F ae. Edited by B.A.Thomas | JA.Crabbe & M.Gibby THE BRITISH PTERIDOLOGICAL SOCIETY Officers and Committee from October 1996 President: Dr T.G.Walker President Emeritus: J.W. Dyce, MBE = = Vice Presidents: J.H.Bouckley, Dr. N.J. Hands, Dr C.N. Page, M.H. Rickard, J.R. Woodhams. . ar) A.R. Busby, ‘Croziers’, 6 Kirby Corner Road, Canley, Coventry, CV4 8GD FAX 01203 523237, E-mail: a.r.BUSBY@ ick. AC.UK Miss A.M. Paul, Department of Botany, The Natural History Museum, Senet Road, London, SW7 SBD. E-mail: AMP@NHM.AC.UK A.M. Leonard, 11 Victory Road, Portsmouth, Hants., POL 3DR Post vacant B.A. Thomas, J.A. Crabbe & Dr M. Gibby, Send copy to Professor B.A. Thomas, Department of Geography, cee! of Wales Lampeter, Lampeter, Ceredigion, SA48 7ED. . : Fax: 01570 424714 E-mail: B. THOMAS @LAMP.AC.UK = Editor ofa the «Preridlois: _ J.W. Merryweather, Biology Department, rsity of York, Heslington, York, YO1 SDD. Tel: 01904 432878, og 01904 432860, E-mail: jwM5 @ yORK.AC.UK . Miss J.M. Camus, R. Cooke, Miss J.M. Ide, i. ae aus, Miss H. McHaffie, Mrs. M.E. Nimmo-Smith, a ae P.H. Ripley, R.N. Timm, Prof. A-C. Wardlaw. eas ation Officer: : -R.Cooke, 26 Lancaster Street, Lewes, East Sussex BN7 2PY oo on Exchange Organiser: : Mrs. M.E. Nimmo-Smith, a 201 Chesterton Road, Cambridge, CB4 1AH. = Plan Exchange Oranisers: = R.J. & Mrs. B. Smith, i 184 Solihull Road, Shirley, Solihull, Warwicks., B90 3LG. = ‘Ss Munyard, 234 Harold Road, Hastings, East Sussex, TN35 5NG. nfie! ~ baton Funds: A.R. Busby, A.M. Leonard, Dr T.G. Walker, li “fi Finis meetings, garden visits, plant ee a and fem book sales. ‘The Society has a wide membership which en and be somchermmsmtomy ae The Society aes, | - cit tra £4, or for Bonen the Fern FERN GAZ. 15(5) 1997 OBSERVATIONS ON THE DISTRIBUTION AND DIVERSITY OF TREE FERNS IN THE ZONA RESERVADA DE TAMBOPATA, MADRE DE DIOS, PERU B. NICHOLSON EcoSchemes Asia, 1B Glamour Court, Discovery Bay, Hong Kong Key words: tree ferns, distribution, diversity, Amazonia, Peru, tropical moist forest ABSTRACT The distribution and diversity of tree ferns was investigated in the Zona Reservada de Tambopata, an area of Tropical Moist Forest in the Amazon basin of South-east Peru. Tree ferns were found to be patchily distributed along the banks of forest streams within the reserve. Diversity of tree ferns is surprisingly high at the site, with four or possibly five species of Cyatheaceae collected during the present study, plus an additional four species previously recorded. INTRODUCTION Tree ferns of the family Cyatheaceae are a feature of many tropical forests, being particularly characteristic of wet montane and cloud forests (Tryon & Tryon 1982). They are generally regarded as light gap pioneers, associated with ravines, canopy gaps and other relatively open situations, although there have been few detailed studies of their ecology and distribution (Gomez 1983) A study was carried out to assess the distribution and diversity of tree ferns in the Zona Reservada de Tambopata a located in the upper Amazonian basin of South-East Peru at 12° 50’ S and 69° 18° W ). Oo i 1997 | \f WEN LIBRARY, Figure 1: Location of the Zona Reservada de Tambopata FERN GAZETTE: VOLUME 15 PART 5 (1997) Quebrai Clay soil Trail 900m terra firme 4 Tapir Trail 110 metres Clay soil Jaa 200m terra firme x - 4 3 Main Trail 100 metres Sandy soil % I - 3340m terra firme ° \ \ % \\\ a ig 4 Main Trail 100 metres Sandy soil % is i = 3350m terra firme '? 3 ‘zs 1% iz 3 oe : = ms - 1 \ ot 1 Wes tA if » Forest Stream iJ at { 1 “Hy #£ \ 7 Trail ! 3 . Transect location and number Figure 2: Sketch map of the Zona Reservada de Tambopata, showing location of transect samples PERUVIAN TREE FERNS iduals it Humber of ind oO oO go ce oO cy c oO Ww o in S in [=a] ws oS 1 _ _ N N ined N) T+ © f 1 ! | ' i 1 wo o in i | in oa nm Saad _ ™N ™ NO ND Height class (cm) Figure 3: Height distribution of Nephelea cuspidata iad 1207 100 4 Humber of individuals 0-50 a1~ 101- 151- 100 150 200 Height class (cm) Figure 4: Height distribution of Trichipteris/Cyathea complex 401-450 201- 250 451-500 501-550 Pps 300 551-600 an an 156 FERN GAZETTE: VOLUME |I5 PART 5 (1997) Covering an area of 5500 hectares, the reserve supports a lowland tropical moist forest formation at an altitude of 260 m (sensu Holdridge et ai 1971). Mean annual precipitation is around 2000mm, with a dry season extending from May to October. Annual average temperature is 25.2°C, but temperatures may drop to as low as 8°C d ional dry season cold spells (Phillips 1993). Since its establishment in 1977, the reserve ve as been intensively studied and has been shown to support exceptional levels of biodiversity (see for example CDC 1995, Erwin 1988, Gentry 1988, Stewart 1988). The study was carried out between August and September 1990. A systematic search for tree ferns was made along the extensive trail system of the reserve, traversing a variety of floodplain and terra firme forest types (sensu Erwin 1984, Phillips et al 1994). A collection of tree fern specimens and deposited at the Herbario San Marcos (USM) of the Museo de Historia Natural Javier Prado in Lima, Peru, where they were later identified by Ms Blanca Leon. The majority of tree ferns encountered were found to be associated with forest stream systems. Quantitative sampling was undertaken in order to investigate this relationship further. A series of four belt transects were laid out perpendicular to forest streams, each transect traversing the stream channel, its banks and continuing some distance into adjacent, undisturbed forest (Fig. 2). Transect length varied from 100 to 200 metres and each consisted of a belt of contiguous 5 metre x 5 metre quadrats. The following variables were recorded from each 1. Number and provisional identity of any tree ferns 2. Height of each tree fern 3. Slope gradient 4. Canopy cover above the centre of the quadrat, measured using a spherical densiometer. SULTS Five species of tree fern were collected during the study. Three were positively identified to species level: Nephelea cuspidata (Kunze) Tryon Trichipteris procera (Willd.) Tryon Trichipteris pilosissima (Baker) Barr. e fourth sneciec t be adequately resolved between Trichipteris nigripes (C.Chr.) Barr. sensu lato aad Cyathea tortuosa R.C. Moran., whilst the fifth was tentatively assigned to Cyathea (B. Leon, pers. comm.). ephelea cuspidata is the largest and most majestic of the Tambopata tree ferns. The tallest ie reach a height of 5.5 - 6 metres, although the population is dominated by smaller individuals (Fig. 3). All of the 33 plants examined were growing on stream banks in clay soil terra firme forest, suggesting that the species may be confined to this habitat at Tambopata. Only a single individual of Trichipteris pilosissima was encountered during the study. This measured a height of 0.47 metres and was found growing on the edge of an old floodplain bench in mature, closed canopy alluvial floodplain forest. The other tree ferns could not be safely separated in the field and were treated as a species complex for the purposes of the study. These ferns, presumed to be mostly Trichipteris procera, but also including T.nigripes/Cyathea tortuosa and the unresolved Cyathea species, were relatively sar with a total of 160 individuals enumerated. They are generally small to medium sized tree ferns, with the tallest plant recorded having a height of 2.6 metres. The ine i is again dominated by individuals in the smallest size classes (Fig. 4). Plants of this species complex were occasionally found in undisturbed forest but most individuals were PERUVIAN TREE FERNS 157 concentrated along the banks of streams, in this case in both clay soil and sandy soil terra firme forest Transect data confirm th ntration of tree ferns along the banks of forest streams (Figs 5a - d). Tree ferns were entirely confined to the stream banks in three of the four transects. They were found away from streams only in transect number | (Figure Sa), where scattered populations of the Trichipteris - Cyathea complex were encountered up to 70 metres from the stream bank, growing under a closed forest canopy (<95% cover). This general pattern was confirmed by the systematic searches for tree ferns. Out of a total of 193 tree ferns found in the study (including transect data), 89.1% were growing along the edges of stream systems. DISCUSSION Tree fern diversity at Tambopata is apparently high for a lowland rainforest site. In addition to the four, possibly five species encountered in the present study, the reserve chec >klist (Anon 1989) lists two other members of the napa seas Cyathea multiflora, and another undetermined species of Cyathea. Stolze (per mm.) has records of Cyathea andina, Nephelea cuspidata and Trichipteris nigripes oa hi reserve. The pee of six plus species for the reserve compares favourably with the five species recorded in an extensive study of montane rainforests in North-Central Peru at an altitude of 700-3700 m (Young & Leon 1991) - amore typical tree fern habitat. In contrast, a study of lowland wet tropical forest, at an altitude of 350 m, in the Central Peruvian Amazon catalogued only a single species, T. nigra, although in this case only a small (2 hectare) area was studied (Young & Leon 1989). The high levels of tree fern species richness at Tambopata may be a function of its relatively close proximity to the Andean region. The presence of an Andean element in the Pteridophyte flora of the nearby Brazilian state of Acre (including Nephelea cuspidata), has been previously remarked upon by yon & Conant (1989). Tree ferns are often regarded as light gap pioneers (Gomez 1983). The concentration of tree ferns along forest streams at Tambopata would seem to support this view. Tambopata forest streams are generally deeply incised, with steep banks subject to frequent disturbance. Tree falls are common along stream margins and canopy cover (mean 85%) is generally lower than adjacent areas of closed forest (mean 92%). However, the difference is not statistically significant (F = 1.87, p 0.01) and tree ferns were frequently to be found growing under relatively heavy canopy cover (< 95%), suggesting that light climate is not the primary factor determining tree fern distribution. Perhaps more important is the availability of suitable regeneration niches. with the disturbed stream banks providing relatively large areas of recently bared and generally moist soil, suitable for the development of gametophytes and sporophytes. The high moisture requirements of tree ferns have been noted by Gomez (1983), the availability of water being critical to the success or failure of gametophytes and subsequent plantlets. Microclimatic influences may also be involved, although a limited study of microclimate carried out by the author at Tambopata in 1993 did not reveal any discernible difference between stream bank and forest interior locations in terms of either temperature or relative humidity. Tree fern height class distributions at Tambopata are dominated by small individuals, with relatively few tall, mature plants. Similar height class distributions have been described by Young & Leon (1989) for a population of Trichipteris nigra growing in the Central Peruvian Fin and by Seiler (1984) for Nephelea tryoniana in El Salvador. Young & Leon (1989) suggested that the smaller size classes suffered either high mortality or growth suppression and that only a few individuals were able to grow to maturity. Either or both processes - which are not necessarily independent of each other - could explain the observed height distributions at Tambopata and further work is required to elaborate on these issues. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my thanks to Dr Max Gunther and Marcia Morrow of Peruvian Safaris S.A., who made this study possible by providing facilities at the Explorers Inn, Tambopata. FERN GAZETTE: VOLUME 15 PART 5 (1997) a) Transect 1 Stream 14 4 100 oe re ~ ‘ 90 \ iad ieee * Tr a Bg 10 \ Le = Shes - Number 8 | 70 % Canopy of tree cover fems 6 4 r 4 r 650 2) GParsessen ns a 3k ae TH {] a) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180190 Transect position (in metres) b) Transect 2 , Stream 10 ] 8 4 NS Sule ! i 2 SS 74 v 90 % Canopy of tree \oour x 7 \ E. cover = aa Ae-d oa . eee 4 a i 17 = 70 Wi Be s 2 2 e he Zz 60 — . 7 —— pt 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 c) Transect 3 Stream | 10 f y e 100 N ‘i Pe F Pion Se a i aa sae 90 % Canopy of tree ‘4 \ - & cover _ ferns 6 xe- 80 a ae 70 2 “Set boast oa 60 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 d) Transect 4 Stream a a Og ag Oy i pm, gr ad 100 18 i r - eS 90 16 wat 80 14 a 70 Number - %C. of tree 10 a Canopy fems cover 40 8 30 4 20 ee ee ey ft See ne 10 ce ma 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 i eee i } 7° ~~ =Canopy Cover ”“s. = Topography (relative to stream bed) Figure 5: Distribution and abundance of tree ferns PERUVIAN TREE FERNS 159 Isabel Bohorquez and Blanca Leon, of the Museo de Historia Natural Javier Prado, Lima, Peru provided invaluable advice and support. Clive Jermy and Robert Stolze kindly read the original field report from the study and gave many helpful comments. REFERENCES ANON. 1989. A Checklist of Plants Collected at the Tambopata Nature Reserve, Madre de Dios, Peru. Unpublished Manuscript. Smithsonian Institution, Washington CDC (Centro de Datos para la Conservacion). 1995. Reporte Tambopata. CDC (Universidad Agraria La Molina), Conservation International, and Tambopata Reserve Society, Lima, Peru: ERWIN, T.L. 1984. Tambopata Reserved Zone, Madre de Dios, Peru: History & Description of the Reserve. Revista Peruana de Etomologia 27: 1-8. ERWIN, T .L. 1988. The Tropical Forest Canopy - the Heart of Biotic Diversity. In: WILSON, E.O (ed.) Biodiversity, National Academy Press, Washington, 123-129. GENTRY, A 1988. Tree species richness of upper Amazonian Forests. