4 ‘ ~~ REPORT . TH ee ; BY oe BREVET CAPTAIN J. C. FREMONT, ie SEN. ENATE OF THE UNITED ED STATES. — Manen 9, 1845, ny of War be requested to communicate to the Senate, if it ‘i ‘ae Se NOTICE TO THE READER. The Senate of the United States, and the House of Representatives having each ordered ten thousand copies of the reports of the two ex- ploring expeditions conducted by me, to be printed together, I have deemed it regular and natural to place the report of 1842 first in the order , of publication, although heretofore printed; it being first in the order of time, and first in the progress of actual exploration. The two reports naturally go together, the second being a continuation of the first, and the two constituting parts of a whole, which will require a third expedition, now commencing, to complete. The first terminated at the Rocky moun- tains, and at the two points of greatest interest in that ridge—namely, the South Pass, and Frémont’s Peak; the former being the lowest depression of the mountains, through which the road to Oregon now passes, and the latter the highest elevation, from the base of which four great rivers take their rise, and flow in opposite directions, toward the rising and the setting sun. The second, after approaching the mountains by a different route, connects with the first expedition at the South Pass, and thence finds the great theatre of its labors west of the Rocky mountains, and between the Oregon river and North California. The third expedition, now com- mencing, will be directed to that section of the Rocky mountains which gives rise to the Arkansas, the Rio Grande del Norte, and the Rio Colorado of California; and will extend west and southwest of that section, so as to examine the country towards the Pacific ocean, ascertain the lines of communication between the mountains and the ocean in that latitude, and complete the examination of the Great Salt lake and of the eens re- gion which embosoms it. The map which illustrated the report of 1842 is now tdeitica to illus-~ trate the entire expedition of 1843-44, so that a view of both expeditions will be presented together. This map may have a meager and skeleton appearance to the general eye, but is expected to be more valuable to science on that account, being wholly founded upon positive data and ac- tual operations in the field. About ten thousand miles of actual ling and traversing in the wilderness which lies between the frontiers of souri and the shores of the Pacific. almost Wes fey eing 4 the scene of astronomical or barometrical observations, furnish the mate- rials out of which this map has been constructed. Nothing supposititious has been admitted upon it; so that, connecting with Captain Wilkes’s sur- vey of the mouth of the Columbia, and with the authentic surveys of the State of Missouri, it fills up the vast geographical chasm between these two remote points, and presents a connected and accurate view of our con- tinent from the Mississippi river to the Pacific ocean. To this geographical map, delineating the face of the country over which we travelled, there is added another in profile, showing the eleva- tions, or the rise and fall of the country from the Mississippi to the Pacific. East of the Rocky mountains, two of these profile views are given—one from St. Louis to the South Pass, the other from the mouth of the Great Platte to the same point. The latter is the shortest; and following, as it does, the regular descent of the river, and being seven hundred miles west of the Mississippi, it may be that the eastern ¢erminus of this line may furnish the point at which the steamboat and the steam car may hereafter meet and exchange cargoes in their magic flight across this continent. These profile views, following the travelling routes, of course follow. the lowest and levellest lines, and pass the mountain at the point of its great- est depression ; but to complete the view, and to show the highest points as well as the lowest levels, many lofty peaks are sketched at their proper elevations, towering many thousands of feet above the travelling line. It may here be excusable to suggest that these profile maps here exhibited are, perhaps, the most extended work of the kind ever constructed, being from St. Louis (according to the route we travelled ) near sixteen hundred miles to the South Pass; from the mouth of the Great Platte to the same Pass, about one thousand more; and then another sixteen hundred from that Pass to the tide water of the Oregon; in all, about four thousand iles of profi Mapping, founded upon nearly four hundred barometrical positions, with views sketched and facts noted in the field as we went. In the departments of geological and botanical science, I have nat ven- tured to advance any opinions on my own imperfect knowledge of those branches, but have submitted all my specimens to the enlightened judg- ‘ment of Dr. Torrey, of New Jersey, and Dr. Hall, of New York, who have kindly classi and arranged all that I was able to submit to them | specimens furnished to him, will be found inan ¢ formation in the region west of the Rocky eh a observations of Dr. Torrey will be furnished in full here- ‘Deing time to complete them now. The remarks of Dr. sd op : ts and to his palzontological skill I am indebted for * which explores it. Sg illustrate dd will be 5 -mountains, which further examination may prove to assimilate the geo.ogy of the New to that of the Old World in a rare particular, which had not before been discovered in either of the two Americas, Unhappily, much of what we had collected was lost by accidents of serious import to ourselves, as well as to our animals and collections. In the gorges and ridges of the Sierra Nevada, of the Alta California, we lost fourteen horses and mules, falling from rocks or precipices into chasms or rivers, bottom- less to us and to them, and one of them loaded with bales of plants col- lected on a line of two thousand miles of travel; and, when almost home, our camp on the banks of the Kansas was deluged by the great flood which, lower down, spread terror and desolation on the borders of the Missouri and Mississippi, and by which great damage was done to our remaining perishable specimens, all wet and saturated with water, and which we had no time to dry. Still, what is saved will be some respect- able contribution to botanical science, thanks to the skill and care of Dr. Torrey ; and both in geology and botany the maps will be of great value, the profile view showing the elevations at which the specimens were found, and the geographical map showing the localities from ie they con) * astronomical observations, taken with good ieinaaeina’s have been tested, where they were most important, by a three-fold computation: one by Professor Walker, of Philadelphia, whose astronomical reputation is so great; another by Mr. Joseph C. Hubbard, a promising young mathema- tician from Connecticut ; the third by myself; so that the correctness of the longitudes and latitudes may well be relied upon. ‘ “In sketching the topographical features of the country, a ‘branch of at clan had been my assistant in both expeditic ons }to his ex supported by the pleasure he felt in the execution of his F dities; I am in- debted for the continuous topographical sketches of the regions through which we passed, and —_- were never interrupted by any extremi fatigue or privation. ~The barometrical and inetiarofonical observations were caret made with good instruments, and admit of no material error beyond the minute deviations inseparable from such operations. Ge _ The third expedition, now commencing, is underta Ken means than the two former ; and, being directed to a regi a in itself, and so new to science, can ashe f fe to requite: oP; The report, or narrative, 6 A REPORT f ox J os: ibe . AN EXPLORATION OF THE COUNTRY LYING BETWEEN THE MISSOURI RIVER AND THE ROCKY ‘MOUNTAINS, * ON THE LIne oF THE KANSAS AND GREAT PLATTE RIVERS. 28th Coneress, ' [SENATE.] : [ a 5 2d Session. REPORT. Wasuineton, March 1, 1843. To Colonel J. J. Asx Chief of the Piece of Topographical Sagtuaird: Sim: Agreeably to your orders to explore and report upon the eouniey betwee? the frontiers of Missouri and the South Pass in the Rocky moun- tains, and on the line of the Kansas and Great Platte rivers, I sat out from Washington city on the 2d day of May, 1842, and arrived at St. Louis, by way of New York, the 22d of May, where the necessary preparations were completed, and the expedition commenced. I proceeded in a steamboat to Chouteau’s landing, about four hundred miles -by water from St. Louis, and near the mouth of the Kansas river, whence we proceeded twelve miles to Mr. Cyprian Chouteau’s trading house, where we Pompleiod: our final arrangements for the expedition. weather, which interfered with astronomical observations, delayed us several days in the early part of June at this post, which is on the nent bank of the Kansas river, about ten miles above the mouth, yond the western boundary of Missouri. The sky cleared off at iength, and we were enabled to determine our position, in longitude 94° 25' 46”, and latitude 39° 5'57".. The elevation above the sea is about, 700 feet. Our camp, in the mean ‘time, presented an animated and bustling scene. All were busily occupied in completing the necessary AERBDRIARC RR for our cainpaign in the wilderness, and profiting by this short d verge of civilization, to provide ourselves with all the little oveninits comfort in the nomadic life we were to. lead for the ensuing s y, however, -th leriel Pee teop.cen, horses, and even miiles—ceettled & feito its place, ‘and by the 10th we were ready to depart; but, before we mount our horses, I —_ give a short de- seription of the party with which I performed this serv I had collected in the mimes of St. Louis twenty-one men, ai. cipally Creole and Canadian voyageurs, who had become familiar with prairie life in the service of the fur ae in the Indian country. Mr. Charles Preuss, a native of a my a ssistant ih the topographi- cal part of the survey. L. Maxwell, of f Kas askia, had been engaged as hunter, and Christopher ein (more familiarly known, for his exploits in the mountains, as Kit Carson) was our ak tk The persons engaged in St. Louis were : Clément Lambert, J. B. L’Esperance, J. B. Lefevre, Benjamin Potra, Louis Gouin, J. B. Dumés, Basil A Ta Francois Tessier, Benjamin Cadotte, Joseph Clément, Daniel § Leonard Benoit, Michel Morly, Bernier, Honoré Ayot, F ny is Bade: Louis Ménard, pd Ruelle, Mien: oh | Proue. 1 . * * 2 Mae pat Pee MENG [ 174 ] rT £00 In addition to these, Henry Brant, son of Col. J. B. Brant, of St. Louis, a young man of nineteen years of age, and Randolph, a lively boy of , twelve, son of the Hon. Thomas H. Benton, accompanied me, for the de- velopment of mind and body which such an expedition would give. We were all well-armed and mounted, with the exception of eight men, who conducted as many carts, in which were packed our stores, with the bag- gage and instruments, and which were each drawn by twomules. A few loose horses, and four.oxen, which had been added to our stock of pro- visions, completed the acres We sat out on the morning of the 10th, which happened to be Friday—a circumstance which our men did not fail to remember and recall during the hardships and vexations of the ensuing journey. Mr. Cyprian Chouteau, to whose kindness, during our stay at sen house, we were much indebted, accompanied us several miles on our ie we met an Indian, whom she had engaged to conduct us on the firs thirty or forty miles, where he was to consign us to the ®cean of prairie, which, we were told, stretched without interruption almost to the base of the Rocky mountains. From the belt of wood which borders the Kansas, in which we had several good-looking Indian farms, we suddenly emerged on the prairies, which received us at the outset with some of their striking char- acteristics ; for here and there rode an Indian, and but a few miles distant heavy clouds of smoke were solline before the fire. In about ten miles’ we reached the Santa Fé road, along which we continued for a short time, and encamped early on a small stream ; having travelled about eleven miles. During our journey,.it was -_ customary practice to eye: an hour or two before sunset, when the carts were disposed so as to form a sort of ba e around a circle some eighty yards in Sea The pot were pitehed, and the horses hobbled and turned loose to graze ; and but a few minutes elapsed before the cooks of the messes, of which there were four, were busily engaged in preparing the > eatiind ‘meal. At nightfall, the horses, mules, and oxen, were driven in and picketed— that is, secured by a halter, of which one end was to a small steel- shod picket, and driven into the ground; the halter being twenty or thirty feet long, which enabled them to obtain a little food during the night. When we had reached a part of the country where such a precaution be- came necessary, the carts being regularly arranged for defending’ the camp, guard was mounted at eight o’clock, consisting of three men, who were relieved every two hours; the morning watch being horse gnard for the day. At daybreak, the camp was roused, dhe aniranlo-tnanies oose to perc and breakfast oi over between six and seven o’clock, when we | our march, making regularly a halt at noon for one or ae. Such was usually tke: he of the oa except when accident forced a variation; which, pr gua happened but. rarely. We _ travelled the next day along the Santa Fé road, which ey left ses oat a af- Seat re —aliaae late in the evening on a small creek, tae the ii [ 174 J rain; we were all well soaked, and glad when morning came. We hada rainy march on the 12th, but the weather grew fine as the day advanced. We encamped ina remarkably beautiful situation on the Kansas bluffs, which commanded a fine view of the river valley, here from three to four miles wide. The central portion Was occupied by a broad belt of heavy timber, and nearer the hills the pratries were of the richest verdure. One of the oxen was killed here for food. We reac hed the ford of the Kansas late in the afternoon of the 14th, one etinndred miles from the mouth of the Kansas river. severa anitiniag men Jed the way into the stream, fi swim across. The animals were driven in after them, and ina few minutes all had reached the opposite bank in safety, with the exception of the oxen, which swam some dis- tance down the river, and, returning to the right bank, were not got over until the next morning. In the mean an time, the carts had been aded and dismantled, and an India-rubber boat, which I had brought with me for the survey of the Platte river, placed in the water. The boat was twenty feet long and five broad, and on it were placed the body and wheels of a cart, with the load belonging to it, and three men with paddles. The velocity of the current, and the inconvenient i sesame it difficult to be managed, Basil Lajeunesse, one of our best sw in his teeth a line attached to the boat, and swam ahead in yale to reach a footing as soon as possible, and assist in drawing herover. In this man- ner, six passages had been successfully made, and as'many carts with their contents, and a greater portion of the party, deposited on the left bank; but night was dr rawing near, a and, in our anxiety to have all over before the darkness closed in, I put upon the boat the remaining two carts, with their anying load. The man at the helm was timid on water, and, in is alarm, capsized the boat. Carts, barrels, boxes, and bales, were in a moment floating down the current ; ‘but all the men who were on the shore jumped into the water, without stopping to think if they could swim, and almost every thing—even heavy articles, such as guns and ind] Was recovered. _ . Two of the men, who could not swim, came ‘nigh being Pe oon all the sugar belonging to one of the messes wasted its sweets on the muddy waters; but our heaviest loss was a bag of coffee, which con- tained nearly all our provision. It was a loss which none but a traveller in a strange and inhospitable country can appreciate ; and often afterward, pe excessive toil and long marching, had overcome us with fone and: Weariness, we remembered and mourned over our loss in the | Carson and Maxwell had been much in the water yesterday, and both, in consequence, were taken ill. The former continuing so, I remained in camp. A number of Kansas Indians visited us to-day. Going up to one of the groups: who were scattered among the trees, I found one one sitting on _ the gr , ainong some of the mien, gravely and fluently s veaking Frene with as much facility and as little embarrassment —— — who were nearly all of: French origin. cae . * [174] 12 On all sides was heard the strange language of his own people, wild, ‘and harmonizing well with their appearance. [ listened to him for some time with feelings of strange curiosity and interest. He was now a ‘rently thirty-five years of age; and, og Gary. Tlearned that he had heen at St. Louis. when a boy, ‘and there had learned the French language. from. one of the Indian women I obtdined a fine cow and calf in exchange for a yoke of oxen. Several of them brought us vegetables, pumpkins, -onions, beans, and lettuce. One of them brought butter, and from a half- interfered with astronomical observations, and our wet and damaged stores eurer exposure to the sun. Accordingly, the tents were struck -early the next morning, and, leaving camp at six o’clock, we moved about ‘seven miles up the river, to a handsome, open prairie, some twenty feet “above the water, where the fine grass afforded a inxurions repast to our orses. During the day we occupied ourselves in making astronomical observa- tions, in order to lay down the country to this place; it being our custom ‘to keep up our map regularly in the field, which we found attended with many advantages. The men were kept busy in drying the provisions, painting the cart covers, and otherwise completing our equipage, until the afternoon, when boy ae was distributed to them, and they spent some pati in firing ata mark. We were now fairly in the Indian country, and a be time ‘6 prepare for the chances of the wilderness. Friday, June 17.—The weather yesterday had not permitted us to make anseens Adib was desirous to obtain here, and I therefore did not ‘move to-day. The people continued their target firing. In the steep bank of the river here, were nests of innumerable swallows, into one of which a large prairie snake had got about half his body, and was occupied in eating the young birds. The old ones were flying about in great distress, darting at him, and vainly endeavoring to drive him off. A shot wound- ed him, and, being killed, he was cut open, and eighteen young swallows were found in his body. A sudden storm, that burst upon us in the after noon, cleared away in a brilliant sunset, followed by a clear night, which a oF sr determine our position in longitude 95° 38’ 05", and in lati- emigrants to the Columbia river, under the charge ‘Whitpan aert of the Government in Oregon Territory, were | about th _ weeks in advance of us. They consisted of men, women, and children. “There were sixty-four men, and sixteen or seventeen fainilies. They had ‘considerable number of cattle, a were transporting their household in large heavy wagons. I understood that there had been oe among them, and that they had lost several children. One of the © had lost his child, and whose wife was very ill, had left them undred miles hence on th prairies; and asa nt er, who had hem, visited our camp this evening, we availed ourselves: of e States to write fo our friends. e Isth was very unpleasant. ‘x a rain was ling, er hills ors rth, and mists denen se 13 [174 J teen miles, on the banks of one of the many little tributaries to the Kan- sas, which look like trenches in the prairie, and are usually well timbered. After crossing this stream, I rode off some miles to the left, attracted by the appearance of.a cluster of huts near the mouth of the Vermillion, It was a large but deserted Kansas village, scattered in an open wood, along: the margin of the stream, on a spot chosen with the eustoma Indian . fondness for beauty of scenery. The Pawnees had attacked it in the early spring. Some of the houses were burnt, and others blackened with smoke, and wéeds were already getting possession of the cleared places. Riding up the Vermillion river, I reached the ford. in time to meet the carts, and, - crossing, encamped on its western side. The weather continued cool, the thermometer being this evening as low as 49°; but the night was sufficiently : clear for astronomical observations, which placed us in longitude 96° 04" 07", and latitude 39° 15'19'. At sunset, the barometer was at 28.845, thermometer 64°. | We breakfasted the next morning at half past five, and left our encamp- ment early. The morning was cool, the thermometer being at 45°. Quit- oY of them four or five tons in weight, we along the hills; and- many beautiful plants in flower, among which the amorpha. concenene was a characteristic, enlivened the green of the prairie. At the heads of. the ravines I remarked, occasionally, thickets of salix longifolia, the most> common willow of the country. We travelled nineteen miles, and pitched our tents at evening on the head waters of a small creek, now nearly dry, but having in its bed several fine springs. The barometer indicated a considerable rise in the country—here about fourteen hundred feet above the sea—and the increased elevation appeared already to have some slight influence upon the vegetation. The night was cold, with a heavy dew; the thermometer at 10 p. m. standing at 46°, barometer 28.483, Our position was in longitude 96° 14’ 49", and latitude 39° 30' 40" wae: The morning of the 20th was fine, with a southerly breeze and a bright sky; and at 7 o’clock we were on the march. . The cou y to-day was rather more broken, rising still, and covered every where with fragments of siliceous limestone, particularly on the summits, where they were small, and thickly strewed as pebbles on the shore of the sea. In these exposed is Occupied by timber. Making our usual halt at noon, after a day’s march of twenty-four miles, we reached the Big Blue, and encamped on the uplands of the western side, near a small creek, where was a fine large spring of very cold water. This is a clear-and ‘handsome stream, about one hundred and twenty feet wide, running, with a rapid current, through a. well-timbered valley. To-day antelope were ‘seen r ing over the hills, and at evening Carson brought 1 dk fini laa seamen - of the camp 96° 32’ 35”, latitude 39° 45° 08". Therm A pleasant southerly breeze and fine morning ha with indications of bad weather; when, after a marc a [ 174) | 14 we halted to noon on a small creek, where the water stood in i pools. In the bank of the creek limestone made its ng age in a stratum about one foot thick. In the afternoon, the people seemed to suffer for want of water. The road led along a high dry ridge; dark Rte of timber indicated the heads of streams in the plains below; but there was no water near, and the day was very oppressive, with a. hot wind, and the thermometer at.90°. Along our route the amorpha has been in very abundant but va- riabie bloom—in some places bending beneath the weight of purple clus- ters; in others without a flower. It seems to love best the sunny slopes, with a dark soil and southern exposure. Every where the fose is met with, and reminds us of cultivated gardens and “civilizations It is seat- tered. over the prairies in small bouquets, and, when glittering in the dews and — in the pleasant breeze of the early morning, is the most wt tiful of the prairie flowers. The artemisia, absinthe, or prairie sa it is variously called, is increasing in size, and glitters like silversiie. ioe southern breeze turns up its leaves to the sun. All these plants have their insect inhabitants, variously colored; taking generally the hue of the flower on which they live. The arlemisia has its small fly accompany - ing it through every change of elevation and latitude; and wherever I have seen the asclepias tuberosa,1 have always remarked , too, on the flower a large butterfly, so nearly resembling it in color as to be distin- guishable at a little distance only by the motion of its wings. Travelling on the fresh traces of the Oregon emigrants relieves a little the loneliness. of the road; and to-night, after a march of twenty-two miles, we halted on a small creek, which had been one of their encampments. As we ad- vance westward, the soil appears to be getting more sandy, and the sur- face rock, an erratic deposite of sand and gravel, rests here on a bed of coarse yellow and gray and very friable sandstone. Evening closed over with rain and its usual attendant, hordes of tauastons, with which we were annoyed for the first time June 22.—We enjoyed at breakfast this morning a luxury, very unusual in this country, in a cup of excellent coffee, with cream from our cow. Being ogee at night, cream was thus had in the morning. Our mid-day halt was at Wyeth’s creek, in the bed of which were numerous boulders of dark ferugivous sandstone, mingled with others of the red sandstone, y a. pack of cards, lying loose on the grass, mark- of on Oregon pe 2 ae and. it is. wae atthe close of v we: had: in sheseaegadinatie | scuben ‘seh tesa: “eatige creek was curd dry, — —— first time, 15 [irae] nees, who were accustomed to infest this part of the country, stealing horses from companies on their way to the mountains, and, when in suffi- mals. We had travelled thirty-one miles. A heavy bank of black clouds sergeant of the guard, to direct his attention to some imaginary alarm ; ing up the valley, ob- are subject. Proceed jects were seen on the opposite hills, which disappeared before a glass at our caravan as it passed pe | sdbialc ovenine ening we pitched our tents at a Pawnee. ACT PtiCa fT * [ 174] , July. They had apparently killed buffalo here, as many bones. were lying about, and the frames where the hides had been stretched were yet standing, The road of the day had kept the valley, which is sometimes rich and well timbered, though the country is generally sandy. Mingled with ‘the usual plants, a thistle (carduus deucdgraphus) had for the last day or two made its appearance ; and along the river bottom, tradescantiu (virginica) and milk plant (asclepias syriaca*) in considerable quantities. Our march to-day had been twenty-one miles, and the astronomical ob- servations gave us a chronometric longitude of 98° 22' 12", and latitude 40° 26’ 50". We were moving forward at seven in the morning, and in about five miles reached a fork of the Blue, where the road leaves that river, and crosses over to the Platte. No water was to be found on the dividing ridge, and the casks were filled, and the animals here allowed a shert-repose. ‘The road led across a high and level prairie ridge, where were but few plants, and those principally thistle (carduus leucographus,) and a kind of dwarf artemisia. Antelope were seen frequently during the morning, which was very storfay. Squalls of rain, with thunder and lightning, were around us in every direction; and while we were envel- oped in one of them, a flash, which seemed to scorch our eyes as it passed, struck in the prairie within a few hundred feet, sending up a column of dust. , ‘ Crossing on the way several Pawnee roads to the Arkansas, we reach- ed, in about twenty-one miles from our halt on the Blue, what is called the coast of the Nebraska, or Platte river. This had seemed in the dis tance a range of high and broken hills; but on a nearer approach were found to be elevations of, forty to sixty feet, into which the wind had worked the sand. They were covered with the usual fine grasses of the country, and bordered the eastern side of the ridge on a breadth of about the amerpha, in full bloom, purple clusters, From the foot of the coast, a distance of two miles across miles; and the geological m E sa sites. “2 The French there eat, the tender shoots in the spring, as we do of the 8, gatheri ain the morning when riferous, and in Canada chatins the traveller, especially when in ; e * # ore sti BaPadHDE W ich® 2 — ae eda? theif barges, mad « - June 27.—The animals” were somewhat fatigued by their march of yes- ~ rina, and, after a short journey of eighteen miles along the river bottom, I encamped near the head of Grand island, in longitude, by observation, 99° 05' 24", latitude 40° 39’ 32”. The soil here w 3 light but rich, though . the places rather sandy; and, with the exception ofa seattered fringe the bank, the timber, consisting principally of poplar, ( populus mo- fera,) elm, and hackberry, (celéis crassifolia,) is confined almost en-" pees to the islands. June 28.—We halted to noon at an open reach of the river, which: oc cupies rather more than a fourth of the valley, here only about four miles d.. The camp had been disposed with the usual precaution, the es ‘grazing at alittle distance, attended by the guard, and we were all sitting quietly at our dinner on the grass, when suddenly we heard the - startling cry “du monde!’ In an instant, every man’s weapon was in his hand, the horses were driven in, hobbled and picketed, and horsemen: were galloping at full speed in the direction of the new coniers, screa aming -and yelling with the wildest excitement. “Get ready, my lads!” said the leader of the approaching party to his men, when our wild- looking horsemen were discovered bearing down upon them ; “nous allons aliriper des coups de baguette”? They proved to be a small party of fourteen, — under the charge of a man named John Lee, and, with their baggage and provisions strapped to their backs, were making ‘their way on foot to the frontier. A brief account of their fortunes will give some idea of na tion in the Nebraska. Sixty days since, they had left the mouth of. eye amie’s fork, some three hundred miles above, in barges laden ‘with th furs of the American Fur Company. They s ls Rain the annual flo and, drawing but nine inches water, hoped & spéédy ‘and ‘ perous voyage to St. Louis; but, after a lapse of ny days; ves only one-hundred and thirty se: from their “pont! 6 crt came down rapidly as far as Scott’s ‘biufis; where’ thei ~ Sometimes they came upon hae! where the ‘water. * pay a a great extent, and here theytoiled” front tora g uiritifs deavoring to drag their boat ae ge ney or it ca ‘only two’ or sa cape Ar ‘Son neti mes | dist Gis ‘an . | appeared a ‘chitnniel ‘a i to return, 7 dragetee and at others, es came nce Spe lg ert ii ewrerag Ap ara ttisin! aide fel oie on hei ‘and or _petidhal Be in trees on the bank, and, Pp iy, Had Goinimn ctieed, hadi “tidt io St. Tenis: %2)"=) t 10°St. 17 tee # [ 174] 18 ment to others. Even their stock adionoetes that sine gua non of a voy- ageur, without. which the night fire is gloomy, was entirely exhausted.. owever, we shortened their “homeward journey by a small supply from our own provision. They gave us the welcome intelligence that the cae falo were abundant some two days’ march in advance, and made usa. present of some choice pieces, which were a. on acceptable change from our salt pork. In the interchange of news, and the renewal of old ac- quaintanceships, we found wherewithal to ‘fill a bus sy hour; then we mounted our horses, and they shouldered their packs, and we shook hands and parte . Among them, I had found an old companion on the northern prairie, a hardened and hardly served veteran of the mountains, who been as much hacked and scarred as an old moustache of Napoleon’s «olde guard.’’ He flourished in the sobriquet of La Tulipe, and his real name. i DAVEE @nteW. Finding that he was going to the States only. because. his companf was bound in that direction, and. that.he was rather more willing to. Ae wih me, I eek: him again into my service. . We trav- elled this day but seventeen m At our evening camp, 5 ea — three figures were discovered ap~ proaching, which our glasses made out to be Indians. They proved to be. Cheyennes—two men, and a boy of thirteen. About a month since, they had left their people on the south fork of the river, some three hun- dred miles to the westward, and a party of only four in number had been to the Pawnee villages on a horse-stealing excursion, from which “they Wore returning sees tae They were miserably mounted on wild horses fro: ansas plains, and had no other weapons than bows long spears; and had they been discovered by the Pawnees, could eee by any possibility, havé®escaped. They were mortified by their ill success, and said the Pawnees were cowards, who shut up their horses in | their lodges at night. Linvited them to supper with me, and. Randolph ard the young Cheyenne, who had been eyeing each other suspiciously and curiously, soon became intimate friends. After supper, we sat down on the grass, and I placed a sheet of paper between us, on which they acl rudely, but with a certain degree of relative truth, the watercourses of the country which lay between us and. their villages, and of which I | to have some information. Their companions, they told us, had ; taken ened route over the hills; but they had mounted one of the sum- ae ry 0 e country, whence they had caught a glimpse of our party, dent t of good treatment at the ha nds of t hes whites, haste ned to —s join cotapahy: Latitude of the camp. P39 SE We made the next morning sixteen jiles. _Iremarked that the ground = 19 [1744 grass standing. Mr. Preuss, who wassketching ata little distance in the _ rear, had at first noted them as large groves of timber.. In the. sight of - Such’ a mass of life, the traveller feels a strange emotion of grandeur. come up with him. Animals are frequently lost in this way; and_it is necessary to keep close watch over them, in the vicinity of the baffle, in the midst of which they scour off to the plains, and are rarely re ‘One of our mules took a sudden freak into his head, and joined aneigh- boring band to-day.. As we were not ina condition to lose. prses, I seer: Several men in pursuit, and remained in camp, in t of rec 2S him; but lost the afternoon to. no purp # Astronomical observations placed us i = 40° 49' 55". ; ‘<4 _July 1.—Along our road to-day the prairie bottom was more elevated and dry, and the hills which border the right side of the river igher, and more broken and picturesque in the outline. Phe country, too, was bet- . ter timbered. As we were riding quietly along the bank, a grand herd of buffalo, some seven or eight hundred in number, came crowding up from the river, where they had been to.drink, and commenced crossing the the distance across the prairie (two or n a sudden agita | r pity 20 that we were discovered. We started together at a hand gallop, riding steadily abreast of each other, and here the interest of the chase se became _ so engrossingly intense, that we were’sensible to nothing else. Wewere ~ now closing upon ‘them rapidly, and the front of the mass was in‘rapid motion for the hills, and in a few — the movement had communicated itself to the whole “A crowd of bulls, as usual, bec up the rear, and every now and. then some of them faced about, and then dashed on after the-band a short distanéé, and turned and looked again, as if more than half inclined to stand and’ fight. In afew moments, however, during which we had been paces: our pace, the rout was universal, and we were going over the ike a hurricane. When at about thirty yards, we gave the usual Sabi; (the hunter’spas de thd and broke into the herd. We enter ed on the ‘side, the mass givi way in every direction in their heedless Ts . ‘Many of the bulls, fabs active and less fleet than the cows, pay- ing no attention to the ground, and occupied solely with the hunter, were _ precipitated to the earth with great“force, rolling over and ever with the violence of the shock, and hardly distinguishable in the dust. We sepa- rated on entering, each singling out his gam horse was.a trained hunter, famous in : the west Seridiog the narae of : Provean, and, with his eyes flashing, and the foam flying from his mouth, = ang on after the cow like a tiger. Ina few moments he brought me ongside of her, and, rising~in the’ stirrups, I fired at the distance of a yard, the ball entering at the termination of the long hair, and passing ‘the heart. She fell headlong at the report of the gun, and, checking my horse, I leoked around for my companions. Ata little distance, Kit _ bet onthe ground, engaged in tying his horse to the horns of a cow 1 he-was’preparing to cut up... Among the scattered bands, at some ai ace below, I cauglit a glimpse of Maxweil; and while I w was looking, a light wreath of white smoke curled away from his gun, from whichT was too far'to hear the report. Nearer, and between me and the hills, towards ~ owhich nay cows directing their course, was the body of the herd, and, _ giving my horse the rein, we dashed after them: A thick cloud of dust & upon their rear, which filled my mouth and eyes, and nearly smoth- ‘ered me. In the midst of this I could see nothing, and the buflalo were not distinguishable until within thirty feet. They crowded together San ‘densely still as ] came upon them, and rushed along in sucha’ comp body, ‘that T could not obtain an entrance—the horse almost leapin; ee "i f : 4 tel; clattering with a noise heard above every thing else, and my horse darted the opening. Five or six bulls charged on us as we dashed. along 1, but were left far ees and, singling out a cow, I gave her my een hig She gave a tremendous leap, sin — on : he wh ear es in length. mnaane: cae saw wala one yy of ee et the’ long dark line of “our eardvah iT four m miles tec. “After ‘a’ mareh of twenty-fé igntia x ——— ower er ad bof shia ares ‘of the éight 21 [174] ‘dred and eighty yards, and the water nowhere two feet in depth. The island bears the name of a man killed on this spot some years ago. His party had encamped here, three in:company, and one of the number went off to hunt, leawibe Brady and his companion together. These two had frequently quarrelled, and on the hunter’s return he found Brady dead, and was told that he had shot himself accidental ly.. He was buried. here on the bank; but, as usual, the wolves-had se him out, and some human “bones that were lying on the ground we supposed were his. Troops of wolves, that were hanging on the skirts of the puffale, kept up an aed rupted howling during the night, venturing almost into camp. In- _— 3. -8*eH morning, they were sitting at a short distance, barking, and fapateals z ‘waiting our departure, to fall upon the bones '2.—The morning was cool*and smoky. Our road led closer to the -hills; which here increased in elevation, tear bigs an outline of conical ‘peaks:three hundred to five-hundred feet high. Some timber, apparently " pine, grows in the ravines, and streaks of clay or sand whiten their slopes. We crossed during the morning a number of hollows, timbered princi- ‘pally with box elder, (acer negundo,) poplar, andelm. Brady’s island is well wooded, and all the river along which our road led to- E eee may, in ‘general, be called tolerably well timbered. We passed near ncamp- ment of the Oregon emigrants, where they appear to-have reposed sev: ys. A variety of household articles were scattered about,and they had ~ da Speabahly disburdened themselves here of many things not absolutely. ne- eessary. T had left the usual road before the mid-day halt, andin the af- ‘ternoon, having sent several men in advance to reconnoitre, marched di- rectly for the mouth of the Sonth fork. On our arrival, the horsemen were ‘sent in and scattered about the river to search the best. fording et aa ‘the carts followed immediately. The stream is here divided-by an into: two. channels. The southern is four hundred. and fifty feet v ption o of afew dry bars, the bed of the river is generally quicksands ‘in which the carts — to sink rapidly so soon as the mules halted,,s0 it was necessary to keep them constantly in motion. == | northern channel, two thousand two hundred and fifty. feet -wide, cwas somewhat deeper, having frequently: three feet.-water in the numer- “ous small — with a bed of coarse gravel .The whole breadth of ska, immediately below the junction, is five thousand three pap . the Nebra ‘teed and fifty feet. All our equipage had reached theleft bank safely at o’clock, having to-day made twenty miles, We encampted at the patat of land immediately at the junction of the North and South : tween the streams is a low rich prairie, extending from their ‘confluence eighteen miles westwardly to the bordering hills, where i “is five and a -half miles wide. It is covered with a luxuriant. peach of grass, and -along the banks is a slight and seattered fringe of cottonwood and willow. In the buffalo trails and wallows, I remarked saline efflorescences, to ‘which a rapid evaporation in the great heat of the sun probably -contrib- utes, as the soil is entirely unprotected by timber. - In the vicinity of these places ne wasa bluish grass, which the cattle refuse to eat, called by the voy rs “herbe saiée,? (salt grass.) The. latitude of the junction i ae oa 0447", rand longitude, by chronometer and lunar deans by 49'43' s came in with a fat cow; and, as.we had labored h hard oe Ste otal | 5 Pama a well a supper of roasted ribs and doudins, the chef d’euvre: of a prairie cook. Mosquitoes thronged about us this evenitig ; but, by 10 o’clock, - when the thermometer had fallen to 47°, they had all disappeared. “wa i July 3.—As this was to be a point in our homeward journey, I made a- _ ¢ache (a term used in all this country for what is hidden in the ground) of _ abarrel of pork. It was impossible to conceal such a preceeding from the : sharp eyes of our Cheyenne companions, and I therefore told-them to go and see what it was they were burying. ‘They would otherwise have not failed to return and destroy our cache, in —— -of some. ric booty ; but pork they dislike, and never eat. We left our camp at 9, con- tinuing up the South fork, the prairie bottom affording us a fair road ; but in the ‘long grass we roused myriads of mosquitoes. and. flies, from which - our horses stfffered severely. ‘Phe day*was smoky, with a pleasant breeze _. from the south, and the plains on the opposite side were covered with buf- falo. Having ‘travelled twenty five miles, weencamped at 6 in the even- ing; and the men were sent across the river for wood, as there is none here on the left bank. Our fires were partially made of the dois de vache, _ the dry excrement of the buffalo, which, like that of the camel in the Ara- _. bian deserts, furnishes to the traveller a very good substitute for wood, a burning like turf. Wolves in great numbers surrounded us during the night, crossing seat recrossing from the opposite herds to our camp, and howling and atic about in the river until morning. Juli e morning was very smoky, the sun shining dimly-and red, as in a thick fog- The camp was roused with a salute at daybreak, and bona imetll oe i Se of what our Indian friends called the “red vate ; ‘othe men. While we were at pe oa 7 buffalo calf broke through ees mp, followed by a couple of wo In its” “ftig , it had probably mistaken us for a band of buffalo. Se wolves. obliged to make a circuit around the camp, so that the calf got a lit- : at Pa start, and strained every nerve to reach a large herd at the foot of — the hills, about two miles distant; but first one, and then another, and another wolf joined in the chase, until-his pursuers amounted to twenty eS eck and they ran him down before he could reach his friends. : were a few bulls near the arias and one of them attacked the . Ives, and tried to'rescue him; but was driven off immediately, and the little animal fell an easy prey, half devoured before he was dead. We watched 8 chase with the interest always felt for the weak; and had been a saddled horse at hand, he would have fared better. Leaving samp, our read soon approached the hills, in whieh strata shoonee ig Pasa | oti Chimney rock, hereafter Sebotibed; make their appearance. : _. probably of this rock that the hills on the ‘right bank ofthe Platte, a litle _ below the junction, are composed, and which are worked the winds ronan into — peaks and cones, giving them, in contrast to. the. sur- | rounding level region, something of a picturesque appearance. We z ming numerous beds of the small creeks — in the pene rains and meling snow, pour down from the ridge, b ringing down with them always great quantities of sand and gravel; which have gr ally raised their eds four to ten feet above the level of the pub, which they cross, goon seem of them a miniature Po. Raised in this. wey ; the Reagan any bank, the long yellew and resembles a a from the hills to. the: e ii rs 23 ir 2. - As-we were 6 riding slowly along this afternoon, clouds of dust in the ravines, among the hills to the right, suddenly attracted our attention, and ina few minutes column after column of buffalo came galloping down, making directly to the river. By the time the leading herds had reach ‘the water, the prairie was darkened with the dense masses. Inimediately before us, when the bands first came down into the valley, stretched an unbroken line, the head of which was lost among the river hills on the opposite’side ; and still they poured down from the ridge on our right. From hill to hill, the prairie bottom was certainly not less than two “miles wide ; and, allowin ing the animals to be ten feet apart, and only ten ina line, there were already eleven thousand in view. Some idea may thus be formed of their number when they had occupied the whole plain. In a short'time they surrounded us on every side ; extending for several miles. in the rear, and forward as far as the eye could reach ; ieee ics ms, as we advanced, an open space of only two or three hundre movement of the buffalo indicated to us the presence of iain on. the North fork. I halted earlier than usual, about forty sities from the junction, and all hands were soon busily. engaged i in preparing a feast to celebrate the day. ‘The a of our friends at St. Louis had provided us wit e€ ee saps ellent rs and rich fruit cake; and when these were a Pimedrarce soup, and variously prepare ed dishes of the choicest rec pie Setavet with a cap of coffee, and enjoyed with prairie petite, we felt, as we satin barbaric luxury around our smoking” ‘sup on the grass,a greater sensation of enjoyment than the Roman Rist o4 * - his perfumed feast. But most of all it seemed to please our agence who, in the unrestrained enjoyment of the moment, demand Leow our “medicine days came often.”’ No restraint was exercised at the hos- pitable board, and, to the great delight of his elders, our young Indian” lad “made himself extreme ly drunk. Our encampment was within a few nilled of the place where the'soud crosses to the North fork, and various reasons led me to divide my Le & at this point. ~ The North fork was the principal object of my surve ess far as St. Viral s fort, estimate 16 bes some two handéed miles nat a the river, and near to Long” s peak: ‘There I hoped to obtain some naees, which I found would be necessary to relieve my horses. In a milit point of view, I was desirous to form*some opinion of the coun : to the establishment of posts on a line connecting the ‘senleninaniey’ with the South pass of the Rocky mountains, by way of the Arkansas and the South and Laramie forks of the Platte. Crossing the country northwest- mets from St. Vrain’s fort; to the American company’s fort at the mouth Laramie, would give me some acquaintance with the affluents which ~ head i Ht — mountains between the two; I therefore de! eninied to set out _the next morning, accompanied by Mr. "Preuss and four men, Maxwe “Seine; Ayot, and Basil Lajeunesse. Our Cheyennes, whose ore ly up this river, also decided to accompany us. The party I left in cha of Clemént Lambert, with orders to cross: to the North fork 5 convenient place, near to the Coulée des Frénes, make a ca thing not-absolutely to the further progress of Fiom this point; using sie vichansaineat precaution in | i *~ * - { 474. J 24 the conntry; he was to proceed to the American soil fort..at: the mouth of Laramie’s fork, and await my arrival, which would be prior to the 16th, as on that and the following night would occur some occultations which I pane desirous to obtain at that plac .—Before breakfast, all was ie Oa "We had one led horse in ad- dition to ae we rode, and a pack mule, destined to carry our instruments, provisions, and baggage ; the last two articles not being of very eam weight. The instruments consisted of a sextant, artificial horizon, &c., Darnene!st, spy glass, and compass. The chronometer I of course kept “4 i had ordered the cook to put up for us some flour, coffee, and sugar, at our rifles were to furnish the rest... One blanket, in addition to his saddle and saddle blanket, furnished the materials for each mANeee bed, ne Ww as provided with a.change of linen. All we e armed Pies! rifles., rg datle barrelled guns; and, in addition to these, Semeat re furnished with excellent pistols. Thus acqnntiart, we took . paciha breakfast with our friends, and se Our journey the first day afforded nothing of 3 jnterest.. “We shot a. buffalo toward sunset, and, having obtained some meat for our evening meal, en encamped where a little timber afforded us the means of making a fire. Hetoe disposed our meat on roasting sticks, we proceeded to un- pack our bales in search of coffee and sugar, and flour for bread. With _ the exception of a little parched coffee, unground, we found nothing. Our. cook had neglected to put it up, or it had been somehow a ge Tired - and hungry, with tough bull meat without-salt, (for -we-had not bee n able to kill a. ee anda little bitter.coffee, we sat down in silence to our mis- a very. disconsolate party ; for yesterday’s feast. was yet fresh emories, an was our first as with misfortune. Each man ee his blanket and laid himself down silently ; for the worst part of these s, that ney. make people ill-humored. Today we had travelled a 2 thirty x mil Finding. that our present excursion “would be attended with gute h) hardship, and unwilling to.expose more persons t sary, [ determined to. send Mr. Preuss back to the. party. His horse, me on in no-condition to support the journey; and accordingly, after bre kfast, he took the road across the-hills, attended by one of m a es miles from our resting place-we crosted the bed of a consid- ; ow entirely dry—a bed of sand, a grove of w » Were the remains. of a. a fort, ‘constructed. of _. It.was apparently very old, and had probably been 0 ameestile encounter among the roving tribes. Its. soli- ere ag oe *x¥ Qce fo dialaucto We be mh td 4 pf. th, vr om F+, dc daun h ah- we nah aa oy ~ Cul ry % Ft, Se > as ae eae mf bed d : a et erous trunks of large trees were scattered about on the ground. In “many similar places I had occasion to remark an apparent progressive de- in the timber. Ten miles farther we reached the mouth of Lodge % Pole creek, a clear and handsome stream, running through a broad valley. In its course through the bottom it has a uniform breadth of twenty-two feet, aud six inches in depth. A. few willows on the banks strike pleas- antly on the eye, by their greenness, in the midst of the hot and barren sands. The amorpha was frequent among the ravines, but the sundowér (heli- _anthus) was the characteristic ; and flowers of deep warmcolorsseem most ~ to love the sandy soil. The impression of the country travelled over to- day was one of dry and-barren sands. We turned in towards the river at noon, and gave our horses two hours for food and rest. I had no other thermometer than the one attached to the barometer, which stood at 89°, the height of the column in the barometer being 26.235 at’ meridian. sky was clear, with a high wind from the south, At 2, we continued our’ journey ; the wind had moderated; and it beeame almost unendurably hot, and our animals suffered severely. - In the course of the afternoon, the wind rose suddenly, and blew hard from the southwest, with thunder and oe ning, ot squalls of rain; these were blown against us with violence by the wind ;.and, halting, we turned our backs to the storm until it blew. over. haaiee were tolerably frequent, with ala arge gray hare; but the former were shy, and the latter hardly worth the delay of stopping to shoot them ; so, as the evening drew near, we again had recourse to an old bull, and encamped.at sunset on an island in the Platte. We ate our meat with a good relish this evening, for we were all in fiir health, aud had ridden nearly all of a long summer’s day, with a burnitig sun, reflected from the sands. My companions slept rolled up in- their blankets, and the ae jay in the grass near the fire; but my sle: pd place generally had an air of more pretension. Our rifles ‘were gether near the muzzle, the butts resting on the ground, and a knife laid on the.rope, to cut away in case of an alarm. Over this, which made a kind of frame, was thrown a large. India rubber cloth, which. we used to — cover our packs. This made a tent suficieptly large to receive about half of my bed, and ‘was a place of shelter for Soa instruments; andas I was careful .always.to put. this part against the wind, I could lie here witha sensation of satisfied enjoyment, and hear the wind blow, and the rain patter close to my head, and know that I:should be at least half dry» Cer- tainly, I never slept more soundly. . The barometer at sunset was 26.010, thermometer 81°, and cloudy; but a gale from the west sprang up with - the setting sun, and in a few = saphedt swept away every cloud from the sky. ie evening was very fine, and I remained up to take some astro- Labeareacionss which made our position in latitude. 4¢ 40° 51' oe 4 ant lon, stder 103°07’ . ly 7.—At i this. morning, at 6-0’ raloelk, the. barometer wassait 26,183, thermometer.69°, and clear, with a light wind from the southwest. The-past night had been easel with high winds, and occasionally a few ip ah Our cooking ot om ipy much time, and we left camp early. Nothing: of pao: -occurred during the morning, The same paimentiee., except that a hard. marly clay had replaced- a pe 2 abapinie’y covered. the ‘plain on both sides the river,and = scended the hills, scattered herds gave life to the view — : . ‘ in every direction. A small drove of wild horses made their appearance on ; the low river bottoms, a mile or two to the left, and 1 sent off one of the In- dians (who seemed very eager to catch one) on my led horse, a — and fleet animal. The savage maneuvred a little to get the wind of the horses, in which ia Pieper tS within a hundred yards without be- ing discovered. e chase for a few minutes was animated and interest- ing. My x unter easily overtook and passed the hindmost of the wild drove, ; which the Indian did not attempt to /asso; all his efforts being directed to : the capture of the leader. But the strength of the horse, weakened by the insufficient nourishment of grass, failed in a race, and all ‘the drove escaped. We halted at noon on the bank of the river, the barometer at that time be- ing 26.192, and the eee 103°, with a light air from the: eoath ead clear weather: In. flies course of the afternoon, dust rising among the hills at a particular attracted our attention; and, riding up, we found a band of eighteen or twenty buffalo bulls engaged in a desperate fight. ‘Though butting and gori ng were bestowed liberally, and without distinction, yet their efforts were evidently directed against one—a huge gaunt — bull, very lean, while his adversaries were all fat and in good order. He appestred very weak, and had already received some wounds, and, while we were look- ing on, was several times knocked down and badly hurt, anda very few moments would have put an end to him. Of course, we took the side of the weaker party, and attacked the herd; but they were = —— with rage, that they fought on, utterly rega ardless of our presence, although -on oot and on horseback we were firing in open view within. ae yards ofthem. But this did not last long. Ina very few seconds, we created A ete among them. One or two, which were knocked over by the umped up and ran off into the hills; and they began to retreat shee along a broad ravine to the river, fighting furiously as they went. By the time they had reached the bottom, we had pretty well dispersed them, and the old bull hobbled off, to lie down somewhere. One of his en- emies remained on the ground where we had first fired upon them, and we stopped there for a short time to cut from him some meat for our supper. We had neglected to secure our horses, thinking it an unnecessary precau- tion in their fatigued condition; but our mule took it into his head to start, ot shay he went, followed at full speed by the pack horse, with all the gage and instruments on his back. They were recovered and pees ic i aher = chase ofa mile. Fortunately, Shery thing was w well sec s0 5 that nothing, not even the barometer, was in the least i The sun was getting low, and some vatcne lines of sinter four: orfive es distant promised us a pleasant camp, —— with plenty of ee and comfortable shelter: and rich grass for our animals, we sho cool springs, instead of the warm scisel of the Platte: He re found the bed of a stream fifty to one hundred feet wide, sunk feet below the level of the prairie, with perpendicular. banks, ny of green cottonwood, but not a drop ae water. . There Were sev 1 forks to the stream , all in the same condition. With the exception of the Platte bottom, the country seemed to be of a clay form- Pe ; of any moisture, and baked hard saa, ee : es ae os = a = = tree, with thiek foliage ; At sunset, the barometer was at 25.950, 27 a [174] thermometer 81°, with a strong wind from S, 20° E., and the sky partially covered with heavy masses of. cloud, which settled a little towards the horizon: by 10 0’clock, leaving it sufficiently clear for astronomieal ob- SeFNSLONS whiel: placed us in 1 latitude 40° 33' 2 26", and longitude 103° 800 i nar ly The morning was very pleasant. The breeze was fresla S. 50° -E. with few clouds; the barometer at 6 o’clock standing at 25 done 5 and the thermometer at-70°. Since leaving the forks, our route had- 25070, : over a country alternately clay and sand, each presenting the same naked © waste. On leaving camp this morning, we struck again a sandy region, in which the vegetation appeared somewhat more vigorous than that which we had observed for the last few days; and os the opposite side vf the river were some tolerably large groves of tim Journeying along, wecame suddenly upon a eee where the ground was covered with horses’ tracks, which had been made since the rain, indicated the immediate presence of Indians in our neighborhood. The buffalo, too, which the day before had been so numerous, were nowhere in sight—another sure indication that there were people near. Riding on, we discovered the carcass of a buffalo recently killed—perhaps the day before. We scanned the horizon carefully with the glass, but no living o was ie be seen. For the next mile or two, the ground was dotted with buffalo , which showed that the — had made a sutround here, and Were in considerable force.. We we n quickly and cautiously, keeping the river bottom, and carefully avidin the hills; but we met with no interruption, and began to grow careless again. We had already lost one of our horses, and here Basil’s mule showed symptoms of giving out, and finally refused to advance, being what the Canadinns call res¢é. He there- fore dismounted, and drove her along before him; but this was a very” slow. way of travelling. We had inadvertently got about half a mile in advance, but our Cheyennes, who were generally a mile or two in the rear, remained with him. There were some dark-looking objects among the. hills, about two miles to the left, here low and undulating, which we d seen for a little time, and supposed to be buffalo coming in to water ; 2 but, happening to look behind, Maxwell saw the Cheyennes whipping up furiously, and another glance at the dark objects showed them at atonce to | be Indians coming up at spe Had we been well siowetod, ane disencumbered of instruments, we > might have. set them at defiance ; but as it was, we were fairly caught. It was. too late to rejoin our friends, and-we endeavored to gain a clum of timber about half a mile ahead; but the instruments and the tired state of our horses did not allow us to go faster than a steady canter, and they were gaining on us fast. At first, they did not appear to be more than fifteen or twenty in number, but group after group darted into view at the top of the hills, until-all the little eminences seemed in motion, and, ina few minutes from the time they were first discovered, two or three ‘hun- Ss) dred, naked to the breech cloth, were sweeping across the prairie. Ina few hundred yards we discovered that the timber we were endeavoring” to make was on the opposite side of be meer and before we could reach - the bank, down came the Indians u . : Tam inclined to think that in a ta Faicela more the leading mat a perhaps some-of his companions, would have ro in eee - had jerked saree from our guns, and our f | # * c 174 J 28 ~~ S; men in such cases generally act from instinct, anda charge fro ye oe hundred snaked Savages. is a circumstance not well alee > promote a cool exercise of judgment. Just as he was about to-fire, Max- well recognised the leading Indian, ahd shouted to him in the Indian language, | “ You’re a fool, God damn you, don’t you know me?” The sound of his own: language seemed to shock the savage, and, swerving his horse a little, he passed us like an arrow. ~He wheeled, as L rode out toward him, and gave me his hand, striking his breast and « pees “Arapaho!”” They proved to be a village of that nation,among w Maxwell had resided as a trader a year or two previously, and Peigtioe him accordingly. We were soon in the midst of the band, answering as well as we could a multitude of questions; of which the very first was, of They se were our Indian companions who were coming in the rear? disappointed to know that they were Cheyennes, for they ‘had. ‘tally a anticipated a grand dance around a Pawnee scalp that night. The chief showed us his village at a grove on the river six failes ahead, and pointed out a band of buffalo on the ape side of the Platte, imme- diately opposite us, which he said they were going to surround. They had seen the band early in the morning Git their village, and -had been making a large circuit, to avoid giving them the wind, when they discov- ered us. In a few minutes the women: came galloping up, astride on their horses, and naked from their knees down, and the hips ae They followed the men, to assist in cutting up and carrying off the m The wind was blowing directly across the river, and the chief Pieces’ us to halt where we were for a while, in order to avoid. bie the herd. par therefore unsaddled our horses, and sat down on the bank to view e scene; and our new acquaintances rode a few hundred yards lower down, and began crossing the river. Scores of wild-looking dogs followed, ig like troops of wolves, and having, in fact, but very little of the dog i in ‘their composition. Some of them remained with us, and I checked one of the men, whom found aiming at one, which he was about to kill fora wolf. The day had become very hot. The air was clear, with a ‘very slight breeze; and now, at 12 o’clock, while the barometer ned at 25.920, the attached thermometer was at 108°. Our Cheyennes. had learned that with the Arapaho village were about twenty lodges of — own, includi ee their own families; they therefore immedia --menced - pS their toilette. After bathing in the river, they faveheed erward learned themselves in some ~handsome® calico shirts, which I aft soe al all their soonerwreniniies} and all ‘the ‘ikke Ast rend to increase constantly i in aicialea. ot to. the indica- son if Ete be dpromeleta x we were at our. mehvincatagli mA. fect OROUee be od be pm 34 zon. the attached thermometer 61°. Our course this morning was directly ° on ihe immediate view. _ On the peak of the ridge where I was standing, the sandstone formed the broken banks of the creek, yet they- were cov- ered with a thin grass; and the fifty or sixty feet which formed the bottom & ehi * 35 F ne T: ns... Along t Be oS appear domes and slender minarets raetly or yg Feet high, giving it every appearance of an old fortified t On the peo ‘White tats, ex ran river, where this formation exists in el oeivt “it a¥beedts which excite the admiration of the solitary voyageur, and form a fr theme of their conversation when speaking of the wonders of the country Sometimes it offers the perfectly illusive appearance of a large city, With aga streets and magnificent buildin Be among which the Canadians ver fail to see their cabaret; and sometimes it takes the form of a soli- tary house, with many large chambers, into which they drive their horses at night, and sleep in these natural defences perfectly secure from any at~ _tack of prowling savages. Before reaching our camp at Goshen’s hole, in crossing the immense detritus at the foot of the Castle rock, we were in- volved ; amidst windin; Z passages cut by the waters of the hil; and where, with a breadth scarcely large enough for the passage of a horse; the walls rise thirty and forty feet perpendicularly. This formation sup lies the - discoloration of the Platte. At sunset, the height of the rested uf column * was 25,500, the attached thermometer 80°, and wind moderate from. S. ee? Fi: “Clouds covered the sky with the rise of the moon, but I succee in obtaining the usnal astronomical Heath ame which placed v us. in| titu 41° 40' 13" ° , and longitude 104° 24’ | y 15.—At 6 this morning, the serorden was at 25.515, the thet e day was finé, with some clouds looking dark on the: south, . fr eeze from the same quarter. We found that in our ji ya | ot ee base we had kept too much to the eastward. This morning ; : mare hot and among = ills the w wind s t | » from an oven. ~ Our hor: “much > sed, as we f wii at a and it was with Sofie lifficult ty that Heys ‘rere al brought to the ; which we reached at 1 0’clock. In riding in kage ther we fund the trail of our Carts; whieh appeared to hav y _ two sinc ~ After having allowed our animals two hours ar ir tg “resumed our our journey, and towards the close of the day came in Sit of ~ Laramie’s fork. Issuing from the river hills, we kd first in view of Fort Platte, a post potato wate Sybille, Ad: aks » & Co, si ga ~ammediatel in the point of land at 1 retion of Tia th Platte. + tie® the us tne Ct 2 eu e Son h fork. it as ho 1, and still unfinished, being. intend with ‘walls (or rather houses} on * three of the sides, and to ts i on the fourth” ‘to the river. ei = p i174 —s 3 angles, gave it quite an imposing appearance in the cuncertain- light ‘of _ evening.: A cluster of lodges, which the language told us belonged to Sioux Indians, was pitched under. the walls, and, with the fine back _ ground of the Black hills and the prominent peak of Laramie mountain, strongly drawn in the clear light of the western sky, where the sun had already set, the whole formed at. the moment a strikingly beautiful picture. - From the company. at St, Louis, I had letters for Mr. Bot udeau, the gentle- man in charge of the post, by whom Iwas ‘received with great hospitality and an efficient kindness, which was invaluable to me during my stay in the country... 1 found our people encamped on the bank, a short distance _above the fort. All were well; and, in the enjoyment of a bountiful a per, which coffee and bread made: luxurious to us, we soon forgot t eo wee | est ten sab oa -& ‘hear previous: havdship adn fork. There was no sign that our py “aa “passe e rode, né pine trees, unsaddled the horses, and aun: ea ienibs off ithe we ing the. arrival of our company. After r remaining here two yy companion beeame impatieut, mounted -his horse ¢ again, and e off down the river to see if he could discover our people. I felt so -marode yet, that it bere a horrible idea to me to bestride that saddle again; sol lay: still. I knew they could not come any other way, and then my ~ eompanion, one of the best men of the company, would not abandon me. _. The sun went down; he did not come. Uneasy I did not feel, but very a Tha 2 provisions, but I could make a fire; and as I és es it I tried to kill one; but it peeds a better marksman : “to ila little bird witha rifle. made fire, ho hted my | 2 friend of mine in in every et d Jet my thoughts wander tothe far east. © Agekd the tramp of a horse, and my ai il compe was ide. He had found the party, ae we se os oy aki 37 [i747 of the forks, and the face of the. country: no | longer presented. the refresh- ing green which had hitherto: peeeeenne: it. The rich grass was now _found only in dispers ts, on low grounds, and on the bottom land of. the streams, Along drought foined to extreme heat, had so parched up the upper prairies, that they were in parte places bald, or covered only’ witha thin growth of yellow and poor The nature of the soil ren- ders it Saeed susceptible to the Eav4 J wout sh hal sale returned _ Furthermore, they tell.me that they.,are ery sure ey will fire upon you as sopn.as they meet you. They are pact For in seven or eight-days. Excuse me for making these ab- servations, but it seems my duty to warn you of danger. — _ Moreover, the chiefs who probibit your setting out before the return ah the warriors are the sbeasers of this note al lam your ‘obedient parvent, s.J OSEPH BISSONETTE, 4 « By L, B. CHART RAIN. “ Names 3 .of some of 3 the chiefs —The pei or Hat, the Breaker of Arrows the Black Night): the Bull’s Tail.’’ ; - ‘After reading jhe, I mentioned its purport to my companions ; and, see- ing that all were fully possessed of its*contents, one of the Indians rose up, and, having first shaken hands with ae ee as follows: “« You have come among us at a bad time.. Some of our people have been killed, and our young men, who are gone to the mountains, are eager to avenge the blood of their relations, which has been shed by the whites. — Our crete yes oat wads and, if they meet you, they will belie ha carry s and ammunition to. their . enemies, | and v _ fire upon you. You have told us that this will ma War. We kno 1 our great father has many soldiers and big guns, . and we are. =a our lives. We love the whites, and are desirous of. peace. -Think- of all these things, we have. determined to keep you here until our arriors’return. We are glad to pee: ae among us. Our father is rich, and we expected that you would ha guns, and blankets. But we are glad to see you.’ We “ look upon your — coming as the light which goes before the sun; for you will tell our great and. father that. you have seen us, and-that we are naked poor, a ete to ba and. he will send us all eae. things.” He was flowed by the others, to re same effect. cae any us until we should meet their people ee robes in my tent and eat at my table, and . our F a give them presents in ve eee oftheir services. _ saying that there were no young men left in the villa ; were too old to travel s so p< mii horscheet ane. ae e 4 - 14] © 46 - should we not go? , Before we — we heard that you had killed his sable and ceased to be his children ; but we came among you peaceably, ~ holding out our hands.. Now we find that the stories we heard are not ~ ties, and that you are no longer his friends and children. We have thrown away our bodies, and will not turn back. When you told us that your young men would kill us, you did not know that our hearts were strong, and you did not see the rifles which my youhg men carry in their hands. . We are few, and you are many, and may kill us all; but there will be mucli crying in your yee: for many of your young men will stay be- hind, and forget to r our warriors from the mount as. Do you think that our great éhief will let his soldiers die, and forget to cover their eras 2 Before: fhe qnows melt again, his warriors will sweep away - your villages as the fire does the prairie in the autumn. See! [ have own my white houses, apd iny people are ready : when the sun is ten paces higher, we shall be on the march. If you have any thi ing to tell Us, you ae say it soon.” I broke up the conference, asIcould do noth- th oo ase ge ; and, being resolved to” proceed, nothing was to be ined by “Accompanied by our hospitable friends, we returned to the ogee re “we had in ounted-our horses, and our parting salutations had been exchanged, Shien one of the chiefs (the Buil’s Tail) arrived to tell e that they had determined to send a young man with us; and if [I roa point out the place 0 Se our evening aes he should join us there. “The young man is poor,” said he; “he has n eee and | sepetts ie to give: him one.”? J dese rbed 0 fo him the place | where I intended to ~ and, shaking hands, in a few minutes we were among the h itation of whites shut out from our view. — ied e road led over : an interesting plateau between the North f fore or ahe Platte on the right, and Laramie river on the left. At the distance of ten miles es from the | fort, w we entered the sandy bed of a creek, a kind of defile, ‘by precipitous rocks, down which-we wound our way for several gushes with considerable pee id force out of the limestone rock. ‘It is “Called: € ‘the: Warm — furnishes to the hitherto ee bed. oo the -- erous S Hasmapar the Missouri river, 8 sly the westel hat formation. ers this: point’ "Tmet rwith no oss is 0 F was desirous to visit the ‘Platte 4 near ‘the. point- staides at Seabee ithe aeies shee — followed this stream, for two or three miles, to rece se which brig et ae fass = celine aadred yaks; aes place where, on the left bank, a very large ‘Spring bd - 247 “Payydéy ~ part, so as to permit the breeze to pass freely, it is converted into a pleas- “ant summer residence, with the extraordinary advantage of being entirely free from mosquitoes, one of which I have never seen in an Indian lodge. While w. we were engaged very unskilfully in een. this, the interpreter, oMr para; arrived, accompanied by the Indian and his wife. She ughed at our ‘awkwardness, and offered her assistance, of which we were a ntly afterward obliged to avail ourselves, before the men acquired : “suilicient expertness to pitch it without difficulty. — From this place we da fine view of the gorge where the Platte issues from: the’ Black hills, Spngiae its hpeauat abruptly froma mountain stream into a river of the plains. Immediately around@us the valley*%f the stream was ‘tolerably open; and at the distance of a few miles, where the river-had cut its” way through the hills, was the narrow cleft, on one sile of which a lofty preci- Piceof: ae red rock rose vertically. ‘above the low hills which lay be- Se 53 2. in the: morning, while breakinst was being prepared, I visited : “ihe pose with my favorite man, Basil Lajeuiesse. Entering’ ‘so far as - es Ab feos for the inules, we dismounted, and, t ing our animals, way-on on foot. eed ‘the Seat country,” the - Raa! of the oS eee =. 2 are ae 7 ¢ sere OecastOHATSy broken: by pil and Aas ‘water Ponouds ~¢lear. Oa - either. side rose the red_ precipices, vertical, and sometimes overhébatog, ~ two and four hundred feet in height, crowned with green summits, o ~ which were ‘scattered a few pines. At the foot of the rocks was the link be ~ detritus, formed of masses fallen from-above. Among the piues that grew ee here, and on the occasional glia were the cherry, (cerasus virginiana,) = eur , and grains de beeuf (shepherdia argentea.) Viewed in the sun- « = shine of a pleasant morning, the e-scenery B= of a-miost striking and ro- mantic c be eawtys. a arose from the picturesque disposition of the objects, vivid con st of ee Jd | thooght with auch pleasure of our eresting places; a and, in 0 them a full Saaiioa irable- ores the ’ . = Fs ~ compact clay; which are occasionally seen imbed - Below was a seat compact red See chan 3 es ery . = = % he re ie ihodintely” be ould be a, roo ue = Aad € groves of cotton wood od on it ee: a= * is: wets tice ant piace, on ibe eft | in military | ite. The's 4 f iti es contem lation to esl — . ‘aris oe is ,a show of afte military | ihe s wedeere cet ty - “E274 ] A8 a . meighboring- Indians mainly depend for support. ..t.would. render any posts on the Lower Platte unnecessary ; the ordinary communication _be- tween it aud the Migout being sufficient to control the intermediate In- dians. It would operate effectually to prevent any suclr coalitions as are now formed among the Gros Ventres, Sioux, Cheyennes, and other Indians, aa would keep the Oregon road through the valley, at the Sweet Water and the South Pass of the mountdins constantly o A glance at the map which accompanies. this repo ort will show har. fs lies at the foot of a broken and mountainous. region, along, which, by the establishment of small posts in the neighborhood of St. Vrain’s fort, on the South fork o the Platte, and Bent’s fort,on the Arkansas, a line of communication would be formed, by good wagon roads, with our age miiaLy posts, which would entirely command the mountain pass 1old some of the most troublesome tribes in check, and protect and facilitate our Spleuidufed with the neighboring Aes settlements. The valleys of the rivers on whic they would be situated are fertile; the country, which supports immense herds of buffalo; is naaee by adapted to grazing 5 - apd. herds of catile might be maintained. by the posts, or obtained from t Spanish. country, which pres Ly: Sepp licn a. portion of their provisions to sR trading posts. mentioned abo ie as we were leaving the camp this morning, our Indian came up, and stated his intention of not proceeding any further until he had seen the horse which I intended to give him. . I felt arene ae to ate him out of the camp; but. his. presence appeare: confidence to my men, and the. interpreter thought it absolately ni a there- fore obliged to'do what he requested, and pointed out the -aifthat with which he.seemed satisfied, and we continued our journey.. I had ima- pie that Mr. Bags long BRP had made him acquainted with the country, and, according to. his advice, proceeded directly forward, without attempting to regain the usual road. He. Cae ee oletnes me that he had rarely ever lost sight of the fort; “but the e the was to invelve us for a day or two among the hills, whee. althouptt we lost no time, we encountered an exceedingly rough road. ie ihe south, along our line of march to-day, the: main chain of the ack or Laramie hills rises precipitously, Time did not permit me to - ie. them; but, fram_comparative information, the. ridge is composed of _ the coarse. ‘sandstone or coaglomerate. hereafter described, It appears to enter the” tegion_of clouds, which are arrested in. their Sontee, aud lie in masses along the summits. An inverted cone of black cloud (cumulus) _rested during all the forenoon on the lofty peak of Larantie mountain, . which lL estimated to be about two serine oni fet above the fort, or six thousand five hundred above the sea. We halted to noon on the Fourche Amire, so called. from being timbered femelle. with the iard umere, (a. wa gi ponlss,). with which the valley of the little stream is tolerably weil woodec ich, with large expansive sumunits, grows to the OF, ani "feet. the creek is sand and gravel, the water dispersed over the br oad bed in shallow. streams. - We found here, on the right. bank, _ in the shade of @ pie miyse ing? spring of very cold water. It will be re- és panped ts nention, ion, in. this is portion of the j Jomeers —_ npera- &c.—an pmneion: which . will be a | [ 174 7 the course of the narrative. In my search for plants, I was well rewarded With the change in the geological formation ‘on leaving Fort Laramie, the whole face of the country has entirely altered its appearance. East- ward of that meridian, the principal objects which strike the eye of a travel- : der are the absence of timber, and the immense expanse of prairie, covered _ with the verdure of rich grasses, and highly adapted for pasturage. “Wher- __ ver they are not disturbed by the vicinity of man, large herds of buffalo give animation to this country. Westward of Laramie river, the region is sandy, and apparently sterile; and the place of the grass is usurped by the artemisia and other odoriferous plants, to whose growth the sandy soil and dry air of this elevated region seem highly favorable. One of the prominent characteristics in the face of the country is the ex- traordinary abundance of the artemisias. They grow every where—on the hills, and over the river bottoms, in tough, twisted, wiry clumps ; and, wherever the beaten track was left, they rendered the progress of the carts ihroughont the country. the u ater had been almost dried u p. Byavailing themselves of the annual rise, the traders had invariably succeeded in search that [ av4 ] 50 \ . or two they began to.suffer very much. We found none to-day at noo) and, in the course of our search on the Platte, came to a grove of cotton\ wood, where some Indian village had recently encamped. Boughs of the\ cottonwood yet green covered the ground, which the Indians had cut own to feed their horses upon. It is only in the winter that recourse is had to this means of sustaining them; and their resort to it at this time was a striking evidence of the state of the country. We followed their example, and turned our horses into a grove of young poplars. This began to pre- sent itself as a very serious evil, for on our animals depended altogether the further proser ation ge our journey. « sg Shortly after we had left this place, the scouts came galloping in with the alarm of Indians. e turned in immediately toward the river, which » information, We learned that they belonged to the party which had been on the trail of the emigrants, whom they had overtaken at Rock Independ- some small parties of Crow Indians. The remainder were returning down the Platte, in scattered parties of ten and twenty ; and those whom we had encountered belonged to those who had advocated au attack on the emi- grants. Several of the men suggested shooting them on the spot; but promptly discountenanced any such proceeding. They further informed me that buffalo were very scarce, and little or no grass to be found. There erable quantities of grasshoppers had destroy- nued our march, and the, Platte. hills the psorulea esculenta, root very extensively, an t into’ thin slices and dried. Indians, who told us that a lar _ Astronomical observations place as 397 4€ bl [174] bank of the Platte, where a handsome meadow afforded tolerably good grass. There were the remains of an old fort here, thrown up in some sudden emeneeney and on the opposite side was a picturesque bluff of © ferruginous stone. There was a handsome grove a little above, and - Scattered pete =i trees bordered the river. Buffalo. made their appear- ance this afternoon, and the hunters came in, shortly after we had encamp- ed, with three fine cows. The night was fine, and observations gave for ; the latitude of the camp, 42° 47’ 40' july 25.—We made but thirteen miles this day, and encamped about noon ina pleasant grove on the right bank. Low scaffolds were erected, upon which the meat was laid, cut up into thin strips, and small fires : kindled below. ‘Our object was to profit by the vicinity of the buffalo, to lay in a stock of provisions for ten or fifteen days. Iu the course of the afternoon the hunters brought in five or six cows, and all hands were kept busily employed in preparing the meat, to the drying of which the guard attended during the night. Our people had recovered their gayety, ca the busy figures around the blazing fires gave a picturesque air to the camp. the soil may be safoersa Sete its geological formation. The rianeardlve’ ‘at the eastérn limit of this'section is succeeded by limestone without ‘fossils, ‘a great variety of sandstone, consi sisting principally of red sandstone and “fine conglomerates. The red sandstone is argillaceous, with compact white ‘gypsum or alabaster, very ret The other sandstones are gray y, yel- iow, and ferrugitious, sometimes very coarse.’ The apparent sterility of the country must therefore be ante for in other causes than the nature of ~ the soil. ‘The face of the country cannot with propriety be called hilly. It isa suecession of long ridges, made by the numerous streams which come down f the neighboring mountain- range. ‘The ridges have an undu- Tat poi aca with some s ae appearance Lod s the ocean presents in an or- = “= agreed es “arhieh i is daw ipinorelly followed iheougt ei fore a very good one, without any difficult ascents to ov - obstructions are near the river, where the transient Waties ot ‘ains have made deep ravines ce std steep banks, which renders fre- necessary. It will be remembered that wagons pass this r twice a year, wate is by no means sufficient to break n roots of the innumerable — la es A Spebttal if these is neo the vers indication of the track ; and the ae many places gives’ the hat the charaet wooed country. | sis a consi f the mountains ; and, as it passes 1 to the seer - valley, west of the _ suite hates i : * ' when other 53 [ 174 ] Rocky mountains, there is no such thing as a mountain road on the line of communication. 