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Special Number. _

A Special Number (637 pages) has been published in Sep-
ber 1921 devoted to one paper by Dr. E. D. Merrill, Director
the Bureau of Science, Manila, on the Flora of Borneo.

It contains a list of all species of plants recorded from Borneo
d will be invaluable to all students of the Flora of that country.

A copy will be sent to any Member of the Society on appli-
jon to the Hon. Secretary.

[No. 84]

JOURNAL

of the
Straits Branch

of the

Royal Asiatic Society

NOVEMBER, 1921.

SINGAPORE :
PRINTED AT THE METHODIST PUBLISHING HOUSE,
1921,

Malayan Fishes

>

by
C. N. MAXWELL

Director of Supplies, S. S. and F. M. S.

Singapore
Printed at the Methodist Publishing House
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№

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27

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Contents.

Preface

Introduction

Part 1. Descriptions of Species

Part 11. Malay Vocabulary of Fishes

Part HI. Systematic Classification of the
described

Authors consulted

Index to English names ..

List of Plates ..

Plates,

Fishes

Page

278.
219

Preface.

Literature dealing with our local Fish and Fisheries is wanting.

The members of the Profiteering Commission (1920) who were
“impressed and much handicapped by the absence of any recor
information relating to fish and fisheries," made certain recom-
mendations for the future control and o md ep of the fishing
industry and these recolit titi have received the approval of

the Government.

With the хээг will in the world, the task of Legislators and
Fishery Officers who have no data or records to guide them, and
are therefore Мына to бсн our 39081. fish and fisheries except
in vague terms, would be as fruitless in the future as it has been
in the past.

Allowing, therefore, that recorded information in the form of
a hand-book on Malayan Fishes is wanted and wanted at once, the
difficulty arises that there is no one тие от likely to be qualified
for some years to write such a

The ee are not linguists and the linguists are not
ichthyologists

This being the position, the writer has the temerity to offer
this small work, which he hopes will be of some temporary service
until, in due course, the importance of the Malayan Fisheries has
ет established and Fishery bulletins written by specialists are
produced,

The inclusion in this volume of several hundred Malay names
of fishes, many published for the first time, "m lighten the
labours of scientists and help the Fishery Officer

No fishes have been included which have not been definitely
recorded as inhabiting the seas, estuaries and fresh water of the
Malay Peninsula.

The size of the work would Бие been trebled if fishes of
Borneo, Java, Sumatra and the Malay Archipelago generally, to-
gether with Siam and Burma, had fout admitted. It is safe to
prophesy that most of the fishes of those countries inhabit our
waters and will be recorded later on.

This work may be taken, therefore, as сазе very inadequate-

ly, with one-fourth of our fishes on ly and probably not one-half

of the local Malay names have been mention a: The writer knows
very little about fresh water fishes. |

180 РКЕЕАСЕ.

The material in this book has been put together hastily during
a period of five months in the intervals of considerable pressure of
other work.

The plates have been beautifully prepared by Mr. Black of the
Survey e Kuala Lumpur, but it is to be regretted
that many of the fishes have been badly displayed and badly photo-
graphed

he writer was unable to find time to be present at the Clyde
Terrace Market, Singapore, where most of the photographs were
taken, the fish being borrowed for a minute or two from the stall-
holders, and in consequence, the specific identification of every fish
from a poor photograph has been impossible, though the writer
feels confident that the families and genera have been correctly
given

The writers thanks are due to Messrs. Stead and Roughley.
But for their works on Australian Fishes, from which quotations
have been freely made, this work could not have been written.

To the Directors and Staff of the F. М, S. Museums and the
Si

Raffles Museum, Singapore, who have granted me facilities for
consulting the reference libraries and permission to examine and
photograph specimens in the Museum collections, I desire to ex-

press my аы

С. N. MAXWELI,
Director of Supplies.
Singapore, 16th June, 1921.

Malayan Fishes

C. N. MAXWELL

INTRODUCTION.
“Fish is not а luxury, but an absolute necessary of life, with а rice-
— population.’

**Tt is obvious that in order to —€— 2 — and А дерден supply
of fish, especially t oo cities like Cal st go fur

ther out—into the deep sea which, pea x is the Шеге E itory o
piscine wealth...........- facts and figures relating t = -fisheries
of Great Britain, the United States and Canada. и. ре to open

our eyes to the great possibilities which lie before us.’

“Та Bengal, Government will have to do a great deal more; it will
have to create and build up the Pron и ndustry, with t аг objeet of
мен it, let us hope at по distant date, to private enterpris
Ті will also be necessary to show the best way of е the estuarine
fisheries E improved methods of Mer еы, and of bringing the eatehes ex-
peditiously to market in a sound s
Sir К. Gupta, K. C. 8. „р.
Fisheries of Bengal and i Fishery
matters in Europe and рамо 1908.

“I appeal-to the уе рлы ion of these Dem a maritime people
"ho owe everything to the I urge them to beco e bette r informed in

and scientific investigation i is promoted by the Government a nd o her adminis-

trative authorities. pply q
о n to agri culture. Toinerease the harvest of th the fisheri t
be continuously investigated .. 1227

W. A. Herdman. СВЕ, D, Se., F.R.S.,
ete. ‘Annual address ‘the President of
the British Association 1920.

‘Ти no other ci gt of our food supply............ ould the applica-
tion of capital to a compara му small amount mean so к,
хэ гэхэ NAN dd Both as regards railway ред cold storage facilities

rade is in its in taneg В NG аа ач rtation—
шиг жай ыы, must be prov vided by the State—fish trains should have
precedence—and rates should be very low, even to the extent of entailing
considerable loss
The Earl of Dunraven. Paper read be-
fore ~ Royal Statistical Society, March
20, 1917.

182 MALAYAN FISHES.

Fish are curious creatures and we have still a great deal to
learn about their habits. Some like the Salmon and the Shad

which make a migration from the deep sea coastwards for the pur-
pose of spawning. |

see like some Eels, live in the rivers and spawn in the sea.
The common Eel of Europe (Anguilla vulgaris) spawns far out
in йг. ocean, after which both males and females Са never return-
ing to fresh-water a second time. Fishes ээн live in the rivers
and spawn in the sea are termed catadromou

Some fishes do not lay eggs but bring зам their young alive.
Examples of viviparous fishes occur in the Shark and Ray families
and also in Ше BLENNIDAE, CYPRINODONTIDAE and SCORPAENIDAE.
Instances of functional herm aphroditism occur, and some of the
SERRANIDAE (Sea-Perches) are invariably Билэг and self-
fertilising.

A Sea-Bream, Chrysophrys auratus, is an example of successive
hermaphroditism, the male and female sex-cells ripening alter-
nately. As an occasional variation hermaphroditism has been re-
corded in such well known fishes as the Cod, the Mackerel and the
Herring.’

The eggs of fishes may be divided into two kinds; the large
(demersal ova) which are heavy and sink; and the small (pelagic
ova) which are buoyant and float at or below the surface according
to their density. The buoyancy of the pelagic egg depends, how-
ever, on the density of the sea and the pelagic id becomes demersal,
in position, in brackish water and in fresh w

Demersal eggs may be either viscid a QUEM or smooth
and non-adhesi

demersal ova and marine fish yani ova

When we realise that the eggs of most Marine fishes float, it
18 ех ooa futile to speak of guarding the “ spawning grounds ”
on coasts. It is necessary to mention this because at one -
it ~ а thought that spawning took place on shallow banks or eve
close in кора but this ів now known to be incorrect, except in the

rue Herring which lays demersal eggs in ` comparatively

shallow е and а few less important speci

Amongst our important Marine tood биш which are known
to produce pelagic eggs are members of the Herring, Mackerel,
Horse-Mackerel, Sea-Perch, Mullet and Flatfish families, in fact,
our best Явц

аи Ха: Hist: 1904,

МАГАУАМ FISHES. 183:

Fishes known to produce demersal eggs on our coasts are Ше
Gar-Pike (Todak) and the Flying-fish (Bélalang) and their eggs.
have viscid threads by which па become attached ог entangled
` with MEE objects or eggs of the same species. The eggs of the
Todak may be seen entangled in y^ stakes (kelong) in masses,.
which look rather like cobwebs.

the breeding season arrives fishes migrate to the loca-
lities most suitable for the deposition of their eggs. At this time

trent.
the contranatant spawning migration. After spawning, the eggs
are brought back by the current towards the coast. This is the
denatant dri

Though the eggs of many species of fish hgtch out fry which
h

semblance to their patents. These Leptocephali are transparent,
attenuated creatures, often ribbon-like in shape, with very small
heads. They appear to be incapable of much effort and to be
specially adapted for passive drift; in fact, the Leptocephalus

the shallows near the state of suspended animation.
We know that the Тана” жіті pc orte Malay Bulan-
bulan and the Giant Herring (Elops hawaiiensis) Malay Ban-

fisherman whom I have questioned, has ev n the Parang-
parang (Chirocentrus dorab) until it was a few inches long,
it may dus this fish passes qox a larval metamor-

is only within recent years, that certain Lepto-
cephali, long Ein to naturalists, have ах identified ав larval
Eels.

For example, Kenang Чорт brevirostris is now known to E.
the larva of the on Eel of Europe (Anguilla мнау
Leptocephalus енін; has been watched through its iet toed сэн
into the Conger Eel (Conger 0.

If the contranatant spawning psig at Ч E the В. W.
monsoonal йно the оуа and жом will drift in a N. E. direction
and those that enter the Straits of Malacca, ра instance, would
gradually approach the West coast of the gee Дама,
а spawning пра ш Ше South China Sea duri
monsoon would re n the larv мои carried a and m
persed along the Қы мян of the та sula,

As the larvae approach the coast = come within the influence
of the tides and while continuing their progress with the monsoon
current they are carried backwards and forwards by the daily ebb
and flow of the tides

1 Meek, Migrations of Fish.

184 MALAYAN FISHES.

Their density causes them to sink lower in brackish water until
they eventually find bottom in the shallow bays and estuaries and in

formed into the active little fish which swims vigorously against
the current and feeds incessantly and voraciously all the time.

In a recent report on the Fisheries of the Straits Settlements
and Federated Malay States the writer drew attention to th

Chinese fish-traps called pompang and other licensed fixed engines
known ав ambai, langgai, etc., of which there are several thousan

between Penang and Port Swettenham. Though there are many
kinds of these traps they all work on the same principle. In every
cas ere is a wide V-shaped entrance terminating in a long
funnel-shaped baggmade of sacking or plaited split.bamboos. The
position of these traps is arranged with respect to the currents
and tides so as to intercept the larvae and immature fish during
their denatant drift to the shallows. Most of these traps float, and
swing round with each tide so as to take toll both with the ebb and
the flow,

An examination of the contents of these traps shews that in
addition to immature fish, which any Malay fisherman will tell you
are the fry of valuable food fish, the bulk of the catches are made
up of feeble, attenuated, small-headed larval-like fishes which the
Malays call Bunga ayer and to which they attach no value.

There can be little doubt that scientific investi gation will prove
that the Bunga ayer are valuable food-fish in the Leptocephalus
stage.

This subject has been treated at some length because of its
great economic importance and because the questions raised cannot
be answered except by a specialist in marine biology.

Though myriads of larval and immature fish are caught daily
for duck food, pig food and manure, and thousands of pikuls are

debatable point whether the flesh value thus produced is not as
great as the extra fish value which might be caught if the fry killed
Бу ambai were left undisturbed !

We cannot afford to allow such points to remain debatable.

Let us go on with the life history of the tiny fish which we
left in the first stage of an active existence in the shallow waters
near the coast. These shallows are the nurseries or recruiting
grounds where the fry keep together in schools or shoals.

“After a period in relatively shallow water, the shoal
migrates to deeper water. At first the migration is not to a
great distance, but with growth the annual pulsation becomes
greater and greater.

МАГАУАМ FISHES. 185

“The migration is not merely inshore and offshore, but is
at the same time in a definite direction with respect to the

coast.

“Thus the life of the fish is i е ра: in from three to
six years at the most, the call of maturity comes. In response
thereto a migration takes place whi са еагѕ to be usually

whic 2
beyond the limits of the seasonal migrations of the school.”*

A few moments’ consideration will enable one to realise that the
life habits of every species of fish are subject to certain fixed laws.
It is only a matter of systematic organised research to discover
those laws and to apply the knowledge to the development of
Malayan Fisheries

We can learn Em has been done in Canada, Great Britain and
the United States, but this мээн learning must be supplemented
by detailed local research. We must work out our own local tables.

There are, probably, no эн than 2000 species of fish in .
Malayan waters. There are certainly not less than 500 species of
economie importance, and Ч we take 250 species as being valuable
Marine food fishes, some idea may be formed of the amount of
research required before we shall be in a position to state definitely
where a certain species may be found in full ys where its spawning
grounds are, where the recruiting grounds of its nd are and
when and where it travels during its seasonal a a ur

Information of this kind will enable our fishermen to catch fish

with пари to цэн shoals хай вена informa llan.

There is a great deal of knowledge, ot which no use is being
тархдаг the possession of many illiterate Malay fishermen, spread

> wide areas, all along the coasts of Malaya. This knowledge
should be collected and tabulated.

The Departments of Fisheries in Ceylon, Australia, India,
the Netherlands Indies and the Philippines have published records
dealing with the es which also inhabit our seas and, in con-
po the Fishery Officers and scientists have the benefit of a

mount of scientific research work on which to build up local
Eu

ough the Meer m of damage to our marine fisheries
а some attention during the past two years, it is doubtful

whether serious thought has been given to the terrible damage done
to the fresh water fisheries by mining silt. Engineers ge fought
for their roads and railways against the invading silt, but to judge

from official reports, no one has fought for the chri and the
need for protection of the riverine renti of the people would appear
to have passed unnotic

1 Meek, Migrations of Fish.

186 МАТ,АҮАХ FISHES.

Within the writer’s memory the main rivers of the West coast
were fine clear streams. The waters provided irrigation for the
rice fields and contained сие of fine edible fish. These rivers
are now thick turbid streams carrying a heavy burden of slime and
silt.

We have probably one hundred different TS of Carp alone,
besides dozens of species of Catfish and many fine fish belonging to
the families OSPHROMENIDAE, NOTOPTERIDAE, де etc. Catfish can
exist in slime and silt though it is questionable whether they can
thrive, but Carp certainly require clear water to breed i

One of our Carp the Kélah (Barbus sp.) has been quanti
by Swettenham as the finest fresh water fish he ever ate in the East,
and Ше Kalui (Osphromenus olfax) is so highly esteemed that
several attempts have been made to introduce it into to France, and it
has been — oe in Mauritius, Australia and parts of India.

Tin necessary and some роо of the rivers is
иа but Бе have been тапу cases where carelessly eon-
structed dams have broken and а turbid ‘flood of slime has been
allowed to pour direct into the: rivers for months while ey
repairs are being made. Though much of the damage done in
past is irremediable, let us hope that a more general ‘recognition of
the value of the fresh water fisheries will result in a fair —
of > in the future. There аге still rivers which can be
Sav

By saving our fresh water fisheries we shall save, incidentally,
our rice-fields, for Rice and Fish in addition to being the two
22 foods of ur eountry are inseparable. "When you detto one

ou destroy the other.

Where you rice you can 2 fish and where you can
то longer cateh fish you cannot grow ri

To explain: the mining silt which gik into the rivers gradual-
ly raises the bed of the stream and so causes a rise in the water
table. A rise in the water table limits the area of drainable land,
esa drainage is as necessary to a rice field as irrigation. So the

which can be planted with rice becomes smaller and smaller
until шанг the water table is so high that the river channel
сап no longer carry off storm water. The resultant floods deposit
a layer of slime and silt on the rice fields and complete the work of
destruction,

h cannot breed in the rivers polluted with slime and silt,
so the Fisheries and rice fields perish simultaneously. In our
policy of construction and development these facts should not be
lost sight o

There is е another point which has received no attention and
that concerns anadromous Marine fishes which enter rivers to
spawn. Among these fishes the ачый опе is Ње Shad (Тёги-

\

МАГАУАМ FISHES. 187

bok), ман ascends the rivers to a ي‎ distance during the
reeding season. arrives on the coast in enormous shoals, and

twenty Sight years ago, as Skeat has жені: they were invariably
taken in full ~ when they аге in the best condition.

Recent reports show that Tërubok have fallen ой both in
quantity and, as the writer knows from his own experience,
quality, those now taken being mostly spent fish in which state
they are positively unwholesome.

These fish used to be taken in such numbers that the nets con-
tained more than the boats could load. Within the past few years
the writer has, on several occasions, picked up these fish by hand in

ascend the rivers. Failing to ascend the rivers the Shad must
either spawn in the sea or in the polluted lower reaches and in either
case the eggs peris

Мынан и, {һе migrations ot the Tërubok do not, as far аз
the writer’s experience goes, take it to the East coast of the Penin-
sula, so that, the ‘Térubok fishery of Malaya appears to be in
danger of extinction.

This introduction would not be complete without some mention
of the conditions under which the transport of fish from the source
to the consumer takes place.

There is a general agreement that transport is bad. Many
schemes have been evolved for ensuring rapid transport and reduced
prices, but none of them have been put into practice and probably
none are commercially practicable. A permanent scheme is re-
quired that can be built up by degrees; the writer has advocated
in two reports the use of cold storage. While allowing that the
а will be great we should поё lose sight of ће fact that
it will be a permanent and sound investment.

Let us consider the existing conditions first.

a temperate climate fish will keep fresh for days. Here,
near the oor. fish caught in the morning are in an advanced state
of — before the evening. Decay is arrested by the use

of ice. For instance, ice manufactured in Kuala Lumpur is taken
t

go to sea and purchase from the fishermen. These middlemen are

bound as a rule to sell the fish to the ice същ who again sell to

other middlemen, who sell to the retailers in the markets. The

result is that fish 52 цаг a pikul at ба н 880 a pikul in
uala Lumpur, 30 mi

Ice melts rapidly in йн a in the boats, and in the mar-
kets. А box of fish must therefore contain an enormous proportion
of ice to allow for wastage, an d the fish instead of being fresh, cold,
and wholesome are in a tied and sodden хи

188 MALAYAN FISHES.

While these are the conditions under which fish are transported
a few miles in this country, we are indebted to a single Cold Storage
Company for the privilege of being able to purchase, if we can
afford it, fish, meat, game, butter and fruit, imported in re-
frigerated chambers from Great Britain, the United States, Aus-
tralia and China, |

Briefly, it amounts to this. We can ‘eat foreign fish and
foreign fowl but not the fresh produce of Malaya. Hundreds of

this fish is dried for export for lack of cold storage transport,
though much of it is caught within 24 hours steam of Singapore.

There can be little doubt that the whole future of the perish-
able food business in this country depends on cold storage, but
there is no decided opinion as to the part that the State should
take in the development of the trade.

It would seem, therefore, to be but reasonable and logical for
the State to go a step further, and instal cold storage in the markets,
and to rent space to the retail dealers in the same way that stalls
are rented, |

The State owns the railways which run from the coast to the
market towns and the installation of refrigerated vans on the
railways would appear to be a natural development of a State en-
terprise, as it is in other countries with State Railways.

This disposes of the problem as far as the Colony and the
West Coast States are concerned but the problem on the East coast
is quite different. |

The development of the States on the East coast has been
retarded because they possess no natural ports and harbours which
сап be entered during the North East monsoon,

Though the deep sea can be fished all through the N. E.
Monsoon and steamers run regularly up the East coast to Bangkok

mainland. A heavy sea breaks on the shallows and sandbanks
which extend from the coast, and dangerous rollers break on the
rs which guard the entrance to the rivers,
Further out, in twenty fathoms or so, the seas are regular, and
conditions for fishing far better in every way than they are in 8
strong wind in the English Channel or in the North Sea.

MALAYAN FISHES. 189

We know that the sea off the coast of Pahang, Trengganu and
Kelantan swarms with fish all the year round, and all that is
necessary is a scheme for supplying the W: estern States and the
Colony, where fish is now very scarce

writer advocates State enterprise in the establishment of
cold adha depots on the islands, where there is always safe
anchorage and shelter in smooth w ater

There is a y dn these ge all the way up the East coast.
An island with a storage depot will become a permanent
fishing settlement. Rent vont] be paid 5 the fishermen for врасе
in cold storage, to id = when the fish is sold. So far State
enterprise is “advocat

It would pay ° running from Bangkok, Saigon and
China to Singapore, Port Swettenham and Penang, to call at these
islands for fish, and those steamers not now fitted with refrigera-
ting plant would instal it.

Schemes for ameliorating the lot of the теч» by granting
loans, etc., have not succeeded because no schem h
fishermen from the middlemen, but the depots tick will be the
Penny-banks of the fishermen, always r eady to receive deposits, how-
ever small, until н will hg the fishermen independent
of the mi iddlemen

For ex cole there would be nothing to UAM a group of
Malay fishermen from consigning regular shipments of fish direct
to a Malay retailer in the market.

Shipments would be so frequent that loans should be unneces-
sary, but allowing that loans were asked for, to start Malays working
on a co-operative basis, as indicated above, there would be no risk in
advancing money on the security of the stock of fish.

With State organised depots and State transport there кни
be а fair field for steam trawlers and steam drifters owned by
Companies or individuals. The depots would receive the fish and
save the trawlers a journey to эн with every cateh, and here again
the middleman would be elimin

This work deals, very inadequately, па fishes only. Much
could be written and will, no doubt, be written later about our
Crabs, Prawns, Crayfish, Pearl oysters, Edible oysters, Scallops,
Cockles, Corals and nges, but considerations of space prevent
more than the briefest mention,

The writer has seen Pearl shell taken close to а. and
has handled a pearl valued at £800 taken off the Kelan

Rock oysters grow well here, but as they take about оң
to mature, and по native can resist taking them while still ша
they are practically unknown in the markets

Leases could be granted and oysters cultivated. Sponges too,
сап be cultivated. Commercial sponges сап be grown from cut-

190 MALAYAN FISHES.

tings, like flowers, and are so grown in the Philippines, and there
are yet other marine growths which can be cultivated in the gardens
of the sea.

Few countries have the potential fishery advantages that we
possess and have neglected hitherto,

Our position between the Indian Ocean and the China Sea is
unique and not only gives us access to an unlimited area for deep
sea fishing, but also accounts for the large number of species of fish.

Kuala Perlis on the West to Kuala Tabar on the East
we have a thousand miles of coast line; more than some nations
possess,

As to the vital importance of fish in the diet of all dwellers

fish there is ample proof. Can we doubt therefore, with the ex-
perienee of other countries to guide us, and while remembering
that the economie stability of every country depends on the price
of the peoples' food, that our fisheries are capable of enormous ex-
pansion and can we doubt that an enlightened policy of exploitation
and regulation combined with constant scientific investigation will
render the Fisheries one of the great economic assets of Malaya?

Malayan Fishes.
PART 1.

GIANT HERRINGS.
(ELOPSIDAE.)

This family contains but few species; the individuals however,
abound in the tr ues seas and are of great importance both as food
and game fishes
! The Ba а or Ménangin (Zlops —€— is known б
Americans in the Philippines & Hawaii as Ше Ten-pounder. It

reaches a length of about 4 feet and is an edible fish of considerable
elds.

The Bulan-bulan (Megalops cyprinoides) is the Indo-Pacific
Tarpon and is very closely related to the well known: sporting fish
of America. It is known in Australia as the Ox-Eye or Big Eyed

It has a very wide range extending from India to Australia
and from East Africa to the Sandwich Islands. It is known to
penetrate the rivers right up into fresh wer and has been success-
fully eultivated in brackish or even fresh water.

From an Шы: standpoint it соди very high. Its flesh is
firm, well flavoured and possessed of good Keeping qualities. It
ey a i uA. ot 5 feet and when и fisheries are better known
itm s Stead has remarked, * turn out to be as great a sporting
Лиса as ж Tarpon.’

THE FEATHER BACKS.
(NOTOPTERIDAE.)

The Bélida (Notopterus notopterus) is a fairly common fresh
wat" fish which attains a length of well over three feet. The belly
is said to be extremely sich and well flavoured but the back contains
numerous small boues

THE MILK FISH.
(CHANIDAE.)

The Bandang от Jangas (Chanos chanos) is the well known
Milk-£sh or White Mullet and is known as the Salmon- Herring
in Australia. It is a sea and estuary fish and feeds on “ sea moss,”
an alga (Oedogonium).