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sct., U.S.A. 85: 156-159. eee L.D. 1983. Cyatheaceae & Dicksoniaceae (Rabos de Mico, Tree Ferns). In: JANZEN, H. (ed.) Costa Rican Natural History, University of Chicago Press, eon 225-226. wonaminen, L.R., GRENKE, W., HATHEWAY, W., LIANG, T. & TOSI, J. 19 Forest Env cheney in Tropical Life Zones: A Pilot Study. Pergammon cn Oxtontt PHILLIPS, O.L. 1993. The Potential for Harvesting Fruits in Tropical Rainforests: New Data from seer ad Biodiversity & Conservation 2: 18-38. PHILLIPS, O.L, GENTRY, A.H, REYNEL, C., WILKIN, P., & GALVEZ-DURAND.C. 1994. elias ethnobotany and Amazonian conservation. Conservation Biology 8: 225- SEILER, R. L. 1984. Trunk length and frond size in a population of Nephelea tryoniana from El Salvador. American Fern Journal, 74: 105- 107. STEWART, P.D. 1988. Tambopata vaelaes Zone, South-East Peru. Oryx 22: 95-99. TRY RM. & CONANT, D:S. 1975. The ferns of Brazilian Amazonia. Acta Amazonica 5: TRYON, R.M. & STOLZE, R.G. 1989. Pteridophyta of Peru: Part I - Ophioglossaceae to Cyatheaceae. Fieldiana 20: 1-145. TRYON. R.M. & TRYON, A.F. 1982. Ferns & Allied Plants, with special reference to Tropical aeons Springer-Verlag, New York YOUNG, . & LEON, B. 1989. Pteridophivie species diversity in the - Peruvian eee the importance of edaphic specialization. Brittonia 41: 388-39 YOUNG, K.R. & LEON, B. 1991. Diversity, ecology and distribution 7 ‘figkdieeatan Pteridophytes within Rio Abiseo National Park, North-Central Peru. Fern Gaz. 14: 25-39. FERN GAZ. 15(5) 1997 160 ROOT ANATOMY OF ASPLENIACEAE AND THE IMPLICATIONS FOR SYSTEMATICS OF THIS FERN FAMILY Harald Schneider, Rijksherbarium, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands. Key words: Asplenium, Hymenoasplenium, root anatomy, systematics, phylogeny ABSTRACT : eee Ges be" (i Lh The root anatomy of about 140 P P g of Hymenoasplenium and nearly all satellite genera of Asplenium such as Ceterach, Diellia, Loxoscaphe and Pleurosorus. The division of the family into two genera, Asplenium and Hymenoasplenium, is supported by characters of the root cortex. The occurrence of sclereids with an eccentric lumen (asplenium-sclereids) distinguishes Asplenium from Hymenoasplenium as well as from all other ferns. Root anatomical characters are mostly constant at the species level and therefore they are an appropriate marker for species groups of Asplenium. A probably monophyletic group (A. aethiopicum group) is recognised by the unusual cell pattern of the inner root cortex. However. investigations are needed to compare root characters with other characters. INTRODUCTION The Aspleniaceae is of critical interest in ferns as an advanced cosmopolitan group that includes more than 700 species. These shows great variability in morphological characters and ecological specializations as epiphytes, epipetrics and others. The classification of Aspleniaceae has been discussed in recent literature and the accepted number of genera varies from only one (Kramer & Viane 1990) to 17 (Pichi Sermolli 1977, Tryon 1982). Some older concepts of genera such as Ceterach, Phyllitis and others are no longer recognised because of the occurrence of hybrids (Lovis 1973). Furthermore Kramer and Viane (1990) stressed that these groups are wholly unnatural because they are founded on one easily observable character of little taxonomic weight. Investigations are needed that deal with large numbers of species as well as a wide variety of characters such as spores, stomata, etc. (Viane 1977, Viane 1988, Saiki et al. 1989). Analysis based on large data sets may clarify the phylogeny of this group and may result in a basis for segregation of apparent parallelism (Holttum 1974, Puttock & Quinn 1980). An example is the delimitation of Hymenoasplenium that is supported through various morphological characters and rbcL-gene sequences (Murakami & Moran 1993, Murakami 1995). MATERIAL & METHODS Root samples were collected from living plants in botanical gardens (Kaiserslautern, Munchen, Tubingen and Zurich) and during field trips in Central Europe, Malaysia and Ecuador. Freshly sampled roots fixed in 70% ethanol and their vouchers are deposited in the Herbarium of the University of Zurich (Z). However, most of the roots investigated come from the herbaria of the University of Zurich (Z, ZT) and the Natural History Museum London (BM). Dried roots were preserved in 10% tioventin solution for one to three days. Longitudinal and transverse sections were produced with a freezing microtome and examined by optical microscopy using polarized The roots of c.140 species have been studied including members of Hymenoasplenium and various satellite genera such as Antigramma, Ceterach, Diellia, Diplora, Loxoscaphe, Pleurosorus and Schaffneria. The collections represent the broad systematic relations as well as different ecological adaptations. ROOT ANATOMY OF ASPLENIACEAE 161 The roots of Aspleniaceae have a similar construction to other advanced ferns (Schneider 1996). From a taxonomic view point cross-sections illustrate all characters well and longitudinal sections do not provide additional information. The outermost limit of the root is the one cell layer thick rhizodermis which usually possesses a large number of root hairs. The adjacent cortex consists two regions, an outer cortex with thin walled cells and an inner cortex with ve thick walled cells. The central cylinder of the root is bounded by the one cell layer thick, secondary endodermis, within which pericycle comprises one or rarely two layers of parenchymatous cells. The metaxylem occupies the centre and the two protoxylem poles with ree to four tracheids are located in an exarch position opposite each other. The number of tracheids (4 -16) in the metaxylem correlates with the size of the plant, whereas the structure of the cortex shows a systematically relevant diversity. Two root types are discriminated, one with five subtypes and eight varieties, the second with one variety. The root types differ in the number of cell layers and the cell types mainly in the inner root cortex. The outer cortex is always parenchymatous and only the number of cell layers varies between species. The following types are distinguished. type | (asplenium-type) is marked by presence of typical sclereid-like cells. These cells, i described by Rumpf (1904) for Asplenium scolopendrium L. and A. oop oe ave an extremely thick inner cell wall whereas the outer one is more or less thin. They a pentagonal in shape in transverse sections and the cell walls have a yellow to red sie ocarely dark brown) colour caused by impregnation with tannins and other phenolic components. In longitudinal sections the cells have a typical trapezoid shape. In primitive members (A. scolopendrium) the cells have a length of 0.6 - 0.9 mm, whilst in more derived species (A. trichomanes) they are shorter (0.3 - 0.4 mm). These cells are named asplenium-sclereids. Su s 1.1 to 1.3 have different numbers of cell layers of the inner cortex, whereas in the subtype 1.1 the inner cortex consists of more than 3 cell layers of asplenium-sclereids in which all cells have the same size in transverse section. Subtype 1.3 has only one cell layer. In the subtype 1.2 the inner cortex is composed of more than one cell layer but the cells of the innermost cell layer are larger in size in transverse section than those of the rest of the inner cortex. Transitions are found between1l.1 and 1.2 and between 1.2 and 1.3. The differences of su ih s result mostly from differences in cell divisions of the initial cells nee root development. Initial cells of the inner cortex make only anticlinal divisions in subtype these of 1.2 and 1.1 divide in anti- and periclinal directions. Therefore it is no surprise that young plants sometimes show roots of subtype 1.3 whereas the adult plants possess roots of 1.1. In contrast to subtypes 1.1 to 1.3 the innermost cell layer in subtype 1.4 always consists of six cells whereas this layer in 1.1 to 1.3 consists of ten or more cells. This reduction is caused by a omission of cell divisions in the innermost cell layer. In some — (1.4.b) the inner cell wall is not as thickened as that in 1.4.a and therefore a larger lumen exists. The remaining cortex consists of none to three further layers of normal asplenium- sahaek and three to four parenchymatous outer cell layers. Transitions are missing between subtype 1.4 and the other types. A further interesting construction is seen in the root of A.alatum Willd. (subtype 1.5) which possesses the same cell composition in the inner cortex as subtype 1.1, but the inner walls have a relatively weak wall thickening. A further structure of the inner cortex is the existence of passage cells. These cells have a thinner inner cell wall and a larger number of pits in the walls compared with other of the inner cortex. They are located on the protoxylem poles. In some species the cells of the outer cortex have spiral wall thickenings whereas normally they have thin walls. Characters of widespread occurrence are starch grains and tannin vacuoles. Both have little taxonomic weight because they do not show a constant distribution. Type 2 (hymenoasplenium-type) do not possess asplenium-sclereids and include all species of Hymenoasplenium. The inner cortex of these roots shows only a few cell layers and the cells 162 FERN GAZETTE: VOLUME 15 PART 5 (1997) have more or less thickened walls. However, in contrast to Asplenium, all walls of one cell develop the same thickness. The species of Hymenoasplenium vary in the structure of the inner cortex; this may have different numbers of cell layers, various numbers of cells in each layer and, in particular, different thickness of the cell walls. The hymenoasplenium-type is only a variant of the dennstaedtia-type that is found in roots of most genera of advanced fern families (Schneider 1996). A. Key to the Root cortex types Roots are classified in a hierarchical system with three steps; type (1 and 2), three subtypes (1-1, 1.2, ete.), varieties’ (1zp; 1.1.ps, €te:). 1. Asplenium-type: The inner cortex consists asplenium-sclereids, while the outer one is parenchymatous. 1.1. Marinum-type: The inner cortex consists more than one cell layer of asplenium- sclereids. The outer cortex consists of more than one cell layer of thin walled cells. 1.1.p: The inner cortex possess passage cells in the inner cortex: 1.1.s: The outer cortex possess cells with spiral wall thickenings in the outer cortex. 1.1.ps: Both characters (spiral wall thickenings and passage cells) are combined. 1.2. Adiantum-nigrum-type: The root cortex has the same structure as in the marinum-type but cells of the innermost cell layer are much larger in size than the remaining inner cortical cells. 1.2.p & 1.2.s: Consist of the combinations of this cortex type with passage cells or spiral wall thickenings. 1.3. Ceterach-type: The inner cortex has only one or very rarely two cell layers of asplenium-sclereids. The number of sclereids is ten or more in the layer. The outer cortex has two or more layers of thin walled cells. 1.3.p & 1.3.s: Consist of the combinations of this cortex type with passage cells or spiral wall thickenings. 1.4.2 Aethiopicum-type: This type is distinguished from the first three types bythe innermost layer of the inner cortex. This layer consists only of six cells, whereas this layer in all other subtypes has ten or more cells. The inner cortex is composed of one dominant innermost layer of six asplenium-sclereids with a large size in cross-sections and none to three more layers of asplenium- sclereids with more than six cells. The outer cortex has three or more layers of thin walled cells. 1.4.b Flabelliforme-type: Very simliar to 1.4.a, but the cells of the inner cortex show a larger lumen, because the inner cell wall is less thickened. 1.5. Alatum-type: The inner cortex consists of one to three layers of cells with thickened inner walls and thin outer ones, but the thickness of the inner wall is distinctly thinner than other asplenium-sclereids. ymenoasplenium-type: The inner cortex is composed of a different number of cells with more or less thickened walls. In contrast to type | the inner and the outer walls show the same thickness. The mostly thick outer cortex has a different number of parenchymatous cell layers. 2.p: Roots with the combination of this inner cortex with passage cells. to B. Occurrences of root types in the investigated species of Aspleniaceae 1. Marinum type: A. anisophyllum Kunze, A. annetii (Jeanp.) Alston, A. argentinum Hieron., A. atroviride Schelpe, A. bullatum Wall., A. fontanum (L.) Bernh., A. marinum L., A. ROOT ANATOMY OF ASPLENIACEAE 163 myriophyllum (Sw.) C.Presl, A. pteropus Kaulf. 1.1.p: A. abscissum Willd., A. abyssinicum Fee, A. achilleifolium (Lam.) C.Chr., A. acrobryum Christ, A. brasiliense Sw., A. douglasii Hook., A. d’urivillei Mett., A. enatum Brack., A. erectum Bory, A. fissum Kit., A. hemionitis L., A. lunulatum Sw., A. nidus L., A. scolopendrium L., A. thunbergii Kunze, A. tocaraimense Rosenst., A. tucunanese Hieron., A. ulbrechtii Rosenst. L.1.s: A. amboinense Willd., A. angustum Sw., A. gemmiferum Schrad., A. gibberosum (G.Forst.) Mett., A. obtusatum G.Forst. 1.1.ps: A. diplaziosorum Hieron., A. elliotii C-H.Wright 1.2. Adiantum-nigrum type: A. adiantum-nigrum L., A. adulterinum Milde, A. boltonti Hook., A. bugoiense Hieron., A. feei Kunze, A. foreziense Legrand, A. formosum Willd., A. lucidum G.Forst., A. monanthes L., A. mucronatum C.Presl, A. normale D.Don, A. obovatum Viv., A. radicans L., A. rutaceum (Willd.) Mett., A. ruta-muraria L., A. sagittatum (DC.) Bange, A. sessilifolium Desv., A. tenuifolium D.Don., A. tripteropus Nakai, A. yunnanense Franch., Diellia erecta Brack. 1.2.p: A. obovatum sensu lanceolatum P.Silva 1.2.8: A. africanum Desv., A. longicauda Hook. 3. Ceterach type: A. aichstonii Fraser-Jenk. & Reichst., A. aureum Cav., A. auriculatum (Thunb.) Kuhn, A. auritum Sw., A. austrobrasiliense (Christ) Maxon, A. barteri Hook., A. billettii Christ, A. bipartitum Bory, A. bipinnatifidum Baker, A. ceterach L., A. cuspidatum Lam., A. delavayi (Franch.) Copel., A. divergens Mett., A. dognyense Rosenst., A. ensiforme Wall., A. exiguum Bedd., Diellia falcata Brack., A. formosae Christ, A. hapalophyllum Rosenst., A. heterochroun Kunze, A. negripes (Fee) Hook., A. pulchellum Raddi, A. quitense Hook., A. repens Hook., A. rhizophyllum L.., A. septentrionale (L.) Hoffm., A. subglandulosum (Hook. & Grev.) Salvo, Prada, & Diez, A. suppositum Hieron., A. tenerum G.Forst., A. tenuicaule Hayata, A. trichomanes L., A. trilobum Cav., A. triphyllum C.Presl, A. tuerckheimti Maxon, A. variablilis Hook., A. varians Wall., A. vieillardii Mett., A. vittaeforme Cav., A. vulcanicum Blume, A. wrightti — aton 1.3.8: A. daucifolium Lam., A. dregeanum Kunze, A. sandersonit Hook., A. scalare Rosenst., A. theciferum (Humb.,Bonpl. et Kunth) Mett., A. viviparoides Kuhn 1.4.a Aethiopicum type: A. actinopteroides A.Peter, A. aethiopicum (Burm.f.) Bech., A. affine Sw., A. attenuatum R.Br., A. blastophorum Hieron., A. brassei C.Chr., A. caudatum G.Forst., A. dissectum Sw., A. elmeri Christ, A. exhaustum (Christ) Alston, A. finlaysonianum Wall., A. linckii Kuhn, A. lobulatum Sw., A. macrophyllum Sw., A. praemorsum Sw., A. schizocarpum (Copel.) Copel., A. serra Langsd. & Fisch., A. uhligtt Hieron., A. yoshinageum Makino, A. zamiaefolium Willd. 