LEAFLETS

OF

BOTANICAL OBSERVATION AND CRITIC.

BY

EDWARD L. GREENE.

VOL. II.

t A
hasi jie AL:

WASHINGTON, D. C.
1910-1912.

CONTENTS.

New Species of the Genus Mimulus >. ...... ... |
New Western Asteraceae. - ..- +--+ ses . 8
New Composites from Oregon, Washington and Idaho . 14
New Plants from Arizona ..... +e ees >... 20
New Californian Asteraceae . s... ss ss eee .. 25
Some Western Caulescent Violets... s... ©... 32
Reconsideration of the Genus Marah ..... ©... 35
An Oriental Convallaria .......... ©... 36

Nomenclature of the Bayberries . . .. e. s s... 37
Two New Southern Violets . e e.. s s e s e o o > 4l

Three New Astragali . . . 2... ee ee a ees 42
The Genus Downingia. .......2 +2522. -. 43
Miscellaneous Specific Types. ~] re we ee 45

Miscellaneous Specific Types.—II.........+.. 86
Miscellaneous Specific Types.—III ........ ..105
Miscellaneous Specific Types.—IV ......... .-.152
Miscellaneous Specific Types—V..... ee ew 6 225
Miscellaneous Specific Types.—VI ...... . . . -270
Studies of Thalictraceae.—I re .-
Studies of Thalictraceae.—II . . . 2... ee ee 89

Certain American Roses ...... rr 310)
Some Allies of Hibiscus Moscheutos. ......... 64
Two New Lupines ......... rn 67
Some Western Species of Arabis ........... 69
New Papilionaceae ..... cee ee ee e. 83
A Fascicle of Violets .........24.24 2.064608. 94
New Species of Sambucus ..... rr |?)
A New Name for the Bayberries ..... wee ee 101
Some Southwestern Mulberries .......... ..4112
A Further Study of Agoseris .............121
Some Western Roses .......... 2.6 62 4.132
A Cruciferous Monotype. ....... cee we ew 2 136

Four New Polentillaceae. . .

a”

IV CONTENTS.

Two Californian Columbines . .
Accessions to Antennaria

The Genus Saviniona .....
Accessions to Apocynum .

New Species of Trautvetteria .
Some Erigeron Segregates
Certain Cruciferous Types .. .
New Species of Chaenactis .
Certain Asclepiads

Some New Lupines

New Species of Cicuta .

Early History of Our Dogbanes. = .

Some Californian Maples...
Certain Western Roses

Three New Rhamni...

A Handful of Vetches .

- 141
- - 143
- 159
- 164
- 190
- 193
- 219
. . 221
. 229
. 233
. 236
. 241
- 248
. 254
- 266
- 267

a nai

ye a

New Species of the Genus Mimulus.

M.MINTHODES. Akin to M. ringens, but stem wing-angled
much as in M. alatus, also the leaves lanceolate, narrowed at
both ends and short-petioled, the petiole winged, the margins
of all leaves lightly crenate-serrate : peduncles long, surpass-
ing the foliage: calyx-teeth subulate, aristate-acuminate.

Rare or local in the southern United States, where M.
ringens is also widely dispersed ; differing from that by its
wing-angled stem and exactly lanceolate foliage, while from
M. alatus it is distinguished by its long peduncles and subu-
late calyx-teeth. The type specimens are in U. S. Herb. and
were collected at Birmingham, Ala., Aug., 1888. Others quite
like them, but younger, were gathered at Rome, Georgia, in
the same year.

M. ACUTANGULUS. Allied to M. ringens, and with similarly
spatulate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate foliage lightly ap-
pressed serrate, but stem sharply angled, the fruiting calyx
very short and thick, its teeth short, abruptly aristate-pointed
above a deltoid base, also erect, not converging over the cap-
sule like those of M. ringens.

A northwestern type which, despite its short erect calyx-
teeth and somewhat angular stem, has no marked character in
common with M. alatus. The type specimens in U.S. Herb.
are from Crow Wing County, in central Minnesota, J. H.
Sandberg, 19 Aug. 1891. JZ. ringens itself appears to be
common in Minnesota.

I next subjoin a few segregates of the group of which M.
cardinalis is typical. Indeed, all the forms here brought to
notice have been carelessly labelled and distributed for that

LEAFLETS of Botanical Observation and Criticism, Vor. II, pp. 1-24,
6 February, 1909,

2 LEAFLETS.

species. Everywhere in California and northward the devia-
tions from the type seem best treated as marked varieties, or
sub-species ; but in Arizona, and southward in Mexico, all the
forms have quadrangular stems, as well as a different type of
foliage ; with also some other definitely specific characters.

M. CARDINALIS, var. GRISEUS. Stems very stout, but weak
and decumbent, much branched, grayish-hoary throughout,
but especially as to stem, branches and peduncles, with a vil-
lous and somewhat viscid pubescence: leaves broadly oval,
closely sessile, sparsely dentate with coarse triangular teeth,
the intervals between these teeth denticulate. i

On stream banks of Santa Catalina Island, off the coast of
California, May, 1896, Blanche Trask.

M. CARDINALIS, var. RIGENS. Stems rather slender, per-
fectly terete, rigidly upright from roots not very obviously
perennial: leaves numerous, ascending, not large, closely
evenly and sharply dentate; peduncles rigid, of twice the
length of the leaves : calyx rather short, its tube marked with
fine red-purple dots.

Neighborhood of San Bernardino, in arid southern Califor-
nia; collected by S. B. Parish, July, 1896; in U. S. Herb.
under his number 4189. It is in marked contrast with the far
northern plant of cool mountain shades in a number of par-
ticulars.

M. CARDINALIS, var. EXSUL. Stems long, stout, decum-
bent or reclining, terete, densely leafy; leaves small for the
plant, widely spreading, oval above a spatulate base, sessile,
auricled-clasping, rather obtuse, not dentate, only lightly ser-
rate-toothed, both faces softly viscid-pubescent : calyx short,
its teeth deltoid and shortly acuminate: tube of corolla not
exserted.

Inhabits the hot and arid island of Cedros off the coast of
Mexico. Coll. Edw. Palmer, March, 1889, n. 681 asin U. S.
Herb.

M. VERBENACEUS. Stems not stout, obtusely 4-angled,
decumbent, 10 to 16 inches high, simple, densely leafy,

Pee ee ee eee

ee a Pee eee

SPECIES OF MIMULUS. 3

usually flowering at summit only; pubescence scanty, villous:
leaves thin, elongated, elliptical and saliently as well as very
regularly dentate above a spatulate and entire basal part, ses-
sile by a subcordate but not dilated base: calyx villous, its
teeth deltoid but with subulate tip: corolla with long tube
exserted from the calyx by half its length.

Wet rocks above Clear Creek, Camp Verde, middle Arizona,
J. W. Toumey, Aug. 1891, as in U. S. Herb.

M. LUGENS. Stems upright, rather slender, very distinctly
4-angled, lightly villous-pubescent: leaves elongated, the lower
almost oblanceolate, the floral rhombic-lanceolate, all acute,
saliently and closely serrate-toothed, the upper face marked
in the middle by a large somewhat triangular dark-brown or
blackish spot: peduncles slender, 3 or 4 inches long, twice the
length of the leaves: folds of the calyx wholly dark-colored,
as also the triangular-subulate teeth: corolla-tube of more
than twice the length of the calyx.

Fort Huachuca, southern Arizona, Edward Palmer, 1890,
n. 441 as in U. S. Herb. Also the same, by the same, from
the Sierra de los Alamos on the Mexican side of the interna-
tional boundary, in the same year.

M. RUPESTRIS. Stems slender, branching, 4-angled, largely
prostrate, rooting at many of the nodes: leaves small, narrow,
mostly elliptical, 3-nerved, closely, saliently and almost pec-
tinately serrate-dentate: pedicels very slender, not equalling
the leaves: calyx thin, its teeth triangular-lanceolate: corolla
small, elongated, its tube twice the length of the calyx.

State of Morelos, Mexico, on wet cliffs at 7,500 feet on the
Sierra de Tepoxtlan, C. G. Pringle, 6 May, 1900; his n.
8348 as in U. S. Herb. There is a fragment of something
quite different mounted on one corner of the sheet.

The following are of the alliance that is headed by the Mimu-
lus luteus of South America :

4 LEAFLETS.

M. EROSUS. Annual, stoutish, 5 to 8 inches high, obscurely
and obtusely 4-angled, rather short-jointed and more or less
geniculate but not procumbent: leaves small, suborbicular or
subreniform above a broadly cuneate petiolar base, the mar-
gins of all erose to strongly erose-dentate: fruiting pedicels
of twice the length of leaves, filiform but firm: fruiting calyx
strongly bilabiate and closed, coarsely purple-dotted: corolla
of twice the length of the calyx, with long-exserted tube and
small limb.

Santa Agneda, Lower California, Edw. Palmer, 1890, n. 233
as in U. S. Herb.

M. PALLENS. Annual, erect, very slender, 3 to 6 inches
high, dull-green and glaucescent: leaves small, in few pairs
and remote, very thin, oval to suborbicular, the upper broader
and sessile, the lower narrower and on rather long winged
petioles, all, even the petiolate ones, connate at the very base,
some subentire, others toothed slightly ; pedicels elongated,
filiform: corollas clear yellow, large for the plant: fruiting
calyx oval, closed by the usual folding of the segments; these
all obtuse.

Vicinity of Durango, Mexico, Edw. Palmer, 1896; his n.
55, asin U. S. Herb.

M. PUBERULUS. Greene, in Rydb. Fl. Col. 311 (1906).
Stems upright, terete, 1% to 1 foot high, branching, viscidly
hirtellous or at least viscid-puberulent throughout: leaves not
large, the lower obovate, spatulate at base, upper oval or ovate,
sessile, all more or less and variously toothed: corollas large
for the plant, 1 inch long, yellow; pedicels very short, not
equalling the mature calyx, this oval, with uppermost tooth
very large and prominent.

Type in my own herbarium from Pagosa Springs, Colo., by
C. F. Baker, 27 July, 1899.

M. LoncuLus. Annual, slender, suberect, often a foot
high or more, simple, glabrous, glaucescent, sparsely leafy
and few-flowered, stem obtusely quadrangular, the lower inter-
nodes commonly 8 inches long’: leaves small for the plant, orbi-

us or

SPECIES OF MIMULUS. 5

cular to round-reniform, denticulate: corolla minute, pale-
yellow; calyx accrescent, in maturity approaching a half-inch
long, the teeth unequal, little connivent.

Margins of spring pools that in summer have gone dry, in
low meadows along the Humboldt River, at Deeth, Nevada,
26 July, 1896; collected only by the writer.

The species can only be compared with my M. Hallii of
Colorado; and that is low, with rather crowded leaves and
flowers; has also a calyx with much more unequal teeth and
these closely connivent. .

M. MINUSCULUS. Small delicate perennial 1 to 3 inches

high from slender subterranean rootstocks, the whole plant >,

more or less sparsely and minutely hispid-hirtellous: leaves
thin, ovate, saliently few-toothed, subsessile, barely % inch
long: flowers large for the plant, in the smaller 1 only and as
if terminal, in the larger 2 or 3, on upright pedicels 1 inch
long or more; calyx with 1 large and prominent and 4 very short
teeth, all triangular; corolla large, 34 inch long, light-yellow.

South Fork of Kern River, Calif., at 8,200 feet, J. T. Roth-
rock, 1875, n. 312 asin U. S. Herb.

M. CLEMENTINUs. Annual, with slender sharply 4-angled
stems leafy and flowering throughout, all after the manner of
M. nasutus, the corollas as small, but foliage different, the
leaves simply and only slightly toothed, the lower with short
winged petioles, the upper sessile: fruiting calyx obliquely
round-ovate, the teeth subequal, that is, the upper one hardly
prominent beyond the others.

San Clemente Island, off the coast of southern California,
June, 1903, Blanche Trask. Type in U. S. Herb.

M. CORDATUS. Annual, a foot high, firmly erect, not
slender, leafy mostly near the base, internodes of the obtusely
4-angled stem 2 inches long or more, flowers racemosely con-
gested near the summit: leaves purplish, cordate, lightly den-
tate, an inch long, on flattened petioles of equal length, the
few cauline smaller and subsessile, bracts of the raceme small,
closely sessile: corollas 2 inch long, yellow, not dotted:

a

6 LEAFLETS.

fruiting calyx on a slender pedicel of about its own length, of
round-oval outline save as modified by the large and prominent
triangular uppermost lobe or tooth.

Bear Mountain, near Silver City, New Mexico, 24 April,
1903, O. B. Metcalfe, a part of his n. 28 as in U. S. Herb.,
the other specimens under that distribution number being of a
very different species. The present plant has some points
notably recalling the Californian M. nasutus. Apparently the
same is T. E. Wilcox’s n. 31 from Fort Huachuca, Ariz.,
1894, in flower only.

M. CUSPIDATUS. Of the height of M. nasutus, stems as quad-
rangular but more slender, with longer internodes and fewer
leaves and flowers ; herbage not reddened but pale-green and
glaucescent ; lower face of foliage more or less sparsely setu-
lose-hairy, otherwise glabrous: leaves of suborbicular outline,
the lowest on long and slender petioles, the lower and middle
cauline with a merely spatulate to broadly cuneate base, these
and the closely sessile bracts above them cuneate, all sparsely
dentate and plainly cuspidate-pointed : pedicels slender, shorter
than the calyx, this with not very prominent upper lobe:
corolla small as in M. nasutus.

Known only as collected in wet shades among rocks along
the upper Stanislaus River, California, by the writer, late in
June, 1889,

M. PROCERUS. Stout, upright, presumably a yard high, the
large terminal racemes alone a foot long, in every part hirtel-
lous-puberulent : leaves below the inflorescence as far as known
round-oval, petiolate, all the floral sessile, broader than long,
the lower of these closely, deeply and almost pectinately den-
tate, the upper much reduced and entire: fruiting pedicels
stout, ascending, much longer than the very large calyces,
these broadly oblique-oval, 34 inch long, more than ™% inch
wide, their teeth large, short and blunt: corolla yellow, large,
but not so in due proportion to the plant.

Santa Lucia Mountains, California, R. H. Plaskett, June,
1898, n. 156, as in my herbarium.

ee a

SPECIES OF MIMULUS. 7

M. PETIOLARIS. Perennial, upright, rather slender, more
than a foot high, glabrous except as to upper part of inflores-
ence, all the foliage elongated and rather long-petiolate, only
the floral bracts sessile: leaves 3 to 5 inches long including
the petiole, blades oval to lanceolate, mostly tapering to the
petiole, acutish or obtuse, saliently and doubly dentate : raceme
simple, lax, pedicels slender, elongated: corollas smallish, 34
inch long, yellow: mature calyx unknown.

Argus Mountains, Inyo Co., Calif., Apr., 1891. Coville &
Funston, n. 740 asin U.S. Herb. Remarkable for long narrow
long-stalked leaves.

M. VERONICIFOLIUS. Middle-sized perrennial species, sub-
erect from a decumbent base, sparingly leafy, glabrous as to
the basal parts, at summit minutely puberulent: lowest leaves
obovate, petiolate, the upper sessile, ovate, all serrate-dentate :
flowers mostly 2 only, occasionally but one, large, long-pedi-
cellate ; calyx-teeth very unequal, the upper very large, obtuse ;
corolla very large, yellow.

At 5,000 feet in the Olympic Mountains, Washington, C. V.
Piper, Aug., 1895; n. 2177 as in my herbarium.

Of the group of the tufted alpine, perennial, to which the
Californian M. implexus belongs; differing from that by its
veronica-like foliage and excessively large corollas, these 2
inches long and nearly 14 inches wide at the orifice. They
are perhaps the largest in the genus.

M. LUCENS. Akin to M. implexus, differing by much more
slender stems which are weak and decumbent ; leaves exactly —
ovate, truncate or subcordate at base, of such delicately succu-
lent texture as to be clearly translucent when dried under
pressure: calyx sparsely and finely villous.

Along rivulets in deep woods of the Powder River Moun-
tains, Oregon, C. V. Piper, Aug., 1896, nn. 2518, 2519 as in
my herbarium.

I myself once identified this for Mr. Piper as M. implexus,
but that was done too inconsiderately. It is as large a plant,
but of a totally different anatomy, its herbage, though fleshy,

8 LEAFLETS.

being of an extremely delicate and almost fibreless tissue, the
leaves when dry being as translucent as a delicate green sea-
weed. It is, of course, a plant widely separated from the
other geographically and ecologically.

New Western Asteraceae.

ASTER HALOPHILUS. Stems slender, decumbent, % to 1
foot high, sparingly strigulose under a lens, leafy to above the
middle, racemose-panicled at summit: leaves rather crowded,
oblong-linear, entire acute, green and glabrous except as to the
serrulate-scabrous margin, all one-nerved, deflexed : heads
middle-sized ; involucre turbinate, much imbricated, with
scales glabrous and glandless: rays pale violet.

Salt marshes about Beck’s Hot Springs, Utah, at 4,500 ft.,
6 Sept., 1906, A. O. Garrett. In foliage and habit as well as
size reminding one of 4. campestris, but not closely related to
that, the involucre being in every way different, and more like
that of 4. adscendens.

ASTER LEUCOPSIS. Rather slender, rigid, 1 to 2 feet high,
decumbent at base, racemose to subpaniculate from the middle ;
plant whitish with bloom, very sparsely scabrous, the margins
of the lance-linear entire leaves strongly serrulate-scabrous :
pedicels of the many middle-sized heads with many spreading
linear bracts; involucre turbinate, closely imbricated, the
green tips of the scales conspicuous on a ground of white:
rays not large, pale violet.

Along irrigating ditches in the vicinity of Salt Lake City,
Utah, very common. Here described from specimens by A. O.
Garrett, 5 Sept., 1905.

ERIGERON MINUSCULUS. Low cespitose perennial with muti-
cipitous short caudex surmounting a stout tap root; flowering
branches slender and wiry, only 2 or 3 inches high, monoce-
phalous, leafy-bracted; basal leaves linear, an inch long,

pee

WESTERN ASTERACEAE. 9

upright, firm, green and glabrous like the stems, perfectly
entire : involucres small, campanulate, the bracts unequal and
in two ranks, densely glandular-scaberulous, acute: rays
neither numerous nor narrow, deep bluish-purple ; disk-flowers
also not very numerous.

Clefts of rocks in Big Cottonwood Cafion, Salt Lake Co.,
Utah, 24 Aug., 1906, collected and communicated by A. O.
Garrett. Ambiguous as to the genus, the glabrous stems and
foliage and few broad rays recalling Aster; but the disk-
corollas, etc., are those of the genus /yvigeron.

ERIGERON MENDOCINUS. ‘Tufted and rigid perennial a foot
high, the stems decumbent at base, simple, leafy up to the
inflorescence of about 3 large heads; leaves spatulate-linear, the
lower and larger 2 inches long, acute, nearly glabrous except as
marginally beset with stiff hairs abruptly bent upwards from
the base: heads 1% inches broad from tip to tip of the rich
lilac rays; involucre broadly hemispherical, its bracts in about
3 series; strigosely pubescent: achenes smooth, sparsely
strigose.

Big River, Mendocino Co., Calif., July, 1903, Jas. McMur-
phy, n. 353. An exceedingly showy and beautiful member
of that Californian group of Erigerons to which Æ. Hartwegi
and Æ. Breweri belong.

PYRROCOMA CALENDULACEA. Stout, with several mono-
cephalous bracted and subscapiform stems hardly surpassing
the foliage, the whole only 5 or 6 inches high: leaves mostly
broadly oblanceolate, subspatulately tapering to a petiole, all
entire, of thinnish texture, glabrous or nearly so; cauline
short, lanceolate, sessile, and like the upper part of the stem
more or less villous-arachnoid : involucres nearly hemispher-
ical, 34 inch broad, not as high, bracts many but subequal,
oblong-linear, acute, wholly herbaceous and thinnish, hoarily
and somewhat viscidly villous, or in some specimens only
sparsely so; rays many and showy, deep yellow.

Alpine species of the Colorado mountains; type from Union
Creek Pass, at 10,000 to 11,000 feet, by John Wolf, 1873.

10 LEAFLETS.

Here also I refer Hall & Harbour’s n. 255, and other speci-
mens by later collectors.

PYRROCOMA HOLOLEUCA. Small plants, 4 or 5 inches high,
many-stemmed, all the parts, even to the involucres, more or
less whitened with a loose cottony or flocculent indument :
basal leaves lanceolate, acuminate, usually incise-serrate, some-
times quite entire: flowering stems many, slender, leafy-
bracted, in young plants apt to bear two or more heads, in the
more mature always monocephalous : heads low-hemispherical,
% inch wide exclusive of the many and quite showy though
rather narrow rays; bracts of the involucre in 3 series, of
herbaceous texture, densely white-lanuginous : achenes silvery-
silky, the hairs closely appressed.

Yellowstone National Park, collected under the direction of
Dr. E. H. Mearns, 1902; special station not named. ‘The
collector’s numbers in U. S. Herb. are 3188, 3190, 3191 and
31917.

PYRROCOMA AMPLECTENS. Stems 1 or 2 from the root, up-
right from a slightly decumbent base, a foot high or more,
monocephalous ; all parts glabrous except the stem near the
head of flowers : basal leaves narrow, linear-lanceolate, 5 to 8
inches long, rather obtuse, quite entire; cauline of the same
form and large, 2 to 4 inches long, sessile and clasping the
stem: head distinctly broad-turbinate, an inch high and more,
quite as broad ; bracts of the involucre green-herbaceous ex-
cept at the very base, even of thinnish texture, oblong or oval,
obtuse, forming more than two series, but subequal and little
imbricated: rays large and showy, almost as in P. crocea.

Mogollon Mountains, New Mexico, at 9,000 feet, O. B. Met-
calfe, 17 Aug., 1903.

PYRROCOMA DEMISSA. A robust dwarf, the herbage of sub-
coriaceous texture and glabrous: basal leaves seldom 2 inches
long, with very short-petiolar base, the blades oblong-lanceo-
late, acute, either entire or few-toothed, the teeth subserrate :
pedunculiform stems decumbent, leafy-bracted, monocepha-

WESTERN ASTERACEAE. 11

lous, the heads 34 inch broad, nearly hemispherical, their
bracts in several series and imbricated, spatulate-oblong to
oval, pungently acute, green-herbaceous mainly, but with cal-
lous whitened and entire margins: rays manifest, deep-yellow :
achenes nerveless, glabrous and shining ; pappus coarse.

Subalpine on Mt. Stanford, eastern California, C. F. Sonne;
the type specimens collected in August, 1888, the plant not
otherwise known.

PYRROCOMA MICRODONTA. Stems erect, a foot high, not
stout, with smooth whitish and shining bark, toward the sum-
mit bearing a rather strict raceme of 5 or 6 heads; basal
leaves lanceolate, entire, or the margins of some obscurely
denticulate ; cauline leaves ovate, lanceolate, sessile by a broad
base, their margins rather closely and minutely callous-den-
ticulate or spinulose: involucres between hemispherical and
turbinate, % inch high and about as broad, much imbri-
cated, the almost corneous bracts with broad subsquarrose
green tips, these marginally denticulate, on the back scaberu-
lous : rays not very conspicuous, light-yellow.

Inyo County, California, at Resting Springs Valley, 6 Feb.,
1891, Coville and Funston ; being n. 269 of the Death Valley
collection, as in U. S. Herb.

PYRROCOMA SESSILIFLORA. Stems many, ascending, a foot
high or more, with glabrous straw-colored bark, subspicately
floriferous from below the middle: basal leaves 3 inches long,
linear-lanceolate, very firm, commonly entire, sometimes
toothed, always sharply serrulate-scabrous, the flattened and
subpetiolar base hispid-ciliate ; cauline remote, lance-linear,
sessile : involucres turbinate, small, sessile singly in the axils
of the leafy bracts; those of the involucre cartilaginous, but
with short, broadly triangular abruptly very acute green tips:
rays few but large for the heads, light-yellow.

Collected somewhere in southern Nevada, at an altitude of
3,000 feet or more, in 1898, by C. A. Purpus; his n. 6340 as
in U. S. Herb. Superficially recalling P. glomerata of the
far Northwest ; in character wholly different.

12 LEAFLETS.

PYRROCOMA PRIONOPHYLLA. Stems upright, 2 feet high,
stout, glabrous, the bark whitish, almost polished, racemose
from above the middle: basal leaves a foot long, including
the very broad and short scarcely petiolar base, narrowly
oblong-lanceolate, less than an inch wide, very coarsely and
evenly serrate-toothed, everywhere glabrous except as to the
finely scabrous margin; cauline leaves much reduced, sessile,
more finely and more saliently serrate: heads small for the
plant, forming a short and rather strict raceme; involucres
broadly turbinate, much imbricated, the bracts coriaceous,
but with green tips which are pungently acute: rays rather
small and few, light-yellow.

Eagle Valley, Nevada, C. F. Baker, Aug., 1902, his n. 1450
as in U. S. Herb.

PYRROCOMA SUBCAESIA. Small plants quite like P. calen-
dulacea in habit aud size, larger ones nearly a foot high and
more than monocephalous, the stronger stems corymbosely
sustaining 3 large and subequal heads ; bark of stems reddened
and sparsely villous-tomentose ; herbage otherwise altogether
of a dull glaucescent green aud rather firm; basal leaves
elliptic-lanceolate, acute ; cauline spatulate-lanceolate to ovate-
lanceolate, minutely but strongly reticulate, glabrous except
as to the denticulate-scabrous margins: involucre low-hemi-
spherical, large, 1 to 1% inches wide, bracts spatulate-oblong,
mainly herbaceous, very acute, loosely villous-hairy on the
back, marginally villous-ciliate; rays 20 or more, clear yel-
low, showy ; achenes closely low-ribbed and loosely pilose;
pappus scanty, coarse.

Panguitch Lake, Utah, at 8,400 feet, M. E. Jones, 7 Sept.,
1894.

PYRROCOMA CREPIDINEA. Many-stemmed and low, 3 or
4 inches high, whitened with a kind of soft silky wooliness:
basal leaves lanceolate or elliptic, short-petioled, 112 to 2
inches long, somewhat dentate ; cauline leaves ovate-lanceo-
late, with broad subcordate-clasping base; the decumbent
stems bearing usually three slender-peduncled small heads;
involucres rather full-hemispherical, their small bracts in two

kA gammy

WESTERN ASTERACEAE. 13

or three series and lanuginous: rays many, rather short ;
achenes hirtellous.

Near Alkali Spring, Buffalo River, central Wyoming, 5
Aug., 1901, Merrill and Wilcox, their n. 1137 as in U. S.
Herb.

PYRROCOMA PLANTAGINEA. Smallish plant, inhabiting
low subsaline soils; the basal leaves entire, broadly or nar-
rowly lanceolate, apparently somewhat fleshy, glabrous, their
petioles short and, like the stems, dark-reddish or purplish ;
flowering stems 2 or 3 to 5 or 6 inches high, commonly mono-
cephalous, not rarely with 2 or 3 low-hemispherical heads ;
bracts of involucre rather herbaceous, in hardly more than
two series but unequal, puberulent and often more or less
uginous with loose deciduous wool which also often colors
the younger parts of the stem: rays many, deep-yellow and
showy : achenes silky and pappus quite fine and soft.

Apparently abundant in certain parts of the Yellowstone
Park, and southward in western Wyoming. Rydberg and
Bessey’s n. 5051 as in U. S. Herb. represents a common
monocephalous form of it ; but it varies greatly.

PYRROCOMA LAPATHIFOLIA. Robust, upright, the several
stems 2 feet high, loosely racemose above the middle: basal
leaves 6 to 8 inches long including the very stout and rather
short petioles, apparently of subsucculent texture when fresh,
the blades oblong-lanceolate, or some with subcordate base,
entire, light-green, glabrous; cauline few, short, sessile and
half clasping, lanceolate, acuminate, spinulose-serrate: heads
long-peduncled, the peduncles reddened, somewhat flocculent,
quite woolly at summit just under the nevertheless glabrous
bracts of the involucre; these very many and narrow-linear,
yet little imbricated, encompassing low-hemispherical heads
34 inch wide.

Remarkable species, with basal leaves not unlike those of
Rumex salicifolius in size, form and texture; the cauline as
different in form as can well be imagined. The specimen in
U. S. Herb. purports to have come from somewhere in Utah,
in 1875, by the hands of L. F. Ward.

14 LEAFLETS.

New Composites from Oregon, Washington and Idaho. un’

SENECIO CHAPACENSIS. Perennial, the tufted leaves and 5A” ett
low stems from the stout branches of a hard caudex, the whole av !
plant 5-7 inches high, glabrous: basal leaves many, rather E mh
fleshy, short-petioled, obovate and oval, cuneate and entire at pe M
base, the obtuse or subtruncate apex coarsely crenate, some
also laterally crenate : the stout pedunculiform stems with two
or three sessile pinnatifid small bracts: heads of less than
middle size, 6-18 in a mostly, simple fastigiate corymb ; bracts
of involucre 12-15, narrow-lanceolate : rays deep-yellow, ob-
long, somewhat narrowed, and sharply 3-toothed at apex.

Mount Chapaca, in Okanogan Co., Washington, at 4,000 ft.,
collected by A. D. E. Elmer, Aug., 1897. Collector’s n. 592,
as on sheet 352360 U. S. Herb. In Mr. Piper’s Flora of
Washington this is called S. cymbalarioides, though there is ‘
not one essential point at which it agrees with Nuttall’s char-
acter of that species.

iq

SENECIO LIGULIFOLIUS. Stems one or several, subligneous _ $, “4!
J at base and decumbent around the crown of a taproot, 7—12
inches high, the whole plant canescently tomentulose, the wool hett.
apt to be more or less deciduous from the upper face of foliage
in age: basal leaves mostly tufted on sterile shoots, the nar-
rowly oblong obtuse blades not equalling the rather wide
petioles, their margins entire, short-revolute, the whole 2-4
inches long, the tuft upright; cauline leaves reduced, few,
sessile, entire or toothed, no revolute: heads middle-sized, not
very numerous, in a fastigiate corymb; involucres narrowly
subcampanulate, loosely tomentulose at base only: rays rather
short, oblong, obtuse, the teeth very short and obscure: pap-
pus fragile and deciduous; achenes glabrous.
Near Waldo, Oregon, 14 June, 1904, C. V. Piper. Sheet
527705, U. S. Herb.
SENECIO LEUCOCRINUS. „S. /astigiatus, Nutt. (1841), not 5 ayn
/ of Schweinitz (1824). Since this fine species is in need of a” f
name I give it one that is suggested by its beautiful soft pap- htt: `

de
i

~i

ae m, 1i

COMPOSITES FROM OREGON. 15

pus, which is also usually wavy below the summit, and which
also is not deciduous from the mature achene, as it is in S.
ligulifolius.

SENECIO AULETICUS. Low tufted perennial with nearly
naked and mostly monocephalous stems 3-9 inches high, the
stems and their bracts, as also the involucres floccose-tomen-
tulose, the foliage hardly so: blades of basal leaves suborbicu-
lar to obovate, from less than % to 1 inch long, lightly and
often obscurely crenate or dentate, slightly succulent, on
petioles of twice or thrice their length; cauline leaves mere
sessile flocculent bracts: involucre campanulate, nearly % inch
high and as broad; rays deep golden yellow, elongated-oval,
at least 5-nerved, at apex very obtuse and with three short and
obscure teeth.

The type specimens of this very good new Senecio are from
‘eight miles south of Waldo,’’ Oregon, by C. V. Piper, 14
June, 1904. They are in U. S. Herb., under the collector’s
n. 5079. His numbers 6254 and 6145 appear to be specifically
the same, and are from the same general region.

PYRROCOMA BALSAMITAE. Stems few, stout, 1 to 2 feet
high, spicate above the middle with few and rather remote
middle-sized heads, the whole plant to the naked eye glabrous,
of a light-green inclining to yellowish: leaves subcoriaceous,
the basal 2 to 4 inches long, the oblong-elliptic blade little
surpassing the narrow petiole, evenly crenulate or subserrate-
crenulate, the lower cauline spatulate-lanceolate, the upper
oblong, all the cauline sessile: heads broadly turbinate, 1%
inch high, nearly or quite sessile, elegantly imbricated bracts
of involucre with linear base and rhomboid green tips, their
whole margin very definitely villous-ciliate: rays not numer-
ous, light-yellow.

Wet meadows, summit of Cascade Mountains, Oregon, 12
Aug., 1902, W. C. Cusick; his n. 2947 as in U. S. Herb.
Foliage remarkably simulating that of the old-fashioned fra-
grant garden herb Balsamita.

16 LEAFLETS.

PYRROCOMA HALOPHILA. Stems several, seldom 6 inches
high, rather rigid, ascending, racemose above the middle;
herbage pale and glaucescent, with or without traces of woolli-
ness: basal leaves lanceolate, entire or evenly serrate ; cauline
reduced, entire, very lanuginous at the sessile base only: heads
on slender pedicels, the involucres turbinate, less than 3% inch
high, bracts oblong-linear, the outer obtuse, the inner acute,
all more or less lanuginous and most so marginally : rays few,
short.

In an alkaline meadow, Goose Lake Valley, Oregon, 19
Aug., 1901, W. C. Cusick; his n. 2769 as in U. S. Herb.

PYRROCOMA DURIUSCULA. Stems, few, erect, very hard,
rigid, glabrous, 2 feet high, simple and loosely spicate at sum-
mit, sometimes with one or more spicate branches : basal leaves
narrow-lanceolate, pungently acute, perfectly entire, but
margins scabrous; lower cauline lanceolate, sessile, sharply
serrate: involucres turbinate, more than '% inch high, their
bracts much imbricated, of hard texture, with pungently acute
green tips and scabrous margins: rays few, short, deep-yellow :
pappus not very coarse.

Stony ground somewhere in eastern Oregon at 3,500 feet
altitude, W. C. Cusick, Aug., 1897; n. 1755 as in U. S. Herb.
Also the same under number 530, collected in 1882.

PYRROCOMA LANULOSA. Of low growth, with copious basal
leaves and decumbent stems of P. hirta, the foliage similarly
incise-serrate, but pubescence of the whole plant widely dif-
ferent, in no degree viscid or glandular, but dense, white,
softly villous, giving the appearance of white-woolliness: heads
subracemose, 3 to 7, short-pedicelled ; involucres subturbinate
or broader, their bracts not many, subequal, lance-linear, pun-
gently acute, whitish-pubescent on the back: rays few, short,
inconspicuous.

This does not appear to have been collected elsewhere than
in Lake County in southern Oregon ; the collectors being Mr.
Leiberg (1894) and Coville and Leiberg (1896). There are
three sheets of it in U.S. Herb., that of Leiberg’s n. 748 being
regarded as the type.

COMPOSITES FROM OREGON. 17

PYRROCOMA TURBINELLA. Stems several, slender, ascend-
ing, 7 to 9 inches high, scarcely leafy, loosely corymbose pan-
icled above: basal leaves 3 or 4 inches long, lanceolate, acute,
remotely and rather coarsely incise-serrate, the short petioles,
the basal part of stems very softly silky-lanuginous and quite
retrorsely so; cauline leaves small, oblong, very acute: heads
¥% inch high, with involucres exactly turbinate ; bracts imbri-
cated but not very numerous, linear, very acute, erect, cinere-
ously pubescent with a short, stiff viscidulous indument : rays
few, not showy, light yellow: pappus not copious, rather
delicate.

In dry ground, Cycan Valley, eastern Oregon, W. C. Cusick,
1901 ; his n. 2744 as in U. S. Herb.