192 MALAYAN FISHES.

‘Its cultivation is a considerable industry in the Philippines,
the Sandwich Islands and Java, and Day records that, in South
Canara, Hyder Ali introduced it from the sea into tanks of fresh
and brackish water where it still thrives.

Seale’ gives а most interesting and valuable account of the
cultivation of this fish, which is known by the Filipinos as the
Bangos; I quote the following extracts:

“The Milk-fish is one of the most important commercial
fishes in the Islands. It is raised chiefly in the fish ponds at

“ This fish is particularly adapted to pond culture being a
vegetable feeder of rapid growth.

“The eggs are deposited in the sea. The young appear
during the months of April, May, June and July. They are to
be found in great numbers along the beaches and are captured
by the natives and placed in large earthen jars full of water
called palyok. “They are then conveyed to the fish ponds,
frequently a hundred miles distant.

“ One of the jars contains about 2,500 voung Bangos.
About 60,000 are used to stock one pond of 1 hektare. As the

FOOD OF THE MILK FISH.

“If it is desired to cultivate the food alga, the water of
the pond is allowed to drain off and the clay is exposed to the
full power of the sun. The alga rapidly makes its appearance
and a little water is then permitted to cover the bottom. This
is gradually increased as the Oedogonium develops.

“ The average value of the ponds about Manila Bay is pro-
bably 40 centavos per square metre, giving a total of more than
6,000,000 pesos for the pond value alone, which I am convinced
is a conservative estimate."

There are many places where these fish are feeding on beds of
sea moss and 1 saw millions of fry not far from Butterworth
k

n n
jangas. The Milk Fish attains a length of 5 feet, It is not often
captured as it will not take a bait and will jump over a seine or
drift net.

1 “ Fishery resources of the Philippines. "

МАГАУАМ FISHES. 193

HERRINGS.
(CLUPEIDAE.)

This is a very large and important family. The members
Tange in size from the Parang-parang i eas dorab)
which is said to exceed a length of 12 feet to the Bilis (Stole-
phorus tri) which measures not more than 3 or 4 inches.

Although this family is of great commercial importance i in
Malaya, and the Her rings, Shad, Sprat, Sardines, White-bait and
rer eae belonging to it are highly екса Íor their flavour and
food value by the Malays and all Eastern races, they are unknown
to the great majority of European residents in t = ү of the
world, with the wae ie e of the Bilis, which is occasionally seen
served as “ White bait” or as a sambal with curries or in bottled
form as йон Red fish

From an economic рош of view this family is second to none
in importance and the faet that some of the most valuable kinds
associate at certain periods in immense shoals accounts for Ше use-
fulness of the family as a food supply.

The following are the most important members of the herring
family in our waters:

The Parang-parang (Chirocentrus dorab), the Térubok
(Clupea (Alosa) macrura), the зма (Dorosoma врр.), уй
Tamban (Clupea (Нагепуша) spp.), (Dussumieria spp.) а
мж жим spp.), the Bilis (атана spp.) ара the ай

m (Zngraulis spp.).
he Parang- рага nz is а very bony fish of excellent flavour
and its capture by hand line use a livelihood for several
iode Mis in араг а10

Passengers Бу steam ан о through the Eastern en-
trance to Singapore томів. will see a large number of small canoes
in the deep water channel and will hear the noise of the rattles,

which each Malay fisherman wields unceasingly. These rattles do
not attract pe = but keep the hand occupied and the fisherman
on the “ qui v The Parang-parang is not a greedy biter and
does not stay i one place. He is a rapid swimming predacious fish
who has no time for more than a snap as he darts through the water.
Bites are usually few and far between and an inexpert or somnolent

sherman would catch nothing. With an ever moving hand en-
gaged with a rattle the fish is struck and hooked almost at the in-
stant he bites

The T'šeubok is a Shad and is considerably larger than the
ordina ary 7 rring. It is known to Et uropeans in India as the
< Hilsa Sable fish." Day в

T Du are excellent as pu until they have deposited
their ova, when they become thin and positively unwholesome.

Their flavour has been compared to a combination of that of

the salmon and herring: they are чн heavy of digestion.”

194 MALAYAN FISHES,

writing in 1850, states that 40 years ago the Raja of Siak is said
to have obtained an annual revenue of 79,000 guilders from the
Térubok roe industry alone.

The Sélangat of the southern part of the Peninsula is known
as Nandong in Penang and Kedah, and as Kébasi on the East
coast. It is also known to the Filipinos as Kabasi. Тре English

r American name for it is the Basling Shad and in Australia a
aries of the same sub-family is known as the Bony Bream or
* Hair-back."

It is a bony little fish but very plentiful and cheap; it is dried
and salted in enormous quantities both for local consumption and
export.

The Ta inban i is one of our commonest fish and will eventually
be one of our most important and valuable food fishes

Dr. Cantor who wrote a catalogue of Malayan Fishes in 1850,
says of the Tamban bulat: * It i is highly valued for its delicate
flavour and passes commonly as a “sardine”: and of the Tamban
nipis he writes, “ They in the Bet lententia of the Straits under
the denomination of ‘Sardines’ in imitation of which they are
sometimes preserved in oio

The Moros in the Philippines a the same name Tamban
for this fish and Seale writes “ Any of these sardines would compare
favourably with the species put up in oil on the Расте Coast.

We continue to import thousands of cases of sardines annually
into the Straits and F. М, S., while our seas swarm with sardines.

s popularly supposed that sardines are preserved in olive
oil but I have more than a suspicion that refined coconut oil, sesame
or gingelly oil, and other vegetable oils, which are largely exported
Їгош ше East, return to us with the imported tinned “herrings and
sardin

The Bulu ayam and Bilis (Moro: Dilis) are anchovies and
spr

Stead Nha of the Цер antipodum of ре Чан says,
“ For all practical and economic purposes there is no difference be-
tween our Anchovies and the famous ws of that name in the
Mediterranean Sea."

A glance at the systematic list of members of, the herring ша
will show that we have ас least 8 species of Engraulis and 3 species
of Stolephorus.

MALAYAN FISHES. 195

QUEENSLAND-SMELT, ETC.
(SCOPELIDAE.)

ne of the best known members of this family is the Lumi

or Luli (Harpodon nehereus) which, when newly taken, is bril-
liantly it gree all over the body: in a salted and dry con-
s it is the * Bombay-duck" so highly esteemed by Anglo-
n

It is quite common in our waters. I have seen many immature
specimens in purse-nets, but full grown specimens are often taken
in sunken canc -traps off Singapore in the neighbourhood of the
Karimon Islan

Day says зак fish is highly шаа? ав food whether fresh ог
salted.” It is curious that this fish which is a delicacy in India
should be disregarded in Malaya. Malays do not care much for
it, as the flesh is soft and flabby and ‘hay prefer firm and flaky

eat.

The Bélungkor (Saurida tumbil) is known to Australians as
the Чара Smelt and is a fair edible fish, though somewhat
dry

“The Mudin (Saurus myops) is a useful food fish.

“ MILLIONS.”
(CY PRINODONTIDAE.)

I have called these fishes “ Millions” in the absence of any
English name, irato they belong to the same family as the fish
known as * Millio in Barbados. То this latter fish, which
eats mosquito larva w; as our fish does, the immunity from 2
which the inhabitants of Barbados enjoy, is attributed.
tiny se very common in тн and drains in Singapore а
elsewher

CAT FISHES.
(SILURIDAE.)

This family which contains one fourth of the known fresh
water fishes of the world is not represented in the British Isles, but
in this region they are to be found wherever there is water and a
muddy bottom, whether it be fresh, brackish or salt water.

Members of the family may be found in swamps, pools and
‚ roadside drains and many of the fresh water varieties will make
мын peine ov erland to find new pools or streams. They

all our rivers and some species may be cau t miles,
out in the e Some а the largest exceed 6 feet in length,

With the exception of the Lele and Lembat (CLARIIDAE spp.)
which have no spines, all the members of this family are armed
with spines,

196 МАГАУАМ FISHES.

The Tapah has a pair of pectoral spines only, but the Sém-
bilang, Patin, Lawang, Pédukang and Baung have both pec-
toral spines and a dorsal spine.

A wound from these spines is extremely painful and the angler
who captures one of these fish for the first time is advised to take a
lesson from a Malay in the proper method of grasping them, which

18 very simple but worth knowing

all Malays, Chinese and natives of India. Some species are con-
sidered to possess exceptionally nourishing qualities and are pres-
cribed for patients recovering from illness

They are valuable food fishes and are in great demand among
2 % |

They will live for hours out of water and can be transported
for long distances.

The popularity of the Krian district of Perak among natives
ої India is due primarily to the rice fields and secondly to the fact
that cat-fishes, as well as other fish, swarm in the rice fields and
irrigation ditches. ;

А volume might be written on the Cat-fishes alone. One in-
teresting characteristic is the great care they take of their eggs and
young. The Pédukang, for instance, lays very few but very
large eggs which look like gelatine capsules and these they carry
about in their mouths. As the Pédukang are among the com-

every stage of
development, and in the final st ge, immediately before hatching.
the tiny fish is distinctly visible through the translucent envelope
of the egg.
LOACHES AND CARP.
(COBITIDAE & CYPRINIDAE.)

Only two Loaches, the Ikan pasir and the Lali, are mentioned
in this work, but judging from records of species in Java, Sumatra
and Borneo, there should be at least 20 species.

The Їкап pasir (A canthopsis chotrorhynchus) is quite com-
mon in the Pahang river and is good eating.

The Carp family of fresh water fishes to which our Roach,
Tench and Gudgeon belong is represented in our Malayan rivers
by certainly not less than 100 species.

The very incomplete list in this book gives some 28 Malay
synonyms only. There is an interesting hobby and good sport
with a fly and spinner awaiting any planter or prospector who lives

rare fish may be preserved in spirit. Тһе Directors of the F. M. 8.
and 5, S. Museums would be only too glad, I feel sure, to mount
and display specimens, and as the field is practically untouched the
collector has more than a sporting chance of discovering and per-
haps giving his name to a new species.

MALAYAN FISHES. 197

During the breeding season, the males of many species assume
a more brilliant livery, or dev velop excrescences and tubercles on
various parts of the hod. especially on the snout, or also on the
body and fins

The common Carp of Europe is said to have been introduced
from China early in the seventeenth century. The Chinese con-

po p
torella), the Ling (Chinese) (ните carpio), and Ше Hwan
(Chinese) - munie: maya ae. idellus).

The ova are shipped from China in large jars full of fresh
water and the contents of the jars are regularly and vigorously
stirred with a stick or paddle during the voyage, to oxygenize the

and by the time the jars arrive in this country they contain
thousands of fry.

These fish are very popular among the Chinese and fetch high
prices in the markets. 'Тһеу attain a length of three feet or more
and a weight of perhaps 20 to 25 pounds. The utilitarian owners
feed them | on food of such a disgusting nature, principally excreta,
that I can say nothing as to their edible qualities, as I have never
felt any wish to taste ‘them

I imported some many years ago and intended to stock a pond
in Kuala Pilah but unfortunately the ship was placed in quarantine
and as their period of confinement in jars is limited, all the fry
perished. These imported vere have not, so far as ow, been
bred in this country and it is more than likely that they require
fresh running streams for the natural development of their ova.

The question of stocking some of our streams may be worth
consideration, but I doubt it, as we have so many indigenous Carp.
In this connection it is well to remember that these Carp which
have been artificially bred for трун have yielded numerous
bru аи dism. I have in an erican magazine of

a sports who for lack of i ee bait used aquarium ‘gold fish
(Carp) x successfully as live bait. He kept a stock of them in
a fountain where they interbred with small species of American
Carp with the most extraordinary results.

Profes:ors Max Weber and de Beaufort write of the Cyprinus,
^" вані er Fresh water of temperate parts of Asia and
Europe, from where introduced i in many parts of the world and
chines into many varieties.”

We have many species of Barbus including the famous sport-
ing fish the “asad of India, our Tëmoleh ` (Barbus mosal). The
Kérai (Barbus nedhi) is said by Day to attain a weight of 50 or 60
pounds.

198 МАТ,АҮАХ TISHES.

The Сайа (Сайа buchanani) of India, Burma and Siam has
not yet been identified in our rivers and as it attains a length of
at least 6 feet and a corresponding weight, I suggest the quest of
the Catla, as a sound sporting proposition, to the anglers of Kuala
Lipis, and other up country stations, with a good chance of success,

EELS.
ANGUILLIDAE, MURAENIDAE, CONGRIDAE, ETC.
The Eels are placed on the Order APODES which has several

families and not less than 30 species, represented in Malayan
waters. Eels are more popular perhaps with the Chinese than

One eel (Thyrsoidea macrura) known as Ше Pampan ог
Pompa by the Javanese is probably the largest eel in the world
and exceeds 10 feet in length. It has been found in the shallow
seas and estuaries, and even rivers, of Sumatra, New Guinea, Natal,
India, Ceylon and Queensland, but has not yet been recorded by
local scientists,

SWAMP-EELS.

SYMBRANCHIDAE.

The Bélut (Monopterus albus) is confined to the fresh or
brackish waters of Burma, the Malay Archipelago and China.

“This eel is numerous at Chusan, in streamlets, canals,
and estuaries. As it is a favourite article of food it is kept by
the inhabitants of Chusan in large jars, with fresh water. But
it is capable of living a considerable time out of water. It is
of voracious habits, feeding on smaller fishes, and it takes

1 C ).

hooks baited with earthworms.” (Cantor

SEA-HORSES AND SKELETON-FISHES.
(SYNGNATHIDAE & AMPHISILIDAE.)

The little Sea-Horse, Kuda-kuda laut (Hippocampus зрр.),
which is so like the conventional knight of the chess-board, is a
familiar object in most Museums. It has, of course, no economic
value.

А peculiarity of this curious family is that *the males are
provided with a pouch (in some species there is only a broad groove)
in which the eggs are hatched after being deposited by the female.

“ Тре males take full charge of them, and the young remain in
the pouch usually for a short time, after being hatched.” (Stead).

The Skeleton-Fish, as I have called it, Amphisile scutata, is
known to Malays as Ikan kéring. It is only a few inches 1
and, ав it has practically no flesh on its bony carcase, it has no
edible value,

MALAYAN FISHES. 199

GAR-FISH, GAR-PIKE AND FLYING-FISH.

(SCOMBRESOCIDAE.)

Most of the members of this family, of which about 200 species
are known, are marine: some are carnivorous, and others mainly
herbivorous, feeding on green algae. Nearly all are in the habit of

making great leaps. out of the water, this tendency culminating їп.
the Flying- fish (Exocoetus), and there is every passage between
the small pectoral fin of a Gar-fi:h and the swallow-iike ow ings” ог
the most developed Flying-fish.

They are excellent етар 28а and the ТодаК (Belone spp.)
which have green bones are nevertheless very palatable and useful
food fish. There is a more or елін ;s prevalent idea that fishes with
green bones are poisonous; this is one o 2 popular ТаПастев
which no facts or arguments is ever overcom

The Puput ог Jénjulong (Не didus M spp.) or Half-
beak ean be ший identified d» the fact that the lower jaw only is
prolonged. ` Both jaws of the Todak are prolonged into a long
slender beak.

The Todak though common is a very shy and wily fish. =
gives a boat a wide berth and though a rapid swimming and p
dacious fish it disdains ordinary lures and baits. The Malay fala
men, however, circumvent them by fishing with a kite from ME
dangles a length of fine line terminating in a noose. The bait is at-
tached to the noose. Given a breeze sufficient to keep the kite flying
quite good sport is obtained, perhaps a dozen fish or more in an
hour. The Todak makes a fierce dash at the bait, the noose tight- |
ens round the upper jaw, and the recurved teeth prevent the noose
from slippin

The P Paput is also a shy biter when it sees its would-be cap-
tor at the other end of a rod or line, and the Malays consequently
use short baited ines attached to floats (Pélontang puput) which
they send adrift and pick up when the movements of the float shew
that a fish is firmly hooked.

Flying-fishes are very good eating but not often obtained. I
have picked them up on the deck after a squally night at sea,

SAND-SMELTS.

(ATHERINIDAE.)

These pretty little fishes, called Rennyau or Paku in Malay,
are common all alon ng our cou sts and also frequent estuaries and
tidal rivers. Seale’ w es

12 centimeters. They Де ave а a greenish tint on the back and a
bright silvery band on the sides

1 Fishery resources of the Philippines.

200 MALAYAN FISHES.

“ There are five or six different species,
“The most common species is possibly Atherina tem-
mincki (Bleeker).

“They are known as ‘ pescados del rey’ or fishes of the
king, among the Spaniards.

“ They are greatly valued as food. The young are termed
white bait. 'The method of catching is usually by seine or
corral. А profitable industry could be built up by preparing
these fish in a good sauce, by pickling them with spices, or by
drying. They abound at all seasons.”

GREY MULLETS.
(MUGILIDAE.)

The Grey Mullet are a widely distributed and very important
family. They inhabit shallow water in the seas, estuaries and
riveri and none are known to occur in very deep water;

Their habit of keeping to the shallows, in large shoals, renders
their capture, in enclosures, which dry out at low tide, and in
mullet nets, an easy matter. Аз there are no restrictions as to size
and no close season, mullet are getting scarcer every year in
Malayan waters. <

Grey Mullet feed, more or less, on the organic matter found in
mud and they are peculiar among fish in that they have a true
gizzard, lined with a thick horny epithelium.

Mullet are very common and highly appreciated in Australia.
Stead! writes:

" During a recent year in New South Wales alone 45,000
baskets of Mullet—principally Sea Mullet—were received for

Mullet contains about 75 pounds weight: and, if we calculate
the fish at an average of one pound weight each, we find that
we have the imposing total of 3,375,000 individuals.”

In New South Wales Mullet may only be netted at certain
times and at certain places, and there is a legal limit as to size as
with all valuable edible fish jn that Colony. |

The breeding season with most of our Mullet appears to be
between November and February during the N.

East coast. A quantity of yellowish foam and scum is brought
down by the rivers which are usually in ful] spate in November and
December, and this foam either contains food or provides a suitable
shade and shelter for the ova of the Mullet which are, I believe,
pelagic or floating eggs. A day of steady incessant tropical rain
during the N. E. monsoon is the day above all others to which all

1 Fishes of Australia.

MALAYAN FISHES. 201

Trengganu Malays, male and female, look forward. When the
rivers are in full ‘flood, the sun obscured, the N. E. monsoon blow-
ing half a gale, the surf thundering on the beach and full of yellow
yeasty Їоаш, then you will вее all ‘the Malay ladies trooping out in
their best silk coats a ran, and all the old blades and young
bloods are in attendan

They are all out for the day to enjoy themselves and to cateh
mullet and the more it rains and blows the better they like it, the
ladies, perhaps, because their vivid silken raiment looks best when
it is wet, or may be it fits their figures bower so, and the men,
perhaps, because 06у will cateh тоге mullet!

These ladies have designed and made their own costumes.
Raw Chinese silk has been teased, wound and spun; fast dies of
vivid colours, orange, pink, vermilion, green ; every colour and every
shade have been prepared from roots, bark and leaves, and the
garments have been woven in intricate designs, tartans, checks,
watered silks and shot silks; a creative art which has been lost on
the West, and will soon be lost on the East Coast, in these days of
cheap imitation silks and aniline dyes. But let us get back to the
mullet and the rain

the more it rains the fresher keep the flowers in the
ladies’ hair. These ladies wear no hats and there are no collars,
draggled skirts or squelchy boots in this picnic party.

Let us again to the mullet. Now this catching of mullet is
an affair of casting-nets and he who catches the most mullet is
some ace. It is not a simple poaching trick of slinging a net over
a sleepy fish in a pool, but quite a different business, I assure you.

The nets are made of the finest and strongest cotton, water-
roofed in white of egg which renders them to the touch, for a
season, as though they were made of the finest gut or sinews. The
small net or jala anding when throw о covers “perha ps 100 square
feet of surface and it is weighted with little chains of pure tin.
The light cord attached to the 2 wrist is usually 30 feet
long and the net is often thrown s to drop fully expanded at
the full extent of the cord, and re throw is in the teeth of a
North-east gale.

Each fisherman 2 perhaps two ог three such nets and, in
reserve, a much larger and stronger casting net for the Pélong
which is the giant of “all our mulle

Keeping far back on the шор beach, the men follow the
shore line until mullet (Anding) are seen, and to the novice, it is
a difficult matter to see them. But ther e they are, and when you
know what to look for, in the smother and foam, you will notice
little black heads, in hundreds, between the breakers. Now these
Anding are the shyest fish that swim. A wave of the hand and
they have disappeared to pop up again at a distance further sea-
ward, where no man can hope to reach them.

202 МАТ,АҮАХ FISHES.

This, then, is the manner of their capture. There will come а
moment when a great wave, like a wall, hurls itself on the beach.
In fact these waves do it all the time! "How ever, there is mea. ure
of two or three moments and no more when that wave stands like
a wall between you and the fish, and the fish forget your existence.
In that brief time your caster of the mullet net : sprints down to the
very verge of the breaking wave and up to or over his knees in the
water ; the net truly held and truly swung, with a long pendulum
swing, clears the crest of the approaching wave and falls fairly on
the group of mullet concealed in the hollow beyond, г. in this way
perhaps he may be fortunate enough to take one or two hundred
fish in one cast. But you will serve a long e E and will,
when learning, throw half a hundred times and have no mullet

When the sport is in full swing perhaps 10 or 20 men dart
јама get шын. down the beach and as many nets shoot out and

r the waves. Suddenly there comes a wild yell of ней
Pélong which have been disturbed or enclosed in the Anding ne
leap several feet in the air and break their way through the
nets. Silvery six-pounders and eyen larger fish instinetiyely jump
when their brothers jump. There is a “rush up the beach and а
race back to the breakers with the Pélong nets. The nets are
thrown at random (tebar rambang) in every direction. There
may be a shoal of Pélong and, if so, some excitement I promise
you.

Once a Pëlong sees the net over him, he makes one upward
dash to the apex of the net. The fisherman hurls himself at the
fish and must grasp him then or not at all, for the next powerful
dash for liberty takes the fish down to the bottom and he is under
the chains and out of the net before you can wink. Out of your
depth in a strong surf with a couple of lusty Pélong in your arms
and a smother of net, chain and cord about you, you come to the
—À that life was never more worth living and that if you

re off to kingdom come you will take the Pélong with you.

А rite, at Tanjong Katong, Singapore, I can see some
Boyanese, yeas probably, with baby ‘casting nets catching shrimps,
sprats and baby fish in a sea like glass; a miserable messy busi-
ness. The real casei of the casting net are to be found only
on the East coast

Our Mullet (Балақ) include the germ с ugil planiceps)
which attains at least a foot and a half in lengt

The Tamok (M. [regret according to Day, attains at
least 3 feet in length. The Anding and Kédéra, which grow to
about a foot and a half, are шонг хүлээ,

The Bélanak tamok (М. waigiensis) is known in Australia
as € Diamond Scaled Mullet. It attains a weight of several

and is of a pretty silvery colour, each scale being prettily
ширийг with black.

МАГАУАМ FISHES. | 208
THREAD FINS.
(POLYNEMIDAE.)

These fish are all excellent as food and from some rough ising- -
lass or fish sounds are obtained,

One of our Kurau (Polynemus paradiseus) is the Tupsi fish
of India and the Mango fish of Burma. This small fish which
attains a length of about 9 inches only, is considered a great luxury
both in India and Burma. It has very long filaments, longer than
itself, proceeding from each side, just below the pectoral fins.

The common Kurau (P. indicus) attains a length of 4 feet
and about 20 lbs. in weight,

The Kurau janggut (P. tetradactylus), which is also known
on the Queensland coast by the very uns suitable name ** Cooktown
Salmon," grows to a very large size

quotes Hamilton Buchanan as observing “I have been
assured Jm a creditable native that he saw one which was a load for
six men and which certainly therefore exceeded in weight 320
pounds avoirdupois."

BARRACUDAS.
(SPHY RAENIDAE.)

The Alu-Alu are carnivorous and highly puteis fishes
which give good сы with a yas bait or pinna

shot of one taken by me off Pahang which does not agree with T
plates of either of these fish and is I think 5, novae-hollandiae
It is more than probable that other species will be discovered in
these waters

А well known American game fisherman from Honolulu who
visited Singapore recently recognised the fish both in the ee e
market and from the photograph as the Alu-alu of Hawai

Roughley' writes of Sphyraena novae-hollandiae,

“Тһе Short-finned Pike is an edible fish of very consider-
able value and is deservedly popular, though it has probably
never been tasted by a very great portion of the community.