1.4.b Flabellifolium-type: A. flabellifolium Kunze, A. volkensti Hieron., A. willfordii Mett. 1.5. Alatum Type: 1.5.p.: A. alatum Willd. 2. Hymenoasplenium type: A.. cheilosorum Kunze, A. hoffmanii Hieron., A. laetum Sw., A. obliquissimum Hayata, A. riparium Liebm.., A. triquetrum N.Murak. & R.C.Moran, A. unilaterale Lam. 2.p: H. delitescens (Maxon) L.D.Gomez, H. excisum C.Presl Remarks: The Aspleniwm synonyms are used for Hymenoasplenium because only few recombinations are in existence. However, all examined specimens of Hymenoasplenium have roots of the hymenoasplenium-type. The two species of Diellia are given as these combinations, because none are available for Asplenium. FERN GAZETTE: VOLUME I|5 PART 5 (1997) 164 ROOT ANATOMY OF ASPLENIACEAE 165 LZ a> S) < CS SS SARL Chey ay KN 4, % as * Figures 1-7. Cross-sections of the root cortex. Fig. 1. Asplenium delitescens (Maxon) L.D.Gomez (Hymenoaplenium). Fig. 2. Aplenium marinum L. Fig. 3. Asplenium adulterinum Milde. Fig. 4. Aplenium aureum Cav. Fig. 5. Asplenium willfordii Mett. Fig. 6. Asplenium aethiopicum (Burm.f.). Fig. 7. Asplenium alatum Willd. Bar lines 82um ; A, asplenium-sclereids; C, central-cylinder: E. endodermis; P. parenchymatous cells: R, rhizodermis; S, sclerenchymatous cells: T, passage cell Discussion Two genera are delimited in the Aspleniaceae based on the character of asplenium-sclereids. This cell type represents a unique character of the genus Asplenium and distinguishes this genus from Hymenoasplenium and all other advanced ferns. Other proposed genera in the family have very similar root anatomy and roots morphology does not provide support for segregation of the following genera - Antigramma, Camptosorus, C eterach, Diellia, Diplora, Loxoscaphe, Phyllitis, Pleurosorus, and Sinephropterts. The roots of Hymenoasplenium show a primitive (or plesiomorph) character state in comparison with roots of other advanced fern families because the occurrence of sclerenchymatous inner cortex formed by cells with equal thick cell walls characterized 166 FERN GAZETTE: VOLUME 15 PART 5 (1997) Dryopteridaceae, larger parts of Blechnaceae and the primitive genera of Woodsiaceae (Schneider 5 imitive species of Asplenium such as A. scolopendrium (Murakami 1995) possess an inner root cortex with many cell layers of asplenium-sclereids and a thick parenchymatous outer cortex. Advanced species show a reduction of the number of cortical cell layers. Especially the numbers of cell layer of the inner cortex are reduced to one in more advanced species. The lower number of cell layers correlates with modification of asplenium-sclereids, increase of cell size in transverse sections and a decrease of cell length. In an intermediate state (subtype 1.2) the cells of the innermost cortex layer have a larger size in transverse sections compared with cells a - surrounding inner cortex layers. Roots of this type are described for the satellite genus lia (Wagner 1953) also found in the A. trichomanes group. This similarity supports eee proposed by Wagner (1953). The subtypes 1.1 to 1.3 present a more or less continuous progression whereas roots of type 1.4 have probably arisen from 1.2 without transitions. The existence of more than one sclerenchymatous cell layer suggests a second progression line from subtype 1.2 to 1.4, parallel to the line 1.1 to 1.2 to 1.3. Roots with the subtype 1.4 have been found in 18 species that include the A. caudatum group (Holttum 1966) and the A. praemorsum group (Christ 1897). Both _. oo parts of a monophyletic section, named as the A. aethiopicum group. However, comparisons are needed with other character complexes. Certainly the lower number of cell en results from reduction in the number of cell divisions during the root ontogeny but, as described by Gifford (1991), the inner cortex originates from a one-cell layer of initial cells. The reduced number of asplenium- sclereids is clearly a neoteny which may evolve more than once. However, it is certainly an evolutionary trend and perhaps the specialised innermost cell layer has independently evolved in subtypes 1.4 and 1.2 Another interesting root is shown in A. alatum which may be reflect either a secondary reduction of the cell wall thickness of the asplenium-sclereids (neoteny) or a primitive character Evolutionary scheme of root characters of Aspleniaceae i3 a Dennstaedtia-type > 2 —» 1.1 -—» 1.2 a 1.4 state. A similar reduction of wall thickness found in subtype 1.4.b that is a modification of 1.4-a. The significance of the number of cell layers and the size of their cells needs more examination because they may be correlated with the ploidy level. Similar correlation has been demonstrated for size of stomata (Viane 1988). Other characters of the cortex such as passage cells and spiral wall thickenings occur in other not closely related ferns and they may result from parallel evolution. Spiral wall thickenings can often be found in epiphytic fern genera and those cells probably have similar functions to similar cells in the velamen of epiphytic Orchidaceae (Schneider 1996). Examples for epiphytic ferns with these cells are Grammitidaceae, Polypodiaceae, and Vittariaceae (proparte) but other epiphytic fern families lack such cells (Davalliaceae). Some typical epiphytic Asplenium species (A. theciferum) possess spiral wall thickenings while others lack ROOT ANATOMY OF ASPLENIACEAE 167 this character (A. nidus). However, some ferns growing on moist rocks (A. africanum, A. daucifolium) have these cells in the outer cortex. No other characters of the cortex show such clear correlation with habit. Members of A. praemorsum group often grow in dryer conditions, but those of the A. caudatum group are mostly epiphytes (Kornas 1979, Burrows 1990, Tryon & Stolze 1993). Thin roots of the type 1.3 are often found in species growing on walls and rocks (Kramer 1984) which may be related to the small root space in those substrates. The significance of the established root types must be proved byfurther studies in comparison with other character complexes. Only a small proportion of the 700 or more species have been investigated but root characters may be a useful character in studies of the evolutionary position of the family as well as their members. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Dr M. Gibby and Dr J.C. Vogel for a very successful stay in the Natural History Museum, London, during which the concept of this paper was created. Further thanks are given to Dr E. Seubert for assistance with the illustrations. REFERENCES Burrows, J.E. 1990. Southern African ferns and fern allies. Frandson, Sandton. Christ, H. 1897. Die Farnkraeuter der Erde. Fischer Press, Jena. Gifford, E.M. 1991. The root apical meristem of Auniiention bulbiferum, structure and development. Amer.J. Bot. 78: 370-37 Holttum, R.E. 1966. Ferns of Malaya (Reviced Flora of Malaya, Vol. II.) 2nd ed. Govt.Print. Offices, Singapore. Holttum, R.E. 1974. Asplenium Linn., sect. Thamnopteris Presl.. Gard.Bull.Singapore 27: 143- 154. Kornas, J. 1979. Distributon and ecology of the Pteridophytes in Zambia. Polska Akademia auk Wydzial II Nauk Biologicznych. Kramer, K.U. 1984. Pteridophyta. In: Hegi, G.: Illustrierte Flora von Mitteleuropa. Vol. 1, part 1, 3. edit., Parey Press, Berlin. Kramer, K.U. & Viane, R.1990. Aspleniaceae. In: Kramer, K.U. & Green, P.S. (eds.). Families and genera of vascular plants. Vol I. Pterdophytes and Gymnosperms. Springer Press, New York, pp. 52- j Lovis, J.D. 1973. aap approach to phylogenetic aera and its applications to the Aspleniaceae. In: Jermy, A.C., Crabbe, J A. & Thomas, B.A. a ). The phylogeny and classification of the ferns. Bot. pene ee 67, tert 1: 211-22 Murakami, N. & Moran, R.C. 1993. Monograph of the Neotropical see of Asplenium sect. Hymenoasplenium (Aspleniaceae). Ann.Missouri Bot. Gard. -38. Murakami, N. 1995. Systematics and evolutionary biology of the feet genus Hymenoasplenium (Aspleniaceae). J. Plant Res. 108: 257-268. Pichi Sermolli, R.E.G. 1977. Tentamen pteridophytorum genera in taxonomicum ordinem redigendi. Webbia 31: 313-512. Puttock, C.F. & Quinn, C.J. 1980. Perispore morphology and the taxonomy of the Australian Aspleniaceae. Aust.J.Bot. 28: 305-322 Rumpf, G. 1904. Rhizodermis, Hypodermis und Endodermis der Farnwurzeln. Biblioth.Bor. 13: 1-48, pl. 1-4. Saiki, Y., Matsumoto, M. & Mitsuda, Y. (1989). Vascular patterns in the petioles of Asplenium. In: Shing, K.H. & Kramer, wae cig Proc. Intern. Symp. Syst. Pterid. China Science and Technoly Press. Bijing, pp. 2 Schneider, H. 1996. Vergleichende —— der Farne. Shaker Press, Aachen Tryon, R.M. & Tryon, A.F. 1982. Ferns and allied plants with special references of tropical America. Springer Press, Berlin. NewYork 168 FERN GAZETTE: VOLUME 15 PART 5 (1997) Tryon, R.M. & Stolze, R.G. 1993. Pteridophyta of Peru. Part V. 18. Aspleniaceae - 21. Polypodiaceae. Fieldiana Bot. n.s. Viane, R. 1977. Spore ees and sseuncatel characters in some Kenyan Asplenium-species. Ber. Dtsch. Bot.Ges. 90: 219-239. Viane, R. 1988. rr ning of European pteridophytes. In: Rita, J. (eds.). Taxonomia, biografia y conservacion de pteridofitos. Inst. Menorqui diEstudis, Mallorca, pp. 69-90. Wagner, W.H. Jr. 1953. An Asplenium prototype of the genus Diellia. Bull.Torrey Bot.Club. 80:76-94 FERN GAZ. 15(5) 1997 169 FERNS OF THE BLACK SEA REGION OF TURKEY: CHOROLOGICAL AND ECOLOGICAL STUDIES O. BENLIOGLU* G. KAYNAK™, G. TARIMCILAR™ ice Universitesi, Fen- Edebiyat Fakiiltesi, Biyoloyi Boliimii, - iitahya-TURKIYE **Uludas Universitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakiiltesi, Biyoloji Boliimu, Bursa- TURKIYE Key words: Ferns, chorology, ecology, Black Sea Region, Turkey ABSTRACT This study is based on the chorological and ecological investigation of fern species collected from Black Sea regions between 1993-1995 and the observations made in field. In the study area, distribution of 40 fern species belonging to 18 genera has been established. Genera treated are Osmunda, Cheilanthes, Adiantum, Preris, Cryptogramma, Polypodiwn, Preridium, Oreopteris, Phegopteris, Asplenium, Matteucia, Athyriwn, Gymnocarpiwn, Cystopteris, Woodsia, Polystichum, Dryopteris, Blechnum. Ecological properties of these species have 1 based on rock and soil samples collected in the area, as well as investigation of the gaat environment. INTRODUCTION specimens collected during floristic studies in this area have been reported in the literature es 1965, 1988: Demiriz et al. 1969; Coskun 1978; Kiling and Ozen 1988; Kutbay et al 1995; Ozen and Kiling 1995; Kaynak et al 1996). However, no thorough chorological and ecological investigation of the fern species found in this area has been reported, even though the Black Sea region is very rich in several of the species. The purpose of this investigation was to establish the ecological properties and distribution of fern species in this region on the basis of their growth environment. The area studied is the northern part of Turkey and includes squares A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8 and A9 of the system established in the “Flora of Turkey “ by P. H. Davis. In this region an oceanic climate is dominant which is characterised by the absence of dry seasons. However, in some areas near the shore and in the interior region a seiiige nie climate is also encountered. Accordingly, in Abana, Gerze, Trabzon, Sinop, Ayancik, Alagam a and Samsun, a Western Me Feil rainfall pattern is observed with an annual rainfall of 680 to 1050 mm, and a dry summer season which lasts between one to four months. In the regions of Karabuk. Safranbolu, Tasova, Erbaa, Niksar and Resadiye, an Eastern Mediterranean rainfall pattern 1s dominant, as “onan by a dry summer season longer than three months and average annual rain fall n 304 and 475 mm. In the region known as the pre-Black Sea, which includes Bolu, —_ Kastamonu, Giimiishane, Tasképrii and Ladik, the annual rainfall is between 360 and 850 mm. On the coastal areas of Black Sea region, an oceanic climate is dominant, characterised by the absence of a dry summer season. Annual rainfall in this area is consequently quite high. The amount of annual rainfall increases progressively towards the eastern regions, ‘being between 925 and 1200 mm in the west, while reaching up to 2400 mm in the eastern regions. Rainy seasons are autumn and winter. The dominant vegetation type in the region is forest. At lower altitudes the forest type is deciduous, including Fagus orientalis, Castanea sativa, Carpinus orientalis, C. betulus, Acer campestre, A. trauty etteri, Alnus glutinosa, A. barbata, Rhododendron ponticum, and R. flavum , while at higher altitudes the forest type changes to conifers including species like Abies gerricint teen A. bornmuelleriana, Pinus sylvestris and Picea orientalis. On the coastal areas of the Black Sea region the dominant vegetation pa is dense maquis formed by Pistacia atlantica, F palaestiana, Arbutus andrachne, A. unedo, Rhamnus elaternus, Myrtus communis, Quercus ilex, Paliurus aust) ‘alis and Phillyrea bate, 170 FERN GAZETTE: VOLUME 15 PART 5 (1997) Table 1: Numbers of taxa and genera of the fern families represented in Black Sea region. FAMILY GENERA TAXA Osmundaceae 1 ] Adiantaceae 3 3 Pteridaceae 1 1 Polypodiaceae 1 3 Dennstaedtiaceae 1 1 Thelypteridaceae 2 2 Aspleniaceae 1 1] Woodsiaceae 5 6 Dryopteridaceae Z 1] Blechnaceae 1 1 TOTAL 18 40 MATERIALS AND METHODS Fern specimens included in this study were collected from western (Sakarya, Bolu, Zonguldak, Bartin), central (Kastamonu, Sinop, Corum, Amasya, Samsun) and eastern (Ordu, Giresun, Trabzon, Rize, Artvin) Black Sea Regions between 1993 and 1995. The authors have visited 123 localities (between 0-2600 m. altitudes). This material oye of 450 specimens deposited to be found in the Herbarium of the Faculty of Science and Art, Un niversity of Uludag (BULU). Identification of specimens was based on Flora of Turkey ( “es 1965) and other related studies (Coskun 1978, Kaynak et al. in press). Ecological properties and growth environment of specimens collected from the area were determined on the basis of soil samples taken from the growth environment, along with rock samples, if possible, and meteorological data. Data on pH and CaCO3 content of soil samples collected are summarised in Table 2. CaCO3 content was determined by Scheibler calcimeter and pH was measured using Ingolds pH electrodes. Identification of rock samples was carried out by Dumlupinar University Geology Department. Data for the types of rocks on which fern species were collected and average annual rainfall in the fern growth areas are summarised in Table 3. OSMUNDACEAE Osmunda regalis A8: ARTVIN: Arlesvk around Dikyamag village, under mixed forest of Fagus, Carpinus, Alnus with mainly Corylus, Rhododendron shrub layer, 450 m., 27.7.1995, O.Benlioglu, BULU 18. - ?. Ciftek6prii, 200 m., 27.7.1995, O.Benlioglu, BULU 9408. ADIANTACEA Crypogramma crispa (L.) R.Br. ex Hooker 8: ARTVIN: Arhavi; between Dikyamag village and Yayla road, rocky places, 600m.,27.7.1995, N. Simsek, BULU 9407. Cheilanthes marantae (L.) Domin subsp. marantae A 5: KASTAMONU: Tosya; between Tosya and Ciftlik, rocky places, 1120 m., 21.8.1994, N. Simsek, BULU 8941B. A 8: RIZE: Ispir; screes of Giiltepe village, on rocks, 1200 m., 15.7.1995, N. Simsek, BULU 9524 B. Adiantum capillus-veneris L. A 4: KASTAMONU: Abana, around YakaGren, rocks, 200 m., 26.8.1994, G.Kaynak et TURKISH BLACK SEA FERN STUDIES 171 G.Tarimcilar, BULU 9057. - between Cide and Kurucasile, damp rocks in forest, 1050 Hilt — 8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimcilar, BULU 9130. - Amasra; Amasra to Bartin, 3 on damp rocks, 28.