PYRROCOMA CUSPIDATA. Stems slender, arcuately ascend-
ing, 7 to 9 inches high, more corymbose at summit, the heads
about 3 only: basal leaves lanceolate, depressed, glabrous,
finely and evenly serrulate or else quite entire; cauline re-
duced, entire, acute: heads % inch high, broadly turbinate,
the bracts strongly imbricated and numerous, linear-oblong,
cuspidately acute, glabrous except as to the lower, these not
pubescent but only ciliate: rays short, but rather many,
golden-yellow: pappus firm.

Margin of Cycan Marsh, eastern Oregon, W. C. Cusick, 10
Aug., 1901; part of his n. 2741 asin U. S. Herb.

PYRROCOMA LIATRIFORMIS. Stoutish, rigid, two feet high,
loosely racemose from above the middle: foliage firm, rather
deep- green underneath a sparse but definite grayish pubescence:
lowest leaves 6 or 8 inches long, petiole and blade subequal,
the latter lanceolate, entire; those of the raceme reduced to
sessile lanceolate bracts: heads turbinate, 34 inch high, at
summit quite as wide exclusive of the few rays; bracts of the
involucre very many, strongly imbricated, linear and coriaceous
below the lanceolate and greenish but whitish-villous tips,
these apt to be a little squarrose.

Known to me only as collected at Pullman, Washington,

18 LEAFLETS.

Aug., 1903, by Mr. C. V. Piper. The plant strikingly simu-
lates in its whole aspect Liatris scariosa.

PYRROCOMA SONCHIFOLIA. Stem upright, less than a foot
high, leafy to the summit and monocephalous: basal leaves
3 to 5 inches long, short-petioled, the blade broadly obovate-
lanceolate, acute, irregularly and divaricately or even here and
there retrorsely dentate, the cauline oblong-lanceolate, acute,
sessile by a broad base, subentire, all the foliage thin, and, with
the stem, more or less whitened with a villous-arachnoid indu-
ment: involucre 34 inch high and as broad, hemispherical
inclining to broad-turbinate ; bracts in 2 series and subequal,
narrow, very acute, viscidly villous ; rays rather few and short.

Said to have been derived from the Yakima region, State of
Washington; collected on Canby’s expedition in 1882 by
T. S. Brandegee. Foliage thin, curiously simulating that of
some cichoriaceous plants.

PYRROCOMA SUKSDORFII. A foot high or more; stems
rigid, upright above a slightly decumbent base, subspicate,
rarely subracemose, above the middle; lowest leaves lanceo-
late, cauline spatulate-lanceolate below the inflorescence, the
remainder lanceolate, sessile, all hard of texture, entire, almost
pungently acute, pale-green, under a lens very conspicuously
reticulate and somewhat scaberulous, the stems with scattered
villous pubescence: involucres broadly turbinate, % inch high
and as broad ; bracts much imbricated, with white-villous tips :
rays somewhat numerous but small.

Prairies of Spokane County, Washington, W. N. Suksdorf,
18 July, 1889, asin U. S. Herb.

PyRROCOMA FOLIOSA. Stems several, erect, a foot high or
more, notably leafy up to the heads with large sessile foliage
mostly sharply serrate; basal leaves large, strongly petiolate,
ascending, lanceolate, acute, strongly and sometimes incisely
serrate, the whole of a light almost yellowish green, and, with
the stem, more or less softly and viscidly villous, the texture
thinnish rather than very firm: heads solitary or several,
hemispherical, from less to more than an inch in diameter

COMPOSITES FROM OREGON. 19

without the rays; outer bracts of involucre foliaceous, exceed-
ing the rays, inner successively smaller, all linear-lanceolate,
acute, entire, ciliate with soft viscid hairs.

Collected somewhere in the Territory of Washington, by
G. R. Vasey, in 1889; sheets 296812 and 296811 of U. S.
Herb., the former, monocephalous, the latter with 3 or 4 heads
and these smaller.

PYRROCOMA PRATENSIS. Stems clustered, erect, more than
a foot high, notably leafy to the summit; basal leaves on firm
petioles that are upright and longer than the lanceolate acumi-
nate blades ; cauline spatulate-lanceolate, sessile, all of a light-
green but not yellowish hue, all saliently and pungently ser-
rate-toothed, the pubescence scanty and villous without vis-
cosity, the herb appearing glabrous to the unaided eye: heads
1 to 3 and subsessile, low-hemispherical, an inch broad with-
out the rays; bracts in few series and little imbricated, the
outer foliaceous, almost linear, very acute, far surpassing the
inner, all whitish-hairy at base.

Dry field, in southwest corner of Camass Prairie, Idaho, 14
July, 1895, L. F. Henderson, his n. 3113 as in U. S. Herb.

PYRROCOMA SCABERULA. Stems several, upright, rather
slender, 2 feet high, monocephalous, stiffly or almost hispidly
short-hirsute: basal leaves 5 to 7 inches long, the blades ex-
actly lanceolate, entire, scabro-hirtellous on both faces and
much reticulate, of firm texture yet thinnish, the petioles nar-
row, not elongated ; cauline few, lance-linear, sessile: invol-
cres an inch broad, 34 inch high, their bracts large, moder-
ately imbricated, not numerous, spatulate-lanceolate, acute,
scabrous-ciliolate: rays not very conspicuous.

Nez Perces Co., Idaho, 1896, A. A. Heller, his n. 3469,
sent out for P. integrifolia, but most unlike that every way.

PYRROCOMA SERICEA. Stems few, firm but not stout, as-
cending, 3 to 5 inches, loosely white-woolly as also the small
sessile cauline leaves ; basal leaves lanceolate, very acute, entire
or with few and remote very salient teeth, white on both faces
with a long soft and almost silky wool: heads mostly solitary

20 LEAFLETS.

and manifestly pedunculate; involucre low-hemispherical,
more than 1⁄2 inch broad, not as high; bracts subequal in 2
series, thin, narrow, lanuginous: rays many, rather conspicu-
ous, orange.

Beautiful little plant, and of a marked specific type, col-
lected somewhere in Idaho, by Edw. Palmer, in 1893.

New Plants from Arizona.

> SENECIO QUERCETORUM. A stout hollow-stemmed sparingly
leafy perennial a yard high, glabrous throughout, the angular
stem notably glaucescent: basal leaves 8-10 inches long,
lyrate, the terminal segment ovate, 3 inches long, the laterals
small and variable, alternately larger and smaller, all closely
and sharply dentate, but with deep and obtuse sinuses between
the teeth; cauline leaves lyrate-pinnatifid, sessile by broad
and clasping stipuliform bases: inflorescence an ample broad
and much flattened compound cymose corymb of smallish
heads: involucres subcampanulate, of 12-15 narrowly lanceo-
late acuminate glabrous bracts, with narrow scarious margins :
rays about as many, narrow, elongated : pappus fragile.
Species known only as collected on ‘‘ Oak Creek’’ in Ari-
zona as long ago as 1883, by H. H. Rusby, distributed by him
under n. 672, and with the name „S. Weo-Mexicanus, to which
the plant bears no manner of resemblance. As to size and
general aspect of stem and foliage it recalls no other Senecio
except S. Breweri, which is of the far distant middle Califor-
nian seaboard ; and even between these two the differences are
marked enough.

) Senecio BLUMERI. Many stems and tuft of basal leaves
= crowning an ascending tap root, the whole plant 10 inches
high: leaves 112-3 inches long, of firm almost subcoriaceous
texture; blades obovoid, very obtuse, lightly and coarsely
crenate, tapering to a petiole of their own length, glabrate and
pallid above, beneath white-tomentose: stems nearly naked,

PLANTS FROM ARIZONA. 21

mostly with about 3 large heads; involucres % inch high and
much broader, floccose-tomentulose like the pedicels and stems ;
rays broad and short, deep yellow, conspicuously toothed at
apex.

Stony knolls at 8,000 feet in the Chiricahui Mountains,
Arizona, 1907, J. C. Blumer. Species of the group to which
S. Greenei and S. tonophyllus of California belong, as well as
S. Franciscanus of northern Arizona.

SENECIO STYGIUS. Tall plant, glabrous and leafy like the
last, only in every way less robust, the root only annual or
biennial: lowest leaves not seen, but cauline lyrate-pinnate,
embracing the stem by an ample and lacerate stipuliform base :
heads quite small, very numerous, slenderly pedicellate, form-
ing a large loose subpaniculate corymb 6 or 7 inches across:
bracts of the short subcampanulate involucre 12-15, oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate: rays yellow, as long as the involucre,
not broad at apex and distinctly 3-toothed: pappus delicate
and fragile.

Grand Cañon of the Colorado, J. G. Lemmon, May, 1884. In
U. S. Herb., the sheet not numbered.

SENECIO LATHYROIDES. ‘Tufted perennial, with rigid
/ ascending leafy stems 2 feet high, with a loose cymose panicle
at summit: herbage wholly glabrous, the slightly tortuous
stems striate and angled, very light-green: leaves all some-
what pectinate-pinnate, of 6 or 8 lateral lobes and a terminal,
all very narrowly linear, the rachis itself of the same char-
acter, even the most reduced and diminutive floral bracts, in
the same way pectinate-pinnate, none simple: branches of the
cymose panicle naked, tortuous, each ending in about 3 broadly
cylindric heads % inch high: calyculate bractlets at base of
involucre stiffly somewhat ciliolate; bracts of involucre 20 or
more, linear-acuminate, glabrous: rays long and showy, about
8-nerved, very obtuse at apex, the teeth obsolete.

At Pierce’s Spring, Arizona, 18 April, 1894, M. E. Jones;
his n. 5077 as in U. S. Herb. A plant of the same alliance
as S. spartioides of Colorado, but with foliage recalling that
of wild peas or vetches; the stem itself, and more so the

22 LEAFLETS.

branches of the lax inflorescence, so tortuous as to suggest
almost a reclining if not half-prehensile mode of growth.

7 SENECIO ENCELIA. Perennial, a foot high; leaves many,

in a basal tuft and short-petioled ; almost all parts of the
plant white with a dense pannose tomentum, or this some-
what flocculent on the stem: lowest leaves suborbicular to
oval and small %-34 inch long, toothed across the obtuse
summit, the others ovate and lance-ovate, entire, acutish,
1%-3 inches long including the short petiole, all of rather
firm texture, only the lowest and oldest glabrate above,
cauline reduced to few lanceolate sessile bracts: heads of
middle size, in a compact and compound fastigiate corymb ;
bracts of involucre lance-linear, glabrous except at base: rays

oblong, acutely 3-toothed: pappus fragile ; achenes glabrous.,

Pinal Mountains, southern Arizona, 26 May, 1890, Marcus
E. Jones. Specimen on sheet 220118, U. S. Herb. The foli-
age, ‘in form as well as indument, recalls the most woolly
species of Axncelia.

GUTIERREZIA LINOIDES. Suffrutescent, very slender, 2 feet
high; stems loosely leafy below, very loosely corymbose at
summit; the very lowest leaves narrowly oblanceolate, the
others linear, mostly 114 inches long, rather sparsely scabrous-
serrulate, the upper face also more or less scaberulous as well
as resinous-punctate, all the foliage of the main stems de-
flexed, that of the sterile twigs reduced in size and widely
spreading when not deflexed : involucres shortly subcylindric,
about 5-flowered, the rays 2 or 3 and rather conspicuous, those
of the disk about 2.

Limestone slopes of the Chiricahui Mountains, J. C. Blumer,
1907.

PYRROCOMA ADSURGENS. Stout, low, the several flowering
stems less than a foot high, assurgent from a strongly decum-
bent base, very sparingly villous-hirsute, the hairs deflexed :
basal leaves lance-oblong, 2 to 5 inches long, tapering to short
winged petioles, crisped along the edges, a very narrow margin
callous-whitened and scabrous-serrulate; cauline leaves co-
pious, sessile, ascending, all the foliage glabrous: head soli-

PLANTS FROM ARIZONA. 23

tary, short-peduncled, turbinate, an inch high, more than an
inch broad, the bracts many, strongly imbricated, coriaceous
but with hard and cuspidate green tips, the outer somewhat
spatulate-oblong, the inner broadly linear, all acute and rigid:
rays rather many, not showy.

Mountains of northern Arizona, especially those near Flag-
staff, where it has been collected by Rusby (1883), Lemmon
(1886), M. E. Jones (1884), and MacDougal (1891).

SARACHA SESSILIS. Annual, 2 feet high, with several
widely spreading angular branches from near the base; herb-
age wholly glabrous ; leaves very thin and ample, the larger
5 and 6 inches long exclusive of the slender petiole, 3 and 3%
in width near the middle, broady ovate, very acute at both
ends, perfectly entire; umbels 3-flowered, sessile, or very
nearly so in the axils of the leaves: corollas very small and
white, fruiting calyx 5-lobed, apparently rotate, nearly 1 inch
wide, imperfectly or not at all enfolding the rather small berry.

Shady nooks of the Chiricahui Mountains at about 6,000
feet, J. C. Blumer, 1907.

LUPINUS BLUMERI. Perennial, the ascending stems slender
and dry, not succulent, a foot high or more, loosely leafy,
sparsely pilose: leaves rather large for the plant; leaflets
about 8, very unequal, the longest 2 inches, the shortest little
more than 1 inch, narrowly oblanceolate, abruptly acute,
glabrous above, beneath sparsely appressed-hairy, the margins
beset with unequal pilose hairs: racemes few-flowered and
short, nearly sessile, too few-flowered to appear definitely ver-
ticillate: corollas large, more than % inch long; banner at
first pale violet with orange center, this orange changing to
very dark purple ; wings about as large as the banner, violet ;
keel uncommonly broad and short, not equalling the wings,
shortly somewhat woolly-ciliolate from below the middle to the
apex: pod not known.

Chiricahui Mountains, at about 8,000 feet, J. C. Blumer,
June, 1908. Said to be a handsome and showy plant, early
flowering.

24 LEAFLETS.

CICUTA GRANDIFOLIA. Rootstock an inch thick when dry,
short-jointed, horizontal, producing from beneath many and
closely approximate thick fleshy roots, these terete, straight,
several inches long: basal leaves a yard long or more, bright
green, glabrous; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, acute, subsessile,
very closely evenly and deeply serrate, 3-4 inches long: fruit
large, round-ovate; ribs not greatly exceeding the intervals
in breadth.

Margin of a stream at western shore of Mormon Lake,
northern Arizona, 1908, collected by G. A. Pearson. Plant
related to C. occidentalis of Colorado and Wyoming, but with
much ampler foliage very remarkably incise-serrate ; the root-
stock and roots very characteristic.

PERSICARIA GRANULATA. Branched at the base, the
branches ascending, a foot long, very slender, the internodes
elongated and foliage sparse; leaves narrowly lanceolate,
1%2-2% inches long, entire, punctate, glabrous, the midvein
beneath and the margins roughish with a few hair-points :
ocreae thin and hyaline, naked at the orifice, the uppermost
short and open: spikes few, oblong, 34-1 1⁄2 inches long, on
slender peduncles: ocreolae ovate, entire, glabrous except for
a granular-scaberulous indument which is equally obvious
upon the whole exterior of the perianth : achenes small, pol-
ished, the style cleft nearly to the base and the recurved
branches inclined to be persistent.

Collected on the Rio Verde in Arizona, in 1867, by Dr.
Smart; type in U. S. Herb., the sheet not numbered.

CALIFORNIAN ASTERACEA. 25

New Californian Asteracee.

CORETHROGYNE FLOCCOSA. Evidently large and bushy,
perhaps shrubby at base; stem, branches and leaves silvery-
hoary with a light floccose tomentum: cauline and rameal
leaves oblong, obtuse, sessile by a cordate-clasping base, entire
below the middle, above it sharply cut into close spreading
serrate teeth: heads many, scattered singly at the ends of
filiform twigs, the whole forming a large loose corymbose
panicle, the pedunculiform twigs not floccose but greer and
rough with short gland-tipped hairs: involucres turbinate,
less than % inch high, their well imbricated bracts glandular-
scabrous and viscid, their tips subsquarrose: rays deep-purple;
achenes silky, crowned with dark red-brown pappus.

Collected at Elwood, near Santa Barbara, Sept. 1908, by
Miss Eastwood.

CORETHROGYNE SCABRA. Suffrutescent, with rigid upright
stems 2 feet high or more, leafy up to the not very ample virgate
panicle: herbage wholly devoid of wool or hoariness, except
as to basal part of stem when young, all parts in maturity
dull dark green and very scabrous: leaves oblong-lanceolate,
1-1% inches long, sessile, acute, sharply and evenly serrate
above the middle: branches of panicle widely spreading,
mostly monocephalous: involucres almost campanulate, less
than 1 inch high, their many imbricated and squarrose bracts
viscid-scaberulous: rays short, red-purple: achenes cuneate-
linear, silky ; pappus fuscous.

Los Angeles Co., collected by H. E. Hasse in 1890; again
at Griffith Park, and on Cahuenga Hills, in 1902, by Ernest
Braunton; though specimens from Cahuenga Hills do not
agree as to inflorescence, and may, perhaps, represent a second
species marked by this lack of woolliness.

CORETHROGYNE SESSILIS. Branches, tall, erect, simple,
leafy to the summit, the whole plant even to the involucres
white with a thin tomentum: leaves thin, oblong-oval, sessile
by a broad cordate-clasping base, 12 inches long or more, ;

LEAFLETS of Botanical Observation and Criticism, Vol. II, pp. 25-48 ~
19 February, 1910.

26 LEAFLETS.

subentire, or with few serrate teeth at summit: involucres
large, campanulate, mostly subsessile singly in the axils of the
leaves which much exceed them, a few pedunculate ones at
summit of stem or branch: bracts of involucres much imbri-
cated, but almost concealed by the woolly investure.

San Bernardino Mountains, S. B. Parish, 23 Oct. 1891.

CoRETHROGYNE BREVICULA. Low, much branched from a
ligneous basal part, the branches 5 to 8 inches high, widely
corymbose-panicled from about the middle; branches and
leaves with a thin but close and permanent tomentum : leaves
small, oblanceolate, obtuse, entire: branches of panicle and
bracts thereof rough and also viscid with many short-stipitate
glands: involucres broadly turbinate, less than 1% inch high,
their much imbricated bracts with acute spreading tips viscid-
glandular and recurved, also marginally beset with short-stipi-
tate glands: achenes oblong-linear, thinly soft-silky ; pappus
rather copious, reddish.

Mountains of San Diego Co., Oct. 1899, C. R. Orcutt. A
plant from the same general region, collected by E. A. Mearns,
in August, 1894, is provisionally referred here, is as small,
less shrubby, and with different involucres, though with the
same pubescence.

CORETHROGYNE RACEMOSA. Evidently half-shrubby, the
straight ascending branches uncommonly stout, densely and
permanently white-tomentose, all subracemose from below the
middle: leaves small for the plant, white-woolly on both faces,
entire: heads mostly solitary and short-peduncled in the leaf-
axils; peduncles and turbinate involucres roughly viscid-
glandular: purple rays unusually large and showy; achenes
rather loosely silky ; pappus fuscous.

Mountains of San Diego Co., C. R. Orcutt, 1889. Speci-
mens in U. S. Herb. on same sheet with those typical of C.
brevicula, but species most distinct in habit, pubescence and
inflorescence.

CoRETHROGYNE FLAGELLARIS. Basal parts unknown;
branches of a foot long perhaps reclining, at least very slen-

a,

Aw

CALIFORNIAN ASTERACEÆ. 27

der, leafy and flagelliform, not numerous, each ending in a
large campanulate head, both leaves and branches very white
with a more or less persistent wool, this extending to the lower
half of the involucre, but there ending abruptly ; leaves of
branches oblanceolate to oblong, mucronate-acute, entire: head
34 inch high, 114 inches wide including the rather large rays:
upper bracts of involucre green and very glandular, only the
lower woolly : bristly tufts of style-tips conspicuous.

Along the seaboard at Redondo, Los Angeles Co., 25 May,
1902, Ernest Braunton. A new member of that coastal group
of species which is vernal in its flowering. All other species
here described are autumnal—even late-autumnal.

CORETHROGYNE LAVANDULACEA. ‘Tall, rigid, perhaps suf-
frutescent; fastigiate branches rigidly ascending, hoarily
pannose-tomentose, as are also the entire oblanceolate or oblong
small cauline leaves; basal leaves not known: heads few, of
middle size, corymbose at ends of branches: involucres broadly
turbinate, nearly % inch high, the very many straight linear
bracts closely imbricated, pungently acute, minutely and vis-
cidly glandular-scaberulous but not tomentose: rays broad,
short, of a rich lavender-purple: achenes nearly linear, lightly
silky-villous, crowned with the usual brownish pappus.

Santa Catalina Island, California, Mrs. Trask, Sept. 1898.
Plant said to be common in one particular part of the island
on dry slopes.

LESSINGIA BAKERI. Upright and rather strict, 1 foot high
or more, with few rigid short subcorymbose branches above
the middle: herbage in no part very woolly : cauline leaves
ovate, cuspidate-acute, sessile, those of the branches smaller,
not crowded or imbricated : heads subturbinate, % inch high
or less, some sessile in the axils, more of them corymbose in
those at the ends of the branches; bracts of involucre arach-
noid-pubescent, not really woolly: corollas light rose color.

Grassy slopes near Searsville, San Mateo Co., C. F. Baker,
Oct. 1902; mistaken by myself, but hastily and without
comparing, for my ZL. hololeuca, which does not belong to this
division of the genus.

28 LEAFLETS.

LESSINGIA MICRADENIA. Slender, 2 feet high or less, rather
diffusely corymbose-paniculate from below the middle: low-
est leaves oblanceolate, petiolate, serrate-toothed, upper and
rameal oblong and oval, sessile, entire, both faces of all floccose-
tomentose; slender pedunculiform monocephalous branchlets
with many minute erect bracts, these and the involucres
densely stipitate-glandular: heads small and few-flowered ;
bracts rather few and not strongly imbricated, their tips not
very acute and none squarrose: corollas purple.

Mt. Tamalpais, and elsewhere among hills of Marin Co.;
type in my herbarium, heretofore mistaken for L. ramulosa.

LESSINGIA BICOLOR. Branched loosely from the base, the
branches few, rather slender, purplish, minutely puberulent
and stipitate-glandular: basal leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute ;
cauline oblong-ovate, acute, sessile and cordate-clasping, all
white-tomentose above, green and scaberulous beneath, the
margins beset with a few stipitate-glands : heads few and broad,
each at the end of a slender branchlet, campanulate, the inner
bracts purple, the outer green, some tomentose, all more or
less glandular : corollas small, deep-purple.

Santa Rosa, Sonoma Co., 18 Aug. 1902, A. A. Heller ; dis-
tributed under the name ZL. ramulosa, but in truth a very
different plant of quite remarkable characters.

LESSINGIA MENDOCINA. More than a foot high, simple up
the middle, there parted into several long slender widely spread-
ing branches bearing many wiry but almost filiform flowering
twigs, these copiously bracteate below, floriferous only at or
very near their ends: basal leaves unknown; cauline ovate-
lanceolate, acute, spreading, floccose-woolly on both faces:
involucres small, turbinate, many-bracted and closely imbri-
cated, the bracts tomentulose below, the erect purple tips
bearing each a conspicuous but small gland at the very summit :
corollas small, deep-purple: pappus of rather firm bristles
about equalling the silky achene.

Near Mendocino, Mendocino Co., Aug. 1898, H. E. Brown;
in U. S. Herb. under collector’s number 940.

CALIFORNIAN ASTERACEA. 29

LESSINGIA IMBRICATA. Stout, rigid, simple, or with a few
rigid virgate branches, 6-10 in. high, soft-woolly; basal leaves
lanceolate, petiolate; cauline short, ovate, acute, sessile and
cordate-clasping, erect, those of the upper part of stem and of
the branches crowded and imbricate: heads sessile in the axils
of the upper leaves, and glomerate at summits of stems, nearly
cylindric, more than % in. high, their bracts arachnoid-woolly :
flowers not numerous, rose-purple, fading pinkish.

Foothills west of Los Gatos, A. A. Heller, 12 Sept. 1904;
the specimens distributed for ZL. hololeuca, from which this
plant differs widely by its virgate inflorescence, and long nar-
row heads.

LESSINGIA ARACHNOIDEA. Very tall, simple to above the
middle, thence loosely cymose-panicled and rather few-flow-
ered; stem and branches glabrous, glandless ; cauline leaves
villous-flocculent on both faces, the reduced rameal ones
glabrous beneath : heads much above middle size, obovate and
many-flowered; bracts of involucre numerous, evenly and
closely imbricated, pungently acute at tip, the margins densely
arachnoid-woolly : corollas purple: pappus very short, amount-
ing to little more than a setose crown at summit of achene.

Beautiful and most distinct species, known only as collected
in the vicinity of Crystal Springs, San Mateo Co., by C. F.
Baker in 1902.

LESSINGIA SUBSPICATA. Some two feet high or more, with
many virgate ascending branches from below the middle, the
slender ultimate branchlets alone floriferous above the middle,
and spicately, with also several heads sessile and glomerate at
the end of the twig: only rameal leaves known, these ovate-
oblong, acute, entire, glabrous and punctate beneath, white-
woolly above, the margins with few and small stalked glands ;
bracts of flowering twigs small and erect, the uppermost with
a head in the axil of each: involucres small, cylindric, 3-5-
flowered ; bracts many, erect, acutish, villous-flocculent :
achenes linear, villous; pappus setose, rather short.

30 LEAFLETS.

At Buffalo Ranch, which must be among the western foot-
hills of the Sierra Nevada in middle California, collected only
by John B. Leiberg, 28 Sept. 1900. Plant with spicate heads,
yet very distinct from the altogether white-woolly Z. virgata,
which plant is spicate everywhere, and without those filiform
ultimate twigs which alone are floriferous in the present species.

LESSINGIA GLOMERATA. Plants 6 to 15 inches high, sim-
ple at first, but parted much below the middle into several
fastigiately ascending very leafy branches, these again parting
into closely bracted branchlets bearing heads only at summit
and glomerately : basal and lower cauline leaves oblanceolate,
petiolate, all the upper broad, short, sessile, bract-like but
numerous, all, like the stem itself, white on both faces with a
floccose woolliness: heads small, subturbinate, or between
that and obovate, 5 to 10-flowered ; bracts of involucre gland-
ular-pulverulent, purple at the not very acute and slightly
spreading tips: pappus not copious, a trifle longer than the
oblong-linear silky achene.

Plains and hills of Butte Co., collected by C. C. Parry, prob-

ably near Chico, 1882; then by Mrs. Austin, near Colby,
Sept. 1896.

LESSINGIA CYMULOSA. Upright, 2 feet high, not stout,
parted below the middle into ascending branches, these sub-
divided to form an ample cymose panicle, the ultimate twigs
distinctly cymulose, with 1 to 3 heads at the end of each:
cauline leaves oblanceolate, thinnish for the genus, distinctly
and permanently floccuient on both faces as is also the stem
itself ; bracts of the slender twigs short, pungently acute, only
very sparsely woolly beneath, and there resinous-dotted : in-
volucres very small, turbinate, about 5-flowered, their bracts
oblong-linear, acute, glandular-scaberulous at the deep-purple
tip: pappus of the slender achenes coalescing at base to form
about 5 short paleae ending in the usual unequal bristles.

Specimens, all in U. S. Herb. from near Chowchilla P. O.,
Mariposa Co., 10 Oct. 1895, by Lester F. Ward. A large
species, copiously floriferous with small heads subcymosely

»

CALIFORNIAN ASTERACEA. 31

clustered at the ends of numerous widely divergent branches,
the involucres narrow, of comparatively few and strongly im-
bricated bracts.

LESSINGIA FASTIGIATA. Plants upright, slender, less than
a foot high, simple up to the middle, there parted fastigiately
into 3 to 5 suberect branches, these again simple to near the
summit, there dividing abruptly into pedunculiform florifer-
ous branchlets, with heads of flowers mostly glomerate at
their ends: leaves of stem and branches oblanceolate to
oblong-lanceolate, pungently acute, more or less serrate,
white-flocculent on both faces: involucres narrow and few-
flowered, subcylindric but with bracts rather numerous and
well imbricated, even subsquarrose as to tips, without pubes-
cence, but more or less glandular: corollas purple: pappus
more or less paleaceous by basal coalescence of the bristles into
5 sets.

Type specimens of this excellent species are in my herba-
rium from foothills of the Sierra near Chico, by Mrs. R. M.
Austin, 1896. Quite the same, but much too green, is
material from North Fork of Feather River, by J. B. Leiberg,
in July, 1900. H. P. Chandler’s 1503 from Klamath River,
in Humboldt Co., is with less confidence referred here.

LESSINGIA PALEACEA. About 2 feet high, slenderly and
loosely paniculate from below the middle; glabrous and
glandless as to stem and numerous branches and branchlets ;
leaves oblong, acute, few-toothed or entire, white-flocculent
on both faces, those of the many filiform branchlets reduced
to minute ovate more or less spreading bracts: involucres
solitary at the ends of the many filiform branchlets, sub-
turbinate, of numerous very unequal and much imbricated
bracts, these obtusish, villous-tomentose except at the tips:
flowers few in the head, purple: achenes crowned by about 5
subulate-aristiform long paleae instead of bristles.

Middle Fork of Cottonwood Creek, Fresno Co., 16 Sept.
1895, collected by L. F. Ward; distributed by C. L. Pollard ;
type in my own herbarium.

32 LEAFLETS.

LESSINGIA TOMENTOSA. Stoutish, low, very diffuse, the
spread of the short branches 4 to 10 inches, each of the very
numerous branches ending in a large campanulate head:
basal foliage not known; leaves of stem and branches rather
crowded, small, oval or oblong, entire, sessile, white-tomen-
tose on both faces: involucre low, much imbricated, its bracts
linear-cuneiform, colorless below the short acute recurved
green tip: rays yellow: pappus fuscous.

Southwestern part of the Colorado Desert, California, C. R.
Orcutt, 21 Oct. 1889. A plant with habit and aspect all its
own; singularly stout and depressed for a Lessingia ; its
heads very numerous and large, as well as quite solitary each
at the end of its own branchlet.

Some Western Caulescent Violets.

VIOLA DREPANOPHORA. Allied to V. adunca but slender
and delicate though upright, about 3 to 5 inches high, seem-
ingly glabrous, but under a lens minutely though sparsely
puberulent, the almost filiform petioles and peduncles
retrorsely so and almost hispidulous: blades of the leaves
cordate-oval, obtuse, lightly crenate, % to 1% inches long,
the petioles twice as long: peduncles far surpassing the leaves,
bibracteolate slightly above the middle: sepals subulate-linear,
very acute, small, glabrous: corolla deep violet-blue as to the
limb of the petals, the greatly elongated stout, falcately
upturned spur lavender-purple.

Wallowa National Forest, Oregon, J. T. Jardine, 1909. A
most noteworthy and very beautiful new violet, apparently
acaulescent, though certainly of the V. adunca alliance; the
stout but sharply and falcately hooked spur as long as the
limb of the petal, and very prominent.

VIOLA VERBASCULA. Caulescent, but leafy stems short,
greatly surpassed by the long-petioled basal leaves ; the whole
4 to 6 inches high, the tender and delicate herbage glabrous
in every part; earliest leaves broadly cordate, % to 3% inch

“~e -

“ge. ONE se E

WESTERN CAULESCENT VIOLETS. 33

long, the later oval-lanceolate, 2 inches long, subtruncate at
base, all obtuse ; slender peduncles bearing the flowers almost
beyond the long-petioled leaves, bibracteolate not far below
the flowers, the bractlets subulate-filiform, not opposite :
sepals narrowly linear-lanceolate but obtuse; corolla purple,
about 34 inch long including the long horizontal subcylindric
obtuse spur.

Hangman Creek, Spokane Co., Washington, 14 May, 1893,
Sandberg and Leiberg, n. 33. Verbasculum was a mediaeval
name for the subgenus of rugose-leaved species of Primula ;
and the leaves of this western violet are as primula-like as
those of the eastern V. primulifolia itself.

VIOLA MAMILLATA. Leafy and floriferous stems of the
season upright and slender, 4 to 7 inches high above a long
ligneous partly subterranean and horizontal rootstock clothed
darkly with dead remnants of stipules of former seasons:
petioles and peduncles long and slender, the whole plant
glabrous except as to a line of hispidulous short hairs on the
veins of many leaves beneath: leaves from broadly cordate
and % inch long in the earliest, to subcordate-oval and 134
inches long in the later, all obtuse and lightly crenate:
peduncles bibracteolate not far below the flower, the bractlets
linear, entire, exactly opposite : sepals small for the corolla,
lanceolate, obtusish, not venulose: corolla 34 inch broad,
violet, the limb of all petals round-obovate, obtuse, the odd
one very retuse and rather larger than the others; spur long,
straight, subcylindric, at the end abruptly narrowed into a
distinct upturned mamilliform appendage.

Wet ground, under fallen timber, at Dyer Mine, Uintah
Mountains, Utah, 30 June, 1902, L. N. Goodding, n. 1202 as
in U. S. Herb.

VIOLA CORDULATA. Caulescent, low, the leafy stems 2 or
3 inches high, but peduncles often as long, bearing the
flower above all other parts: herbage of thinnish texture,
everywhere glabrous: leaves basal and upper cauline all much
alike in size and form, cordate, obtusish, crenate, about 34

34 LEAFLETS.

inch long, more than % inch wide: peduncles bracteolate
near the flower, the bractlets long, narrowly linear, herba-
ceous: sepals large for the corolla, lanceolate, acutish; corolla
barely % inch long including the not very long but obtuse
and slightly upturned spur, purple, the limb of each petal
retuse or emarginate.

La Barge, Uinta Co., Wyoming, 27 May, 1894, E. Steven-
son. Type in U. S. Herb.

VIOLA TIDESTROMII. Caulescent, low, only 3 or 4 inches
high, with peduncles scarcely, or barely, equalling the leaves ;
herbage deep rather dull green, appearing glabrous, under
a lens showing traces of a scaberulous pubescence: lowest
leaves apt to be broader than long and subcordate, those
larger and later almost orbicular, less than 1 inch wide, very
obtuse, tapering to the petiole at the otherwise truncate or
subcordate base, very plainly crenate: peduncles with large
linear herbaceous bractlets above the middle, and opposite :
sepals rather broadly linear, not acute: corolla light-violet, 34
inch broad and well rounded, all the petals equal and obtuse ;
spur short, thick, obtuse.

Wasatch Mountains, Utah, in a low place near Ephraim
Creek, 11 June, 1908, Ivar Tidestrom.

VIOLA OXYSEPALA. Thin and delicate member of the
V. adunca group, 4 to 6 inches high, the flowers borne rather
far above the foliage ; herbage wholly glabrous : leaves small,
cordate to oval, the earlier acutish, none any more than
faintly crenate, the petioles long and slender: peduncles
greatly elongated, almost filiform, bracteolate not far below
the flower, bractlets very narrowly subulate, not opposite :
sepals subulate-lanceolate, very acute, dark-green, veinless :
corolla small for the group, pale, the petals all narrow; spur
long, thick, curved upwards and obliquely acutish.

Wasatch Mountains, on slopes between Willow Creek and
Ephraim Creek cafions, 15 July, 1909, Ivar Tidestrom.

ro

THE GENUS MARAH. 35

Reconsideration of the Genus Marah.

It was the maturer opinion of the venerable Torrey that his
once contemplated, though not in his day actually published
genus Megarrhiza was better regarded as a peculiar section of
Echinocystis, and this view soon afterwards met with the
approbation of that specialist M. Naudin. When, now twenty-
three years since (Pittonia, i. 1-3), I adopted that opinion,
promulgated as it had been by two botanists far superior in
age and experience, and myself transferred the Watsonian
megarrhizas back to Echinocystis, I was unaware that this
latter name itself had not the priority. Having discovered
that Micrampelis of Rafinesque is the earlier name, and an
entirely unobjectionable one, for the East American generic
type, it was natural I should transfer the Pacific species and
give them names under J/ficrampelis,; and this was done
(Pittonia, ii. 127-129).