“Tt forms one of a too numerous collection of very
valuable table fishes which are scarcely utilised, owing to the
unenterprising methods adopted in their capture.”

1 - Fishes of Australia.

204 MALAYAN FISHES.
POMFRETS.

(STROMATEIDAE.)
| The Bawal is one of our well known and most вотна edible
fish and takes a high place among our very best food fishe

Of the three species known, the и chermin (Bira ngakên
atous) is most esteemed, though all are goo

е Ваууа! puteh and Bawal itam (8. cinereus) are iden-
ae the fish getting darker as it reaches maturity. A shoal of
immature fishes of this species seen on a calm, clear night is a
most “ээн! sight. In Ше reflected light of the moon, they look
like tiny silvery stars. The Malays call them Bawal bintang.
When mature they are a darker gray colour.

The mature Bawal itam are very much better eating than the
immature Bawal puteh.

The Bawal tambak (5. niger) is the шин = the family.
It grows to a length of two feet and is excellent ea

These fishes are considered by fishermen the Е fish that
swim. They have s curious sheep-like habit of huddling together
and are also afllieted with a kind of ovine curiosity. They wi
follow anything "m: е their curiosity such as а boat апа this
habit leads to their capture

When a shoal is hint ed the fishermen manoeuvre their boat
so as to attract the interest of the fish until they are all following
in a compact flock. At the same time the boat is taking a circular
course and the net is being shot very quietly. At the right moment
all the fishermen raise a tremendous din with clappers and at the

same time splash the water with their paddles. The shoal does a
perfect right-about turn and each fish dashes headlong into the net.

MURREL.

(OPHIOCEPHALIDAE.)

These fresh-water fishes are provided with a respiratory organ
n each side, above and eri ng with the gills, which
dubie them to breath atmospherie а

They can live for long periods out ot water and travel over the
land from one piece of water to another. "They are useful food fish
and well adapted for pond culture provided that the pond is well
stocked with the small fish and frogs on which they feed, but if the
food runs short, they will go elsewhere.

Day writes, *Jugglers both in India and China exhibit these
fishes Mairie on the land, and children amuse themselves by
making them “crawl along.

The young as a rule are of a more or less orange or scarlet
colour. à

MALAYAN FISHES. `

These fishes appear to be monogamous, some breeding in
grassy اا‎ or the edges of tanks and others in holes in .the
river ban

e construct nests mini. the эн where the

b |
selves, they are driven away to seek their own subsistance: those
which are too obstinate to leave being eaten by their progenitors.

The Malays have a saying Bagai toman makan anak, “ Like
the Toman fish which eats its own young,” which is applied to
persons in high ie who misuse their powers, oppressing those
whom they should protect.

The Aruan and Toman will readily take a bait, especially a
rog, and are said to rise to the salmon fiy. The largest run well
over 3 feet in length.

T are caught in great quantities in the Krian irrigation
reservoir at Bukit Merah and sent alive in tubs all over the F. M. S.

МАММУДАТ.
(BERYCIDAE.) |

The Sébékah karang i sb ан murdjan) is a small fish
of no particular economic importane

he BERYOIDAE, of which there are about 70 species, live, most-
ly at great depths, in the seas all over the world.

The “ Nannygai " of Australia, which belongs to this family,
is highly esteemed on account of its delicate flavour and firm whi
flesh. Roughley writes,

“Until recently the supply of ‘ Nannygai’ to the market |
has been an intermittent one, occasional specimens only being
found there

* The l кро have now quite altered this and large
quantities are being received from them daily, hee the result
that it is one of the commonest fish seen in е

* Hundreds of people visiting there in search p trawled
fish are now seeing the * Nannygai’ for the first time."

I suggest that the edes of Ше * Nannygai” and —
hitherto unrecorded, species of good edible deep water fish,
means of à commercial steam dolet; is well within the region of
possibility. We have, as a perusal of this book will shew, many fish
in our waters which range as far as Australia but no engines or
methods of capture are utilized in our waters which take bottom
feeding fishes in depths of 50 fathoms.

а06 | MALAYAN FISHES.

Roughley writes, “Тһе most prolific сей are found to be
between 50 and 60 fathoms in depth,” and a “ Many species,
which before the advent of trawling were “т pem seen in the
markets and which were in fact considered by many to occur only
in small numbers on our coast, could now be counted in thou-
sands."

KNIGHT-FISHES.

(MONOCENTRIDAE.)

The Sétonggang (Monocentris japonicus) is a curious little
fish with enormous bony scales and two long ventral spines. It
has no edible value.

“ BULL'S-EYES."

(PEMPHERIDAE.)

I have no personal knowledge of these fishes and, as they are
never captured in numbers, they are unimportant from an economic
tandpoint,

“ DRUMMERS.”
` (KYPHOSIDAE.)

The Télan rumput (Kyphosus cinerascens) ав its name ех-
plains is а herbivorous fish, subsisting chiefly оп “ веа-отавв” and
sea-moss.” It is a congener of the Drummer of New South
Wales (Kyphosus sydneyanus) and belongs to the same family as
that piece food and sporting fish known in New South Wales
as the h.

DUSKY-PERCH.

(LOBOTIDAE.)

The Péchah périok (Lobotes surinamensis) is a large perch-
like estuary fish which reaches a length of 3 or 4 feet and 8
weight of 25 to 30 pounds. It is known in Australia as the Dus

According to Boulenger’s classification, the family contains
two genera, Lobotes and Datnioides, each with two species, and
though the two species of Datnioides are known to occur in the
estuaries and rivers of the Malay Peninsula, they have not yet, 88
far as I am aware, been identified under a Malay name.

The Péchah périok is an excellent food fish and it readily
takes a fish bait

It has a very wide range, being found e за the West
Indies, on the east coast of the United States of America, as far
North as Cape Cod, in the Mediterranean Sea India and China.

MALAYAN FISHES. 291,
BLOW-PIPE FISHES.
(TOXOTIDAE.)

The Ikan sumpit or Sumpit-sumpit (Sumpitan, а blow-
pipe) is so named from its method, unique among fishes, of shoot-
ing water from its mouth at іпсесін which it perceives close to the
surface,

They ' are very common estuary fishes congregating under
piers, fallen trees and branches, where they may be both seen and
heard spitting at flies and similar small game, which they knock
down with surprising accuracy

In the second edition of Day's Fishes, this shooting habit is
erroneously attributed to another fish, Chelmo rostratus, which is
also known to the Malays as Ikan sumpit, and a note u nder Toxo-
tes reads, “It is stated in some works that these wide mouthed
fishes shoot insects with a drop of water........ e action is one
which the mouths of these fishes appear пре of effecting.”

T is ample evidence, however, to prove that Тожојез do
shoot, and though their mouths are large it will ни палас that they
have the projecting lower jaw of the true cuspidore ar

Chelmo rostratus, on the other hand, though it ыр pipe-like
projecting jaws, is a fish which is found ар sea in n the neighbourhood
of coral reefs w here flies and insects must

It owes it: name “ Sumpit- зара n p^ (9% fact that, after
capture, it spurts water through its mo

Toxotes chatareus grows to a m of about one foot and I
have taken several with a rod when fishing with prawn bait for
Siakap, between half and three quarters of a pound. They are
quite good eating.

FRESH-WATER PERCHES.

(NANDIDAE.)
I have no information regarding the Képau or Patong (Cato-
pra fasciata) which is the = member of this оны recorded in
our waters under a Malay na

SEA-PERCHES.

(SERRANIDAE.)

The very incomplete list in this book gives some 45 species of
Sea-perches. The fam M is a very large and most important one,
ПИ Е as it does, по only some of our largest fish but also

oÍ our best edible hy И the Ikan merah. Nearly
all ‘the members of this family are жатам fishes which take а
tait readily.
I propose to mention only a few of the most important ones.

208 MALAYAN FISHES.

It is a fine sporting fish and runs to a considerable size. The
largest that I have heard of was taken in the Bay of Bengal by the
Government trawler “Golden Crown” and weighed 580 pounds.
Before I read of this fish I used to be satisfied with 40 or 50
pounders.

view the Kérapu differs little from the Ikan merah, the latter
fish owing most of its popularity to its colour,

Кёгари from 50 to 70 pounds in weight are occasionally seen
in the markets and the Kérétang (Е. pantherinus) is commonly
seen up to two or three hundred pounds in weight. Any Malay
fisherman will tell you of a Kérétang of fabulous size which he
hooked and fought for hours, being worsted in the end because his
boat and gear were too light to make any impression on the fish.

The largest Kérétang I ever saw was taken by a Malay and
myself. We had to sink our boat after we had fought the fish to а
finish in order to load it; the weight, for there were no means
of weighing it, was estimated at 6 piculs, i.e. round about 800
pounds,

This fish appears to me to be identical with the Queensland
Groper illustrated in Stead’s “ Edible Fishes of New South Wales
under the name Promicrops itajara.

I have read that this fish derives its name Groper from its
habit of groping about the rocks but I suggest that the name origin-
ated i a or India. The Tamil name is Kurrapu. The
Malay name is Kérapu. The Brunei Malays know it as Kurapa.
In the Philippines it is known to the Filipinos as Garropa from
which the transition to Groper or Grouper is a slight one.

One of our Kérapu (Е. tawvina) is known in Australia under
the names Brown-spotted Hind and Black-spotted Rock-cod, and of
this fish Roughley writes, “It is of fine edible quality and grows to

a length of at least four feet.

In America members of this family are known as Sea-Bass. |

МАГАУАМ FISHES, 209

The “ Snappers” include our Ikan merah which is known as
Jénéhak in Penang (Lutianus spp.). There are perhaps more
than 20 species in local waters of which the list in this book gives
13 only.

Two or three Snappers are of a brownish colour, but the
colouring of the rest of this brilliant family ranges between crimson,
scarlet and golden, while some have violet, purple and blue bands.

They are all good edible fish and no swagger dinner in Singa-
pore is supposed to be complete unless Ikan merah appears on
the menu. Their popularity makes them expensive.

З WHITINGS."
(SILLAGINIDAE.)

The Bulus-bulus (Sillago spp.) is one of our common market
fish and can be obtained all the year round, though never in large
quantities.

The Sillago sihama is known in Madras as “ Whiting" and
Sillago maculata is called the Trumpeter Whiting in Queensland
and New South Wales where it is greatly valued for its excellence
as a food fish.

They frequent shallow water and sandy bottoms where they
feed on small crustaceans, worms, sand hoppers, etc. There is
probably no cleaner feeding fish than the Whiting, a fact which
perhaps accounts in some measure for its delicate flavour and
wholesomeness.

Both our varieties, whether adult or young, are very shy and
instantly bury themselves in the sand on the appearance of any
danger. Even a passing dark cloud leads to their immediate dis-
appearance into the sand whence they emerge a few moments later.

Roughley writing of another species, which has the same habit
says:

2 “Tn Ше capture of this fish Ше hauling net is principally
used. It displays considerable resource in evading the net,

taken in water only ankle deep and the best bait are prawns, small
bivalves, Rémis, Képah, etc., which are found on sandy beaches,
and beach worms, Pumpun sarong and Pumpun darat.

210 MALAYAN FISHES.

JEW FISHES.
(SCIAENIDAE.)

About 150 species of this family are found in various parts
of the world. Nearly all are of economic value, some being highly
so, and many of them reach a very large size,

The Témbéreh (Sciaena diacanthus) is one of the commones
coast and estuary fishes and perhaps the largest member of this
family in our waters. It attains a length of at least 5 feet.

he Gélama (Otolithus spp.) are among our commonest
fishes. They travel in shoals numbering many thousands and are
taken іп deep water hauling nets (Pukat pétaram) by Trengganu
and Kelantan fishermen. These fish are dried and salted on the
East coast and thousands of pikuls are exported annually.

The Gélama will take a bait but are hardly worth fishing for
as they give no sport and are insipid table fish even when quite
fresh. As “ikan kêring " with curry they are quite good,

" SILVER-BREA M."
(GERRIDAE.)

These are small fish inhabiting all tropical seas and entering
estuaries,

According to Day these fishes are eaten by the indigent classes.
in India being little esteemed when fresh, but as they salt and dry
well, large numbers are prepared in this manner for use.

The family contains about sixty species of which only six are
mentioned in this work. Some 15 species are found in: Australia.
and 23 in Indian waters. They rarely exceed a length of ten
inches : nearly all have a plain silvery coloration.

prawns or beach worms, and may be caught in the vacinity of fish-
W

SELEMAH.
(LACTARIIDAE.)

The Sélémah is the sole member of this family and is not à
fish of much economie importance. It grows to a length of about
10 inches, and is eaten by the natives either fresh or salted but is.
said to be insipid.

It appears in Malabar in shoals during the months of February
and :

They enter the Straits during the N. E. monsoon but not in
large numbers and I am informed by Malay fishermen that they
rarely take more than half a dozen on any one day. x

They do not take a bait but a few find their way into nets and
traps. i ;

MALAYAN FISHES. 211
GRUNTERS.

(PRISTIPOMATIDAE.)

This family contains about 130 species belonging to four
genera, of which three genera inhabit.our waters, viz. Pristipoma

cee Diagramma (Tébal bibir) and Pentapus (Sélin-

The Gérut-gérut are good food fishes and take a bait readily.
They are fond of back waters and ne species (Р, диогаса) 18 said
to have been captured in fresh wa

have taken several in жойчу. water and found them, when
teh ах. excellent eating.

r largest species (P. hasta) attains a length of about 18
inches =: 18 known in Australian waters as the Queensland Trum-
peter. Of this fish Stead writes, “The Australian home of this
magnificent food-fish is principally ONE the coast of Queensland

where it is well and favourably kno

The names Gérut-gérut е E aE are descriptive
of the Вы, noise the fish makes after captu

The Tébal Vina are also good edible fish ы attain a length
of two feet or n

I have no personal knowledge of the Sélinching (Pentapus)
and place it here from a description supplied to me, together with
а pocket-kodak snap-:hot which does not display the fish very well.

SEA-BREAMS.

(SPARIDAE.)

This, again, is an important family which includes many
varieties of ЧОМАЙ, food fishes. Some are carnivorous.

Following Dr. G. А. Boulenger’s classification, the principal

enera found in Malayan waters are Scolopsis, Synagris, Caesio,
Cremdens, Lethrinus and Sparus

Of the Gérétak lantei (Seol opsis spp.) of CNN so
called from the parallel bands which distinguish mos
can say little. The only species of ори with which I am
familiar are the Anjang-anjang and Kérisi bali, which are occa-
sionally taken when fishing for Kérisi.

The Kérisi (Synagris spp.) are beautiful little fish of a
roseate hue with vellow and silvery bands. "They are very common
all up the east coast where they can be taken with a line, practically
anywhere, in fairly deep water on a sandy bottom,

ey average perhaps five or six to the pound but I have
taken them up to a pound or more in 30 fathoms near Tioman
Island. Kérisi fishing is, or used to 5 be. the favourite out-door
sport of the Malay Princesses of Pahang, and during S.
Monsoon regular expeditions were made to the Kérisi E and

212 MALAYAN FISHES.

the little fish ээ be hauled in until the boats were deep in the

{ег and t oyal ladies exhausted. At the right season, there
are few more delicate flavoured fish than the Kérisi and they Te-
mind one of really good Whiting,

But they must be absolutely fresh and caught on the right
ground; if out of season or stale, Kérisi have an unpleasant
tang about them

The Délah (Caesio spp.) are small but good eating, the best
зэ perhaps, C. pinjalu which is also know wn as Ikan merah

is in no way inferior to the Ikan merah аз а table
у:

Of the genus Sparus, three species are mentioned in this book,
one of which, the Béras-béras (S. sarba), is the Tarwhine of
ли зет and New South Wales, where it is considered a good

e fish.

Ч 18 not to be compared however, either from a sporting or
an edible point of view, with its congener the Black Bream (8.
л. which has not been recorded as imhabiting Malayan

The Asoh-asoh (Lethrinus nebulosus) is шэнэ useful fish
in this family. The inside of its mouth is orange coloured as is
that of its relative the Yellow дайн Snapper (L. асна
of Australia

RED MULLETS.

(MULLIDAE.)
Members of this па) аге к» ав Red Mullets in Great
Britain and as “ Goat-fishes * Surmullets ” in America.
British species are МҮН barbatus апа M. surmuletus,
remarkable for their beautiful pink or red colour, and much valued
on Ше market, although по peas held in the high estimation for
which they were noted by the
Ц! nangka or Lébai are p Malayan generie names of our
local members of this family and are descriptive. The Bij

; a
exceptional pious habit, and it will be noticed that he almost in-
variably sports a beard consisting, as a rule, of about two or three
long hairs, and his fellow countrymen have hit off the resemblance
to the fis h, whieh has two long barbels dependent from the lower
jaw.

The Їкап lébai are remarkably beautiful fishes and their
brilliant colouring contrasts somewhat with the solemn aspect of
m" oras which is, perhaps, an additional reason for the Malay

icknam

One of our local species (Upeneus tragula) is known in Aus-
iralia as the Bar-tailed Goat-fish.

МАГАУАМ FISHES. 213

АП these fishes are small, rarely exceeding 10 inches in leng
Very little is known regarding their habits or 2. апа they
are not at present of much economic importance

I have taken a few in а trawl near Penang ыг there is а pos-
sibility that with new methods of fishing they may become useful
market fish, "

Вей Mullet are known to visit the British coasts, in vast shoals,
at rare intervals
BAT-FISHES.

(SCORPIDIDAE.)

Ав far as I know, these fish are represented in our waters by
the genus Psettus only.

The Gédabang or Nyior-nyior (P. argenteus) is known in
Australia as the Silvery Bat-fish. It attains a length of about
eight or nine inches only and its breadth is about equal to its length,
161 is common and of fairly good edible quality but is not, at present,
oÍ importance.

The Nyior-nyior (P. falciformis) is also а small fish attain-
ing a length of perhaps 9 ог 10 inches.

CORAL FISHES.

(CHAETODONTIDAE.)

A large group of about 200 species of marine carnivorous
fishes, confined to the Tropics, mostly of small size and remarkable
for their singular forms and markings and brilliant colours

They are particularly abundant about volcanic rocks and coral
reefs; but some ascend estuaries and tidal rivers, though not to апу

great di distance.
The Ketang (Ephippus Me) ranges from the Indian Ocean
to China and Australia, attaining a foot in length. If taken in the

sea or in clean n back-wate ers it is is an excellent edible fish, but those
captured in the vicinity of polluted rivers should be avoided, as
there is evidence that they are foul feeders.

Hamilton Buchanan remarks of it, “ When newly caught it is
a fiih of great Moree easy digestion, and excellent flavour: but

after death it soon becomes soft and strong tasting.” In Ceylon
“Tt is generally gini its flesh partaking the flavour of trout ”
(Bennett).

This fish and its congener (Е. multifasciatus) are favourably
known in Australia as Butter-fish and are a common table fish in
hotels and restaurants,

Ikan inggu or Ikan babi are Malay equivalents for the genus
Holacanthus. The former term applying to the зетови апа
the latter to the rather pig-like profile а е ргеѕепсе, іп ай
these fishes, of а pair of pre-opercular spines directed эы рй
which are considered to resemble boar’s tusks.

214 MALAYAN FISHES.

= Bonang (Рас құда is а deep-bodied fish which at-
a length of at least 20 inches. Russell says their flavour is
ХӨЛӨН and Cantor makes ad same remark,
It is known in Australia as the Dark Bat-fish.

MOON-FISH.
(DREPANIDAE.)
The Daun EAD (Drepane punctata) is a very common fish
of fair edible v
Consi гледна <q s of this fish have been taken in trawls
both in India and Ceylon. Sir К. Gupta says they are very much
sought after and always command a good price in Bengal. They
are rather too bony to be popular with Europeans in the ‘East.

“BLACK TREVALLY.”
(ТЕ UTHIDIDAE. )

comprises a pde recent genus, Teuthis, with about 30 пепо,

According to Bottard (“ Poissons venimeux,” Paris 1889) Ше sig
from the spines of these fishes is much dreaded, and this I can
vouch for, though personally I have suffered very little inconvenience
from the ‘pricks of these spines

It will be noticed that Duncker gives the generic synonym
Ketang to members of this family and this is the name given by
Malays to the genus Ephippus (CHAETODONTIDAE) which also has
venomous spines,

ll species of T'euthis there are 13 dorsal spines and 7
anal = эде, whereas Ephippus has 9 dorsal and 3 anal spines, which
shews that the Malay system of classification does not agree with
that adopted by scientists,

The Dengkis (7. nebulosa) is known on the East coast of
Australia as the “ Black Trevally? and the Debam (T. java) is
also found on the Australian coast,

They are small fish, fairly common in the markets where they
find a ready sale.

GOURA MI, ETC.

(OSPHROMENIDAE.)
im family of fresh water fishes is remarkable for several
reason
rom an edible panda of view, because it includes the ae
(Osphromenus olfax), known in India as the Gourami, which
world wide reputation as one of the finest flavoured fresh ce
fish known, as well as the Pépuyu, a favourite food fish in Negri
Sembilan я

МАГАУАМ FISHES. 215

piratory organs, situated in а шин а the ит "which enables.
them to live, happily, out of water for long peri
The Kalui grows to a length of about two 2 "à is regarded
one of the beat flavoured fishes in the East. It has been ас-
climatised in India, the Guianas, Mauritius "ii ‘Australia.

Day writes,
б Commerson on Observed it in the Mauritius in 177
states tha he never ate any fish more exquisite in бак

whether from dia. sea or fresh water: he also added that in
Batavia the Dutch reared them in large earthen pots, changing
the water daily and feeding them on nothing but fre:h water
plants, especially the Pistia natans."

` General Hardwicke’ gives an account of the breeding of this
, apparently monogamous; he observes,

* 'They commence at six months of age, whilst their fecun-
dity is мл. During the breeding season, they freq =
the sides of tanks, where shelter is afforded them by the =

weeds growing in the water. For several days tung are
very active, ng in and out of their grassy cover, and in

fi

2
c

the ova are deposited. They continue to watch this place with
the greatest vigilance, driving away any interloping fish, and,
at the end of a month numerous 5 appear, over which the old
gouramies keep watch many day
I kept these fish in a large зө ас Kuala Pilah, having first
caught them with a casting net in the Muar river. Their natural
food consists of aquatic plants and I used to collect the etm they
like and send a leaf at a time down the stream until a Kalui rose
to the bait. It was then a simple matter to lure the И. пеатет and
nearer, with carefully flicked leaves until it was close en
place of concealment to enable e me ic throw the net over the floating
leaf under which the fish was risi

There are probably many di friends who will remember the
little dinners in Kuala Pilah, when the fish, fowl, mutton and

та were all locally raised.

The Kalui їп my pond were fed daily on leaves, principally
wild caladium га ‘tapi oca shoots, not thrown broad-cast but in-
serted in split bamboo poles which were pushed into the bottom of
the pond. They ate a tremendous lot and grew very rapidly;

1 Zool. Journ. IV, р. 809,

216 MALAYAN FISHES.

the caladium leaves imparting a very fine flavour to the fish.

They will rise to a fly or beetle, and some flowers, particularly
a large Hibiscus. Anyone intending to keep these fish in stock
ponds is advised to ke eep the pond free from pollution and to feed
the fish regularly. It is only in this way that rapid growth and
good flavour can be obtained.

They attain a length of two feet, a weight of at least 20 pounds
and in shape resemble the turbot.

e Pépuyu ог Bétok (Anabas scandens) has a world wide
reputation as the Climbing Perch. Gunther’ tells us that in 1797
D in a Memoir communicated to the Linnean Society of
London mentions that he had himself dein in 1791, an Anabas
in the act of ascending a palm tree (Palmyra) which grew near à
pond. The fish had reached the height of 5 feet and was going
still higher. Не jgoes оп-їо say that the fish is named in the
Malayan language the “ Tree Climber,” which is a mistake. Не
кэ I think, have said the Malayalam language. See Day
(Fishes of India) Undi colli.

