhd Ebaries [LUnenberg: Heiland Verlag 1950], not seen in the present study), Jannasch, while at Hopedale, “erected a “war rmhous se’ hed By owing vegetables; established an +h +h + ton Iie observations, which were sent to Ger ini a homemade rotating support; painte ah landscapes; and took the first photographs in Lanes of the land and people” (translation). Jannasch’s biological collecting, however, seems to have been peered a private hobby. No botanical specimens sewed to him, nor any re or to any of his plant or animal specimens, have been found in , this study. No anonymous specime om Hopedale 1879-1881 are known, and in general there are no plant specimens trom raid Labrador mission corresponding to Jannasch’s period of service there, except Weiz. It may be, however, that some of Jannasch’s cohectiaes await rediscovery in Germany. Later Missionaries and Expeditions Like Bell’s and Packard's expeditions, Jewell David Sornborger's visits to Labrador in 1892 and 1897 were both a manifestation of increasing interest in Labrador among North American scientists and an impetus to further study of the Labrador biota. Sornborger was a student at Harvard University in 1892, and had obtained an appointment as “Special Assistant” on an e ethnological expedition sponsored by the World's Columbian Commission, the scsabenlge for the 4s 893 “world’s fair” in Chicago. His 1897 tr bones of the extinct Great Auk, although he collected many other plant and tie pepe is as well. This ‘trip was sponsored by Outram Bangs, philanthropist and curato tHan vard’s Museum of Com parative Zoology, where hologist. Upon visiting mission sites, Sornborger solicited ihe aid of ‘the missionaries in acquir ing biological specimens. The plant specimens that he collected himself and obtained from the missionaries are at GH (Pringle 1988). Fernald & Sornborger (1899) made “special acknowledgment” of the “many valuable specimens sent to [Sornborger] by the Rev. Adolph Stecker of the Unitas ratrum, abrador [was] inaccessible, " also eX xpressed gratitude to Stecker for “many other important services Gottet Adolph Stecker was born at Eibau, poe near Herrnhut 10 July 1859. His 1884 to 1886. On Easter Monday, 1886, vvuiviiv V¥GND at I he t d to Okak, it ‘cage than four ee he was sent to Nain to take charge of the store. Later that year the iliness of a missionary at Zoar required his move to that post-his fourth in one year. After serving briefly at Zoar he returned to 209 Okak, where he remained until 1893, at which time he exchanged posts with Christian Schmitt (below) at Ramah. Except for a furlough in 1896, Stecker remained based at Dobigglt me 1900. In Aprit- May 1 899 Stecker made a voyage of exploration to Ungava Bay this trip, the niles doubtless being too early for flowering material. Stecker was married to Francisca Pietschmann, and they had three children | 190 Ce 1 c + j ae at AA 7 H Alacths tecker | ldo? d, with his headquarters in Bethel. In 1910 he retired to Nazareth, Pennsylvania, because of his wife's failing health. After she died in 1912 he planned to remain in retirement in nearby Bethany, but after about a year he and his two daughters decided to return to the mission field and went to Quinhagak, on the west coast of Alaska north of the Aleutian Peninsula, where t they ket until 1917. Although : t the Alaska missions, he, after “Herculean efforts” = transporting 2 to the site, soon had a garden of vegetables and flowers that was the “showplace” of Bethel (Gapp 1949). After his second retirement, Stecker ‘ived with one of his daughters in Tacoma, Washington, where he died 18 April 1939 oa 1886, 1900; Anonymous 1914, 1939; Periodical Accounts passim; Gapp 1949). Stecker’s botanical again cited by Fernald & Sornborger (1899, also Fernald and various other au t Ramah in 1894 and 1897 and at hye in 1897. He also contributed a few from Makkovik dated 1896, probably collected when he was en route to Europe for his furlough. Later he sent additional specimens, obtained at Ramah i in 1899, to GH and probably to other herbaria (indicated in Fernald 1918). He also imens pothies his service in Alaska, which he presented | to GH upon his retirement (Hultén 40 A willow-herb was named Epilobium steckerianum by Fernald (1918), honouring * ‘the assiduous collector, Rev. Adolph Stecker, who | has supplied us with material of so mar Labrador.” The type w a scctacen collected by Stecker at Ramah. Now, however, the plants so nated “i generally included in E. saximontanum Hausskn. Christian Schmitt (a.k.a. Smith) was born in 1868, according to the National Union Catalog, and went to Labrador in 1891. He served first at Ramah, then went to Okak in 1893, where he married Annie R. Bass. He was transferred to Nain in 1897, went on furlough in 1900, ne returned to Nain in 1901. In 1904 Schmitt, described as “a master of conversational Eskimo” (Hutton 1936), and Superintendent Albert Martin (below) founded poe peers ‘the newspaper for everybody” (actually an annual). In 1906 Schmitt became Trade Inspector for all the Moravian missions in Labrador, and in this capacity he traveled to other missions, including damon in 1906 and Killinek | in 1907, when he was forced to remain there for the wint north He was again on furlough in 1910-1911. In 1191 2 he was advised by saaasinee wir inter in Labrador ‘ (Periodical Accounts and Moravian Missions passim; Hutton 1936). He teow that the [Moravian] Society for the Furtherance of the Gospel, based in London, would sen nd him ona lecture tour of the United States | in 191 2-191 3 igireaea 1912), but ee £ od PDE eal 1 ot thi + Ul Hot took place. No information on Schmitt's life span, nor any further bonrephice data rie 4 could be found at Reeves Library, the Moravian Archives, or Dartmouth ge. 210 Schmitt was especially interested in ornithology, as is indicated by the deri! accorded his “many interesting notes on arrival of birds and nesting s" by Townsend & Allen (1 907). t tly to Nain, but the oly iby himt hich ref has b seen in this tks were from Ekortiarsuk Fjord, between Ramah and MSs dated 20-30 August 1896 (Fernald & Sornborger 1899). These were sent to Sornborger and are ow at GH. Both MacMillan (1912) and Be Wilfred ath were impressed by Schmitt's many excellent photographs. Fernald & weak ak ae (1899) also cited gent etl ube Hebron sent to .H schek.” Sornborger by “Mrs. Hlaw. ek.” As with most of the en, the Periodical Accounts provide little wide information on Mrs. Hiawatschek, but the dates and location of her service in Labrador can be y following the career of her husband. Gustav Adolph Hlawatschek came to Labrador in 1871 as a single brother. After assisting Samuel Weiz with the construction of the new mission buildings at Ramah, he returned to Hebron to assume c i of the trading post, which position he held throughout the rest of his Labrador service. In 1872 Brother A. Gunther came to Hebron. A year later Sister M. A. (these initials ‘probably for Marie Anna, although Hebr s bride, and in 1874 Sister L. 7 Degenhardt arrived as | acd laa Ss bride. Both Brother Gunther and the first Siste f the latter's wedding. About a year later, in 1876, os two widowed missionaries at hati Brother Hlawatschek and Sister Giinther (née Schmiedecke), were married. In 1898 Brother Hlawatschek’s deteriorating health dictated the Hlawatschek’s retirement to Herrnhut, where he died 13 November 1913, aged 73. Publication of such data in the P el iodical ee ly begur t 7 information ee La ~ on Sister Hlawatschek. Walter Whatley Perrett apparently was the first native of the United ‘he RA 2 | aero . | W - em abhrador 4h i Ridgeway, whom he had met during his theological studies, and immediately thereafter Wank tack to Okak. The Perretts had three daughters In 1896 Perrett went to Hopedale for two years, after which he was placed in charge of the new mission at Makkovik. He returned to Hopedale as head of that mission in 1902, and remained there until his furlough in 1904. During this assignment to Hopedale, the Inuit built a church at Uviluktk (now Mussel) Island ca. 16 km ESE of Hopedale. Perrett’s travels included visits to this church and to a number of Inuit summer fishing camps in the Hopedale area. Following his furlough Perrett Panes briefly to Hopedale and then was assigned to Killinek in 1905. After about a year there he was sent to Nain. With his increased seniority came increased s ciiity af assignments, and he remained at Nain until his furlough of 1913-1915. After this furlough he again went to Hopedale, 211 Commander (subsequently Rear Admiral) Donald Baxter MacMillan (on viewer's left) and Walter W. Perrett on board MacMillan’s ship at Hopedale, 15 August 1934 where he remained until his retirement. “Perrett and Hopedale,” according to Hutton (1936), “are ssl associated i in the minds of all who follow the work of the Moravian missions in Labrador.” In 1917 he was made Superintendent of all fe Labrador missions, =e he stayed at Hopedale rather than moving to the usual headquarters at Nain. He visited England in 1919 to discuss the future of the Labrador missions following the influenza epidemic. In 1929, after another visit to England, he returned to Hopedale but turned over the responsibilities of Superin- tendent to Paul Hettasch (below). Perrett has been described as “a born linguist.” His achievements included new translations of several books of the Bible into Inuktitut, several works of light literature, and, in collaboration with Paul Hettasch, si Inuktitut ABC book and reader. lt has also been noted that “his garden thrived amazingly ... Cabbages, turnips, lettuce were coaxed to grow in the unlikely soil, ie the crops would have done credit to many a smallholder in the warm gardens of England.” When his robust health eventually declined, in 1942, he returned to Malmesbury, where he served on the Town Council for the remaining eight years of his life and continued to have remarkably productive gardens. He died at Malmesbury 15 March 1950 (Hutton 1936; Briffault 1949; Anonymous 1950). 212 Perrett’s contributions to natural history were mainly zoological. As early as 1906, when the German naturalist Bernhard Adolf Hantzsch (on whom, in this context, see LaTrobe 1913 and Anderson in ed. notes to 1928-1929 translation of Hantzsch 1908) visited Killinek, he rape that Perrett had’ ‘for years been actively interested in the avifauna of Labrad 1 [ " (Hantzsch 1908). Hantzsch’s (1908) paar paper on the birds of Labrador includes many observations credited to Perrett. The noted t Arthur Cleveland Bent likewise benefited from niin Ss knowledge of the birds of Labrador < “ron io et much of interest among Perrett’s collections of birds’ eggs whenh in 1912 (MacMillan 1912). Perrett continued to study the Labrador birds rbd more years, as noted by Todd (1963, esp. p. 32). In 1936 his biographer, Hutton, said that Perrett at that time probably knew “more about [the birds of Labrador], and about all the cay life of the coast, than any other living man.” Perrett’s contributions to the knowledge of Labrador insects, especially Lepidoptera, have been recognized ay Morris (1980). His collections of moths date from 1918 to 1936, when he was at Pescara! the principal ‘repositories are the Biosystematics Rese gricult Sornborger (1900) based a new v subspecies of flying squirrel, now called Glaucomys sabrinus makkovikensis (Sornborger), on specimens from Makkovik sent to him by Perrett. Evidence ‘that Perrett also collected plant sabia sth in Fernald’s (1926- ogaeaFern. (as P. multiseta (Ledeb. ) Fern., epithet ‘ilanciolieds at GH, pease! a Perrett at Hopedale in 1920. Perrettalso eee through his “genius for friendship.” During the latter years of his ministry, increasing numbers of visiting scientists benefited from his hospitality and his knowledge of the Labrador and its people, and some, like Sornborger, became “firm and lasting friends of this genial missionary In 1936 Ernst Cleveland Abbe, who had been the botanist on the Grenfell- Forbes Northern Labrador Expedition in 1931, reported that "the botanical tradition established and carried on by such Moravian brethren as Hertzberg [sic], Weiz, and Stecker is today ably maintained by the Rev. P. Hettasch who is an excellent collector.” Earlier, Hantzsch (1909, translation by Anderson) had referred to “the missionary, Mr. Hettasch in Hoffenthal, who has been busy with the flora of Labrador for years.” Richard Paul Hettasch was born 9 August 1873 in Clarkson, South Africa, to Moravian missionary parents. He attended the deh paiheor in tobacco Neuwied, ia (now GOreneny before deciding to become a missionary in 1894, He was sent by his Church to Livingstone College in England for a year’s training in medicine and surgery. In 1898, after completing this course, eee married Ellen Marie Koch, from Neuwied, and was sent to Hopedale that same yea the only med t any of the Moravian missions in tabeador until ‘the arrival of Samuel King Hutton, M.B., C.M., at the new hospital at Okak in 1902. Hettasch remained at the Hopedale medical station until his furlough in 1908. In 1909 he went to mans to replace the ailing Hutton. He returned to Hopedale when another physician was found for the Okak hospital in 1912, then moved to Nain in 1914. Aftera furlough i in 1921-1922 he returned to Nain, where he spent the remainder of his service in Labrador, which included rebuilding the chutch ater thefire of 1921, ecirsipalieh miginye in Makkovik in 1932- 1934. Under with long rows of frameworks on which protective coverings could be placed, as justiated (as of 1925) in Them Days 5(3):12. 