The attempt, long persisted in, to hold the Pacific type as
congeneric with the Atlantic and original A/icrampelis, does
not quite satisfy. As to foliage and as to flowers the two are
indeed much alike; but in mode of growth, no less than as to
form and duration of their roots, they are quite different ; also
as to the dehiscence of their fruits there is wide disagreement.
Moreover, in the earlier of my two papers cited I find myself
somewhat reprehensible in having described the seeds of the
Pacific group as being ‘‘ from nearly globose to much com-
pressed.” A seed, in order that it shall be describable as
much compressed ought to be almost flat; and that is hardly
true of the seeds of any of the Pacific species, although the
variation of them, between one species and another, is not
inconsiderable. But certain it -is that no Aara has seeds
approaching those of Micrampelis by any notable departure
from the orbicular in outline. Even when somewhat com-
pressed, they have never anything like that elongated melon-
seed shape which helps to mark as distinct the Atlantic type.
Add to these considerations the facts that all Mara species are
perennial by enormous fleshy roots; that their seeds of such

36 LEAFLETS.

distinctive form and outline have thick hypogeous cotyledons,
and we have the characteristics of a genus naturally quite
separate from J/icrampelis.

The following is my census of the North American species
of Marah, as far as they are known to me; though I may add
that while yet an ardent resident student of Pacific Coast
botany, I came to suspect that one or two of the accepted
species were aggregates.

MARAH FABACEA. Naudin under Lchinocystis.
“MURICATA. Kellogg.

MACROCARPA. Greene under £chinocystts.

GILENSIS. Greene < <

OREGANA. Torr. & Gray “Sicyos.
(ES
GUADALUPENSIS. Watson “‘ Meganhiza.
ce
Russyr. Greene ‘‘ Micrampelis.
my
LEPTOCARPA. Greene “ c
(E ce ~ . .
Watsonil. Cogn. Echinocystis.

An Oriental Convallaria.

CONVALLARIA JAPONICA. Rootstock short, very stout,
densely clothed and even quite concealed by rather hard fibrous
roots, its crown bearing a fibrous tuft, the remains of leaves of
former seasons : leaves two only, subequal, elliptic, cuspidately
acute, neither face with any trace of bloom, both of a bright,
rather light green, the leaf as a whole of a notably fibrous
anatomy : peduncle short, its summit scarcely equalling, or
little more than equalling the bases of the leaves; raceme
few-flowered, its bracts small, ovate-lanceolate, subscarious :
perianth widely opening, broadly campanulate or almost saucer-
shaped ; stamens large, very short, the round-oval very obtuse
anthers longer than the filaments.

All the Japanese material that I have seen answers to the
above description, and is therefore by quite a redundancy of
them, perfectly distinct from C. majalis. This oriental plant

a eee

NOMENCLATURE OF BAYBERRIES. 37

has its nearest allies in certain species of the Virginian and
Carolinian mountains of the southern United States, which
have also, and without the slightest attention to their marked
characters, been named C. mayalis.

Nomenclature of the Bayberries.

When in 1894 I wrote the Bay-Region Manual I declined
approval of that flagrant violation of fundamental principle by
which our bayberries, otherwise called wax myrtles, came to
be named as species of AZyrica,; for this name belongs of old
to the tamarisk tree, a type known as Tamarix in most Latin-
written botany of to-day. During three thousand years or
more the name myrica recalled to every one who read or heard
it nothing else but the tamarisk. It modern Greece the tree
is still myrica, and even in Italy while in some provinces it is
known as tamarigio, in others it is still known by its Greek
name myrice. Neither Greeks nor Romans had any knowledge
of our bayberry bushes.

It is little more than a century and a half since this senseless
transfer of the classic name of the tamarisk of Europe to our
American bayberries was proposed. I am justified in calling
it a senseless transfer; for, at least, to those who know the
names of plants as they were anterior to 1753, to call wax
myrtles myrica species is no better than it would be to write
of oaks under the name of horse chestnuts; and it is acting
just as absurdly as any zoologist would be doing if, in writing
about camels, he should call them sheep ; for camels are camels
in whatsoever language one makes mention of them ; also sheep
are sheep whether taken note of under this our English desig-
nation of them, or that of oves of the Latins, prodata of the
Greeks, or under any other name they bear in whatsoever
speech of men. To illustrate further this eighteenth-century
vice of the transference of generic names, I shall suppose that
Linnaeus, who published our American genus of the raccoons
as merely a long-tailed sort of bears, had had the zoologic

38 LEAFLETS.

common sense to see that they were not bears, but of a distinct
genus, and the genus in need of a name as such. Now Ursus,
the Latin name of bear, being securely in place for the true
bears, it would have been exactly like Linnaeus if he had
picked up the Greek name for bears, which is Avctos, and had
applied that as the scientific designation of those New World
mammals, the raccoons. ‘Thus, while to illiterate dabblers in
zoology Arctos would have been a good enough generic name
for our raccoons as distinct from the genus bear, still, to
Greeks—yes, and to educated Romans as well, for they know
Greek—Linnaeus would still be calling raccoons bears.

This hypothetic Linnaean transfer of the Greek name of bear
to the raccoon is not an exact parallel to his transfer of Myrica
to the bayberries ; for it is confessed that raccoons and bears
are not, after all, so very far apart taxonomically, while no one
has ever pretended that tamarix and bayberry are closely
akin. They are wide apart; so that such perversion of the
name Myrica is, if possible, worse than it would have been to
have applied the Greek for bear to the raccoon genus. No
Greek of to-day, if, unacquainted with Linnaean tricks of
nomenclature, he should open one of the Linnaean books at a
Myrica page could at first glance have any idea that tamarix
was not meant ; and such Greek would be amply justified in
his act, if he should throw the book into a corner as a piece of
pretentious nonsense, after having discovered by reading the
diagnosis, that some genus which Greeks never knew, had
been designated by this their classic name for trees that had
been known as myricas for some thousands of years.

In that book of mine which I have mentioned above, I en-
tered one protest at least, against this abuse—this perverted
use—of Greek generic names, and restored for the Californian
species of bayberry the name Ga/e, which Tournefort had
adopted in the year 1694 when the recognition of the genus
was new, and it had become certain that, the ancients not
having known the shrub, it had neither a Greek nor a Latin

name. I called the fine large Californian bayberry tree Gale
Californica (Man. p. 298).

NOMENCLATURE OF BAYBERRIES. 39

Long after the publication of my book of San Francisco Bay
botany, a student of the bayberries and their nomenclature
came to me with the taxonomic proposition that the type
species of Tournefort’s Ga/e is generically distinct from the
real bayberries ; that Gale embraces only the European Myrica
Gale of Linnaeus. On examination of the matter, under my
fellow botanist’s insistence, I am persuaded he is right about
it, and so Gale will not hold for either my Californian species
or for those of the Atlantic slope; and we—my friend and I—
must go in quest of a generic name for our bayberry genus.

Realizing that one of my most daring disciples in the work
of restoring natural genera in place of the artificial and com-
plex genera of Linnaeus and of Bentham has written a large
Flora in which, in my judgment, far better than Linnaean and
Benthamian genera are set forth, I first of all consult this new
Flora of the Southern United States, to see if this friend has
also distinguished generically between the Old World Gale
and the New World bayberries. I rejoice in the discovery
that the name Myrica is not there at all. I am glad of its dis-
appearance from another and an influential book, though I am
far from venturing to credit Mr. Small with having rejected
the name Myrica on those grounds upon which I myself, at
an earlier date, had rejected it.

In this Flora of the Southern States I find a name for the
bayberries which to me is brand new, the name MORELLA,
and find it credited to Father Loureiro (1790). At first glance
there is revealed in that name a definite hint of mulberries, for
Morella, as a Latin word, can not seem to mean anything else
but little-mulberry tree; either that or dwarf mulberry-tree.
I understand, of course, the doctrine that no meaning is to be
looked for in either the generic or specific term of any binary
name of animal or plant. JI am not far, I think, from a clear
apprehension of how that proposition took its origin. How-
ever, that doctrine is not here under discussion. The fact is,
that human intelligence, once tolerably well developed, inevi-
tably scans the sense of any new name; looks to see, if possi-
ble, its meaning, and asks why the thing obtained that name.

40 LEAFLETS.

No names seem to originate arbitrarily, and most names, even
outside of zoology and botany as well, originally are framed
to designate some mark or characteristic of the thing named ;
and so, I can not help seeing that the name morella points not
to bayberries but to mulberries. By the name alone I am led
to wonder whether in Cochinchina Loureiro can have found
bushes or trees, allied to bayberry or wax myrtle, whose fertile
aments develop, not into hard wax-covered nuts, but into
pulpy drupelets. I consult the book and find even better
reasons than I had guessed for Loureiro’s having named his
new shrub Morella, for he says its mature female aments are
not only pulpy, red and appearing like mulberries, but are
edible. He relates that the Chinese cultivate the tree; that
in Cochin China it grows wild, with smaller fruits; that these
are both palatable and wholesome ; that the Chinese eat them
raw; that Europeans in China preserve them with sugar ; that
the Cochinchinese cook them while immature, and that when
ripe they make from them a wine which is not to be despised
whether as to color, odor or flavor (Fl. Cochinch. p. 548).

It is always extremely venturesome to select out of the
Kew Index any generic name that may have been demoted to
synonymy by Bentham, without first carefully examining the
original text of the publication of such genus. From the text
of the author of Morella it becomes clear as day that no shrub
or tree known in any part of America can be referred to that
genus with the faintest semblance of reason.

What, then, are we to call our bayberries as a genus Latin-
named? The false Myrica of Linnaeus must have for its type
the genus Gale of Tournefort. My friend Mr. Small I seem
to see must regard our bayberries as generically separate from
Gale. I should most readily agree to that. But what is Mr.
Small to call the Atlantic, and I the Pacific, bayberries? I
recommend to my friend, and to myself, a further study of
that column of Kew Index Myrica synonyms; also that we
neither one pick up the name that seems next older in history,

and run with it into print without knowing at all what such
name does really stand for.

NEW SOUTHERN VIOLETS. 41
Two New Southern Violets.

VIOLA PLANIFOLIA. Related to V. cucullata, but slender
white woodstocks short and erect, apparently not solitary but
in clumps: plants a foot high or less, with about 3 or 4 leaves
and 1 or 2 flowers: petioles and peduncles sparsely hairy,
some hairs deflexed, others spreading: leaves deeply cordate,
plane, small for the plant, the earliest 1 inch long, the latest
2 inches, thin, light-green, serrate-crenate, nearly or quite
glabrous: peduncles far exceeding the leaves, bracted above
the middle; sepals narrowly lanceolate, obtusish, plainly 3-
nerved, entire, scarious-margined, their auricles hispidulous:
corolla blue, nearly an inch broad ; uppermost petals largest,
strongly retuse, laterals narrower, retuse, the odd one broad,
much shorter than the others: capsules oval, not greatly ex-
ceeding the sepals.

Thompson’s Mills, Gwinnett Co., Georgia, 2 May, 1909,
collected by H. A. Allard.

VIOLA ALLARDIT. Akin to V. cucullata, also of wet ground,
but the rootstock very short, stout and upright, bearing many
whitish fibrous roots; both leaves and flowers numerous for
this group, and the leaves short-petioled, surpassed by the
flowers, yet the whole plant no more than 3 or 4 inches high :
herbage rather delicate, yet subsucculent, glabrous in every
part: lowest leaves reniform to broadly cordate, the later
deltoid-cordate, acute, crenate: peduncles bracteolate much
below the middle, the bractlets narrowly subulate-linear,
ascending, entire: sepals lanceolate, acutish ; corolla blue or
purple, large, nearly an inch long, but petals all narrow, the
odd one as long as the others, all obtuse, the laterals with a
tuft of long flattish hairs.

Open and very wet land near Thompson’s Mills, Gwinnet
Co., Georgia, 1 April, 1909, H. A. Allard.

Though almost undoubtedly a member of the bog-meadow
group of stemless species, this one has so nearly no rootstock
at all, and displays so large a tuft of whitish fibrous roots as

42 LEAFLETS.

to make it peculiar among its supposed allies. The specimens,
though in full petaliferous flower, are nevertheless rather too
young.

Three New Astragali.

ASTRAGALUS SUBUNIFLORUS. Near 4. Nuttallianus, the root
annual, stem slender, erect, simple, or branched only above
the base if at all, mostly 2 to 6 inches high, cauescent with an
appressed coarsely silky pubescence, but upper face of leaflets
sometimes almost glabrous, these in about 4 pairs, not
crowded but rather remote on their rachis, in outline elliptic-
oblong: peduncles filiform, nearly erect, usually 1-flowered,
some of the later 2-flowered: calyx with short tube and much
longer narrowly lanceolate-subulate teeth: pod somewhat
shorter than in 4. Nuttallianus, more acute, glabrous.

Near Tehuacan, Puebla, Mexico, 7 Aug. 1897, C. G.
Pringle, n. 6678 as in my set of that collector’s plants.

ASTRAGALUS PERTENUIS. Also near 4. Nuttallianus and
annual, branched from the base and these branches often
more than a foot long, prostrate, slender, flagelliform, spar-
ingly leafy, the whole plant, even to the pods, clothed sparsely
with appressed straight hairs: leaflets in 3 to 5 pairs, remote
on the elongated rachis, extremely diverse in form on each
plant, those of the earliest leaves only a line long, cuneate-
obcordate, those next them 3 lines long, oblong-cuneiform to
oblong-linear and from truncate to acutish, uppermost foliage
with linear acute or acuminate leaflets % inch long or more:
peduncles filiform, shorter than the leaves, often 1-flowered,
none more than 2-flowered: pods small, 3 to 5 lines long,
appressed-setulose.

A Lower Californian species, known to me in flowering
specimens from Los Angeles Bay, and in fruiting ones from
Cedros Island, all collected years ago by Edward Palmer.

THE GENUS DOWNINGIA. 43

ASTRAGALUS GERTRUDIS. Allied to 4. fallax, the slender
decumbent stems less than a foot long; herbage cauescently
pubescent : leaves subsessile, leaflets oval to oblong, obtuse,
retuse or truncate, 4 to % inch long, in 7 or 8 pairs:
peduncles equalling or surpassing the leaves; raceme short
and dense, as much so in fruit as in flower: calyx short, sub-
cylindric, 4 lines long including the short teeth: corolla
purplish, twice the length of the calyx: pods rather less than
an inch long, somewhat deflexed, almost lunate, very acute,
coriaceous, obcordate in cross-section by intrusion of the
lower suture, pubescent, sessile within the calyx.

Taos Co., New Mexico, 27 May, 1897, collected by Mr. and
Mrs. Heller, n. 3598 ; distributed for 4. Greenei, of which the
pods are very different. The species is quite as near 4. fallax.
It is dedicated to Mrs. Heller.

The Genus Downingia.

A resolution was made by me some few years since to dis-
continue giving approval, and further currency, to a certain
class of generic names, that is, such as are in the line of
attempts to dedicate second, third, fourth or fifth genera to
the same person. It is a new kind of procedure in nomen-
clature, this practice of dedicating, first a Brittonamra, then a
Brittonastrum, then a Neobrittonta all to the same individual ;
and, while I have no great confidence in the validity of the
late Asa Gray’s genus Greenella, I myself am not so desirous
of being commemorated by a genus, that I would countenance
either the late Otto Kuntze’s Greencina, or the Greeneocharis
of Giirke and Harms, even though Greeve//a should be merged
in Xanthocephalum, from which I have never regarded it as
any too distinct.

Now while I would not accuse those who seriously propose
such names as meaning any dishonor to us whose names are
thus familiarly used as nomenclatorial cheap conveniences,
I still can not but remark that the really great names in

44 LEAFLETS.

botany are not so abused. I have never heard that any
botanical author, of however light mental equipment for
name-making, was audacious enough to propound a new
genus Linnaeella, or a Linneanthus, or a Linneophytum, a
Linneocharis, a Pseudolinnaea, a Macrolinnaea, a Microlinaea,
a Neolinnea, or any one of a score that might as cheaply be
compounded. I think, also, that it would be the sense of
botanists in general throughout the world, that this treatment
of the name of Linnaeus in botanic nomenclature would be
ignominious, and not to be tolerated. It is only third or
fourth rate men like Dr. B., Dr. C. and myself, who have
each a half-dozen genera, more or less, named so flippantly,
and to our dishonor.

The name Downingia, as dedicated to Andrew Jackson
Downing by John Torrey, was a merited honor to a great
man. For the later displacement of that name, I am responsi-
ble. Bolelia of Rafinesque was found by me to antedate
Downingia, and I published the fact. At the moment of
doing this I felt a repugnance to the name, and this not so
much because of its being anagrammatic. I have no serious
objection to certain euphonious anagrammatic names for
genera, except when, as in the case of Polelia, they are con-
structed upon personal names; and this one is plainly a
transmutation of the letters of Lodelia. It is in reality dedi-
cating a second genus to Lobelius. On that ground I now
object to it. That dislike of the name which I felt twenty
years since when dealing with it was, at that time, overcome
by my sense of the right of priority ; a feeling which, during
the vicissitudes of botanical nomenclature within twenty years
past has been much weakened. In view of the multitudinous
generic names of the most barbarian, or mongrel, or otherwise
insufferable character that have been launched forth upon
botanical public within these two decades, it is become inevi-
table that a check must be put upon the recklessness of those
who publish any kind of a villainous generic name, feeling
perfectly secure that, no matter what they issue for a name,
priority will save it to the end of botanic time. A reaction

MISCELLANEOUS SPECIFIC TYPES. 45

against priority, under these conditions, was sure to come.
The beginnings of it are already felt in more corners of the
earth than one.

I am aware that, in the case of DOWNINGIA there is another
earlier name for the genus, that is, Gyvampsis of Rafinesque.
But in respect to this, and a few other like instances, I shall
maintain that, when a botanical author makes a succession of
generic names for the same generic type, he has forfeited all
right to serious consideration in the matter of the nomen-
clature of such genus.

Since the time of Torrey and of Lindley, when it was first
founded, the making of the genus DOWNINGIA has been mine
by individual discovery and first publication of almost all the
additional species now known; and I congratulate myself
that all except two of my own discoveries were published
under DowNnINGIA at the first. The two I here transfer.

D. HUMILIS. Greene, Pitt. i. 226, under Bolelia.

D. LAETA. Greene, Erythea i. 238, under olelia.

Miscellaneous Specific Types.—I.

CLAYTONIA CHRYSANTHA. Perennial, akin to C. lanceolata
but smaller and more slender: globose corm of the size of a
small pea, the whole plant barely 2 inches high, the pair of
lanceolate opposite leaves located above midway of the stem ;
raceme very lax, only 3 to 5-flowered, their pedicels greatly
elongated: corolla very large for the plant, nearly 34 inch
wide in expansion, deep-orange, the petals lightly obcordate :
capsule and seeds unknown.

Moist sedgy southward slope of Mt. Baker, Washington, at
5,500 feet; collected by M. W. Gorman, 6 Aug. 1909; the
special locality being at the east side of the Deming Glacier. I
had a similar beautiful yellow-flowered plant from some place
in British Columbia, two years since, the specimens having

46 LEAFLETS.

been lent me by the late Dr. James Fletcher of Ottawa; but
that, not a subalpine plant, may have been the C. aurea of
Nelson.

SANICULA APIIFOLIA. Perennial by a stout fusiform root
1% tonearly 3 inches long: stem solitary, 1 foot high or more,
simple below, scarcely branched even above, the few branches
more like peduncles and the plant strict in habit, glabrous:
flowers rather showy and milky-white: ternate lowest leaves
long-petioled, their segments broad, obtuse, variously but none
sharply toothed: involucres of the flower clusters monophyl-
lous but parted into ovate lobes, the whole whitish and almost
scarious; carpels tuberculate, but each tubercle bearing a stout
subulate rather short prickle hooked at tip.

Columbia Falls, Montana, June, 1893, also 1894, R. S. Wil-
liams. In every way, from root, and very parsley-like basal
leaves up to flower, entirely distinct from S. septentrionalis.

TOXICODENDRON RUFESCENS. Shrub never climbing or
forming aerial roots, firmly erect 1 to 1.5 m. high, copiously
and amply leafy, bearing small clusters of rather small fruits ;
mature twigs and branches dull reddish-brown, rather closely
lenticellate, glabrate, but the growing twigs, and even to the
end of the first season, rusty-puberulent: petioles 5 to8 cm. long,
the compound blade about as long; odd leaflet exactly though
quite broadly ovate, very acute or else abruptly acuminate,
commonly entire, occasionally with 2 or 3 coarse teeth on one
or both margins, 8 to 10 cm. long, 5 to 6 cm. wide below the
middle, its petiolule usually 2 cm. long, upper face vivid
green, glabrous, lower loosely hirsutulous on all veins and
veinlets ; lateral leaflets not much smallerthan the terminal but
notably inequilateral, their petiolules very short, barely, or
hardly, 3 mm. long; panicles of fruit 5 cm. long or less,
the branches and main rachis all slender; drupelets small,
nearly spherical, a trifle elongated, glabrous and polished,
only obscurely striate.

The original and only specimens of this new Toxicodendron
are sent by Mr. H. Walton Clarke, without mention of special

MISCELLANEOUS SPECIFIC TYPES. 47

locality or notes of environment ; so that for type station one
may only cite the vicinity of Lake Maxinkuckee, Ind. The
collection of the specimens was made by Mr. Clarke on Sept.
14, 1906. ‘That part of the characterization, however, which
relates to height of the shrub, and its upright habit, is but a
repetition of Mr. Clarke’s note upon this point.

The species has a near ally in New England, namely, the
Toxicodendron glabrum of Philip Miller (1768), long unrecog-
nized; also somewhat recently republished as Rhus littoralis
Mearns.’ The New England shrub has a much firmer texture
of foliage, and the very scanty pubescence of the lower face of
the leaf is of altogether different character. The panicles
are larger, with much more numerous drupelets, and these
notably large, as well as somewhat pubescent.

PYRROCOMA CHEIRANTHIFOLIA. Low perennial, stout
taproot and branched crown or caudex devoid of woolliness :
basal leaves many, not rosulate but erect, linear-lanceolate,
entire, acute, some of the earlier rather broader, narrowly
lanceolate, remotely and lightly serrate-toothed : stems scapi-
form, only 5 or 6 inches high, strongly decumbent, scarcely
leafy, usually monocephalous, occasionally with 2 heads,
obscurely villous-arachnoid : involucres turbinate, hardly a
half-inch high, their bracts in about 3 series, narrow, acute,
largely green-herbaceous, lightly villous-arachnoid; rays
many, large and showy for the plant.

Common in fields along San Pete River, west of Ephraim,
Utah, 7 Sept. 1907, Ivar Tidesdrom, n. 534 as in U. S. Herb.

ARNICA ABORTIVA. Of the size and habit of 4. cordifolia,
but foliage small: basal leaves not seen, the cauline in about
3 pairs, ovate and deltoid-ovate, dentate, firm, scaberulous and
sparsely pubescent on both faces, only 1 to 3⁄2 inches long, the
very lowest on long naked petioles, the others on shorter ones
broadly winged: heads 1 to 3, on long naked or bibractrate
peduncles: involucre campanulate, 34 inch high, the bracts

biserial, the outer lance linear : acuminate, villous-hirsute, the

1 Rhus littoralis, Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 15: p.
148 (1902).

48 LEAFLETS.

inner narrower, either wholly hyaline, or with only a green
midvein, rays short, yellow, their ovaries altogether abortive:
disk-corollas with tube and subcylindric throat of about equal
length; the former villous about the summit: achenes slender
cylindric, striate, hirsutulous; pappus dull white, barbellate.

Open woods in the Wind River Mountains, Wyoming, Dr.
W. H. Forwood, 23 July, 1881. Type in U. S. Herb.

ARNICA PARVIFOLIA. Woodland plant of low stature and
from horizontal rootstocks ; pair of basal leaves cordate, more
than 2 inches long, on slender petioles about as long, acutish,
repand-denticulate or dentate, thin, green, both faces with a
few scattered short hairs and minute glands; stem leaves in
about 3 pairs, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, small, the blade
seldom more than 1 inch long, sessile in the upper pair ; head
solitary, or rarely 2 or 3, large, short, peduncled ; involucre
campanulate 3% inch high, of about 10 thin linear-lanceolate
acuminate, bracts more or less villous and glandular on the
back: rays large and long, about 12 or 14, yellow: achenes
slender, sparsely setulose; pappus firm and delicate, white,
barbellate.

Peculiar small-leaved and even leafy-stemmed ally of 4.
cordifolia, the type specimens in my herbarium from Marshall
Pass, Colo., 19 July, 1901, by C. F. Baker, n. 515.

ARNICA LASIOSPERMA. Apparently cespitose, slender and
low, in maturity only 6 inches high, firm and wiry rather than
succulent, not obviously pubescent, the stem and leaf margins
under a lens showing scattered hairs : leaves small, the cauline
in 2 or 3 pairs, oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, acute, entire,
sessile: heads 1 to 3, on peduncles 2 inches long; involucres
campanulate, of 10 or 12 oblong-lanceolate merely acute
bracts: rays rather long, light-yellow; disk-corollas with
densely appressed-villous short tube and about equal subcy-
lindric glabrous limb: achenes cinereous with a dense fine
appressed pubescence ; pappus white, barbellate.

Subalpine in Estes Park, at base of Long’s Peak, Colorado,
26 Aug. 1895, Geo. E. Osterhout.

E >

STUDIES OF THALICTRACEAE.—I. 49
Studies of Thalictraceae.—I.

It is not as the name of a suborder, or subfamily, but as
that of a proposed natural family of plants that I write
THALICTRACEAE. I have long carried in mind a conviction
that certain genera, Thalictrum heading the line, have not the
least natural affinity for, or genetic relation to Ranunculus, or
to Clematis, to Anemone, to Delphinium, or to Paconia. I do,
however, seem to see what to me are marks of real genetic
relationship among such genera as Thalictrum, Anemonella,
Isopysum, perhaps Coptis, and more indubitably Aquilegia.
My own idea about a rather intimate relationship as subsist-
ing between the last named genus and Thalictrum found
expression many years since in my books of Californian
botany, wherein, removing Thalictrum afar from where all the
Jussieus, De Candolles, Benthams and Englers of a hundred
years and more had placed it, that is, on the Clematis side of
Ranunculus, I located it away on the other side, and in closest
juxtaposition to Aquilegia. I gave then no reasons for such
protest against fossilized artificialism, nor shall I give reasons
here.

Thalictrum itself falls into a number of groups so very
unlike each other as to flower and fruit that doubtless the time
is coming when segregate genera, a half-dozen of which have
already long since been proposed, will be freely admitted in
place of the conventional Thalictrum of the books that we
have. Such an event, when it comes, will accentuate the
demand for a recognized family of the THALICTRACEAE.

Engaged seriously in the investigation of this aggregate
Thalictrum for now more than twenty years at intervals, I
have given a closer application to it during the last three years
than I ever gave to any other genus, but hitherto with but
few results that are to me quite satisfactory ; and I have come
to feel that it is the most difficult of all the phanerogamous
genera of the North American flora. Also I find no evidence
that other students of the group have even dimly apprehended

LEAFLETS, Vol. II, pp. 49-68.” 29 March, 1910.

50 LEAFLETS.

the most perplexing difficulties that its forms present. Has
any one hitherto confessed a suspicion that, in our dioecious
species the leaves are of one description in the male plant, and
of quite another form in the female of the same? They are
often very large plants, insomuch that nothing gets into the
herbarium but the inflorescences and one or two of the upper
cauline leaves. Familiar with many hundreds of herbarium
sheets of this kind of material, I am driven well towards a
state of hopelessness by the discovery that in one and the same
individual, the basal leaves, such as seldom get into the her-
barium, may be found to be perfectly glabrous, while the
middle and upper cauline are notably or even strongly pubes-
cent. With facts like these confronting me, and many more
as perplexing, I am daily and hourly face to face with the
discouraging circumstance that, among scores of reputable
botanists who have endeavored to describe the species, there
are still no descriptions of any species in the older books, or
even in the newer monographs. ‘This last named fact, how-
ever, has confronted, and has been the despair of, a number
of good botanists ; and these will be found to have taken up
one name for a supposed species at one time, then dropped
that and taken up another name for it, because this other later
name seemed to carry with it something a little more like an
intelligible description of a plant.

The present paper is devoted mainly to some results of a
long and careful study of our white-flowered kinds of 7halic-
trum, all of which have usually passed for a single species, and
under a name that has varied from generation to generation.
With early and middle nineteenth-century writers the name
was Thalictrum Cornuti. After the suppression of that
appellation the name 7. polygamum came into vogue, and
most of the specimens in herbaria that are recent have the
latter name on the labels ; while in one or more of the twentieth-
century books of American botany 7. corynellum has displaced
T. polygamum. An abstract of the history, and the real or

supposed reasons for these consecutive changes of name may
well find place here.

te

STUDIES OF THALICTRACEAE—I. 51

The earliest trivial name in any way representing an
American white-flowered member of this genus is the Thalie-
trum Canadense of Cornutus. It is of the year 1635. That
author’s using an e rather than a cin the second syllable of
the generic name bespeaks a doubt that existed in the minds
of earlier botanical scholars as to whether the name was
intended of old to be Thalietrum or Thalictrum. For almost
two centuries the validity of 7. Canadense was unquestioned.
Tournefort, like others of his time, sustained it, and of course
under the name at first assigned. Linnaeus in his day sup-
pressed the then well established 7. Canadense and renamed
the species 7. Cornuti. The change was as arbitrary as possi-
ble, yet the new name became current almost everywhere ;
and in, I think, all American books of botany down to the
beginning of the last decade of the nineteenth century. Dur-
ing about 140 years, then, every kind of tall panicled meadow
rue displaying clavate white filaments was named 7. Cornuti ,;
then all at once, and with little by way of apology, the best
known of American botanists dismissed the name 7. Cornuti
and put in its place T. folygamum, a nomen nudum printed
long, long ago by Muhlenberg. From 1895 forward to the
present, books and catalogues sustain, on the mere word of
Gray, the name T. folygamum. This is an outline statement
only, and appertains to the history of the nomenclature of
this type in our own country more particularly; but the
aggregate species had been studied with care nowhere but in
Europe; and we shall have to look to one of the greatest
botanists of Europe to see what the real reasons were for sup-
pressing Linnaeus’ trivial name 7. Cornuti. Asa Gray tells
us (Syn. Fl. I, 18) that the necessity of this had been sug-
gested by De Candolle (1818). This eminent botanist appears
to have been the first to critically examine the page and plate
of Cornutus, and in doing this he could but discover that both
plate and description apply to no other plant but the Old
World T. aguilegifolium. T. Canadense of Cornutus, Tourne-
fortius and others, as well as 7. Cornuti, Linn., were but
synonyms of T. aguilegifolium, and all must be suppressed.

52 LEAFLETS.

This he did, giving the Canadian plant the new name of 7.
corynellum. When eighty years later Gray discovered all this
he, in his zeal for priority, suppressed the name 7. corynellum
which was perfectly valid, as being accompanied by a de-
scription, and forced to the front that nomen nudum, 7. poly-
gamum, Muhl.

The botanists in general must have inferred this resurrection
of the Muhlenbergian adjective to mean that it was an older
equivalent—and a sure and certain equivalent—of 7. corynel-
lum. ‘The truth is, it can never be proven the equivalent of
anything. All that is said of the plant is that its corolla is
white, that it is polygamous, and also glabrous. About the
stamens not a word is said over and above what is implied in
the term polygamous; and polygamous is an extremely empty
term to try to make any use of in defining a species, for it is
a mark by which no individual specimen can be determined.
To know a polygamous species to be such, one must have at
least three individuals, a male, a female, and an hermaphro-
dite. T. polygamum is certainly no better than a nomen
nudum. Moreover, it is so far from having been meant for
a new designation of Linnaeus’ 7. Cornuti that Muhlenberg
admits this last as a valid species separate from his 7. polyga-
mum , and still further, he attributes to another species flowers
as white as those of his 7. polygamum, that is, T. rugosum of
Pursh. Then, to make matters if possible still worse for the
status of 7. polygamumas a tenable name of any white-flowered
Thalictrum, Sprengel, the first to print Muhlenberg’s T. poly-
gamum name with an accompanying description, says of its
filaments that they are filiform. A German, and a contem-
porary, and presumably a correspondent of the German
Muhlenberg, must have had the means of knowing what the
latter had had in mind under that nomen nudum which he had
caused to be printed. Sothen, the very first paragraph or even
line of description of 7. polygamum ever printed (Sprengel,
Syst. II 671) must lead the careful investigator, if to any con-
clusion at all, to that of Sereno Watson and some others, that
what Muhlenberg had was nearer 7. purpurascens, and probably

STUDIES OF THALICTRACEAE—I. 53

identical with that (see Wats. Index, 26). It is to be noted that
De Candolle (Syst. I, 173) had without doubt or hesitancy so
referred it, save as having distinguished between 7. purpuras-
ceus, Linn., and his own T. revolutum, under which latter he
writes 7. polygamum asasynonym, But this name, having been
printed without diagnosis, and therefore without title to the rank
of a plant name atall, ought to be excluded even from synonomy,
because it can not be connected with any species whatsoever
except by guess. This however is not quite so nearly true of
T. Cornuti , for in the publication of this name an earlier
name was cited, and this earlier one was accompanied by a
description so full and clear as to leave no doubt that such
description was drawn up from a specimen of 7. aguzlegifolium.
But, to write down T. Cornuti as a mere synonym of this Old
World plant and leave the matter so, is to falsify the situation
by leaving untold one significant item of scientific truth which
stands in this connection. It is quite certain that Cornutus
had in his garden at the time a Thalictrum from Canada, almost
as certainly a white-flowered one, therefore one which might
by any piece of oversight or carelessness become confused with
the white-flowered variety of T. aguilegifolium. It is not im-
portant that it should be shown how, or by whose mistake, the
fruits of T. aguilegifolium came to be described by Cornutus
for those of his 7. Canadense; but the plant from Canada—
almost certainly sent from Quebec, and by Dr. Sarracenius,
the botanical correspondent of Parisian botanists of the time—
was not ephemeral in European gardens. It remained there
for more than a hundred years, and may still be there. Her-
mann in Germany, and Morison and Ray in England, as well
as Tournefort and others of the time knew, and distinguished,
between T. aquilegifolium of Europe and T. Canadense of
America, all these as subsequent to the time of Cornutus, yet
in the same century. Then among contemporaries of Lin-
naeus in the century following, they had the plant in Germany
and in England still, always distinguishing it from its Euro-
pean ally. Philip Miller describes both species, and, sup-
pressing Linnaeus’ name 7. Cornuti, restores to the species

54 LEAFLETS.

its original appellation. Thus it is clear that even if Muhlen-
berg’s T. polygamum could have been a really published name,
it would have had no status. It would have been long ante-
dated by 7. Canadense, Mill., and the same is true of 7.
corynellum, DC. Again as late as 1794 Moench has the two
species in the Hortus Marburgensis; and he too rejects the
name 7. Cornutiand lists the plant under his own new appel-
lation of T. confertum, which also again antedates by many
years Muhlenberg’s nomen nudum.

The plant of the upper St. Lawrence, frequent on both the
Canadian side and on ours, the 7. Canadense, Mill., also bet-
ter described by De Candolle as T. corynel/um, I shall not here
describe anew ; but I recognize it well, and am able to distin-
guish from it not only the excellent 7. dasycarpum of Fischer,
but also the following, all from regions well to the westward
and southward of eastern Canada and northern New England.