9, | Pe sod feed: -We continued our way, and four miles beyond the ford Indians were discovered again; and [halted while.a party were sent forward to ascertain who they . In a short time they returned, accompanied by a.number of-Indians‘of the Oglallah band of Sioux, .From.them we received some interesting information. | They liad formed part of the great village, which they informed us had broken up, and was on its way home... The greater part of the village; including: the Arapahoes, Cheyennes, and Oglallahs,. had crossed the Platte eight or ten miles below the mouth of the Sweet Water, aod were now behind:the mountains, to the south of us, intendi had finished the interpretation of these thin sent’; butas the situation of the country gave me some reason to appre-.. hehd that it might be attended with an unfortunate-result to some of us, the undertaking. able spot for the object [had in view. ae of The carts having been discharged, the covers and wheels weré taken, and concealed- in the dense foliage ein such a manner that the glitter iron work might not attract the observation of some strag 2 g a a Inthe sand, which had been blown up into waves amor . nthe sand, v : raves among the willows,a ge hole was then dug, teu feet square, and six deep. In the mean time, . : ighaors « Seb oia? ee «ee : a x 2 8 54 all our effects:‘had been spread out upon the ground,and whatever was designed to be carried along with us separated and laid aside, and the re- maining part carried to the hole and carefully covered up. As much as possible, all traces of our proceedings were obliterated, and it wanted but a rain to render our cache safe beyond discovery. All the men were now set at work to arrange the pack saddles and make up the packs. The day was very warm and calm, and the sky entirely clear, except where, as usual along the summits of the mountainous ridge opposite, the clouds had congregated in masses. Our lodge had been planted, and, on account of the heat, the ground pins had been taken out, and the lower part slightly raised. Near to it was standing the barometer, which swung in a tripod frame; and within the lodge, where a small fire had been built, fr, Preuss was occupied in observing the temperature of boiling water. At this instant, and without any warning until it was within fifty yards, | a violent gust of wind dashed down the lodge, burying under it Mr. Preuss and about a dozen men, who had attempted to keep it from being carried away. I succeeded in saving the barometer, which the lodge was. carry- ing off with itself, but the thermometer was broken. We had no others of a high graduation; none of those which remained going higher than 135° Fahrenheit. Our astronomical observations gave to this place, which we named Cuche camp, a longitude of 106° 38’ 26”, latitude 42° 50' 53". July 29.—All our arrangements having been completed, we left the en- campment at 7 o’clock this morning. In this vicinity the ordinary ro leaves the Platte, and crosses over to the Sweet Water river, which it strikes near Rock «Independence. Instead of followmg this road, I had determined to keep the immediate valley of the Platte so far as the mouth of the Sweet Water, in the expectation of finding better-grass. To this I was further prompted by the nature of my instructions. To Mr. Carson — was assigned the office of guide, as we had now reached a part of the country with which, or a great part of which, long residence had made him familiar. Ina few miles we reached the Red Buttes, a famous land- . mark in this country, whose geological composition is red sandstone, lime- _ stone, and calcareous sandstone and pudding stone. lofty escarpments of red argillaceous sandstone, which are called | is s the i ; ) compressed or ~ are the lofty the Red Buttes. In this ike their way up and down the We halted to noon before we had broadly, and high walls of the red lis to the east. We crosse ent themselves among the |i fai é é ms: awe. , = a ~~ < as Beh Seif ‘aE BACT OE HOT, SPRING) GATE ms Perna »-day consists principally. of the compact mig od granite, at an inclination of 45°; the bef 59 f 1744 or rather scran , our Vv vay up the narrow valley for several hours. and. abeiler were the character of this scenery. The river had Wildness been swollen by the late rains, and came rushing through with an impetuous current, three or four feet deep, and generally twenty yards broad. The valley was sometimes the breadth of the stream, and sometimes opened into little green meadows, sixty yards wide, with open groves of aspen. The stream was bordered throughout with aspen, beech, and willow; and tall pines grew on the sides and summits of the crags. On both sides, the granite rocks rose. precipitously to the height of three hundred and five hundred feet, terminating in jagged: and broken pointed peaks ; and frag- ments of fallen roe ke lay | piled up at the foot of the precipices. Gneiss, mica slate, and a white granite, were among the varieties I noticed. Here which were | ying trees, which they had cut down, one and two feet in diameter. The hills entirely shut up the river’at the end of about five miles, and we turned up a ravine that led toa high prairie, which seemed to be the general level of the co untry.. Hence, ‘to the summit of the ridge, there is a regular and very Sadoid ys Blocks of : Kgs were bata le mica slate ; at the heads of the ravines, and small bare knolls of quartz protruded at frequent aaa “f T iife prairie, whieh was white in occasional spots with small salt lakes, where the water had. evaporated, and left the bed covered with a shining ‘incrustation of salt. The evening was very cold, a northwest wind driving a fine rain in our faces ; and at nightfall we descended to a little stream, on which we encamped, about two miles from the Sweet Water. Here had recently been a very large camp of Snake and Crow Indians; and some large poles lying about af- forded the means of pitching a tent, and:‘making other places of shelter. Our fires to-night were made principally of the dry branches of the arte- misia, which covered the slopes. It burns quickly, ‘ot h a yey Po oily ae 7 and 1 : ‘ ; The hills here are. coulpoted: ha ompaet mica sate, with veins of quartz. st 7.—We left our encampment with the rising sun. As we rose feo the bed of the ereek, the snow line of the mountains stretched grandly before us, the white peaks glittering in the stn. They bad been hidden oe, in the. dark weather of the last few days, and it had been snowing on them, — while it rained in the plains. We crossed a ridge, and again struck the Sweet Water—here a beautiful, swift stream, with a more open Vv valley, timbered with beech and cottonwood. It now began to lose-itself in the many small forks which make its head; and we continued up the main str until near noon} when we left ita ‘few miles, to make our noon halt ona ‘Srna creek among the hills, from which the stream issues by a small ning. Within was a beautiful grassy spot, covered with an open grovg pied scan among which i ound several plants that I hag, reviously séen. j Phaaiewecas was cloudy, with aioli of rain; but the came fine at sunset, when we again encampe w ina few miles of the Sovrn Pass. The country overs on.all the ridges, making the uplands very roc s which border the creeks, it is seen ay from two or three feet to six or eight huadred. [174 J 60 i has the appearance of irregular lumps of clay, hardened by ex- A. variety of asters may now be numbered amoug the character- istic laws and the artemisia continues: in. full glory; but cacti have be- come rare, and mosses begin to dispute the hills with them. The evening was damp and unpleasant; ss thermometer, at 10, 0 "clock, being at 36°, and the grass wet with a heavy dew. Our astronomicalobservatio placed this encamptmentin lonsitede 109°.21' $2", and latitude 42° 27' 15", Early in the morning we eee our journey, the weather still cloudy, with occasional rain. Our general course was west, as I had determine ‘to cross, the dividing ridge by a bridle path among ae broken country more immediately at the foot of the mountains, and return by the wagon toad, two and a half miles to the south of the point where the trail crosses. About six miles from our encampment brought us to the sammit. The asc had been so gradual, that, with all the intimate knowledge pos- ssed by Carson, who had made this country ‘his home for seventeen Fag we were obliged to watch very closely to find the place at which we had reached the culminating point. This was between two low hills, rising on either hand fifty or sixty feet. When I looked back at them, from the foot of the immediate slope on the western plain, their summits appeared to be about one hundred and twenty feet above. From the im- _ pression on my mind at this time, and subsequently on our return, I should compare the elevation which we surmounted immediately at the Pass, to the ascent of the Capitol hill from the avenue, at Washington. It is diffi-. cult for me to. fix. positively the breadth of this pass.. From the broken where it commences; at the foot of the Wind river chain, the view to the southeast is over. a champaign country, broken, at the distance of nineteen mailes, by the Table rock; which, with the other ae, hills insits vicinity, seems to ) stand ona ‘comparative plain. This I judged to be its ing its rugged character with the Table rock. It will be-seen that it in no manner resembles the places to which © the term is commonly applied—nothing of the gorge-like character and winding ascents of the Allegheny passes in rice 2a nothing of the Great » St.. Bernard and Simplon- passes in Eur Approaching it from: the mouth of the Sweet Water, a sandy as one hundred and twenty miles long, conduets, by a gradual and regular ascent, to the summit, about seven thousat id feet abo e sea; and the traveller, without being re-: minded of any change by to ascents, suddenly. finds + a the waters which flow to the Pacific ocean, By the route we had the distance from Fort Laramie is three ernoes and tw dary wiles eonine hundred and fifty fois the mouth of the Kansas. Continuing our march, we reached, = eight miles from the ‘Poss, Gre Little Sandy, one of the ‘tributaries of th Colorado, or Green river of the ulf of California. The weather had a te during the morning, and emained here the rest of the day, to dry our baggage and take some “nical observations. The stream was shone forty feet wide, and deep, with clear water and a full swift current, over a sandy abered with a growth of low bushy and dense willows, ~ little verdant spots, which gave our animals fine grass, “\gumber of interesting plants. _ Among the neighbor- “nents: of granite containing magnetic iron. Lane 99° 37' 59", and latitude 42° 27' 34 * ‘ your” ew halt to- day on Big. Sandy, anothe: ; 61 [174] ‘sitislannof Green river. The face of the country taveried was of a brown sand of granite materials, the detritus of the neighboring’ mountains. Strata of the milky quartz cropped out, and blocks of granite were: seat- tered about, eescheaseape magnetic iron. On Sandy creek the formation was “parti-ci nd,exhibited in escarpments fifty to eighty feet high. In the afternoon we had a severe storm of hail, and eneamped at sunset on the. first New Fork. Within the space of a few miles, the Wind mo “tains supply a number of tributaries to Green river, which are all eaited the New Forks. Near our camp were two remafkable isolated “hills, one of them sufficiently large to merit the name-of mountain. They are Galle the Two, Buttes, and will serve to identify or place of our encampment, - which the observations of the eveuing placed in longitude 109° 58’ 11”, and latitude 42° 42' 46"... On the right bank of the stream, opposite to the large hill, the strata which are displayed consist of ‘decomposing granite, which supplies the brow sand of which the face of the country is com- posed to a considerable depth. August 10.—The air at sunrise is clear and pure, and the morning ex- “tremely cold, but beautiful, A lofty snow peak of the mountain is glitter- ing in ‘the first’ rays of the sun, which has not yet reached us. : itain wall to the: east, rising two thousand feet abruptly from the ’ plain, behind which we see the peaks, is still dark, and cuts clear against the glowing sky. A fog, just risen from the river, lies along the ze) the mountain. — A little before sunrise, the ihermometer was at 35°, and at sunrise 33°. Water froze last night. and fires are very comfortable. The scenery becomes hourly more interesting and grand, and the’ view here is ae magnificent; but, indeed, it needs something to repay the long prai- “rie rie journey of a a thousand miles. The sun has just shot above the wall, makes a magical change. The whole valley is glowing and- bright, ae | the mountain peaks are gleaming likesilver. Thongh these snow mountains are not the Alps, they have their own character’ of grandeur ~ oe cence, and will doubtless find pens and pencils to do them — ju the seen ne before us, we feel how much wood in:provesa view. The pines on tlie mountain seemed to give it much. additional beanty. I was agreeably earesees in the character of the streams on this side of the ridge. Instead of the creeks, which deseription had led me to _ Sapeel, I find bold, broad streams, with three or four fet water, and a rapid - Tent. “The fork on which we are ‘encamped is upwards of a hundred feet wide, timbered with groves or thickets of the low willow. We were now! approaching the loftiest part of the Wind river chain; ‘and I left the val- ley a few miles from our encampment, intending to penetrate the moun- tains as far as possible with the whole party. We were soon involved in ~ very broken ground, among long ridges covered with fragments of granite. Winding our way up a long ravine, we came u unexpectedly in view of a | most beautiful lake, set like a gem in the mountains. The sheet wa water = lay transversely across the direction we had been pursuing; and, “ing the steep, rocky ridge, where it was necessary to lead our h “followed its banks io the southern extremity. Here a view of the u magnificence and grandeur burst upon our eyes. With nothing oo = us and se abbot feet to lessen the effect of the whole height, a gr: ped mountains rose before us, pe aoe pile, glo Temieaest hokage dos. lemininte _ between two ridges, covered faa dark pines, whieh s¥ geen from = f 174] | 62 the main chain to the spot where we stood. Here, where the lake glittered in the open sunlight, its banks of yellow sand and the light foliage of aspen groves contrasted well with the gloomy pines, “Never before,” said | Mr. Preuss, “in this country or in Europe, have I seen such magnificent, grand rocks.” I wasso much pleased ye the beauty of the place, that I determined to make the main camp here, where our animals would find good pasturage, and explore the mountains with a small party of men. Proceeding a little further, we came suddenly upon the outlet of the lake, where it found its way through a narrow passage between low hills. Dark pines, which overhung the stream, and masses of rock, where the water foamed along, gave it much romantic beauty. Where we crossed, which was immediately at the outlet, it is two hundred and fifty feet .wide, and so deep, that with difficulty we were able to ford it. Its bed was anh ac- cumulation of rocks, boulders, and broad slabs, and large angular frag- ments, among which the animals fell repeatedly. -, The curreut was very swift, and the water celd, and of a crystal purity. _ tributary to Green river, the Colorado of the west. On the map and in the narrative, I have called it Mountain lake, T encamped on the north side, bout three hundred and fifty yards from the outlet. This was the mos astrononmiica ~ aad Cradly thick glass, some ster as the cistern, and I spent the day in . di al ae 63 174... , : ! re sa " * 2 ee slowly working on these, endeavoring to cut them of the requisite length ; if . but, as my instrument was a very rough file, I invariably broke them. A “groove was cut in one of the trees, where the barometer was placed during fis night, to be out of the way of any possible danger, and in the morning I commenced again. Among the powder horns in the camp, I found one ~ which was very transparent, so that its contents could be almost as plainly seen as through glass. This I boiled and stretched on a piece of wood to the requisite diameter, and scraped it very thin, im order to increase to the utmost its transparency. I then secured it firmly in its place on the instru- “ment, with strong glue made from a buffalo, and filled it with mercury, properly heated. A piece of skin, which had covered one of the vials, oe a good pocket, which was well secured with strong thread and glue, and then the brass cover was screwed to its place. The instrument * was left some time to dry; and when I reversed it, a few hours after, I had the satisfaction to find it in perfect order; its indications being about the same as on the other side of the lake before it had been broken. Our suc- * cess in this little incideut diffused pleasure throughout the camp; and we immediately set about our preparations for ascending the mountains. As will be seen on reference to a map, on this short mountain chain are the head waters of four great rivers of the continent; namely, the Col- orado, Columbia, Missouri, and Platte rivers. It had been my design, af- ter having ascended the mountains, to continue our route on the western side of the range, and crossing through a pass at the north western eid of ~ yeluctantly, to abandon this rs aaa the course of the narative, (as I have avoided dwelling upon trifliug.inci- dents not connected with the objects of the expedition,) the spirits of the men had been much exhausted by the hardships and privations to which they had been subjected. Our provisions had wellnigh all disappeared. . Bread had been long out of the question; and of all our siock, we had re- maining two or three pounds of coffee, and a small quantity of macea roni, ich had been husbanded with great care for the mouirtain expedition we were about to undertake. Our daily meal consisted of ‘dry buffalo meat, cooked in tallow; and, as we had not dried this with Indian skill, part of it was spoiled ; and what remained of good, was as hard as wood, having much the taste and appearance of so many pieces of bark. Even of this, our stock was rapidly diminishing in a camp which was capable € of consuming two buffaloes in every twenty-four hours, These animals had entirely disappeared ; and it was not probable that we should fall in _ with them again until we returned to the Sweet Water. ie Our arrangements for the ascent were rapidly completed. We were in ~ a hostile country, which rendered the greatest vigilan d circumspec- ~~ ton n t the north end of the was g erally tion necessary. The pass at north en f the mountain was gener d by Blackfeet ; and immediately opposite was one of their forts, on * 174 yj 64 _ the edge of alittle thicket, two or three hundred feet from our E-ancalits: ment. e were posted in a grove cf beech, on the margin of the lake, and a few hundred feet long, with a narrow prairilion on the inner side, bordered by thé rocky ridge. In the upper end of this grove we cleared a circular space about forty feet in diameter, faba: with the felled timber and interwoven branches, surrounded it with a breast work five feet in height. A gap was left for a gate on the inner side, by which the animals were to be driven in and secured, while the men slept around the little work. | It was half hidden. by the, foliage ; and, garrisoned y twelve resolute men, would have set at defiance any band of savages which might chance to discover they in the interval of our absence. Fifteen of the best mules, with fourteen men, were selected for the mountain party. Our pro- visions consisted of dried meat for two days, with our little stock of coffee and some angers In addition to the barometer and a thermometer, I took with me a sextant and spy glass, and we had of course our compasses. In charge of ie camp I left Bernier, one ra my most trustworthy men, bie possessed the most determined courag August 12 eck d, in the morning we Tet the Picsy, fifteen in number, well armed, of course, and mouited on our best mules. A pack animal carried our provisions, with a coffee pot and-kettle, and three or four tin cups. Every man had a blanket strapped over his saddle, to serve for his bed, and the instruments were carrieq. by turns on their backs, tered directly on rough and rocky ground ; and, just after ‘crossing the "ridge, had the good fortune to shoot an antel ope. We heard the roar, and had a glimpse of a waterfall as we rode along; and, crossing in our way “two fine streams, tributary to the Colorado, in about: two hours’ ride we ‘reached the top of the first row or range of the monats Here, again, a view of the most romantic beauty. met our eyes. It seemed as if, from .. the vast expanse of uninteresting prairie we had passed ret, Nature had collected all her beauties together in one chosen place. We were over- looking a deep valley » which was entirely occupied by three lakes, and from the brink the surrounding ridges rose precipitously five hundred and a thousand feet, covered With the dark green of thalibeticen pine, relieved of the border of the lake with.the light foliage of the aspen. They all communicated with each other; and the green : of the waters, common to” © mountain lakes of great depth, showed that it would be im mpossible to cross them, The surprise manifested by our.guides when these impassable \ barred progress proved that the isan she ~ margin to the southern extre: ae: ! lar frag- of rock sometimes afforded ath way for our mules, but Lb at sad serene uP, ata ‘odor of the pines; and of breathing that mountain i & = . - = Me [174 J liant bloom. We reached the outletvat'length, aad some freshly barked willows that lay in the wa oe eect that_beaver had been recently at work. Sees Eng yea n squirrels jumping about in oo pines, and 2 larc aks swimming about‘4n the st n end _were low, and the lake Vb kad hké a ode i ittle inland; aed, passing through groves of aspen, soon i bate aga among the pines. . Emerging orn these, we stragk she edge: above the upper-end of the la re had: / avery elevated point; and in tie alee below and mong the ‘hills, were a numberof lakes at different levels; some two or ditee hundred feet above others, with which they inuites nied by foam- ing torrents. Even to our great height, the roar of the cataracis came up, and we could seé them de* ine ‘down in lines of snowy fo oam. From this este of ee Bo ne we turned abruptly into the? stillness of a forest, where we rode mong the open bolls Of the pines, over a lawn of ¥ erdant. pass, ing. ‘stikivaly the air of cultivated grounds. . This led us, after me 1g masses of rock whielt had no vegetable ae but in hollows and cribs: though still the pine forest continued. Toward e ing, we Sechat 2 defile, or rather a hole in the mountains, dalirelt shut in by dark pil ered rocks. ti with a denis Peidie, whe ree flowed through a i of. perhaps eighty yards width, where the grass was saturated ee é our biyonac in the pines. The ees ae bers swpper- was being _ prepare’. I set o sion ih the nei ee one y ove of my men. vines until is. tichly repaid or ou le ta. ae of them in fall bloom ing ; we saw that the little ae ihn w h e lay communicated rt be Soe en valley of some : pe u ‘ eagle ie away to the south, ookin 7 gradual slope, direc : we approached ange. Please haart down Our. table ‘sekv: and clean r which, from long consultation as e the highest of the fine a pecs ie the next day, we to the camp, Where we a ieee just in time for supper. ice was. rather. scant; pt we h el the meat in our h The oe ong _-ourlong Journ ~ the camp. of this evenin us; the little jle throug ich we _ pines where we slept; ai the. rocks om a with: ‘the pres ‘of our fires, ight picture of very wild. beauty 13.—The morning was bight and pleasant, j just cool enough =e eS * es coats ‘ [ 174 J * 66 7 s--* o make exercise agreeable, and we’soon entered the defile I Had seen the preceding day. It was smoothly carpeted with a soft grass, and scattered over with groups of flowers, of which yellow was the predominant color. Sometimes we were forced by an occasional difficult pass, to. ne our way on a narrow ledge along the side of the defile, and the ‘m les were fre- quently on their knees; but t these obstru tions ere €j on in the sweet morning air,¢ delighted at our good such a beautiful. entrance to the mountains. “This. r three miles, when we suddenly reached its term views which, at every turn, meet. the traveller 1 where, in a little lake, the stream had its source. — There were some Ene asters in bloom, but allthe fi ed to seek the shelter of the rocks, and tobe of lower or as if they loyed the warmth of the soil, and kept oe of winds, Immediately at our feet ay precipitous descent ke of defiles, and si us rose thetagums: as we h in the annexed view. It is not by‘t ndor. have lent sucha wey to the Alps, tet these impr gigantic disordet of enormous masses, anda savage rocks, i in wonderful contrast. with innumerable green. spots of beauty, ‘lie up in. their stern TeCeSSes.. a wildne ss seems ry age charge ort — and blankets. € took with us_ ee io nents, and, a8 the “ae had become. warm, the e gre Havine made an early dinner, we eo ted-ag: i the Pp rising but little. The first ridge great fatigue and diffieulty, we | h to make an eqttal descent-on the were filled with small deep lak ry dire ak from one level to atiotler, sometimes ‘under bedeas fortted oe “huge fragments of granite, se which was heard the roar-of the water. These constantly obstructed our path, forcing us to make : i obliged. to. noth ee our psy and, Senuentlye fal oc Max ated ‘the face: re was | ‘himself from going over 4 st clambered on aay ie aroimd ie lake, which had°in ie bee a others was bound with roeks, over which the * ,a8 the water from innumerable springs : we Hs Saal - ile ay mi: a nati A &. a VIEW OF THE WIND RIVER MOUNTAINS. ‘ iS tony = Sa at ara m r ae seg ih ba = * 67 Um] ‘trunks of fallen pines afforded us bright fires, Néar by was a foamin gter- — oa fethickty he little lake about one by was geoainaes and which, by rh of die to we have Called Island lake. We h ad teach per limit of the piney region ; “as, above this point, mu ‘the no tree was to be seen, afid patches of suow .lay every where around tis on the’ cold sides of the rocks. The flora of the region we had traversed since Jeaving our mules was extremely rich, and, among the characteristielplants, the ‘scarlet flowers of the dodecatheon dentatum every where met the eye ‘in great abundance. A small green ravine, on the edge of which we were *. en eae was filled with a profusion of alpine plants in brilliant bloom. rom barometrical observations, made during our three days’ sojourn. at ‘this place, its elevation above the Gulf of Max y the day, we had seen no sign of animal life; as ‘supposed to be the bleat of a heard what w _ed for w ctivity, and found to.proceed from a small animal of a ay pines goat, which we search- ith hungry a » JMOgray: soloe ah short ears and no tail—probably the Siberian squirrel. We me ae saw @ Considetable number of them, and, witht the exception of a small.bird like a harrow it is.the only inhabitant of this elevated part of the moua- ‘tains. On our return, we saw, below this lake, large flocks of the mountain goat. We had nothing to eat to- night. - Lajeunesse} with several others, hei s, and Sallied. reh o “fal. “At ‘sunset, the barometer stood at 20.522; “the attached thermometer 50°, Here we had the misfortune to break our thermometer, haying now only that attached to the barometer. I was taker ill shortly after we had encamped, and continued so until late in the night, with violent headache and vomiting., This was probably caused by the excessive fatigue Lhad under oe and want of food, and perhaps, also, in same measure, by the ayia Eth vie The nt cht was cold, as a violent gale € from the north had sprung up at stinset, hich entirely blew away the “heat of the fires. TH cold, and our cece beds, had not been favorable to sleep, and we were . glad to see ed of the’sun inthe morning. Not being delayed by any pre breakfast, we set ou ut immediately. ie e as. we adva need was h heard the roar of waters, abl ofa we foll di guide int ably to his advice, we left this little s Galley, and took to the ridges again ; biol we found extremely broken, and where we were agaim involved @mong precipices. Here were ice fields; among which we were all dispersed, Seeking each the bes . to ascend eak. . Mr.°Preuss attempted to walk along the upper edge of one of these fiel@&, which sloped away at an angle of about twenty degrees; but his feet slipped from under him, and he went plunging down the plane. _A few ea feet below, at the bottom, were some fragments of sharp rock, su landed; and.though he turned a couple of somersets, fortunately wiived no injury beyond a 1 few bruises. Two of the men, Clement Lam- bert and Dennen been. taken ill, and lay — on the rocks a skort | nd at this point I hte day et i nt . : @ gap iatae him to reach the peak, if pos- He found himself unable.to proceed oe headache and giddi- Finding myself t un- ee = [ 174]. * 68 a fame in that direction, and took an observation, where ‘the wicca t 19.401; attached thermometer 50°, in the, gap. Carson, who had gone avee to him, succeeded i in reaching one of the snowy summitS of the main ridge, w whence he saw the peak towards which alkour efforts had been di- rected, towering eight or ten hundred feet into the air above him. In-th mean age finding myself grow rather-worse than better, and doubtful how far trength would carry me, I sent posts Payeungees ans four men, heck: to athe places where the mules had been left. We were now betteracquainted with the topography oft: co ,and I directed him to bring back with hiny if it were in any way eae = or five mules, with Peewee and blankets. With me were Maxw Ayer; ‘and aftee we had remained nearly an hour on the-roek, it selleise ab $0 unpleasantly cold, though the day was bright, that we set out on our return to the camp, at whiclt we all arrived safely, straggling in one after the other. I continued all during the afiernoon, but became better towards sundown, when my recovery was completed by the appearance of Basil and four men, all mounted. The men who had gone with him had been too maith fatigued. to return, and were relieved by those in charge of the horses; ue in his. powers of dritiranee Basil resembled more-a mountain goat tha “man. They brought blankets and provisions, and we enjoyed well our dried meat aud a cup of good-coffee. We rolled ourselves up in our blankets, and, with our feet tamed toa mired fire, slept sonndly until morning duegust 15 .—It had been supposed that we had finished with the moun- 3 and the évening Rotors: it had been arranged he Carson should set “out at daylight, and return to breakfast at the Camp. of the Mules, taking with him all but four or five men, who were to stay with me and bring ba back the mules and“ustguments. Accordingly, at the break of day ets set out. _ With Mr. Preuss and myself remained Basil Lajeunesse, Clément La “Janisse, and Descoteaux. When we had secured strength’ for the day b a hearty breakfast, wé covered what remained, which v was enou sh for meal, with rocks; in order that it might be safe from any | and, saddling our mules, turned our faces once more t eaks, This time we-determined to proceed quietly and aed Aes resolved to accomplish our object if it were within the compass of human — s. We were of opi niont that a long defile which lay to the Jeft of yeés- terday’s route would lead us te foot of the main peak. Our nitles had ‘beet refreshed by the fine cf in the li ttle Javine - the Island eamp, and we intended to ridenp the defile as far as ,in order t o husband our “strength. for the main ascent.” “Phongh this fine} ; . a defile of the most rugged moi 1 A A a rough and ner slippery place fo cross e Teaching 't the ond Ta lis place the . rely shone ; snow lay aleng the Border of the small’stream which floinet through ft, and occasional i icy passagesmade the footing of the Hiftes pice words and the ¢ and ground ve moist withthe triekling rs in. this s Spring of ‘mighty rivers. We soon had the satisfaction ‘to eles es riding’ along the huge wall whit fora the central sammits n. ‘Phere at last it rose st pawige sae y Perpendicular w ‘all a tit above our head: Ai 69 {174 J diameter, and apparently very deep. These lay in a kind of © ‘chasm ; and, et accorditig to the barometer, we had attained but a few hundred feet above the Island ps Se The barometer-here Stood at 20. 450, attached thermome- ter. 70°. : _We e manay ab get our oa up to a little bench A a hundred feet above the Pres: Where there was a patch of good grass, and turned them loose to graze. During our rough ride to this place, they had exhibited a wonder surelDotedness Parts of the defile were filled with angular, arp fragments.of rock, three or four and eight or ten feetcube; and aniong- ‘ese they had asa their way, leaping from one narrow point to another, rarely making a false step, and giving tis no occasion to dismount. Having divested ourselves of every unnecessary encumbrance, we commenced the ascent: » This | time, like experienced travellers, we did not press ours stlves, but climbed leisurely, sitting down so soon as we found breath beginning: to fail, _ At intervals we reached places where a number of springs gushed from the rocks, arid about 1,800 feet aboye the lakes came to the snow line. From this 3 point our progress was uninterrupted climbing. Hitherto I had worn a L pair of thick moccasins, with soles of par fléche; abut here I put on hin vhich I had brought for the purpose, as nowsthe use of came n ary to a fyrther advance. Lavailed yself of a sort the mountain, which stood against the wall like a buttress, and com of | whith, the wind and the solar radiation, joined to the steepness of the smooth ae had kept almost entirely free from snow. Up this mademy w rapi idly. Our cautious method of advancing in the outset had spared my strength; and, with the exception of a slight disposition to headache, I felt no remains of ‘yesterday’ s illness. Ina few minutes we reached a ‘point the buttress was overhanging, and there was no other way of su gene difficulty than by passing around*one side of it, which — e of a vertical precipice c af saver, hundred feet. t ~ hands and feet in es between the blocks, I sucegeded ov er ep ands when I odes the top, found my companions ina Descending to them, we copinnes climbing, and in I sprang upon ae the. 2 it, and another uld have precipitated me inte an in now field five hundred | o the edge’ ofthis field was or i precipice ; and then, a a eet ‘ale he field lena off for about a wt Ba until it struck the foot of another lower ridge. I stood on a narrow crest, about three feet in width, with an inclination of about 20° N. 51° E. Assoon as I had grafi- fied the first feelings of curiosity, I descended, and each man ascended in his turn; for I would only allow one at a time to mount the unstable and precarious slab, which it seemed a breath would hurl into the abyss below. We mounted the barometer in the snow of the summit,and, fi xing a ramrod in a faved belor ages the national as to wave pp ue breeze where nevet g wave ; but while bee (6romus, the humble dee) came ‘alley. and lit on the kr ee of one of the = . ht c i la , 70 * fhwss a strange place, the icy rock and the Hibhestibale of the Rocky - mountains, for a Jover of warm sunshine and flowers ; and we pleased our- a selves with the idea that he was the first of his species to cross the motintain * barrier—a. Slitary pioneer to foretell thé advance of ‘civilization. I believe that a moment’s thought wonld have made us let him continue his way un- harmed; but we carried out the law of this ‘country, where all animated na- ture seems at, war; and, seizing himeimmediately, put him-in at least a fit place—in the leaves of a large book, among the flowers, we ollected on our way. Thetbarometer stood at 18.293, the attached thert bee at 44°; giving for the elevation of this summit 13 3570 feet above | ‘the Gulf of © Mexico, which may be called the highest flight of the bee. — It is certainly the highest known flight of that insect. From the description given by - Mackenzie of the mountains where he crossed pon, with that of a French Officer still farther to the north, and Colonel Long’s measurements to the south, joined to the opinion of the oldést traders of the country, it is pre- de, that this is the highest peakof the Rocky mountains. _The day was. any and bright, i. a slight shining mist hung over the lower. ss. which interfered with our view of the surrounding country. On ones ‘we ot eee lakes and streams, the spring of the Colas of the Gulf of California ; and on the other was the Wind river valley, where ° were the heads of the Yellowstone branch.of the Missouri ; far to the north, discover the snowy heads ° ‘the Trois Tetons, where were s of the Missouri and Columbia rivers; and at the southern ex--- tremity of the. ridge, the peaks were plainly visible, among whi ch were some of the springs of the Nebraska or Platte river. Around us,the whole scene ‘had. one main striking feature, which was that of terrible convulsion. Parallel to its length, the ridge was splitinto chasms and fissures; mee etween Islan@lake. According to the barometer, the we stood was three thousand five hundred ee seventy feet dbove that and two thousand seven hundred and eighty above the little Takes at the: ~ bottom, immediately at our feet. Our camp at the Two Hills (an astro- — op bore south 3° east, which, with a bearing afterward ob- a fixed position, Ghabled us sy locate. the peak. The bearing of the Trois Tetons was north 50° west, and the es we ae ee ridge of the Wind river mountains. south ae a + 4 G as. most astananeciige Having how made wit observations our ‘mea ans mplished. an obje tion, and beyond the ee gran ‘ ur inst Tu athe loftiest peak of the. Rocky a thousand feet below, tu; cleiding “which rose the thin lefty walls » terminated with slender minarets s and columns, which is correctly reptesented in in-t v fr : ° en oe CENTRAL CHAIN OF THE WIND RI "ER MOUNTAINS - Pe a » e- % & -. 155 [174 ect towegain our party as. soon as'possible, no wing what acc he next hour et forth -° pe We reached our deposite” of. ptovisions at nightfall» Here was not thet : its the tired traveller on his return from Mont Blane, of the. ith America, with their refreshing juicesand soft fra-. ope our little cache of dried meat and coffee ee tindiss) le was bright, the road was full of prac piot, and Been great We therefore abandoned the idea ~ _and lay down on the Tock, and, in spite of the — ug ust 1 16.—We left our ores th the dayl light. We saw on. nu pies the attempt any farts ri on over which: we. travelled ne, mor was ure ne AL nificent s sie conatitute the fes atures of the rlagh.x impress them- _ tole eieaty on the mind of the traveller. It was not until i o’clock.that we reached the place where our animals had been left, when we first at- ountains ‘ foot.. Near one of the still burning fires: we f meat, which our friends had thrown a which irnis nouth: mp4 very scanty breakfast. We continued directly , andre d our camp on the mountain lake at dusk. We found all yell _ Nothing had occurred .to interrupt the quiet since our.departure;, nd t nd good cool water had don 0 ta to Papome remedy v: a signin cant Dr. Eas gel rs at St. Louis,to which m re referred ; but it had done ell, and my o shoes were mainly falfilled. ’ ug Ke left our eamp on Little Sandy river aba 7 in the morning, and, traversed the same ewe undulating country. _ — aaa filled with the turpentine scent of the various ei, i ai in prick siieg numerous as they are, gies 9 ira gayety to Be apiweaps hae t 10 o’clock, on the divide in the pass, 1e sly upon the Sweet ae ‘The latitude was p74]. 72 — of thé custom of early travellers and explorers i in our-country, on this rock of the Far West a symbol of the Christian faith. Among the thitkly inscribed names, I made on the hard granite the im- pression of a large cross, which I covered with a black preparation of India rubber, well calculated to resist the influence of wind and rain. It stands ‘amidst themames of many who have long since ee their way to the _gtave, and for whom the huge rock is a giant gravest One George Weymouthewas sent out to Maine ey the Earl of South- rig Lord Arundel, and others ; and in the narrative of their diseoveries, : “The next day, we ascended in our pinnace secs part of the river which lies mee to the westward, carrying ‘with us a cross—a thin itted by any Christian traveller—which we rete at the ultimate end’of our rowite”’ This was in the year 1605; and in 1842 I obeyed ~ feghne of ke travellers, and left the impression of the cross deeply e graved vast tock one thousand miles .beyond the sditsissippi, to which Bio vas have given the national name of Rock Independence. In obedience to my instructions to survey the river Platte, if possible, I had determined to make an attempt at this place. The India-rubber boat was filled with @ir, placed in the water, and loaded with what was neces- sary for our operations; and I embarked» with Mr. Preuss anda party of men. When we had dragged our boat foy a mile or two over the sands, I abandoned the intiponeiti undertaking, and waited forthe arrival of the party, when we packed up our oa and equipage, and at 9 o’clock were ain moving along on our ‘land jo journey. We continued along the valley on the right bank of the Sweet Water, where the formation, as already de- scribed, consists of a grayish micaceous sandstone, and fine-grained con- glomerate, and marl. We passed over a ridge which borders or constitutes the river hills of the Platte, consisting of huge blocks, sixty or eighty feet cube, of decomposing granite. The cement which united them was proba- bly of easier decomposition, and has disappeared and left them isolate, Tet ye aan ie small spaces. anerivl horns of the mountain goat were po dogg Ae here aA along in a ang and srpareni esp nd. 1 had directed the land party, in charge of Bernie, to Sprayed to this place, where they were to remain, should they. * them of our having passed. In the event of ree: this information, they were.to continue their route, passing by certain places which had been designated. Mr. Preuss accompanied me, and .with us were five of my. best men, viz: C. Lambert, Basil Lajeunesse, Honor Ayot, Benoist,and: — awe prot no scarcity.of water, and we took on board, with various instruz sand baggage, provisions for ten or twelve days. wi at et rapidly, for onr little eraft was light asa duck ‘ hadsbeensome time risen, when we heard before = supposed to be that of a fall, of which we had hose exact locality no ene had been able to de- nagar —_—- which the river passes pertbe tc us. We were appro .- [174 J ing a piece of artillery, the barrel of a gun, or any kin tube ; and which, in this country, has been adopted to describesthe passage ofa river between perpendicular rocks of great height, which frequently approach dge was of the same decomposing — “the water had worked the surface, in many places, into a wavy surface of ridges and holes. We.ascended the rocks to reconnoitre the ground, and lieved would conduct him safely to the Missouri, he came unex diy into this cafion, where he was.wrecked, with the total loss of his furs. It would have been a work of great time and laborto pack our baggage across the _ridge, and I determined to run the cafion. We all again embarked, and at first attempted to check the way of the boat ; but the water swept through with so much violence that we narrowly escaped being swamped, and were obliged:to let her go in the full force of the current, and-trust to the skill of the boatmen. The dangerous places in this cafion. were where huge Tocks - had fallen from above, and- hemmed in the already narrow pass of the river to an open space.of three or four and five feet. _ These obstructions raised the water considerably above, which wassometimes precipitated over in a fall ; and at other places, where this dam was too high, rushed through ahe contracted opening with tremendous violence. Had our boat been made of wood, in passing the narrows she would have been staved; but her elasticity preserved her fi y shock, and she seemed fairly three cataracts in-succession, where, perhaps 100 + and, finally, with a shout of pleasure at yond. We were confident in her - In this way we 2d thre -.feet of smooth water intervened “our success, issued from our tunnel into the open day be lighted with the performance of* our boat, and so ie ' put the men with the rope on the succeeding wis PC [ Wk J, ; pomers, that we would not have hesitated to leap a fall of ten feet-with her. We put to shore for breakfast, at.some willows on the right-bank, immedi- ately below the mouth.of the cafion ; for it wasnow 8,o’elock, and we had been working since laylight, and were all wet, fatigued, and — While the men were preparing breakfast, I went out to reconnoitre. view was very limited. The course of thet river, was smooth,-so far as T could see; on both sides were broken hills; and but.a mile or two below was another high ridge. The rock at the mouth of theeafon was still the decomposing granite, with great..quantities of mica, which. made avery glittering sand We re-embarked at 9.0’clock, and in about twenty minutes soeblade the: next cahon. Landing on a roc cky shore at its commencement, we ascended: the ridge to reconnoiire. . Portage was out of the question. So far as we could see, the jagged rocks pointed out the course of the cafion, ona wind- ing line of seven or eight miles. . It was simply a narrow, dark chasm: in. the rock ; and here the.perpendicular faces were much-higher than in the: previous ‘pass, being at this end two to three hundred, and further eae we afterwards ascertained, five hundred feet in vertical height. vious success had made us bold, and we determined again to run the cafion.. Every thing was secured as firmly as possible ;.and havin fasosies as selves of the greater part of our clothing, we pushed into i save our chronometer from aceident, Mr. Preuss took it, and atidtopted es pretest along the shore on the masses of, rock, which in places were piled on.either side ; but, after he had walked about.five minutes, every thing like shore disappeared, and the vertical wall came squarely down.into the: water. He therefore waited until we came up. An ugly pass lay before us We had made fast. tothe stern of the boat.a strong rope about fifty feet longs: and three of the men clambered along among the rocks, and with this rope. let her down slowly through the pass. Inseveral places high rocks lay scat-. tered about in the channel; and in the narrows it required all our strength: and skill.to avoid staving the boat onthe sharp points. In one of these, the beat proved a little too broad, and stuck fast for an instant, while the water flew over'us; fortunately, it was but for an instant, as our united strength. found her immediately through. The water swept, overboard only a sextant: a pair of saddlebags. I caught the nexiens 3 it passed by me; but the ssediabems: became the. prey.of the whirlpools. We reached the place where Mr. Preuss was standing, took him on board, Ems with they a of the boat, ere We found gt is passage much worse than the previous one,and our siti tion w : a bad, one. “To go back; was impossible; before.ts, he cataract was a sheet of sack >and shut up in the chasm by the roc cks, which, in some Eee seemed. | st to meet overhead, the roar of the wate er was deafen pa 9 again ; b ats after making a little distance, the force of the a became. athe men on shore, and two of them let go the rope: Lajeunesse,. the third man, hung on, and was jerked headforemost inte the river from a» rock about twelve feet high; and down the boat shot like an rapste Basil. following us im the rapid eurrent, and exerting all his strength toskeep in) mid channel his head ad only seen occasionally like a black spot in the white- oam. How far Smanieksio. oi ¢ xactly know ; but we succeeded in turn- ing the boat info ae — eddy below... ©’ Cré Dieu,’ said Basi. Lajeunesse, as: he arrived immedi ean er : erois bien cuez’ si nagé un demi mile.”’ vs He had.owed his life ‘his as @ swimmer, “an I determined t+ take * ‘ "5 ria y - him andthe two others on board, and trust to skill and fortune to reach the other end in safety. We placed ‘ourselves on our knees, with nat ay paddles in our hands, te. most skilful boatman at the bo nd again we commenced our rapid descent. We cleared rock after ik, and shot past fall after fall, ¢ our little boat seeming to play* with the cataract. We became flushed with success, and familiar with the danger; and, yield- ing to the excitement of the occasion, broke forth together into a Canadian boat song. Singing, or rather shouting, we dashed along; and ma believe, in the midst of the chorus, when the boat struck a concealed rock immediately at the foot of a fall, which whirled her over in an instant. ree of my men could not swim, and my first feeling was to assist them, and: save some of our effects; but a sharp coneussion or two convinced me that I had not yet saved myself. A few strokes brought me into an eddy, and I ona pileof rockson the left side. Looking around, I'saw that » Mr, Preuss had gained the shore on the same side, about twenty yards below ; and a little climbing and swimming soon brought him to my side. On the opposite side, against the wall, lay the boat bottom up; and Lambert. was in the act of saving. Descoteaux, whom he had grasped by the hair, and who <—_ = swim ; “Lache pas,” said he, as I afterward learned, “ lache pas, ch ere..”? * Crains Re. e was the reply, “Je m’en vais mourir eiaeki ~ de te lacher.”’ Such was the reply of” ottaee ‘and generosity in this danger. For a hundred yards below, the current was cov- ered with floating books and boxes, bales of blankets, and scattered articles” of clothing; and so strong and boiling was the stream, that even our heavy - instruments, which were all in cases, “kept on the surfaces and the sextant, circle, and the long black box of the telescope, were in view at once. For a moment, I felt somewhat disheartened. All our books—almost every _ record of the journey—our journals and registers of astfone ties! and bar-* ometrieal observatio tions—had been lo lost ina moment. But it was no time to m the wreck, Meany ourselves ‘understood as well as al ible by could be heard in the roar of eorns 8.) commenced our e-only article that had b aii. las a short time, he was joined ‘by Lambert ; a bipme: cao nti ae sous panties aut ¢ nio8y plang pire shops! s the agian»: In addition to these, we atcen the circle; and these, with a few lances, constituted every thing that had been resctied from the waters. _ The day was running rapidly away, and it was necessary to reach Goat iiiaha, whither the party had preceded us, before night. In this uncertain country, the traveller is so much in the power of chance, that we became somewhat uneasy in regard to them. Should any thing: ‘ha ave occurred, in the brief, interval of our separation, to prevent our rejoining them, our sit ation would be rather adesperateone. We had nota morsel of provisions— our arms. and ammunition were gone—and we were entirely atthe mercy of any straggling party of savages, and not a little in danger of starvation. We therefore setout at once in two parties. Mr. Preuss and myself.on the left, ax be. ceron the opposite side of the river. Climbing out of the. on urselves in a very broken couatry, where we were not. canon,’ yet abla’ta eas any locality. In the course of our descent through ~ the cafion, the rock, which at the upper end was of the decomposing granite, changed | into a varied sandstone formation. The hills and points of the were covered with fragments of a ‘yellow. sandstone, of which the. ° strata were sometimes displayed in the broken ravines which interrupted our course, ind made our r walk extremely. fatiguing. At one point of the cafion the red argillaceous sandstone rose in a wall of five hundred feet, surmounted by a stratum of white sandstone ; and in an opposite ravine a column of red sandstone rose, in form like a steeple, about one hundred and _ fifty feethigh. The scenery was extremely ue, ond, petmshstalde. ing our forlorn. congsion, we were frequently chlcat a stop admire it. Our pr w t very rapid. We had emerged oa ‘the water ater half a and, on Sages at the top of the precipice, I found myself with h only. ae? one moccasin. The he frag gments of rock made walking painful, andI was fre- quently abled 2 to stop oe pull out the thorns of the cactus, here the: _ vailing: plant, and with which a few minutes’ walk covered the bottom of my feet. . oa this ridge the river emerged into a smiling prairie, and, de-— scent ank for water, we were. joined ey Benoist.. The rest of. | party ; oe afer of sight, having taken a more inland route. - We —— the river repeatedly—sometimes able to ford it, and sometimes SW Laas over the ridges of two more cafions, and towards evening rea hich we here named the Hot Spring gate. On our Pression not entered tie hander it our descent. in the ing, Mr, Pre euss wasa Bes ring gus eo m the rock, a pein er, he threw hitisself aoa for raugh ca mouthful of water nine boiling hot. He psy " ing: to Be-. d himself dow to drink ; er the steam from the water aciuet cae, t. . We had nothermometer uture, but Teould hold-n my hand i in the water just jong, . seconds. There are eight or ten of these springs, dis- ms large enoggh to be calledrans. At tock, d 17 | [ £749 had already arrived. A shout from | the mar i-who first reached ihéflog of the ridge, resp ded to from belo nformed. us that our Friends, were all on the island sand we were soon ‘aio ong t thei We found so ape buffalo mu on around the fire for us,and managed to get some 5 les among the people. A sudden storm of rain drove us into the best shelier we could find, Where we slept soundly, after one of the most ‘fatig uing days Ihave ever experienced. August 25.—Early this morning Lajeanesse was sent to thie the articles which had been saved, and about noon we left the island. mare which we had left here in July had much improved in condition. and she served us svell again for some Or wut s finally abandoned. at a subsequent part of the journey. At 10 Prtiis of the 26th we ah Cache camp, where we found ev a ling undisturbed. We disin- rred our het ae arranged our ¢arts which had been left here on the ete | travelling a few miles in nthe afternoon, encamped for the nigh Ret ford of the Platie.*_ + ~ August 27,.—At ae he oak at the place where we ak iaken @ ner on the 27th of. oe which, when we passed up, nai s if the hard winte | iad passed over jae now epiteseat a new ess en to it by the late rains. ex wily Tow aes 2 pene fof water among the ae ; ached. La fanioatort on the last day of August, after-an ¢ sence of f forty fateo days, and had the pleasure _ to find our friends all well. Phe fortieth ng had been fixed for our return; and the quick eyes of oot Indiaus, td Aas on the lookout for us, discovered our flag as we wound a piel the hills. The fort saluted us with repeated discharges of its single 4 shich: we salen gan scattered volleys of our small arms, and felt sil: geiting back. to this remote Station, ei, ide adieu. to our kind fiends th ide. ied. ourselves in im- is survey cf the river; eis atte weather was fine, vations were generally made atnight and atnoon. short time on the afternoon of the 5th with a village of © ndians, some of whose chiefs we had met at Laramie. The water ie Platte” was as extremely low; in many laces, the | exp: , With some oecasighal stunted —s on the Se the bed y a f dis 3 78 sonable.addition to Our stockof provisions, At this place I had deterniined to make another attempt to descend the Platte by ‘Water, oe accordingly spent two days in the construction:of a bull-boat. Men w t on the evening of our arrival, the necessary number of baile | killed, and their skins brought to the camp. Four of the best of them were strongly” sewed together with buffalo sinew, and stretched over a basket frame of willow. The seams were then covered. with ashes.and tallow, and the boat left éx- posed to the-sun for the greater part of one«day, which was sufficient to dry and contract the skin, and make the whole. work solid and strong. © It -had a rounded bow, was eight feet long and five broad, and drew with four men about four inches water. On the morning of ihe 1éth we em- barked in our. hide hoat, Mr. Preuss.and myself, with two™ dra er over the sands for three or four miles, and then left heron a bar, and abandoned entirely all further attempts to navigate this river. The stream—* the Nebraska, or Shallow nae 2? Walkin ng stony the remain- der of the day, a little before dark we overtook our people’at thei r even- ing camp, about twenty-one miles below thé junction... The next morning we crossed the Platte, and continued our way down the river bottom on the left bank, where we found an excellent plainly beaten road. Ou the 18th we reached Grand island, whiclris fifty-two miles long, with ai average breadth of one mile and three-quarters. Ithas on it some ‘small excellent soil, and recommends itself to notice as nag best: point for eli tary. position on the Lower Platte. err: On the 22d we arrived at the-village of-the Geand Pawnees, on the: Faget bank of the river, about thirty miles above the mouth of the Loup fork. They were gathering intheir €orn, and we obtained from them a ace a come supply of: vegetables. The morning.ef the 24th w% reached the aw fork of vie Platte. At the place where we forded it, this stream was four hundred and thirty -yards broad, with a swift current of clear water ; ; in this respect, differing from the Platte, which has a yellow muddy» color, derived from the lime- “stone and marl formation, of which we have previously spoken. The ford “was difficult, as the water was so deep that it came into the body of the carts, and we reached. the opposite bank after repeated attempts, ascending _ and descending the bed of the river in order to avail ourselves.of at bars. % doe eucamped on the left bank of the. fork,.in the point of I “tion with the Platte. During the two days that we re mical observations, the bad weather permitted us to sea servation for the latitu de—a meridian altitude of ol Vie which days peemetsy:| I had sent forward C. Pauibe with two men, ith di ee from Mr.P, serpy the id oth in charge 79 aa J trable. ee te. on the oe bank of be Bae in the point-of lava at its confi lee with the e Miss —three e hun red Band. fifteen miles, according Te ny i junctio ie; . 1e. junction we had tid tiie ed Bf ay Platte *oceupied wah nu- nds, many of them very darge, and all weil mbered ; spossess- ll as-the, bottom lands of the river, a very excellent soil. Wi without timber. A portion of aoe consist of low soul: covered with a profusion of fine grasses, the remaining part is high ni river the floods, iy breadt th o ) readth, from shore to shore, of the valley, with the various ac- d whatever I = thought interest- esta FPA died a wide, a at at the wot auieats on the op- we ibis ak Sarpy’s 3 in security and comfort . re of bein® again within eo pale of civilizat boat onthe stocks ; a few«days sufficed to ome ternoon of the 4th, we embarked on the Missouri. All our ~anpeae > horses, ree the materiel of the camp—had been sold at public aue- i . Bellevue... The ante me my party enabled me to man the boat ed every h 5 and we descefided rapidly. Early-on halted to make-some astronomical observa- 'S, exacilSfoar- months since we had left n Chouteau, on the same river, ten miles spe, we hat em in s issouri, maki ‘il with other re- nd in the a pendices ‘which. aecetipany this report. At et of our remaining effects was made; and, leaving that en on the 18th; I had a honor ‘to: ce: 2h to. you at the city y by st or W sshington on the 29th of Octobe forks, and five hundred and - > CATALOGUE OF PLANTS BY LIEUTENANT FREMONT, sed IN BIS EXPEDITION TO THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. Bese sats BY JOHN TORREY, PREFACE, The collection of plants submitied to me for examination, setugha/sindosiatladiigglidtaadl circumstances, is a very interesting contribution to North American botany. From thé mouth of the Kansas river to the ‘* Red Buttes,” on the North fork of the Platte, the transportation was effected in carts; but from:that place to and from the mountains, the explorations were made on horseback, and by such rapid movements, (which were necessary, in order to accomplish the objeets ee ae drying botanical speei- Indians, Hae oe To give some general idea of the sinlens explored by Lieutenant Frémont, I recapitulate, from his repoit, a brief sketch of his route. Piseapediieg Et thadabutest the Kansas on the 10th of June, 1842; and, proceeding up that river al continued its course generally along the «* bottoms” of the Kansas tributaries, but over the upper prairies. The soil of the river bottoms is always rich, and generally well timbered ; though the whole region is what is called a prairie country. The upper prairies immense deposite of sand and gravel, covered with a good, and, very generally, a rich soil. aint the road, on reaching the little stream called Sandy creek, (a tributary of the Kansas,) the soil became more sandy. ‘The rock formations of this region are limestone and sandstone. The amorpha canescens was the characteristic plant ; it being in many places as abundant as the grass. Cm, biltie Crossing over from the waters of the Kansas, Lieutenant Frémont arrived at the Great Platte, two hundred and ten miles from its junction with the ae: The valley of this river, from its mouth to the great fork be dt dred and fifteen miles long. It iar vidle; neti titebaeeds snk copmab-nishkbecddentintein: ‘Tegan Seirsesentiodazandedewedl asters, were here conspicuous features of the vegetation. I was pleased to recognise, among the specimens collected near the forks, the fine large-flowered asclepias, that I described many years ago-in my account of James’s Rocky Mountain Plants, under the name of A. speciosa, and which Mr. Geyer also found in Nicollet’s expedition. It seems to be the plant —— described and figured by Sir W. Hooker, under the name of A. Douglasii. On. the Lower Platte; and-all the -way to the Sweet Water, the showy cleome inéegrifolia oceurred in sie te From the Forks to Laramie river, a distance of about two hundred. miles, the country may be called a sandy one. The valley of the North fork is without timber ; but the grasses are fine, and the herbaceous plants abundant. On the return of the expedition Lim mi Reptember, ideuienent Rpimnnt soys the whole eountry resembled a vast garden ; but th poe eng Dotuiam, the sani: Salles livia Platte, fom the junto, as hgh wp as Laramie the formation consisted sandstone. the and then occurred: at intervals to the Sweet: Water river. ‘Following up the North fork, Lieutenant Frémont.arrived at the mouth of the Sweet Water river, one of the head waters of the Platte. aie” fi ck to tl pe the soil is generally y sandy, The rocks consist. of limestone, andstones, i eeaeememans eater) vik eng shine [ 174 J 84 The route ‘ious the North fork of the Platte afforded some of the best plants in the collection. The senecio rapifolia, Nutt., samba in sesee pee. quite to the Pet Aca a —— ifolia Torr. in James’s plants, Dr. J _ vifolius, Nutt. ; eriegonum parse Sa and cespitosum, Nutt.; shepherd argentea, ‘Natt, and geranium Fremontti, a new species, (near the Red Buttes, ) were found in this part of the _joumey. In saline soils, on the Upper . Platte, near the mouth of the Sweet Water, were collected "several Sage RR one of which was first discovered by Dr. James, in Long’s m ; and although it was considered as a new genus, I did not describe it, owing to the want of ; ae us variety. With the preceding. July 2. P. fered far (Pan } (no flowers. ) Forks of the Platte. September 12. ~ Petalostemon vi a; (Michx.) Big Blue river of the Kansas, &c. June 21. P. candidum, (Michx.) Red Buttes. July 29 Sruticosa, (inn. ) From the Lower Platt to the mountains. August 8, September 19, and I : 19, Sei te aber 20. pe oy _.- 89 [ 174} Astragalus gracilis, (Nutt.) Forks of the Platte. » July 2. A. moll ssimus, (Torr.) Valley of the Platte. June 29. i — A. hypoglotlis, (Linn. ) Sweet Water of the Platte. August 5. Bas so ta or gen Lamberti, (Pursh.) Big Blue river of the the Kansas to the forks of the Platte. June 0, July 2. Oo. “Plattenss, (Nutt. ?) (no flowers.) Goat island of the Upper Platte. July’ en 4 Phaca astragalina, (DC.) ae summits of the Wind river mountain. _ August - P. elegans, (Hook.\ var.? Goat island of the Upper Platte. July 31. ~ = P. (Orophaca) digitata, n. Sp. cael Sandy river. August 8. P. longifolia, (Nutt. ) et only.) Windtiver mountains. August 12-17. Kentrophyta moutana, (Nutt, Laramie river to the Sweet Water. July 14, August 5, io lettcophyllus, (Lindl. ) Wind river Seccraenang and Sweet Water of the “Platte. “August ) = aes (Dougl.) L. leucopsis, (Agardh. 1 2 With the preceding. Baptisia leucantha, (Torr. and Gr.) Kansas ri Thermopsis montana, (Nutt. )} Sweet Water river. August 5. Cerahis i Wht (Torr. and Gr.) — Upper north fork of the Platte.” “Juty'30. Cercocarpus parvifolius, (Nutt.) Bitter creek, north fork of the Platte. July 22. Purshia tridentata, (DC.) Sweet Water river, &c. August 12, September. Coum Virginianum, (Linn.) Kansas river. June 20. procu inn.) Wind river mountains, near pape snow. August 13-14. Potentilla. gracilis, (Dougl.) With the preceding. P. diversifolia, (Lehm.) Sweet Water of the Platte to the mountains. Sue 4-15." P. sericea, 8 glabrata, (Lehm.) With the preceding. P. fruticosa, (Linn.) With the preceding. P. ansering, (Linn.) Black hills of the Platte. July 26-31. P. arguta, (Pursh.) Little. Blue river of the Kansas, and Black Ills of the Platte. Sune 23, August 28. Rubus strigze, son gi Defies of the Wind ¥ river mountains. August 1 12-17. Rosa blanda, fr Lower - Platte R. foliolosa, (Nutt.) var. acme With the cones ONAGRACE. Bibi coluratum, (Muhl.) - Black hills of the Platte to the Sweet Water river. Aig. 4-3). E. spicatum, (Lam.) From the Red Buttes to the Wind river mountains, August 13-31. Cwwthera albicaulis, (Nutt.) North fork of the Platte. July 14. GE. Missouriensis, (Sims.) Big Blue river of the Kansas. June 19-20. @. trichocalyx, (Nutt. ) North fork of the Platte. July 30. 2 * om a. On the Kansas and Platte. = oe Gi. rhombibetala, (Nutt.) .On the Platte. September 18-20 a ‘. biennis, — } ee to the adele’ Water river. ane 23, Aig 4. So eg G. Drummondii, (Hook. 1) Black hills. rug 26. aos mura eoecinea, (Nutt.) ae nn Sole oom cu of the Pl Sie [ 174 ] 90 LOASACES. % Menizelia nuda, (Torr. and Gr.) North fork of the Platte. July 14, ; GROSSULACE. Ribes cereum, (Lindl.) Sweet. Water of the Platte. August 2-4. R. lacustre, (Poir.) bd Ae “8 leaves deeply lobed. _R. echinatum, (Dougl. ) Per- haps a distinct R. irriguum, dies. With the preceding. -CACTACER. Opuntia Missouriensis, (DC.) Forks of the Platte. July2. | aes CRASSULACES. | Sedum rhodiola, (DC.) Ona lake in Wind river mountains. August 12-17. 1 UMBELLIFERE. ee Heracleum lanatum, (Michx.?) Leaves only. “The leaves are more glabrous than in the ordinary, form of the plant. “Alpine region of the Wind river mountains. Polytenia — (DC.) On the Kansas. June 20. Sium ? incisum, n. sp. Stem sulcate; segments of the leaves distant, deeply incised or pinnatified; hal itver'teatts or divisions often elongated and linear. . North fork of f the Platte. July 12, Edosmia Gardineri, (Torr, and Gr.) eee fruit. ; eee Cicuta maculata, (Linn. .) _Lower Platt Musenium tenuifolium, (Nutt.) acs of the Wind river mountains. Ss CORNACE. Cornus stolonifera, (Michx.) Ona lake in the Wind river mountains. August 12-17. ©. circinata, “oes On the Platte. ‘CAPRIFOLIACE®. Symphoricarpus occidentalis, (R. Brown.) ‘North fork of the Platte. a 10, Angus — 8. vulgaris, (Michx.) “Defiles of the Wind river mountains. August 13- 4 RUBIACEZE. = Galium boreale, (Linn. ) Upper part of the North fork of the Platte. August 12-31, COMPOSIT.&. Por tte 4 Vernonia fasciculata, (Michx.) On the Platte. Bf LTE) genes: pees ecrriens (Willd. } Lower part of the Platte. » cas 27. i illd.) North fork of the Platte. September 4. . enantio a€ L. squarrosa, var. intermedia, (DC.) .A small form of the plant. On.the Platte. LL. punctata, (Hook.) Black hills of the Platte. August 29. Shes, O (Nutt.) North fork of the Platte. Aster integrifolius, (Nutt.) Base of the Wind river mountai A. adscendens, (Lindl.) Wind river mountains. Var. Prenont with the preceding. The aineaenaaon, limits of perpetual snow. Augus' A. levis, rapes eet ins of the Platte. slit . 91 Tt A. oblongifolius, (Nutt.) Lower Platte, &c. A. Novz-Angliz, (Linn.) Listwor' Platte 15 thoSWibasiar mniediadiin. Aug. 18-Sept. 24. A. andinus, (Nutt.) © “Near the snow line of the Wind river mountains. ‘Aug. 16. A. elegans, (Torr. and Gr.) Wind river mountains. A. glaucus, (Torr. and Gr.) ‘With the preceding. D. pulverulenia, (Nutt.) Near D. iin. With the preceding. Canadense, (Linn. ) © On the Platte, from near its mouth to the Red Buttes. “Latter part of September to July 30. E. bellidiastrum, (Nutt.) ‘On the’ Platte. E. macranthum, (Nutt.) “With the preceding. E. glabellum, (Nutt.) With the preceding. < E. strigosum, (Mubl.) With the preceding. Gutierrezia euthamiz, (Torr. and Gr.) Laramie river, Upper North fork of the Platte. Sept 3. py coms 08 (Linn.) North fork of the Platte. S. Missouriensis, (Nutt-) as eee ere eee July 22, to the mountains. » S. speciosa, (Natt). Upp Platte. SS va. lei (ors. and Gr.) Wid ver onan, om the ee a Tes be oxen « S. incana, (Torr. and Gr.} Sweet wile river. S. gigantea, Some ) var. 8. From the Platte to the mountains. Linosyris graveolens, (Tort. and Gr.) “Sweet Water river. “Aug. 20. L. viseidi flora, aia.) Upper Platte. Aplopappus spinulosus, (DC.) Fort Laramie, North fork of the Platte. Sept. 3. Grindelia squarrosa, (Dunal.) Upper North fork of the Platte, and on the Sweet Water. Sul Chrys (Hook.) On the’Platte. ° C. mollis, cn With the preceding. Bo cae (Nutt.) Lepachys columnaris, (Torr. and Gr.) Litde Blue ver of the Kansas June 26. Balsamorrhiza sale (Nuitt.) Wind river mountains. petiolaris, (Nutt.) Black hills of the Platte. July 26. 2 H. Mazimiliani, (Schrad.) “With the preceding. = ame uniflora, (Torr. and Gr.) Wind river mountains. is tinctoria, (Nutt.) On the Platte. ocean gracile, (Torr. and Gr.) Upper Platte. Bidens connata, (Muhl.) With the preeeding. corimbosus, (Torr. and Gr.) With the preceding. : oe 1 (Nutt) - eeepc Fidie July 28. "a OY yeh Black hills to the mountains. wy ee ae ¥ [ 174} 92 A. Lewisit, (Torr.and Gr.?) No flowers. On the Platte. Stephanomeria runcinata, (Nutt.) Upper Platte, . ' Graphalium uliginosum, (Linn.) Var. fois Poa itiats Sweet Water river. G, palustre, (Nutt.) 6. (Torr. and Gr.) With the precedi Arnica angustifolia, (Vahl.) A. fulgens, ( ) Defiles of the Wind river es from 7,000 feet and upwards. August 13-14. Senecio triangularis, (Hook.) 8. (Torr. and Gr. ) With the. preceding. S. subnudus, (DC.) With the preceding. 8, Fremontit, — and Gr.) n. sp. Highest parts of the mountains, to te eon of of ape 3 snow. Aug. 1 8. mip ifotons sae North fork of the Platte and Sweet Water. 3 os — cs S. lanceolatus, (Torr. and Gr.) n. sp. With the preceding. . a yes ae &. iydophil (Nutt.) On a lake in the Wind river mountains. Aug. 12-17. < 8, , (Torr. and Gr.) n. sp. Sweet Water river. Aug. 21. — S. filifolius, (Nutt.) 8 Fremontii, (Torr. and Gr.) Lower Platte. a a - acalia iuberosa, (Nutt.) Upper Platte. ia Tetrady mia inermis, (Nutt.) Sweet Water river, from its ‘iieatiad to he high pat of the Wind river mountains. ee Cirsium-altissimum, (Spreng. ) Lower Platte. Crepes gine, cn ) Upper vinagene (stylopappus) ¢ » (Torr. and Gr.) _Defiles of the Wind river mountains. Aug. ‘13-14, Mulgedium pulchellum, (Torr. and Gr.) Black hills of the Platte: July 25 31. Lygodesmia juncea, (Don.) Upper Platte. a Troximon parviflorum, (Nutt.) Sweet Water river, near the mountains. : LOBELIACES. Lobelia spicata, (Lam.) “On the Lower Platte. June 28. = viphilsies, (Linn.) North fork of the Platte. Sept. 4 CAMPANULACE®. Campanula rotundifolia, (Linn.) Lower Platte. ia amplexicaulus, (DC.) Little Blue river of the Kansas. ERICACE&. — empetriformis, (D. Don.) _ Defiles of the Wind river mountains. Aug. 13-16. illvides, (Hook. tee fh ee ee uva-ursi, (Spreng. ) On a lake in the mountains. Aug. 12-17, PRIMULACE. Dn dt (Hook.) Defiles of the Wind river mountains. — : , (Nutt.) Sweet Water river. Aug. 5. ja ciliates, (Linn.) Forks of the Platte. July 2. Cle meting, i) Upper North fork of the Platte. July 31. SCROPHULARIACEA. Ont ae, Ce) Pesca Water siren. Aug: 5. Mimulus (Benth.) Dele ofthe Wind river mountains. Aug: 13-16. _ Castilleja pallida, (Kunth.) ‘See Wet ser _ Aug. 2. 93 cma] . miniata, (Benth.) Wind river mountains. August — isi. — ‘two or cited species of this genus in the collection, which I have not been able to determine. Veronica alpina 8, (Hook.) Alpine region of the Wind river mountains. Pentstemowalbidum, (Nutt.) Forks of the Platte. July 2. Pi ‘earruleom, (Natt.) South fork of the Platte. July 4. ' P. micranthum, (Nutt) Sources of the Sweet Water, near the mountains. August 7. Pegi iasedurrecic, (Benth. ) Defiles of the Wind river mountains. August 13-16, Gerardiu longifolia, (Nutt.) Lower Platte. July 22 ' * an ' OROBANCHACE. Orébiiowhs ‘fcinate, (Nutt. ) South fork of the Platte. July 4. LABIAT 2, mara tun, (Linn.) On the Platte. eucrium » Chi Stachys aspera, (Michx.).° Forks of the Platte. July 2. Aasselorin s-taiculta (Linn.) North of the Platte. July 10. é is, (Linn.) With the preceding. eg Sl ar seshapi Kansas river and forks of the Platte. June 19-29, stil Bee a ~ . VERBENACEZ. pee sip, Zapania cuneifolia, (Torr., in Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. York, ii, page 934.) North fork of the Platte. I Verbena stricta, (Vent.) With the prediidiig. V. hasteta, (Linn. ) With the preceding. V. bracteata, (Michx.) With the preceding. 4 BORAGINACE. : Pulmonaria ciliata, (James ; — in Ann. see: N. York, ii, page 224.) Defiles in the Wind _. Fiver mountains. August 13 Onosmodium molle, (Michx.) e the Platte. June 29. ie 3 a ee Litto, Bite einer ofahaKsnese ee Zune HY IYL ACES. Entoca sericea, (Lehm.) Wiki geccscesaie ; Phacelia rt n. sp. Whole plant strigosely canescent; leaves elliptical, petiolate entire; “Yacemes numerous, scorpioid, densely flowered.—Goat island, upper North fork of the Platte. ~ July 3u. “Perennial —Stems branching from the base. Leaves about two inches long, and 6 to 8 lines wide; radical and Jower cauline ones on long petioles; the others nearly sessile. ‘Spikes _ forming a ecteak crowded sort of panicle. Flowers sessile, about 3 lines long. Sepals strongly Tee Corolla one-third longer than the calyx; the lobes short and entire. Stamens much exserted; filaments glabr Style 2 parted to the middle, the lower part hairy. Ovary hispid, iekdas 2-celled, with 2 ovules in each eell. Capsule, by abortion, one-seeded* seed oblong, strongly eg: Nearly related to P. integrifolia, (Torr ;) but differs in the : leaves being perfectly entire, more numerous spikes, one-seeded capsules, as well as in the: wild dpi jabocancs of pce asl ee saat 5 _POLEMONIACES. ~ 3 Phise muscides, eve) Kemal he son of portal now, on he Wi ne ok é boven lik ceseta ins July 8. P. pla, (Sut) Big Bl river ofthe Kann June 20, [ 174] 94 Polemonium caeruleum, (Linn., Hook.) Red Buttes on the Upper North fork of the Platte, hie mile, (Hook.) Highest parts of the mountains, near perpetual snow, August 13- Gilia (Cantua) longiflora, (Torr.). Sand hills of the Platte. September 16. . pulchella, (Dougl.) Upper part of the Sweet Water, near the mountains. August 7-20. inconspi Dougl.?) Goat island, Upper North fork of the Platte. July 30. This differs —- the Oregon plant in its fleshy, simply pinnatified leaves, with ovate, obtuse segments. CONVOLVULACE. Cia sepium, a Br.) | Forks of the Platte. July 2. Ipomes leptophyilla, n. sp. Stems branching from the base, prostrate, glabrous, angular; leaves lanceolate-linear, very acute, entire, attenuate at the base into a petiole; peduncles ‘1 to 3-flow- ered; sepals roundish-ovate, @btuse with a phous Hae —Forks at a ee to —— river. July-4-September 3. i t the Canadian, by Dr. James, in Long’s expeditions but | they ‘were ‘not described in my account of his plants. The root, according to Dr. James, is annual, producing numerous thick pros- trate, but not twining stems, which are two feet or more in length. The leaves are from two _ to four inches long, acute at each end, strongly veimed and somewhat ‘coriaceous. Peduncles an inch or more in length; those towards the extremity of the branches only 1-flowered; the lower ones bearing 2, 3, and sometimes 4 flowers; which are nearly the size of those of calys~ tegia sepium, and of a purplish color. Sepals appressed, about five lines long. Corolla cam- panulate—funnel form, the tube much. longer than. the calyx. Stamens inserted near the base of the corolla; filaments villous at the base; anthers oblong- ber large. Style as long as the ‘stamens; stignia 2-lobed; the lobes capitate. Ovary 2-celled, wi two dvules in each cell. SOLANACE Zi. : oe Nycterium luteum, (Donn cat.) South fork of the Platte. July 4. Physalis pubescens, ( Willd.) Upper North fork of the Platte. July 23. P. pumila, (Nutt.) With the preceding. GENTIANACE. Gentiana malephili # cated (Griseb.’ in Hook. Fi. Bor. Am. ii, page 61.) Sweet Water of the Platte. August 4. G. affinis, (Griseb.) North fork of the Platte. September 9. G. pneumonanthe, (Linn.) Laramie‘ river to Little Sandy creek, in the mountains. July 12~ August 8 e Fremontii n. sp. Stem branched at the bee branches 1-flowered; leaves ovate, cuspidate, on the margin, erect; corolla funnel-form; plicee small, slighty 2-toothed; cap- “ale ovate, at length entirely exserted on its thick stipe.—Wind river Seletee eee — : ai ish” border, ' r than ternodes. “S08G. priatrate: pe tametous: Calyx two-thirds the length of thi dolla the teeth about ¢ “ thitd the length of the tube.’ Plice of the corolla scarcely one-third as long 2s. the lanceolate Gi Sie) tac, ite BIS ee In G. humilis, and in the allied G. Ciel: So. 2 iene ponies fe 95 a [ 174 J , APOCYNACEE. : Apoeynum camebinum, Ginn.) On the Platt. = © Fags ¢ ia ad - ASCLEPIADACES. got Anipiadipeiet (Tr orr, in Ann. Lyc. te ii, p. 218.—A Douglasii, Hook. F}. Bor. Am™ _ ii, p. 53, t. 142.) Forks of the Platte. Jul Collected also by Mr. Nicollet in his North- " western expedition. Hooker's plant*differs i in no | adhe a. from my am speciosa, col- lected by Dr. James in Long’s first expedition. 4 A verticillata, (Linn.) Small variety. With the preceding: A. tuberosa, (Linn. ) Kansas river. June 19. Anantherix pi (Nutt.) Big Blue river of the Ki Kansas. June 20. ee ‘Acerates @, (Ell.) Polyotus longifolia. (Nutt.) wiht Pe Polyotus angustifolius. (Nutt) With the preceding. ah a OLEACE. -_ y a pte, (Mich. ) Leaves only. Lower Platte. PLANTAGINA\ EX Pike rope neihore Be rly ti, p-287.) | mae: | specter: ers 2 2osterifolium, (Hook,).. Platte. ? i —ee - °C. ‘album, (Linn.) North fork of the Platte. July ie , Olione canescens, (Mocq. Chenop., p. 74. 2 Atriplex canescens. Nuit.) Upper North fork of ‘the Platte. July 26. E aes ee (Moog, I. ro 4 2. zs) Kochia debtate ee North fork of! the wen scmiiiaa: ee c. p. isp With theese : . ae Pe a, (Mocq., |. c. p. 81.) Diotis lanata, (Pursh-) Hd Hiuhina fo, she emg August 18-25 Premontia, n. ge. erent aga age a ae aments, era dene tp eee ee thi ‘i t fi egor aaa ae seb the | hal PS he ovary ot ee » ovate ; styles thi ky n Frui : the indurated CaF %.0 z ompressed. Seed cataaih: integument double. Embryo flat-spiral, inferior; albumen none. ver 8 LE terdlcolir Hook.) Fl. Bor. sown? 128. Upper North fork of the Pate “near the mouth of the ees ib Water.” Jub 30. A low glabrous, diffusely ith only pin aed but at nena " hat of Salsola. ea plant, w ‘now from + —=- a eee it sree ea of abroni pe diffused i in the barren regione towards the st a Mountains. It belongs t to the sian NYCTAGIN, fe ny a mo a4 _ Oxybaphus. nyctayinea, (Torr. on Ja at r aie (Nutt.) Kansas river, June 2 ee Plants.) -Calymenia nyctaginea, seats id and glandularly pubesent;Teaves a3 te 1 indul Abronia mellifera, (Dougt )- Noah be ihig Piatto, or ae ly) micranth ‘Visci of the er plant ‘above afoot aes les asthe lamina. Heads axillary. Involucre 5-leaved, 8 to 14-flowered;” iditonigchy nate. Perianth es (purplish, ) 3'to. 4 lines Jong; lobes semi-ovate, sbiae Ebeeeonivedied “in the middle of the unequal; anthers ovate; sagittate at the base. Ovary oblong, clothed with the 3-winged si of the calyx; he pam — filiform clavate, incuceet- Mature -‘achenium about 7 lines long a Gb broad, nearly equal, mem wae ae reticulated. Seed oblong. Embryo eonduplicate, involving the deeply 2-partedimealy albumen; radicle linear-terete; inner cotyledon abortive! outer one ehbong, foliaceous, concave, as a as the radicle. This interesting plant differs from its rianth, 3 to 4 androus flowe db . Sees « but I onia. It ma may pose be a ditt gon _* POLYGONA ACEA ners in its funnel-form pe-~ ‘eee Persicarig, (Linn.) North fork of the Platte. a ee P. avieulare, (Linn.)..¢ With the preceding. @ © ~~, =~ : “ : P. amphibium, (Linn.) Sweet Water river. August ee: te WP, viviparum, (Linn.) Black hills. July 26. Ps r & “Fs an ong Rumezx salicifolius, (Weinn.) With the precedin; * a Oxyria reniformis, ( Alpine tegion of the | river mountains. Aviat 13-16, . Eriogonum ova ovalifolium, (Nutt. Horse-shoe creek, Upper North fork of the Platte. July, 22, E. cespitosum, (Nutt.} With the preceding. E. umbellatum, | (Torr. “) in Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Yous ii, p Bale ‘so Water river, ‘Avg. 7. EeFrement ne Sp With the preceding. ” ach = : 97 ie ae xs sat | eas Sie ete ay hott ly branched; leaves ae B essere obtuse, entire; staminate flowers on n crowded ge and terminal Ty ANOTED JOT: of the Platte. September 3—11.—About a foot high. eo, plant unknown. With: insgple tallvene Forks of the Platte. Pe, 5 This seems to be the same as the plant of; Drum mond’s Texan gate, a a 0. 266. . » SALICIACEA. ot Js P x @ Salix longifolia, (Willd.) .On the Platte ‘S. Muhlenbergii, (Willd.) With the rs Sereda other species exist in the collection — ' some from the Platte, others from the mountains; sig T have had no time to dctermine them _ Satisfactorily. sf ee et Popul + trem: loides, (Michx. ) Lake in the Wind river ee, P. angustifolia, - min Ann. Lye. N. i of New York, ii, p. ‘te Sweet Water river, Bo Pa S a ee ait) Lower Platte. eee = Ulmus fulva, (Michx.) © Lower Platte, * ei 4 = , Seltis crassifolia, (Nutt.) Sl dle e te EI C or « eg te en e +, BETULACE ALS a * Betula alendilgh, (Michx.) On a lake in the Wind 3 mountains. Aug. 12-17. B. occidentalis, (Hook. ) With =~ eat Sy de s : contrane. asad « Ais : Ss. %. ePinus rigida, (Linn, d Lowe Platte. ee ut cones. Leaves i in threes, oe fong- the Wind river et mountains. Aug. 13-14. Between P. strobus and. Ry ae termined. P. Lambertian; ork: in 5’s, 13 to 2 inches long, rigid.. No cones, « 2 ci alba, (Michx.) With the preceding. ? Regs ott P. near balsamea. With the preceding. Leaves only, - i oa je 2 Juniperus Virginiana, (Linn.) Lower Platte ee : ey = . é i ie, Sal 3 . + aaa Bites . ego ; mo y ae ee Pera as Agendas a a * _ «_ “ENDOGENOUS PLANTS. — ee Sy as a SS C4 “.. :*) ALISMACE A Sai ii, tin) On the Kansas. _ a th apt ie x = : ! diets > 4 ” ; ‘ x a* Py . , ‘ o® % ie % e L 174 ] ‘ 7 ‘ 98 : = LILIACEE. Ya mg (Sims.) Laramie river. July 14. , (Fras.) Defiles in the Wind river mountainss Aug. 12-27. 26-3 = stellata, a ) From the Laramie river to the _ Aug. # ae MELANTHACE) os - . : Zigadenus ~~ ee Sweet Water river. — Soa ‘ * Bb Dilige <. 