1980. 1928 to 1942 Hettasch was Superintendent of all the Labrador missions. Officially he retired from full service in 1942, but he remained active at 213 Ellen and Paul Hettasch at Nain, 13 August 1934. tilhi i gare es ray Dp ' Maine, at the home of the a Donald Baxter MacMillan, whom they had met on several occasions in Labrador and who had donated funds for a Moravian boarding school at Nain; then they went to Nazareth, Pennsylvania, where Paul Hettasch died “4 sabia 8 February 1949. Of the Hettasches six children, two were among the best known and bey paige of the twentieth- iota sh sath in pricier ern Paul Het as a physician d Katherin as a teacher (Anonymous rasa, fee 1949; Peacock 1949; Russell 1984: Periodical Accounts and Them Days passim). E.P. Wheeler, 2nd (1930), a geographer from Cornell University, acknowl- edged the “cordial and understanding hospitality” and great help in dealing with the Inuit that he had received from the Hettasches, noting of Paul Hettasch that “besides being able to speak their language fluently, he could give valuable advice resulting from a keen, unprejudiced judgment and a deep knowledge of and sympathy with them.” Abbe (1936) wrote that “it was a real privilege to have had the opportunity of seeing his rock-garden of native plants at Nain, and to have seen his herbarium representative of the native flora.” Some of Hettasch’s botanical seal was done at the request of Sir William MacGregor, M.D., who was Governor of Newfoundland and Labrador from 1904 to 1909. MacGregor himself had setae botanical and ethnological speci- mens in Fiji, Papua, Nigeria, and elsewhere prior to the expedition to Labrador in 1905 that he conducted as pcan “with the objective of surveying its coast and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (K), and another to the Newfoundland Museum at St. John's (Anonymous 1907). The fate of the latter set is unknown. Boivin (1980) found no herbarium specimens at the Museum at the time of his study. He located some attributed to MacGregor in the herbarium of the Memorial University of Newfound- land (NFLD), but too few to constitute a set duplicating that at Kew. Boivin did not also remains undetermined. Russell (1984) stated that Hettasch’s herbarium was given to Kew, but this may refer to the specimens capsattigae by MacGregor. e of Hettasch’s later specimens are extant in er ae arin: however, he Spdicats that his botanizing continued virtually until his retirement, e.g., Cassiope hypnoides (L.) D. Don at OFA, collected at Nain in 1945. Hettasch also conte Sap of Lepidoptera to the University of Chicago and to a university in Sax ather data for many years for the Ontario Weather Bureau and ithe Deutsches Seewarte (Russell 1984). Another missionary recruited by MacGregor to the cause of botanical collecting, although with more modest results, was Albert Martin, from whom he ese were presented to Kew along with the specimens from Hettasch (Anonymous 1907). Carl Albert Martin was born 17 October 1861 at alpaye Silesia — Pi n Niesky, where he 215 for his ordination as a deacon and his marriage to (Julia Anna) Lydia Oelmann on 3 June 1888. Later that year he went to Nain, where he served for 29 years, except for two occasions when he returned to Europe to represent the missions at the General Synod. After a year at Nain, he was named Superintendent of the Labrador missions. He also served as German consul at Nain. In 1899, on the second of his visits to Europe, Martin was ordained a bishop at Hermhut. | tin 1917, so that he could slation of the Pentateuch into Inuktitut, and became head of the fener rat Rabe: where he served heroically during the ensuing epidemic of influenza (Anonymous 1919; Hutton 1936). He remained at Hebron until 1923, when, after a few weeks at Nain, he retired to Kleinwelka. He died 22 October 1934 at Herrnhut (Martin 1903; Anonymous 1935) The last of the missionaries of whom biographical sketches are presented here retired from service in Labrador in 1947, and this is an appropriate date with which to close this chronicle. By this time only three of the missions north of Makkovik were still in existence, and for one of these the end was near. Two years later pense became part of Canada, and t thereafter it was visited by increasing numbers of C however, knowledge of the fore of northern Labrador remains based to a large. extent on specimens collected by Moravian missionaries. Acknowledgments lam grateful above all for access blished hed resources at the Reeves Library of Moravian College and the Moravian Archives, nation rovince, Moravian Church in America, and for the enthusiastic assistance always provided by Messrs. J. Thomas Minor and Vernon H. Nelson when | visited Bethlehem. In addition to the Royal Botanical Gardens Library, where many of the botanical publications cited below were seen, information for this study was obtained at the libraries of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, Bowdoin College (Peary- MacMillan Museum and Hawthorne-Longfellow Library), Dartmouth College, McMaster University, the Missouri Botanical Garden, and the University of Toronto. | am grateful for the cooperation received from the staff at all of these libraries, in particular to those at Bowdoin, Dartmouth, and the Missouri Botanical Garden who made unpublished manuscripts and rare books available. | am also grateful for the opportunity to examine historic specimens in the Gray Herbarium of Harvard perphicr rad and to Dr. E. Charles Nelson of the National Botanic Garden, yi — d, fo at that Garden's herbar i r D.E. Allen of Syteelitey Hants, U. K The present paper “contains a number of data that J b Y v suggested by him. Literature Cited® Abbe, EC. 1936. Botanical results of the Grenfell-Forbes northern Labrador expe- dition, 1931. Rhodora 38:102-161, pl. 408-411. 216 Allen, D.E. 1984. Hi Hurlock: Moravian middle-man. Soc. Hist. Nat. Hist. Newslett. 22:10-11 piggies 3 1835. The Moravians i in Labrador, ed. 2. Edinburgh: William Oliphant n. 324 pp. Rave 1888. Notes on the geography of Labrador. Science, ser. |, 11:77-79. pce ae 1895. Memoir of Christian Gottlieb Hiffel, Episcopus Fratrum. Trans. Moravian Hist. Soc. 4:33-38. Prete caste 1903. Labrador. Extracts from the station diaries: Makkovik. Periodical ts, ser. Il, 5:363-368. Anonymous. 1907. Plants from Labrador. Bull. Misc. Inform. (Kew) 1907:76-88. Anonymous. ies Brother Adolph Stecker’s return to the field. Periodical Ac- counts, ser. Il, 9:5-8. Anonymous. 1919. The influenza epidemic in Labrador. A story of horror and death. Moravian Missions 17:58-60. (Reprinted from The Evening Telegram [St. John's], June 21, 1919.) Anonymous. 1935. Carl Albert Martin. 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Indices to the Microfiche of the Types and Special Collections (Flowering Plants and Ferns) of the Herbarium of the Academy of Natural congas of Philadelphia. Westport, CT, and London, U.K.: Meckler Publishing. [iii] + pp. Meyer, E. ty 1830. De Plantis Labradoricis Libri Tres. Leipzig: Leopold Voss. xxii + 218 Miertsching, J.A. 1967. Frozen Ships: the Arctic Diary of Johann Miertsching 1850- 1854. Toronto: Macmillan of Canada. xviii + 254 pp. + 4 pl. (Translated and with introduction by L.H. Neatby.) Miller, H.S. 1970. The herbarium of Aylmer Bourke Lambert: notes on its acquisition, dispersal, and present whereabouts. Taxon 19:489-553. Morhardt, A.L., H. Schmidt, I.S. Meisner, & J. Hastings. 1802. Letters received from the mission settlements on the Coast of Labrador: from Okak, dated Septem- ber 3d., 1802. Periodical Accounts, ser. |, 3:111-117. Morris, R.F. 1980. Butterflies and Moths of Newfoundland and Labrador: the Macrolepidoptera. Res. Branch Agric. Canada Publ. 1691. 407 pp. Neatby, L.H. Leal Introduction. In: Miertsching (1967), q.V., pp. viF-xvill. Nuttall, T. 1841 of the Cornea collected in a tour across the continent to the Pacific, a residence in Oregon, and a visit to the Sandwich Islands and Upper California, during the years 1834 and 1835. Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., ser. ll, 7:283-453. Overlease, W.R., & D. Rofini. 1987. Rafinesque’s specimens in the Darlington Herbarium of West Chester University. Bartonia 53:24-33. Packard, A.S., Jr. 1866. List of the vertebrates observed at Okak, Labrador, by Rev. Samuel Weiz, with annotations by A.S. Packard, Jr., M.D. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 10:264-277. Packard, A.S., Jr. 1888. List of the spiders, myriopods and insects of Labrador. Canad. Entomol. 20:141-149. Packard, A.S. 1891. The Labrador Coast. A Journal of Two Summer Cruises to that Region. With Notes on its Early Discovery, on the Eskimo, on its Physical Geography, Geology and Natural History. New York: N.D.C. Hodges. 7 + 513 pp. + 5 pl. + 5 maps. (Includes plant list by J. Macoun.) 219 Peacock, F.[A.JW. 1949. Richard Paul Hettasch: missi y to the Eski Moravian Missions 47:27-28. Peacock, F.[A.]W. 1976. The Moravian Church in Labrador. Them Days 1(3):3-17. Pennell, F.W. 1935. The botanist Schweinitz and his herbarium. Bartonia 16:1-8. Pennell, F.W. 1945. How Durand acauired Rafinesaue’s herbarium. Bartonia 23:43- 46 Porsild, M.P. 1935a. Stray contributions to the flora of Greenland. X. A botanical excursion to the fiords of the Godthaab district. Meddel. Granland 93(3):52-74. Porsild, M.P. 1935b. Stray contributions to the flora of Greenland. XII. On some herbaria from Greenland ve Labrador collected by the Moravian brethren. Meddel. Granland 93(3):8 Pringle, J.S. 1988. Jewell David oa 1929) ly biological collect in Newfoundland and Labrador. Canad. Hort. Hist. {2 ‘210-221. Pursh, F. 1813 [”1814”"]. Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, a Systematic Arrange- ment and Description of the Plants of North America. London, U.K.: White eve and Co. Republished 1979 with introduction by J. Ewan. Vaduz: Z Cramer. 