The group as a whole is most unlike the Old World 7.
aguilegifolium and its allies, as is proven by its extremely
different mature carpels. De Candolle well distinguished as
a marked subgenus, under the name Tripterium, the Old
World plants. It is quiteas fitting that these American plants,
in both flower and fruit so very different from 77iplerium,
should be designated at least subgenerically as LEUCOCOMA,
in allusion to their often massive and always beautiful white
panicles. The whole group is aestival in its flowering, while
our more than equally numerous species with green flowers
are vernal. In respect to a number of the species there exists
in the herbaria no evidence of their being other than dioecious,
no hermaphrodite specimens occurring. Such plants I find to
have been commonly mistaken for the dioecious 7. purpuracens,
so little discrimination is made by people in places of some
supposed authority, the clavellate filaments being overlooked
altogether. Again: while in the greater number of species
the achenes are black when ripe, and the green herbage of
them blackens in drying, there is one set of them marked by
herbage the color of which is green in the dry, and by achenes
that are only of an olive-green when perfectly mature. As to

=x]

STUDIES OF THALICTRACEAE—I. 55

differences in size, amplitude of panicles, forms of leaflets and
characteristics of them as to texture, venation and pubescence,
the whole genus outside of it is scarcely more diversified than
is the LEUCOCOMA section in itself. Also its species range all
the way from subarctic Labrador to Georgia in the southern
United States, and from the Atlantic seaboard to the Rocky
Mountains.

THALICTRUM BISSELLII. Slender, sparsely leafy, 2 feet
high, the solitary basal leaf petiolate, the several and remote
cauline sessile; stems terete, scarcely angled or striate: leaf-
lets of lowest leaf of staminate plant glabrous on both faces,
glaucous-green above, very glaucous beneath, suborbicular, 7
or 8 lines wide, subtruncate or subcordate at base, slightly
and not very unequally 3-lobed at apex, with middle lobe
about twice as broad as long, truncate, but, by two slight
indentations broadly 3-crenate, the terminals and laterals little
different save as to size; upper leaves of same staminate plant
sparsely and minutely pubescent beneath: leaflets of pistil-
late plant rather longer than broad, more deeply 3-lobed, the
middle lobe rounded at apex and perfectly entire; sepals of
staminate plant obovate, obtuse, of pistillate equally obtuse
and more rounded, almost orbicular: filaments short, clavel-
late almost from the base, much narrower at their widest than
the short oblong-oval anthers: immature achenes small,
slenderly fusiform and stipitate.

Type specimens collected in 1897, in the middle of July, at
Southington, Connecticut, by C. H. Bissell, whose label
records it as common there in wet meadows. The specimens
are with me as a loan from the herbarium of the Agricultural
College of New Mexico.

For a member of this white-stamened group this is a small
one, the plants not larger than some of the largest of T.
dioicum, and is quite as sparingly leafy as that is in its larger
growths. The sheet of specimens is a remarkably complete
one, bearing a complete staminate and a complete pistillate
plant, each in flower, with also an inflorescence of the pistil-

56 LEAFLETS.

late in nearly full grown fruit. The herbage does not in the
least blacken in drying, though the immature achenes have
blackened.

By the care with which Mr. Bissell gathered and pressed
these complete plants, I feel assured that the male and female
represent the same species precisely, and by their completeness
they demonstrate fully how the foliage between a male and a
female may differ, as well as how on the same individual the
lowest leaves may be perfectly glabrous, the others very nota-
bly pubescent.

THALICTRUM VIRIDE. Tall and robust, the ample sub-
corymbose fruiting panicle nearly a foot in breadth; whole
plant, even to the mature carpels, of a deep green, in no part
dull or dark when dry ; petiolules with a few hairs, all other
parts glabrous ; leaves ample and open, one of the cauline 9
inches long and (from tip to tip of the basal pinnae) 15 inches
broad, the primary petiolules 3 or 4 inches long below the
first leaflets, all the petiolules primary and secondary very
firm, leaflets very firm, light-green above, with veins still
lighter, beneath paler and more prominently veiny ; terminal
leaflets of round-oval general outline, 1 to 14 inches long,
obtuse at base, the apex with one large and two small lobes
all mucronate-acute ; laterals mostly similar but small, only
a few oval and entire: achenes about 4 inch long including
style and short thick stipe, thick-fusiform, the thickest ribs
often showing a few small setaceous erect hairs.

Type specimens, in U. S. Herb., from Waterbury, Con-

necticut, where they were collected by C. G. Du Bois, 30
Aug. 1888.

THALICTRUM SETULOSUM. Plant stoutish, a yard high or
taller, the stems smoothish and quite glabrous throughout :
leaves of firm texture, glaucous-green above, more glaucous
beneath, both faces in a degree, but chiefly the lower,
minutely and sparsely setulose-hairy: terminal leaflets of
lower leaves more than an inch broad and long, rounded or
subcordate at base, somewhat deeply 3-lobed, the middle lobe

STUDIES OF THALICTRACEAE—I. 57

largest, often unequally 3-lobed, laterals smaller, not always
oval and entire ; leaflets of upper leaves more elongated and
narrow, also more acutely lobed, all leaflets strongly veiny
beneath, less conspicuously so above: all plants probably
more or less hermaphrodite, the flowers of the more fertile
mostly with one or two stamens, often with none, their sepals
caducous, those of the more staminate plant large, elongated-
oval, somewhat persistent and deflexed; filaments very long,
clavellate only above the middle and not strongly so, anthers
very short in proportion, oblong-oval: immature carpels very
minutely setulose, the mature less obviously so, very large,
somewhat oblong-oval but obliquely so, the opposite ends
being manifestly a little curved in opposite directions, neither
quite sessile nor notably stipitate, not black, but dark greenish
brown, the ribs rather low.

The type sheets of this species are in my own herbarium,
and were collected at Monkton, Vermont, in July and Septem-
ber, 1880, by C. G. Pringle. The species is named in allusion
to the short but bristly nature of the pubescence, the like of
which I have met with in no other meadow rue. Its achene
has a peculiar outline for a member of this group.

THALICTRUM MorvTont. Probably at least a yard high and
not slender, the stems striate, glabrous, purplish: lowest leaves
a foot long, the breadth somewhat less, the leaflets uncom-
monly large, doubtless of firm texture in age, not blackened
in drying, of a rather deep green above, paler and glaucescent
beneath and with a few rather prominent but slender and only
slightly divergent veins, both faces glabrous; terminal leaflets
11⁄4 inches long, 1 inch wide far above the middle, obtuse at
base, sharply yet not deeply 3-lobed at summit ; laterals mostly
1 inch long or less, obliquely ovate to lance-oval, acute, usually
entire: sepals of staminate plant obovate, very obtuse, of the
pistillate oval, acute; filaments only slightly clavellate, and
that from near the base, in no part as wide as the narrow
linear oblong acute anthers: neither mature nor even full
grown carpels known, those half grown fusiform, glabrous.

58 LEAFLETS.

Known only from western Ontario, near Wingham, where
it was collected by J. A. Morton, 13 July, 1890, the specimens
in Herb. Canad. Geol. Survey.

THALICTRUM ALTISSIMUM. Plants very tall, often 6 feet
high and even more, the stems erect, rigid, manifestly angled,
dark with minute purple dots, glabrous to the summit, and
even as to the branches of the panicle and pedicels of the
flowers : basal leaves a foot in diameter exclusive of the petiole,
this glabrous, but the ultimate petiolules plainly hirtellous :
leaflets firm, deep green, smooth and glabrous above, beneath
yellow-green and, especially along the veins, softly hirtellous,
the margins revolute, terminals an inch long, round-obovate
or subcuneate-obovate, either subcordate or nearly truncate at
base, 3-lobed at apex, the middle lobe thrice as large as the
laterals, all lobes conspicuously cuspidate-mucronate, lateral
leaflets either oval and entire, or some of them broader and
with one lateral lobe or tooth: sepals of staminate plant obo-
vate, obtuse, white, of the fertile plant more elongated, acute :
filaments all clavellate and erect ; anthers oblong, very obtuse :
achenes black, small for the plant, sharply ribbed, tipped with
the persistent straight style. .

This is the common summer-flowering white-stamened
meadow rue of river banks and other wet places in Virginia,
Maryland and northward into Pennsylvania. It flowers along
the banks of the Potomac all through July, and its fruit ripens
in August, and is black as soon as ripe. Both the leaves,
leaflets, flowers and fruits are remarkably small, the plant
itself among the very largest of its genus, and of a lax and
poor aspect on account of the wide spread of the nearly naked
branches, these floriferous at the ends only. "They are nearly
divaricate; and the lax open panicle itself often measures two
feet or more from base to summit, yet, from its laxity and
openness, is ill defined as an inflorescence. In this particular
our plant of these Middle States is very unlike all far
northern and northwestern and western plants that have, with
this, been mixed up from early times under the name of
T. Cornuti, and more recently under that of 7. polygamum.

alll

STUDIES OF THALICTRACEAE—I. 59

THALICTRUM PERELEGANS. A yard high, or taller, the
green and somewhat polished stem finely striate above the
middle, glabrous, very leafy up to the rather naked and not
ample panicle; leaves large, none but the uppermost sessile,
all of thin and delicate texture; outline of terminal leaflets
broadly to rather narrowly obovate, obtuse at both ends, with
three rounded lobes at summit, the large middle one notably
mucronate, laterals often only smaller, but sometimes obliquely
oval and entire, all of a deep blue-green above, very pale
beneath and there bearing traces of a minute scattered pubes-
cence, also rather prominently venulose: sepals of the more
fertile plant orbicular, white, of the more infertile larger,
somewhat elongated : filaments very long, also very gradually
clavellate from near the base and not wider than the very
short oval or oval-oblong anthers: achenes rather small,
elliptical, black in maturity, all deflexed, those of the more
fertile plant very shortly stipitate, of the more staminate ona
very long filiform stipe.

A large but elegant species, known to me only as in my
own herbarium, and as collected by my friend Thos. H.
Kearney, at Lemon’s Gap in the mountains of eastern
Tennessee, in early September, 1897. Strictly of the white-
stamened group, only the carpels blacken in drying, all other
parts retaining perfectly their fine blue-green coloring. The
deflexed attitude of the achenes is not so remarkable as is the
fact that the about four of them that are in each bisexual flower
are very conspicuously and slenderly stipitate. I judge this
to be a woodland species; but the labels bear no notes of
habitat.

THALICTRUM HEPATICUM. Stem tall, terete without striae,
smooth, glabrous, purplish, without bloom: lowest leaves
very large, a foot long and of somewhat greater breadth, of
120 to 140 rather small mostly deeply and subequally 3-lobed
leaflets that are bright green above, glaucescent beneath and
glabrous throughout, firm of texture and not revolute ; termi-
nals hardly an inch wide, of the same length, subcordate,

60 LEAFLETS.

lobed almost to the middle, the lobes broadly ovate, obtuse
but cuspidate-mucronate; some laterals like the terminals in
form but smaller, others ovate, obtuse, entire or else with one
small lateral lobe or tooth: panicle of staminate plant nearly
naked, rather contracted: flowers (only the staminate plant
known) white, with round-ovate obtuse sepals and many long
stamens ; filaments pronouncedly clavellate but only above
the middle, below that quite capillary and contorted; anthers
short-oblong, abruptly very acute.

Swamps of the Blue Ridge Mountains, northern Georgia,
10 July, 1900, Albert Ruth. Very marked species; as to
foliage most of the leaflets closely imitating those of //epatica.

Certain American Roses.

In the course of two thousand years’ history of the genus
Rosa perhaps no more remarkable taxonomic discovery was
ever made than that which fell to the lot of Dr. C. C. Parry
and his party in 1882, when, botanizing along the seaboard
of the Mexican Territory of Lower California, they came upon
that unknown shrub which Dr. Engelmann soon after pub-
lished as Rosa minutifolia.

In general appearance that shrub is far removed from all
other roses that were then known, insomuch that I much
doubt whether such experienced botanists as those discoverers
were would have seen in it a member of the genus Rosa at all,
if the bushes had been devoid of all traces of buds, flowers or
fruits ; for it is only by its answering, as to flowers and fruits,
to the artificial phytographic technicalities which are allowed
to be definitive, that Rosa minutifolia is admitted to that
genus.

During some fifteen years this Lower Californian curiosity
remained practically a monotypic subgenus. Then in 1897,
not much less than a thousand miles inland from the Mexican

CERTAIN AMERICAN ROSES. 61

seaboard, Mr. Wooton discovered in the mountains of New
Mexico, at elevations of 5,000 to 6,000 feet, what he regarded
as a second member of this strange group, and he published
it as Rosa stellata. There are contrasts more pronounced than
have hitherto been indicated between the Lower Californian
shrub and that of the Organ Mountains in New Mexico.
Let us indicate these somewhat formally.

R. minutifolia. Young twigs with sparse and short
pubescence: larger spines not much dilated at base, of dull
color and notably pubescent: leaflets 5, not crowded, but the
pairs equidistant: stipules with narrow subscarious body and
divaricate foliaceous auricles.

R. stellata. Young twigs with copious stellate pubes-
cence: spines much dilated at base, glabrous, white, polished:
leaflets mostly 3, crowded at end of short rachis: stipules with
very narrow body and ample foliaceous auricles divergent.

The excellent specimens of X. stellata distributed by Mr.
Wooton are from two separate and rather well isolated
mountain ranges in southern New Mexico, and he has noted
clearly enough some of their divergences in his paper on them
(Bull. Torr. Club, X XV, 152). Nevertheless, I seem to see
that the discoverer of the New Mexican shrubs, in his diag-
nosis, has been betrayed by those curious trichomes of this
type into the making of a synthesis which, on the whole, can
hardly meet with general approval among students of roses.
In other words, the Rosa stellata of the Organ Mountains and
that of the Sierra Blanca are so very different in characters of
stem, spines, leaves and indument that, on principles well
established among rhodographers, they must be held specific-
ally distinct. No expert in the knowledge of roses, contem-
plating figures 3 and 6 of Mr. Wooton’s plate (Bull. Torr.
Club, t. 335) would say that those two leaves, if taken from
two plants from different regions, or even from the same hill-
side, are of the same species. The leaflets of one leaf are 5
and cuneate-obovate, notched all around the upper part from
the middle or even from below that. Those of the other leaf

62 LEAFLETS.

are 3 only, each being exactly triangular, notched only across
the line of the truncate summit. The stipules also of the two
are constantly very different. But it will be profitable to
make exact diagnoses of these two plants; and first of all,
there needs to be given a fuller statement of the characters of
the typical Organ Mountain plant, to which alone, as the
specimens before me seem to show, the name chosen applies.

R. stellata, Wooton (restricted). Stems when growing
scarcely armed with other than white broad-based white
prickles, but hoarily stellate-tomentose by trichomes radiating
around a low murication or obsolete prickle: leaflets of the
very short leaves mostly 3, sometimes 4 or 5, all alike tri-
angular, entire on two sides, deeply toothed across the trun-
cate summit, pubescent on both faces, also closely and
minutely somewhat pustulate-roughened above; stipules
proper very short, surpassed by their large foliaceous auricles.

The contrast between this and the shrub of the White
Mountains (or Sierra Blanca, as the name of that range ought
always to be written) may be shown by a diagnosis of its stem
and leaves quite as brief as the above. I shall call it

ROSA MIRIFICA. Growing stems light-green without stel-
late or any other hairiness, the few stout white prickles sup-
plemented by very many intervening short almost filiform
recurved and gland-tipped prickles: leaflets more commonly
5, of at least twice the size of those of R. stellata, strongly
cuneate-obovate, strongly crenate-serrate around the obtuse
apex, glabrous on both faces, not in the least pustulate or
roughened ; stipules long, wholly herbaceous, their small
divergent or subfalcate auricles not notably foliaceous, the
whole stipule marginally beset with small sessile glands.

This account of the leaves of the Sierra Blanca rose does not
quite harmonize with the figure above referred to; for the
figure shows leaflets more obovate and less cuneate, and with
sharp rather than obtuse teeth, an indentation that could not
be called crenate-serrate. But such as I have described here
are the leaflets on two good sheets, one in the National

CERTAIN AMERICAN ROSES. 63

Museum, and one in my personal herbarium, both as collected
by Mr. Wooton in the Sierra Blanca.

There is now before me a third representative of this strange
group of roses, and this from a region to the southward of
New Mexico, taken by a zoological traveler in another isolated
range, the Guadalupe Mountains of Texas. In compliment
to the discoverer of it, I name the species

ROSA VERNONII. Next of kin to true X. stellata but grow-
ing twigs, also the peduncles, appearing retrorsely villous-
silky ; large spines more slender than in any of the foregoing,
also not notably dilated at base, conspicuously deflexed, white
and polished, numerous stout but short gland-tipped hairs or
bristles intervening ; leaves nearly all trifoliolate, glaucescent,
nearly glabrous, faintly pustulate above ; leaflets notably dis-
similar, the terminal much the largest and cuneate-obovate,
the small laterals not cuneate but obliquely oval, all deeply
crenate almost all around, the crenatures broader than high
and themselves glandular-dentate; calyx closely villous-
hirtellous, also armed with a few stout prickles.

Known only as collected in the Guadalupe Mountains,
Texas, by Mr. Vernon Bailey, 15 Aug. 1901, the specimens
in flower.

Old twigs of this rose show a roughness made up of short
stout points, quite as in Æ. stellata, and the whole secret of
the villous appearance of its pubescence is this, that the
trichomes are developed here on only the lower or earthward
base of the short prickles, and these are so crowded that the
hairs, somewhat elongated, overlap.

I append characters of another new rose from the far
Northwest.

ROSA ALCEA. Dwarf and apparently compact, the branches,
and especially the flowering twigs copiously spinescent, the
spines all rather slender, straight, ascending, or on older
branches the larger and more persistent almost divaricately
spreading, but none deflexed or even recurved : leaves small,

64 LEAFLETS.

of about 7 or 9 leaflets, these obovate, obtuse, closely serrate,
green and nearly or quite glabrous above, glaucescent and
soft-pubescent beneath ; stipules broad and short, the petiolar
vein beneath with a few firm spines, their margins more or
less glandular-ciliate: flowers solitary, the short petiole
sparsely armed with gland-tipped spines; calyx-tube with not
a few stout sharp spreading spines, but sepals quite densely
glandular-prickly ; corolla large, the petals obcordate.

Species known only in good flowering branches collected at
Moose Jaw, Assiniboia, by Mr. William Spreadborough, in
June, 1892, and communicated to me by Mr. J. M. Macoun.
The Canad. Survey number is 10,624.

The type of my R. Macounii (Pitt. iv. 10) is also from
Assiniboia, but is very different from this.

Some Allies of Hibiscus Moscheutos.

Taking Gray’s Synoptical Flora for the authority upon our
hydrophile kinds of Æibiscus, a northern botanist would believe
without a doubt that the broad-leaved pink-flowered plant of
New England marshes is to be Æ. Moscheutos, Linn. Never-
theless Linnaeus, who rarely distinguished species where they
were not well marked, said that this northern plant should be
called Æ. palustris. Its leaves are not only broad, but are
lobed, and this with some suggestion of the outline of maple
leaves. They say that the flowers of this, commonly of a
pinkish or light rose-color, are sometimes white. But let the
New England plant lover, taught that his northern plant is
H. Moscheutos, come southward in summer time to the marshes
of Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries, and he will be apt to
ask what this hibiscus is that has always large cream-colored
corollas, and with long narrow lanceolate and wholly uncut
foliage; for he will not believe, unless his faith in great books
is immovable, that this and the other are the same.

The northern plant is H. palustris. Only the great yellowish-

SOME ALLIES OF HIBISCUS MOSCHEUTOS. 65

white southern one is Æ. A/oscheutos, and it is improbable that
any man, either botanist or botanophile, knowing both, will
doubt their distinctness. Indeed, one of the most capable of
northern botanists, though of an earlier generation, namely
Bigelow, knew nothing of any other native hibiscus in Mass-
achusetts than Æ. palustris. A living botanist of the North,
and one well travelled, once asked me what this great cream-
colored narrow-leaved plant of these southern marshes could
be; so confident had he been that the maple-leaved red-
flowered one of the North had been authoritatively determined
by great men to be what they had called it; and he seemed to
think that our plant of these regions must be nondescript.

I distinguish readily between Æ. palustris of brackish
marshes northeastward, and an ally which it has on swamps
bordering the Great Lakes far inland. But the center of dis-
tribution for these fine malvaceous plants seems to be much
further southward ; and a few species of them not heretofore
defined are now described.

HIBISCUS OPULIFOLIUS. Stamens, petioles and peduncles
pale, but with bloom rather than with pubescence, the sub-
stellate hairs being sparse: leaves 4 or 5 inches wide and
scarcely longer, angulate lobed as in some maples and quite as
in Viburnum Opulus, the lateral lobes at about midway of the
blades and not prominent, the whole margin very regularly
crenate-subserrate, upper face green, glabrous and remarkably
whitish-veiny, lower face whitened, but not alone with pubes-
cence, this being rather sparse: flowers solitary in the axils,
on peduncles 3 inches long and twice the length of the petioles,
from which they are perfectly distinct : bracts of the involucres
long and triangular-subulate, of more than two-thirds the
length of the calyx, this cleft to the middle, the lobes short-
oval, cuspidate: flowers tinged with rose, not large, the petals
about 3 inches long.

Ontario, on Point Pelee, Lake Erie, 23 July, 1892, collected
by Mr. John Macoun. Very well marked by its broad maple-
like foliage dark-green above and whitish veiny, as well as by

66 LEAFLETS.

its whitish glaucous stems ; the whiteness being due to bloom,
not pubescence.

In early August, 1901, Mr. Macoun again collected the
plant at Leamington, not far from Point Pelee. There is also
in U. S. Herb. a specimen by Alfred Ricksecker from the
shore of Lake Erie in Ohio, at Vermillion, a point quite oppo-
site to Mr. Macoun’s Ontario localities ; so that the species is
likely to prove the common, if not the only hibiscus of the
Lake Erie marshes. It differs from Æ. palustris not only in
respect to its comparative lack of pubescence. Its leaves are
lobed below the middle, not above it.

HIBISCUS PLATANOIDES. Akin to Æ. /asiocarpus, but stem
glabrous, leaves short-petioled and the blades not cordate but
nearly as broad as long, not even acute, but lightly and
unevenly angled after the manner of those of Platanus occi-
dentalis and dentate like them, not serrate, about 3 inches
long, often quite as broad, whitened and sparsely stellate
beneath, dark-green and strigose-hairy above but not velvety :
peduncles few and umbellate at summit of the stem only;
bracts of involucres equalling the calyx, this cleft to the
middle and the lobes triangular-lanceolate, very acute : corolla
cream-color, 4 inches long, the petals not cuspidate.

South Pass, Louisiana, 20 June, 1900, collected by S. M.
Tracy. The foliage as much like that of Platanus occidentalis
in outline as can well be imagined. Mr. Tracy informs me
that he could never identify it by any description extant.

HIBISCUS PINETORUM. Stems smooth and glabrous below,
the upper part, together with petioles and peduncles dotted
with scattered stellate or tufted short hairs: leaves long-
petioled, the blade 3 to 5 inches long, ovate-lanceolate, with
a pair of subhastate lobes at about the middle, above these
acuminate and lightly subserrate-toothed, upper face dark-
green and glabrous, lower whitened and closely pubescent,
but on the veins beset with only scattered substellate hairs :

TWO NEW LUPINES. 67

flowers in the axils only, the petiole and peduncle wholly dis-
tinct: bracts of involucres very short and somewhat spreading,
not equalling the undivided part of the calyx, the lobes of
this ovate, acuminate, distinctly parallel-veined: corolla 314
inches long, cream-color, the cusps of the petals very promi-
nent.

Wet pine barrens in the interior of Georgia, in Dodge Co.,
between the railway stations of Copeland and Rhine, R. M.
Harper, 6 July, 1903, n. 1874 of his collection as in U. S.
Herb.

HisiscuS LANGLOISII. Stems glabrous below, pubescent
in the middle: leaves equally soft-tomentose on both faces,
dark above, lighter but neither whitish nor even hoary
beneath, blades broadly subcordate-ovate, 3 or 4 inches long
and quite as wide below the middle, abruptly acute, serrate-
dentate, on rather spreading petioles 3 or 4 inches long :
flowers on peduncles distinct from the petioles and 2 or 3
inches long; bracts of the involucre linear-acuminate, very
long, quite surpassing the calyx, this cleft scarcely to the
middle, the ovate acute lobes ending in a linear apiculation :
corolla 4 or 5 inches long, apparently cream-color.

Banks of the Mississippi in extreme southern Louisiana,
June, 1882, Rev. A. B. Langlois; distributed for JA.
Moscheutos, to which it is not allied so much as to the rather
enigmatic H. Jasiocarpus, Cav., although a number of quite
different and distinct plants of our southern States have too
irresponsibly been concluded under that uncertain species,
about the habitat of which nothing seems to have been known.

Two New Lupines.

LUPINUS ApRicus. Annual, 1 to 1% feet high, with few
to several almost upright firm branches from near the base,
these and the long ascending petioles rather shortly and

68 LEAFLETS.

sparsely pilose: leaflets about 7, oblong-linear, acute, about 1
inch long, thin, sparsely appressed-pubescent : racemes sub-
sessile, 2 to 34% inches long in full flower, of about 4 or 5
vetticils, these rarely indistinct: broad upper Jip of calyx
cleft deeply, the lower entire, the whole exterior appressed-
villous but not densely so; corolla purple, broader than long,
the breadth about # inch; keel naked: pod 1 inch long,
appressed-villous, 6-seeded ; seeds not strongly compressed,
obliquely round-oval, grayish with a few markings and many
small dots.

A common species of middle California westward. I came
to know it as undescribed the year before my field work in
California came to an end, now fifteen years since. When it
was sent me, in fine specimens, by Mr. Carl F. Baker, in
1902, I assigned it the name now given above. Mr. Baker
distributed it, as his number 610. A fine array of other speci-
mens is at this moment before me, gathered later, in 1908,
from the original locality, by Mr. Charles Piper Smith, now
of Logan, Utah.

LUPINUS LATISSIMUS. Perennial, subacaulescent, with stout
upright scapiform peduncles more than a foot high and sur-
passing the leaves, the plant pale with a somewhat velvety
tomentum, except as to leaflets, these rather silky: leaflets
rather constantly 5 only, very unequal, but all of remarkable
breadth, the largest 2 inches long, more than 34 inch broad
above the middle, in outline somewhat obovate-elliptic, cus-
pidate-mucronate : raceme of very large flowers 5 to 7 inches
long, dense, subverticillate : upper lip of calyx very long and
acute but deeply cleft, the lower little longer, entire: corolla
about 34 inch wide, purple, keel short and broad, scarcely
falcate, strongly ciliate below the naked apex : young pods
short, oblong, densely silky-tomentose.

Collected at the Tassajara Hot Springs, Monterey Co.,
California, in June, 1901, by A. D. E. Elmer. A lupine of
unusual aspect and mode of growth, the leaflets few and
remarkably broad.

WESTERN SPECIES OF ARABIS. 69
Some Western Species of Arabis.

Every year of the last fifteen, by the arrival at my study
table of several specimens of Arabis from the farther West, I
have felt the desirability of a general summing up of the mem-
bership of this group of crucifers, in the form of a mono-
graph; but the time for undertaking such a task still recedes.
Meanwhile a new invoice of these plants having lately come
in to me from northern California under promise on my part
that I would try to identify and report on them, I have been
impelled to make a renewed study of other material of this
kind lying in the National Herbarium hitherto unexamined.

For my own convenience and that of others I shall first
present a short bibliography of my own contributions to the
knowledge of the genus made within the last ten or a dozen
years.

A. rhodantha, Fendleri, Pitt. iii, 155. A. drepanoloba,
l.c. 306. <A. Albertina, arida, campyloloba, connexa, consan-
guinea, duriuscula, eremophila, formosa, gracilenta, gra-
cilipes, maxima, oxylobula, oxyphylla, platyloba, recondita,
rectissima, tenuis, Pitt, iv. 189-198.

A. Austinae, Covillei, epilobioides, inamoena, Leibergii,
Missouriensis, oligantha, peramoena, pratincola, trichopoda,
Feddes’ Repertorium, v. 242-244.

Out of a considerable number of new species here charac-
terized, only the first is at all closely akin to true Arabis, the
best representative of which in the farther West is 4. Ble-
pharophylla of the coast of California. That and its allies are
marked by atruly green herbage which is of thin texture, with
no other than a sparse and bristly pubescence. The petals of
these, though purple in color, have a broad spreading limb,
and the pods are always straight and erect.

ARABIS ACULEOLATA. More or less tufted montane peren-
nial, with subscapiform slender few-flowered stems 6 to 10

LEAFLETS, Vol. II, pp. 69-88! 11 May, 1910.

70 LEAFLETS.

inches high and floriferous almost subumbellately at summit
only: lowest leaves in a small rosulate tuft, less than an inch
long, obovate to oblanceolate, entire or with a coarse tooth or
two, the upper face sparsely, the margins more closely, beset
with white straight hispid hairs, the bases of the flowering
stems similarly invested and quite densely so; cauline leaves
few and sparse, oval or oblong, sessile, hispidulous-hairy in
a less degree than the basal: raceme few-flowered and the
flowers all near the summit; calyx purple, the sepals with a
few bristles at tip; petals rich purple, 4 lines long; young
siliques erect, rather short, on slender pedicels.

Mountains of southwestern Oregon, and apparently rather
local ; first collected by Howell, near Waldo, in 1884, and
distributed for A. furcata, then gathered twenty years later
(in 1904) by C. V. Piper in the same general region.

The second species here presented, though the specimens
are past flowering, is readily seen to be of that well-marked
broad-petalled group of which A. pulchra of Jones is typical.
All of them belong to the desert regions of the Great Basin.

ARABIS NARDINA. Perennial, younger plants simple, older
ones tufted, 4 to 7 inches high, the stem and all foliage very
hoary with a minute and dense stellate tomentum ; basal leaves
forming a tuft, but upright rather than rosulate, oblanceolate.
obtuse, entire, % to 1 inch long, the cauline oblong-linear, Z
to % inch long, sessile, obscurely auricled : pedicels of the
short raceme, and also the calyx stellate-hoary like the foliage :
corolla unknown: pods few, straight, erect or ascending on
slender pedicels, about 2 inches long, 2 lines wide, abruptly
acutish, glabrous, marked with a strong median nerve ; seeds
in two rows, suborbicular, rather broadly winged all around.

This is known only as collected in the Panamint Mountains,
on the Death Valley Expedition by Coville and Funston, 20
May, 1891; their n. 776, and not listed in the Report. The
label once bore the name, in Sereno Watson’s handwriting, of
Arabis platysperma, but the specific name was erased, evidently

WESTERN SPECIES OF ARABIS. 71

by Mr. Watson himself, and no other written in place of it. The
plant is certainly far removed from the group of A. Alatys-
perma, and no one familiar with 4. pulchra and with the
diverse aspect of things made congeneric with it, could fail to
see that, despite its erect pods, this is of that group.

Though the Californian 4. Breweri and its allies are greatly
at variance with 7. pulchra in habit, their rather showy and
somewhat spreading purple petals indicate for them a place
not so far removed. Of this alliance are the three species next
following.

ARABIS KENNEDYI. Subalpine low tufted slender peren-
nial 3 to 5 inches high, notably leafy up to the inflorescence
after the manner of 4. Breweri, but more slender, the herb-
age delicate, scarcely canescent : leaves of sterile basal shoots
1 inch long, the obovate to oval blades narrowed to slender
petioles, both faces stellate, but loosely so; cauline leaves
numerous, large, overlapping each other, spatulate-obovate to
oblong-ovate and oval, rarely with a tooth or two, sessile,
shortly auricled: rachis of the raceme glabrous, as also the
pedicels and pods, but calyx as much stellate as the foliage:
corolla small, deep purple: pods small and slender, 1 to 1%
inches long, very narrow, obtuse, straight or slightly curved,
horizontally extended or slightly deflexed: seeds uniserial,
flat, winged.

Mountains of Washoe Co., Nevada, at 8,000 feet, along
Galena Creek, P. B. Kennedy, 1 Aug., 1906.

ARABIS ROSTELLATA. Low and multicipitous after the
manner of 4. Breweri, but the stout lignescent caudex more
developed, commonly 2 inches above ground, the flowering
stems with their fruiting racemes 3 to 5 inches; basal leaves
smaller, mostly % to 34 inch long, spatulate-obovate, regularly
and evenly crenate-toothed, stellate superficially, the petiolar
part more or less bristly-ciliate; cauline leaves ovate and
oblong-ovate or oval, obtuse sessile and clasping : raceme few-
flowered; flowers not small, deep purple, the thin sepals purple-

72 LEAFLETS.

tinged and with a few short substellate hairs; pods 14 to 1%
inches long, ascending on ascending pedicels, slightly curved,
a line wide as to the main portion, but distinctly narrower
toward the base, and at apex rostrate-acuminate: seeds rather
few, unisérial, the mature not seen.

Mt. Grayback, southern Oregon, 15 June, 1904, C. V. Piper ;
specimens in U. S. Herb., under the collector’s n. 6156. A
genuine ally of 4. Breweri, but most distinct as to both foliage
and pods.

ARABIS POLYTRICHA. Perennial, a foot high, with one or
more upright stems from the tuft of basal leaves, the whole
plant pale and glaucous, but most parts also rather roughly
pubescent: basal leaves oblanceolate, entire, an inch long,
more or less canescent with a pubescence of two kinds, one set
of hairs (the principal one) 3-parted to below the middle,
others (chiefly marginal) longer, simple and setiform ; cauline
leaves many, an inch long or more, sessile, almost linear,
pubescent on both faces like the lower, shortly auricled ; short
pedicels of the long pods only bristly-hairy, some of the bristles
forked, but not deeply: pods nearly 4 inches long, barely a line
wide, strongly falcate-recurved, glabrous, glaucous, closely
lineolate, all immature but small seeds in one row.

Hills east of Yreka, in extreme northern California, asso-
ciated with the somewhat rare Mirabilis Greenei, according to
the collector, Mr. George D. Butler, who obtained the speci-
mens 8 May, 1909. The flowers are not known, but a calyx
or two that have remained as unexpanded buds show sepals
well beset with the forked hairs. Habitally this approaches

my 4. campyloloba, but that and A. Breweri are in truth nearly
related.

A group of low, often matted and many-stemmed species first
came into view when Sereno Watson published his 4. Lemmont.
Besides their low stature and multicipitous habit, they are
marked by uncommonly broad leaves, and are whitish, with
an unusually dense indument of stellate hairs, this less dense

mA

WESTERN SPECIES OF ARABIS. 19

in certain species which verge toward the 4. platysperma
group. Their flowers are apt to be larger than in other and
taller species, and are perhaps always of a deep red-purple,
not so very unlike those of the 4. Breweri group. Their pods
are many, and are usually almost horizontally spreading and
secund ; in this particular most unlike 4. Breweri.

ARABIS OREOCALLIS. Low subalpine multicipitous peren-
nial, the partly hypogeous branches of the caudex short, stout,
covered below the living foliage by the imbricated persistent
bases of the leaves of former seasons, the whole plant 4 or 5
inches high and grayish: basal leaves % inch long or more,
the obovate acute entire blade tapering abruptly to a broad
petiole of its own length, both faces minutely and not very
densely stellate; cauline leaves uncommonly many and well
developed, approximate, large for the plant, spatulate-obovate
to oval and narrower, sessile, obscurely auricled, greener than
the basal, only sparingly stellate: raceme in flower short and
corymbiform ; sepals purplish-green and with few or no stel-
late hairs, always with a narrow purple-scarious margin ;
petals broad, obtuse, of a rich purple: pods (immature) few,
short, narrow.

Collected in the Selkirk and Rocky Mountains, B. C., at
7,000 feet, by C. H. Shaw, July, 1904.