2 “ guncacee. : eer ree | rk-of the Platte. oo * = Juncus echinatus, a ie ae Ao oa cE ~ COMMELYNACE, . Tradescantia Werginica, cme 4 sia a ninonlgutal variety. Kansas and Platte, a “ sain rh —— Carex festucacea, (Schk.) On the Kansas. J ‘ os “os C. aurea, (Nutt.) Little Blue river of the Se June * _ ©. panicea, (Linn.) Alpine region of the Wind river sess near perpetual snow. Aug: 15. C. atrate, (Linn.) With the preceding: we eae ig oa | GRAMINES, : nes : by. | no “* > ‘pues Fy : wee a ‘cwita. y Little lue en a Ee Sone aa : da pallens, (Pursh -) On the Platte. June 2 . er tee _ Little Blue river of Ju neh . alpinu region of the Wind riv mae 13-14, © Bromus ciliat m the Pl atte. June-Aug- cis estuca ovina, ( region of the Wind river mountains Aug. rer Festuca nutans, (Willd. ) On the Kansas. Pou laa, (Haenke.) With the preceding. ae ; . P. crocata, (Michx.) With the peeling spina grea P. nervata, (Willd.) On the Ka Koeleria and on the Platte as ie * cristata, {Pers.) Big hes’ river of the Kansas, a 99 [1% J oe . " ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS, “ “The maps which accompany this report are on Flamsteed’s modified pro- jection, and the longitudes are referred to the meridian of Greenwich. For the determination of astronomical positions, we were provided with the nee instruments : e telescope, magnifying power 120. One circle, by Gambey, Paris. me box chronometer, No. 7,810, a French. ne Brockbank pocket chr € watch with - & ght ter balance, No. 4,632, by & Dent. ~ Arno The rate of the ‘Sdbaallicer 7,810, is stant in the following state- ment “New Yorx, May 5, 1842. a Chronometer No. 7 ,810, by French, is _ 2. at noon— . low of Greenwich mean time ix a “ p= of New York mean i eae oe eee ion 4 . ~“ Loses perddy § - . €: ah, =. é “~ ARTHUR STEWART, — “74 Merchants’ Exchange. Zz An accident among some rake ground i in the neighborhood of the <.. sas river Strained the balance of this chro onometer, (No. 7,810,) and ren- it useless during the remainder of the campaign. From the 9th of June to the 24th of August, inclusively, the longitudes depend upon the Brockbank pocket chronometer; the rate of which, on leaving St. Louis, was fourteen seconds. The rate obtained by observations at Fort Laramie, 14".05, has been used in calculation. From the 24th of August until the termination of the j journey, No. 4,632 (of which the rate was 35'.79) was used for the same purposes. The rate. sf this watch was irregular, and I place but little confidence in the few itudes:which depend upon it, though, so far as we have any means rs eg see ited correct.» Basi slay ys = ; « J 100 Fable of latitudes and longitudes, deduced from observations made 1842. May 27 June duly 8! Ch outeat’s lowed 16 — k of the K ipo omty North fork of Pals uring the journey. Station. Longitude. i St. Louis, residence of ‘Colonel Bran - tradin Fea Mace: river Sai saver, ree miles aes sie ford Vermillion ‘eoske - Cold Springs, near “the Fad to Lara is Big Blue river Little Blue river - ht bank of Platte river Right bank of Platte river Right bank of Platte river - Right bank of P Junction of — or Platte - -~ - - - - Fy ~- x a at by erg a “South ake, of the Nebraska uth for kof Platte se left bank. y South fork of Pla ad nk - 7 South fork of Platte river, St. mae s fort - “~ deere: a stream, name anknieial na creek, Goshen’s hole ? Fort a near the month of Laramie fork of Platte river - - > “= er, Tho re ke Cac = “ North fork. of Platte river, Goat islan Sweet Water river, one mile below "Rock Independ- nee W ‘or river - a3 a Se i oo Poaeed nen tributary to the Coloriio of the diew ia itsbutary to aie Colorado oi Scott’s bluffs clas Spa right bank, six miles show’ river, ‘inet of eo creek of . Plate river, Clr Di tees Ne oe ae ae ve ‘ Pi "hee e tae 42 31 4226 42. 27 a8 ol 41 54 41 il it 41 14 4i 10° 40 54 fg 40 52 40 42 37 34 i 5 RS ‘ : SS in See i Sees #8ksss Deg, min. sec. 94 25 101 [ 174 J Table of latitudes and longitudes—Continued. Date. Station. Latitude. ‘Longitude. 1842. Deg. min. see. | Deg. min. sez- Sept. 18 | Platte river, left bank - - - -| 40 40 21 19 | Platte river, left bank - - -| 40 39 44 20 | Platt e river, noon mi left bank - - -{ 40 48 19 20 | Platte gen left ba - - -| 40 54 02 21 | Platte river, left - - - 41 05 37 23 | Platte river, noon halt, left bank - - -| 41 20 20 23 | Platte river, left - - -{| 41 22 52 25 | Platte river, oobi of Loup fork - - -| 41 22 11 ae river, my outh of Binge mm river - - 41 09 34 29 river, left ban - 15:02 16 On. 2 Baler at the post of the American Fur Company, ; ht bank of the 41 08 24 | 95 20 4}. eft | bank of the Missouri, opposite tothe right bank . abo armas 1.02.11 5 | Missouri river - * : ~ 34 08 6/1 B -| 40 27 08 6 | Missouri — ee 2 Nishnabiliona river -| 40 16 40 : 8 | Missouri ri = eh be = 36 | 10 | Missouri rive cet | of the Kanes river 39 06. 03 tages ‘. ¢ tl = ae. : ee : tees gers apo le ud et. attshd 2 es oa a : 7 oS j NG: | i ‘ | - “ > bi $ = wR eR) Saal o “ Bis See ee eet ae eo we, * ied BE. RG" - - we IEP Sse a pee * 2 if Bi piee ita Sh z tee Ayr Ce &.< pe corey § mee 0 ‘es Eas io ce ee A REPORT EXPLORING EXPEDITION T9 ORE GON AND xoRtH CALIFORNIA, ; IN THE YEARS i, a * . * * : j ie : ant ON aca a REPORT. W asuineton Crry, March 1, 1845, Colonel J. J. Aber Chief of the Corps of Topographical Engineers: : In pursuance of your instructions, to connect the reconnoissance of ir: which I had the honor to conduct, with the surveys of Commander Wilkes on the coast of the Pacific ocean, so as to give a connected survey of the interior of our continent, I proceeded to the Great West early in the spring of 1843, and arrived, on the 17th of May, at the little town of Kan- sas, on the Missouri frontier, near the junction of the Kansas river with the Missouri river, where I was detained near two weeks in completing the necessary i geet for the extended explorations which my instruc- tions contempla party sonal principally of Creole and diese ng French ly and Americans, amounting in all to 39 men; among w ou will recognise several of those who were with me in my first S ceaitom and who have been favorably brought to your notice in a former report. Mr. Thomas Fitzpatrick, whom many years of hardship and exposure in the western territories had rendered familiar with a portion of the country it was de- signed to explore, had been selected as our guide ; and Mr. Charles Preuss, who had been my assistant in the previous journey, was again associat with me in the same capacity on the present expedition. Agreeably to your — in _Mr. Theodore Talbot, of —— city, had be sath , with a view to advancement in in his profession ; and at Se I thet been joined by Mr. Frederick Dwight, a sehen of Springtic 2d, Massachusetts, who availed himself of our over: Sejouendyas visit the Sandwich islands and China, by way of Fort Vasonirere: ‘The men engaged for the service were i Alexis Ayot, Louis Ménard, — Francois Badeau, Louis Menton, < Oliver Beaulieu, : Samuel Neal, Baptiste Bernier, Alexis Pera, John A. Campbell, Francois Pera, John G. Campbell, James Power, © Manuel Chapman, Raphael Prou : Ransom Clark, _ Oscar Sarpy, .. * - Philibert Courteau, SL , Baptiste ’ | ne Miche! Crélis, Charles Taplin, ~~ « «./* William. Creuss, Baptiste Tesson, ©». ™ Sc Deforest, Auguste Vasquez, #5. * : Jose elrot, ce ity as Patrick White, * e Tiery Wi ht, . Louis Zi 105 cg ¥ * { 4] 106 Jacob Dodson, a free young colored man of Washington city, who vol- unteered to accompany the expedition, and performed his duty manfully throughout the voyage. Two Delaware Indians—a fine-looking old man and hisson—were engaged to accompany the expedition as hunters, through the kindness of Major Cummins, the excellent Indian agent. L. Max well, who had accompanied the expedition as one of the hunters in 1, being on oa way to Taos, in New Mexico, also joined us at this place arty was armed generally with Hall’s carbines, which, witha brass 12-lb. howities had been furnished to me from the United States arsenal at St. Louis, agreeably to the orders of Colonel S. W. Kearney, paircaonand the 3d military division. Three men were especially detailed for the m agement of this piece, under ~~ eee _ Louis Zindel, a native of ina. ny, who had been 19 years n-commissioned officer of artillery in the russian army, and regularly poeaned i in the duties of his profession. The camp equipage and provisions were transported in twelve carts, drawn each by two mules; and a light covered wagon, mounted on good springs, had hemmpromided for the safer carriage of the instruments. These One refracting pode a by Frauenhofer. One reflecting b Two sextants, by Troughton. One pocket chronometer, No. 837, by Goffe, Falmouth. One pocket chronometer, No. 739, by Brockbank. One syphon barometer, by Bunten, Paris. One cistern barometer, by Frye & & Shaw, New York. Six thermometers, and a number of small compasses. 1 + To make the exploration as useful as possible, I determined, in confann- ity to your general instructions, to vary the route to the Roc ocky mountains from that followed in the yeaP1842. The route then was up the valley of ‘the Great Platte river to the South Pass, in north latitude 42°; the route now determined on was up the vailey of ‘the Kansas river, and to the head of the Arkansas, and to some pass in the mountains, if any could be found, » at the sources of that river. By making this deviation from the former > the problem of a new road to Oregon and California, in aclima e genial, might be solved ; and a better owledge obtained of an seatcaents river, and the country it drained, while the f the expedition would find its point of commencement at the LaPiNeiatioh f the former, which was at that great gate in the ridge of the Rocky mountains called the South Pass, and on the oa peak of the: mountain which overlooks it, deemed the highest peak in » and from the opposite sides of which four great rivers take their & oe ve * to oe Pacific or the Mississippi. delayed our departure until the morning of the 29th,. wach: our long voyage; and at the close of a day, rendered A by i incessant rain, ——— about four miles beyond the ge of io ee prairie ; e 3ist, ane the delay of aday to complete h hiesclves” with some of the comforts of civilized aga at Elm sage company with several tuting a party which was proceeding to Upper Cal- on of Mr. J. B. Childs, of Missouri. The € wagons ed with ; ge and farming, utensiis, con- = 107 [ 174 ] taining among other things an entire set of machinery for a mill which Mr. Childs designed erecting on the waters of the Sacramento river emptying into the bay of San Francisco. We were joined here by Mr. William cp of Missouri, who, intending this year to visit the settlements in Oregon, had been invited to accompany us, and proved a useful and agreeable addition to the party. From this en- campment, our route until the 3d of June was nearly the same as that de- scribed to you in 1842. Trains of wagons were almost constantly in sight; giving tothe road a populous and animated appearance, although the great- er portion of the emigrants were collected at the crossing, or already on their march beyond the Kansas river. Leaving at the ford the usua! emigrant road to the mountains, (which you will find delineated with considerable detail on one of the accompanying maps,) we continued our route along the southern side of the Kansas, where. they charged into the camp, drove off a number of our best horses; but we delay and trouble, and threatened danger and loss, and broke down some good horses at the start, and actually endangered the expedition, Was a first our observations, the junction of the streams is in latitude 39° tude 96° 24' 56", and at an elevation of 926 feet above the gulf For several days we continued to travel along the Republican, th A es ee : be at m a) eo ifully watered with numerous streams, b s j . 5 oe er peu es : ae : ‘nd rarelv an incident occurred to vary the monotonous resem ance which _and rarely an i gre ay Shares * one day on the prairies here bears to another, and 7 pee i Ps » ab ee Sg = = [ 174 J 108 a particular description. Now and then, we caught a glimpse of a small herd of elk ; and occasionally a band of antelopes, whose curiosity some- times brought them within rifle range, would circle round us, and then scour off into the prairies. As we advanced on our road, these became more frequent; but as we journeyed on the line usually followed by the trapping and hunting parties of the Kansas and Delaware Indians, game of every kind continued very shy and wild. The bottoms which form the immediate valley of the main river were generally about three miles wide; having a rich soil of black vegetable mould, and, for a prairie country, well interspersed with wood. The country was every where covered with a considerable variety of grasses—occasionally poor and thin, but far more frequently luxuriant and rich. We had been gradually and regularly as- cending in our progress westward, and on the evening of the 14th, when we encamped on a little creek in the valley of the Republican, 265 miles » by our travelling road from the mouth of the Kansas, we were at an eleva- tion of 1,520 feet. That part of the river where we were now encamped is called by the Indians the Big Timber. Hitherto our route had been laborious and extremely slow, the unusually wet spring and constant rain having so saturated the whole country that it was necessary to bridge every water- course, and, for days together, our usual march averaged only five or six miles. Finding that at such a rate of travel it would be.imposible to com- * ply with your instructions, I determined at this place to divide the party, and, leaving Mr. Fitzpatrick with 25 men in charge of the provisions and heavier baggage of the camp, to proceed myself in advance, with a light party of 16 men, taking with me the howitzer and the light wagon which carried the instruments. : _ Accordingly, on the morning of the 16th, the parties separated ; and, bear- ‘ing a little out from the river, with a view of heading some of the numerous affluents, after a few hours’ travel over somewhat broken ground, we en- _ tered upon an extensive and high level prairie, on which we encamped to- _ wards evening ata little stream, where a single dry cottonwood afforded the » _hecessary fuel for preparing supper. Among a variety of grasses which to- day made their first appe »Inoticed bunch grass, ( festuca,) and buffalo | Brass, (sesderta daciyloides.) Amorpha canescens (ead plant) continued * be characteristic plant of the country, and a narrow-leaved lathyrus oc- curred during the morning in beautiful patches. Sida coccinea occurred frequently, with a psoralia near psoralia floribunda, and a number of _ Plants not hitherto met, just verging into bloom. The water on whic h we _ had encamped belonged to Solomon’s fork of the Smoky-hill river, along lose tributaries we continued to travel for several days. country afforded us an excellent road, the route being generally very level prairies; and we met with no other delay than be- bliged to bridge one of the numerous streams, which were ith ash, elm, cottonwood, and a very large oak—the latter lly, five and six feet in diameter, with a spreading summit. lea, anda dwarf species of /upinus, are the an * 109 ' prey On the 19th, in the afternoon, we crossed the Pawnee road to the Ar- kansas, and, travelling a few miles onward, the monotony of the prairies was suddenly dispelled by the appearance of five or six buffalo bulls, form- ing a vanguard of immense herds, among which we were travelling a few days afterwards. Prairie dogs were seen for the first’ time during the day; and we had the good fortune to obtain an antelope for supper. Our eleva- tion had now increased to 1,900 feet. Sida coccinea was a characteristic on the creek ee? and buffalo grass is becoming abundant on the higher parts - the ridge — June 21. Daring the forenoon we travelled up a branch of the creek on® whine we had encamped, in a broken country, where, however, the dividing ridges always afforded a good rad. Plants were few; and with the short sward of the buffalo grass, which now prevailed every where, giving to the prairies a smooth and mossy appearance, were mingled frequent patches of a beautiful red grass, Ae paliens,) which had made its ap- gp: only within the last few days. e halted to noon at a solitary bi beer ee in a hollow, near which was ~ Killed. the first buffalo, a large old bull. Antelope appeared in bands during the day. Crossing here to the affluents of the Republican, we encamped on a fork, about forty feet wide and one foot deep, flowing with a swift current over a sandy bed, and well w oded with ash-leaved maple, (negundo Srazxintfolium,) elm,’ sittan w olMRA a” few white oaks. e were visited in the evening by a very violent storm, accompanied by wind, lightning, and thunder; a cold rain falling in torrents, According to the barometer, our elevation was 2,130 feet above the gulf. At noon, on the 23d, we descended into the valley of a principal fork of | the Republican, a beautiful stream with a dense border of wood ease principally of varieties of ash, forty feet wide and four feet deep. Tt was mu- sical with the notes of many ‘birds, which, from the vast expanse of silent prairie acorn; seemed all to have collected here. We continued during the afternoon our route along the river, which was populous with prairie — dogs, (the bottoms being entirely occupied with their villages,) and late in.” the evening encamped on its banks. The prevailing timber i isa ie ole 3 ash, (frazinus, near F. Americana,) ind ash-leaved maple. With these ~ were fravinus Americana, cottonwood, and long-leaved willow. We gave to this stream the name of Prairie Dog river. Elevation 3,350 feet. Our road on the 25th lay over high smooth ridges, 3,100 feet above the sea; buffalo in great numbers, absolutely covering the face of the country, At evening we encamped within a few miles of the main Republican, on a lit- tle creek, where the air was fragrant with the perfume of artemisia filifolia which we here saw for the first time, and which was now in bloom. Shortly after leaving our encampment on the 26th, we found suddenly that the na- ture of the country had entirely changed. Bare sand hills every where sur- _ rounded us in the undulating ground along bani ed ‘We were moving; and the plants peculiar to a sandy “soil made thei ce in abundance. a. few miles further we entered the valley of al ra sea Gilet watts known to be the Republican fork of the Kansas, whose shallow waters, witha depth of only a few inches, were spread out over a bed of yellowish white - sand 600 yards wide. With the exception of one or two distant and - groves, no timber of any kind was to be seen; and the feat the country assumed a*desert character, with which the broad river, . gling for existence among quicksands along the trecless pee werk. * & € te Fie} 110 ae ingly i in keeping. On the opposite side, the broken ridges assumed almost a mountainous appearance; and, for he stream, we continued on our course among these ridges, and encamped late in the evening at a little pond of very bad water, from which we drove away a herd of buffalo that were standing in and about it. Our encampment this evening was 2,500 feet above the sea. We travelled now for several days through a broken and dry sandy region, about 4,000 feet above'the sea, where there were norun- ning streams; and some anxiety was constantly felt on account of the un- . certainty of water, which was only to be found in small lakes that occur- ged occasionally among the hills. The discovery of these always brought pleasure to the camp, as around them were generally green flats, which af- forded abundant pasturage for our animals; and here were usually collected herds of the Neos which now were scattered over all the country in el number oil of ave ‘anid hot sands supported a varied and exuberant growth of planis, which were much farther advanced than we had previously found em, and whose showy bloom somewhat relieved the appearance of gene- : ral sterility. Crossing the summit of an elevated and continuous range of rolling hills, on the afternoon of the 30th of June we found ourselves over- looking ‘a broad and misty valley, where, about ten miles distant, and 1,000 feet below us, the South fork of the Platte was rolling magnificently along, swollen with the waters of the melting snows. It was in strong and re _ freshing sentra with the parched country from which we had just isenede and when, at night, the broad expanse of water grew indistinct, it almost seemed ne we had pitched our tents on the shore of the sea. Travelling along up the valley of the river, here 4,000 feet above the sea, ~ in the afterneon of July 1 we caught a far and uncertain view of a faint blue mass in the west, as the sun sank behind it; and from our camp in the morning, at the mouth of Bijou, Long’s peak and the neighboring moun- tains stood out into the anys grand and luminously white, covered to their bases with glittering sno . On the evening of the 3d, as we were journeying along the partially over- flowed bottoms of the Platie, where our passage stirred up swa uitoes, we came unexpectedly upon an Indian, who was cereal ona bluff, curiously. watching the movements of our caravan. He belonged to a village of Oglallah Sioux, who had lost all their animals in the severity of the preceding winter, and were now on their way up the Bijou fork to horses from the oes, who were hunting buffalo at the head of that river. Several came into our camp at noon; and, as they were hungry, as usual, they were provided with buffalo meat, of which the hunters had brought in an abundant supply. _ About noon, on the 4th of July, we arrived at the fort, where Mr. Si. : seeoived us les his sary! tindnem, poe, invited us to join him e Dtaining relief, as I found it ina very impoverished condition ; and we were able to procure only a little unbolted Mexican flour, and some salt, with a few pounds of powder and lead : As regarded ‘isions, it did not much uch matter ina country where rarely . the day passed with eing some kind of game, and where it was fre-. 3 quently abunda | as a rare thing to lie down hungry, and we hadal- ee [ 174 ] ready learned to think bread a luxury ; but we could not proceed without animals, and our own were not capable of prosecuting the journey beyond the mountains without relief. . I had been informed that a large number of mules had recently arrived at Taos, from Upper California; and as our friend, Mr. Maxwell, was about to continue his journey to that place, where a portion of his family resided, I engaged him to purchase for me 10 or 12 mules, with the un- derstanding that he should pack them with provisions and other necessa-- ries, and meet me at the mouth of the Fontaine qui bouit, on the Arkan- sas river, to which point I would be led in the course of the surve . Agreeably to his own request. and in the conviction that his habits of life and education had not qualified him to endure the hard life of a voy- ageur, I discharged here one of my party, Mr. Oscar Sarpy, having furnished — him with arms and means of transportation to Fort Laramie, where he would be in the line of caravans returning to the States. At daybreak, on the 6th of July, Maxwell was on his way to Taos; and a few hours after we also had recommenced our journey up tlie Platte, which was continuously timbered with cottonwood and willow, on a gen- erally sandy soil. Passing on the way the remains of two abandoned forts, (one of which, however, was still in good condition,) we reached, in 10 miles, Fort Lancaster, the trading establishment of Mr. Lupton. His post was beginning to assume the appearance of a comfortable farm: stock, hogs, ~ and cattle, were ranging about on the prairie; there were different kinds of poultry ; and there was the wreck of a promising garden, in which a considerable variety of vegetables had been in a flourishing condition, but it had been almost entirely ruined by the recent high waters. I remained to spend with him an agreeable hour, and sat o in a cold storm of rain, which was accompanied with violent thunder and lightning. We encamped immediately on the river, 16 miles from St. Vrain’s. Several Arapahoes, on their way to the village which was encamped a few miles above'us, z of the village, received tis (as probably strangers are always received to” whom they desire to show respect or regard) by throwing their arms around our necks and embracing us. 4 | ah eae It required some skill in horsemanship to keep the saddle during the per- ~ _ formance of this ceremony, as our American horses exhibited for them the same fear they have for a bear or any other wild animal. Having very few goods with me, I was only able to make them a meager present, accounting for the poverty of the gift by explaining that my goods had been left with the wagons in charge of Mr. Fitzpatrick, who was well known to them as the White Head, or the Broken Hand. I saw here, as I had remarked in- an Arapaho village the preceding year, near the lodges of the chiefs, tall” tripods of white poles supporting their spears and shields, which showed it to beca regular custom. . Beek oS ae [vfs] 142 Though disappointed in obtaining the presents which had been evident- ly expected, they behaved very courteously, and, after a little sioeidatet x I left them, and, continuing on up the river, halted to noon ont luff, as the bottoms are almost inundated; continuing in the SA ich our route along the mountains, which were dark, misty, and shrouded—threat- ening a storm ; the snow peaks sometimes glittering through the clouds be- yond the first ridge. We surprised a grizzly bear sc ghtorine along the river ; “which, raising himself upon his hind legs, took a deliberate survey of us, that did not ap- ® pear very satisfactory” to him, and he scrambled into the rit to the opposite side. We halted for the night a little above ¢ reek ; the evening cloudy, with many mosquitoes. Some indifferent observations ae the camp in latitude 39° 43' 53”, and chronometric longitude 105° a uly 8 We continued to-day to travel up the. Platte; the morning pleas- — with ¢ a. a eiaapect of fairer weather. During the Ret: noon our wa over a more broken country, with a gravelly and sandy surface ; although the immediate bottom of the river was a good soil, of a dark sandy mould, resting upon a stratum of large pebbles, or r rolled stones, as at Laramie fork. On our right, and apparently very near, but probably 8 or 10 miles distant, _and two or three thousand feet above us, ran the first range of the moun- "tains, like a dark corniced line, in clear contrast with the great snowy chain which, immediately beyond, rose glittering five thousand feet above them. We caught this morning a view of Pike’s peak ; but it appeared for a mo- ment only, as clouds rose early over the mountains, and chrondedhele : in mist and rain eday. In the first range were visible, as at the Red Buttes on the N Forth fork, very lofty escarpments of red rock. While trav- elling thant this re egion, I remarked that always in the morning the lofty peaks were visible and bright, but very soon small white clouds began to settle around them—brewing thicker and darker as the day advanced, until the afternoon, when the thunder began to roll ; and invariably at evening we had more or less of a thunder storm. At llo *clock, and 21 miles from St. V rain’s fort, we reached a point in this southern fork of the Platte, where . the stream is divided into three forks; two of these (one of them being much eee) ae directly from the mountains on the west, and forming, ith the ranch, a river of the plains. The elevation of this ir 500 feet ahove the sea ; this river falling 2,800 poet in a Re nee of alesis, to its j junction with the North fork of the Platte. In trical ob Pyations in wants: af On the easternmost branch, up which we took our wenn e first cene x the pines growing on the t top of av where w on. ie noon ; quaking asp (populus tremetbides) wae mixed with lionwood, an ‘there were excellent grass and Ss i for the animals. Jury g the morning there occurred many beautiful flowers, which we Had not hitherto met. Among emer common bine flowering flax made its first appearance ; and a tall and handsome species of gilia, with slender sae flowers, w which appeared yesterday for th 1e sarah time, was very fre- an i a game since leaving the for rt, and provisions be- -asantl eae had had no meat for several days; but n, when made up our minds to sleep another * e bee on whi ~ -elayoum | ‘gone the death ee two fet the . The 2 4 cd z re ees ae without : supper, Lajeunes rage t > good fortune to kill a fine deer 1ich he found feeding in a hollow n "ania ag rain began to fall, i 22 = me § ta tte in —E ulgeme, | determi ‘ary our route, and proceed several camps to the eastward, in ihe ecg ie gin ihe the buffalo. This roittt — the dividing grounds between 1e South fork of the Platte and the Arkansas, would also afford some additional geographical information. This morning, _ therefore, we turned to the ger oee along the upper waters of the stream ard, g a country of rk, phe and: “pa ingen wae into. y hills f singular shapes; little valle itt ‘crys Rene eeinc arity ane: Se audathore ht ciiben, the flat veniaaes or three hu hire a a in citediatenmnbi erence, Pe Ae ie os name of Poundcake, which it has been Pay to ain ngry Lag pe seemed to think it a very agreeable com ‘the afte a buffalo bull was killed, and we encamped on a small stream, near the road which runs from St. Vrain’s fort tothe Arkansas. July 10.—Snow fell heavily on the mountains ey sit ‘eight, and Pike’s peak this morning is luminous and gran | m the summit, as low down as we can see, with glittering white. opr the. nies F ment at 6 o’clock, we coutinued our easterly course over a rolli country, near to the high ridges, which are generally rough and rocky, witha eee onglomerate ae asses, and covered with pines. This roc roc e] sip Aiable, an Tris undoubtedly from its decomposition that the owe ve and gravelly formation. . 6 miles we crossed a head water of | he Kioway ries, n which we found a strong fort and cordithat <— ha arin ering oi halted to noon « acipal branch of the river orning, our rf led o ta mixed erithi' sa 4 ante the characteristic vi ree brychis pear a Eapesion of clover which is much Ttain ny for pasturage of stock—principally hogs. It is sown on rocky waste ground, which would otherwise be useless, and til very. riantly, requiring only a renewal of the seed about once.in fifteen years. Its abundance here greatly adds to the eons vale te scion.” . sBecies of antennaria in flower was very Comm potas va dip > of ro another direction for one. on n dept ot it age turned, aking _ an ce ite babiadiogs tot a nearest hole.° I have notdoubé that tah EO communicate w eae other. Thesar r pai x 2" * ol aie 2 & e ™ . ie 2. " fe Yeas oa we (174) 14's | the people were ae to-day, and I was inclined to attribute their ndipe Sition > 5 the meat of the bull which had been killed the eS: Jul 1 There were no indications of buffalo having been recently i in “the neighbghhood; and, unwilling to travel farther eastward, I turned this morning to the southwa rd, up the valley “of Bijou. “£sparcette occurred Criyrdigally, and among the plants o xe river-I noti een; ae first time during this journey, a few small bu the absinthe of the voyageurs, which iscommonly used for fire wood, (artemista srideniateal ~ Yesterday. aind to-day the road has been ornamented with the showy bloom of a beau- tiful lupinusya characteristic igen ny parts of the mountain | region, on which were generally great nu rs of an insect with very bright colors, — —— a.) _As we were riding quietly plone, eagerly” soaring every hollow. in” ch bof gaine, we discovered, a a little distance’ in the prairie, a large grizz so. busily engaged in digging roots that he did not perceive us sel bet galloping down a little hill fifty yards from him, when he- charged upon us with such sudden energy, that several of us came near losing our saddles. Being wounded, he commenced retreating to a rocky iney ridge near by, from which we were not able tocuthim off, and we entered the timber with him. The way was very much blocked up with fallen timber ; and we kept up a running fight for some time, animated by the bear charging among the horses. He did not fall until after he had eeceived six rifle balls. He was miserably poor, and added nothing toour stock of provisions. - We follewed the, sireang to its head i in a broken ridge, whi ich, met as.about 7,500 feet above the sea. Thisis a piney ele- vation, i which the prairies are gathered, and from which the waters Ww, inalmost every direction, to the Arkansas, Platte,and Kansas rivers; the latter Stream having here its remotest sources. Although somewhat rocky and broken, and covered with pines, in comparison with the nei; igh- boring mountains, it scarcely forms an interruption to the great praitic piains which sweep Up to their bases The annexedviewof Pike’s peak from*this camp, at’ the distance of: 40 miles, represents very correctly the manner in which this mountain barrier pr 2 esents itself to travellers on ‘the plains, which sweep almost directly to its Bases ; an immense and comparatively smooth and grassy prairie, in very Sor Se with the. black masses of timber, and the glittering “vated his is the picture which has been left upon mam and 4 tee to you the same impression. With occasional tively so very small as not to pe bee mi here covered with a close and vi 1 . our operations smi us ten pec eS raegunne, s Toon Crags rocks. The soil of all this country is ex-_ ‘and pastoral population. A glance at the map accompa- long our several lines ‘f trayel, will show eT this nany streams., Througl the western of the w, with va _deaeg becoming deeper as reach the | ri river ; they generally have bottom oe *.. _ fe es ait A aie ay Nitaceen " yale : aig, * a VIEW OF PIKE'S PEAK 4) miles distant from ca mp July ll PS “115 ee it is of van growth, and a Si tn kinds ; and throu scending a somewhat preci itous and rocky hill ‘side among the pines, whi rarely appear elsewhere than on the ridge, we encamped at its foot, where — there oP several springs, which you will find laid down upon the 7 E one of the extreme sources of the Smoky Hill fork of the Kansas. From this _ place the view extended over the Arkansas valley, and the Spaninrene | in the south beyond. As the greater part of ‘the. men continued . encamped here for the day, and ascertained conclusively, om experin on myself, that their illness was caused by the meat of the b 0 | On the summit of the ridge, near the camp, were sascatt rock-built forts, a which in front were very d ifficult of approach, and im the rear were pro-_ e tected by a precipice entirely beyond the reach of a rifle ball Cte ‘ ing was tolerably pes with a temperature at sunset of 63° » Elevation of the camp 7,300 fee Turning the at day to the southwest, we reached, in the course of the morning, the w agon road to the settlementson the Arkansas iy ds ~ encamped 1 in the afternoon on the Fontaine-qui-bouit (or ng river, where it was 50 feet wide, with a swift current. I after that the spring and river owe their names to the’ bubbling ort the efferves—_ cing gas in the former, and not to the temperature of the water, which is is: cold. During the morning, a tall species of gidéa, with a slender whit flower, was characteristic ; and, in the latter part of the day, another 8 of espareetie, (wild clover,) having the flower white, was ne ‘ had a fine sunset of golden brown; and, in the evening, a very bright — ; pole with the near mountains, made a beautiful scene. Therm ee | sunset, was 69°, and our elevation Ehotd the sea 5,800 feet. % July 13 3.—The morning was clear, with a northwesterly breeze, and tl _ thermometer at sunrise at 46°. There wereno clouds along the moun-_ ; “tains, | the ps ese sun, gowns very clearly their rugged character. ns ‘ rese mbling ‘mirabilis jalapa, Yee handsome couvolnalaay af . # sed 1 ‘4 ment suit of buffalo las, a ninmber of which I saw ia 4 ‘ F< 174 } 116 tle near his te Shortly afterwards, a party of mountaineers galloped. upto us—fine-lo ing and hardy men, dressed in skins and mounted on = fat horses ; “alllbe them were several Connectient men, a portion of ‘yeth’s party, whom I had seen the year before, and ae were men , contin down the river, we encasnped at noon ok ‘the. A4th at its n the Arkansas river. A short distance above our en ment, the ie bank of the Arkansas, is a pueblo, (as the Mexicans call their ‘civilize Indian villages,) where a number of mountaineers, who had mar- nied Spanish women in the valley of Taos, had collected together, and oc-. apied Chee in Parsinn, carrying on at the same time a desulto Tn- trade. Dey were princ ally Americans, and Ptreated us with all the ‘hospi | of excellent milk. I learned here that Maxwell, 4 in company with two. re See tdbacs fi in Siapradeeii and cae I was faite the been a popular tumult-among the eo wttegs or cred Jian, : {yesidingmear Taos, against the “/foreigners’’ of that p it ch they had plundered their houses and ill-treated their fais, A cmcdane, = i, Fm whom had been destroyed, was Mr. Beaubien, father-in-law of ny I,had expected to obit supplies and who had ne lig. eae? his escape to Santa ~Byt his position of affairs, our expo on of obtaining supplies frog Paos was cut off. I had tere the satisfaction to meet our good buffalo unter of 1842, Christopher Carson, whose services I sonsiddred myself unate to secure again; and asa reinforcement of mules was absolutely ecessary, I despatched him immediately, with an account of our necessi- ties to Mr. Charles Bent, whose principal post is on the Arkansas river, Sed es por: below Fontaine-qui- gent. He was ee to Hon tude 104° 5: "30"; and its elevation above Hitied 48604 ‘ % On the morning of the 16th, the time for Maxwell’s arrival iis eXx- : » We resumed our journey, leaving for him a note, in which it was .4 that id ‘wait for him at St. Vrain’s fort until the morning of the 26th, in rth event that-he sh ould succeed in his commission. Our direction x ip the Boili Spring river, it being Soe intention to visit the celebrated . from which the ee t takes its name, and which are on its stream, there bei very where a great abundance of préle. eiag = ng.ev: ophylia, in bloom, was a characteristic plant along the river, re ‘bunches,“with two to five flowers on each. B utiful ote: Some . 417 [ 174] “ters of. the plant resembling. mirabilis jalapa were numerous, and g. eyrrhiza lepidota was a characteristic of the bottoms: Currants nea ripe were abundant, and among the shrubs which covered the bottom was a very luxuriant growth of chenopodiaceous shrubs, four to six feet hi n the afternoon of the 17th we entered among the ig ridges at the — foot ‘of the mountains, where the river made several forks aeewies She camp to follow slowly, I rode ahead in the afternoon in search of the springs. In the mean time, the clouds, which had been gathered all the a ‘the mountains, began to roll down their sides; anda storm so violent burst upon nes that it appeared I had entered the’ storehouse of the thund storms. I continued, however, to ride along up the river until aboutsu is and was beginning to be doubtful of finding the springs before the next day, when I came suddenly upon a large smooth rock about Rae ale: ‘ in diameter, where the water from several springs was bubbling and boiling . up in the midst of a white incrustation with which it had covered a et of the rock. As this did not correspond with a description given me by the — hunters, I did not stop to taste the water, but, Piemocmtings skies — ay up the river, and, passing through a narrow thicke t of shru dering the stream, st epped directly upon a hu ge tehile at the foot of whieh the are ready become a torrent, foamed ie rocky tthe naib A deer which had been drinking at the spring was startled by. i ~ it and, springing across the river, bounded off up the mountaim — or. upper part of the rock, which had apparently been formed by fe , Beet ee of glistening white. I had all day refrained from drink- reserving myself for the spring; and as I could not well be more wet than the rain “ies already made me, I lay down by the side of the basin, ‘and drank heartily of the delightful water. The annexed sketch i m4 ly Tude one, but it will enable you to form some idea Ae ae ‘scenery and the beauty of this spot, immediately at tains, beau utifully timber iw 3 which sweep | closely bard ee eed ; i ttle valley i in a kind of ¢ Asi dark oe ‘ own the river, on whic h I found the camp a few miles below. _ ~ The morning of the 18th was beautiful and clear, and, all 8 P e being anxious to drink of these famous waters, we pnohunp : at the springs, and spent there a very pleasant day. ice di of the river is another locality of springs, which are po of the same nature. The water hasa very agreeable taste, which Mr. Preuss foundvery _ much to resemble that of the famous Selter springs in the d duchy of — Nassau, a country famous for wine and mineral waters; and it is imost quiirely. of the same character, though still more agreeable than that of the _ r springs, near Bear river of the Great Salt lake. The. jollow- po ag an analysis of an incrustation with which the water had covered a piece of wood lying on the rock : i é Carbonate of lime ~ _ % _ ae. Carbonate of magnesia ~ = a ~ a ee. on Chloride of caleiam + i lw - . 7 ew GC «Chloride of n 5 Se abe 33 [14] 118 Silica - - - “ ee Vegetable : inaker’- - - - - - - .20 Moisture and Joss - - - - x 4,61 = 100.00 P om&t ll oclt, when the vscipatitetd of the air was 8°, that of the ‘water in this was 60.5°; and that of the upper sprigs which issued from the flat rock, more exposed to the sun, was 69°. Atsunset, when the tem | meee on the air was 66°, that of the lower springs was 58°, and that of the up Salons 19. et beautiful and clear morning, with a slibht breeze from the goleens 7 xe temperature of air at sunrise being 57.5°. At this time the temperature of the lower spring was 57.8°, and” that of the upper % “The trees i in the neighborhood were birch, willow, pine, and an n oak re- quercus alba. Inthe shrubbery along the river are currant bushes, (ribes,) of which the fruit has a singular piney flavor ; and on the mountain side, ina ted gravelly soil, is a remarkable coniferous tree, (perhaps an abies,) having the leaves ss long, broad, and scattered, with bushes Of spirea arizfolia By ou r observations, this place i A 6 350 feet above _ the sea, in _— 38° 52' 10" and longitude 105° 22" 4 _ ~ Resuming our journey on this morning, we descended ae river, in order to reach the Satre of the per fork, ro. L proposed to ascent. - dh bar of the river here is very much broken. There is a andesulp - bottom on the right, and both banks 3 are exceedingly picturesque— J north to south. About three miles below the springs, on the ri _ the river, isa nearly perpendicular limestone rock, presenting a nite y - ~mbroken surface, twenty to forty feet high, containing very great numbers ofa large univalve shell, which 7 Soa to ae to the genus inoceramus, and i in the appendix is designated by th In contact with this, to the hatin) was iabihies stratum of limestone, - Containing fossil shells of a different character; -and still higher up on the _ Stream were parallel strata, consisting of a compact somewhat crystalline : . ,and argillaceous bituminous limestone in thin layers. During a we travelled tp the’ eastern er of the Fontaine-qui-bouit ‘Tive ng roughened by freque p gullies timbered with Samed halted to noon on a small rape of this s kawenan mbered prin- ly with the narrow-leaved cottonwood, ( popilus ar stifolia,) called u adians liard amére. Ona hill, near by, two remarkable _ _ columns fF grayish-white conglomerate rock, one of which was abont are hous conglomerate, forming black oe and adding very mnar effect at a distance. This rock is very destructible ede est re bee a and the hill, of whidly: they formerly consti- A ery of the gun gun carriage was broken in the afternoon; and we made an early halt, the stream being from twelve to twenty feet wide, with clear : . As usual, the clouds had gathered to a storm over the mountains, : and we had a showery evening. At sunset the thermometer stood : at 62°, -and our elevation above the sea was 6,530 fect. "7 Strata of red rock, in nearly perpendicular walls, crossing the "does ‘hae : t bat " ite 119 [ 174] July 20.—This morning (as we generally féeiitia the mornings under these mountains) was very clear and beautiful, and the air cool and pleas- ant, with the thermometer at 44°. We continued our march up the stream, along a green sloping bottom, between pine hills on the one hand, and the main Black hills on the other, towards the ridge which separates the waters of the Platte from those of the Arkansas. As we approached the dividing ridge, the whole valley was radiant with flowers; blue, yellow, pink, white, searlet, and purple, vied with each other in splendo or. Esparcette was one of the highly characteristic plants, and a bright-looking flower ( gaillardia idehiee) was very frequent ; but the most abundant plant along our road’ to-day was geranium maculatum, which is the characteristic plant on this portion of the dividing grounds. Crossing to the waters of the Platte, fields of blue flax added to the magnificence of this mountain garden; this was occasionally four feet in height, which was a Juxuriance of growth that F rarely saw this almost universal plant attain throughout the journey. Con- tinuing down a branch of the Platte, among high and very steep aetig hills, covered with fragments of rock, towards evening we issued from piney region, and made a late encampment near Poundeake rock, on ir fork of the river which we had ascended on the 8th of July. Our me nor enjoyed the abundant rushes this evening, as the flies were so bad a the pines that they had been much harassed. A deer was killed néte a this» evening; and again the evening was overcast, and a collection of brilliant red clouds in the west was followed by the customary squall of rain. + Achillea millefolium (milfoil) was among the characteristic plants of the river bottoms to-day. This was oneof the most common plants during the whole of our journey, occurring in almost every variety of situation. I noticed it on the lowlands of the rivers, near the coast of the Pacific, and near to the snow among the mountains of the Sierra Nevada _ During this excursion, we had et to its head one of the two prin- cipal branches of the upper Arkansas, 75 miles in length, and entirely” completed our survey of the South fork of the Platte, to the extreme sources of that portion of the river which belongs to the plains, and heads in the broken hills of the Arkansas dividing ridge, at the foot of the mountains. That portion of its waters which were collected among these mountains, it was hoped to explore on our homeward voyage. Reaching St. Vrain’s fort on the morning of the 23d, we found Mr. Fitz- patrick and his party in good order and excellent health, and my true and reliable friend, Kit Carson, who had brought with him ten good mu es, with the necessary pack saddles. Mr. Fitzpatrick, who had often endured every extremity of want during the course of his mountain and knew well. the value of PSone ot in this country, ha d vie ge 3 over our stock with — 174 J 120 -of finding some convenient point of passage for the road of emigration, which would enable it to reach, on a more direct line, the usual ford o the Great Colorado—a place considered as determined by the nature of the ~country beyond that river. It is singular that, immediately at the foot of the mountains, I could find no one sufliciently acquainted with them to guide us to the plains at their western base ; but the race of trappers, who formerly lived in their recesses, has almost entirely disappeared—dwindled perfectly well known, as he had grown gray among them. Through this portion of the mountains, also, are the customary roads of the war parties going out against the Utah and Shoshonee Indians; and occasionally parties from the Crow nation make their way down to the southward along this chain, in the expectation of surprising some strag- ging lodges of their enemies. Shortly before our arrival, one of their par- ties had attacked an Arapaho village in the vicinity, which they had found unexpectedly strong ; and their assault was turned into a rapid flight and a hot pursuit, in which they had been compelled to abandon the animals they had rode, and escape on their war horses. * Into this uncertain and dangerous region, small parties of three or four trappers, who now could collect together, rarely ventured; and consequently it was seldom visited and little known. Having determined to try the passage by a pass through a spur of the mountains made by the Céche-a- éa-Poudre river, which rises in the high bed of mountains around Long’s peak, I thought it advisable to avoid any encumbrance which would. oc- asion detention, and accordingly again separated the party into two. divi- sions—one of which, under the command of Mr. Fitzpatrick, was directed to cross the plains to the mouth of Laramie river, and, continuing thence its route along the usual emigrant road, meet me at Fort Hall, a post be- longing to the Hudson Bay Company, and situated on Snake river, as it is commonly called in the Oregon Territory, although better known to us as uewis’s fork of the Columbia. The latter name is there restricted to one of the upper forks of the river. 3 : _ Our Delaware Indians having determined to return to their ho necessary to provide this party with a good hunter; and I ac homes, it accordingly s EXD: ng the Indians. In courage and profes- was 2 formidable rival to Carson, and constantly afterwards est and most efficient of the party, and in difficult situa- lculable value. Hiram Powers, one of the men belonging tty, was discharged at this place, Fy aiscna n’s fort, 6. = ¥ : a 121 [ 174] of old, to return to her people, requested and obtained permission to travel with my party to the neighborhood of Bear river, where she expected to meet with some of their villages. Happier than the Jewish widow, she carried with her two children, pretty little half-breeds, who added much to the liveliness of the camp. Her baggage was carried on five or six pack horses; and I gave-her a small tent, for which I no longer had any use, as I had procured a lodge at the fort. For my own party I selected the following men, a number of whom old associations rendered agreeable to me: Charles Preuss, Christopher Carson, Basil Lajeunesse, Francois Badeau, J. B. Bernier, Louis Menard, Raphael Proue, Jacob Dodson, Louis Zindel, Henry Lee, J. B. Derosier, Francois Lajeunesse, and Auguste Vasquez. By observation, the latitude of the post is 40° 16’ 33’, and its longitude 105° 12' 23", depending, with all the other longitudes along this portion of the line, upon a subsequent occultation of September 13, 1843, to which they are referred by the chronometer. Its distance from Kansas landing, by the road we travelled, (which, it will be remembered, was very winding along the lower. Kansas river,) was 750 miles. The rate of the chronometer, determined by observations at this place for the interval of our absence, during this month, was 33.72", which you will hereafter see did not sensibly change during the ensuing month, and remained nearly constant during the remainder of our journey across the continent. This was the rate used in referring to St. Vrain’s fort, the longitude between that place and the mouth of the Fontaine-qui-boutt. Our various barometrical observations, which are better worthy of con- fidence than the isolated determination of 1842, give, for the elevation of the fort above the sea, 4,930 feet. The barometer here used was also a repose, all the 01 the 26th we resumed our respective routes. Some little trouble was ex- perienced in crossing the Platte, the waters of which were still kept up by rains and melting snow; and having travelled only about four miles, we encamped in the evening on Thompson’s creek, where we were very much disturbed by. musquitoes. ee - The following days we continued our march westward over comparative” plains, and, fording the Cache-d-la-Poudre on the morning of the 28th, en-. tered the Black hills, and nooned on this stream in the mountains beyond them. Passing over a fine large bottom in the afternoon, we reachec place where the river was shut up in the hills; and, ascending a ravine, made a laborious and very difficult passage around by a gap, striking the river again about dusk. A little labor, however, would remove this diffi- culty, and render the road to. this point a very excellent one. . The evening, closed in dark with rain, and the mountains looked gloomy. ’ | 1pment about 7 inthe morning, we travelled the river, which, for this distance of about of the main mountains. a [ 174] 122 round about ; their sides sometimes dark with forests of pine, and sometimes with lofty precipices, washed by the river; while below, as if they indem- nified theinselves in luxuriance for the scanty space, the green river bot- tom was covered with a wilderness of flowers, their tall spikes sotnetimes rising above our heads as we rode among them. A profusion of blossoms on a white flowering vine, (clematis lastanthi,) which was abundant along the river, contrasted handsomely with the green foliage of the trees. The mountain appeared to be composed of a greenish gray and red granite, which in some places appeared to be ina state of decomposition, making a red soil. The stream was wooded with cottonwood, box elder, and cherry, with currant and serviceberry bushes. After a somewhat laborious day, during which it had rained incessantly, we encamped near the end of the pass at the mouth of a small creek, in sight of the great Laramie plains. It con- tinued to rain heavily, and at evening the mountains were hid in mists; but there was no lack of wood, and the large fires we made to dry our clothes were hea comfortable ; and at night the hunters came in with a fine deer. Rough and difficult as we found the pass to-day, an excellent: road may be made with a little labor. Elevation of the camp 5,540 feet, and nce from St. Vrain’s fort 56 miles. 0.—The day was bright again ; the thermometer at sunrise 52°; and faving our eicampment at 8 o’clock, in about half a mile we crossed the Cache-a-la-Poudre river for the last time; and, entering a smoother country, we travelled along a kind of vallon , bounded on the right by red. buttes and precipices, while to the left a high ‘rolling country extended toa Tone ie the Black hills, beyond which rose the great mountains around By th e great quantity of snow visible among them, it had probably snow- ed heavily there the previous day, while it had rained on us in the valley. We halted at noon on a small branch ; —— in the afternoon travelled over a high country, gradually ase srending to towards a range of duties, or high hills covered with pines, which forms ate dividing ridge between the waters we had left and those of Laramie river. Late in the evening weencamped at a spring of cold water, near the summit of the ridge, paige increased our elevation to 7,520 feet. During’ the day we had travelled 24 miles. By some indifferent observations, our latitude is 41° 02' 19’. A species of hedeome was characteristic along the whole day’s route. paiergig from the mountains, we entered a region = bright, fair i In my experience in this country, I was mtn impressed with the different character of the climate on opposite sides of the Rocky moun- tain range. The vast prairie plain on the east is like the ocean; the rain wads from the constantly evaporating snow of the mountains rushing: ato heated air-of the plains, on which you will have occasion tor an storms of rain we encountered during our journey. —The morning was clear ; temperature 48°. A fine rolling road, id grassy hills, brought us this morning into a large trail ze had recently passed. The weather was pleasant: urbed by neither musquitoes nor flies; and the el) Deautifal. The slopes and broad ¥: ravines’ ere 123 | [ 174 ] lustrous metallic blue color, mingled with compact fields of several bright- colored varieties of astragalus, which were crowded together in splendid profusion. This trail conducted us through a remarkable defile, to a little timbered creek, up which we wound our way, passing by a singular and massive wall of cies granite. The formation of the country is a red feldspathic granite, overlying a decomposing mass of the same rock, form ing the soil of all this region, which every where is red and gravelly, and appears to be of a great floral fertility. As we emerged on a small tributary of the Laramie river, coming in sight of its principal stream, the flora became perfectly magnificent; and _we congratulated ourselves, as we rode along our pleasant road, that we had substituted this for the uninteresting country between Laramie hills and the Sweet Water valley. We had no meat for supper last night or breakfast this morning, and were glad to see Carson come in at noon with a good antelope. A meridian observation of the sun placed us in latitude 41°04'06". In the evening, we encamped on the Laramie river, which is here very thinly timbered with scattered groups of cottonwood ‘at considerable intervals. From our camp, we are able to distinguish the gorges, in which are the sources of Cache-a-la-Poudre and Laramie rivers ; and the Medicine Bow mountain, toward the point of which we are directing our course this after- - noon, has been in i the greater part of the day. y observation, the latitude was 41° 15' 02", and longitude 106° 16’ 54”. The same beautiful flora continued till Sa 4 in the afternoon, when it suddenly disappeared, with the red soil, which became sandy and of a whitish-gray color. e evening was tolerably clear; temperature at sunset 64°. The day’s jour- ney was 30 mules. August 1.—The morning was calm and clear, with sunrise temperature at 42°. We travelled to-day over a plain, or open rolling country, at the - foot of bcd an eae Bow mountain ; the soil in the morning being mpl a occurred during the morning, and esparcette in Sera ca we wasa characteristic of the aoey ground inthe afternoon. The camp was rou: d into a little excit -by a chase after a buffalo bull, and an enco with a war party of Sioux and Cheyenne Indians about 30 strong. Hares and antelope were seen during the day, and one of the latter was killed. Th e Laramie peak was in sight this afternoon. The evening was, - clear, with scattered clouds: temperature 62°. The day’s journey was 26 ugust 2.—Temperature at sunrise 52°, and scenery and weather made our road to-day delightful. The neighboring mountain is thickly studded with are intermingled with the brighter foliage of aspens, and occasional spots like lawns between the patches be snow among the -pines, and here and vas on the heights. Our route velow lay « over a comparative plain, covered with th he day was clear and pleas- antly cool. Dr uring the t morning, we crossed many streams, clear and t rocky, and broad grassy valleys, of a strong black soil, washed down : mountains, and producin excellent pasturage. These were tin bere iy the red willow and long-leaved cottonwood, mingled with phe » ap- proached the mountain more nearly towards noon. Esparcette was was a char- _ [ 174 ] 124 acteristic, and flax occurred frequently in bloom. We halted at noon on most western fork of Laramie river—a handsome stream about sixty feet wide and two feet deep, with clear water and a swift current, over a bed composed entirely of boulders or roll stones. There was a large open bottom here, on which were many lodge poles lying about; and in the edge of the surrounding timber were three strong forts, that appeared to have been recently occupied. At this place J became first acquainted with the yampah, (anethum graveolens,) which I found our Snake woman en- gaged in digging in the low timbered bottom of the creek. mgong: the In- dians along the Rocky mountains, and more particularly among the Sho- shonee or Snake Indians, in whose territory it is very abundant, this is considered the best among the roots used for food. To us, it was an in- teresting plant—a little link between the savage and civilized hfe. Here, among the Indians, its root is a common article of food, which they take pleasure i in offering to strangers; while with us, in a considerable portion of America and Europe, the seeds are used to flavor sou p. it grows more abundantly, and in greater luxuriance, on one of the neighboring tributa- ries of the Colorado than in any other part of this region; and on. that stream, to which the Snakes are accustomed to resort every year to procure a supply of their favorite plant, they have bestowed the name of Yampah river. Among the trappers, it is generally known as Little Snake river; but in this and other instances, where it illustrated the history of the peo- ple inhabiting the wpa sia, I have preferred to retain on the map the abo- y 2 meridional observation, the latitude is 41° 45' 59". ‘ -Foin int of the mountain, where we. had several ridges to cross ; and, al- * ugh the road was not rendered bad by the nature of the ground, it was made extremely rough by the stiff ea bushes of artemisia iridaniags,” in this country commonly called sa This shrub now began to make is appearance in compact fields; and we were about to quit for a long time this country of excellent pasturage and brilliant flowers. Ten or twelve buffalo bulls were on during the afternoon; and we were surprised by the appearance of a large red ox. We gathered around him as if he had been an old acquaintance, with all ee govneatic feelings as much awakened as if we had come in sight of an old farm ho He had probably made his escape. from some party of ants on Sane river ; and, with a vivid | r ' some 0! en field, he was pursu straightest course peti as ontier that the country admitied. We eo him along with us as.a Abt Oe hicae) and, w it was found in the morning that he had wandered off, I would not let hip be pursued, for I would rather have gone through a.starving time of three enti! tire days, than Jet him be killed after he had. ly run the gaunt- Tet so far among the Indians. I have bee een told by ‘Mr. Bent’s people of ox born and raised 5 Fee Vrain’ sort which Roan from them Q eros: near the frontier, having come int With thesmmaens, x per 2 ‘way out,and saw occasionally Places where he bad im for | about 700 miles, when sie to the fort, goat + He # W265, [ 174] We conn at evening on the princi ape fork of Medicine Bow river, near to an isolated mountain called the Medicine Butte, which appeared to be about 1,800 feet above the plain, from which it rises abruptly, and was still white, nearly to its base, with a great quantity of snow. The streams were timbered with the long-leaved cottonwood and red willow ; and dur- ing the afternoon a species of onion was very abundant. TI obtained here an immersion of the first satellite of Jupiter, which, corresponding very nearly with the chronometer, placed us in longitude 106° 47" 25". The latitude, by observation, was 41° 37' 16"; Mit above the sea, 7,800 feet ; and distance from St. Vrain’s fort, 147 m Augus st 3.—There was a white frost last night : the morning is clear and cool. We were early on the road, having breakfasted before sunrise, and in a few miles travel entered the pass of the Medicine Bute, through which led a broad trail, which had been recently travelled by a very large party. Immediately in the pass, the road was broken by ravines, and we were obliged to clear a way through groves of aspens, which generally made their appearance when we reached elevated regions. According to the ba- rometer, this was 8,300 feet; and while we w he atte in opening a road, I obtained a ‘meridional observation of the sun, which gave 41° 35’ 48" for the latitude of the pass. The Medicine Butte’ is isolated by a small tributary of the North fork of the Platte, but the mountains approach each other very nearly; the stream running at their feet. On the south t are smooth, with occasional streaks of pine; but the butte itself is ra with escarpments of red feldspathic granite, and dark with pines ; the: snow reaching from the summit to within a few hundred feet of the trail. The anite here was more compact and durable than that in the formation which we had passed through a few days before to the eastward of Lara- mie. Continuing our way over a plain on the west side of the pass, where the road was Reap rough with errr e: we etn ey euug encamp> yyage had already Pics | long, 5 yn lag Ric the first good | ot jained. We travelled to-day 2 mn ¢ was clear and calm; and, earing ht creek, . ards the North fork of the Platte, over a plain which was rendered rough and broken by ravines. With the exception of some thin grasses, the sandy soil here was occupied almost exclusively by ag * with its usual turpentine odor. We had expected to meet with some di culty in crossing the river, but happened to strike it where ther @ was a very excellent ford, and halted to noon on the Jeft bank, 200 miles from St. _ Vrain’s fort. The hunters brought in pack animals loaded with fine meat. A ing to our imperfect knowledge of the er OE theré should have been a small affluent to this stream a few we higher up; and in the aftet- noon we continued our way among the river hills, in the expectation of en- camping upon it in the’evening. The ground proved to beso exc diffieult, broken up into hills, terminating in escarpments and broad ravines, 500 or 600 feet deep, with sides so precipitous that we could scarcely fi nd a ined descend, that, towards stmset, I turped directly “in toware "river, ner nightfall: entered a sort of ravine: We were apliget to feel e [ 174] 126 A successful day’s hunt had kept our hunters occupied until late, and ified themselves for the scanty fare of the past night. It was quite a pretty and pleasant place; a narrow strip of prairie about five hundred yards long terminated at the ravine where we entered by high precipitous hills closing in upon the river, and at the upper end by a ridge of low rolling hills. . In the precipitous bluffs were displayed a succession of strata containing fossil vegetable remains, and several beds of coal. In some of the beds the coal did not appear to be perfectly mineralized ; and in some of the seams, it was compact and remarkably lustrous. In these latter places there were also thin layers of a very fine white salts, in powder. As we had a large supply of meat in the camp, which it was necessary to. dry, and the sur- rounding country appeared to be well stocked with buffalo, which it was ' was between them and our animals, had caught a glimpse of an Indian’s * head, as he raised himself in his stirrups to look. ove the hill, a moment ade the charge ; and succeeded in turning the band into the - camp, as the Indians charged into the bottom with usual yell. Before they reached us, the grove on the verge of the little bottom was occupied ' le t mistake only at the moment of ‘the atta heir mi bh ck—an excuse which juited us to receive aS true, though under the full conviction that ‘ay of our little howitzer,and our favora ion in the grove, certair y 8a ed our horses, and probably ourselves, fron | their marauc intentions. They had been on a war party, and had been defeated, and. ea ; a eae: ee / — _ 2 ee :" : 7" 2 ae a: = ery oh = Xe le 127 : [174] were consequently in the state of mind which aggravates their innate thirst for plunder and blood. Their excuse, however, was taken in. part, and the usual evidences of friendship interchanged. . The pipe went round, provisions were spread, and the tobacco and goods furnished the customary presents, which they look for even from traders,and much more from Government authorities. the atitude 41° 36' 00"; longitude 107° 22’ 27" _ August 6.—At sunrise the thermometer was 46°, the morning being clear and calm... We travelled to-day over an extremely rugged country, Our road the next day was through a continued and dense field of arie- through which we were travelling was a high plateau, cons tuting the di- _ viding ridge yee the waters of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, and extending to a considerable distance southward, from the neighborhood of the Table rock, at the southern side of the South Pass. Though broken up into rugged and rocky hills of a dry and barren nature, it has nothing ofa mountainous character; the small streams which occasionally oceur belonging neither to the Platte nor the Colorado, but losing themselves either in the sand or in Small lakes. From aw eminence, in the afternoon, — a mountainous range became visible in the north, in which were recog- nised some rocky peaks belonging to the range of the Sweet Water valley; and, determining to abandon any further attempt to struggle through this -almost, impracticable country, we turned our course direetly north, towards -& pass in the valley oftheSweet Water river. A shaft of the gun earriage . Was broken during the afternoon, causing aconsiderable delay; and it was _ date in an unpleasant evening before we succeeded in finding a very poor » s€ncampment, where there was a little water in a deep trench of a ereek, and some scanty grass amoung the shrubs. All the game here consisted in ~ & lew ere straggling buffalo bulls, and during the day there had been but very wy a P 3 es x : cl & a) r 1744 128 little grass, except in some green spots where it had collected around springs or shallow lakes. Within fifiy ie of the Sweet Water, the country changed into a vast saline plain, in many places oe, level, occasion- ally resembling the flat sandy beds of shallow Here the vegetation nsisted of a shrubby growth, among which nen several varieties of chenopodiaceous plants; but the characteristic shrub was Fremontia ver- mia ris, with smaller saline shrubs gro ing with singular luxuriance, and in pits places Pieri exclusive illiviite: of po On the evening ee the Sth, we encamped on one of these fresh-water lakes, which the traveller considers himself fortunate to find; and the next day, in latitude by observation 42° 20’ 06", halted to noon immediately at the foot of the southern side of the range which walls in the Sweet = y; on the: stn of a small tributary to that river. nuing e afternoon our course down the stream, which = dts Sientinas aes the ridge, forming a very practicable pass, we entered the valley ; and, after a march of about nine miles, encamped on our famil- larriver, endeared to us by the acquaintance of the previous expedition ; the night having already closed in with a cold rain storm. Our ear about twenty miles above the Devil’s gate, which we had been able to see in coming down the plain; and,in the course of the night, the clouds broke away around Jupiter fora short time, during which we obtained an im- mersion of the first satellite, the result of which agreed very nearly with the chronometer, giving for the mean longitude 107° 50’ 07"'; elevation above the sea 6,040 feet; and distance from St. Vrain’s fort, by the road we had just travelled, 315 miles. passes the ad to Oregon; and the broad smooth highway; where the Humerous heavy wagons of the emigrants had entirely beaten and crushed the the artemisia, was a happy exchange to our poor animals forthe sharp rocks and tough shrubs among which they had been toiling so long; — _ and we moved up the valley rapidly and pleasa santly. With very little de- viation from our route of the preceding year, we continued up the valley; and on the evening of the 12th encamped on the Sweet Water, at a point where the road turns off to cross to the plains of Green river. The increased of the weather indicated that we had attained a great elevation, which the ito here placed at 7,220 feet; and during the night water froze in the | ‘The of the 13th was clear and cold, there being a white frost; and the thermome ,a little before sunrise, standin at 26.5°. Leaving this encampment, (our last on the waters which — towards the rising -sun,) we took our way along the upland, towards the dividing ridge bred _ Separates the Atlantic fromthe Pacific.waters, and crossed it by a road some niles further south than the one we had followed on ‘our return in 1842. is near twenty miles in width, and already traversed by different toads. Selecting as well as I could, in the scarcely distin- De serial what might be considered the dividing ridge i in this: re- ossed near the table mountain, at the southern extremity of the Pass, which i 0 bes for the elevation above we ‘eipes of, Mexico. You ; oe hice me now Cae. sie recision. x iportgal as ae ce - Pp “gate through which commerce and travellir ing may hereafter pass-bet tween ae * oe al 129 — the valley of the Mississippi.and the north Pacific, justifies a precise notice- of its locality and distance from/leading points, in addition to this statement of its elevation. As stated in the report of 1842, its latitude’at the point’ where: we crossed is'42° 24' 32"; its longitude 109° 26' 00"; its distance from the mouth of the Kansas, by the common travelling route, 962 miles; from the mouth of the Great Platte, along the valley of that river, according to.our survey of 1842, 882 miles ; and its distance from St. Louis about 400° miles more by the Kansas, and about 700 by the Great Platte route 3; these additions being steamboat conveyance in both instances. From this pass. to the mouth of the Oregon is about 1,400 miles by the common travelling route; so that, under a general point of view, itmay be assumed to be about half way between the Mississippi and the Pacific ocean, on the common: travelling: route. Following a hollow of slight and easy descent, in which: was very soon formed a little tributary to the Gulf of California, (for the: waters which flow west from the South Pass go to this gulf,) we made our. | somely timbered with cottonwood. The refreshing appearance of the broad © river, With its timbered shores and green wooded islands, in contrast to its dry, sandy plains, probably obtained for it the name of Green river, which was bestowed on,it by the Spaniards who first came into this country to trade some 25 years ago. It was then familiarly known as the Seeds-ke- e-agie, or Prairie Hen (/etrao urophasianus) river; aname whieh it re- ceived. from the Crows,to whom its upper waters belong, and of which this. * bird is still-very ayundant. . By the Shoshonee and Utah Indians,to whom: belongs, for a considerable. distance below, the country where we were now’ travelling, it was called the Bitter Root river, from the great abundance in its valley of a plant which affords them one of their favorite'roots:.. Lower down, from Brown’s‘hole to the southward, the river: runs through lofty chasms; walled in: by precipices of red rock’; and even ‘among-the wilder tribes who inhabit that portion of its course, I have heard itealled by Indian refugees from the Californian settlements the Rio Colorado.’ We halted to noon at the upper end of a large bottom, near’some old houses, which had” beema:tradins: post, in latitude 41° 46° 54". “At this place the elevation of — the tiver above the sea is 6,230 feet: That of Liewis’s fork of the Col ae at Fort Hallis, according to our subsequent observations, 4,500 feet. "Fire » descent of each stream is rapid; but that of the Colorado is but little known, - and» that: little derived: from vague report. Three hundred milés* of tS” ¥ part, as it approaches'the gulf of California, is reported to be smooth and*tranquil; but its upper part is manifestly broken into™many falls 9 J F Bie oo] $ aiiten” 130° i mous on 120 feet wide, timbered principally With es ; d here and there an occasional large tree. At 3 in the morning I iano vation of an emersion of the fist satellite of Jupiter, with ~ observations. The heavy wagons have so completely. pulverized the: hat clouds of fine light.dust are raised by the slightest wind; waking» sometimes aeey disagreeable. our encampment at 6 in the morning, we travelled _ the roz . August 17.—Leavin ng m, which is about two miles. wide, bordered by low hills, in and very distinct vegetable fossils. In® . “al the bottoi which iMtrata-c contained handsome a short distance farther up the river, and underlying. ao pel a ly limestone. Crossin gon thd um of an impure or argillaceous s fork, weiss itis qne fom deop and forty wide ; with : ar water si see ds inn Ui Red in.aine no acpbavi sixty feet breadth, anda Cae rowth of grass. The road here makes a traverse of twelv | i tae Passing in the way iptenisletecbtehilte; : dred feet. high, with frequent and nearly vertical escarp- of a green stone, gpnsisting of an argillaceous carbonate of lime, al- with strata of an iron-brown limestone, and worked into pietur-~ one Dy wind and rain, at 2 in the afternoon we reached. the river e. to-day 21.miles. Since crossing the great; dividing. very cee in ei en om : ock y mountains, plants have ered principally prihase temisia. 3 noon 0 on iba. river, a ‘short pete aba at onee woman took leave of us here, e expecting to t Bridger fort, which is only a mile or two. — e encamped ‘aia salt creek; about _In the evening we e ing to-day oe elle seen ite are t satellite under fave ~~ circumstance, TE Ne ae ce ae 131, C Bin for a small supply of provisions. A few se from our encampment ment, the - (ac a high ridge, which the. trappers called the little mountain,” e hillsnear connecting the Utah with the Wind river chain; and-ir one of the which we passed I remarked strata of a conglomerate formation, 1 age meuts uf which were scattered over the surface. ..We crossed’a ri of. this conglomerate, the road passing neara grove of jow cedar, and. de~. once upon one of the heads of Ham’s fork, called Muddy, where we=— our midday halt. In the river hills at this place, I discovered strata - ossliero rock, having an oolitic structure, which, in connexion with — sb ae ae authorize us to believe that here, on the west sid » we find repeated the modern foxmations of G te Britain’ and a te which have hitherto been wanting to complete the system. of North American geology, tel > Specimens. gy se ely are: e.desianstsd in the easyer bythe ieee and. most Spoon feonah fossil eet Lhad met in the country, and I deeply. re- ee that time did not permit me to remain a. © or two.in the a on the my ae streem, where we but very. a fine cow, with rere which | te eh aen were found several miles from the road, she | Saee an abuhdance of alk we enjoyed tonight * wyprie yon the upper line of ete with, beautiful eaoapr rags ging, _ but where our animals fared badly; the stock of the emigrants having _ f 174] 132 out afoot in breadth and several inches deep, directly from the hill side. noon we halted at the Jast main fork of the creek, at an elevation of 7,200 feet, and in latitude, by observation, 41° $9' 45"; and in the afternoon con- tinued on the same excellent road, up the left or northern fork of the Stream, towards its head, in a pass which the barometer placed at 8,230 feet above the sea. This is a connecting ridge between the Utah or Bear river mountains and the Wind river chain of the Rocky mountains, separating the waters of the init of California on the east, and those on n the west be- longing more directly to the Pacific, from a vast interior basin whose rivers are collected into numerous lakes having no outlet tothe ecean. From the summit of Sy pass, the highest which the road crasses between the Missis- rugge “on appearance was greatly increased by the smoky weather, eae which the broken ridges were dark and dimly seen. The ascent the A summit of the gap was occasionally steeper me national road in om a and the descent, by way ofa spur on the wc at side, is er precipitous, but the pass may still be called a good one. Som eee of willow in the hollows below deceived us into the expectation of finding a camp ‘at our usual hour at the foot of fhe mountain ; but we foun them without water, and cohtinued down a ravine, and encamped about . dark at a place where the springs again began to make their appearance, ay “razed ‘the grass as ¢ompletely as if we were again in the midst of the wag 21.—An hour’s travel this morning brought us into the fertile po cosa a valley of Bear river, the principal tributary to the Great The stream is here 200 feet wide, fringed with willows and nce i : of hawthorns. We were now entering a region which for us posse and extraordinary interest. We were upon the mab of the famous lake which forms a salient point among the remarka- ble geographical features of the country, and around which the vague an ‘superstitious accounts of the trappers had thrown a delightful obscurity, which we anticipated pleasure in dispelling, but ton in the mean time, leftia crowded field for the exercise of our imaginati Inmour occasional conversations with the few old ee who had visited the région; it had:beep a subject of frequent speculation ; and the wonders which: they related Were not the less agreeable because they were_ highly graphy; its islands had never been visited; and none were to be found yhad-entirely made the circuit of its shores ; and no instrumental ob- ‘or geographical survey, of any description, had ever been made pasion in the neighboring region. It was generally supposed that. it had no visible outlet; but among the peappars: including those in my own camp, were man who believed that somewhere: on its surface was a ter- rible whirlpool, through which its waters found their w u to the ocean: some subterranean communication. All these things : . = of prans in our desuitory conversations ‘the fires at ; and my own mind had become tolerably well filed “wit er in- | nite preners and insensibly colored with their romantic descriptions, ib BS the pleasure of excitement, T was well disposed to _ and d to realize. exaggerated and impossible. _ Hitherto this lake had been.seen only by trappers who were’ wandering ' thre ugh the country in search of new beaver streams, caring very little for bie a frequent ' Be . . it “ ‘ P eS: * a ef mn ~ Lega rs sie ll TS cect oe é oe, OZ sal / if 4A ve sing Aie® ‘ 4 * % Seale, 44 Miles to an Inch, ‘ 20-21 A | é ‘ : - So ee Pi ee ae a x _ Wh _wé descended into this beautiful valley, it is three to bales breadth, perfectly level, and bounded by mountainous ridges, one above another, rising sudden enly fro from the plain. _Annexed is a map of ie portion of the river ‘aliog which passes the emigrant road. In its character of level bottoms,enclo between:a mountains, it presents a type of the streams of thisregion. We continued our rene down the, river, and at night encamped with a family of ey ica men, women, and several children—who ap- peared to be bringing up the rear of the great caravan. 