2 vols. Ratz, A.E. 1975. ae oe deutscher Herrnhuter in Labrador. German- Canad. Yearb, 2 Raymond, M. 1951. on anc variété de |’ Eriophorum callitrix Cham. Bull. Soc. Bot. France 98:6-8. Ribbach, A. 1850. Labrador. ie of private correspondence. From Nain. Moravian Church Miscellany 1:306. Roemer, J,, et al. 1871. Bousenacs of the history of the mission of the Brethren’s Church in Labrador for the past hundred years. Periodical Accounts, ser. |, 28:1- 19, 53-72. Also published anonymously 1871 as: History of the Mission of the Church of the United Brethren in Labrador for the Past Hundred Years. London, : W. Mallalieu & Co. 52 pp. + 1 map. Russell, ce 1984. Hettasch, Rev. Paul Richard (1873-1949). In: Encyclopedia of Ne oe and Labrador. St. John’s: Newfoundland Book Publishers (1967). 2:928-929. Schlechtendal, q F.L. von. 1835 ["1836"]. Ueber die Flor von Labrador. Linnaea 14. Schrank, F. von P. von. 1818. Aufzahlung einiger Pflanzen aus ele mit Anmerkung. Denkschr. Kénigl.-Baier. Bot. Ges. Regensburg 1(2):1 Schweinitz, L.D. de. 1822. Attempt of a monography of the Linnaean Be Viola, comprising all the species hitherto observed in North-America. Amer. J. Sci , 5:48-81. Schweinitz, L. D. de. 1824. An analytical table to facilitate the determination of the hitherto observed North American species of the genus Carex. Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York 1:62-71. Schweinitz L.D. de., & J. Torrey. 1825. Monograph of the North American species e genus Carex. Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York 1:283-374, pl. 24-28bis. siiman, ‘ 1833. The herbarium of the late Zacchaeus Collins of Philadelphia. Am rena oe ser. |, 23:398-399. Senirenk. H. G. 1913. A survey of the phytogeography of the Arctic American ae with some notes about its exploration. Acta Univ. Lund., ser. 2, 9(19). [iii] + 183 pp. + 2 maps. Sornborger, J.D. 1900. The Labrador vee ener oa Naturalist 14:48-51. Sprague, T.A. 1922. Grauer's Decuria. J. 60:267 Sprent, F.P. 1927. MacGregor, Sir William (1 B46. 1919). ity The Dictionary of National Biography: 1912-1921 [= 3rd suppl.]. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 357- Stafleu, F.A., & R.S. Cowan. 1976. Taxonomic Literature: a Selective Guide to Botanical nares si Collections with bates, peirenienes and Types, ed. 2. Volume |: A-G. Regnum Veg. 94. xl + 1136 Stafleu, F.A., & R.S. Consh. | 979. Taxonomic gman a Selective Guide to Botanical Publications and Collections with Dates, Commentaries and Types, ed. 2. Volume II: H-Le. Regnum Veg. 98. xviii + p. Stafleu, F.A., & R S. Cowan. 1985. Taxonomic Literature: a Selective Guide to Botanical deeper and Collections with Dates, Co stg bisheehan and Types, ed. 2. Volume V: Sal-Ste. Regnum vee 112. [v] + 1066 pp. Stafleu, F.A., & R “s Cowan. 1988. Taxonomic pees a Selective Guide to eee Publications and r vitedeoatib with Dates, Commentaries and Types, 2. Volume VII: W-Z. Regnum Veg. 116. lvi + pp. Henn . JA. 1886. In oe Rill often. Periodical Accounts, ser. |, 33:665-666. (includes ed. additio Stecker, [G.JA. 1900. Tones of Br. Stecker's tour to Kangiva and pi pda Labrador. Aprii 17th to May 4th, 1899. Periodical Accounts, ser. II, 4:3 Stuckey, R.L. 1967. Daniel Steinhauer, early Ohio plant collector, and his correspon- dence with the botanist Schweinitz. Bartonia 36: 1 -24. Stuckey, R.L. 1971. The first public auction of an American herbarium including an account of the fate of the Baldwin, Collins, and pees herbaria. Taxon Stuckey, R.L. 1979. T f fl in the herbarium of Lewis David von Schweinitz. Proc. Acad. Nat. “Sci. Philadelphia 131:9-51. Todd, W.E.C. 1963. Birds of the Labrador Peninsula and Adjacent Areas: a Distribu- tional List. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. xiv + 819 pp. + [i] + viii + [25] pl. + 1 map. Torrey, J., &A. Gray. 1838-1843 ["1838-1841"]. A Flora of North America: Contain- ing Abr idged Descriptions of All of the Known Indigenous and Naturalized Plants Growing North of Mexico; Arranged According to the Natural pen. New York: Wiley & Putnam. Republished 1969 with heir anael by J. Ewan New York and London, U.K.: Hafner Publishing Company. 2 vols Townsend, C.W., &G.M. Allen. 1907. Birds of Labrador. Proc. Mk. Soc. Nat. Hist. Weiz["Weitz’ “1S I t of anew mission station at Nullatartok. Periodical Pig ee ser. |, 28:118-123. Weiz, S. 1891. Verzeichniss der nach fae Missionar S. Weiz in Labrador vorkommenden Thiere. In: Neumayer, G ners Die Deutschen dices und ihre Ergibnisse. Berlin: Verlag nA. Asher & Co. 1(Anhang):97-102. Wheeler, E.P., 2nd. 1930. Journeys about Nain: winter hunting with the Labrador Eskimo. Geogr. Rev. (New York) 20:454-468, pl. IV. Wheeler, E.P., 2nd. 1935. The Nain-Okak section of Labrador. Geogr. Rev. (New York) 25:240-254, pl. IV. f + Nlarth Ame arica End Notes I. ic ies No. 75 from the Royal Botanical Gardens, Hamilton, Ontario, nada. 2. The full title of this journal, series |, is Periodical Accounts Relating to vei Missions of the Church of the United Brethren, Established among t Heathen. |n series II this was modified to Per iodical Accounts Relating to Hg Foreign — of the Church of the United Brethren. It was succeeded by Viewpoint. 221 wo > oO o oo During the early years of their work in Labrador, the Moravians insisted upon trade monopolies in extensive areas surrounding mission sites before the missions were established, partly to enhance the economic viability of the eee and partly to prevent the importing ‘e alcoholic beverages in the son's Bay Company in 1926 (Briffoutt 1949: Jenness 1965; Hiller 1971). rier Georg Kmoch was born at Kleinfortschen, Saxony, 24 October 1770; nt to Labrador in 1797; married Mary Waters in 1812; retired in 1831; and died at Ockbrook, England, 21 December 1857 (Kmoch 1858). Kmoch does not appear otherwise to have been involved in the study or collection of plants. Thomas Davidson, Sr, a native of Arbroath, Scotland, was an entrepreneur ine-made lace, firstin Nottingham, then in Philadelphia, to which he emigrated in 1832. He is ee . biographical references as having been the father of George Davidson astronomer and physiographer who also made some significant eticd discoveries in the western United States, and Thomas Davidson, Jr., a naval architect and shipbuilder for the United States Navy (Lewis 1954). This reference is evidently to Daniel Steinhauer, even though he was not a pastor; the Rev. Henry Steinhauer had died in 1818, before Durand had come to Pennsylvania or begun exchanging herbarium specimens. th {herbari identified a L. {= S. hirta e ¢ by N. Se Britton, f figured p y in "Fernald S A 929 etc.) writings on the glaciation. The ‘label data indicated that this specimen, supposedly represent- ing a species otherwise kn nown only from etl bial it was not seen by Fernald nor ha tity been nt authors), had been collected by Steinhauer in Newfoundland (Fernald 1926-1927) However, since Durand’ “containing two or more collections with labels, all loose” (Chase 1936), it seems highly probable that the specimen, the locality datum, and the su posed collector's name do not belong together. Although Daniel Steinhauer “presented” Labrador specimens to Durand, neither he nor Henry Steinhauer visited Newfoundland or Labrador. For the Mos title of the journal cited here as Periodical Accounts, see end note 2. Most papers cited from this journal are anonymous translations from the authors’ original German lad At W . Li . . . \ ru ia] t HSS LS t It rc Aa 291A) 223-242, 1991 THE BOTANICAL PURSUITS OF THE REV. ANTON SCHAFFRANEK (1834-1923)! James S. Pringle Royal Botanical Gardens, Box 399, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3H8 Abstract Anton ee (1834-1923), a native of Altona in present-day en, athe his doctorate from the university in Dresden in 1854. In 1865 he cam Ontario, ae a schoolteacher and see sis began work on an itd cite peg of Ontario, bu ee never published. A and pastor in Illinois, uisiana, Missouri, and West Virginia rom 1870 to 1883, Schalicarek moved to Palatka, Florida, ese published at vane pe. works on the flora of Florida. These included names for several new spec lidly published Ned the rules of botanical her laneanne. "Mer 1892, “in St. Charles, Missouri ss rked on an illustrated flora of the United States and Canada, but cued and nothing is known to remain of the illustrations, nor of he allegedly large herbarium. —. nton beieees (1834-1923), originaire d’Altona (aujourd’hui 'Allemagne), recut son doc t de l'université de Dresde en 1854. En 1865, il émigra a Vanbrugh, Ontario, a availla comme maitre teur. Il commenga le projet d'une flore illustrée ‘de l'Ontario qui ne fut t jamais publiée. Aores avoir travaillé comme enseignant et pasteur en lilinois, en Louisiane, au Missouri et en Virginie de |'Ouest de 1870 a 1883, Schaffranek s’installa a Palatka, Floride, et publia au moins Ss deu x Balle ot: surla ae et : Floride. On y is ces nom Avias 1892, a St Charles, ‘Missouri, il travailla sur une flore illustrée des os Etats-Unis et du Canada jété ‘il est devenu des illustrations ni de son présumeé important herbier. t | | > ie Traduction de Céline Arsenault, Jardin botanique de Montréal Canada in the pre-Confederation sense, or at least of Ontario. Except for Sir William Jackson Hooker, then of Glasgow, Scotland, who completed his Flora Boreali-Americana in 1841, all fell short ¢ of their goal to some extent. Some did all published enough in botany to secure their places in Canadian botanical history comical when | encountered an announcement of a projected illustrated ics of Ontario, dated 1880 and signed by ' ‘Rev. A. Schaffranek, D. Phil.,. “ the author’ s name was totally vchstgsced | little inform on him. The present paper is of rire and the outcome of his endeavours in floristics. y as VVIUCU Very . . perl ul Publication date: February 1992 One reference in which Schaffranek’s name can be found is The Naturalists’ Directory, in which he was listed from 1880 to 1905, except for a few years after his departure from Florida, when his new address was probably unknown to the compilers. This directory, published at frequent intervals in North American and International editions (some of the latter being titled The International Scientists’ Victorian fad of collecting, enabling those listed to indicate the kinds of specimens they would like to acquire or exchange. Schaffranek listed his fields of interest as botany, zoology, entomology (Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera), mineralogy, conchology, Indian relics, and, beginning in 1892, horticulture and chemistry. Until amore concise format was imposed, he also listed his publications and hi ject in botany. re # There is, moreover, a biography of Schaffranek in a compendium of biographies of residents of St. Charles, Lincoln and Warren counties, Missouri.? As noted in Schaffranek’s obituary in the St. Charles Cosmos-Monitor,4 it “no doubt was written by himself,” as such biographies usually were and are, aside from the ‘ as 1 by th ilers. Although Schaffranek’s botanical mat v ar J ror accomplishments are exaggerated, it app grap cal data, e.g. on his place of birth and education. This is the source of such data in the present paper that are not attributed otherwise, and is referred to here as Schaffranek’s “autobiography.” Anton Schaffranek was born 18 September 1834, according to his natural- ization papers at Palatka, Florida, which seem the most reliable source. This date is | istent with his age as given in his obituary in the St. Charles Banner-News.® (The year is given as 1835 on his gravestone and as 1836 in his autobiography; presumably 59 sounded better than 61 to Schaffranek in 1895. The earlier date is Schaffranek, who had come to Holstein from his native Prussia. Anton Schaffranek received his early education in Altona, following which he was sent to Saxony (now Germany), where he was placed under the tutelage of Professor (Heinrich Gottlieb) Ludwig Reichenbach (1793-1879).6 Reichenbach, a noted and prolific botanical author, was at that time director of the botanical garden and professor of natural history at the college of medicine in Dresden. Under Reichenbach, the young physiology. Although he subsequently became a clergyman, how much theology, iT any, was included in his studies at Leipzig or elsewhere is not indicated in his Fr Nradiiatinan Crhaft. 