Meek? writes, |
“ Anabas has been frequently obtained on the ground and

à specimen now in the collection of Armstrong College, ob-
tained from near кри was found crossing the road 50
yards from the neares . It is named the climbing perch

from the habit it has of climbing up the rough bark of trees by
movements of the spine-clad opercu

“The method of progression düt of the water and the
climbing of palms and palmyra trees, especially after heavy
rains, have been repeatedly observed.”

The Negri Sembilan Malays have a saying, often quoted, which
hits off the high estimation in which this little fish is held by inland
dwellers: Jikalau sudah minum ayer gopong bertali ijok, sudah |
makan pepuyu, payah пай tinggalkan negri int: which may be
roughly translated: When a visitor has drunk the water and eaten
the fish of this country, he 15 loath to leave it.

The Ikan Pélaga or Bélaga (Betta spp.) probably derives its
name from Siam where it is known as Pla Kat (Pla, fish; Kat, a
fighter).

It is common throughout the сраки and may be caught in
most of the ponds and ditches in Singapor

Cantor relates that the Siamese are Say with the com-
bats of these fish, staking on the i шон considerable sums, and some-
times their own persons ‘and familie

The licence to fight these fish id to be farmed in Siam and
brought in a considerable revenue to the King.

1 Study of Fishes, p. 516.
? Migrations of Fish, 1916.

MALAYAN FISHES, 217

The male fish are kept in bottles separately, and when in a state
of quiet they are dull looking little fish, but if two bottles be
brought together, the little creatures become greatly excited and
the raised fins and whole body shine with bright metallic colours of
dazzling beauty,

If two male fish are then placed together they fight like a
When fighting they utter a curious ringing note which sounds
y Kring” and. probably this accounts for another ignes
by which they.are known viz. Ika

The Képar (Polyacanthus hasseltii) is еру ет little
fish and quite common in brackish swamps on

This fish has been bred in confinement by е, probably for
centuries, and is known as the Paradise fish to aquarium owners
in Europe. In its native element, in dark or muddy water, it is
of rather a drab brown colour but if kept in a bowl in clear water,
it has a beautiful golden colour with red transverse bands.

CORAL FISHES.

(POMACENTRIDAE.)

This family resembles the CHAETODONTIDAE (Coral На in
form and mode of life, likewise in the brilliant colouration. For Е
this reason I have а lied the same English name in the absence
of any other for this particular family.

ver 150 species are known. Some 30 species are described in

Bay s Fishes of India and psy the family is better represented
in Malayan uud in Indian water

ames Inggu and роко shew, the Malays include

CHAETODON алан and PoMACENTRIDAE in one family and curiously

enough, the scaly-finned fishes (CHAETODON Шы. resemble the

POMACENTRIDAE 50 closely that in some instances actually the same

families. This, as remarked by Dr. Günther, is one of many in-
stances shewing that the colouration of animals depends to a great
extent on their mode of life and natural surroundings.

From an edible point of view they are not of much economic
importance but all specimens brought to the markets seem to find
ready purchasers.

“ WRASSES” OR PARROT FISHES.
(LABRIDAE.)

е “Wrasses” form a large family of most brilliantly
coloured marine fishes, inhabiting all the tropical and temperate
coasts.

Their regime is prie herbivorous, partially carnivorous..
About ын же аге

Some of the members pen this family have been observed to
Ра ini ix the protection of their eggs and young.

918 МАТ,АҮАХ FISHES.

These nests in the European Labrus are made of sea-weeds,
zoophytes, corals, broken shells, etc., and are the work of both the
male and female. It is also in this family that sleep was first
observed in fishes, and this has been fully verified by Mobius, on
Labrus ruprestis in an aquarium, the fish seeking a sleeping place
at night and laying itself down to rest on one side.1

Tokak is the generic name applied by Malays to those mem-
bers of this family which are provided with strong canine-like teeth,
(See Wilkinson's Dictionary; p. 201. Tokak. Biting, used of
dogs, sharks, tigers, and other animals which use their teeth as a
weapon of offence.)

The teeth of these fishes are used however for crushing shells,
«oral, etc.

A Tokak (Chaerops omnopterus) is known in New South
Wales and Queensland as the Blue-spotted Groper.

Little use is made of this large family of fine edible fishes from
а commercial point of view,

Their capture is confined to the hand line and to basket traps.
Their habitat, deep water in the vicinity of coral reefs, renders the
use of ordinary nets impossible but the trammel net which is un-

“known in this region should- prove effective.
Many members of this family attain a weight of 50 pounds.

PARROT-WRASSES.
(SCARIDAE.)
This family is closely allied to the preceding, with which they
have been usually united, but differing in the more or less coalescent
th, forming, often, a parrot-like beak.
have placed the Béchok in this family and also among the
LABRIDAE ав there are several species.

. A. W. H. Hamilton, who is an authority on Malayan sea-
fishes, tells me that the Malays of the Western part of Singapore
confine the synonym Béchok to a fish with green teeth, which
seems to identify his fish as Pseudodar moluccanus (Day, 2nd
edition Vol. II, p. 421).

HORSE MACKERELS.
(CARANGIDA E.)

A large and important family of carnivorous fishes, all of
which are edible and many of large size.

Members of this family compose the bulk of the fish taken in
nets on the East coast, which are dried and salted for export.

e of our principal local varieties are the Chéncharu

(Caranx rottleri), the Sélar (Caranz, not less than 12 species),
the Chermin (C. gallus), the Nyior nyior (Trachynotus spp.)
and the Talang (Chorinemus врр.).

1 The Cambridge Natural History, 1904. 4“

MALAYAN FISHES. 219

When freshly caught and cooked they are all excellent eating,
but they do not keep well.

The Chéncharu js quite common and is found in large shoals,
When in season, large numbers will be found in the markets and i
quite fresh they are good edible fish. They are said to attain a
length of 5 feet,

All the Sélar are good eating, but the fresher they are the
better. They give good sport with a light rod те: small hook, to

which a few small white feathers have been “w ped.”

They like shade and will be found in the мэ rhoo
piers and under vessels. When cruising, I have often noticed
Sélar taking shelter under my yacht, when we were beca , and
if the period coincided with a meal time, we used to catch as many
as we wanted in a few minutes.

There are, at times, large numbers of Sélar in arp water
off Singapore as, probably, many sea-side residents kn

The Chermin (C. gallus) is a deep-bodied fish CE re-
sembling pe Dory in shape and is one of the best, if not the best,
food fish i this family. It is found generally on reefs; takes a
prawn or fish bait, and gives splendid sport as it fights very hard
and takes a bit of pla aying.

Specimens 2 feet in length are not uncommon and it is said
to grow to five feet in length. It is known in Australia as Ше
Silvery Moon-fish.

he Nyior nyior p UNE ovatus and T. bailloni) are
known in Australia as the Dart These fish must be fresh to be
appreciated.

ds Talang (Chorinemus spp.) is a common fish in the
markets and fairly popular with most Asiatics, but some Malays
have a prejudice against it and will tell you that it gives them an
irritating and disfiguring affection of the skin
; It may be that the general appearance of вий fish, all of which

e a row of dark blotehes along the side, may suggest the un-
sightly blotches seen on the faces, “bodies and limbs of natives who
are afflicted with certain kinds of skin disease, kédal, sopak, etc.
or that the consumption of this fish when not perfectly fresh causes
urticaria, but the subject should be worth investigation.

One local species of Talang (8. sancti-petri) is known also in
даан аз the Queen-fish, and another (8. tooloo-parah) is known
also in Philippine waters as the Talang-ta alang.

There are many other excellent food fish in this family in-
cluding the Lémbudok or Démudok, Gérépoh and Berkas, not
specifically identified.

The generic term by which the Салалт branch of this family is
known to the Moros, in the Philippines, is Daing puti. The name
Daing bélang occurs locally and is applied to Caranz s speciosus
and C. compressus,

220 MALAYAN FISHES.

MACKERELS, TUNNIES, ETC.
(SCOMBRIDAE.)

The fishes of the “ Mackerel” family are pelagic forms, abun-
dant in all the seas of the tropical and temperate zones. They
travel about in shoals, spawn in the open sea, but periodically ap-
proach ae shore in pursuit of other fishes on which they feed.

ur most ap net local members of this family are the
Pélata (бое 5 а thu) (Scomber microlepidotus), the Tong-
Ко! (Thynnus "iban and the Ténggiri (Cybium spp.).

The Pélata is a fish of great commercial importance in Siam
and on the East Coast, where 4 is extensively salted and dried for
export.

The Tongkol is the Malay generic term for the Tunny and,
Т believe, for the Bonito also. Thes ese fish gives excellent sport when
they are on the feed but dcs one sees a school of these fish jump-
ing and disporting themselves, ап on such occasions they seem to
disdain the bait which is " trolled T хэн them

énggiri is, in my opinion, the peat fish in our waters.

1 25 iboth from а sporting and from an edible point of view, but
y be prejudiced in its favour because I have had more sport

ith: "his fish than with any other. Seale? gives corroborative
evidence as to its edible qualities as follows, d In this family 18
the tan guingue, which is a true Spanish Mackerel. By many
реоріе this 18 regarded as the finest food fish in the Philippine

Ги recent visitor to Singapore from Queensland (014 me that
he had had great sport with these fish on the Barrier Reef and that
they attained a weight of 100 pounds.

The big fish stay out in deep water and the best time to take
them is during the N. E. monsoon. The best bait is a whole fis
about 8 or 9 inches long, and at least 100 or 150 yards of line should
be run off the reel, so as to keep the bait a long way astern as you
sail along in a good breeze.

When making a passage in a heavy sea with no time for rod
fishing we used to boom out as many as five brass wire lines and
perhaps have two or three fish on at once averaging 20 pounds or
80.

When our fisheries are better understood and depots with re-
танна Дд! are established on the islands off the East jos
attention will certainly be paid to our oceanie fishes.

е fishing smacks should do a Зан trade with catches of dio
Tunny цо Мера mackerel,

f the Spanish mackerels in America is one of the most
highly e икан of all American fishes and always commands a high
pri Stead mentions that the catch in 1897 amounted to
1, 183 456 pounds, worth nearly £14,000.

1 Fishery resources of the Philippines.

MALAYAN FISHES. 931
HAIRTAILS.

(TRICHIURIDAE.)
The Timah-timah (Trichiurus spp.) are some of our com-
monest fishes and are generally on sale in the marke

I have never eaten them but the Chinese and Indias purchase
them readily.

These fish have no caudal fin, the body being ribbon like and
tapering to a fine point.

Miniature specimens an inch or two in length form a соп-
siderable proportion of the catches of illegal purse nets. The or-
dinary size of marketable specimens is about three to four feet.

Day quotes Russell as observing that in his time they were
esteemed by the European soldiers in India, and Jerdon states that
they afford very delicate eating.

SAIL-FISHES.
(HISTIOPHORIDAE.)

A family of large oceanic fishes, occurring in tropical or sub-
tropical seas. On account of their formidable sword, large speci-
mens are held in dread by fishermen and are rarely taken and still
more rarely preserved,

The Japanese in Hawaii have a regular fishery for Sail-Fish
and Tuna. The Japanese fishermen in Singapore, who are the

Ts
much more enterprising and Сарди: than those о Ше Malays and
Chh. are taking these fish occasionally.

I am informed that a Sail- Ска Sw fathoms long was sold in
the Clyde Terrace market within the past two weeks, but the in-
satiate fo arrived too late to enable me to get a photograph.

This fish is known to Malays as Sélayer or Layeran (Layer,
a sail), and is by no means rare.

FLAT-FISHES.
(PLEURONECTIDAE.)
Flat fishes are a large group of some 500 species, mostly
marine,
very young are transparent and symmetrical with an eye
on each “ғақ: and swim in а vertical position like other fishes
As they grow, the eye of one жен moves Бу degrees to йг other
side, where it aome the upper

222 MALAYAN FISHES.

frontal bone and the tissues supporting the fin, appears to pass from
side = у through the head. аз was believed by some of the earlier
observ

hes food supply the flat-fishes are of great importance, the
flesh of the majority being of excellent quality and flavour, and
they are deservedly popular with Europeans in Malaya.

The family is represented in our waters by, certainly, not less
than 19 species, of which 12 are included in the кү stematic list in
this work.

The Malay generic terms are Ikan sabêlah and Ikan lidah
for all members of this family, but in some districts the name
Sabélah is applied to those genera which have a distinct caudal
fin (Psettodes, Pseudorhombhus) and the name Lidah to the tongue-
shaped genera (Synaptura, Ріадизіа, Cynoglossus).

In the Straits of Malacca these fish are very common in shallow
water on sand and mud where they keep close to the bottom. This
habit of keeping close to the bottom renders them particularly
liable to capture by the beam or “Otter” trawl. I have taken
these fish in a бый. trawl in fair numbers both off Singapore and

off the Krian coast.

On the great Kra клен ой Krian which are formed of very soft
mud I found it necessary to fit “ ski ог wooden skates to the irons
of the traw] to enable the trawl to slide on the surface of the mud,
and took considerable numbers of these fish as well аз some large

ays.

I should expect a trawler to be successful on the long banks
and in the deep water gullies which, as a glance at the chart will
shew, run in the direction of the prevailing тл, їп шапу рагїв

of the steamer route between Penang and Sing
rmous amount of destruction of рних flat fish
h or two in

to a very = exte
зара sabélah are found on the Queens-
land coast. One, Pseitodes сгитет, is known as the Queensland
Halibut, and the other, Pseudorhombus rusellii, is generally called
the * Flounder.’
GOBIES.

(GOBIIDAE.)
A large family of some 600 species, the great majority marine,
mostly carnivorous and of small size
The largest form Q bg ey marmorata) па the rivers of Siam,
Borneo, Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula grows to nearly three
feet, whilst the “ег (Mustichthys илхэн) from the Philip

1 Cambridge Nat. History.

МАГАУАМ FISHES. 223

pines, attains a length of about half an inch and is believed to be
the smallest known fish.

The family is not of much economic importance и: present
and I have no personal knowledge of their edible qualitie

Our most noteworthy species are Ше Bélontok (Bleotris mar-
morata) the Bélodok (Gobius spp.), Ше Témbakul and Bélachak
(Periophthalmus spp.).

The Bélontok has already been alluded to as attaining a large
size and not less than seven species are known to inhabit our
waters,

One of our Bélodok (G. butis) is said by Day to be much
esteemed by the natives of India, as being very light and whole-
some, but unless elaborately cooked is not relished by Europeans,
because of its deficiency in, or earthy, taste.

attains a length of a foot and a half, takes a bait freely and
is largely bred in tanks in India.

e Témbakul and Bélachak will be familiar to most resi-
dents in Г Malaya as Ше Mud-Skippers which may be seen disporting
themselves on the mud and among the mangroves, along all our
coasts and estuaries.

‘Malays have told me that these fish are good eating and possess
great medicinal virtues

They have very SES PARUM prominent eyes, which are capable
of protrusion and retraction, and extraordinary museular pectoral
fins which thev use like arms for progression on mud and for
climbing.

Day writes, “They climb on to trees, holding on ЫН their
pectoral tur ura as if they were arms. Now and then they
plant these firmly as organs of support, the same as one places
one's elbows on a table, then they raise their heads and take a
deliberate survey of surrounding objects."

Saville-Kent is quoted by Stead as follows:

“А remarkable circumstance associated with the life

mples
intervals were literally drown
* As a provision for its abnormal life-habits, it has been

ascertained that Periophthalmus possesses a supplementary
respiratory organ which, singular to relate, is represented,
this instance, in the creature’s tai

“The fish while reposing on the surface of the mud com-

only leaves its tail more or less immersed in the water. -
blood circulates with abnormal energy through this thin mem
brano us appendage, which accordingly fulfils the function of a
Bs gill.”

224 МАГАУАМ FISHES.

SUCKING FISHES.
(ECHINEIDIDAEL.)

These fishes, generally known as Remora, attach themselves
by means of a remarkable adhesive disc on the upper surface of the
head to boats and ships, or to whales, sharks and turtles and in
this way manage to do a good deal of travelling with the minimum
amount of effort. As they are not strong swimmers they obtain a
much larger supply of food by riding about in this way than other-
wise would be possible.

The natives of Cuba, Zanzibar and the Torres Straits use these
fish for catching turtles; the fish being held by a metal ring round
the base of the tail to which a line is attached. “ When one of
these fish, a foot in length, has its wet sucker applied to a table,
and is allowed time to lay hold, it adheres so tightly that it is im-
possible to pull it off by a fair vertical strain > (Lydekker)'.

The Gémi (Hchineis naucrates) is very common in these seas.
It takes a bait readily, is edible, and may, occasionally, be seen in
the markets.

GOBLIN-FISHES.

(SCORPAENIDAE.)

Some members of this family are Perch-shaped and edible,
growing to a large size (Sebastes, Scorpaena, etc.).

Nearly all are distinguished by a powerful armature, either of
the head, or fin spines, or both, and in some the spines are provided
with poison glands (Scorpaena, Pterois, Pelor and Synancic) and
a sting from these spines is.extremely painful,

Lépu is the Malay synonym for all members of this family.

FLAT-HEADS.
(PLATYCEPHALIDAE.)

This family with a single genus, Platycephalus, and some 40
species, inhabits the coasts of the Indian Ocean and the Western
Pacific

The Malay generic term is Baji-baji, so called from the wedge
shaped head, and so far some four species have been identified in
Malayan seas.

They live on the bottom, hidden in the sand as a rule, and as
they depend on their protective colouring and spines to save them
from possible enemies, they do not swim to any distance when dis-
turbed but dart away for an instant and then lie motionless half
buried in the sand, |

This peculiarity renders them particularly liable to be taken by
trawls and a large proportion of the hes made by the New
South Wales trawlers is composed of these fish,

They are good edible fish and common in the markets.

1 Royal Nat. History,

МАГАУАМ FISHES. 225

“ STAR-GAZERS.”
(LEPTOSCOPIDAE.)

Information is wanting, but, I think the Pukul gendang
(Percis pulchella) is rare and economically unimportant.

SPINY-EELS.
(MASTACEMBELIDAE.)

These are eel-shaped carnivorous fishes, very common through-
out Malaya where they are known by the generic term Tilan.
The largest species reach a length of three feet and the flesh of all
species is of excellent шин "They are found far inland and often
at ово eleva

y states, “ Excellent as food, although owing to their resem-
blance j^ eels . "in fact they are eels with spi ine s) or Қыз some
people object to them.” Buchanan ЭЕ erves, “sought а by the
natives, the highest of whom in Ben make no scrup ва of eating
them ; and by Europeans they are each the best of the eel-kind, 9

FROG-FISHES.
(BATRACHIDAE.)

These carnivorous fishes apparently delight in mud and dirty
water ; they frequent the shores, ascending tidal rivers and estuaries.
At Penang " the natives attribute Бени qualities to these fishes,
and reject them even as manure” (Cantor).

ANGLER-FISHES AND “ CROAKERS.”
(ANTENNARIIDAE ф MALTHIDAE.)
These fishes have no economic value,

LEATHER-JACKETS. |
(TRIACANTHIDAE AND BALISTIDAE.)

These two families may be conveniently taken together in this
small work as there is a strong affinity betwee Тв»

Though лече g many species of n nomie value Mn
species, ihe Jébo g (Balistes stellatus), 18 Зіна to ай о
y Маус, including fishermen, whom Т have байдаг
I think that the main reason for this preference is that the flesh
of this fish more nearly resembles that of a chicken than any other
fish, and consequently the change to what approximates to a meat
diet i is welcomed.

The Jébong has a tough leatherv skin which has to be re-
moved before it is cooked. The cook should not be allowed to re-
move the head which is the best part of this fish, and of many
others, especially perhaps the Tenggiri.

Leather-jackets are held in considerable esteem in Australia аз
food fish and are commonly served in hotels and restaurants.

226 MALAYAN FISHES.

BOX-FISHES.
(OSTRACIONTIDAE.)
This family is of no edible importance,
GLOBE-FISHES AND PORCUPINE FISHES.
(TETRODONTIDAE & DIODONTIDAE.)

These fish possess poisonous properties and instances have been
recorded of persons dying shortly after eating them. Malay fisher-
men, however, commonly eat the Buntal pisang (Tetrodon

lunaris) and some other species, being careful to remove all the
poisonous organs

SHARKS AND DOG-FISHES.
(CARCHARIIDAE, SCYLLIDAE, SPHY RNIDAE.)

Sharks are active predacious fishes living at different depths
in the sea from the surface to nearly a thousand fathoms and rang-
ing from mid-ocean to the shallower waters round the coasts in every
part of the world. They are most abundant in the Tropics where
they attain their greatest size, and some of the Sharks are the
цасан of livin

mong the ри AE (Dog-fishes) we have in these waters Ше
Tiger or Zebra Shark (Yu chechak or Yu to'kek) with dark
bands on a tawny ground which attains а length of at least 10 feet.

Among our species of the true Sharks (CARCHARIIDAE) we have
Yu tenggiri (Galeocerdo rayneri) which attains a length of over
12 feet and is very ferocious, but fortunately rather rare, and the
Yu ierong or Yu sambaran (Carcharias sp.) which has also à
bad reputation,

The Hammer-head Sharks (ЗРНУВХІРАЕ) Yu bengkong, Yu
sanggul or Yu palang = 22 usually live in deep water
and grow to a length of 15 fee

There is no scientific Дрен of Ше appearance ої RHINODON-
TIDAE in these waters. Sharks of this family are probably the largest
known and are said to exceed 50 feet in length (some writers men-
tion 70 feet), but to be quite harmless. Specimens have been seen
or captured in the neighbourhood of Ceylon, and on one occasion
I watched a very large shark, in clear water, near Nipah Bay,
Tioman Island, for more than half T hour, which appeared
equal = length of my yacht (35 feet

economic value of sharks ще по! yet been ‘fully Жузе
Fishermen Ie them as a nuisance as they tear nets and ta
fish off their hooks, and they are avoided as much as bra
i мана are a nuisance to trawl-fishermen in Australia,
and if there is any delay in getting the * cod-end ” containing the
fish on board, the sharks will bite pieces out of it. There is how-
ever every indication that shark-leather will soon be an ordin
trade commodity. The skin of sharks is composed of two layers:

4 MALAYAN FISHES, % 227

the outermost integument, “ вПастееп,” is covered with denticles,
and hitherto, owing to the difficulty of treatment, has у
limited use, but within the last few vears а method has been dis-
covered of separating the outer and inner skins and the latter сап
be tanned and used in ev ery way like ordinary leather. It is there-
fore likely that the high price and scarcity of ordinary leather will
eventually lead to the universal exploitation of the shark, ray yc
porpoise fisheries with special nets and аррПапсез. I see in the
Australian Magazine “ Sea, Land and Air" (September 18)
that a Marine-Leather Company 18 ME successfully off the
coast of Florida and North Carolin

ther commercial products are ph blood, fins, liver and meat.
The blood is said to furnish one of the finest waterproof glues vet
known for aeroplane propellers, ete.; the fins are a well known
Chinese delicacy, and the American Bureau of Fisheries has
published some thirty recipes for cooking shark-meat.

Small sharks are esteemed as food by the Malays, Indians and
Chinese and are excellent eating.

The liver of the shark is rich in oil and is said " pen that of
the Cod in its medicinal properties. It is also use ar-
ation of soap, paint, etc., including the treatment of айн,

SAW FISHES.
(PRISTIDAE.

The family contains one genus (Pristis) with about four or

five species.

hese fish are termed Béroi by Malays in some districts but
the descriptive names Yu gergaji, Yu parang and Yu todak are
more commonly heard, Malays placing these and the RHINOBATIDAE
among the Sharks (SELACHOIDEI) and not among the Rays (Ba-
THOIDEI), with good reason.

Boulenger states that an arbitrary distinction has been made
which has little to recommend it except eustom and some measure
of convenience,

These fish are readily eaten by Malays, Chinese and Tamils
and are very common. They enter rivers right up into fresh water
and small specimens two or three feet long are often taken acci-
dentally in casting nets.

They have always appeared to me to be very lethargic and slug-
gish and as the small ones in a net give less trouble than any other
fish of the same size, I have always considered them to be more for-
midable in appearance than in reality. owever, Day writes

large ones have been known to cut a bather entirely in two.”
ould be онак to know whether there is апу record of
ее having been admitted to hospital in India or Malaya, suffer-
ing from injuries inflicted by these fish.