1 was struck wit the fine Ase hein of their cattle, some six or eight yoke of oxen, whie died looke@ as well as if they had been all the summer at work on some arm. It was strange to see one small family ylhoteg & along th i! a country, so remote from civilization. Some nine years since, such a security might have been a fatal one; but since thety disoatronk Heats in the country alittle north, the Blackfeet have ceased to-V isit these waters. Indians, however, are very uncertain in. their localities; and the: pare . feelings, also, of those now inhabiting it may be change ed. ia ‘According 1 bp barometrical observation at noon, the elevation of the valley was 6,400 fe feet above the sea; and our encampment at night in latitude 42° 03' 47", and longitude 11°10" 53'’, by observation—the day’s journey having been 26" miles. This encampment was therefore within the territe rial limit-of the United States; our travelling, from the time we entered 4 valley of the Green river, on ‘the 15th of August, having been to the south of the 42d degree of north latitude, and consequently on Mexican seca and this is the route all the emigrants now travel to Oregon. The temperature at sunset was 65°; and at aeons there was a thunder. storm, with a light breeze from the wee Antelope and elk were seenWuring the anya re the opposite pris there were ducks and geese in. the river. ? Ther ext ing, i abput three miles from auseubant pment ork, A of clear water, about,.50. feet in bre ae ES eae Me timbered with cotontwood, willow, ne aspen, and makes a be ‘bouchement through a pass about 00. yentew Oy; between'n mountain hills, rising abruptly on either side, and forming gigantic co : the gate te by which it enters Bear rive rvalley, The bottoms, which below ad : ae 500 mea wide; and during the greater part of the day we had “i ng toute, the river making very he ge and rocky and the valley occasionally so narrow as only to : through. our halt at as in a fertile bapa arte the common hee et ae a few giles Do low the mouth of Thomas’s * re ew Shine of the Titer. : aa 3 stnoo int of anarrow spur, we descended into at di camps, where 1 le which a women ii one d ae children playing in — and bottom, had an air of quiet security, | Fina 134 i d comfort, that made a rare sight for the traveller in gech a emote wilderness _ _ incomm with all the emigration, they bad been n reposing for Sean _ days in in this delightfat valley, in order to recruit: their animals on its luxuri- en pasturage afier their long journey, and + repare them slong the Teepe eae sterile banks of the’ “lower end of this extensive bottom, the river passes through an open caiion, en there were — serie rocks to the water’s edge, and the road here 4 an ight. It was alread ye near sunset ; on. ‘ “ aide he sks valley, finding the road. tolerably good, until w arrived at a point re it. the ridge by an ascent of a mile in length, which was so sep and difficult for - gun and carriage, that we did not reach the r animals were gathered into camp, several of those which were very ak being necessarily left to pass the night on the ridge; and we sat down againto a midnight supper. The road, in the morning, preseuted an ani- _-‘Mated appearance. We found that we had encamped near a large party of - emigrants; anda few miles below @nother peek was meee in motion. Here ‘the valley had ‘resumed its usual bread the river swept off along Side, the road coat ning divectif-g on. © > ot about an ‘hour's travel ‘we met several Shoshonee Indians, who in- . ae us that they belonged to. : Arse 3) village which had j just come into iain to rd, where they. hunt- _ ¥mg antelope 2 rabies rte mein Glad at the opportunity of seeing one of eee villages, and ‘in the hope of purchasing from them a few horses, I tarned immediately off into the plain wade their eheamp- . “ment, whieh was situated on a small stream near the riv - We had approached within something more than a mile of the village, yen addenly: a single horseman emerged from it at full speed, followed er, and another, in rapid succession; and then party after pe into “the ge gaa when —~ foremost rider reac 2 all ndians enti 5 and: Ww on long red een ‘ofMhelt our bonnets ill mingled tos : 3 people, is vogiicaanad emb e Sioux, and Fae ey Re "bad i bxstsin; meet the river at about 100’clock. It was late ae, Sg a peculiar process, being baked in the ground for about two days. “tet : ining the road, (on which, during all the day, were scattered the igrant Wagons,) we continued on down the vdlley-of the river, bordered by high — and mountainous hilis,on which fires are seen at the summit. soil & appears generally good, aithough, with the grasses, many of the plantsare dried up, probably on account of the great heat and want of rain. The comimon biue flax of cultivation, now almost entirely in seed—only a seate ed flower here and there remaining—is the most characteristic plant of _ ihe Bear river valley. When we encamped at night on the right b the river, it was growing as in a sown field. We had travelled duri ‘day 22 miles, encamping in latitade {by observation) 42° 36” 56”, _ Metric longitude 111° 42' 05". eee as : how becam miles travel {rom our encampment, we journey to which we had famou: | Beer springs. mous he S t “ iss eee TESS ¥e PR avound a cireular bend of river, here at its most north- . bt, aud which from a northern, in the course of a few mil ires ‘ise of clear water enters the upper part of the basin from an open valley in the ” - ni 4 | : a ; river. " ty ay urs and trappers of the country, who, in the midst : im] 136 and lives, are fond of finding some fancied resemblance to the luxu- pies the ‘rarely have the fortune to enjo joy. _ Although somewhat disappointed in t 1@ expectations which various de- riptions had led me to form of unusual beauty of situation and scenery, . IT found it altogether: a place of very great interest; and a traveller for the Cae time in a voleanic fegion remains in a constant excitement, and at parERY step is arrested by something remarkable and new. There i: ah a con- 1 of interesting objects gathered -together in a small-space. © ‘the piace of.encampment the Beer springs were numerous; but, as “ as we could ascertain, were entirely confined to that locality inthe bottom. | In whe bed of the river, in. on for a space of several hundred yards, they ing gasrising up and agitating the water he Pasian bubbling mi se . Inthe vicinity round about were numerous springs of an entirely digerent and equally marked mineral. character. Ina _#ather picturesque spot,about 1,300 yards below our encampment, and im-. _ mec ~~ on i river bank, is the most remarkable spring of the place Anat g on the rock,a white column of scattered water is thrown: up, in fori like a fet @eaustoa variable height of about three feet, and, though at is maintained in a constant supply, its greatest height is attained only at _ feguilar intervals, according to the action of the foree below. It is accom- panied by a subterranean noise, which, faneoeiees with the motion of the water, makes very much the impression of a steamboat in motion ; and, > without knowing that it had been already pears so starters gave to poke Apmne of the Steamboat spring. The roc cieceee which it is forced ass in a convex manner, and gathered a tthe opening iuto an . arn-mo ee and is evidently formed by continued . the water, and colored bright red by oxide of iron. An analysis of ‘this _ deposited rock, which I subjoin, will give you some idea ofthe properties _ of the water, which, with the exception of the Beer springs, is the mineral _ awater of the place.* It isa hot spring, and the water has a pungent and “disagreeable metallic taste, leaving a burning effect on the tongue, Within ps two yards of the ye¢-d’eaw isa small hole of about an inch in diam- ° eter, through which, at regular intervals, escapes a blast of hot air with a eee wreath of smoke, accompanied by a regular noise. This hole had o 1 hy Doctor Wislizenus, a gentleman who several years since d by this place, and who remarked, with very nice pemnress that g the gas which issued from the orifice produced a Iedtes foaliyyned ovenickongs onbaalid goer eewees: we were ———— a band of boys a Lath by E Weber i Go x 187 7 Cai few eee ea eat the a whom he ‘seemed t‘conier ahs genius loci. ‘The ceaseless motion and the: play of the fountain, the ‘red rock, and the green trees near, make this a picturesque’ spot. A ‘short distance above the spring, and near the footof the:sa very remarkable yellow-colored rock, softand friable, consisting prine of carbonate of lime and oxide of iron, of regular structure, whieh ie prob ably a fossil coral. The rocky bank along theshore between the Steam-* boat spging and our encampment, along which is dispersed the water from the hills, is composed entirely of strata of a calcareous:tufa, with the:te- mains of moss and reed-like grasses, which is probably ‘the formation of springs. The Beer or Soda springs, which have given name to this locality, are agreeable, but less highly flavored than ‘the “ie oiling springs at the foot of Pike’s peak, which are of thesamecharacter. ‘They are very numerous, ane half hidden by tufts of grass, which we amused ourselves in removing searching about for more highly impregnated springs.’ They‘are'some — of them deep, and of various sizes—sometimes several yards ‘in diameter, and kept in constant motion by eolumns of escaping gas. By ae one quart of the water contains as follows: . ms * Sulphate of magnesia “ a ~ “ “ - 32,10 Sulphate of lime — - - . - % - $212 Carbonate of lime. - - - . . - - 386 Carbonate of magnesia - - - - . ie Lioded Chloride of calcium - - - = - = 19333 Chloride of magnesium ——- - - e ; - dae hloride of sodium. - : * ¥ - - odode ca a extractive matter, ke, ; 3 a — ama g oe “Phe catbonic acid, ,tained in the erkibeuibyiackyad lly ape before it ae subjected ppt ie and it was ‘not, — taken into _ considerati In the afternoon I wnndeved about among the. cedars, which occupy the Saale ——— a dty oe ek oi torent pas entirel bare, and-composed principally of carbonate of lime, ith ee of iron sce the same manner. Walking near one of [m4] 138 - the bottom, and wom. the little stream which has been already men sista, I visited several remarkable red and white hills, which had attracted my 4 om the: me in the morning. These are immediately upon the - “stream, and, _ those already mentioned, are formed by the dendettion of stra m the springs. On their summits, the orifices through “which the arr had been discharged were so large that they resembled miniature craters, being some of them several feet in diameter, circular, and regular! asify art. Ata former time, when these : dried-up | foun- tains were all in motion, they must have made a beautiful ear ron a "Baio one ms oF these hills, or dake: on its side » near the Vel 1 these s limestone columns, about one foot in digatette at the’ ebaes ahd ' upwards toa height of three or four feet; and on the summit the is boiling a bubbling over, constantly adding to the height of 4 ay 8 rae some, the water only boils up, ho longer overflowing, ea he same taste as at the Steamboat spring. The observer will remark a ceil subsidence in the water, which formerly supplied the fountains, as on all the summits of the hills the springs are now dry, an we, found only low down — rake sides, or on the surrounding plain. _ A little higher up the creek rmed by strata of a very ‘heavy and hard scoriacgous exalt having a brifgit: metallic Justre when Bes ‘ e mountains overlooking the plain are of an ane different ar it of on of 22 . . sr skifts the Sin I found at the foot ofa is, et and is iss froma — t rock of a dark-blue color, a great number of sprii s hav- -ing the same» tand disagreeably metallic taste already mentiobed, the water 3 which was _ into a very-remarkable basin, whose sin -gularity, perhaps, made it appear to me very beautiful. “It is large— perhaps fifty yards in circumference ; and in it the water is contained at an elevation of several feet above the surrounding ground bya wall of cd eareous /ufa, composed principally of the remains of mosses, three or four, and. sometimes ten feet high. The water within is very clear and pure, -and three or four feet deep, where it could be conveniently measured near the wall; and, ata —— lower level, is another d or basin of wie ga em ntly-of eonsiderable e ee es Ss ik unc 7 ovo a ocks bet ‘ ean ier omere ye Me in the afternoon I sat out on my -return to large field of a salt that was several pts dor, found. onmy © emigrant friends, who had beene ped in company \ with d their journey, and the road had ae sob its solitary mperature of the largest of the “aa ber Be at our ét seen that of the psa ner i 139 [ 174 J sat_up for an observation of the first satellite of Jupiter, Mek took place about midnight; but fell asleep at «the 2 foe? eee tt ; 0 2 ine norn iT 4 i \ rie “smoky; and the temperature at sunrise 28.5°. At the same time, the tem- ; and that of the steam hole, quits the valley of Bear river, and, crossing ’a ridge which divides the G : river, in a distance of probably fifty miles, or two and a half days’ journey sera the principal feature of geographical interest in the basin, was one main objects contemplated in the general plan of our survey, and bend, the river here passes between lar walls of basalt, which #!ways fix the attention, from the m in which it occurs, and its perfect distinctness from the st among which it has been placed. The mouptain, which is : by our laced. The mouptain, which is ragged and steep, and, by our measure- ‘ment, 1,400 feet above the river directly Opposite the place of our halt, is called the Sheep rock—probably because a flock of the common mountain vertical, and disposed | masoury ina very t gular osed of a brown-colored scoriaceous lava, evidently ae ee the produetion: ofa ‘modern volcano, and having all the ‘appearance of ‘the lighter scoriaceous ‘lavas of Mount Aitna, br Sent ‘and. other volcanoes. of the The faces of the walls were reddened ' and glazed by the fire, in which they ‘had been melted, and which had left them coutorted and twisted by its -wiolent action. — _ Our route during the afternoon was a little fie being (in the direction owe had taken) over’ a voleanic plain, where our ‘progress was sometimes -obstructed by fissures?and ‘black beds composed of fragments of the Be On both weigh: the mountains ‘appeared very broken, but tolerably wel we timber an ayy ugust 26.—Crossitig a point of ridge which makes in to the ri ell apo ere, San before sunset, and encamped on the right bank, + it ‘the encampment of three lodges of Snake Indians ey visit during t sbvenidg, and ‘we obtained from them a ‘small quantity of rats “of dit asda baxens tres for goods. Among them was a sweet root of'very pleasant flavor, having somewhat the taste of preserved quince. “My endeavors to become acquainted with the plants which furnish to the ‘Indians‘a portion of their support were only gradually successful, and af- ter long and persevering attention; and even after obtaining, I did not sue- ceed in preserving them wnti! they could be satisfactorily determined. Th ‘this portion of the journey, 1 found this particular root cut up into such “small pieces, that it was only ‘to be identified by its taste, when the bulb “was met with in perfect form among the Indians lower down ee the Co- Aumbia, among whom it is the highly celebrated kamds. It was long “ai- sterwards, on our return through Upper California, that 1 found the plant ‘itself in bloom, which I’supposed to furnish the kamis root, (camassia es- -culenta.) The ‘root diet hada rather mournful effe tt atahe commence- ‘ment, and one of the calves was killed this rehing for food. The animals ‘fared well on rushes. August 27.—The morning was cloudy, with appearance of rain, and ahe thermometer at sunrise at 29°. Making an unusually early start, we crossed the tiver‘at'a good ford ; and, following for about three hours a trail “which led along the bottom, we ‘eritered a: labyrinth of hills below the mafh ‘Tidge,-an nd halted to'noon in theravine of a pretty little stream, timbered with « of a large size, ash-leaved maple, with cherry and other rabt of y weather, which had prevented any very extende views since enter! Green ti river valley, began: now to disap peas “Thy was a slight rai the eater part of the day, and at noon, when the ther ‘mometer had risen nee a 2 hada a ad sun, wa blue me ae at 141 fiery ts, and dried-up grasses. Many. cranes. were. sage iening: the 1 Pa eg xy, shy and w se night we had a thunder. storm, with moderate dus a 1 road to the lake, w very: in about an eae travelling, ‘aes ba te the river. We were now ek ' valley ay or six miles wide, between miles below, appeared to close up and terminate.the nares leaving for the’ river only a very narrow pass, or canon, behind which we imagined that: we should find the broad waters of the lake. .We made tk halt at. the mouth of a small clear stream, having a slightly. mineral taste, (perhaps: of salt,) 4,760 feet above the gulf, In the: afternoon. w we climbed.a very. steep sandy hill; and, after a slow and. winding, day’s march-of 27 miles, . amped at a slou, ugh on the river. There were ad quantities of geese: and dueks, of whic only a few were shot;, the. Indians having probably | it a ya Dh he oe ‘hich, killed i the aller nomi A mephitis marten) w. was. in: Ee made a supper for one of the The river.is bordered - oeca~ sonall? with fields of cane, with ore we if tebe 5 as an-indieation-of our” approach to a lake country. We-had frequent showers of raitt during the night, with thunder. August 29.—The thermometer. at sunrise was 54°, with air from: the NW., and dark, rainy, clouds movoe on, the: horizon ; rain squalls and bright sunshine by intervals. J rode ahead with Basil,to explore the counm- try, and, continuing about three miles along.the river, turned directly off on a trail running towards, three. marked. SAPS in. the bordering range, where tts swe gualy. Fu cut ly ‘o the pate plain rose ually. ene on arsea,into.a gallo p.anisamanst tracks which s ikea tor ry_ple et. we. came, suddenly upon a small party of Shoshe ians, who had fallen, into, the: cotter: dl i the ch ~~ et ‘al bei 8 oe? ; 3 a ne ny ent oe halted to» noon at a eideot haa were: ; on. ita hich, *stole a little pure water with a margin just fie: large for our passage. From the river; the: plain had gradually risen to an altitude.of. sy daar and, by meridian ob- servation, the latitude of the entrance. ; fn the. interval of our usual, halt, — “ us. wandered. along up the © stream to examine the Liane — at Paes a the gate, sie rocks © prone vail sides of the rocky walls. These were ; pe mounta here ; et opening directly on the grassy bottom were sev naar . 142 “The trail was an “excellent one for pack horses; ‘bat, as it sometime 3 crossed a shelving point, to avoid the shrubbery we were oblig ed in severa is to open a road Yor the carria; through the wood. A squa w on horse- panied by five or six dogs, entered the pass in the afternoon; ; hs was too much terrified at sibiligat herself i in such crea Seierskoal nian, every eavaetctl! that affords ; any "adic : sarees vie animal thing, insect or worm, they eat. Nearly approach- _ ing to the lower animal creation, their sole employment is to obtain food; they are Soiimacely occupied in a struggle to support existence. = _» Tn the annexed view will be found a sketch of the Standing rock—the ~~ most remarkable featureof the pass, where a huge rock, fallen from th® above, and standing perpendicularly near the middle of the iat sents itself like @ watch tower in the pass. Tt will give yon. tol ractegof the scenery in this country, whi mountains i “4 from com pram icahes sly un unbro delighted pltce i | enti ly pean all ing the ‘in the re ‘on the way, made the atloroorrotate! sho d about m the entrance we passed through another gate: and en- tream at the junction of a “Titele fork from the southw var mountains stooped more gen oly down, fo ling ; ees re Basit and myselt i in and Mr. Preuss other, set out to exy cote aula . | : ee og i eke gad; Lith..by E Weber & ©. Balumare _ Morning the clouds were sinking to the horizon, and the air was clez r ee RT Gee ee yy SRY i Sula Se eee ae = ee : a C4) over a long. extent. of Beag: Tiver, with, ns a Fe — Cache valley in. the directic r search, was only bed of apparently — impractic cable le Eumsins og these, the trai we had been follo ls : tur to the northward, and it began not | eed te ay from the object of ourd par Ine termined to keep it, in the belief that i vohlagieeanl big wei rt llofr rain drove us out of the ae ain, and it ane ire w he “ reached the camp. ‘he evening closed in with frequesit shomeryd : with some lightning and thunder “9 August 30.—We had constant thunder storms duting the night, batin cold, with the thermometer at sunrise at 39°, Elevation by baromete feet, We were in motion early, continuing up the little stream withnae en comp teeing any ascent where a horse would not easily gallop, and, crossing ht dividing ground at the summit, descended upon a. small stream, » ng which we continued on the same -exeellent road. In riding through AG) soe te for. secs inlatiee But Nie Bet no game of any kind; and it was difficult to obtain any roots ~ as they were miserably | poor, and had but little, te a their winter stock of provisions. Several of the Indians dre ae blankets, shewing me their Jean and bony figures; and 1 sation not any longi er ier teen. with a display of our merchandise to part wi a etched subsistence, oo they gave as a reason that it would expose them to oy lege Starvation. A great-portion of the region inhabi is nation y abounded in game; the buffalo ranging aboutin herds, 4 chad found t re on the eastern waters, and the plains dotted with scat- alten 8 antelope ; but so rapidly have they disappeared within a few. years, th noW,as we journeyed along, an occasi@nal buffalo skull’and a fom ia. Se were all that*remained of the whowiance which had the coy with animal life. a rdit not appear oadreseedligsbes wel sceieainls the media destruction is yearly carried on. With inconsiderable [im] 144 interesting to throwa glance: backward through the last twenty years, and give some-account of their former distribution through the country, and the i vectors western range. — F ion is. derived: — from Mr, Fitzpatrick, supported bysmy own personal knowledge and acquaintance with the country, Our knowle does not: go farther ——— the: ‘spring of 1924, at which time the buffalo we the Green river and Bear * “river valleys, and through: all: the country lying between the Colaratl, or Green river of the gulf of a and Lewis’s fork of the or river; the meridian of Fort Hall then forming the a of th eee and down) the valley of the Columbia, on sides of the’ Fishing falis.. Below this point they never r dedtondea® About» the year 1834 or 1835 they began to diminish very’ tapidly, and continued to decrease until 1838 or 1840, when, with the country; we have: just. described; they entirely abandoned all the waters of the Pacific north of Lewis’s fork of the Columbia. At that time,the Flat- head Indians were inthe habit of finding their buffalo on the heads of Sal- mon Tiver, and other streams of the Columbia; but now they never meet — with them farther west than the three forks of the Missouri or the plains of the ¥ellowstone: river. | diate’ _- toni beauty’ ofthat country, whieh bears marks of,having long ben ate oF ta aay favorite: by the: fact that the white hunters have more frequent- 5 isin dial thie than’the s it being north of the South Pass. that the hun trappers, and trad ¢, have had their rendezvous for many past; and ‘fromthat section also the greater portion of the beaver and favttes ‘were taken, although | always the most dangerous as well as the In that region lying between the Green or ends river and the head” waters of the Rio del Norte, over the Yampah, Kooyah, White, and Grand rivers—all-of which are the waters of the Coleiadis ithe buffale never ex- tended se far to the westward as they did on the waters of the Columbia; __ andbonly:in one: ortwo-instances have they been known to descend ie far “ ugh untry west west as the eS ee seg ‘through the co “the Rocky mout servation rez ‘me to the impre: er ae ssed that range to the wat e pe ‘are col ering 5 m sustained by Mr. oe re and os p all the Soiieg ee upon ters,are found in the prec highways, continuous for hun- a hes and sometimes several feet in depth, have made in cfossing from one river to bape oe iin ranges. The Snake seen ve more par r +4 d5 ook. Yi mountains, and their extraordinary diminution, will be made clearly evi- dent from the following statement: At any time between the years 1824 and 1836, a traveller might start from any given point south or north in the Rocky mountain range, journeying by the most direct route to the Missouri river ; and, during the whole distance, his road would be always sare large bands of buffalo, which would never be out of his oie? until rived almost within sight of the abodes of civilization. At thistime, the buffalo occupy but a very limited space, prigeipaliy along the eastern base of the Rocky mountains, sometimes extending at their southern extremity to a considerable distance into the plains between the Platte and Arkansas rivers, and along the eastern frontier of New Mexico as far south as Texas. The following statement, which I owe to the kindness of Mr. Sanford, a partner in the American Fur Company, will further illustrate this subject, by extensive knowledge acquired during several years of travel wrong the — inhabited by the buffalo: “The total amount of robes annually traded by ourselves and others will not be found to differ much from the following statement : Robes. American Fur Company a - of - 70,000 Hudson’s’ Bay Company - - nen te, AO _ All other companies, prohably ee ee - 10,000 Making a total of +» - - 90,000 5 as an average annual return for the last eight or ten Pears. “In the northwest, the Hudgon’s Bay Company purchase from the In- dians but a very small number—their only market being Canada, to which the cost of transportation nearly equals the produce of the furs; and it is only within a very recent period that they have received buffalo robes in trade ; and out of the great number of buffalo annually killed throughout the ex- tensive regions ‘inhabited by the Camanches and other kindred tribes, no tobes whatever are furnished for trade. During only four months o é ably not more than one-third of the skins are taken from ies animals ki alles even | when they are in good season, the labor of preparing and dressing ah robes being very great; and it is seldom that a lodge trades more ‘than & twenty skins ina year. It is during the summer months, andintheearly part of autumn, that the greatest number of buffalo are killed, and Is! at this time a skin i is never taken for the purpose of trade. . ~ From. iene data, which-are certainly limited, and decidedly within bo nds, the att is left to draw his own inference of the immense num- exit 1842, | sales the Sioux Indians of the Upper Platte demontés, as their French traders pores it, with the failure of the buffalo ; and in the fol- lowing year, large villages fevstt the Upper Missouri came over to th : tains at the heads of th of the Platte, in search of them. The rapidly p failure of their principal and almost their only means of sub: created great alarm among them ; and at this time there are onl, thee to ede by which they see a good prospect for esea ray 146 -tion : one of these is to rob the settlements along the frontier of the States ; and the other is to'form a league between the various tribes of the Sioux “nation, the Cheyennes, and Arapahoes, and make war against the Crow ‘nation, in order to take from them their country, which is now the best -eountry in the west. This plan they now have in consideration ; -and jt would probably be a war of extermination, as the Crows have long been advised of this state of affairs, and say that they are perfectly prepared. “These are the best warriors in the Rocky mountains, and are now allied with the Snake Indians; and it is probable that their combination would -extend itself to the Utahs, who have long been engaged in war against the ‘Sioux. It is in this section of country that my observation formerly led me to recommend the establishment of a militar The farther course of our narrative will give fuller and more detailed — of the = disposition of the buffalo in the country we visi the roots we obtained bere, I could distinguish only five or six different kinds; and the supply of the Indians whom we met consisted lly o yampahy, (anethum, graveolens,) tobacco root, (valeriana, } and a vad root of a species of thistle, ( circium Virginianum, ) which now is occasionally abundant, and is a very agreeably flavored vegetable. We had been detained so long at the village, that in the afternoon we made only five miles, and encamped on the same river after a day’s jour- ney of 19 miles. The Indians informed us that we should reach the big salt water after having slept twice and travelling in a south direction. The stream had here entered a nearly level plain or valley, of good soil, eight or ten miles broad, to which no termination was to be seen, and lying between ranges of mountains which, on the right, were grassy and smooth, unbro- ken by rock, and lower than on the left, where they were rocky and bald, increasing in height to the southward. On the creek were fringes of young ws, older trees” being rarely found on the plains, where the Indians burn the surface to produce better grass. Several magpies (pica Hudsonica) were seen on the creek this afternoon ; and a rattlesnake was killed here, _ the first which had been seen since leaving the eastern plains. Our camp “to-night had such a hungry appearance, that I suffered the little cow to be killed, and divided the roots and berries among the people. A number of Indians from the village encamped near. e weather the next morning was clear, the thermometer at sunrise at 4 Sead” rs and, continuing down the “valley, i in about five miles we followed * the ittle creek 0 our encampment to its junction with a larger stream, called Roseaua, or Reed river. Immediately opposite, on the right, the range was gathered into its highest peak, sloping gradually low, and run- » ning Off to a point apparently some forty or fifty miles below. Between this. (now become the valley stream) and the foot of the mountains, we ~ journeyed along a handsome sloping level, which frequent springs from the made occasionally miry, and halted to noon at a swampy spring, where haps: were good grass and abundantrushes. Here theriver was forty feet wide, with meeuereote current; and the valley a mile and a halfin breadth oil being generally sood, of a dark color, and apparently well Itiv tion. tape bad become bright and pleasant, with the ( ae. observation, our latitude was 41° 59’ 31", and the Wve the sea 4, “an feet. On our left, this afternoon, the range tervals { net ay Seger sppetrg, to emai) anots ae ae 147 [1%] ly visible ; and we were disappointed when at every little rise we did not see the lake. Towards evening, our way was somewhat obstructed by fields of artemisia, which began to make their appearance here, and we ‘eneamped on the Roseaux, the water of which had acquired a decidedly salt taste, nearly opposite to a canon Sap in the mountains, through which ‘the Bear river enters this valley. As we encamped, the night set in dark and cold, with heavy rain; and the artemisia, which was here our only Wood, was so wet that it would not burn. A poor, nearly starved dog, with a wound in his side from a ball, came to the camp, and remained valley below, of which the elevation here was about 4,500 feet above the sea. The country before us plainly indicated that we were approaching the lake, though, as the ground where we were travelling afforded no ele- vated point, nothing of it as yet could be seen ; and at a great distance ahead were several isolated mountains, resembling islands, which they were after- werds found to be. On this upper plain the grass was every where dead; and among the shrubs with which it was alinost exclusively occupied, (arte- misia being the most abundant,) ©. equently occurred handsome clusters of several species of dieteria in bloom. Purshia tridentata was among the frequent shrubs. Descending to the bottoms of Bear river, we found good grass for the animals, and encamped about 300 yards above the mouth of Roseaux, which here makes its junction, without communicating any of its salty taste to the main stream, of which the water remains perfeetly a,) bottoms the abundant plants are canes, solidago, and helianthi, and along al paddled down Bear river, intending at night to rejoin the party, which in the mean time proceeded on its way. The river was from sixty to one {Au J 148 hundred yards broad, and the water so deep, that even on the comparatively shallow points we could not reach the bottom with 15 feet. On either side -were alternately low bottoms and willow points, with an occasional high prairie ; and for five or six hours we followed slowly the winding course of the river, which crept along with a sluggish current among frequent détours several miles around 2 nning fora rable distance directly up the valley. As we were stealing quietly down the stream, trying in vain ‘to geta shot at a strange large bird that was numerous among the willows, but very shy, we came unexpectedly upon several families of Root Diggers, who were encamped among the rushes on the shore, and appeared very busy about several weirs or nets which had been rudely made of canes and rushes for the purpose of catching fish. They were very much startled at our appearance, but we soon established an acquaintance ; and finding that they had some roots, ] promised to send some iaen with goods to trade with them. They had the usual very large heads, remarkable among the ‘Digger tribe, with matted hair, and were almost entirely naked; looking very poor and miserable, as if their lives had been spent in the rushes where “they were, beyond which they seemed to have very little knowledge of any thing. From the few words we could comprehend, their language was that of the Snake Indians, Our boat moved so heavily, that we had made very little progress ; and, finding that it would be impossible to overtake the camp, as soon as we were sufficiently far below the Indians, we put to the shore near a high prairie ‘bank, hauled up the boat, and cached our effects in the willows. Ascendin the bank, we found that our desultory labor had brought us only a few miles in a direct line ; and, going out into the prairie, after asearch we found the trail of the camp, which was now nowhere in sight, but had followed the general course of the river ina large circular sweep which it makes at this ce. The sun was about thiee hours high when we found the trail ; and -as our people had passed early in the day, we had the prospect of a vigorous walk before us. Immediately where we landed, the high arable plain on which we had been travelling for several days past terminated in extensive low flats, very generally occupied by salt marshes, or beds of shallow lakes, whence the water had in most places evaporated, leaving their hard surface *nerusted with a shining white residuum, and absolutely covered with very small wnivalve shells. As we advanced, the whole country around us as- imed this »ppearance ; and there was no other vegetation than the shrubby diaceous and other’ apparently saline plants, which were confined ‘to the rising grounds. Here and there on the river bank, which w raised like a levee above the flats through which it ran, was a narrow border of Grass and short black-burnt willows; the stream being very deep and gish, and sometimes 600 to 800 feet wide. After a rapid walk of about Wwe caught sight of the camp fires among elumps of willows just sun had sunk behind the mountains on the west side of the val- ig the clear sky with a golden yellow. These last rays, to us so muld not have revealed a more welcome sight. To the traveller a oR 3 : acamp fire in the lonely wilderness is always cheering ; ee urselves, in our present situation, after a hard march in a region ing the debouches of a river,in a lake of almost fabulous ioubly so. A plentiful supper of aquatic birds, and the 1 dissipated fatigue; and I obtained during the ~ Sais 149 pivt 7 night emersions of the second, pire and fourth satellites of Jupiter, with observations for time and latitu Septer —The morning was 48 clear, with a light air from the north, and the thermometer at sunrise at 45°.5. At 3 in the morning, Basil was sent back with several men and horses for the boat, which, in a direct course aeross the flats, was not 10 miles distant ; and in the mean time there - was a pretty spot’of grass here for the animals. The ground was so low that we could not get high enough to see across the river, on account of the willows ; but we were evidently i in the vicinity of the lake, and the water - fowl made this morning a-noise like thunder. ° A pelican (pelecanus ono-. crotalus ) was killed as rhe passed by, and many geese and ducks flew over: the camp.- .On the dry salt marsh ‘here, i is scarce any yori plant than salicornia herbacea. In the afternoon the men returned with the boat, bringing with them a. small quantity of roots, and some meat, which the ‘Indians had told them ar meat. Dantseding the river for about three miles in the afternoon, we found a- bar to any further sy beebpade b in that direction—the stream being spread out in several branches, and covering the low grounds with water, where miry nature of the bottom did not permit any further advance. We were evidently on the border of the lake, although the rushes and canes which. covered the marshes prevented any view ; ‘and we accordingly encamped. at the little deta which forms the mouth of Bear river; a long arm of the lake stretching up to the north between us and the opposite mountains. The river was bordered with a fringe of willows and canes, among which were interspersed a few plants; and’scattered about on the marsh was a species of uniola, closely allied to U. spiéata of our sea coast. The whole: morass was animated with multitudes of water fowl, which appeared to be: very Sete for the space of a mile round about At the sound of a gun,. with a noise like distant thunder. Several of the people waded out into the marshes, and we had to-night a delicious supper of ducks, geese, over. Although the moon was bright, the night was otherwise favorable ; iid re obtained this evening an emersion of the first satellite, with the usual ob-. rvations. A mean result, depending on various observations made during - our aay in the neighborhood, places the mouth of the river in longitude: 112° 19’ 30” west from Greenwich; latitude 44° 30’ 99". and, according to the barometer, in elevation 4, 200 feet above the gulf of Mexic o. The night was clear, with considerable dew, which I had remarked every night since the first of September. The next morning, while we were preparing to start, Carson rode into the camp with flour and a few other articles of light provision, sufficient for two or three days—a scanty but very accepta- pe su ply. Mr. Fitzpatrick had not yet arrived, and provisions were very © é, and ditlicult to be had at Fort Hall, which had been n entirely ex-. Neustee by the necessities of the emigrants. He brought me also a letter from Mr. Dwight, who, in company with several emigrants, had ceaeleas 4 that place in advance of Mr. Fitzpatrick, and was about couleur is journey to Vancouver. _ Returning about five miles up the river, we were oceupied until unset in crossing to the left bank—the stream, which in the ia Roe ak miles of i ea —. is very much narrower than above, being very deep im- ately e banks ; and we had great difficulty é in ee animals. [ 174 ] 150 over. The people with. the baggage were easily crossed in the boat, and we encamped on the leit bank where we crossed the river. At sunset the thermometer was at 75°, and there was some rain during the night, with a thunder storm at a distance. : September 5,—Before us was evidently the bed of the lake, being a great salt marsh, perfectly level and bare, whitened in places by saline efflo- rescences, with here and there a pool of water, and having the appearance ofa very level sea shore at low tide. Immediately along,the river was a very narrow strip of vegetation, consisting. of willows, helianthi, roses, flowering vines, and grass ; bordered on the verge of the great marsh by a fringe of singular plants, which appear to bea shrubby salicornia, or a genus allied to it. a About 12 miles to the southward was one of those isolated mountains, now, appearing to be akind of peninsula; and towards this we accordingly directed our course, as it, probably afforded a good view. of the lake ; but the deepening mud as we advanced forced us to return toward the river, and gain the higher ground at the foot of the eastern mountains. Here we halt- ed for a few. minutes at noon, on.a beautiful little stream of pure and re- anatkably clear water, with a bed.of rock in sifu, on which was an abun- dant. water plant with a white blossom. There was good grass in the bot- toms; and, amidst a rather luxuriant growth, its banks were bordered with a latge. showy. plant (eupatorium purpureum,) which |. here. saw. for. the first time, We named the stream Clear creek. ; ‘ We. continued our, way along the mountain, having found here a. broad | plainly, beaten trail, over what was apparently the shore of the lake.in the Spring ; the ground being high and firm, and the soil excellent and covered mentary rock ; the lines of deposition being very distinct. It is rocky and » steep ; divided into several mountains ; and the rain in the valley appears to be always snow on their summits at this season. Near.a remarkable rocky point of the mountain, at a large spring of pure water, were several hackberry trees, (celtis,) probably a new species, the berries still green ; and a short distance farther, thickets of sumach (rhus. ) Springs, highly impregnated with salt. In one of these, the harrantnaiay. : + Tas dacs ees ee ae Wai 8 Hi Gea eee ee ae 151 Cie] At this place the trail we had been following turned to the left, apparent- ly withthe view of entering a gorge in the: mountain, from which issued’ tampres pa | fork of a large and comparatively well-timbered stream, vi ome ork. Weaccordingly turned off towards the lake, and enea on this river, which was 100 to 150 feet wide, with’ — banks; and very. clear puré water, pubes the slightest indication of sa tember 6.—Leaving the encampment early, we agai direetud dtu course for the Ay ir butte across a low shrubby plain, crossing in the! Hoe a slough-like creek with miry banks, and wooded with thickets of thorn’ crategus) which were loaded with berries. This time we reached ‘the butte without any difficulty, and, ascending to the ao immediately at our feet beheld the object of our anxious search—the waters of the Inland Sea, stretching in still and solitary grandeur far resend the limit of-our’ vision. It was one of the great points of the exploration ; and as we looked’ eagerly over the lake in the first emotions of excited pleasure, lam doubtful if the followers of Balboa felt more enthusiasm when, from the heights of: the Andes, ted 8 saw for the first time the great Western oeean. It was? certainly a. ni re ificent object, and a noble terminus to this part of our ex pedition ; to travellers so long shut up among mountain ranges, a sud- ~ view over the expanse of silent waters had in it something sublime, Several large islands raised their high rocky heads out of the waves ; but whether or not they were timbered, was still left tour imagination, as the: distance was too great to determine if the dark-hues upon them were wood: land or naked rock. During the day the clouds had been gathering blaek: over the mountains to the westward, and, while we were looking, a storm: burst down with sudden fury upon ‘the lake, and entirely hid the islands from our view. Sofar.aswe could see, along the shores there was’ nota! solitary tree, and but little appearance of grass; and on Weber’s’ forkya' few. mice! below our _siecarangay eure the timber was gathered into groves,’ and then edentirely. Asthis appeared to be the nearest point tov the lake where a maton camp could be found, we directed ref course to one of the > groves, where we found a handsome encampmen — grass an male.) career pores the mometer was at 55°; hee ev ening elear.and calm; with some eumuli: tember 7.—The morning was calm and clear, with a te at sunrise of 39°.5. The day was spent in active preparation for our: ins tended voyage on the lake. On the edge of the stream a favorable’ spot was selected in a grove, and, felling the timber, we made a strong coral, or horse pen, for the animals, and a little fort for the people who were'to re+ main. We were now probably in the country of the Utah Indians, though: none reside upon the lake. The India-rubber boat was repaired 'w rith: pre- pared alosh and gum, and filled with air, in readiness for the next day. . : which Carson had brought with him being nowex haustedy: and our: seein reduced Np a Spm quantity of roots, I determined to retaia> with me only a sufficient number of men for the execution of our design; __ and accordingly seven were sent back to Fort Hall, under the guidamte — of of Breage Lajeunesse, who, having been for many yearsa trapperin the” led wit ag mop and the road was a remarkably plain- "sabi only four days’ journey for a horseman , they beeame bewildered, (as'we ards | their way, wandered about the cg parties of one or two, reaching the fort about a week eee [174 J : 152 Frequently, during the day, clouds had rested on the summits of their lofty mountains, and we believed that we should find clear streams and springs of fresh water ; and we indulged in anticipations of the luxurious repasts with which we were to indemnify ourselves for past privations. Neither, in our discussions, were the whirlpool and other mysterious dangers forgot- ten, which Indian and hunter’s stories attributed to this unexplored lake. The men had discovered that, instead of being strongly sewed (like that of the preceding year, which had so triumphantly rode the eafions of the Up- per Great Platte, ) our present boat was only pasted together in a very inse- cure manner, the maker having been allowed so little time in the construc- tion, that he was obliged to crowd the labor of two months into several days. The insecurity of the boat was sensibly felt by us; and, min with the enthusiasm and excitement that we all felt at the prospect of an undertaking which had never before been accomplished, was a certain im- pression of danger, sufficient to give a serious character t ti The momentary view which bad been had of the lake the day before, its great extent and Tugeed islands, dimly seen amidst the dark waters in the curity of the sudden storm, were well calculated to heighten the idea ined danger with which the lake was generally associated. — CPOaAtIvil. September 8:—A calm, clear day, with a sunrise temperature of 41°. In view of our present enterprise, a part of the equipment of the boat bad. been made to consist in three air- tightbags, about three feet long, and ea- _—~ipat le each of containing e. een filled with water _ the night before, and were now placed in the boat, with our blankets and t , consisting of a si it, telescope, spy glass, thermometer, and . at 153 f 174 J _ We left the camp at sunrise, and had a very pleasant voyage down the river, in which there was generally eight or ten feet of water, deepening as we neared the mouth in the latter part of the day. In the course of the morning we discovered that two of the cylinders leaked so much as to re- quire one man constantly at the bellows, to keep them sufficiently full of air to support the boat. Although we had made-a very early start, we loitered so much on the way— stopping every now and then, and floating silently along, to get a shot at a goose or a duck—that it was late in the day when we reached the outlet. The river here divided into several branches, filled with fluvials, and so very shallow that it was with difficulty we could get the boat along, being obliged to get out and wade. Weencamped on a low point among rushes and young willows, where there was a quan- tity of drift wood, which served for our fires. The evening was mild and clear ; we made a pleasant bed of the young willows ; and geese and ducks enough had been killed for an abundant supper at night, and for breakfast the next morning. The stillness of the night was enlivened by millions of water fowl. Latitude (by observation) 41° 11’ 26''; and longitude 112° if . Sept 9, -*Bhe day was clear and calm; the thermometer at sunrise at 49°. As is usual with the trappers on the eve of any enterprise, our peo- ple had made dreams, and theirs happened to be a bad one—one which al- ways preceded evil—and consequently they looked very gloomy this morn- ing ; but we hurried through our breakfast, in order to make an early start, and have all the day before us for our adventure. The channel in a short distance became so shallow that our navigation was at an end, being merely a sheet of soft mud, with a few inches of water, and sometimes none atall, forming the low- water shore of the lake. All this place was absolutely covered with flocks of screaming plover. We took off our clothes, and, getting overboard, commenced dragging the boat—making, by this opera- tion, a very curious trail, and a very disagreeable = cb * stirring up the mud, as we sank above the knee at every step. The water here was still \ - fresh, with only an insipid and disagreeable taste, sbobabty, seal from the bed of fetid mud. After proceeding in this way about a mile, we came to a small black ridge on the bottom, beyond which the water became sud- denly salt, beginning gradually to deepen, and the bottom was sandy and firm. It was a remarkable division, separating the fresh water of the rivers from the briny water of the lake, ‘which was entirely saturated with com- mon salt. Pushing our little vessel across the narrow boundary, we _* on board, and at length were afloat on the waters of the unknown sea We did not steerer the mountainous islands, but directed our course to- wards a lower one, which it had been, decided we should first visit, thee summit of which was formed like the crater at the upper end of Bear river bai, SE So ne as we could touch the bottom with our eee, we were hi a ‘was (Tale iankcand over our 1 clothes, w ge con- [4] 154. verted into a crust of common salt, which covered also our hands and arms. ‘‘ Captain,” said Carson, who for some time bad been looking suspiciously at some whitening appearances outside the nearest islands, ‘“‘ what are those yonder ?—won’t you just take a look with the glass??? We ceased paddling for a moment, and found them to be the caps of the waves that were begin- ning to break under the force of a strong breeze that was coming up the. lake. The form of the boat seemed tobe an admirable one, and it rode on the waves like a water bird ; but, at the same time, it was extremely slow in is progress. When we were a ‘Vittle more than balf way across the reach, o of the divisions between the cylinders gave way, and it required the ome use of the bellows to keep in a sufficient quantity of air. For a % into. which the ileal was gotlened rose somewhat seit and a point of roek at. one end enclosed it ina sheltering we ; and as there was an abundance * an wood along the shore, it offered us a pleasant encamp- ment. We did.not:suffervour fragile bose to touch’ the sharp rocks ; but, getting. saeenie discharged the baggage, and, lifting it geatly out of the: water, carried it)to-the upper part of the’ beach, which was composed of very: small fragments of rock. Among the suecessive banks of the beach, formed by the action of the waves, our attention, as.we approached the island, had been attracted by’ one 10 to 20 feet in\breadth, of a dark-brown color. Being more closely examined, this. was found to be composed, to the depth of seven or eight and twelve inches, entirely of the larve of inseets, or, in common language, of the skins of worms, about the size of a grain of oats, which had been : washed up by the waters of the lake. : << Miatinese this subject some monthsafterwards, when travelling through more southern portion of thisregion, in company with Mr. Joseph Walker, an, ae hunter, | was informed by him, that, euilatiee with a Diet of men in a mountain country east of the great Californian pos Hd urprised a- party of se Uh ped near a smal V salt take; who aban- doned their lodges at hi | Be- ing in a starving. condition, ae were delighted to fit i in the abandoned sa number of skim bags, containing a quantity of what appeared to be dried and pounded. On this they made a Fog Supper ; and ‘were | ing aroun when Mr. Walker : iscoveres that it was with these, ora similar 5 worm, that the bags bbibbsen filled. Thestoma not proof ager their pre- ’ Usd . judices, and the: Sapetetre food. was: suddenly resente Mr. Walker had- : further opportunitiesof seeing these worms used as an article of food ; and I ain inelined to thinkithey-are the same as. those we saw, and appear to be os gal the salt lakes: It may be well to reeall to your mind that Mr. alker was associated with Captain Bonneville in his expedition to the os mereateine and has since that time remained in the country, gen- y resi ‘Snake villages, when not engaged in one LAKE. The GREAT SALT — [ 174 7 of his:numerous trapping expeditions, in which he is celebrated as one of. the best and bravest snd ot who have ever been in the country. The cliffs and masses 0 seale is nearly sixteen miles to an inch, is introduced only to show clearly. the extent of our operations, which, it will be bered, were made when: the waters were at their lowest stage. At the season of high waters.in the. spring, it is probable that ail the marshes and low. grounds are overflowed, and the surface of the lake considerably greater. Inseveral places whieh will be indicated to you in the sketch, by the absence of the bordering moun- tains ) the view was of unlimited extent—here and there a rocky islet ap- aring above the. water at a great distance ; and beyond, every thing was.. vague and undefined. As we looked over the vast expanse of water spread out beneath us, and strained our eyes along the. silent shores over which. hung so much doubt and uncertainty, and which.were so full of interest to us, I could hardly repress the almost irresistible desire to continue our ex- ploration ; but the lengthening snow on the mountains was a plain indica- tion of the advancing season, and our frail, linen boat appeared so insecure that I was unwilling to trust our lives to the uncertainties of the lake. [ therefore unwillingly resolved to terminate our survey here, and remain sat-, isfied for the present with what we had been able;to add to the unknown. geography of the region. We felt pleasure also in remembering that we. were the first ss 4 the traditionary annals of the country, bad visited the. islands, and broken, with the cheerful sound of human voices, the dongs itude of the place. From the point where we were standing, the grol fell off on every side to the water, giving us a perfect view of thet which is twelye or thirteen miles in circumference, being simply a eo 2 156 hill, on which there is neither water nor trees. of any kind; although the Fremontia vermicularis, which was in great abundance, might easily be mistaken for timber at a distance. The plant seemed here to delight in a congenial air, growing in extraordinary luxurian@e seven to eight feet high, and was very abundant on the upper parts of the island, where it was ‘al most the only plant. This is eminently a saline shrub ; its leaves have a very salt taste ; and it luxuriates in saline soils, where it is usually a char- acteristic. It is widely diffused over all this country. A chenopodiaceous shrub, which is a new species of ontons, (QO. rigida, Torr. & Frem ,) was equally characteristic of the lower parts of the island. These two are the striking plants on the island, and belong to a class of plants which form a. prominent feature in the vegetation of this country. On the lower parts of the island, also, a prickly pear of very large size was frequent. On.the shore, near the water, was a woolly species of f phaca ; and a new species of um- belliferous plant (leptot@mia) was scattered about in very considerable . Gae. o climbing the tree ~M i 22 To o-day we fawidiea steadilyvand rapidly up the ean z for; Eiaailes an hour. Durin ng the earlier part ofthe-day, our ride had been = over a very level prairie, or rather a. succession of long stretches x! praiti es * 7 ‘Over m of this ‘extent. the ve etation w the aie sons. 0 p : mye sre aie the. Joaquin spreads over the valley. About lo Pick se among innumerable flowers ; and a few miles further, fields oft the cameagain. blue-flowering lupine, which seems to rove ae Nrignnasbood of water, indi- eated that we were approaching a strea e here found this beautiful shrub in thickets, some of them being 12 ae car Geessionally three _ or four plants were clustered pag tl forming a grand bouquet, about 90 feet in circumference, and 10 fee t high; the whole summit covered with — spikes of flowers, the perfume of which i is very sweet and grateful. A lover of -natural,beauty can imagine. with what pleasure we rode among these flowering grovesy which filled.the air with a light and delicate . We continued our road for about half a mile 2 Anloneperset through _ grove of live oaks, which, in form, were the most symmetrical and beat _~ we had yet seen in this country. The ends of their branches rested on ground, forming somewhat more than a halfsphere of very fall and regular ners with leaves apparently smaller than usual. i e Californian poppy, of a rich orange ai, was numerous to- -day. Elk and several bands of antelope made their appearanee. r road was now one continued enjoyment ; and it was pleasant, ‘riding fe this assemblage of green pastures with varied flowers and scattered — groves, and out of the warm green spring, to look at the rocky and snowy ~ peaks where lately we had suffered so much... o> perl m the timber, We came suddenly upon, the Stanislaus river, wh@ge we hoped to find a... ford, but the stream» was flowing by, dark and d ssi, a len by the moun- tain. APO 5 its general breadth was about 50 y ave sed. bout five miles up the river, sd tfbanped withowsiuliit Here. we eed a large eee in order to be siete sth ssufisient num ck at our wild animals #5 relieve those previously - pac _ Under the shite of Wii oak’, along the | river} I noticed d erodium cicuta- rien in bloom, eight ~ ches high. ae. oe pS See oa j cm — ~~ 50 | ~ ; seen the squaws gathering on the Rio de los Americanos. By t the inhabit- ants of the valley, it is highly esteemed for fattening cattle, which appear nsiderable extent the “want of grass. e eSirous, as far as possible, without delay, to inelude in our examination 2 an San Joaquin river, I returned this morning down the Stanislaus for 17 J es, and ‘again encamped without having found a fording place. After 4 followigngit for 8 miles further the next morning and finding ourselves in _~ the vicinity of the San Joaquin, encamped in a handsome oak grove, and, ra cattle beingkilled, we ferried over our baggage in their skins. Here as her who probably had not much idea of where he was going, 4 and began to be alarmed at the ma a eg which we were eae ane ri nich doubtless saves the crops below. Ist of April, we made 10 miles across a prairie . without tinnbeae 3 when we were stopped a ain by another large river, which is called the Rio a Merced, (Fiver of our Lady of Mercy.) Here the country had * lost its chatlicter of extreme fertilityythe soil having become more sandy and light 5 but, for several days past, its beauty had been iner essed by the eiaeait animation of animal life ; and now, it is crowded th bands of elk and wild horses ; and along the rivers are frequent fresh oacks of griz- zly beat, which are unusually numerous in this country. ur route had been along the timber Gp the San Joaquio, generally about _8 miles distant, over a high prairie. In one of the bands se an seen to- -day, there were sic 200 ; but the __ larger bands, both of th _~ side of the river, which, for that reason, I avoided crossing. Thad been : - + Taicngs below, that the droves of wild horses'were almost invariably found . on the western bank of the river; ; and the danger of losing our animals- _' among them, together with the wish of adding to our reconnoissance the © pte cs streams which run down from the Sierra, decided me to travel eastern bank. —The day was occupied in building a boat, and ferrying our age across the river ; and we encamped on the bank. A large fishing. white head and tail, was slowly sailing along, looking ghee sa and there were some pretty birds in the timber, with partridges, §, a »se-innumerable in the neighbor e r _— is of the latter bird at Helvetia ,*seattered about in floc! be Bo & 8 t elecbaee. them ose touched several times the ‘San Joaquin river—here tes ream, with a slight current, apd dg deep. e sa «Jtre ed the Missourssin eat with occasional points of w om _ aly its banks ie si eep were a kind of sandy clay ; a hi width | _ appeared to be ae y*yards. “In the bott6ms are frequent posts, wace. our approach dis : 4 multitudes of . weildeigy, principally geese timb “< | fre uently Started elk ; and large bands were the day, with ante ~ Wad pita Id horses. The low ae and» bk + c « os 4 = he very fond of it. Here, where the soil begins tu be sandy, it supplies - en and wild horses, are generally found on the other — # grass on the a a — Car ride by Se Sie rim y the timber readereid it a keep the: main line ‘of the rivér; and this evening. we enca mped-o a tributary stream, about five iniles. from its mouth. On the gratia Grdering the San Joaquin yggenet —— during the day but little grass, and in its place- wa asa se and devact growth of a the soil being sandy, with small bare hed ai hillocks, me much of the Platte bottoms; but, on approaching the timber, _ a found a more bo ee vegetation ; and at our camp Was an ablidance: of grass and pea vin The foliage of the aki is getting darker ; and every thing, except thatthe weather is a little cool, shows that spring is rapidly wivaticings and to-day we had quite a summer rain. > April 4.— Commenced to rain at daylight, but cleared off brightly at sun- | rise. We ferried the river without any difficulty, and continued up the San — Joaquin. . Elk were running in bands over the prairie and in the skirt of -the timber. _ We reached the river again at the mouth of a large slough, which we were unable to ford, and made a cireuit of several miles aroun Here the country appears very flat; oak trees have entirely disappeared, and are replaced by a large willow, nearly equal to itin size. The riv about a hundred yards in breadth, branching into sloughs, and a with isla At this time it appears sufficiently deep for a small steamer, but its navigation would be broken by shallows at low water... Bearifig in towards the river, we were again forced off by another slough ; and, pass- © — ing around, steered towards a clump of trees on the river, and , finding | there good grass, encamped. The prairies Joie the left bank are alive with immense droves of wild horses; and they had been seen pets the ~ day at every opening through the woods which afforded us a view a the river. Latitude, by observation, 37° 08' 00"; longitude 120° 45' 22. 2." April 5 —During the earlier part of the"day’s ride, the country presented . lacustrine appearance ; the river was deep, and nearly on a level with the pal ng —— i - banks raised like a Jaedis and fringed with wil- oa ng plain were interspersed spots of ede fields of rll (bulrtshes = Shih i in this | a are ca sails led tulares, * tle ponds. he opposite side, a line of timber was visible, “gr iS. cording to informations points out the course of the slough, wwhinh at of high water, ects with the San Joaquin river—a large body vicar! in the upper part of the valley, called the Tule lakes. The river — > its sloughs are very full, and it is probable that the lake is now discharging. Here elk were irequently started, and one was shot out of a band w ich ran around us. On our left, the Sierra maintains its snowy heig of snow appear to descend very low towards the plains ; probably th late rains in the valley were snow on the mountains. We travelled 37 mi and encamped on the river. Longitude of the camp, 120° 28’ 34", ande de 36° 49’ 12". __ April 6.—After having travelled 15 miles along the'river, we made an __ early halt, under the shade of sycamore trees. Here we found the San Joaquin coming down from the Sierga with a westerly course, and c ne ing our way, as all its tributaries had previously done. We ba e to raft the river; but found agood ford, and encamped on the opposite b where droves of wild horses were raising clouds of dust on the pr Columns of smoke were visible in the direction of the Tulé lakes to southward—probably | — in the tulares by the “i as. < pnals: were strangers in — # i # co Anak . [174] ee 25a We made, on the 7th, a hard amareh i in a cold chilly rain from morning until night —the weather so thick that we travelled by compass. This was a traverse from the San Joaquin to the waters of the Tulé lakes, and our road was.over a very level prairie country. We saw wolves frequently during the day, prowling about after the young antelope, which cannot run HR ast. These were ndmerous: during the day, and two were caught by the people. Late in the ‘afternoon wé discovered timber, which was found to be groves of oak trees on a dry arroyo. The rain, which had fallen in fre- quent showers, poured.down ina storm at sunset, with a strong wind, , swept off the clouds, and left a clear sky. Riding on through the mnbars beak dark we found abundant water in small ponds, 20 to 30 yards Sengiats pee clear deep water and sandy beds, bordered with bo us,) and_a tall rush (scirpus lacustris) 12 feet high, cand sino ay near the margin with willow trees in bloom ; among them which reSembled salix myricoides. The oak of the groves was the Senaliniands mentioned, with small leaves, in form like those.of the white oak, and forming, with the evergreen oak, the characteristic trees of _ valley April 8,—After a ride of two miles through brush and open groves, we reached a large stream, called one River of the Lake, resembling in size the » San Joaquin, and being about 100 yards broad. This is the principal trib- utary tothe Tulé lakes, which saicer all the waters in the upper part of ___ the valley. . While we — searching fora ford, some Indians appeared on » _By obseryatio ne Pe sent " the opposite bank, and, having diseovered that we it = Spanish ail di owed us the way to a good ford several miles ab The bahent era Sierra make arent Besneuts upon sth settlements Coast. ao but never enter the Sierra. e opposite side we found some forty or fifty ies who had come to meet us from the village below. We made them some small presents, — and eviee oda to accompany us to our encampment, which, after about hrough fine oak groves, we made on the river. We made a rt, princi ly on account.of our animals. The Indians brought otter skins, and several kinds of fish, and bread made of acorns, to trade. ees them were. mesa ° —— eto live —— these I eee Latte . ma y be visited on them. They are dark- skioninedi but Picndaice and. . gent Indians, and live —, on acorns and the roots of the tulé, of which alo, their huts are made. ; the latitude of the encampment is 36° 24' 50% and lon- ~for ectecal Rieke we had very bad travelling over" what is called r ound, in which the horses were aiordatasay up to their knees. aking towardsa line of a S2t auree anainten fond» c| heed roved, Ag ie ieee — ~~ se Ts = 253 [174 ] : “ a number of dry and timbered arroyos, we travelled until late through open oak groves, and encamped among a collection of streams. ese were running among rushes and willows; and, as usual; flocks of blackbirds announced our approach to water. We have here approached considerably nearer to the eastern Sierra, which shows very plainly, still covered with masses of snow, which yesterday and to-day has also appeared abundant on the Coast Raftge. cel ce he ‘April 10.—To-day we made another long journey of about fort miles, ds sandy evening the» face of the country became hilly; and, turning a few up towards the mountains, we found a good encampment on a pretty stream hidden among the hills, and handsomely timbered, principally with large ~ cottonwoods, (populus, differing from any in Michaux’s Sylva.) The seed vessels of this tree were now just about bursting. Several Indians came down the river to see usin the evening: we gave them supper, and cautioned them against stealing our horses ; which they promised not to attempt. : April 11.—A broad trail along the river here takes out among the hills. “‘ Buen camino,” (good road, ) said one of the Indians, of whom we had “inquired about the pass; and, following it accordingly, it conductedwus beau- tifully through a very broken country, by an excellent way, which, other- wise, we should have found extremely bad. Taken separately, the hills “present smooth and graceful outlines, but, together, ike bad travelling . ground. Instead of grass, the whole face of the country is closely covered with erodium cicutarium, here only two or three inches high. Its height and beauty varied ina remarkable manner with the locality, being, in many low places which we passed during the day, around streams and springs, two and three feet in height. The country had now assumed a character of aridity ; and the luxuriant green of these little streams, wooded with — willow, oak, or sycamore, looked very refreshing among the sandy hills. n the evening we encamped on a large creek, with abundant water. I noticed here in bloom, for the first time since leaving the Arkansas waters, i tli. o 2 i : 4 + at the mt ; “April 12.—Along our road to-day the country was altogether sandy, and vegetation meager. dra ocei lisywhich we had first seen in the. _ -several miles, we made a late encampment on a little bottom, with scanty os In greater part, the vegetation along our road consisted now of Ww ia a m —_ ~ esd * [.474.] 254 April 13.—The water was low, and afew miles above we forded the river at a rapid, and marched ina southeasterly direction over a less broken country. Thé mountains were now very near, occasionally looming out through fog. In a few hours we reached the bottom of a creek without water, over which the sandy beds were dispersed in many branches. Im- mediately where we struck it, the timber terminated ; and below, to the right, it was a broad bed of dry and bare sands. Theré-were many tracks of Indians and horses imprinted in the sand, which, with other indications, informed us was the creek issuing from the pass, and which on the map .: = a ae suddenly found a stream of water five feet widerunning with ' *a lively current, but losing itself almost immediately. . This little stream ‘In sand at the eastern foot of the Sierra, leaving only a parched desert and arid plains beyond. The stream enlarged rapidly, and the timber became abundant as we ascended. A new species of pine made its appearance, ing its appearance suddenly and entirely, we found ourselves again travel- en- us. Ife appeared familiarly acquainted with the country, and gave me definite and clear information in regard to the desert region east of the mountains. I had entered.ti pass with a strong disposition to vary my route, and to travel directly across towards the Great Salt lake, in the view of obtaining some acquaintance with the interior of the Great Basin, while pursuing a direct course for the frorftier; but his representation, which de- ‘seribed it as an arid and barren desert, that had repulsed by its sterility all the attempts of the Indians to penetrate it, determined me for the present to relinquish the plan; and, agreeably to hi advice, after crossing the Sierra, continue our intended roate along its eastern base to the Spani Sy in the eastern part of the desert to trade with his people, had just Started on their return. He would himself return the next day to San g, Which had somewhat interfered with views in the valley, had en- ~. assed off, and left a clear sky. That which had enveloped us in v0rhood of the pass proceeded evidently from fires kindled among : "es by Indians living near the lakes, and which were intene ed to warn those in the mountains that there were strangers in the valley. Our position was in latitude 35° 17’ 12”, and longitude 118° $5’ 03”. ae April 14.—t e joined us this morning on ‘the trail; and, arriving: = = % 0 ee ne ‘ 255 ie [.174-} ~ up the right-hand branch, which was enriched by a profusion of flowers, and handsomely wooded with sycamore, oaks, cottonwood, and willow, with. other trees, and some shrubby plantse dn its long strings of balls, this —. differs from that of the United States, and is the platanus occi-+ entalis of Hooker—a new'species, recently described among the plants collected in the voyage of the Sulphur. The cottonwood varied j folia with white tufts, and the feathery seeds were flying plentifully througt tte air. Gooseberries, nearly ripe, were very abundant on the mountain; and as we passed the dividing grounds, which were not very easy to ascertain 4 a Sierra Nevada, we found this pass an excellent one forborses ; and with distant. The elevation was not taken—our half-wild cavaleade making it ‘ E e here left the waters of the bay of San Francisco, and, though force upon them contrary to my intentions, I cannot regret the necessity which — ell acquainted with the great range of the Sierra “Nevada of the Alta California, and showed that this broad and elevated snowy ridge was a continuation of the Cascade Range of Oregon, between which and the ocean there is still another and a lower range, parallel to the former and to the coast, and which may be called the Coa t also made me well acquainted with the basin of the San Francisco bay, and with the two pretty rivers and their valleys, (the Sacra- ie Nevada, it of the San Joaquin, and of the valley below it, which collects the waters of the San Francisco bay, show that this neither is nor can be the case. ~ tr : the Si river, it is, in fact, 2 smalt stream of no egnse : ierra Nevada, but detually below the Coast eee sae ag OS EE Sa rT : Pe oy : L 174 ] 256 half a degree of the ocean, running parallel to it for about two degrees, ~ and then falling into the Pacific near Monterey. . There is no opening from the bay of San Francisco into’the interior of the continent. The two “rivers which flow into it are comparatively short, and not perpendicular to the eoast, but lateral to it, and having their heads towards Oregon and ‘southern California. They open lines of communication north and south, and not eastwardly ; and thus this want of interior communication from the San Franciséo bay, now fully ascertained, gives great additional yalue to the Columbia, which stands alone as the only great river on the Pacific slope of our continent which leads from the ocean to the ocky mountains, and opens a line of communication from the sea to the valley of the Mis- sissippi. : eS : Four compavieros joined our guide at the pass; and two going back at © noon, the othérs continued onin company. De ding from the hills, we reached 4 country of fine grass, where the erodium cicutarium finally dis- appeared, giving place to an excellent quality of bunch grass. Passing by some springs where there was a rich sward of grass among groves of large ‘black oak, we rode over a plain on which the guide pointed out a spot where a refugee Christian Indian had been killed by a party of soldiers which had unexpectedly penetrated into the mountains. Crossing a low sierra,.and descending a hollow where a spring gushed out, we were struck _byethe sudden appearance of yucca trees, which gave a strange and south- ern character to the country, and suited well with the dry and desert re- gion we were’approaching. Associated with the idea of barren sands, their ‘stiff and ungraceful form makes them to the traveller the most repulsive tree in the vegetable kingdom. Following the hollow, we shortly came upon a creek timbered with large black oak, which yet had not put fortha ‘leaf. There was a small rivulet of running water, with good grass. April 15.—The Indians who had accompanied the guide returned this morning, and I purchased from them a Spanish saddle and long spurs, as reminiscences of the time ; and for a few yards of scarlet cloth they gave me a horse, which afterwards became food for other Indians. We continued a short distance down the creek, in which our guide in- which it had a white and glistening appearance ; here and there a few dry- king butfes and isolated black ridges rose suddenly up at. “There,” id our guide, stretching out his hand towards it, “there are the great (plain of thing ; every animal that goes out upon them, dies.” traveller turned away in despair. : some distance to the southward, and running from the mountains, stretched a sierra, having . +. - [a | - oes peaks, on which, solitude. _Within two degrees of the Pac cific bcean; already far south of the * latitude of Monterey; and still forced on south by a desert on one hand, and a mountain range on the other; guided by a civilized Indian, attend two wild ones from the Sierra;'a Chinook from the Columbia; and ¢ our own mixture of American, French, German—all armed; four or five lan, anguages heard at once: above a hundred horses and mules, half wild; American, Spanish, and Indian’ dresses and equipments intermingled—such was our composition. Our maych was a sort of procession. Scouts ahead, ng a the’ flanks ; a front and’ rear division: the pack animals, bagga horned cattle, in th centre; and the whole stretching a quarter o a ite ' along our dreary et In this form we journeyed; ene more like we belonged to Asia thak to the United States of Ambric _ We continued in a southerly direction across the plitin, to which, as well as to “es the Soar so far as we could’ see, the yucca trees gave a strange hy ous. shrub (zyzop yllum Californieum Torr. & Frem.) : 1 fee in pdt in form, and in the per fai its gegen. it era « rec t Ane roian pappee s ac ein the’ of the sf which Se, oeila eat B Bie" aicrerase ; and where the hills were verperen , our guide saint to a small hollow ieeintaeats before us, saying, “éeste piedra hay agua.” He appeared to know every nook in the country. We continued our beautiful road, and reached a spring in the slope , at the foot of the ridge, running in a green ravine; among granite ulders; here nightshade, and borders of buck- _ wheat, with. their white blossoms around the granite rocks, attracted our notice as familiar plants. “Several antelopes were seen among the = and some large hates. Men w were sent back this evening in search of a wild mule with a valuable ack, which had managed.(as they frequently do) to hide its itself f along the oad. ee é. rvation, thee latitude of the camp. is 34° 41' i. gi ae 118? 20° 0 i The next a the men teturned with the m PP ad Bee ig the’ . eral idee TC ke oe Eh of the ¢ Buenaventura dee The lake i nded on the margin by a'white s ee wasn oe * od e [ 174 J 258 tirely unfit for drinking, Here we turned directly to the eastward, alo the trail, which, from being seldom. used, is almost imperceptible ; ant és after travellin a few miles, our guide eee oes binsng: to the hardly visible trail, “aqui es camino,” said he, jempre.’? He pointed out a black bué/e on the plain at the pot « of the mountain, where we would find water to encamp at igs an and, eg him a present of knives © and scarlet cloth, we shook hands He bore off south, and in a day’s ride would arrive at San Fomiendo one of coveral Ay wibtes in this Patt of be ee where the onntey is so bea tifu traveller to Se no farther. Riding soa centr: the p after entered a defile overgrown with the ominous ariaini isia < ape r : which conducted us into a sandy plain govered more or less Fe aa forests of yucca. Having now the snowy ridge on our right, we continued our way towards a dark butte belonging to a jo sierra in the plain, and which our guide had pointed out for a landm Late is day the familiar growth of. by oat a line of which ae visible ahead, indicated. our gee: ut to. yards above, we found the creek a fine stream, 16 cate current. A dark night overtook us when we of the ridge, and we were obliged to encamp without crass; ‘tying up what animals we could secure in the darkness, the greater part of the wild ones having free range for the night. Here the stream was two feet ay swift and clear, issuing from a:neighboring snow peak. A few m es before | reaching this creek, we had crossed a broad dry river bed, ics nearer the billy oe hunters bad found a bold and handsome stream April 18.—Some parties were engaged ; in hunting up the mantel horses, ‘ and neg in searching ioe pass aboye; both were sunpossial and late ein _ the Pra we encamped am ring heads of the river, was covered with onle: inlaraby 3 grasses, th g entirely ee with ited bunches of | the coarse stiff : le abt 8.) ar lane, by observation, was 34°27'0 03!" and rartads 1? 13" 00", se along the mountain, we followed up, in the afternoon e 19th sieitber stream, in hopes to find a grass patch like that of the V vi is ree were deceived; except some scattered bunch grass, t there | thing but rock and sand; and even the fertility of the mountain ere wed the air of the desert. Amine the few trees —— n llus. . o. g was Sti in an easterly Secs alon g the idge, oun "gerbe confounded sh come ifficult of.18 miles, a general shout 259 | ray yunced that we ha idiot the wens object of our ieee Sebi 1L— ahs h here was ru y north. mip st galt and i its’ << ceil lly h py di et wenies bbe Since we had « ly been forced south by mountains and SP dieehas end now Paco ave to make six degrees of northing, to regain the latitude on which.we wished to cross the Rocky mountains. The course of the road, — therefore, was what we wanted; and, once more, we felt li hike going home-- wards, A roud ni lee on, and the ‘right course to g0, were joyful con-’ solations to ur animals enjoyed the beaten track like ourselves. ’ Relieved from athe 3 ries and brush, our wild mules started off at a rapid rate, and in 15 miles we reached a considerable river, timbered with cottonwood ’ and willow, where we found a bottom.of tolerable grass. AS the anithals: had suffered a great ahs in ene last few days, I’remained here all next day, ult to ate them the necessary repose; and it was now necessary, at every favorable place, to make a sie halt. Between us and the Colorado river we were aware that the country was extremely poor in grass, and scarce for’ water, there being many Jornadas, (days’ journey,) or long stretches of 40 to- 60 miles, without water, where the road was marked by bones of animals. Although i in California we had met with people who had passed over this trail, we Rees trewabls to obtain no correct information about it; and the oe gs hat we had heard was found to be only a tissue ‘of false- Sheri pes that we joan on it were never mentioned, and others, mo ott described in name and locality, were subsequently seen in an- other part of the country. It was described asa tolerably good sandy road, with so little rock as scarcely to require the animals to be shod; and we found it the roughest and rockiest road we had ever seen in the country, _ which nearly destroyed our band of fine mules and horses. Many an- mals are ‘destroyed on it every year by a disease called the foot evil; and a wz Heeler a meres ae pes onit without having his animals well shod, “ae ) carr tnt | 94° 64" 11"; jaa longvide 117° 13' 00" od ete of the 22d was clear and bright, and a snowy beets to the’ ward ame oe high and sharply defined. As has been ustial since sed the mountains and Geseeniisd into the hot plains, we had a gale of wiki. Ye travelled down the right i. of the stream, over sands which are somewhat loose, and have no verdure, but are occupied by va- rious ‘stiurbs. A clear bold stream, 60-feet wide, and several feet deep, nil a strange appearance, running betweeiPperfectly naked banks of sand. eye, however, is somewhat relieved by willows, nad the beautifal green of” the sweet cottonwoods with which it is well wooded. As we followed along its course, the river, instead of growing constantly larger, gradually dwin- dled away, as it was absorbed by the sand. We-were now careful totake | the old. camping places of the annual Santa Fé caravans, which, luckily for ve of several thousand” us, ha | made their yearly passage. A » [ 174] 260 some low places, well timbered with cottonwood and willow, where was. another. of the customary camping grounds. . Here a party of six Indians, came into camp, poor and hungry, and quite in keeping with the character of the country. Their arms were bows of unusnal length, and each had a large gourd, strengthened with meshes of cord, in which he carried water. They. proved to be the Mohahve Indians mentioned by our recent guide ; and from one of them, who spoke Spanish fluently, I obtained some inter- esting information, which I would be glad to introduce here. An account “eb of the people inhak iting this region. would undoubtedly possess interest for the civilized world. Our journey homeward was fruitful in incident; and the country through which we travelled, although a desert, afforded much to.excite the curiosity of the botanist; but limited time, and the rapidly ad-. -vaneing Season for,active operations, oblige me to: omit all extended: de- scriptions, and hurry briefly to the conclusion of this report. _ abies The Indian who spoke Spanish had been educated for a number of years at one of the Spatiish missions, and, at the breaking up of those establish- ments, had returned to the mountains, where he had been found by a party of Mohahve (sometimes called Amuchada) Indians, among whom he had the Sierra, at the head of the Rio Virgen, (river of the Virgin.) He informed us that, a short ‘distance below, this river finally disappear- the priests two. different names; and subsequently I heard it called by the Spaniards the Rio de las Animas, but on the map we have called it the - Mohahve river. . od April 24.—We continued down the stream (or rather its bed) for about eight miles, where) still in several holes, and encamped. : fo w, to the end of the river, from which aps sixty miles, without; wa rards the ground. It.after wards. occurred of smaller size, frequently in s, and is very.fragrant. It has been called by Dr. Torrey spirolobium 2... The,zygophyllaceous shrub had been constantly characteristic ‘the. river; and here, among many new plants, a new kable species of eriogonum (eriogonum inflatum, T r. & ecome so tired and poor by this fatiguing travelling, ing, that satroatba seal drs. The Indians had now Indians bh d were occupied:the re ander of the day & . 