1 Afterg 1 to Holstein, where he was employed for a time as a tutor for families of the nobility. Later he taught at the normal school in Alt d tly at schools in adjacent Hamburg. In 1862 he married Lucy — (1832-1892), a native of Holstein. During the Prussian-Danish War of : a 224 In 1865 Schaffranek went to Renfrew County, Canada West (Ontario after 1 July 1867). Since 1858, many German-speaking immigrants of diverse religious affiliations and educational backgrounds had been coming to Renfrew County,® Q MOlloUrly } } ‘ others because they, like Schaffranek, were displeased with the provisions of the Treaty of Vienna or wanted to escape the successive wars of the Bismarck era. The re German settlement of Vanbrugh in ee oicsiags was exceptional among Renfrew County communities of the , beca t was settled by “extremely well-educated” oe who had Si ‘able “a pipers ish free-grant claimants. '° Some with urban oe soon found that ris pen beyond their endurance, but others prospered as farmers even though the land ae Vanbrugh has in modern times education was expressed in the unusual dispatch with which they established a school and advertised in newspapers in their homeland for a qualified teacher for their children. '2 It was in response to one of these advertisements that Schaffranek came to Vanbrugh. In addition to teaching, his responsibilities included the religious ministry to the community. as Although his congregation dated its founding from 1862, in Schaffranek was promptly ordained by the High Church of England, which paid him s the “mainstream” of Canadian religion.'® He immediately became a British ty. 6 he G floristically. Even by the standards of 1865, however, Vanbrugh was — culturally and otherwise. The nearest railhead was at Almonte, 110 km away by rough wagon road (by 1870 the rails i eh still no nearer than Sand Point), and even Leeks edie abroad was 55 km way at Farrell's rch near pre esent-day lefor Shae ‘Wiest and of Ath ew beatae ts in ico he doubtless hoped for and sought opportunities for professional advancement elsewher There is, moreover, evidence that Schaffranek’s congregation was net satisfied with his leadership of the oe services. ae congregation's history'” records that “Dr. Y most of sy 2 congregational members joined the Baptists.” Shortly after his depart egies in Sebastopol Township became fully organized as St. John’s spe tae Church, although it continued to be served by itinerant ministers of various denominations for several more years Mids a Of the next four years, Schaffranek wrote only that he had spent this time ying the fl 1p hing the Gospel.” His name is absent from the Renfrew County directory for 1866-1867, '® but listing therein was by payment and included only a small proportion of the county’s residents. Dr. Brenda Lee-Whiting, author of several works on Renfrew County history, beli that Schaff kt past of a church in Arnprior, but could not provide the source of this information.'9 country, and during the 1860s all of Renfrew County was the parish successively of the Rev. L.H. Gerndt and the Rev. F.W. Franke. Schaffranek’s Lutheran affiliation is indicated, according to Dr. Lee-Whiting,”° in a report from the Canadian Synod to the 27th convention of the Pittsburgh Synod,2' October 1869, which stated that “For conduct unworthy of his sacred office, A. Schaffranek, Ph.D., was deposed from the Gospel Ministry, and his name stricken from the roll of Synod.” This was a time of turmoil in the Lutheran Church in Ontario. According to Cronmiller's history of the Lutheran Church in Canada,22 Franke’s "pastorate [of Renfrew County] proved very divisive ... He caused a division in several of the congregations, ” some of which lost members, and some of which transferred their affiliation to the Missouri Synod. Considering th ts of the ti 1 Schaffranek’s subsequent affiliation with a theologically tion, itseems likely that the “preaching the gospel” to which he referred in his autobiography involved a breach with tt thority of Synod or specifically with Franke. Neither Lutheran nor Arnprior histories”? indicate that any Lutheran congregation existed in Arnprior before 1889. Nor does the section on churches in the Arnprior history indicate that lily i | H any case, it seems probable that the charge of misconduct was denominational in context, since it did not prevent Schaffranek’s subsequent employment in schools or in the pastoral ministry of another denomination. and Renfrew County would have been less attractive to the staunchly Germanic clergyman. from that period, graciously searched by Ms. Anne Steinfeldt of the Chicago Historical Society, do not indicate that any “Dyrenfurth College” ever existed. The city directory for 186725 does show, however, that there was at that time the Illinois School of Trade, of which J. Dyhrenfurth was president, with Louis F. Dyhrenfurth n affiliated in an unspecified capacity. The three Dyhrenfurths resided at the same location as the school. Whether the Illinois School of Trade, in its last days, took the name Dyhrenfurth College, or whether this designati ined by Sct faq L wmv yweviiathiiaqrnk, is unknown, in the absence of directories for 1870-1871. The school seems to have been short-lived and to have had little impact on the Chicago educational scene, in view of the absence of any other reference to it in the resources of the Chicago Historical Society. oon ie been located a t 116-118 Randolph Street, its physical plant oyed in the fire of October, 1871, and the Dyhrenfurths may have been unable tore resume operations. _There are, apparently, no extant directories pics ali where oe Chicago. His autobiography mentions no los of specimens, drawings or manuscripts in the fire. fied the only mention of the a fire encountered in this context was in Schaffranek’s naturalization docu- ents, which include a letter from the Clerk of the Circuit Court stating that his price records had been destroyed when the Cook County courthouse urned. In April le? Sea ones went to New Orleans as Curator of the New Orleans Academ ig y's existence was precar of near-dormancy.2& This situation is reflected i in the intermittent appearance 2 of its publications. By the 1870s, uncertainties and conflicts about their roles, as the sciences became increasingly Be nae eh compartmentalized. b aot hibotael with the Recon- struction et ended, state and m pal governments were in chaos. According | to ere the cessation of financial support for the Academy from re le Curator not long after his arrival. Following the abolition of his position with the New Orleans Academy of Science, Schaffranek wet Nag Superintendent of the German-American School of New Orleans. This was one of several secondary schools serving the German community of New Odes which was then about 30,000 strong; it was affiliated with the denomination in which Schaffranek later became a pastor (below). ereas the public-school system of New Orleans, a victim of Reconstruction, had “collapsed utterly,” the German schools were “functioning smoothly.” They, and the influence of the Ge pitdoot community in the cultural life of New Orleans, were at their zenith in the 1870s. Later, Schaffranek assumed what was probably his first regular pastorate, at the First German mapas oe , of Carrollton, a suburb that had just been annexed by New Orlea ly p s activities in New Orl this study, aside from his autobiography, dates Wi this period. He was one of 21 signatories ‘ a letter requesting William H. William pi time resident, to _ a history of Carrollton in observance of the coment of American independence.?® small denomination in Bip -. Sp pastorates in Carrollton unded as the Germ there were 52 peyton in ten states, mostly in the Ohio and Mississippi its theology, ” revailing.” 29 In 1925 it became part of the a Christian Church, which in turn became part of the United — . Christ in 1957. It is to be distinguished from the larger denomination that becam lical United Brethren, which did not unite with the Congrega- tional pastes Church until 1957. According to Professor Joseph Ewan, 30 g longtime scholar of Louisiana botanical history, Schaffranek Louisiana residents who were interested in botany, which includes the “notes on seerplied by the late Samuel W. Geiser Nor was ranek mentioned by Cocks in his “Historical sketch of the botany of Louisi- ana.”3' The leading figure in Louisiana botany during the early 1870s was Americus Featherman (1822-—"1891 or later”; originally Federmann), a native of Ottingen, Bavaria, who was professor of botany at the State University in Baton Rouge. From 1870 through 1872, Featherman conducted floristic ct of various sectors of ouisiana, th e State.32 Ewan speculated that Schaffranek might have ' “met with some aatrionah? dominance in the field” of botany upon his arrival in Louisiana. It is perhaps more likely that Schaffranek would have been discomfited by the pre see of an already recognized and published botanist. Whatever plans Schaffranek may have had for botanizing in Louisiana, he left no record of any accomplishments i in botany during this period i in his life, nor is writings v left by Featherman or other Louisiana naturalists. 1876 Schaffranek accepted a call to the Evangelical Protestant Church of St. uae Missouri, in which pastorate he remained until 1879. The opportunities of which Schaffranek failed to take advantage during his periods of residence in St. Charles, especially from 1876 to 1879, provide some perhaps some of his other enterprises. T To someone who all lly traveled to every the + ; iH v state in the Union and all of li the oe train trip from St. Charles to St. Louis could hardly lait oa daunting. St. Lou 1876 alrea _ fore which was Gaia Enoains ann M. D. (1809-1884), a native of ak Main from Reformed Church family 33 Engelmann was one of America’s most distinguished er American plants and his monographs on cacti. He was well ee with Asa Gray of Harvard, the leading dai’ systematic botanist of his time, and had the rather rare distinction amon ter by Gray. Engelmann, called he jaar father” of the Missouri Botanical Garden, had some 20 years earlier patiently explained to its founder, Hen nry Shaw, the true nature of a botanical garden, and it was largely due to his efforts that the Garden became a major research institution instead of merely a 1 Showplace. Engelmann " His aieias * botany residing in St. Louis in 1876 included Friedrich Adolph Wislizenus (1810-1889), who some 30 years earlier had conducted extensive botanical ex- fein ca in Texas and northern México. Engelmann probably also encouraged In the correspondence of Engelmann, nowat the Missouri Botanical Garden, there is only one letter from Schaffranek, in German, dated 19 November 1878. It refers to a pleasant visit with Engelmann several weeks earlier, during which Sch haffranek was given a tour of the Garden. It ‘permits the inference, however, that been neither close nor frequent Specifically, he ref it fungi that Sigg tt had shown him and asked for the pariculars thereon, including a source, 0 lative I few weeks. Archival material at the Missouri Botanical Garden contains no correspondence from Schaffranek among the papers of any of Engelmann’s successors as director. In 1876 the Academy of Sciences of St. Louis was 20 years old, and was publishing a journal of significant research papers. Although (in his autobiography) Schaffranek took pride in the number of soba socieities of which he was a mem Raber: he was never a member of the St. Louis Ac ademy, nor does his name appear in any other context in the Academy's sublications 22 In 1879 Schaffranek left St. Charles for the pastorate of St. John’s pret th Independent Church in Wheeling, West Virginia, gira, congregation 220 famili 37 The entry for Sohaifrenekh in ths Wheeling ‘city directory for 1880°8 noted that he was out ot this church and also president of the Naturhistorishche Gesellschaft von West Virginien. Elsewhere in the same directory, the entry for the Naturhistorische Gesellschaft stated that pected ek was president, Theodore Schreiber, a Wheeling “florist and wine ower” was secretary, and that it met “1st Wednesday evening of each month in ce nciear St. John’ s German Independent! Protestant Church." " After Schaffranek’s County Public Library?? in Wheeling appear to contain no other material either on Schaffranek or on the Gesellschaft. Unlike the vicinity of St. Charles, the Wheeling area had no sth or natura-history “establishment” in 1879. (Earlier, Henry Ney Mertz, of man ancestry but born in Ohio, and Gustav von Guttenberg, a native of Tamnsweg it in the Duchy of Salzburg, had livedi floristic studies. In 1879, however, Mertz moved to Steubenville, Ohio, and von Guttenberg to Erie, Pennsylvania. Although Mertz was then only 40 km from Wheeling hg appears to have been much less active in bo foie at least in West Virginia, te his return to Ohio.