228 , МАТ,АҮАХ TISHES.
aw-fish measuring 23 feet 6 inches exclusive of the saw was
сг in the Bay of Bengal by the Government trawler “ iei
l fish. No

»

not likely to have been jess than 7 feet. The largest saw in the
Raffles Museum, Singapore, measures 5 ft. 10 š in

BEAKED-RAYS.
(RHINOBATIDAE.)

Thes e harmless, sedentary, bottom-feeding fishes which
subsist ШИ on shell- fish, crabs, eto. They are considered good
eating and are sold regula arly in the markets

They are known to Malays аз Yu timik jah; :

ELECTRIC-RAYS.
(TORPEDINIDAE.)
These Rays to which the Malays ын given the deseriptive
names Pari këbas or Pari sëbar have the power of inflicting
electric shocks. “The fish” writes Dr. Giinther, * gives the elec-
tric shock voluntarily, when it is excited to do so in self defence,
or intends to stun or kill its prey. The electric currents crea
in these fishes exercise all the other known properties of electricity ;
they render the needle magnetic, decompose chemical compounds,
and emit the spark."

Our Malayan species are very small. I have a specimen of
the Pari kébas (Astrape dipterygia) зоря six и long and
there is no record yet of specimens over 18 in

When trawling on the Australian WAS we ock many speci-
mens which appea ared to to be between two and three feet in length
and one or two new deck hands experienced shocks which appeared
to cause only momentary inconvenience

Cantor says that out of the water they may be handled with
impunity.

STING RAYS.
(TRYGONIDAE.) :

Nearly all the members of this family are provided with long
` whip-like tails, which are generally armed with spines. In the
larger kinds these formidable spines may be as much as 8 or 9
inches in length; and, as they wear out they are, from time to
time, shed and r eplaced by new ones growing from behind.

Thes ese spines inflict very severe wounds, the pain of which 1 is
greatly шэг Бу the apparently poisonous cutaneous mucus
p ups o the e wound.

»

y ngal the “Golden Crown
took four of these fish which weighed respectively 180, "170, 160:
and 122 pounds,

МАГАУАМ FISHES. 229

The Pari dédap (Urogymnus asperrimus) is the sole Я
sentative of a genus and remarkable from the fact that Из back i
covered with osseous tubercles, among which are studded, at Gifs
vals, a number of conical denticles or spines rather like limpets i in
appearance,

This fish ranges between the Red эш East Coast of Africa,
seas of hue and the Malay Archipelag

ently overheard a Malay in the Raffles Museum apply the
name Dérédap to this fish and perhaps a note on the word Dédap
and its derivatives may be of interest,

2 а tree (Erythrinus sp.) with scarlet flowers, the bark
of which is mes ith spines of the same limpet-like shape as
those of the Pari dédap

Dédap—a shield or one

Rédap—a small drum, (probably so called from the kind of
skin used).

М érédap—(Riau, Johor) springing up plentifully, of prickly
heat and other skin eruptions, the feature of which is a large num-
ber of pustules,

The word dédap as meaning a shield is obsolete both in collo-
quial Malay and in literature and it is inter esting to note that its
place has been taken by the Indian word Périsai

EAGLE-RAYS.

(MYLIOBATIDAE.)
This family contains five genera and about 27 species. All
five genera are represented in Malayan se
These fish feed principally on Molluses, че. shells of which
хи grind with their large grinding-teeth. ‘Some of t them at
n enormous size, over 20 feet in width, a інди of 3 to 4 feet
дай a weight, probably, of over a ton
hey are variously known as Зайгаа Sea-devils, Bat-
fishes, Век тире ete., and it is interesting to note that Ше terms
Bat and Eagle are taken from the Malay, viz. Pari këlawar and
Pari qi.
The largest of this family are the Pari paus (Dicerobatis spp.
and Ceratoptera врр.).
I have seen these fish leap out of Ше sea to a height of perhaps
7 or 8 feet, time after time, coming down each time with a tre-
mendous splash, ce Malays have told me that the fish ani ее to
shake off the which hang on to Шеш in large п
In бон бады Im may add, that all the Rays and Skates are ran
by natives of the East, while the “wings” or fins are highly esteemed
Fishes of this order would form a considerable
proportion of the catches of a trawler and would provide a cheap
and valuable food, for which there із a constant demand, either
fresh or salted.

Malayan Fishes.
PART II.

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF MALAYAN FISHES.

Note :—The letters and abbreviations inserted in brackets after
the Malay name of each fish, refer to authorities for both the Malay
and scientific synonyms.

W no authority is given the writer aceepts responsibility
Íor the identity of those species.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.

С. = Cantor. D. = Dennys. В. = Rowell. В. М. = Raffles
Майн, Dun. = Duncker. ау; = epic M. W. and de
B. = Мах Weber цай de Beau uvage. Wilk. = Wil-

їлдэх С. and S. = Clifford pe нний ]S M. Selangor
Museum. Вот. = Boulenger,

Alu-alu. Sphyraena novae-hollandiae.
3 obtusata.
Ч jello,
Barracudas. Fam, SPHYRAENIDAE.
Members of the genus Sphyraena are called “ Barra-
cudas ” in America and elsewhere, and Pikes in Australia.
See also Kachang-kachang and Ténok.
Ambu-ambu (ан). “The name of a large deep-sea fish.

(hen preserved this fish is known as Ikan kem-
ba ен mas.”

Probably Tongkol or Ikan ayer.
Thynnus thunnina or the Bonito Thynnus pelamys.
Mackerel. Fam, ЗСОМВЕТРАК.
See Kembal mas.
Ampas têbu Be M.). Pristipoma operculare,
Grunters.” Fam. PRISTIPOMATIDAE,
Ampit. Anak = ( ык ( Kedah) a fish; better known 88
This is probably the well known
rer н “ha Ikan bélaga: Betta pugnax.
bellica
„

МАГАУАМ FISHES. 231.

Fam. OsPHROMENIDAE,

See also Pala and В ага.
Anding. See Bélanak. Grey Mullets. Кат. Мовплрав.
Anjang-anjang (Вт. Andjong-andjong).

Репіариз caninus.

(R. M.) Scolopsis ghanam.

Grunters. Fam. PRISTIPOMATIDAE.
Aruan (Dun.). осетии quchua

у » lucius.
(Dun. СР) X striatus,

The Murrel of Northern India,

The “ Мите,” Fam, OPHIOCEPHALIDAE,
Aruan tasek (Dun. D. R.). Elacate nigra.

Mackerel. Fam, Scompripar.

Asoh-asoh (R.). Lethrinus nebulosus,
Sea-Bream. Fam. SPARIDAE. |
Ayam (Blkr. Hajam). Monacanthus choerocephalus.
» hajam.
Balistes stellatus.
Leather-jackets. Fam, BALISTIDAE.

”

Ayer. Ауег-ауег (Cliff.). “The name of a бе У Thunnus
thunnina С. У. Тһе Типпу ог Тип
Тһе “ Ayer” is used оп the East н of the
Malay Реки, and Tongkol ее
Mackerel. Fam. ЗСОМВВІРАК,
Babi. — spp.
o called from the shape of = head and ч presence of
a in considered to resemble a pig’s tusk.
Coral-Fishes. Fam. бй вый.
Bagat. Caranz sp.
Horse-Mackerel. Fam. CARANGIDAE.
Bagok. Arius sp. Cat-fish. Fam. SILURIDAE,
Вай-Бай |D. R.). Platycephalus tuberculatus.

(R. M.). а. punctatus.
Flat-heads. Fam. PLATYCEPHALIDAE.
Bakap (Unid.). Cat-fish family. SILURIDAE.
Bakok or Bangkok. q.v.

232 MALAYAN FISHES.

Balut (М. W. & де B. ПТ 515). Macrotema caligans.
An eel belonging to the order SYNBRANCHOIDEA.
Bambangan. Also Bambang and Mambang. Lutianus sp.
Snapper. Sub-fam. LUTIANINAE.

Banang. Large of its kind: viz, Puput banang. Jolong-jolong
banan

Bandan (D. R.). Sparus hasta,
Sea-Bream. Fam. SPARIDAE.

Bandang (М. W. & de B. II 15). Chanos-chanos.
he Salmon-Herring of Australia,
The Milk-fish of India.
The Milk-fish. Fam. CHANIDAE.
(М. У. Є B. II 3). Elops hawaiensis.
The Bony-fish: А small relative of the Tarpon.
Giant-herring. Fam. ELOPSIDAE.
Bangkok. Also Bakok ог East Coast,
9 (M. W. & de B. II 40). Engraulis setirostris.
» » gran.
Herring. Fam. CLUPEIDAE.
Barat-barat (Blkr.). Triacanthus strigilifer.
5 blochii.
nieuhofi.
М Бағана chinensis.
penicilligerus.
Leather-jackets. сен TRIACANTHIDAE.
Barau-barau. Also Bébarau and Sébarau.
Hampala macrolepidota.
(Dun. Barbus hampal).
Carp. Fam. CYPRINIDAE.
This fish gives good sport with live bait or spinner.
Barau-barau laut (R. M.). Priacanthus hamrur.
Sea Perch. Sub-fam, PRIACANTHINAE.
Batu (R. p (D.R.). Proteracanthus sarissophorus.
ea-Bream. Fam. SPARIDAE.
Baung. The юн varieties are recognised: Baung akar
yet, B. gantang, B. pisang, B. puntong.
» (Dun). Macrones nigriceps.
(M. W. & de B. П 341). ы петигиз.
kuning (M. W. & de В. П 343). ,, planiceps.
Cat fish. Fam. SILURIDAE.

МАГАУАМ FISHES. 233.

Bawal (Tamil Voval). The following varieties are distinguished.
B. chermin (C.). Stromateus atous.

B. itam (D.). 5 cinereus,
B. puteh. ^" »
В. tambak (С.). а niger.
B. kědewas. ~ cinereus,

Pomfret. Fam. STROMATEIDAE.
Bayan. Bayan-bayan.
(Boyan R. M.).
Chilinus fasciatus,
chlorurus.
Mtoe fish. Fam, LABRIDAE.
Bébéras (М. W. & de В. Ш 126). Cyclocheilichthys apogon.
Carp. Fam. CYPRINIDAE. :
Béchok (Wilk. 93). Julis lunaris.
Parrot-fish. Fam. LABRIDAE.
Pseudoscarus spp.
Pseudodax moluccenus,
* Parrot-wrasses.” Fam. SCARIDAE.
Bégahak (J. S, A. S. VIII 120). Belodontichthys dinema.
Cat-fish. Fam, SILURIDAE.
Békil. Also Berkil, q.v.
Bélachak. Periophthalmus koelreuteri.
Goby. Fam. GoBIIDAE.
Bélaga. Or Berlaga. Ikan berlaga (literally) fighting fish.
Betta pugnax.
» bellica.
Three varieties of fighting fish are gnised,
Anak karing, A. sempila, Karing pad "nd. they fight
only with members of the same species
See also Bleeker’s Atlas Vol, IX, Betta рїсїа.
Osphromenus striatus.
Fam, OSPHROMENIDAE,
Bélalang. LH zocoetus oligolepis.
neglectus.
nigripinnis.
speculiger.
Flying-fish. Fam, SCOMBRESOCIDAE.

22

22

234 MALAYAN FISHES,

Bëlanak (Dun, D. R.). Mugil cunnesius.

(Dun.). » planiceps.
+ > зреет.
3 » waigiensis,
В. jémpul (C.). » planiceps.
B. rapang (Б. М.). ја bleekeri,
B. anding. is borneensis.
B. tamok. waigiensis.

ther Malay varieties are Bélanak angin, B. pakau,
B kédéra, B. puteh, Puntong damar or Puting damar,
and Pélong.

Grey Mullet. Fam. MUGILIDAE.
Bélau. See Sélangat bélau.
Bélibas. See Gélibas.
Bélida (R. M.). Notopterus notopterus,
и (чп), m chitala.
Feather-backs. Fam. NOTOPTERIDAE.
Bélidang от Béledang. (С. 5. Dict. 259) a salt water fish
shaped like an eel (unid).
Вет (В. M.). Muraena (Gymnothorax) undulata.
Pisoodonophis cancrivorus.
Eels. Fam. ОРНІСНТНҮІрАЕ.
Béliak mata (M. W. & de B. II 68 Mata belo).
Clupea (Alosa) kanagurta.
Béliak mata jantan. Clupea (Harengula) moluccensis.
Béliak mata kapak. Pellona dussumieri.
Herring. Fam. CLUPEIDAE.
Bélodok (Dun.). Apocryptes lanceolatus.
ій Periophthalmus schlosseri.
5 Gobius giuris,
» Boleophthalmus boddaerti.
Bélodok kérapu (Dun.). Gobius sadanundio.
» lobang ж Gobius sp. aff. caninus.
Goby. Fam. GOBIIDAE.
Bélodok karang (D. В.). Platyglossus dussumieri.
Parrot-fish. Fam. LABRIDAE.

МАТ,АҮАХ FISHES

Bélontok (Dun.). Zleotris butis
(Wilk.). Gobius viridipunctatus
Goby. Fam. GOBIIDAE.

Saurida tumbil.
Cf. M. W. & de B. П 142 Belanka (Bintang),

Bélungkor.
The Queensland Smelt.

Fam. ScoPELIDAE

Bélukang. Arius leiotetocephalus
(Dun. Arius liocephalus)
Cat-fish. Fam. SILURIDAE Ф
Зее Pédukang.
Bélut. Monopterus albus.
M. W. & de B. III 414). An eel belonging to the
order SYNBRANCHOIDEA,
Béngkalis. Also Méngkalis.
Ikan béngkalis is another name for the Ikan téru-
k.
Also Békukong, Békuku and Kuku.
Sparus hasta,

Béngkongkong.
(Blkr, Békukung VIII 108)
Sea-Bream. Fam. SPARIDAE.
Barbichthys laevis

Béntulu (М. W. & de В. Ш 209)
arp. Fam. CYPRINIDAE
Béras-béras. Kyphosus spp.
Drummers. Fam. KYPHOSIDAE
. Ophiocephalus gachua.
Fam. OPHIOCEPHALIDAE.

Bérchat (S. bertchat)
* Murrel."

See Aruan.
Fam. CARANGIDAE.

Bérkas. Сатапх sp.
Horse-mackerel.
A dark red fish of the Ikan merah family, which fre-
quents timber rather than reefs, ie. near piles,
piers, sunken barges, ete.

Bérkil.
Sub-fam. LUTIANINAE

Lutianus sp
Snapper. |
Béroi. Also Yu gergaii
Pristis spp.
Saw-fish. Fam. PRISTIDAE

2 36 MALAYAN FISHES.

Bésikor. Also Mésikor. Diagramma spp.
Grunters. Fam. PmisTIPOMATIDAE.

Bétok (Dun.). Anabas scandens.
The well known climbing perch of natural history books.
Fam. OSPHROMENIDAE.

Bétulu. See Béntulu.

Biang-biang also Mémbiang (М. W. & de B. II 29). Setipinna

breviceps.

Herring. Fam. CLUPEIDAE.
Biii duFian, (Dux). Osphromenus malayanus.
. OSPHROMENIDAE,
Biii завдан за В.). Upeneus tragula.
d Mullet. Fam. MULLIDAE.
Bilis (M. W. & de B. II 16). Stolephorus commersonii,
» tri,
(“ White-bait” Herring. Fam. CLUPEIDAE.
Bonang. Platax teira.
Coral-fish. Fam. CHAETODONTIDAE.
Bongkar karang. Literally the reef lifter. A name applied to
large members of the Ray family.
Boyan. See Bayan.
Buiok. Ophiocephalus вр.
* Мите!” Каш. OPHIOCEPHALIDAE.
Bulan or Bulan bulan (M. W. & de B. II 6). Megalops cypri-
noides.

Giant-Herring. Fam. ELOPSIDAE.
Bulu ayam. Coilia dussumieri.
» quadrifilis.
(Anchovy) Herring. Fam, CLUPEIDAE.
Bulus bulus or Bébulus (D. R. Bolas-bolas). Sillago ое

Тһе Whiting of Australia. Fam. SILLAGINIDAE.

Bunga ayer (C.). Stolephorus indicus.
Engraulis Russelli.
See Bilis.
(5 White-bait”) Herring. Fam. CLUPEIDAE.
Note: Bunga ayer, are probably the larvae or young
of valuable food-fishes in the Leptocephalus stage.

MALAYAN FISHES. 237

Buntal. A name applied to a large number of fishes belonging to
e families OSTRACIONTIDAE (Box-fishes) ; Тетво-
DONTIDAE (Globe-fishes) ; and DIODONTIDAE (Sea-

porcupines).

Buntal batu (R. M.). Ostracion cubicus.

» kotak от реп. 5 nasus.
» і » cornutus.
Buntal pisang. Tetrodon lunaris,
» duri (Dun.). з reticularis,
landak. Diodon novemmaculatus.

> » (ЕВО, ec увита.

Chabok. See Parang-parang.

Chandong. Ojnsthopterus tartoor.
Raconda russelliana.
Herring. Fam, CLUPEIDAE,

Chélek mata (D. R. Chileh mata). Pristipoma maculatum.
* Grunters.” Fam, PRISTIPOMATIDAE.

Chémpéras also Témpéras (R. M. Temporas).
Cyclocheilichthys apogon.
Carp. Fam. CYPRINIDAE.

Chéncharu also Jaru-jaru (Dun.). Carane то еті.
Horse-mackerel. Fam. САВАХОТрАЕ.

Chénchodak. Зее Todak.
Chérechek (Cliff. 351). А fresh water fish with bright scales and
red fins.

(Cf. М. У. & de B. ПІ 62 Tiettjereh).

Rasbora, argyrotaenia.

Carp. Fam. CYPRINIDAE.
Chérmin. Caranz gallus.

The Silvery Moon fish of Australia.

Horse Mackerel. Fam. CARANGIDAE.
Chérmin. See Bawal chermin.
Daing bélang. Caranx compressus.

speciosus.

Horse Mackerel. Fam. CARANGIDAE.
Darok-darok. (See C. & S, dict. 395).

Carp. Fam. СҮРКІМІРАЕ.

938 МАГАУАМ FISHES.

Daun (5. М.). Barbus oatesit.

Carp. Fam. CYPRINIDAE.
Daun (Dun.). Platax teira.

Coral-fish, Fam. CHAETODONTIDAE.
Daun baharu (D. R.). Ргерапе punctata,
The Moon-fish of Queensland,

Ephippus orbis,

Coral-fish. Fam. CHAETODONTIDAE.

22 23

Debam. Teuthis java.
* Black Trevally." Fam. ТЕСТНІРІРАЕ.

Délah. Caesio lunaris,
kuning.
pinjalu.

22 T “15 »
” 23 22
Délah karang (D.). Саезто chrysozona,
Sea-Bream. Fam, SPARIDAE.
Démbudok. Caranx sp.
Horse Mackerel. Fam. CaRANGIDAE.
Dengkis. Teuthis nebulosa.
(В. Dukas). Teuthis virgata.
“Black ТтеуаПу.? Fam. TEUTHIDIDAE.

”

Duri (Dun.). Масгопез nemurus.
» (DRE). Arius sagor.
Cat-fish. Fam. SILURIDAE.
Engor-engor. Масгопез nemurus,
Cat-fish. Fam. SILURIDAE.
Gabus (Wilk. 557). Ophiocephalus вр.
* Мите” Fam. OPHIOCEPHALIDAE.
Garing (M. W. & de B. III 152). Labeobarbus tambra.
Carp. Fam. CYPRINIDAE.
Gédabang (D. R.). Psettus argenteus.
The Silvery Bat-fish of Australia,
Bat-fish. Fam. 5СОВРШАЕ, |
Gélam (D.). Рзатторегса vaigiensis.
Sea-Perch. Fam. SERRANIDAE.

MALAYAN FISHES.

Gélama (С.). Umbrina russelli,
» Panjang (D.). Otolithus argenteus.
Sciaena spp.
The following varieties are distinguished: viz.:

G. panjang.

perak.
. batu kéling.
lanjut.
‚ kuning dada.
„ dahi tinggi.
„ сһегиа.
„ pisang.
Jew-fish. Fam. SCIAENIDAE,

~
-

Gélibas also Bélibas & Libas (R. M. Bélibas). Теш из oramin,

“Black Trevally." Fam, TEUTHIDIDAE.
Gemang. The synonym for large [kan sémbilang.
Plotosus spp.
Cat-fish. Fam, SILURIDAE,
Gémang darat (Dun.). Silurichthys phaiosoma.
Cat-fish. Fam. SILURIDAE.
Gémi also Gédemi and Кети (C.). Echinets naucrates.
Sucking-fish. Fam, ECHINEIDIDAE.
Gérépoh. Like the Sagai but with thicker lips.
Carang вр.
Horse Mackerel. Fam, CARANGIDAE.
Gérétak lantei (R. M. Kertah lantei). Synagris japonicus.
Scolopsis personatus.
(D. R.). Lethrinus nebulosus.
Sea-Bream. Fam. SPARIDAE,

Gergaji. Yu gérgaii.
(Dun. C.). Pristis cuspidatus.
| Saw-fish. Fam. PRISTIDAE,

"240 МАГАУАМ FISHES.

Gérut-gérut (Dun.). Mesoprion sp,
Snapper. Fam. LUTIANIDAE.
„ (D. Blkr.). Pristipoma hasta.
(Blkr. Krot-krot) „ maculatum.
» 5 4 Krot) е диотаса.
* Grunters.” Fam. PRISTIPOMATIDAE.
Gombing (Cf. R. Rombin karang). Heniochus macrolepidotus.
Coral-fish. Fam, CHAETODONTIDAE.
» Glyphidodon coelestinus.
Coral-fish. Fam. POMACENTRIDAE.
Haruan. Зее Aruan.
Hayam. See Ayam.
Inggu. Dascyllus sp.
» (В.М.). Pomacentrus albofasciatus.
» (D. R. Ingu). Amphiprion ephippium.
» (В. М.). Amphiprion frenatus.
Coral-fish. Fam. POMACENTRIDAE,
(D. R. Ingu rombin). Holacanthus sexstriatus.
» (D. R. Ingu rombin). Holacanthus mesoleucus.
Coral-fish. Fam. CHAETODONTIDAE.
Jahan. Arius thalassinus.
Cat-fish. Fam. SILURIDAE.
Jalu jalu (В. M.). Сатапх boops.
Horse-mackerel. Fam. CARANGIDAE.
Caesio pinjalu.
Also known as Ikan merah china.
Sea-Bream. Fam. SPARIDAE.

2 22

Jampong (В. M.). Chilinus chlorurus.
Parrot-fish. Fam. LABRIDAE.
Jangas = Bandang.
Fam. CHANIDAE.
Jarang gigi (C.). Otolithus maculatus.
3 » argenteus.
» Tube.
з Collichthys biaurita,
Jew-fish. Fam. SCIAENIDAE,

Jaru-jaru. See Chéncharu.

МАГАУАМ FISHES. 241
Терон. See Tamban jéboh.
Jébong (D. R.). Balistes stellatus.
“ Leather jackets.” Fam. BALISTIDAE.
Jémbédi. Engraulis sp. |
Herring. Fam. CLUPEIDAE,
Jémpul. See Bélanak.

Jénéhak. Lutianus roseus.

(Blkr.). » Johni.
is » sebae.
з » fulviflamma,
» » | 41001088.
4 » | Grgemtumaculatats.

Norg:—The generic names Ikan merah and Ikan М. ате
synonymous. The latter name being used in the north,
хэн and Kedah) and the former in the south, Singapore,

Snapper. Sub-fam, LUTIANINAE.

Jéngkua ee 3.
Carp. Fam, CYPRINIDAE.

Jénjalu see Jalu jalu.
Jérong. See Yu jérong. Shark. Fam. CARCHARIIDAE,

Jolong iolong or Julong: also Jénjulong (Dun.). Hemirham-
phus canteris.

(Dun.). Zemirhamphus buffonis.

s - limbatus.
m 4 pogonognathus.
н "s fluviatilis.

= » (Blkr.). 5 far.

Jolong-jolong banang. Hemirhamphus far.
Gar-fish. Fam, SCOMBRESOCIDAE.
Juara (Wilk: 235). An edible fresh-water fish.
(С. M. W. & de B. II 258 juaro). Pangasius poly-
uranodon.
Cat-fish. Fam. SILURIDAE.

Kachang-kachang. A fish similar to, but smaller than, the Alu-
alu, q.v.

“ Barracudas.” Fam. SPHYRAENIDAE.