261 [ 174 ] and all the night in cooking wii? eating. There was no part of the animal ‘for which they did not ‘find some use, except the bones. In the afternoon we were surprised by the sudden appearance in the*camp of two Mexi- vans—+a man anda boy. The name of the man was Andreas Amines and. that of the boy, (a handsome lad, 11 years old,) Pablo Hernan They belonged ‘to a party consisting of six persons, the remaining four -being the wife of Fuentes, the father and mother of Pablo, and Santiago Giacome, a resident of New Mexico. With a cavaléade of about thirty horses, they had come out! from Puebla de los Angeles, near the coast, _under the guidance of Giacome, in advance of the great caravan, in order to: travel more at nee and thin better grass. “Having advanced as their camp, y, shovititig as pee ailenneed, aida pro eerah flights of arrows. Pablo and Fuentes were on horse ouard at the time,and mounted, accord- ing to the'custom of the country. One of the principal objects of the In- dians was to get possession of the horses, and part of them immediately surrounded the band; but, in obedience to the shouts of Giacome, Fuentes drove the animals over and through the’assailants, in spite of their arrows ; and, rege the rest’to their fate, carried them off at speed across plain. Knowing | that they would be ‘pursued by the” Indians, without Gieatoaciaspiian,: and this morning left them ata watering place on pret ,called Agua de Tomaso. Without giving themselves any time for rest, they hurried on, hoping to meet the Spanish caravan, when they discov- - ered my camp. ° I received them kindly, taking them i into my own mess, and oahee them such aid as'cireumstances might put itin my power to give. 25.—We left the river abruptly, and, turning to the north, regained in a few miles the main trail, (which had left the river sooner than our- _selves;) and ‘continued our way across a lower ridge of the mountain, Broweh a niiserable tract of sand and gravel. We'crossed at intervals the beds of dry gullies, where in the season of rains and melting snows there ‘would be brooks or tah ner set at one of these, where there was nolindication of water, were several freshly-dug’ ~sttie in which there was water at the ne om twe fst These holes had been dug by the wolves, rhose keen se: had scented the water mint the dry sand. Thayswane nice ti woe wells, narrow, and dug straight down, and we “got pleasant water outof them: ‘eed d ‘The cou country had now a: sumed the character of an elevated and mot tainous desert; its general features: ence black, rocky ridges, bald, an = destitute of timber, with sandy basins between Bs are: by ‘gullies, the plains tleee are weed with beds of © pebbles or rolled stones, destructive to our soft ote 3, e * [ aw "262 tomed to the grassy plains of the Sacramento valley. Through these sandy basins sometimes struggled a scanty stream, or occurred a hole o water, which furnished camping pte ve a travellers. Frequently in our journey across, snow was visible on the surrounding mountains ; me their ‘waters rarely reached the sandy plain below, where we toiled. along, op- pressed with thirst and a burning sun. But, throughout this nakedness of san ravel, were many beautiful plants and flowering shrubs, which occurred in many new species, and with greater. variety than we had been accustomed to see in the most luxuriant prairie countries ; this was a peculiarity of this desert... Even where no grass would take the naked sand would bloom with some rich and rare. flower, which found its appropriate home in the arid and barren spot. ~—~Scattered over the plain, and tolerably abundant, was a handsome legu- Minous shrub, three or four feet high, with fine bright. -purple flowers. It isa new psoralea, and occurred frequently henceforward along o Beyond the first ridge, our road bore a little to the east of north, to- ‘wards a gap in a higher line of mountains; and, afier travelling a twenty- -five miles, we arrived at the 2gua de Tomaso—the spring where the horses had been left ; but, as we expected, they were gone. A brief examination of the sround convinced us that they had been driven oe by the Indians. Carson and Godey volunteered with the Mexican to pursue them ; and, well mounted, the three set off on the trail. At this stopping pes ‘there were a few bushes and very littlegrass. Its water v wasa 7 ‘moon, which gives for the ee of the sc 116° 23' 28"; the lati-- tude, by observation, is 35° 13’ 08". From Helvetia to this place, the po- sitions along the intervening line are laid down with the longitudes ob- tained from the chronometer, which appears to have retained its rate re- markably well; but henceforward, to the end of the journey, the few lon- gitudes given are absolute, depending upon a subsequent occultation and eclipses of the satellites. In the afternoon of the next day, a war-whoop was heard, s such as In- ate make when returning from a victorious enterprise ; and soon Carson and Godey appeared, driving before them a band of horses, erramniean by NS to be part of those they had lost. Two bloody scalps, danglit from the end of Godey’s gun, announced that they had overtaken the In- dians as wellas the horses. They informed us, that after Fuentes left them, from. the failure of his horse, they continued the pursuit alone, and coaeiis nightfall entered the mountains, into which the trailled. After sunset the moon gave light, and they followed the trail by moonshine until in in the ‘when it entered a narrow defile, and was%difficult to follow. Afra of losing it in | the darkness of the defile, they tied up their horses, pbs no fire, and od yd down to sleep in silence and in darkness. Here they lay from p d the encampment of four lodges close by ‘got within thirty or forty decane f their pf 263 | f 174 J ject, when a movement among the horses discovered them to the Indians; giving the war shout, they instantiy charged into the camp, regardless of the -number which the Pur lodges would imply. The Indians received them Ssuee flight of arrows shot from their long bows, one of which ci e bake s shirt ner Phone mis oe the neck; our men fired their odes eady aim ushed in, Two Indians were the pebeind; atally plorcod ith bullets: ; " the rest fled, except a lad that was captured. The scalps of the falier were instantly stripped off; but in the process, one of them, who had two balls through his body, sprung to his feet, the blood streaming from his skinned head, and uttering a hideous owl. An old squaw, possibly his mother, stopped and looked back from the mountain side she was climbing, threatening and lamenting. The . frightful spectacle appalled the stout hearts of our men; but they did what humanity required, and quickly terminated the agonies ‘of the gory savage. They were now masters of the camp, which was a pretty little recess in the: "mountain, with a fine spring, and apparently safe from all invasion. Great ‘preparations had been made to feast a large party, for it was a very proper place for a rendezvous, and for the celebration of such oggiesas robbe the desert would delight in. Several of the best horses had been riled, skinned, and cut up; for the Indians living in mountains, and only coming into the plains to rob and murder, make no other use of horses than to eat them. Large earthen vessels were on the fire, boiling and stewing the horse beef; and a mete containing fifty or sixty oe of moccasins, indicated the p sen le party. They released the boy, who had piven strong evidence of the stoicism, 03 ‘something else, _ of the savage character, in commencing his breakfast upon a horse’s head. * “as soon as he found he was not to be killed, but only tied as a prisoner. Their object accomplished, our mien gathered up all the surviving horses, fifteen in number, returned upon their trail, and rejoined us at our camp in _ the afternoon of the sameday. They had rode about one hundred miles in pots al and return, — all in thirty hours. The time, place, object, “and umbers, tion of Carson and Godey ma may be con- sidbeail sation thie woh esv unit Pacer disinterested which the annals of western adventure, so full of daring deeds, can present. Two men, in a savage des- eos pursue day and night an unknown body of Indians into the defiles of an unknown mountain—attack them on sight, without counting nambers— and defeat them in an instant—and for what? To punish the robbers of the desert, and to avenge the wrongs of Mexicans whom they did not know. repeat: it was Carson and Godey who did this—the former an American, born 'i in the Boonslick county of Missouri; the lattera Frenchman, born in St. Louis—and both trained to western enterprise from early life. ee a, the information of Fuentes, we had now to make a long ooh of or fifty aad across a plain which lay between us and the next possi- camp; e resumed our journey late in the afternoon, with the in- “tention of sagaitie through the night,and avoiding the excessive heat of — ana hehe a high plaim, passing, at the opposite side, through a cel ef the bed of a creek running nor. wardly into a smal| lake aioe ind of them being dry. We hada ruses moonshiny night; and, : -reetly towards the north star, we journeyed now across am opel plain be tween mountain ri ges; that on the left being broken, roeky, and bald, ac- ‘eording to the-information of Carson and Godey, who- sia Entered here in y, Which was oppressive to our animals. For several hours ‘we trav- $ ‘ " , [ a4] 264 pursuitof the horses. The plain appeared covered. we ig te with the zygo- ph ysaacaloranteasns, already mentioned ; and: the line of our road was phe sa by the skeletons of horses, which were strewed to a considerable breadth over the plain. We were afterwards.always warned, on entering one _of these long stretches, by the bones of these cet which had perished - before they. could reach the water. About midnight we reached a. consider- able stream bed, now dry, the discharge of the waters of this basin, (when. it collected any,) down which we descended ina northoetety dition. The. creek bed was. overgrown with shrubbery, and several hours before ie it brought us to, the entrance of a cajion, where. we ee water, and camped This word canton is used by the Spaniards to signify a defile : gorge ina creek or river, where high rocks press in close, and make a narrow way, usually. difficult, and often impossible to be passed. In. the foo THINg, we found that we had a very. poor camping ground: a? swamp) ‘spot, with a little long, unwholesome grass ; and the water,. whieh rose springs, being useful only to wet the gi but eutunly too salt to drink. All aro ound was sand and rocks, and s which had not been able to find support for their ‘lives. as we sds to start, we found, at the distance of a few hundred yards, among the hills. to the southward, a spring of tolerably. good water, which was a relief to ourselves; but the place was too poor to.remain long, and therefore we continued on: this morning, On the creek were thickets. of apir oldbeaite odoratum (acacia) in bloom, and very fragrant. = aed left, very GAdQ»s ‘as scarce. as water. i r yellow Beemer Santa “ee, occurred abundantly at. intervals. for the last ae ys, and erdggon uminflatum was among the characteristic plants, : L-The air is rough, and.overcoats pleasant. .Thesky is blue, and thed he day ssaseriy Our road was over a plain, towards the foot of the mounr coe >, Down bloom m a Ceivor ot he, country ;. and. cacti. were very abundant, and in 2S. = A which wonderfully ornaments this poor country. We mpéd at a spring in the pase, which had-boenshe site of an old vill excellent 2 : 7 $ [074 J _ 266 feet, the greater part of those left being im excellent order, and searcely a Gay passes without some loss; and, one by one, Fuentes’s horses are con- stantly dropping behind. Whenever they give out, he dismounts and cuts _. of their tails and manes, to make saddle: irths #the last advantage one can “gain fromthem. =~ ‘iit: Gane ak a rsa ea "i The next day, ina short but rough ride of 12 ‘miles, we crossed the mountain; and, descending to a small valley plain, encamped at the foot of the ridge, on the bed of a creek, where we found good grass in sufficient quantity, and abundance of water in holes. The ridge is extremely tugge and broken, presenting on this side a continued precipice, and probably affords very few passes. Many digger tracks are seen around us, but no Indians were visible. AFR ee ' May 3.—After a day’s journey of 18 miles, in a northeasterly direction, ‘we encamped in the midst of another very large basin, at a camping ground called das Vegas—a term which the Spaniards use to signify fertile or marshy plains, in contradistinction to Janos, which they apply to dry and sterile plains. Two narrow streams of clear water, four or five feet deep, gush suddenly, with a quick current, from two singularly large springs; these, and other waters of the basin, pass out in a gap to the eastward. The taste of the water is good, but rather too warm to be agreeable ; the temperature being 71° in the one, and 73° in the other. They, however, afforded a delightful bathing place. Raise ae May 4.—We started thi ing earlier than usual, travelling in a north- easterly direction across the plain. The new acacia (spirolobium odoratum) 's now become the characteristic tree of the country; it is in bloom, and its blossoms are very fragrant. The day was still, and the heat, which soon became very oppressive, appeared to bring out strongly the refreshing scent of the zygophyllaceous shrubs and the sweet perfume of the acacia. The snowy ridge we had just crossed looked out conspicuously in the northwest. In about five hours’ ride, we crossed a gap in the surrounding, ridge, and the appearance of skeletons of horses very soon warned us that we were engaged in another dry jornada, which proved the longest we had made in all our journey—between fifty and sixty miles without a drop of ter. Travellers through countries affording water and timber can have no conception of our intolerable thirst while journeying over the hot yellow sands of this elevated country, where e heated air seems to be entirely deprived of moisture. We ate occasionally the disnad and moistened 8.) y ex- ; ne ¢ mi ight, when, after a hard and uninterrupted march of 16 hour: our wild mules began running ahead; and in a mile or two we came to a bold running stream—so keen is the sense of that animal, in these eating at a distance thi ! ig ASR Samp digi, Rare : According to the information we had received, Sevier river was a tribu- the Colorado; and this, accordingly, should, have been one of its r .- 267 cams] e ¢ rding a little sera theriver, These were immediately driven i kept close to the cam Inthe darkness of the esata we had made a wae bad ‘eneampment,. eur fires bei mmanded by arocky bluff within 50 yards ; but, notwithstand- -ing, w we had the river and small thickets of willows on the other side. Several times during the day the camp was insulted by the Indians; but, eae : ‘being our object, I kept simply on the defensive. Some of the India -on the bottoms, and others harafiguing us frem the bluffs; and ae ure Scattered in every direction over the hills, Their language being probably a dialect of the Usah, with the aid of sigus some of our people could com- _prehend them very well. They were the same people who had murdered the Mexicans; and towards us their disposition was evidently hostile, nor were we well sed towards them. They were barefooted, and nearly nal ‘their hair gathered up into a knot behind; and with his bow, each -man carried a quiver with thirty or forty arrows partially drawn out. Besides these, each held in his hand two or three arrows for instant service. Their arrows are barbed with a very clear translucent stone, a species of apa nearly as hard as the diamond; ; and, shot from their long bow, are al- most as effective asa gunshot. In these Indians, I was forcibly struck by an expression 0 of countenance resembling that in a beast of prey ; and all their actions are those of wild animals. Joined to the restless motion of the e ‘there is a want of mind—an absence of thought—and an action wholly by ‘impulse, strongly expressed, and which constantly recalls the similarity. *A man who appeared to bea chief, with two or three others, forced him- Self into camp, bringing with him his eer in spite of my orders to the per i bigs When shown our r weapons, h e bored his ear with his fingers, and said he could not hear. “ Why,” said he, “there are none of you.” C ing the aia around the camp, and ineluding in the number a mule m ing shod, he made out 22. «So many,” said he, showing the phe ed we—we are a great many;’ and he pointed to — hills and ‘mount: eseoad Weise “If you have your arms,” said he, twanging his bow, “ we have these.” I had some difficulty in. restrai oan articularly Carson, who felt an insult -of this riba as much as if it been given by a more responsible — _“ Don’tsay pe toe fata he; “don’t you say that—your life’s lish; and probably the old man was i tovhis end ian he wo be'be- fore he meets it. _ Several animals had been enemy left behind near the camp last hight; and early in the morning, before the Indians made their appearance, several men were sent to bring them in. When was beginning to be un- a. at their La ag they returned with information that they had been the trail by Indians ; a having followed the tracks in a short ; >, they found the animals cut up and spread out upon bushes. * trang I a a mie me ecm to some of the Indians for a feast; : =a } pial sar nee of the partial distribution. Many of ndi : Shed 7 + Aiialet hooked at the end, which they used in haul- other small animals, from their holes. During the day y Spatmt-andiate lizards rae our on Di belong to the der the name o SSers > ho are generally c nae Linea TP RSENE 33 ata 7 speaking sole oseapation is to procure food sufficient to support ex- © - % e: i formation here consists of fine yellow sandstone, — ing wien a coarse conglomerate, in which’the: stones are from the s e of inary gravel to)six or eight inches in diameter, | This is the formation which tenders the surface of the and gi alternately of loose heavy sands: — rolled: stones, which cripple the au mals in,a most extraordinary man On the following morning we left. shie Rio de los ngeléggend ‘continued our way through the same desolate: and “revolting country, where lizards were the only: animal, and the tracks of the lizard eaters the cers = human, beings, After twenty miles’? march through a wit oe heavy sands, we reached the most dreary river I have ever online beep rapid’ stream, almost a torrent; passing swiftly by, and roaring against ob- ‘structions, The banks were wooded: with willow, acacia, and’ a frequent plant of I proses: already mentioned, ( Save elliptica,) growing " thickets, ng willow, and bearing a small pink flower. Crossing’ n Pole os ‘the left bank, where we found a very: little: grass. he three. remaining steers, being entirely: given out, were killed here: ‘By the boiling point, the elevation of the river here is 4,060 feet; and latitude, by observation, 36°.41' 33’. The stream was running towards the southwest, and appeared to come from a snowy mountain in the north. It proved: to bethe Rio. Virgen—a-tributary to the Colorado. Indians appeared in bands on the hills, but did not-come into camp. For several days w e continued oo” jourmey up the river, the bottoms of which were ‘thickly o various:kinds of brush; and the sandy soil was absolutely covered mith; the tracks: of Diggers, who followed us’ stealthily, like a band of volves; and we had no opportunity to leave behind, even for a few hours, he tired animals, in: node that ‘they might be brought into camp after-a repose. A horse or mule, left behind, was taken off in a moment. nthe evening of the ia, having travelled 28 miles: up the river from ‘our irst eneampment on it, we care av atia little grass plat, where a spring of cool water issued from the bluff.. On the opposite side wasa grove of cottonwoods at the mouth of a) which here enters the river. On either side the valley is bounded’ by ranges of tains, every where high, rocky, and broken. The caravan road was lost and scattered in the’ sandy country, and we had:been following an: en trail up the river. The s the next day were sent out to reconnoitre, and in t an time we moved about a mile farther up, where we foun, a good little pateh ‘of grass.. There being re sufficient: grass for the night, the horses were é * heya A ig melas, in arranging p and, fatigued with the besiset iia bhve: coat di vee ak until. sundown? that Tab in the | struc, aod tl them 10 be 00 e ¥ 269 ea }. Carson, with rakmen> well ated instantly sent _ r, but returned in the night without: tidings of the missing The “ab! Sioadhae ten we had left, but neither he ner the mule arching’ down the sages they rem the tracks of ‘the mule, rive] along by Indians, whose t ereon ea side of those made by the animal. After iieitie - several ails ey Game to the mule it- selfsianding in some bushes, mortally w d in the side-by an arrow, left to diey that it might be apes apeer ve for food. nis found, in another place, as,they were hunting,about on the ground for Taw beau’s tracks, something that iol ‘tke a little puddleiof blood, but whieh the darkness prevented them from verifyieg. With these: details they re- turned = our camp,-and their report saddened all our ‘hearts. _ May 10.—This morning; as soon as there was light enough: to follow ‘tracks, 1 set out myself, with Mr. Fitzpatrick and several men, in search.of Tabeau. We went to the spot where the: ee of puddled- blood had been. seen ; and this, we saw at once, had been lace where he fell and died. Blood upon the leaves, and beaten down bu es, showed that he had his wound about twenty paces from where he fell, and that he had strug- gled for his life. ‘He had probably been ‘shot : through the lungs with an arrow. baberenbhs noe where he lay and bled, it could be‘seen thathe had to the river bank, and: ease into it. No series of what had belonged to him sate be found, except a fragment of his horseequip- - ment. ‘Horse, gun, clothes—all became the p prey of these Arabs of the New World. Tabeau had been ‘one of our best men, and his unhappy.death spread a gloom over our’ party. Men, who have gone through such dangers and sufferings as:we had seen, become like brothers, and feel each vd s loss. To defend and avenge each other, is the deep feeling of all. wished toavenge his death; but the condition of our horses, languishing’ for grass waite hort forbade an expedition’ into unknown mountains. We knew the tribe who had Loy ree eegmapenerant same which had been‘insulting our Pe licen stwnnsatn -obe ‘whoveven:be- Gta Miveu ne ee was in a basin below a deep caiion—a: gap ‘of two thousand ‘feet: serned inthe 1 moun caine teseyes sien _ Rio pega sre sand “Sir ae 270 by: finding ing atevoing a halting place of — Sond pea on the cleat wateES of the San. lara fork o Rio Virgen May 1}.—The morning was cloudy and ‘Quite @ol; with a iavevesie of: rain—the first we have had since entering the: desert, a period of twenty-: seven-days; and we seem to ha the usual . weather of the: Rocky mountains. Our | march to- to-day was” very laborious, over very broken ground, | the Santa Clara river ; but then the coun- try isno longer so. distressingly desolate. The str is . wood with sweet cottonwood trees some of them of large siti ; and on the hills, where the nut pine is often seen, a good and wholesome siete fre- quently This cottonwood, whieh is now in fruit, is of a d ies from any in Michaux’s Sylva. Heavy dark clouds covered ect ies: in thé. evening, anda cold wind sprang up, making fires cine overcoats comforta- * ble. May 12,—A little above our encampment, the river forked ; and we con- tit up the right-hand branch, gradually ascending towards the summit F the 1 mountain. As we rose veneers the head of the creek, jase mony rim of the basin; and, entering it at this pont we found wise ‘an exten- ba monnidin meadow, rich in bunch and fresh with” ‘numerous it fas Pegas de Santa Clara, which had beehea'tong présdntedaer us as the term inating point of the desert, and where the annual caravan from, California to New Mexico halted and recruited for some weeks. It was a very suitable place to recover from the fatigue and exhaustion of a month’s suffering inthe hot and sterile desert. The meadow was about a- down to the level of the vegas. Its elevation above the sea was 5,280 feet; ee by observation, 37° 28'.28"" ; and its distance from where we first « the Spanish trail about four hundred miles. © Fie the time’ hed the desert, and aa to skirt, at our descent » Walker's Pass | in the Sierra Nevada, travelled 5 ty-seven days, in that. inh is : we. [ 174 J, nidosatges San manifestly a ousattasion shd eat colcolatian going Pato florida, f the desert, and soi severity relaRanoDen nd relaxation only—for camp guards, horse guards, and scouts, re indispensable from the Ameget leaving the frontiene of Missouri until Bi one fier we left the Vegas, we had.the gr ratification to be joined by the the f-. mous hunter and trapper, Mr. Joseph Walker, whom I have before men- tioned, and who now became our guide. He had left tale wih ; great caravan; and perceiving, from the ygns along the trail, that the was a party of whites ahead, which he judged to be mine, he detached hime, self from the caravan, with eight men, (Americans,) and ran the gauntlet of the desert robbers, killing two, and getting some of the horses wounded, and eded in overtaking us, Nothin ng but his great knowledge of the count ry, great courage and presence of mind and good rifles, could brought him safe from such a perilous enterprise: — ay 13.—We remained one day at this noted. place. of rest and refresh ment; and, resuming our progress in a. northeastwardly direction, we ee: scended into a broad valley, the water of which is tributary to Sewier The next day we came in sight of the Wah-satch range of mountains on the. right, white with snow, and here forming the southeast part of the Great asin. Sevier lake, ‘upon the waters of which we now were, belonged to the system of lakes in the eastern part of the Basin—of which, the Great Salt lake, and its southern limb, the Utah lake, were the principal—to- wards the region of which we were now approaching. We travelled for several days 1 in this direction, within the rim of the Great Basin, crossing little streams which bore to the left for Sevier lake; and plainly seeing, by the cfisngad aspect of the country, that we were entirely clear of the Genes oa approaching the regions which appertained to the system of the Rog ; mountains. We met, in this traverse,a few mounted Utah Indians, dvance of | eee main: body, watching the approach of the great caravans — ne We te iched ult. lake, about,seven. miles long and one ae at the nortl pinextremity.¢ ‘which we encamped for th€night. This _ li lake, which we merits its characteristic name, lies immediately at nearly op ea of mountains tui which the Spani ial: trail passes; and w “ again road, we again y of through the wilderness. “The g Spanish trail bad borne « the crossing the Wah-satch range. Our course led to the nor east, a foot of that range, and leaving it Ae he Sha ot Sp The mountain present- itself tous under - ea tig ob Sgragie rising igor e the other, ) late of the ered with SO Mi % cia] ~ op far’ into pi thie’ Great Basin. ‘Mr. Joseph Walker, our guide, and who-has more kiow leave of these parts than any man I- know; informed me that all the country to the left was unknown to him, and that even the Di tribes, which frequented Lake Sevier, could tell: him nothing about it. Spieh he is quoted and well known. They were.all mounted, armed with s, and use their rifles well. The chief hada fusee, which he had car- ried slung, in addition to his rifle.” ~ They ‘were pau slowly toward s the Spanishi trail, to levy their . Van. They were robbers of agigher order etd those of the desett. ‘They conducted their depredations with form, and under the color of trade and toll for passing through their country. Instead of attacking” and killing, they affect to putchase—taking'thé horses-they like, and giving something nomi- nal in return. The chief was quite civil tome. He was personally ac- gna with his namesake, our guide, who made my name known to him. of my expedition of 1842; and, as tokons of friendship, and proof that wehad met, proposed an interchange of presents. We had no great storé to choose out of; so he gave me a ain ON He and I gave him: ‘a very fine 6ne which I had obtained at Vanicouv May 23.—_We' reached Sevier river—the main Bilary of the lake of the’same name—which, deflecting from its northern course, here breaks from'the mountains'to'enter the lake. It was really a fine river, from eight to twelve feet deep; and, after searching in’vain for a fordable’ place, we ferried across. made little’ boats (or, rather, rafts) out of bulrtishes, and ad ! These rafts ue readily made, dnd give a good conveyance across a river. ‘tuishes ate bound in bundles, and tied hard. he bundlesare tied down © as close as _ can be pressed, and fashione a boat, in being Siuader | in tthe middle and poms at the ends. "The rushes, being tubular and jointed, aré light and'strong. The raft swims well, and is shoved along by poles, or paddied, or pushed and pulled by or drawn by ropes. On this occasion, we used ropes—one at each end—and rapidly drew our tate float bagkwards and forwards, fron#shore to shore. The horses swam. _ At our place of crossing, which was the most northern point of its bend, the - ‘Tatitude was’ 39°22’ 9", The banks ‘sustained the character for fertility and oes which we liad'seen for some ‘days. The name of this river one an indication’ of our approach to regions of which our people Fapbesn —— Tt was probably named after some American trap- per or hunter, and a first- American — we had met with since leaving the Columbia From the Dalles to the point where we turn- aie across: the Sierra: werd: feat 1,000" miles, we heard Indian nates, “part of the distance none ;- fro! By eh a tia (Sacra- 273 [ 174} Crossing the next day a slight ridge along the aye we entered a. a some mountain valley covered with fine grass, and directed our course to-. : wards a high snowy peak, at the foot of which lay the Utah lake. On our right was a bed of high mountains, their summits covered with snow,. constituting the dividing ridge between the Basin waters and those of the Colorado. At noon we fell in with a party of Utah Indians coming out of the mountain, and in the afternoon encamped on a tributary to a which is separated from the waters of the Sevier by very slight dividing grounds. ? % Barly the next day we came in sight of the lake; and, as we descended to the broad bottoms of the Spanish fork, three horsemen were seen gallop- ing towards us, who proved to be’ Utah Indians—scouts from a village, which was encamped near the mouth of the river. They were aimed with rifles, and their horses were in good condition. We encamped near- them, on the Spanish fork, which is one of the principal tributaries to the lake. Finding the Indians troublesome, and desirous to remain here a da y> ‘we obtained some fish—among them a few salmon trout, which were very much inferior in size to those along the Californian mountains. The sea- son for taking them had not yet arrived; but the Indians were daily ex- pecting them to come up out of the lake. £ tls Gh We had now accomplished an object we had in view when leaving the had reached the Utah lake; resort to it for fish. Its greatest breadth is about 15 miles, stretching far . This is the report, and which I believe to be coments but it is fresh water, tains, has obtained for it from the Indians. In the Utah language, og-waA- be, the term for river, when coupled with other words in common conver- sation, is usually abbreviated to ago ; tim: ignifyi k. Itis pr that this river furnished the name witich on the older maps has been gene- rally applied to the Great Salt lake; but for this I have preferred a name which will be reg; BSG AO IE i ara ctOr tit, restricting to the river the script iy impan-ogo, and leaving for the lake into. which it flows its scenery, remarkable even in this country of rugged moun= a {its 274 ‘the. name of the people who reside on its shores, and by which itis known throughout the countr The volume of wath afforded by the Timpan-ogo is probably equal to that of the Sevier river; and, at the time of our visit, there was only one place in the lake valley at which the Spanish Pe was fordable. In the delta of prettily timbered streams. This would be ie sate cay for stock farms ; it is senerely sabeaeed with good bunch grass, and wo abundantly produce the ordinary grain In arriving at the Utah lake, we had completed an immense circuit of twelve degrees diameter north and ue and ten degrees east and west; and found ourselves, in May, 1844, on the same sheet of water which we had left in September, 1843. The Utah i is the southern limb of the Great Salt lake ; and thus we had seen that remarkable sheet of water both at its northern and southern extremity, and were able to fix its position at these two points. The circuit which we had made, and which had cost us eight months of time, and 3,500 miles of travelling, had given us a view of Oregon and of North California from the Rocky mountains to the Pacific ocean, and of the two principal streams which form bays or harbors on the coast of that sea. Having completed this circuit, and eat now about to turn the back upon the Pacific slope of our continent, and ta, recross the Rocky mountains, it is natural to look back apo our footsteps, and take ope brief view of the leading features and general structure of the coun- try wehad traversed. These are peculiar and: Steg? and differ essentially fait the Atlantic side of our country. The mountains all are higher, more numerous, and more distinctly defined in their ranges and directions; and, what is so contrary to the natural order of such formations, one o ‘these ranges, which is near the coast, (the Sierra Nevada and the Coast Range,) presents higher elevations and peaks than any which are to be found in the ‘Rocky mountains themselves. “In our eight months’ circuit, we were never out of sight of snow; and the Sierra Nevada, where we crossed it, was near 2 000 feet higher than the South Pass in the Rocky mountains. In height, these mountains greatly exceed those of the Atlantic side, con- stantly presenting peaks which enter the region of eternal snow ; and some ~of them voleanic, and i in a frequent state of oF sot png are seen at eee te gui ae traveller in his cou ‘The course and elevation of these ranges give direction tothe rivers and ter to er coast. No great river does, or can, take its rise below the and Sierra Nevada range ; the distance: is too aintorts great river by 2 sine 7 otintiel te the sea, while its ee forks lead each to a pass in the mountains, which opens the way inte & 275 { 174] the Sate, Se the continent. This fact in relation to the rivers of this mevaa fe value to the Columbia. — a mouth is the only at Pare fy Pacific and the interior of North America ; wid all iperations of war or commerce, of national or social intercourse, must be conducted upon it. This gives it a value beyond estimation, and would involve irreparable injury if lost. In this unity and concentration of its waters, the Pacific side of our continent differs entirely from the Atlantic side, where the waters of the Allegany mountains are dispersed into many rivers, having their different gee into the sea, and opening many lines of communi- cation with the in The Pacific Biren is equally different from that of the Atlantic, The coast of the Atlantic is low and open, indented with numerons bays, sounds, and river estuaries, accessible every where, and opening by many channels into the’ Heart of the country. The Pacific coast, on the con- trary, is high and compact, with few bays, and but one that opens into the heart of the country. The immediate coast is what the seamen call iron bound. hame fork. The name applied to it by sty Indians sig- ifies. swiftness, and i is the same which they use to express the speed of a race ‘horse. It is spread out in various channels over several hundred From Kansas landing .to Fort Vancouver. tele Eu £2 ee 23 £2) 28 Date. | og | $= Localities. Date. | 83 | 8 a Localities. Be | 32 gs | a3 au ile ayies AT | Ae | a* [ag 1843. | Miles. | Miles. | - 1843. | Miles. | Miles. May 29| 7 FF July 29 [ 6 | 807 : 80 | 22 29 30 | 24 831 31| 26 55 | 31 | 30 | 961 June 1] 23 78 Aug. 1 | 26 | 88 22 100 4 31 ; 918] Medicine Bow rivex: Fi | ie Bee 944 4 18 141 4 18 962 | North fork. 5| 19 | 160 6| 19 981 | S): | a 7 |---| 1,0r1} ‘ 71 "es oe 8| 29 | 1,040 | 8} .5 187 | Junction of Smoky 9 | 26 | 1,066 Sweet Water. Hill and Repub- 10 | 23 | 1,089. ° os | Tiean forks. - 11} 29 | 1,118] , GS ee aie 12 | 25 | 1,143 | TPT ae =) ia} a 1,152 South Pass, I 28 240 : * Ss ee 13] 18 | 958 ~ =~ dh} 96 1 roe | s 1 1. 2% 15 | 29 | 1,221 Green river, or Rio 16 | 2h of 8 | Golorado. 4 1g 10 16) 26 | 1,247: 23 333 17] 21°) 1,268 19| 18 # 351 18 | 32 | 1,300) 20 7 19 | 28 | 1,328. 21 20 | 30 | 1,358 : 231-3 430 21 | 26 | 1,384) 3 ~23)26 | 456 22 }o37 | 1,491 f = 24; 34 | 490 23} 12 | 1,433] 25 | 26 | 516 | Crossing of the Re- 22 | 1,455 publican. 25 | 8 | 1,463 | Beer Springs. _ a Se 540 | * 96 | S1 | 1,484 ae) 7 | 66 : 27.| 21 | 1,505 rH, F 28} 30 28 | 27 | 1,582 ing 29 21 29 1. 17 1,549 30}. 86: 30 | 19 | 1,568 July 1| & 31 | 26 | 1,594 2| 29 Sept. 1 | 22 | 1,616 ee 31, oe Te ies | cee eat dF 3| 3 | 1,636 Mouth of Bear river. 26) 4 Ai 6. 11,@68| ¢° cr ae 27| 26 5| 27 | 1,669: ste 28 | 20 6 | 25 | 1694 | € [ 174] ~ 292 Table of distances—Continued. t . 1 - ee| ge ec e-B ES fa ae ag Date. 33 E Localities Date. | 3g a6 Localities oe ilk dad 1843. | Miles. | Miles. 1843. | Miles. | Miles pt. 8 1,714 | Shore of the Salt || Oct. 9 |. 24 | 2,254 . ce. 10 2 | 2,256) Fort Boisé. 9 8 | 1,722} Island in the Salt 11 |. 20°.| 2,276 lake. 12 | 27 | 2,303 io | 28 | 1,750 13} 20 12,333 12| 13 | 1,763 14| 22 | 2,345 13 | 27 | 1,790 15 | 26 | 2,371 -44| 24 | 1,814 16.| 313 | 2,384 s 17} 21 | 2,405 16 | 26 | 1,859 18 | 20 | 2,425 17 | 24 | 1,883 19 | 21 | 2,446 is | 23 | 1,906} Fort Hall. 20 | 12} 2,458 22] 12 | 1,918 21 5 | 2,463 10 | 1,928} American falls on 22 16 | 2,479 . Lewis’s fork. 24 | 18 | 2,497 25| 13 | 1,941" 25 | 18 | 2,515 26| 17 | 1,958 26 3 | 2,518| Fort Nez Pereé, at 27 | 20 | 1,978 the mouth of Wa- 28 | 25 | 2,003 | Jahwalah river. <> 29] 24. 12, OR7 23 1 2,537 80 | 26° |} 2,053 | 29 | 19 “Oct. 1} 16 | 2,069 30 | 21 | 2,577 2 098 31 | 26 /2, 3}. 16 | 2,014) Nov. 1 23. |.2,626 4/19 133 2 | 19 |2,645 5 | 26 | 2,159 $e 17> | 2662 im 6 | 22 | 2,181) "4 } “14 | 2,676 Dalles. a {00 » 204 | 6&7) 90 | 2,766) Fort Vancouver. Si 26 | 2,230) -| ‘ HOMEWARD JOURNEY. e* : : From the Dalles to the Missouri river. 3 a ‘ >a - Bs ié 13. "1843. | Miles. Mov. 25 | Dec. 4 9 26) &i i 27 i 6 19 28 7b 26 23 8} 49 30 9| 14 Be. tt 10) 15 ae 2 12/| 5 = 2 ~ 13} 12 ; ee sa 293 | Table of distances—Continued. [gs | és Be |&2 Date. 33 eS Localities. Date. ~ 33 2s Localities. ‘s eae reaRE Soe to Q a> fan) 1843. | Miles. | Miles. 1844. | Miles. | Miles. . Dees 14}. 21 288 Feb. 20 1,001 | Summit of the Sierra 15 pet 309 Nevada. 16 9 318 | Summer lake. 21 5 1,006 bY § 6 32451 22 3 1,009 18 | 20 | 344) 23+}. 5 | 1,014 19| 21 365 j 12 | 1,026 20 26 391 | Lake Abert. 25 14 1,040 91| 6 | 307 26 | 14 | 1,054 22 | 29 | 426°) 27 | 1 | 1,055 23| 7 | 438 . 28 | 10 | 1,065 24 13 446 | Christmas lake? Mar. 1 6 | 1,071 25 14° 460 2 3 10 1,081 26 21 481. 4 ¢ 1,088 27| 24 | 505: 5 |-20-41,108} 28 16 521 6 34 1,142 | Nueva Helvetia. 291-15 | 636 241 16 | 1,158 30 be 17 553 25 | 18 | 1,176 31 18 571 26 21 1,197 27 | 42 | 1,239 1844. 28 | 17 | 1,256 Jan. “1/ 20 591, 29| 8 | 1,264 2| 25 | 616 April 1 | 10 | 1,274 Bi. to4. Gaps 3} 22 | 1,296 4| 7 | 630: 4| 18 | 1,314 6 Se ae ce 5 |. 37 | 1,351 6} 15 | 647°! Great Boiling ’spring. 6| 15 | 1,366 * =@ {At 1. esperic IG 7| 50 | 1,416 ‘ 10| 10 | 668°) >. SB) - 8 45422 " ii | 10 | 678ckc- 9| 314 1,453 12| 6 | 684°} Pyramid lake. 10| 40 /1, 13| 12 | 696 a “4Ab} 24 | 1,517 144 <9 Fabs es 12} 15 | 1,532) ; 15 12 W17 13 27 1,5594 Pass in the Sierrn 16; 18 7350 Neva 17 22 757 14 32 1,591 18} 8 | 765° 15 |. 32) } 1,623 19| 18 | 783 17 | 39 | 1,662 20; 5 | 788 18} .3-°) 1,665: 21 24 812° 19 15 1,680 : 22) 14 | 826 20 | 33 | 1,713} Spanish trail at Mo- 23 | 25 851 hahve river, 24; 20 | 871 22 | 20 |1,733| ° 25 | 25 896 23 33 766 SS Aas 80s a) 8 ia ee 920 Qe |. 35-1 4,798 29| 7 | 9e7 27 | 43 | 1,842 30| 11 | 938} 28} 12 | 1,854 31 | 26 964 29 7 | 1,861 Feb. 2/| 16 | 980. 30} 24 | 1,885 S| 3oF See May 1| 15 — 1,900 41.3 | 260. 2| 12 | 1,912 oo 3| 18 | 1,930 8 : 995 4| 57 | 1,987 10; 3 | 998 6| 18 | 2,005| Rio Virgen- {. 1% J, 294 Table of distunces—Continued. es 8 sie cacti eee af Es Date. 83 85 (Localities. Date. Q 5 re Localities. * 5 3 | es g g| Bef. gal Rona . a =. 1844. | Miles. | Miles.. 1844. | Miles. | Miles. Mays 7 | 10 | 2,015) % June21 | 19 | 2,898} © criss] 1B 2,033 15 | 2,913 | Bayou Salade, (South 9 - | 2,034 Park.) © 10 | 24 | 2,058 23.| 36 | 2,949 ; ll 12 | 2,070) © *24 21 | 2,970 12 | 14 | 2,084) Vegas de Santa Clara. 25 | 21 | 2,991 “18 | 15 | 2,099} 26} 11 | 3,002 ib | 21 | 2,120 27 | 10 } 3,012 16 | 17 | 2,187 28 | 21 | 3,033 PRE 17 154 29 | 30 | 3,063) Pueblo, on the Ar- 19 |. 27 —-} 2,181 = kansas. 20 | 22 | 2,203 30 3,100 21 31 | 2,2 July 1 33 | 3,133 | Bent’s fort. 22-| 23 | 2,25 5 | 20 {3,153 23 | 12 | 2,269} Sevier river. 6 | 81 | 3,184 2H} BB | 2,292 “| SY | 3s 25 | 32 | 2,324 8 | 28 | 3,243) Head water of Smoky 26 9 | 2,333 Utah lake. - Hill fork of the » 28 | 2 | 2,380 : 2) 27 ; “99 | 25 | 2,405 10} 28 30| 31 | 2,436)°. 12 | 24 31 | 16 | 246s). 13 | 30 June 1| 16 | 2,468}>. ; . 16.) 10 $5. {349s 16| 33 3 21 | 2,497} Uintah fort. 37) gs 5| 26 | 2,623/% ; 18 | 24 6| 15 | 2,538 2 19 | 29 7 30 2; 568 Green river, (Brown’s 20 29 hole. ) 21 | 23 9 22.417 0 23 | 36 i 24 | 22 25 |. .19 26 | 24 27 18 28 | 22 29) 12. 30; 18 Sif. 8 Aug. 1 ¥ APPENDIX. Seats 9 A. GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. Nature of the geological formations occupying the portion of Oregon California included in a geographical survey under the direction of Captain Frémont: by James Hall, paleontologist to the State of New York. varies in latitude through seve# degrees, viz: 38° to 45° north; and speci- mens are presented in nearly every alf degree of latitude. Such a collee- ons. : foe eR ges Longitude 964°, latitude 382°; Otter creek.—The single specimen from. this locality isa yellowish, impure limestone, apparently containing organic _ structure is obliterated by crystallization. From us posi~ [174] 296 tion relatively to so formations farther east, I am inclined to refer it to the cretaceous formatio Longitude 98°, lasieiidde 39°; Smoky Hill river.—The specimens from this. locality are numbered 26, 29, 31, 33, and 88. They all bear a similar char- acter, and the fossils are alike in each. The rock is an impure limestone, pretty compact, varying in color pars dull yellowish to ashy brown, and abounding in shells of a species of Inoceramus. (See description.) - This rock probably belongs,to the cretaceous formation; the lower part of which has been — by Dr. Morton as extending into Louisiana, Arkansas, and Missou Although the apechitbas from this locality beara more close resemblance: to the upper part of the formation, I do not feel justified in referring them to any other period. This formation evidently underlies large tracts of country, and extends far towards the base of the Rocky mountains. - Longitude 105°, latitude 39°.—The Aygo sin from this locality are a somewhat porous, light-colored limestone, tough and fine grained. ~ or two fragments of fossils from this locality still indicate the cretaceous period; but the absence of any perfect specimens must deter a positive opinion upon the precise age of the formation. One specimen, however, from its form, markings, and fibrous structure, I have referred to the genus inoceramus. It is'evident, from the facts presented, that little of important geological © change i is observed in travelling over this distance of 7 degrees of longi- tude. But at what depths beneath the surface the country is underlaid by - this formation, I have no data for deciding. Its impurtance, however, must not-be over! ~ A calcareous formation of this extent is of the greatest advantage to a country; and the eco oe eee hence afforded in a nd the uses of a life, cannot be overstated. - The whole formation of this region is phdbatty, ites some variations, an extetsion of that which prevails through Louisiana, Arkansas, and jor ‘The: puta at the locality last mentioned are represented as being verti- eal, #standing against the eastern slope of the Rocky mountains, immediately below: Pike’s Peak. Longitude 106°, ane 41°.—At this point, although oy one degree _ ‘west of the last-named specimens, we find a total change in the geology : the region. The epeounsas are of : “ Sete Sieg erate; showing a tendency to decomposition; and, from the inform sae me ying the ' same,this rock overlies a mass of naan air ath i mote af vanced stages . oF positi specimens present nothing peculiar in their ap- 2 pearance; and the e only apparent difference Berwenial Y these and the ordinary Ps d feldspathic granites of more eastern localities, is their finer grain and ong Neds: 107°, latitude 413°—The specimens from this locality are of ystalline canevst thie granite, of a -flesh-red color, apparently not acted on 3 the: ‘weather, and presenting the common appearance of this kind of granite in other localities. » No. 95, “above: the third bed of coal, in the lower eo — fork of the - Platte river,” is a siliceous clay slate, having : a saline _ me aia wee latitude 413°; Nos. 99 and fone: 99 is-a fine- grained, soft reillacesasli limestone, of a light ash’ eolor, evidently a modern: q cams Sait i froabidiiiibaenee ot fossils, it would be unsatisfactory to - a [ 174] assign it any place in the seale of formations. The other specimen, No, 104, is a compact serpentine, having the aspect of a greenstone trap; and, from the account given, is probably interstratified with the limestone. ; limestone is more friable and chalky than any specimen previous! iced. Longitude 1103°, latitude 414°—The specimens from this re very peculiar and remarkable. The first is a friable or pulverulent green calcareous sand, unctuous to the touch, but remaining unaltered on exposure. to the atmosphere. Its character is very similar to the green sands of New Jersey; but it is of a brighter color, and less charged with iron. The green limestone. The singularity of the specimen, and that which first attracted my attention, was the efflorescence of a salt upon its surface, which appears to be, in part, chloride of sodium. Supposing this to be ac- cidental, 1 broke a specimen, and, after a day or two,a similar efflorescence appeared from the fresh fracture; leaving no doubt but the salts arise from decomposition of substances within the stone itself. ngitude 111°, latitude 413°; Muddy river.—These specimens are of a yellowish-gray oolitie limestone, containing turbo, cerithium, &c. The rock is a perfect oolite; and, both in color and texture, can scarcely be dis- A few miles up this stream, Captain Frémont has collected a beautiful series of specimens of fossil ferns. The rock is an indurated clay, wholly” destitute of carbonate of lime, and would be termed a “fire clay.” These are probably, geologically as well as geographically, higher than the oolite specimens, as the rocks at this place were observed to dip in the direction of N. 65° W. at an angle of 20 degrees. This would show, conclusively, that the vegetable remains occupy a higher position than the oolite. As- sociated with these vegetable remains, were found several beds of coal, dif- feringin thickness. The section of strata at this place is as follows: ft. in. Sandstone - - = - : n - ae Be Coa! - - - - « ‘ = es BAS; oa : . r = rE - ® ae ae Indurated clay, with vegetable remains - ~~ - . +. 20 0 Clay. : 2 : . r - : a. 5, 0 Clay - < = Ke pa i : x 5 0 3 Coal - = . * - 7 : Z Clay E ic = 2 : . 2 * 5 z oO. Coal - = - = “ — fe a ees The stratum containing the fossil ferns is about 20 feet thick; and above it are two beds of coal, each about 15 inches. These are succeeded by a tS fit) 298 bed-of sandstone. Below: ote bed containing the ferns, there are three dis- tinct. beds of coal, each separated by about 5 ; feet of clay. Before examin- ing the ee Ss ata just ee I compared these fossil ferns with vat rom the coal measures of Pennsylvania and Ohies and it rn that this formation could not be of the same a here a several specimens which I can ane refer to the Glossopteris Phillipsii, (see description,) an oolitic fossil; and this alone, with the general een ter of the other species, and the absence of the large stems so com in the coal period, had led me to refer them to the oolitic period.. 1 conce aes however, that we have scarcely sufficient evidence to justify this reference; and. though among the fossil shells there are none decidedly typical of. the oolite, yet neuners' are they so of any other formation; and the lithological character of the mass is not reliable evidence. Still, viewed in whatever light we please, these fossil ferns must, I conceive, be regarded as mostly of new species, and in this respect form a het important addition to the flora of the more modern geological periods In passing from this locality westward to the Bear river,Captain Frémont _ crossed a high mountain chain, which is the dividing ridge between the waters of Muddy river poset eastward, and those of Muddy creek flow- ing into Bear river on the west. The gap where the ridge was crossed is stated to be 8,200 feet a the level of the sea. In this ridge, 115 miles to the southward of the locality of the fossils last mentioned, were collected the specimens next to be named. These were obtained near the summit of the ndge, and probably higher than the point where Captain Frémont’s party cross The collection from this locality (longitude 1119, latitude — rein everal specimens of an argillaceous, highly bituminous, and somewhat slaty limestone, loaded with fossils. It is very brittle, and easily se nto small fragments by a blow of the hammer. _ Its natural color isa tight | me but it bleaches on exposure to the atmosphere. In structure, it is not - unlike some of the limestones of the lias or oolite formations. The fossils are chiefly one species of Cerithium and one of Mya; and besides these, another species of Cerithium and a Nucula can be identified. So faras I am able to ascertain, these fossils are undescribed, and will therefore be regarded as new species, t may be considered premature to decide upon the geological position of this mass. It may belong to the same period, though far “a in the series than those in the same longitude, which have just been In the locality of the fossil plants, the strata dip W. by N.; but, from the structure of the country, it is evident that there is 4 change i in the of the dip before reaching the high ridge from which the specimens under _ consideration oo — examination, I have no doubt, will set hn ton at r scribes the occurrence of an immense stratum of” ‘fa ssil salt ; and the same Ange is represented as bounding the Great Salt lake. There would there- fore seem no doubt that the salt in qu potion Serre ted with the strata of ‘this period, and probably coeval with the = tinay remark, in the same connexion, ae th surfaces of iigiictinstis a aie [ 174] containing the fossil ferns also effloresce a salt, which is apparently ve ium. This fact seems to indicate the presence of fossil salt this distance north of the known locality, and is a circumstance. which vs naturally Se ma as part of the evidence of identity in the age of the formations This region is unquestionably one of the highest interest, both as regards its economical resources, and equally so in the contributions which it will yield to geological science. In the specimens from the vegetable locality, Ihave been able to indicate seven or eight species of fossil ferns, most o which are new. Further researches will doubtless greatly multiply this number. Besides these, as hew species probably peculiar to our continent, they have a higher interest, inasmuch as they show to us the wide extent and the nature of the vegetation of this settee coal period. In the broad fields of the west, we shall have an opportunity of tracing it over large and unbroken areas, and many highly intetestihig results may follow its com- parison with the vegetation of the true carboniferous period. Again: since these deposites have evidently been guide over large tracts of country, it is not unreasonable to suppose that the quantity of material accumulated will be very great, and that we may expect to find profitable coal beds in the rocks of this age. This subject, besides being of high interest to science; is of Some prospective economical importance, though perhaps too segs? to dwell upon, while the country remains so little ex- plored as at pre Longitude 112°, ‘latitude 42°.—The specimen No, 72 is a grayish-blue limestone, efflorescing a salt upon the surface, “from the Hot Salt Springs of September 13, 1843.” No. 108 is a siliceous limestone of a brownish- gray color; where exposed, the surface becomes porous, from the solution and removal of the lime, while the siliceous particles remain. From the general lithological characters of the specimen, it is probably a modern rock, but its precise age cannot be decided. Longitude 112°, latitude 413°.—The single specimen from this losality is, eet present state, ‘ ‘granula r quartz.” Si Tt is, Newerers very evidently, preserved. This rock proba ably comes out frosti pr the siliceous lime- stone last described, both having been -altered by modern igneous action. The character of the specimens from the next locality—three-quarters of a degree, farther west—may perhaps throw some light upon the present Gotdition of those last name Longitude 1122°, latitude 429°; at the American Falls of Snake river.— The collection from this point presents the following, in a descending order. These specimens are numbered 94, 96, 97, 101, 102, 106, and 107: 1. A botryoidal or ‘coneretionary lava, No. 94. 2. Obsidian, No. 1 3. Vitrified Ey eat No. 1 4, A whitish ash-colored chalk. or pie le No. 107. e: A light ashy volcanic sand, No. 6. Brown sand, volcanic. (?) These are all apparently volcanic products, with, probably, the excep- tion of Nos. 106 and 107, which may be sedimentary products ; presel altered by heat. The two lower abodes are evidently volcani¢ sanc ‘oF. “ashes;” the upper of these, or No. 5, has all the characters. of, pulverized. pumice stone, and is doubtless of similar origin. | [174 ] 300 Ne. Y67 fs ak” impure limestone, but little harder than common chalk; and, but for its associations, would be regarded as of similar origin. - 106 is apparently a vitrified sandstone, the grains all rounded, and No. 94 is a mammillary or botryoidal lava ; the concretions having a ra- diated structure, the mass is easily frangible, and readily separates into small The whole of this series, with the exception of No. 107, may be regard- ed as of voleanic origin ; for the apparently vitrified sandstone may. be, in. its composition, not very distinct from trap or basalt, though it is more vit- Re SP mens appear as if from some regular formation, broken up and thinly coat- ed by calcareous matter from springs. From the fact observed by Captain water origin. ere are also some vertebre and ribs of fishes. The whole is so unchanged, and of such recent appearance, as to induce a belief that the deposite is of fresh-water origin, and due to the desiccation of some to’an agricultural community will be an important consideration. But, as before remarked, there is evidently a preponderance of calcareous matter rsed of much older date, and worn very round and smooth, while the limestone bears little evidence of attrition. he gray siliceous limestone. specimens contain aspecies of Turritella, and a small bivalve shell. (See descriptions and figures.) _ ; Longitude 1154°, latitude 433°.—The two i nip aed ar loeality are of voleanic origin. No. 46 is a reddish compact trap or lava, with small nodules or cavities filled with analcime and stilbite. No. 52 is a coarse and Porous trap, or ancient lava. + Longitude 116°, latitude 433°.—The Single specimen from this place is ae 2 ho finds it highly charged with <‘ calcareous polythalamia” in excellent pr / tion. He remarks, that ‘*the forms are, many of them, such as are common in chalk and cretaceous marls; but as these forms are still living i t i ce not afford con- clusive evidence as to the age of | deposite in which they occur. I have, however, invariably era peculiar to the tertiary, — ow, as these are entirely wanting in the specimen from Captain _ Frémont, the evidence, as far as it ‘coves, is in favor of the view that the specimen came from a n oF 301 [ 174 J a a ge ospathic.. praniies wih a small proportion of quartz, and sm mica in small sc e specimen contains a single e garnet. ture is T abuew Lak sin, pi from appearances it Is tapidly destruetibte from atmospheric a c Longitude 117°, latitude 444°.—These specimens from Brulé river are numbered 4, 19, 41, and 48. No. 4 is a slaty limestone, partially altered, probably from the proximity i igneous rocks. No. 41 is of ditaitar character, very CARTE laminated, and ofa dark color No. 19 is of similar character, but more altered, and paitially crystalline. The lines of deposition are, however, phot ved. No. 48 has the appearance of a compact gray feldspathic lava ; but there are some apparent lines of deposition still visible, which incline’ me to the opinion that it is an altered sedimentary roc Longitude 1173°, latitude 45°.—The spécimen i is a compact, dark-colored basalt, showing a tendency -to et argenie Bpor the exposed surfaces. This rock forms the mowntains of Brulé r Longitude 1173°, latitude 453°.—The s écimen No. 110isa fine-grained basalt or trap, with a few small-cells filled with analcime. This is of the rock forming the Blue mountain Longitude 118°, latitude 45°. —The single ae (No. te ores this locality is apparent an, altered siliceous slat markec ap a to be lines of deposition, the thin eehiie being separated BP sm of ne aba sit salpnds 384°.—The specimens Nos. 14, 23, 45, and 51, are all from this No. 14 appears we be a decomposed feldspar, paving a slightly porous structure ; it is very cea and adheres eine o the No. 23. A friable, mewhat poro S upon the ex- posed surfaces. No. 45. A see es of a sieniie i poo containing © obstifen. This specimen ar much like som us ot gy of. trap dikes which cut through. the sienitic rocks of N ew Engl No. 51. Feldspar, wie a. little black mica he specimen i is probably from a granite rock, though its structure is. that of compact fe dspar. Longitude 120°, latitude 453°.—The single specimen (No. Er foun this locality i isa = fine-grained trap, or basalt, with a few round cavities of the size of neers 12045, latitude 383°.—The -speciiaens are numbered 91, 109, nd 1 an No. ao has the appearance ofa porous trap, or basalt, though possibly the production of a modern voleano. It is thickly spotted with crystals of cime, ane apparently segregated from the mass, and others filling ve- sieuler cavitie oO. 117isa canal basalt, the specimen exhibiting the character of the basalt _ — Hudson and Connecticut river valleys. No. 109 is a fine-grained granite, consisting of white quartz and. feldspar, with black mica. Captain Frémont remarks that this rock forms the east- era a Past of the main California mountain. From its Sih eon. ose structure, it is to be ote rred that it would undergo rapid decompos!- tion in a climate like ours. iy [174 | 302 ‘Longitude 121°, latitude 444°. —The specimens from this locality are euuabered 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59,60, and 61. These are .characteristic ens of the strata ee a blast 700 icel, high, and are numbered in the Piemending « rder. e specimens 59, 60, and 61, are three specimanrt of what appear to be very fine clay, wi oe oe from megs of t heaeane néarly as white as ordinary chalk. These three specim h are understood to be from three distinct Bop hs ae but slightly, 3 it bes chatteiare ad. 61 being of the lightest co No. 58 isa ps of grayish volcanic breccia, the larger portion con- sisting of volcanic sand or ashes. Nos. 55, 56, and 5i,aK8 of the same cHaracter, being, however, nearly © free from fragments or pepiies, and composed of light volcanic sand, or scoria, with an apparently large admixture of clay from the strata below. The whole is not acted on byacids, and, so far as can be judged, is of voleanic origin No. 58 is of f simi character to the preceding, three Pee ans con- tains more fragments, and has a generally coarser aspec ais ges 121°, latitude 45°.—These specimens are dambcted 2 35, 40, 47, an No. 7 is a siliceous sinter, coated externally with ae of iron. ? The speci imens Nos. 59, 60, and 61, which are from three different but contiguous have since been examined by Profeaso: or J. W. Bailey; of. Week Pesach finds them charged with fluviatile infusoria of remarkable f are descriptions masta mpanied rg late) of some of the most interesting forms, which were sketched by him with a camera-lucida giluchett to his microscope. It has not bee con a necessary to distinguish, seem, to which of the strata the individuals figured be _one, which are rag yracges raat seer They are evidently Rag of the fer very slightly in ‘igs. 1, 2, ar Side be cst of aeons brite of Ehrenberg —The species is figured described by Ehrenberg, who received it from Real del Monte, ‘ilexon. It resembles Donotia Fea sre (Ehr.,) but differs in its granulations. The three figures are from individuals of “Bie oo 4 Psat 5. Eunolia gibba, (Bhr.)—Identical with acommon fresh-water species now living _ Fig. 6. Pinta Pi tc ? (Ebr. ne figure of P. pachyptera from Labrador is very egon species here represented Figs. 7, 8 ‘and § 9. fo eymbi forme 2e(Ehr. )—These_ are probably goes reclame of _the same species. Fig. 8 is rather larger than C. cymbiforme usually grows at West species. | ionella (new species, a. is eviden Gottene ieeeee t ed asa eee Ree eee (See Silliman’s Journal for Spa : Bi ad 15, , Gallionella, new species? § (a—edge view ¢ b—eide view.)—This_ species are marked on aH premes bases with radian a undant in Nos. 59 and 61. nella: this vans ?_This very a mass of No. 60, es fos 59 and 61. arse 2 ote T have seer _ sevens fragments ater fg _ Spicul eof raha sponges. —Spongilla, oa Pig 35. deck = WSR or Gonies Eccnihsd co NS the drawings. © a" me " oe - = a at ae at oe es é FOSSIL FRESH WATER INFUSORIA FROM OREGON. HUAN LN Aca TA ag maT NH, i] Lian nn fi , | : ub < \\ ) if, | i yy ) 303 [ 174 J No. 35. A reddish, rather compact laya. The color is owing to the pres. of iron, which hastens its decomposition on exposure. No. reddish brecciated — lava, embracing fragments of eee colored iiicous sandstone o . Compact trap, or basalt, with a few rounded cavities. This Petes. is precisely like No. 20, longitude 120°; and, from the descrip- tion given, appears to bea prevailing rock along the valley 0: 4 Colum- bia ri 49. An imperfect striped agate, with the centre of siliceous sinter. This, with Nos. 7 and 40, is doubtless associated with the basalt, No, 47, which is the prevailing ro Longitude 122°, ‘aikiade 454°; Cascades of the Columbia river.—From this place are the specimens numbered 9, 10, 13, 17, 18, 22, 24, 25, 27, 30, 36, 37, 38, and 44. Of these specimens, Nos. 13 ae m are indurated clay, with impres- sions of pate of dicotyledonous p s a fine araiinceans iciars with stems and leaves, which still retain their fibrous structu 0. 30 is a specimen of disotyiedonous wood , partially replaced by stony matter, and a portion still retaining the fibrous structure and consistency of partially carbonized wood. Nos. 10, 25, 27, and 38, are specimens of coal fiom the same locality. (For further information of these, see analysis of specimens’appended. ) No. 22. Carbonaceous earth, with pebbles, evidently a part of the forma- tion to which the bbls specimens are referred. No. 18 is a compact trap, apparently having a stratified structure. ots - oe oe basaltic ed with crystals of analcime, &c. is—one a porous or rather scoriaceous lava of a wadich setae vand: the other a compact gray lava, with a few small cavities. No. 44. A brown scoriaceo No. 44a. A small specitien 0 of bine lava. - Miscellaneous specimens. No. 62. A coral in soft limestone ; the structure too much obliterated to decide its character. (From the dividing ridge between Bear creek and Bear river, at a point 8,200 feetgabove tide water.) _— o. 71. Caleareous tufa, containing the remains of grasses, twigs, moss, gi 81, — tufa stained with iro No. 98. Ferruginous calcareous tufa, coniainiets remains of twigs, &c. These t ess last-named specimens are evidently the calcareous deposites from springs holding carbonate of lime in solution, et ¢ f avd J 304 ORGANIC REMAINS, escespt bling of organic remains collected by Captain J. C. pene in the geographical survey of Oregon and ae veers by James Hull, palzontologist to the State of New Fe * ‘Priates I anp DIL Fossil ferns, etc. The eter here described are all from one locality, in longitude 111°, ‘latitude 414°. ‘They occur in a light-gray indurated clay, which isentirely free from calcareous matter, very brittle, and having a very imperfect slaty structure. “Nearly all the species differ from any described in Brongniart’s Hist. Veg. Foss.,’ in Goppert’s “Systema Filicum Fossilium,” or in Phil- lips’s “ Geology of Yorkshire.’’ i SPHENOPTERIS FRreMonri. Pi. Ss figs. 3, 3.a. (No. 118 of collection.) Compare rong. Hist. Ves. Foss. i, ps 187,t. 56, f. 3. Description. —Frond Sy aati (or tripinnate ?) stron striated ;, pinnze oblique to the rachis, rigid, moderately approximate, alter- nate ; pinnules subovate, somewhat decufrent. at. the base, about three or four lobed ; fructification very distinct in saad: so (capsules) of carbona- mc matter upon the margins.of the pinnules. 3.4, a partion twice mag- I have named. this beautiful and unique monies in honor of Captain Fré- mont, and asa testimony of the benefits that science has derived from his valuable explorations on the west of the Reeky. mountains. 2. SpHenopTerts TrtLopa. Pl. 1, fig. 8. (Nos, 65, 79, and 80, of collec- tion. Deseription.—Frond bipinnate, or tripinnate ; rachis slender, flexuous; pinne long, flexuous, distant, opposite, perpendicular to the rachis; pin- nules.oblong, sub-trilobate, opposite or ‘alternate, narrow at base, distant, ieular. ~The distant, long, and flexuous: peter the small oe SS distinguish this species. In ene Ss features, it approaches so the es A one (Brong.,) but differs essen ntiidiyein thexinallerpiowales, : nearly opposite, and in never —_ more than sub-trilo- iaaes in a iphilt they are often deeply 5-lobed. 3. Seeewonrsais (?) pauciroxia PI. 2, figs. 1, 1 a, 1 6, 1 ¢c, 1d. (No. 118 of coll een -) De: siral ht b a, opposite or eealtern ‘ arate or aitinoae at eames acre oly aire af digitate b not apparent. _ ies waa evidently a beautiful fern of large size, with aendels sles fe ge, giving ita peculiarly delicate eee nce. In some of i _ ‘Varieties, te pie 1 8,) it yp as digitata; Phillips’s Geol. FOSSIL FERNS PLA. COLLECTION OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEY OF s OREGON AND NORTH CALIFORNIA Lith by E Weber &.Co Balt? —_ Yorkshire, p. 147, pl. 8, figs. 6 9 7; Sphen. Williamsoni, Brong. Hi Veg. Foss. , i i, p. 177, t. 4 fies. 6 7,a and 8. The fossil Dic rconaderanians: however, is quite a different species, 9 the figure i nee branches and pinnules are more lax; figure 1 dis an agnified.port In its general aspect, toi. fossil suaables the - ~ Pachypteris, to. which I had been inclined to refer it, but for the ae cone, of Sih pins manifested by some specimens 4. Spuenopreris (?) TRIFOLIATA, Pl. 2, figs.2,2a. (No. 86 of collection. be Description,—Frond piplnnsig 3 pine irifoliate } pinnules elliptic, nar rowing at the base; rachis s raceme- aa mean the Mage Se coanlin eon nels and fructiferous. rt of the fructiferous portion enlarged, showing the capsules, Be oe ‘aero in the thickened paiiiile: This is a most beautiful ion oak species, Buren 3 in some respects to the 8. cag just Guiossorreris Puitiipsiz? Pl. 2, figs. 5, 5a, £3, 5c. (Nos. 69, 82, os ae: 86, of Hameo llentiow, ) Compare Glossopteris PhillipsityBrong. Hist. Veg. Foss., p. 225, t. ibe fig. 25 Pee epignis paucifolia, Phillips’s Geol. Yorkshire, p. 119, .. iii, fig, 8. Description.— eave linear-lanceolate, narrow, narrowing towards the base and apex; nervules SPliaue, dichotomous, lax, scarcely distinct, -subimmersed in the thick parenchym Brong. ut sup., p. 225 The specimen fig. 5 corresponds acs with the figure of Brongniart, pl. 61 bis, fig. 5, both in form of the leaf and arrangement of the nervules, so as 1 to leave little doubt of their identity. Figure 5 is a nearly perfect leaf _ of this species; fig. 5a is the base of another specimen, hav ving a long foot- lk; fig. 5dis the base of another leaf with faietification (?); fig. “2 c nee meet wna age to thesfract af same e may be be some pers ic body, or the © opm of of an insect which are teen pee tet ano 0 the af. Whatever this may have been, it does not appear o have been n calcareous; and the total absence of calcareous matter in the vie is an objection to referring the same to flusira, or any of the para- & ae sitic corals. The ferns are abupdate in the poe = this aa a ot an ey of them unbroken, and evidently not far or lon =e 5 ; = @ er * Lim} gl been, would have given support to the fires Pree 5th OF this vod bain » ats ies referred this species to the Glossopteris Phillipsii, as being the only description and figure accessible to me, to which this fossil bears any near “tobe hee The geological position of that fossil ee att wel tained t a of the upper part o eae oolitic 46 that, relying offered by a single fe it as a stron= all the « other specimens to ye same geological period. cies, or. varieties of the same species, have been, genus oes but a close examination sho ‘ss but the same feature may be observed in some oy 7” Brongniart him- self. 6. Pecorreris UNDULATA. Pi. ‘1, figs. 1,1 a. (Nos. 83 and 118 of col- lection.) - Description. Pee bipinnate; oe slender; pinne: long, slightly La lique to the rachis, opposite and alternate; pinnules oblique, oval-ovat broad at the base, and the lower saed ‘sometime s lobed, »gradually Decoaiitis e pinne. oe. - The pinnules have often an apparently continuous smooth outline; but, “on closer inati appear undulated, or indented eg margin; and many of them are. Spricullg so. : ag 7- Pacorrznis UNDULATA ; var. Pl. 1, figs. 2, 2a, 25, (No. 78 of dele. : a cserstion. —Frond bi ipinnate ; rachis slender ; ; pinne numerous, long, and gradually tapering, oblique to the rachis; pinnules oval-ovate, broad at base; midrib evanescent; nervules strong bifurcating towards the apex; “margins lobed or indented, particularly i in those near the base of the pinne. his species may be regarded as a variety of the last, though the pin-_ nules are longer and less broad. proportionally ; — the general aspect is similar, and the habit ae ee plant precisely the sam The specimen fig. 2 only be regarded as an suiting variety of the * ieee which is "appressed | in betee of the enlarged pinnuled, a as bc PTERIS @) nox torrenoiDEs Pl. 1, ‘ies. 3 and 4. (Nos. 78 and 11 Sof realéetions) cae -aiccaitaeae iu Pied long si ener secondary. ules. The arrangement of the eaanales and nl in bie Bas dm re- minds one of the Odontopteris Schlotheimii, Brong. Hist. . a Sic cies t. 78, fig. 5—a fossil fern of the Pennsylvania coal measures ; but this : tia The aspect of the thites last-named plants is more e like that of the true sl-measure ferns than any of the others; but the whole association, a — demand that they poe be sais toa 2 lenuia New a —Frond slender, flexuous, in jofts or pes branching. or s long, very slender. s equalis, Brong. Hist. Vex. teas P. 58 vt figs. Sands pond pinnate or bipinnate; rachis nd almost equal. ; branches n | ie. eee oe ae ae le [174 J a magnifier.. This fossil is very similar to the Fucoides equa aidat Brong., (from the lower chalk,) except that the branches are longer and undivided. 10. Tricnopreris Gractus. Pl. 1, fig. 5. (No. 84 of collection.) Description.—Slender, stems numerou s, flexueus, in a tuft, b 3 branches numerous, slender, oblique, Serhinge than in the last species. is species is more robust than the first described, but evidently to the same genus. I had first supposed that this might be a collection of fern stems, stripped of their foliage; but their slender structure, long branches, and peculiar arrangement, with the appropriate proportion of all the parts, forbid its reference to any thing of this kind ; it is therefore placed in a new genus, 11. Stems or rerns. PI. 1, fig. 7 The stems of ferns, denuded of leaves, and portions only of the branches” ‘ remaining. Great numbers of these stems occur, mingled with fragments of leaves and other portions of ferns still perfect. 12. Lear oF A DyYCoTYLEDONOUS PLANT. (?) Pl. 2, fig. 4. (Fr. Aug. _ 17, and No. 201 of collection. aes yn.—Leaf ovate- lanceolate, lobed, lobes acute, mucro hee distinct, dichotomous; principal divisions going to the ) el nate poi This leaf has the aspect of the leaf of a gap ght ag and a proaches remotely only to the character of species of the genu ris of Brongniart, which are regarded as such by Phillips, #7 by Lindley and Hutton. The e specimen was not observed soon enough to make a sat- isfactory comparison. ocality, in the neighborhood of the specimens saa i oe. fossils, and regarded by Captain Frémont as belonging to tion. The rock pee | them is a soft or very agte pe indurated lay ay verpagilike Bile haw! austih rittle mass containing the o coe § 2 + - = amt 4 : Prats Ud, 4. * : ee Pica ‘Fossil shells, &e. i : Figures 1, 2, 3,4, 5, 6, and 7, are from longitude 111°, latitude 40°. ee Sine se saniag some eo latitude 41 “s Figures 8, 9, and 1 from longitude it latitude r 3! edegee Figures 14 and 15, Lies from longitude 12 °, latitude 455°. a 13. nha TELLINOIDES.* PI. 3, figs. 1 and 2. Compare unio peregri- nus; ted’ s Geol. Yorkshire, pl. 7, fig. 12. (Nos. 8, 325; and 32, of col- lection. Description Oran, potas side extended, sl fake g ide regularly rounded ; surf pete at mooth, or mated only by lines ‘of growth; beaks slightly Ww: hes nea Y secpesalle 1 fig. 1 is an entire shell; fig. = Re of the two valves Z of'a stastict Socata, retaining a a small portion of the she * ~ cimen, larger than either of these, presents the inside of both valet wi vil \ X"# The species, where no authority is given, are regarded as new, a \ * = ce x pia 308 14, Nvetta Impressa (?) G. Pl. 3, fig. 3. (No. 32 of collection.) tion.—Sub-elliptical; posterior extremity somewhat expanded 5 surface smooth. A few of the teeth are still visible on the anterior hinge margin, but the greater part of the hinge line is obscured. . ' Locality in longitude 111°, latitude 40°, in slaty bituminous limestone. 15, Cyrnerea parvuLa. Pl. 3 Sshtes 10 and 10a. (No. 21 of collec- ~ Compare foxecons angulata ? rie s Geol. Yorkshire, pl. 9, Description —Oeate trigonal ; umbones elevated beaks incurved ; sur- face mar by regular concentric lines of growth; umbones and beaks — with a ae eeage wrinkles, The umbones of this shell are searcely di- verging or involute enough to place it in the genus Jsocardia, where it ‘ Would otherwise very naturally belong. Locality in longitude 115°, latitude 43°, in sray argillaceous limestone. Two other specimens of the same shell were n 6. PLEUROTOMARIA UNIANGULATA. PI. 3, Sei, 4and 5. (Nos. 8 and 32 “a collection. _.. Description.—Turbinate ; whorls, about six, gradually enlarging ; con- ie vex below, and angular above ; suture plain; surface marked by fine lines of ted pbs Aperture round- oval; shell thin, age. pecimens are all imperfect, and more or less crushed ; the figures, iis are good representations of the fossil. It is readily distinguished se lines of growth, resembling a species of Helix, and by the an- c Sharacter af the ic mepertert of each whorl. fy in | de 111°, latitude 40°, i in a dark slaty bituminous mm nvm. Pl. 3, figs. 6,6 a. (Nos. 8, 32, ‘and 34, of Se. Poe subuilate ; whorls, about ten, mar wed with - gtrong ridges, which are again crossed by finer lines i in the direction of the 4 -whor s. The strong vertical ridges are often obsolete on the last whorl, as in fig. 6 a, and the spiral lines much stronger This shell is very strongly marked, and its external aspect is sufficient to 4 distinguish it: it is easily fractured, ‘and, from the nature of the matr ag : has been poaese to obtain a -spomaman exhibiting te in ee perfectly. . _ Loca lity, same as the:p ; ‘1s, Seca Pee Pl. 3, figs. 7, 7a. as 28 of collect n.) aS? z.—Shell t ) about ine, convex 2 : Sonica, or sub-globose 5 3; Spire short, ae comprisi the greater part of the shell ; at-bo ities ; umbilicns moa Surface- Pe FOSSIL SHELLS, PLUM COLLECTION OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL SUAVEY OF OREGON AND NORTH CALIFORNIA. EF Weber 2 Go Balt? IE ee Ce Ae ee Re ae : 309 [m4] There isa sina perfect specimen and several casts of this delicate little — The mouth is not entire, but enough remains to show that:the li little expanded ; but } whether the columella covered a partofthe umbil sus is uncertain 4 * Locality in longitude 1182, latitude 43°, In a.gray Minna, limestone. 20. TuRRITELLA BILINEATA. Pl. 3, fig. 9. (No. 21 of collection.) 2S Description.—Elongate ed,subulate,spire rapidly ascending; whorls mark- _ ed by a double, elevated, spiral line, which is notched in the lower whorls. The specimen figured i is imperiect only the upper part of the shell remain > ing. Several casts of the same species occur a the specimens. : oe same as the preceding. CrRiTruium noputosum. PI. 3, figs. 11 and 12. (Nos. 64, 68, and 74 49 5, of election. ) ion.—Elongated, subulate ; spire rapidly ascending; whorls b ce of whorls about seven; the sutures: marked a spiral band ; sur marked by curved strie, or elevated fei 3 in the direction of | _ lines of growth. Whorls carinated with a row of protuberances alo: e centre. The arched lines of growth are more distinct upon the last ech bi ity marked beneath by a few gee’ lines ig. 11 is a perfect specimen. Fig /12. The left-hand figure is a cast ~ of the same species; the a ta figure retains the shell upen the upper part, while it is removed from the lower part. mete in longitude 111°, latitude “414%, in yellowish-gray oolitic lime- — gar a PALUDIN/FORMIS. Pl. 3, fig. 13. (No. 64 “ collection.) Description.—Whorls, about four, ‘rapidly e enlarging, convex,smooth; — mouth round-oval; columella yp sagt ph volutions marked t by fine arched strie in the direction of the lines of growth. . a z A small portion only of the shell remains saplin the spsauet . but it is retained in the matrix. This fossil occurs in gray or yell oolite, associated with Cerithium nodulosum, and other i It re- sembles Pa/udina in form » Locality, same as the preceding. 23. LEAVES or DIcoTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. PI. 3, figs. 14 and 15 4 The specimens have not been prec re identified, but doubtless be- long to a very modern tertiary deposit Locality, Cascades of the Coline: river. PLaTE IV. we * at Tage en antes 2 Pl. 4, figs. 1 and 14a. (Nos. 26, 29, 31, 33, ee n.) Compare | Inoceramus mytiloides, Sow. Min n. Con., Ne b. ae ‘ lida ines ived , de pressed, and elongated ; surface u—— % Ee th ze old s specim ae while in e younger specimens it is more convex, ‘and par- - : a é [174] 310 This fossil sipiarendly exists in gteat n numbers, as in the specimens ex- amined there were individuals in all stages of growth, though mostly broken or separated valves. The sam e species was collected byt the late Mr. Nicollet, near the Great Bend of the Missour Local ity, Sm moky Hill river, longitude 98°, laid 38°, i in yellowish and - gray limestone of the aS EP rmation 25. Inocrramus 4, fig. 2. (D Inoceramus involutus, Sow n. Con de Descripti in Sarajelretita : ania: "flat, vith the margin deflected; marked by strong, regular concentric ridges, which become attenuated on either side, and are nearly obsolet bagel the beak; beak of one valve small, not elevated ; “hinge e li aapessalnge: 3 The str strong concentric caves distinguish this fossil from any oter species. “The specimen —- is probably the flat valve, as a fragment of a large -andmuch more convex valve accompanies this one, from the same locality. The shell, ssieeseinidaly towards the margin, is very thick and fibrous. rthe eastern slope of the Rocky mountains, in longitude 105°, tperette 3os 39°, i in light yellowish-gray limestone, probably of the creta- ceous formation. . a‘ 0. 42 of collection. ) Compare © .. Norz.—The specimens figured on plate III, Nos. 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6, have appearance of fluviatile shells, and would have been so rega ed but the ovemampnce of fig. 3, which appears to be a Nucula, and: “known to me. ‘< not improbable, however, that this may prove a fresh-_ water hye 2 of vast interest, as it appears to be of great extent, : and oc- evation. The researches of Capt. Frémont, in his future doubtless set this question at rest, by a larger one of Fossils fi sag a same region. ¥ FOSSIL SHELLS PL_IV. COLLECTION OF THE GEOGRAPHIGAL SURVEY OF REGON AND NORTH CALIFORNIA * NOTE CONCERNING THE ely COLLECTED IN THE SECOND EXPE TION OF CAPTAIN FREMONT. a When Captain Frémont set out on his second expedition, he was well provided with wera & other means for making extensive botanical collections; and it was understood that, we should, conjointly, prepare a full account of his ‘plants, to be appended to his’ pra About 1,400 species were collected, many of them in regions not before explored by any botanist. In consequence, however, of the great length of the journey, and the numerous accidents to which the = exposed, but especially owing to the dreadful flood of the Kansas, which deluged the borders of the Missouri and Mississippi rivers, more than half of his specimens were | i he reached the borders of civilization. Even the portion saved was greatly ged. many instances, it has been extremely difficult to determine the plants. As Ww cient time before the publication of Captain Frémont’s report for the proper st his collection, it has been deemed advisable to reserve the greater part of them to incorporate with Bie p ants whi lege he will bring with him on returning from his thard ser Pointe ee uoxorsyn.08 Fig. 1,a bud, nae. size; Jigs. 2518, 4, ~ and 5, leaves nat. sizes fe 2, (a,) section ‘of a single leafs Jig. 5; (a,) sec-, es ,acone, nat. size; fig. 7,a scale, as seen. tie view of the e same. = F oe ~ & S LS o 5 & SG” o 3 4 5 the same cnt verti ie 3 net iis ss AT SEERY PAO POI NGS sit Gees), osawivol « sPErel bawy tol io héve* ; ae 4 | re a ps ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS. sit a , Se, bl ae | bat % 4 3 Sa efecae Rg aBaatt The map which accompanies this repent is constructed upon “ge modified projection, on a scale of 1 a ,000, and based upon the paigns of 1842 and 1943-'44. The longitudes es are referred to the meridian of Greenwich, hd de- pend upon eighteen es gee stations ; ; four of which are determined b by oc occultations of fixed stars; and ‘the’ - €clipses of ‘the satellites of Jupiter: _All the longitudes on ae the map wile bet chon trically | rted to, these positions. * In the Coute of the last fin $0 it ‘became evident that the longitudes establ during the campaign @f 1842 were collectively thrown’ thrown’ too far to the westward, b tgs 3 Arietis, to which tt hey had been referred by the. chro; mometer. This oswitstion took place af the bright Timb"c of the ‘noon, which e experience has recently own to be i of little com- ce nee. | This position has therefore ‘been abandoned, and the longitudes depending upon it have been referred chronometrically to those establishéd in 1843 and. 1814. The course of the ensuing “expedition en tersect the line ‘established by our jprevious operations, at various points, which it is proposed to. correct in longitude by lunar culminations, and such: other‘absolute _ observations as may be canvehteciy obtained. Such a position at the mouth of the Fontaine-qui- 3 uit, on the Arkitigas tivér, will be-a good point of reference for the longitudes ‘along the foot of the mountains. In: ‘passing by the Utah, to thé southern portion of the Great Salt lake, we shall have an oppi to: verify our longitudes in that quarter; and as in the c urse of our exploration. : ie we shall tou upon several points previously determined along ‘the west limit of our recent “ journey, ai shall probably ‘be able to form a reasonably correct frame on: which to base the con- straction of ai general: map of the- country. In that now presented, we have carefully avoided to Jay” own as certain which may not be found in the pas hooks. of ps sorvents hich were ; sta try in: which we wei ‘ ilkes Iam indebted for the long Fort Vancouver and to me before the publication of his mop Our recon- cordin to the survey of Vancouyet pnd the bay of San Pao mt fhe aye Possession matt wep of dete) ware, in of Mr. Sutter. Gi} < tg tS diive egiigod bac asttgd x gitiexey ¢ Pepe ner & FREMONT. toa . . ae ¥ aberdeen Senet! ah ti bas i whet ¢ Ca reg :, cad + ® . bs re j -= ! . } i 3 i & & ee oa) $2 ar 8 ares 3 * eee = 4 : rey si - . a oy i i 7 g tests . + fen bibs os a fee . eee cs ' X: : oe ear: 4, i @ ea : Ree ue * 3 4 3 ru : t f t i ‘ es Es hk tie ed se ; ; anes on f SB, 3 Hits bang leg £4 mV 4 8 e +... , pe age ine a rae, a i Ei@ 41 Table of latitudes and longitudes deduced from the annexed observations Date. Latitudes. Longitudes. _ Localities. 