*°) In this vacancy, Schaffranek quickly took advan- tage of the opportunity to assume the role of leader. Later, West Virginia became the home of a sizeable number of active, widely known naturalists, and among their writings are comprehensive histories of both botany and ornithology in West Virginia, the former being the subject of an entire book. 41 This literature contains no mention either of Schaffranek or of the Saselben death —— von West irginien. | tural-history research, the Gesellschaft made no significant 0 or eoee contributions to West Virgi inia biology. te it p g this a eee it b d of Wheeling, Silas only from the be Recta of St. “John's s, and it isaac did not long survive Schaffranek’s departure from Wheeling henanra response to an Sie by le mes MacPherson ab and need for a flora of Canada or peat) of all of North America. Iti is interesting that Schaffranek, in Wheeling, should have seen MacPherson’ s article, since peel 11878. Evidently Schatrenek as diligent in keeping up with the literature of the plant saebiraia Schaffranek stated that he had begun work on his flora of Ontario “a few years” earlier, and of 1881. He also said + he had already completed 200 plates, and that, ' ‘Ifa an n occasion should offer,” he “would not fail to lay before you [the editor] for examination that part which is done, in order to have 229 your judgment.” He also wrote that he had “lost different species of the Cyperaceae [sedge family] and Grammineda [sic; = Gramineae, grass family],” and requested that readers who had collected speci plants in these famili d him their addresses. One might suspect that Schaffranek hoped to receive specimens of these “difficult” groups that had already been identified by qualified persons. Another possibility is that Schaffranek's grass and sedge specimens had been at the school at the time of the Chicago fire, while specimens representing other families had been elsewhere and had not been destroyed. In any case, the fact that Schaffranek phasized th famili ther tt king a simple request for any Ontario plant specimens would appear to indicate that he already had a significant herbarium of Ontario specimens. Also, he could hardly have offered to let the editor examine the completed plates unless some actually had been produced. According to his autobiography, Schaffranek’s health deteriorated while he was in Wheeling, to the extent that he resigned his pastorate in 1883 and moved to Palatka Heights, Florida — in the same year in which Henry Morrison Flagler came to Florid | began his develoy tsalongit t t. Considering Schaffranek's age, it may not be unduly cynical to suspect that an inheritance might also have influenced his decision to take a respite from pastoral responsibilities at this time. That he did so is apparent from a list of Putnam County churches, past and present as of ca. 1936, which indicates that the only organized congregations in Palatka and vicinity in 1883-1892 were African Methodist Episcopal, Baptist, Episcopal, Methodist, Presbyterian, and Roman Catholic.43 Schaffranek's autobiography notes only that during his nine years in Palatka he “made a special study of the local flora.” The vicinity of Palatka had If i fig If i y in botanical history.44 In 1765, John and William Bartram, two of early America’s Se ee EAGT US reputation of the Palatka area as a healthy place in which to live!) In March 1872 Torrey himself traveled up the St. John's River from Jacksonville to Enterprise, Re i ae topping at y he had hitherto seen only as herbarium specimens. him to locate in Palatka. The year f llowi g Garber’s publication, Allen Hiram Curtiss began his extensive botanical explorations of Florida with a trip up the St. John’s River, and Mary Collins Reynolds of St. Augustine also botanized along this river, 230 coninhyting especially to the knowledge of the fern flora.*® Their interesting dis- reported by Asa Gray, to whom — had sent specimens, might also have pathy Schaffranek’ 5 attention to the are Itwas at Palatka, whil bly he free f teachi dministrati and spetate responsibil Schaff ring this time he e his only ee botanical works that are definitely known to Hist been sibiiehod. gh first of these was "The flora of Palatka and vicinity,4”" which es much of the front a of a Saturday edition of Palatka’s daily newspaper. The first part of oS article included an encomium to the quality of life in Palatka, noting the bea of the native flora and pa many ornamental plants cultivated there. After C. some by Latin names, diseas debilities to which mankind was subject in the North, he wrote that in Palatka the rule is predominant: ‘Good health in all seasons.’” According to this article, Schaffranek had “very often ... been requested, indeed, to a {his] opinion and to write some articles on the sandy soil of Palatka, etc., whe nothing at all.” On the basis of his own ep ri a wrote, he could by that time Aad aie here, 21 months ago Sweet Hom a my place was a wilderness, now it is to me ‘a He mentioned a large number of vegetables, fruits, and other crops that Blo = grown in Palatka, many of them presumably having succeeded in his own ee since he invited his readers to “come and see.” He also announced plans to write a flora of despa toward which he took “the opportunity of soliciting onnsten” from thos: interested in assisting. The second part of this article was a catalogue of the wild plants of “Palatka and vicinity,” in which 587 species of seed plants and vascular cryptograms were ‘ of th listed. In view of Schaffranek’s heavy dependence on Chapman's Flora e Soutien United States | in the preparation of his Floral Almanac, discussed below, itisn onthe he af their ranges as given by Chapman, rather than having been found and identified by Schaffranek himself within the time that he had lived in Florida. Some of the names listed, e.g. Andromeda calyculata L. (= Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) . Gra by Chapman. Nevertheless, this list and the Floral Almanac do give some evidence ofa he flora of Palatka. This cagieatin shia strikingly in the inclusion of five species ‘believed by ohare to be science and named by him: Nymphaea pumila, Phaseolus Lauppii, Clitoria Sear c role micrantha ae mircranthe,” obviously one of many misrea adin Schaffran pcan retained). These names, under the retroactive provisions of the present International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, were “effectively published” by Schaffranek. Ho wever, since they lacked any accompanying descriptions, illustrations, or other i lants these names were not “validly published, ” and therefore they have no standing | in matters of nomenclatural priority. k's Since Laupp is not a common family name, it may reasonably be assumed that Phaseolus Lauppili was named for Franz Laupp (1855-1926), a member of Schaffranek’ f Theodore Schreiber. At that time, pee was employed by his uncle. Later, he studied norticulnire and floristry 231 in Germany and New York and, after his uncle's death, took over the florist business. As Laupp Florist, “Wheeling’s oldest florist,” the business was still in the family at the time of this writing.48 It may also be assumed the Clitoria Schreiberiwas named for Theodore Schreiber (d. 1888), the Wheeling grape grower and florist who had been secretary of the Naturhistorische Gesellschaft. The epithet Mariana has been used in botanical nomenclature of mean “of Maryland” and, less often, ' ‘of the Blessed Virgin Mary. = Since Schaffranek would t lik f Selaginella discovered near Palatka, it s seems possible that the name he Mariana indicates an acquaintance with Mary Reynolds (above), who, being especially interested in pteridophytes, might he called Gchattanak’s s attention to this spikemoss. There is indeed a species of Selaginella native to Florida, which has been found in Palatka, that remained unknown to science until 1898. It is quite likely that Schaffranek recognized this species, now known as S. arenicola Underw., as bein distinct and gave it aname, although in the absence of a description or a specimen so labeled it is impossible to be certain. There now occurs in Florida Cuphea 1920s.*? It is possible that Schaffranek encountered C. carthagensis naturalized in Florida some four decades earlier, but, since he listed no other species of Cuphea, the widespread ce viscosissima Jacq., for which Chapman gave the range as the “upper districts” of the southeastern United States. In northwestern Florida, as far east as Taylor County, there is a small- flowered waterlily, Nymphaea odorata Ait. var. godfreyi Ward, and farther south, north to Orange County, there is a species of Clitoria, C. fragrans Small, endemic to Florida, neither of which was known to science in Schaffranek’s time. De epending upon the extent of Schaffranek’s travels in n Florida and his concept of the ’ ae of Palatka, it may be that these taxa him There are So many species of Phaseolus and the taxonomy of this genus : so complex (it at itis scarcely feasible to speculate as to the | identity of Schaffranek’s P. Lauppii, Schaffranek’ t kawa as A Floral Almanac of Florida.5° This i is a booklet of about 11 9/16 x9 ein mphee: n paper covers, with 37 pages printed on one side only. It lists 1700 species ue Florida plants in peli es sequence of wiabel Other information i in this list includes * ‘natural er” [= family], habitat, and usual in i, It was dedicated by Schatfranek * ‘To his friends, Dr. George Vasey, U.S. botanist, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., and Hon. William Saunders, Superintendent of Experiment. Garden, ee of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., ... with lasting esteem and friendship In the preface, Schaffranek referred to the “arduous labor bestowed for years upon this work.” Close examination, however, indicates that the Almanac represents considerably less work by Schaffranek than would at first appear. Fifty- six “new species” are listed, but these were in fact named and described by Alvan Wentworth Chapman (1809-1 899) in his Flora of the Southern United States, published in 1883.5! Chapman y of his time a the southern flora, ncy, Marianna, and Appalachicola, Florida. pltebes the ne names, with Aaprastiras citations, were copied verbatim from Chapman's Flora, even to the extent that 232 Chapman’ s “n. sp.” was consistently left as such rather than being changed to “Cha apm. " Many of ‘the habitat ies tarts ibutional notes (including virtually all m Palatka), and dates of flowering, for other species as well as for those named as new species by