242 MALAYAN FISHES.

Kachi. Diagramma spp.
* Grunters.” Fam, PRISTIPOMATIDAE,
Novacula spp,
Parrot-fishes. Fam. —
Kakap also iere The “Cock-up” of Europeans in India,
ence the name by d this fish is known in
бика. was probably. derived.
(Blkr.). Lates calcarifer.
Sea-Perch. Fam, SERRANIDAE.
Kalat (R. M.). Pseudoscarus rivulatus.
* Parrot-Wrasses.” Fam. SCARIDAE.
Kalui (Dun, D. R.). Osphromenus olfaz.
4...) and the fresh waters of the Malay
Archipelag

Naturalised in (РАЙН Cayenne, Australia and in-
troduced into some parts of India, viz., near Cal-
cutta, Madras and the Neilgherries. Attains 20
lbs. or more in weight and is excellent eating when
kept in clean eater. Known as Gurami in India.

Nore :—-Kalui probably derived from Kallawah. (Tamil) а
perch.

Fam, OSPHROMENIDAE.
Kapas, Kapas-kapas, (Blkr.). Sparus hasta.
Sea Bream. Fam. SPARIDAE.
» (Blkr). Gerres abbreviatus.
» filamentosus.
* Silver-Bream." Fam. GERRIDAE.
Karang. Reef or coral.
Ikan karang. Fish frequenting rocks and coral reefs.
Kasi-kasi. Engraulis baelama,
(4 Whitebait") Herring. Fam, CLUPEIDAE.
Kawan-kawan (R. M.). Dangila burmanica.
cuvieri.
Carp. Fam. CYPRINIDAE.
Këbasi (Pahang) = Sšlangat q.v,
Kédémut. Caranæ sp.
Horse-Mackerel. Fam. САНАХОТПАЕ.
Kédéra. See Bélanak.
Grey Mullet. Fam. MUGILIDAE,

MALAYAN FISHES. `

Kédewas. See Bawal.

Pomfret. Fam. STROMATEIDAE,
Kédondong. A large bulus-bulus.

See Bulus-bulus.

Whiting. Fam. QTTLTLTAGINIDAE
Kekek gédabang (R. M.). Едиша edentula.

* Silver-Bream." Fam, GERRIDAE.

Kékek labu. Gazza minuta.
* Silver-Bream.” Fam. GERRIDAE.
Kékek jawa. Mene maculata.
Kékek gédabang. Mene maculata.
Horse-Mackerel. Fam. CARANGIDAE.
Kélabau (Wilk. 524). А fresh water fish (Unid.).

Cf. М. W. & de B, III 129). Osteochilus kelaban.

Carp. Fam, CYPRINIDAE..

Kélah (R. M.). Barbus kolus.

РА » stracheyt.

Ош. Fam. CYPRINIDAE.

Kélalawer (Blkr.). Antennarius hispidus.
Angler-fish. Fam, ANTENNARIIDAE.

Kélara (See Wilk. 524). The young of the sémbilang.
Cat-fish. Fam. SILURIDAE.

Кен (Dun. D. R.). Clarias magur,

» UN teysmann.

Cat-fish. Fam. SILURIDAE.

Kémbal mas. Thynnus thunnina,
See Tongkol.
Mackerel. Fam. SCOMBRIDAE.

943

Nore:—Kembal mas and Tombol mas derived from Tamil

Kombola mach.
хөт (Dun.). Caranz сайа.
Horse-Mackerel. Fam. САНАХОШАЕ,
(R M.). Scomber microlepidotus.
‘Mackerel. Fam. ScoMBRIDAE.
Кётёјап. Also Kéménnyan.
Rhynchobatus djeddensis.
Beaked-Rays. Fam. RHINOBATIDAE.

>

944 MALAYAN FISHES.
Këmi. See Gëmi.
Këndërap. rns вр. ?
at-fish. Fam. SILURIDAE.
Képar. An edible fresh water fish, common in ponds and swamps.
See Bleeker Vol. IX Polyacanthus hasseltii.
(Plate only: no description).
Fam. OSPHROMENIDAE.
Кёраи (Dun.). Catopra fasciata.
resh-water Perch. Fam. NANDIDAE.
Képau laut (R. M.). Glyphidodon notatus.
Coral-üsh. Fam. POMACENTRIDAE.

Керауаї. ie Wilk. 522). A large fish (unid.).
. M. W. & de B. ПТ 109 Kapyah.
% зогс marginatus.
arp. Fam. CYPRINIDAE.

Keping (В. M, Kepang). Glyphidodon notatus.
Coral-fish. Fam. POMACENTRIDAE.
Képiyat (M. W. & de B. III 179 Kepiat).
Puntius schwanefeldi.
Carp. Fam, CYPRINIDAE.
Kérai (Dun. Krai). Barbus дотозота.
» (R.M.Kereh). ,, лечи.
» kunyet. s Өр.
» jélawat.
Carp. Fam. (оош.
Kérapu (Dun.). Epinephelus tauvina,
» » Cromileptis altivelis.
» Plectropoma maculat
к (Dey I 450, Dun. D. R.). Салан а У lamceolatus.
-).

» (Dir R л asciatus

5 (Blkr.). 4 boelang.

» karang (ВіКт.). |, miniatus.

» lumpur (Blkr.). » pantherinus

„ bloso (Blkr.). 4 эдасш

» tutul (Blkr.). з |
» bebeh (Вікт.). P енене
29 29 ” > sezf asciatus.

3 » а m hoevenii

н Him (R. М. я salmoides.

» зопоћ. Cromileptis altivelis.

Sea-Perch. Fam, SERRANIDAE.

МАГАУАМ ЕЗНЕВ. 245

Kérétang. Epinephelus pantherinus,
Sea-Perch. Fam, SERRANIDAE.
Kéring, Ikan kéring. Lit. dried fish.
Amphisile scutata.
Sea-snipe. Fam. AMPHISILIDAE.
Kérisi (Blkr. Gurisi mejrah). Synagris taeniopterus.
ور‎ 2 » » » japonicus.
25 22 22 ” tolu.
Sea-Bream. Fam. 5РАВШАЕ.
Kérisi aji-aji. Synagris nematopus.
» bali (R. M.). Scolopsis bilineatus,
Sea-Bream. Fam. SPARIDAE.

Kerong-kerong also Méngkerong.

» A (D. R.). Therapon puta.

» > 5 $ quadrilineatus.
» » » á theraps.

№ bs ( Blkr.). З jarbua.

Snapper. Sub-fam. LUTIANINAE,
5 3 (D. R.). Centrogenys vaigiensis.
Sea-perch. Fam. SERRANIDAE.
Kërosok (R. M.). Monacanthus cheirocephalus.
padi (R. M. Кегизи padi). Monacanthus monoceros.
“ Leather Jackets.” Fam. BALISTIDAE.
Kërtakok (D. R.). Batrachus grunniens.
Frog-fishes. Fam. BATRACHIDAE.
Ketang also Kitang (Dun. D. R.). Ephippus argus.
(D. R.). Holacanthus annularis.
Coral fish, Fam. CHAETODONTIDAE.

22

Ketang (Dun.). Teuthis virgata.
» stellata,

22 22

і (С.). » meo.

» » » | concalena
dorsalis

° 29 دو
Black Trevally.” Fam, TEUTHIDIDAE.‏ “

Kétarap (R. М.). Pseudoscarus ghobban.
* Рагго{-мгаззе.” Fam. SCARIDAE.

946 ` МАГАУАМ FISHES.

Këtewas. See Bawal.

Kia-kia. See Yu kia-kia.

Kubal. Polynemus spp.
A name applied to large fish of this family.
Threadfins. Fam. PoLYNEMIDAE.

Kuda laut (Dun.). Hippocampus hystrix.

Kuda-kuda ayer (D. R.). Hippocampus guttulatus.
Sea-Horses. Fam. SYNGNATHIDAE,

Kuku. See Béngkongkong.

Kuning-kuning. Lutianus erythropterus.
Snappers. Sub-fam, LUTIANINAE.

Kurau. Polynemus paradiseus.

3 (С.). ” indicus.

іі (R.). н sextarius.
Kurau pipit 5 sextarius.
Kurau janggut (Dun.). » tetradactylus.

Threadfins. Fam. POLYNEMIDAE.
Lais (M. W. & de B. II 204). Belodontichthys dinema.
н „ Cryptopterus cryptopterus.
» Don). 5 micropus.
Cat-fish. Fam. SILURIDAE.
Lalang (Dun.). Crossochilus oblongus.
5 Ч Rasbora daniconius.
> Chela spp.
Сатр. Fam, CYPRINIDAE.
Lali (M. W. & de В. ШІ 24 Langli). Botia hymenophysa.
Loach. Fam, COBITIDAE.
Lambai. Teuthis sp.
* Black-Trevally." Fam. T=EUTHIDIDAE.
Катрат (М. W. & de B. III 178). Puntius schwanefeldt,
(В. M.). Barbus jerdoni.
Carp. Fam. CYPRINIDAE.
Lampila (5.) (Lampile). Betta bellica.
Fam. OsPHROMENIDAE.
See Bélaga.

MALAYAN FISHES, 247

Landok (Pahang). Sparus datnia.

Sea-Bream. Fam. SPARIDAE,
Langgai. Trichiurus savala.

* Barracouta.” Fam. TRICHIURIDAE.
Langi. A term applied to Těnggiri of the largest size:
Lau (East coast). Polynemus sextarius.

Jew-fish. Fam. POLYNEMIDAE.
Lawang (C. & S. dict. 171).

Cf. M. W. & de B. II 259. Pangasius sp.

T 271. Bagarius sp.

Cat-fish. Waa SILURIDAE.
Lawi ayam. See Bulu ayam.
Layer, Layeran or Sšlayer (Dun. D, laiar). Histšophorus gla-

dius

Sail-fish. Fam. НІЄТІОРНОВІРАЕ.
Layur (D. я хэр Sélayur. Trichiurus savala.
outa.” Fam. TRICHIURIDAE.
Lébai (R. 42! Mulloides хэлсэн
хэдэн Пеи
tra hs.
Red-Mullet. Ж. MULLIDAE.
Lebam. Зее Debam.
Lele (Wilk. 629) Jay. Clarias punctatus.
(M. W. & de B. II 189). 4 тандар.
191). , Бата
“Сар fish. Fam, SILURIDAE.
Lembat (M. W. & de B. II 190). Clarias nieuhofi.
Cat-fish. Fam. SILURIDAE.

Lêmbu (Dun.). Ostracion cornutus.
Box-fishes. Fam. ОЗТКАСТОХТТРАЕ,

riac sp.
* Leather-jackets.” Fam, BALISTIDAE.
Lëpu (Dun.). Antennarius hispidus.
Angler-fish. Fam. ANTENNARIIDAE,
» (Dun. D. R). Synancidium horridum
(R.).

panjang (В. М.). Pelor didactylum.
oblin-fishes. Fam. SCORPAENIDAE.
Malay varieties are Lépu sémaram.
» béranyut.
» landak.

š

248 MALAYAN FISHES.

Mata lalat (Hanitsch Jour. 5. В. В. А. 8. Пес., 1912).
Haplochilus panchaz.
“Millions.” Fam, CYPRINODONTIDAE.

“Lidah also Lidah-lidah (Dun.). Cynoglossus lida,
grandisquamis.
" lingua.
(Dun. С.). Phoen bilineata.
Cynoglossus elongatus.
Psettodes erumei.
э bah (D. R). сой orientalis.
» lumpur (D. R.). Synaptura commersoniana,
5 (С). Cynoglossus cantoris.
"Flat-fieh. Fam. PLEURONECTIDAE.
See also Sa-bélah.

25 524

Lisah (С.). Periophthalmus schlosseri.
Mud-Skipper). Goby. Fam, GOBIIDAE.
Logu (D. R.). Choerops oligacanthus.
“ Parrot-fishes.” Fam, LABRIDAE.
„ (R. M.). Myripristis murdjan.
“ Silver-Bream.” Fam, BERYCIDAE.
Loma (R. M.). Thynnichthys sandkhol.
Carp. Fam, CYPRINIDAE.
Luding. A term applied to small Ténggiri.
Luli (C.). Нагродоп nehereus.
Зее Lumi. Fam. SCOPELIDAE.
Lumban (R.). Teuthis java.
е“ Black Trevally > of Australia.
* Black Trevally.”. Fam. TEUTHIDIDAE.
Lumi. Harpodon nehereus. x
The “ Bombay-duck." Fam, ScoPELIDAE.
Lundu (М. W. & de B. II 345). Масгопез gulio.
Cat-fish. Fam. SILURIDAE.
Malong (Dun, D. R.). Muraenesox talabon.
» talabonoides,
3 cinereus.
Conger eels. Fam. MURAENIDAE.
Mamong. Caranz sp,
Horse-Mackerel. Fam. CangANGIDAE.

МАГАУАМ FISHES.

Mandi аби. Diagramma spp.

“Grunters.” Fam. PRISTIPOMATIDAE.

РА Novacula spp.

“ Parrot-fishes.” Fam, LABRIDAE,
Mata béliak (M. W. & de B. II 68 Mata belo).

Clupea. (Alosa) kanagurta.

Зее Bëliak mata.

Herring. Fam. CLUPEIDAE.
Mayong. Arius sp.

Cat-fish. Fam. SILURIDAE.
Mémpinis. Engraulis spp.

(“ White-bait.”) Herring. Fam. CLUPEIDAE.
Mémpurong. Also Porong or Purong.

Lycothrissa crocodilus.

(Sprat or Anchovy.) Herring. Fam. CLUPEIDAE.
Ménangin. Elops hawaiensis.

Giant Herring. Fam, ELOPSIDAE.
Méngkai ог Mingkai (Wilk, 651). А species of Вау.
Méngkerong. бее Kerong-kerong.
Merah (R. M.). Lutianus roseus.

Snapper. Sub-fam. LUTIANINAE.
Merah China. Caesio pinjalu.

Sea-Bream. Fam. SPARIDAE,
Mérawan. Luticnus sp.

Snapper. Sub-fam. LUTIANINAE,
Mudin ог Mudim. Saurus туорз.
Mésikor. Diagramma spp.

‘Grunters.” Fam, PRISTIPOMATIDAE.

і Novacula sp.

Parrot-fishes, Fam. LABRIDAE.
Мегзий. Istiophorus sp.

Said to be smaller than Sélayer.

Sail-fish. Fam. HisTIOPHORIDAE.

Fam. ScoPELIDAE.

Nandong нот = Sélangat.
Herring. Fam. CLUPEIDAE.

250

Nyior-nyior (D. В. Nior-nior).

Nyua-nyua (Dun.).

Otek (Blkr.).

Pachal.
Paku.
Pala (Dun.).

Parang-parang (M. W. & de В. II 18).

Pari

MALAYAN FISHES.

к= ovatus.
The Dart of Australia.
Horse-Mackerel. Fam. CARANGIDAE,
Barilius guttatus.
Luciosoma. setigerum.
Carp. Fam. CYPRINIDAE.
Arius utik,

Cat-fish. Fam. SILURIDAE.

See Parang-parang.
See Rénnyau.
Betta pugnaz.
Fam. OsPHROMENIDAE.
See Bélaga,

Chirocentrus dorab,

Те terms used to describe different sizes of this fish
"d:

Pachal, largest,
Tégap, large.
Chabok, medium.
Sudip, small.

Chabok sétu or sétul is the term applied to this fish

when caught, (u:ually in seine nets) in
water: amongst the marine plant (86441).

The Dorab. Fam. CLUPEIDAE.
Narcine timlei.
Astrape dipterygia.

kébas (C.).

shallow

linchin ,,
bunga (С. banga).
Electric-Rays.

Pari dëdap (Dun.).

, beting- p
» Bendera , »
daun s

rénnyau ,,

55 >
Trygon walga.
kuhlii, |
Sting-Rays. Fam, TRYGONIDAE.

Temera hardwickii.

Astrape dipterygia.

Fam, TORPEDINIDAE.

Urogymnus asperrimus.
Trygon uarnak.

sephen,

>

MALAYAN FISHES. 251

Pari kélawar (C.). Myliobatis vespertilio,
22 رر‎ 22 nieuhofi,

lang (С. D.). Aetobatis narinari.

daun (C.). Rhinoptera adspersa.

» paus (П.). Dicerobatis eregoodoo.

(Dun). Ceratoptera ehrenbergii.

Eagle-Rays. Fam. MYLIOBATIDAE.
Pasir (Dun.). Acanthopsis choerorhynchus.
Loaches. Fam. СОВІТІРАЕ.
(R. M.). Labeo boggut.
Carp, Fam. CYPRINIDAE.
Pasir-pasir also Mémpasir (Blkr.). Scolopsis personatus.
cellatus.

22

ciliatus,
bilineatus.

> monogramma.

Sea-Bream. Fam. SPARIDAE,
Patin (M. W. & de B. II 257). Pangasius pangasius.

Cat-fish. Fam. SILURIDAE.
Patong (5, petong). Catopra fasciata.

Fresh-water Perch. Fam. NANDIDAE.
Pěchah pěriok (C.). Lobotes surinamensis.

The Dusky Perch. Fam. LOBOTIDAE,
Pědukang (M. W. & de B, II 327). Anak dukang.

Hemipimelodus borneensis.

Cat-fish. Fam. SILURIDAE,

See Bělukang.
Pëlaga. Also Ampit-ampit, Pala and Bělaga.

Betta pugnar.

» bellica

Fam, ÜSPHROMENIDAE,
Pélaling. Siamese, pla = fish.

Horse mackerel, Fam, CARANGIDAE,
Pélata (Meck. Siamese Pla-thu). Scomber microlepidotus.

Mackerel. Fam. ScoMBRIDAE.

Varieties are Pélata Bali and Pélata minyak.

252 МАТ,АҮАХ FISHES.

Petek-petek (Dun.). Ambassis тапда.
8 3 " 2 commersonii.
Sea-Perch, Fam. SERRANIDAE., Sub-fam. AMBASSINAE,
Рей, Ikan péti. A name applied to the Box fishes.
See Buntal. Fam. OSTRACIONTADAE.
Petong (S.). Catopra fasciata.
Fresh-water Perch. Fam. NANDIDAE.
Pias. Dorosoma, chacunda.
Herring. Fam. CLUPEIDAE.
Pijat-pijat. Scolopsis torquatus.
Sea-Bream. Fam. SPARIDAE.
Pinang-pinang (D. R.). Chaetodon octofasciatus.
К..М.). " vagabundus.
Coral fish. Fam. CHAETODONTIDAE,
Sparus datnia.
Sea-Bream. Fam. SPARIDAE.
Pipit (D. R.). Chelmo rostratus.
Coral fish. Fam, CHAETODONTIDAE,
Ponggok. A fish inhabiting reefs. Unidentified.
Porong. See mémpurong.
Puchuk (C.). Trichiurus savala.
à haumela,
* Barracouta." Fam. TRICHIURIDAE.
Puchok pisang (Unid.). Carp. Fam. CYPRINIDAE.
Pukul gendang (R. M.). Percis pulchella.
Star-gazer. Fam. LEPTOSCOPIDAE.
Puntong damar. Зее Bélanak.
Puput. Also Puput Malacca.
» (M. W. &de B. I190). Pellona amblyuropterus.
» elongata.
(М. W. & de B. П 93) , dussumieri.
Raconda russelliana.
Herring. Fam. CLUPEIDAE,
Puput (R.). Hemirhamphus limbatus,
Puput banang » far.
Gar-fish. Fam. SCOMBRESOCIDAE.

MALAYAN FISHES. 253

Puteh (Dun. as Barbus maculatus). Puntius binotatus.
фи p » | ародоп). Cyclocheilichthys apogon.
» (5 ). Rasbora vulgaris.
p ( з as Barbus obtusirostris). Mystacoleucus marginatus,
Carp. Fam. CYPRINIDAE.
Puyu. Also Puyu-puyu and Pépuyu.
» (S. Dun). Anabas scandens.
The Climbing Perch. Fam. OsPHROMENIDAE.
Rapang. Also Répang.
See Bélanak rapang and Gélama тараад!
Rënnyau. Atherina forskali.
temmincki.
Gand Волен, Fam. ATHERINIDAE.
Riu-riu. (Dun.). Lais heranema,
Cat-fish. Fam. SILURIDAE.
Rong (Dun.). Dangila cuvieri.
» Бёгаѕ (С. & S. dict. 271). Idem 2
» (R. М.). Labeo caeruleus.
Carp. Fam, CYPRINIDAE.
Rumbong-rumbong (R. M.). Lutianus madras.
Snapper. Sub-fam, LUTIANINAE.
Rumi-rumi (D. В.). Echinets naucrates.
Sucking-fish. Fam. ECHINEIDIDAE.
Sa-bélah (Dun.). Synaptura achira.
(C.). Psettodes егитет.
Pseudorhombus russellii.
Flat-fish. Fam. PLEURONECTIDAE.
See Lidah.
Sagai (R.). Caranx gallus.
s- D.R) , damos
Horse-Mackerel. Fam, CARANGIDAE.
Sai (Wilk. 367). A kind of Ray.
Sébarau also Barau-barau (Dun.). Hampala macrolepidota
(Barbus hampal.)
(В. M.). „„ hezastichus.
Carp. Fam. CYPRINIDAE.
Sébékah. Apogon spp.
Sea-Perch. Sub-fam, CHILODIPTERINAE.

254 MALAYAN FISHES.
Sébékah karang. Myripristis murdjan.
Nannygai. Fam. BERYCIDAE.
Sédakang (R. M.). Gerres altispinnis.
* Silver-Bream. Fam, GERRIDAE,
Sékiki. See Kekek.
Sélampai (C.). Collichthys biaurita,
Jew-fish. Fam. SCIAENIDAE,
Sélangat (M. W. & de B. II 26 selangkat).
Dorosoma, chacunda,
es bélau ,, nasus.

Herring. Fam. CLUPEIDAE.
Sélangin (C.). Polynemus tetradactylus.
ай sextarius.
пе oe POLYNEMIDAE.

Sélar (Dun). Сагат kurra.

» > Trachynotus bailloni.

„ batang (R.). Caranr djeddaba,

» abu-abu (В. M.). , ire.

» kuning = » gymnostethoides,
з letup-letup. > oblongus,

» compressus.

» тр"
The мари of Singapore сеи between three
sizes of Sélar batang, vi
Small, Sélar rone
Medium, „ kéledek.
Large ,, batang.
Other varieties, Sélar bulat and Sélar lepir.
Horse Mackerel. Fam, CARANGIDAE.
Sélayer. Histiophorus gladius.
Sail-fish. Fam, HISTIOPHORIDAE.

Sélayur. Trichiurus savala.
Є Barracouta." Fam. T'RICHIURIDAE.

Sélémah. Lacíarius delicatulus.
АСТАВПРАВЕ,

Séliap (D. В. Saliup). Chorinemus lysan.
3 sancti-petri.
Horse-mackerel. Fam. CARANGIDAE.

3

МАТАҮАХ FISHES. 255

Sélichin. Anampses caeruleopunctatus.
arrot-fish. Fam. LABRIDAE.

Séligi (R.). Anacanthus barbatus,
Leather-jackets. Fam, BALISTIDAE.

Sëlikor. The synonym in Singapore for a large Chëncharu.
Caranx то еті.

Sélimang js W. & de B, ПТ 230). Epalzeorhynchus kallopterus.
Carp. Fam, CYPRINIDAE.

Sélinching. Pentapus spp.
* Grunters." Fam, PRISTIPOMATIDAE,

Séluang e ). Rasbora argyrotaenia.
4 Рав). <3 trilineata.
5 (В.). Barilius guttatus.
Pre varieties are known as Séluwang béras C, & S.
diet. 2
iet Fam, CYPRINIDAE.

Séludu (Blkr. as Arius maculatus). Рзеидатиз arius,
. Surdudu). Arius macronotacanthus,
Cat-fish. Fam. SILURIDAE.

53

5ётап Ка (D.). Apogon frenatus.
Sea-Perch. Sub-fam. CHILODIPTERINAE.
See Sébékah.

Sémaram. Centrogenys waigiensis.
ea-Perch. Fam. SERRANIDAE,
| R. М.). Centropogon indicus,
karang (В. М.). Synancia verrucosa.
* Goblin-fish? Fam. SCORPAENIDAE.