ARABIS BRACTEOLATA. Multicipitous dwarf 3 or 4 inches
high, the basal leaves in small rosettes, with distinctions of
obovate or oval blade and broad petiole not strongly marked,
the leaf as a whole only % to % inch long, densely and can-
escently stellate: flowering stems slender, their leaves sessile
and in the form of ovate-sagittate bracts less than 14 inch long,
glabrous, glaucous: flowers unknown : pods only 2 to 4, about
1 inch long, a line wide, obtuse, slightly arcuate and spread-
ing, the valves thin, nerveless: seeds in 1 row, rather thick,
short-oval, not winged, though with traces of a narrow scar-
ious margin.

74 LEAFLETS.

Collected at several stations in northwestern Wyoming, by
J. N. Rose, late in August, 1893; the type his n. 3998,

The rosettes of basal leaves, all so very small, resemble some
sedums and saxifrages, while those of the stem recall the cord-
ate bracts of certain streptanthoids.

ARABIS SEMISEPULTA. Perennial, low, the whole when in
fruit only 3 or 4 inches high; subterranean parts consisting of
a tap root and hypogeous branches, these each ending in a tuft
of leaves % to 3⁄4 inch long, firm, whitish with a dense stellate
tomentum, the blade ovate, tapering to a long wide petiolar
base; cauline leaves sessile, without auricles, these and the stem
strongly stellate-pubescent: flowers not known: fruiting
racemes short, of 6 to 10 narrow obtuse almost horizontally
spreading but curved pods about 114 inches long, not tapering
to either end: seeds round-oval, wingless and marginless.

Mt. Thielson, Cascade Range, Oregon, near the summit; in
loose lava gravel, collected by Coville and Applegate, 6 Aug.,
1897; their n. 454 asin U. S. Herb..

ARABIS HORIZONTALIS. Perennial, the stout and deep tap
root supporting at summit a few short subligneous branches,
with tufts of leaves and several ascending flowering branches,
the whole 6 to 10 inches high: basal leaves of very firm tex-
ture, an inch long, oblanceolate, acute, entire, finely stellate
and hoary; flowering stems floriferous from near the base, but
the cauline leaves not few, closely approximate, 3⁄4 inch long,
oblong-oval, sessile, shortly auricled, greener than the basal
and only sparsely stellate: flowers small, only 2 lines long;
petals purple, twice the length of the oval glabrous purple-
margined sepals: pods straight, rather short, 34 to 1 inches
long, quite broad in the middle portion but tapering gradually
to both ends, therefore lance-linear ; horizontally spreading
on short rigid pedicels: body of seed round-oval, but the seed
as a whole orbicular by virtue of the broad encircling wing.

Crater Lake, Klamath Co., Oregon, 1 Aug., 1897, Coville
and Applegate ; their n. 334 as in U. S. Herb.

WESTERN SPECIES OF ARABIS. 75

ARABIS POLYCLADA. Rather loosely branching caudex sub-
ligneous, but not rigid, 3 or 4 inches high, its branches bear-
ing short leafy shoots and among them scapiform flowering
stems 3 to 5 inches high; leaves of sterile shoots 34 inch long,
the small obovate obtuse blades shorter than the rather wide
petiolar part into which they are rather abruptly narrowed, the
whole whitish with a fine and dense stellate tomentum: flow-
ering stem and its few leaves perfectly glabrous and glaucous,
the leaves oblong, 1% inch long or less, sessile, not auricled :
flowers unknown: pods about an inch long, a line wide,
neither obtuse nor acute, straight or very slightly bent, hori-
zontally and secundly spreading on very short pedicels: seeds
in one row, suborbicular, winged narrowly, but all around.

Farewell Gap, southern California, C. A. Purpus, 1897; the
collector’s n. 5229; also well represented in Coville and
Funston’s n. 1747 of 1891; from the same region, 7. e.,
mountains of Tulare County.

Six species next subjoined are all akin to that group with
the smallest of flowers and the broadest of pods and seeds, of
which the type is 4. platysperma.

ARABIS ARMERIFOLIA. Low perennial, multicipitous above
a tap root, forming a tuft of short subligneous branches half
underground, each crowned with small leaves and, in its sea-
son, a slender subscapiform flowering stem or two, the whole
4 to 6 inches high above ground: leaves firm, not glaucous,
erect, % to % inch long, oblanceolate, obtuse, entire, glabrous
throughout; the few cauline linear-oblong, sessile, shortly
auricled, spreading away from the stem: flowers not seen:
pods 2 to 4 on each scape, erect, straight, about 114 inches
long, little more than 1 line wide, abruptly acute, valves
thinnish for the group: seeds not very definitely biserial,
small, suborbicular, encircled by a very broad wing.

On a pumice stone slope in Crater Lake Park, southern
Oregon, F. V. Coville, 14 Sept., 1902; type in U.S. Herb.

76 LEAFLETS.

ARABIS MULTICEPS. Perennial, with deep tap root bearing
above ground a much and fastigiately branched caudex, its
branches stout, naked below, leafy at summit, the whole
caudex 2% inches high, 3% inches in breadth: leaves very
firm, entire, glaucescent, the oblanceolate blade passing grad-
ually to a stout petiole of its own length, the whole without
trace of pubescence of any kind: flower stems scapiform, 4 to
6 inches high, with an oblong sessile bract or two near the
base, bearing above the middle 4 to 7 straight linear abruptly
acute pods 1% inches long, 1 line wide: seeds in one row,
rather remote, winged.

Mt. Thielson, Cascade Range, Oregon, 6 Aug., 1897, Coville
and Applegate; their n. 435 as in U. S. Herb.

ARABIS DENSA. Low and compact, above the single tap
root formed into a thick leafy tuft 2 inches high, 3 in breadth,
the partly hypogeous and denudate branches thick, scaly with
imbricated bases of leaves of former seasons; the crowded and
upright leaves oblanceolate, entire, less than 1 inch long, firm,
green, glabrous: flowering stems barely 1 inch high: flowers
unknown: pods only 1 or 2, erect, straight, 14% inches long,
little more than a line wide, acute, glabrous: seeds in 1 row,
orbicular, broadly winged.

On Eagle Cap, at 9,000 feet, in the Imnaha National Forest,
Oregon, collected by A. W. Sampson and G. A. Pearson, 14
Sept., 1907. A low and almost pulvinately dense ally of 4.
platysperma, the pods extremely narrow for this group, but
gradually pointed as in all this alliance.

ARABIS DIANTHIFOLIA. Perennial, woody at base, the
usually solitary stems of the season 4 to 10 inches high:
leaves few, the basal and cauline not dissimilar, all small for
the plant, and upright, 34 inch long and less, of rather hard
texture, oblong-lanceolate, acute, entire, to the unaided eye
glabrous, glaucescent, under a lens seen to be minutely and
rather closely ciliolate with short deeply forked hairs, also beset
superficially with small sessile pellucid glands: pods closely
deflexed, 14 to 2 inches long, 2 lines wide, acute, the valves

WESTERN SPECIES OF ARABIS. 77

strongly, even almost carinately, 1-nerved : seeds in two rows,
large, thin and flat, broadly winged on one or two margins,
sometimes all around.

Crater Lake, National Park, southern Oregon, 14 Sept.,
1902, F. V. Coville, n. 1511 as in U. S. Herb. In general
appearance at first and superficial glance resembling .4. suffru-
fescens, but examination revealing an array of very pronounced
characters.

ARABIS ARBUSCULA. Plant a foot high, the slender flower-
ing stems supported by a much branched woody and leafy
caudex 4 or 5 inches high: leaves of the basal woody branches
% to 3% inch long, oblanceolate, acute, entire, canescent with
sessile stellate hairs, some longer and merely forked ones inter-
mixed, the few cauline oblong-linear, very acute, but at base
abruptly widened and auricled, all nearly or quite glabrous:
flowers unknown, but pods only 1 to 4 at summit of axis, these
nearly 3 inches long, scarcely a line wide, rostrate-acuminate,
slightly falcate : seeds in one row, the mature not seen.

Eight Dollar Mountain, in Josephine Co., southern Oregon,
C. V. Piper, 13 June, 1904; the collector’s n. 5065 as in U.S.
Herb. Species most difficult to place, the strongly developed
woody caudex pointing to the group of .4. platysperma, while
the foliage is rather that of the 4. retrofracta alliance, the pods
as far from one as from the other.

ARABIS PAUPERCULA. Low subalpine perennial with several
more or less buried branches 1 to 2 inches high: leaves of sterile
shoots ’ inch long or more, of elliptic-lanceolate acute blade
and slender petiole of about equal length, glaucous, sparsely
stellate-pubescent : flowering stems scapiform, only 1 or 2
inches high exclusive of the pods, their 1 or 2 leaves sessile
but not auricled, obscurely stellate: flowers unknown: pods
very few, 1% to 2 inches long, a line wide, linear, straight,
acute, strictly erect, midvein of valves not prominent: seeds
in one row, oval, ovally winged, 7. e., the wing obsolete at
base of the seed, narrow at the sides, very wide at upper end.

78 LEAFLETS.

Farewell Gap, at 10,600 feet in the mountains of southern
California, C. A. Purpus, 1897, his n. 5229%. It has the
habit of the 4. platysperma group, but with rather too much
stellate pubescence, and the pods also too narrow.

Formerly every simple-stemmed western Arabis wearing the
aspect of a rather tall biennial, and having erect small petals
and long narrow straight pods, was named 4. Holboellit. A
number of segregates from that medley have long since been
offered, and accepted, and others are here indicated.

ARABIS NEMOPHILA. Apparently biennial, the solitary stem
erect, simple, more than a foot high, firm but not stout,
unusually leafy up to the very short raceme ; herbage green,
with barely a glaucescent tinge: basal leaves 1 to 1% inches
long, of oblong-lanceolate entire or remotely toothed limb and
rather narrow petiole, all thinly and minutely stellate but not in
the least hoary; cauline leaves 3 to 14 inches long, oblong,
acute, sagittate-auricled, glabrous: flowers few, small, white ;
sepals green, with few stellate hairs at summit; petals twice
as long, white or pinkish: pods straight, extremely narrow,
3 inches long, perfectly erect above short ascending pedicels :
seeds in one row, immature.

Sequoia National Forest, Calif., July, 1908, Dr. Anstruther
Davidson ; specimens on sheet 612,692, U. S. Herb.

ARABIS INTERPOSITA. Perennial, with stem 1% to 2 feet
high, rigidly erect from amid several suberect leafy offsets ; all
basal leaves 1 to 1% inches long, the narrowly ellipsoidal
entire blades and narrowly winged petioles of about equal
length, both faces substellate-canescent ; cauline leaves oblong,
sessile, sagittate-auriculate, these and the stem less stellate:
flowers not seen: pods narrowly linear, straight, erect, 2
inches long; hardly a line wide; seeds thick, oval, widely
winged at the upper end, narrowly so up and down the sides.

A good fruiting specimen on sheet n. 444,616 of U. S.
Herb., mounted between two specimens of 4. Drummondit,
all as collected by W. C. Cusick, in 1902, somewhere in south-

WESTERN SPECIES OF ARABIS. 79

ern Oregon or northern California, the exact locality not
indicated.

In foliage and pubescence much like my 4. campy/oloba,
but as to fruit and seed widely different.

ARABIS HASTATULA. Perennial, a foot high, the several
stems slender, decumbent at base around a leafy central axis:
axial leaves 1 to 1/2 inches long, very narrow, the lanceolate
acute blades not as long as the petioles, these dilated at base and
there with or without a long simple bristly hair or two, other-
wise perfectly glabrous, light-green and glaucous; cauline
leaves sessile by a hastately-auricled base, oblong, acute:
raceme few-flowered, flowers nodding on short pedicels: calyx
dark-purple, of less than half the length of the purple petals :
pods (immature) filiform, straight, abruptly deflexed.

Collected at an altitude of 6,000 feet in mountains of the
Imnaha National Forest, Oregon, 25 June, 1907, by A. W.
Sampson and Gustaf A. Pearson. Evidently allied to 4.
retrofracta, but glabrous, or with none but simple hairs and
these only marginal.

ARABIS SUBSERRATA. Stoutish, biennial or perennial a foot
high or more, usually without branches: earliest leaves not
seen, the lower cauline closely approximate, oblanceolate,
short-petiolate, acute, often saliently serrate-toothed, 11
inches long, of a pale glaucous green, also thinly and minutely
stellate, those at midway of the stem and upward oblong,
acute, sessile by a sagittate base, 1 inch long, sparsely stellate
beneath, glabrous and glaucous above; stem, also rachis of
raceme, glabrous, but pedicels and calyx with many mostly
ternate short hairs; corolla nearly % inch long, rich purple :
pods 3% inches long, a line wide, glabrous, glaucous, usually
slightly curved, spreading: seeds in one row, suborbicular,
narrowly winged all around.

Western Washington, at Ellensburg and elsewhere in the
same general region, collected in April and May, 1899, by
Kirk Whited.

80 LEAFLETS.

ARABIS POLYANTHA. Stout upright perennial a foot high
or more, the leaves and stem hoary with a short and dense
substellate tomentum ; basal leaves oblanceolate, more or less
dentate, 1 to 124 inches long; cauline leaves rather crowded,
all linear or lance-linear, revolute, sessile by an auricled base,
appearing (by virtue of strongly revolute margin upwards)
as if acuminate: flowers very numerous, forming an uncom-
monly thick and dense raceme, the rachis only sparsely stel-
late, but pedicels tomentulose, as are also the pale-green sepals
and even the forming pods; petals nearly an inch long, appa-
rently white, or only pinkish.

A. Rock Island, eastern Washington, 27 April, 1879, Kirk
Whited ; his n. 1043 as in U. S. Herb.

The specimens are scarcely past full flowering; the pedicels
are deflexed, and so doubtless are the pods, and these prob-
ably straight and narrow.

ARABIS SETIGERA. Biennial or perennial, the stems mostly
solitary, rigidly erect, a foot high, glabrous ; rosulate basal
leaves 3⁄4 inch long, elliptic-lanceolate, scarcely petiolate,
glaucous, superficially glabrous but the whole margin closely
bristly-ciliolate, the bristles of the basal part of the leaf apt to
be simple, the others usually forked but not deeply so; cauline
leaves few, short, appressed to the stem, sessile, scarcely
auricled, ciliolate like the basal: flowers not seen: fruiting
stems racemose from below the middle; pods straight, closely
reflexed on very short pedicels, 2 inches long, more than a line
wide, acutish: seeds uniserial, narrowly winged at the sides,
broadly so at the summit.

Corral Springs, Klamath Co., eastern Oregon, collected by
J. B. Leiberg 2 Aug., 1894; his n. 610 as to label in U.S.
Herb., on sheet 404,822.

ARABIS DacoTica. Biennial, perhaps more enduring, a foot
high and simple, from a single tuft of elliptic-lanceolate rather
slenderly petioled basal leaves, these an inch long or more, of a
pale bluish green, scarcely hoary, yet clothed on both faces

WESTERN SPECIES OF ARABIS. 81

with subsessile trifid hairs, but the hairs of the petiole, and of
lower part of stem long, simple, and setaceous, those of the
stem deflexed : cauline leaves, oblong, abruptly acute, auricled
at base, the lower of them with some simple hairs, the upper
glabrous: rachis of the raceme and also the pedicels glabrous:
sepals green, beset with a few short hairs; petals pale purple,
surpassing the sepals by less than half their length: pods 3
inches long, a line wide, obtusish, nearly straight, on slightly
deflexed pedicels; the valves traversed by a distinct median
nerve: seeds in 2 rows, longer than broad but of singularly
varying outline, also often winged on but one side, as often
on two, the wings always rather narrow.

Fort Meade, South Dakota, 28 May, 1887, W. H. Forwood,
the specimens on U. S. Herb. sheet 317,556.

The few species concluding this paper seem in no cases
referable to any one of the groups above recognized.

ARABIS PENDULINA. Biennial or perennial, a foot high,
with several suberect stems from around a tuft of basal leaves,
these an inch long, oblanceolate, the blade glabrous superfi-
cially, the margins of it ciliate with short forked hairs, the
broad petiole as much ciliate, but with stouter and simple
setaceous hairs, those next the base of the stem quite strongly
hirsute throughout; cauline leaves many, short, ovate or
ovate-oblong, sessile, auriculate, erect, glabrous or the auricles
above bristly-hairy: flowers small, purple: fruiting raceme
long and loose; pods % to 1% inches long, obtuse, slightly
curved, pendulous on the long rather slender pedicels: seeds
distinctly biserial, oval, wingless, marginless.

In woods of the Charleston Mountains, southern Nevada, at
7,000 to 8,000 feet, C. A. Purpus, 1898; his n. 6104 as in
U. S. Herb.

ARABIS SETULOSA. Perennial, the somewhat arcuately
ascending and rather slender stems less than a foot high from
among a few tufts of rosulate basal leaves, these 34 inch long,

82 LEAFLETS.

spatulate-oblanceolate, entire, loosely bristly-ciliate all around
the margin, the bristles simple, upper face of leaves glabrate
in age but when young setulose-hairy; cauline leaves oblong,
sessile, obscurely auricled or not at allso: flowers not known:
racemes in fruit rather short; pods somewhat arcuately
recurved, but on horizontally spreading pedicels of nearly Ye
inch, their own length 1% inches, their width rather more
than aline, obtuse at apex, at base gradually narrowed ; seeds
in 1 row at the narrow base, thence upward distinctly biserial,
all wholly wingless and the margin obtuse.

At 6,000 feet in the mountains of Utah near Marysvale,
M. E. Jones, 31 May, 1894. A graceful species in fruit; the
pubescence strange for this group of species with pendulous
pods.

ARABIS ACUTINA. Stems several, slender, rigidly erect,
less than a foot high from a short hard woody caudex of few
branches and with a few small leaves, these elliptic-lanceolate,
less than 1 inch long, acute, pale and glaucescent, also
roughish with a sparse stellate pubescence, the bases of the
flowering stems similarly roughened; cauline leaves oblong,
% inch long or more, sessile, auricled, mostly quite glabrous :
flowers small, pale-purple, the sepals thin, glabrous: pods
about 2 inches long and a line wide, straight, ascending on
rather long pedicels, very acute, the valves smooth without so
much as a manifest midnerve: seeds in 1 row, round-oval,
narrowly winged.

Mt. Thielson of the Cascade Range, Oregon, Coville and
Applegate, 6 Aug., 1897; their n. 434 as in U. S. Herb ;
apparently the same also from the Three Sisters, Oregon, by
M. W. Gorman, 19 July, 1903; his n. 1692.

ARABIS TENUICULA. Perennial, the much branched sub-
ligneous caudex only 1 to 2 inches high, this also slender like
all other parts of the plant, the almost filiform upright flower-
ing stems only 3 to 5 inches high : leaves of basal shoots from
% inch long in the earliest to 34 inch in the later, in outline

NEW PAPILIONACEAE. 83

from obovate and petiolate to oblanceolate, all acutish, some
quite sharply few-toothed, others entire, all very glaucous,
stellate-hairy superficially, and with some long bristly but
forked hairs on the basal and petiolar parts ; cauline leaves %
inch long or more, linear, sessile, strongly auricled, either
obscurely or quite saliently 3-toothed at apex, glabrous,
glaucous: raceme very few-flowered ; flowers small, light-
purple: pods 1% to 134 inches long, little more than ™% line
wide, slightly acuminate, straight, erect or ascending on fili-
form pedicels 42 inch long: seeds uniserial, very small, oval,
winged only across the summit.

Collected somewhere in either eastern or southern Oregon
‘in clefts of rocks,” in May, 1883, by W. C. Cusick. The
- label in U. S. Herb. bears the collector’s n. 1124. A cespi-
tose species, with all the parts remarkably slender and
delicate.

New Papilionaceae.

BAPTISIA OXYPHYLLA. Main stem not known, but branches
glabrous, wiry, beset closely with sessile trifoliolate leaves
subtended by spreading conspicuous and persistent stipules ;
leaflets 142 inches long, rhomboid, cuneately tapering from
below the middle, very acute at apex and ending in an almost
spinescent sharp mucro, glabrous and finely reticulate on both
faces, but the margins obscurely pilose ; stipules more than 4
inch long, spinescently acuminate above an ovate-lanceolate
body: raceme probably solitary, large as that of B. leucophaea,
conspicuously bracted, the bracts lance-ovate: calyx-segments
exceeding the tube, triangular-subulate, very acute, pilose-
ciliate: immature pod oval, long-pointed, pubescent.

Remarkable ally of B. leucophaea, found on Pearl River,
southeastern Louisiana, in October, 1901, by Mr. Reginald S.
Cocks. The rhombic leaflets and large stipules are so rigid,
and end so sharply, as to make the plant appear almost spines-

84 LEAFLETS.

cent; also the stipules spread away almost divaricately from
the stem, instead of being erect and appressed to the stem as
in other stipulate species.

BAPTISIA SALIGNA. Allied to B. leucophaea, larger, not
blackening in drying; only the stems with some rather scanty
spreading soft pubescence; leaves glabrous except as to a
sparse strigose pubescence along the midvein beneath ; leaflets
oblanceolate, obtuse or emarginate, 2% to 3% inches long, of
a deep glaucescent green and glabrous above, beneath dis-
tinctly glaucous: flowers in a solitary raceme, much smaller
than those of B. leucophaea; calyx campanulate, deeply 5-
toothed, the teeth acutish, notably woolly-margined : pods
not known.

Known only as collected near Tallapoosa, Georgia, in April
or May, 1900, by Mr. P. M. Way, the type in U. S. Herb.,
sheet 370,935. Well marked by its long large leaflets, recall-
ing the leaves of certain blue-green-leaved willows ; the whole
plant so far from being invested by the conspicuous pubescence
of B. leucophaea as to appear glabrous as to all but its only
rather obscurely villous stem.

BAPTISIA NUCULIFERA. Plant evidently much branched,
closely leafy, with solitary large flowers in the axils of upper
leaves; stem and midvein of leaflets beset with appressed long
hairs, but herbage appearing glabrous, and in drying blackened;
stipules apparently wanting, certainly fugacious if ever pres-
ent: leaflets cuneate-obovate, very obtuse, commonly emargi-
nate, 2/2 inches long in large plants, in smaller half as large,
dark above, glaucous beneath, finely reticulate especially
beneath : fruiting pedicels stout, 1% inch long, calyx in fruit
% inch long, cleft below the middle, the segments subulate,
very acute: pod ligneous, orbicular, so little compressed as to
be nearly globose, little more than % inch long and broad,
ferruginous-silky, its stipe about equalling the calyx.

Specimen in fruit only, collected at Ruston, Louisiana, July,
1899, by Reginald S. Cocks, the label indicating that it was

NEW PAPILIONACEAE. 85

at first taken for Z. tinctoria, of which it has somewhat the
mode of flowering ; though there is nothing else by which to
connect it with that species. Its aspect is more that of a
broad-leaved and axillary-flowered B. lanceolata.

LUPINUS CLEMENTINUS. Perennial (?), 2 feet high, with
stems or basal branches decumbent, leafy throughout with
small leaves and everywhere rather shortly and roughly hirsute
with coarse hairs: leaflets about 34 inch long, cuneate-oblong,
very obtuse, thin, alike green on both faces: racemes short,
subsessile, the flowers large, scattered: corolla % inch long
and as broad, deep purple; keel petal narrowly falciform,
naked: half grown pods very densely hirsute-tomentose.

Island of San Clemente, California, June, 1903, collected by
Mrs. Trask, who records it as occurring on only one particu-
lar part of the island. The plant is not known to a certainty
as being a perennial, but there are marks on the specimen
which seem to indicate it as being other than annual.

LUPINUS HYACINTHINUS. ‘Tall perennial, the several stems
upright or nearly so, leafy to the summit, there ending in a
sessile short raceme of large purple flowers, these but indis-
tinctly verticillate; herbage rather dull-green by a short
stifish but appressed pubescence, this longer and denser on
the upper face of leaves: petioles short, about equalling the
leaflets, these about 7, oblong-linear, very acute, nearly 2
inches long : pubescence of rachis, pedicels and calyx denser
and less appressed, rather villous-hirtellous: lips of calyx
subequal, both entire: corolla ? inch long, the banner shortest
of the petals, keel longest, somewhat strongly falcate, naked.

San Jacinto Mountains, southern California, 22 July, 1897,
H. M. Hall, distributed as his n. 712.

86 LEAFLETS.

Miscellaneous Specific Types.—Il.

GARRYA MOLLIS. Branches of the fourth and third seasons
back dark-green or purplish and obscurely puberulent ; all the
younger quite hoary with a thin tomentum : earliest leaves of
newest twigs round-obovate, very obtuse or even emarginate,
1 inch long, the later and more usual 2 inches long, exactly
elliptical, acute at both ends, all quite plane, very pale with
bloom, and further whitened on both faces by a thin but dense
silky tomentum: bracts of young undeveloped aments tri-
angular-ovate, cuspidately acute, equally white-tomentulose
with the foliage : fruit unknown.

Collected by Mr. G. A. Pearson, at an altitude of 5000 feet
in the San Francisco Mountains of northern Arizona, 8 August,
1909. The whiteness of this shrub, a characteristic which is
due to a heavy bloom, intensified by an almost white soft-
silkiness, will place it in marked contrast to all other known
members of its genus.

CREPIS ACULEOLATA. Acaulescent, 2 feet high, with thin
glabrous foliage, the scapiform flowering stem glabrous to
above the middle: leaves 8 inches long, the broad blade and
slender petiole of about equal length, blade oblong-oval, obtuse,
lightly runcinate-dentate, the base ending very abruptly and
subhastately : heads rather few and large in a corymbose
terminal cyme, the branches of this, also the stem from some
distance below it, the pedicels of the heads and the bracts of
the involucre armed with dark-colored stout straight prickle-
like hairs each with a small gland at summit; heads % inch
high, bracts 20 or more, linear, acuminate ; flowers numerous.

Collected somewhere in Utah, presumably southward, in
1875, by Lester F. Ward; his n. 606 as in U. S. Herb.

CREPIS PALLENS. Acaulescent, 11⁄4 feet high, glabrous,
pale green, glaucescent: leaves of the thinnest texture, 6 to 8
inches long, of a somewhat elongated obovate outline, rather

MISCELLANEOUS SPECIFIC TYPES.—II. 87

abruptly tapering below to the short petiole, at apex very
obtuse, the margins either almost entire or with a few remote
but salient straight teeth : branches of cymose panicle sparsely
and shortly hispid with dark hairs: heads 20 or more, about
% inch high; bracts of involucre oblong-linear, obtusish,
glandular and pubescent on the back, at summit ending in a
simple or else deeply forked (and appearing double) stout
bristly hair.
Wet meadows in eastern Oregon, W. C. Cusick, 1884.

CREPIS OBTUSISSIMA. Acaulescent, 112 feet high, with
thin deep-green foliage very ample, glabrous above, beneath
sparsely somewhat pappilose-scabrous; leaves 4 to 8 inches
long, with blades broadly oval to broadly oblanceolate, very
obtuse, narrowed abruptly to short broad petioles, the sides
conspicuously and coarsely runcinate-toothed : heads smallish,
15 to 20 in a strongly corymbose panicle; involucres nearly
cylindric, 1⁄5% inch high, their some 20 bracts broadly linear,
scarcely acute, sparsely viscid-villous with short appressed
white hairs.

Ellensburg, Washington, 20 June, 1897, Kirk Whited ; his
n. 420 as in U. S. Herb.

LITHOPHRAGMA ANEMONOIDES. Stems stout for the genus
and not tall, 5 to 10 inches high arising from a cluster of
fibrous roots and many granular bulblets or tubers an inch
below the surface of the ground ; both basal leaves and the
one or two cauline remarkably ample, quinately divided and
with broad rounded abruptly acutish segments : pubescence of
leaves, both superficial and marginal, short, subsetaceous, the
longer hairs somewhat flattened, the shorter gland-tipped, that
of the stem minute, spreading, glandular-setulose: raceme
very short, of few large flowers : calyx densely setose, its tube
turbinate, cohering with the ovary, segments ovate-trigonous,
acute; petals large, flabelliform, deeply trifid, pinkish.

On dry hills under bushes at Klamath Falls, southern
Oregon, 28 April, 1907, E. I. Applegate. Allied to Z. parvi-

88 LEAFLETS.

flora, but plant of remarkably stout habit and ample foliage, a
single large cauline leaf under the short raceme ; the whole
recalling some anemone.

COLLOMIA SCABRA. Annual or biennial, stout, much
branched, the branches with short broad leaves and terminal
strongly involucrate clusters of. sessile flowers, the whole
herbage coarsely scabrous and glandular: proper leaves
oblong-oval, 1 to 114 inches long, acute or acutish, those form-
ing the involucre ovate or oval, % to 3⁄4 inch long and at base
nearly as wide, obtuse: green-herbaceous lobes of the calyx
triangular-ovate, obtuse, much shorter than the scarious tube,
the whole calyx stiffly short-hirsute and glandular-viscid :
corolla white, or whitish, 34 inch long, slenderly funnelform
above a filiform base.

Stony beds of dry gulches in the Rattlesnake Mountains of
southeastern Washington, collected by J. S. Cotton, 16 July,
1902. Perhaps next of kin to C. grandiflora, remarkable for
its short and almost blunt leaves and bracts, and for the
roughness of the whole herbage.

PERSICARIA CYGNEA. Of the amphibious group, with
upright stout closely leafy stems, either terrestrial, or if
aquatic with no tendency to float: leaves broadly lanceolate,
5 to 8 inches long including the short stout rigid petioles, of
a rather light green and a firm texture, both faces closely
strigose with short stout closely appressed hairs, those of the
midvein only stouter than the others: peduncle of the solitary
spike glandular-hispid with stout red setae that are gland-
tipped ; spike cylindric, 2 to 3% inches long, the flowers of a
deep almost blood-red ; bractlets glandular-scabrous and with
very few short almost subulate marginal appendages instead
of hairs or bristles.

Collected in Klamath Co., Oregon, 14 May, 1895, by E. I.
Applegate, with no remark about habitat except the name of
Swan Lake; so that as to whether it inhabits meadows, Or
shores, or has the bases of its stout upright stems in water, we
have no knowledge.

STUDIES OF THALICTRACEAE—II. 89

Studies of Thalictraceae.—II.

Soon after having determined that the tall white-stemmed
meadow-rue of the Potomac Valley was really nameless, I had
fixed upon the name 7. praealtum for it, in my mind; yet,
when coming later to the actual writing of its description, I
seem to have allowed another word of the same import to
usurp its place in the manuscript, and in the proof-reading it
was as inadvertently allowed to stand. I now therefore write
THALICTRUM PRAEALTUM, to take the place of the synony-
mous T. altissimum of page 58 preceding.

The present paper, it will be seen, has to do with small
montane species of a very marked and peculiar group.

THALICTRUM CHEILANTHOIDES. Plants tufted, the scapes
slender, 3 to 5 inches high, often with a leaf of 1 to 3 leaflets
in the middle; basal leaves 3⁄2 to 1 inch long on slender
petioles of equal length; leaflets 9 to 11, of a vivid green
above, glaucous beneath, in outline from subreniform to
cusieate-obovate, rather deeply broadly and obtusely lobed,
the lobes alone with abruptly elevated veins as to the green
upper face, the whole of the glaucous lower face traversed by
veins much less elevated: pedicels of the flowers almost fili-
form, long and ascending, though with a slight downward
curvature : sepals oblong, obtuse, greenish : filaments linear-
oblong, prominently and rather sharply mucronate, the mucro
more or less distinctly curved and hook-like: fruit not seen.

Summit of Bald Peak not far from Santa Fe, New Mexico,
at 12,000 feet, collected by Paul C. Standley, 11 July, 1908 ;
his n. 4324 as in various herbaria. Distinct from all other
western montane allies of 7. alpinum by the green coloring
of the upper face of its foliage, in which respect it evinces an
affinity for real British Z. alpinum , but it has not the shin-
ing green that is so characteristic of genuine 7. a/pinum, as

well as of some of its American varieties or subspecies of our .
aa

LEAFLETS, Vol. II, pp. 89-104. 9 July, 1910.

90 LEAFLETS.

northeastern seaboard, such as were indicated by me in the
Ottawa Naturalist (1909), vol. xxiii, pp. 17-19.

THALICTRUM LEIOPHYLLUM. Plants very large, the scapes
6 to 9 inches high, the leaves erect, some of them 4 inches
high including the long firm petiole ; leaflets 9 to 17, glaucous
on both faces, hardly less so above than beneath, also both
faces devoid of notable venation and very smooth, of remark-
ably thin texture, even those remaining over from the pre-
ceding season hardly more than firm-membranaceous, nearly
all broader than long and all lightly but evenly and distinctly
crenate-lobed ; pedicels almost filiform yet rather wiry, wholly
curved and gradually so bearing the fruits at a distance from
the rachis, or occasionally almost pendulous: mature carpels
1 to 4, short and thickish, not strongly oblique at summit,
also rather lightly ribbed.

Denizen of open bogs at much lower than alpine stations
in southern Wyoming. ‘The specimens before me are, first
of all, such as were collected by Elias Nelson, in Chimney
Park, 1 Aug., 1901. ‘These, which I name as typical, are
from the herbarium of the University of Wyoming as a loan.
All these are in nearly or quite mature fruit. The characters
of the almost white-glaucous leaves of such very thin texture
and with only a delicate and inconspicuous venation suffice to
mark this as specifically distinct from other Rocky Mountain
plants of its kindred which have whitish yet quite coriaceous
and roughly veiny leaflets, all of which are also of cold dry
alpine heights. At substantial agreement with these Nelsonian
specimens are two sheets in the same herbarium gathered by
Mr. Geo. E. Osterhout, in Big Creek Park, Wyoming, one
in July, 1896, the other in the same month of 1898.

Out of the 12 good specimens thus at hand, 11 are wholly
pistillate. The other has a few stamens accompanying the
pistils ; and these show an excellent character in the anthers,
for these are uncommonly long and linear, as well as very
blunt and pointless at apex.

The species the descriptions of which are next subjoined

STUDIES OF THALICTRACEAE—II. 91

belong to alpine summits of various and widely separated arid
regions from Colorado to California. ‘They all differ from
T. alpinum of Wales, Scotland and eastern Canada in having
a more coriaceous foliage that in none is green above, but is
almost white-glaucous on both faces. The marks by which
they differ among themselves might in several instances be
considered varietal rather than specific were they all from the
mountains of Colorado, or all from those of Utah and Nevada,
or all from those of middle and southern California. But,
knowing as I do how extremely different the climatic condi-
tions are between either the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, or
those of Utah and the White Mountains of southern California,
and by how many hundreds of miles they are sundered from
each other in space—how completely isolated each type is,
and for ages has been—I reasonably hold these forms to be of
higher rank than those occurring within the small and climat-
ically uniform district of the islands and peninsulas of
eastern Canada, where I have found real 7. alpinum to exist
in four distinguishable varieties.’

THALICTRUM SCOPULORUM. Plants not tufted, often soli-
tary, usually 3 to 7 inches high, the scapes wiry, floriferous
from below the middle, the leaves short-petioled and spread-
ing, or at most ascending: leaflets very small, usually 11 to
the leaf, coriaceous, both faces glaucous, yet the upper some-
what lustrous, also marked with white veins that are continu-
ous from base to and through the lobes, these very obtuse,
also the sinuses mostly closed, the lobes meeting or even
overlapping each other: pedicels slender, not greatly elon-
gated even in fruit, curved downwards throughout their
length: sepals ovate-oblong, acute: anthers almost linear,
long-pointed, or at least acute: carpels few, oblong-obovate,
rather strongly ribbed, sessile.

Common on rocky and bleak alpine summits of the moun-
tains of Colorado, a good type being Hall and Harbour’s n.