1843. “- a e May® 30 | 38° 49’ 41” | 94° 25/31” _ gore. June 1 | 39 OL. 16 95 11 09 Small tributary to the Kansas. < 4} 39 a “95 56. 30 Buck creek, tributary of, thedanbes., ; Fi . +s P 5 | 39° 08 24 96 06 02 - Elk creek, tibtary ofthe Rana. al: is ; pct is ge we 10|-39 03 38 | 96, 24 56 Encampment thn dhe Sun cli EU) Sock, half a mile te ahaa: from its junction with the Republican. 12} 39 22 12 97 05 32 Rd materi Republican for > is qi F ges at % : 18} 39 .82)1 545/198 Pl.) 41 Tributary tosthe Republicansfork. Pa € 17} °39 37 38 98 46 50 | Tributary to Solomon’s fork of the Felpebitga 19 |} 39 42 35 99 22 03 | Tributary to Solomon’s fork of the Republican. . 22| 39 53 59 ak 30. | Tributary to Republican fork. é ,- 93} 39 49-28 | 100 52° 00 «| Prairie Dog river, Republican fork. j ae: < “ : a 25 40 05 08 | 101 39 23 - Small tributary to the Republican. bd ; 1 a8} 40 e904 | 102 44 47 mig arena tal lake in the sandy plain @ tg ina lo & * the Republican and South fork of the ee = : : eae =" g0 | 40 31 02 | 103 23 29 | South fork “the Platte river. % : July 1} 40 17 21. | 404 02 00 | South fork; 9 miles above mouth of Beaver fork, : 7| 39 43 *53 | 105 24 34 | South fork, near Cherry creek. 1 }88 15 23 | 104 58 30 | Junction of Arkansas and Boiling Spring rivers. 18} 38 52 10 105 22 45 Boiling Springs. te ‘ ah 89° 41-45 | 105 25 38 me coed pity ORS ef ee : 23 | “40 +16 52 | 105 12 23 | St. Vrain’s fort. : a | “ht 02 “19 | 105 35 17 High prairie, broken by buttes and between Laramie and 31 41 04 06 a- Near the preceding. * 31} 41 15 02 | 106 16 54 | Laramie river. August 1} 41 23 08 - Pig RES 2} 41 45 59 a Fork of Laramie tiver. : . “41 37 16 | 106 47 25 | Medicine Bow river. 41 35° 3 s ‘Tributary to the North fork. =” 41 35 59 107 22 27 | Nort ak of he Pato trey . — ee fee ier [ay | Table of latitudes and dongitudes—Continued. Date. Latitudes, . Longitudes. Localities. 5 . a a andes rn. 1843. ° = 42° 02’ 03” - High plateau between ee pe melee of the Atlantic - and the gulf of Cali | 42° 20. 06 ~ Gap in the Sweet eee snountaing. 9 - 107° 50’ 07’ | Sweet Water river. . 10) iad aa Sweet Water river. e 13 | 42 19 53 - | Near South , pat © ona sil alent the Sandy 13} 42 18 08 | 109 25 55 Gidall seek fuibutsry to the Little Sandy river. a4; 42 15 11 - Little Sandy river. : 15 | 41 53 54 | 110 05 05 | Green river, left bank. 16 41 46 54 ws teste near old trading post, at Age where - ae . e road to the —e 16) 41 37 38} 110 10 28 Black's fork bf Green 17| 41.29 53 | 110 25 06 .| Black’s fork. 18 | 41, 26 08 .| 110 45. 58. | Small stream, tributary to Ham’s fork. 19 41 34 24 © has Muddy river of Ham's fork. “20/| 41 39 45 - Muddy eo 21} 41 53 55 ~ Bear river. 7 Bl). 03 47 # ALL. 10 53 Hoke sdaet bd ee lee 2 22] a2 10 27 _* ee a 24} 42 29 05 a _ | Tullick’s fork of Bear river. -- ot 24 | 42 36 56 | 111 42408 | Bear river. . : 25| 42 39 67 | 111 46 00 ‘ Beer springs. 29 |. 42 07 18 ~ Entrance of the beautiful pe a 30| 42 14 22 4 Bleck wae Reed river. 31 | 41 59 31 = rpg Bem sete diatace fom! Fercuas 21 gl 30. 21 112 15 46. Bear river, near the mouth. $| 41 90 22 | 112 19 90. | Mouth of Bear river. “7 32) Al 915 50 | 112. 06 43. | Weber's fork. z S| Silt ss... ine 11 30 Weber's fork, very near the mouth, 3 a Ald. ua, #488 09 ‘sland in the Great Salt lake... caer) cool bth te aT 1 =| Halt in the Mua 5 < * * > 3 Table of latitudes and longitudes—Continuede 2 - Bese, ; at: Latitudés. Longitudes. 12 29 52° Z ee 1 eee eee ie oe ave ia! iS ee mt station. ~~ Paid ‘ee ‘Roseaux of Reed river. nO ee 42 44 40 Pannack river. : 43 ol 30 | 11% 29 ‘54 °|' Fort Hall. Pon Tesee Pee vice®: roo aap ay’ 05 ae = 13°} Snake rivet, above the American fille : “42-2957 an Sb | Snake river. ” ae Pore 42 26 21 | Li4 06°04 | Rock creek, of Snake rivér. © ad 42 38 44 | 114 25 04 | Snake river, opposite to the River spring. vig " ¥ Re “B® IP} 114 "85 12 "| Snake river,2 miles below abe falls. 2| 42 53 ‘40 | 114 33 ofl Snake’ river. fi earet 3] 42 55 58 | 115 04°46") Pord Where toad etosses the Snake river.” 7 | 248 a5 Let opis’ 64 = Wood river, or Rividre Bisse” _ a ne . 5 8; 43 40 “S53 "| 116 “22 40° | Big Wood tiver, —" Boisée. ¥ 10} 43 49 92 | 116 47 03-'| Port Boisée. ee 3 12} 44 17 36 | 116 56°45 “}'Snake river, below died aes 14]. 44 37 44 | 117 09 49 "| Head — of Burnt river, (Rive a 15 | 44 250 “92 117° 9408L 1 Old bed ofPowder aver as 44 59 -29 eT 25°: QS Powder river. 18/145 96 47 | 117 28°96 “Grand Réid. a9 | 45 38 07 | 117 28°84 *} Blue bine bed ofthe lial = droga $0 ag 63° 96°" Fis Bap Whee, et bg “26 | 465008 bad? fo 25° SS “O91 Bon Nez Parcé. PE eiesiots oe “aoongg fous opps cles ae 0 “Noon halt—left bank of the Binadbin. % cm +0 45 35 55 "Misioiy Wain ee Dalle e Célain 5 45°95 ot» 1 iain hte fete dno indn. | & | 45 9300 “lhe “6” 15 +) Right bank ‘of te Cotuniia, 15 sles Bétow the i - an te os De! haye P< : a i > e a ; He Es 4 oS Table of latitudes and longitudes—Continued. Nov. 27 | 45° 06’ 45” | 1219.02’ 43’. | South end of Taih prairie.) ©.¢ «< ginal 30| 44 35 23 121, 10 25..| Main branchvof Fall rivero =, oe Dec. 65 | 43 55 20 3 ‘Fall river, (Union Falls.) 6| 48 44°15 | ¢. > Fall river, (Union Falls.) | -. %| 43 80 36. | 121, 33 50 .| Fall river, (Union Falls )« : s 8 43 av ede ee ee Camp ina pine forest. a0| 42 56-51 |. -, Tlamath lake. 13] 42 51 26. | 121, 20. 42. oThma Sia ths the lake ant bed water ¥ e witb Ms hastens cosa rome hat ar es ‘ 94) 42 93.25 - lsipitne labo ; “ 26 | 42 00. 09 Sena ‘Deset valley among black rocky hills 29| 41 27 50 - «| Camp of the 29th to.30th. 7 . 31 |. 41 19 55 - ugeto =, ap near the Mud lake. kact ob Camp near Great Boling spring bee : a (= | Pyramid lake, south of Salmon Trout river wae Kh te eS | Camp on a river of the Sierra Sierma Nevada. * ai Yost 19 ‘99° «19 a ie a eS: Camp on river ofthe Sierra Neva, 21| 39 01°53 | ~ Camp ona river ofthe Siem Nera . a2| 38° 49 54 apse: Camp on 2 fiver, ihear & gap. | 23 | 38 36 19 = Camp on » southern branch of theain of encamp- f 22d to 23d... " 24) 38 24 28 ~ * of a stream s “ 26 |}*38 18 Ol - oe pas se tes see » -| _apon on the sight he tho 10 any *. Sov ge tales celelanaree ‘| The Léhg camp. = er ET ‘ Ride ir Arras, igh nb menisn foi : oe Nvurva Hecyerra. vis hoo oti tb tant) onal 6 Hid dho¥adtte yells y | #aistavoer (akt) aut» 2 Yi erltGo be! i fed MIND. Fk Ai oe: ro aban bi I | Atalenppaig, oh t : b>) denil sewele'aze | nat CD. PTY: Gas ‘ * idlaeiwgltteiaicis . [ 174] 330 : * ENCAMPMENT AT THE KANSAS LANDING. Determination of time, May 18, 1843-+~altitudes of the sun. & OBSERVATIONS. * — rT ny FIRST SERIES. | _ SECOND SERIES. + . a. ee Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer. || Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer. sun’s lower limb. 7 : ss sun’s lower limb. Deg. min. sec. he min. see. eg. min. sec. h. min. see. 58 2 0 4 20.0 56 45 4 57 - 64 10 46 07.5 56.27 50 49 49.0 Be Se 4g 47 04.0 6. Is 50 =. 27.0 * 57 17 40. 47 42.0 55 00 — St. Che. 2 BT 03 45 woe ee 55 46 30 61 387.0 a ae a ~-~ iy sy: - 2 ¥ SPY OLPAVAEUR AO | LIADIMNOVOSTBA “© OMem time LAOIMO gabe to A. h. min, see. ‘ h. min. — see. 4 29 60 s i 0 318 49.3 PAA Tiaw : —— Determination of time, May 19, 1843—altitudes of the sun. ‘2? ae ee ee Ee 4¥ | “EH 4 ch Ueia t FIRST SERIES. y SECOND SERIES. Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer. |! Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer, sun’s lower limb. = sun’s lower limb. | Deg. see, h. min. see. + min. sec. h. min. see. -Ol 44 30 7. 3 age ue 30_ 7 33 05.0 52 50 = 28 58.3 00 +34 36.8 52 35 30 10.5 54 57 «50 35 40.0 53. . ..06. Sl 24.2 55 36.. 36 37s «16.3 : i = an) 38 25.0 Index error = -++ 20 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION.» — Mean time. Advance. “tee see. sec. t ae L3 e. Is - & : « he ose in these t given in civil time, ‘ SoS31 fers sun sia ee May 9,1 1843 OB SE RVATIONS. Yah * ange T AT THE Sea LANDING. Uitudes Fie out? FIRST SERIES. - eed [174] ga58 ree it SECOND SERIES. 2" ter fii) wea sun’s lower limb. Ritadcs of Mid Double altitudes of fhe sun’s lower limb, Time'o * » Deg. min. _ sec. 5943 01 08 5 “ze 4 40 G R “st 55 » 42> chl “20 x rir = Tors Tent ” Index r= + 15 sec. MOlraAdyoy AD TO Pavers es "RESULT. oF CALCULATION. ee see : 3 goravba ncn, rs Mean time. e Advance. = al he mins see. it he min. see. & 09 52 0 18 21.6 ate of time, May 21 al, Eid -altedes of es sun. “ODsRRVATION. = - erie W exchaa seods+ 2 = Saat RST SERIES. SECOND SERIES. ine 4 ry “eee ge A 5 wohetiie ait Time of +S wet fs oe 0 ‘8 6 7 40 15 oa e89 0 emis io | 20 15 F ro 0 at 45 16 20 0 Andes, error = a + L ni 30 sec. p's fie be. i 5 RESULT OF CALCULATION. baw Qo Ters H i oF, Mean time. i Advance. 4 [) 4745] 1gB32 ENCAMPMENT AT THE KANSAS die _ Determination of time, May 22 22 »1843—altitudes of the sun. ‘> _ OBSERVATIONS. FIRST SERIES. | SECOND SERIES. a ~ Double altitudes of the Time of chronometer. Double sliced of the _ Time of chronometer. ~ ‘sun's lower limb. — fe a oneiiite obit er limb, is sidtodl Deg. min. sec. min. sec. h. min. * see. 66.08 40 20 8. 05 46.3 66 50 02 «10 ‘06 © 28.0 66 52 30 ‘I7 00 07 + 05.0 67 «05 40 ‘41 . 00 08 + 08.0 67 (29 «50 15 20 * (09 =38.0 Index error a= 1 min. 12 sec. Patel eo CALCULATION. s Mean time. @ | Advance. ts h. min. sec. : h. min. aes as OB # oie 17.9 | = atom sR aw lime, May 22, 1843—allitudes of the sun. OBSERVATIONS. . FIRST SERIES. + SECOND SERIES. . “Dowhie altitudes of the Time of chronometer. || Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer. Sun's lower. limb. sun’s' lower limb. f pol ~ Deg. min. sec. h. min. sec Deg. min. see. h. min. sec. 63 42 30 4.007 63.5 62 (919 .20 5 Ob $924.5 0 63 29 30 (ah (6 126.7 52 05 40 02 «(02.6 &.288 <0 10 04 69 415.5 51 i652 ao 2 (39.2 ‘52 49 50 OS @O 0.2 | 51 40 50 03 (06.7 , }3O2. cF4 fo : 5° 900 49.0 Sl @s 65 3 129.3 ° go: cs a ¢ Aj HI ‘ : ae ia aaa Index error = ++ 10 sec. ‘RESULT OF CALCULATION. Advance. : h. min. — sec. Oe. ie Se igh oS sieeineene poi “May 98, 1sissattitudes othe sun J pyeeys e FIRST SERIES. Double altitudes of the sun’s lower limb. a fit vayro! t cso eee | _ stin’s lower limb, hiv. min. Fuk 410° 313 1 seh — min see. 2 26 Index error == —+ 1 min. 10: sec. RESULT OF. CALCULATION. | min. pute 2225510 % 64.0515 °° 20 f t h. Samin.. “see. 6 hy mines se » 782428 GF21 0 [116 f 52. 27 s ‘ , * . Determination of time, May 24, 1843—altitudes of the sun. . : OBSERVATIONS.) SES ES, ri FIRST ‘SERIES! 5 : SECOND ‘SERIES: |: eS Ses a8 : _* +. ee a Pa. ae Rice ri 2 £ = sig +7 =a de as eee! oe ai -hro i ofS. sun’s lower limb 4 dit spwol e' gus i sun’s lower limb. - wu owe! = tieatioe : = - De * ; ét Ass 2 % 551 vob: } 545° 88 16 55 ©150.7 > Index‘error <= '-} I-min. 17sec. __RESULT! oF ¢ comand . Tes mee “ [ 174], * 334 ENCAMPMENT AT THE KANSAS LANDING. Determination of time, May 25, 1843—altitudes of the sun. * & OBSERVATIONS. ’ FIRST SERIES« Fe | “SECOND SERIES. me ie: ss _ /s. i | p41 ry. rk res Double altitudes of the | _of chronometer. || Dou the e one sun’s lowerlimb. dent 13 ©. || sun’s lower limb. = > , ——= Dee. min. see: he. min. — sec. © Deg min... sec h. min. sec. 43 22.5 42 0 oc: STE SS } 43... 42 40 All 42 22 25 8 3.5 4300 26. 10. 7 2) 252. 46.3 42 30 29 11.0 43.12 00 : 26<1 22.0 41 54 15 29 «47.0 43° 00 00 + S6es 540 41 39 15 30. 26.0 oe 2 Index error == — 4 see. , * 9 RESULT OF CALCULATION. ‘ rd # ‘ . Mean time. Advance. = hen min. sec ° h. . min 5 il 1lL 0 16 14.8 * i . ———s . Determination of time, May 26, 1843—altitudes of the sun. OBSERVATIONS: FIRST SERFEs. SECOND SERIES. : | . uble altitudes of the} Time of chronometer. |) Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer. " sun’s lower limb. sun’s lower limb. - : a gery sec, hi mine Deg. min. sec. h. min. sec. 01 20» 7 53, 135 30 7 57 36.3 64 » 25 - 30 54 2-15.06 Ol 00 58. 22.0 64 4:57 => 50 ¢ 56ee 4h6 66 14 060 58 564° 65.12 40 56. 17.3 66. 24. 40 59 24.0 ‘ 65 (33 7A20 257 09.5 66. 10 59 56.7 ee see RESULT. OF CALCULATION. _ ‘ie Advanee,.. ‘ h. im. ses Bh: 0 16 148 — 3 a ¥ AT. THE KANSAS Li: dude, May.26, Issel Polaris * OBSERVATIONS. 7 Ps y. Double altitudes of Polaris. i chronometer “+ - * gomoncd: Dege:itiin. ste: , : G L Ce Ges 75 34 40 we 75 34 20 7h 35 00 . 7 35 35 0. P mee ee , * é ¢ RESULT OF eco eci ake True altitude. Mean time. Latitude. Pe ie ; Z rs ae _ leg. see. h. min. sec. PS: min. see. - 37. 40 45 10° 36; 43 3} Gf 25 Sa ENCAMPMENT AT ELM GROVE. Determination id fone May 30, 1843—altitudes 2. the sun. OBSERVATIONS. FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES. oe Double altitudes of the! “Time of chronome- - sun’s lower limb. ‘ ter. Deg. min. see. h. min. see. Deg. min. see. h. min. sec. 41 05 15 3 12.0 39 48 20 &° 37 33.0 40 48 00 34 56.3 39 37 8 5& 38 01.0 40 55 35.0 24 05 38% 36.7 40 17 30 36 «15.5 38 . Fh. 6h 39 10.0 40 03 30 36 52.2 39 O01 _ 50i 39 36.6 : ‘Index error = — - 10 sec. spot nhsvur 0 oF cane ULATION. ‘ ee a niall fine Dee 4 Beek Wesel 04 25 4 8t Sa y 3 eee aaa bike y comes ‘ : -. - de * nile nnememaraen trate .. s | : * [ 174] [= ” one “ENCAMPMENT AT ELM GROVE” poe Pee longitude, May 30, 1843—altitudes of « Lyre. it . OBSERVATIONS, .¥ a = Ueteacctar Wile _ helsteowp-berres. | a be oil Double altitudes.of a .Time of chronometer. |} Double altitudes of a } Fime: of chronometer. Lyre. oy gees Bert GL : Lyre. He ad & = oe ‘ } o a Les y é ay * Deg. min. ‘see. > he min. sée. na & Index error — — 10 — PY GRRE ' 2 teigls aged sige , peat OES = -RESULT. OF CALCULATION: a 7 ; Mean time. Advance f i) : oe kh. min. sec. h. min. see 9 1 34 0 15 41.2 ae SVOSD Mis Us Thawte ee : sae gah esaistsyh ah Determination iad me as 30,1 1843—altitudes of oS ay = ee “OBSERVATIONS. ere Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. ae x c ESOT SEO = Deg. min. see. he mun. _ -8ée, ue 41 10 Ge 87 cao sesgeli 43, 10 30 12 ‘ " 4t r 392. seseet J 3l ere oad G88... S848 GO Bh. Re Bie 1 Be) ee eS U.i0> 98 43° | TMS 28 oe Sats 3 37 ee ap oe. WER 43 OGD 28a ai RPS. 28 38s 48 Aa pi 4a ™ Bone © te ech Oe. 20 4B er cae : 3.88 43 | 4008' 16 Be : ro 8) OM em ow : 44 | 30 oe Bet 45 10 anaes JA ae ee 2 Tndex — =_—— 10 seo Ra . : an Pes . a Make oe RESULT | oF ? CALCULATION. Pa son, RT eed ; . em TT ae : Deg. “min.” see. ¢ pee St. 90 1 3 f 4 ¥ ON’ A TO O.THE KANSAS RiVER: Determination of ssaitait rn June 1; 1843—allitudes af Polaris. fs OBSERVATIONS, Doublealtitudes ‘of Polaris, = | Time of chronometer. Deg. min. sec he mbine see. 7bo O%e 40 9 40 5& 75, 0B. 10 . 42 39 ii 09s 10 4 52 Thx O09 20 ot. a 3B 75 10 Ov a a ae Meee ae ies error = — ey sec. RESULT. OF “CALCULATION. ck oes aaa ee Se 3 ——- a True altitu Je. "Mean time. Latitude. = iain : ra ing j ‘Deg. “min. see. hi min. see. Dg. min. see. S73) SS 83 en ee. ee 29-° O11 * = Pe by Beidimination. of long gilude, 0 June 1, 1843—allitudes ae a a YT. BBE ak Se OLSERVATIONS. Sa tk Ripa — aaa ee ee nn rae iecioaotl Se : ST Sarees : Double altitudes of a alyre. sf Tit of citonometer. $$ igs oa See — Bs Ss Deg: mint see. he ins a6) Ob 50 | 3° 1 » 76 36 50 5 ple S ee 5 Saas eres — 17 00-40" ‘ or 87 69.5 me acnnsiinciciatcheall an f 174] 333 ENCAMPMENT ON BLACK CREEK, A TRIBUTARY TO THE KANSAS. Determination of latitude, June 4, 1813—allitudes of Polaris. OBSERVATIONS, Double altitudes of Polaris. , : Time of chronometer. a et me ge ee Fe MIN SC. Ay min. sec. ; = im 4 9 32 ov : -. 2& 00 : 35 13 % 00 37 0 vis) 30 00 38 56 Index error == — 15 sec, = RESULT OF CALCULATION. True altitude. | Mean time. : Latitude. IS i i er au Ts ee es eee ee ee h. min. see. h. min. sec. D g. min. see. Lae | ee b eae | SS 88 db 2 P . 3 Determination of longitude, June 4, 1843—altitudes of a Lyre, _ OBSERVATIONS. aa tei ac rear genoa eae ae ee a Double altitudes of « Lyre. Time of chronometer. “339 cm ENCAMPMENT ON ELK CREEK, A TRIBUTARY TO THE KANSAS. Determinition of longilude, June 5, 1SA3—uallitudes of the sun. OBSERVATIONS. FIRST SERIES SECOND SERIES. Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer. | Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer. sun’s lower Limb. sun’s lower limb. Deg. min. sec. h. min eC. Dg. min. sé. h. win. see. 4: 23 oO 3 33 14.0 42 As 30 5 7 37.0 43.58 25 St 19 5 42 27 50 38 19.4 4343 00 35 00 42.3123 39 02.5 _ 43 32 30 3) “7.5 41 3 40 é 51.6 43 21 50 33 57.5 41 42 10 40 2146 Index error = — 15 sec. | RESULT OF CALCULATION. Mean time. Advance. . Longitude. min, 8 C. he. min. see. Deg. min. ste. 5 17 0 0 19 «61.7 ’ 96 «06 02 Determination of latitude, June 5, 1813—alltitudes ef Polaris. OBSERVATIONS. Double atitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer—_____—_- Dg. min. sec. be aR, —--800. = 75 55 40 a Ze 75 86 5) 58 «63 7 #57 «2 nN Rh = 75. 68 55 02 «52 75 «59 ~—(«OO. BB - “6 “Se 06 «652 | le cee ( os 42 ‘s 96-61... 45 E 10 04 Index error = — 15 sec. setuur oF CALCULATION. Dog. mia ert. A. min. ag. mins ae: sy) 68S ‘ tee 1S! 56° : 3 24 W442 340 Tipe: - scales June 9, 1843xsaltitucdes of Polaris. gc ae aaa OBSERVATIONS. Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of : chronometer. = so be min. i) oe ee ; <—s fs adic 3 min. 4 Lid 31 3 40 MESSI Ba 2 AF pels poe 4 es = 35. ~ 50 g og Fg Bee eas z ek oo 2 a : 75. 3s 00 29 we ~ B 40 . 32 ae | RESULT OF CALCULATION. e True ohitadee ~~ Mean time. . Latitude. i * : ees min. set. h. min. see. Deg. min. “see. ad 47 23 10. 68 25 35 US sig oe eth a ie od is vit ok = te oS ‘ cae ee 8 eo af. 2 4 conto me, ae Ss = ‘ S dhae t ha tt a ee eT porebitt lion of longitude, June 9: Sense Gated of the°stn. ne cen AR OBSERVATIONS. Doutle altitudesof the sun’s lower limb. Time of chronometer. Se ie i - ee th ia 20 cc a : 15 — “ - si ~ oF 7 Index.error. sien 13. sec. apeoue OF CALCULATION, OTT? 1 4a ko FO ——— 341 [174] ENCAMPMENT ON THE SMOKY HILT. FORK, HALF A- MILE FROM ITS JUNG- ION WITH THE. REPUBLICAN, Determination of longitude, June 10, 1843—altitudes of the sun.- OBSERVATIONS. FIRST SERIES. | SECOND SERIES. : Double altitudes of the | ‘ime of chronometer. Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer, sun’s lower limb sun’s lower limb f Deg. min. see. h. min. sec. eg. min. see. hey min. — see. 54 47 «40 5 21.0 62 39 <40 > 12 6 54 03 55 14.4 52 23 00 13 37.5 ———§3.—.- 3856 40 -—-26:5 ot 39-45 r to imeem 53 19 10 11 12,5. Slyo) 24 16 10.6 52 59 15 12 04.4 50 59 16 17 17.0 ‘Index error = — 10 sec. _ i re RESULT OF. CALCULATION. lM ~ ‘Mean time. ~ Advance. Longitude. h. min, sce h. min. sec. Deg. min, = 4 53 0 04.5 96 24 56 Determination of latitude, Jane: 10, 1843—altitudes of Polaris. OBSERVATIONS. ~ Double altitudes of Polaris. ‘Time of chr =3t erin te acl i to enbatitie aidualh ee “main. “yer. ai i ee ee Foe em 96. Mie IOS 4. He 29. 76, Sy, 3 ee: 16,, 2%, 40° 46 oe ~, %., “O 47 6. 7, 4. 60 oo oe %6,,, %4;,,. 45 50, 28. Sa, 26.; 00 i 767, 26 30 ‘ 63, 18. 7: ww a = — $6-——-23 15 57 7 : Index error — — 10 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. D min. —_ fie: minv= see. . min, bere Dp mi ee cs , os E174] 342 EIEN ON oaP SMOKE HILL FORK, HALF A ‘MIDE FROM ITS JUNC WITH THE REPUBLIVAN Determination of cae June 10, iencdithedek of « Cygni. OBSERVATIONS. Double altitudes of a Cygni. Time of chronometer. Deg. min. sec. he min. 3... 71 47 50 10 485 _ 72 36. 00 13 134. at 73 05 20 14 450 3 73 40 60 i 16 32.0 a. ci ge 1p O86 18 20.0 3.01 2 ‘ Index e érror = —10'sec. | - — RESULT OF CALCULATION. : cegeaeetmoneatd Mean time. Advance. Longitude. * wp cy ‘ : ENCAMPMENT ON A TRIBUTARY TO REPUBLICAN FORK. Determination of latitude, June 12, 1843—altitudes of Polen: a - OBSERVATIONS. a Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. ms min. sé. h.~ mine see. 76 09 00 10 OL 42 _ a 49 7 2 2 07 19° ‘spe - cage §5-> 7s ! we Tik= sagt 7 we ne a = te 60 14° 48" ee = Index error = — 12 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. True altitude. Mean time: Latitude, .. Dey. min. sec. he. min... 8¢; Deg. min, sees 04 8 %.- Sh 3 22 12 . : , 343 [ 174 J -) -ENCAMPMENT ON A TRIBUTARY TO REPUBLICAN FORK. Determination of longitude, June 12; 1813—altiludes of « Aquilz. — = : OBSERVATIONS. > > Double altitudes of a Aquile. Time of chronometer. a Deg. min. séc. h. sec. 54 9 00 10 33 64.5 55 30 30 36 34 4 56 35 =20 35.0 fe t o% ? ‘ Index error = — 12 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATIONS oe ~ Mean time. ee ee Longitude. <= oC. —— i . min. see. ae . 59. 15. 29 0 20 , 52.6 97 .05 82 SECOND ENCAMPMENT ON THE TRIBUTARY TO REPUBLICAN FORK. Determination of longitude, June 15, 1843—altitudes of the + dil OBSERVATIONS. _ _FIRST SERIES. “ Z : | sa SECOND SERIES. Be alee ibe sata 26 omit . Ti. a. ab tase | Time of chronometer. | Double altitydes of the | Time of chronometer. . a ~~ sun’s lower limb. < ee | ue 3 = Gi ; . ie 2 cee ; . "gee. h. “Min. sec. Deg. min. “sec. “| h.* min. see. 52° 48 625 29:5 51 06 30 - 69 680 52 33 ©35 56 806.0 50 53 30 &- O00 29.6 Bi bY 685 57 440 || 80 40 0% “4 086 se 1a ose 76 40 40 26 260 iz — oes» | —- ol 30 = «50 etter renetscneee eee. _- (Index error = — 14sec, pees ae RESULT OF CALCULATION. < e = True altitude. _ Mean time. Latitude, - Deg. min. see. he min. sec. Dg. min. see. ee ee tg ae B45 (a7 ENCAMPMENT ON A TRIBUTARY TO SOLOMON’S FORK OF THE REPUBLICAN. Determination of time, June 17, 1843—allitudes.of « Aquiles OESSRV-ATIONS. Double altitudes of a Aquile. Time of chronometer..«) Deg. min. bec. kh. min, : 61 10 50 -h Ww SS 61 io 00 WM (07.5 6s «br «(80 17 35.5 $3 19 «20 18 35.0 B51 50 20 64 00 21 34.0 “Index error = — 14 see. RESULT OF CALCULATION. , .Mean time. Advantey) > ch. -ommiin. sec. he miny see. 10 16 36 1 00. 504 SECOND ENCAMPMENT ON THE TRIBUTARY” TO SOLOMON’S ‘FORK. Determinution of time; duneA19,. 1843—ali itudes.of the-sun.. OBSERVATIONS. FIRST: SERLES+ | SECOND SERTES. altitudes of the | Time of chronometer. | Double altitindes of ii Time-of ‘chronometer. sun’s lower limb. estiup | sun’s lower limb. Bias : Dig. min, see. hv min: ste. Deg. min. see. he min: sees 42.2% «608 6 2% 515 41 05° 10 CS 6M 5 03 * 10 2% = 365 40 52 40 y 30 «59.0 4b 54 50 28 = 13.0 40 40 45 SF 95 4t 42 30 28 46.3, 40 14 50 32 40.0 41st 15 2915.0 40° 04 10 3308.5 RESULT OF CALCULATION. : h.. min: sre. he =min. see, Bri Me, 4 & [ 174] BIG SECOND ENCAMPMENT ON THE TRIBUTARY TO SOLOMON’S FORK. , -— Determination of latitude, June 19, 1843—allitudes of Poluris, OBSERVATIONS, . Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of Bihisaetve: Deg. min. — see. h. min. — gece. SS #..m- 10 O01 BO 76 46 40 08 48 76 48 40 14 36 76 00 19 as 76 5t 20 22 14 inte ig Index error = — 10 sec. Ks RESULT OF CALCULATION. True altitude. Mean time. »| Latitude. Deg. min, sets ' h. min. sec. Deg. min, sec. 38 .323:3 42 9 il 13 3139 “42 35 ~ =" "ENCAMPMENT ON A TRIBUTARY TO REPUBLICAN FORK. > Determinution of time, June 22,;1843—cltitudes of « Aguile. OBSERVATIONS. FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES. Double altitudes of a | Time of chronometer. || Double altitudes of a | ‘Time of chronometer.” Aquile. : : Aquile. res ‘nie Deg. min. 5 Ah. min, sec. || Deg. min. see. h.. min, ste. ~ 49. 10 .° 26: 37.0 i Te 10 4639. 58:0 ‘ 56 18 50. 28 48.0 55 «(18 20 * 4 O20 BL 4L 00° 32 24.0 56 1S 44 (34.5 : Index error = 4- 1 min. 25 sec. - RESULT OF CALCULATION, = g 300—C la 4 aes §5 O15 347 : [114 y ENCAMPMENT CN A TRIBUTARY TO REPUBLICAN FORK. Rileutial te of latitude, June 22, 1813—allitudes of Polaris. OBSERVATIONS. oe Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. . Deg. “min. — See. h. = =min, see. 77. 2°30 2200 10 14 77 See 226 52. 05 17 223t - 630s Mt +7 52 30 54 27 77 253 "Se 56 Index error = + 1 min. 25 sec. % = RESULT OF CALCULATION. oe True altitude. “O°T* Nfegn time.” " Latitude. Deg.” min. see. he “min. sec. Deg. ‘min: see. 38 “ee 15 a : <= ENCAMPMENT ON PRAIRIE DOG RIVER, TRIBUTARY TO REPUBLICAN FORK: Rib dds oko ao Leanid June 23, 1843—allitudes of 0 a ee FO is get § Jey 6 Xs sbutale- OBSERVATIONS, a notbontieratss i Double altitudes of a Cygni. Time of chronometer. . Deg. min. — sec. he min. + 64 20 09 10. |. 08 0 48 50 ‘41 125 65 20 50 12 49.7 65 51 30) 14 25.0 66 24 40 16 10.0 Index error = — 10 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. = te he ming sée. he > mine — set. _9 OF) U2 & = [14] e 348 ENCAMPMENT’ OWN PRAIRIE’ DOG RIVER, TRIBUTARY TO REPUBLICAN FORK. Determination of latitude, June 23,.1843—allitudes of Polaris. OBSERVATIONS. Double altitudes of Polaris. _ “Time of chronometer. Deg. min. — sec. h. min. see. ca 21° 20 10 | a4 33 ae, oe 45 45 ° t “Se 45 46 59 : s 40 48 | 55 77 6 40 pt * 05 —_ =. “63 "59 Bs hee 55 = 80 asi a: See | Sees | 5749. - —. a = 59 ~=—s«6S 7 82 7“. 601 ae “Tndex error = — 10 sec. ° RESULT OF CALCULATION. = True altitude. _.Mean time. . .. Latitude. 25 £2 ies F ; pay o: ee oy ‘es H Deg. min. —-see. : Te min. — sees Beg “sees ee ee a. Ss 39 49° = 38 ey cs 8 wee . il S20 72 ~ aan ~ — oe —— aa + - cs - —~- — ae ENCAMPMENT ON A SMALL TRIBUTARY TO THE REPUBLICAN FORK. Determination of time, June 25; ¥843—altiludes of « Cygni. Se OBSERVATIONS. — - Double altitudes-of a Cygni. Time of chronometer. 43 OL. a liaiions = =. a. 40 aie : “i Index ercor — — 20 sec. . RESULT OF CALCULATION. * = sie Mean time. Ad vance. epee hk. min. see. he mn. sec. 3 — ee i tt { 174] 350 ENCAMPMENT ON A SMALI. LAKE IN THE SANDY PLAIN BETWEEN THE REPUBLICAN AND SOUIH FORKS OF THE PLATTE RiVER Determination of latitude, June 28, 1848—allitudes of Polaris. : OBSERVATIONS. Double altitudes of Polaris. . _ Time of chronometer. . Deg. min. see. min, — sre. 7s Az Ov 10 50 44 73 53 40 53 06 a 55 29 54 49 78 £6 60 Su 3% ‘i 73 56 30 63 56 78 57 30 11 ol ‘7 78 59 0 02 26 73 59 20% 04° iL 79 OL 10 06 24 = 7 OL 25 07 33 Index error — — 20 sec. «4 RESULT OF CALCULATION. True altitude. Mean time. Latitude. Deg. min. see. “fe min. see Dg. min. sec. 39.) 37s 29-49 04 40 04 Determination of latitude, June 28, 1843—meridian altitude of a Aquilie. Double altitude of a Aquile. True altitude. Latitude. Peneraeer 2 ’ Deg. sre. Deg. min. sec. Dez. min ae. 116 Ol 50 58 30 40 27 24 Sih AS a : * 5 et rs iG 351 [ 174] ENCAMPMENT ON THE SourH FORK OF PLATTE RIVER. | Determination of lime, June 30, 18 3—altitude of the sun JV. OBSERVATION. Doub’e alt:tude of the sun’s lower limb. Time of chronometer. i 2S Se ean Dex, ming see, he mini gre. 25 25 . 6 18 34, 0 Index error = + 1 min. 27 sec. « RESULT OF CALCULATION. . Pp Mean time. Z Advance. Determination of latitude—meridian altitude of « Aquilz. OBSERVATION. rr SEO gg Double altitude of a Aquilz. | True altitude. Latitude, _. Seeenaneiien nit eas ee i Dez, min. sec. Dg. min. sr, De. min. see, 1156 = Gt CB a. a eS a 3 @ rene tnlieeienenenipesunning ——$—$__—. sha; ses CHT a ye * -™ — [ 174] B52 ENCAMPMENT oe THE SOUTH FORK OF THE PF. ‘gr: ‘aad ER, NINE MILES BOVE THE Mt UTH OF BEAVER FO . agree of tinte, July 1, 18 aD) Res pe Quid. : OBSERVATIONS. oe Double altitudes of a Aquile. ‘ Time of chronometer. mah Deg. min. — ser, = he. min, : ae Gd2 Miia: OF lo” oe See 5 1 38 . : Gt... 2 25 40 33.6 et " 64 Ge. yu 41 65 4] 45 4t 30.5 : ‘ _y Andexvertor =)—4 54 see.) 5 ae a RESULT OF CALCULATION. ae oe, epee Mean-time: Advance. spe! z : ~~ he min. are. h. min see “= 26. y & r 14 UGS zi 2ns See 5 y ke $ 3 Leleretiailion griinitutte: a 1,.1843—allitudes of Pcturis. ; OBSERVATIONS, a ee alwititecd SpEple ons © as HapA nil 6 siiie skivott Dotibie altitudes of Polaris. Time of chrono:neter. ee mie See. Se a ee ee is 78 ee NT at 1 52 2 era ee , 53 as" a 78 36 25 55 30 73 33 50 57 52 78 “9 30 a 4 78 42 0 il 53 78 42 ou 05 34 78 10 V7 73 4t 30 56 7646 tié«é ii Se : ‘ ‘Index error = — 34 sec. . RESULT OF CALCULATION. \ Mean time. Latitude. h. min. sec. “ » Be. mie ee o- 2. ee 8 ST. VRAIN'S FORT. Determination of long gilude, July 4, 1843—altitudes of the sun. z OBSERVATIONS. FIRST SERIES. SECOND SEETIES. prem altitudes svt the | Time of chronometer. |} Double altitudes of the Time of chronometer. un’s lower lim sun’s lower limb. z Deg. min. see h. min, see | Deg. min, see. h. min. see. 20 0 14 45.0 | BL 42 50 6 19 OL.7 53 02 20 1S 2395 | §1 29 00 19 (390 52 49 50 16 08 5 0 37 30 21 56.0 52 26 55 17 04.0 50 09 00 12.0 62 a. 00 ti 441.0 49 56 40 23 45.0 Index error = — 47 sec. “ 2 F : RESULT OF CALCULATION. Mean time Advance. ; Longitude. h. min. sec. h. min. see. Deg. min. sec, 4 57 50 1 17 05.9 105 12 23 ENCAMPMENT ON THE SOUTH FORK OF PLATTE RIVER, NEAR CHERRY 5 CREEK, — Determination of latitude, July 7, 1843—altitudes of Polaris. OBSERVATIONS. te ee Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. Deg. min. sec hk. min, — see. . 77 414 go 10 «(07:56 77 +18 = oe 09" 52 Index error = — 2 min. 13 sec, RESULT OF CALCULATION. True altitude. Mean time. Latitude. 2? : { evypreeis 2 _s sili sai = . mii 1 gee. Bs nit get. Dee, min, oe = 36 «86009 S 62 S44 i 39. 43. 68 a eee ee Sc ie a 2 ee Oe ee, ee a ee ee ee eo a ee { 174 e 354 . ENCAMPMENT ON THE SOUTH FORK OF PLATTE RIVER. Determination of longitude, July 8,1843—altiludes of the sun.. ee OBSERVATIONS. FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES, Double ska . the |.Time of chronometer. |; Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer. a's lower li ; sun’s lower limb. | : M pe. Min. seco, | it. min. se. Deg. min. sec. h. min. — Bee. / 4a... 68 : “6 560 - :44.0 y. 746 ~ RE 6 <6T -48:3 By. #65 10 52 34.5 20 00 00 58 26.0 FS £45 10. 64. <66.5 20 }2 50 59 01.3 o2k0. 05 46 | 55 251.0 30. ~492 ~ 2 . bbs 959 229.0 19 30 15 i | ig! 02.5 20 ot 20 7 00 11.0 Index error = — 29 sec. - RESULT OF CALCULATION = : *~ a | Mean time. + | Advance. | Longitude. ne | = cht. min, Bee. | i. min, ‘see. | 5 36° 05 | oa 18 B58 | : ares & } wy ve “ = : : Determination of longitude, July 11, 1843—altitudes of the sun. ESO SASH SAVER ST TA OBSERRATIONS o> ; FIRST SERIES. : _., , SECOND SERIES. : ‘Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer. “eet mc id the | Time of chronometer, ~~ suin’s lower limb. un’s low : | <0 . min, sec, h. min, see. Deg. min, sec. he min. sec.~ BSiaxe Sicctun |: £02490. 23.01 a. ee ae 6 38 18.6 i4ga 50- $0 |. Of 2:31 17.6! dk 1654 90°; 39, 100 44 00¢2 40° ey 31 55.0_ 41 00... 45 - 39 49.2 43 48 20 G2 BL: 40. 44 20 40 33.5 ~mcnenry sete ~So- . a Bt fae 30 - ‘a ree - U St tig = aite xabinf segues * aot ams . rene ———_ RESULT OF CALCULATION: — orem — cist Advance, he —s Ue 21 04 8l 46 40 34 35 vagal Index error = — 30 sec. “i RESULT OF CALCULATION. 367 [ 174 J t ENCAMPMENT ON LARAMIE RIVER. Determination of longitude, July 31, 1843—altitudes of Arcturus. “ =. OBSERVATIONS, « FIRST SERIES. BECOND SERIES. Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. Arcturus. | us. ol Deg. min. sec. h. min. sec. || Deg. min. sec. h. in. see. 69 35. .40 10° 40 16.5 67 38 40 10 45 27.3 69 pS eer) Al 18.0 66 49 50 47 36 3 68 49 50 : 42 16.0 66 28 20 48 5 0 68 20 50 43 39.5 65 46 10 50. 27:0 00 00 Z *- Ad 30.4 (65-21 30 §1 30.5 a 9 255: ~~ Index error '=+ 30sec, - - RESULT OF CALCULATION > Meary time. Advance. Longitude. 7 eas ee kh. mins see. h. min. see. " Deg. min. see. 40 26 ] 05 07.7 LOG. 16 54 NOON HALT ON A STREAM DISCHARGING tes (A LAKE, ‘Determindtion of latitude, August | 1, 1849—meridian altituilef the sun. BS ss OBSERVATION. Se ei ns aa sik Double altitude of the sun’s| . . True central altitude. Latitude. lo imb. - min. see. D: min. eg. ‘min. sec. = oe ee : - a 3 ---. 2 ei i = ow ri i wp rs - wa os cs “ es a eae { 14] 368 NOON, HALT..ON.A FORK OF. LARAMIE. RIVER, a Determination of latitude, August 2, 1843—meridian altitude of thesun. — : OBSERVATION. Double altitude of the sun’s True central altitude. : Latitude. lower limb, ’ Deg. min. 3ee. Deg. min. see. Se ak Deg. min. sec. 131 33 20 : 66 02 50 41 45 -- 59 = Index error = -+- 1 min. 30 sec. cae “is ENCAMPMENT ON MEDICINE BOW RIVER. Determination of latitude, August 2, 1843—altitudes of Polaris. OBSERVATIONS. Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer,” Min. set. min. see. a 4 53 40 12 14 40 = 56 30 7 = , 83 50 18 34 83 57 20 19 50 83 58 40 Q1 00 00, OH 84 00 20 23 24 84 01 15 24 15 30 25 15 ‘ 84 03 30 29 18 Index error — — 30 sec. an iia _ RESULT OF CALCULATION, = True altitude. Mean time. ‘ Latitude. Deg. - h. min. sec. _ + min, sec, 4t 58 12 i ua Se a1...) 15 onseavarions: fae binds ils Mili, fi nieat wie FIRST SERIES. “a * i Doutlftitades of Arc- turus. : Dol se of of if 4 a Time of chronom-— oe eter a _ Deg. so Az 42 a1 portiniho H es: 27 ‘m, ucvgemhe yk GER ag 50 cat Se SES ht AY. = : E ge x ORES She gw ALS RPT Le era Fu ft Ch piper ta ty, Tae. GED EE * ‘RESULT oF. ALCULATION. PSRE TEES h. with ~. 10.84 SEC. 4 69; vo ives sia dee MORO RIG ts' ~ ae duis tae cost - 4 Hl ase ad * 370 NOON HALT on “A TRIBUTARY vO tehe NORTH FORK OF PLATTE inf 7 ination of Tatitude, choad 3; 1843—suen’P meric altitude: Double sittnde of the sun’s True caida altitude. Latitude. er limb. : ; — . . | min. see. Deg. min. sec. Dee. min. sec. i3f 23 00 65 40 § Bete Baath, . ; ae es —s % —. > ; Fecri oe Index error — +- 1 min. 30 sec. Basi. * =. pape a 4 < ENCAMPMENT ON THE NORTH FORK OF PLATTE RIVER. ‘Millstiination of longlivde, August 5, 1843—altitudes of the sun. SE OBSERVATIONS. * + FIRST SERIES, SECOND SERIES. * Double altitudes of the Time of chronomeige Desble alitades of the | Time of «chronometer, = “sun’s lower limb. ru sun’s lower limb. d ‘hi min. ‘sre. Deg. min. sec. 5 he imine ! sre. 8.30 _* $9.0 Si. 2 OO 8 33 © 06.3 ot . - 128 51 39 10 ve. 8.5 31 40.3 51 Bi 20 34 05.0 , 2.5 52 Ol 20 34 32.0 19 32 41.0 52° Io 50 34 56.0 _— ay Pn ‘gs . iat : =. > Index error ==+-.1 min. 47 sec, 2 a: . : : RESULT OF CALCULATION. ° x rey *. h. min. sec. , 5. See. Deg. min. sec. 2 ae Bt - 08 01.3 107...* 32 «27 Double altitude of the sun’s SS 45 _ Determination of latitude—meridian altitude of the sun. fe * _ True central altitude. a oe Cac oy o amon aes ee August 8, 1849 sbrididnateitude Of theun. _ Double altitude of the sun’s True central altitude. ~ ____ Latitude. : ~~ lower limb. . ae = : | e _ —- : : Deg. ane 4 Dag, min. sec. Deg. min. sec. 127? 47 1G Fo ms 64 09 88 42-02 07) ee a ar wpe eat ise ie if 2 ees j } . e er’ “NOON I HALT aah THE GAP IN THE SWEET WATER MOUNTAINS, . . - Determination of latitude; August 9, 1640-<-mtnidian altitude of the sur : Double altitude of the sun’s True tential altitude. “Battadé. lower limb. . ‘ Fee Sesediessetisnctenieeer ne res aon eae Sieg Peon ahaa MRR or scr 2 ————$ . # he ee : mee Fe rar ae | acer e 2 ge Re 4 st I FIRST SERIES. | _. SECOND SERIES. —— fay BE ‘Double altitudes of the Time of chronometer. Double altitudes of the | "Time of chronom eter: : sun’s lc ae ogy ot 00 : 43. OF} 00 when ue ae | Se Fa i v se Fine rawasbee. : = ae Double altitudes of the | Ti Nas chronometer. ~ sun’s lower limb. : , j - i Deg. min. sec : min. see. 59. 43 A 7 20. OS bo : 21 070. 58: 34° 16 21 47.6 4 58 «(08 15 22 49. 5 41 10 23. 48.2 ee 4 Index es Si wpe 7 = Sotigca3 sideeh s i? tea Ml : ie? # “RESULT OF CALCULATION. | 7 bd 2 ba oy : Mean time. ' “i avsince. : Longitude. : 3 tal {55 ion of latitude, Au gust 18, 1843—altitudes of Polaris. ties oc ama _ OBSERVATIONS. ’ at! ohitie Time of chronometer. Degs min. ste. s et 121 06 «10 FEE a9 cH wee pituert 121 i 5A: . 13 OS: = 121 07 30 15 ube i = i121 00 E 14° 53 - 1z 10 é 15 48 It os 30 16 52 121 08 40 $ 17 03 Tie oo , 1 8 0% 121 07 40. 19 0.12 neato ee a * Pal .7 rT pa ak ; = Eimee ” e* (wey - 386 : a : — eee | OR Peale cot ON BEAR RIVER. OO4,, teed ke Vee =" Fe ” tides Ye eee a B of 21, 1843—meridian o cs of the sun> onMKPA HOMES : : ee » i z =e NSE 3 Double altitudes of ‘the sari’s lower limb. coer yuie oldwott ’ ; 10 : 3o 45 00 45° bg 35 0 20 ‘930 ; ‘ 68 OO Se Index error — ~}- 1 min. 20 sec. : RESULT OF CALCULATION. Trae ‘altitude. aces time of transit. Latitude. ~ 3 = a ah ta 7 J see. | e; - . Bec. ‘ ete 15 c= 7 ae v3 55 : ee "ayia vaCuit : ee E oo ENT ON BEAR RIVER. : ; ary aa ye Ba long ritude, » Aug. 21, 1843 —allitudes of Arcturus. > ; ee _ORSERVATIONS. : — oot i : ntlte oieba . whe + Index error’ — 30 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. Mean time. Advance. 7 h. min. sec h. min. sec. ‘Deg. min. sec.” &. 38 1 14... 21.9 itl 42 05 . Determination of latitude, August 24, 1843—altitudes of chan AE OBSERVATIONS. es 4 Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. Shes tise i 7 ad oe ee = by ae 3 By rSiee: ae: Oo &2 Deg. min| see. -@ h. min. — see. « “3 85 17 dN 2 oa 10 bE 85 18 50 i 6 hl . oe To : 54 85 20 00 13 45 85 19 20 14 35 85 wa: FO 16 51 8 2 20° . 1g 19 85 24 30 20 83=—(«O7 85 25 20 20 58 85 26 22 05 Index error — — 30 sec. & RESULT OF CALCULATION. * : * Pe min. see. h. min Sec. 390s 9 Ol 50 i el ENCAMPMENT AT BEER SPRINGS. Determination | of latitude, Hit sf 85, 18439 BAO) Wop y ainltes of e sun. > 3 % Kee ag nee 2EINRS Tew wy is na it a alee tina | "Tino ern skivert SI f. FUNG: o eae wo ae oe, 7 ” hap Shee t i pe = a s net St 20 sec. a ~ RESULT 0 F CALCULATION. aie y easton. EPS ry Weare t, po are: © eo wos} roacinenateel 3 i Bite wut las rott t h. min. see. . Min, sec. : j 2 “a0. i ‘ 1 6 42 39 57 no6 * < Na SP ccm pee} ’ Beds Ps 3 2 : as rc | . 3 we Ea Sb. $s £43 1s, ae i ae me Oi 28 «de . Mteg, 21 . i Se ee 7 cae | i . Be. ng Os: ak ee

Advance. _ > i Win. ate. min. —-8Pe. Deg. min. are. 5.- 09 44 ‘ee Sa in. a.” BUARSOR MOR LB. edit ge Ee. ‘ Estab Es i bb # BLE ROCK » ak NOON HALT AT THE ENTRANCE OF THE . eis PASS WITH — REMARKA ats, oer earner i sense tee - onsenvamions. =~ pareaneaneeie ee a eres of latitude, Aug 29, 1843. Se ae ndash Pe ik ba Doste alte of en's owe fi 4 eg. a ak : bg “or 50 4 4 502 20 : Senet dubia semadiia min 28 ie —_ webez ” : ee OS * gig I See zee. SOT RESULT ocd eg LATION. ks it Lie i 174] 392 .NOON HALT ON A BRANCH OF ROSEAUX, OR REED RIVER. Determination of latitude, August 30, 1813—meridiun altitudes of : the s : OBSERVATIONS. Double altitudes of the sun's lower limb. Time of chronometer. Deg. min. sec. . h. min. — see. HZ. 06-36 1 12 is: se 12 «41 13.2905 ~~ 20 sy. = = 113. 05 <=20 13-53 < , Index error = + 1! min. 22 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. True altitude. Apparent time of transit. *~ ‘Etitade. Deg sec h. min. see min. see. 56 48 46 1 ll 42 eat”. 22. e a ee vc oS a bit 29 B E ‘ : om NOON HALT AT A oe A la —— FROM ROSEAUX enn of latitude, ean * 1843—meridian altitudes of the t 8 i . hia 3 y # ra ae B 3 LF Piste _ OBSERVATIONS. ! ts . ‘ zs ibe 2 ~~ Double altitudes of the sun’s lower limb. Time of chronometer. ‘ee : “= Deg. min. ~ sec: h. min. see. ee 52 ae Se 112 6L 15 13 07 51 : : . 112 50 50 : 15 2 tT "tt “to te 291 im. 49 3% 7 48 10 18 34 =~ 112 46 50 19 - 64 fe, ple ire ‘ -~ oe Index eror =} 1 min 20 sec. . ce "RESULT oF — : "Apparent ie of tt ~~ Latitude. * ; with i Deg, min. $C. ; BITE , BNGAMPMENT ON THE. ROSEAUX. » rm ination of longitude, Sept. 1, 1843—altitudes of the sun. OBSE RVAT IONS. FIRST SERIES. “| | SECOND SERIES. 5 ria ¥ j ; = Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer. || Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer. sun’s lower limb. . sun’s lower lim ee 8 Ok min. set. © h. min. see. Deg. mins sec h. min. sec. 39° 95; 5 48 08.5 ; 2 4. 15 48 45.4 40 31 10 5 eu - “i-—--T?---60 49°" ~~ 23:0 29°06 28" 01.0 41-00 #50 40> 0663-7c|lboris soba .48 66. 24.5 ; Mi Ae aN ee. eae . Paetin. Index error = + 1 min. 25 sec. ge gceth sho tiik oe ae ‘RESULT OF CALCULATION. _ ‘ Advance. min. 8ee. | | | min. sec. ‘| h. - see | 1 ll 56.1 n of latitude, Sept 2, 1843—altitudes ieaeameal .BUrhae 279723 ss SALSEO TESTE ‘i OBSERVATION. a al ee x “ peers Ohi he E fi — > as ae 4 ee ae De Pee 7 i oa 4 z i es ee - = ees ee eet / : ee baie _ . Ca Se Se ay ‘ a SOSA eee a pay: 394 ENCAMPMENT ON BEAR RIVER, NEAR TTS MOUTH. “Determination of latitude, Sept. 2, V843-Laltitudes of Polaris. OBSERVATIONS. Double altitudes of Polaris. | ass perl elt ae 5aF . ¥ 10° 4 ; * y F -— Index error = —'30 see. 0 ip a ‘ a 4G RESULT OF CALCULATION. True altitude. Mean time. = Latitude. ; h. min. sec. * Deg. min, sec. EES 133 8°52 24 “8 30°27 “earners + : . “Determination of longitude, Sept. 2, 1813—altitudes of « Andromedz. OBSERVATIONS. _ » e FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES. ~~Double-altitudes-of « | Time of chronometer. || Double altitudes. of a Time of chronometer. eaprormeds ty conf cone : 1 ne ‘ © nga, Mbt 4 53.5 81 31 91g ti | ae see. : eee Deg. h. min. SEC. a ee CSE Bl 08 R20) Sho «28 (06.0 a 25° 29 40 27 03.0 || 81 48 20 29 “Index enor = +1 min 95 eis. zt = ene a RESULT oF. CALOULATION, ____. a —_: ‘ 395 . pay ‘BNCAMPMENT ON BEAR RIVER, NEAR ITS MOUTH. inition of te latitude, Sept. -2,1843—meridian allitudes of «2. quite, OBSERVATIONS. . pene" Deg.” ‘min. ° “see: he min’ “see. mm lggyeel eu oo om ae —ra me — eh st. “Index error == —'30 sec. e: RESULT OF ee als True altitude. | Apparent tne ofan Latitude. Degi'min. sec. . hh. ~ min.’ sec. welt cant 57 00s 88 oe ho Determination of sciceuas Bal 1843—emersion ce Iisa’. third: satellite. Obscrvediad’ 2494 %0 AT Mes n time. Te TEP MOTL9 Pdngitade. &, Ae eee x hee 530 te uke Nc grand ti men tat % mee ach Yn oe Yous bs i a h. min. sec. ae ae 3 A SS, «sn e:. "3. = eA es ee Maen: Wy Sore : Seth: Set ate Tie aa “SS Sa ci aad * _— j iad ~ “\Emersion of Jupiter's fourth weil. Cad Observed time. * Meantime. “sec. - h. min ll 93 —29 9 51 AT 4 44, 3396 {aud ENCAMPMENT ON BEAR RIVER, NEAR ITS MOUTH. _Determinution of longitude, September 3, 1843—altitudes of the sun. ee OBSERVATIONS. FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES. Double altitudes of the | ‘Time of chronometer. | Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer. sun’s lower limb. |. sun’s lower limb. . yi Deg. min. sec. — h. min. see. 4 Deg. min 46 40535 |” 8 50 05.0 7 54 46 55 50 50 46.7 03 BGR Bis. cece ae 51° 22:0 48 15 ae. 16 13.5 48 24 42 40 52 =54.6 48 37 Index error — + 1 min. 25 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. Mean time. » Advance. . Longitude. h. min. sec. 2 h. min. see. ‘ min. ee. mS 8 41 27 ES S| 28.6 112, wee 46 w % Index error = + 1 min. 25 sec. RESULT OF CALEULATION. Apparent time of transit. oe 4% Dig. min. s°e. 7 h. min. sre. . ST. 00 4 10° OF 3 . Determination ff latitude, Seplember 3,1848—allitudes of Polaris. OBSERVATIONS. + mgr, aa 2: ha cr eet ee a ae se oe ke ; : ioe oe "Dookie attitudes of Polaris. T we of chronometer. _ * * Deg. min, sft. séc. ° 9 40 10 * 53 | mea | sees 17 a a. 1849 a: 4 = (08 20,7. 00 ee if 2 ee : im Index error = -+ | mir. 25 sec. ‘s RESULT OF CALCULATIONS - ‘True altitude. * Meantime + | Latitude. —_ : : hb. min. see. 9 v7 2 Deg. min. set. at 22 y on of longitude, Srptember alk 4 OU $a Rh AS Soran enter ean i j i . ? nS S + f i a a ae Index ror — 4 T min, 25 soo. Pas core ean vie bili Zh $a RESULT An ‘CALCULATION. h, min see ie — oe longitude 112° 19/ SS t # : id ia : [ 274 } ON. WERERS FORK Releomingtimationtint Sept. 7, 1843—altituden of the sum OBSERVATIONS. . FIRST SERIES. | SECOND SERIES. * Double altitudes. of the | Time, of chronometer. Double altitudes of the | - Time of chronometer, sun’s lower limb. ; i sun’s lower limb. dail al flee Deg. min. see. ‘ i min. see: Deg. min. sre h. min. s€t« 39: 2% 29 S od 0 10 1 8 St 34 + 39 00 31. 59.2 49 40 2 34. 43.0 a: a 99) 32 34.5 40 51 40 33. 12.4 00 38, 16,0 41. 08. 26 35. 44.3 40, “19 00 33 ay 41 13 50 36 «14.5 Index error = gs 1 min. 40 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION: : aor Mean'time: | —— Adanees_ Longitude) ; h. min. see. | he min. - see. Deg. ming. see. 22 1 0s 324 112. 06s 43 Determination of lutitude, Sept. 7, \843—-meridian allitudes of the sun. pene ae OBSERVATIONS. 3g 2 = Double altitudes of the sun’s lower limb. : Time of chronometer. a 109 09 10. r 92 5a 109 09’ 35 93 °~ 63 Hae 109 69. . 30 05 Ls ale ieee 109 09 56 . 109 0d 30 08 93 : 109 o 25 08 4 109 ae 55 ¢@ 09 28 109 «08S 20 ia ty 109 07 Se *11 02 56 3 [183 ' ee ek ee lila, 400° SS JIN ae ——— aces We Sade aste tO f UPS «. Detirtination (Of longitude, Sept. 7, 1843-allitudes of the aah ‘ * RESULT oF CALCULA TON. Par ecto et > FIRST SERIES. — | $ SECOND SERIES, : co t 6S Ad ETy = _ , eater reat pl “the ‘Time of ch ronom: eters! |) DauBle antiniads ths Tin poy mcter sun’s lower limb, SEL PMS sun’s lower limb. hig it v9 ; Pee. min. sée. AS mins sec, Deg. min, ‘see. he min, see. ‘roe 16 & 3 56:6 40 37 50 53. 3% 3T7 ‘41 18 (30 “35° 46.0 40 27 45 ; Set 08m 07 «10 oh > 388 36h 40 19 10 38-282 ‘40 56 40 - 3 46%: 40 08 35 33 «56I8 "40 «446 ©=«30 37 «136 || @40° 00. 50 39: 1705 ee Dread 4 Peat ‘82 fee. . RESULT OF CALCULATION, Mean time. Advance, Longitude. hee mins. see. he ming see’ de ven 4, 4: 29° 6 1°08" 14.4 = Ze fas. siahadeinaive ON WEBERS FORK, VERY NEAR: THE MOUTH). | Determinatign of longitude, Sept. 8, 1843—altiiudes of the sun. OBSERVATIONS. mage wee ¥ 7 — “ws FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES, cert Double altitudes of the E Time of chronometer. |! Double altitudes of the. Time of chronometer. ’ . sun's lower limb. . - un’s lower limb. ae ill. i rete - E ae min, ‘ in ie min. 8é€t. 26 14.02 os rea fos 28. 41.5 -26 49.5 [em4a. 02 cay 29 10:0 27 «21.7 a (58 ga 22 380 27 49:0 Ge. a2 43 go; 30 02.8 2313.3 42 29 oO (42.5 Index eri ax iat 1 min. wT sec., 401 camey | ENC ON. ‘WEBER'S FORK, VERY NEAR THE MOUTH. f latitude, September 8, 1843—allitudes of Polaris. © : = OBSERVATIONS. Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer, "ee Deg. min. . sec. h. min. ~ sec, ee S19 10 04 02 83 14 20 . 06 37 x 83 15... 30 08 24 83 17 00 10. 41 83 18 20 12 4% Index error = -+ 1 min. 40 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. True altitude. Mean time. Latitude, ce ADEs Mitte: CC ae Deg. MIN. BEC. | By peers 5. te” 3 41 iL 36% ON THE ISLAND IN THE GREAT SALT LAKE. _ Determination of latitude, Sept. 9, 1843—meridian altitudes of the sun. OBSERVATIONS. Double altitudes of the sun’s lower limb. Time of chronometer. Deg. min See. he min. sec. 5 ae 107-246 10 ‘0 59. ae ee 107 ME 36 S Be 23% ee 107-4820 PRLS! Sag > rap ere > i “ MOG 40-530 08 SEB ie i 4 5 a yes . 39 10%: 46=; 3b | Ofice Bb 107; 40° 80 08: 0s 107, 49 10 06 §=©00 107. ‘4900 06° . 56 107: 48> 45 «g, OTE BE 107 : 45 06:5 432 igg-; 37 «30 09° «28 : 10m: av (oe 10° 42 107: 46: 49 ‘ TKS ae ‘ Pp 7 : Se TE ta ca re: RESULT OF CALCULATION. -— aS 3 r ee 402 * ON THE ISLAND IN THE GREAT SALT LAKE. ination of longitude, September 9, 1843—altitudes of reer. OBSERVATIONS. ? FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES. i | ; Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. Arcturus. Arcturus. : Deg. min. sec. min. sec. _ Deg. min. sec. h. -min 58 58 50 8 33- 53.0 54 5350 44 47.0 oR 0 16 36... 18.5 54-22. 50 46 04.6. 57 29 40 37. 50.5 53... 59. 00 47 09.2 56 53 40 39. 29.6 53 28 ~— (00 48 33.0 56 20 . 20 40 54.0 52 49 50 50 =-:13.0 Index error = -+ 1 min. 40 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. : Mean time. Advance. Longitude. h. min. see. h. min. see. _ Deg. min. see. 7 $4.55:29 5" 1 O08 - 02.6 112 ©“ 21.: 05 * es NOON HALT IN THE MUD. Determination of Kc latitude, Sept. 10, 1843—meridian altitudes of th thesun. e 7 OBSERVATIONS. Pod » Double altitudes of the sun’s lower limb. Time of chronometer. = | Deg. min. sec. hk. min. set. * 106 56 50 ] 01 4 106. 57%. 20 L 02 55 | 106; . 87, 15 04. «14, - $ 106 56° 05 24. . 106 «56 06. 31 “10Gse. 552, 55 40 106. 54 10 10 O04, 106. 53: ; -20 * 10 42, 2 as Index error —-1 mini 40 sec. * RESULT OF CALCULATION. Appt ie ot tana 403 , Time7 | ENCAMP} OF SEPTEMBER 7 é of time, Repieber 11, 1843—altitudes of the sun. OBSERVATIONS, FIRST SERIES, SECOND SERIES, ° Deuble poor — the | Time of chronometer. || Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer. _- ‘stih’s low sun’s lower limb. - . Deg. min. see. h. min. sec. Deg. min. sec h. min 39. 19 “1p 5 32 05.6 38 «17 5 | 34 39 05 2 3241.5 03 «50 35 = - 26.7 38 53 20 33. 12.7 37. 58 28 35 «55.0 38 40 50 33 45.5 37. 4310 36 = 38 29° 10 oa ane 37° 29S 20 Ps 37 Index error — + 1 min. 40 sec.. RESULT OF CALCULATION. Mean time. | Advance. si 2 min. sec. | h. min. - see. 35 05 59.4 -: n> Determination of time, September 12, 1843—altitudes of the sun. ’ OBSERVATIONS. Fe __FIRST SERIES. ] Double altitudes dthis Time of chronometer: "Double alte ofthe ee i citcciinai” sun’s lower limb. a ’s lower limb. —~ i Deg. min. sec. hk. min 8 « mins sec. - gee. 48 50 40 8 59 39.5 49 42 00 9 ol 59.4. 49 03 45 9 00 140 |. 49 00 eo 49-14-20 00 43.2 49 67 50 02 44.6 49 23 00 01 06.4 50 00 03 (12.4 49 32 40 ol 34.5 50 17 35 03 40.3. = | E Index error = -+ 1 min. 40 sec. af RESULT oF CALCULATION. ee Bes; t ee Best Sigs at : h. min. sec. A , a 1 The daily losing rate of the chronometer, obtained from the observations at this place, is 32.72: rf ete SP penne ON BEAR RIVER, SOUTH = THE aera MAIN SATO. a of longitude, Sept 13, 1843—altitudes ofa Aguile. — : Laer OBSERVATIONS. | x = Ey > ae - 3 “ana oo Double altitudes of a Aquile. Time of chronometer. : =e ; : P ‘ “ i= pee = 22 thee . Deg. min, sec. h. min. see. ee tet 13s" i gS cas | 40 . 87 50 StIeT 42 ae. ‘ 3230 ; 42 aa On Ue : 45 07 “26 49 66 46 08 _ - : “= a , = > . — = Index error = + 1 min. 40 sec. a RESULT OF CALCULATION. : : Mean time. Advance. | Longitude. he : ; Sine = -s Pe hk. min. sec. h. min. see. ees ine ted 30 43 < 31 16.5 a nner eT vt Rere-rse eee gE S| i m3 ae a5 : ee rca 7 = RO Longitnde. 90, oe 1 RNG ieee a a8 28 «= 20.8 a ined by the emersion_ fa chronometrie 7 an ttt te Das of the Gaui aaron a Y. Se ee RO a ee Sate ere Lee i a Sie iat aa aca 4 — 405 Teva 2 ENCAMPMENT ON BEAR RIVER, SOUTH OF THE GAP—A MAIN STATION. *, RS fa | Determination of longitude, September 13, 1843—altitudes of o Lyre. OBSERVATIONS, Double altitudes of a Lyre. Time of chronometer. Deg. min. see. A min. 8€C. ‘ 80 49 00 12... oat zy 80 20 33 51.5 79 12 00 36 0 . at sont Index error = + 1 min. 40 sec. ee a ’ * ; RESULT OF CALCULATION. Mean time. - Advance: ~ ~ Longitude. # ~ Determination of longitude, September 14, 1843—altitudes of the sun. OBSERVATIONS. Sees FIRST SERIES. : * SECOND SERIES. ochiorsninilas’GFUse| 155s et ctnonoencter. | Dende cidicled Mlb | Boas OF chronometer sun’s lower li sun’s lower limb. or in. see. h. min. 8 Deg. min. sec. “he -min. _ see. 42 12 00 5&6 16 18.5 40 24 15 6-421» 213 17 aT 40 10 20 21 59.7 41 18... 05 18 50.3 39.. 69 246 22 «29.2 41 00 19 28.0 39. a6. 74 23 «00.4 40 48 25 20 «12.4 39 37 = «630 23 «30.4 Index error = +- 1 min. 39 sec. . RESULT OF CALCULATION. = — ; pag =< — ml r __— $= ewe Pathe ae bait % Se Sr a 2 406 ENCAMPMENT ON ROSEAUX, OR REEDIRIVER. — * ca —* of longitude, September 15, 1848—cltitudes of the sun. OBSERVATIONS. e FIRST SERIES. | SECOND SEEIES. “Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer. || Double altitudes of the} Time of chronometer. sun’s lowerlimb. |. sun’s lower’ limb. Deg. min. sec. ~ h. min, sec. | Deg. min. sec. h. min. see | 58 54.5 || 46 05 10 56.0 47 15 00 59 392 || 45 50 30 03 38.3 ‘47 02 30 5 00 20st 45. °" se - 26 09.8 46 48 00* 00 55.0 45 18 10 05 10.0 4G 3-36. 109 ol 5 45 05 56.0 Index error = ++ 1 min. 38 sec. 2 : RESULT OF CALCULATION. - peieenic eter i a ah te Mean time Advance. Longitude. h. min. sec. h, min. see. Deg. min. sec. : 3 58 00 1 04 21.8 112 18 5. : Determination of latitude, Sept. 15,1843—meridian altitude ofa Aquile. Double altitudes of « Aquile. OBSERVATIONS. Time of chronometer. | : A... Mine gee. ol 20: * 03 1 05 ©? 61 0s 45 10 OL 5 11 4° 07: 13.43 2655 14 52 i6 0s i 17 31 Tndex error — 4 1 mitt. 84 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. | Apparent time of transit. Latitude. — he min. see. Deg. min. sets 5 eee a hee a ee ENCAMPMENT ON ROSEAUX, OR REED RIVER. | € Ee aT ES ck ae ; : Determination of latitude, September 15, 1843—altitudes of Polaris. eo ; » OBSERVATIONS. é z. Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. Deg. min, sec. * h. min, sec 03 50 2 al ~ 85 05 20 ? 22 09 $5 464» (06 30 = 23 17 cs 07 00 48 85 ‘09 26 12 Index error = + 1 min. 34 sec. : RESULT OF CALCULATION. : True altitude. ae eae Latitude. Deg. ‘win. sec. h. “min. sec. | Deg. mine sec. 42 32 «OBL e619 10 oc en ee ) ENCAMPMENT ON PANNACK RIVER. ” Determination of longitude, September 17, 1843—altiludes of the sun. ' OBSERVATIONS. © ae . * FS ~ a - = = - | ; ‘cage aac ae sep PATAE BSc i Hl SECOND SERIES». 10 39 53 a? 85 Al 00 41 29 85 43 10 42 57 eros a 85 44 15 43 55 i 85 45 20 44 54 : & Fe 85 46 00 46 31 + I RRS Si an a ee ae ee - - 2 Index error = +- 1 min. 36 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. _ True altitude. Mean time. Latitude... Ey ; & a es min. sec. “Sh. min. * see. : Deg. min. ste. e 50-30 % 36 Sg 42 44 25 = G Qetermination of _ See Sept. 17,1843—meridian altitudes ofa Aquila. * OBSERVATIONS. Double altitudes of a Aquile. Time of chronometer. _ ' zs é : min. sec h. min. sec. ~eill Js." to 8 49 ~ 41 i Ui 12... Bo SS 4t a ir 21 20 5418 : i “HY $2 240: $5 seg 26 30 36 00.4 ae ae E30 i 37 64.0 ee ee 8S BOS 5 80 39 —- 22.0 Pea ae *% . Index error = ++ 1 min. 39 sec. ee RESULT OF CALCULATION. ome Mean time. _ _ Advance. , ee - » : 5 peer hh. min, sec. h. min. sec. Oh PRs 0 6 . 1 Shex3s.8 ‘ , SS eer Emersion of Jupiter’s first satellite. ‘ . = z + i - = "Ie min. see. h. min. see. Deg. min. see. 1 20 21 0 16 08 1 32 ae * a ee ti = | = ‘ : ~ * wie 4 - pia] s 410 AT FORT HALL. a €, Determination of longitude, September 21, 1843—altitudes of the sun. OBSERVATIONS. 5 FIRST SERIES. i SECOND SERIES. ie de ao : -| ble altitudes of the} ‘Time, of chronometer. Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer. ebb tic. sun’s lower limb. Deg. min. ste. h. min. sec. Deg. min, ‘see. “h. min. see. 56 . 29 ».900 d 9 34 22.0 57 §=16 4500 tS 36... $7.2 gh <5 0. 00 34 55.5 57 24 00 Sta 11.0- “Se ot bu 35” S14 SS eS 37 or. Ul 35 a PRs 3 bz .@9, 10 ¢ 37 69.4 G7 Of. (16 “36 “21.4 S747 10 38 24.3 Index error — +- 1 min. 37 sec. “7 RESULT OF CALCULATION. rs . “te se San 23 ae Mean time. > Advance. Longitude. m sd bss * h. min. sec. - min. sec. Deg. min. sec. 8 34 20 eee peek BEG 112 639 C64 ee - a oe — ae a 4 + ‘e * ees ‘ : ef sth *» Sail * ns ea ‘aT ‘FORT HALL. en. : [ 174] . jae Fae y ‘ ' Determination — latitude, wa gg 21,. 1843-—meridian valtitudes.of . OBSERVATIONS. = = Double altitudes of’ the sun’s lower limb. te Time of chronométer. . : : * bay. w [ 174 a 2 412 4 % _ ENCAMPMENT ON SNAKE RIVER, ABOVE THE AMERICAN FALLS. Determination of latitude, September 24, 1843—meridian altitudes of — the sun. OBSERVATIONS. . — : Double altitudes of the sun’s lower limb. Time of chronometer. ~ Deg. min, sec h. min. ~ see. 92 57 05 0 46 i840 F 92 57 50 46 92 58 25 47 . 92 59 15 48 24 93 00 10 49 28. ats 10 21 9 00 15 51 12 93 00 50 52 14 93 00 35 53 =" 93 00 30 53 268 > oF 92 59 40 55 " 93 00 05 55 51 40 ; 36 92 59 20 57 121 30 58 ¥ : 92 67 50 59 02 s Index error —= ++ 1 min. 47 sec. ‘ RESULT OF CALCULATION. True central altitude. Apparent time of transit. Latitude. Deg. min. sec h. min. sec Deg. min. set. 46 46 0 53 42 48 ated a . . : i sane: ono » * ‘ “aia [ames ENCAMPMENT ON ‘SNAKE RIVER, ABOVE THE AMERICAN FALLS.. % \ Determination of a tong September 2 24, 1843—altitudes Of the sun. ae OBSERVATIONS. # FIRST SERIES. he | >). SECOND SERIES. altitudes Of the | Time of chronometer. || Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer. sun’s lower limb. - sun’s lower limb ; E Deg. min. see. hh. min. sec. Deg. min. sec h. min. © sec. 35 07 8650 5 -* 3e 22.8 334 0 FS aeeie 13.4 34. 52 00 13 06.4 3 20 17. 08.0. -- 34... 39 ae. 13... 44.5 33° 6:10.) 40 17. 56.5 34. 9 ae” 14 24.0 33 00 50 18 26.0 34° UR. 2 ¢ 15. 36.0 {i 32. 47. ~00 19 . 04.2 Index error = -+ 1 min. 47 sec. — RESULT OF ee "Advance. * Longitude. h. min. _ see. h. = min. SEC. Deg. - min. sec. rr $0 ee ee H2 4640 13 . * : Determination of latitude, seed sis 1843—meridian altitudes’ of * a Aguile ¥/ ‘ * £ OBSERVATIONS. = ys RES ee Se ee ee, ies Double: altivodes ihe Xai Time or chronometer, _ fe Deg: min. set. he ming ee i=: 8 . 8 Pa : 11t8e 4986 3 36 = 50 ill 20 25 bad ‘ ¢ 28. 28 lll 20 50 30 14 111 20 20 32 03° lil 20 20 34 05° 111c> 18?) 262 3s eee , lil 17 50 36 -* 37 lll 16 00 38 ome Index error wait nee aen RESULT OF CALCULATION. | of — | ees Apparent a transite: Latitude, he min. - 8..30- ENCAMPMENT ON SNAKE RIVER, ABOVE THE AMERICAN FALLS) Determination of latitude, September 24, 1843—altitudes of Polaris... tee, OBSERVATIONS. c . Double altitudes of . Polaris. Time of chronometer. 16 00 8 46 21 86 17 20 48 22 8 26 49 86 19 40 51 49 86 24 40 54 il Index’ error == + 1 min. 45 see. * a ; RESULT OF CALCULATION. True altitude. Mean time. Latitude. Deg. min. sec. h. min. sec, Deg. min. seé. 43 09 7 19 42 4 nog HALT ON SNAKE RIVER, - Determination of jatétende, Sept. 28, 1843—meridian altitudes of the sun. OBSERVATIONS. ” ‘Double altitudes of the sun’s lower limb. Time of chronometer. Deg. min. sec. h.. min. ~ see. a 89. 42 50 0 55 0s : 80% 49: 15 @ 55. 56 43 00 56 40 89 cc 42.4: 4 ° 57. 15 9. 42-10 57... 56 89 <4 41-2550 58: 32 89.2 41s 10 59. 17 & 89 40 00 1 00 I 14 80-<: 37 ac 45 . 89 35... 2v 03, 41 RESULT OF CALCULATION. oe ers Wk os et 6” Bo ete ee : i ae eer r S s ae ee en MS ore i Es 4 oe MES. es tg ca Se ia o + 415 :. (ie ___ ENCAMPMENT, ON. ROCK CREEK. OF ‘SNAKE RIVER, - Determination a. latitude, Seplantee 29, 1843—altitudes of Flare c celia maibeun é Doublevaltitudes.of Polaris. ~ . Time of chronometer. . ‘= % “ti Deg,...min,. sec. @ h." min. see. 86: 05 40 9 09 86 07 10 2 EERE 6. 08 00 TS! 25 > 86, 08 . 50 13%) 22 86. 10 | 40 14. 42 g 86 10 40 16 «44 * 86 11 25 16 50 1 50 18 48 1 50 19, 62 86 15 10 21 31 oo. Index error = ++ 1 min. 45 sec. ** ite “@ . —* ee RESULT OF CALCULATION. . ae 4 True altitude. “Mean time. Latitude. J > ae < ee Deg. min. see. h. min. see. ei min. sec. 4 43 05 06. Wee ee ee 26: 2i i " OBSERVATIONS. Double altitudes of #Andromede. i . a _. ¥ Deg. ‘min... sec. dees: kh. min. 4 100° 16° 10 oO 26 33. - 100: 45 40 26 «63° ‘ 101 vs Wf # 60 3 @ 31° 9% * a = . Index error = + Vinin. 45 sec. a ine. Se aK * z ad SR Sp ht a a eee eT ey Be ee SRE A ute cama] _* | 416 en ENCAMPMENT ON Suite RIVER, OPPOSITE TO THE RIVER SPRINGS. rs Determination of longitude, Se eptember 30, 1843—altitudes of the sun. * OBSERVATIONS. Double altitudes of the sun’s lower limb. _ “eae Time of chronometer. : eS ; = Deg. min. sé. _ he. min. ~~ sees ai, 00 8 SM o6gs.% : 25-< STage 50 16 | 16.0 $ 26.. 15°; 40 7 S007. 2 30° ° 39.0 27>. 46-. 00 21 © 24.5 * * = Index error = + 1 min. 45 sec. a r ‘ » ee A : RESULT OF CALCULATION. b * Meantime. Advance. - Longitude. * h. min. sec. he min. ae Deg. min. “sec. itil cee 1. 03. sas 114. 25 04 2 + =< ¥ - i OBSERVATIONS. : * Double altitudes of Polaris, Time of chronometer, 5 y . oP = ok Basins is Deg. min. sec. “ h. min. sec. } : S& 58 | 40 9 48 ae Se. 00. 5 49 55 6 Fes: BO, >, 50 hi 01 * 87 OL 50 ; 52 33 - 02 20: | 5342 “ a ** 55. 02 04. 00 ¢ 56 >: 02 05. 25 : 57 6 93 ih 58 2 27 SF of 3 (1 0, 57 ieee error = - 41 1 min. 40 « Sec: . 4 RESULT or CALCULATI fer rmination we longitude Sept. 30, 1943altieudes be oh a a} = ~ OBSERVATIONS, Sed cad ¥ * & ie . Double altitudes of a Lyre. ~ Time of chronometer. : piece 6 Trai 27 : e _ ea rahe conte * ere omg, aes ee a Ae ae a Deg. min. sec. RN Oo a ae 00 10°97. - 566 Bo 20 31.6 10 oo ae 2 3 as Index error = -- 1 min. I sec. ee ia “ee = ®& “REsUtT ér CALCULATION. 3 Mean time. e% = Advance, Longitude. y *4 He. 2 Se eae ad tos : iS ‘f A % e - z - x * “ste. hin, Be. eat 52 104. 30.8 sae Le ne : ae <5 > bsg ee ig ~~ ENCAMPMENT ON SNAKE RIVER, TWO MILES BELOW FISHING FALLS.~ _ Determination of latitudes October 1, 18a3—allitudeBof 2 meerden OBSE BVATIONS. x 174 7 FIRST SERIES. 7 SECOND SERIES. F . ~ciaaiiiaepe : Es Bice i | Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. ox altitudes | of Time of chronometer. : iy a Lyre. ag 4 a Lyre. ah E es : : ' — bade | a Deg. min. sec. ~~ = hh.” ‘min. see. Deg. min sec. min. set. ee 10 30 24.0 ll - 10 35 98 56 00 36.0. 97% -.06 30 36 - 6 98 35 20 32 33.0 96 43 50 37 9s is 10 0 27 Pm 38 31, C) oe ) 34 «215.4 95 50 50 40 14.0 mee: : Index error = + 1 min. 30 sec, Se * “RESULT OF CALCULATION. Mean time. Advance. Longitude. | * = -_— saa h. min. sec. } h. min. sec. Deg. min. see. ee SS @ Lo Se 114. 86 12 wea ~ ENCAMPMENT.ON SNAKE RIVER. Determination of latitude, October 2 3 leo —aliitudes of Polaris. — —— er ; OBSERVATIONS. - Double altitudes of Polaris. “e Time of chronometer. . = cam MENT ON SNAKE - ENCAMP RIVER. Determination of longitude, October 2, 1843—altitudes of « a ig OBSERVATIONS. alten FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES. _ Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. Double altitudes of _ | Time of chronometer. a Lyre. a Lyre. ae “ | as Deg. min.” sec. hh. min. — sec. || Deg. min. sec. h. min. sec. 92 55 15 a 10 45 28.4 90 53 40 10 51 09.5 92 26 20 . 46 49.0 90 29 40 oe 38.0. 91 59 40 48 07.0 90 06 20 53. RAT 91 36 30 49. 10,0 || 99 46 15 22.0 oe 26. 50 50 =: 05,3 | 89 22 00 55 =31,0 Thermometer 48°.5. Index error = ++ 1 min. 30 sec. : RESULT. OF ‘CALCULATION. : Mean time. ; Advance. ; Longitude. : ill = a a [ek h. min. sec h.” Min. sec. 4 Deg. min. — see. 1 05 15.3 = 114 53 04 ENCAMPMENT AT THE FORD WHERE THE ROAD CROSSES SNAKE RIVER, Determination of latitude, October 3, 1843—altitudes of Polaris. OBSERVATIONS. _ ig meres a ak eres a * _ fa Ene = — D min. sée. é 50 10 kg 87 51 50 Mine ev. 57 30 ' 87 58 ; 87 659 | 2 .- 1 min. 30 sec. f his RESULT OF CALCULATION. a oe 3, 1843 —allitudes ¢ of: ~ Index error = +- 1 min. 30'sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. 421 _ENCAMPMENT. ‘ON BIG WOOD RIVER, OR RIVIERE BOISEE. _ Determination of longitude, October 7, 1843—altitudes-of the sun. [174 4 OBSERVATIONS. Se , FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES- __ Double altitudes ae the | Time of chronometer. | Double altitudes of ge Time of chronometer. — lower limb of thes lower limb of the su é Deg. min. sec. h. min. see. Deg. min. sée. h. min. see. . 36 22 55 4 46 24.0 35 28 650 oe ER eee 36 10 007 47 = 03.6 35 20 35 49 36.8 36 «Ol 05 47 31.0 35 «(02— 00 50 =. 35.3 35 48q 20 48 08.7 34° 53 30 51 5 35 39 25 Z 48 37.8 34 4520 51 eid Index error = + 1 min. 30 sec. = _ “RESULT OF CALCULATION. Mean time. © Advance. Longitude. s h. min. sec. h. min. see. Deg. min. sec. eS 8 i eee "Feeders 115. 54 46 ase ors A es Cerna fl Ape -atitndeg of Polaris, (with nt.) oe cipee 2 ss cel crags teem: neni zs : ilies Double altitudes of Polaris. $s Deg. min. sec. 88 Zi. 40 oe” as 88 24 20 88 25 25 88. 26.. 40 = Index enor =} 1 min 90 c is RESULT. OF ‘CALCULATION. * : a Pe eRe oe Be : * T r : 1 it i : ” C Mean ti me. : Latitude. are — p i747 Ae ENCAMPMENT ON BIG WOOD RIVER, OR RIVIERE BOISEE. _ Determination of latitude, October 7, 1843—altitudes of Polaris, (with the cire 7 OBSERVATIONS. Circle readings. Time of chronometer. Deg. min. sec. min. sec 664 38 20 8 57 19 ae -h-_e 02 33 104 03 30 07 35 a ee eae 10 58 “981° «48~—Cf«40 13 «51 wae 33 00 19 26 mT * a * 22 4 = RESULT OF CALCULATION. True altitude. ~~ "Mean time. Latitude. Deg. min. — sec. h. min. see. Deg. min. sec. 44 21. 45 — 43. 35. 08 x Mean latitude 43 deg. 56 min. 21 sec. oe > SECOND ENCAMPMENT oN BIG WOOD RIVER. Determination of latitude, October 8, 1843—altitudes of Polaris, (with ‘ _ the sextant.) : Saeve! = OBSERVATIONS. - Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. ? setsaresse 38 h. 8 eegsessster ms SeESzg 22825 Sss8cceuegs . Seidiie'vctior on 1k St oe: RESULT OF CALCULATION. — 423 . — aes SECOND ENCAMPMENT ON BIG WOOD RIVER. Altitudes of Polaris, (with the cirele,) October 8, 1843. Circle readings. | Time of chronometer. ~ Deg. min. see. h. min. — see. ao 9 04 25 177 49 50 : 09 28 a 12 oe 355. 52 20 - 14 038. 15 29 : geese t50! ag 2 = 17 05 a : 19 12 712 06 20 38 23 45 170 17 30 26 44 " «RESULT OF CALCULATION. * Deg. min. see. . h. min. see. Deg. min, —-86e. ——— Ag P:) 53 8 08 26 43 40 42 Mean latitude 43 deg. 40 min. 53 sec. S : ees : : _ 2 .< my . rc [ 174] 424 = SECOND ENCAMPMENT ON BIG WOOD RIVER. ‘, Determination of longitude, October 8, 1843—altitude of o Lyre. ‘ OBSERVATIONS. ¥ 3 il ‘ Double altitude of | Time of chronometer. || Double altitude of | Time of chronometer, 3 : a Lyre. - @ Lyre: a we Deg. min. sec. he min. sev. Deg. min. sec. h. min. see. lll » 14.60 ; G34 06. 95 54 00 10° 17 «(09.6 : “© ; ; interrupted by jclouds. __, e I e % Ee — Thermometer 47°.5. pe AR . = _ Determination of longitude—altitudes of « Aquilz. OBSERVATIONS. s — - = ~ 7 es : s = h min. s€c. eS 1G Be 05.0 a <— 25 04.4 ete OE les Fert ieee 09.0 ul sai Index error = -+ 1 min. 30 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. 425 [174 } AT FORT BOISEE. — Determination of latitude, Oecd 10, 1843—altitudes of Polaris, (with tant.) OBSERVATIONS. — on eae : a Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. : a Deg. min. ‘see. h.° min. © 8ée. < 89 17 40 9 10 55 89 18 30 12 07 89 19 50 13 55 . ae “20 15 + - 89 22 20 17 22 as - 23 10 18 28 naa ~ 89 24 20 19 56 89 25 30 22 14 89 27 00 23 57 89 27 50 25 15 Index error = -++ 1 min. 30 sec. a : RESULT OF CALCULATION. True altitude. Mean time. Latitude. © Deg. min. sete. kh. min. see. Deg. min. sec. 44 41 “09 8 ae 43 48 54 Altitudes of dakota Spaces the circle,) October 10, 1843. > sf ae “ ee. ay or ie Re ee Deg. min. secs Se h. ‘min, set. a a 9 “he ee a 179 - a7 40- eee. ag°) 42° s Bs 44 «BS , 36 OL ge 45 55 a . 4780 538 28 00 49 13 * 51 50 713. 00-50 56... 05 8 58 Fs “92 = = oe 177... 39... 20 Mae E | : Deg. i Bee. Shao 4451 59 Bs nde 9 eg, 19 a 19 we L 174 ] 426 AT FORT BOISEE. Determination of longitude, October 10, 1843—altitudes of « Lyre. OBSERVATIONS. - | FIRST. SERIES, SECOND SERIES. Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. Double altitudes of | Time of.chronometer. a Lyre. “+ , a Lyre. 4 Deg. min. see he min. sec. Deg. min. see. min, sec. 94 32 20 10 3 44.0 92 34 00 10 2,1 21.0 94 02 60 07.5 92 15 60 20 12.7 93 44 40 16 .0 cL 86587. ae 21 «605.0 93 24 410 16 58.0 Sl. . 37 «40 . 22 02.0 92 56 00 18 «16.6 Si. 19) ap 22 852.7 — Index error = + 1 min. 30 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. Mean. time. . Advance. Longitude. oe min. set he. min. sec. Deg. min. sec. 9. 10. 17 1 08 16.8 6 + 4700. s ‘Relieeien of Jupiter's Jirst satellite. somone Bele ®t — night very clear; the planet a little yellow, with a mist of Observed time. Mean time. Longitude. - = : Ie min. min. ‘ t 22. i2e.m, 0 14 59.64, m. % — fe : “A ee = eg ENCAMPMENT ON SNAKE RIVER, BELOW “BIRCH CREEK. oT oceteersnerernnsenemeerenen n Of longitude, October 12, 1843°-emahsion of the Ite satellite of Ju upiter. RESULT OF CALCULATION. 4 ie 427 as [1m] - ENCAMPMENT ON SNAKE RIVER, BELOW BIRCH CREEK. Determination of latitude, October 12, 1843—altiludes of Polaris. OBSERVATIONS. ‘ —" ~~ y Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. eB Deg. min. set. — h. min. see. 90 il 40 8 56 58 90 1%. 10 5819) 90 13 50 59 53 90 14 ~~ 00 9 Ol 06 90 15 15 02 90 16 03 41 _— we 05 28 90 17 06 54 90 19 20 08 35 90 20 10 31 Index error — -++-1 min. 28 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. go ah ae True altitude. Mean time. Latitude. - Deg. min. see. _ Deg, min. sec. Deg. “min. set. 45 07 “42 7 55 25 44 17 36 earner Determination of longitude, October 12, 1843—altitudes of a Lyra. = OBSERVATIONS. _ Se _—$$ $$ $$ Index ertor =—+ 1 ‘min. 28 sec. aS RESULT OF CALCULATION. Pre er fe min, see. 9 of ES rT -@ 661 ec ire eel wi a ST aa ; a ee a ae * c 174 ) i 428 ENCAMPMENT AT THE HEAD WATERS OF BURNT RIVER. z Determination of latitude, October 14, 1843—altitudes of Polaris. : OBSERVATIONS. _ 3 a as — ~ Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. Deg. min. sec. h. min. ske. ~ 91 07 10 oe ee fd 91 45 15 x . 9I- oF 50 ya 03 ee A i Oe is See 19 13 9 iz 8645 20 17 “a. ta, 10 21 47 * 13-30 22 44 91° 40 23 «(4d Eu | : a8 Index érror == +- 1 min: 28 sec. : 2 RESULT OF CALCULATION. True altitude. Mean time. _ Latitude. .. as Determination of longitude, October 14, 1843—altitudes of a Aquile. a = OBSERVATIONS. | ae FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES. ble altitudes of _| Time of chronometer. Do le altitudes of | Time of chronometer. een | en a Index etntr =+ :% inin, 28 sec. RESULT oF CALCULATION, gitu se eliibex” ss yuaeSidbien of Tad : salellite of daspitcr ig eee : Mean time. _ a eae Ege —— - ~ Llane th Mere na wd i i, as z. 2 yi 1 RE et eee 2 min fae ae ee Ps , wa ees oe Beta + ee a - : —t- — s; a - ae Emersion of the third satellite of Jupiter. weer oe ape RESULT OF CALCULATION. Pin ee = Observed time. Mean time. J Longitude. OBSERVATIONS. * = : : Double altitudes of Polaris. sas Time of chronometer. Ti] aeatet — ~~ il ENCAMPMENT ON. THE: OLD BED OF POWDER. RIVER, sablegmoction of longitude, October 15, 1843—altitudes of « Lyrz, OBSERVATIONS. . ‘FIRST SERIES, | SECOND SERIES, Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. || Double altitudes of | ‘Time of chronometer. a Lyre. ‘a a Lyre. fea | “5 1 . } : Deg. min. sec. hy min. sec. || Deg. min. sec 2. 18 “0-5 10 01 573 || 90° 28 20 01.0 91. 50-30 @ 03 =(00.0 || 990 06 10 04.5 = of 30. 45 03. 57.6 i 89 46 45 00.7 Pia 200 of 47.0 || 89 26 40 00. St Be 50-4" 35 05 546 | 89 04 00 05.0 — “oF || — Index error — -+- 1 min. 26 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. : Mean time. : Advance. Longitude, © he Min. sec. h. Deg. min. see. oe me 33 1 68 06.0 7 81 6 62 27 20 56 14 62 26 . 30 56 59 62 26 00 . 57 56 index error = -++ | min. 24 sec. Pn te : RESULT OF CALCULATION. oe oes, _ 436 N GOON HALT ON THE EFT BANK OF THE COLUMBIA. Dtermination of latitude, Oct. 28, 1843 —meridian altitudes of the sun. i ' OBSERVATIONS. i | * a Double altitudes of the sun’s lower lim Time of chronometer. ba Deg. Gn. S00. man. —8€e i 18. # 20 12 47 «@L Gl. -1Re™ 00 48m 00 : 6 ae * 4 ._ = at 41 61 te. 26 5 ) 61 ig 20. 51 8 é. a 52-09 pe ; a % Index — == + 1 min 24 sec. = 2° ae * RESULT oF CALCULATION. sents = * — a" True altitude. pparent a of tranisit. Latitude. ma : ee 5a) - » , 2 "ENCAMPMENT ON THE LEFT BANK OF om 4 ee ‘ Pe Determination of latitude, October 30, 1843-—altitudes of Polaris. ee : OBSERVATIONS. ‘ Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. a cee min. - s8€C. h. min. gee. = os = 00 9 .14 246 a os 50 16. 09 3 10 30 | al 20 % ‘ Ps 20 0 1 e p Pee . — ae oe 12 30 - - o 13 «15 ‘ .. ae 13 40 ogee ; ee 437 , city ENCAMPMENT ON THE LEFT BANK OF COLUMBIA. RIVER. > Deters 8 of longitude, October 30, 1843—altitudes ofo L, YrZz. OBSE RVATIONS. FIRST SERIES. | SECOND SERIES. Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. | Double altitudes of | Pine of chronometer, a Lyre. Se gn a oF * | Deg. min. see. kh. min. sec. Deg. min. sec. | h. min. sec - 68 Bi ; > e 2S a arena er ceeeer Deg. min. * sec. ' h. min. sec. : 80 07.) «40 — sa ae Index error = +- 1 min. 22 sec. : = RESULT OF CALCULATION. - Seti Cael ES EN Mean time. Advance. .- Longitude. a le h. min. sec. h. min. sec. Deg. min. sec. Sar oy i 08. 437.3 119. 45° 09 a ee nega mastitis cee i MISSIONARY STATION AT THE DALLES OF THE COLUMBIA. age Determination of longitude, November 5, 1843—altitudes of the sun. * OBSERVATIONS. FIRST SERIES. | SECOND SERIES. | __ Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer. | Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer. - _ sun’s lower limb. | sun’s lower limb. z Deg. min. see. h. min. sec. Deg. min. sec. h. min. sec. : 13. 40 “2 “44 $2.6 30 56 50 e477: 4L3 30-2510 36.8 31 04 20 48 10.6 30 33 ag 46 11.0 oF 38 6 48 45.0 30 42 50 46 45.0 31. 1 @ 49 18.5 30 49 30 11.0 31 28 00 49 45.7 Index error = + 1 min. 23 sec. ie ad = — RESULT OF CALCULATION. a 439 [474 STATION ON THE HILLS IN THE REAROF THE MISSION. & F . * Determination of longitude, November 5, 1843—altitudes of the sun. OBSERVATIONS. Double altitudes of the sun's lower limb. Time of chronometer. * . Deg. min. sec h. min 25 40 1 17 20.5 49 42 30 19 14.0 49 47 30 1g 45.5 49 52 0 20 20.0 49 00 20 55.0 Index error = -++ | min. 22 sec. * RESULT OF CALCULATION. Mean time. Advance. Longitude. he min. see. h. min. — see. Deg. min. sec. 10 O09 43 t 10 07.4 120 53. 51 (, Se Oa ; : «* | (4d 440 7 STATION ON THE HEILLS:IN THE REAR OF THE MISSION. . Determination of latiewiles geen: 5, 1843—meridian allitudes of the OBSERVATIONS. Double altitudes of the sun’s lower limb. Time of chronometer. a mS Deg. ie ee. 4 kh. min. see. : 56 «44 «(00 ‘2 ‘66 44 - 35 38 25 40 39 29 565° «49 25 4! 22 = 56 51 05 42 59 aot 51 50 a4 07 56 53 15 45 13 56 45 45 56. 55 30 47 40 56 56 00 48 49 . 56 6 20 51 04 56 56 25 52 29 56 56 35 53 59 56 56 15 54 0 56 55 50 .* 57 07 56 55 40 57 49 56 55 20 58 56 54 59 19 56 10 1 00 ee 56 53 40 000 49 Index error = + 1 min. 22 sec. * RESULT OF CALCULATION. True central altitude. Apparent time of transit. Latitude. . h Deg. ; 3 - Min. see. . men. gC. min. sec. : oi 43 33 0 53 49 45 35 21 Determination of latitude, November 5, 1843—altitudes of Polaris. a & [ 174} MISSIONARY STATION AT THE DALLES OF THE COLUMBIA. OBSERVATIONS. Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. | ~ Dez. min. sec. ° kh. min. sec. 93 53 00 9 26 3L 93 54 20 @ 28 08 93 54 15 29 3l 93 54 20 30 33 93 55 20 31 43 93 55 20 32 37 93 56 10 33 50 93 56 25 34 51 93 57 20 35 45 93 57 30 36 5a“ ya Index error = —- 1 min. 22 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION.. True altitude. Mean time. Latitude. Deg. min. sec. he. min. — see Deg. min: see. 46 57 29 8 22 2 45 S- 3g Emersion of Jupiter’s second satellite. Observed time. x Longitude. h. = min. sec. 10 43 32 ‘op iene ie ha a i Rn ie kee | See nlae Sao Mp Hig RE wn “Hi, at rhs ns Bis 2 [ 174] 442 MISSION ARY STATION AT THE DALLES OF THE COLUMBIA. Determination of longitude, November 5, 1843—altitudes of « Lyra. OBSERVATIONS, r FIRST SERIES. : | : SECOND SERIES. Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. Double altitudes of | Time of chronwaneten. : a 3 = a Lyray Deg. min. sec. h. min . Deg. min. sec h. min. see. 1% = 6-38. 40 9 40 35.5 wi 10a Ge 45 m2 19 00 41 324 70 450 (20 46 058 oO. 42 27.0 70 22 45 47 28h 71 643 ©=©«650 43 =. 21.0 70 40 wh Ree AO 44 10.0 69 45 40 49 2h. u Index error = ++ | min. 22 sec. is RESULT OF CALCULATION. Mean time. Advance. Longitude. * he min. sec. hem sec. 8 34 59 1 09 53.3 ‘ me or = 2 : ast 2 - : 443 [va yp ENCAMPMENT ON THE RIGHT BANK OF THE COLUMBIA, 15 Tr BELOW THE CASCADES. Determination of longitude, November 11, 1843—altitudes of Jupiter. OBSERVATIONS. Double altitudes of Jupiter. Time’ of chronometer. es’ Deg. min. sec. o wh. ming see. os 4 he 16. 14. o86 32 08 = 40 1529.5 3l 30 40 18 01.0 Index error = ++ 2 min. 6 sec. s RESULT OF CALCULATION. Mean time. _ Advance. Longitude. he. min. sec. 9 04 41 Emersion of Jupiter’s first satellite. Observed time. Mean time. Longitude. kh. min. . sec. h. eae abil Deg. min. s€e. 9 45 19 8 34 50.2 122 06 15 x Determination of latitude, November 11, 1845—altitudes of Polaris. OBSERVATIONS. ' Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. Deg. min. sec. he min. ste. el ee, 10 «638 ~—COO8 94 08 10 41 13 94 09 10 42 43 Pee RESULT OF CALCULATION. Sf zi es ret ae be ss ( 174 }, Aad ENCAMPMENT ON THE RIGHT BANK OF THE COLUMBIA, 15 MILES BELOW ty AR ea THE CASCADES.. Determination of longitude, November 12, 1843—ailtitudes of the sun. OBSERVATIONS. 2 - e Double altitudes of the suii’s lower limb. _ Time of ometer. = eg Deg. min. sec. * : A. min. set. 33° 23 «©6400 10 13 08.0 33 46 20 14 28.0 : 34° = 00-30 15 . 325 li 10 16 24.0 . 34 24 00 17 18.0 Index error = -+- 2 min. 6 sec. is evi RESULT OF CALCULATION. Mean time. Advance. Longitude. Ah. . mm... pee: MM. ae 9 05 10 1 1 12.3 ; = i esielen ne : | he Determination of latitude, Nov. 12, 1843—meridian allitudes of the sun. : ; OBSERVATIONS. = Double altitudes of the sun’s lower limb. Time of chronometer. Deg. min, sec. hh. ‘mine ~ se. 52 58 00 0 51 40 F 52 57 40 52 53 62 58 10 53 56 ee ee a. ae 2. ee 03 & &. 4. i 52 52S 05 E aay 5 : 5 a Index error = +- 2 min. 6 sec. : : 2 ° een RESULT OF CALCULATION. ees nee eee eee . transit. Latitude. + eS see : : ee i ne 5: aug ee — a, * “445 [ tay “MISSION ARY STATION AT THE DALLES OF THE COLUMBIA. De een of time, November 20, 1843—altitudes of the sun. = OBSERVATIONS. ean} » ] ae " FIRST SERIES. ! SECOND SERIES. bs a ee ‘ Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer. Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer. sun’s lower limb. sun’s lower limb. ag oo : Dee. min. sec. hk. min. sec. Deg. min. sec. h. min. “See. 35 BE 90-410 35) 52.0 36. = 32:90 10; 26. 26 00.6 23 (00.5 70 #45 =«610 *. 27 43.4 23° «53.7 70 29 «00 98:8 24 «40.6 | 70 07 «630 : 29 «37.0 Index error = + 1 min. 32 sec. ‘ RESULT OF CALCULATION. Advance. gees 2 Longitude. ba A451 c 174 } ENCAMPMENT ON FALL RIVER, (UNION FALLS.) Determination of latitude, December 5, 1843—altitudes of Polaris. 4 OBSERVATIONS. . se es e Double altitades of Polaris. Time of chronometer. of “6 igf 24, et oe er ————$$_$—_—_—_—- Deg. min. sec. h. min sec. : 90 34 «40 7 09 } " 90 34 40 10 59 ” 90 36 10 11 56 . 90 36 10 13 00 A 14 00 "36 50 15 00 — 90 37 15 15 °'49 ak 90 38 00 16 42 m 38 40 17... 45 90 ~=6.38 20 18 42 Index error = ++ 1 min. 32 sec. : ee RESULT OF CALCULATION. % True altitude. | Mean time. * Latitud de. Deg. min. see. | h. min, sec. ' «Deg. min, sec. 45 16 | ‘3 oe. 43 55 20 SECOND ENCAMPMENT ON FALL RIVER. Determination of longitude, December 6, 1843—altitudes of a Lyre. OBSERVATIONS. Double altitudes of a Lyre. Time of chronometer. min. sée. he min 3 14 8 13 53 38 1S * 15 53 06 30 17 i Index error = ++ 1 min. 30 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. catamlinnaianeniuiiaitiniig h. min. hk. min. sec. 7 22 48 70 52 46.9 2 re 1 452 4% SECOND ENCAMPMENT ON FALL RIVER. | % Determination of latitude, Decemder 6, 1843 —altitudes of Polaris., on “a OBSERVATIONS. - ery =. altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. <— yz ; ua. SNS Deg.” min.” see. hh. min. see. * 99 29 00 8 20° S$ 3 “g 90, -29° -15 2 OF % & | lO ee 1S 24 00 50 29 10 26 00 . s 90 29 65 28 00 * Index error = + 1 min. 30 sec. em. wo z : RE ay - . - = SULT OF CALCULATION. True altitude. Mean time. ‘ Latitude. & eS Deg. min. see. h. min. sec. Deg. min. see: 45 14 22 , waa 3 25 43 44 15 THIRD ENCAMPMENT ON FALL RIVER. Sy Rs ; Determination of longitude, Dec. 8, 1843—immersion of ,» Geminorum. 4 : Reo Observed time | Longitude. oat ee ES : ‘ a tw pe. h. min. sec. mine Bee: al 1 08 a. m i 33 50 ——— _ Determination . longitude, December 8, 1843—altitudes of Rigel. . OBSERVATIONS. “Double altitudes of Rigel Time of chronometer. ts — fm = } a et aa he = min. sy meme Ba mat = 16. “Sas. mw. 56 30 3 14 30.0 43 8600 : . 16 = 00.0 Bs . 1736.5 1 00 19. - 36.5: ee Parzatainechrie es THIRD ENCAMPMENT. ON FALL RIVER. Determination of latitude, December 8, 1843—altitudes of Polaris. 453 OBSERVATIONS. ¥ | Double altitudes of Polaris. | } | | . Time of chronometer. é ‘ c. ae : 87 49 10 1 47 44 a. m. ae 87 47 30 49 49 i ie 87 46 40 ; 50 52 ‘a 87 45 30 { 51 51 87 44 40 53 08 a a) 54. 00 . 87 43 00 55 03 , 87 42 25 56 20 om ee = 57-26 +. 87 40 45 58 13 i Index error = + 1 min. 32 sec. . é RESULT OF ete ae | True altitude. Mean time. Latitude. ~e Deg. min, «sec. 43 52 OL 1 00 3 43 —. CAMP IN A PINE FOREST. 2 Determination of latitude, December 8, 1843—altitudes of Polaris. OBSERVATIONS. hy } cubis Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. =~ Deg. min. sec hh. sec. 89 10 00 6 ee . we oo 2 4 a. % ..- %.. © So 8 Ww Bh s9 13 48 : oe. 4. = 99 14 20 Index error = -_ Lk min, 32 see, RESULT oF CALCULATION. Deg. min. — see. a. A ate. “u 6 sos OR ry z=? Ye 454 CAMP IN A PINE FOREST, oe : Determination of longitude, December 8,1843—allitudes, ofa Lyre. OBSERVATIONS. Double altitudes of a Lyre. Time of chronometer. min. sec. h. min. sec. 55 10 6 53 09.0 : 31-60 5417.0 # 14 30 55 (04.5 pan 55 = 00 56 03.4 ’ 38 15 56 52.5 A = Index error = + 1 min. 32 sec. Se RESULT OF CALCULATION. oe oe Mean time. Advance. Longitude. > h. min. sec. " he min. 500. “8 6 O08. 19 0. 62°~ 46.3 es nation of longitude, December 8, 1843—altitudes of Capella. : OBSERVATIONS. Double altitudes of Capella. Time of chronometer. sec. h. min Sec. 10 7 Ol 00.0 10 02 = «12.7 10 03 06.0 10 04 10.6 20 06 27.5 _ Index error = + 1 min. 32 sec. - te «RESULT OF CALCULATION. © 455 [174] : _ENCAMPMENT AT TLAMATH LAKE. | Determiziation of latitude, December 10, 1843—altitudes of Polaris. OBSERVATIONS. Double altitudes of Polaris. x » Time of chronometer. Deg. min. sec h. = min, see. 88 56 10 8 25 07 én 83 56 id 26 27 55 27 17 Index error = + | min. 30 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. True altitude. Mean time. - Latitude Deg. min. sec. h. min. sec. Deg. min. es 27 46 7 35 27 42 56 61 é x Determination of longitude, December 10, 1843—altitudes of Capella. - e OBSERVATIONS. 2 Double altitudes of Capella. Time of chronometer. Deg. min. see. h. sc OR 92 56 30 8 30 05.5 ~ 93 17 30 31 11.0 93 38 40 32 16,0 Index error = -+ | min. 30 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. h. min. sec. h. mt sec. 22 362 S--51 4855 ¥. 3 * 456 | ENCAMPMENT AT TLAMATH LAKE. Determination of latitude, Decem i Hoe 1843—meridian altitudes of the OBSERVATIONS, e . Double altitudes of the sun’s lower limb. Time of chronometer. F - Deg. min. — sec. he. -min. sec. > 4 & 7 ee ee * 47 25 15 33 09 a we 5 34-30 AT 28 40 36 52 4a 29 38 00 7 we 10% 29 47 30 35% 4l 24. 47 30 43 05 47 31 15 43 57 sae y 31 40° 44 a ae. St 16 46 11 47 3! 05 . 46 56 47 30 20 47 49 47 29 40 48 55 any. 49 56 47 28. 10 52 08 "47 27 53 20, 2 47 25. 45 54 36 Index error = +- 1 min. 32 sec. = _ RESULT OF CALCULATION. Apparent time of transit. Latitude. 457 [174] ENCAMPMENT AT TLAMATH LAKE, * Determination of latitude, December 11, 1843—altitudes of Polaris. OBSERVATIONS. Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. Deg. min. sec. h. min, sec, 88 41 30 7 Zz 8s 41 20 oe ee 88 41 30 02 59 88 2 4] 53 469 04 22 88 42 10 05 «42 Index error = +- 1 min, 32 sec. ae RESULT OF CALCULATION. True altitude. Mean time. Latitude. Deg. min. sec. h. min. sec. Deg. min, sec. 44 20 35 ae Rae | 42 56 47 oe Determination of longitude, December 11, 1843—altitudes of « Lyre. ? OBSERVATIONS. FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES. ‘ = : x a ¥ 3 pd ; : re, Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. || Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. a Lyre. Lyre. 2 aa Deg. min. sec. h. min. sec Deg. min. sec. h. 67, 34° 7-09 055 66°. 58: 45 7 238 8E3 06 10 10. 2&7 65°. -S 56.6 47 40 It. 23.0 65.-- 18 Se: 15. 44.8. 66 382 40 12 07.5 65 03 20 16 34.5 66 15 50 12 56.5 64... 42 : 26 a4; 36.8 Index error = ++ 1 min. 32 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. Mean time. Advance. Longitude. h. min. see. * = ee. 6 22 44 a 0 50 43.5 C174 J 458 ENCAMPMENT ON A TRIBUTARY TO THE LAKE AND HEAD WATER OF THE TLAMATH RIVER Determination of longitude, December 13, 1843—allitudes of a Lyre. OBSERVATIONS. FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES. Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. Double altitudes of a Lyre. a Lyre. Time of chronometer. Deg. min. sec. h. min be. Deg. min. sec. kh. min.” see 63 40 10 7 10 36.5 6L- 67° 00 7 15 49.8 So te. 10 11 56.5 Gis. 38. BO © 16 444 62 50 40 13. 04.0 61... 19. . 36 17 = 40.5 62 13 61 OL 40 18 36.0 62-114 --45 15 =03.7 60 . 44 00 19 30.0 Index error = +- 1 min. 32 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. Mean time. Advance Longitude. => he. min. sec. h. = min 6 26 37 0 48 41.0 Bint Emersion of Jupiter’s first satellite. Observed time. Mean time. Longitude. h. min . sec. he : min. 8éc. Deg. . min. Bec. 6 5 18 21.6 12] 20. «42 * 459 [ 174 ] ENCAMPMENT ON A TRIBUTARY TO THE LAKE AND HEAD WATER OF THE TLAMATH RIVER. Determination-of latitude, December 13, 1843—altitudes of Polaris. OBSERVATIONS, Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. ; Deg. min. see. h. min. see. 8 38 20 7 2 09 88 39 30 41 39 10 26 53 88 39 25 28 18 > 88 46 20 \ ‘29 34 88 40 50 30 37 88 40 20 31 46 88 40 30 32 45 88 41 10 33 57 88 40 35 34 54 Index error = +- 1 min. 32 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. True altitude. Mean time. Latitude. \ Deg. min. sec. h. min. see. Deg. min. sec. . 44 19 46 6 41 10 42 51 26 ENCAMPMENT ON SUMMER LAKE. Determination of latitude, December 16, 1843—altitudes of Polaris. — OBSERVATIONS. ete Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. . t i | } | Deg. min. sec. h. min. sec. 88 46 30 6 48 88 46 20 50 28 46 40 51 53 88 47 00 52 59 Index error — -++ 1 min. 35 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. True altitude. Mean time. Latitude [374 ] 460 ENCAMPMENT. ON SUMMER: LAKE. eee ection of longitude, December 16, 1843—altitudes of o Lyrzx. OBSERVATIONS. Double altitudes of a Lyre. Time of chronometer. Deg. min. sec. h. min. see. 67 50. 20 6 08.5 67 08 50 44 11.0 66 27 35 46 13 ¥ Index error — -+ 1 min. 35 sec. * RESULT OF CALCULATION. Z Mean time. Advance. Longitude. } h. min. see h. min. sec. 5 59 59 0 44 11:2 _ Determination of longitude, December 16, 1843—altitudes of Capella. zi ses OBSERVATIONS. # Double altitudes of Capella. Time of chronometer. Deg. min. see. h. min sec. E 73 29 45 6 58 46.0 74 16 20 Ol | ay og Index error — + 1 min. 35 sec. Saul? OF CALCULATION. Advance. Longitude. os ee [174 4] SECOND ENCAMPMENT ON SUMMER LAKE. Determination of longitude, December 18, 1843—altitudes of Capella. OBSERVATIONS. : | Double altitudes of Capella. : Time of chronometer. | Deg. min. — see. he mit. ~~ 860. 