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimcilar, BULU 9141. A5: oe between Kargi and Osmancik, before the province border of Corum, on damp rocks, 315 m., 24.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 8977. A 7: GIRESUN: Dereli, rocky places, 140 m., 25.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, sti 7758 A. - Kesap to Espiye, 10 km., edge of water in Fagus and a forest, : 25.7.1995, O.Benlioglu, BULU 9402. - TRABZON: Trabzon 19 km., to Macka, pat nd on wet rocks, 500 m.,26.8.1993, G.Kaynak , G.Tarimeilar, BULU 7806 A A 8: RIZE: Cayeli; 7,5 km. to Cayeli, in the vicinities of Ségutli village, on damp and shady rocks, 28.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimcilar, BULU 7857 B. - ARTVIN: 1,5 km to Ardanu¢ crossroad, around Diizliice, on wet rocks, 240 m., 29.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tanmeilar, BULU 7885. - Ardanug; between Ardanug and Kutul, Yalnizgam mountain, on rocks, 1230 m., 29.81993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimcilar, BULU 789 PTERIDACEAE Pteris cretica L A 6: ORDU: Giilyali; Kestane village, under Corylus plantation, 200 m., 29.7.1995, O.Benlioglu, BULU 9401. A7: GIRESUN: Kesap- Espiye, 10 km., under Fagus and Castanea forest, Mii, 29. AoO, O.Benlioglu, BULU 9397. A 8: RIZE: Ikizdere: crossroad to Kalkandere, underwood, 350 m., 27.8.1993, G. Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 7822 B. - Camlihemsin; Palovit valley, roadside, 800-850 m., 28.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimcilar, BULU 7880 B. - Hopa; Sarp, roadside and edge of forest, 0 m., 29.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 7981 A. - ARTVIN: Arhavi; around Dikyamag village, 420-450 m., 27.7.1995, O. Benlioglu, BULU 7873. POLYPODIACEAE oo vulgare L. 3: BOLU: Yedigéller, on damp rocks in forest, 310 m., 28.8.1994, G.Kaynak and Lan BULU 9174. - in the vicinities of Asalar, on rocks, 140 m., 29.9.1995, G.Tanmeilar, BULU 9390. - ZONGULDAK: Kizilcapinar, around Sinitli village, under Quercus bushes, 80 m., 30.9.1995, G.Tarrmeilar, BULU 9398 A 4: KASTAMONU: between Inebolu and Kiire. 11 km. to Ersizler, rocky places in mixed forest (Fagus, Carpinus, Castanea ) , 800 m., 27.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimceilar, BULU 9063. - Agli; between Agli and Senpazar, in the vicinities of Sada village, under Abies forest, 920 m., 27.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 9077. - around Valay village, under Fagus forest, 640 m., 29.8. 1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 9091. A 5: SINOP: Ayancik to Yenikonak, 6 km., slopes of Cangal mountain, under mixed forest (Platanus, Acer, Ulmus, Quercus ), 330 m., 26.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 9024 A. A 6: ORDU: Camas; around Giingéren, roadside, 700 m., 24.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimcilar, BULU 9076. - around Giirgentepe, roadside, | 180 m., 24.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 7748. A 7: GIRESUN: Gorele; 7 km. W of — roadside, on rocks, 60 m., 26.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimcilar, BULU 7800 A 8: RIZE: Ikizdere; around Camlik — under forest, 1300 m., 27.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarmcilar, BULU 7839 A. - Camlihemsin; 2 km. to Képriibasi, on rocks, 130 m., 28.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarmeilar, BULU 7858 B. - ARTVIN: Sarp; 5 km. from Kemalpasa on the way to Sarp, roadside, steep rocks, 0 m., 29.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 7917. 172 FERN GAZETTE: VOLUME 15 PART 5 (1997) P. interjectum Shivas 3: BOLU: Devrek; on the way to Yedigéller, 25 km to Yedigéller National Park, rocky slopes, 230 m., 28.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimcilar, BULU 9156. A 4: KASTAMONU: between Senpazar and Cide, under mixed forest, 960 m., 27.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimcilar, BULU 9108. A 7: TRABZON: Of; between Of and Hayrat, rocks, 200 m., 26.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimcilar, BULU 7809 A. A 8: TRABZON: Caykara, streamside, wet rocks, 230 m., 27.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 7812. - above Atabey, on rocks fissures in Picea forest, 660 m., 28.7.1995, O.Benlioglu, BULU 7871.- RIZE: Cayeli; 7,5 km., to Cayeli, in the vicinities of Sogiitlii village, rocks, 28.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tammcilar, BULU 7844. - ARTVIN: Arhavi; between Arhavi and Dikyamag village, on walls and stones, 200 m., 27.7.1995, O.Benlioslu, BULU 7767. P. cambricum L. A 6: ORDU: in the vicinities of Uzunali, on stone walls, 875 m., 24.8.1995, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 7786. A 7: TRABZON: Magka; around Zigana pass, on rock fissures in P. slyvestris forest, 2000 m., 26.7.1995, O.Benlioglu, BULU 7839. - GIRESUN: Dereli; on the way to Kiimbet yayla, around Camurkéy, streamside, on tree, 870 m., 25.8.1995, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimceilar, 7758 B DENNSTAEDTIACEAE ridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn A 3: BOLU: Devrek; on the way to Yedigiller, 25 km. to Yedigéller National Park, roadside, 230 m., 28.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimcilar, BULU 9157. - SAKARYA: between Karasu and Akcakoca, streamside, under Corylus plantation, 70 m., 29.9.1995, G.Tarimeilar, BULU 9385. - Kocaali to Ortakéy, 5 km., roadside, 180 m., 29.9.1995, BULU 9388. - Akcakoca, under Corylus_ plantation, 60 m., 30.9.1995, G.Tarimceilar, BULU 9392. - in the vicinities of Abant lake, edge of forest, 1350 m., 1.10.1995, G.Tarimeilar, BULU 9424.- ZONGULDAK: Devrek: between Eregli and Devrek, around Delihakki, under bushes, 20 m., 30.9. 1995, G.Tarimeilar, BULU 9394. - around Yazicilar, under Quercus oak, 30.9.1995, G.Tarimeilar, BULU 9395. - near Buldan bridge, 20 m., 30.9.1995, G.Tarimeilar, BULU 9409, : ZONGULDAK: Caycuma; | km to Hisarénii, maquis, 14 m., 30.9.1995, G.Tarimcilar, BULU 9411. - 8 km.th.from Zonguldak on the way to Beycuma, streambed, 22 “5 1.10.1995, G.Tarimcilar, BULU 9416. - BOLU: between Mengen and Gékcesu, Rubus bushes, 576 m., 1.10.1995. - KASTAMONU: Aracg; 12 km.th. from Arag on the way to Daday, mixed forest of P. nigra, Quercus. Ulmus, 1040 m., 22.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 8908. - Daday; between Daday and Azdavay, under Abies forest, 1400 m., 21.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 8921. - Akkaya; 9 km.th. from Akkaya on the way to Tosya, streamside, 880 m., 23.8. 1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimceilar, BULU 8937. - Inebolu: road to Kiire, roadside, 440 m., 27.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 9061.- Ash; between Agh and Senpazar, around Hidirlar village, under Fagus forest, 790 m., 29.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tanmeilar, BULU 9082. - Senpazar; between Senpazar and Cide, 20 km th.. to Cide, edge of forest, 890 m., 27.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tanmeilar, BULU 9113. A 5: AMASYA: 10 km. th. from Amasya on the way to Tasova, roadside, 385 m., 25.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tanmcilar, BULU 8991. - SAMSUN: Bafra: between Alacam and Camalti, rocks, roadside, 1000 m., 25.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimcilar, BULU 9008 A. - P: Ayancik; Giirgendibi, edge of forest, 70 m., 25.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarmeilar, BULU 9014. - Ayancik; between Ayancik and Gikgeagac, W slopes of Cangal mountain,330 m., 25.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimcilar, BULU 9026. - > £ TURKISH BLACK SEA FERN STUDIES iis KASTAMONU: Abana; between Catalzeytin and Abana, mixed forest of Platanus, Acer, Quercus, 200 m., 26.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimcilar, BULU 9055. - between Tosya and Ciftlik road, roadside, 1560 m., 23.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 941A A 6: ORDU: Camas; around Giingéren, roadside, 700 m., 24.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 7737. - SAMSUN: Kavak; between Kavak and Kolay, 2 km. to Cakiralan village, roadside, 660 m., 25.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 9004. - Tasova: 13 km. th. from Tasova to Ladik, roadside, 860 m., 25.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 8999. A 7: GIRESUN: Dereli; tasocagi location, under Corylus plantation, 90 m., 25.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 7753. - TRABZON: 19 km. to Magka, roadside, 500 m., 26.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 7805. - Magka; 9 km. to Desirmendere village, along rivulet and rocky places, 850 m., 26.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarmeilar, BULU 7808. A 8: RIZE: Camlik, edge of forest, 1400 m., 27.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarmmeilar, BULU 7838. - Camlihemsin: roadside, 440 m., 28.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tanmeilar, BULU 7867. - ARTVIN: Ardanuc; between Ardanug and Kutul, Yalnizgam mountain, under Picea forest, 1600 m., 29.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar,BULU 7892. - Borgka, roadside, 260 m., G.Kaynak and G.Tanmeilar, BULU 7900. - Sarp; 5 km. th. from Kemalpasa on the way to Sarp, roadside, streep rocks, 0 m., 29.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 7920. A 9: ARTVIN: Ardanu¢; between Ardanug and Savsat, roadside, 1800 m., 30.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 7895. THELYPTERIDACEAE reopteris limbosperma (Bellardi ex All.) Holub A 6: ORDU: Camas; around Uzunali, roadside, damp slopes, 875 m., 24.8.1995, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimcilar, BULU 7741. - Giirgentepe; 5 km. th., from Giirgentepe to Giirgentepe pass, edge of forest, 1180 m., 24.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU TI41. A 7: GIRESUN: Dereli: between Giresun and Dereli, 8 km. to Calga, damp rocks, 140 m., 25.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimcilar, BULU 7759. - on the way to Kiimbet yayla: around Yiicekéy village, edge of Picea forest, 970 m, 25.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimcilar, BULU 7784. - Bulancak, under mixed forest of Fagus, Carpinus, Castanea forest, 30 m., 25.7.1995, O.Benlioglu, BULU 7742. A 8: TRABZON: between Caykara and Bayburt, N slopes of Soganli mountain, stony gorge, amongst rocks, 1800 m., 28.7.1995, O.Benlioglu, BULU 7743.- RIZE: Ardesen; between Ardesen and Camlihemsin, 12 km to Camlihemsin, edge of mixed forest, 130 m., 28.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tanmeilar, BULU 7855. - Camlithemsin; Palovit valley, edge of Picea forest, 800-850 m., 28.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tanmeilar, BULU 7744. - ARTVIN: Borcka: 49 km. th. from Artvin on the way to Bor¢gka, damp rocky slopes and wet soil, 670 m., 29.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimcilar, BULU 7908. Phegopteris connectilis (Michx) Watt A7: TRABZON: between macka and Meryemana, under Fagus, Carpinus, Alnus, Picea, torest, 1600-1700 m., 26.7.1995, O.Benlioglu, BULU 7856. A 8: TRABZON: Caykara; N slopes of Soganh mountain, amongst rocks, 1600 m., 28.7.1995. O.Benlioglu, BULU 7827. - RIZE: Ikizdere; Anzer yayla, under Picea forest. 1550-1650 m.,27.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 7832. ASPLENIACEAE Asplenium trichomanes L. subsp. trichomanes A 3: ZONGULDAK: between Eregli and Devrek, Diizpelit to Armutlucuma, 4+ km., under maquis, 270 m., 30.9.1995, G.Tarmmeilar, BULU 9405. - BOLU: Devrek: Egerci, damp rocks, 250 m., 28.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 9152. - Devrek; on the way 174 FERN GAZETTE: VOLUME 15 PART 5 (1997) toYedig6ller, 25 km. to Yedigéller National Park, damp rocks under forest, 230 m., 28.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 9155. A 4: KASTAMONU: Agh; between Agli and Senpazar, in the vicinities of Sada village, on rocks in Abies forest, 920 m., 27.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimcilar, BULU 7918 A. - around Valay village, on damp rocks in Fagus forest, 640 m., 29.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimcilar, BULU 9078. - Senpazar; between Senpazar wi Cide, 20 km. to Cide, on damp rock fissures, 890 m., 27.