1 Cf. Ottawa Naturalist, xxiii, 17-19.

92 LEAFLETS.

10, as in U. S. Herb., where also are better specimens by
John Wolf, from 10,000 feet in South Park, 1873. Specimens
from the same State, from various more recent collectors, are
before me, tothe ntfmber of about 30 plants, all at agreement
with the above description, and wrongly labelled 7. alpinum.
These many sheets show a vast preponderancy of staminate
plants, and many that are hermaphrodite, only an insignifi-
cant proportion of them being purely pistillate.

THALICTRUM SUSPENSUM. Larger plants 9 inches high or
somewhat more, the leaves alone often 4 inches, and even 6 in
height, the length chiefly that of a very slender and wiry pur-
ple petiole, this either ascending or suberect, the leaf proper
only 1 or 2 inches long, of about 9 to 11 leaflets, the rachis
and petiolules almost filiform; leaflets pale, glaucescent and
dull above, glaucous beneath, cuneate-obovate to flabelliform,
broadly and rather deeply 3- to 5-lobed, but lobes commonly
abruptly acutish, veins rather prominent on both faces: fruit-
ing raceme often 4 or 5 inches long, the fruiting pedicels VA
to % inch long, filiform and seeming pendulous in large plants:
achenes commonly 3, quite as often 2 only, sessile, subclavate
except as curving outwards, distinctly and very closely and
evenly striate.

High summits above Durango, in southern Colorado, by
Baker, Earle and Tracy, 24 July, 1898; their n. 437 as in my
herbarium. Plant as large as 7. leiophyl/um, but the foliage
coriaceous and veiny. The greatly elongated pedicels are not
slender, but rather firm and stiff despite their superficial aspect
of being pendulous. It is in deference to this character, sup-
plemented by those of the long-petioled and upright leaves,
and the narrow flabelliform leaflets, that I feel constrained to
place the plant as specifically separate from T. scopulorum.

THALICTRUM DURIUSCULUM. Plants 4 to 7 inches high, the
foliage short and compact, the stems stout, rigidly erect,
striate-angled, in no degree purple tinted: largest leaves 1%

STUDIES OF THALICTRACEAE—II. 93

long, short-petioled leaflets rather constantly 11, not very
glaucescent above and somewhat shining as well as conspicu-
ously though very delicately venulose, the lower face very
glaucous and more coarsely veiny, the lobes shallow and very
obtuse: pedicels often % inch long, abruptly recurved, the
longer seeming pendulous, the fruit often of a single achene,
less commonly of 2 or 3, narrowly obovoid above a short thick
stipe, the body but little inequilateral and style not much
curved, the ribs few and coarse, intervening striae rarely
manifest.

A very hard and rigid small species, represented by numer-
ous specimens on sheets 303,811 and 303,812, U. S. Herb.
Collected by M. E. Jones, near Fish Lake, Utah, in August,
1894.

THALICTRUM ELEGANTULUM. About 6 inches high, the
leaves 2 to 2% inches long, their petioles short but slender,
these and the equally slender stem without purple tint and
pale green ; leaflets usually 21, glaucescent and dull as well as
prominently venulose on the upper face, very glaucous beneath
and also there prominently veiny, the lobes abruptly acutish :
stem with a solitary and simply ternate leaf below the middle ;
pedicels about 4% inch long, filiform, recurved, not pendulous:
achenes most commonly 3, rarely 2 or 4, very shortly and
stoutly yet not indefinitely stipitate, of subfalcate-oval figure
with short uncinate style, also somewhat stoutly ribbed and
with some intervening shorter striae.

Clover Mountains, Nevada, S. Watson, Sept., 1868; his n.
5 as in U. S. Herb.

THALICTRUM MONOENSE. Plants slender, 3 to 5 inches
high ; foliage short and compact; leaflets only 11, mostly as
broad as long, obtusely about 3-lobed, dull glaucescent green
above and there mostly veinless except as to the lobes, these
marked by 1 to 3 slender but sharply prominent whitish
veins, the lower face very glaucous and venulose: flowering
pedicels short, slender, pendulous: sepals oblong-lanceolate,

94 LEAFLETS.

acutish, thin, slightly purple-tinted : stamens about 6 ; ovaries
3 or 4, stipitate: fruit not seen.

White Mountains, Mono County, California, 12 July, 1891,
Coville & Funston, No. 1806; type specimen on National
Herbarium sheet No. 294. Doubtless related to 7. duriuscu-
lum of Utah, but upper face of foliage differing as to hue and
venation, also dull-green, whereas that of the Utah species is
distinctly lustrous as in 7. alpinum.

A Fascicle of Violets.

VIOLA REPTABUNDA. Acaulescent and related to V. prt-
mulifolia, but small and low, fully developed late summer
specimens 3 or 4 inches high, blades of largest leaves 174 to 2
inches long, subcordate-deltoid, acute, obsoletely crenate,
glabrous on both faces, in texture rather firm: pods from late
apetalous flowers oval, obtuse, strongly nodding on their short
but otherwise upright peduncles: such low autumnal plants
surrounded by many runners a foot long, rooting and forming
new plants at frequent intervals, these also fruiting in autumn.

Sandy swamp near Moultrie, Georgia, R. M. Harper, 25
Sept., 1902; his n. 1675 asin U. S. Herb. ‘he petaliferous
flowering of such a type is not needful to establish it is distinct
from and all varieties of V. primulifolia.

VIOLA SENECIONIS. Akin to V. primulifolia, much taller,
at petaliferous flowering 6 or 7 inches high, in summer devel-
opment not very much larger: blades of largest leaves nearly
3 inches long and 2 in breadth, of subcordate-oval outline,
rounded and very obtuse at summit, only slightly and very
abruptly tapering at base to the long petiole, the whole marg in
coarsely and very evenly crenate: petaliferous flowers small
for the plant, white, their peduncles often 6 or 7 inches high,
their bractlets linear-filiform, inserted at about the middle ;

my s

A FASCICLE OF VIOLETS. 95

apetalous aestival and autumnal flower on upright petioles
almost as long.

Southeastern Maryland, on the Nanticoke River, near
Vienna, 23 Aug., 1906, collected by Forrest Shreve and W. R.
Jones; their n. 1340 asin U.S. Herb. ‘There is another sheet
of the same from further northward, and not far from Balti-
more, by C. O. Thurston, 19 May, 1889. It is from these
specimens that the character of the early flowers is drawn.
The species is named in reference to the form of its very broad
and rounded leaves, recalling as they do those of genuine
Senecio aureus as we have it in the damp woods of Maryland
and Virginia.

VIOLA LUNELLII. Acaulescent, low, with small foliage and
few large blue-purple flowers, all parts glabrous: most typical
leaves, at time of petaliferous flowering exactly cordate-ovate,
acute, less than an inch long, not cucullate, the very earliest
and smallest usually reniform and obtuse, others intermediate
between those and the typical and acutely cordiform : pedun-
cles stoutish, surpassing the leaves, their small green bractlets
triangular-subulate, inserted much above the middle: sepals
short for the corolla, oval-oblong, very obtuse, even almost
retuse now and then; corolla 34 inch long, of almost the same
breadth, petals subequal, the upper pair with oval limb, these
and the laterals obtuse, the odd petal rather broader and so
deeply emarginate as to be almost obcordate.

An inhabitant of wet meadows or swamps near Leeds, North
Dakota, 31 May, 1910. At first glance recalling my V. cog-
nata of wet meadows in Wyoming and Montana, being of
about the size of that species ; but the type of leaf outline is
so different, that the best specimens recall so very dissimilar
a plant as V. Selkirkii, to which V. Lunellii is nevertheless in
no degree related. Dr. Lunell himself pointed out to me the
fact of his inability to reconcile the plant with my description
of V. cognata because of the entirely dissimilar calyx, which
my Dakota correspondent finds in his plant, made up of sepals

96 LEAFLETS.

that are not only very abruptly obtuse, but have a gland at the
end, or sometimes a notch, and two glands.

VIOLA DASYNEURA. Caulescent yellow violet akin to V.
glabella. Stems 8 to 10 inches high, slender for this group,
glabrous throughout, or with a line of hirtellous hairs at
summit under the flowers; even the petioles with but a line
of hairs up and down the furrowed inner side: leaves small
for the group, and thin, deep-green above, the veins there
scaberulous, lower face paler, hirtellous-hairy either on the
veins only or also between them; stipules obliquely oblong
and lance-oblong, obscurely serrate-toothed : peduncles 2 or 3,
subterminal, filiform and much elongated, bearing the rather
small yellow flowers quite above all the foliage; sepals lance-
olate, acuminate, ciliolate ; ovaries glabrous.

Sandy soil about Standish Pond, near Tecumseh, Michigan,
5 May, 1899, Lyster H. Dewey; two sheets in U. S. Herb.

VIOLA HURONENSIS. ‘Tufted stems of the season upright,
3 inches high at petaliferous flowering, arising from the
branches of a short caudex crowning the tap root; all the
herbage excepting the lower face of the mature leaves, rather
densely hirtellous-puberulent, this indument more conspicuous
on stem and stalklets, also obviously retrorse: stipules linear
as to the body, but with 3 or 4 subulate spreading lobes : leaves
many, small, the blades seldom more than 1% inch long,
broadly subcordate-ovate, obtusish, some nearly truncate at
base, all abruptly joined to the long slender petiole, at apex
obtuse, or at least not acute: flowers borne scarcely above the
leaves, on slender peduncles bibracteolate not far below the
calyx, the bractlets linear, intensely green-herbaceous, entire ;
sepals long, lance linear, acute; corolla blue, 34 inch long,
but narrow, the spread of the subequal petals not great; spur
very long, straight except at the obliquely acute and some-
what falcate end.

Near Port Franks, Ontario, on summits of high sand hills

Braces

A FASCICLE OF VIOLETS. 97

skirting the shore of Lake Huron; collected by Charles K.
Dodge, 12 May, 1906.

VIOLA UNCINULATA. Caulescent and of the V. adunca
alliance, but stem undeveloped and not obvious, the whole
plant above ground scarcely 2 inches high, in every part
glabrous: leaves from suborbicular to broadly ovate, 14 to 34
inch long, often as broad, seeming entire, in reality very
remotely and obscurely crenate: peduncles 11% to 2 inches
long, bearing the flowers much above the leaves, bibracteolate
above the middle, the bractlets delicate, subulate: corolla
nearly 34 inch long including the very long nearly horizontal
and almost cylindric spur which beyond the obtuse end is
abruptly narrowed and prolonged into a slender and hook-like
appendage a half-line long; limb of petals rather broad, very
obtuse ; sepals oblong-linear, rather obtuse.

Collected near Crater Lake, Klamath Co., Oregon, 17 Aug.,
1896, by E. I. Applegate, the fine specimens on sheet 855,292
U.S. Herb. V. retroscabra of southern Colorado has a some-
what similarly appendaged spur, and so has V. mamillata of
Utah (p. 32 preceding).

VIOLA ANISOPETALA. Dwarf and compact, only 1% to 3
inches high at petaliferous flowering, but flowers large in pro-
portion and borne an inch above the tuft of leaves, the plant
thus seeming like an acaulescent violet, the whole plant almost,
or in some altogether, glabrous: leaves rather firm, from
reniform-cordate in the earliest to cordate and oval in the later,
all very obtuse, minutely crenate, the blades 1% to 34 inch
long, tapering abruptly to the short and not slender petiole ;
stipules remotely and subpinnately lacerate: peduncles not
slender, notably bibracteolate much above the middle, the
bractlets linear, acute erect: sepals lance-linear, acutish,
nerveless : corolla 34 inch long, not as broad, light violet or
blue, the odd petal out of all proportion longer than the
others, broad and emarginate, or even obcordate, the others
perfectly rounded at the apex; spur short though well pro-

98 LEAFLETS.

jecting almost horizontally, subcylindric, straight, obtuse.
Apetalous summer state with slender very leafy stems 3 to 4
inches high: leaves about 1% inches long, cordate-ovate,
abruptly somewhat pointed at summit, yet the very apex
almost obtuse, the margin lightly and rather minutely but
closely serrate rather than dentate, of a dull deep green, but
the venation conspicuous as being paler, all angles of stem and
petioles, as well as margins of foliage and stipules, delicately
scabro-puberulent : sepals lance-linear, acute, glabrous.

Meadows in the vicinity of Leeds, North Dakota, the spec-
imens both early and late, communicated by Dr. J. Lunell, in
1909.

VIOLA CENTELLIFOLIA. Low and delicate, caulescent, but
leafy stem nearly obsolete, the leaves rather many and with
long petioles, but flower apparently one only to each stem;
herbage light-green, the leaves membranaceous as in members
of the V. blanda group, their outline round-oval to oval, very
obtuse, truncate or subcordate at base, lightly crenate, deli-
cately hirtellous-roughened marginally and along the veins on
both faces, the petioles scaberulous along the angles: pedun-
cle surpassing the leaves, bracteolate above the middle, the
bractlets subulate; sepals oblong-lanceolate and lanceolate,
very acute; corolla % inch long or more, apparently white,
spur shorter than the limb of its petal, straight, obtuse.

Collected somewhere in the Blue Mountains, Oregon, 29
June, 1899, by Mr. C. L. Shear. Without its flowers this pale
thin-leaved violet would pass readily for acaulescent and a
member of the V. blanda group; but the flowers being indu-
bitably those of the V. canina alliance, a careful inspection
brings to light the short proper stem, and also the stipules of
the caulescent species. The cut of its seemingly radical leaves
is so nearly that of Hydrocotyle and its allies as to have sug-
gested the name I assign it.

NEW SPECIES OF SAMBUCUS. 99
New Species of Sambucus.

SAMBUCUS ORBICULATA. ‘Twigs of the season minutely
puberulent, all the older parts of the branches glabrous: leaf-
lets 5, or those of earliest foliage 3 only, all except those of
leaves next under the corymb suborbicular, 1 inch long or
more and of nearly or quite the same width, of rather firm
texture, beneath scabrous-pubescent, but between the veins
rather than along them, the margins not deeply but closely
cut, in those of the most rounded leaflets dentate, in those of
the later and more oval ones serrate, all cuspidate-acute at
apex and very abruptly inequilateral at base.

Santa Lucia Mountains, Calif., May, 1898, R. A. Plaskett ;
his n. 141 as in U. S. Herb. The specimens were barely in
flower at time of collecting. The species is of the group of
S. caerulea, Raf.

SAMBUCUS CORIACEA. Growing branches of the season
rusty-tomentose : leaflets 3 to 5, round-oval, 1 to 1% inches
long, the width somewhat less, inequilateral at base, yet not
abruptly so, both margins ending below somewhat cuneately,
in general deeply, closely and sharply serrate, the very apex a
triangular cusp broader than high, the whole of an almost
leathery texture, the veins not obscure on either face and as to
the upper face hispidulous-scabrous, all the lower face, veins
and all, more closely hispidulous: corymbs short-peduncled :
berries black, apparently without bloom, also thinly puberulent.

Collected somewhere in the mountains back of Santa
Barbara, Calif., in September, 1908, by Alice Eastwood ; her
n. 218 asin U. S. Herb.

SAMBUCUS FIMBRIATA. All parts, even the tenderest young
twigs, glabrous, the branches of a year old with a smooth
cinnamon-brown bark without trace of lenticels: leaves of
quite subcoriaceous texture, the leaflets 5 to 7, round-oval to
oval-elliptic, very large and broad, from 2 inches long and 1%
inches wide in the smallest pair to 3 in length and 2 in width

100 LEAFLETS.

in the terminal one, very unequal at base, one side there X to
¥4 inch shorter than the other and both sides ending almost
truncately, the margins so deeply and closely serrate as to
appear in a manner fimbriate, each serrature ending in a
slender point of some length, the very apex of each leaflet an
abrupt subulate entire point 4 to nearly % inch long: inflor-
escence broad and flat-topped ; fruit not seen.

Collected in the Canada de las Uvas, mountains of Kern
Co., Calif., at an altitude of 2,700 feet, by Coville and
Funston, 5 July, 1901, being n. 1165 of the Death Valley
Expedition collections. Allied to S. caerulea, Raf., as habit,
foliage and flowers plainly tell.

The two following are of the red-berried division of the genus;
and there are clear indications of the existence of yet other
species remaining undescribed, especially on the Pacific slope
of the continent.

SAMBUCUS ACUMINATA. Shrub low, the scales of its large
winter buds ovate, acute, scabrous-ciliolate ; growing branches,
rachis of leaves, also veins of leaflets on both faces scabrous,
often almost hispidly so: leaflets 7, approximate, 3% to 5%
inches long, lanceolate, acuminate, rather unequally serrate
except as to the abrupt and long acumination, this mostly
entire ; base of leaflet unequal, the shorter margin ending
acutely, the longer obtusely : thyrsus on a stout peduncle of
2 or 3 inches, the cluster of large red berries broader than
high : seeds rugose.

Apparently frequent at subalpine elevation in the isolated
San Francisco Mountains of northern Arizona. The oldest
specimens in U. S. Herb. were gathered by Edw. Palmer in
1869 and consist of flowering branches only. The same was
obtained in 1901 by both Leiberg and McDougal; also by
Brandegee in 1902; all these in flower only, but at agreement
in the marked characters of the foliage both as to form and
indument. ‘The specimens in mature fruit were obtained in
Sept., 1909, by G. A. Pearson of the U. S. Forest Service.

A NEW NAME FOR THE BAYBERRIES. 101

SAMBUCUS BOREALIS. Branches of the preceding year in
their maturity cinereous as if with bloom, but the growing
ones of the season not at all glaucous, obscurely scabrous-
puberulent: mature foliage remarkably small for that of an
elder bush, the leaflets 5 only, oblong-elliptic, 134 to 2% inches
long, very closely and evenly serrate, ending at apex in a sub-
falcate acumination, the base cuneate, but obliquely so, the
longer margin and the shorter tapering to the short but definite
petiolule, the texture thin, upper face glabrous, the lower
tomentulose: fruiting thyrsus of red berries rather ample, the
small oval seeds strongly rugulose.

Itaska Lake, Minnesota, collected in June, 1891, by J. A.
Sandberg ; his n. 1086 as in U. S. Herb. ‘The small size of
the foliage and the peculiar indument of it are both very char-
acteristic.

A New Name for the Bayberries.

At the time of presenting the former paper on the nomen-
clature of the Bayberries (page 37 preceding), I did not
suppose that any one would find it needful to propose a new
Latin name for them. I thought that among a goodly
number of such as had been proposed already, some one or
another would be found valid. But Mr. Tidestrom, in a
recently issued fascicle of the Elysium Marianum has not
only distinguished two genera of these shrubs, but has
assigned a new name to each, ANGEIA for the original type of
Gale, and CEROTHAMNUS for the true bayberries of North
America.

The most significant action here is that of the suppression
of the name Gale, this presumably for the reason that it is
an English vernacular or common-people’s plant name.
Dodonezus (1583), himself a Belgian, merely records this
common name in the form of Gage/, but does not regard it as
admissible into Latin nomenclature, and formally assigns it

102 LEAFLETS.

the name Chamelacagnus (Pempt. 768). Still earlier the type
had been known by the two-worded generic name, Myrtus
Brabantica. Gerarde (1597), though using English in his
text, gives all the Latin names that have ever been proposed,
and also three English generic names, one of which is Gaule.
Mr. Tidestrom seems to have found J. Bauhin (1650) the first
Latin writer to employ Gale as a Latin generic name.
John Ray, in his Latin Historia Plantanum (1688), while
citing at the head of his chapter Bauhin’s Gale, yet himself
prefers Dodonzeus’ Chamelacagnus, as appears from his con-
cluding sentence. The Danish herbalist, Simon Pauli, had
expressed the belief that this shrub of Europe, the leaves of
which were used in Denmark for a tea, is the same as Thea
of the Chinese ; to which Ray objects somewhat impatiently :
‘“ Thea is a shrub as far from being related to Chamelacagnus as
China is distant from Europe.’’ Nevertheless Ray, in his
Synopsis (1696) accepts Gale as the Latin name of the type.
Tournefort (1706), Petiver (1717), Dillenius (1719), Vaillant
(1727) and others of the period maintain it without question-
ing its fitness to serve in that capacity ; and after its attempted
suppression by Linnzus (1737), it was restored by Du Hamel
(1755) and by Adanson (1763). Even as late as 1902 it
figures as the generic name of the type in a monograph by
Chevalier, cited in the Elysium Marianum.

So then, during some 250 years there appears quite a splen-
did succession of botanical authors who found no fault with
Gale asa Latin generic name; and there may be ground for
questioning that this name is in the same category with such
other vernacular names as Gansblum (Gooseblossom), Hond-
bessen (Dogberry) and one or two others that were seriously
proposed by Adanson. Neither /fondbessen nor Gansblum has
been adopted by any one hitherto, in as far as I am aware ;
and the reason for neglecting them is plainly this, that being
such as a Teutonic peasantry has assigned them in the terms
of their own vernacular, they are unfit to serve as generic names
in Latin botany. ‘To show the ridiculousness of approving
such names we have but to suppose the name Ærophila verna

A NEW NAME FOR THE BAYBERRIES. 103

reduced to a synonym by so imbecile a proposition as Gans-
blum verna, or what would be no worse, Gooseblossom verna.
No botanist of our country was ever so unlettered or so crude
of intellect that he would have been willing to adopt, if it had
been proposed, such an appellation as Dogwood florida. In
order that, as a generic type, with binary name, the tree beso
accredited in books that use a Latin nomenclature, the name
dogwood may be turned into Greek, and then we shall have
Cynoxylon floridum, a name which will not offend, but rather
commend itself to the mind of every even half-taught botanist.

But now, as to the case of Gale, it may be questioned
whether this name is in the same category with Gansblum and
Hondbessen. It must not be overlooked that, while the last
two obtain the same pronunciation in Latin which they have
in Dutch or Flemish, and are therefore each exactly the same
in Latin as in the vernacular, it is otherwise with this English
name Gale; for here, in the vernacular, the final vowel being
silent, the word is a monosyllable. In Latin the final vowel
is pronounced, and so, without alteration by a single letter,
the word is now dissyllabic. ‘There is, then, this one very
wide difference between Gale English and Ga-le Latin. Nor
is this all; for even the vowel a has in Latin quite another
sound than that which belongs to it as an English word. In
view of these considerations, which arise from the principle
that a word is a word, not according to how it is written but
how it is spoken, it does not seem to be well settled that Gale
Latin is not available for the Dutch Myrtle.

As regards the new name CEROTHAMNUS for our Bayberry
shrubs and trees, it seems as if some statement ought to have
been made of the reasons for ignoring Rafinesque’s name
Cerophora. As I glance at the pages of Rafinesque wherein
these shrubs are treated of, I perceive such transposition of
types, and consequent uncertainty about the application of
his new names, generic and subgeneric, as invites to the ignor-
ing of his nomenclature of them altogether.

In that tract of his wherein the Bayberries are dealt with,’

1Raf. Alsographia A mericana, pp. 9-12.

104 LEAFLETS.

the first thing which the author does is to transfer that old
Greek name Myrica to yet another American type, different
from that to which Linnzeus had applied it; and this done,
and the Linnzean type being for the moment without a name,
Rafinesque hastens to invest that with a new name, Cerophora.
Let us remark in passing, that we are not to censure Rafinesque
for thus taking a name away from an old genus, applying it
to a new one, and then creating a new name for the old
genus. He was a professed disciple of Linnezus; and this
kind of trick he learned from Linnaeus, who practiced it a
hundred times and more; and his disciples for a hundred
years kept it up.

As for Cerophora, and its applicability, the first lines of
Rafinesque’s paragraph indicate his purpose to have been
mainly that of being rid of the name Gale, which he says is
Dutch, whereas in truth it is English. But, passing from the
consideration of the name Cerophora as a substitute for the
Linnean Myrica, to what particular type does the new name
apply? When the author immediately after the name cites
Gale, Tournef. as its equivalent, we seem compelled to regard
Myrica Gale, Linn. as its type; but yet, the very name
Cerophora seems to contradict that ; for the gale shrub is not
wax-bearing. And the thought is contradicted again when,
proceeding to define two subgenera of Cerophora, he plainly
makes our exclusively American wax-bearing shrubs the
typical subgenus. There must, then, forever remain two
opinions as to the tenability of Cerophora, Raf.; and I find
myself at accord with the author who has proposed the new
name CEROTHAMNUS.

MISCELLANEOUS SPECIFIC TYPES.—III. 105

Miscellaneous Specific Types.—Ill.

ABRONIA LATIUSCULA. Root not known, probably per-
ennial: stems a foot long and more, evidently procumbent,
stoutish and firm, rather loosely leafy and floriferous, the
internodes 2 inches long or more, purplish and very glaucous,
glabrous, or with only here and there a scabrous hair: leaves
short-petioled, flat and suborbicular, the lowest quite orbicu-
lar, 11% inches long and broad, the later smaller and mani-
festly broader than long, some of the floral round-ovate, all
very obtuse, the petiole mostly somewhat shorter than the
short blade, this green and nearly glabrous on both faces, but
above dotted sparsely with whitish low pustules, the texture
thinnish : petioles firm, quite surpassing the leaves: bracts of
the inflorescence not large, oval or ovate: perianths of middle
size, the tube flesh-color, the limb white or pinkish: fruits
small for the plant, obtusely and unequally 5-angled, puberu-
lent on the sides, viscid-hirtellous at summit.

Plant from Fallon, Nevada, obtained in the spring of 1910;
name of collector not known.

APOCYNUM ABDITUM. Of the alliance of A. cannabinum
and as small-flowered, but flowers white: plant 2 feet high
and slender, glabrous except as to lower face of foliage:
leaves lance-oblong to elliptic, the lower and larger 2 to 2%
inches long, those of the ascending branches half as large, all
deep-green above, with light-colored veins, glaucous beneath
and with a sparse villous-hirsute hairiness along the veins:
flowers produced only in terminal compound cymes, not very
numerous in the cyme; sepals white, lanceolate, acuminate,
nearly as long as the corolla, this white, campanulate, the
lobes oblong-oval, scarcely acute, spreading campanulately.

In moist soil, in the bed of a deep cafion at some point in
northern Arizona, 1909; the collector G. A. Pearson. The
species decidedly an elegant one ; the properly terminal cyme
quite surpassed by those at the ends of the laterals, this quite
as in 4. cannabinum, the common green-flowered species of

LEAFLETS, Vol. II, pp. 105-120. 6 October, 1910.

106 LEAFLETS.

the Atlantic States ; but the corollas are very different in form
as well as color.

BATRACHIUM USNEOIDES. Doubtless perennial, certainly
wholly submersed, the naked basal part of the long stems
slender, gradually stouter upwards, from below the middle
made up of short internodes, the ample dense coarsely capil-
lary and sessile leaves concealing the stem whether in the
water or withdrawn from it; leaf-segments unusually coarse
and firm, not collapsing, scarcely reduceable by pressure and
not drying to a flattened mass, the whole branch thus densely
clothed appearing much like a tuft of some dark-colored
lichen: flowers on stout peduncles and little exserted from the
mass of usneoid leaves; sepals oval, glabrous, spreading ;
corolla white, apparently almost 34 inch wide in full expan-
sion: carpels not seen.

Lake City, Arkansas, collected by A. H. Howell, 1 May,
1910. The label carries no information as to whether this
grows in stagnant or running water. By the density, coarse-
ness and stiffness of its foliage, it is strongly in contrast with
all other species known to me.

GERARDIA Neoscorica. Low annual, 6 to 9 inches high,
the smaller simple, the larger branched from near the base, the
branches ascending, floriferous almost throughout and very
leafy : stem and branches plainly angular, wholly glabrous:
leaves large for the plant, an inch long or more and of notable
breadth, being narrowly lance-linear rather than linear, only
sparsely scabrous-roughened above, the margins strongly
scabrous-serrulate : flowers small for the plant, mostly alter-
nate, shortly and slenderly pedicellate: calyx-tube veinless,
its teeth or segments notably large and foliaceous, also obvi-
ously unequal, the larger exceeding the tube in length, glabrous
except as to the plainly scabrous-serrulate margins; corolla
purple, little exceeding a half inch in length, the lobes of the
not widely spreading limb extremely short.

Known only as collected by the writer, in an open space

MISCELLANEOUS SPECIFIC TYPES.—III. 107

among thickets of sweet fern and blueberry bushes, near
Middleton, Nova Scotia, 12 August, 1910. By its long calyx-
lobes and almost tubular corollas the plant fails to fall into
that aggregate of lesser gerardias called G. pauperpaula. I
say aggregate because this last is one thing as it occurs in New
England, and quite another as a denizen of western Ontario,
southern Michigan, and elsewhere about the Great Lakes. I
am unwilling to undertake the segregating of them, however,
until I have the better knowledge of them that comes of field
study of each in its own region.

GERARDIA MESOCHORA. A foot high, more or less, simple
to above the middle, there parted into several slender branches,
these floriferous for more than half their length, the flowers
usually alternate: stem and branches not strongly angled and
their roughness obscure: leaves narrowly linear, seldom
notably acute, rather strongly muriculate-scabrous above :
flowers rich purple, large for the plant, the corolla commonly
more than an inch long, in full expansion as broad as long,
its lobes much broader than long and nearly truncate : anthers
not exserted nor very copiously hairy, but one side of the
filament excessively so and its hairs greatly elongated: fruit-
ing capsule depressed-globose, distending the calyx-tube,
hardly surpassing it, the calyx-teeth as short stout subulate
points arising above it.

To this description answers a plant common in the Western
Midland and prairie regions of northern Indiana and Illinois,
Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota and even eastern Nebraska. In
northern Illinois and southern Wisconsin, I knew it familiarly
in earlier years, never doubting that it was, what every one
has hitherto called it G. purpurea.

The eastern plant, that is, of the Eastern and Middle States,
which most resembles this, and which may or may not fitly
bear the name invented by Linnaeus, has stems more angular
and scabrous, corollas not as large by one-third at least, its
flowers opposite on the branchlets, and a capsule which is
truly globose, not so greatly distending the calyx-tube, and

108 LEAFLETS.

which commonly surpasses not only the tube, but the calyx
as a whole, sometimes inclining even to oval, but never de-
pressed globose.

My last field observation of G. mesochora was made at Knox,
Indiana, late in August, 1899; and the specimens made then
and there, preserved in my own herbarium, are the best I have
seen, and are typical of the species.

GERARDIA CRUSTATA. Annual, stoutish and rigid, erect
and rather strict, the few and more or less definitely paniculate
branches strongly ascending, only the more or less crustaceous
angles scaberulous: leaves narrowly lance-linear, firm and
hard, glabrous on both faces but the whitened and crustaceous
margins scabrous: flowers mostly alternate, subsessile, form-
ing a rather dense spiciform inflorescence: flowers not large
for the plant, the purple corolla but 34 inch long, all its lobes
rather lightly ciliate, broad and obtuse, or the middle one and
largest definitely emarginate, or at least retuse: fruiting calyx
campanulate, exceeded by the oval capsule, its segments
rather deep, triangular-sublate, its whole margin, as well as
the midvein, showing the white incrustation.

Sapulpa, Indian Territory, 21 Sept., 1894, collected by
B. F. Bush, and distributed by him erroneously for the G.
heterophylla of Nuttell. Type specimens in my herbarium.

GERARDIA LANGLOISI. Commonly 2 feet high, stoutish,
much branched, in appearance shrubby or at least suffrutescent,
yet probably only annual, the mode of branching quite strict :
stem and branches strongly scabro-hispidulous both on the
angles and between them: leaves all small for the plant, nar-
rowly linear, scabrous: flowers small for the plant, subsessile,
approximate, always alternate on the many short strict sub-
erect branches : corolla purple, 34 inch long, its tube uncom-
monly long, narrow and not ventricose, very densely strigose-
pubescent, the lobes of the limb not large, more than usually
unequal : calyx under the flowers rather deeply campanulate,

MISCELLANEOUS SPECIFIC TYPES.—III. 109

its teeth very short and broad; fruit and fruiting calyx not
seen.

Known only as collected by the late Father Langlois, in
prairies near Eunice, Louisiana, 12 Sept., 1894.

GERARDIA ASPRELLA. Annual, 2 feet high or less, loosely
and widely branching above the middle; everywhere muricu-
late-scabrous, but the roughness shorter than in the preceding :
leaves narrowly linear, not acute, strongly revolute, those of
the inflorescence more lance-linear and with clear distinction
of blade and petiole: flowers mostly alternate, distinctly and
rather slenderly pediculate: calyx under corolla (the fruiting
not known) marked by 5 raised and very scabrous veins run-
ning each to the end of the short deltoid and incurved tooth :
corolla 34 inch long or more, its tube rather narrow and not
ventricose, the limb notably wide in proportion, the throat,
and also the stamens long-hairy.

Near St. Martinsville, Louisiana, 27 Sept., 1892, A. B.
Langlois. The collector, taking under consideration the rough-
ness of the plant, and its only middle-sized and rather narrow
corollas, had labelled his specimens G. aspera Doug]l., to which
the plants bear no particular resemblance.

STEIRONEMA GRAMINEUM. Small, rather weak and delicate
but upright, 7 to 11 inches high, clothed throughout with very
narrow linear leaves mostly 2 to 3 inches long, often subfal-
cately curved, neither very firm nor yet flaccid, sessile, the
pairs almost connected at base and there with a substipular
fringe as a connective, the blades all plane, entire, acute:
flowers very small, mostly solitary and much scattered: calyx-
segments triangular-lanceolate, attenuate-acute : corolla cleft
almost to the base into oblong-obovate or oval cuspidate lobes,
these dark-dotted ; bases of the lobes granulate, but hardly so
the long filiform filaments which greatly exceed the short
oblong-oval anthers.

Species small and almost grassy by the narrowness of its
foliage, known only by two sheets in U. S. Herb., col-

110 LEAFLETS.

lected somewhere in the mountains of northern Alabama, in
1878, by G. R. Vasey. As to character of corolla and stamens
the plant is very different from any and every other known
member of the genus.

STEIRONEMA VERTICILLATUM. Stems simple below and
stoutish, but parted much below the middle into many rather
slender leafy and floriferous branches, the whole plant 1 to 2
feet high and rather diffusely paniculate: leaves small, lance-
olate, the lowest on rather long petioles that are scarcely
ciliate except at the very base ; those of the many flowering
branches more broadly lanceolate, subsessile in verticils of 3
to 6, the whole with as many flowers as leaves ; calyx-segments
ovate-lanceolate, abruptly acute, in fruit about equalling but
not surpassing the capsule: anthers of a trifle greater length
than the filaments, these roughened with sessile granules.

Leeds, North Dakota, 8 Aug., 1901, and again 22 July,
1906, collected by Dr. J. Lunell, and distributed by him for S.
lanceolatum var. hybridum ; but the plant that has been called
hybridum is of the Carolinas, and most unlike this. The new
species is named in reference to the fact that, while freely
branching and copiously floriferous, nearly all the flowers are
in verticils at the nodes formed by whorls of leaves. The
plant appears to be almost aquatic; for, in the specimens, the
lowest leaves have been prematurely killed by water in which
the plants seem to have stood all through the time of their
flowering and fruiting.

STEIRONEMA LUNELLII. Stoutish and low, less than a foot
high, at base decumbent above a short stout rootstock : basal
leaves small, round-oval, on long petioles much dilated at the
insertion and devoid of hairs, the proper cauline ones lanceo-
late-oblong, obtuse at base, scarcely acute at apex, 114 inches
long, on petioles of less than an inch, these fringed at their
dilated and almost stipular base only: floriferous upper part
of plant branching freely, the leaves and flowers mostly in
verticils : calyx-segments ovate, acute, a little surpassing the

y

MISCELLANEOUS SPECIFIC TYPES.—III. 111

mature capsule: bottom of corolla only sparingly granular,
the granulation of the filaments not sessile.

Stout low plant growing along sloughs and ditches near
Leeds, N. Dakota, and collected by Dr. Lunell in flower 6
July, in fruit 14 Aug., 1910.