Chapman, were also taken verbatim or nearly so from Chapman's Flora, which was not mentioned anywhere in the Almanac. Doubtless many of the references to occurrences of species in Palatka were based on Schaffranek’ S. own observations, but otherwise the Floral lation Chapman’ s Florathan a reflection of a thorough knowledge of the Florida flora o on 1 Schaffranek’ Ss part. Schaffranek’s new Cuphea was again listed in the Almanac, as “Cup microphylla Schaffk.,” evidently a lapsus calami for micrantha. |ts habitat was st as “rich open woods, Palatka,” but again there was no description The 1888 edition of The pitied eile listed not only the Floral Almanac but also “Florida fruits” as having been authored by Schaffranek. No information on the latter work has been sacar ahd in this study. Quite possibly it was published in The Palatka Daily News, but, unlike the “flora of Palatka,” this work was not listed in the published union catalogue of the National Agricultural Library or in any similar reference, and so it could not readily be located. By the 1892 edition of The Naturalists’ Directory (or earlier), yet another in Schaffranek’ Ss autobiography. ‘No publisher or date or place of publication was cited, fo rmat, nor even any confirmation that it even existed. The titl tf th f the Lib of the United — Surgecte -General’ s Office, the National pees vob the Library of Con British rAGsuEN Nerul History), a f consulted in the present study. meek however, it awaits het in the microfilms of The Palatka Daily News. Complete Illustrated Flora of the United States and Canada,” which, as planned, would be issued in 25 volumes of 100 plates each. He expected that this would be published by “the Government,” possibly because of some encouragement by Vasey (who had given such encouragement to Chapman), or perhaps simply I As of 1895, in his autobiography, he claimed to have completed 1800 plates, “in the author's own pencil ... Ww mv! for the Northeast. It appears, however, ‘that no sien of this work was ever published, and no manuscript or plates are known to exist. Although Schaffranek’s health evidently improved quickly in Florida, if indeed it had been poor, this was not the case with his wife, who died in Palatka 19 February 1892 (from Record of Interments, Palatka, which, being in chronological 233 possibly his finances strained, Schaffranek understandably wanted a change of environs. He returned to his former pastorate in St. Charles the same year Cath aff 1 Jal * sag otestant Church of St. Charles until the late 1890s, when the congregation debardad. In 1894, he married Bertha Gatzweiler (1848-1924), the daughter of Fred W. Gatzweiler, a St. Charles judge, and took up residence in the former Gatzweiler home, where he lived for the rest of his life. After the hibig. ih of the church, Schaffranek became editor of the St. ist Republikan r. This newspaper, founded ca. 1880, was a “Republican eekly”; it ie vo with the longer-lived St. Charles Demokrat (1852-1916), a German-language “Democratic weekly. Pass ~ Once again, dsrear-pal Schaffranek had affiliated himself I man-language enewspaper's, like German- -language schools and churches, was i a The Republikaner's circulation fell from 1342 in 1890 to 850 in 1900; it ceased publication in 1902 or 1903, and Schaffranek went into retirement. Ie 4 . ree 2 J aL Oe ree | ££ k's biographical sketch was published, anon religion or any other aspect of his life. By this time, he cab to have ae ial in all the European countries, Studying plantlife,” and that he had “traveled and studied extensively in Canada and J rf vith miich mara am + i i.% exico, as well as in evey state in the Union.” He also said that he had “fine collections in conchology, pphstipat entomology and numismatics,” and that he corresponding or honorary member of 26 natural-history societies or "acc pss ais in the United States and re ona ig Al . PY SS L al Pees eel o laa with every noted botanist i in the world.” This statement is so untenable, “and not Fst because of its use of the absolute, that it contributes to the skepticism with which other claims by Schaffranek must be viewed. The professional correspondence received by many of the botanists of Schaffranek’ S time has been preserved and eck cee pUStianha the New York Botanical. Garden in the United States, the National Museum of Natural Sciences i in Canada, and many others i in North America and Europe. psec of th Cly i wana WY + re + + } ee ea -t} D 1 v1 Ki VIy } YJ MNArenQiey @ Y Notee spinon Rot Shes te th od Cok ee l eas er | i: otes Upon botanists. t pSallaeae MUlwero lu or been mentioned frequently i in their letters, this would doubtless be reflected in Barnhart’s Notes and in in many other works. The only reference to Schaffranek that asa Srna and omer po oe of St. yea ashi sent ag Ranson to J.K. Small®4 of the New York Botanical Garden. Bar nhart’s Notes indicate sr gardens, have senes up no letters from Schaffranek to anyone except for the one letter to Engelman : Works listedas “already published” in Schaffranek’ s autobiography included The flora of Palatka,” the Floral Almanac, the ” Synopsis of medical plants,” and 234 also "The influence of electricity on the action of nerves: in the life of plants and animals,” which was Said to have been “highly th Society of Physicians of Vienna.” This quite likely was Schaffranek’s dissertation, as the subject matter would have been closely related to research being conducted in Saxony ca. 1854, although the conc ept and terminology of a nervous system in plants had become obsolete by 1895. \ in addition to the “Complete Illustrated Flora,” included a guide to the poisonous plants of the United States and Canada, to be illustrated in oe for use in schools, as well as novels and a book of poems on religious subje In the context of the present. study, the most remarkable of Schaffranek’s statements were This was said to include 30, 000 Specimens of Seed plants and over 1000 specimens of ferns, mosses and lichens. c, Pacific and Gulf coasts of NorthA d from the Atlantic and Adriati ts of Europe. lf Schaffranek’s herbarium was in fact as he described it, it would have been, although not so large as Eggert’s, nevertheless among the largest private herbaria ever to have existed in North America. It would also have been one of the oe . most valuable to plant taxonomy and phytogeography, because Renfrew Coun Ontario, northern Florida, and to some extent the Wheeling abe remained ina 4 equately explored botanically in 1895, and the two last-named areas are floristically itl Specimens from “every state in the Union” and especially fen México at that time would inevitably have included some species of which few specimens were available for study and, as noted above, quite likely some that were new to science. In reality, while his plans grew more grandiose, Schaffranek fit inn Ms nie himself of genuine opportunities to contribute to botany, the scholarly societies of which he proudly claimed enmeriiie did ae snekide hase in which he actually could participate. arp vons in botany was flourishing | in nearby St. Louis, led by scientists at the Missouri Botan keen amateurs. Shortly after the RURRatON’ of Schaffranek’ Ss autobiography, there came into being the Engelmann Botanical Club, with a committee that worked on a checklist of the flora of the greater St. Louis area from 1899 to 1911. When the checklist®> was published, the contributions of numerous individuals, including several of German origin or descent, were noted therein, but again there is no indication whatever that Schaffranek was involved with this floristic survey or with any other activity of the club. There is one indication, however, that Schaff k did tirely dissociate himself from other natural historians in the St. Charles-St. Louis area. The 2 account of his funeral in the Cosmos-Monitor® noted the attendance of several fellow iter from St. Louis,” who likewise had “collected bugs, coins, Indian relics, About 1905, when he was 71, Schaffranek’s enthusiasm for natural history evidently began to wane. This was the last year in which his name appeare edin The Naturalists’ Directory. Prior to che time, his interests may have shifted to a greater emphasis on entomology than on botany, as sugge sted by his obituaries and by accounts of his estate (below), although allowance must be made for the greater impression that * sot tgs p laws s. His health had lyb f f tthis remained good, how: ete . St. Charles 12 iene 1923. Interment was in Oak Grove ey. St. Char Schaffranek’s estate appears to have passed in its entirety to his widow,>7 235 who survived him by only a few months, dying 16 June 1924. 58 Her will mode, no bequests of specific items, but her Marie Gatzweiler ait of St. Louis seis her scala Charles Gatzweiler oi in a aegis for the a the assets. Documents Pea the rn Court of St. Charles County®? provide a detailed account of the estate of Bertha Gatzweiler Schaffranek. Among the assets were " a lot of books,” “a collection of beetles, insects and bugs made by the late Dr. A. Schaffranek, ” "a collection of U.S. and aL wen three. small pasteboard pill boxes numbered ... , most of them marked in the handwriting of Dr. A. Schaffranek, containing precious stones or minerals” (these being a in detail), ' ‘one other box of crystals,” “a lot of Indian relics,” a “lot of old coins,” and a “wood cabinet.” There was no mention of any botanical specimen sp Some idea of the size and value of these collections can be obtained from their disposal, as the documents indicate that the executor, Charles F. Gatzweiler, Mr. rs. Schaffranek’ S nephew, . to oe the aa value of the relics were sold to E.L. Renno, the postmaster at St. Charles, for $50.00. The old coins, sold to an unspecified buyer, brought only $0.96; some of the beetles were sold for $2.00; and $5.0 the cabinet that presumably | the collections. Finally, with the consent of all of the heirs, items finted. pn being “of no value” were “delivered to St. Charles Public Schools.” These included “one lot not suggest that there were anywhere near the 1800 that eaaiea a claimed to have Corpiated. for the illustrated flora alone, nor — it indicate that Gatzweiler artistic merit, since a quantity of drawings that could be considered works of art would at least ao, appeared to have significant monetary value Ms. Joanna Turner of St. Louis ee inquired of school officials in St. Charles as to whether any specimens or draw ings from Schaffranek’s estate were still in the possession of the school system, but could find no —— of anything extant. Ms. Turner also located (doubt nce the name Gatzweiler no longer appears in St. Charies telephone directories) a > grandniece of ber to speak English among members : Oe family, and who “dazzled” her with his collections and drawings. She could provide no information, however, on the disposition of any collections. The accounts of the disposition of the assets, like the earlier description of Mrs. Schaffranek’s estate, contain no mention of botanical specim ri Since even those portions of the estate that were deemed to be of no mone tary value were might be used for educational purposes, it seems poe unlikely that a large herbarium could have been among Schaffranek’s effect The significance that Schaffranek’s herbarium would have had, if in fact it was of anywhere near the magnitude and diversity that he claimed, has been noted above. Therefore, if samen in his later years, having despaired of completing and publishing his magna per a, had deci ded to dispose of his Haaraeiey any botanist who was aware o s fa It would have been, moreover, a material asset. In the early = of the went eis century, the Missouri Botanical Garden, among others, was expanding its own herbarium through the purchase of major private collections "or example, that of pias Allan Poe Watt of Montréal, I 1 from Watt's estate in 1919). Botanists t the Garden presumably could have arranged at least a modest contribution to ae salir Ss finances — which would doubtless have been welcome i in view of the size of his estate — a tangible recognition of the herbarium’s value. Certainly the ‘sale or offer for sale of 50 large an herbarium to any institution or individual botanist could hardly have escaped the notice of systematic botanists generally. t is possible, of course, especially if Schaffranek’s herbarium was poorly y him ina institutional herbaria, many of which, as noted above, inherited or purchased private erbaria from the estates A suaripuiys s contemporaries. Schaffranek’s letter to The Canadian Hort plied that he sought contributions of specimens, and his entries in The iii iat eee also have been interpreted as inviting an exchange | of specimens. To have bias contributors of specime ns with duplicates o y Ecol 1omical, ut would have been the form t Indeed, the opportunity to > build up ) their own herbaria es exchanges would Tpriliaty | Conversely, this would have ‘been for him an effective means of i Sse ia own able to collect in the field himself. It seems highly unlikely that, had such specimens existed, modern herbaria discarded specimens collected by Schaffranek or monographers did not cite them cause of a lack of des weet data.