. <.
- 2

Sémbak. See Tongkol.
Sémbilang (D. R.). Plotosus canius.
C. Blkr.). Paraplotosus albilabris.
karang (M. W. & de В, II 230). Plotosus anguillaris.
Cat-fish. Fam. SILURIDAE.
Sémpila. Also Sémpilai (Wilk.) and Lampile (8.).
See Bélaga.
Fighting-fish. Fam. OSPHROMENIDAE.

22

22

Sénangin (C.). Polynemus ресор рада

Thread-fins. ты ледене

256 MALAYAN FISHES,

Séndarat. Lutianus argentimaculatus,
Snapper. Sub-fam. LUTIANINAE.
Sénderong (D. senderang sendok). Plectropoma maculatum.
Epinephelus sexfasciatus.
Sea-Perch. Fam. SERRANIDAE.
Séngaring. See Wilk. 384. Also Karing.
Cf. M. W. & de B. III 152. Séngkaring.
Labeobarbus tambra,
Carp. Fam. CYPRINIDAE.
Sénohong. А large Sénangin.
Sényor. Psetius falciformes,
Bat-fish. Fam. SCORPIDIDAE.
Sépat. (Dun). Osphromenus trichopterus.
Fam. OsPHROMENIDAE.
Sépat karang (R. M.). Lobotes surinamensis.
The Dusky Perch. Fam, LOBOTIDAE.
Sépat karang. Pem pheris spp.
“Баз Eyes.” Fam. PEMPHERIDAE.
Sérandong (See Wilk. 381). А fresh water fish. (Unidentified).
“It is something. like the Sélangat.”
Sérasah. Hr rubbish, manure,
: kan sérasah. Small and immature fish used as
manure,
Sériding uy. Equula edentula,
* Silver-Bream." Fam. СЕввІрАЕ,
Sétoka. A small Ray.
Sétonggang. Monocentris japonicus.
Knight-fishes. Fam. MonocENTRIDAE.
Sêtu or Sétul. A marine plant with edible fruit. Enhalus aco-
roide >.

See Parang-parang sétu and Tamban sétu.
Sia-sia (R. M.). Diploprion bifasciatum.

Ambassis gynocephalus.

Sea-Perch. Fam. SERRANIDAE.

Siakap (C.). Lates calcarifer.
Sea-Perch. . Fam. SERRANIDAE.

Sirat-sirat. A marine eel (unid.).

MALAYAN FISHES. 257
Songsong arus. Сагапг вр.
Horse-mackerel. Fam. CARANGIDAE.
Sudip. Anak sudip. The young of the Ikan parang.
Sumpit. Sumpit-sumpit.
Dun, C. D. R.). Toxotes chatareus.

(Blkr.). » jaculator.
Blow-pipe fish. Fam. TOXOTIDAE.
E Chelmo rostratus.

(Chaetodon vagabundus.
Coral-fish. Fam. CHAETODONTIDAE,
Susur batang (Dun, Sulir batang, as Rasbora daniconius.)
asbora einthoveni,
Carp. Fam. CYPRINIDAE,
Talang (Dun.). Chorinemus lysan,
| sancti-petri.
moadetta.
Large specimens of Chorinemus are usually called
Talang and small ones Séliap.
Horse-mackerel. Fam. CARANGIDAE,
Тай (S.) ? <Acanthopsis choerorhynchus.
Loach. Fam. CoBITIDAE.
Tambak. See Bawal tambak.
Tamban (M. W. & de В. П 58 tembang). Clupeoides Ше.
3% (M. W. & de В. II 76). Clupea (Harengula) fimbriata.
» bétul (С. batal). Clupea perforata.

5 bulat (C.). Dussumieria acuta,

» nipis (C.). Clupea perforata.

9 зіапіап. Clupea (Harengula) fimbriata,
3 > (Amblygaster) leiogaster.

5 гагнаас rébong. Clupeoides Ше.
jéboh. Dussumieria acuta,
+ hasseltii.

Tamban. Anak tamban jéboh. Spratelloides delicatulus.

» gracilis.
Also Tamban sétu (unid.) & Tamban béluru (unid.)
(“Sardines”) Herring. Fam. СЪГРЕШАЕ. |
Tambéra. Also Témbéra ог Теђега.
(М. W. & де B. Ш 152). Labeobarbus tambra.
Carp. Fam. CYPRINIDAE.

258 MALAYAN FISHES.

Tampok-tampok (Wilk. 187). Gerres oblongus.
* Silver-Bream." Fam. GERRIDAE.
Tanda-tanda (Wilk. 193). Lutianus sillaoo.
5 bohar.
Snapper. Sub-fam. LUTIANINAE.
Tapa also Tapah (Dun.). Callichrous pabda.
Cf. М. У. & de B. П 202. Wallago spp.
Cat-fish. Fam. SILURIDAE.
Тера! bibir (В. M.). Diagramma cinctum,

> ” > » punctatum.
Ч ibo 215472004 5 crassipinum,
» » рї ctum.

5 Oreste" Fam. PRISTIPOMATIDAE.
Tébal pipi — Gérut-gérut q.v.
Tékok (onom.). Halieutaea stellata.
- Croakers. Fam. MALTHIDAE.
Telan. See Tilan.

Télan rumput (R. M.). Куріюзиз (Pimelepterus) cinerascens.
“Drummer.” Fam. KYPHOSIDAE.

Témbakul. Periopthalmus schlosseri.
(Mud-skipper) Goby. Fam. GOBIIDAE.

Témbélian. Barbus sp.
Carp. Fam, CYPRINIDAE.

Témbéreh (С, Tembari). Sciaena diacanthus.
(Wilk. 181). Otolithus punctatus.
Jew-fish. Fam. SCIAENIDAE.

Téméngalan (В. M.). Barbus burmanicus.
(Blkr. Teban-galang). Amblyrhynchichthys trun-
catus.
Carp. Fam. CYPRINIDAE.

Téménggong (Blkr.). Priacanthus tayenus.
Sea-perch. Fam. SERRANIDAE,

Téménong = Kémbong. q.v.
Témoleh (R. Tamaleh, as Barbus apogon.) —Cyclocheilichthys
apogon.
Carp. Fam. CYPRINIDAE. :
Тётрёгаз (R. M. as Barbus apogon.) | Cyclocheilichthys apogon.

MALAYAN FISHES, 459
Témpuwa (Wilk. 188 аз Barbus apogon.) Cyclocheilichthys
apogon,

Carp. Fam. CYPRINIDAE,
Ténggiri (Dun.). Cybium kuhlii.
> (С.). » X Commersoni.
я » 55 lineolatum.
» batang (D.). ,, commersonii.
» musang 5 >
» -papan (C.). „ guttatum.

The descriptive terms Ténggiri luding, T. tohok, T.
padi, T. tundan and Langi are used with reference to the
size of these fish.

Mackerel. Fam. SCOMBRIDAE.

The Ténggiri is the well-known sporting fish, the
Spanish Mackerel of the Philippines and Australia.

Téngkerong. See Kerong-kerong.
Ténok. Sphyraena novae-hollandiae.
obtusata,
s jello,
Small Kachang-kachang, larger Alu-alu, largest size
énok.

"5

“ Barracudas.” Fam. SPHYRAENIDAE,
Térbul. Osteochilus hasselti.
Cf “Teboye” Duncker p. 205.
Carp. Fam. CYPRINIDAE.
Тегі (М. W. & de B. II 46). Stolephorus commersonii.
indicus.
3 » tri.
(“ Whitebait”) Herring. Fam. CLUPEIDAE.

25 2» 524

>

Tëripang (В. М.). Saurus indicus.
Fam. SGOPELIDAE,

Térubok (М. W. & de B. П 66). Clupea (Alosa) macrura.

padi Ў a 9 toh.

korin 4 5 sp.

Herring. Fam. спева

Tilan. Also telan (Dun.). Mastacembulus unicolor.

maculatus,

”

»

”

(Dun. D.). armatus.
Spiny-Eels. Fam. kae ndan kk

22

960 MALAYAN FISHES.

Tilan. pasir (D. R.). Trypauchen vagina.
Goby. Fam. GoBIIDAE.
Timah-timah. See also Sélayur and Langgai.
(Dun.). Trichiurus savala.
» haumela,
“ Barracouta." Fam, TRICHIURIDAE.
Типип- тип also Méntimun (В. M.). Lulianus lineolatus.
ES decussatus.
i» vitta.
Snapper. Sub-fam. LUTIANINAE,

+з»

Tiram. Engraulis sp.
Herring. Fam. CLUPEIDAE.
Todak, also Chénchodak (Dun.). Belone cancila.

5 (Dun. С. Б.). » strongylurus.

5 (Dun. D.). » choram.

A (С.). annulata.

» Pendek (Penang) (Blkr.). H em шан phus georgii.
У s Malacca) ,, 5 far.

Gar-fish. Fam. Scompresocipar,
Toka-toka also Sétoka. A small Ray.
Токак (Blkr. Toka). Cossyphus diana.

'"haerops omnopterus,
Parrot-fish. Fam. LABRIDAE,

2»

Toman (R.). Ophiocephalus striatus.
* Мите” Fam, OPHIOCEPHALIDAE.
Tombol mas (R. M.). Thynnus thunnina,
The Tunny. See Kémbal mas.
‘Mackerel. Fam. ScoMBRIDA E.
Tombong damar (Wilk. 181). A fish (unid.)
See Puntong damar.
Tongkol. Thynnus thunnina.
Small sized fish are called Choreng, medium sized
. Specimens Sémbak, large ones Tongkol and exceptionally
large ones Kémbal mas ог Tombol таз.
The Tunny or Tuna.
Mackerel. Fam. ScoMBRiDAE,
Tudong périok also Tudong témpayan.
( Blkr. Tudiong-prio). Platax batavianus.
vespertilio,

Coral-fish. Fam. CHAETODONTIDAE.

MALAYAN FISHES. 261

Tuli. Literally deaf. See Sélangat tuli.
Tumbok banir. J/istiophorus вр.
ail-fish. Fam, HISTIOPHORIDAE.
Tumbok tébing (Dun, Tumbok ka tubing). Neg. Semb.
Luciocephalus pulcher,
Fam. OsPHROMENIDAE.
Tunjang langit. Triacanthus oxycephalus,
* Leather-jackets.” Fam, BALISTIDAE,
Ubi (C.). Sillago sihama.
“Whiting.” Fam. SILLAGINIDAE.
Udip. Petit ikan parang (Favre). See Sudip.
Umbut-umbut (S. Mombu). Dangila lineata.
(M. W. & de B, III 116 Umbu- umbu). D. cuvieri.
Bari ynotus ity daa
arp. Fan „ CYPRINIDAE.
Undok-undok. шоо sp.
e Sea-Horse.
Fam, SYNGNATHIDAE.

Ungar (Wilk. 57). Гийапиз argentimaculatus.

з johnü
Snapper. Sub-fam. LUTIANINAE,
Unsat or usat. Plotosus sp.
Cat-fish. Fam. SILURIDAE.
Yu (R. M.). Carcharias dussumieri.
„ ténggiri. Galeocerdo rayneri
ae h Fam. CARCHARIIDAE,
Yu béngkong —_ Sphyrna сум, =
ochii.
U нан Sharks. Fam, аата
Yu pendek (D.). Scyllium marmoratum
„ chechak (D. Chikak). Stegostoma tigrinum.
„ tokek (C. Tokay). са
tokek (С. Tokay). Chiloscyllium indus,
» bélangkas (D.).
ен Dog-fishes, Fam, SOrLLDAE.
» parang (Dum): Pristis cuspidatus.
» gergaji ” ” ”
» todak (D.).
Saw-fishes. Fam . PRIST
» kia-kia (D.). Eh ynchobatus ейде
D.). Rhinobatus thonini,
Beaked-Rays. Fam, RHINOBATIDAE.

». »

Families of Malayan Fishes.
PART Ш.

ELOPSIDAE (GIANT-HERRINGS).

Elops hawaiensis Regan. Bandang, Ménangin.
Megalops cyprinoides Brouss. Bulan-bulan.

NOTOPTERIDAE (FEATHER-BACKS).
Notopterus notopterus Pall. Вейда.

» chitala H. B. »
CHANIDAE (THE MILK-FISH ).

Chanos chanos Forsk. Bandang, Jangas.

CLUPEIDAE (HERRINGS, SHADS, ETC.).

Chirocentrus dorab Forsk. Parang-parang.
Spratelloides delicatulus Benn, Anak tamban p
gracilis Schleg.
ан асша С. У. ташаа bula, T. jéboh.
hasseltii Blkr. Tamban jéboh.
د‎ nasus ВІ. але bélau, Nandong,
47
x chacunda H, B. — Kébasi, Nandong,
Pias
Setipinna breviceps Cant. Бану hinh.
» taty C, V. »
Lycothrissa crocodilus Blkr. Mémpurong.
Engraulis LN Forsk. Казт-Казт.
й Blkr. angkok.
» шунах х Bl. Sehn. Вщи ayam.
3 setirostris Brouss, Bangkok.
spp. Tiram, Mémpinis, Jémbédi.
скани commersonii Lac. Bilis, Têrt.
» indicus v. H. Bunga ayer, Têrt.
tri Blkr. Тегі, Bilis.
Coilia dussumieri ka Ж. Bulu ayam.

А uadrifilis Günth. » »
сонин Ше С. У. Tamban, Т. chinchang rë
bong.

MALAYAN FISHES, 263
Clupea (Amblygaster) clupeoides Tamban.
Вк.

» (Amblygaster) leiogaster C. V. Tamban siantan.

Clupea (Alosa) toli C. V. Tërubok
* a macrura Blkr. Kenang ios béngkalis.
8 » kanagurta Вікт. Bčliak mata,
y ii spp. ; Térubok "bora.
» (Harengula) fimbriata C. У. Tamban, Т. siantan.
» » moluccensis Blkr. Béliak mata jantan.
Д perforata Cant, Tamban bétul, T. nipis.
Pellona асаах Blkr. Puput, P. Mélaka.
2 ngata Denn. · ” ”
й ни СМ. жі » Вейав mata,
kapak.
Opisthopterus tartoor С, V. Chandong.
Raconda russelliana Gray. Puput, Chandong.

SCOPELIDAE (QUEENSLAND-SMELT, ETC.).

Saurida tumbil Bl. Bélungkor.

Saurus myops Bl. Schn. Mudin or Mudim.
5 indicus Day. Téripang.

Нагро4оп nehereus H. B. Lumi, Luli.

CYPRINODONTIDAE (“ MILLIONS”).
Haplochilus panchax. Mata lalat.

SILURIDAE (CAT-FISH).

Clarias melanoderma Blkr. - ЖЕ
је nieuhofi С. V. Гета!
» batrachus L. Lele, Kai. ).
teysmanni Blkr Кей.
Silurichthys phaiosoma Blkr. Gemang darat.
Wallago sp. Tapa, Tapah.
Belodontichthys dinema Blkr. Lais, Bégahak.
Callichrous pabda H. B. Tapa, Tapah.
Crytopterus ето Bikr. Las.
ropus Вт. »
рэн шарын D. v. Sémbilang.
Plotosus ње Unsat or Usat.
» nius H. B. Sémbilang, Kélara, Gemang.
* psi en ВІ, Sémbilang karang.

Duncker and Rowell give C. magur Н. B. for Кё, н is now
мини by Мах Weber and de Beaufort as a synonym of C. batrac

264 MALAYAN FISHES.

Lais hexanema Blkr, Ши-ти. ?
Pangasius spp. Lawang.
= pangasius H. В. Райт.
= чачы рона ВІК. Juara,

Arius thalassinus Rüpp. Jahan.

» Sagor Н.В, Рим

» leiotetocephalus ВІК. Pédukang, Bélukang.

» macronotacanthus Вт. Séludu.

„мак Bikr Otek.

» maculatus Thunb. Séludu,

» Spp. Mayong, Bagok.
Hemipimelodus borneensis Blkr. Pédukang.
Macrones nigriceps C. V. Baun :

4 nemurus С. V. Duri, Baung, Engor-engor.
5 planiceps С. У. Baung kuning.
- gulio
= bleekeri. Engor-engor.
Bagarius sp. ? Kéndérap.

COBITIDAE AND CYPRINIDAE (LOACHES AND CARPS).
/ COBITIDAE (LOACHES).

Acanthopsis choirorhynchus Blkr. Pasir.

Botia hymenophysa. Гай.

CYPRINIDAE (САЕРА).

Chela oxygaster С. V. Lalang.
> sp. 22
Rasbora argyrotaenia Blkr. Séluang, Chéréchek.
» trilineata Steind Séluang.
» ые ыа yar. suma-
trana Вт. Puteh. :
5 einthoveni Blkr. Susur batang, Lalang.
5 vulgaris Duncker. Puteh.
Luciosoma setigerum С. V. Nyua-nyua,

Amblyrhynchichthys truncatus `
Blkr. Téméngalan,
Mystacoleucus marginatus C, У. Képayat, Puteh.

Dangila cuvieri С. V. Umbut-umbut, Rong, Ka-
wan-kai
5 burmanica Пау. Кашап-Кашап.
lincata Saur. Umbut-umbut.

Barynotus microlepis Blkr, еі
Thynnichthys sandkhol ЗуКез. Loma.

MALAYAN FISHES. 265

Osteochilus kelabau Popta.
selti C. V.

Hampala macrolepidota С. V.

Labeobarbus tambra С. V.

Cyclocheilichthys apogon С. V.

Puntius е Blkr.
» binot Cy
Barbichthys laevis C, V.
Labeo caeruleus Day.
» boggut Sykes.
Epalzeorhynchus kallopterus
Blkr.

Crossochilus oblongus С. V.
Barbus burmanicus Day.
5 jerdoni.
x hexastichus McLell.
» neilli Day.
» kolus Вт.
» stracheyi Day.
oatesii Bler.
Barilius guttatus Day,
(Unidentified).

Kélabau.

Térbul.

Sébarau,

Tambéra also Werde
Garing, Séngari

Bébéras, Té mtd Chin
регаз, Puteh, Témpua,
Témoleh.

Lampam, Képiat.
Puteh, Кегал.
Béntulu.

Попа.

Pasir.

Sélimang.
Lalang.
Téméngalan.

Эй:

Séluang, Nyua-nyua.
Darok-darok, Puchok pisang.
Kérai jélawat, K. kunyet.

ANGUILLIDAE, CONGRIDAE, OPHICHTHYIDAE, ETC.
(EELS, CONGER-EELS, ETC.).

Muraenesox cinereus Forsk.
talabon Cant.
talabonoides ВІК.

”

”

Malong.

25

` Pisoodonophis cancrivorus Rich. Belin.

Muraena (gymnothorax) undu-
lata Тас.

(Unidentified).

521
Laki sémbilang, Sirat-sirat.
Bélidang.

SYMBRANCHIDAE (SWAMP-EELS).

Monopterus albus Zuiew.
Macrotema caligans Cant,

Bélut.
Balut.

266 і МАТ,АҮАХ FISHES.

SYNGNATHIDAE, AMPHISILIDAE (SEA-HORSES
AND SKELETON-FISHES).

Hippocampus guttulatus Cuv. Kuda-kuda,
> hystrix К. P. Kuda laut.
Amphisile scutata L. K ering.

SCOMBRESOCIDAE (GAR-PIKES, GAR-FISHES AND
FLYING-FISH ES).
Belone cancila H. В. T'odak.
» strongylurus v. Н.
» choram Forsk,
» annulata C. V.

»

Se

Hemirhamphus limbatus С. V. Puput.
У far Forsk. Todak pendek. Puput ban-
ang.
» cantoris Blkr. Jolong-jolong, Jénjolong.
~ buffonis С. У. ре эй
% pogonognathus
Blkr, + ”
» fluviatilis Blkr. » »
= georgii C. V. Todak pendek.
Exocoetus oligolepis Blkr. Bélalang.
Ж neglectus Blkr. »
і nigripinnis С. V. ”
^ speculiger Val. %

ATHERINIDAE (SAND-SMELTS).
Atherina forskali. Rénnyau, Раки.
ці temmincki. “ з
MUGILIDAE (GREY MULLETS).
Mugil planiceps C. V. Bélanak, Jémpul.
» Speigleri Bikr.
» vaigiensis Q. G.
ә cunnesius C. V. »
x, bieekeri ? Bélanak rapang.
» oeur Forsk. » tamok.
» borneensis Blkr, » anding.
» В » angin, В. puteh, В. kë-

»
» В. MOR.

бо
kau, Pélong

MALAYAN FISHES. 267

POLYNEMIDAE (THREADFINS).

Polynemus indicus Shaw. Kurau, K, janggut, Kubal.
ЭР sextarius В]. Schn. Kurau, К. три, Lau,
у tetradactylus Shaw. Kurau janggut, Sénangin,
Sénohong, Kubal.
34 paradiseus Bl. Kurau.

SPHYRAENIDAE (BARRACUDAS).

Sphyraena novae-hollandiae Ténok, Alu-alu, Kachang-
Günth. kacha
8 obtusata C. V. ; a 9
» jello C. V » »
3 commersonii С. У,

STROMATEIDAE (POMFRETS).

Stromateus atous C. V. Bawal chérmin
5 cinereus В]. Bawal "e Ваша! Чат,
oe awal :
js niger В]. Bawal PNA
OPHIOCEPHALIDAE (MURREL).
Ophiocephalus gachua H, B. Aruan, Bérchat.
» lucius C. V. »
> striatus Вт. » , Loman,
m spp. Gabus, Bujok.

BERYCIDAE (NANNYGAI).
Myripristis murdjan Forsk. Sébékah karang, Logu.

MONOCENTRIDAE (XNIGHT-FISHES).
Monocentris japonicus Bl. Schn, Sétonggang.

PEMPHERIDAE (BULLS-EY ES).

Pempheris mangula C. V. Sépat karang.
> spp. 22 cid
KYPHOSIDAE (DRUMMERS).
Kyphosus cinerascens Forsk. Тап rumput.
وو‎ sp. Bêras-bêras.

LOBOTIDAE (DUSKY-PERCH).
Lobotes surinamensis Bl. Péchah périok, Sëpat karang.

TOXOTIDAE (BLOW-PIPE FISHES).
Toxotes jaculator Pall. Sum pit-sum pit.
hat ;

tareus H, B m

268 МАГАУАМ FISHES.

NANDIDAE (FRESH-WATER PERCHES).

Catopra fasciata Blkr. “браи, Petong, Patong.
SERRANIDAE (SHA PERCHES).
Serraninae.
Centrogenys vaigiensis Q. G. Kerong-kerong, also Méng-
kerong, Sémaram.
Cromileptes altivelis C. V. Kérapu, Kérapu sonoh.
Plectropoma maculatum C. V. Kérapu, Séndérong.
Epinephelus tauvina Forsk. Кёгари, К. Шт, К. kayu.
Уз lanceolatus В]. „стари.
4 fasciatus Forsk. 5 Séndérong.
в boelang С. V.
5 miniatus Forsk. » karang.
si pantherinus Blkr. Kérétang, Kérapu lumpur.
5 corallicola Blkr. Кари.
> merra В]. »
i fuscoguttatus Forsk. я
= hoevenii Вт. 4 à
з salmoides Lac. з lilin.
Priacanthinae.
Priacanthus tayenus Rich. Téménggong.
ашгиг C. V. Barau-barau laut.
Centropominae.
Lates calcarifer Bl. Siakap, also Kakap.
Psammoperca vaigiensis C, V, Gélam,
Ambassinae. |
Ambassis commersonii C. V. . Petek-petek.
5 ranga H. B. ат
3 gymnocephalus Lac, S1a-sia.
Chilodipterinae.
Apogon frenatus Вт. Sémangka.
spp. Sébékah.
Lutianinae (Snappers).
Lutianus roseus Day. Ikan merah, Jénéhak.
3 argentimaculatus Forsk. Ungar, Séndarat.
> lineolatus Rüpp. Timun-timun, also Mén-
timun. ;
> johnii ВІ. Ungar, Jénéhak.
> sebae С. У Jénéhak,

^ fulviflamma Forsk, »
Р lioglossus Вт. i

MALAYAN FISHES. : - 269

Lutianus erythropterus ВІ. Kuning-kuning.
>. madras С. У. Rumbong-rumbong.
» sillaoo Russell. Tanda-tanda.
2 bohar Forsk. >
j decussatus C. V. Timun-timun, Méntimun.
» vitta Q. G. і
> врр. Bambangan, Mamba ang or
Bambang, а Bér-
kil, Séngga
Therapon theraps C. V. киы, 0 di
rong and С те дами
» jarasa Forsk. Kérong-kérong.
» puta

>

Я quadrilineatus В1,
Diploprion bifasciatum K. V. H. Sia-sia.
Mesoprion sp. Gérut-gérut,

”

SILLAGINIDAE (З WHITINGS”),

Sillago sihama Forsk. Ubi, Bulus-bulus, Bébulus,
Kédondo
» maculatus Q. G. Ubi, Bulus-bulus, Bébulus,
Kédondong
SCIAENIDAE (JEW-FISHES).
Sciaena diacanthus Lac. Témbéreh.
Ucbrina russellii C. V. Gélama.
Otolithus maculatus C. V. Jarang gigi.
й argenteus С. V.. ета panjang, Jarang
gi
4 ruber Bl. Schn. tis gigi.
ій spp. Gëlama panjang, G. papan,

G. kunini
tinggi, 6. chérua, G. pi-
ang.

Collichthys biaurita Cant, siian, Jarang gigi.
GERRIDAE (* SILVER-BREAM >).
Gerres filamentosus C. V. Kapas-kapas.
» abbrevliatus ВІК, ~
» Altispinnis 2 Sédakan

» Oblongus C. V. Tampok-tampok,

270 MALAYAN FISHES.

Equula edentula В]. Kekek gédabang, ‘Sériding.
Gazza minuta В]. s OE

LACTARIIDAE (SELEMAH ).