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 9092. BARTIN: Kurucasile, on rocks, 230 m., 28.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimcilar, BULU 9138. A 5: SINOP: Boyabat, 9 km. to Saraydiizii, around Yenicekéyii, rocks and edge of Pinus forest, 20 m., 24.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 8972. - Ayancik; NW slopes of Cangal mountain, on rocks in mixed forest of Acer, Ulmus, Quercus, Platanus, 890 m.. 26.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarmeilar, BULU 9033. - CORUM: Osmancik; around Eymir village, edge of water, rocks, 420 m., 24.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimcilar, BULU 1. - AMASYA: Amasya, rocks, 470 m., 25.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 8987. - KASTAMONU: Ilgaz mountain, on rock fissures exposed to the sun in Abies forest, 1865 m., 24.7.1995, BULU 9019. : AMASYA: 10 km. th. from Tasova on the way to Amasya, on rocks, 385 m., 25.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 8987 A. A7: GIRESUN: on the way to Kiimbet yayla ;around Camurk6y, streamsides, on rocks, 870 m., 25.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimcilar, BULU 7762. - around Yiicekéy, along rivulet, clayish soil, 900 m., 25.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimceilar, BULU 7783 B. - Espiye; around Armelet village, N slopes of Armelet mountain, shady rocks in Alnus, forest, 370 m., 26.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 7795 B. - TRABZON: M acka; 9 km. to Degirmendere, along rivulet, rocky places, 850 m., 26.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimcilar, BULU 7809. : TRABZON: Caykara, streamsides, on mossy rocks, 230 m., 27.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 7814. - RIZE: I Ikizdere; around Giineyce, streamsides, on rocks under Corylus , 350 m., 27.8. 1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarmmcilar, BULU 7829 A. - around Camlik village, Anzer yayla, edge of Picea forest, 1550 m., 27.8.1993, G. Kagriak and G.Tarimcilar, BULU 7839 B. - Cayeli; 7,5 km. to Cayeli, in the vicinities of Ségiitlii village, rocks, 24.8.1993, G, Kaynak and G.Tarmeilar, BULU 7847. - Ardesen; Ardesen to Camlihemsin, 11 km., roadside and rocky places, 140 m., 28.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarmeilar, BULU 7854, - - Camlihemsin; on damp rocks, 440 m., 28.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimcilar, BULU 7865. - Camlihemsin; Palovit valley, on rocks under Picea forest, 800-850 m., 28.8.1993, G. Kaynak and G.Tarimcilar, BULU 7866 A. - ARTVIN: Borcka; 49 km. th. from Artvin on the way to Borcka, damp rocks, 670 m., 29.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimcilar, BULU 7912. - - Sarp; 5 km. th. from Kemalpasa on the way “ Sarp, roadside »Streep rocks, 0 m.,29.9.1993, G. Kaynak and G.Tarimcilar, BULU 7918 A ON > ore) A. trichomanes L. subsp. quadrivalens D.E. Meyer emend. Lovi A 8: RIZE: Camlihemsin, rocky slopes, 520 m., 28.8.1993, G. aoe and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 7881. - ARTVIN: Arhavi, Ciftek6prii, amongst rocks, 200 m., 27.7.1995, O.Benlioglu, BULU se B A. viride Hudso A 5: SAMSUN: ‘Gite between Alacam and ie on rock fissures, 1000 m., 25.8.1994, G. oo and G.Tarimcilar, BULU 9008 A, adiantum-nigrum A 3: BOLU: pare os National Park, shady 4 iia rocks, under forest, 310 m., 28.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G. Tarimcilar, BULU 917 A 4: KASTAMONU: Arac; 10 km. th. from Arac on on way to Daday, edge of mixed forest TURKISH BLACK SEA FERN STUDIES 175 (Quercus, Pinus, Ulmus ), on rocks, 900 m., 22.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimcilar, BULU A 6: ORDU: Camas; around Giingéren, roadside, rocky slopes, 700 m., 24.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarmeilar, BULU 77 ulyal; around Kestane village, under Corylus plantation, 200 m., 29.7.1995, O. Hexifiegli, BULU 7811 A 7: GIRESUN: Dereli; between Giresun and Dereli, 8 km. to Calca, 140 m., 25.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimcilar, BULU 7761. - on the way to Kiimbet yayla , around Yiice village, streamside and rocky slopes, 970 m.,25.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tanmceilar, BULU 7782. - Kesap; between Kesap and Esptye, in the vicinities of Goniillii village, on walls and stones, 170 m., 26.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 7789 A. - Espiye; around Armelet village, shady rocks in Alnus forest, 370 m., 26.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimcilar, BULU 7795. - TRABZON: Macka:; 9 km. to Degirmendere. along rivulet, rocky places, 850 m., 26.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tanmceilar, BULU 7806. A 8: TRABZON: Caykara; N slopes of Soganli mountain, on rock fissures, 1600 m., 28.7.1995, O.Benlioglu, BULU 9000. - Caykara, edge of brook and damp rocks, 230 m., 27.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 7810 A. - RIZE: Camlihemsin; 2 km. to Kopriibas1 village, on rocks, 350 m., 28.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tanmeilar, BULU 7860. - Palovit valley, rocky places in forest, 750 m., 28.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 7877. - ARTVIN: Artvin - Borcka, 7 km., roadside, damp rocks, 230 m., 29.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 7903. - Sarp; 5 km. th. from Kemalpasa on the way to Sarp, roadside, streep rocks, 0 m., 29.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimcilar, BULU 7919 A A. onopteris L. A 3: BOLU: Devrek; on the way toYedigéller, 25 km. to Yedigéller National Park, damp rocks under forest, 230 m., 28.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 9154. -Kalkin, on rocks in Quercus bushes, 80 m., 29.5.1995, G.Tarimeilar, BULU 9391. : KASTAMONU: senpazar; between senpazar and Cide, on damp rocks fissures, 890 m., 27.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tanmeilar, BULU 9119. - BARTIN: around Karaman, roadside, damp and shady rocks, 28.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G. aan BULU 9143 A. - Amasra; between Amasra and Bartin, under maquis, 120 m., 28.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 9143 B. A 5: SINOP: Ayancik; between Ayancik and Gékceagg, slopes of Cangal mountain, on rocks under mixer forest of Platanus, Acer, Ulmus, Quercus, 330 m., 26.8.1994, BULU 9024. A 6: ORDU: Ulubey; between Ulubey and Uzunisa, - of forest, on damp soil, 910 m.. 24.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 775 A 7: GIRESUN: on the way to Kiimbet yayla , around acne streamsides, on rocks, 870 m., 25.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G. tr ‘BULU 7761A. - Gérele; 7 km w of Gorele, roadside, rocks, 60 m., 26.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 7800 A. A 8: RIZE: Ikizdere; around Giineyce, streamsides, on rocks under Corylus, 350 m., 7.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 7829. - Cayeli; 7,5 km. to Cayeli, in the vicinities of Ségiitlii village, rocks, 28.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimcilar, BULU 7849. - Ardesen: Ardesen to Camlihemsin, 11 km., roadside and rocky places, 140 m., 28.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 7864 C. - ARTVIN: Borcka; 49 km. th. from Artvin on the way to Borcka, damp rocks, 670 m., 29.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarmeilar, BULU 7919 B. - Sarp; 5 km. th. from Kemalpasa on the way to Sarp, roadside, steep rocks, 0 m., 29.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 7919 A. cuneifolium Viv. subsp. woronowii (Christ) Viane, Rasbach, Reichstein & Schneller A 7: TRABZON: Macka; around Zigana pass, on rock fissures under P.sylvestris forest, 2000 m., 26.7.1995, O,Benlioglu BULU 9384 > - 176 FERN GAZETTE: VOLUME 15 PART 5 (1997) A. septentrionale (L.) Hoffm. ae septentrionale A 6: ORDU: Giirgentepe; 5 km. th. from Giirtepe on the way to Giirgentepe pass, on damp rocks, 1220 m., 24.8. 1993, aa and G.Tarmeilar, BULU 7732. A 8: RIZE: Ikizdere; between Ikizdere and Ispir, on rock fissures, 1610 m., 27.7.1995, Benlioglu, BULU 9387. A. aeetenarenne (L.) Hoffm. subsp. caucasicum Fr.-Jen. et Lovis A 7: TRABZON: Macka; around Zigana pass, under P. slyvestris forest, 2000 m., 26.7.1995, CReilictty, BULU 7859. A 8: TRABZON: Caykara; above Atabey, on rocks under Picea forest, 660 m., 28.7.1995, O.Benlioslu, BULU 9119. - N slopes of Soganli mountain pass, on rock fissures, 2000 m.., 28.7.1995, O.Benlioglu, BULU 9399. - RIZE: Ikizdere; above Ikizdere, on damp rocks, 1000-1100 m., 27.7.1995, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 7861 A. ruta-muraria L. mee ruta-muraria A 3: BOLU: 12 km. th. from Bolu on the way to Yenigas, under P. nigra forest, rocks, 790, 24.7.1995, O. Renliostu, BULU 9504. A 4: KASTAMONU: crossroad to Cide, rocky and stony places, 1050 m., 27.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 9072. - Ilgaz mountain, open places in Abies forest, on rocks fissures, 1865 m., 24.7.1995, O.Benlioglu, BULU 9511 B. A. scolopendrium L. subsp. scolopendrium A3: ee Devrek; on the way toYedigiller , 25 km. to Yedigller National Park, under mixed orest, 230 m., 28.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimceilar, BULU 9158. A 4: os MONU: Senpazar to Cide, 20 km., under Fagus and Abies forest, 850 m., 27.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarnmeilar, BULU 9101.- Agli; between Agli and Senpazar, around Valey, under Fagus and Abies forest, 640 m., 29.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimcilar, BULU 9093. - Cide; between Cide and Kurucasile, around Kumluca, damp places under bushes, 105 m., 27.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimcilar, BULU 9133. - BARTIN: Kurucasile, damp places and rocks, 28.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimcilar, BULU 9139 A 5: SINOP: between Ayancik and Gék¢easag, screes of Cangal mountain, under mixed forest, 330 m., 28.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 9027. A 6 : ORDU: Camas; in the vicinities of Tepeli village, shady places, 400 m., 24.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 77238. A 7: GIRESUN: around Goniillii village, under Corylus plantation, 170 m., 26.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 7789. - on the way to Kiimbet yayla , around Yticekéy, roadside, 970 m., 25.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 7786. - Gorele; 7 km. W of Gorele, roadside, rocks, 26.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 7798. A 8: TRABZON: Caykara; streamsides, damp and wet rocks, 430 m., 27.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 7821 A. - RIZE: Ikizdere: nine cn rocks, 1300 m., 27.8.1993 G.Kaynak and G.Tanmeilar, BULU 7822 A. . - around Camgavus, shady places under forest, 830 m., 27.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G Tan BULU 7831 B. - Ardesen; between Ardesen and Camlihemsin, 12 km. to Camlihemsin, under mixed forest, 28.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tanmcilar, BULU hone A. - ARTVIN: 49 km.from Artvin on the way to Borgka, damp rocks, 670 m., 29.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 7810. - Sarp; Kemalpasa to Sarp, 5 km., roadside, steep rocks, 29.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimcilar, BULU 7916. A. ceterach L. subsp. ceterach A 3: BOLU: Yedigéller, on rocks in shady places, 250 m., 28.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimcilar, BULU 9153. : KASTAMONU: Inebolu; between Agh and Cide, edge of forest, on rocks, 1050 m.. 27.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarnmeilar, BULU 9073 A i TURKISH BLACK SEA FERN STUDIES 177 A 5: SINOP: Boyabat; between Saraydiizii and Kargi, around Yenicekéy, rocks and edge of Pinus forest, 320 m., 24.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tanmeilar, BULU 8971. - CORUM: Osmancik; around Eymir village, edge of water, rocks, 420 m., 24.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 8980. - AMASYA: 10 km. th. from Amasya on the way to Tasova, roadside,rocks, 385 m., 25.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tanmceilar, BULU 8988. : TRABZON: Caykara; above Atabey, on rock fissures under Picea forest, 660 m., 28.7.1995, O.Benlioglu, BULU 8992. WOODSIACEAE Matteucia struthiopteris (L.) Tod. 6: ORDU: Giilyali, around Kestane village, under Corylus plantation, 200 m., 29.7.1995, O.Benlioglu, BULU 9423. A 7: GIRESUN: on the way to Kiimbet yayla, around Yiice village, streamsides, damp and shady places, 890 m., 25.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tanmeilar, BULU 7770. A 8: ARTVIN: Arhavi; Ciftek6prii, under Fagus, Carpinus, Alnus forest, 200 m., 27.7.1995, O.Benlioglu, BULU 9424 A oO Athyrium distentifolium Tausch ex Opiz A 6: ORDU: Camas; around Giingéren, roadside, 700 m., 24.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 7738.A A 7: GIRESUN: Kiimbet yayla, ‘rocky places, under Picea forest, 1650 m., 25.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimcilar, BULU 7775. A 8: TRABZON: between Caykara and Bayburt, Soganli mountain, alpine meadows, 2600 m., 28.7.1995, O.Benlioglu, BULU 7850. - Caykara; on the way Uzungél road, under Alnus forest, 230 m., 27.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU7738. - RIZE: Camlihemsin; above Camlihemsin, valley, rocky slopes, 520 m.,28.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimcilar, rice 7878. A. filix-foemina (L.) Fs 8 LU: eee — mixed forest, 310 m., 28.81994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimceilar, U 9174. A 4: KASTAMONU: between Kastamonu and Tosya; 9 km. th. from Akkaya on the way to osya, streamsides, 880 m., 21.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tanmeilar, BULU 8948. - Senpazar; between Senpazar and Cide, 20 km. to Cide, under mixed forest, 890 m.. 27.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimcilar, BULU 9112. - Dias ne Karaman, roadside, maquis, 28.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimcilar, BULU 9 A 5: SINOP: Ayancik; NW slopes of Cangal mountain, edge of forest, — m., 26.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimceilar, BULU 9034. A 6: ORDU: Camas, under Corylus plantation, 490 m., 24.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 7733. - Camas; around Giingéren, roadside, 700 m., 24.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeiar, BULU 7739. A 7: GIRESUN: Dereli; Tasocaii location, roadside, 90 m., 25.