The almost constantly verticillate character of the copious
inflorescence of these two species marks them almost as a
group of their own ; this notwithstanding that in some other
species one observes an occasional whorl of three or four leaves
and flowers. In these it is perfectly and strongly character-
istic, though this is far from being the principal character in
either species.

STEIRONEMA PUMILUM. Not slender, nor yet stout as the
foregoing, arising from a system of slender horizontal root-
stocks, 3 to 7 inches high, simple except at summit and
densely leafy: leaves all rather narrowly ovate, subcordate,
very acute, 1 to 134 inches long, on short ascending or spread-
ing petioles, these distinctly ciliate throughout: flowers only
2 to 6, all at the summit of the stem: calyx-segments oblong-
lanceolate, not notably acute, little surpassing the capsule:
granulation of the bottom of the corolla dense, also extending
conspicuously half way up the segments: anthers much
longer than the filaments, these broad, but hardly subulate.

Collected in damp meadows at Leeds, North Dakota, 21
July, 1910, by Dr. Lunell, who in full notes accompanying
the specimens, has clearly pointed out its characters as distinct
from the larger plants of the region, which the collector has
taken for S. ciliatum of the books, namely,

STEIRONEMA MEMBRANACEUM. Much more slender than
S. ciliatum, 2 feet high, simple to the summit and there very
few-flowered, all but the terminal axils vacant: leaves all
ovate, acute, obtuse at base but not subcordate, 2 to 3 inches
long, deep-green and of thinnest texture, the margins deli-
cately and closely serrulate-ciliolate, their petioles % to %
inch long, distinctly but delicately ciliate: segments of calyx

112 LEAFLETS.

lanceolate, acute: base of corolla only very sparingly granit-
lar; filaments more nearly ligulate than subulate, smooth and
glabrous, very short, of much less than half the length of the
much elongated anthers.

Occurring in thickets, at Towner, N. Dakota, and collected
in fine specimens by Dr. Lunell, 21 July, 1908; apparently
distributed by him for S. ciliatum, the best that could have
been done by any botanist guided by nothing better than the
indefinitive and loose descriptions of that species that are in
all the books.

Nothing, however, at present existing in herbaria, whether
from North or South, East or West, has at all the characters
that mark conspicuously as new this present plant.

Some Southwestern Mulberries.

Almost fifty years since Mr. S. B. Buckley published a new
kind of mulberry bush from western Texas under the name
Morus microphylla (Proc. Philad. Acad. vol. for 1862, p. 8).
The leaves, as the name indicates, were very small for those
of a mulberry, and Mr. Buckley reported that the species was
not a tree, but a mere bush. It was the product of its dry and
over-heated southwestern desert environment. After this, as
in the course of events botanical exploration was carried
further westward by hundreds of miles, and into still more
starved and arid regions, that is, into New Mexico, Chihuahua
and Arizona, mulberry bushes, smaller and with still smaller
foliage were collected and sent in as ‘‘A/orus microphylla.’
The name fitted, and that was enough—is always enough—
with the indifferent and indolent multitude of people botanical,
to warrant the application of Buckley’s name to all of them.

With not much less than half a hundred good sheets of
specimens of these things before me, I think I can not do
better than indicate some of the specific differences which I
readily detect in this aggregate of small mulberries of the
Southwest ; and, since the original description pyblished by

Ir”

SOME SOUTHWESTERN MULBERRIES. 113

Buckley is too meager, and leaves out of the account some
good points, I attempt at the outset to give a new description
of it.

Morus microphylla (Buckley, 1. c.). Twigs of the season
on mature fruiting branches of a light reddish brown and
obscurely puberulent, the branches glabrous: leaves of such
branches and branchlets without lobe or sinus, of ovate out-
line, though often distinctly inequilateral, 132 to 234 inches
long, 1 to 134 inches wide below the middle, at base not sub-
cordate but nearly truncate, crenate-serrate except as to the
abrupt and prominent entire apical point; the texture very
firm, both faces almost alike green, the upper glabrous and
smooth, yet under a lens closely low-tubercular, the tubercula-
tion absolutely blunt as well as low; lower face of a rather
more vivid green, roughish to the touch by the presence of
minute and sparse hispidulous hairs on the veins, and even
on the general face: petioles firm, 1% inch long or more.

This description is drawn wholly from specimens obtained
near Austin, Texas, by Mr. F. V. Coville, 27 May, 1904. I
use them partly for the reason that they are the best specimens
of all that are in U. S. Herb. from western Texas, and there-
fore lend themselves best to careful diagnosis. That the
vicinity of Austin is the original station for Buckley’s species
I dare not say, for the reason that that author gives no closer
geographic limit than ‘‘ Western Texas.’’ True, there are
Buckleyan specimens at hand that were collected by him at
Austin in 1881, and at that time sent to Dr. Vasey at Wash-
ington. ‘These, however, were not type specimens, collected
as they had been almost twenty years after his publication of
the species. They are poor fragments: but they are plainly
of the same species of which Mr. Coville gathered his excellent
material. Nevertheless, what Buckley’s original of 1862 may
have been, and whence he had it, that is, from what particular
station, I have no means of ascertaining. Also I doubt not
that, having once established a species, he afterwards referred
all western mulberry bushes to that, without discrimination.
The original description has in it a vagueness that gives rise

114 LEAFLETS.

in my mind to a suspicion that his species may have been an
aggregate at the very outset. Here also I must remark that
Mr. Coville had declined to give his own fine specimens any
specific name at all, when consigning them to U. S. Herb.
There are several mulberries in the arid West to which that
name microphylla is more appropriate; so that the name has
long been a misleading one to those who knew something of
far southwestern mulberry forms in general.

I must now give account of another sheet of Buckley’s
specimens, also from Austin, gathered by himas early as 1875,
and sent to Dr. Vasey. They are twigs from another tree,
and are at an earlier stage of growth, being hardly out of
flower; or else they represent a later flowering of perhaps a
young and immature bush.

Twigs as in the other specimens as to color and faint traces
of indument: petioles also the same: leaves of round-ovate
circumscription, 22 inches long, 2 inches wide, strongly 3-
lobed and quite constantly of one pattern, the serrature more
sharp and truly serrate, not crenate-serrate, the apex equally
an entire acumination: texture much thinner, and upper face
very distinctly muriculate- or even strigose-scabrous ; lower
face as in Mr. Coville’s specimens save that the hispidulous
roughness is more general and more copious.

Despite the discrepancies as to texture and roughness of
foliage, which may be partly due to differences in age and
maturity, I assume that all these sheets of specimens represent
one species, and that probably the one to bear the name
microphylla by right of priority, though not by right of reason
and fitness.

MORUS PANDURATA. Branches and leafy twigs slender,
somewhat flexuous, puberulent when young, later glabrate:
leaves on slender petioles of 4% inch or more, subcordate-ovate
in circumscription, some without lobe or sinus, some contracted
in the middle and panduriform, their length 2 to 2) inches,
breadth toward the broad base 1% to 1% inches, abruptly
mucronate, evenly subserrate-dentate, the teeth acutely and

SOME SOUTHWESTERN MULBERRIES. 115

prominently mucronulate, the texture firm-membranaceous,
upper face deep-green and doubly muriculate-roughened, a
larger and very sparse set of murications conspicuously hair-
tipped, the many times more numerous intervening ones not
at all so, and naked ; lower face of a much more vivid green,
also merely hispidulous along all veins and veinlets, otherwise
glabrous : fruit not seen.

Kerrville, in arid western Texas, July, 1889, Munson Hop-
kins; the type specimens on sheet 218,836, U. S. Herb.,
labelled by some one as a Celtis.

MORUS AREUSCULA. Apparently an intricately branched
low shrub, the branches stout, rigid and divaricate, their bark
light-gray ; leafy and fructiferous twigs of the season green
or somewhat reddened, obscurely puberulent: leaves numer-
ous, approximate, slenderly short-petiolate, very small, ovate,
sometimes very broadly so, obtuse or subtruncate at base, at
apex abruptly rather long-acuminate, the blade as a whole an
inch long or less in the smaller to barely 114 inches in the
largest, the margin with few and coarse serratures ; leaf-texture
very firm, the color of a very vivid green, deeper and less vivid
above, brighter underneath, and there marked by whitish
veins, upper face muriculately roughened, lower smooth,
glabrous except as to a few small short hair-points on the
larger veins: fruit small, nearly spherical on very short villous-
hirsute peduncles.

A Texan species, collected on the Fredericksburg Road,
about ten miles north of San Antonio, 7 May, 1910, by Mr.
S. H. Hastings.

MORUS VERNONII. Shrub or small tree of slenderer habit,
the branches of two and three years’ growth pinkish gray and
glabrous, those of a year old showing a trace of the short-
villous subtomentose pubescence that is plain on the growing
leafy twigs of the season: petioles slender, 4 to % inch long ;
leaves of several patterns lobed and uncut on the same branch,
all rather small, some with very distinct ovate-acuminate

116 LEAFLETS.

terminal lobe well separated from a broad and more than
twice larger lower part itself scarcely 2-lobed, such leaves
being of round-ovate general circumscription above a sub-
truncate broad base, the whole 1% to 2 inches long, 1 to 14
inches across at and below the middle; uncut leaves mostly
somewhat deltoid-ovate, truncate at base, about 2 inches long,
1% inches wide above the base, many leaves notably below
these dimensions, the texture of all rather firm-membranaceous,
color neither vivid nor exactly dull though light green, upper
face of all with a few slender hirsutulous hairs on the veins
only, the general area rough with many low but hairless
muriculate points and scattered hair-tipped pustulations, lower
face much more rough to the touch by many hispid short hairs
on all veins and veinlets, as well as copious smaller and
shorter ones on the general area; serrature of all sharp, but
unequal: fruit unknown.

Of well marked foliar aspect and character, collected in
June, 1901, by Mr. Vernon Bailey, in the Chisas Mountains,
Texas.

MORUS VITIFOLIA. ‘Twigs of the season somewhat villous-
puberulent, traces of this indument obvious on branches of
two or three years: petioles about 4 inch long more villous:
leaves much diversified in cut on the same branch, but those
of the most vigorous sterile branches pronouncedly and
elegantly somewhat 5-lobed, the terminal lobe almost the
largest, somewhat rhombic-ovate, separated from the lower
limb by narrowly oval almost closed sinuses, the lower limb
of two lobes each with a short sinus below the middle suggest-
ing its division into two; other strongly lobed leaves simply
but deeply 3-lobed, with narrow but more open sinuses ;
uncut leaves less numerous, very broadly ovate, but at base
truncate ; dimensions from 1% by 1% in the simpler form, to
2% by 1% in the strongly lobed forms; texture of all rather
firm-membranaceous, color rather vivid light-green; upper
face low-tuberculate under a lens, and smooth to the touch or
harsh according to the presence or absence of sharp hair tips,

SOME SOUTHWESTERN MULBERRIES. 117

lower face everywhere rough with hispidulous pubescence,
this more pronounced on all veins and veinlets, but plentiful
over whole area: fruit not seen.

The type specimens of this elegant grape-leaved mulberry
bush are in U. S. Herb., as collected in the Doña Aña
Mountains, New Mexico, 28 Aug., 1906, by Wooton and
Standley.

Morus GOLDMANII. Low slender shrub, in habit like the
last, but smaller and with different foliage: growing twigs
only obscurely and minutely puberulent, the red-brown
branches glabrous: leaves all small, the largest only 1% by
114 inches, the smallest less than 1 inch long, the lobed form
inclining to be 5-lobed, its terminal part being more or less
distinctly parted into 3 secondary lobes, the sinuses between
this compound terminal lobe and the basal part of the leaf
being not oval or in any way rounded, but rather openly
V-shaped, the uncut leaves smaller and fewer, subcordate-
ovate ; texture hard, almost subcoriaceous, color light but
dull green, the marginal indentation rather coarse and uneven,
also more dentate than serrate, veins of the upper face sunken
but hirtellous, the area rather coarsely and harshly muricate-
scabrous, lower face villous-hirsute at base along the veins,
the veinlets sparsely hispidulous, the area in general much
more minutely, sparsely and sharply muriculate: fruit not
seen.

Specimens in U. S. Herb. from an altitude of 4500 feet in
the Little Florida Mountains of the extreme southwestern
part of New Mexico, by E. A. Goldman, 5 Sept., 1908.

MORUS BETULIFOLIA. Stout and compact shrub with rigid
and tortuous gray branches: growing leafy shoots rather
slender, of a reddish brown and lightly villous-tomentose :
fruiting branches with no lobed leaves, all being exactly
cordate-ovate, 2 to 234 inches long, 14 to 1% inches wide
toward the base, coarsely subserrate-dentate and with an abrupt
short acumination, those of vigorous young sterile shoots

118 LEAFLETS.

evenly 3-lobed, about 234 inches long by more than 2 inches
wide across the basal lobes, all leaves of firm-membranaceous
texture and vivid-green on both faces, the upper face hispid-
ulous along the veins and sharply pustulate-muriculate between
them, lower face hirsute along the veins and strigulose-pubes-
cent between them.

Of the Organ Mountains in southern New Mexico, where
it was collected in copious and fine specimens by E. O. Wooton
and P. C. Standley, 9 June, 1906, the collection well repre-
sented in U. S. Herb.

MORUS CANINA. Leafy twigs of the season reddish, glabrous,
the branches yellowish : foliage as far as known without lobes ;
leaves smaller than those of M. microphylla, broadly subcor-
date-ovate, 34 to 134 inches long, % to 1 inch wide, closely
and sharply serrate-dentate, at apex subfalcately short-acum-
inate, subcoriaceous, dull light green and coarsely muricate-
scabrous above, beneath of a yellow-green hue and polished,
hispid along the veins, and with a sparse showing of pustulate-
strigose hairs between them.

Dog Spring, southern New Mexico, 25 May, 1892, Dr. E. A.
Mearns.

MORUS ALBIDA.: Twigs of the season lightly velvety-
tomentgsé, the mattirer branches glabrous and of a decidedly
yellowish gray: petioles % inch long, velvety: leaves of
vigorous sterile branches 3-lobed and rather regularly so, about
2% inches long, 114 wide, those of fruiting twigs cordate-ovate
and much smaller, about 1% inches by 1 inch, all evenly and
sharply serrate as well as with a short acumination, upper face
extremely rough with a close low tuberculation of which the
very sharp points can be felt, but hardly seen with an ordinary
lens, lower face rather softly strigose-pubescent, the veins and
veinlets showing but few rather short and not very rigid
spreading hairs; texture of leaf firm membranaceous, color of
a decidedly light green.

Berend Creek, Sierra Co., New Mexico, 22 May, 1904, O. B.

SOME SOUTHWESTERN MULBERRIES. 119

Metcalfe, who reports that the tree grows in dry sand, at an
altitude of about 5,000 feet in the mountains. It bears more
likeness to AZorus alba than do other southwestern species.

MORUS CRATAEGIFOLIA. Probably a small tree, the stout
branches of two or three years light-grey, glabrous, but leafy
twigs of the season, as well as the short stout petioles attached
to them hirsute-tomentose : leaves small, of some diversity of
form on the fruiting branches but in general broadly subcor-
date-ovate, coarsely serrate, abruptly acuminate, those inclin-
ing to be 3-lobed only incisely, not sinnately so, dimensions
only 1 to 1% inches by % to 1 inch; texture hard and sub-
coriaceous, color deep rather dull green as to both faces, the
upper very harsh with coarse dense murications, lower strongly
stiff-hirsute cr almost hispid along the veins, the area rather
sparsely, finely and very sharply muricate.

Collected at the mouth of the Blue River, a tributary of the
Gila, in southeastern Arizona, 14 June, 1905, by Walter
Hough. In what is their most usual cut, the foliage much
resembles that of some of the more incised crataegi.

MORUS RADULINA. Branches more slender than in the last,
neither quite straight nor yet obviously flexuous, only puber-
ulent, not tomentulose even when growing: leaves smaller,
broadly cordate, some without lobes, a greater number 3-lobed
as in the last, more notably acuminate, the margins crenate-
toothed: texture almost subcoriaceous, the upper face dull-
green, minutely and closely muricate-scabrous, the points
scarcely visibly hair-tipped, lower face of a lighter and more
vivid green, hispid along the veins and veinlets, the general
area between them only sparsely scaberulous: fruit unknown.

Specimens collected somewhere in Arizona, Aug., 1896, by
B. E. Fernow; in what part of the State is not really indicated
by the merely local name Beaver Creek.

Morus CONFINIS. Fruiting twigs of the season densely
leafy, reddish, villous-tomentulose, branches yellowish-brown,
glabrous, foliage of fruiting branches very copious, the smallest

120 SOME SOUTHWESTERN MULBERRIES.

known in the genus, and uniformly devoid of lobes and sinuses,
their outline subcordate-ovate, 34 to 1% inches long, incisely
and sharply serrate, and, for the size of the leaf coarsely so,
the apex cuspidate, but hardly acuminate, the upper face dull,
very roughly muricate-scabrous and with scarcely visible veins,
the lower of a bright yellowish green, the much lighter veins
and veinlets raised and very conspicuous, hispidulous with
short hairs, the general area only sparsely and obscurely
muriculate.

Santa Rita Mountains, extreme southern Arizona, C. G.
Pringle, April and May, 1881. A sterile branch from the
same locality, by David Griffiths, 1902, has nearly all its leaves
regularly 5-lobed. Presumably it represents the same species.

MORUS MICROPHILYRA. Branches rather slender and tor-
tuous, yellowish-brown and glabrate, but twigs of the season,
as well as the short petioles and slender pedicels of the fruit
quite villous: leaves of fruiting branches much diversified as
regards width but none lobed, mostly of very broad cordate-
ovate outline, some almost suborbicular, the more rounded 1
inch long and of the same width, the more ovate 14 inches
long by 1 inch broad, all rather evenly and lightly serrate, the
apex subfalcately short-pointed, both faces subcinereous and
rather soft to the touch with a fine strigose pubescence : pedi-
cels filiform, as long as the fruit itself.

Santa Eulalia Plains, Chihuahua, Mexico, collected by Mr.
Wilkinson in 1885. The average pattern of the leaf here is
precisely that of linden trees, though so very small; and the
species is named in allusion to this.

WP ER CEE PEA 2

A FURTHER STUDY OF AGOSERIS. 121

MORUS GRISEA. Sterile branch stout, straight, at intervals
of 2 inches parted into rigid ascending leafy twigs, the bark
of both branch and twigs copiously short-tomentose: leaves
of broadly cordate-ovate outline, 114 inches long, of the same
breadth just above the base, but deeply and regularly as well
as quite constantly 3-lobed, the lobes subequal, or now and
then the terminal lobe smaller than the two basal, this one
always cuspidate-acuminate, the whole leaf margin rather
coarsely serrate-toothed, the texture uncommonly firm, almost
subcoriaceous, both faces colored much alike and subcinereous,
the upper extremely rough with a dense investiture of hair-
tipped pustular elevations, the lower densely hirsutulous along
the veins and sparsely tomentulose between them, the whole
lower face as soft to the touch as the upper is harsh and rasp-
like: fruit unknown.

The fine specimen of this is on U. S. Herb. sheet 41506,
and purports to have been collected forty years ago, by Dr.
Edw. Palmer, at ‘‘ Hell Cañon, Arizona’’; I presume in the
northwestern part of the State, in some arm or tributary of
the Grand Cafion.

A Further Study of Agoseris.

It is now twenty years since the name Agoseris was restored
by me to its place as the rightful name for a large cichoriaceous
genus of western North America. In the paper wherein this
proposition was announced (PrrroniA, II., 176-179) some
twenty-three species were indicated. In the course of the two
decades that have intervened, I have discovered and published
a few others from various parts of the farther West. In the
year 1906 Mr. Rydberg was able to list for Colorado alone
twenty-two species, eight of these having been added to the
Colorado flora by himself, and two of them by Mr. Geo. E.
Osterhout, an excellent botanist resident in Colorado. Yet at
the time when Mr. Rydberg was preparing the Flora of Colo-

LEAFLETS, Vol. II, pp. 121-152. 11 May, 1911.

122 LEAFLETS.

rado, one fine species from Colorado collected by myself in
1896 was yet unpublished. I place this first in the line of new
species herein described.

In its vastness Agoseris almost seems to replace in this
country Aieracium of the Old World. I think that something
like seventy species have already been published ; and I should
not wonder the number existing on the plains and slopes and
summits of the West yet undiscovered should amount to seventy
more. It would be no more remarkable than that there should
be two or three hundred species of Hieracium on an equal
extent of Eurasian territory ; and the number of two hundred
species there in Hieracium is a very conservative estimate.

AGOSERIS LONGISSIMA. Plants 2 feet high and more, glau-
cous, mainly glabrous; leaves erect, more than a foot long,
narrowly linear, entire, acute, loosely curled-hairy marginally
near the base, the plant otherwise wholly glabrous: heads
small for the plant, the involucres rather many-flowered, but
less than an inch high, the bracts all triangular-lanceolate,
acute, the outermost shorter and a little broader than the
others, without trace of pubescence: achenes about 5 lines
long, very slender, tapering to a striated and hollow beak, this
in those of the dark-colored outer series of less than one-third
the length of the body, in the whitish median ones of nearly
half the length of the body: pappus white, very delicate and
fragile.

Collected only by myself, on the Little Cimarron River,
29 August, 1896, the specimens all in my own herbarium.
Remarkable for the great height of leaves and scapes, and the
small heads, but these on decidedly stoutish and firm scapes.

AGOSERIS VICINALIS. Plants a foot high more or less, with
glabrous glaucous herbage and more or less depressed or
merely ascending leaves, these lance-linear, entire, acutish,
of less than half the length of the somewhat slender scapes,
these usually decumbent at the very base, thence ascending or
else quite erect: involucres rather many-flowered and broad,

A FURTHER STUDY OF AGOSERIS. 123

less than 34 inch high; bracts remarkably consimilar, all being
narrowly lanceolate, the outer series not much shorter than
the inmost, the number of series rather definitely two: achenes
about 5 lines long including the stout beak which is not much
shorter than the body; pappus soft, white, of nearly the same
length as the achene.

Low prairies at Brookings, South Dakota, June, 1891, T. H.
Williams ; type in U. S. Herb. The locality is interestingly
near to that whence the original of Troximon glaucum, Nuttall,
came, which was Fort Mandan. Nuttall’s plant, however,
was said to have a much imbricated involucre of pubescent
scales.

AGOSERIS ISOMERIS. Stout and low, glabrous throughout,
glaucescent rather than glaucous, the scapes stout, strongly
striate, 4 to 6 inches high and nearly twice the length of the
depressed or ascending rather ample foliage: leaves oblong or
lance-oblong, entire or the margins somewhat full and crisped,
at apex merely acutish, the base narrower and petiolar: invol-
ucres 34 inch high, rather many-flowered, the bracts in rather
more than two series but of almost precisely equal length, the
outer oblong or lance-oblong, the inner lanceolate, these acute,
but hardly so the outermost: flowers apparently yellow: fruit
not known, but doubtless beakless.

Fish Lake, Uintah Mountains, Utah, 18 July, 1902, Leslie
N. Goodding. This plant, so well marked in habit, and with
such a peculiar involucre, must be almost or quite alpine, the
altitude of Fish Lake being nearly 9000 feet.

AGOSERIS TARAXACOIDES. Subalpine, with the habit of
the last, but taller, the scapes 4 to 8 inches high, the leaves
less than half as long, these deep-green but glaucous, variously
toothed and pinnatifid, some closely and coarsely dentate,
others more truly pinnatifid, but the lobes or segments divari-
cate, their margins at the base arachnoid-woolly, otherwise
quite glabrous: scapes somewhat woolly, under the involucres;
these 1 inch high or less, the outer bracts lanceolate, their

124 LEAFLETS.

margins arachnoid-woolly, the inner long and lance-linear,
acute, marginally naked: achenes nearly cylindric below the
rather long beak, those of the outer series pubescent, the inner
all glabrous; pappus copious, soft but not fragile, its length
about that of achene inclusive of the beak.

At 8000 feet, near Marysvale, Utah, collected by Marcus
Jones, 2 June, 1894; fine sheet of type specimens in U. S.
Herb.

AGOSERIS CAUDATA. Low rather slender subalpine peren-
nial, the leaves and scapes from a strong but herbaceous tap-
root with sometimes a branched crown, this not in the least
woody or caudex-like; herbage glaucous, glabrous: leaves
much depressed, or else ascending, of about the length of the
scapes, all from somewhat above the middle cut deeply into
narrow strongly deflected segments, but the upper part of one
entire narrowly linear and caudate-acuminate piece: scapes
only 2 or 3 inches high, erect, each surmounted by a head
rather narrow and few-flowered, but of extraordinary length,
being 13⁄4 inches high in mature fruit, including the pappus,
the involucre alone 1 inch high or more; its bracts rather few,
the outer oval and acuminate, the very long inner ones lance-
linear: achenes very slender, linear-fusiform, 7 lines long
inclusive of the slender and not short hollow beak; pappus
firm, smooth, not fragile.

Singularly well marked species, from 8000 feet in Salina
Cañon, Utah, collected by Marcus Jones, 15 June, 1894; type
in U. S. Herb.

AGOSERIS CONFINIS. Subalpine low stoutish perennial with
branching caudex ; herbage pale and glaucous, in the main
glabrous also: leaves lance-linear, mostly entire, glabrous:
scapes 3 to 6 inches high, ascending, or even at base quite
strongly decumbent, somewhat sparsely or loosely flocculent at
base, also strongly so under the involucre, this broad and
many-flowered but scarcely 34 inch high; short outer bracts
triangular-ovate, the innermost lanceolate, none acute, all

A FURTHER STUDY OF AGOSERIS. 125

purple in the middle and glabrous except marginally, there
somewhat white-woolly: achenes including the short stout beak
¥% inch long, the pappus soft, dull white, nearly as long.

Marysvale, Utah, and Buckskin Mountains, Arizona, at
altitudes of 9000 and 10000 feet, Marcus Jones, Aug. & Sept.,
1894; specimens in U. S. Herb.

AGOSERIS LONGIROSTRIS. Crown of root simple or branch-
ing but fleshy like the root, not subligneous; scapes erect, a
foot high; herbage very pale and glaucous, mainly glabrous:
leaves ascending or suberect, 4 to 6 inches long, very narrowly
linear, attenuate to a long almost filiform summit, mainly
entire, some with a few remote short teeth, others as many
short slender lobes, all perfectly glabrous: scapes slender,
showing a few long soft hairs almost throughout, but more
conspicuously below the middle, terminally under the head
scantily white-woolly; involucres an inch high, subcylindric,
the bracts very white but showing purple dots, the outer
oblong, acute, scantily and even interruptedly woolly-ciliate :
achenes long and slender, tapering very gradually to a slender
beak (not pappus stipe) of their own length.

At 9000 feet, near Fish Lake, Utah, Marcus Jones, 4 Aug.,
1894. An elegant plant by its almost filiform foliage, remark-
able for the length of the beak of the achene, for the plant is
of the 4. glauca group.

AGOSERIS LONGULA. Scapes stout, 2 feet high, but foliage
only one-third as long, the whole plant glaucous, also gla-
brous as to all the vegetative organs: leaves narrowly linear to
lance-linear, acute, often entire, as often with here and there
a short salient tooth: involucres many-flowered, 1% inches
high, bracts more numerous than in the last, in three series,
all triangular-lanceolate, acuminate, the outermost series of
about one-third the length of the innermost, the tapering
upper part of the middle series more or less distinctly bristly-
ciliate: achenes 6 lines long, extremely slender, the beak
trough slender striated, nearly half as long as the body; pappus

ragile.

126 LEAFLETS.

Type specimens collected by myself on prairies of the Hum-
boldt River at Deeth, Nevada, 14 July, 1896. Mr. Heller’s
9130, from Deeth, in 1908, has oblong-linear rather short
foliage, but scapes and heads as in A. longula, though the
bracts of the involucre are wholly naked. The achenes in his
specimens are far from mature.

AGOSERIS LAPATHIFOLIA. Large and rather coarse peren-
nial, with stout scapes 2 feet high, and rather ample foliage
of 4 to 8 inches length; herbage glabrous and greenish, not
glaucous but glaucescent only: leaves lanceolate, acute, entire,
narrowed very gradually below to a short winged petiolar part
not amounting to a petiole ; heads broad and many-flowered,
but the involucres barely an inch high, their bracts lanceolate,
acute, glabrous, the outer only shorter and more herbaceous
than the inner: achenes with stout beak one-third as long as
the body; pappus rather firm, scaberulous, much longer than
the achene.

Above Houston, Idaho, L. F. Henderson, 1896; his n. 3681
as in U. S. Herb; the broad foliage remarkably green rather
than pale and whitish, and quite recalling the foliage of dock.

AGOSERIS LACERA. ‘Tall and rather slender perennial, the
scapes erect from the very base and 2 feet high, the foliage
suberect, more than half as high, this and the scapes below
the middle clothed thinly with long sordid crisped hairs, but
all the herbage very pale as with bloom : leaves linear, long-
attenuate at apex, usually entire below the middle, above it cut
deeply into a few subulate-linear nearly straight and ascend-
ing or suberect segments: heads very small for the plant, the
involucres only 3% inch high, its bracts all lance-linear and
consimilar, the outer as usual shorter, but in proportion not
much broader, all attenuate-acute and villous-ciliate : achenes
short and shortly beaked, the whole hardly as long as the fine
barbellulate white pappus.

Pullman, Washington, 28 July, 1899, C. V. Piper, in U.S.
Herb., under the collector’s n. 3027.

A FURTHER STUDY OF AGOSERIS. 127

AGOSERIS MICRODONTA. Coarse and tall perennial of low
meadows, the stout scapes 1 to 2 feet high and more support-
ing large many-flowered heads, the leaves not rarely a foot
long and more; herbage pallid and glaucescent, glabrous in
the main, the scapes and leaf-margins at least, sometimes the
leaf surface, more or less crisped-hairy: leaves lanceolate,
narrowed gradually to a distinct winged petiole, its margins
lanate-ciliate even in leaves otherwise glabrous, most leaves
saliently if even remotely denticulate, in some plants with few
and larger teeth: involucres 1% inches high, 1 inch broad at
summit, the summit of the scape under them either tomentose
or scarcely so; bracts many and imbricated, none very
broad, the outermost triangular-lanceolate, the rest more and
more narrowly lanceolate, all villous-ciliate, sometimes also
appressed-villous on the back, all the pubescence brownish :
achenes 7 lines long including the hollow beak, this more
than half as long as the body, the outer series dark-colored
and very strongly serrulate-scabrous at summit, those next in
order pale, less scabrous, the central all abortive; pappus not
as long as the achene, very fine and fragile.

Coarse large species of southeastern Washington, said to be
common about Pullman, in low meadows, where it has been
collected and distributed by Mr. Piper and by Miss Hardwick.
There are three good sheets of it in U. S. Herb., of the years
1901 to 1905.

AGOSERIS PROCERA. Very large and stout, the scapes 2
feet high, the foliage ample, upright, a foot high or more;
herbage wholly glabrous, of a dull pallid green, merely glau-
cescent, blackening in the drying: leaves narrowly lanceolate
above the long and rather wide petiolar basal part, sparingly
and variously toothed, attenuately acute at apex: involucres
many-flowered, an inch high only, but quite as broad, the
numerous bracts all narrow, much imbricated, triangular-
lanceolate, slenderly acuminate, some obscurely villous-ciliate
toward the apex, otherwise glabrous ; ray-flowers apparently
more or less villous-arachnoid externally: achenes not known,

128 LEAFLETS.

but by inference from the shortness of the broad heads, little
elongated and shortly if at all beaked.

Largest of the genus as far as known, and from near Ellens-
burg, Washington, 17 June, 1897, by Kirk Whited; his n.
507 as in U. S. Herb. By the much imbricated and slender
involucral bracts the plant recalls the genus Scorzonella.

AGOSERIS LANULOSA. Low perennial with branching cau-
dex above a deep-seated taproot; scapes rather slender, 2 to 4
inches high; foliage half as long or less, inclined to be
depressed, the whole plant pale as with bloom and almost
canescent with a thin coat of fine downy-looking tomentel-
lous pubescence: leaves oblong and lance-oblong, acutish,
mostly entire, some with a few short salient teeth, some
retrose, others falcately ascending: involucres many-flowered,
not small for the plant, nearly 34 inch high, their bracts
rather definitely in 3 series, the outermost ovate, the middle
oval, the inner narrowly lanceolate, all except the inner finely
tomentellous, most strongly so on the margin: achenes,
slender-fusiform, their stout hollow beak of nearly half the
length of the body; pappus uncommonly short.

Kittitas Co., Washington, J. S. Cotton, his n. 1752 as in
U. S. Herb. No special part of the county is named. The
plant is evidently subalpine in the mountains there.

AGOSERIS VESTITA. Stout low subalpine perennial, older
plants with branching caudex, the branches covered below
with a scaly coat of old leaf-bases, the stout scapes 2 to 6
inches high and of about twice the height of the foliage, the
herbage merely glaucescent underneath a thin coat of tomen-
tellous pubescence: leaves elongated-oblong, most of them
entire or but obscurely denticulate, a few with several salient
triangular teeth: involucres broad, 34 inch high, the bracts
broad and much imbricated, the outer ovate, acute, the very
innermost series broadly lanceolate, all much obscured by
a dense woolly tomentum most copious on and along the
margins, thinner on the back of the bracts: achenes short,

a aaa

a i al

A FURTHER STUDY OF AGOSERIS. 129

subcylindric, hardly even narrowed at summit, the long firm
pappus sessile on the body of the achene.

Rocky ground at 8000 feet on Mt. Rainier, Washington,
C. V. Piper, 1895; his n. 2149 as in my herbarium.

AGOSERIS ANGUSTISSIMA. ‘Tufted perennial, with numerous
upright slender scapes about a foot high, and the narrowest of
leaves about half as long, either upright or ascending, not
depressed ; the whole plant pale and glaucescent: leaves very
narrowly linear, attenuate-acute, glabrous above, but basally
crinite-ciliate, the whole leaf commonly quite entire, yet very
often showing one or more pairs of narrow subfalcate lobes or
segments an inch long or less: peduncles lanulose under the
involucre, the woolliness extending up along the margins
of the bracts, these lance-linear and elongated, not even the
outer series much wider than the inner, but only shorter:
flowers few in the head, apparently rose-red: achenes con-
similar, slenderly fusiform, much exceeded by the slender
beak, the very delicate and fragile pappus still longer.

Fir glades, bordering the eastern shore of Diamond Lake,
extreme southeastern Oregon, collected by Coville and Apple-
gate, 6 August, 1897; also by the same collectors, on 17
August in the same year, shore of lake south of the Three
Sisters, in the Cascade Mountains ; copious and fine specimens
in U. S. Herb. The plant has been taken by some one for
A. aurantiaca, and the specimens are so labelled, but the
nearest affinity is 4. gracilens, a name which better befits this
plant than it does the real thing that is so named.

AGOSERIS VULCANICA. Stout, low, the upright scapes and
ascending foliage from a branching caudex, the scapes not
greatly surpassing the leaves and 6 inches high or less: leaves
glabrous, oblong-linear, rather blunt at apex, though tipped
with a gland-like mucro, mostly entire, some with an obscure
tooth or two on either margin: flowers unknown: scapes
sparingly hairy above the middle, densely so under the head,
the bracts woolly-ciliate, otherwise glabrous or nearly so, the

130 LEAFLETS.

outer oblong-lanceolate, the inner lanceolate, all dark-purple
except as to the green margins: achenes fusiform, purple,
stoutly short-beaked, the pappus long, not very delicate,
yellowish-white.

Strongly marked low glaucous species known only as col-
lected by Mr. F. V. Coville, 14 Sept., 1902, ‘‘on a slope of
firm pumice gravel,’’ in the Crater Lake National Park,
Oregon.