94 18 50 7 54 24.0 44 10 56 07.0 95 10 00 57 24.0 S65: = 8t: od bas 585° 208" 96° 51% 10 5927.0 * Index error = +1 min, 37 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. Mean time. Advance. - Longitude. kh. min. -seer h. min. sec. 7 14 30 Q:: 42 399 Determination of longitude, December 18, 1843—altiludes of « Cygne. ee fe at, SF OBSERVATIONS. orga Double altitudes of a Cygni. | fo | Deg. min. 3 79 08 78 2 40 78 2k 78° 04 17 =< 45 - Pes te [.a73. — SECOND ENCAMPMENT ON SUMMER LAK Determination of latitude, December 18, a iene es of Polaris. OBSERVATIONS. Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. Deg. min. — sec. h. min. sec 88 27 00 8 02 20 88 27 40 03 50 27 35 05 27 40 05 iS 88 27 30 07 38 Ps 68 27 10 08 55 "ss. 27-50 28 eee 88 27 45 | 17 . 88 27 25 12 25 88 40 13 43 : Index error = ++ 1 min. 37 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. True altitude. Mean time. Latitude. Deg. . min. sec. h. min. sec. Deg. min. — sec. 44 13 34 s 25 32 42 42 37 ENCAMPMENT ON CHRISTMAS LAKE. | Determinition of latitude, December 24, 1843—altitudes of Pelarse OBSERVATIONS. Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. = h. 6 $ S . Seeeegebes BLSAESSSESE Steeasetess Index error — + 1 min. 37 sec. af - RESULT OF CALCULATION. ~~ as 463 [ 174 49 ENCAMPMENT ON CHRISTMAS LAKE. Determination of longitude, December 24, Se Ti eid of « Lyre, OBSERVATIONS. | | FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES. Double altitudes of Time of chronometer. | Double altitudes of Time of chronometer, a Lyre. a Lyre. | Deg. min. sec. h. min. sec. || Deg. min. sec. h. min. see. 56 30 6 50.5 | 3 630 6 40 54.0 56.218. 36 03.3 54 24 00 41 54.4 55 56 20 37 — (08.3 | 54 05-15 42 52.4 55 37 800 E 38 09.5 53 43 (25 44 00.0 55 17 00 3910.0 =| 53. 25 30 54.0 bd Index error = +- 1 min. 37 sec. te RESULT OF CALCULATION. Mean time. Advance. Longitude. Rees. h min. see h. min. sec 6 0 36 15.7 ENCAMPMENT IN DESERT VALLEY, AMONG BLACK ROCKY < ° Determination of longitude, December 26, 1843—altitude fe a Lyre. . - OBSE RVATION. Double altitude of a Lyre. Time of chronometer. Deg. min. sec. o. ho mim. . 46 49 00 6 55 Index error = + 1 min. 40 see. * one : RESULT OF CALCULATION. h. min. sec. he. min. — see. @ “SI 13 0 34 §=—-05.5 oi See ” “ + Py , coe ey Se 464 7 “ENCAMPMENT IN DESERT VALLEY, AMONG BLACK ROCKY HILLS. =e Determination of latitude, December 26, 1843—alfi tude of Polaris. OBSERVATION. Z ' Double altitude of Polaris. Time of chronometer. Deg. min. sc. 87-281 50 ‘ Index error = ++ 1 min. 40 sec. See) ce . 2 RESULT: OF CALCULATION. : True altitude. Mean time. Latitude. Deg. min. sec. h. mhin. see. Deg. min. see. oe 43. 30.. 44 6 25 Bz. 4 00 09 “CAMP. OF. DECEMBER 29-00 € Determination of ee Deceenter wi 1843—altitudes of Polaris. 2 ‘J ESS i Deuble altitudes of Polaris. CAMP OF DECEMBER 29-30. Determination of longitude, Decem/er 29, 1843—altitudes of « Cygni.- « OBSERVATIONS. ‘Double altitudes of a Cygni. Time of chronometer. ‘ Deg. min. seer re ee 50 BO hen 12. 79 27 00 21 25.0 79 07 40 22 21.0 78 33 20 24 08.0 Mio ET 10 | 25 16.0 Index error == ++ 1 min. 40 sec, RESULT OF CALCULATION. * Mean time. Advance. } Longitude. NEW YEAR’S EVE CAMP. , Determination of latitude, December 31, 1843—altitudes of Polaris: OBSERVATIONS. i ao es Double altitudes of Polaris. L Time of chronometer 8 8 Deg. min, sec. : Ih. min. see. ; 85 39. 0 rs r 8 39 ov a 46 8 50 44 : 85 38 25: 45 8 38 40 at ee 85 30 39 2¢ 85 38 20 40 29 85 37 50 41 41 85 37 10 43 85 37 30 44 34 ti Index error = -}+ 1 min. 40 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. es Pie “48 7 09 34 ee ee - * NEW YEAR’S EVE CAMP. Determination of longitude; December 31, 1843—altitudes of a Cygni. oe OBSERVATIONS. . FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES. ~ ——— Double altitudes of - Time of chronometer. || Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. a Cygni. : a © . Deg. min. sec. h. min. sec Deg. min. sec h. min. sec 76. 32 “46 7 19 318 74 U4 60 Te Siz ig od 22 01.0 St 38 27. 38.0 a 7 19 00 23. 16.5 73, 36 40 28 74 59 40 24 17.0 8-18. 36 29 30.5 74°97 85 * 25° 24,5 18°230RS 35 30 21.6 4 Index error ==4}-'1-inin. 40 sec. ————— RESULT OF CALCULATION. Mean time. Advance. Longitude. : h.- min. sec. _ hh. min. see. . 37 ©. O90 08.8 ai eK S & CAMP NEAR THE MUD LAKE. Determination of lonigitude, January 3, 1844—altitudes ofa Be a ; Ed OBSERVATIONS. : Time of chronometer. oe ae S08 bax 5 10 07.0 "ae 11 29.0 12 34.0 és ais 13 43.0 Index error = 4 1 min 45 sec RESULT OF CALCULATION. 467 pita CAMP NBAR THE MUD LAKE. Determination of latitude, January 3, 1844—altitudes of Polaris. . : OBSERVATIONS. 4 Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. ‘ ‘ | Deg. min. see. h. min. © set 84 30 7 18 18 84 35 15 20 06 s4° 35 50 ~ 92 35 15 24 40 e4 35 10 25 25 Index error = ++ 1 min. 45 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. a : ce: True altitude. Mean time. : Latitude. Deg. min: see. hs —-rins—~-80¢: Deg. min. see. — 42 17 39 6 55 31 40 48 15 CAMP NEAR THE GREAT BOILING SPRING. Determination of longitude, January 6, 1844—altitudes of: a oS Si | OBSERVATIONS. * Caos Double altitudes of « ae, & ie "Time of chronometer, F go mete He hk. + min. __ see. eS 70 1 40 7. 10 06s ee ee 10 56.0 - 47° 30 11 45.6 66 «38S 20 12 %° ‘ oe .. 6° 46 13 7.3 Index error = ++ 1 min. 48 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. Mean time. Advance. . . Loagitude. min. . 66 44 23 Oa 334 a pe . is oa a x =wltitudelitef-Polaritc ’ ‘é is ; Re : = ae E ps = ; - Wie eiora: + 1 min. 48 sec. - RESULT OF GALCULATION. = : Latitude. S Deg. min. sec. 40 39 44 e bp same station)—meridian Psa, ie tee Soe ‘ Latitude. * Pee hy { 174-7, : Si . ENCAMPMENT ON PYRAMID LAKE. Determination of longitude, January 12, 1844—altitudes of « Cygni. OBSERVATIONS. = FIRST SERIES. | ¥ SECOND SERIES. : *Dovble altitudes-of PTithe-of ‘chronometer. Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. : a Cygni. a Cygni. | Deg. min. see. h. min. set. Deg. min. se h. min Cc. 3 59 .,00 6 45 14.45 62 3 . 25 C2. ol 08.5 63 34 060 46 31.0 61 52 05.5 15 50 4724.0 6 28 45 52 53.0 6 39 49 14.5 Gl. OF BU 53 59.0 G2 -20= 25 50 =—-14.0 60°. 43°... 16 54 59.0 = Index error int + 43 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. Mean time. Advance. | ~ Longitude. | | - Determination of latitude, January 12, 1844—altitudes of Polaris. * OBSERVATIONS, : r } os Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. we min. $€C. h min. sec. 8 22 650 oe a 83 22 40 ‘ 01 39 83 22. 30 «2: SS oe aS es | 19 ; a t: < #0 eo 21 15 | 42 oe ws 60 07 46 oo 21 00 | 0s 46 83 .20 0 Oo. + sd 83 2 25 i. st : Index error = + 43 sec. ® ee a sce __. RESULT OF CALCULATION. — True altitude. * Mean time? a ee: & nat ENCAMPMENT ON SALMON _TROUT RIVER. Pt _ Determination of latitude, January 16, 1844—altitudes of Polaris. sd OBSERVATIONS. = ; Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. a: sane = : a “ Deg. min. © sec. h. min. See. : 77 21 to. 3 Il 29 a.m 77 20... 40 13 13 77 19 20. 14 32 * 77 18 50 15 43 77 18 50 16 45 77 18 25 17 59 4 77 18 00 19 12 : Aes Skeet 20 87 se 77 16 30 at fee 77 15 23 ol Index error = + 44 sec. * RESULT OF CALCULATION. : - True altitude. Mean time. Latitude. 5 ee ee he min, see. Deg. min. sec. E . o, 3 ee 2 85 “04 4 mi. 39° SI I3~ Determination of longitude, January 16, 1844—altitudes of Arcturus. ‘OBSERVATIONS. + we ce } se Double altitudes of Arcturus. : eos : = 2 eS 3h. «50 i, 4. . 35 9 «Lis = 50 —— Index error = +- 44 sec. i RESULT OF CALCULATION. 471 ENCAMPMENT ON SALMON TROUT RIVER. Determination of longitude, January 16, 1844—altitudes of Procyon. OBSERVATIONS. C474. FIRST SERIES. = SECOND SERIES. 5 oe , —Pouble altitudes of | Time of chronometer. || Double altitudes of | Tinse ef chronometer. Procyon. Procyon. Deg. min, see. h. min eg. min, sec, h. min. sec. 69 45 00 3 31.2a.m.| 67 23 50 a tes 69 16 20 2 a OL we 34 15.0 68 45 25 29 5 66 39 10 35 = 22.0 68 16 40 30 44.0 66 13 50 36 31.5 67 49 55 32 02.0 65 4 00° 37 42.0 : ‘Index error = -++ 44 sec. 3 ae RESULT OF CALCULATION. ine h. min. sec. 3 10 02 a.m. 0 Z2 20.0 CAMP ON A RIVER OF THE SIERRA NEVADA. Determination of latitude, January 18, 1844 —altitudes of P Polaris. OBSERVATIONS. et ena be ieee ei Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. Deg: min. sec. he min. see. 75 51 50 6 39 a. m 75 Sl 45 22 25. a or) ee 24. 07 75 53 00 25 639 75 52 50 ge 2T 10 75 53 00 23 «3 “ ~~ me * —- - = Index error — + 44 sec ; RESULT OF CALCULATION. end nlp a — Deg. min. sec. hs min. sec. 37° 38> 32 6 08 17am. ee Ne ee ns Se eee ee : * aga a Oe { 174 ] - AT2 ~ CAMP ON A RIVER OF HE SIERRA NEVADA. Determination of longitude, January 18, 1844—altitudes of « Leonis. » » OBSERVATIONS. . . ~ Double altitudes of a Leonis. Time of ae Deg. min. sec. hi Win. 8G ree 12 30 6 32 13.0 a. m. if 61 31°00 34 05.0 60 28 30 . 36 48.5 3 . _ Index error — +- 44 sec. e. : ne A * RESULT.OF CALCULATION. Mean time. - Advance. Longitude. RES SER | . hh. min. see he min. see 6 13 59 a. m. 9 0 3.0 x : “a = ~ nai = o lnsituae aes * 18, 1844—altitudes ofa tee aoe + Se OBSERVATIONS. . Double altitudes of a Lyre. Time of chronometer. ATB [ A%4~}. SECOND ENCAMPMENT ON A’RIVER OF THE SIERRA NEVADA. Determination of longitude, January 19, 1844—altitudes of a Cygni. OBSERVATIONS. 4 Double - gad of a Cygni. Time of chronometer. ® Deg. min. see. h. min. — see. 60 54 50 6 35 59.0 60 27 25 37 23.5 60 10 20 38 18.0 59 oF 35 39 15.0 59 32 30 40 18.0 Index error = ++ 45 sec. z . % ; RESULT OF CALCULATION, Mean time. : Advance. Longitude. Se & h. «min... see. he min. see. 6 18 é ball * “Determination of longitude, January 19, 1844—altitudes of « Xa eee OBSERVATIONS. @ Double altitudes of a Orionis. Time of chrononitter. ; - min sec h. mn sec. ae 24 «00 7 6 73° 52 50 i 02 14 i25e 50 47.0 i 74 i248 ~ 90 04 «58.0 RESULT OF CALCULATION. he min. see. ee PAS. 36.8 [174] SECOND ENCAMPMENT ON A RIVER OF THE SIERRA NEVADA. Determination of latitude, January 19, 1844—altiludes of Polaris. “- 474 OBSERVATIONS. Double altitudes of Polaris. Time ot chronometer. ¥ Deg. min. sec. h. min, sec. 81 32. 10 6 43 20 sl. 32 00 45 81 31 20 46 06 81 31 25 47 26 sl 30 45 48 36 “Bl ~~~ Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. = —™S a ee Deg.” min. ~ sec. goes — a 1: : 5 ‘ 90. 10 45 $1. 241 a0. 10 15 10 «15 33 80 09. 40 35 OL 09 20 suas 80 «=. «08 40 37 30 80 0s 00 38 59 a. GF 10 40 40 Index error — -+ 50 sec. =e RESULT OF CALCULATION. a nn a [174 ] 476 | FOURTH ENCAMPMENT, NEAR A GAP. Determination of longitude, January 22, 1844—altitudes of Procyon. OBSERVATIONS. ‘ Double altitudes of Procyon. Time of chronometer. Deg.. min. sec h. man. — see. 56. 87 90 . 7 57 34 20 53 51 58 13 25 55 39 Index error = +150 sec. 4 RESULT OF CALCULATI ON. : ‘Mean time. Advance. Longitude.” he. min. sec kh. min sec 7 36 Ol 0 a7 52.8 ae CAMP ON A — BRANES THE STREAM OF ENCAMPMENT OF ao of latitude, — 28; 1844—altitudes me Polaris. “e “ a * OBSERVATIONS. cc gee =e Ll — Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. Deg. min. — sec. h. min. — see. 79 44 50 r a yf 2S 58 44-40, 25 (kT 43 45 ee, OCae 79 42 45 28 04 40 gg 29 OL. 79 42 40 30 07 79 41 at: 3 79 41 10 3% SB: : 79 30 Se ae 7m 25 4 Index error = ++ 50 sec.- RESULT OF CALCULATION. | Aut pip CAMP ON A SOUTHERN inusie 1 OF ue STREAM OF ENCAMPMENT OF Deter mauation wf longitude, fa es 23, dad alivedes of Procyon. 5: OBSERVATIONS. FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES. ; 2 om: Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. Procyon. Procyon. - Deg. min. sec he min. see. Deg. min, sec. he min. — sees § 57 20 7 33 4).5- 55 4 10 < f 43 6.0 64." 2é: 3 53.4 55 ns - - 66 44. 02.2 54 45 20 40 49.0 56 20 00 4 59.5 5D. Ue = we 41 36.4 56 = 41 10 45 56.4 55. 20 30 3° Sis: 56 57 20 46 38.0 Index error = + 50 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. Mean time. Advance. — | Longitude. | | h. min. sec. | h: ming sec. 2.20: 12 | 0. 16 = 37.0 | re ‘ENCAMPMENT ON THE HEAD WATERS OF A STREAM. aie = nent January 24, 1844—altitudes of —, 59 ; ‘OBSERVATIONS. Double altitudes of Procyon. Time of chronometer. i Deg. min, sec. A. any 2 ee 5 20 7 37.7 = 53 36°. «15 32 «51.0. 53 45 33 §3.4 54 16 40 34 40 5 . 64 50 so 42.7 e. 55 (00S 20 36 36.0 d aie d x error =+ 43. sec. tigen was RESULT OF CALCULATION. he min, see. oe Os 16-5 967.8 de ge raimey A478 ENCAMPMENT ON THE HEAD WATERS OF A STREAM. Determination of latitude, January 24, 1844—altitudes of Polaris. OBSERVATIONS. Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. De min. Set. h. min, sec 7 11 00 | Pe 79 Ae: 08 | 42° - 1h, 79 +1 00 43 36 79 «#08 «25 | 45 03 2 79 07 35 | 47 13 79 07 20 48 2z ’ 79 #406 40 49 55 79 05 45) j 51 18 79 05 00 ; / 52 36 79 04 30 53 56 # ; Index error — ++ 48 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. True altitude. Mean time. ‘ Latitude. Deg. min. sec. h. min. sec. Deg. min. sec. 39 33 T 3l 29 38° 24° 28 CAMP ON A LARGE STREAM. Determination of longitude, January 26, 1844—allitudes “f the sun. OBSERVATIONS. FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES. od #e Double altitudes of the sun’s lower limb. Time of chronometer. || Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer. ’s low : 52 00 29.05... 50 15 30 . 25 AO 29 39 00 h. min. 9 35 35 36 Deg. 39 40 40 40 er limb. min. see. 50 «= «88 58 05 07 10 16° 85 25°. 46 23.7 37 «453.0 38 =. 28.3 39 —«O1.5 3936. =. -> (eer 4 PONA E STREAM. Determination of isciesen 26, 1844—meridian altitudes of the sun. OBSERVATIONS. Double altitudes of the sun’s lower limb. i Time of chronometer. * - Deg. min. sec. he min. sec. & 65 18 50 0 23 44 65 19 00 25 00 65 15 27 10 65 2. 36 28 19 65 20 00 29 54 65 19 50 31 04 65 19 30 32 31 65 18 15 34 03 65 17 05 35 07 65 16 15 36 21 Index error — + 50 sec. = Bs RESULT OF CALCULATION. True central altitude. pane time = transit. Latitude. #. Deg. min. — sec: ’ he mins ~ see: 4 32 55 *20 0 28 BS I] . oe, aa Determination of longitude, January 26, se atu ateip Srom the moon’s Jirst limb to Ven OBSERVATIONS ote CIRCLE. _ © Time of chronometer. Circle reading, aie he min. see. * Deg. min. sec. | is . o" ee US : en ee Gag 2 59° «57 ; ee - a : Fe. OL Oy. 5 scl Ofe. 27 03. 54 04: 58 5 06. 15 igo. 07 06 - aa 09 4619 10. 18 ‘ 1 25 S : 13. (QF See 13 "3p eee 35" 40 eae ea ee RESULT OF CALCULATION. True distance. Mean time at Greenwich. ~ Longitude. e z 2g. =min. ‘SEC. min. — 8 Deg. min. st. a 3 4 57 488 oS eae ees fs sos a Es coins on A TARGE STREAM. . _ Determination Kf latitude, January 26, 1S44—allitudes of Polaris s : =. ee sabe * sai “ae or ¥ 3 ; ~ ; 9 * x & nae : : = 480° : eas ee onelivarions 2 ees si ae } : z + Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. ie - Deg. min. see h. ig. see: . 7 53 30 T 3b oF a 78 63 5 42-02 = 4 ie | ee Bee 43 08 ae 18s SI 980°, 44-42 aS 1" ST 15 2? 46 «19 £ ‘; ‘ > . DEDESTAGPDES- ae . i Pa, 3 : oo *> ® ‘ _FIMST SERIES. ~ le SEQOND SERING. we * pees — oem oe v7 Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. Double altitudes of | Time of+chronometer. t Procyon. Procyon. |. ‘ » , oe See Pee ; : = “i * Deg. min.” sec. h. min. sec. || Deg. min. see. he min. dee. 6 00... 7 08 oO 4) 63° 0b «0G Peeves = 2G 61 44. 20 4 09 * 33.0 ih 63. 2&0 é 14 03.4 . 62 08; 15 « *. 173970 | 63 ag OR 14% 56.5 . 62 26 40 p Mg 262 64 .07 00 eS. 2 6Le ‘ 62 45.- 40 2° 183 |; 64 Se 16 | 52.0" * e “ Index error = 4-52 sec. Jee *, pee ie: RESULT OF CALCULATION. ‘ peti = is a - : ae See a 4 3 ss Mean time. be _ Retard. t « ‘Longitude. Dai A 3 ‘a Ces 4 . Ree h. min. — see. he. min. sec. at oe 7 -—. o 0 (85 Se xe | es { ; ' * Pe * SS = “Tr a Determination s latitude, Jainary 30, 1844—allitudes of Fiolaris. OBSE RV ATEONS. [ 174 + 382. a e is wk ¢ or” a +. - Finer cAMP IN THE PASS OF THE SIERRA NEVADA. pa. a of latitude, Fed. 5, 1e44—Smeridian altitudes Ue the sun. ‘ ere % fo _ OBSERVATIONS. a, Ms a *; . ” Double altitudes of the sun’s lower — Time of chronometer. ; , Deg. min. sec hk. min, sec ‘ - 70 O2 - 35 6 4 « . 7 03 es | ol 52 - 70 $4... 28 * 04 #834 4 70 404 «40 bie 05 19 70" 982 15 a 06 808 * 5 20° Ot. 45 ‘ A ; . 06 59 A * 70 O04 40 f 07. 44 ‘ P 70. «04" «20 ‘ 08 25 * zs : 70 04» 0925 . 7 04 #400 10 57 ‘ . 76 * 08 . 35 ‘ 12 03 ° 70° 02 50 is: SR poms rs - . bd ~ Index error = ++ 52 sec. c » RESULT OF CALCULATION. = ™ ; True central altitude. _Apparent time of transit Latitude -" a ae Deg. min. — sec. h. min. _ sec. = min. see. * kas & 49 0 06 49° 42 26 7 Determination of longitude, February 5, 1844—altitudes of the sun. “OBSERVATIONS. a a FIRST pare. SECOND SERIES. ! altitudes of the | Time of chronometer, | _ altitudes of the| Time of chronometer. sun’s lower limb, s lower limb. + a ake may +e ¢ : THE LONG CAMP. pe sca ap tongitel,’ February 14, 1844—altitudes of Procyon ee tte sss * i J i ‘ ed * Double altitudes of Procyon. Time of chronometer. % = *” é ‘ - Deg. min. sec. h. min sec. : ; ‘ ot : 6 02. o 77 «=638—Ss(O0 ' 49 82.0 iz ~ ee ee 50 28.0 . 78: Bas: AO tm 51 zs p _ a a ee 52 a 2 x . “or Sn ' Index error = + 52 sec. * RESULT OF CALCULATION. : a Mean time Retard. Longitude. © | he. min. see. h. min. sec. Deg. min. sec. * 7 oO. eS . 12 6.1 120 57 si 4 =~ » Determination of latitude, February 14, 1844—altitudes of Polaris. * OBSERVATIONS. . 2 Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. ve a ; rn : 06 20 = ow ig: 6 is 6s yice pe ‘ 79 05 «30 . 79 #03 #50 = a 79 03. 20 * 79 02 - 00 Ks 79 OL 35 =" 79 00 50 oe ee 10 « 00 00 78 58 35 “ - ‘é Index error = -+ 52sec. ‘a Foe _- RESULT OF CALCULATION. _ aie ae : —- é True altitude. ~ + * Mean time. f = - ae * . Deg. min. q hk. min. “see. 39 804 fs imo.” = baie # Ae — = eee * ‘ ad ans iis titudes of the a ; Se "OBSERVATIONS... oe ? re oo ee : - ah Sag RESULT OF mines, <0 <= ’ ~ a - ty 483 - eo Pa THE : Lond gh 5 a . Determination. a iatiggute, February 19, 13M—-meridian altitudes of : . . ¥ OBSERVATIONS. - " s a : — ; e« Double altitudes of the sun’s lower limb. Time of chronometer. i ee be Pig min. sec , hh. =omin. see - Ine 20 a “ i) 17 51 54 79 #419 ~#«10 ) 5244 ? 79 1g 65 i 53 27 ms 9 0:45 5410 79 20 63. 55 21 So 79 ot 20. 56 15 79 21 20 57 32 21 50 58 25 79 21 55 ; 59 15 ; 79 05 gr ‘6 eee aa = 6 ae ol ww 7 79 21 45 02 09 1 35 02 f 79 21 20° s 03 55 79 20 605 05 14 * 7 00. 06 09 79° aa 30 07 39. 3 : Index error — ++ 50 sec. obeel s&h Xe st RESULT OF CALCULATION, te wi celia + . pry % a ae ee ome True ec tr 1 tit de A ; he ent th ae of tran it. 4 +. ; 39 66°-~ 36 11 59 30 x iy z 7 ee ; 2 2 * a . *€ A : . =f |S 2 me a ol * " we * bi — Leg 2 ‘fens? ® vs * £ ge: * sal = a = + Pre Suen a % Pe e * * d 4 ae x Be + . “a . % “~ " * * —_ ; . ( ¥ os i lis 1 86 , ol ' 4 : CAMP ON THE RIO DE Los AMERICANOS, (HIGH IN THE MOUNTAIN.) ; ‘ie & Bet nction of longitwa e, Febuary 24, 1844—altitudes of o 5 doa onewev Prion ; of Double altitudes of a Lyre. . _» Time of chronometer. ee “4 = - Deg. min. sec. h.. min. 8ee. “ 81 00 3 42 52.4 a. m. 81 wa oé 44 30.0 7 Ss 45 45 40.6 82 50 ; 46 46.3 : -— @& 3 ‘ 48 18.6 * Index error = + 50 sec. j . RESULT OF CALCULATION, secant hot “= wipe et alle eM Mean time. Retard Longitude. h. min. see. i sec. Deg. min. + 4 00 55am. G16: W738 190 «St 20 Determination of latitude, February 24,1844—altitudes of Polaris. ae F . OBSERVATIONS. 3 os Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. Pd PU. Bee, 74 20 3 08 a. m. 74 45 10 56 00 74 46 00 58 04 : - se SO. 34 te m 7” 46. 30 . ee ee oa a, a" eS it. rg : * ee sae . * _ _- Index errer — + 50 sec. s ie * : # RESULT OF CALCULATION. | ‘ * » . Latitude. sa - a min, sec. " 46, 58 oy * Se * ow 487 — [ Wi. yo P NUEVA HELVETIA. ar . Determination of time, March 10, 1844—altitudes of the sun. : % . j OBSERVATIONS. ° ts. FImaT SERIES. SECOND SERIES. bd ‘ | Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer. | Double altitudes of the Time of chronometer. _sun’s lower limb. | sun’s lower limb, if ; * + : Deg. min. see. h. min. sec | Deg. min. sec. h. min. see. 37 2240 15 45 $3.0..} 38 58 0 7 49 06.7 38 00 50 46 080°} 39.5: 46 49 59.0 38 14 50 47 08.0 | . 27 50 30.5 38 2-33 10 47 59.5 40 00 51 04.4 * 38 45 45 48 33.6 | 53 51 43.0 * RESULT OF CALCULATION. w 4‘ = ue. ep Mean time Retard. % he min sec. ‘ Ah. = min. sec. . 8 06 (88 0 "17 «38.9 ys SI Determination of latitude, March 14, 1844—meridian altitudesof the sun. OBSERVATIONS. *. sun’s lower limb. Time of chronometer. « * ‘ pa P sec. he min, ste. 40 rr 2 - 05 : ; 25 = (22 50 ww & * 00 33 28 00 35 56 40 | 37 33 30 3835 50 | 46 58 30 | , 47 58 15 5200 » — , Index error = — 6 sec. ie RESULT OF CALCULATION. + = ——— . a scans EB eo ap ee * J & ee. : ‘ Be : Cs : a ‘ * at + ae * .* | Ro % . ca - ; bane _ ~ - _ 2) e: = = ee ae o oS CS SOL . ee —— ee. a le eae ; 2 * * a S ; & ; »%" vet a i “tan at ‘ ag “ae NUEVA HELVETIA . “Determination of latitude, March 14, V844enailitedes oh Polaris. . SS " OBSERVATIONS. § Pye = — Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. w = | a = 8 Deg. min. sec kh. min. sec. eS ” os 40 16) weber oti 5 Vay’ 07 . 38 1% 5m: : é . ae — 2 oe vege & < aa * ae 15 49 aq7 05 00 16 56 vea7 00 8 16 72h ey ar | 02 560 19 27 af i f ol 50 20 31 * b 20 77 Ol 40 21 5h 8.28 77 00 23 33 * # S oe a Index error =~. eee. ‘ a. — RESULT OF CALCULATION. 4 —_ 3 wae . True altitude. Mean time. Latitude. be min. sec. * h. | min. sec. Deg.. min. _ sec. 3 ; 3l 01 Z 37 ¢2 38 34 45 t Determination or latitude, Merck 15, 1844—meridian altitudes of thesun. - ee "3 ~ Double slits of the sun’s lower limb. Time of chronometer. . _ Ps a ‘ 7 ay <* id * ‘el | ; De. min. sé. kh. mim. see. + ‘ ’ mg 35 30 Il 42 37 : 43. 41 : 9% «38 ie ' 45 09 “ 28 36 20 46 02 Ss 2% 10 2. 98 39 20 4831 98 39 20 .. Ft = 50 38 "4 a ee Bl 24 9 38 40 Fe * 98 38 . 30 S 2 a - 06-34 -. 15 54.98. 5 * ‘ 6 232 - 15 | sss RESULT OF CALCULATION. ~ , Sibi Fo ect Fee ti A Care 4 — 2 — q * Pani = ’ : 489 ’ [odie d & = + = a « a ‘ NUEVA HELVETIA. ” Determination of time, Murch 16, 1844—altitudes ic the sun. “ : OBSERVATIONS. ; nae FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES. oe ro *. altitaide es of the Pag of chronometer. | Dou ble altitudes of the | Time of chronometer. son 's tower limb. ; sun’s lower limb. : é 2 - min. see. h. min. sec. Deg. min. sec. h. min. see. tas a . ee ~ 40 7 48 23.2 44° 2 10 7 72550. +509 40 00 “48 58.5 44 31 35 51 20.4 = 50 = «00 49 27.4 44>" 42 00 51 53.0 #4 «00 10 49 54.0 44 56 30 52 30.4 A 443 12 40 50 28.6 45 O07 60 53 00.5 ” Index error = — 5 sec. ey iat > @ ® RESULT OF CALCULATION. : ag ge Mean time Retard. # : - he min sec. A, in. set. 8 10 39 om 0 19 52.0 Index error — + 8 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. ae True central altitude Apparent time of transit. Latitude. - * ro . min. sec. h. min. sec. Deg. min. sec. =, S28. Il 46 55 36. $5 15 - a ae s + ee hand 22d of March = 33° 34’ 42”. ¥ [47% J | 490 NUEVA HELVETIA.* Determination of time, March 22, 1844—allitudes of the sun. OBSERVATIONS. . FIRST SERIES. SECORD SERIES, Time of chronometer. |; Double eines of the | Time ef chronometer. Double altitudes of the sun's lower limb. sun’s lower limb. = min, set. h. min, see. Deg. min, sec. kh. min: me 46 31 10 7. 43. 32.5 47 21 . 50 7 45. 528 46.41 35 44. 00.0 4% 329 . 20 46 234 46 50 00 44. 22.5 47. 38. 10 46. 36. 47 04 20 45 04.0 47.45 . 50 46. 56.4 4% 014. 45 A5 32.0 4% ae55 210 AY. 20.6 Index. error = + 8 sec. ™ RESULT OF CALCULATION. Mean time. Retard. 7 ; : 3 : A. ait. sec. . he min. sec. i 8 08 23 ae 0 22» 50.2 . ‘ & ENCAMPMENT ON THE RIO DE LOS MUKELEMNES. | Determination a longitutle, March 25, 1844—altitudes of the sun- OBSERVATIONS. FIRST SERIES. j SECOND SERIES. ‘ - Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer. || Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer. fed sun’s lower limb. sun s lower limb. Deg. min. sec. h. min. see. Deg. min. sec h. ‘min. sec. 25 3 80. .49.6 51 19 10 3 [8 «(214 & 06 15 Si. 20.5 sn =e $3 «42.5 . 5 2 10 31 54 st 606 34. COLL St at 6 32 26.0 52 66 84 x] - 51 oe 51.0 50 44 8 “34 56.8 Index error = + 10 sec. * * RESULT OF CALCULATION. a 2.) . 491 'e [174 J $ - os ENCAMPMENT ON THE RIO DE LOS MUKELEMNES. Determination of latitude, March 25, 1844—altitudes of Polaris. OBSERVATIONS. Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. e on x Beg. min. sec. h. min. — ste. 75 32 30 7 22 23 . 75 31 25 23 28 $ 75 29 50 25 10 75 29 25 26 07 75 28 40 27 22 75 27 40 28 21 75 26 00 29 51 75 26 40 31 14 75 24 45 32 21 vis 23 45 33 10 Index error = + 10 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. True altitude. Mean time. Latitude. Deg. min. see. h. main. see. Deg. min. see. 37 42 52 7 53 21 38 08 23 ENCAMPMENT ON THE RIO DE LAS CALAVERAS. Determination of longitude, March 26, 1844—altitudes of the sun. OBSERVATIONS. FIRST SERIES. | SECOND SERIES. 7 Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer. | Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer. sun’s lower limb. sun’s lower limb. } Dez. min. sée. h. min Deg. min. see min. s€c. 06 00 3 53° 06 3 ao 603.5 5 51 -@& 26 §2 58. 70 29 «© 22.5 52. 37 50 52 ¢ 36 29 48.7 i 28 2 10 30 14.0 53 15 10 28 6&2 26 10 30 49.4 Index error = - 12 sec. is RESULT OF CALCULATION. . Mean time, Retard. Longitude. — Ramee , ‘ a he min. | see. he min. S€e. ‘ $ SO 168 137 3 ae a 16. i ee « i ae ee [4744 ape 492, : Eeciabeitirr ON THE RIO DE LAS CALAV BRAS. Determination of latitude, March 26, 1844—altitudes of Polaris. OBSERV! ATI ONS. Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. Deg. min. sec. h.. min. — sé 75 14 35 7 2 33 75 14 10 24 ss mM 1% 16 26 «OT 7 i 40 | 27° 30 = if 00 29° (07 a ee | E 30 32 7 08 3220 7% of 40 a3* a 75 05 30 ae * 75 35 37 23 in : ? slag =: Index error = -+- 12 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. True altitude. Mean time. Latitude. Deg. min. sec. hk. min, sec. Deg... min.....see.. 37. 3 OS : 562 | 38 02 48 ee ee ee aes ON STANISLAUS RIVER. Determination of latitude, March 28, saints of Polaris. OBSERVATIONS. ris Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. - Deg. min. sec h. min, — sec. 74 07 090 7 55 32 es ee! 56 = 52 “4 « “3 ee 74 06 0 boi 5 16 = = = : &. ooggo- 8 20 01 37 cs oo ww 03 «22 as ec. OS 05 03 . 73 59 50 * 06 22 73 58 a0 Ss 08 38 Index error == + 12 sec. ™ RESULT oF. CALCULATION. “Mean time. - jars eA a Sete as bs eae Sh ees). ee f: + : : — : 6 a i ee een : ; eee ee 4 493 a 5 y Se: $5 ~ tak, DE ET FON Tet he ¢* Rae i *s Eg ENCAMPMENT ON. STANISLAUS RIVER. Determination of ee March 28, 1844—altitudes of Capella. : OBSERVATIONS. . ! * | - ; FIRST SENIES. SECOND SERIES. Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. apella. z Capella. Deg. min., sec. h. min. — see. Deg. min. sec. he. min. — s€e. Ba 91 ~ 02 245 8 1} 31.5 ss 48 50 8 18 €5.0 © =g0 34 20 12 54.0 $8. 27. 50 19. 06.3 30-01 | :40 14 30.0 gs ‘Hl 00 19 7.5 89 59 20 15. 35.5 87 47 10 21 08.0 ¥ 15. 30 16 46.0 86 39 40 24° 36 ee . Index error’ — 4-12 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. Mean time. Retard. Longitude. h nis 80x he min Sc. Deg... min... see. 8 41 27 69 8 121 07 “ ee i "SECOND ENCAMPMET ON STANISLAUS RIVER. Determination of longitude, Murch 31, 1844—altitudes of the sun. | Gee : —— OBSERVATIONS. BE sg = a 7 ‘ ene psn inane , Double — of the sun’s lower limb. Time of chronometer Deg Shin Sec. h. thin. — see. é Se a 34 30.0 | as 15 56 35 005 52 00Ss«10 35 42.6 | i sw 36 05.4 St .40 50 3633.4 a m4 7 , oe coed _ SECOND ENCAMPMENT oN STANISLAUS RIVER. Determination of latitude, March 31, 1844—altiludes of Polaris. : OBSERVATIONS. < Double altitudes of Polaris. S Time of chronometer. Deg. min. sec. hk. min. sec. 73 46 00 8 04 57 73 44 50 06 2 73 44 25 * 638 00 73 43 25 09 15 73 43 10 Il 23 73 Al 15 12 23 73 40 15°45 vo ee 40 15 16 73 on 16 18 73 38 10 17 37 ; Index error = + 10 sec. * RESULT OF CALCULATION. ae True altitude. Mean time. Latitude. 3 min. see. hs tin. see. Deg. min. sec. 49 46 s 42 20 37 15 43 > ENCAMPMENT oN A LARGE TRIBUTARY TO SAN JOAQUIN RIVER. Determination ea latilude, April 3, see Polaris. OBSERVATIONS. Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. Deg. min. sec. h. min. © sec. 43 35 30 7 09 69 73 34 «20 or. 4 I it 37 73 32 00 ie be §5 73 00 14 07 ae te | 31 16 3 73 30 «15 Me. 7 2, 73 «429 ~=—(30 7 at 73 28 25 19 14 73...27 20 ) 20. 23 nee a Index “a =f 18 we sec. ‘ RESULT OF CALCULATION. Mean time.” « mee “ae ” sec. y * Pig ei + "s J & 495 A -.' c 14], » ENCAMPMENT ON aan TRIBUTARY TO SAN JOAQUIN RIVER. Determination of longitude, April 3, Wh dis qlee 4 of Arcturus, + OBSERVATIONS. * a -_ t *, # FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES. be EERE 2 2 Double altitudes of Time of chronometer. Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. Arcturus. Arcturus. | : . ” 7 Deg. min. sec h. min. — sec. Deg. min. see. h. min. — sec. S@ 43° -.50 8 90 48.5 -54 00 | 8 05 §2.5 % 53 12 25 | 2 02.0 55 682 06 64.0 5 38 00 03 06.0 55 34 15 ae 07 58.6 ' 54 01 00 04 04.4 55,:.56...30. gee 08 58.0 Ba 04 ~~. «58.4 56 26 30 10 10.5 bal ‘ RP PE I Be a ae eT e+ * . = _ 15 sec. ‘ a : * RESULT OF CALCULATION. % t _ Mean time. Retard. | Longitude. ¥ * | 2 | 3 \ min. see | he min. sec. | Deg. min. see. e:<36 4% 0 “8 3 120 58 ‘ | ‘ ENCAMPMENT ON SAN JOAQUIN. RIVER, © a Deter mination of latitudes April 4, Lt ltudeah Polar re = OBSERVATIONS. . A a eee eT tie it Re ‘ pitas ~» Double altitudes of Bolaris. 4 Time of chronometer. « . : ; eae be = = Deg. min. © sec. a in dee. 1% ie 53 i 20 ‘ 7 ‘i 26 28 + ot een). eds St” BO —p0 29 72 50 pO “ 31 57 72 650 00 133 9 84 ; = 4 45 ¢ “2885 O16 vs 4 47 10 “36 52 . ; 72 467 16 a” 33 ; : ee 393 2 44 20 27 S aie "RESULT OF CALCULATION. aa * ee 2 = | Pe aa Deg. min. sec. «5. san ee. ‘i 36 23 4 8 06 27 . ——— ed Se ee s ae wh, * <2 -exGhuewent ON SAN JOAQUIN RIVER. — ‘+ = pecan of longtlude, vapri 4, 184 1—altitudes of Arcturus. SS ; OBSERVATIONS. a & + * ED Double altitudes of Arcturus. | : - Mo anePE Ky BAR | owe oa esters. Index error =+ 20 sec. Ae + RESULT OF CALCULATION. ae ee a : ones ote Ee * ET AP ROU ESIC es SS ee a #6 Fj * & Ty : Mean time. ; Ot ORetéird.< 05S: Longitude. “he min. see. he min. seey Deg. min. set. 5 06 “ae Gen a ee 120 _ 45 a ica of, ike $4 es tte ge Fae a = ae of chronometer. - a s SERees el ee Soe Po * . pe on Te ct + not ates ta tis SE ETS COO, OES ae aS ee oe + < ee sg Pee “| ; . : . ; ' 2s rh [ iT# I ‘ - “SECOND ENCAMPMENT ON SAN | N RIVER. Determination Of longitude, April 5, 1844—altitudes of etierriis. ; : er _ OBSERVATIONS. ; ‘ FIRST SERIES. ” SECOND SEEIES. —-- — = Cans Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. || Double altitudes of} Time of ehtonometer. © Arcturus. Arcturus. ele ae ¢ in Deg. min. see. h. min, sec. || Deg. min. sec. ~ de min. sec. 57 46 | - 3 060 | 62 26 YO Se Mid 496 58 38 05 15.5 | 62 52 15 50.0 eat a € 06 319 63 Je 10 Me: 16 498 oo a0 45 CO 07 27.0 63 47 20 ws 1 6.4 12. -35 | 09) 10.6 00 : 19 48.4 | ' ¥ * ~ Index error = ++ 20 sec. 4 » = RESULT OF CALCULATION. — e* rs al -2hetBa, | Gt aad = Mean time. ae Retard. i 4 Te oe ' z ' i, ais --Rgeaeememeet Fa : a ee he > min. — see. | h. min: see. Deg. min. ~ . 9x5 460.036 0 33 55,1 120. -38.*' O TS Ba Z — _. ENCAMPMENT ON THE. LAKE FORK, (OF THE TULARE oe * Determination of longitude, «ipril- 8, a a i ihe * OBSERVATIONS. ee, + : 4 es eee eee ® ee : maaan ‘ i Sa a ee ee et . ; V_atgitiot £ Gy aghee tile elitr fT ‘Peay - 498 ; ENCAMPMENT ON THE LAKE FORK, (OF THE TULARES.) ~ Determination of latitude, April 8, 1844—altitudes of Polaris. , + 4 OBSERVATIONS. Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. ; % Deg. h. min. © sec ya 15 15 21 2 *% “ge 3 : 25 ©*07 mm Wo aio 26 639 ee : aan mA 7 . ee en -_-_Index error = +4- 35 sec. Bs + * RESULT OF CALCULATION. True altitude. Mean time. Latitude. wong ee 5 sais | ~ Dez. min. 82. h. min. — see. Deg. min. see. 35. 35 > 8 02 36 36: . 24... 60 = tion of longitude, April 8, 1844—altitudes of Arcturus. ~ Shee ; Ske * : Fe OBSERVATIONS. : * . * = ty £ : Double altitudes of Arcturus. Time of chronometer. . . 4 . Z ai ——————— eo; ... gee nets < "7 “et + i . min. - see. A. min.” sec. : ‘e 03 15 7 ww We : - 30 34 (89.5 2 * Ris 53 : 20 * . 36 08.0 ; ae 37. 49.0. * cf 28 Sy oe 38 «57.0 . sal © . ee a sailice Pape é a et ee ee > g Index error = + 35 sec. é " ‘ . RESULT OF CALCULATION. ; ce. : —— * 2 P a e 3 : 499 [ 174] ote mess ON A SMALL STREAM, AFFLUENT TO THE LAKE TULARES. Pettiominadion of latitude, April 9, 1844—altitudes of 5, 6 4 ‘ an OBSERVATIONS. — F Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. * . —— ee Deg. min. sec. h. min. see. 70 20 00 7 50 44 19 20 x 52 11 70 18 40 53 414 -— 7 ‘30 55.2 ~ wey 70 17 00 57 16 Index error — + 30. sec. ‘ RESULT OF CALCULATION. 2 * == Sean S eee T ong ~ True altitude. Mean time. Latitude. + eer eee Deg. min. sec. | h. min. sec. Deg. min. sec. | 8 33 39 36 08 38 ” Determination of longitude, April 9, 1844—altitudes of Arcturus. + oe OBSERVATIONS. PES A eae » & Double altitudes of Arcturus. Time of chronometer. Deg "min. get. h. min. see. . ae eee) 8 03 04.5 me te 7 67 07 ~=—«10 04 ~=—«40. » oS 2.7 06 06:7 ‘ Wz: 463.4 07 (18.6 pga SF CROO 005, ae 08 =: 30.0 eee id % eens “Index error = ++ 30 sec. ee ie i RESULT OF CALCULATION. Nery ee ~~ "‘Miéan time. Retard. <. Longitude. ie : f ‘i k: * « * te a see. h. min. sec mit. 800» sa 0 40. 005 wm & ¢ = — te s e saben ng etn ae oS . a . secon BNCIEMENT ON A SMALL STREAM, AFFLUENT TO eae TULARES. : _Balegagincti ion n of latitude, April 10, _ of Polaris. ail es OBSERY. ATIONS. “ ce Double altitudes o is. | ie . : anal ae - rs = " ; as 2 =. ——— 5 69° a 69 aE & 30 «00 | 2- 30 * 769 26 50 ; 69s. 26- 10 ‘ ’ . 69- 25 40 : 69 25 7 es SS 86 : 69 23 10 = Index error — + 30 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. ; ee NS ns eee . a Tr rue wshitade. | as time. | Latitude. 5 | , ‘ = Se ; = a A ¥} eh, - a* ag ee a A. sec. | Deg. min. sec. = “ 8. ‘50. 50 Sa 3 4910 Mie ican’ of Di gil ude, an Z 10, 1844 altiludes of tras i caenis 3 gain Ss. wR ee Fi | bi -s - . FIRST SERIES. = SECOND SERIES. Time of chroaometer. . “Tine af cian, ase Arcturus. oe — ; ? : 4 ' . 501 C174 j ENCAMPMENT NEAR PASS CREEK, IN THE SIBRRA NEVADA MOUNTAINS. + Determination of latitude, April V3, 1844—altitudes of ite by OBSERVATIONS. een — a Tt dee OPP laze. ' Time of chronometer. see = hs min. ‘see. ~~ =e 14 15 3 25 40 25 « a -) 00 6 2 48 15 30 03 50 ; 3° 00 3 33 30 00 35 21 t = 00 : 26 eh RESULT oF CALCULATION. _ True‘altitude. | Mean time. Latitude: : | — | : » Deg. min. sec. t h. min. see. De. min. sec. - 34° «17 12 oF 15°" 53 . 17 12 ‘ cieceitins, em pas 3 Determination of longitude, April 13, 1844—altitudes of Arcturus. OBS ERVATIONS. : aie f 174] 502 . ENCAMPMENT ON A SMALL STREAM, EAST OF THE SIERRA NEV. ADA.| Determination of latitude, April 14, 1844—altitudes of Polaris. OBSERVATIONS. — Double altitudes of Polatis. © min. sec. S* 16 30 Ss a 68 13 50 ‘y 68 13 a 68 13 10 68 = «12 10 : > @ w- Le * ae 68 10 40 3 ; 68 09 25 . 68 oR 25 | 2 Index error = +- 30 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. True altitude. Mean time. Latitude. Deg. min. sec. h.- mi see. mg = * 34 05 00 8 Ps oe : % nf a Determination of lanaiiude, “Aprit 14, 1844—altitudes of Bolires -P opsERVATIONS. FIRST SERIES. * SECOND SERIES. Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. Arcturus. Arcturus. h. min. 38 Deg. min. sec. h. min, see. 7 26 59.0 } @h. 4%, 40- : & Ba ‘ 65 26 30 34 42.0 29 41.0 65 48 00 35 = 33.5 66 09 4 36 = 26.0 31 0 32-30 37 22.0 | ss ane } Bite : Index error — +- 30 sec. ‘ core . ‘ RESULT OF CALCULATION. 7 r *. 2 ; i ene E Ay... Mim, ste. Deg. min. — sec- 0 46. 24.9 118 «18 (09 ied i in “ 503 . [ 174] ENCAMPMENT AT ROCK SPRING. " Determiiation of latitude, April 15,1844—altitudes of Polaris, OBSERVATIONS. Do tudes of Polaris ; Time of chronometer Deg. min. sec h. min. see. 67 30 25 7 12 54 67 30 14 26 67 28 25 16 21 67 27 30 18 07 67 26 00 q 2 51 ° a Index error = + 20 sec. x RESULT OF CALCULATION. True altitude. Mean time. Determination of longitude, April 15, 1844—allitudes of Arcturus. OBSERVATIONS. no Si, Double altitudes of Arcturus. Time of chronometer. i i ~ * : PP he -— min. see. h. min. sec. ~ , 7° 25° «(66.5 oe ww 8 ‘ 2? oe 65 0 29 0 65 3126.5 66 14 20 32 28.0 #2 $$ $$ Index error = +- 20 see. RESULT OF CALCULATION. . rd ¢ : %y : a Mean time Rated. » Longitude, r 5 h. min. sec hice MNE = BCC. P Deg. min. . -ser. Cm, 07 ' BB 2e 118 20 = 00 7 * we at & { 174 ] B04 ENCAMPMENT AT ROCK SPRING ’ Determination of longitude, April 16, 1844—altitudes Ce the sun. OBSERVATIONS. nBiiicsiiien FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES. Double atisades of the | Time of chronometer. || Double altitudes . de" : of chronometer. “~sun’s lower sun’s lower lim Deg. min. sec. h. min. see Deg. min. © sec h. min 69 59. 40 3. 27. 70 10. #5 3 57.2 69 23 = 40 35 1.0 70 20 35 37 33.2 * 69 36:200 & 35 33.2 70 31 15 37 50.5 a 69 47 50 36 6 B G45 10 38 24.6 x 69 45 i a: ape 05 38 OTE Index error — — 2 sec. 4 RESULT OF CALCULATION. Mean time. Retard. Longitude. as min. pe h. min. sec. Fo" ae BGS Delerminaies of pete April 16, 1844—meridian aPahates td the 4 sun. OBSERVATIONS. e Double altitudes of the sun’s lower limb. | Time of chronometer. Deg. min. sec. h. min. sec 130 00 ‘ II 06 03 130 47 50 07 34 50 30. é 10 130. 50. 45 Yio 130 50. 45 13 130 50 30 it 8 Pome se i 50 00 15 al 1 49 20 16 06 <5 190° 40 5 16 50 130° 47 40 17 36 130 45 30 18 53 ie 1 45 20 06 mere ese Bs . Index error = — 2 sec. * he as ies Shee - * ry : RESULT OF CALCULATION. True central altitude. || Apparent time of transit. Latitude. ees ate : Se 4 i am min. see. 41 56 ees ; [174] PRING inh Epa OF A) a AM AMO OF aie ed |STRE NG THE pieehsany of lo ngitude, April 18, welsh dinate’ sun. OBSERVATIONS. abies TH : as i. ‘ FIRST SERIES. frcoxp SERIES, Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer. || Double —a = the | Time of Chronwenebece sun’s lower limb. sun’s low: Deg min. sec. h. min : Deg. min. sec. h. min. — sec. 06 40 3 16 44.0 56 36 25 3 20 23.0 By 46 55 17 A . 16 50 a se 31 50 18 09.0 56 04 55 se 57 19 00 = To waa Dm i § $2 11.3 DY. Us, <0 19 14.3 55 50 43.0 Reo error = — 18 | sec. (ses RESULT OF CALCULATION. adi Mean time. bace. Longitude. * h. min. sec. he min. — sec. Deg. min. see. 4 10 14 0 50. —- 23.0 : 117 43 21 = % gree et of! latitude, April 18, 4S44—altigndeg of Polaris. OBSERVATIONS. ~~ Double altitudes of Polaris. Time ees fax ——<=* Deg, min. ..sec. A. 5 Min, 80 ge 66. 58 50 4.48. =@ ‘—* 66 58 lv 03 59 66 58 10 05 03 66 56 - 45 06 8636 Gi - ‘ Latitude. ob pats ‘ ae, . win see §- min. e 27 3 a oF 03 eae et " aes * ; { 174 ] eo ENCAMPMENT ON THE MOHAHVE RIVER, ON THE oa TRAIL FROM PUEBLO DE LOS ANGELES TO SANTA F Determination of longitude, April 21, as sig ake = RESULT OF CALCULATION. __ Retard. ; Longit itud Ce —_— = a oT 58.8 116 2 eas si Ail a ia 8 SCALP CAMP, ON ‘THE SPANISH TRAIL, Dederepoation. of: longitude, April 25, 1844—altitudes of ircturus. ae OBSERVATIONS. ; _ FIRST SERIES. SECOND axnree. : = + Double altitudes of || Time of chronometer. Double altitudes of Time of chronometer. Arcturus, ; Arcturus. } 3 -| ‘ Deg. min. be. © h. min. 8 Deg. min. sec. h. min. 78 43 ©50 T° 43 80 47 35 7 38 14. 7 7 TW HO if 344 Si ‘tl Feo 17 | AS65 79 41 ‘45 _ # 13 33.7 81 42 45 18 30.0 80 03 236 3 te 28:0 82 10 © 30 19 40.0 80 24 15 a 15 19.0 82 30 50 20 26:7 . © ? ‘Index error = an 7 sec. $ A ie RESULT OF CALCULATION. © SS ie Mean _ time. Ps _ Retard. + Longitude. ™ : - R Wan. “Ste. ha ee ‘ ae mt 0... 59 06,0 es ‘é =. Ronse pe Rare Rea Eee ee eee: et ae a = : a baal he min. see. Deg. min. sec. . 7 ewe a A * 116, 23° 928 * = \ é ‘ ? P See me Gage + histo aoe res ~ rata por ae : etal settee el * a es 7 Be. po = ye a : ee rere rere dh wy & cies é 2 : ie (ms 510 SCALP CAMP, ON THE SPANISH TRAIL. Determination of latitude, April 25, 1844—altitudes of Polaris. OBSERVATIONS. Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. ee Deg. min. sec. h. = min. sec. 68 00 00 7 24 35. 67 59 30 26 rai ‘ oo ae 28 fj 20 29 ig 67 57 10 30 <4 56 40 32 + 67 55 38. 051 67 55 ;40 * _ 09 bd 67 54 5 € 45 % we 67 54 00 38 Index error = — 7 sec. : aa RESULT OF CALCULATION. 3 , True altitude. . Mean time. — Latitude. : 4 - ¢ + syge ss i ail = ~ min, sec. h. min. sec. Deg. min. sec. a0 Se 8 30. 86 35 13 +08 ee : _ — = online - ye Determination of longitude, April 25, 1844—altitudes of « Lyre. 28 OBSERVATIONS. o Sas as Double altitudes of « Lyre. Time of chronometer. = Deg. min. __ see. “ h ~ “a B * i es ene te 85 62° 35 Re. 1 3 20. 0 ie hs ie Dw Sake 31.2 . * @5 655, 40 - aS, 15, 42.0 86 54 °° 20 18; ¥, 14.0 — , © 24 . rate simian: a : pe ae. Index error = — 7 sec. ¥ . re | RESULT OF CALCULATION. . Me on ti ; i I = “a . * : Ae Rh. 0 59. 144 %. 511 hae ‘ ENCAMPMENT AT HERNANDEZ SPRING. a [ 174 J _ Determination of longitude, April 29, 1844—altitudes of Arcturus. OBSERVATIONS. = FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES. ig é Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. Double altitudes of Time of chronometer. “Arcturus. Arcturus. Deg. min. *. h. min e. Deg. min. sec. h. min. see. 95 10 0 7 33 24.5 97 14 25 7 38 35.7 95 ae 30.6 97 37 30 39 33.5 96 05 30 5 35 8444.5 98 02 00 40 35.2 96 40 ‘f 36 46.5 98 29 40 41 46.0 96 . 56 15 7 37 = 48.0 98 56 30 42 61.6 or “i _ Index error = + 10 sec. “RESULT OF CALCULATION. é £ Mean time '». Retard P Longitude. * hen min. sec. z h. min. see. 8 40 12 ete | 02.0 = ee of latitude, Aprit 29, 1844—altitudes ¥ Polaris. seh. § ss OBSERVATIONS. 9 ag MT 3s "# te eh ee a. , . é = %, cia 38 Double altitudes of Polaris. . Time of chronometer. Rae et ae : $ h isi: . min. see. : wi? see E ‘ ie 58 45 . 7 49 14 si 7 Ce . 50 «25 5129 a" 68 57 —40 i ae “a t. : see 57° 680 54. 38 : 68 56 . 5 ey % : : » ? ae op ops to a ee: es hae re = =v r ee wears = ~ a * : ~ pike > | Determination’ of longtesates May 5, a of « Virginis, © zy # - =: cat . ©” oBsERVATIONS. é a . ote Double altitudes of « Virginis. i Time of chronometer. m ee : es ae a es x. : * er ae ‘ Deg. min. sec. oe » ; = - . % 2 et ae 5 : * ; 7S, 20 | {= ©; woe eS * s rf .. Index error = + 10 sec. a Spe . nnsti.t oF a = é a . | 615 | {'1747j | ENCAMPMENT ON THE RIO VIRGEN. Determination of longitude, May 6, 1844—altitudes of Arcturus. OBSERVATIONS. Double altitudes of Arcturus. Time of chronometer. Deg. min. sec. 2. h. min. — ec. oa: 2 6 6 : 23.0 86 41 00 , 34 50.0 87 10 = 00 ei BS 01.5 < , ; : Index error — ++ 10 sec. *, RESULT OF CALCULATION. Mean time. i Retard Longitude. sina ill a * h min. sec. h. min. sec. 15 1 12 30.5 \ opan® ~~ Determination of latitude, May 6, 1844—altitudes of Polaris. : ; OBSERVATIONS. a —* “ Z ~ ” Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. a - min, sec. ek ee ef 41°90 - 6 °s4°* "so “oJ 15 * 56 12 mos - 57s a ie | 59 4603 i 70 39 10 & ta ee “70 380s («40 48 ba nom ts ak. = fF , mM 10 -@ 10 0s 03 70 35 55 oo 21 u 174 ¥] = 2 O16 * ENCAMPMENT: ON THE Ro ‘VIRGEN. Deana deaiion of longitude, May 7, \844—allitudes of t the sun. OBSERVATIONS. a & if ends heb his age FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES. i | | Double altitudes of oe Time of chronometer. * Double a ‘the | Time of chronometer. low ‘ sun’s lower sun’s » Deg. hth. see. ¥ he. min. — see. 0 0! 5 oo on oy Y me ps ao CJ Qe 43 34 50 0 0 AT 66:4 43 50 00 24.3. 10 60 450. 2Be 15 49 02,9 44 24 10 | 345 ae. YO 49 31, - 41 45 | 46 a 35 50 00.0 i ‘ 6 Index error =-+- 10 sec. ss RESULT OF CALCULATION. GR RO pee RD Be armen co mers ie - = ‘ : Mean time. Retard. Longitude. a oe: 3 h. min. ~ see. h. © min. — see 6 59 58 I 12 15.5 2: ol Pe = = SECOND ENCAMPMENT ON THE RIO VIRGEN. Determination of longitude, May 8, 1844—altitude of Arcturus. i = * » OBSERVATION. we ' bt * SECOND. ENCAMPMENT ON THE RIO- VIRGEN., t _ Determination of latitude, May 8, 1844—altitudes of Polaris. » OBSERVATIONS. Double altitudes of Polaris. 1? min. set. © h. min. — see. 58. 50 : ll 36 * 70 #8258 8640 19 70 ~3=s«B8 50 1457" -37 70 57 00 ~ 16°“ 58 7 css 10 * 11) . RES pe ag emp ary eran “ — ve Se a « Index error — +- 10 sec. 5 ; emer : RESULT OF CALCULATION. , a “ True altitude. Mean time. * Latitude. Deg. min... sec. “The mins. see: Deg. min. see. ss 2 & 2B BW oe ee Determination of longitude, May 9, 1844—altitudes of the sun. woh OBSERVATIONS, “FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES. ae ag” . Fj r * ; itudes of the | Time of chronometer. || Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer. sun’s lower limb. sun’s lower limb. pine bs si e * min. see. h. min. see. Deg. min. sec. | he “min. — sec. 54 4410 6 08 27.4 55 OB 9 4 Gita 19.8 59 8 09 04.0 56 0 ¥. ie 42.0 io: ae 09: 37:6 56 1) 366 04.4 56°. 27>. 335 1017.0 56 «21 oat, 12 29.4 55 39 8640 10 = 47.0 56 29 ° 40 2 6813 Index error — — 2 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. Mean time. Retard. Longitude. =o. eae oo 3 e068 # [ 174 J: tive J THIRD ENCAMPMENT ON THE RIO VIRGEN. Determination of latitude, May 9, 1844—altitudes of Polaris. 518 | OBSERVATIONS. Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. % Deg. min. sec. h. = min. see. 70 55 10 7 25 42 70 aS 5 26 56. 70 55 50 os ‘ 70. 56. 00 2 8643 70 54 30 30 54 70 54. 30 ¥ 58 70 54 30 17 70 54 10 * 34 37 : i ~~ 2 a * 70 53 20 : 37 20. ae Index error — — 2 sec. Ee, RESULT OF CALCULATION. True altitude. Mean time. Latitude. : [= - min. Sec. h. -min. _ see. Deg. min. sec. 25 . 68 8 45 59 5340 ENCAMPMENT ON SANTA CLARA FORK OF THE RIO VIRGEN. Determination of latitude, May 10, 1844—altitudes of Polaris. OBSERVATIONS, ; | * Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. Deg: min. sec. % hk. .min. sec. oe i: Zip 30 gas * a S. 316 364 # = 7 as 20 17 38 aan me a ae ee % 19 49 & 71 “98 uh0 & to Op & 7l 38 = 30 24 «39 27:6 54 24 50 15... 204 | 53 27 40 iq 6 . * F : Index error — -+ 15 sec. f ee i Bi RESULT OF CALCULATION. - Mi ‘. ti x R t 1 I it i * Se a Raa Bomar ae a “ = ‘ &. min. sec. © h. min. sec. ? ‘ 4. 2 | ee PP 1G 36.0 “yz . 2 Me if f E 174 | 520 ENCAMPMENT AT VEGAS DE. SANTA CLARA... Determiinali ton of latitude, May 12, 1844—altitudes ft Polaris. OBSE RVATIONS. Double altitudes of Polaris. ~ Time of chronometer. Deg. min. sec & min. - sec. 72 05 10 13 72 05 00 s il 42 72 05. 20 13 05 72 04 = (00 26 72. 4 30 5 40 a 72 03 30 18 09 ae ee | 19 —-47 72 02 45 20 57 + 72 02 35 ‘22 00 72 02 «80 23 10 ie coe = este Index error = ++ 15 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION, True altitude. Mean time. . min. sec. i kh. min. ae see. ’ oe oo. “6 e = 33 Determination of longitude, May 14, 1844—altitudes of the sun. OBSERVATIONS. FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES, Double altitudes as the Time of chronometer. Double fe man “8 the | Time of chronometer. sun’s lower limi 2 Tr 4 ‘a we _ fh min. see Deg. min. sec. h. 4 43 0 aGs 93:3. * 5 44 «10.5 48 45° : 44 43.2 48 56 ; 45 13.7 °|| 49° OF. 00 45 44.5 49 19 20 ~ Index error = + 7 : ex error == ++ 7 sec. ue : : 4 ae e RESULT OF CALCULATION. — rn Longitude. ‘pe ie ENCAMPMENT ON A FINE ROLLING PRAIRIE, AT a SPRING. HEAD OF 521 A TRIBUTARY TO SEVIER LAK Determination of latitude, May 19, adwtis of Polaris. [174] OBSERVATIONS. Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. i » si 7 Deg. min. — sec: k. min. see. y a... < 1. Si. oy 73, 36 00 44 26 ie ay 50 46 44 P ; , 20 48 03 : 7, :35, 50 bi, Abe 73, 36. .30 52. 55 73 36 50 55 09 73. 36.86 57 45 73 386 2:40 69 =. 27 98. 2: BT; 30 Sm. 263 Index error = + 10 sec. i : ie RESULT OF CALCULATION. True altitude Mean time. Latitude. Deg. min. sec. h. min. .sec | Deg. min. sec. 36 00 s Bw | Ss Se Determination of longitude, May 19, 1844—altitudes of a Lyre. OBSERVATIONS. rs x FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES. ral : a Double altitudes of | Time of ehronometer. || Double altitades of | Time of chronometer. a Lyre. a Lyre. oe | 2 h. mint sec Deg. min. sec. | h. min, sec. 8 59.0 64-33 2. i ae oe - 08 05.0 64 53 30 | 13 27. 09 «09.6 05° 12° 3 4 14 10 21.0 65... 33.36 | 36 WG ae SS 65 51 fi * 11.8 “re | : — Index error — +- 10 sec. S = . RESULT OF CALCULATION. *. " a Vet anes a * ——— : Retard. eae ‘ “ae ee ES eee ff. =e F . = cr2 - hk. min. sec. “kh. mit see. * = v a So ge 44.3 + oe ae Sins : [ 174) 522 _ ENCAMPMENT ON SEVIER RIVER, = Determination of latitude, May 23, 1844—altitudes of Polaris. OBSERVATIONS. Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. min. sec. h. min. see. % 45 10 a _ “95* 46> 20 48 20 gi 45° 2 07 7 44 5132 75 44 «20 13 = Index error = ++ 7 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. True altitude. Mean time. Latitude. h. min, see. min. _ 51 eee eet |) 39 22 19 — Determination of longitude, May 23, 1844—altitudes ohn tae Index error — + 7 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. OBSERVATIONS. si. as FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES. | Diggers of | Time of chronometer. Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. a Lyre. a Lyre. aie eg. min. sec h. min. sec, S. min. sec. de. tie sec. ae 25 7. 58. I%0 “eS Te 10 8 OL 08.5 ar 37-20 69 17.5 68 36 15 02 05. ' OZ. 56. 20 8 00 11.0 68 55 10 02 58. a ii aise sic cicoaaniilll h. min. fs +" “Y9.3 ; eee ae: e 5 aS zeae ie. e Fie CR = BE eae oe . Se gee r 174 ‘ © tie. ENCAMPMENT ON THE FIRST STREAM OF UTAH LAKE. Determination of latitude, May 24,1844—Spica Virginis in the me- ridian. OBSERVATIONS. 3 Double altitudes of Spica Virginis. Time of chronometer. . bd Dege _ mine sec. h. min. sec ' ‘ 34-10 7 38 2 79 37 00 21 51 * 79 39 10 54 79 42 05 24 14 79 44 10 25 23 79 45 50 26 26 79 47 15 27 29 77 49 30 29 12 79 50 50 30 22 79 52 30 3207” . 79 53 30 33 , =. & 16 3436 79° 30 35 49 79 25 36 59 79 10 38 12 79 55 05 39 Al + 79 54 40 40 54 79 54 10 42 OL 79 53 15 43 15 79 52 05 44 29 79 51 00 46 01 * Index error = + 5 sec. ‘ BMOULT OF CALOORATION, 28 > * a True altitude. Apparent time of transit. Latitude. eZ. min. séc. on. sec Deg. ming tte 56 21 ; ae oR eg ‘ * ae [14] ‘ 524 : ENCAMPMENT ON THE FIRST STREAM OF UTAH LAKE. Determination of latitude, May 24, 1844—altitudes of Polaris. OBSERVATIONS. Double altitudes of Polaris, Time of chronometer. : 2 4 : ne ~ hati Deg. min. sec. h. min. sec, i 76 24 40 7 ou ar 768 25 00 52 07 2 5 76 2 *36 531 76 00 54 59 ‘ 76 25 15 57 03 & . % Index error = + 5 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. True altitude. Mean time. Latitude. ae Deg. mi h. min. sec. - min. sec. 38 1l 14 S20; --64 41 52 id Mean latitude 39 deg. 42 min. 15 sec. Determination of longitude, May 24, 1844—altitudes ake Lyre. OBSERVATI ONS. FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES. Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. . a Lyre. a Lyre. oe ee 2 .% . Deg. min. sec. . h. min. — sec. Deg. min. sec. he - 28-6002 —— 70 08 25 8 00 544 71 1 00 8 03 10. 3 16° 01 59.0 71-90) 85 a 70 49° 50 02 50.7 71 #49 45 2 = = e - a Thermometer 40°, ¢ "ie Index error = +- 5 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. ae, ee Re Ber a . h. min. sec. 1 : ° ages | < os . ©... "B25 ae [ i74 , wo Cin nu aNT ON IGHT-HAND BRA HOF § SPANISH FORK. OBSERVATIONS. FIRST SERIES. : SECOND SERIES. \ Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. a Lyre. ‘ | : Deg. min. sec. h. min. sec Deg. min. . sec h. min. see. 57 04 ~ 50 | 7 OF 47.5 58 39 45 fd 26.5 = es eee BO \* 08 50.0 59...--00. 00 1327.4 57 47 20 09 60 59 16 40 14 14.6 58 03 50 10. 40.0 59....32 00 15 00.0 58 19 «445 i ae Oe 30. 18 15 55.0 mas Index error = + 5 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. ~ * Mean time. | Retard. ~ Longitude. | | kh. min. see. he. min. see. 41 40 | eee Determination of. latitude, — 27, ee Virginisin themeridians ake ieet: Double altitudes of Spica Virginis. | Time of chronometer. Di : pa sec. hk. min. see: "8 40 10° — 3) oh - 105 22 05 a a | 2. 20 2. <<“. 35 24 «649 79- 09 50 26 4648 , @ MM. 2 28 4804 x grep + 5 ce * RESULT OF. CALCULATION, — ; ee cies = lige _ sia anemtii 4 ae ie acyl ss citines aise a teneli. ; Latitude. ‘ hk min. se. a a 24 8606 ~~ 4 5 : & C V74- ; t 526 * ENCAMPMENT ON A RIGHT-HAND BRANCH OF SPANISH FORK. Delermination of ‘ili May 27, 1844—altitudes of Polaris. OBSERVATIONS. Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. i h. min. — see. 77 «6 09—s‘'15 7 3 2a 77 08 40 36 58 77 08 50 38 06 09 10 39 20 77 09 20 40 25 Thermometer 40°. Index error — ++ 5 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. True altitude. | Mean time. Latitude. Deg. min. sec. | h. min. sec. Deg. min. see. 38.5333. 7 2t | 9 07 47 40 04 03 eeeen latitude 40 deg. 4 min. 27 sec. EN RCAMeOnE® AT THE HEAD OF SPANISH FORK. “Determination of latitude, Muy 28, 1844—altitudes of Polaris. Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. Deg. min. see. h. min. see. ‘ a Sacama6.. >: 60 10 7 08 . 30 76 50 00 09 40 76. 50 10 10 51 : ee ee 12 (27 3s: 2 @ os RB (45 Ss .6 66helClU 15 10 76 49 50 77) 66 3% se 2 a9 «01 = UW 20 , i. ee | ‘ a Bs ete ae Index error — + 8 sec. ‘RESULT OF CALCULATION. € a he nin. sec. + "2 33 a e* an AT THE. HEAD p SPANISH baa ” Delermination of longitude, May 28, hecaeeds oor ofa - S . - : ~ OBSERVATIONS. : [ 174°] a. = FIRST SERIES. é i. * SECOND SERIES. . 5 a pa Double altitudes of ” a Lyre. Time of chronometer. lg Double altitudes of eS | i Dad = Deg. min. sec. | min. sec. eg. min. sec. h. min. see. 64 > 80 a “424° 65 39°30" 7 "2 "ty 64° 58% 30 26 19.4 65 69.20 29 13.0 65 20 00 i 27 18.5 66 1g 45 30 b Thermometer 42°. ’ Index error — + 8 sec. oe ——— RESULT OF CALCULATION. = é Mean time ‘ Retard. \*& _. Jengitade. é = : 4 “ = ~ se. ‘i a. | ~~ * et a . h. in. h. min. see. 8 58 E24 % 1 30 44.4 * . = * o * ENCAMPMENT AT THE HEAD OF UINTAH RIVER. Determination of latitude, May 29, 1844—altitudes of Polaris. ¥ OBSERVATIONS. : ee _ ~~ * Double aijinden of Polaris. * | Time of chronometer. — : a mais : bite Lane ee x st Aw : ~~ es ¢ A +: Cw" bes am et alas see. iT: 0@-.. W 7 08 56 77 00 00 sd 12 17 sail aT ee rar yit ay 77. 00" 00 ’ 15 16 77 = 00 * 35 Seg 77 = 00 Ya is 51 : oe Be 6 iy i ie ss = 7 8.8% 230 «40 1?) | ° OO 36 25 «15 Index error = eos 5 Bees * i RESULT OF CALCULATION. #. Mean time. Latitude. | h. min. ste. = eee gare} ais. | Time of chronometer. o> < piv] b _ ENCAMPMENT AT THE HBAD oF re RIVER. Determination va longitude, Mas 20, 29, 1844—alittudes of o i. # a. w 528 ae ‘. ia» % OBSERVATIONS. —— + ~ 2 # . as 2 = ’ FIRST SERIES. | : SECOND SERIES. * * te ¥ | * Z - Nia He * | : _ Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer, Double altitudes of ie a: a Lyre. ” i. Sh ; : a Lyre. nail = es. in a ail spins = ie ra , a — >= : 3 Qs # Deg. min. sec. a min. sec « Deg. min. sec A 4 82 15 6 58 44. 59 (04 «(15 oo oe 59 (54.5 59 44 «(10 — aoe £8 10 7 12.0 ‘60 05 15 ‘ “* : ‘Index error = +- 5 sec. ay . + a = a apts” : —_—_> —_ ; i > ae 3 : at RESULT OF CALCULATION. a > Mean time. Retard. 4. © 7 pongitade . : CS ea " : at a See i ; - _ — ge ie : * & 3 £7 # hk. min. sec. » ¢ a aA. os sec. 8 = b- 92 2g + Fs he r . . gee ve io caren tga is a : - : aa H gigs 4 oe ag ee a m = -s sx diereinlcal tions FORK. *s Determination of latitude, — 30, 1st allilude of Spica Virginis, a the meridiai Me a “ . OBSERVATIONS. “ 1 ie wee : 4 : a : sa Double altitudes of Spica Virginis. . Time of chronometer it 5 | a. eT to a a ae * i Th: : me :- & a et = 2 2 : * egy i ee e ) " Determination of longitude, h 7 30, 184s apesiaee ofa 0 Tare. =i ; >a * aoe wtih * ‘ossnavarions - we Be yp *. —— . a a FIRST SERIES. Pd SECOND SERIES. Double altitudes of 4 Time of chronometer..| Double altitudes of fe. 3 tis: a Lyre. % * e ee Lal - ' i _k*= - . ? ? ay » *, 8 oe & = — + < : ~ ENCAMPMENT. ON DUCHESNE FORK. Datrmivaion of latitude, May 30, 1844—altitudes of Polaris. ~* ioe ta ellllecd ‘ee - #. a = al = . ‘Double altitudes sep Polaris. # ‘ Sie of chronometer. mn " ~ * S ilies: & ¥ ai ape # it * te, ty Deg. min. — see. oe ae ‘ ; a re 7 36 ee —- * 7 40 50 ask 37 58 40 25 ‘ 39 Rigg © ae" 77 = 4 Bee = des 52 20 i i os. - i¥ ra . - ‘* 7 Wise 30) y Pew a wer | elon see : 45 2 30 * ‘=e . TH 4 4aet 8 ? 3 ‘ dl T° 48 * 7 ss . a 4 20 = é 49 Obs Bae Vg , 3 ¥ is + ie ~ > te , _. Thermometer 48°. ~~ eh . he -Index error = ++ 5 sec. o A . o RESULT OF apt Fe 2 ' = A # sa wis rs ¥ > B ie ei True altitu Mean time ~ Lat : ee = < ae « & : | aro nati Ld ee P nen £. . Deg. Eee. A. “min. set: . min. sec. a” Sa one Ge ieee ee Pe Pee ‘ | 40. 18. 58 a ky aa = mee eae a 52 sec. » — . T UINTAH FOR . Determination Situs June bi Bsa erucies dae a i a OBSERVATIONS. , _ Ke : ( . # r = FIRST SERIES. ; SECOND SERIES. ge? , 6A. os. Double peraieg: of | Time of chronometer. || Double altitudes of ape of chronometer. TS : = a Lyre. * A ae a Lyre... &% : . * z 7 : ~ Ss - . min. see. h. min, sec. Deg. min. te. ® h. min. see. 30 6 57 55.0 67 31 40 ‘2 me 4 66. 20 30 59 =: 00.0 67 49 00 03 «14.0 66 41 10 59 59.6 07 04 08.2 +. OR $4.5 * 68 24 04 56.4 G7. 6 -10 Ol...37.6 52 820 06 183.0 € 4 © © Index error = + 6 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. # h. in. —-9ee.. * oe. 06S =a Be 2 oS Se ps Ae uINTAH FORT. c 174 J ai ‘ * Determination of latitude, June 3, 1844—altétudes of Polaris. OBSERVATIONS. —- = = eee ae Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. | gS Deg. min. sec. h. min. “see. S60 7 08 7s 77 «©6555 —Ss«é800 ; aie Ss - s&s @ if ost 74 se: 666. & 1S 45 a 77 46555 45 a" 14 46 > v7 20 , 15 49 i 77 Gee 2% 6 58 W. -Bee sk 17 =87 7 BEE 10 igs 54 77 56 3 19 47 ~ + = ve ae ee 2 * Thermometer 58°. : . ee Index error = +. 6 see. RESULT OF CALCULATION. : True altitude. Mean time. Latitude. + Deg. min. see. 38 56 44 BY min. see. 8 52 14 27 45 : = © te. z = : “ * . 7 4 ’ a A * c ‘ ‘ \ e: : a = 174 J 532 : “AT UINTAH FORT. + Tp Ne ete S: Determination of longitude, June 4, 1844—altitudes of the sun. us + se ee OBSERVATIONS. © eS cele a - FIRST SERIES. | E SECOND SERIES. _ Double altitudes of the Time of chronometer. ciao oe oh the | Time of chronometer. _ sun’s lower‘limb. er lim es ed : # i | oe —— i ; » Deg. min. sec. h. min. sec. | Deg. min. sec. - h. min. sec. | 52 . BB 5 25 390 | 53 30 00 5 2 48.5 52 £236 26 3 20.3 | 53 : at = 29 30.4 52 46 00 26 = 53.5 53 7 5 30 . 01.0 62 59 35 27. 27.0 54 16>) 508 30. «48. 538 «1600 45 28 2SE ES | 54 29° 30 : 31 =-25.3 - Index error = + 5 sec + | RESULT OF CALCULATION. - ts Mean time Retard. — Longitude. =. Sie ee. - 05 48 La Ate a Immersion of Jupiler’s first satellite. s | : Ls Se bi Observed time. Mean time. Longitude. ; & * h. min. ; - WR. — ste. min. —8€t. 0 57 ~=605.5 a. m. 2 34 =4.2a,m 109 =. 42 ae : i 2 = . 533 [ 174 i= ENCAMPMENT ON ASHLEY'S. FORK. : Determination of longitude, June 5, 1844—altitudes of « Lyre. OBSERVATIONS. 4 FIRST SERIES. — SECOND SERIES. Double altitudes of | Time “of chronometer. | Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. a Lyre. a Lyre. Deg. min sec. h. min. sec Deg. min. see. h. min, — see. 67: 09 6. 6 “ob 16:6 69. "40: 70 6 56. «SRT 67 «31 (0 5221.6 70 09 30 Wes 4 67 «648.~—=CO«4D. 53 «15.7 wa 7 00 48.4 68 10 ‘35 54 70 46 45 “OL 644.7 68 29 15 55 09.0 71. Om 05 02 42.0 Index error = + 5 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. * Mean time. Longitude. Ah. min. sec. h. min. — sec. e Sue TE ok ee be ‘ Determination of latitude, June 5, 1841—altitudes of Polaris. ' _ OBSERVATIONS. : 4 ae * me 8 oe : ‘Deg. min. sec. he mine os | tee. : xi 58 40 7 07 00 7 * 50 : te ne eee phy | 0 oo 09 35 . aw 59 48=—- 30 ‘ li 26 77% .59 50 13 10 3 785 00° ~00 14 34 : 78 00 15 16 03 5 wa 00 1b 17 08 : = 78 00 30 18 59 Be 73 00 10 i9 56 Index error = ++ 5 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. True altitude. Mean time. Deg. min. see. Ah. min. sec. 3 68 me € 88 oF [E174 j 534 = : = ENCAMPMENT ON ASHLEY'S FORK. Determination of longitude, June 6, 1844-—altitudes of Arcturus. OBSERVATIONS. ; . Double altitudes of Arcturus. Time of chronometer. _ Deg. min. sec. h. min sec. ‘ 51 31 ‘60 0 37.04 m , 51°. +09 50 21 34.5 = 50 50s 40 22 25.0 8 ¢ 50 34 00 2308.5 - 50 1515 23 87.7 : i — = Thermometer 46°. Index error = + 8 sec. 5 * RESULT OF. ¢ ULATION. * é Mean time. ‘Retard. . Longitude. ie h. min, “ pe es : = —_———— > — s wie : rs r E Immersion of Jupiter’s second satellite. = ; bed bd : : atm Ser ee : -* o5 i = Observed time. Mean time. © Longitude. — ““ ‘ * ’ a [174] ENCAMPMENT AT BROWN’S HOLE, ON GREEN RIVER, » f° Determination of longitude, June 7, 1e44-—altivuideo/ a Lyre. ~ P “OBSERVATIONS. es PIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES. sR aac Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. Lyre. | a Lyre. , Deg. min. | h. min. sec Deg. min. sec. h. min. sec. 70 & 20 6 50 21.0 76 15 7 05 + 42.5 wn * 20 CO 51 23.0 76 4 35 5 7 36° 30 (| 5214.0 76 59 00 7 55 10 CF 53. «10 77 16 40 08 25.0 m2 #17 40 | BH 140 «|| * ree Bt 00 09 27.0 Ae Jed, § Index error = + 8 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. | min. see | h. min. see ¢ WR. 37 P49" 97.1 | 4 Determination of latitude, June 7, 1844—allitudes of Polaris. , & OBSERVATIONS. . + BMBORE oF SATEREATION, of oa a 0 | F yf So : 4 ‘Thermometer 61°. & * Index eqzor = + 8 re * i # pty ae Oe 7) < ENCAMPMENT AT BROWN’S HOLE, oN GREEN RIVER. Determination = longitude, June 8, 1844—altitudes of the sun. OBSERVATIONS. 5 » Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer. | Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer. san’s lower limb. sun’s lower limb. ~~ min. sec, h. min. see. Deg. min, sec. A. min. see. 3 50 25 5 39 34.0 61. Ob 35 | 95 “42 43.4 6O 06 00 40 16.5 6l- 18. 55 Mis 43.4 2.3 GO 19 45 40. 523 61 33 00 4 05.6 60 33 20 oe. 45 27.0 61 46 10 44 41.2 60 48 40 42 07.3 61 56 55 45 09.4 Thermometer 89°. eee =o . Index error = ++ 8 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. Mean time. Retard “id . Longitude. kh. min. — sec. h min. 7 24 58 1 42 32.3 FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES. T.ON -ENCAMPMENT Re RIVER. DAB ation a of longitude, Jun = of « Lyre. ERVATIO = &. pe ” SECOND SERIES. Double altitudes of Time of c a * a.Lyre. » Deg. min. see. 5 . 6 Ss OF : * 77 se pe Index error — +4 ae. RESULT OF aoe < a \ . 2 . 4 * ‘ 537 2. 74 H * adie ii ON. ELK HEAD RIVER. ° ; : ‘ Dettinintgan of tatiqude, June 10, 1844 ah cd of diner . Mt. OBS) VATIONS. Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. = — ‘: ait Deg. min. sec ; h. min. sée 79° 0% 30 a * - oT 7° OR 4 594 19° eaee” 40 7 of 3 79. 03%" 00 oo. 2 q. 04° «10 03 46 | 79 04 §20. ot 58 : 04 30 06 34 9 04 50 08 05 ' OF ~ 96 09 is i 79 05 10 35 w > * Se Thermometer 57°. ae Index error — ++ 4 sec. >* >. * RESULT OF CALCULATION. ~ - “True altitude. | Mean time. _ Latitude. “Deg. min. sec. he ~min. - sec. Deg. min. see. oe * ee 50. . 59 i> & oP Correct this latitude on map. re ~ SECOND. CAMPMENT ON ELK HEAD RIVER. : Determihiation of | latitude, June 11, ceria Polaris. Po ’ Index error = 6 sec. cs a ad OF CALCULATION. : xe ———- ae Pale Latiude. = ¢ « i Ree =e pte # . Double altitudes of a Cygni 538 “SECOND ENCAMPMENT ON ELK HEAD RIVER. OBSERY AMES. ; Sc easel of longitude, June 11, , 1844 altitudes of e Cygni. ae 3 ren ge — Time of chronometer. . ie ; rc Deg. min. see. id h. sec. “vy hh. Y oe 7 31.0 57. 5k 40 ‘ 3408.0 58 13 00 35 z 17.5 ‘ Bad observations. 1 ie ea ‘Thermo: 53°. ie ety bl Index error — + 6 sec. e > a “ ait RESULT OF CALCULATION ss Mean time Retard. Longitude. =» ~ * | = ‘ » . kh. min. — sec. | he. min. — see. - a , 9 23 46 | 1 49 47.1 \ ft ad FOOT ENCAMPMENT a THE VALLEY OF THE NORTH oak ‘or THE PLATTE, WAT THE F OF Determination — latitude, June 13, is14altitude of Polaris. F THE MOUNTAIN OBSERVATIONS. Double altitiéides. of Polaris. = Time of hninisanltes aR * F ‘Determinagjn of longitude, Sin une 13, 1S44—altitudes r; a Aguile. * 539 FOOT OF THE 5 pidmens fimay ENCAMPMENT IN THE E VALLEY OF THE NORTH FORK OF THE PLATTE, AT OBSERVATIONS® . . > . ie a ; : we Double altitadeg.of a Aquile. Time of chronometer.” 7 a : ee Deg. min sec. : hk. min. see. ir: 7 47 56.0 44 08 ee 4933.6 © Le om v7 ole 49.5 = . * Index error = -+- 10 sec. + ¥ RESULT OF CALCULATION. = 7 : i. min. 4et. h. min sec. — we © oo ee ¥ | % ; Determination of longitude, June 13, 1844—altitudes of « Cygni. ae + OBSERVATIONS. Double onitigs of a Cygni. Time of chronometer. . mifked sec Ac mii 3 % 40 7 55 22.0 Se" 26: 00 56 = - 33.0 68 47 46 57 40.7 Thermometer 54°. — 4 ei RESULT OF CALCULATION. h. min. see. h. min. sec. - 9 a7 53 y 51 21.1 oe * + [ 174] 540 “f me “ENCAMPMENT IN THE SAME VALLEY AS ON THE 13th, BUT HIGHER. . - t Determination of latitude, Fine 14, 1844—allitudes of Polaris. —. 2 OBSERVATIONS. ’ * Be A, Double altitudes of Polaris. b ¥ Time of chronometer. &. ; : mona Na : “2 e Deg. min. sec. ’ oe h. min. see. 7 3... % : : ee Tha. 37-26 ; i. oy “7 38 00 + n30, 212% 37 30 3 79 - 20 2 ‘ 1-99-90 39% as - P 2 : , = Index error = +4 7 sec. ¥ . % RESULT OF CALCULATION. : « © | Trve altitude. Mean time. : Latitude.. Ww Deg. min. _ sec. hk. min. see. Deg. min. see. 3s @ 49 . Se 2 = @. w * ination of longitude, June 14, 1844—altitudes of a Cygni. OBSERVATIONS. ® . Double altitudes of a Cygni. Time of chronometer. & — ead, ‘ . win. see. Rin Oe m3 “a 30-50 t« 05.0 | * 63.51 = 3%. 166 “A 63 08 40 38. 07.0 ‘ 63 50 39 63 30 39 | = 65 §«~0t Oo 40 51.0 “+ <* oa ie Thermometer 56°. : pee Index =e! a a 7 sec. ite ie RESULT OF CALCULATION. ee ee By a ‘ : : . = eos > * |. +: pam] - ENCAMPMENT AT NEW PARK. Determination of latitude, June 15, 1844—aliitudes of Polaris. OBSERVATIONS. ¥ ae ee bite er gs Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of snag i Deg. min. B€t. 4 : &. in. st. ~ 79 “03 10 as 7 a7 79 03 30 » 16 16 79 | 04 00 17 34 79 03 50 ig 42 79 §05 00 20 20 79 05 30 21 35 7 205 8646 2 719 06 00 24 05 79 O06 40 25 18 79 7007 26 26 87 “ Index error — -++ 7 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. % True altitude. Mean time. Latitude. Deg. min. sec. he. i MAIN s._8eC. De: min. Sec. 39 $1 25 | % .9 15 18 52, 44 Determination of longitude, June 15, 1844—allifudes of « Cygni. OBSERVATIONS. -~ = i . 4 Double altitudes of a Cygni. Time of cl : ; ? IRs - BEC. A. Ss “ e 7 25.0 2 pee ° 31 42.0 63 50 1 36.0 64 05 10 33 24.2 P eo 15.0 i Thermometer 44°. Poy " Index error = + 7 sec. ‘ , , 4 RESULT OF CALCULATION. ‘ ~ Mean time. Retard. Leasiiede. : oe a atta ee * : a is : a * +2 : . . _* Dia] 542 , 4“ cl SECOND ENCAMPMENT: AT NEW PARK. be Determination of latitude, June 16, 1844—allitudes of Polaris. : OBSERVATIONS. —# Double altitudes of Polaris. © Time of chronometer. i — - sien Deg. min. sec ‘ h min. sec. 23 27 24 2... 10 28 28 7”: 2.30 =.50 29% 51 78 31 30 30 53 a 4 31 65 = 2 20 ‘ 33 7. 2 10 83.368 78 33 30 51 78 «8633 ~—(30 ee 3604 78 34 20 37 35 Z Index error = + 10 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. True altitade. Mean time. Latitude. | “. min. sec. h. min. — sec. . min, sec. Gx 14 56 $3096 < 19 « é “= ans} ee Determination of longitude, June 16, 1844—altitudes of « Cygni. a OBSERVATIONS. Double altitudes of a Cygni. : Time of chronometer. | : : . _ Deg. min. sec. h. min. * 69 . 34 40 3 48 20.0 eae 69 ==. 53 26 : 49 17.5 Mar 3 16 25. 50. 29.3 + 70 30 51 24.6 70 57 35.0 : Si Re on eee : RESULT OF CALCULATION. a - 7 gh Bo Ra 643 ca > = | feted ens ile oneecas AT NEW PARK. Determination of longitude, June 16, 1844—altitude of « Lyre. . OBSERVATION. i Double altitude of a Lyre. Time of chronometer. . ¥ . Deg. min. sec. h. min. sec. fit 10 . 10 7 55 11.5 : Thermometer 38°. Index error = + 5 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. % Mean time Retard. Longitude. © . oe * a ae min. min, sec. 9 49. 07 53° 85.2 ENCAMPMENT ad sg PARK, AT THE FORK OF GRAND RIVER. Determination of lutitude, cone 19, 1844—aliifudes of Polaris. » OBSERVATIONS. . Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. - F ie E4 a" Deg. sec. kh. min. © sec. oy Bae oe oe nn. ww. 34950 7 27 00 8 35: 54 77 28 00 36° i ae 77 28 40 38 28 V7 29 20 39 383 77 29 10 “40 38 7 30 25 41 47 7 30 20 43 06 yg i 31 20 14 oy Index error = + 5 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. Zz. oS MEE: — a te Be * i a ae ee * « i Fal 7 : : * ; j ‘ 2 . ‘ - * a le ENCAMPMENT ON®OLD PARK, AT THE]FORK’OF {GRAND RIVER. Determination of longitude, June 19; 1844—altttudes of a Aquile. OBSERVATIONS. 4 — “ FiRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES. Double altitudes of Time of chronometer. Double altitudes of Pine of chronometer. a Aquile. a i | . “ Deg. min. sec. h. min, sec Deg. min. sec. h. min. sec. 54 (07 20 4" 38.5 LEX: 35 TOF UT:5 : 54 36 30 *48 55.6 56 38 45 54 = 22.0 55 6-00 49 58.5 257 00 20 55 = -20 55 27) «50 + Se 1g aT. 3F.-@ { 57 = 01.0 55 48 = 50 52. 09.0 Me A? 30 | 5754.0 ¥ 2 re | re, ee: Thermometer 48°. Index error — + 5 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. Mean time. Retard. Longitude. g = | h. min. sec. h. min. sec. O-.. 42545 Lo 54) 68.8). ~ # . - zn emit, ENCAMPMENT AT THE ENTRANOD OF BAYOU SALADE, EAD OF FON- TAINE-QUI-BOUIT ?, SOUTH BORK OF TH Detoominaiion of intitle June 22, ape of Polaris. OBSERVATIONS. Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. De. min, sec. _ . hk. min. sec. " wes 15 {eS To 355° 08 Oo 1B Wn. “oe eee . 7Bice 16. 90 a7 ee 76 16 45 ; a te a 239 ~—O#-B8 ye ee —. Site 76 18 10 05 ee eae 33 12 ~~ 34 Ol 7 19 §=SOx 3 ot 47 | Index error == + 10 sec. * ee RESULT oF CALCULATION. a. = ry aes a oe ix i Hepes =o oa ey ae aivoaes of Tee of cts Aquile. ye oF si ot a4 ¥ : be mine sec, h, mein.” sec. . oS alee ® 375 TRAE P “86 “MME! 4 > Retr Lome ENCAMPMENT : et Ow Maw AFFLUENT TO THEA # ‘Sehssseteak. Double altitudes of a Geek RESULT OF CALCULATION. j i f | i | | i eee ser eet ON A Lane AFFLUENT TO THE ARKANSAS, Double altitudes of Palais: yatta lt a) ‘geeees © > & : A LARGER AFFLUENT TO THE ARKANSAS. Daermination of aga a dune 28, 1844—altitudes of a gute. OBSERVATIONS. FIRST SERIES. ~Boubdle altitudes of | Time of chronometer. - Double altitudes of [ Time of chronometer « Aguile. a Aquile. h. min. sec.* Dez. min. sec h. min. see. 7 24 39.5 64 49 10 . 7 30 60.0 26 04.3 65°28 ~ 32° 366 27 «01.0. 66 00 10 33-55 8.0 | 26.6 66 23 35 35 01.0 29 41.4 | 66 53 00 21.8 | RESULT OF » CALCULATION. Mean time. : | : Retard. : h. min. — sec. ~ he min... sec. 9 33 15 2 02 = 46.9 ENCAMPMENT AT THE TaD OF THE SREARSAS: AND FONTAINE-QUI- RIVERS. Determination of latitude, June 29, . 1844—altitudes of Polaris. . OBSERVATIONS. Deadniesteeiaalae Walkie Time of chronometer. - : a ———— 7° 09 00 6 5922 OBEY 7 15 o> = 20° 7 10 «35 B1i® 23: é 16 = 20° 62a 30s; 74 1F 40 6ase. 5 it 50 64° 55 14° 33! 00 66 (08 7&-= 12% 50 6E5 00: 765° 187° 5 6s (06 74 14 00 69 22 ENCAMPMENT. AT’ THE TONOTION < OF THE ARKANSAS AND FONTAINE -QUY- BS Determination of en aes = Gh von 7m of Altair. OBSERVATIONS. “eet - FIRST SERIES. ° SECOND SERIES. Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. Double altitudes of | Time of chronofneter. ar Altair. —— = oe : Altair. +. Ries min. 3€C. — = min. sec, Deg. min, sec. h. min 8 ¥i- 38. 50 43 14.0 7 12 ~ 30 oe Ge: 05 10 ere. “22.7. 74 38245 > hh 000 7. 98. 90° 46 2h 74 52 «10 i SY a6.be 7 13 ae —9S ie 66 47 34.5. 75.37. 45 Ne eee ee Inde¥ érror. = oF 10 see. : RESULT OF CALCULATION. Retard. ee Longitude. — cf = 04 33-7 ° ENA ination of Jatitude, Fuly25 Is4—altitudes af Polaris. CAMOET RS HEE \ Time of chronometer. ec, MMs SeCE hh... min. a os SS 405: 7 ‘6 38 73) E z>. 09, 2 30 “549 [ 1” 3 ENCAMPMENT NEAR BENT'S FORT, ON’ THE ARKANSAS RIVER. ~ Determination of longitude, July 2, 1$44—altitudes of Altair.” OBSERVATIONS. ’ FIRST SERIES. - SecoND SERTES. ———_ Double altitudes of Altair. | Time of chronometer. Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. * Altair. Dig. min. sec. h. min. sec. Deg. min. sec. h. min. sec ae iz -20 eels 3 470 74.11 10 07.4 7 30. 30 22 5.0 74. 35 26 134... ta OO OO 23 . 27.7 yc: Seamer 6b) 29... 10.0. 73> AR «30 24 27.6 75 Seat 30. 73 4) 270 “25° 45.0 75 37 += 40 31° Ps! - . — MA - epee eager —_ Index error = + 7 sec. - eee - x RESULT OF CALCULATION. a Mean time. 4 Retard. Longitude. h. min. s€c. h. m. S€C. , 9 41 40 $0 tae 4 J Z om “he a os Tp B gore \ OBSERVATIONS. os aes Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. . se eng: Deg. min. sec. h. min. ~ sec. % -39 Se. ee - 76. 38 Be = > aoe Te aoe SEE RESULT OF CALCULATION: saa ‘True altitude Mean time. | Latitude. — co = i - Deg. min. sec. Ah. min. _sec. |. Deg. min. sec. 37 283-5 9 16 0 | 38 51 15 i 4. . {174} 550 - ~ ENCAMPMENT ON SMOKY HILL’ RIVER. Determination of longitude, July 9,1844—altitudes of o Aguilz. ;: OBSERVATIONS. Double altitudes of a Aquila. - Time of chronometer. ~ : reer h, min. rs a ae. : : sO 0. : 2a ee ae 06 36.0 : RESULT OF CALCULATION. sep Meantime. Retard. = Longitude. . J h. min. sec. hy. min... sece. 9 13 40 5 08 30.3 ; a tin acatubeacias ENCAMPMENT. ON SMOKY HILL, RIVER. = qunmiadtion of latitude, July ss Lets aisleaes of Polaris. ; f OBSERVATIONS. Double altitudes of Polaris. ‘3 Time of chronometer. g- min. ec. h see 7 952 00 4 55 7% 66 ae ee 59 75 56 10 58 — —— a Sn 20. oe 56: oe “95 = *Sge% 299 ; ae ThE 8 Sige “ * s = de ~ RESULT OF CALCULATION. Se: min. De oe nie von Deg. min. Sec, That renee : 7 = 88 528 SECOND ENCAMPMENT ON/SMOKY HILL RIVER. Determination of longitude, July 10, 1844—altitudes of « Aquile. OBSERVATIONS. _<_ Deuble altitudes of Aquile. - Time of chronometer. 20 81 02 40 : 21 17 RESULT OF CALCULATION. h. min h. ~ min 9 29 34 * Ss ws - oh . hee A sii! , a 4H ERAS Fd THIRD ENCAMPMENT ON SMOKY HILL RIVER. Determination of latitude, —— 13, +1844—altitudes of Polaris. — ant onshuravrental . » beeebatiogidett ig 72 ES oy: gee: Sie ——$_———_— RESULT, OF CALCULATION- a = [1%] 852 THIRD ENCAMPMENT ON SMOKY HILL RIVER? Determination of longitude, July 13, 1844—altitude of « Aquilz. OBSERVATION. Double altitude of ¢ Aquile. - ‘Time of ¢hronometer. Deg. min. — sec. o h. mins see. 77° «© 86T 6 20 3 55 51.5 RESULT OF CALCULATION. Mean time. etic ete 2 Rates sete Longitude. ~ ~~ ENCAMPMENT ON SMOKY HILL RIVER, BELOW THE PAWNEE VILLAGE. Determination of longitude, July 17, 1844—altitudes of « Aguile. WSyTh TH VRORe. 2h VFO VIN? OS Gain OBSERVATIONS. _ ~~ eaa VES E x ” Double altitudes of a Aquile. TE Wester Time of chronometer. rE min. sec. - Je. mince we eae 13 10, J 20>. Cae ati. é ae 33 15 ~~ 0 : We. 46 ae 7 18 0 Andee, 16 ee ° : = 3r «18.6 RESULT OF CALCULATION. “ : Retard. bBisigiede. oh. twin, See — cn [08 #89 eae 7 a ENCAMPMENT£ON SMOKY HILL RIVER; BELOW ‘THE PAWNEE VILLAGE. PalemEgse of latitude, July 17, 1844—altitus en of Palarts. OBSERVATIONS. a Double altitudes of se Time of chronometer... ___ pro m7 Se a) 7 x Deg. min. _ sec. kh. min. _ sec. haa 76 -399—Cs 3 8@ 9 765! MQ S16 36 86 75 40 10 36-30 ve §45 *- 30 38 _ 01 46> “2 00 : 39 17 45 42—~C«A » Oy. cae Ro RESULT OF CALCULATION. Si = True altitude.« Mean time: ~ Latitude. — 7G Dege mein: see: feo mine see: ~ Deg. mine secs ae sgn ght o. 3. % 3 aa! aa = os *~ Observed time. Mean time: = Longitude.” A. in. sec. kh. " min. see. Deg. min. see. 10. 15° 36 15 40 29 _ we 247° = 31 14 J 554 a , . .. ‘RIPTH ENCAMPMENT; ON SMOKY HILL RIVER... “Determination of latitude, July 19, 1844—altitudes of Polaris. OBSERVATIONS. ~Double altitudes of -Polaris. ~-Time of chronometer. — o * * Sree es = ___—_. Frne altitude. : _Mean time. - Latitude. Deg. thin. ~ sec. h. min, séc. Deg. min. sec. 37 48 25 ; a 18 38 43 32° : ENCAMPMENT THREE MILES ‘SOUTH OF SMOKY HILL FORK. Determination of longitude, July 21, 1844—altitudes of o Aquilz. OBSERVATIONS. Z Double altitudes of a Aquile. Time of chronometer. Deg. min. sec. h. min. see. 2 AG 18 3 = 2-8 =< 49 1s = a , 14 st s Eee eo oe ae she a 16 5 RESULT OF CALCULATION. = : Sas SES raw ‘ a a Ge. 9 at 2 fy gs “hth ee bt es « aoe as 555 [amy | ENGAMPMENT THREE MILES SOUTH OF SMOKY ‘HILL FORK. Determination of lutitude, July 21, 1844—altitudes of Polaris: OBSERVATIONS. Double altitudes of Pelaris. 3 or a > a or won & - RESULT OF CALCT! LATION. Ecatast —— m . * = wert, __."Frue-altitude. —_-Mean-time. ____Latitude. ™ iia meal = i -™ ERCAMEMENT BETWEEN SMOKY HILL FORK AND at SANTA, FE ROAD. Determination of puttin, July 3) 1844—altitudes of Polaris. - = - OBSERVATIONS. _ Nios be ies Lee eee ease Ce oP LS lige ds ado spbaiisie yloot ~~ outlets of Polaris m : er nin. —8eC. ch. min. see. 75: T5t 40 3 SS BT +3175 263 40 A mm 86180 75° = 66 00 ’ 4 3 +99 RESULT OF CALCULATION. —— = Mera SSS eerste Momn sae- Apiitnde / =a a a eg. min. se. ENCAMPMENT BETWEEN SMOKY HILL FORK AND THE SANTA FE ROAD Determination of longitude, July 22, 1844—altitudes of « Aguile. OBSERVATIONS. Double altitudes of a Aquile. eesy eee 2 Ww =~ : 3 g ee Retard. Longitude. ei — oe a ‘ pep Ms cna ae sit SEE pe blag Sag ace ona ee ts at Pe tion of tonite, daly 23, 1s44—altitudes of guile Z. “OBSERVATIONS. . — Double altitudes of « Aquile. Time of chronometer. utes ‘ a 2 x + ~ a i ated : te + 7 ‘ es ge! v2 1 f ‘ wg eres eth bei sce MS, EE. ‘min. sec. h. min. ~ sec. = 2 25 or 3 s “RESULT OF CALCULATION. : ; sg : = a ae z Y 3 = — ore iM is - weg ihr mat a - _— 2 rise coe a‘ = pas sae ne . a Se OSe age sat ng = see. : ; a rs i Ri pees 5 Ss. * = : i * - _— ~ SS Be Pa oo ‘ _— 20° ENCAMPMENT ON THE SANTA FE ROAD. >) “Determination of latitude, July 23, 1844—altitudes on Polaris. a OBSERVATIONS. . Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. wiEO i re a Deg. min. see. h. min. see. ed. 75. Bios 3 be 43 75 32 10 1s™ 14 76.33 30 20 09 76, =3&" 86 22 02 os. 36 ag 23 09 ‘ 75 36 50 24 .39 RESULT OF CALCULATION. Z “min. sec. h. min. see. Deg. min. see. a7 = ot § Te bwee 46 38.2 3Beo. BF -“ENCAMPMENT AT “*BLACK JACK,” ON THE SANTA FE ROAD. aeailer mination of latitude, July 28, 1844—altitudes of Polaris. OBSERVATIONS. Double altitudes of Polaris. Time ef chronometer. ~ 4 eee ‘ 4 eee . min, sec. ih. — we. 7 a) eee 3 cae © J “ 39..: & . ~~ oS ws es, 76... 28. °. 46 340s «47 7% 38% 00 - ae ee ae | = ae 49 «Ol 7 76. ~ 36 o -. fe Be = 42 97 = 16°38 t 43 ---20— —- ; aeeuir OF p CALCULATION. oe Rie ; vie hate ea eee s Mee : 7 * See ss DP i ‘ a es = 9 18 30 ‘i. 2 558 - ENCAMPMENT? AT “BLACK JACK,” ON THE SANTA FE ROAD. Determination of longitude, July 28, 1844—altitudes. of rcturus. OBSERVATIONS. i| : FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES. Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. |. Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. — Arcturus. Areturus.- Teatt 2. t Deg. min. sec. — he min. sec. | - min, see. h. min, sec. 76. > 8 7 46-936. | 7 856 30 3°51 52.0 75 32 40 AT 41.0 | 7a -38-- 57.5: 75.09 30 - 48 40.5 | 73 03 «410 5407.0 age 48 = $0. 49 33.0 :: oe. 55 21.0 4 23° <- 38 * 40.0 72. 03 . 20 66. 39.7 . = eo _ RESULT OF CALCULATION. : = Mean time. Retard. | Longitude. hs min, sec. h. min, see. | 9 33 02 | 5 41° 37.6 z Determination of longitude, Fuly 28, bearalsituden deat aeiter- s OBSERVATIONS... ges Yeve : _ i. Si Z = << Double altitudes of Filfiier. P Time of Sacmeur. 5 wuses ir ee ‘as Deg. min, sec. h. min, see - pees a ae 6 50 20.5 61 59 40 51 13.0 =. 62. «17.0 62 40 40 53 12.0 r 15 09.6 ~ © | RESULT OF CALCULATION. _ Mean time. Retard. Longitude, = METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ‘THE EXPEDITION OF 1843-'44, — ? ‘METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS MADE DURING THE JOURNEY. Comparison of barometers. According to three observations made at the observatory of Paris, Lieutenant Frémont’s barom- eter, constructed by Bunten, is 0.23 millimetres higher than the standard of the o' observatory. ‘ The result of forty-three comparative observations of both a of Mr. Frémont with both my mmr. ag the following : nglish) — E (French) — 0.051 inch = Fr. (N. Y.) — 0.034 inch — Fr. (Bunten) — 0.091 inch. “Barometer y (French) = E (English) a 0.051 inch = Fr. (N. Y. ) + 0.017 inch = Fr. (Bunten) — 0 inch. Barometer (Bunten) — Fr. (NLY. ) + 0.057 inch. Observations ‘Hon May. to May 11, 1843. Range of barometer during the time, — 0/’.4. Range of thermometer, — 60° to 80° Fahrenheit. G. ENGELMANN. St. Louts, May 13, 1843. ¢ : 562 . Na = _ Table of meteorological observations. : ermometer. |” "Date Tim B = | Remark | 7 | Attached| Free. | tdes- seus. 1843. Millim.| Cent. | Fahr.| Feet. June 10 | Sunri 733.74 5.0 | 39.3 900 ag fog; wind N. | Uh, 41m. p.m. } 735.43 22.0 | 69. 938 | NE. wind , and fine cumuli. Sunset — 733.95 14.8 | 55.4 | 933 Sight bea beeeee hee NW; clear. 11 | Sunrise g 8.8 | 48.6 | 933 ol cumuli; slight breeze from 12 | Sunrise © -| 728.95 12.9 | 55.0 | 1,036 | Wind S.; clear; clouds in E. ho- om | Noon -| 726.02 49 5.4 jis 1,331 | Wind S.; clear; few cumuli. 18 | Sunrise = = - |_ 726.15 15.6 | 59.5 | 1,267 | Wind N _ TE a PAM eto 726.19 -1 |} 76.0 | 1,329 Wind N.; clear; cummuli: : _) Sunset. -| 724.96 | 22.0 | 67.0 | 1,406 Sky covered with seutered clouds oe ec at ise - | 723.79 16.3 | 60.0 | 1,406 ‘thunder and rain; rainbow in =< 15} 6h. 55m. a.m. | 721.67 | 17:8 | 61.6 | 1,486 | At sunset last night a very vio- ent and continuous rain. wind N W., with thu: der and lightning, for half’an - hour, and contin all the night. i te calm and cloudy. Sunset -| 724.34 24.0 | 74.0 | 1,555 | Gentle breeze from NW..; clear, Tee ge and ecumuli. 16 | Sunset -| 724.72°| 19.1 | 64.0 | 1,401 | Wind N. 60° E.; heavy rains du- * ting the fore part of the day; ; clouds and sun in the afternoon; TA 1843. || Millim. | Cent. | Fahr. | Feet. June 25 | Noon -| 686.60 | 30.1 90.5 | 3,087 | Clear; wind 8. 35° E. Sunset -| 685.00 | 21.1 70.0 | 3,037 | Clear; slight breeze from S ; a F few clo uds. 26 | Sunrise -| 684.08 | 15.8 59.5 | 3,037 | Calm Sper clear, Noon (?) -| 681.02 31.9 88,3 | 3,322 | Clear; wind S. 27 | Sunrise - | 672.98" |= 12-20 53.5 | 3,4 Clear, yirar from NW. to $ Peas sae breeze from E. Noon -| 670.97 | 29.4 | 83:0 | 3,732 reeze from N. 20° E. Sunset -| 667.20 22.9 73.0 | 3,757 Cell aa cumuli; breeze N. 28. Sunrise -| 667.75 TR? 52.0 | 3,757 peroas sight ror 9 W.; a Sunset -| 661.63 | 25.8 | 77.0 | 4,070 Cha. comet from SE. _ 29 | Sunrise -| 669.73 16.8 68.4 | 4,070 ‘ie ; breeze moderate from N. * ow, lb. 26m. p.m.-| 653.94 | 30.0 | 85.2 | 4,532 Chul ergy moderate from =. --VSunset =| :«650.92 | 23.9 | 74.5 | 4,590 Chases some clouds. Date. Time. Barom. “Atearioaall deed tudes. Remarks. z & ata =" 1843. Millim.| Cent. . 7 23 | Sunrise - | 639.62 7.4 4,974 ; E Noon | - | 645.29 29.8 | 85.0 | 4,959 | Clear; slight breeze from 2hup.m. = .09 6 0 | 5,026 | Cle: tb E. 4h. p.m. -| 644.49 30.4 88.3 | 5,080 | Clear; slight breeze from E : 35 21.8 | 74.0 | 4,940 : 21.8 | 74.0 24 | 5h. 54m. a. m. |. 642.95 13.0 | 55.0 | 4,940 | Clear; air from 2h. 4m. p. m.| 641.70} 32.8 | 89.0 | 5,143 Char air from we clouds in, » | horizon. | 4h. 4m. Pay 640.95 | 33.4 | 88.5 | 5,179 | Clear; wind from E. ) 25 | Sunrise 641.39 13.4 | 55.0 | 4,965 | Clear and clouds; wind N 10h. Sm. a. m. | 618.74 Vi | 86 i* 9 Clear and loads i . 2h: 5m. :p. m. 643.00 28.6 | 82:0 | 5,032. Clear and clouds; wind N es ‘4h. Sm. p.m. | 642.48 , 27.8 5 | 5,048 | Clear and clouds; wi = _ | Sunset -| 643.50 20.8 | 69 ; Clear and clouds; breeze from S 26 | Sunrise -| 644.35 14.4 | 58.0 | 4,857 Overcast; air from N. 1 17.8 ar and. 31.4 33.7 Ems 87.0 | 5,128 | Clear andelouds; breeze from N. 872 5,170 rea dey clouds; th under storm ming up 70.0 | 5,184 Clear —_ clouds; Wieexe from aie 58.8 | 5,184 | Over 71.0 | 5,210 Caan. ‘sano 25° W 5,201 Beginning to rain. % &’ 53.0 | 5,336 | Fine rain; calm. ' 55.5 | 5,557 Rainy. | a 11.6 | 52.5 | 5,530 | Misty; railly appearance; calm. 20:0 | 64.5 | 6,339 | Clear and ey oot from 20.6 | 65.3 | 6,359 Chir and ———- —— breeze om SE SR ak Pe te ee fe ot oonNnro, fox) @ »~ 12.3 | 54.0 | 7,521 Clear: moderate breeze from S. 10.8 | 48.0 | 7,521 we niet aillin Eeetboat breeze 22.6 | 69.0 7,844 Clear: and clouds; wind N.2: F came aoads; wi ind N. Dae. fast 17.7 | 64.0 | 7 oudiy.in noid! wind E. 6.2 | 42. (3. and calm. — 24.0 | 72.0 4 tern: eee ; alittle clears» '| Clearand clouds; m NE. 94 Cher a ine eS 95 | Clear; clouds; strong wind from w 3 6.2 | 38.5 | 7,143 26.3, 79.5 | 6,951 Clear, C Eb 80.0 6,963 | Cloudy; st breeze from 8. ~ Cc a Ci is Cc Table of met soralogical 567 we [14g | Therma —— Alti- . Time. A ;_.._ | tudes, OP Bro | Attached. Free. . det Z Miltim. |. Cent. | Fahrs| Feet. ‘ 604.65 | 24.4 | 75.0 | 6,825 | Clear; calm; cloudy. ~~ . Oh. 50m. p. m.| 604.45 | 25.5 | 79.5 | 6,881 | Clear; calm; cloudy. poh Ih. 50m. p. m.| 604.45 | 25:8 | 78.2 | 6,875 ; calm; cloudy. 2h. 50m. p. m. L. 26.0 .5 | 6,871 | Clear; calm; cloudy. 3h. 50m. p. m.| 603.85 | 26.5» | 75.2 | 6,888 | Clear; W. wind in. 4h. 50m, p. m. 603.44 | 25.8 95.0 = thermometer in. Sut - 3.09 0.8 | 70.0 | 6,743 hens come ae W. wind in, 2. : squa Sunrise - | 602 70 7.5 | 46.0 | 6,743 | Clear and calm ‘Sunset -| 598.40 | 19.3 | 63.5 | 7,490 | Cloudy; thunder a ‘air from E.; temperature of spring, 46° Fahr. Sunrise -| 587.19 8.0 43.0 | 6,040 | Air fro: .; Clear. Th. 50m. p.m.| 597.59 | 27.0 | 79.5 | 7,196 | Clear and clouds; breeze from W.. Sunset -| 596.70 | 21.4 | 69.8 | 7,0 tee and cloudy; slight breeze or om W. ‘ Sunrise 596.40 | 12.6 | 52.0 | 7,000 | C ca aie mB. 2h. 28m. p. m. -81 | 25.5 | 78.0 | 6,784 Glow va pyre -| 603.84 11.2 51.0 | 6,594 | ¢ f a last . night wind Noor -| 611.16 | 24.8 6,483 Ciseis sid clest: wind Nw. as 7m. p. m.| 610.77 26.5 Cc Sunri 614.05 6.8 Cc Noon -| 61080 26.6 Cc Sunset 7.77,|. 22.0 M Sunrise - | 605.56 12.8 Cc 2h. 8m. p. m. | 600.30 | 22.6 H Sunset -| 599.39 | 16.8 Sunrise 600.14| 1.6 } th. 20m. p.m. | 587.45 | 17.5 Sunset -| ‘587.76 | 11.6 unris -| 687.74 |— 1.5 10h. 2m. a. m. SB7.08 17:9 Noon 592.92 | 21.6 Oh. 40m. p.m. | 592.65 | 22.1 Sun -| 595.20} 19.8 Sunrise -}| 595.27 is | 10h. 50m. a.m. | 602.45 24.8 Noon — 602.44} 29:2 Sunset e 2.52.) 23s Sunrise -| 604.45) 2.4 2h. p. m -| 611.50 | 29.2 gh. p.m -| 611.28 |. 29.8 Sunset -| 610.94 | 19.0 Sunrise 10,36} 3.2 | Noon =+°619.94,|. 30-1 -seaale =| 613.31 | 23.6 =e une . “| 614.24 3.9 “ T2683. . g 568 Table of ompediee ceed obgervations—Continued. | Thermometer. Alti- Fa Date. Time. Barom. aaa Free tudes. | * Remarks. 1843, lim. | Cent. | Fahr. | Feet. Aug. 17 | 2h. 3m. p, m.