Lactarius delicatulus C. V. Sélémah.
PRISTIPOMATIDAE (GRUNTERS).
Pristipoma maculatum В]. Gérut-gérut, Chélek mata.
ж hasta В]. ~
š operculare Playfair. Ampas têbu.
guoraca С. V. Gérut-gérut,
| Diagrama crassipinum Rüpp. Tébal bibir.
4 pictum Thunb. 3 Ri
= cinctum Tem. Schleg. » a
% punctatum Вт. " »
» Bésikor, Mésikor, Mandi
abu, Kachi.
Pentapus caninus Blkr. Anjang-anjang.
ий sp. Sélinching.

SPARIDAE (SEA-BREAMS).

Scolopsis ghanam Forsk. pakan najana.
» cancellatus C. V, Pasir-pasir
5 ciliatus Lac. й
ц vosmeri В]. її
* bimaculatus C. V. a
monogramma К. У.Н. 4
» personatus C. V. 5 Gérétak lantas.
> bilineatus В]. Kérisi Вай.
» torquatus C. V.(!) Риаойн:
Synagris notatus Day. К 21151.
>, japonicus Günth. „ 05, Gérétak lanta..
3 taeniopterus C, V, ~
Ж tolu С. V. 2
lo nematopus Вт. » ал-аћ.
Caesio kuning В]. D:lah.
» lunaris Ehr. 4 3
» pinjalu Blkr. Jalu-jalu, (ғай, Ikan
me China, D?lah.
» chrysozona K. У.Н. D?lah рано
Day gives 5. е из = S. vosmeri the former b-ing the young
t Bleeker regards them as separ ite species, as do

and & Н the adult
the Malays.

МАГАУАМ FISHES. 271

Proteracanthus sarissophorus Ваш.

Cant. :
Lethrinus nebulosus Forsk. Asoh-asoh, Gérétak lantai.
Sparus hasta Bl. Schn.(!) Kapas-kapas, Béngkong-

kong, Békukong, Kuku,
Bandan.

» dathi& Но. Pinang-pinang, Lar lok.

MULLIDAE (RED MULLETS).
Upeneus tragula Richardson, Biji nangka.
2 luteus Blkr, Lébai,

Mulloides flavolineatus Lac.
SCORPIDIDAE (BAT-FISHES).
Psettus argenteus I. Gédabang.

3 falciformis Lac. Sényor.

CHAETODONTIDAE (CORAL-FISHES AND BUTTER

FISHES).
Ephippus orbis Bl, Daun báharu.
à argus L, Ketang.
Chelmo rostratus L. Pipit, Sumpit-summt.
Heniochus macrolepidotus L. Gombing..
Holacanthus sexstriatus C. V. Іпдди.
4 mesoleucus В]. 8
3 annularis В]. Ketang.
» зрр. Babi,
Platax teira Forsk. Daun, Bonang.
» batavianus С. У. и périok. |
» vespertilio Bl. »
Chaetodon octofasciatus L. РН,
н vagabundus L. заразна Pinang-
pinang.

DREPANIDAE (MOON-FISH).
Drepane punctata L. = Daun báharu.

I. According to Day, S. kasta = S.berda.

219 MALAYAN FISHES.

TEUTHIDIDAE (“BLACK TREVALLY >).

Teuthis leg Déngkis
а virgata С. У. Ketang, Déngkis.
эн Сари Forsk. <
» java L. Lumban, Ketang, Debam,
veba
3 concatena С. V. ща Fiun
» dorsalis C, V. Ketang.
а огатт Günth.(!) Gélibas, Bélibas.
5 sp. ambat.

OSPHROMENIDAE (GOURAMI. FIGHTING FISHES,
ETC.). :

Osphromenus olfax L. Kalui.
» malayanus Duncker. Biji durian:
5 trichopterus Pall. sêpat,
Anabas scandens Dald. Puyu-puyu, Pépuyu, Bétok.
Luciocephalus pulcher Gray. Tumbok tébing.
Betta pugnax Cant, Ikan bélaga, Sémpila, Pé-
aga, Pala.
» bellica Sauvy. Ikan bélaga, Sémpila, Pé-
: laga, Татрїїа.
с бр. Anak ampit, А. karing, Ка-
ring gajah,
Potyacanthus hasselti C. V. Këpar.

POMACENTRIDAE (CORAL-FISHES).
Amphiprion ephippium В]. Inggu.
5 frenatus Втеу. »"
Dascyllus sp.
Pomacentrus albofasciatus ёл! is

Glyphidodon coelestinus С. V. Gombing.

» notatus Day. Képau laut, Keping.

LABRIDAE (*WRASSES" OR PARROT-FISHES).
Chaerops omnopterus Rich. Tokak.

oligacanthus Blkr, Logu.
Cossyphus diana Lac, Токак.
. Chilinus fasciatus В]. Bayan, Boyan.

"t chlorurus Bl. Jampong, Bayan, Boyan.
Anampses coeruleopunctatus Sélichin.

Rüpp.

I. Day suggests that oramin may prove to be synonymous with dorsalis

MALAYAN FISHES, 273

Platyglossus dussumieri C, У,:

Novacula spp.
Julis lunaris.

Bélodok karang.
Mandi аби, Mésikor, Каст.
Весћок.

SCARIDAE (*PARROT-WRASSES >).

Pseudoscarus ghobbam Forsk.
rivulatus C. V,
Pseudodax moluccanus C, V,

Béchok.

CARANGIDAE (З HORSE-MACKERELS 7).

Caranx rottleri В].

» | Кана C. V.

+ gallus L.

5 armatus Forsk.
5 Кигга C. V.

dieddaba Forsk.
compressus Day,

3 ire С. У.

boops С. У.

ds oblongus C. V.
speciosus Forsk.

» MN

Mene maculata Bl. Schn.
Trachynotus ovatus L.

s bailloni Lac.
Chorinemus moadetta С. V.
ysan Forsk,
Sti Petri C. V.

>

”

gymnostethoides Вит.

Chéncharu, Sélikor, Jaru-
ати

jaru.
Sélar, Kémbong.

Sagai, Chérmin.

Sagai.

Sélar, Këmbong.

Sélar kuning.

Sélar batang.

пещ 2227 Daing bé-

гээн a
Jalu-jalu (2).
Sélar létup-létup.
Daing bélang.
Bérkas, Songsong arus, Kë-
gat,
among, Pélaling, Kédé-
mut, Gérépoh, Démbudok.
Kekek gédabang, K. Jawa.
AN yior-nyior.
Sélar, |
Talang, Séliap.

SCOMBRIDAE (MACKERELS, TUNNIES, ЕТС.).

Scomber microlepidotus Rüpp.

Thynnus thunnina С. V.

Pélata, Kémbong.

Ikan ayer, Tongkol, Sémbak,
Choreng, Kembal тав,
Tombol таз. |

274 MALAYAN FISHES.

Cybium kuhlii C. V.

Ténggiri, Luding, Tohok,
L

angi.

s; commersonii Lac. > » » »
> lineolatum Cuv. » им
4 guttatum Bl, Schn. T. papam

TRICHIURIDAE (HAIR-TAILS).

Trichiurus savala Cuv. Timah-timah, Sélayur,
Langgai, Puchuk,

ad haumela Forsk. Timah-timah, Sélayur,
Lang дал, Puchuk.

HISTIOPHORIDAE (SAIL-FISI/ES).
Histiophorus gladius Brouss. Sélayer, Layer, Layeran.
й spp. Tumbok banir, Mérsuji.

PLEURONECTIDAE (FLAT FISHES).
Psettodes erumei В]. [лаай, Sabélah.
Pseudorhombus russelli Gray.
Synaptura achira Duncker.
T orientalis Bl. Schn.
commersoniana Lac,
Сијене lida Blkr,

» lingua H. B. » »
5 elongatus Giinth, 8 M
» hamiltonii Günth. Р »
З cantoris Вт.

Plagusia bilineata В].

GOBIIDAE (“GOBIES”),

Eleotris butis H. В. Bélontok.
Gobius giuris H. B. Bélodok.
5 sadanundio H. B. a kérapu
> sp. aff. caninus C. V. (2). 4 lobang
viridipunctatus ? Bélontok,

25 » ”

Periophthalmus schiosseii Pall. Témbakul, Lisah, Bélodok.

2 koelreuteri Pall. Bélachak.
Trypauchen vagina В]. Tilan pasir.
Apocryptes lanceolatus В]. Schn. Bélodok.

_ Boleophthalmus boddaerti Pall, А
ECHENEIDIDAE (SUCKING-FISHES).
Echineis naucrates.

беті, Gédémi, Виті-гиті.

MALAYAN FISHES. 275

SCORPAENIDAE (GOBLIN-FISHES).
Scorpaena polyprion Вік. Іри, Обри, Gédémpu.
Pterois antennata Blkr. <
Pelor didactyllum Рай.

رر 22 »

Centropogon indicus Day. » Sémaram,
Synancia verrucosa В]. Schn. Sémaram karang.
Synancidium horridum L, ` Lépu.

(Unidentified), L. béranyut, L. landak.

PLATYCEPHALIDAE (FLAT-HEADS).
Platycephalus punctatus C. V. Baji-baji.
5, tuberculatus С. V.
б macracanthus Вт.

»

29

LEPTOSCOPIDAE (STAR-GAZERS),
Percis pulchella Tem. Schleg. Pukul géndang.
BATRACHIDAE (FROG-FISHES).
Batrachus grunniens L, Kértakok,
MASTACEMBELIDAE (SPINY-EELS).
Mastacembelus unicolor C. V. Tilan or Telan.
У

is maculatus C. V. „ »
is armatus Lac.

ANTENNARIIDAE (ANGLER-FISHES).

Antennarius cantori Blkr. Тери, Пери, Gédémpu.
» caudimaculatus Günth. 2 4 5
- coccineus Giinth. + 5 ~
š hispidus Bl. Schn. о» з Kélalawar.

MALTHIDAE (CROAKERS).
Halieutaea stellata W rahi. Текок.

TRIACANTHIDAE (LEATHER-JACKETS).

Triacanthus strigilifer Cant, Barat-barat,
4 lochii Blkr.
P brevirostris Schleg. % ;
» oxycephalus ВІК. y , Tunjang langit.
nieuhofi Вт. я

й врр. » Lémbu,

276 MALAYAN FISHES.

BALISTIDAE (LEATHER-JACKETS).

Balistes stellatus Lac. Jébong, Ayam,
Monacanthus hajam Вт. 5 Ayam.
Да inensis L. Barat-barat.
" choerocephalus Blkr. Aérosok, Ayam.
^ penicilligerus Cuv. Barat-barat.
яр monoceros L. Kérosok padi.
шанаа barbatus Gray. №1191.

OSTRACIONTIDAE (BOX-FISITES).

Ostracion nasus В]. Buntal kotak, В. batu.
із cubicus LER ” وو‎ > ”
jj cornutus L. ” » > دو‎

TETRODONTIDAE (GLOBE-FISHES).
Tetrodon lunaris В]. Schn. Bintal pisang.
reticularis Bl. Schn. a Жыға

»

DIODONTIDAE (PORCUPINE-FISHES).

Diodon novemmaculatus Вт. Buntal landak.
ji hystrix L. 2 »
SCYLLIIDAE (DOG FISHES).
Scyllium marmoratum Benn. Yu pendek.
Stegostoma tigrinum L. Yu chéchak, Yu tokek.
Chiloscyllium indicum L. Yu tokek, Yu bélangkas.

CARCHARIIDAE (SHARKS).

Carcharias dussumieri Val. Yu.
Galeocerdo rayneri Мер. В. Yu ібпудігі.
(Unidentified). Yu” jêrong, Yu sambaran,

Yu punai, Yu laras, Yu
chémangi, Yu bodoh.

SPHYRNIDAE (HAMMER-HEAD SHARKS).
Sphyrna (Zygaena) malleus Risso, Yu béngkong, Y. palang, Y.
sanggul.
(Zygaena) blochii Cuy. Yu béngkong, Y. palang, Y.
sanggul.

»

MALAYAN FISHES. 277
PRISTIDAE (TRUE SAW-FISIIES).

Pristis cuspidatus Lath. Béroi, Yu parang, Yu gšr-
gaji, Yu todak.

RHINOBATIDAE (BEAKED RAYS).
Rhinobatus thonini Lac. Yu kic-kia, Kéméjan.
Rhynchobatus djeddensis Forsk. j 5 &

TORPEDINIDAE (ELECTRIC RAYS).
Narcine timlei Bl. Schn. Pari křbas.
Astrape dipterygia В]. Schn. » , P. bunga.
Temera hardwickii Gray. 55.” hnchin,

TRYGONIDAE (STING-RAY S).

Trygon uarnak Forsk. Pari kélawar.
ээ sephen Forsk. » 6 паста, Р; дат.
a walga M. H. » Jaur
8 kuhlii M. H. » таи.
Urogymnus asperrimus В]. Schn. » “аар.

MYLIOBATIDAE (EAGLE-RAYS).

Myliobatis vespertilio Blkr. Pari kélawar
28 nieuhofi Bl. Schn, » »
Aetobatis narinari Euphr, „Пано.
Rhinoptera adspersa M. H. » daun.
Dicerobatis 'eregoodoo Cant. » paus.

Ceratoptera ehrenbergii M. H. » paus, P. kola.

UNIDENTIFIED (RAYS).
Sai, Mengkai, Sétoka.

218 МАГАУАМ FISHES.

Authors Consulted.

BLEEKER, Dm. Р. Atlas Ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Néér-
landaises. 9 Vols: 1862--1818,

BOULENGER, Dr. G. А. Fishes (Teleostei).)

BRIDGE, Dn, T. W. Fishes
Cambridge Nat: Hist: Vol VII. 1904.

CANTOR, Dr. T. Catalogue of Malayan Fishes. Jour: A. 8.
Bengal. 1849.

CLIFFORD, H. AND SwETTENHAM, F. A. Dictionary of the Malay
language. Parts I-V. 1894—1902

Day, Dr. Francis. Fauna of British India. Fishes. 2 Vols:
1889.

` Duncker, GEORG. Die Fische der Malayischen Halbinsel. 1904.

. GUNTHER, Dr. ALBERT. Study of Fishes. 1880.

Meek, Dr. The Migrations of Fish. 1916.

Косенъку, T. C. Fishes of киш» and their Technology.

SEALE, ALVIN. Fishery resources of the Phillipines. (Philippine
Jour: Science. 1908).

Ятклр. DAVID A. Fishes of Australia. 1906,

Sreap, DAVID A. Edible Fishes of New South Wales. 1908.

STEAD, DAVID А. A brief review of the Fisheries of New South
Wales. 1910.

Техтвох-Моопв, Вкур. J. Е. Fish and Fisheries of New South
ales. 1889.

WEBER AND DE BEAUFORT, Drs. The Fishes of the Indo-Austra-
lian Archipelago. 3 Vols: 1911—1913.
WiLKINSON, В. J. Malay-English Dictionary. 2 Vols: 1901.

Index to English Names

A.
Anchov
Angler-Fishes

B.
Barracouta

Barramundi : 28
Bar-tailed Goat- Fish s
rk а

Ва h, Ра
Batfish, Silvery |
Bat-Fishes
Ба $5

Butter-Fish SS

Carp e ..
Сайа і
Cat-fish š
Climbing Porch
Conger-Ee 5
Coral: Fishes
Croakers

AK
Dart 4%
Devil-fis he
Diamond-sealed | Mullet
Dog-F

Dusk y-Pereh
E.

Eagle-Rays
Eels 22

Fleetrie Rays і =

. 194, 236,
s. 995; 975;

947, 959, 960.

`` 208, 267.
"өд

.. 206, 967.
.. 918, 271.

.. 186, 196, 264.

.. 198.

.. 195, 263.

` ` 216, 236, 953.

`` 913, 917, 971,
€

. 995, 915.

. . 219, 250.
. 999.
.. 909.
.. 226, 276.
.. 906, 267.
.. 206, 267.

Feather -Baeks

Flying-Fishes Ag
Fresh- de МЕЧ КА
Frog-Fis i

G.
Garfishes
Gar-Pike
Giant- -Herrings |
Globe-F

ishes
253 Б “Fish, PR tailed .

Goblin- Fishes
Goura

Grey- Mul

шиг Queensland
Grun

; H.
Hair-back
air-tails
Half-beak ne
Halibut, Queensland ЗА
ammer-head Sharks
Herrings

sa oe
Horse-Mackerels |

J.
Jew-Fishes

Knight-Fish

L.
Leather-jackets ix
Loaehes .. 2% 43

M.
уран ради
Macke
Mackere 1, Horse
Мммм, тээн
Mahseer А ..
Milk-Fish T 4
Millions 24 UE

теч 262.

.. 211, 270.

‚ . 194.
.. 221, 214.
. . 199.

.. 996, 976.
.. 193, 262.
.. 193.

.. 918, 978.
.. 210, 269.

· · 206, 267.

‚+ 225, 275, 276.
`+ 196, 264.

280 INDEX
Moon-Fis ЭГ .. 214, 938, 971. 8.
Мооп- Fish, Silvery s зэ 19 957. Sable-Fish ха oe . 193.
Mud-skipper : 223, 258 Sail-Fishes 5 ‚ 921, 314
ullet, Diamond- scaled 02. Salmon-Herring . 191, 232
Mullet, Gre ` 200, 266 Sand-S elts s val 5 9
Mullet, Кей .. ++ 212, 271. Saw-Fishes B . 227, 971
rel . ` - 204, 267. Sea-Horses 198, 266
Sea-Perches 207, 268.
. Selemah 210, 854, 270
Nannygai - 205, 267. Shad 98, 262.
Sharks 926, 976
Sharks, Hammer- ‘head 226, 276
Ox-Eye 5491 Silver-Bre ++ 910, 269
Silvery Moon-Fish .. 919, 937
P. Skeleton-Fishes 198, 266.
Paradise-Fish ... че : Smelt, Queensland 195, 963
Parrot-Fishes с: - 217, 919. Sm nd 199, 266.
arrot-Wrasse 973. Sna 209, 268.
Perch Climbin 6 936, 953. оқа ng “манга, Barred 290.
Perches, Freshwater Spiny-Eels - 995, 259, 275.
Perches, Sea oer 268. Star-Gaze ç . 995, 252, 975,
Ревсадов del ey . 900. Sucking-Fishes . 994 974.
Pike, Short-finned -. 908. Swamp-Eel • 198, 265,
Pomfrets к .. 204, 267.
Poreupine-Fishes. 2% - - 926, 276. T.
on . 191
. Tarwhine . 212.
Queen-Fish © | . 219. Ten-pounder · 191.
Queensland Groper .. .. 908. Thread-fi . 203, 267.
Queensland рани T .. 999. Trevall ack . 914, 272
Queensland elt . -+ 195 263. Trumpeter, Queensland . 911,
Queensland екране . 911. о О Whiting . 209.
Tun ‚ 990, 273.
Rays, Beaked .. . 228, 277. w.
Rays, Eagle .. 229, 277 Whitebait “ = ; 198.
222% Eleetric .. .. 298; 977 White-Mullet з à . 191
Rays, Sting .. . 928, 277. Whiting .. e й . 209, 269.
Red-Mullets 22015401; Wrasses .. n : . 217, 27

P. 183: for Tarpin read Tarpon.
Р, 235: add Béras-béras.

ADDENDA ЕТ CORRIGENDA.

Sparus sarba.

"The Tarwhine of Australia.
ps. Sea-Bream. Fam. SPARIDAE.
P. 271: add Sparus sarba Forsk. Béras-béras.

Plate.

LIST ОЕ PLATES.

BULAN

BELIDA
PARANG-PARANG
SELANGAT
TERUBOK KORIN
TAMBAN PANJANG
TAPAH

BEGAHAK or LAIS
JAHAN
KELAH
TEMBELIAN
UMBUT-UMBUT
HWAN or CHOW
LIAN or LIN
MALONG

PUPUT or JOLONG-
JOLONG

BELANAK ANDING
BELANAK TAMOK
KURAU

ALU-ALU

BAWAL PUTEH
ARUAN

SEBEKAH KARANG
SUMPIT-SUMPIT
KERONG-KERONG
КЕВАРО

ЗГАКАР

ТКАХ МЕВАН
BULUS-BULUS
ТЕМВЕВЕН
GELAMA TIKUS
KAPAS-KAPAS
GÉRUT-GÉRUT
PASIR-PASIR

Ox-Eye, or Big-eyed Her-
ring.

Feather-back.

The Dorab.

Hairback.or Gizzard Shad.
The Hilsa.

River Cat-fish.
River Cat-fish.
Sea Cat-fish.
Carp.

Carp.

Carp.

Chinese Carp.
Chinese Carp.
Conger-eel.
Gar-Pike.
Gar-fish.

Grey-Mullet,
Diamond-scaled Mullet.
Mango fish.
Barracuda.
Pomfret.

Murrel.

“ Nannygai.”
Blow-pipe fish.
Sea-Perch.
Sea-Perch.
Sea-Perch.
Snapper.

* Whiting.” ^
Jew-fish. |
Jew-fish.

“ Silver-Bream.”
Grunter.

Sea-Bream.

XXXVI.
XXXVII.
XXXVIII.
XXXIX.

LXXII.

LIST OF PLATES,

DEL AH

АЗОП-АЗОН
PINANG-PINANG
BIJI NANGKA
GEDABANG

KETANG
BABI

TUDONG PERIOK
DAUN BAHARU

DENGKIS
DEBAM
KALUI
GOMBING
TOKAK
BECHOK

CHENCHARU
DAING BELANG

CHERMIN
SAGAI

NYIOR-NYIOR

TALANG
TONGKOL

TONGKOL CHORENG
TENGGIRI PAPAN
TENGGIRI BATANG

YU PALANG
YU КЁМЁЈАМ
PARI BÉTING

Sea-Bream.
Sea-Bream.
Sea-Bream.

Red mullet.

Silver Bat-fish. :
Spotted Butter-fish.

` Coral-fish.

Coral-fish.

Moon-fish.

* Black Trevally."

* Black Trevally."
Gurami,

Coral-fish.

Wrasse,

Parrot-Wrasse.
Horse-Mackerel ( Hard tail)
Banded Horse-Mackerel.
Silvery Moon-fish.
Trevally.

Dart.

Queen-Fish.

Tunny.

Tunny.

Spotted Spanish Mackerel.
Barred Spanish Mackerel.
Hair tail.

“ Halibut.”

“ Sole.”

Flat-head.

Leather-jacket.
Leather-jacket.

Dog-fish:

Hammer-head Shark.
Beaked-Ray.

Stin

g-Ray
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PLATE ІХХІ

KERAPU, KURAU, MERAH, TENGGIRI,

TALANG, PARANG.

Photo taken at Clyde Теггаве Market Singapore

РГАТЕ ТХХП

YU, PARI, МАГОКС, DURI.

Photo taken at Clyde Terrace Market Singapore

у WORK

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4