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 7756. - on the way to Kiimbet yayla , around YiicekOy, shady and damp places, 970 m., 25.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 7780. - Espiye; Armelet ~ ge, under Corylus plantation, 370 m., 26.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarim 94. A 8: may tia Caykara, streamside, damp rocks, 230 m., 27.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G..Tarmcilar, BULU 7810. - RIZE: Ikizdere; Giineyce, streamsides and rocks, under Corylus iowa 350 m., 27.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tanmeilar, BULU 7826. - Cameavus, under forest, 830 m., 27.8.1993, G-Kaynak and G.Tanmeilar, BULU 7831. - Camlik, ee of forest, 1300 m., 27.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 7837. - Cayeli; 7,5 km. to Cayeli, in the vicinities of Sogiitlii village, rocks. 0 m., 28.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 7843. - Ardesen; between Ardesen and Camlihemsin, 12 km. to Camlihemsin, roadside, 440 m., 28.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tannmeilar, BULU 178 FERN GAZETTE: VOLUME 15 PART 5 (1997) 7869. - ARTVIN: between Artvin and Borcka, wet rocky slopes, 230 m., 29.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimecilar, BULU 7905.- Sarp; Kemalpasa to Sarp, 5 km., roadside, streep rocks, 29.8.1993, G. _ and G.Tarimcilar, BULU 7921. Gymnocarpium dryopteris (L.) Newm A 8: TRABZON: between Caykara and — N slopes of Soganli mountain, amongst rocks and stones, 1600 m., 28.7.1995, O.Benlioglu, BULU 7874. Cystopteris fragilis (L. A 5: KASTAMONU: Tosya; between Tosya and Ciftlik, rocks under Pinus and Abies forest, 1560 m., 21.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimcilar, BULU 7862. A 7: TRABZON: Macka; above Hamsik6y, on rock fissures under Picea forest, 1600 m., 26.7.1995, O.Benlioglu, BULU 9403. Gra A 8: TRABZON: between Caykara and Bayburt, N slopes of Soganli mountain, amongst rocky and stones, 2000 m., 26.7.1995, O.Benlioglu, BULU 9404 DRYOPTERIDACEAE Polystichum lonchitis (L. A 4: ZONGULDAK: Yenice; a Yenice and Karabiik, amongst rocks, 900 m., 30.9.1995, G.Tarimeilar, BULU 9410 A 7: TRABZON: Macka; around Zigana pass, amongst rocks under P. slyvestris forest, 2000 m., 26.7.1995, O.Benlioglu, BULU 9421. A 8: TRABZON: Caykara; between Caykara and Bayburt, N slopes of Soganli mountain, amongst rocks and stones, 1600 m., 28.7.1995, O.Benlioslu, BULU 9422. P. woronowii Fom A 3: ZONGU rae dieses Say around Sinitli village, 80 m., 30.9.1995, G.Tarimcilar, BULU 9400. - near Diizpelit, maquis, 270 m., 30.9.1995, G.Tarrmcilar, BULU 9406. - ae Zong and Muslu, maquis and meadows, 16 m., 30.9.1995, G.Tarimeilar, BULU 9414. A 8: RIZE: en Palovit valley, roadside, 750-800 m., 28.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 7893. P. aculeatum (L.) Roth A 3: BOLU: Devrek; on the way toYedigéller, 25 km. to Yedig@ller National Park, 230 m., 28.81994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 9160. A 4: KASTAMONU: between Ali and Cide, around Hidirlar village, under Fagus forest, 790 m., 27.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 9083. - Senpazar; between Senpazar and Cide, edge of forest, 960 m, 27.8.1994, BULU 9104. -A 5: SINOP: Ayancik, Cangal mountain, 1090 m., 26.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimcilar, ULU 9045. B A 7: GIRESUN: on the way to Kiimbet yayla ,Yiicekéy, roadside, 970 m., 25.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarmeilar, BULU 7785. A 8: RIZE: Camlihemsin, roadside, edge of forest, 440 m., 28.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 7872. - above Camlihemsin, valley, rocky slopes, 520 m., 28.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 7879. - ARTVIN: Borcka, wet rocky slopes, 230 m., 29.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tanmeilar, BULU 7906 P. braunii (Spenner) Fee A 8: TRABZON: between Caykara and Bayburt; N slopes of Soganli mountain, amongst rocks, 1600 m., 28.7.1995, O.Benlioglu, BULU 7906. A 8: RIZE: Ikizdere; between Ikizdere and Ispir, under rocks, 1610 m., 27.7.1995, O.Benlioglu, BULU 9415. P. setiferum (Forskal) Woynar A 3: ZONGULDAK: between Zonguldak and Eregli, 5 km to Alapli, under Corylus plantation, o m., 30.9.1995, G.Tarmeilar, BULU 9393. - Kizilcapinar, around Sinitli village, 80 m., TURKISH BLACK SEA FERN STUDIES 179 > Ase 30.9.1995, G.Tarimcilar, BULU 9396. - BOLU: Yedigéller National Park, roadside, 310 m., 28.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 9172. : KASTAMONU: Cide; between Cide and Kurucasile, roadside, 105 m., 27.8.1994, BULU 9129. - Senpazar; between Senpazar and Cide, 20 km. to Cide, edge of forest, 890 m., 27.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 9100. - BARTIN: around Karaman, maquis, 28.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 9140. SINOP: Ayancik; crossroad to Yenikonak, maquis, 165 m., 26.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 9020. - between Ayancik and Gokgeagag, W slopes of Cangal mountain, under mixed forest of Platanus, Acer, Quercus, 330 m., 26.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 9023. ORDU: Camas; around Tepeli village, shady places, 400 m., 24.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimcilar, BULU 7731. - SAMSUN: Bafra; between Alagam and Kizlan, roadside, 650 m., 25.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimcilar, BULU 7765. : GIRESUN: on the way to Kiimbet yayla, around YiicekGy, shady and damp places, 970 m., 25.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimcilar, BULU 7781 B. - Kesap, roadside, rocks, 0 m 26.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimcilar, BULU 7787 A. - Gorele; 7 km. W of Gorele, roadside, rocks, 60 m., 26.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 7789. : TRABZON: kara, streamsides, damp rocks, 230 m., 27.8.1993, G.Kaynak and - RI Cay G.Tarimeilar, BULU 7812 ZE: Ikizdere; around Giineyce, near rivulet, rocks, under Corylus plantation, 350 m., 27.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 7828. - Cayeli; 7,5 km. to Cayeli, in the vicinities of Ségiitlii village, rocks, 0 m., 28.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 7845. - Camlihemsin; roadside, 440 m., 28.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 7886 B. - ARTVIN: Borgka: damp rocky places, 160 m., 29.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 7893. - 49 km. th. from Artvin on the way to Bor¢ka, damp raed 670 m., 29.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarmmeilar, BULU 7911. Dryopteris filix - mas (L.) Scho A 3: BOLU: Dev A4: A 5: rek; on the way to os abeettes 25 km.to Yedigoller National Park, under forest, 230 m., 28.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 9176. KASTAMONU: Arac; 12 km. th. from Arag on the way to Daday, mixed forest of Pinus, Quercus, Ulmus, 1040 m., 21.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tanmeilar, BULU ‘8907. = Akkaya; 19 km. th. from Akkaya on the way to Tosya, slopes of Ilgaz mountain, under forest, 1500 m., 21.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 8942. - Tosya: around Ciftlik, under Abies and Pinus forest, 1560 m., 21.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 8949, - Ash: between Ash and Senpazar, around Sada village, on rocks in Abies forest, 920 m., 27.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 9079. - between Ag hand Cide; around Hidirlar village, under Fagus forest, 790 m., 27.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 9085. - between Ash and Senpazar, around Valay. under Fagus, Abies forest, 640 m., 29.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimcilar, BULU 9089. - Cide: Cide- Kurucasile, roadside, 105 m., 27.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimcilar, BULU 91 34 SINOP: Ayancik; Cangal mountain. above Ayancik, 1090 m., 26.8.1994, G.Kay sik and G.Tarimcilar, BULU 9047. - between Ayancik and Gokgeagag, W slopes of Cangal mountain, under mixed forest of Acer, Platanus, Quercus, 330 m., 26. 8.1994, G.Kaynak G.Tarimeilar, BULU 9033. - Giirgendibi, under forest, 70 m., 25.8. 1994, G.Kaynak a G.Tarimcilar, BULU 9015. - SAMSUN: Alacam to Kizlan, 20 km., edge of forest. 650 m., 25.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 9 A 6: ORDU: Camas: around Uzunali, shady and damp places, 900- 950 m., 24.8.1994, G.Kaynak A 7: C and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 7797. GIRESUN: Kesap, damp rocky places, 0 m., 26.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tanmeilar, BULU 7787 B. - around Géniillii village, under Corylus ee 170 m., 26.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimcilar, BULU 7789 B. - Gorele: 7 km. W of Gorele, rocks, roadside, 60 m., 26.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tanmeilar, BULU = 180 FERN GAZETTE: VOLUME 15 PART 5 (1997) A 8: RIZE: crossroad to Ikizdere, streamsides, rocks, 27.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimcilar, BULU 7823. - Camlihemsin; roadside, shady rocky places, 440 m., 28.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 7868. - ARTVIN: Borcka, damp rocks, 230 m., 29.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarmeilar, BULU 7907. - 49 km. th. from Artvin on the way to Borcka, damp rocks, 670 m., 29.8.1993, G.Kaynak and (SFaveneitor: BULU 7909 D. affinis (Lowe) Fr.-Jen. subsp. borreri (Newman) Fr.-Jen. A 3: BOLU: Devrek; on the way to Yedigdller, 25 km. to Yedig6ller National Park, under mixed forest, 230 m., 28.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimcilar, BULU 9161. A 4: KASTAMONU: between Kastamonu and Tosya, forest, 950 m., 21.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 8927. A 5: KASTAMONU: between Tosya and Tasképrii, mixed forest, 1100 m., 21.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 8949. A 7: GIRESUN: Bulancak to Giresun, 5 km., under Fagus- Castanea forest, waterside, 10 m., 25.7.1995, O.Benlioglu, BULU 4334 D. oreades Fomin A 7: TRABZON: Macka, around Zigana pass, amongst rocks in P. slyvestris forest, 2000 m.., 26.7.1995, O.Benlioglu, BULU 9417. - GIRESUN: between Espiye and Tirebolu, under Castanea, Fagus forest, 20 m., 25.7.1995, O.Benlioglu, BULU 7870. A 8: ARTVIN: Arhavi; around Dikyamag village, under mixed forest of Carpinus, Fagus, Alnus with shrub layer of Corylus, Rhododendron, 450 m., 27.7.1995, O.Benlioglu, BULU 9118. - ices (A.Br.) Fr.-Jen 3: BOLU: Bolu to Abant Via, 3 km., under Abies forest, 1400 m., 24.7.1995, O.Benlioglu, BULU 9519. - Devrek; on the way to Yedigéller, 25 km. to Yedigiller National Park, in mixed forest, 230 m., 28.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimcilar, BULU 9164. A 4: KASTAMONU: between Tosya and Tasképrii, mixed forest, 1100 m., 21.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 9094. D. dilatata (Hoffm.) A y A 5: KASTAMONU: ‘sa: between Tosya and Ciftlik, underwood, 1120 m., 21.8.1994, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 8960. A 7: GIRESUN: on the way to Kiimbet yayla, around Camurkéy, streamsides, 870 m., 25.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tanmcilar, BULU 7757. - TRABZON: Macka; Meryemana, one forest of Fagus, Carpinus, Alnus, Picea, 1700 m., 26.7.1995, O. Benlioslu, BULU 20. A8: ore Arhavi; before Dikyamag village, in mixed forest of Fagus, Carpinus, Alnus with shrub layer of mainly Ribes, Rhododendron, 200 m., 27.7.1995, O.Benliozlu, BULU 9521. D. expansa (C.Presl) Fr.-Jen. & Jerm A 8: ARTVIN: Arhavi; Ciftek6prii, under mixed forest of Fagus, Carpinus, Alnus sa shrub layer mainly Ribes, Kiratectensitins 200 m., 27.7.1995, O.Benlioglu, BULU 776( BLECHNACEAE Blechnum spicant (L.) Roth A 7: GIRESUN: Goniillii village, under Corylus plantation, 170 m., 26.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarmmeilar, BULU 7790. - between Kesa ap and Espiye, under Fagus, Carpinus, Castanea forest, 30 m., 25.7.1995, BULU 9522 A 8: RIZE: Camlihemsin, on damp rocks, 120 m., 28, 8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarmeilar, BULU 7854. - Cayeli; around Sogiitlii village, 0 m., 28.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 7848. - ARTVIN: between Artvin and Borcka, roadside, damp rocks, 160 m., 29.8.1993, G.Kaynak and G.Tarimeilar, BULU 7879. - Ar havi; before Dikyamag¢ village, in mixed forest of Fagus, Carpinus, Alnus forest, 450 m., 27.7.1995, O.Benlioglu, ULU 9523. TURKISH BLACK SEA FERN STUDIES EASTERN BLACK SEA REGION SmOP x. A a A D £ «& , P 4 (BLACK SEA le heliel eRe : a ral ; ’ A a a ° ° a Pa agaet ORDY bal ir Ae & A XJ 5 ny ae x Dames, a and P. cretica, C. marantae subsp. marantae, C. crispa, P. aquilinum Figure 1: The distribution of O. regalis, B. spicant in Eastern Black Sea mt gc — e ae igen crispa “A Pteridiu pe laa @ Blec aan Spican Pteris cr marantae é Cnetinithen 3 marantue subsp EASTERN BLACK SEA REGION P. interjectum and P. cambricum in Eastern Black Sea region vulgare, The distribution of P Figure 2: Polypodium vulgare . Polypodium interjectum cambricum @ Polypodium 182 FERN GAZETTE: VOLUME 15 PART 5 (1997) WESTERN BLACK SEA REGION gure 3: The oe of P. vulgare, P. interjectum, P. cambricum, A capillus-veneris and C. fragilis in Western Black Sea reg 4@ Polypodium vulgare @ Adiantum B Polypodium interjectum ec @Po als cambricum capul ilus-veneris ystopterts fragilis EASTERN BLACK SEA REGION Figure 4: The distribution of A capillus-veneris, O. limbosperma, P. connectilis, P. setiferum and P aculeatum in Eastern Black Sea region. aculeatum iantum ee veneris @ Polystichum ma @ Polystichum setiferum @ Phegopteris connectilis TURKISH BLACK SEA FERN STUDIES WESTERN BLACK SEA REGION « a a a (BLACK % MOCARL! fe) Ais: a @p Polystichum la ts Figure 5: The distribution of P setiferum P. aculeatum, P. woronowt and P, lonchitis region. in Western Black Sea 4 Setiferum olystichum aculeatum e o olystichum woeronowlt olystichum lonchuts EASTERN BLACK SEA REGION Fig ure z 6 onopteris A Asplenium ct e Asplenium The ne an int ad di | stribution of viride viredde etfoult Asplentum { uneifoluwm subsp v 1. de in Eastern Black Sea region subsp.woronon s uD r t nigrim oe FERN GAZETTE: VOLUME 15 PART 5 (1997) EASTERN BLACK SEA REGION 2 506 O6C F] = gure 7: The distribution of A. trichomanes subsp. trichomanes, A. trichomanes subsp. quadrivalens and Scolopendrium subsp. scolopendrium in Eastern Black Sea region. ® Asplenium trichomanes subsp. trichomanes & Asplenium trichomanes subsp uadrivalens @ Asplenium scolopendrium subsp scolopendrium WESTERN BLACK SEA REGION Figure { e “or jon of A. trichomanes subsp. trichomanes. A scolopendrium subsp. scolopendrit A. ruta-muraria SP. riuta-muraria and A ceterach subsp ceterach in Western Black Sea region @ Asplenium trichoman subsp. trichomur @ Aspler A Asplenium scolopendrium subsp. s¢ m uta-muraria subsp. ruta-muraria opendrium @ Asplentum ceterach — subsp rerach TURKISH BLACK SEA FERN STUDIES EASTERN BLACK SEA REGION Figure 9: The distribution of A. septentrionale subsp. septentrionale. A. septentrionale subsp caucasicum A. ruta-muraria subsp. ruta-muraria and A. ceterach) subsp ceteruch in Eastern Black Sea region 4 Asplenium septentrionale subsp. septentrionale @ Asplentim ruta-muraria — s Pp. ruta-muraria @ Asplenium septentrionale subsp. caucasicum @ Asplenium ceterach subsp elerach WESTERN BLACK SEA REGION 4 { Mer 4 nopteris. A fidix-foemin Figure 10: The distribution of A. adiantwm-nigrum, A. enoplent 1 filix-foemi Black Sea region e Asplenium adiantum-nigrum A Athyrium \ emir BAsplenium onopteris @c au agills 186 FERN GAZETTE: VOLUME 15 PART 5 (1997) EASTERN BLACK SEA REGION Figure 11: The distribution of A. filix-foemina. A. distentifolium and G. dryopteris in Eastern Black Sea region. & Athyrium filix-foemina @ Athyrium distentifolium @ Gymnocarpium dryopteris EASTERN BLACK SEA REGION | | ( | yy ) e a e e | re eee oe TRABZON e ae Ie Y | ow £ we r ee Wie, a | ° ~~ Ss @ a oe | a 4s hy a ee asi ! aa aU MUS HANS in © <<, —— ~ pg * ae ore ~ pg | = Se A 7 { = Figure 12: The distribution of Po lonchitis. Po worenowi. Po brani , ruthiopteris. C prealis and W tlpina in Eastern Black Sea region 4 Polystichum lonchit : Vutteucta strufthiopterts @ Polystich Aum VOFOR ON sloplert {r @ Polystichum braunii Modan alpin TURKISH BLACK SEA FERN STUDIES EASTERN BLACK SEA REGION as; a wy = Figure 13: The distribunon ot D. oreades. 