| 610.45} 29.1 | 84.0 | 6,558 | Clear; foggy horizon; calm. uns 8 10.68 ; 18.1 64.0 16,234 lear ; horizon more pure; calm. 18 -| 611.83 6.3 1 6,234 Clear air from N. 80° W.; ; hazy . 4 horizon. 3 {2h. p.m. -| 607.04 | 31.5 4 82.6 | 6,735 ; slig tecaltrom W. }3h. p.m, -| 607.04 | 31-9 | 82.0 | 6,732 | Clear; slight Bragg trom + 19 |Sunrise -| 606. 4.6 38.6 | 6,361 | Smoky horizon; and clone. Noon | -| 608.85 32.9 88.0 | 6,640; Clear; few cumuli; breeze in. aes ? S € : Squalls from SW. Oh. 46m. p-m. | 608.54 nh Te 89.0 | 6,719 | Clear; few cumuli; breeze in squalls from SW. ; ‘Sunset. <| 602.75.|. 26.0 72.2 | 6,661 | Clear and calm; horizon not pure. --- 20 | Sunrise -_ - | 602.05 4, 37.0 | 6,661 | Clear, and dirty horizon; breeze a Se from N iia | Néjx -| 596.33 27.7 80.5 | 7,227 oe wind N, 60° W.; hazy Th. pom. —- | 596.83 | 30.0 | 82.5 | 7,257 | Moderate wind NY 60° W.; hazy i sun 575.87 27.2 79.2 | 8,234 Dividing ridge; eekys sun faint; scattered cu muli; th storm. some Goons in eA ; high wind # N. 60° W. 607.06 6.6 43.8 | 6,558 Bincky, sun faint; Feoiehlis ‘air | : E. 614.45 | 31.6 | 89:0 | 6,416 | Smoky; sun faint; calm. 613.93; 31.0 | 87.0 | 6,425 | Smoky; sun faint; ‘wind in squalls om 8.4-% 612.41 | 18.8 | 65.0 | 6,185 | Cumuli; thunder storm at a dis- tance; slight breeze from N. 612.29 4.¢ 36.5 | 6,185 | Smoky; scattered cumuli; calm. 616.50 | 28.7 | 84.8 | 6,281] Very smoky; sun faint; cumuli; baled? th. 30m. p.m. | 616.02 | 27.2 | 79.0 | 6,264 ~~ —-) ae wind from N. °wW.; a 8.6 | 47.2 | 5,989 | Sm afd id breeze from 8. 25.2 5.2 | 6,290 | Wind in ictiatla fous Nw. 25.7 | 74.5 | 6,288 | Clear; very smoky. 14.2 | 56.4 | 5,843 | Clear and calm; very smoky 7.7 | 45.4 | 5,843| Clear; hazy: cold ind fi _ 0 SE. 26.0 72.2 | 5,841 | Clear; Yi from 16.8 | 62.5 | 5,738 — hazy; shale 0. | 2815 | 5,738! Clear c ae S Bi og. | | Of 2 Steam holes 81°.5 be ' Ss 31.4 83.3 | fe 2958 Clear; Pas ox, te breeze _ from 8. xe | oes | 5018 | Clear; emoky; ealm 0. Clear; smoky; some cumuli; | 24.7 | 77.0 | 320° Posies: rainy appearance; not : smoky; breeze S. 70° - 26.1 79.5 5,327 Pari cloied ty, —-. Ae a a, * > 9 : as .* re “a = 569 ee : > he 5 *. 4, 5 e a hy ‘ 7 Table of meteorological observations—Continued. ; Thermomeger. f Ve Time Barom S| Alt ae = " |Attached.| Free. tudes. " ra P53 KE ae Millim. | Cent. | Fahr.\ Feet. . 2 (, Sunset -| 636.25 | 20.8 | 69.2 | 5,142 | Dark clouds, very little blue; : ; slight breeze s. Sunrise -| 638.33; 14.6 |. 55.0 | 5,142 ee erp a N.; Met clouds all hate thun Mae ‘ gio stick. 6.1 | 32.0 4,487| Calm; overcast; snow failing [174 y 512 . S R P "Table of meteorological observations—Continued. Fa Thermometer. Alti- = i fa. ...| tudes. | : Date Time. ee ey ee es, Remarks ‘ , io 7843. . Millim, | Cent. Feet. Sept, 23 | 8h. a. m. -| 649.12 12.8 32.0 4,463 | Calm; overcast; snow falling , ice thick 9h. a.m =| 648.90 10.2 ‘bs, 0 | 4,380} Calm; overeast; snow falling | ** thick. 10h. a. m.!) -+| 648.31 8.8 | 40.0 | 4,511 | Air front Ne 20° W.; snow fall- llh. a.m. =| 649.29 | 18.3 | 43.0 | 4,531 | Heavy wi wind from Ni ; snow turn- Noon - |, 649.16 17.8 | 43.0 | 4,534 | os ‘an rain; “somadivhat clearer ie in the N. —_— . horizon. (b Pp. m. -| 648.95 20.2 | 47.0 | 4,566 ore cl in that corner; 2h. p.m. -| 648.65 16.4 | 47.5 | 4,567 | 06: rain; more ear sky i 3h. p. m. -| 649.44 | 18.6 | 49.5 | 4,554! More moderate; no rain; more * clear sky in N. 4h. p. m -| 649.43 | 17.8 | 49.5 | 4,550) More moderate; no fain: more clear sky in N. 5h. p. m -| 649.50 18.2 | 49.5 | 4,550) Wind N.; sky i inproving from s NW. to NE.» ; Sunset -| 649.99 19.8 | 45.5 | 4,520/ Nearly calm; clear over head; clouds scattered. * 7h. p. m. -| 649.80 19.0 | 45.0 | 4,521 | Moderate wind from N.; sky bs 5 cloudy; clear spots between. 8h. p. m. _ =| 649.80 17,0 | 42.5 | 4,499) Air —_ N.; 5 ky cloudy; some LS ‘oh. p- m. -| 651.14 |" 14 41.0 | 4,428 Mote —_ | 10by p.m. =| 650.88 12.9 | 40.0 | 4,422 oo stars peeping 11h. an. -| 650.94 12.7 | 37.0 406) Ai from NE. ; sky bright, ‘ae : iit in in E. : Midnight -} 650.51 8.6 | 37.0 | 4,403 Air from NE.; southern sky nearly overcast; northern sky partly bright, ES covered with E 24 | Sunrise -| 651.55 15.6 | 35.0 | 4,388 Calm; overcast; ada in the W. ae orizon. 2 Noon 13.0 | 53.2 | 4,357 | Breeze from S.; sky clear; some 10.5 54.0 | 4,240! Clear; breeze from S 15.7-| 46.8 | 4,240 Clear; gale fr 17. 0 | 4,297 | Clear and clouds; sun; wind S 16.5 | 61.5 | 4,305 “ements wind 8. 72°E. 15. 60.0 | 4,324 More 7. ‘9 | More tes dark i in the W. 2) vercast. * itl = * ' <3 : s73— Cee = a : - " ? ra # are, "s 575 C174 J “Table of observations with the thermometer—Continued. = = Mina Thermometer. Rawedice. "* Der: Fahr Sunset - 39.5 Sunrise - 0:0 « t = 26.0 Sunrise = 10.0 . ind bd 32.0 # Sunrise - 25.0 Sunset ae 36.0 » Sunrise at £ 32:0 Sunrise - 39.0 Sunset - 52.0 Sunrise - 34.0 * t - 48.0 7 Sunrise - 29.0 * . i set - 46.0 Sunrise - 36.0 t - 39.0 . P =" 33.0 Sunset - 43.0 ao —_—: wine ail de . ‘Daylight -| 39.0 ~ he 3 a : . Daylight . 38.0 . Sunset - 39.0 Cloudy; little rain. . € ae ‘e a= Daylight - - 31.0 : hres Sunset - 37.0 Pair — bitige fom 3. *: es < 32.0 + es unset - 33.0 | WindS., fair. . Daylight . 22.0 Clouds rising around = hidiadn, Pash . Striset - 30.0 rates AE. ane on i Daylight - 20.0 Clear ‘Sunset ‘ 23.0 fae ee sun Daylight - 18.0 Calm; reddish clouds mset - 34.0 Gentle SE. breeze. Daylight =~ Light snow > — = 19.0. Clear; wind WSW ‘Dayli - 14.0 ‘Sau 4% 19:0 | Fair; wind S. g0° W. Daylight - 17.0 Sunset : 27.0 | Pair; moderate SW. winds Daylight - 24.0 Fair; light cloudsin E. i t . 28.0 a Daylight - 26.0 Thick snow falling. Daylight ode be 20.0 Heavy mist. " - 23.0 Still misty. & nae a 7h. 12m. a. m 20.0 si - 24.0 Dense mist al! day. 6h. 25m. a. m- 12.0 Sunset - 22.0 Wind NE.; dense —_ as on the two previous days. Sunrise - 8.0 Mist br reaking 4 away; clear bright sunshine. Sunset -| _- Clear; nearly calm. 7h. 12m. a. m. 6.0 Slight mist. oon - 31.0 Evening - 24.0 Clear 7h. 45m. a. m. 20.0 Brisk NE. aie bright Souds ; in We Noon - 35.0 a 20.0 Giese Wind trout SW.—Temperature Ofithe main spring at its si 206°; -the Cntr is doubles at og tie boiling point Who 25m. a. m | 23.0 Sunset -| 2 330 A little snow falling, =~ 7h. 15m: a. m. =» 22.0 es < + sii * “ ‘ tet» c 174 re | * 596 . *% " " j Table ‘of observations in the dermensteeigresondle Date. Time. Thermometer. Remarks. |” = 84 Deg. Fahr ‘ _ Jan. 11 | Sunrise = 15. * Sunset om _ 20.0 Da sacle bri t suns 12 | Sunrise - 33.0 - viah oo 28.0 Partially overcast; wid SWhg 3 rem 13/8 . 29.0 «| Creercatite wind S. 20° E. | pale a Sunset - 31.0 age pie thick; _— = aN 14 | Sunrise . 26.0 Near ar; wind N 28.0 pow Shale iin ater 30 Oe 4; wind N 6° W. Sunset s 26.0 | Cloudy; snow falling; win 15 | Sunrise - 31.0 Sunset -| , 340 . | Clear; fair. 16'| Sunrise ae ae i. i Sunset 350 Fair; light wind N. 50° W. all day. , ¥%| Sumrise® * - 17.0 ws : =. \Sumet-> . - 42-0 | Calm; sun bright. '-_» “18 | Sunrise - 28.0 Reddish clouds in tea 3h, 14m. pm. ma Temperature + toiling water 303°.7; wind S. 20° W. = unset # ; § . * -19:] Sunrise - $7.0... 1 Snow falling from 9h. till 11h. a. m.; sun faint. 2") Sanset* - 35.0 * * 20 |sSunrise * 14.0 | Oh..55m.° p. m. . 41.0 zvepireyure of ie water 204°.3; wind W. .;Sunset- .' +] . 932.0. | Overcast at ee Pe ee vn falling» feadin SW.: snow ceased at 10h. @ Sod ere S| a ed Samet saath cholie-onst é “Sunset ee ae 29.0 : Calm: y- 22 | Sunrise _ » 30,0 Wind | 8. atl ~*~ rata — inp horizon; tight ah bm pm -| - 33.0c2 - Temperature on ing wae er 208. 2; wind pied high from Sunset - cy a Sicy : Noon 2 ies 48/0 Clear; moderate Ss. wind. ae Sunset - 24.0 *< 6 | Sunrise . =f 960 Sky ‘unclouded; light breeze sw. Noon ~ jos. 37.) Sky unclouded; cal ns a ce , Oh. 25m, p,m. = | 37.5 Temperature of boiling water 200°.5; calm. 7 |Sunrise 9.5 | ae Sunset ey 28.0 Sky perfectly lear the ce y; light variabl afin & |Sonrise, —— - =: 9,5 ae . ae 3 OQ | Site thining fal'on high p caks. sie a 0.6 | Shining full on valleys ; sky Sradlastiatite: 3h. 40m. p.m 38.0 Temperature o, of boili ng waiter water 199°.7; light easterly i \ ; reeze; nearly clear Sunset : 36.0 | Wind east; whitish clouds rising in the horizon. (I ie a | Sunr : 29.0 . | Strong SW. wind; light scud, dri ; . [Noon =~}, 44.0 | Moderate WSW. wind; nearly cle * \ganset == = |S. ~——«| Wind variable; nearly lear; a few _ 10 a eee a 30m. before sunrise. 45 Sunrise = - *_ 35.0 Nearly calm; cloudy in SW. : Noon - , 42.0 Wind SE.; white clouds in W. Oh. 55m. p. m. - 425 Temperature of boiling water 199°.5, “moderate ae - win ‘ nearly clear. Sunse -|} 37.0 Moderate Si. “wind; sky partially Gvercie Sh. p. - 39,0 11 | Sunrise - - 33.0 Entirely overcast; wind shifting. | Noon 7 35.0 Clouds breaking away; be, th gh wind from ee: Soret, <. - 33.5 Clearing off; moderate wind N. 80° W 12 | Sunrise ae 82:5" Calm; sky nearly clear. Guna * S 35.0 Sky clear; gentle W. breeze. ate * ae 3h p. m. =f 3.0 re a = a wore Suntise §-| 630 Calm; oe Sunset Ss - | 8b. 0- Ove: 14 | Sunrise - 21.0 Sky Sunset - - 32.5 Cc 15 | Sunrise 31.0 Calm; clouds in SW.; sun faint. | Noor ~ 41.0 Calm; sind clouds nove from SW. to NE. : 31.5 Calm; sk ky nearly clear 16 | Sunrise. ie 30.0 Wind SW.; rain clouds in E. unset - 33.0 Ch oderate 8. wind. 17 | Sunrise - 23.0 Entirely clear; calm. Sunset « 32.0 Entirely clear; calm. 18 | Sunrise “ 23.5 very clear; nearly calm ‘ Sunset ‘ 31.0. | Calm; rain clouds in W 19 | Sunrise 90. +e sky; calm. ‘Sunset 32.0 Cloudless says gentle breeze 8. 60° BE. 20 | Sunrise ‘ 22.0 Epes | Banset 37.0. chi, biel : th Alm. p.m : 47.0 Tengorature a ‘oiling asi "197°.5; moderate . 21 ie 32.0 Pies 7. ai scattered watery clouds. ~ 46.0 Cumali all over the heavens; netrly calm; snow |...» |. falling on the mountains behind; rain on the edge 3 ee, eee a he valley beyond. Cio Sky still cloudy; 5 aa 65° E. Li e OF m4 7 ‘ sts Table of observations with the thermometer Continued ; inte. Time. “Thermometer. ae Ae Bemis. : we ss _« Feb. 22 | Sunrise aie 29.0. Sun ins moderate wind N. 55 5° B. ; | Neon -| 7 8°400 Light watery cl rife aa wind N. aE ate es Th. 15m. p. m. - 37.5 Tem npertareaf builing r 198°.7 ‘clouc ‘Sunset 13 a +) Sky ‘asly calm; wind N 23 Sunrise ye umuli around the einai + ee lear; nm a ‘ a iy pers lear; Ww . x e ibis q boiling water 206° “akg th leer: light reeze from M i “4 ie uds in S.; moderate SE. wind.. ees gra p wind SW. = calm. G ee Z ‘ ans st ies 63.0 Clear sky; brisk SW W. wind: _» ©) 13} Sunrise ae 35.0. No clouds able, calm — | Noon “ih gage Strong et TeCZ Ta: panies sae ea 60 Light w: ie a A hor wii fom NW. #4 | Sunrise = f - 45,0 © | Modera eS N. as eed uncloaded. 2 | Sunset ae ce a Cher: per a ~ Sky 1 unc! ouded; no wind. . ee Few scattering ‘Clouds j in W. ome unclouded. * In shade; ight breeae clouds in ~ n Meee a . 23 § * 25 E +" 26 |S ORE Sc a = - . Fs % 87! ee gy. Moe = 979 , ee ged | Table of observations with the thermometer—Continued. Thermometer. | Wet bulb. | : Remarks. Deg. Fahr. |. Deg. i ; ~ 68.0 = Clearing off; wind SW... ‘ = 52.0 om Sky ly ;calm. ; - 60 0 - Dark clouds coming up in W~; calm. - 48.0 - Cloudy; light easterly wind. - , 62.0 = in m SW.; 0 er. - 54.0. “ tisk wind S. 15° E. - ed off. - 43.0 s Sky copith aoe wind . 56.0 = Few clou louds in’ SE.; witihig ‘breeze N. : 6u . 41.0 & Slight rain in falling; wind S. 60° ish ™ 60.0 z Raining; ee from SW. . - 37.0 = Sky clear, ca’ - 68.0 we Sky cléiney'oa - 35.0 é Sky cous no ve - 90.0 Sore i. as ade. : 98.0 In. sun; sky nearly clear; light SE. reeze. we ame =) - Wind S. 40° E.; cloudy in NE. laa 49.0. “a Raining: overclouded. .... -|o 4850 -— Wind N. 60° W_; sky nearly clear. $2.0 i ee oe in W.; ; moderate wind S. ~ |i 88.0 - Skye lear and calm. - Land 52.0 ~ Dark cummuli 1 in W.; ; light breeze N, 55° : | 36.0 - Perfectly ales no air stirring. 56.0 = '| Nearly clear; ee ij 37.0 ae Sky overcast; 57.0 oe th in Hora ‘high wind in N. 45° =, 32-0 = Denes sun faint; calm. = “=< 62:0 2 ee } ise smoke; sun obscured. 4 - eee - moky appearance continues; sun faint. , es ee) he RES Sy Nos Att clear; calm. ed oe and calm. Sais Oe. -| 920 =| or B60 é 480 shied | See 54.0 se 40.0: <5 eke Ww; | Moderate wind S. ~ W.; sky sieely aa a. ‘Shy overcast; clouds in NW.; wind S. "Dark rk. eumall in E.; moderate wind S. Pa mist geal gee of the rane cold Hays son = faint; strong wind N. 80° W. aes kya ear; wind N. 80° W. oe pleats brisk wind N. 80° W. — + gentle w Eirai) ° 3 580 ~ 3 - : , i Table of observations with the thermometer—Continued. Date. Time. Thermometer | Wet bulb. Remarks. . 1844, Deg. Fahr Deg. » Apnl 24 | Sunrise 48.0 45.0 Jouds in E.; moderate W. wind. tie: Sa ey 76.0 69.0 ; brisk wind 8. 80° W. 66 0 58.5 ouds’ breaking away after a sprinkling | rain. 25 | Sunrise - 51.5 48.0 Nearly clear; calm. Sunset = 62.0 S10 Clouds in N. calm * 286 | Suni _ 42.0 43.0 Perfectly clear; cal Noon 3 90.0° 85.0 Sky clear; shifting breeze. Sunset - 80.5 71.0 Dark non in the N., calm. — 2 ee . 44.0 45 0 lear; c Noon s 90.5 78.0 | Thin ‘white, aks in horizon; southerly a ee : | breeze at interval 2s | Sunrise as at 66.0 69.5 Nearly clear; calm | Sunset eae 52.0 48.5 sc clouds in’ NE.s strong wind 8. 39 | Sunrise “ 46.0 47.5 wed clouds; calms, ‘temperature of eee spring used 66° Noon * 69.0 58.0 Clouds; wind brisk fe Sunset - 57.0 54.5 udy; moderate wind S. 20° W 30 | Sunrise 44.5 43.0 Cloudy in E.; cold wind S. 80° E. 8 60.5 54.0 set; calm; cumuli on near mountains. 405 42.0 Very clear; calm. 56:0. - 48.0 Calm; brilliant sunset. 32.0 355 Clear; calm. e 55.5 “ 50.0 Clear; calm. ‘ : 30.0 a 34.0 Clear; calm. ‘ Pe 67.0 ~. 63.0 | Clear; ep 88-0 | 41.5 | Clear; ial bescen HO a | Large 73°, 52.0 - Ben of 5 Sm Lome 271°, 42.0 41.6 calm. 104 0 85.0 Cle; ear; hice at intervals 56.0 50.0 wel ey g¢ bre 41.0 40.0 70.0 ~ Famperation of boiling water 205°.7. 70.5 69 0 sth? 42.0 40.0 | Light white clouds in E.; calm. 76.0 67.0 | Clear; calm. nates eS 42.5 42.0 | Calm; slight h aro 76-0 » 69.0 Clear: _ age Png S. 40° = * 56.5 Tempera E.; cab 9.0 ae ‘emperature of spri 76°. 94.0 $6.5. erature of Hib Pe = XE 581 [ 174 ] Table of observations with the ihermometer—Continued. Date Time. Thermometer.| Wet bulb. Remarks. As of me ane Deg. May 14} Sunri F 41.5 | Clear; moderate wind S. 30° W. 2 Noon i Tie 68 White bank of clouds i in N.; strong wind 8. ‘ OW; unset 4 55.0 50.0 | Sky nearly clear; ers high, S. 30° W. 15 | Sunrise - 41.5 41.0 | Scattered clouds; ‘ ‘Sunset = 61.0 58.0 | Clotdy in horizon pt td S. wind 16 | Sunrise as 32.0 32.5 edtly clear; wind S. : ‘Sunset _ ~ 52.0 48.0 Meise ro wha see drops of rain; high N. i7/S z 33.0 36.0 Cloudy i in horizon; calm. Sunset 52.0 48.0 eee oe We appearance of rain; wind 8. 18 | Sunrise * 45.0 42.5 Ovaed t; heavy rain; wind 8. 65° W. oon <4 48.0 52.0 | Heavy ‘and j incessant non wind S. 65° W. Sunset 63.0 50.5 | Clearing off; wind N. 3 Shee 19'| Sunrise ‘ 29.5. 32.0 | Nearly clear; wind N. 2 Su : 50.0 48.0 | Cloudy in horizo ny eam 20 | Sunri “= de 39.0 39.0 Perfectly — ! 4 ..| Neon We AOS = gts Tegees we tiling. water 208°; sky Sunset 2 48.5 47. Remap eit: a 21)8 : 45.5 46.5 ba calm. Sunset 70.0 61.0 | Very clow udy; mild S. w 22) Sunrise i 56.0 52.0 | Reddish clouds i in E.; bers S. wind. Sunset a 55.0 50.0 Cloudy; w: ind 8, Sunrise ‘ 44.0 43.5 | Cloudy in wiew +295 S. wind. Sunset 45.0 41.0 ; Pbeiah z 41.5 42.5 Me Sunset - 47.5 48.0 Fi Miligiien .« 30.5 36.0 _| Sunset 65.0 62.0 P| Sinrise 44 0 45. Suns. .-|. 64.0. | 60.0 Sie cy oC end, 1 «(6 RESULT OF CALCULATION. True altitude. UES Geen tim? So Latitude. 2 Eater j : r 3 ~*~ ‘min. sec. h. min. sec. - pe ag fr i74 J 590 ENCAMPMENT ON THE LEFT BANK OF THE KANZAS RIVER. — Determination of latitude, June 16, 1842—altitude of « Aquile. OBSERVATIONS. “i FIRST SERIES. 4 ————— SECOND SERIES. Double altitude of a | Time of chronometer. || Double altitude of a | Time of chronometer. Aquile. Aquile. ae min. sec. h. min. see. Deg. . min. sec. he min. sec. 50 «14 «00 It 26 08 52 43 40 34 4% 51 it 20 i 3 42 53 29 «(00 li 84 42 Bl 52 20 't 30 See Lee. ae Fr: 36. 49 sea RESULT OF CALCULATION. Mean time. | Advance Longitude. : h. min. sec. h min. sec. Deg. min. sec. 9 50 4? 1 40 48 96 10 06 ENCAMPMENT ON LITTLE VERMILLION CREEK. Deteniansie of longitude, June 18, 1842—altitude of the sun. 2 OBSERVATIONS. i. FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES. Time of chronometer. er altitude of the} Time of chronometer. lower limb of the sun 3 t set. h.. min... set. 00 7... 4 508 50) T 15 52.5 10 T 16 . 208 50 Tif Ma — 1° Tf oe Brees eae. : ENCAMPMENT ON LITTLE a CREEK. # Fi é Determination of latitude, June 18, 1842—altitude of Polaris. OBSERVATIONS. - Double altitude of Polaris. Time of chronometer. Deg. min. sec. h. min. secw 75 49 00 10 44 04 75 50 20 10 oR 75 61 40 = 10 51 48 20 10 53 | 34 75 53 20 10 55 09 : RESULT OF CALCULATION. ‘ True altitude. _ Mean time., Latitude. Deg. min. sec. h. min. see. Deg. min. 9 0s 46 ’ a ENCAMPMENT ON A TRIBUTARY OF THE BIG VERMILLION CREEK, 1,356 EET ABOVE THE LEVEL OF THE GULF OF MEXICO. Determination of longitude, June 19, 1842—altitude of the sun. OBSERVATIONS. fIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES. Double altitude of the| Time of chronometer. Double altitude ns EN ee lower limb of the sun. lower limb of the sun. igh ¥ Deg. min. sec. h. min. sec, Deg. min. see. h. min. see. 38 (16 «640 7 18 16.0 ce. 37 59 30 7 19 02.4 36 16 40 7 = 99.0 37 43 «45 7 19 450 35 46 50 ¢ mM 8S 24 35 7 720° 36: 35 27 «640 7 2% 506 36 45 «20 7°22 22.0 || Index error — — 42 sec RESULT OF CALCULATION. | 2 ‘ h. min. see. . h. min. sec. | + ~—-Deg. min. sec. 5 we FP i #2 “ 3. 9% 48 05 sate ast : -” T174q 592 ENCAMPMENT ON A ARY OF THE BIG VERMILLION aap 1,350 FEET ABOVE ESTEE 1 LEVEL OF THE GULF OF MEXICO ‘Determination of latitude, June 19, 1842—allitude sa Polaris. ty OBSERVATIONS. Double altitude of Polaris. ‘Time of chronometer. Deg. min. sec. kh. = min. see. 7° 419 10 40 62 76 21 60 10 44 51 76 23 06 10 48 353 og 76 24 40 10 53 06 ¥ 76 24 20° 10 55 47 a ies 10... $8 eee oe 37 20 il 00. 25 =e 27 50 * 11 01 49 : 76 28 50 11 04 36 : 76 29 50 11 06 52 RESULT OF CALCULATION. = 2 Ag 5 . a o% : ee i a : : 4 . 4 ‘a ad ne h. min. see ae. an sec. } Revd FP oat 39 30 40 . ‘ & a. —_ : me a ° i 7 ‘ ; Bes ‘ a < oe # ENC SMPMENT ON THE LITTLE BLUE RIVE LEVEL OF THE GULF OF [1743 wie. FEET ABOVE THE Determination of latitude, June 25, oat altitude of Polaris. # Time of chronometer. OBSERVATIONS. Double altitude of Polaris. Deg. min. sec. h. ae 20 10 78 16 45 10 “36 «6<17 «260 10 78 19 25 10 78 20 15 10 78 20 20 10 78 20 50 10 78 21 25 10 78 22 15 10 78 10 10 SSRBaRTRSSas Shoes RESULT OF CALCULATION. . True altitude Mean time. Latitiide. Deg. min. sec. h. min. see. Deg. min. séc. 39 «09 -~—(0 ces 2. 8 BB Determinatian of longitude, June 25, 1842—altitude of » Aquilz. OBSERVATIONS. f FIRST SERIES * SECOND SERIES- Double altitude of a Time of chronometer. Double altitude of a | Time of chronometer. Aquile. Aquile. min. h. = omin. see. Deg. min. see. hk. min. sec. 34 40 ll ol 45.0 53 06 20 1l os 34.0 51 19 10 Bi 03 47.3 53 40 07 11 10 05.5 52 Il 15 11 06 07.0 54 st 2 1l 12 11.0 RESULT OF CALCULATION. Mean time | , Advance. Longitude. « h. — min. h. min. sec. Deg. min. sec. > aT I 49 39 98 54 07 “p14 } 594 oC ENCAMPMENT ON THE LITTLE BLUE RIVER. ‘ Determination of latitude, June 25, 1842—altitude of Antares near the awe : ~ meridian. ee OBSERVATIONS. * 2 Double altitude of Antares. Time of chronometer. Daa gseegt “Begess = RESULT OF CALCULATION. = True altitude. | Mean time. Latitude. sn lite ‘aeove nye RI, itv etest age : ee are Smee os 2 24 “m 5 : ' sie ioe fe ; f se 1 ae ore ? ey bgt er eS re % Ve “aha * sah et eo . ig es ea . § : Ss : . a Ge “ar oa 595 [174 J FIRST ENCAMPMENT ON THE RIGHT BANK OF PLATTE RIVER, 1,970 FEET BOVE THE LEVEL OF THE GULF OF MEXICO. Determination of latitude, June 26, 1842—altitude of Polaris. OBSERVATIONS. Double altitude of Polaris. Time of chronometer. Deg. min. see. h. = min. see. 79 06 15 11 20 50 79 07 10 11 23 29 79 09 20 11 25 51 79 09 35 ill 27 28 79 10 45. ll 09 79 ll 30 ll 32 00 79 12 30 Tt 84 00 79 14 20 11 35 52 79 14 35 11 37 o 79 15 00 11 38 54 *- Tmdex error — ++ 25 sec. . RESULT OF CALCULATION. 4 True altitude. Mean time. Latitude. . Deg. min. sec. h. min. _ see. 39 34 31 9 39 34 40 41 10 Determination of latitude, June 26, 1842—altitude of Antares near the meridian. ; — é OBSERVATIONS. Double ‘altitude of Antares. Time of chronomeler: Deg. min. sec. h. min. see. 46 ~ 31 20 li $468 = oe 46 32 20 il St. eS _ RESULT OF CALCULATION. _ on 2 . a: a oS | - oe eS [ 174] FIRST begs 1 ak pe a ON Determination of longitude, June 26, 1842—altitude of « Aquilz. FIRST SERIES. THE pagar BANK OF PLATTE RIVER, 1,970 FEET GULF 0 F MEXICO. , - 10-23. Racy oat so 597 [ 174 ] ‘SECOND ENCAMPMENT ON THE RIGHT BANK OF PLATTE RIVER. Determination of longitude, June 27, 1842—altitude of « Aquilz. OBSERVATIONS. FIRST SERIES. _ SECOND SERIES. “Double altitude of a | Time of chronometer. || Double altitude of a | Time of chronometer. Aquile. quile. MERI Deg. min. see. h. min. — see Deg. min. see h, min. sec. ys ee Siete 5 Il 54 42.0 73 26 20 It 69 38 _ 88 50 ll” 5F~ 20.0 73 5&2 40 12° 00 62 73 O07 00 11 68 41.5 74 56 00 i 6 OS 38 , Index error — + 10 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. Mean time. Advance. Longitude, ca ‘he ‘min. sec. h. min. sec. | Deg. min. sec. 10. 07 03 Le (6% 05 99. 37. 45 Determination of latitude, June 27, 1842—altitude of Polaris. OBSERVATIONS. Double altitude of Polaris. Time of chronometer ex. min. 3€¢ A. min. see. ” 3 59 45 * sat 13 03 0 01 = 30 i. 6 « Ba 79 04 00 ll 20 40 73° 6 8 i See 79. 87 60 tPF 26. 06 RESULT OF CALCULATION, ene altirade. ae Mesn time. Ls Latitude. . 30° 50 9 2% 36 3932 vagone Seared Mig RESULT OF CALCULATION. ‘599 [14] FIFTH ENCAMPMENT ON THE RIGHT BANK OF PLATTE RIVER. Determination of latitude, June 30, 1842—altitude of Antares near the meridian. OBSERVATIONS. Double altitude of Antares. Time of chronometer. ae a ie Deg . gee. h min. sec. 15 50 11 36 : =" 46 50 11 40 59 <7. ee I HO 1; “ie Coe ‘ a eet Index error — — 20 sec. RESUDT OF CALCULATION. i ' ie . # Z = ; 7 sm - : en True altitude. » Be Mean time. | Latitude. Determination of longitude, June 30, 1842—altilude of « Aquile. OBSERVATIONS. | Double altitude of « Aquile Deg. min. sec. iis 3. 61 48 30 re 62 22 20 «63 10 50 : 63 59 50° Mean time. - Advance. ; Longitude. — 4 h. min, sec. h. min. sec. _ Deg. min. sec. iS Tae OY ae Bee te Be $$ i tim] — FIFTH ENCAMPMENT ON THE RIGHT BANK OF PLATTE RIVER. Determination of latitude, June 30, 1842—altitude of Polaris. OBSERVATIONS. Double altitude of Polaris. Time of chronometer. z * sec. he min. — sec. a 40 if. 27 Qi f 25 10 59 13 00 ae Saas 35 11 02 &6" it a ee : 10 HH ->-06 09 50 ; a TR OF : 40 ll 19 79 23 00 11 59 24 40 ’ 11 12 56 RESULT OF CALCULATION. — = fat ees | ee “True altitude. Meantime. === | Latitude. Deg. min. see. hh. min. 3ee. Deg. min. — gee. 39 57 21 9 42 30. 4u 61 iq 5 ‘Determination of longitude, July 6, 1842—altitude of a Aquilz. i : _ OBSERVATIONS. _ ao ~ © “66s: [ 174. }> _ ENCAMPMENT ON ‘THE ape FORK OF FRATIE ih hs ao Sept of longitude, Ted" i 1842—altitude od a > eed OBSERVATIONS. ome a i Double altitude of a Aquile. eeeege a (SSs5R8 ies 2 ES i Index error — + 15 ses. he # = ‘RESULT OF CALCULATION. - sf Longitude. kh. min. see. h . min. sec. De. min. see. : 10 02 42 ey 08. 13 * - : Determination of latitude, July 7, 1842—altitude of Polaris. OBSERVATIONS. y124.) | 606 ; ENC: AMPMENT AT ST. VRAIN’S FORT, SOUTH F F PLATTE RIVER, 5,440 FEET ABOVE THE LEVEL.OF THE GULF OF MEXICO. Determination of longitude, July 11, 1842—altitude of the sun. OBSERVATIONS. — FIRST SERIES. — ; SECOND SERIES. Double altitude of the | ‘Time of chronometer. || Double altitude of the | Time of chronometer. sun’s lower limb. , : * gun’s lower limb. . » min. see. Be 2inin. see. Deg. min. see. “he min % OL. 9 18 = 23 5: oo 00 oS 2 17.0 50 34 —_— =: 53 36 65 9 53.5 Sl 01. os >. SE. oar ee Fe 20 9 40.0 3 eee << ieee 5 9/22 13 54 48 #15 o St O20: 02 55 9. 23-45 55. - 2h» 30 9 32 30.0 Index ertor = + 15 sec. _ RESULT OF CALCULATION. * a : Mean time. | Advance. . Longitude. | “he min. see. | hk. min. * se Deg. min. sec. . Bigs ee : 2 138-0 23 105 45 #13 Determination of longitude, July 12, 1842—altitude of the sun. OBSERVATIONS, sun’s lower limb. sun’s lower limb. Deg. min. see. h. min. see. | Deg. min. see. he min. 62 33 10 Sm wt 66 09 30 i. 0 27 =—-20 > oO 67 09 30 10 6040 55 5 63 OF otis. t 9 55 32 hte 48 00 9 57 45 es Ne a : a ee ae os ze, tk sie GOR is. [Atha “i a ENCAMPMENT ON CROW CREEK. ‘ ra Determination of latitude, July 12, 1842—allitude of Balarts, OBSERVATIONS. A Double altitude of Polaris. Time of chronometer. Deg. min. . st. *- hk. min. see. 79 39 30 il 31 28 79 41 40 i 35 29 45 40 il 41 24 Index error = + 7 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. True altitude. Mean time. Latitude Deg Z. MIN, see. h. min. sec. Deg. min. sec. 50 #13 9: 326, 3t 40 00 Determination of longitude, July 12, 1842—altitude of « Aquilz. OBSERVATIONS. + ae * 3 | SECOND SERIES. ye ae Double altitude of a | Time of chronometer. | Double site of « | Tine of chronometer. Aquile’ : a : ek ee ri a Dez. min. sec. min Deg. min, see. BPC. 63 «16: 30 a ae (47 8. 36030 ol 84 38 30 11 62 58 86 26 10 c 36 RESULT OF CALCULATION. © Mean time. Advance. | ___. Longitude. | : Ngee . ; kh. min. sec. h. min. sec. . Deg. min. sec. 9 42 53 2 12 2 af 105 «3387 f 472). 608 ENCAMPMENT ON A FORK OF LODGE POLE CREEK, 5,450 FEET ABOVE THE GULF OF MEXIC ee alien of latitude, July 13, 1842—altitude of Polaris. OBSERVATIONS. be Double altitude of Polaris. Time of chronometer. Deg. min. sec. - h. min 80%.» 37 iP , 2 16 S 39 50 Il 38 10 43 1k 4L- Index error = + 15 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. True altitude. Mean time: Latitude. Deg. min. sec. h. min. sec, Deg. min. sec. 40~- 190 12 9 28 50° 41 0s 34 * Determination om longitude, July 13, 1842—altitude of a Penile. OBSERVATIONS. Time of chronometer. Deg. min. sec h. min. — sec. 83>: - 36-15-90 ti 80-46 — “ 20 1b. A. OB ‘8 "06 40 i 7 Te 8 41 «10 = ee Be a 18 * ao eae Pe ey oz. 10 a te OS rere ante ut sips - Mean tithe: ~ a As wales ae, | Dew. tin. sec. >-4)--47- 160°" 13° 38 609 oy ENCAMPMENT ON HORSE CREE m* r 174 i Determination of lovigitude, July 14, 1842—altitude of a Aquilz. OBSERVATIONS. FIRST SERIES.” *® SECOND SERIES: . Double ‘altitade of # | Time of chronometer: || Double altitude of «| | Time of chronometer. - Aquils. Aquile. Degs min: sec. he min: see. Deg. min. see. | he min. seee TE*> 33 ** 00 | Se OH wiht Be we z2zwrin’n Yn 72-~ 27 30 © ll oo 39° 74 16 50 ll 15 ol Index error = -++ 15 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. * Mean time. Advance. Longitude. hk. min. — see. hh. min. © sec. . min. — see. | a) ee 2 we i. me” 59 23 ” Determination of lutitude, July 14,1842—a/titude of Polaris. ae x ee et —_ OBSERVATIONS. = = é “= 7 roa ea Rieke: * . = we Deg. min. sec. h. min. see. 05 30 12 06 09 e237 -09' . 20° 12 CS] og 2 . eee 1 3-8 82 15 30 i gy 16 RESULT OF CALCULATION: Tree altitud Mean time Latitude. rid ow “33° os & CS Re Mee hie [ize] GLU ENCAMPMENT AT F ORT aa 4,470 FEET ALOVE THE LEVEL OF THE GULF OF M MEXICO “pedieabietin of longitude, July 16, 1842—allilucle of the sun. OBSERVATIONS. i FIRST SERIES, e | SECOND SERIES. Double altitude of the | Time of chronometer. Double pltiuae of the | Time of chronometer. _ sun’s lower limb. sun’s lower limb. K Deg. min. sec. he. min. see: Deg. min. sec. | he min. _ sec. 58, 31 .. 20 9. 40. 21.0 6. 12 B® 9... 44. 52.5 58 40 9. @h- 33.6 60 37 50 9 46. O10 59 18 30 9 42 29.0 60 49 50 9 46 34.0 59 28 10 9 42 54.0 20 9 §9.90--— 59 45 00 9. 43 40 4 61 It 00 9 47 $2.5 “ Thermometer 81°. 3. Index error = + 25 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. Mean time. Advance. Longitude. he min. — see. he min. see. Deg. min. sec. 4° “36 17 2 10 35 1 20. 13 _ Determination of longitude, July 18, 1842—ualtitude of o Aquilz. OBSERVATIONS. FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES. a Double alti of a | Time of chronometer. || Double altitude of a | Time of chronometer. Aquile ie : / Aquila. re Seay Deg. mn. sec. eens Deg. min ae 79 3l 10 il 17 4.5 80 55 40 i 21 29 2.87 Il 18° 25.5. OUTS SS go | 23 @ 80 32 * 20 toy «(18.6 oe vi ee ee RESULT OF CALCULATION. | —_— GIL [ 1749. ENCAMPMENT AT FORT LARAMIE, 4,470 FEET ABOVE THE LEVEL OF THE e GULF OF MEXIvO. Determination of latitude, July 18, 1842—allitude of Polaris. OBSERVATIONS. Double altitude of Polaris. Time of chronometer. Deg. min. sec. h. min, set. “ 82 59 10 71" "se 24 83 50 ll 00 83 02 30 ll 41 34 7 83 04 50 ll 43 45 83 06 00 Bt 45 31 Thermometer 63°. Index error == ++ 25 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. True altitude. Mean time. Latitude. min. sec. kh. min. ste. Deg. min. 41 30 38 9 ol 14 42 12 10 Determination of longitude, July 20, 1842—allitude Le the sue og Z ro OBSERVATIONS. i Pe tS Tees “Grids BAT perrees Pont, atieieye erik Ser sgiggei! ; FIRST SERIES. -. (= . SECOND SERIES- _ Double altitude of the | Time of chronometer. Double altitude of the} Time of chronometer. sun’s lower limb. sun’s lower limb. Deg. min. h. min. — 3ec. Deg. min. s€c. h. min. sec. “a «413 20 8 62 08.0 41 656 40 8 6 61.0 41 8S 83 ° 23.5 42 30 oe ST 28 at. 02 6&5 8 250. 42: 20.20 8 57 560 4l 23 30 8 6 . 3186 42 33 40 8 68 33.0 41 40 50 8 66 08.0 43: 32-30 8 569 25.0 Thermometer 65°. [174] 612 ENCAMPMENT AT FORT ARAM 4,470 FEET ABOVE THE LEVEL OF THE - GULF. OP MEXICO. Determination of longitude, July 21, 1842—altitude of the sun. OBSERVATIONS. Z ay a en iz SECOND SERIES. ‘FIRST SERIES. a i i : Double altitude of the | Time of chronometer. | Double altitude of’ the Time of chronometer. ‘Tower limb of the sun. ? | lower limb ot the sun 5 : -—-_-_ : =~ Deg, min. sec. | hz Deg. min. ° sec. _ hh. min. see. 3: -oF 4 ys 4t 24 506 $ 57.0 ~hO—-23--- 59-3 8 41 42 10 8 56 44.0 40 36 20 8 41 64 20 8 6T “Y64 40 54 10 8 42° 07 30 8-57 62,3 41. 05 00 8 42 22 40 8 58 34.3 Thermometer 66° Index error = ++ 25 sec. € RESULT OF CALCULATION, he min. ~ see h. min. sec: 6 46 O* = ~ 09 25 = the chronometric iin the lunar distance bern at Dritd- Meat tamp i is this place. AN. TYR a “Tae? = Dedeptaination of yonsttdes: July 2 5,1842-—altt ah eee Stsetere Fe see | NORTH K OF PLATTE, RIVER. J of o Aquile. OBSERVATIONS. & ‘FIRST SERIES, , SECOND SERIES. ' Double altitude dhe | Time of chronometer. || Double altitude of a | Time of chronometer, jAquile. ; Aquile. Z ye 1s : i: é Deg. min. sec. | thi min. — +e. Deg. min. see. A, min. gee. 73 #403 ‘30: 10 65 545 e 35 «40 a Tee “S44 | at) OOD a. i. @ Jl 08 =: 2.0 "¢ © oe | % Ot “3s ac” SO SP he 0. i we a 6 «8. aS AS Of 7m, il 11 57.0 eo 693) 68) ] a 08 tp GE : : Index error = + 25 sec. = WEES Sasso: ‘e ee < ‘RESULT OF CALCULATION. - Advance. Longitude. prs 614 ENCAMPMENT ON THE NORTH FORK OF PLATTE RIVER. Determination of latitude, July 23, 1812—-altitude of Poluris. e OBSERVATIONS. ¥ Double altitude of Polaris. Time of chronometer. Deg. min. . kh. min 84 ou 10 © 29 8 = 84 OL 20 it 3k 34 84 02 20 Ht a2 45 84 03 15 lb 2+ 67 st 15 5 20 gt 05 LS 3 bs ‘AO a4 OT 20 MM 33 57 / st O7 25 ra} 40 oz BL 10 00 1 43 oo ww ik | 46° @ RESULT OF CALCULATION- True altitude. Mean time. | Latitude. wa Deg. min. sec. h. min. see. Deg. min. src. = ag Of 54 y oe tas eg id sil h! : - ¥ as Determination of longitude, July 23, 1812—altitude of Arcturus. OBSE RVATIONS. Double altitude of Arcturus. Time of chronometer. Deg. min. set. h. min. see. GB 4) 12 OL 08.0 74 51 10 12 02 30 74 O4 20 12 04 29.5 RESULT OF CALCULATION. Mean tire. | Advance. Longituce, he min, tte. - bwin. te. jee $.. Al Ri » 615 (‘174 7 ENCAMPMENT ON THE N. FORK OF PLATTE RIVER—DRIED MEAT CAMP. Determination of longitude, July 25, 1842—altitude of the sun. OBSERVATIONS. FIRST SERIES. | SECOND SERIES ‘Pouble altitude of the | Time of chronometer | Double altitude of the | Time of chronometer. sun’s lower Jimb. | sun’s lower limb. Dez. min. sec. h. min. see. eg. min. see. h. min. see. 48 «4 (0 7 16 260 46 42 40 7 a 01.4 48 10 4) 7 17 ole 46 Zt. AD 7 | 45.5 47 49 50 7 17 458 5 46 Ft 5) ¥ 2 21.0 47 24 40 7 19 070 45 55 40 y 3 23 116 47 62 00 7 20 09.0 45 37 45 7 &@ 2. e Thermometer 87°. RESULT OF C \LCULATION. Mean time. ~ Advance. Longitude. h. min. see. h. min. sée. Dg. min. se, 5 07 44 z 12 35 106 "28-09 A ; : * _ Determination of latitude, July 25, 1812—allitude of Polar. OBSERVATIONS. ae : ee ‘ ioe Double altitude of Po!aris. Pog of chronometer. __ ys -— t : : Deg. min, — see. h. min. see. oo 16°" fe Doe By lima R4 19 25 ips 15 16 Bt 20 It’ ~» 16 3l os 1 hs se aan Se tw se (O53 RESULT OF CALCULATION. tg 9° * 03 “i pe | = if wt a oce 616 _ ENCAMPMENT. GN THE N. FORK.OF PLATTE RAVER—DRIED MEAT CAMP. Delscinalicn of longitude, July 25, 1842—~allitude.of Arcturus. OBSERVATIONS. , .. FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES. Double altitude of Arc- | Time of chronometer. |} Double altitude of Are-| ‘Time of chronometer. turus. » turus. : oe Fae 4 | AE Deg. min. sec. he” min. 87. Deg. min. . sec. he min... see. 86 16 15 LE 23. 43/ Il, Ba 30 | 11. 27. 46 85 “41 25 i 95, 51 84 13 40 Il 29 2 85 16 40 PES SB. St 83.26 50 11... 31... 37 7; Thermometer 72°.5.: RESULT OF CALCULATION, Mean time. Advance. Longitude. h. min. sec. kh. min. 37e. 9 14 48 2 2 — \ Determination Se Longshade, July 25, 184 ol eraasl oan ae secona limb of the moon to — OBSERVATIONS, Time of chronometer. Apparent distance. y eee min, sec. * Deg. min. see. : i808 58 -83—=«d i 47. 20 aay 58: OF OO 11, 49 32 ye 58. 36. 30 oayhe TE ae 88g; 873. 40 Y il Pe. 18 ip 58 Be 38 ig 25 se aS. 28 ey “i Troe distance. _ Mean time at Gremich. w Py THE PLATTE RIVER, MOUTH OF \. eee Ce ENCAMPMENT ONE NORTHE FORK oF DEER CREEK. ; : ‘ Debernt ation of latitude, July 26, 1842—altitude of Polaris. OBSERVATIONS. Double altitude of Polaris. 2 € £o¥ be : [ 174 ) ENCAMPMENT ON THE NORTH. Tome oe ‘PLATTE RIVER, UPPER CACHE Determination oe lonpiteah, July 28, 1842—altitude of the sun. OBSERVATIONS, FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES. Double altitude of the _ of chronometer. se altitude bet tng Time of chronometer lower limb of the sun. lower limb of th ge eae es eee min. s€e. he =min sec. Deg. min. — see. hi . min. see, 12 7 2 43 20 i 9 17.7 44 56 10 7 26 05.0 43 35 26 ‘i 29 48.0 44 45 vi 26 36.2 43 17 15 ba 30 37.0 44 30 20 7 27 17.5 43 05 05 ij 31 11.0 44 15 20 ‘3 27 58.6 42 51 40 7 31 41.7 i, “o GS Ie Sears nearer cee ¢ _ Thermometer 80°. 5. én Index error = + 12 sec. fe at . reper nearer semen a a eaten eran = sarin aie ‘ = 624 ENCAMPMENT ON.THE. SWEET WATER. RIVER, ONE MILE. BELOW- ROCK INDEPENDENCE. “ae of latitude, August 1, 1842—altitude of Sabian OBSERVATIONS. Double altitude of Polaris. Time of chronometer. * Deg. min. © sec h. min. see 04 20 11 2 33 “i 84 05 11 31 12 00 il 32 15 ee ke eo ae ae 00 a a a @ 84 10 00 ll 36 37 84 ll 40 jl 38 18 é 00 ll 39 38 84 13 10 i. oe 84 14 00 ‘ Z Ik 42 4 $s : Thermometer 47°. - RESULT OF CALCULATION, SECOND SERIES. altitude of Arc- | Time of chronometer. turus. a i h. min. 8éc. 00 12 O02 10.0 a ’ 30 05 ef : 10. | 12 06 57.0 : 50° | 12 08 06.0. : 3 ae oF ce tt | : = i * a 625 [ 174] MAN S42 OW Eee Wa ton ‘RIVER. 2 . Determination of latitude, ideas 5, 1842—altitude. Prosarts + % OBSERVATIONS. ied va Double altitude: of Polaris. ~ Time of chronometer. min, — sec, h. in. “a es to 30 6 508 *.65~ 88 20 5 222 886 “88 O 00 5 88 - 02 5 ww Us 30 5 fos Thermometer 57°. q Index error = +- 25 sec. ssa . * * RESULT OF CALCULATION. : Deg. min. sec. h. min. sec. Deg. min. sec. 44 00 35 3 02 49 / 42 32 31 est | = : -— Determination of longitude, August 5, 1842—altitude ofa Lyre. OBSERVATIONS. » Z ee : D uble Ititude of « Lyre. e | i CE: ‘i of ae | ometer. eedeiememeree? ae e - ae ae - - m Ries — ys os = sees = mine” sets” 4 986 90, a it 66 84 55 «50 11 17.00 84 57.80 11 18 38 “© 45 Index error = — 12 sec. aa . . RESULT OF CALCULATION. True altitude. : Mean time. *, Sas ie . ee Be tiga ag ry i rd che poe one 0 ee ts ss : Ps . : = a ; & i? == Las as x rg fees ro oe -" | oer* 5, | Heri cg rey i ae As ae ENCAMPMENT AT MOUNTAIN a #,200' Wo PEED AB ABOVE THE LEVEL OF B GULF OF M Entenindngtion of latitude, August Fi, ee of Polaris. Ghaxny ae: a . EJ ae _ a 3 , a aoe poe Double altitude of Polaris. "Time of chronometer. rs 3 : ’ 5) re ce ci 5s. hee pet ee S58e8 eéssrscseae. 4 Ce ZF Yie* Pegs ssst * ~ a onl — |. S8esee 84 84 84 84 * ~-—«x RESULT OF CALCULATION. Mean time. a : i * * ‘ rs ~. e F oF " [14] ENCAMPMENT AT’ MO 28 Ea ! KE, FEET FEET ABOVE THE LEVEL | + rl THE Gt te GULF ‘OF ‘axe. ; . > . Determination wf tia August T fh 1842—allilude ov the stn. % omRRWrIONS. . er i hts —* : % ss a Me Sd 2 * *: ee ae i Weed hot Fs A = “ : * we eee ” ‘ e Pr 633 [174] ENCAMPMENT AT MOUNTAIN LAKE, 7,200 FEET ABOVE THE on OF THE GULF OF MEXICO. OBSERVATIONS. Delrnination of longitude, dugust 17, 1842 ald | the sun. FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES. ae 3 of w% os , Double altitude ‘of the | ‘Time of chronometer. Double altitude of the |. Time of chronometer. sun’s lower linn. Ps | sun’s lower limb. min. ~ sec. h,’ min. sec. || Deg. min. h. see. 02 15 5 54 48.0 Al 5 31.4 20 5 36.3 42 ol 6 12.0 35 15 5 17.0 42 18 6 r Be 48 35 5 54.0 || 42 38 6 53.0 17 20 5 106.5 {| 42 50 6 3 Thermometer, 62°.” Index error = — 32 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. Mean time. oy , Retard. : Longitude. aust = 7) 1842—aliitude of the sun in the meridian. di sh to teadT lott too a | OMSERVATIONS.. bt beh to ul a Double altitude ¢ ‘the sun’s True. central altitude. 4 Latitude. a 6 £0 eT ; 6! i g.£0 i i‘ a! 38. ee ? is ee Pid f = Las ‘on i. Cae Toe a ¥ 6 +) Deg min. see. Deg min. ' see, Deg. 120. 38 15 34 22 42 FXILD 2O PiveaL ag rion Srna i, Fugtio ru | a oh j metti nel - ree ae Se ms #2 of t ' & .) . ee ss: : 634 Ed id wo Tsvas “yy UE NCAMPMENT ON, THE EET, MATE RIVER. + ARMS? A ete 7; Ce 2 Oo By J 0d erection ie latitude, 0 rust 19,1 1842 —allitude ode Polaris, Bie 8S No Su gts oh \ps OBSERVATIONS. & Double altitude of Polaris. Time of chronometer. ‘eileen: casei Merrett Re Dex. min. — see. ho min. “ 8 en eee 30 R24 ots etic six MBF af; s oidgetl ew ee oe 6 6°" 56 Trae ta 6 58 wale gt 00 00. i Eames 09 ’ ee oz P I¢ aK ~e et a FY 02 3 28 8% soph = es i OS Se ae a a Be 02 oe RS es Bae Se : ... 1 ee Hf os: . 66 é ue Sex or — 96 aa . | a ae . FS i -2 si a6 G & t Go Ob oek mS a . es eee me £ a8 £4 2 RESULT oF CALCULATION. Pe ae i True altitude. Mean time. ° Latitude. ——| — a SE se Sr Xabi! Deg. min. see. ene Se ee eee | Deg. min. sec. 4 68 07 oN ee ee ae 42 22 es _DeteFiiintition of time, August | io, 1812—allitude of sire returus. ee : i OBSERVATIONS. | disiNtesa ice es 5 ge ee . a e SECOND. tire hie Double altitude of Arc- | Time of chronometer. ||\Doublealtitude of Arc- | Time of chronometer, turus. turus. Pcie weet on : i : Soiiiie.! ar Yo sbotitie sk Aro, Deg. min. sec. A. see. at 5 i ae 66 i a 10 7 19 603.0 : at : , 41.0 os She if ce | * - | Tote thee ‘a “ as r ii ier 635 17h 3 ENCAMPMENT ON THE SWEET WATER RIVER. Determination of time; August 20,1842 —ultilude of Arcturus. OBSERVATIONS, FIRST SERIES. 5 SECOND SERIES. ———— Double altitude of Are- a? turus. i . jis Time of chronometer. Double altitude of Arc. accom NSU pref P| Time of chronometer. : Dee. min. see. hs min. — ee. Deg. min. “see. Sar Be. 53. 58. 00 wae AGO 48 .69 20 wat ght a0 62. 19. 920 ae fo “13.0 g AS @3 ~60 | et: 88.5 51, 17. 40 a 47 59.0 47 47 00 of 57% 84.0 60. 36. 30 7. 4D 61.5 47 d7 ©30 a 52.6 AS. 53. 40 4 fl pi.0 || 46 vid 40 j 8 02 2.0 > ] ‘ € 7 : Oe @ c Index error = — 40 sec. i ago Sh = tor ¥ tefyry7 RESULT OF CALCULATION. Mean time. 3 | Retard. ee Longitude . 7 : sa Sor he omingcosee. h. min. sre. ant o--- 00 ~-02 14°26 88 Delitminidtion 7, lutitude, Sue gust 20, J 1sd2—saltituie df Polaris. * OBSERVATIONS. : Tag NS ANT Time of 3 poser et ‘ tak Ait lt P rat tM eB eS es Si. * as Se4 IN 1) + VIF 22 35- a ER Ev ES = ——" re ~— Deg. min. see. ADIs h. min. see. 85 26 00 = ee 8 26 30 Rg GRE 8 18 62 85 27 65 Lae ‘A 8 20 47 86 3l 40. ; ao 3: at oe avi i t i t ev $ if 8 anges aiff yf ie 1 if dj oy $8 3 40 ¢ -_ se peek Same a Aaah Grea é 8 37 30) ; 4 32 44 oe |= See BEBO 2 Hie -.290) 4 agi * af ae Ga @} 23 : éo 64 as : > Se ‘ "RESULT OP- ouetaniedy. True altitude. Mean time. « Latitude. “ min. s€¢. ms min. ec. Deg. min. sec. s 4 05 43 «602 43° 31 46 ,. [ 174] 636 _ _ENCAMPMENT ON THE BIG BLUE RIVER. _ Determination of longitude, June 21, 1842—altitude of the sun. OBSERVATIONS, FIRST SERIES. | . SECOND SERIES- Weuble altitude of the | Time of chronometer. Double altitude of Bo Time of chronometer. fewer limb of the sun. | lower limb of the s : 5 | Se aa SY i Beg. min. sec. h. min. sec. | Deg, min. sec. h. min. see. “42 #09 40 6S @ 14.0 43 44 30 S 24 29:6 42 36 40 6 Rt v7.0 438 58 00 8 25 03.3 42 51 #10 8 22 04.5 44 12 45 8 25 44.3 43 08 #40 8 22 54.0 44 29 10 S 2 270 s 3 oe S°. 23° 40:6 44 46 8. Wo in Index error — — 42 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. Mean time * Advance, Longitude. ke min, see, kh. min. sec. Deg. min. > see. BS Ao cee + tle . ae Hct yee : 06. 58.. _ NOON HALT ON THE SWEET WATER RIVER, Determination of latitude, August 22, 1842—altitude of the sun in the : meridian. 5 ‘ - 4. TF Py H é hy f4 4 - OBSERVATIONS. Sy vs { a $ as +2 : — : 2 a ge T alti 60 ee: Double the sin’s | rue central altitude, sn eo Latitude. ‘ 1 ; ee t i Ob 2G ag gai ex > #f P Dy: © f 4 ie 4 +4 a! Deg. minx, set, be sfc. 0 Deg. min. sec. 1i8 08 05 19 10 42 26 16 «Index error == — 40 seen 6) ; * cad a5 ME t hye the be] ih r oe i te i ae & me oe ps Sata lg eee ee a ae : oe —. i $0... Gh-. 9 38 ab see — oa : COS Se Gi eeMeGee es. Tose nee ee ae 637 [174 J EREAREIW” Oak lise We ABE VR OH IE ia Determination of latitude, August 22, 1842—altilude of Polaris. OBSERVATIONS. Double altitude of Pélaris. eBuNRrenesd o= ITAA AAAMARWAAH — 2 Ie AS CITT? Zaais i é BRET PE LAP PATIOS: io H is BHOLTA VASERO ~ MELE SE wsierronort + 9 ct ar i : 3 4 * 6.3 f 1G i 6. 68 a Bi $ ‘2 bo ks /. we we a i % ft és ¥ - Ob ; tsb es §. 82 F a w5di £% H 0 93 ue 83 £ ae Bf oem is Gf Lo sostmarteregtoG Be EG ae — se oi ORE ) coral f t pat i} z f 174 J 638 3 OG | ENCAMPMENT. ON THE SWEET, WATER RIVER, AT ROCK INDEPENDENCE, Determination of time, August 22, 1842—allitude of Arclurus. ° OBSERVATIONS. «+ epee (EERSTE SERIES, /°P (SECOND) SERIES< <0.) | Double altitude. of Are-'|..'Time of chronometer. || Double altitude of.) Time of chronometer. turus.;, 3 Arcturus: = gps é] {4 Bex ae Oe ra ‘ Té a 3 JE WAN es Deg. min.gesec. ©} ha min. see. Deg. min. see. hse min sec. 61 32 9350 86 .& 07 42:0 58 06 ©(10 is 00.0 60 58 8625 ab > O98 14.6 57 = 22 «G00 7g 18 59.5 60 @220 Fh Dm 10 35.0 56 48 4150 f Te .20 30.0 59 45 8150 of h% -12 30.5 65 47 90 4 Tg 23 15.0 69 17.3900 ob % 13 49.5 65 18 9180 de Taq 28 i} » ‘ i i : Index error = — 22 sec. ~ RESULT OF CALCULATION. abrysite.! : ait geal ” ‘ abywitis out Mean time. : _ Retard. : Longitude. 255. Shes sft. Sa eR hk y et Brie oh. min, sees Se ae eee Y re es 8 37 06 ee Determination of time, Jugust 23, 1842—altitude of the sun. OBSERVATIONS. FIRST SERIES. | SECOND amen es Double altitude of the} Time of chronometer. || Double altitude of the| ‘Time of chronometer. lower limb of the sun. : lower limb of the sun. Deg. min. sec. h. min. sec. Deg. min. sec. h. min. see. 32 18) 35 5 28 06.0 33° 350 5 3t 36.0 32 «434 «#410 5 28 48.7 33 4835 5 32 10.0 32 40 «630 5 29 32.0. 33 58 25 5 32 37.0 33 00 = 30 5 30 000 34 08 30 5 33 050 33 15 20 5 30 40.0 34 35=—s 380 5 34 18.5 an TE ENCAMPMENT ON TH NorTH: PORE OF i, Pte KivER, MOUTH 8 SWEET bros — sahil ~ time; August 23, Sieh stants tee wn the sun. S opseRVATTONS.\O°" FIRST SERIES- SECOND SERIES. Double altitade6t"the PHASE chronometer. Double altitude’ 6 ‘the’? Time of chronometer. sun’s lower limb. sun’ er limb. . = son god ms a * x bee | \ " Deg. min. sec h. min. — sec Deg. min. sec. h- min. sec. 44 21 3 43.0 43 Ol 30 3. 23 17.4 43 55 650 a. 20.51.56 42% 62 ~¥0 ‘ 3 23 43.4 43 3 21 «(23.3 42 39 “55 | 3 24 17.5 43 30 50 eo St. £6 ee ee eee ee | ae 43 17 30 3 22 35.0 42 13 50 ; 3, 25 27.4 Aa: oy Index error = — 22 sec. sé BS “ OL oe i x es ¢ RESULT OF CALCULATION : a Mean time. .WOtPATO REAL TO TAUCeat Longitude. h. ; +, B&C- den: min... 6p BEE og ME weetemib suoiT Fs ies V1 | +, ee Digerati of latitude, ‘August 23): 1842 altitude o Polaris. ‘a 2 OBSERVATIONS. Double REE Ti PF 3 @ id ; Te iO : ie min. see. sos Weaate 8° kan oe 84 20 00 6. 55 84 21 30 ZROLTAV AReaH 6 52 20 34 22 15 6 53 04 beaienntit 84 24 20 ‘= ACARI. : 6; 56 ae dettuniae shaiiitis, leviaaoontT rs of of 32, shatitis skdre a 3. 10 | “se ae a4. 38 -26 | 769 S9. 84 30 20 | F 7 02 32. fe oon Shite SEES TO | ee a 7 4 ie bE bs th. 4 ta Be 8G ae af Cy -~ ! nope tment apenas totic ee a ne pte. _ RESULT OF CALCULATION. pag tr =: otto xabat True altitude. Mean time. Latitude. Deg. min. sec. : min. see. Dez. min. Ss 8 8 22 408 42 27 #618 a~— = + wo ENCAMP. NT ON ‘THE NORTH FORK OF PLATTE, RIVER, MQUTH. OF. EET / TESWe eat, ‘WATE RRIVER, ma ie Determination of longitude, August 23, 1842—distance from the second mb of the moon to, A upitens (With the cirele.) OBSERVATIONS. a % 00 20 00 GARR. ORmg.n2 ot FF = RRSE a> 33 SS Gs ptigeod RESULT OF CALCULATION. oonit anoM i ? ‘ . 2 ‘ A Tee See. ie i nwich. Longitude. : Ee ony “1884 moe es cpa rigs =. tin wi sheh a TEHeF a ar Pes incceiga — ON HORSESHOE a 5 to OL T t Bid’. I to > Determination of latitude, — 30, 1842—altitude of the sun ~ the uae fone gtiite aldgoG ae een a ae tase ma ae es i ‘Oo ay 28 as 23 i OBSERVATIONS. OF: ig hi rm et ce co 7 eS ‘ Sea Oa, (8) o2..... 8¢.. be hig, < e Y a * ' Fs Double altitude of the Sun’s 5 True central altitude. ag 9 Latitude. nb, & a Hi #e b8 on rs ae ie as es $8 ie ae $e : 08 of bs Deg. ‘min. see. , (|< Deg. ‘min. see. ier alee oy ; 112°" 38 35 56 57 : ’ 24 24 ; a nat P iit ped tee ~ —" sian Sat ee —- MATALIOIAS 10 Tigeas =n aes a Index. error = — 1 min. 30 sec. ; j i abetted : fait asoll absiisie oy i } : Hy ni eee i am aged on ape A = ee ol TS. & : a 8 os # ge ; i i “a Z. — G41 rim)” SENGAMPMEN? ON ERE LAPT BANK OF THE NURORROF PLATTE RIVER, pein are ‘4 latitude September 4, eee of « Aquile tn e meridia OBSERVATIONS. Double altitude of « Aquile. |" True altitude. idiot io shes Jjatitadel Z Deg. min. sees Deg. min. sec pe Deg. min. sec. 130 CUE a ee o “41 4 8638 *2 eae 4 {3 ih £2 ; Index errer — — 1 min. 30 sec. ee bag Gi IGHT BANK OF THE Ne MILES ABOVE CHIMNEY a RK OF _— RIVER, Determination o ner Septeinber 5; es of Polaris. ~~ OBSERVATIONS. Double altitude of Polaris. Time of chronometer. Deg, min. _ s€c. h. min. sec. 84 00 a ek ee sh@fci 14 50 if om 11 10 -chg§iic ooiT _- f- & Soe a ‘ie. Same © it 16 3 os: |6f 62h OO fs s iL 20.3, SOnin oof € Bi fh 4z i e Ts «76s fh i Index error = — 1 min. 30 sec. ; sansa aif, Sptuniee 5, 1842—altitude a a quia in se peietiniads EPS OBSERVATIONS. Sie eioied ote tat 7 the Pes BD te Sprint BO Double altitude of a Aquile True central altitude. Latitude. i ss ae) |S mam ee “3H a : Sd 6 On dd 2 “4 e... 2 ae ee { 174 ] 642 ENCAMPMENT ON THE: tr BANK OF THEN. FORK OF PLATTE: sii wiaiee OF a ee ie anh pestiation of latitude, Sibtcniles 8, 1842 altitude of Polaris OBSERVATIONS. Double altitude of Polaris. Time of chronometer: !\s © 00! 88, Deg. min. sec, e3, sie atl h. min. SEC. Poe %: ae sas 362 00 re . } il 16: 29) efi 83 4l 10 . t+ ee 18 59 e 98-44-46 MS SRR é 83 45 30 2a oe tere walks al 23 83 46 § p98 88 nim f= ore robo, §=6gg og = = 10 li 26 56 - Il 28 30 = ee arp wal ww ‘ reer YS l “iY 30. } Lhe yy | vr STVIa of a ng =f ater +O . ee TY = ne ee Ao TO Ss “ths ==§ 9 te yyitint Ao 3 a . eee: 7? a Index error = — 1 ‘mip. 32 sec. aosonenis yo onni't eitaio'l to sbutiits sidnol = acern: Pc e RESULT OF CALC ATION- ‘ * - eee S56 cathe gost £8 be M BO ai $ True altitude. 4. : Mean time. ps >| Latitade. a ae | eS x ee 86ff. Ct ra Be Deg. minove secj2 [1 h. min. — sec. * Dég. mi see. 41 50° Tee ee a Ae s 02 {ain 13 yabal * September 8, 1842—altitude "8 a eeigetin ® in the meridian. ~ sengbreaet G83 ob clips op shirtitln. Bl .& ssdensige?. paki aviabe: CHOMP LY RAeAG # Double altitude of @ Aquilz. | True central altitude. e. ee siuslte.¥ [ Dunia festa oust slip! » to sbutitis ofdvo® Be sean, Ee | a a, we min.” 9c. 114. Be A p - Shy Ue Ma BG er aes | oO ab Be : = e666 | s t 643 [my ENCAM PT ON THE NORTH ee CAM OF; PAT yeas Bom cn CACHE Deke iach of t frthive. Sen FEAR 9, 1842 alu of Polaris... OBSERVATIONS. Double altitude of Polaris. Time of chronometer. Deg. min. sec. min, ec. 83 36 55 1 13 52 “ 83 86.38 10 5 | a1 6-36 “ 4 83 8640 20 : 11 01 83 43 20 il 13 83 46 25 il 27 33 - : Ns Awe SA Sky Vy Index-error = — Lmin. 32 sec., tal Yo storson severe toh 4% £1 , yy wit 5 a) RESULT OF CALCULATION, sivectifen ! sbuitis drt rt wert aft te fury itfe True altitude. Mean time. i Latitude. . min. set. ee secs Degy, min. seci\ ae 48° 40 a. yy & die 14 44S September 9, 1842—altitudeof the sun in the meridian. = OBSERVATIONS. Dede siilade: of the oov’e | Traseutiel agin Latitude. ao aan ie wt Thermometer 94° 2 [174] 644 ENCAMPMENT: AT THE JUNCTION OF THE NORTH AND SOUTH FORKS OF PLATTE, 2,700 FEET ABOVE THE GULF OF MEXICO. Determination of latitude, ge oe 12, 1849—allitude of Aguile i in ridi tan OBSERVATIONS. Double altitude of «a Aquile. - True central altitude. - Latitude. as 2 Lf FF r Deg. min. ofc. 1: Deg. min. see. di Deg. min. sec. 114 48 0 ; 57 23 09 As. 041 (04 26 = é ce £ £8 Index error = “1 min. 20 sec. Determination of latitude; eee 135 ‘¥S#2—altitude of the sun in he meridian. Double altitude of the sun’s || True central altitude. Latitude. .. 1 as r? oars pen ui we DS ‘en & * % F . 3 ie od .) a ceemiwens SAL Gh 352 Bideenigalers WA -—— o>! ; ee . awe f = " batitle sitet giant Eee Ds * 4% 0 yh 3% at, eh ¥i $i ib : ¥ bg Gi ; ‘ * Tosa RIDE ¥ “ 645 [ 174] CAMs AT TH aR JUNCTION OF THE NORTH .AND SOUTH FORKS OF PLATTE, 2,700 FEET ABOVE THE GULF OF MEXICO. \DelePmination of latitude, September 13, 1842—altitude of the sun. OBSERVATIONS. Double altitude of the lower limb of the sun. Time of chronometer. “ in. see, kh. min. see. 104 42 20 1 46 17 a 104 45 1 48 16 ct 104 49 00 1 5b 13 104 5010 1 So 1¢ 50 1 54 40 104 51 25 1 56 37 10 51 10 1 58 49 d 104!) 50! LEAS BEM ! gy 104 49 45 se Gt og gor) MOK, (48, 20 2 03 9 85 14 47 28 2 03 17 104 45 00 2 05 16 1 43 50 i 2 06 02 104 43 (05 ac" 50 1 41 45 2 07 29 “Determination of time, Seplember 14, 1842—altitude of the sun. éudaneh exons. 2 | tude of the | ‘Time of chronometer. Draenei ine of conte | sun’s lower lizhb. SECOND SERIES. a f vita "at> J ‘GAG NOON HALT ON THE LEFT DANK oF THE PLATTE.) 0° !°"" Determination of lulilude, Seplember 16, 1842—allitude of the suninthe oer he ee snereman +3 FOTTA YH ASHO OBSERVATIONS. Double altitude of the sun’s | ‘True central altitude, Latitude é : lower limb. - Deg.. ‘min. see. Deg. min. sec. 4 Deg. min. sec. 102 54. 15 51 Al 44 i °40 64 31 & f H } ¢ 8g hey or aa ROI és 5 Index érror = — 1 min. 17 cot ' 0 X ENCAMEMENT ON THE LERT BANK OF PL ATE RIVER. BOE £0 Determination o latitude, September 16, 1942—altitude iy Polaris. Te OBSERVATIONS. EF yo : Double altitude of Polaris. es, BAAS S¥es'! same QE BE srs hase Sees a Gros Sees EST ITS Deg. min. sec. } he = mine sec. 83 os 10 : : 16} 04 35 a3 10 40 Fe S 2 FY PL t kt % 41 83 12 25 X Il et 44 — 83 a. oo ares © 50 = 83... 15,., 40 Th eed v2Al 83 17 15 1k 16 21 “ 83 17 30 11 18 04 ee ee es, RO a) eee | Bee Bre ee oe te BR BR i 83 23 35 ll 26 38 shi Oo tn | 8 ; Dktena —1 mit. 17 see: * a pte -

94 i qi : a ri ' ia oe el +3 “y he Wy Deg. min. sec. h. in. see. > min. sec. 41 36 23 HOLT fa 16 %Og§2 9 as 52 34 shutigaod om KR ere? anol 8 wee. he Gh : 617 [ 174 } { : : — rerrm ¥ wwe Mm ca AAT DY AYO YPTwWmrp. sINC D a OF k i Ziatnateant, Peas foe PE ee eee ee ee, ee ee ee eee, Oe ee ee, Pee ' o . e Sa tat ak eee Se ee val tf lee AGG OF MORE SAL Vo Aceves OBSERVATIONS. ae TOL aa FIRST SERIES. f fs ls daw } SECOND SERIES. Tite 1624.25 A So oe ‘ ; SNe, & | ei chcl Te + PASSES SS OATS Pe earn ae He € 2 pet turus. a turus. Leperriray jet 7? Gimia “ m ‘ a sad 40 2e° — - @> oda % 35 0 25 26.5 ww 6g 8h eR SIS oe ig } ¢ od i ae Si, 34 GE ¥% Of Of RESULT OF C ALCULATION. sf tee & ai Gi $ . ig ii Mean time. Advance. cs €© Longt i ae of aF< Gt a h. min. sec. h. min. — see. a eh aI : 7 27 4 1 58 4l ib a Gt & H Sa be gi i ve Sh OF OC és Tes i i ai G oxn 2 °6..°GS wisr MOITALIIILD FO Tes - % «a F4 Pe ae hy 2 % eer . a f 174] 643 ENCAMPMENT ON THE LEFT BANK OF! PLATTE RIVER: Determination of ae September 16, 1842—distance from the sirst limb of the moon to "Jupiler. OBSERVATIONS. " (With the circle. ) Time of chronometer. ; Apparent distance. h.. =. Deg. min. 3€t. — 9 42% 9 46 9 52 19 9 68 61 10 03 40 10 , 44 10 10 2t 10 14 28 10 56 ‘i , 10 45 : 10 37 54 oe 10 25 19 42 10 45 1 ' 837 45 50 Thermometer 55°. 5. Ps RESULT OF CALCULATION. / i it. True distance. | Mean time at Greenwich. Longitude. Deg. min, see. he. min, sec. min. 42 07 42 ‘ 14 56 30 100 45 - 6419 Teite] _ ENCAMPMENT ON THE LEFT BANK OF PLATTE RIVER. Determination of time, Snleinbty 17, 1842—altitude of Arcturus. OBSERVATIONS, FIRST SERIES. e i SECOND SERIES. Double altitude of Arc- Time of chronometer. Double altitude of Arc- turus. ; Time of chronometer. a | turus. . : Deg: min. seee h. min. © sec min. see. he mins! see. 37 10 40 9 48 56 0 02 15 57 23.7 » 35 28 45 9 53 30.5 33 0s 50 9 59 460 48 45 9 55 15.07 32 25 20 10 Ol 44.0 RESULT OF CALCULATION. “\ ‘Meat time.” - | “Advance. | | “Longitude. h. min. — see. kh. min. + dee. 7 «658 41 1 57 20 Determination of tapered; September 17, , 184+2—altitude % Rithes OBSE RVATIONS. “ai Do ou! ine of. dain i i it ; 3 Dig tie baa 82 14 OO. - had mee gee Sg Sheet 82 16 10 82 17 : : oY mS ‘ 21 45 ANVIR HT rade sos: Goss airs pe 2 30- 00 82 39 50 ™ “alae — ii os Tin. 18 sec. Wetted ° s me eat © idisek] RESULT OF ‘cALcULATION. ie ~-- eaten es oe + ee : —~ any ge. min. oy j Deg. min. —— see. 10) = 36 e 40 42 38 “aa yp 1745) 50 NOON HALT OF SEPTEMBER If, ON "HE LUPT BANK OF PLATTE RIVER. Determinazion of latitude, Sepia 18 1812 altitude of the sun in the Be. OBSERVATIONS. a rae aeecmnerey cee: =) Eee ‘ . a stereo Double altitude of the sun’s True central alt-tude. Latitude. : tower limb. P = a eis eoeanersn ie wae Om © Der. nen. Bre. Dg. ong =. Der. wit. RE 10k. 49 *. 50,+ % Bi ae ay ics cxcor bipiches a | min 1 82 Secs F F Phentaacter 90°, NOON HALT OF SEPTEMBER 19, ON THE LEFT BANK OF PLATTE RIVER. ~ Delermination of tatiiude, —— 19, 1812—altitude Be the sun in: he. meridian. OBSE RVATIONS. Tre ca tiie : Latitmde. ewe iar. 3 * Thermometer 80°. : - oo N THE LEFT BANK OF PLATTE RIVER. * i . Ge fH Determination "af latte, Septemier 20, 1ea2—witsteate of the sun in he meridian. © -onseni ations. pact Seat - etre “ear a i ry Double altitude of the sun's | ‘Troe cenrl ited. i sen £ & 2 x T > Ag Sa. " pws) ¥ BSCAMPMENT Ones, DRT BANK GF PLATTE RIVER. ea Retest % times. Seplember 20, 1542—allilude of Arelurus. OBSERVATIONS. ‘ : Double altitude of Arc‘urus. “* Time of chronometer. pe De min So tees 0 ae ae he min. set. | ott ‘ 48 29 50, 9.1 ae es "Index error = — | min. 32 sec. . . pittaintion of latitude, Septer mber 20; 1842—allitude wp Polaris. i ee s ——— eee eee eee see eS Oe Eee es a8, Pim Doyble altitude of Polaris. — _ Time of chronometer. - — shutinsiat ip ‘ i raeezageis i eee - mine sec. \—— Ae tain. - Se. — 88 05 (10 a. oe a ee / = 8s 08 | 20 , ‘| 9 Mee arp et 27 1651-45 -« AY is S°Peet 276i? <0 17.) Be : e338 ’ 82 *20 40 . ‘ 7 ) FF pba a : “G3 wt cree tskS "Thermometer _s ’ RESULT oF CALCULATION. — wivett ins amma sort chat ot = ver me foam = ee oe fy i ae sata pal en Sia wi is ay oe F174 J — ENCAMPMENT ON THE LEFT BANK OF PARTE RIVER, TEN MILES BELOW GRAND ISLAND. sani % time, September 21, 1842—allilude of vircturus. OBSERVATIONS. FIRST SERIES. | i SECOND SERIES. ee Double altitude of Are- | Time of chronometer. : Double altitude of Arc- | . Fime of chronometer. turus. , Deg. min. see. h. min, sec. |) Deg. min. see. h. min. see. 08 6b 6 265. 8 ON. FORE Ob 0s 887 6993 1B SOBER ER BC SF 16:7 ‘16 5By | 9 05. °415.0 48 ol 50 9 00 34.0 45 36 50 9 01.0 ~ ‘RESULT OF CALCULATION. : Advance. Longitude. min. see. 1 | 5329 i a Bal oak aed a Determination of latitude, September 21, 1s42—allitude Of 3 Polaris. he . “OBSERVATIONS. ‘ * ere & x Fe M > a Bn a SS oa . “2 2 : : see oad ne - + Double altitude of Polaris. Time of chronometer. 5 a ee as ae — .t = Deg. min. see, | ee), ee : a ee ee 9 10 56 : ee gg 27 | 46 aft ais 9 m2 (cool GS gg} ee 6 me ECR TY 9. 35 M3 ~. J aa bi 8 FOF ioe eS * a 80 cee 3 0s i oa ee 82 37 A5 9 24 15 A 82 370s 40 9 25 47 82 40 00 ce ‘ 9 28 13 eo ee | 00 9 30 : ° : Thermometer 51°, o . ; RESULT OF CALCULATION, 653° [ 174 J NOON ‘HALT AT THE’ mourn oF ‘A on oT ON THE LEFT BANK OF THE PLATTE R Determination-of latitude, September 23, its satin dog the sun in the } meridian. OBSERVATIONS. Packie altitude of the sun’s _| True central altitude. Latitude. S ya limb. : ‘ ‘ Deg. __min._ tee. c Deg. min. see, _min. sec 5 aie 96 ae 48 33 04 ‘Al 20 20 Indexerror — — 1 min, 32 sec. Bg ENCAMPMENT ON THE LEFT BANK OF THR PLATTE RIVER, NEAR THE LOUP FO. Determination of latitude, September 23, 1842—altitude of « Aquile in OBSERVATIONS. aS | Double altitide of « Aquile. True altitude. ; . Simla * me -ee d 5 Poe , a a an ce . ce, —— . 114 12 10 i 04 43 A 22 52 : Index error — — 1 min. 32 sec. * . * é * * . [ten - 654 ENCAMPMENT ON THE LEFT: BANK OF. Tui PLATTE RIVER, AT THE MOUTH OF THE ‘LOUP FOR st Pasitiin bhianal time, September 26, 1842—allilude of the sun. OBSERVATIONS. a | ; 2 ~ * FIRST SERIES. i SECOND SERIES. Double altitude of the Time of chronometer. | Double altitude of the | Time of chronometer x *sun’s lower limb. sun’s lower limb. a Pee 2 ae SS st i. ; 4 f GF e: : ee t ; Deg. min. sec. h. min. sec Deg. min. s€c. h. min. sec. 6 19 oof 24:6°--||~ 42-0 45 9-43 39.7 40 27 2 4 9 39 08.0" — 42 12 50 9 44 10.0 40 38 35 » 9 39* 4033 *)-~ aS S410 9 44 49.0, 40. 52 25. S 49°° 195 ~ ao “36 55 9 45 20.0 41 04 00 9 40 52:89 od BeiF49 = =—25 S 45 § S640 q Index error = — 1 min. 32 sec Haet VIO Ot tion indifferent. ‘ ObBt 22 3 e os Ys tree ees euat be Say RESULT OF CALCULATION. = . Ny * REG evigrP avs Teaeo oe ss Longitude. : oe Se me ‘ae e h. min: see. a 1 5 a ey j * e * Mi P “ . : 4 ee “, roma f -— —. yor reheat . ° a ; : . atid } * “a = : * . « % , s Pa > “ i coe any * oe oe Si 655, [ 14 J CNCAMPMENT, ON.-THE LEFT. BANK OF THE PLATTE RIVER, AT THE MOUTH OF THE LOUP FORK. Dida of latitude, September 26, 1842—allitude of the sun near the merihen. OBSERVATIONS. . Double altitude of the sun’s lower limb. : Time of chronometer. : Deg. mine see . he min. 800. = 58. . 45 . be ww «€ a 94 00, 30 i 2 94 OL 45. i, 30, 43 9ixz Oe 16: i Ste’ 94. OL 00 — 8. E Interrupted... 94°- Qs +30 bk. 38; 58 94 10. 00 , t, 18 94. IL 56 lL. °39 34 * @lgr 129, .36; hb, 40, 49, . ed i In - " ; 94 09 25 od a 38 ' 94 06 25 1 51 39 94 ~©=05~—t«S +; -68--28 ‘Thermometer 81°. Index error = — 1 min. 32 sec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. eben = = i ee Fee iss ogy : 3 é re Deg: min. set. h. min. see. é min. sec. 4 20. 48 1 mM, i 4l 22 03 : "s ‘ Ps > * a * 3 [ 174 ] 656 NOON HALT ON ‘THE LEFT BANK OF THE PLATTE’ RIVER. Determination of latitude, September 28, 1842—allitude of the sun in. the méridian. | s OBSERVATIONS. Double altitude of the lower limb of the sun. afi. = SGRBSESESSE tet tae $8 ae J eo a — eh a SS _ : o* EET xsbak _ RESULT OF , CALCULATION . * ) + ,WOITAIUOIES So Tavers True altitude. Mean time. » Latitude, - ” aveetita | x i angegy he a putitis ays” f _ i a Ae ol « er eel ad eas © 7 i . a ee 4 * - ec : Be] * : ‘ “S . a 4 2 x 4 ‘ * e : te, . fi * Pe ° 657 pie) ‘coe ete NK OF THE PLATTE RIVER, AT THE — ETUC oF Bie HORN KivER perso e isvtrade September os ead One WP Polaris. OBSERVATIONS. Double altitude of Polaris. . sh Eee 32 REVSaSSSSRs } abel | BBSBBRRASSR ee ee PRRRERSEL ES : «€ . * a < * / Pa . * . a { FS . . * e : * a . ty + fe a eat . ee * fe “ ae & fs j . ses Bit Mera [,174,], 658 ENCAMPMENT, ON Tore OF ea : sae RIVER, AT THE _ Deter ermination of lime, pens 28, 1943-—alttud of a Lyre. . fF OBSERVATIONS. oss . » ee 3 Ed = see pee EER og) 88883) eee s $6 a Index error —- 40 sec. RESULT. OF CALCULATION. ymin ei £ roe MOTEYWOIEDY 6 Tiaveape h. = min. sind . ™ : t 1 49 - ae wnerecanaed eerste Soman A ee ener : : * ee x sacks sant + Se ee, | 5 2. ~ ites Bcitens a 4 ~ _ a I eS me ee OK sie. gall ce a] . { Bit a} 4 msi CRT a ea a a we a - % 4 . 2 Bs. ; a * * a * : ; “ Hee ic ‘ . > ‘ « 0 “ ° ad = bal : ; . . fn, ss * ‘ “ r ed * ~" . @ ai * . ¥ * ‘i * * at . ‘ CAM iPMENT ON gam LEFT BANK OF THE PLATTE eis Determination of latitude, BERET, 20, 1842 —alitude of Polaris. 4 OBSERVATIONS. Double altitude of Polaris. ; Time of chronometer. eS . n ae > Deg. min. 8ée. A min, se€e 83 40 30 10 21 37 ~ 83 A2 35..." * 10 24 20 83 44 10 10 26 37 83 45 05 10 28 46 — es 46 00 10 30 61 ; 83 48 20 10 33 19 83 50 40 10 35 24 83 52 45 10 39 41 83 53 50 10 41 22 Se iw = © 10° 43 8 Thermometer 40°. Index error = — 1 min. 38 sec. . RESULT OF CALCULATION. : “gf? ef True altitude Mean time Latitude. . : é b a min. set. hi min. — see. Deg. min. see. . 52+ 06 8 43 56 41 a - 18 non po ia wr ? Bas x s Marek! —€ BAL gn ¥ A! Ss" ' 4 ee . - * 3 * £ 2 } ; = - e ts rs Je g g ce 38 : a Sh : a se. & * . & . SS 3 Of e ee e 2 [ 174 ] 2 660 ENCAMPMENT AT BELLEVUE, OV THE T BANK OF THE MISSOURI RIVER, AT THE TRADI\G Pore OF THE “AMERICAN FUR COMPANY. Delerminaiion of longitude, ore ee 2, 1842—altitude of the sun. OBSERVATIONS. FIRST SERIES. * : SECOND SERIES. -* * ' 5 ° i | | Double altitude of the | Time of chronometer. ly ~~ — of the| Time of chronometer. Bar's lower limb. [sm Db. - Deg. . 8, "| he min. see. | : | Dg . min. tee + h. . min. , sec. 48 29 Gi | 105-07 «(07.5 42 25 |. 10, 10 498 48 48 20 10 08 04.0 52 oO «, Wz, 11 186 49 09 10 - 10. 09 06.6 05 «600 10. 12 004 20 50 09. 42.8 | 15 05 10. 12 304 =. Ww. 10° 10 10.5 | 5 24 ° 55 ‘10 1300.0 i Es Index error — — 1 min. 38 sec. . RESULT OF CALCULATION. ° Advance. z ngitui a eas cies cnmiits oui'T ho min: ite * ke a: Poe aS = min. sec. ts ie 4 Aa ss pe Inss ee 41.6 I AF 460° Determination of satiate Octaber 2, 1842—altitude of the sun in the meridian. : +. : . OBSERVATIONS. > Double altitude of the lower limb of the sun. Time of chronometer. 89 58 10 1 32 56 89 58 55 = 33 35 89 59 20 1 34 20 90 00 05 . -I 36 07 o 6) .% : a 89 6590—l 45 ae ee 89 659 40 ae 39 = «32 89 59 10 ee oe 27 s,s 4 : 8 — oo Ff a 2 . Fa 4 1 45 52 661 [174] ING P IN THE IGHT BANK OF THE MISSOURI iE Y OF TE ) AMERICAN FUR COMPANY. Pees evn of longitude, October 3, 1842—allilude of the sun. R a... FIRST SERIES. oy “SECOND SERIES. j * Double ae 5 the Time of 7 i a “hosracsan altitude of fas Time of chronometer. : sun's lower Rag n’s lower lim é “~~ Deg. min. sec. h. min. sec | eg. min. sec he min. — sre. 39 49, 00 ~ ss 136 38 Bf 55 5 53 0 39. -29j2° 40 0: 75 12 38°. 23-28 BST. BS 39 07 20 6 35.16. 33 10 00 5 38 03.8 38 56. 30». 5 43.3 37 bt 35 5 38 40.0 38, 4559 50 =; & 36 19.0 37 «46 10 5 13.7 ae i* A xa error = — 1 min. 38 sec. : o 21 RESULT OF CALCULATION. + "Meantime. * -Abtvanee, op ~ Longitude. i mins ete. h.- min see cs 3 46 52 1 49 38.5 ; od ie Determination of Maeitute, Dilber 4, 1s42—altitude a the sun. CRSAB TATIONS. FIRST SERII ‘ : |. SECOND SERIES. el tt : ; ge Si ara ce Double altitude of + of chronometer. ] Time of chronometer. sun’s lower limb. Poe Saetmeaner: * Deg. min. sec: hk. min min. 4g tt 10 | eee 20.0 10.38 . 42 48 28 30 aes 14.0 16. 4 044 48 42 60 10 ll = 57.3 10.14 22.6 49 10 10 12 8651.0 0 14 46.0 49 09 05 10 13 19.0 iS {Lo Seas Index error = — 1 min. 35 sec. RESULT oF CALCULATION. ‘ion tn | Advanee. Longitude. issn h. min. . he min. set. 8 23 17.6 : ‘ 49 53.2 95 47 46 ee, nV kee Pee es gets ae 38 that 55 eae ete Fate Py 3 ovat \S notte Bente 5% A Diterminaiion of latitude, October 4, \Si2—sun?s altituile in the me- ; on Beas ridian. BEES TARE ER J 2 $88! 13 TH i ; FH Merc) ? SRE - Double altitude of the sun’s lowerlimb, =| * * Time of chroncmeter. OBSERVATIONS. & anne Sopa : . $ ? Qe sore > pk x a3 roe ee oe a 2. oN ei, Soe SE A SS Tasee fo eRe nae A Get at; rs 3 a iS x > ro =e r : pat Aras Deg. min, Os ew a” Ret Ye = tee Doge ee ee : P ? F 3 ‘ . 8.6 HE Seg 7°" a ‘ee i eH 3 é Sree 3 geo 5 _ F ¥ Ss Gd - Be. Sigg hs c 2 ae ae (RE PR Regt tae | : ee > = : Sti : = _ “ss = ‘ ¢ ee ep tees } : coe s Bibs shri : o- o S2ege Sask SeEee a * ; ee ee eae ae ter ity ie Saale ip anne RIVER. : . OBSERVATIONS. : geben tecneten Bs hes ce FF i - et j =Sits = rrr rh ng ees 71 G Double altitude of Polaris. f ‘Pinkabdbitenianten: u s a . ! ed fades ecror = — Vitha 21 gee. Se ae : Oi as ‘ s a RESULT OF CALCULATION. True altitude. Mean time. : B oyie TG wigg, Vila Sraton Tae : h. « min, Sas 29 Sy iw Boo seane? a 4 —— ee rf 174] 664 _ ENCAMPMENT ON THE RIGHT. BANK OF, THE. MISSOURL RIVER: Liglermination of lutitude, October 5, 181% —allilude of Polaris. OBSERVATIONS. % Double altitude of Polaris. = Time of chronometer. meer « Deg. min. . sec. h. min. a gee ae : a7 2 82.30 ~;00— 9° 40 55 + oe 40 9 '43 © 65 76 88 on 88 110 ee ee a ee | o (et 3s Index error == — | min. 21 gee. os ih * RESULT OF CALCULATION. . Mean time. Latitude. h. min, sec. _ Deg. min, sec TT. - 40 34 468 : ome ees tt segie, eete't.. | Determination lof latitude, October ee of the sun in the Double altitude of the sun’s | “True central altitude. : Latitude. lower limb. % Deg. . mi: sec. ms & min. set. - min. s€C. 88 16 55 ah. 38 : “a 27 2 s«O8 > a eS , Index error — — 1 min. 35 sec. 2 A ri 1E LEFT BANK OF THE MISSOUR | ‘THE NISHNABATONA RIVER. _ Determination of time, October 6, 1842—a : —a Ititude of « 2 : ite OBSERVATIONS. ~. ® Double chide of a} ‘Time of chronometer. Aquilee’ > 24 01 ke min © sec. | hi’ min. sec.” 207 © 10 10° 55 04.3 - i G 4 5 Fi & ’ RESULT OF CALCULATION. Advance. . he min, — see. ot ee mo 1 7.60, % « 7) ae 666 ‘ENCAMPMENT ‘ON THE) LEFT BANK OF THE MISSOURE (QUARTER OF A MILE BELOW THE’MOUTH OF NISHNABATONA RIVER. Deters Nination of latitude, October 6, 1842—allitude of Polaris. OBSERVATIONS. Double altitude-of Polaris. Time of chronometer. : * > iy sa Dez. min. ste: he min. Fd oo 10 «(12 so t2 23 20 Se eee | 8% 2t ONS ee: a : 28. 25 lo 18... 55 8s 3% 1@ + 27. 40 10; - BS ce O38. ;., : — 53 10, Bt. 69 6%. St), 9S 6, RY: 73 oy OF 93 ,. 30 é 10. 29. 42 82 33° «640 10 «63t)—oB9 Tliermometer 47°. Index error — — } min. 35 sec. = RESULT OF CALCULATION a ; =, ‘ = : . Re: mis. ME, h. mn. bee. , P min. 8¢¢. 4i 12 03 8 31 33 40 16 40 “isis 6 667 ee pm] a Pa 7 = : aig ey | ‘ON THE LEFT BANK OF THE MissOURF RIVER . Determination of latitude, Oetyber 8, aerate i Polaris, | OBSERVATIONS. ig 5 i : 2 a - ; + + ~ Double altitude of Polaris. Time of chronometer. : , b.. * 3 min. tec. A. in. sre. + Pg 48 9 * “ga . A 80 «49 ~—(t0 * 9 49 0 ee 60-45 9 ea 6 69 St 25 ; o Gt: 3 Ms so 52 AO oe e 63-91 é . > so. 86 8 ” 9» 58 3 “4 go 57 30 1 .00 36 f0 «6740 4 10 02 34 : vo we US - 1 Ob SR OF Ww I 09 3 to : muteigiiickenee ¢ Index error. = —: ymin. 2hgec. RESULT OF CALCULATION. gr 7 me ¥ True altitude, Mean time. ~ Latitude. ¥ bal ‘ ee: = * Deg. mir sre. h. mia. see. “4 Deg. min, . sec. 40° 2% 29 8 07 , 39 «36 © «| (02" . ‘* : om * + e 7 7 ae 474 ] u _ 668 HALT 4 UE: meme 3 THE te ‘ ee ae oft situde, “October 10, isi Lateitiide of thé sun. ‘ > - OBSERVATIONS. : * * % # > "FIRST SERIES. 4 | "SECOND SERIES. : — : = v7 Double altitude of te Time of « lo wer limbof the s

  • METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. — we * w = ‘ é y ee eg er ¥ * * % iii S & € ¥ . : ¢ “4 é ee * .! 5 ; > 4 te ‘ rie es Oe “imme we ype rie mugen pa diirsomee =e ad adi Sa theiican cease SS acne SOM ile ora Re sd iy i [a4 __ REMARKS. 2 Pa = Scattered (T.) — 0.136 — Fremont’s Carey - )—- 07.178. Fie garg the differences :, e = wien: Troughton = a = ap 196 = _ Peis © ,) ae 178. ~~ ell do 167. Maximum = do ie 160 a ao o" 190. Range ae do = 0”.034 — do do 0.023. In the annexed observation Ms, ‘the Repomneiers> Troughton and Carey, are deotetanted | rongpalively by the letters T. and C. In calculation, the obser- vations at the upper stations were Aioea to the single corresponding tHe ape ie: oe relative period of time at the lower station. It would. perhaps, have been better to refer to the mean of the observations for the month at the iat station. In calculation, the tables used were those Bessel and of Oltmauns, as given in Humboldt. oe ¥, : § # & 2S it a or 7 ps . va fee sak * ae * aad Fr * al 4 ? * & p : G Me @ i: e ; KS ae *- Bet ,.1°3 CI Sighs On the road from the mouth of the Kanzas to Fort Laramie. T. Attached mor ac Temperature Remarks. thermometer. ermio of the air. ” S 5 he . 29.172 en.3.° 29.160 | 64.0 59.0 29.154 63.5 29.140 | 67.5 60.7 cloudy. %9.220 69.0 29.205 — 75.4 * G9 .2 ia ns te 29.150 77.7 29.150 | 83.5 76.0 29.141 74.0 29. 130 17.8 72.4 29.154 68.0 29.154 72.0 66.2 29.182 57.5 29.155 60.5 56.0 7 29.25: 72.5 29.20; 79.25 73.0 1 P.M. | 29.283 | 81.7 29.294 88.0 ~ 78.0 4 30 29,240 83.0 29.287 89.0 85.0 ee, sae clear; very fresh breeze from 8. 60° W. 6 30 29.201 75.7 29.210 80.7 75.0 rlec ; pleasant t breeze from SW. 7 A.M. |" 29.272 55.0 29.260 | 68.5 57.0 Clear. 6 30 P. M. oe 75.0 s - 72.0 “10 nat BO! 57.0 - - 54.0 Night clear and calm. : r | 5 A.M. | 29.063 55.0 % - 64.0 ye i a 6 . 29.052 54.7 * ~, 55.7 pa a ENE. Noon halt + 12 M._ 28.983 76.0 oe Se 2 - ;- sight b ith occasional thunder and lightaing. Gane ofseae = 7 Pm. 4 - 28.805. +. 11.7 . eo 28.792 69.0 28.767 | 72.3 71.4 Pick and clear; wind tolerably strong from SE. 10 ~ | 28.814 64.7 28.765 67.0 - Calm; stars overhead, and clouds in the haces . = we ith occasional thunder and | 7» AM. | 89.008 58.7 , | 28.867 | 62.4 61.0 Entirely clouded; wi: d- Camp of June 12-18 | 8 P. M. | .29,000 62.0 ee ince 64.7 Clear; few clouds in N. 110 29.032 56.2 ~ - 54.5 Clear; fresh from NW i * 6 A:M | 29.044 55.0 ~ - 58.3 Light wind from NW. Noon halt - a P.M. ; 29,000 13.0 Sige f - - Bright sun; slight breeze at intervals fiom W. Camp of June 13-14 | 7 010 72.0 pa Calm and cloudy, ~~ : . 6 A.M. | 28:962 56.4 = - 57.3 Camp of June 14—16 | 9 A.M. | 29.034 66.0 29.005 70.4 os 10 30 29.1122 70.0 0 76.5 71.5 4 30 P.M. | 28.974 76.0 = - 75.0 * 7 80 28.920 70.5 - 92.0 Cr FLO Camp of 4 POG PR: Of Sine en Iae SSawsa 56.7 $4242 443 0.5 | Calm, el tervals.” 8.4 | Clear. A‘ ahile ips a in the horizon: 80.0. Chae Mine with white cl clouds. Wind W, =. An y ored with thin a clouds. Wind. W. 3.0 oo especially near fe: the hotizon. Wind 8. it 78.2 Sun and shape: tone Path from 8. 20° E. 79. y Mio with. ore clouds. qo, age nf the NW. Clouds. _ 85. d dark. Wind moderate from 64.6 Nea early caiet ; Taining steadily. Sky of a pc | leaden ince. Thunder be og —_ long slight. ; psy 56.5 Cold wind from the N. o ~} S aecannSereeeeee Ot «@ Lta] On the road from the mouth of the Kanzas to Fort Laramie—Continued. sea Hour. Attached thermometer. -|7P M. - 28.845 64.5 a 10 P. M. - 28.891 51.0 a iat 6307 A.M. - 28.982 46.5 Noon halt of June 19 - -| 2P. M. -| 28.864 70.0 Gan of ane ne 19-—-20 - 630’'P.M. - 28.502 65.0 1030’ P.M. - 28.483 49.0 6 pet A. M. i= sae — Noon halt of June 20 - -| 330 P.M. - 8.544 76.0 ‘tcp June 20—21 - oi TP. Ms - 28.711 77.0 1a 10 P. M. - 28,694 60.0 635 A.M. - 28.613 63.0 Cie 1 3 ?. M. be 28. 531 84.5 pe i “f - 28.371 78.5 730 P.M. - 28.362 75.0 10 30 eK « 28 363 69.5 6 30’ A. M. bid 28.3 66.6 - 6 30". . M. * 28.362 68.5 halt of June 22 - ~( 1390 P.M. - 28.513 83.5 a June 22 23 - -|630°A.M. - 28.471 62.7 Been halt of June 23 = « | SP a - 28.000 94.2 oP. M. - | 28.280 68.5 “| Sunrise. - 28.191 63.7 oe : wv P 6 Ae M. bar 28. 180 64.6 Camp of. June 24—25 - , — - | Sunset - 27.875 83.0 ie ; - | 28.004 63.5 - | 28.012 65.2 Noon halt of June 26 - - . ee ti =e’ . |” 97.970 73.5 . 8 61.0 Temperature Remarks. of the air. 64.0 49.0 | 45.0 Perfectly clear. Light breeze from NW. 77.0 46.5 54.3 L’t breeze fromS. Sun bright. Few ag in zenith and N. - Clear and bright. Wind fresh from 5, 10° E. 75.0 60.0 ni Thin “ cg pent about the eky. 63.7 Sun and cloudy. ind 8. - ind strong from we Sun ‘right 77.0 - d quite fresh from 8. 8° W. Appearanice of 1 rain. 70.8 wah Wind from 8. Cloudy. * 69.0 High wind from E. Sieh a »? * Bright sun at interva - Cloudy, with appearance of. Tain. Leal NW. - Blowing a gale from S$ Ee 84,3 69.5 d ESE.., rag seers A few stars visible. 65.0 Wind strong fro "from 66.5 Winds clouded. 82.7 mig: 8. oy ta E., fresh. Sky clear in aenith. Heavy clouds * eV 63.5 Clear. Pleasant breeze from N. 10° E. 67.3 70.2 Clear. Wind light from we 10° E. ~ Clear. moderate from NE. 81.0 Clear, with, Teh wind Hoan NE. Clear and calm. Sun set, in a bank of clouds. Suniand clouds. Wind strong from N. [wag 99 SoU é of June pettnags ee » of June 27—28 CyeeTs 4; 5. Himmandt Noo halt- - - Camp of June 30 and July 1 hos a) . ‘Camp of July 1~2 - Noon halt of July 2 10 30’ P. M. 5 30’ A.M. Pe Need ie ee aes We ke r) o Oc. ir & an Om SSSSSe=8 S888 z Paes of re heavy thunder ar, lightning. dc Clear. aes air from 8. Cloudy. Light air from N. Cloudy. Light wind from 8. . Calm Rain ceased, se Same and sky partially clear. Wind moderate fi rg right sunset; banks of clouds in W. Cloudy in ov a9 izon; lightning in N.; light bios — E Many light clouds on a blue sky; sun bright; c Light breeze rit N, Clear, except in the hor ed in ie Seas, neat in N.; clouds on the whole horizo: ind Clondy: hind light from N. 30° W. 33 oe blue sky and cumuli. Wind fresh from E. geen a wind increasing; now violent gale ffom'N. 20° Ww, Cloudy, « exetpe in W. eastern ye clouded. ° 8. Wind strong, N. 50° W.; sun and clouds. Wind strong, N. 50° W.; fat frd.clo clouds, Clear; wind fresh from N. Light wind from N. hake ttn a few clouds over the Sun; sky mottled — ee wind fresh, 8..55° W, Same wind, more clou Calm; sun; aky not wie Calm and clear. Salm» foggy. Foggy; sun shining as through a mist, and ryt air fom N. Wind tolerably strong from NW.; sun and s a hei am On the road from the mouth of the Ka eS ie Os it ed — hae | Tr seria ~ Hour. Temperature Remarks. ie of the air. nih © alo oe sini -|7P. M- 8.0 | Wind light from N. Sunset = 63.4 Calm; dirty peer! Bas clear. iy pas 2 M. 47.0 55.8 Sun and little parks Oy es very smoky; wind light from 8, - Smoky; wind moderate from = i's nets se pion aft right from 64.5 /W 73° W.; sun MD ig red, ag through a . 64.5 76.0 Sed i entirely covered; wind tolerably strong from » . 7 . 26.831 69.0 69.0 26,824 67.3 67.2 Same smokv sky; wind moderate from N. 26.8 1 §3 3 52.6 Saine sky; wind light from N, Comk @ ye te : 26.804 52.5 62,0 Sun from between clouds; has been raining; wind E. 15° 8. by “ 8219 foo cnnalache sitte 2 opay ecient bebe Le Remarks. uly §.28 . - | Sunset - -| 262485 65.0 ? Camp 7 fehiond a 6 x. . : 7 pot Sky clear; wind S$. 67° E. n halt of July 6 2” -| 12M, - * 238 89. Sky clea wind from S, Comp of Sul en1 et - | Sunset - - 26.610 81.6 ‘Gloadys a i 6A M. - - 26.183 69.0 "| Clear wind h' Nahin 8 SW. Squa'ly, and ~— wind, with rain. Noon hat of ve -| 1ee - - |) SAs92 103.4 | | Nearly eal: light #r fromm 8.2% W. Clea Camp Gh 0 - - | Sunset - . 25 950 81.4 W ind. strong from'S 2° E : masses of si 6 A. M. - - 25 970 70.0 pa ig fresh qs ade ; suffand a few c! foils. : - | 1% : - 2.920 108.0 Sun; c Ima - | 1930 P.M. & oe 25 373 915 Sun a Hittle f re wm ‘ines obseured hy long white clouds. » - | 6 307A: M. - 25, 100 775 Cal n; sun and elou 0A. M..- : 25.08 19.7 alm; sun and eo - ceil mM, - - 25 (042 81.0 alm; sun ant clouds.” 49 P.M. - 25.014 Tae | Sun and clouds; wind maderate from : &. 65° BR, ay : 4 30" P.M. ~ 82H O14 an.9 Cloudy; wind ont rite from + bag E. Vrain’ July 12 « -{6A.M. - “nt > 25 263 76.9 Sun and clouds; wind moc m F. sic hcaa Gite wy 8A M.- ~}o=, 263 5 17.0 Sun and clouds; Wind Ee eli from E. * Noon halt of July 12 . -|2P. M.- - 86. 17 bb 0 Sun and ck Camp of July 1e~19 ‘. - | Sunset - : 25.231 66.0 Clear e EB: wind light fro : 6 A. M. - - 25.235 59.8 Sun; blue «a and ‘elonds igs shat from W. Campoof July 13—14—- - | Sunset - -| 24 862 67 7 Clear; fresh wind from S. 50° B. 6A.M- - 24,+30 60.6 Sun; a few clouds in the horizon a -_ frets fiom 8. 50° E. Noon halt of July 14 . -|2P: M. - - 5 050 103 6 Sun and clouds; wind moderate fro a ohm tie—15 * - | Sunset - * 25 500 80. Light a. ie over hyn es and shag dark ones in the W. Wind re moderate fro 6 A. M. ~ - 25.515 | 716) | Sun and clou ls; wi int fresh from 8, 10° W. Canp of Sly 16.6 ° + | 6 30’ A. M. - 25,882 ! 71.3 | Ciear; a few clouds in the W. horizon. Wind W. * “ ? GL9 E. wep J Remarks. - C per J Cloudy; oak west wind. Sun and cl ouds; light wind, W. 10° 8. Entirely conde moderate wind, . om Ww. os 2 28 a EE & 3 .BE oS es BE r] | Entire o WwW: elaeay, it wind light NW.; gale from ne. during night. Cloudy; wind light t NW.; ssi from 8. during night. id BBexcceso | Fl. Wind N. 60° Wand N. se ey rain in W.; thunder and ae > Se wank. x Aa ocdotats wind W.; Sdignare, with thunder a4 lightning. 25,826 66,3 . “ 25.833 71.3 - - "Light sisfrom Sv “Helondy: ee) 25.851 78.5 73. | 66 | Wind tight from’s. , ae : od 25.805 82.3 * 99 «=| @ f Wind modefate, $.33°°E. . : 25.806 go. 665 |W ate. 78.6 25,795 82.7 78.3 ao “ 25.840 5 ~ - 73.4 * Calm. |. AM . 862 64.2 25.810 64 188 563 = | | Light wind from E. . wit 25.860 64.5 25.803 69 68.5 | =" | Calm and cleary 25. 73.2 25 8 80 4 ‘7-2 - ; 26.913 ae 25 877 90.2 -" - E, wind fresh; sun and clouds. ! 82.3 25.846 86.3 81 65.5 | Wind light, B.; sun and clouds 25.812 76.8 25.775 78.7 + 76 65 ain in squalls; wind very fresh, E. | 25.813). 716 | 25,765 73.8 8 64 Wind moderate, S._ 70° E.; cloudy. 25850) . 65 25 805 68.5 - - High wind fro 2 25.811 61.3 25.760 64.6 —} 60 - Light E. win c 25.842 82.6. 25.803 88.7 he. pega - 69 Wind fresh from, i nae udy. . 25.791" 85.4 | 26.070 94 96 70 Wind very fresh from E. ; appearance of rain "96.753 | 70.2 | 26.105 Wa 2 75 64 Wind SE-, very — insqualls sities three; sharp_ » 25.724 | B17 26,096 | 988.6 — - = Calm. {thunder and lightning. - - m ’ te ens date. : | Hour. | TO Thermometer. Vong ie « . sland Take of Ai t13 _ -| 5h. 80m. p.m. -| 20.682 58 | Winds * Do 4 . . nset 20.522 » 50 8.5, yy C ‘a from n NW ee till late in the acai Island lake, of August Pag’ Betveeen daylight | 20.673 39 Winds. a reg sunrise, ‘ In a Aug the central chain, of Nogh 19,401 50 Wind 8, 40° shi 5 bright, with ve “ . Ta uy Cea Se Camp at Island lake, of frie ne 5 p. > = 20.643 55.5 - Winaighe’ tfrom S.; blue aky. gr ‘covered with ery ei masses of cumuli. cr . 0 Sunse 20.641 50 Wind Ae nbtt the cumul li ete ountains froma eg at Island lake, of Aug. 15 Between dy daylight 662 40.2 *, clea ny oul - 6 a. m. -| 20.672 3 hy ee a oad pf Au-) 93'a. m. ° +45 5 Wika ecg hie mnt. M4 yi ae ‘2 : hie . . ’ ‘Wy ee of the Wind River Tp 5 48 18.320 45.3 | Wind 8. 35° W.,; — clouds. : a tt ger Angu st 15. TF - ¥ . tea yan ts f ' ‘= ie at, | ee “e Do Ss . “e a. Ona * lake, of pe 15 20.642 5 Wink: N.; ult ar ¢ Bg ; ee Camp at Island lake, of Aug. 16 Soten de daylight | mgs 41.5 is e greater << ite Ey vs . Pe hg 4 » ~ e ee Riad: aM ‘i * e “ a oe ¥ a4 et 3 * : . a ; m ~ . rics PRE eer © ie , * ~ ot . . . : r *, a ri 4 ; en 4 %* * @, = (a, a i : , a ard . « « * “ ie, % “ . a - ie * * rf . - Li *:, 2 ee =. i Fin ‘ .* ie : , a " * Py ee f. a ne * & 4 : é =n es , Pricimans,o a Po 7 routs, Mog: a, * ie & coon 442 foot abo ities 9 % ad Memoranda m " ° e - Hy w Fe i vo coe $ ne a." ’ ys oe e® + , - * i ° ie zi; a, i . © g to rain; thunder. oie ie me Vike ~..* : -\ - , * “% * * a re i | * if =é ae ? ho me oes wet Heavy storm, ~ a, sarap Kes, 40 rite SE. ‘Thar storm ga pein a * ae comm ng inal v oe . j r ~~? * U 4 - » * early cl ; bd “isd 3 5 fe * ie : 1N amy little any. ‘ R ee Ge ae! a ee | : - Near fee den light clouds. ae - pic a thunder storm and rain at 11 o'clock. ; a Ri | Overe i, VP ie! Pa ‘. - | Clo Be aanshing! - ¥ ‘ " *%. saa faint. 4 ; 1* 3 e php aa ‘Ss 7 . *~ % bad 3 » SSSR: SSSShSaes ag rg 1 Es 38 SSBB Sess, a ges Akg AC a AS a eS e 2 —] ped 4 By { { ad wv “9S Afods * E> % ¥ —— aT ait pat » Clear; windy. . . C HA) < ey se ‘Clear; windyf? *° *® Nearly élear” 2". e. 4 a JO. s “Do. e Dov »| Overclouded; beginning to rain. 4 8: _ vt . levine nes ee aloe, ? a Y=» | Clea ay My oil bl * e > _— 0, a * & eo eee Do, é Pig * - Clear; few clouds. ‘ a” ” es ay peed clear. ae ay ; om ¢ rv _ : ms . 2.2 Ne clr clits,» a : ‘ : ie 7 Clear. , ee | - * Neatly cal. vee ‘ ‘ xe ve Pan at: Bess 0.05. m 5 435% %4¢" ‘ Craig ite “7 = Sa ; ae *. ; . ® rs ~ ‘4 pig eg pir “4, +. : Clear : ™ . bs oa = +. lear; “eit clouds. ~~» ae “2 . ee te i Clear. + be 2, ; lene! ey ey fiery ‘ 2 . & Bait rg . Se Ry a le or GE aia Peis: — 9 Wig — a 4 ¥ fi Ld : ish as ds; gece ich ES (os 8 Clea lous sunshine. * eee Cake fn loa sunshine. Do. vy eee pag ouds; moo Clo F; rope 0 or rain, Some rain; nme thunder. . eae ‘i Nearly clear. — drops of rain at sinst. ” re te Zz " : y - Vos fs 3 of ‘ r x % #« ® by v\ 2 Sip Ns Cloud 3 eating ‘ ft i: : we - a { lear. P al : , ie , hg at Do. a * ot ss 7“ oF Oe < ‘ ? “i = t S¢ if os Oo. ® 7 a i" - - | Do. ae * an ine i Do. F SE. — ag Clear; few ieita % he ie i a = »* . ve si “ at Nearly clea hazy. a i 83) “ ye Sw. : 0.10 Clouds; heavy rain at 1} o relock. * ba ao | 0.42 | Cloudy; sunshine. ' 0.14 geet: some sunshine; thunder storm at ss o inca 0.99 | Cloudy; soon after, heavy rain for four hou NW. - ~ > aa od. NW. sd 0. 10 i 3S. Me... - ~ Clearing ups hot. ' . P be ; - - -. 4 N ‘- - Gloaay. i ‘i . & : Pe iy tae ouded. ; 4 2 ‘ ‘ a N ee & 7 - i ae sunshine. 3 : “) O14 pwd | : . Clear; Pi light dou ‘i, . ’ ~ Thunder clouds 4 Th Dien words fen 7 to. a ouded. ees 99.87 >. qi 4]: Shier). - a. 7 at Oe ee eee pees! c-:) .~) *, even 4 2 ween ee Wwe YS SN NUS eS SY - Wemsenate 7 _ errs é ‘ - a Wes Choad sunshine wind. *% © — Nearly ch - Th inunider, no-ain; heavy thunder at night. 1.75 ; cloudy. * = Eye) 7] 0.21 ae 0.19 ; a . 2 do ‘hy 0.11 * ae % . 0.02 We. s Kf ge ~ % ~ Clear. ~ @ ri P ave Pe he. + * “ ‘ ’ - Do. is A Ys : on * |e a a ae Ei $3 * Se asc Y Res af 4 e tg é Han a . a a «= Hany inahine. a vf < = + PE yee 7 : < tee ; > 3 Ee a Sian ofl an ee tty oy ; SS % at rset ks 4 * Wty eetses ot fares ad * Set St 1 ts oe » a a mm : : Overclouded: . . 7 Gtetiouded; ‘Gadde stun ." ~ Overclouded ; some rain. Over * a - & . ot y oy Overclouded. rs i ee ae 3 sun unshine, “ . is : 3 Eg nearly clear. New ett | re Do. ctowys ; some sunshine. Heavy rain oe thunder. " . Siig Ae pe Ov loaded. P Cloudy; sunshine. i Do. « * Do. | ' Clear. 8. 0. Clear; few clouds. do. — * 2 % " . e ... eS ee azy; sun a a disk. . . * sage Soke 3 Hazy; sun ™ ie ~ x te clouds. - clouds. dei); He thunder storm. Storn | Clouds ; sunshine, — Bie $6 4042 £4 ©4 635455 2 5 * * 2 Fi s & ¥ ee a |? ee 2 | —— oe . * aie wis a ae a rnraa ne te ~ 14 on -— =~ ee ge a eS ea WW fora. * : +. Cad = Soxv2ess BES i BSSE SESE a8ss 2S = ie cH. = = : : & * # 82 83 87 85 83 86 88 83 * 2 m aa $53: 22 2 11% a 22 224 Aa 1 ¥ Be. Hage es Rae a = a** $4050 8 BS 8 Oe eee = = al s oe ee oe ee * = 2 4 ke fF Ett c —) ia * * = * 11AA fae et Gey lik bt eat he Wh tek t : —— ae | Do. | Hazy; sun faint. Ney clear; light clouds. Do. do Clear; few clouds. Nearly clear; little hazy. ig | 7 Pgs th ott: es nada : an m™ “ Louis—Contnued. eo ; en ei ~~ : f = ae Memoranda. * . Laced ¥ pe einbart cloudy. Somew anys hazy; sun hot. : “ “Hazy; moon oe ; ; Glowdny its ee ise fow clouds. , i Sunshi mes thunder gah 0, all retin soon seed storm sy 8 and rain from at Gvtrelonideds senoyk oa SS: a a oar stars faint cs oo eee — in, Sie i “Cloudy: eet le. a" é t in between’ 1 and ok oe Heavy ut ities thunder mone ai Cloudy. ig sin Br By wie He st aca Soe SW (hana stim. eo rain at 1 . eh, a nin fifteen midhies. bh . | : on : Soe Miao, silty. ‘ Og ll on * a a & : Lod bog i Fa a a é bx % Ps * - BY | * -~ . : * ie -: « ‘“ e ie fa es - - - baad the he 9 £ * “ie Be eg ee eee ee €-78 28368 44 8 ee Eth ot oe eS 2 7 € i oo ew » ira bab ea ot dE Pe s # at = # 44-14 * ti 4-7 4 Peo a } Oral wc at 2o Yolook, Overelo Very dark; myn § for a few minutge } . hn dark. Overcast. vo: Vear oe why. i ; " ‘ lear ; windy. Bw . "se “Da: a >. # i oi, Overclouded ; hazy ; sun faint. Hazy; ine. Some clouds; stars. Clouds ; hazy pt eg sunshine, N ie ‘clear. Do. Near! + Come 4 clear, ouds ; sunshine. » clear. 0. Do. — [ eH 3 Memoranda. f # ‘ye bd > ¥ ‘a * se 74 | * i - 69 E. * Raining. ¢ a 73 73 «| EK. 1h Ca are a 76 78.5 | EL &® - 0.08 Some rain ee 75 72 * 45. - 0.4 Raining. . 73 10% %| BE, - 0.04 | Rain at night - - * eee L Bey «6 fy Overe: : i 75 a | SE. - 0.10 Rain and su tp 8: ; m vi | 78 * _ o® f . en ae agai vercast,. Gp ate i 79 80 SE. -J Sprinklng of af ‘rain ; vine of. sma a3 " - 78 76 - 0.23 sultry. P 76 ma aeeW. ja e. e 77 "AT SSW. - Overclouded; sultry. oe ‘ - 78 80 ssw. - 0.13 30% erclouded ; some rain. ae . 77 74 Ww. - Do do. ; * 3 76 71 - Clear... ' - ~ 61 Sw. - ~ | Do. * -, 7 P4 Sw. - - - Do. : - 75 77.5 | SW. - - Light clouds. . 77 79 W. - - Windy ; some clouds. ee 72 71 Sw. - - eo oe ed. a 72 67 Sw. : - Ove mn «| i 70 SW. - Mahe « . 73 74 wew. - Ove shlgptied sun fain ‘ - . 7 73 WaW. - 0.05 Overclouded ; cool ; aos rain between 4 and 5 o’clock. . 67 Wwsw. - - Clear i =f - * 63 : - - Ha any; 8 aint. - ic. 72 : - ~ Nearly eee ait esa - 74 i. WNW. = - 0 ” a7 86. | WNW. .- - Clear. : - 75 69 WNW. - - Do. 4 . 60 | SW. . “ Do. at - vg 73 SW. - - Clear ; — hazy. fi Ww. : 74 77 sw... - ~ Hazy ; cloudy. 3 ° 81 A ERS - - Hazy ; suns sltine. 94 - 74 66 SW.» - ~ Clear. £69 { pat