©° Schaffranek’s projected provincial and state floras indicate that he did appreciate the importance of locality data. Moreover, had aes wording such as “Collected by Dr. A. Schaffranek, Palatka, Fla.,’ ‘ whereby t he specimens would at least appear, to later curators, to bear locality data. Apparently Schaffranek simply did not exchange, ~ or give away botanical specimens. Possibly he offered cash for specimens, 0 f publicatior 1S that never satisfaction from having contributed to his dat projects. And so, despite Schaffranek’ s claims regarding his accomplishments | in botany and the oer of his plans botanical community were two minor publications. Notwithstanding the deman ids of his successive careers, and although he obviously overestimated his abilities, oul to botany. Several factors appear to have limited | his success. Although his plans | became grander than ever in St. Charles, the death of the first Mrs. Schaffranek and his departure from Palatka may have affected Schaffranek’s motivation for “getting things down on paper” and seeing them through to publication. Also, he was obviously interested only in 237 projects that were “his own,” disdaining joint ventures to which he might have made valuable contributions. Even with projects that he himself originated, he seems to have been so fearful of intrusion by other botanists that he limited the assistance that Sets might have given. The absence of letters from Schaffranek to individuals who might have responded to his requests for correspondence and specimens, and the absence of specimens collected by him cin their herbaria, p rojects, as well ae a failure by him to appreciate their ‘abilities in botany. Be seriously, however, Schaffranek was evidently devoted so exclusively to projec that were far moet his capacity that he had little interest in anything that Socal was feasible. Many other botanists, like those who initiated floras of Canada during the lets century, have attempted more than they could finish, but, unlike Schaffranek, have made major contributions through publishing portions of their great projects, or “inchoate” or Sone versions, along with many lesser works. d written, 23 centuries earlier, "Slight not ‘what’ s near through oa. ~ what's far.” ere remain a few areas in which one might search further for botanical contributions by Schaffranek. Since Schaffranek’s specimens were not S Remnuse ; : nae harhari : + aly ot HUsS b h b HI 1 | eC ent botanists, Watt, it is cues that any are extant. Nevertheless, it is not aeaahe Ae that in some herbaria somewhere a few of his specimens exist. As noted above, there may be a few more articles yet to be discovered in The Palatka Daily News, probably in the ihesedo editions. (In the interest of nomenclatural Stability, one would hope that thes apes rched in the present study, but ‘are in the library of Florida State Onnekeiy in TYaishessee | am Much indebted to several individuals who have made extensive che published If of this study. The names ‘and specific contributions of librarians and archivists in Chicago, New York, Palatka, St. Charles, St. Louis and Wheeling are mentioned with grateful acknowl edgment in the text and ‘octhotes | also thank Dr. Brenda Lee-Whiting for her review of the manuscript NOTES Contribution No. 78 from the Royal Botanical Gardens, cana Ontario. Editions examined in this study were those of 1880, 1883 (/nternational ee Directory), 1884, 1888, 1892, 1894, 1895, rae 1898, 1905, and a Se and i cae Record of St. Charles, Lincoln and Warren Counties, Missouri. 1895. Chicago: Chapman Publishing Co. Dr. Schaffranek babe, away. Daily St. as Cosmos-Monitor, Thirty-fourth year — No. 267. November 13, 1923, roid aa A in: St. Charles aca Nai Vol. LIX, No. 46. November 15, p On Reichenbach, see: Stafleu, F.A., & R.S. Cowan. Taxonomic Literature: A Selective Guide to Botanical Publications and Collections with Dates, Com- mentaries and Types, ed. 2. Volume IV: P-Sak. 1983. Regnum Vegetabile 110. bs Ady ee of Doctor of neces awarded | in German universities at that e, g ear versit _ can atleast g as irect of the he Ph. D. as. we know’ it (See Boivin, B. ls a aE ed ~ a © 10. _ ah NON oO Nn 2 2 © © Botanical societies in Canada. 1984. Plant Press [Mississauga, ON] 2:103- 106.) A number of prominent American and Canadian botanists of the late nineteenth century, although not of German descent, had studied by and in some cases received doctorates from German or Swiss universitie Lehmann, H. (G.P. Bassler, translator &ed.). The German Canadians 1 750-1937. Immigration, Settlement & Culture. 1986. St. John’s: Jesp Press. pp. 56- Sf: It should be noted that, in histories of the Lutheran Church and German settlement in Canada, the name “Sebastopol” often refers to the community by that name in Perth County, Ontario, rather than to the township in Renfrew ounty. Lee-Whiting, B. Harvest of Stones: The pate Settlement in Renfrew County. 1985. Toronto: Se it oe Pres Environment Canada Lands Direc e. Canada La ne NVERTON 1:1,000,000 ome Series Ontario. Soil patel yp epebetepees 1975. Catalogue No. En64— 12/3. Centennial Book, St. John’s Lutheran Church, Sebastopol Township. 1962. Not seen in this study; quoted by B. Lee-Whiting, in epist., 1987, and cited in Lee-Whit iting, G:, op. cit Centennial Boo k St. Jo. shn's Lutheran Church. Years earlier, affiliation with ib (Church of England had been a common practice among the clergy of the p inthe Canadian population, t th J inations had Canadian fA 1 + J by the Crown. Neither of these conditions rovaiad | in 1865. lorida. Centennial Book, St. John’s Lutheran Church. Fuller's Counties of Leeds, Grenville, Lanark, and Renfrew Directory, for 1866 and 1867: Containing a Separate Alphabetical Directory for Every Town and Village in a oe Together with an Appendix of Useful Information, &c., &c., &c. Toronto: O.L. Fuller, Publisher. B. tee Whining. | in epist., 1987. Ibid. Prior to 1867, Lutheran churches in Canada had constituted the Canada Conference of the Pittsburgh Synod. The Canada Synod was established in 1867, but the Pittsburgh Synod maintained a ee relationship with the Canada Synod and regularly received reports fr fro Cronmiller, C.R. A History of the Lutheran Church in anaes Von /. 1961. eipabers The Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Canada. Lavois, L. The Arnprior Story 1823-1984. 1984. Arnprior: Arnprior & District Historical Society. Bde se 1984.Arnprior: H. Brittle Printing. t. pp. Photocopy of mths eng Dyhrenfurths sent by Ms. Anne Steinfeldt; original (not seen) at Chicago Historical Society. 86. Clark, R.T., Jr. Recon nstr uction and the New Orleans German colony. 1940. Louisiana fatale ok Quarterly 23:501-524; Konrad, W.R. The diminishing in- fluences of German culture in New Orleans life since 1865. 1941. Louisiana Historical dsteny- 24: 127-167. This letter was published in: Williams, W.H. The history of Carrollton. 1939. Louisiana Historical Quarterly 22:181-215. Alii published 1876 as a et.) Carroll, H.K. The Religious Forces of the United States. American Church History Vol. |. 1893. New York: The Christian Literature Co. 239 30. 31: 32. NS 3 oS 34. 35. oO 36. rep] 37. ~— 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. NO wo J. Ewan, in epist., Cocks, R.S. Historical sketch of the botany of Louisiana. 1900. Proceedings of the Louisiana Society of Naturalists 897—1899:69-74. Reprinted in: Stuckey, R.L., ed. Development of Botany ii “ Selected Regions of North America Before 1900. 1978. New York: Arno Pre The limited information on a soul known to botanical historians can be found in: Cocks, R.S., op. cit.; Barnhart, J.H. cae ates Notes upon Botanists. jk Louisiana. 1968 ("1967"). Southwestern pa ait !7:1-83. Featherman left Louisiana for Europe in 1875. The foremost Louisiana botanist during the rest of the decade was Joseph Finley Joor, who became curator of the museum of Tulane vice in New Orleans about the same time. Father Auguste Barthélemy Langlois, of Pointe-a-la-Hache and later of St. Martinvill, began his studies of ab Louisiana flora in 1878, two years after Schaffranek’s departure from the s Biographical data on pantie in this paragraph, including quotations, are from: Lawton, B. George Engelmann, 1809- ~1884: scientific father of the Garden. 1968. A in56(6): 10-17; and Soule, O.H. Dr. George Engelmann: the first man of cacti and a complete scientist. 1971 (“1970" "y pre of the Missouri pes sala Garden 57:135-144. For further Sources, see: Stafleu, F. A., /& R.S Cowan. Taxonomic. Literature: A Selective s, Commentaries and Types, ed. x Volume |: A-G. 1976. ee. Vegetabile 94. Eggert, H. Catalogue of the Phaenogamous and Vascular Pernt Plants in the Vicinity of St. Louis, Mo. 1891. East St. Louis: the autho On Wislizenus, Eggert, and other 19th-century botanists in the St. ious area, see: Spaulding, P. A biographical history of botany at St. Louis, Missouri. 1908- 1909. Popular Science sic 73:488-499; 74:48-57, 124-133, 240-258. Reprinted in Stuckey, R.L., ed., op. cit. Publications of the St. Louis yeas of Science for the relevant years, of which there are complete sets in the library of the Missouri Botanical Garden, include lists of mem mbers. G.G. Nichols &A.G. Sprankle. History of the Pan-Handle; Being Historical Collections of the Counties of Ohio, Brooke, Marshall and Hancock, West Virginia. 1879. Wheeling: J.A. Caldwell. Although now meeting at a different ag ‘and using the English language, St. John’s still exists as a congregation of the United Church of Christ. W.L. Callin‘s Wheeling City Directory for 1880. Wheeling: W.L. Callin. | am very grateful to Ms. Audra Wayne of the Ohio County Public Library for searching for such material and for making the references cited here available for my study. Bartholomew, E.A. Henry Ney Mertz. 1963. Castanea 28:103-107. Boone, W. A History of Botany in West Virginia. 1965. Parsons: McClain Printing Company; Core, E. L. The botanical exploration of the southern Appalachians. 1970. Virginia Polyt titute and State University Resea Division Monograph 2: 1-65: Hall, G.A. History of West Virginia Ornithology. 1983. In: Hall, GA. West Virginia Birds: Distribution and Ecology. Special Publications Carnegie Museum of Natural History 7. Canadian Horticulturist 3: 160. 1880. In signing this letter, Schaffranek identi- fied himself as “ president of the eet 9 does Society of West Virginia.’ Sei is the only anglicization of the name of the N | have encountered in this Sb aosgy Compiled by the Works Progress yey lh Original in the Putnam pouty Archives, copy kindly supped by Ms. Jan S. Mahaffey Florida, wee canneais chapters 46. 47. fp o ol (=) - Ol N od. ol oO I .38 in: Rodgers, A.A., Ill. John Torrey: A Story of American Botany. 1942. Princeton: Princeton sith id Press. Republished 1965. New York: Hafner Publishing Co.; Rodgers, A.A., Ill. American Botany 1873-1892: Decades of Transition. 1944. eee Princeton University Press. Republished 1968. New York: Hafner Publishing Co. On the Bartrams, see: Berkeley, E.,&D.S. Berkeley. The Life and Travels of John Bartram: From Lake Ontario to the River St. John. 1982. Tallahassee: University Presses of Florida; Bartram, W., with annotations by F. Harper. Travels in Georgia and Florida, 1773-74: A report a) Dr. John Fothergill. im Transactions of the America ty, n.s.33:121-242, pl. I-X Garber, A.P. Botanical rambles in East Florida. 1877. Botanical Gazette (Crawfordsville) 2:70-72, 82-83. Rodgers, A.D., Ill, op. cit. 1944. Schaffranek, A. os flora of Palatka and vicinity. The Palatka Daily News, Vol. ll, Issue 226, November 21, 1885, p.1. Cranmer, G.L., et “i History of the Upper Ohio Valley, with Family History and Biographical Sketches: A Statement of its Resources, Industrial Growth and Commercial Advantages ... 1890. Madis son, WI: Brant & Fuller. (Laupp family hall, , ‘ Historical Publishing Company. (Laupp family 1:413-414); W.L. Callin’s Wheeling City Directory for 1882. | am pity to Ms. Audra Wayne for locating and providing copies of these referenc On native and naturalized species of oe the United States, see: Graham, A. Taxonomy of the Lythraceae in the southeastern United States. 1975. Sida 6:80-103. Schaffranek’s C. micrantha is not mentioned in sin paper. Schaffranek, A. Floral Almanac. Containing se br ering Season of One Thousand Seven Hundred Phaenogamous Plants of Florida. 1888. Palatka: published by the author (printed by the Palatka Neen Publishing Company). (From the title page; on the wrappers, the title appears as: A Floral Almanac of Florida.) Chapman, A.W. Flora of the Southern pig States, ed. 1. 1860. New York: Ivison, Phinney & Co.; ed. 2. 1883, same publisher. (A third edition Me published i in 1896.) On Chapman, see ci 50-51 in: Humphrey, H.B. Maker. orth American Botany. 1961. New York: The Ronald Press Company. Aine K.J.R., & M.E. Olson. German iy aged (piesa and Periodicals 1732-1955. 1961. Heidelberg: Quelle & Mey Barnhart, J.H., op. cit. in note 30. John Kunkel Small (1869-1938) studied and published extensively upon the flora of the southeastern United States from 1891 through 1938. His best- Flora of tes, published in 1903, and its successor, Manual of the Southeastern Flora, ublished i in 1933. The letter from Wattles cannot now be located in the ar rchi ves of the New York Botanical Garden, Barnhart, nor is it mentioned in the two finding aids to this collection, according o Mrs. Jane Brennan, Assistant Librarian, in epist., 1985. Schaffranek is te pdb tee in the extant letters from Ranson to Small. The Check List Committee of the Engelmann Botanical Club. A Preliminary Check List of the Cryptogams and Phanerogams in the Vicinity of Saint Louis, Missouri. 1911. St. Louis: Engelmann Botanical Club. Old friends attend Dr. Schaffranek’s funeral. god A a Cosmos- Monitor, fied Sects agel — No. 270. November 16, 1923, p.1 No other survivors w entioned in Schaffranek’s obituaries. A Fridericus Guilelmus wegen =a Friedrich Wilhelm) Schaffranek, born in Kostenthal, Oberschleswig, in 1 58. © oO © in Breslau (now Wroc aw, Poland) in 1847; his dissertation, on rhinoplasty, was published in Bratislava. Because of the similarity of his name to that of Anton Schaffranek’s father, one might suspect that he and Anton Schaffranek were brothers. However, neither he nor any possible nieces or nephews were mentioned in any of the articles or documents seen in this study. Another old resident gone [obituary of Bertha Gatzweiler Schaffranek]. Daily St. Charles Cosmos-Monitor, Thirty-fifth year — No. 142. June 16, 1924, p.1. |am very grateful to Ms. Ann King of the Kathryn M. Linnemann Branch Library, St. Charles, for searching for and sending copies of these documents and also for copies of the obituaries of Dr. and Mrs. Schaff kin the Banner. Newsand Cosmos-Monitor. Many taxonomic monographs list specimens by collector. A recent paper on Salix (willows), for example, listed over a tt ) herbari peci from Florida alone and hundreds more from West Virginia, in numerous herbaria all over North America, but none that had been collected by Schaffranek. Conversely, a t of the herbari f lsaac Comly Martindale, one of the gest t A ican history, listed over 900 individuals who had collected specimens therein, many of whom had exchanged specimens directly with Martindale, others of whom had assembled sets of specimens that were divided up for further exchanges or sales by the original recipients. Schaffranek’s name was not in this list of collectors, nor in any of many other such lists examined during the course of this study. 242 MISCELLANEOUS ANNOUNCEMENTS Suitable for Cultivation: Horticultural Collections at the University of Dela- ware Library. | to serv uide to the Unidel wi of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture Collection. ‘This collection “covers aspect of the field, from agriculture through floriculture, from art historical subjects such as landscape architecture and park design to more scientific o with emphasis on the development of horticulture in America. The illustrations ken fr g g f the richness of this superb collect Available ein request from Special Collections, University of Delaware Library, Newark, Delaware, USA, 19717-5267 , 4 =} Pe! 3 Researching a garden’s history from , by David Lambert. Landscape Design Trust, in association with the Centre for ‘a Conservation of sdipatees Parks and Gardens, 1991, 20 pp. ISBN 0 09518377 0 2. a “introduction to some of the resources available for ius Bes the history of gardens”, the guidelines of documentation and procedures are useful to follow whenever one embarks on a new project. Available from the author at the Centre for the Conservation of Historic Parks and ardens, University of York, King’s Manor, York, United Kingdom Y01 2EP at £5.20 plus £1.50 for postage. CRM (Cultural Resources Management), vol. 14 (6) 1991. 20 pp. ‘The articles contained in this issue are representative of the diversity of cultural landscapes and the range of activity underway in the research, documentation, planning, and management of these resources in the United soe In addition, two international articles are included which highlight the similarities the United States shares with Canada and the United Kingdom in developing appropriate management policies and guidance for landscapes, as well as the difficulties in balancing visitor use and preservation.’ The Canadian contribution (pp. 22-23) was written Susan Buggey on Managing cultural landscapes in the Canadian Parks Service A technical supplement, Interdisciplinary research in historic landscape man- ment, by Gerald K. Kelso ‘addresses the contribution of pollen analysis to interdisciplinary landscape research.’ For information write to Robert R. Page neat reset Landscape Program Park Historic Architecture Divis United States tr ase of oe ieee National Park Serv P.O. Box 37127 Washingtor! D.C. 20013-7127 Historic Landscape Directory: A source book of agencies, organizations, and Editor: Lauren G. Meier and compilers. Prepared by the Preservation Assistance Division, National 243 Park Service, Washington, D. C. In collaboration with The Catalog of Landscape Records; in the United States, Wave Hill, US ICOMOS Historic Landscapes Committee, September 1991. 94 Certainly a good start. Additions, corrections are solicited, and an updated edition is scheduled to be published in 1993. For copies and further information write to: Technical Preservation scbwiee Branch Preservation Sean cabae Divisio National Park Service, 424 P.O. Box 37127 Washington, D.C. 20013-7127 The 1914 Look. Land dG f Water! htel Doon Heritage ear nei saieeoe Resources melanin oe Se uueuty of Waterloo, 1991. p. Spiral bound. This is the kind = al tia we need for defined geographic areas and time periods, ase all known resources together with all the references. information write Doon Heritage Crossroads, RR#2 Kitchener, Ontario. Canada N2G 3W5 Sandy Hill - Landscape suggestions. Heritage Programmes Unit, Dept. of Recre- ation and Culture, Ottawa (19907). This 81/2" x 11" 34eaved bilingual pamphlet is a laudable attempt to make the inhabitants of 19th-century houses aware of possible pitfalls when trying to design so called authentic heritage garden to compliment the 19th-century homes. The With suggestions such as ‘try to avoid natural wood, Yoon ahi stains es redwood finishes), concrete pavers and bricks in bright c mporary colours; railway = chain link fences, ae cia mulches and naire lightposts near the hou “ie rs a by ites se not trained in discipli x heritage landscape’ of our shaenadae environment, Although written — for residents of set Hill Heritage Conservation District in the City of Ottaw es man r owners of heritage homes ae coos interest groups contemplating individual or com- munity efforts to employ the heritage garden idea. H h , 1990. This 30-page t begins with a short introduction about * erate gardens and ae a with peer misietiog information on organizations,publications, nurseries etc Available from Heritage Programmes Unit, Culture Division, od of Recreation and Culture, 11 Holland Avenue, 2nd floor, Ottawa, Canada K1Y 4S1 Gardens of dreams: Kingsmere and Mackenzie King by Edwinna von Baeyer, Toronto, Dundurn Press, hens 240 pages, 20 colour, 80 b&w illustrations. ISBN 1- 55002-080-3. $39.95 (clot Another well oe ae well written book by Edwinna von Baeyer known as a writer on landscape history, a and heritage preservation issues. nto King’s diaries, ‘von Baeyer was able to record his personal interest in his ntry estate at Kingsmere in the province of Quebec. Gardens of dreams aie on his 244 fifty years at Kingsmere ... For King, the estate was a refuge and a status symbol- above all an enormous canvas for him to fill with flowers, trees, roadways and European inspired ruins on the Canadian Shield. _The King estate is unique in Canadian landscape history both for records and for the corroborative explanations in King’ Ss extensive diaries. Alll of this material has been brought iy sabe ina popular r format, designed to appeal to a ~ Available from your poseetnee or from Dundurn Press, 2181 Queen Street East, Suite 101, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4E 1E5. Philatelic News A series of stamps, depicting Canadian gardens, was issued May 22, 1991. These five 40 cent commemorative stamps can only be purchased in booklet form - ten stamps for $4.00 plus 0.28 cents for G.S.T. The gardens featured are: Halifax Public Garden, Halifax, Nova Scotia (est. 1830) Jardin Botanique de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec (est. 1931) Royal Botanical Gardens, Hamilton, Ontario (est. 1941) International Peace Garden, Boissevain, Manitoba and Dunseith, North Dakota (est. 1932) Butchart Gardens, Victoria, British Columbia (est. 1904) Two Toronto artists co-operated i in designing the stamps. Gerald seas . respon- sible for the illustrations of th d David Wyman for the design of the landscape view of each garden. Individual flowers chosen for iad for $6.95. For more information purple Wace, yellow marigolds and the blue Tibetan poppies. A souvenir please eet Media Relations, Ottawa, Canada. (613) 734-7673. 245 ERRATUM Page 155, Volume 2 (3), 1990 A PRELIMINARY BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE PUBLISHED WRITINGS OF LORRIE ALFREDA DUNINGTON (1877-1945) AND HOWARD BURLINGTON GRUBB (1881-1965) 246