2 dilatata, D. expansa. D filix-mas and D affinis subsp. borreri in Eastern Black Sea region A Drvopteris creades @ Drvopterts filix-mas @ Drvopier:s ditatata @ Drvopteris af @ Drvepicris expansa subsp. horreri WESTERN BLACK SEA REGION a : ; e Figure 14: The distribution of D. caucasica. D affinis subsp. borreri, D filix-mas. D. dilatata and f aquilinum in Western Black Sea region yoplerts Caucasica @ Dryopteris filix-mas ba oe affinis subsp. borreri @ Dryopteris dilatata a ridium aquilinum 188 FERN GAZETTE: VOLUME 15 PART 5 (1997) RESULTS AND DISCUSSION About 450 fern specimens were collected from the research area between 1993-1995 and at the end of the studies 40 species belonging to 10 families and 18 genera were found. Asplenium contains 24,6 per cent of 450 fern specimens (111 samples) collected from the study area an is a genus including the most taxa (11 taxa) in the region. Other large families are Aspleniaceae (11 genera) and Drypteridaceae (11 taxa) (Table 1). Polypodium vulgare (Fig. 7,8), Pteridium sig (Fig. 1, 14), Asplenium trichomanes subsp. trichomanes (Fig 7,8), A. adiantum- m, A. hg: hag! bee 6,10), A. scolopendrium subsp. scolopendrium Fis. 7,8), Athyrium jiietosiien (Fig. 10, 11), Polystichum setiferum (Fig. 4,5) and Dryopteris filix-mas (Fig. 13,14) are the most widesprand species in the area. Rare species are Osmunda regalis, Cheilanthes marantae subsp. marantae, Cryptogramma crispa_ (Fig. 1), Gymnocarpium dryopteris (Fig. 11), Asplenium septentrionale subsp. caucasicum (Fig. 9), A. trichomanes subsp. ees (Fig. 7), A. viride (Fig. 6), a connectilis (Fig. 4) and Woodsia alpina (Fig. 12). When distribution of fern species was ined it was found that Cryptogramma crispa, Phegopteris connectilis, pe i none subsp. quadrivalens, A. soniioenen subsp. caucasicum, A. cunetfolium subsp.woronowii, Woodsia alpina, Polystichum braunii, Dryopteris nee nd D. expansa are distributed only in the east Black Sea region, Pferis cretica, Oreopteris limbosperma, Matteuccia struthiopteris, Athyrium ri ge Gymnocarpium dryopteris, Dryopteris diketeces in both central and east Black regio olypodium vulgare, P. interjectum, P. australe, Adiantum capillus-veneris, cictanta marantae subsp. marantae, Asplenium trichomanes subsp. trichomanes, A adiantum-nigrum, A.onopteris, A.septentrionale subsp. sept nine A. ruta-muraria subsp. ruta-muraria, A. scolopendrium subsp. scolopendrium, A. ceterach subsp. ceterach, Athyrium filix-foemina, Cystopteris fragilis, Polystichum lonchitis, P. aculeatum, P. setiferum, P. woronowtl, Dryopteris filix-mas, D. caucasica, Blechnum spicant are distributed both in west, east and middle Black Sea regions. Earlier records of Anogramma leptophylla from Al and A2 (Kaynak et al. 1996), were not confirmed (A7: TRABZON, A8: RIZE, Davis 1965), nor were records of Hymenophyllum tunbrigense in A8: ARTVIN (Davis 1988), RIZE: Findikli (AEF 13895) Studies on the global distribution and ecology of ferns indicate a strong dependence on the chemical composition of the soil (Bailey 1969, Benlioglu 1994, Bremer 1980 Gams 1938, Kaynak 1989, Kruckeberg 1965, Page and Clifford 1981, Schelpe 1964, Tryon 1957, Whrerry 1920, 1978). Observations from the ecological results based on soil and rock samples from the growth environment, as well as meteorological data, are in general agreement with the findings reported in literature. These results indicate certain preferences by the ferns to one or more of soil pH type, acidic, neutral or alkaline, as shown in Table 2. Furthermore, fern samples were classified according to the rock outcrops type to which they were attached, as calcicole or silicole and in some cases as highly tolerant types which grow on both rock types (Table 3). Accordingly, ferns growing on acidic soil types, Osmunda regalis, Pteris cretica, Phegopteris connectilis, Asplenium trichomanes subsp. p greene A. cunneifolium subsp.woronowil, A. septentrionale subsp. septentrionale, septentrionale subsp. caucasicum, Matteucia struthiopteris, Athyrium sHiaterldsoians ows stichum lonchitis, P. braunii, Dryopteris oreades, D. affinis subsp. borreri, D. expansa and Blechnum spicant are Classified as acidophil. On the other hand, Adiantum capillus-veneris, Asplenium ruta-muraria subsp. ruta muraria, A. ceterach subsp. ceterach are calcicol fern species which preter to grow on alkaline soil types. These findings are in agreement with previous data in literature ( Benlioglu 1994, Bremer 1980, Gams 1938, Kaynak 1989, Tryon 1957, Wherry 1920). However, Polystichum lonchitis has been reported to grow on alkaline soil rich in CaCO3, in an artificially created forest in Holland (Bremer 1980). According to the soil analysis, both Asplenium trichomanes subsp. trichomanes and A scolopendrium subsp.scolopendrium which are frequent in the studied area, are tolerant of sail acidic environments even though they are usually calcicoles. TURKISH BLACK SEA FERN STUDIES Table 2. Classification of Black Sea Region Ferns on the Basis of Soil Reaction 189 Species a ee s quadriv Wore Septentr ion caucasicun ruta-muraric ple ra aterne h scolopendri Total %CaCO3z | pH Specimen Number 2 2-10 | 10-20 | 20< | Osmunda regalis - 2 2 | 3.8-4.4 | acidophil Adiantum capillus-veneris - | 2 2 2 7.2-7.7_ | basiphi Pteris cretica 4 4 5.8-6,1 | acidophil Polypodium vulgare 12 4 8 6.0-7.7 | neutrophil Polypodium interjectum 8 5 3 6.0-7.6 | neutrophil Polypodium cambricum 6 4 2 5.3-7.7 | neutrophil Preridium aquili 60 28 20 9 3 5.5-7.8 | neutrophil Phegopteris connectilis 2 2 4.5-4.9 | acidophil a limbosperma 12 9 3 4.5-7.8 | neutrophil entum trich subsp. 28 16 8 4 4.7-7.8 | basiphil-neutrophil piel tric iiciiaaie subsp. | 2 2 | 4.9-6.8 | acidophil mee er 16 13 2 l | 4.7-7.7 | acidophil-neutrophil Asplenium onopteris 12 8 | 4.7-7.6 | acidophil-neutrophil sain cuneifolium subsp. | _ nowii | | | 32 acidophil Asplenium septentrionale subsp. ale 2 2 5.3-5.6 | acidophil Asplenium niall ionale subsp. 2 2 5.3-6.2 | acidophil autninia ruta-muraria subsp. 4 3 I 7.1-7.7 | basiphil ceterach subsp. 6 | 3) 2 6.2-7.8 | basiphil Asplenium een subsp. lrit 17 I] 4 2 4.7-7.7 basiphil Matteucia eltetete 7 7 4.9-6.1 acidophil Athyrium filix- ee 22 20 2 4.7-7.6 | acidophil Athyrium distentifoli 4 4 5.1-6.9 | acidophil mncanarle | 5 5 6.2-6.5 neutrophil Polystichum lonchitis 5 3 5.0-5.2 | acidophil Polystichum woronowii ) 3 6.8-7.3 | neutrophil Polystichum aculeat 10 a 3 6.8-7.6 neutrophil Polvstichum braunii 2 2 5.0-6.1 acidophil Polystichum setiferum 20 ie 6 2 4.7-7.6 neutrophil Dryopteris oreades 3 3 3.8-5.6 | acidophil Drvopteris caucasica 2 | | §.4-7.7 | neutrophil Drvopteris filix-mas 7 7 4.7-7.2 acidophil Dryopteris affinis subsp. borreri 3 3 5.3-6.4 acidophil Dryopteris dilatata 3 2 I 4.4-7.7_ acidophil Dryopteris expansa | | +4 acidophil 6 B) | 5.5-7.6 | acidophil Blechnum spicant FERN GAZETTE: VOLUME 15 PART 5 (1997) 190 ae ifs + + + + + ae + + + + a + + + 7 + + 7 + a + 7 cl Il OL SPOd RITES + + + 4+ , Por snoasea|e +) (uuu O'StL LStC-P'S8L 6 evel: Le hed este C ibe a? LStc-P eI Ll LCc8-t ter LS¢tc-L 9Pb 8'L6c1-9'69 TI LSEC-8'8C9 LSte-L Ces 8L6c 1-1 10r ) uolmay BAS yor|g url sTRUqeY UMOUY Jo asurs jpeyures jenuue uraw ayeurxoiddy UM oe “BT “(omea1g) IBL “LT ‘ouoIspuvs-votg *9T “OUTOATY “ST OMpopuiod “PE ‘oNeUBog “ET HMUOWIT] “ZT ‘OUZUENS “TT ‘SMULID “OT “(AO;OG) aseqeiqg *G ‘Weseg *g ‘ody "zy ‘ausopuy *g ‘vyN}-d[eD *g ‘DPIDWIO[SUOD “p ‘LR] “Eg ‘OUOJSOUNT] OUTTTRISAID *7 ‘SUOISOU'T 7 apiia wumiuajdsy juboids wnuya]g pIvIvpip siajdoviq spiu-xyyf siiaidoxaq Pa . : 4 u sappaso S14ajdoMiq, UULIAfAS WINYIUSA]Og Hunpaq menipotsnd oy WUNIVAINIVD UNYIUSAJOd Suty. “ WNYIUSA]Og puidjp pispooy, syispif silane j “umjohnuantp tanacysy MAN dADIOUU AD BF at cae 1 scuspelenaats DIONALDW umnipuadojoos ‘dsqns Ssh ae wiilaid ised yoosajad “dsqns DIDAMU-DIN4 “ASQNs DiIDANU-DINd panaviasting? umoisponps “dsqns ajpuotiuaidas umimajdsy ajvuoiauaidas ‘dsqns ajpuoLiuaidas wniuajdsy uMouosowwdsqns wniyofiauns uniuajdsy stiajdouo uniuajdsy wnasii-uinupipp wuniuaydsy suappALiponb ‘dsqns saunwoyo.y uanuajdsy saupuoyoiy “dsqns olen A ena aad SUIUIA-S ] . TUDIPY sapeds usa Ferns. gion Table 3. Substrata of Black Sea Re TURKISH BLACK SEA FERN STUDIES 191 Polypodium vulgare, P. interjectum, P. cambricum, Cystopteris fragilis, Polystichum woronowil, P. aculeatum and Dryopetris caucasica were found to be neutrophil fern types, growing both on acidic and alkaline soil (see also Bailey 1969, Benlioglu 1994, Bremer 1980, Gams 1938, Kaynak 1989, Page and Clifford 1981, Schelpe 1964, Wherry 1920). At the same time, soil analysis for Oreopteris limbosperma, Athyrium filix-foemina, Polystichum setiferum, Dryopteris filix-mas and D. dilatata indicate these are acidophil ferns, but are partially tolerant to alkaline conditions (Table 2). Similarly, studies in Northern Wales and the Netherlands reported that these fern types can grow on alkaline soils (Bremer 1980, Page and Clifford 1981). n addition, Pteridium aquilinum, Asplenium adiantum-nigrum and Asplenium onopteris, which are widely distributed fern species in the study area, exhibit growth on all acidic, alkaline and pH-neutral soil environment (Table 2). Preridium aquilinum is ecologically the most tolerant fern species, and is reported to exhibit growth on soils with pH between 3.2 and 7.6 (Gams 1938). Adiantum capillus-veneris, Asplenium viride, A, ruta-muraria subsp. ruta-muraria, A. ceterach subsp. ceterach are both calcicole and casmophyte fern growing only in fissures on limestone. In contrast, Gymnocarpium dryopteris, Asplenium septentrionale subsp. ce onale, A. septentrionale. subsp. caucasium, Woodsia alpina and Polystichum lonchitis e silisicole casmophyte fe se nage and grow only in the fissures of rocks rich in silica like eats, granite, quartz, limonite. Asplenium trichomanes subsp. trichomanes, the other casmophyte fern species in the area, grows in the fissures of both calcium and silica rich rocks (Table 3) Some fern species in the area were observed to grow usually on the north facing side of rocks, in the shade at the bottom and in the immediate vicinity of rocks. Among these species, Asplenium scolopendrium subsp scolopendrium grow in the forest undergrowth on limestone especially under Fagus orientalis, Castanae sativa, Alnus glutonisa, Abies and Taxus. In contrast, Phegopteris connectilis, Oreopteris limbosperma, Asplenium trichomanes subsp. quadrivalens, A. cuneifolium subsp.woronowii , Matteucia struthiopteris, Polystichum braunti e widely distributed on silica rich rocks. Polypodium vulgare, P. interjectum, Pteridium aquilinum, Asplenium onopteris, A. adiantum nigrum, Polystichum aculeatum, P. setiferum and Dryopteris filix-mas grow on, under and in the vicinity of both silica and calcium rich rocks (Table 3). Soil and rock repeat could not be obtained for Cryptogramma crispa and eon marantae subsp. m ee sion in he: area established that Athyrium = lix oe Polystichum Setiferum, — culeatum, P. woronowii, Dryopteris filix-mas, D. 01 . D. affinis subsp. borreri, D. hace . expansa, Blechnum spicant, Cystopteris aie A. sc oo subsp. scolopendrium, ti limbosperma and Matteucia struthiopteris generally together in forest undergrowth and along shady streams. In areas rather more cee to sunlight are Asplenium ec A. adiantum-nigrum, A. trichomanes subsp. trichomanes and Pteridium aquilinum . Oreopteris limbosperma, Athyrium filix-foemina, Dryopteris filix-mas, D. affinis subsp. borreri and Blechnum spicant grow together in abundance. REFERENCES BAILEY, J. K., (1969) Apreliminary study of the ferns on the limestone bluffs of Norris Lake, Jour. Tenn. Acad. Sci., 44 (3), 92-95. BAYTOP, edict N,, (1970) ISTE Herbaryumundaki, Tiirkiye Bitkileri 1:Pteridophyta ospermae, Ist. Univ. Ecz. Fak. Mec. 6, 2: 65-79. HERERO, a. (1994) Chrological, morphological and ecological investigations on the ferns of East and South Marmara Region., Ulu. Univ. Fen-Ed. Fak. Biyoloji Boliimd, (Ph.D.). Bursa. BREMER. P., (1980) The ferns (Pteridophyta) of the Kuinderbos (The Netherlands). The establisment of 23 species in a planted forest, Acta. Bot. Neerl, 29 (5/6), 35 ae. 192 FERN GAZETTE: VOLUME 15 PART 5 (1997) COSKUN, M., (1978) Tiirkiye’de Yetisen Dryopteris ve Asplenium Tiirleri Uzerinde Farmasotik Botanik Yoniinden Arastirmalar, (Ph.D) Ank. Un. Ecz. Fak. Farmakognozi ve Farmasotik Botanik Kiirsiisii, Ankara. DAVIS, P.H., (1965,1988) Flora of Turkey and East Aegean Islands, Edinburgh, Univ., Press 1, DEMIRIZ, H., TUTEL, B. and AYDIN, A., (1969) Studia ad floram et vegetationem Turciae pertinentia: IV. New materials to the Pteridophytes of Turkey: Filicales.. Ist. Univ. Fen Fak. Mec. Seri B, 34 (3-4): 137-181. FRASER-JENKINS, C.R., CORLEY, V., (1973) Dryopteris caucasica an ancestral diploid in the male fern agregate, Brit. Fern Gaz., 10 (5), 221-231. GAMS, H., (1938) Okologie der Extratropischen Pteridophyten in Manuel of Pteridology, 382- 419. GUNER, A., INAN, A. and MULDER, M.., (1993) A Tour of the East Black Sea Forests, Karaca Arboretum Magazin, Vol. 2, Part 2, 53-74. HUBER-MORATH, A.., (1966) Beitrage zur kenntnis der Anatolischen flora III. Bauhinia, 3, 1: 7-45. HUBER- pees. A., (1973) Erganzungen zur flora der Tiirkei. Verhandl, Naturf, Ges. Basel, 83,2: HUBER- neti A, (1977) Beitrage erganzungen zur flora der Tiirkei, Bauhinia, 6, 1: 93- 188. KAYNAK, G., (1989) Ecological and ee investigations on the ferns of Diyarbakir and around regions., Doga Tu. Bot. Derg. C 13, S. 3, 437-451. KAYNAK,G., TUYJI, O. (1994) sear investigations on the some ferns of East Black Sea Region, XII Ulusal Biyoloji Kongresi, 190-193, 6-8 Temmuz 1994- Edirn KAYNAK, G., BENLIOGLU, O. and TARIMCILAR, G., (1996) New floristic — for the us grid squares from the fern flora of Turkey, Fern Gaz., Vol 15, 4, 119-140. KAYNAK, G., BENLIOGLU, O. and TARIMCILAR, G., Contribution to the Fern Flora of Turkey Ot Sistematik Derg. (in press). KILING, M. and OZEN, F., (1988) New floristic Records from A 5 and A 6 squares. Ondokuz Mayis Univ., Fen Derg., 1 (2), 75-85 KRUCKEBERG, A.R. 1965. Ferns Associated With Ultramafic Rocks in the Pacific Northwest. Am. Fern J., 18: 113-126. mee: G., KILINC, M. and KARAER, F,, _ Flora of Nebyan Mauntain (Samsun- Bafra), Doga, Tr. J. ef Botany, 19, 3, 345-37 — F. and KILINC, M., (1995) The flora a the regions between Alacam-Gerze and yabat-Duragan, Dosa, ra J. of Botany, 19,2, 241-275. PAGE, e N., CLIFFORD, H.T., (1981) Ecological Biogeography of Australia, A. Keast (ed.), W. Junk by Publishers, Boston-London. sia B.S. and FRASER-JENKINS, C.R., (1980) A provisional checklist of Turkish eridophyta. Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh, 38 (2) 273-281 SCHELPE, E., (1964) Distributional ecological and phytogeographical observations on the ferns of Southwest Africa, J. Bot., 22, 5-20. SORGER, F. und BUCHNER, P., (1983) Beitrage zur flora der Tiirkei IV, Linzer Biol., Beitr., 14, 2, 157-208. SORGER, F.,(1985) Beitrage zur flora der Tiirkei VI, Linzer Biol., Beitr, 17, 1, 121-169. SORGER, F., (1987) Beitrage zur flora der Tiirkei VII, Linzer Biol., Beitr., 19, 1, 201-254. TRYON, R. 1957. The Ecology of Peruvian Ferns. Am. Fern J., 50: 46-55 WHERRY, = T., (1920) The soil reactions of certain rock ferns I-II, Am. Ram J., 10, 15-22, WHERRY, E T., 1978. The Ferns of the Country Line Serpentinite Dike. Bartonia, 45: 4. FERN GAZETTE: VOLUME 15 PART 5 (1997) 193 BOOK REVIEWS HOLTTUM MEMORIAL VOLUME. R.J. Johns (ed.) 1997. viii + 272 pp. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Price £30.00. ISBN 1 900347 17 2. Paperback. This book was published to commemorate the centenary of the birth of Dr. Richard Eric Holttum, a leading pteridologist of the 20th century. The book is a compilation of 17 original research articles by different authors dealing with various aspects of pteridology. In the introduction, W. Stearn summarizes the life of Professor Holttum, his ae contribution to the study of ferns and orchids as well as his interesting religious insight. A very helpful list of Professor Holttum’s 593 publications follow e impressive rae phy of Dr. Holttum’s publications spans 77 years of scientific nel beginning with his first article in 1919 and ending with a posthumous article published in 1996. zie articles deal with different aspects of spore morphology, its development and its importance in taxonomy, paraphysis morphology, a Ac “- diversity of pteridophytes in Borneo and the West Indies, ethnobotany of f and DNA analysis. The reader will find interest in the article by D. B. Lellinger and W. c Taylor ies the authors attempt to standardize spore ornamentation ee The use “a spore characters in solving taxonomic problems has become more common as ctron microscopes become more affordable. B. S. Parris presents a helpful gheaineins : ‘the seas paraphysis of Asia-Pacific Grammitidaceae. Parris’s work is also a useful step towards the standardization of paraphysis classification. Botanists working with Neotropical ferns will be interested in the review of West Indian species of Polystichum by John Mickel and the conclusions he makes about the evolutionary relationship of the group with east Asian species; the notes of New World Salvinia species: the importance of the epispore as diagnostic character; and the a gen analysis of the pteridophytes of Veracruz, Mexico. The evaluation of threatened species of Cuban pteridophytes prepared by C. Sanchez-Villaverde and M.G. Caluff is a valuable rite to the knowledge of the rich flora of this beautiful island and to the future of conservation of the Cuban flora. C. D Adams presents a very interesting account of historical detective work in clarifying the nomenclature of Polypodium trinidadense, which is not from Trinidad but a common Asiatic species. The DNA study on Central and South American Cyatheaceae presented by Stein er al. evaluates the phyletic hypotheses of Holttum, Tryon and Lellinger. It provides contemporary thinking on the use of molecular data to help understand phylogenetic eipasialiat iti e interesting and stimulating work of R.S. Beaman and J.H. Beaman show soashiitties of Geographical Information System Technology (GIS) in cindeestiundtiens and evaluating vegetation patterns. Their use of GIS in met the diversity and distribution of the ferns of Mount Kinabalu, Borneo, is a good exa of how modern technology can be of great use in the evaluation and management of nin resources. The study by S. Wu on the ferns of Wuling, China, reveals the great number of species. genera and families of ferns found in the mountainous region. Bao and his colleagues conducted an in-depth study of the gametophyte development of Thelypteris palustris and Phegopteris polypodioides. H. Christensen presents an interesting ethnobotanical study with surprising results on the many and frequent uses of ferns by two indigenous tribes of Sarawak, Borneo. Topics on North American and European ferns were not included. Pteridophytes are the common denominator of the articles in this book; otherwise, the articles do not have a common theme. Spore studies are the dominant group of papers, with five articles in total. Readers interested in spore morphology and development will find the ideas presented here appealing and helpful. The variety of topics will interest the botanist who has a broad range of research preferences and wants to know what is being done in other regions of the world. This is a beautifully printed book with many quality photographs and articles of interest to botanists on various aspects of pteridology. Professor Holttum would certainly have been very pleased with the quality of the work presented here. s the great A. Edward Salgado 194 FERN GAZETTE: VOLUME 15 PART 5 (1997) PTERIDOLOGY IN PERSPECTIVE. J.M. Camus, M. Gibby and R.J. Johns (eds)1996 xx+ 700pp. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Price £60.00. ISBN | 900347 09 1. Hardback. This monumental seven hundred page book contains 76 chapters resulting from the papers and posters presented at the Holttum Memorial Pteridophyte Symposium held at Kew in 1995. Held a century after the birth of Richard Eric Holttum, the symposium celebrated his remarkable contribution to the study of ferns and their allies. The first of the six major sections in the book contains two chapters giving vivid accounts of Holttum’s achievements during 95 years of life. The book itself is also a monumental achievement. It truly puts the discipline of pteridology in perspective, showing it to be an exciting and rapidly developing field of science. The inclusion of many short contributions, based on posters, helps maintain the diversity and vitality of the book and is an approach other symposium organisers should chose to follow. The second section of the book deals with Floras, Biodiversity and Conservation. The most important message is that pteridophytes have been neglected: in conservation projects, in scientific reference collections and in published identification manuals. As V.B. Amoroso et al. point out, it is probably not surprising that the public attention focused on the destruction of tropical forests does not include awareness of the consequences for forest-dwelling ferns. The vulnerability of delicate plants such as filmy ferns (C. Sanchez & M.G. Caluff), of island fern floras (Y.S. Baksh-Comeau) and of desirable house plants (G.L. Unwin and M.A. Hunt) are all carefully documented. Despite the quality of these, and other case histories, it is clear that we still do not know enough about ferns for their, or our own, good even in this era of biodiversity. The urgent plea by M. Roos for more floristic research, especially in the tropics, is well argued while B. Léon and K.R. Young illustrate the plight of pteridology in Peru. There are probably fewer than 10,000 herbarium specimens representing the 1,060 ) species of pteridophytes so far recorded from Peru. The majority of these are in collections outside Peru, a country that currently has no full time professional pteridologists. The Convention on Biological Diversity calls for the sharing of resources and international collaboration in the development of scientific capacity. A crash-programme to train pteridologists in the tropics is clearly sgetiad Two chapters in this section that I found particularly novel are the investigation of soil spore banks by A.F. Dyer & S. Lindsay and the application of molecular biology to discover levels of genetic variation at the population level by FJ. Rumsey er al e third section concerns Generic and Family Concepts and here the chapters by P.G. Wolf, J. Pahnke er al., D.S. Conant et al. and J.-Y. Dubuisson show the spectacular advances that have resulted from molecular systematics in recent years. Similarly, the chapter by Stevenson and Loconte in a later section shows the rapid progress now taking place in phylogenetic studies of pteridophytes. Despite the technical difficulties enumerated by P.G. Wolf, molecular sequence data can clarify relationships at various levels within pteridophytes, and is especially effective when fully integrated with morphological characters. Given the rapid progress of phylogenetic analysis, which is demonstrated by the growing robustness of many groupings, E. Hennipman’s proposal for a consensus classification seems somewhat discordant. Section four concerns Species Concepts and Speciation. I particularly enjoyed C. Haufler’s thought-provoking contribution of a chapter that merits reading by all biologists, whatever their specialism. Once again, molecular approaches are opening up exciting new avenues for research in pteridology as J.C. Vogel et al. show in their unravelling of reticulate evolution in Asplenium. Both this chapter and that of J.E. Burrows, on Ophioglossum in sub-Saharan Africa highlight relationships between fern distributions and geology. This is surely a fruitful area for future research. n five, entitled Pattern and Process, deals with the fossil record and as pects of aerae a ultrastructure. A minor niggle from me is that I would prbably have grouped the papers with those in section three. However, as in other parts of the book the quality of the contributions is excellent. M.E. Collinson’s review of fossil pteridophytes is outstanding and will now be the natural place to begin for anyone wishing to delve into the palaeobotany of FERN GAZETTE: VOLUME 15 PART 5 (1997) 195 pteridophytes. G.W. Rothwell’s account of fossil ferns and R.M. Bateman’s overview of cophytes are both m rapes treatments that show the value of 1 aries studies of Recent and fossil plants. This is especially important in the case of such ancient plants, which have dominated the a throughout much of history and where the fossil record reveals many living ee to be the survivors of much more abundant and diverse lines. morphological and ultrastructural chapters serve to et how much scope remains for the mea documentation of organisation and ontogeny in biolo The sixth and final section of the book concerns Interaction with Environment and Other Organisms and rounds off the book neatly with contributions on life cycles, ecology, population genetics and eon h he editors are to tulated on producing an excellent book that is certain to be used as a key source of iteration for many years to come. It is a volume that deserves to be read by many people outside the field of pteridology. It shotild be compulsary reading for those biologists foolish enough to believe that most of organismal biology had been completed before Holttum was even born. Stephen Blackmore, 196 FERN GAZETTE: VOLUME 15 PART 5 (1997) THE FERN GAZETTE NOTES FOR CONTRIBUTORS Manuscripts on any aspect of pteridology are welcome and should be sent to: The Editor of The Fern a Department of on The Natural History Museum Cromwell Road London SW7 5BD U.K Follow the style of this Part, paying particular attention to the References. Diagrams and photographs should be in black and white of the required magnification or larger, with identity and top edge indicated. Please submit the top copy together with two others (photocopies are acceptable). A disc should also be included if possible (preferred file type - Word, DOS format). BACK NUMBERS OF THE FERN GAZETTE, PTERIDOLOGIST. BULLETIN are available from: P.J.Acock 13 Star Lane St. Mary Cray Kent BR5 3LT U.K issouri Botanical Garden nr The British Pteridological Society THE FERN GAZETTE CONTENTS : 2 é Ob ti Pra ey es ti wy y ree F i in the Zona Reservada De Tambopata, Madre De Dios, Peru — B. Nicholson — 153 A . = oh Sin a i‘ — Harald Schneider — 160 Di ity of Tree Ferns : Ferns of the Black Sea Region of Turkey: — Osman Benlioglu, Génil Kaynak and Gal Tanmeilar —