AGOSERIS COVILLEI. Size of the preceding, but caudex
mostly simple: leaves linear to lanceolate, acutish, not gland-
tipped, glabrous, some entire, others variously somewhat
crisped and irregularly toothed : scapes little surpassing the
leaves, sparsely curled-hairy throughout : involucre broad, its
outer bracts ovate-lanceolate and short, the others gradually
narrower, all sparsely curled-hairy on the back, naked or
nearly so marginally: flowers large, yellow: mature achenes
unknown, but without doubt short-beaked.

Collected by Mr. Coville at the same place and date as the
foregoing, this one in full flower, the other in fruit only; the
two species notably dissimilar.

AGOSERIS DECUMBENS. Low perennial with depressed
leaves and decumbent scapes resting on a simple taproot with-
out definite intermediary caudex: leaves glaucous, entire,
linear but above the middle tapering to a long acute apex,
glabrous except as showing a few long loose marginal hairs
near the base: scapes stoutish, not notably striate, the longest
4 or 5 inches long, loosely hairy at base and to above the mid-
dle: involucres #4 inch high, glabrous, the bracts in about 3
series, all lanceolate, the inner series not narrower than the
outer, those of no series acute, not yet notably obtuse : achenes
whitish, narrowly fusiform, with distinct but very short white
beak, this supporting a copious firm shining-white pappus
that is longer than the achene as a whole.

Fir glade on east bank of Diamond Lake, Douglas Co.,
Oregon, 6 Aug., 1897, by Messrs. Coville and Applegate.

A FURTHER STUDY OF AGOSERIS. 131

Species most distinct both in habit and character from A.
angustissima which is of the same locality.

AGOSERIS PRIONOPHYLLA. Size and habit of the last,
except that the foliage equals or even surpasses the scapes,
the herbage similarly rather arachnoid-hairy : leaves when
entire narrowly linear, most of them broader, the margin beset
with rather remote broad and short two-fold teeth, or toward
the apex smaller but very salient simple teeth: involucre
little more than % inch high, its bracts broadly lanceolate,
those of the outer series and of the middle one appressed-villous
on the back and strongly villous-ciliate, the pubescence all
straight and fuscous : achenes with short stout beak, and short
firm dull-whitish pappus.

Mount Hood, Oregon, Aug., 1893, T. J. Howell; his n.
1939 as in my herbarium.

Very distinct from the last by its involucres and achenes ;
also very peculiar as to the double dentation of the leaves
which seem beset with broad short teeth each broadly and
deeply notched, as one sees the teeth in the large crosscut saws,
so called, of the lumbermen.

AGOSERIS HOWELLII. Low and probably subalpine, the
crown of the root often parted but not subligneous; scapes
slender, 4 to 7 inches high, not greatly surpassing the suberect
foliage; herbage deep-green, barely glaucescent, sparsely
somewhat cobwebby-hairy: leaves broadly linear, attenuate-
acute, entire or with few and remote elongated subfalcate seg-
ments; scapes tomentose under the involucre, this 34 inch
high, few-flowered and narrow, the bracts all lance-linear,
obtusish, the outer series shorter and relatively broader, gla-
brous on the back, marginally short-woolly, the inner alto-
gether glabrous: achenes nearly cylindric and linear, tapering
quite abruptly to a not slender beak longer than the body :
Pappus not long, dull-white, rather firm.

Mount Hood, Oregon, Aug., 1881, T. J. Howell, his n. 142
as in U. S. Herb.; the species remarkable for the abruptness

132 LEAFLETS.

with which the achene tapers to its beak ; yet is the plant in
no way nearly allied to T. retrorsum.

AGOSERIS CINEREA. Perennial, the scapes stoutish, 2 feet
high, the suberect foliage one-third as long, the whole plant
glaucous, and also still paler by a coat of short roughish
tomentellous pubescence: leaves of somewhat oblanceolate
circumscription, obtusish, but tipped with a short gland-like
mucro, the margin in some entire, in others with a few deep
falciform segments or lobes : involucre 1% inches high, many-
flowered, the bracts appearing as in but two very unequal
series, the outer oblong-oval, acutish, the others narrowly
linear-lanceolate and twice or thrice as long as the outermost,
all glabrous for the most part, but some with tomentose mar-
gins: achenes small for the plant, linear-fusiform, surmounted
by a delicate almost capillary pappus-stipe 34 inch long;
pappus rather short, its very firm bristles distinctly scaberu-
lous and not fragile.

Santiago Mountain, Orange Co., Calif., June, 1901, Le Roy
Abrams; his n. 1816 asin my herbarium.

Some Western Roses.

ROSA HELIOPHILA is a name that may be substituted for
my &. pratincola published in 1899 (Pitt. iv. 13), for there is
a Rosa pratincola of Europe, by A. Braun, which was published
in 1888.

In the dozen years that have passed since I named and de-
scribed this half herbaceous rose of the sunny prairies of the
middle West, several other forms like it in its low stature,
merely suffrutescent growth, and corymbose terminal inflores-
cence, have come to light, and may be named and defined
here.

Rosa LUNELLU. Stems erect, simple, a foot high or more,
armed rather densely with short and slender nearly colorless

SOME WESTERN ROSES. 133

prickles all straight and spreading ; infrastipular spines none:
leaves of a livid bluish-green on both faces, but in age quite
glaucous, the rachis faintly short-villous, often with here and
there a small prickle, also a few small subsessile glands;
stipules broad and entire, yet mostly revolute, thus seeming
narrow, those of vigorous growing shoots often closely beset
with sessile glands, but of older and flowering shoots gland-
less; leaflets of young shoots 9, of older ones 7, or even 5,
small, sessile, oval and oval-elliptic, finely serrate, smooth
and glabrous above, scarcely pubescent beneath except along
the midvein, and this only lightly so; but margins more loosely
villous: flowers corymbose; peduncles and calyx-tube gla-
brous ; sepals marginally villous, the outside beset with many
sessile or subsessile glands: fruit rather large, depressed-
globose, orange-red.

Open borders of woodland about Devil’s Lake, North Da-
kota, collected by Dr. J. Lunell, 18 Aug., 1910. Differs from
R. heliophila in that (1) the whole plant is more glaucous,
(2) the prickles are far more numerous, more equal in size,
and far less firm, being hardly more than bristles, (3) leaflets
of less than half the size, (4) of elliptic and not obovate out-
line, (5) sepals glandular with subsessile glands. The species
is well isolated, geographically, from R. heliophila, which,
however, is on the prairies of South Dakota, and of North
Dakota, and with its own characters.

Rosa RYDBERGII. Stems erect, simple, less than a foot
high, densely leafy, rather loosely armed with short stoutish
straight and spreading prickles; infrastipular spines none:
leaves very glaucous above, of something approaching copperas-
green beneath, yet with a trace of bloom, the rachis beset
rather closely with short-stipulate and subsessile glands of
several sizes, also with a few stout short prickles; stipules
entire as to the adnate part, this with, or more commonly
without villous marginal hairs, the few lobes conspicuously
crenate-serrate, glabrous ; leaflets 7, large for the plant, very

134 LEAFLETS.

notably petiolulate, broadly oval or even somewhat rhomboid-
oval, deeply sharply and closely serrate, the acutish apex
aristate-mucronate when young, this mucro deciduous, both
faces glabrous, the lower marked with feather veins but no
reticulation: flowers in a closely sessile terminal corymb:
ovary glabrous; sepals apt to be glandular, the glands nearly
sessile.

This fine well-marked rose of the subherbaceous group is
known only as collected by Mr. Rydberg Chis n. 1932), in
central Nebraska, in July, 1893; the special locality being
hills near Plummer Ford, Dismal River, Thomas County. Of
the same low mainly herbaceous character as the foregoing,
this plant is (1) glabrous, the leaflets (2) very notably petio-
lulate, (3) reversing the usual order they are very glaucous
above, and of a deeper green beneath.

ROSA RUDIUSCULA. Stems 2 feet high, woody to the sum-
mit, but simple except as to flowering twigs, densely prickly,
the prickles unequal, none very long, all slightly deflected,
scarcely curved: leaves green and glabrous above, glaucescent
beneath and there villous along the veins, the rachis similarly
villous, but scarcely prickly or gland-bearing ; stipules small,
entire, obscurely villous-margined ; leaflets 5 or 7, small for
the plant, sessile, the terminals elliptic, laterals narrowly oval,
all lightly closely and evenly serrate: peduncles and the whole
calyx more or less obviously beset with short stout strongly
gland-tipped bristles, but otherwise glabrous: fruit small for
the plant, depressed-globose, the sepals persistent and closely
reflexed over it.

Shrub said to be common in rocky woods in the northwest-
ern part of Missouri, as collected by Mr. B. F. Bush, and
distributed by him for R. Arkansana, under numbers 160,
167, 170, 208, etc., chiefly in the year 1896. It is plainly of
the group of R. heliophila, often flowering like that only
corymbosely at the end of a tall shoot of the season; but this
tall shoot becomes a strong woody stem to flower the next
year from mostly one-flowered lateral twigs. By characters

SOME WESTERN ROSES. 135

of leaf and fruit it is clearly distinguishable from the more
common half-herbaceous thing so widely dispersed on open
prairies. ‘There are traces of this same X. rudiuscula in U.S.
Herb. from Kansas and Nebraska, but no satisfactory speci-
mens like these excellent ones by Mr. Bush.

The two roses next succeeding, while apparently of low
growth and small, are removed from the Æ. heliophila alliance
by a truly shrubby growth, lack of the dense bristly prickli-
ness, and the presence of conspicuous infrastipular spines.
Their habitat is far beyond the prairies, in the region of the
Rocky Mountains.

ROSA FIMBRIATULA. Low, much branched, the branches
slender, scarcely armed except by pairs of infrastipular prickles,
these stoutish, straight, spreading ; leaves small, green and
glabrous on both faces, neither face shining, the lower paler ;
rachis very slender, but beset with a few singularly stout
prickles and a greater nuniber of short ones that are strongly
gland-tipped ; stipules broad and foliaceous for the size of the
plant, entire, edged all around with short-stalked glands form-
ing a close series; leaflets 7 or 9, small, short-petiolulate,
broadly cuneate-obovate, very obtuse, deeply and finely serrate
all around except at and near the base: flowers in corymbs of
3 to 5 at the ends of the branches: fruits small, depressed-
globose, smooth and glabrous; sepals persistent, erect, more
or less stipitate-glandular.

The type specimens of this are from Montana, and were
collected by Lester F. Ward, in what year we are not informed ;
but they are autumnal specimens, the date being given as
Sept. 1. The locality is specified as ‘‘ Right bank of the
Missouri River, 15 miles below Round Butte.” Some one
appears to have named the plant as R. Californica var. ultra-
montana ; buta note attached to the sheet, in the hand of Mr.
F. Crépin, reads ‘‘an Rosa Woodsii, Lindl.?’’ The trouble
with Rosa Woodsii is, that no one can find, anywhere in the
West, a wild rose answering to the description that Lindley

136 LEAFLETS.

gave of it; for he attributed to it a foliage shining above,
paler beneath ; and there is no western rose known to us with
leaflets polished or shining above. Moreover, he who will
read Lindley’s account of the origin of R. Woodsii will see
that its pedigree is quite too mythical. The seed from which
the bush grew may have come from ‘‘ near the Missouri,’’ and
it may have come from some part of the world very remote
from the Missouri.

Rosa SANDBERGII. Stout, rigid, much branched but low,
the branches glabrous, reddened, sparsely armed with short
stout slightly curved prickles: leaves small, with rather
crowded small leaflets; rachis slender, glabrous, glandless
and with no trace of prickles ; adnate part of stipules narrow,
thin, glabrous, glandless, the lobes dilated, abruptly acumi-
nate, their margins with some few sessile glands; leaflets 5 to
7, thin, obovate, obtuse, sharply serrate, rather pallid and
glaucescent as well as wholly glabrous on both faces: flowers
mainly solitary at ends of short twigs; calyx glabrous except
as to the pubescent margins of the sepals: fruits small, glo-
bose, smooth and glabrous, crowned with the persistent small
sepals.

Colgate, Dawson Co., Montana, collected in 1892 by Messrs.

Sandberg, MacDougal and Heller; their n. 1009 as in U. S.
Herb.

A Cruciferous Monotype.

SANDBERGIA. Perennial herbs, in habit, vegetative charac-
ters and stellately hoary indument recalling the Physarieae.
Flowers small, white, at first almost corymbose, but passing to
long loose racemes in fruit. Leaves simple, chiefly in a basal
tuft surmounting the short caudex and its branches. Sepals
subequal both at base and throughout, short, broad, obtuse.
Corolla regular; petals with broad ligulate claw and broader

FOUR NEW POTENTILLACEAE. 137

spreading limb. Stamens 6, short, nearly equal; filaments
stoutly subulate ; anthers small, ovate, acute. Ovary linear;
stigma depressed and sessile. Siliques linear, straight, narrow,
only moderately compressed ; valves with strong midnerve;
seeds in one row, not strongly flattened, oval-oblong, wingless.

S. WHITEDII. C. V. Piper under Arabis. This cruciferous
type of the Northwest, seen in flower only would be taken for
a member of the genus Lescuriella, several whitish-flowered or
pinkish species of which are very much like this in all except
their pods. But in SANDBERGIA the pods are really linear—
even narrowly linear—siliques; but it does not at all follow
from this that the plant is an Arabis. ‘There are plenty of
genera, Arabis, Sisymbrium, Erysimum, Stenophragma and
many others into which pods like these are easily admissible ;
while the flowers of the present type are as far from those of
any Arabis as can be well imagined. I am constrained by its
floral characters, together with its completely vesicariaceous
habit and indument to propose for it the rank of a genus,
and I willingly dedicate it to him who first collected it, Dr.
J. A. Sandberg, whose name is already widely known as a
collector.

Four New Potentillaceae.

POTENTILLA VALLICOLA. Stout and short branched caudex
surmounting a thick subligneous root: stems slightly decum-
bent, a foot high or more, almost naked above the base, ter-
minating in a rather contracted cyme, both stem and lower
face of all leaves silvery-tomentulose, but upper face darker,
yet canescent with a very thin coat of short silky hairs: basal
leaves about 4 inches long, not depressed, the petiole and leafy
rachis about equal as to length ; leaflets 7 to 9, closely approxi-
mate, 1 to 14% inches long, oblong in outline, deeply and
incisely serrate, the upper pairs decurrent on the rachis:
Corolla not seen; mature calyx villous with long white hairs,

138 LEAFLETS.

its segments triangular-lanceolate, very acute, the bracteoles
less than half as long, lanceolate: carpels 8 or 10, small,
smooth, dull-green.

Fort Valley, northern Arizona, at 7250 feet altitude, 4 Sept.,
1909, H. D. Burrall.

POTENTILLA MOGOLLONICA. Perennial, of the Leucophyllae
(Rydb.), but of low stature, thinnish texture, the plant in no
part whitened with indument: basal leaves barely 4 inches long
inclusive of the short petiole, the leaflets 5 to 7, pinnately
arranged and approximate, 1 to 1% inches long, oblong or
obovate-oblong, coarsely and rather acutely serrate, the upper
pair strongly decurrent, lower face hoary with both a thin
close tomentum and some long slender appressed hairs, upper
face quite green but with scattered long appressed hairs, this
kind more conspicuous at the margins of all leaflets : flowering
stems slender, ascending, surpassing the foliage by no more
than 1 or 2 inches, the flowers few and on slender pedicels:
calyx thinly appressed-villous, deeply cleft, the segments
ovate-lanceolate, acute but not strongly so, bracteoles lance-
oblong, short: petals of twice the length of the calyx, light-
yellow, very retuse but scarcely obcordate ; pistils apparently
only 5 or 6.

Mogollon Mountains, New Mexico, 25 Aug., 1903, O. B.
Metcalfe, distributed for P. améigens, under his n. 594; but
the sheet in U. S. Herb. (n. 495585) shows two specimens of
the plant here described, and one of the very different thing,
P. propinqua, Rydb.

POTENTILLA WARDII. Tufted perennial, of the white-
leaved group and with white indument: basal leaves many
and almost upright, 2 to 4 inches long and the length mainly
petiolar, the mostly 7 leaflets crowded upon a rachis of less
than ⁄ inch; leaflets of firm texture, % to 1 inch long,
closely and not very deeply subfalcately serrate, lower face
white-tomentose without silky hairs except on the midvein,
this densely clothed with them, upper face silvery-silky but

THREE NEW LABIATAE. 139

without trace of real tomentum; peduncles subscapiform, a
foot high or less; calyx silky-villous, its segments ovate,
acuminate, its bracteoles ovate-lanceolate and less than half as
large: petals large, yellow, obcordate: fruit unknown.

Plant collected only by Lester F. Ward, at 11000 feet on
Thousand Lake Mountain, Utah, 14 July, 1875. It has passed
for P. Hippiana, though with totally different foliage and
pubescence.

HORKELIA MYRIOPHYLLA. Tufted perennial, with rigid
terete stems a foot high and more, yellowish and somewhat
lustrous to the unaided eye, but under a lens sparsely glandu-
lar-puberulent, the flowers in a rather strict terminal few-
flowered cyme: basal leaves linear, 4 to 6 inches long, gland-
ular-puberulent without other hairiness of any kind, very
small, crowded on the rachis, the leaf as a whole terete in its
early stage, each leaflet divided to the very base into 5 or more
unequal divisions; calyx of a short cup-like tube and much
longer triangular-lanceolate acuminate segments, the bractlets
of less than X the size of the segments and lance-oblong :
petals white, oblong-cuneiform, surpassing the calyx-segments
and somewhat spreading: stamens 15 or 18, the filaments
subulate, alternately long and short: pistils many.

Borders of mountain meadows at 7000 feet in the eastern
part of Inyo County, California, collected 12 Aug., 1910, by
some one employed in the U. S. Forest Service whose name
has not been given. Each leaflet has the appearance of being
a fascicle of distinct leaflets.

Three New Labiatae.

KOELLIA FASCICULARIS. Stems stout, strict, 2 feet high,
bearing congested inflorescence at summit only, the angles
densely villous-hirsutulous: principal leaves lance-linear,
rigid, 14% to 2 inches long, entire, the margins revolute,
hardly pubescent except marginally and on the veins beneath,

140 LEAFLETS.

very conspicuously punctate on both faces, the axils of all
bearing short branches not equalling the leaves and densely
beset with small linear revolute leaves: flower-clusters small,
capitate, their inner bracts margined by a whitish-woolly
tomentum, as are also scarcely more than deltoid short calyx-
teeth: corolla pinkish, purple-dotted.

Species apparently local on prairies near Chicago ; collected
by L. F. Ward, 16 Aug., 1897, and by Agnes Chase, 24 July,
1901.

KoELLIA HuRONENSIS. Plant nearly a yard high, not
stout for the height, the internodes long, axillary sterile
branches elongated slender, only sparsely leafy, the whole
plant deep-green, to the unaided eye glabrous, a lens showing
the angles of the stem pubescent with hirtellous short hairs :
main leaves elliptic-lanceolate, subsessile, 2 to 2% inches long,
not revolute, remotely denticulate, thin, glabrous on both
faces or with a scanty short pubescence on the midvein and
margins, veiny with about 5 pairs of feather veins, rather
closely small-punctate: verticillasters in short spikes of 2, 3
or 4 terminating the few uppermost branches, nearly 1% inch
in diameter, barely 4 inch high: calyx hoary with a minute
pubescence, the teeth more so, triangular but longer than
broad, equal: corolla not seen.

Open prairie-like ground at Cassville, Michigan, on Saginaw
Bay, an arm of Lake Huron; type specimens collected by
Mr. Charles K. Dodge, 9 Sept., 1910. Its deep-green and
glabrous aspect distinguishes it from all other X. mutica allies.

KOELLIA CURVIPES. Stems stoutish and rigid, rather
acutely angled, 2 feet high, all parts equably tomentellous-
puberulent, not even the angles showing other indument, all
the foliage pale yellow-green as to the upper face, which is
tomentellous like the stem, but lower face white with a denser
tomentum, without traces of hairiness even on the veins ;
main leaves ovate, 1% inches long, lightly serrate-denticulate,

TWO CALIFORNIAN COLUMBINES. 141

all turned downwards on rigid curved petioles of 4 inch, the
few small fascicled ones subsessile, widely spreading: flori-
ferous branches few, remote, ascending, each with 1, or at
most 2 glomerules, the largest 1 inch broad, 4% inch high:
bracts and calyx only more densely tomentose, devoid of
hairiness ; calyx-teeth slightly unequal, very short, merely
deltoid but acute: corolla very short and small, tomentellous
externally.

Specimens in U. S. Herb. from higher slopes and summit
of Stone Mountain, Georgia, collected by John K. Small, 27
July, 1893. It is remarkable that a type so distinct in aspect
and in important characters should have been allowed to pass
for K. albescens.

Two Californian Columbines.

AQUILEGIA HYPOLASIA. Robust and tall, perhaps a yard
high, the stout and somewhat fistulous stems with ascending
flowering branches sparsely and somewhat viscidly hirtellous,
the long peduncles more densely so: basal leaves 8 to 10 inches
high and with large ample leaflets, the petiole and petiolules
villous rather than hirtellous ; leaflets 134 to 2 inches long
and broad, 3-cleft to the middle, the sinuses narrow, the seg-
ments again 3-lobed and the lobes obtuse, upper face of a livid
green and wholly glabrous, the lower almost as wholly soft-
villous with long spreading very fine hairs, but these most sig-
nally developed along the veins and veinlets: flowers scarlet,
small for so large a plant, their length little more than an
inch, but spread of sepals much more than an inch, these
individually narrowly rhombic-ovate, very acute, their claw
short and wide ; petals subtruncate, very short and thick: fol-
licles pubescent, acute at tip and there moderately divergent.

Indigenous to extreme southern California, in the moun-

142 LEAFLETS.

tains, the flowering plant collected between Campbell’s and
Cameron’s ranches, 21 June, 1894, by Edgar A. Mearns; the
fruiting ones by the same collector between Pine Valley and
Laguna, 11 Aug. 1894. Among scarlet columbines of Cali-
fornia this one, strongly marked in character, is equally sin-
gular phenologically considered; for its flowering appears to
take place in the dry season of the year. The 21st of June is
the time of the blooming of aestival rather than vernal flowers.
A. truncata, to which A. hypolasia is somewhat related, comes
into flower in the coast mountains of even northern California
in April.

AQUILEGIA ADIANTOIDES. Slender and tall, 2 feet or more:
petioles of lower leaves 4 or 5 inches, 3 primary petiolules 1%
to 2 inches, all these sparsely and delicately villous-hirsute,
the short petiolules of individual leaflets quite densely so, the
sparse but distinct indument of both faces of leaflets as deli-
cate, but shorter and not spreading; leaflets of thin texture,
smallish and rather remote, all deeply ternate-incised and the
segments rather deeply crenate-lobed: flowers remote on long
suberect peduncles, these shortly and rather stiffly hirtellous,
especially so near the flower: sepals and petals scarlet, the
former rhomboidal, acuminate, unguiculate, deflexed, almost
equalling the short spurs: anthers ellipsoidal: follicles not
seen.

Species known only as collected by the late W. H. Brewer,
at New Idria, California, 24 July, 1861, his n. 797 as in U. S.
Herb., on sheet 320308. It is labelled in Prof. Brewer’s
hand A. Canadensis. As to habit, pubescence, lax, delicate
finely cut adiantum-like foliage, as also its distinctly rhombic
sepals, it is a thing wholly apart from A. truncata, so common
in middle California, which flowers in April and May only;
this southern one, strangely, in July and August, and that
not as a mountain or subalpine plant, but as one belonging

to a more arid and heated part of California than A. truncata
inhabits.

wr

ACCESSIONS TO ANTENNARIA. 143
Accessions to Antennaria.

In the vast arid regions of our far Southwest, where also,
especially in mountain districts, antennarias abound, there is
a group of them the leaves of which appear to be marked by
a narrow border of clear white which is in elegant contrast
to the usually rather vivid green of the leaf as a whole
when viewed from above. ‘This effect, however, is due to
the fact that leaves, green above and white beneath, have a
narrow margin upturned in such wise as to show a strip of the
lower-face whiteness around the green upper face.

Twelve years ago (Pittonia, iii. 290) I published the first
member of this group, calling it 4. marginata, but in the
interval other plants from different parts of the desert South-
west, showing white margined leaves, all of which have been
labelled 4. marginata, some of them so named with my con-
currence hastily given, it now appears after further exam-
ination, must be excluded as distinct from the original of that
name.

ANTENNARIA FENDLERI. Plant flaccid rather than rigid,
the growing stolons 2 to 5 inches long and assurgent, their
leaves increasing in size toward the ends and there ultimately
forming a rosette, green above, white tomentose beneath, those
of full maturity and of the season preceding more than an
inch long, the laminar part broadly obovate and very obtuse,
passing with little abruptness to the much larger petiolar
part, the green upper face showing, or even failing to show

‘a faint white margin of the tomentum clothing the lower face :

Scapiform flowering stems of the pistillate plant 4 to 8 inches
high, beset with 4 to 6 oblong acuminate suberect leaves an
inch long, and these not glabrous above: involucres large,
subcorymbose, the head as a whole % inch high and subcam-
panulate, the green base of the involucre slightly arachnoid,
the numerous white tips of all bracts lacerate-toothed across
the summit which in the outer is obtuse, in the inner acutish :
Staminate plant unknown.

144 LEAFLETS.

Immature pistillate plants were collected long ago by Fend-
ler in 1847. ‘These asin U. S. Herb. under his 1n. 52% were by
me too inadvertently cited as forming a part of my 4. mar-
ginata. The description is here drawn from excellent speci-
mens collected by Mr. and Mrs. Heller near or at what must
have been the original station of Fendler, near Santa Fe, New
Mexico, 29 May, 1897. Heller’s number, as in U. S. Herb.,
is 3612, but on the sheet are but two specimens of 4. Fendleri,
the third being a good example of the very different 4. Holmiz,
Greene, which we know only from Colorado.

ANTENNARIA PERAMOENA. Main stems unusually rigid
and suffruticose, several arising from a perpendicular and
stout central root, all prostrate and apparently rooting at all
points; stolon-like new branches not striking root the first year,
3 to 5 inches long, closely leafy and equally so throughout, no
rosette being formed at the end: leaves % to 3% inch long,
somewhat abruptly spatulate-contracted above the middle, the
not well defined obovate apical and laminar part obtuse or
abruptly and minutely mucronate-acute, texture unusually
thin, upper face vivid-green, puncticulate, sometimes scabrou-
lously so, surrounded everywhere by a narrow marginal line
of the dense white pannose tomentum investing the lower face :
pistillate plant unknown: inflorescence of the staminate on
slender scapes only 2 or 3 inches high, very compact, of about
5 heads all sessile, the involucres not strongly lanate, the few
bracts with broad and short very obtuse white tips: pappus-
bristles, at least the outermost, with strongly flattened and
irregulary incised lanceolate acute tips.

An uncommonly beautiful species of matted habit and long
closely leafy branches, known only as collected by E. O.
Wooton, at Wheeler’s Ranch, New Mexico, 11 July, 1906.

This concludes the series of species with white-margined
foliage.

ANTENNARIA HYGROPHILA. Plants formed into extensive
but not compact mats, the stolons loosely leafy throughout,

ACCESSIONS TO ANTENNARIA. 145

the leaves more numerous at the ends but even these upright
and not forming a rosette, the longest stolons hardly 3 inches
long, slender, depressed, but firm: leaves of uncommonly
thin texture, oblanceolate, acute, 34 to 1% inches long,
greatly narrowed toward the base, equally somewhat hoary on
both faces with a thin cottony rather than woolly indument
everywhere permanent, flowering stems of pistillate plants
4 to 8 inches high, slender, leafy with suberect leaves less
than an inch long, linear, acuminate: heads compactly sub-
corymbose; involucres of middle size, white-woolly as to the
short herbaceous part of the bracts, but showing a very dark
spot just at base of the long obtuse white tips, these in few
series and little imbricated.

Collected at Marlette Lake, Washoe Co., Nevada, 10 July,
1902, by C. F. Baker, and distributed by him under the above
name, and his n. 1296. Species seeming intermediate between
my A. media and A. parvifolia.

ANTENNARIA PYRAMIDATA. Stems tufted on a short stout
ligneous caudex and 5 to 7 inches high, very notably leafy,
the lowest cauline leaves crowded and as large as the basal,
diminishing only very gradually toward the inflorescence,
these and the stem densely white-tomentose with a very close
coat, oblanceolate, cuspidately acute, of firm texture: inflor-
escence not peduncled, forming a pyramidal thyrsus rather
than corymb or panicle; heads small, those of the pistillate
plant subturbinate, of the staminate campanulate, the bracts
of both numerous, much imbricated, all obtuse, or the inner
series in the pistillate abruptly acutish, none woolly at base ;
bristles of pappus in male plant filiform to near the summit,
then abruptly dilated.

Collected somewhere in the mountains of California, at
5000 feet, 18 June, 1897, by Marcus E. Jones, and distributed
for A. argentea, but the plant is (1) of less than half the
size of that species, (2) arises tuftedly from a caudex that is
woody, (3) is strongly leafy with a firm white (not silvery)
foliage (4) of another outline, and (5) its infloresence is

146 LEAFLETS.

pyramidal (not flat-topped). The specimens are on sheet
358998, U. S. Herb. The sheet may or may not be the same
cited once by Mr. E. Nelson (Bot. Gaz. xxxiv. 124) under
the name of A. argentea, var. aberrans. That author, how-
ever, saw nothing but what he called a ““ racemosely panicu-
late inflorescence’’ to distinguish between what he had and
the typical 4. argentea. Also he reports that the sheet he
saw had “‘ only pistillate plants.’? "The sheet from which I
describe A. pyramidata holds six specimens, of which two
are plainly staminate, their involucres and flowers differing
from those of the pistillate as I have indicated.

Some new types of broad-leaved species of the Atlantic slope
of the Continent are next subjoined.

ANTENNARIA ARKANSANA. Broad-leaved and with the
herbage of A. fallax nearly, but the plant smaller: basal
leaves well enduring the winter, 3 inches long, including the
petiole, the blade oval-elliptic, mucronate, 114 inches wide,
3-veined, green and glabrous above, though when young very
thinly and inconspicuously silky-hairy: stems of fertile plant
6 to 10 inches high, ending in a rather close cluster of 4 to 7
heads ; involucres campanulate, scarcely woolly at base, the
scales in no part obscured, oblong-linear, numerous but only
slightly unequal, the scarious tips of the very outermost short
and acute or hardly obtuse, of all the others narrow and acute
or acuminate : stems of sterile plant low, heads few; bristles of
pappus in this narrowly linear, with few and scattered serrate
teeth.

In woods near Fulton, in extreme southwestern Arkansas,
B. F. Bush, 4 and 5 April, 1900; the plant said to bea denizen
of woodlands ; distributed by Mr. Bush as A. occidentalis. The
leaves are greener than in that species, which by both the
involucres of the fertile plant, and the pappus of the sterile,
this is very distinct from that.

ANTENNARIA ELLIPTICA. Plant of the large-leaved group,

ACCESSIONS TO ANTENNARIA. 147

the stems rather low, that of the fertile 7 or 8 inches, of the
sterile 3 to 5 inches, the inflorescences of both corymbose and
of only about 5 heads: leaves in age subcoriaceous, 3-nerved,
the indument almost wholly deciduous from the upper face,
the blade longer than the petiole, oval-elliptic, acute, 2 inches
long, 1% broad: involucres in the fertile campanulate rather
densely arachnoid at base, the white tips of the scales not at
all conspicuous, short and ovate in the outer series, narrow
and very acute in the others: pappus-bristles in male with
short broad and obtuse tips lightly crenate.

On hill tops, forming small mats, at Mountain Glen in ex-
treme southern Illinois, collected by Professor Carl F. Baker,
21 April, 1900; distributed by him, if at all, under the name
of A. occidentalis ; but even the female plant has not the invo-
lucre of that species, and male pappus is very characteristic.

ANTENNARIA BIFRONS. Mature leaves of firm texture,
1% to 2% inches long, obovate-cuneiform, therefore without
proper petiole, deep-green and glabrate or nearly so above,
beneath closely tomentose, but young foliage even when full
grown quite hoary above; stolons very short, with few leaves:
stems of fertile plants slender, erect, 7 to 11 inches high, its
bracts oblong-linear, acute, about four only and remote:
heads large, short-pedicelled and subcorymbosely glomerate ;
involucres well imbricated, the scales at base very distinctly
arachnoid-hoary rather than woolly, the white tips of none
equal to the herbaceous part, all acute: male plant not
known.

This is a very singular species, the type specimens of which
were collected by myself in an old pasture in sandy soil, near
Port Huron, Michigan, 9 June, 1909. By the form of its
foliage it should be an ally of 4. neglecta, yet by the size and
especially the width of the same leaves, and by the short
stolons and long stems it looks like the other group.

ANTENNARIA PINETORUM. Of the large-leaved group, the
foliage rather copious but not large, apparently not well endur-

148 LEAFLETS.

ing the winter, those of the season apparently full grown at
flowering time, about 34 to 134 inches long including the
narrow and well defined petiole, the blades nearly orbicular,
¥% to % inch in diameter, the length scarcely greater than the
width, all very obtuse, thin, beneath obviously 3-veined under
the dense indument, the upper face very closely but finely
arachnoid-tomentose, the coat never completely deciduous :
flowering stems very slender, but rather notably bracted with
oblong and oblong-linear spreading bracts, the fertile 10 inches
high and subcorymbose, the heads 8 or 10; scales numerous
but too nearly equal to appear well imbricated, not woolly
at base, greenish almost throughout, the obtuse scarious tips
both short and of too greenish-white a hue to be at all con-
spicuous; flowering stems of male plants barely 3 inches high,
their few heads subsessile, their scales with also greenish white
and obscure tips; bristles of their pappus with little dilated
and only indistinctly serrated acute tips.

Pine woods near Portsmouth, southern Virginia, 27 April,
1898, collected by Mr. Thos. H. Kearney; type in U. S.
Herb., sheet 355635. A very well marked member of the
group of species which make very little show of scarious tips
to the involucral scales.

ANTENNARIA DILATATA. Plant large but of low stature,
the flowering stems 3 to 6 inches high, the sterile equalling
the fertile: basal leaves of the former season copious, surviv-
ing the winter in perfect condition, very large for the plant,
all long-petioled, the blades suborbicular, 1 to 14 inches
wide, the length the same, or rarely a mere trifle greater,
the lower face permanently close-tomentose, the upper after
maturity sometimes almost perfectly glabrate, more commonly
whitish-spotted with small knots of the not further deciduous
loose tomentum : heads in the fertile plant only 3 to 5, closely
glomerate and appearing sessile; involucres smallish, broadly
turbinate, the scales well imbricated, all with short but wide
and rather blunt white tips: involucres in sterile plant twice
as numerous, 7 to 11, also not sessile, the tips of their scales

ACCESSIONS TO ANTENNARIA. 149

oval, not more obtuse than those of the fertile; pappus-bristles
of the sterile flowers with acutely lanceolate and finely serrated
flattened tips.

Type specimens gathered by the writer in thin woods among
rocks near the summit of Maryland Heights, Maryland, over-
looking Harper’s Ferry, 10 May, 1908, the plant not otherwise
known.

ANTENNARIA ONEIDICA. Slender and delicate for one of
the broad-leaved group, the stolons very short, with foliage
fully developed at flowering of the plant: leaves 1 to 2 inches
long inclusive of the conspicuous narrow petiole; the blades
round-oval and round-obovate, very obtuse, thin, veinless or
nearly so, white beneath, thinly and shortly silky above and
rather permanently so: flowering stems of pistillate plant
7 to 9 inches high, very slender and with small spreading
bracts ; heads small, in a terminal corymb of 5 to 7; involucres
campanulate, the scales all narrow and acuminate, very num-
erous and much imbricated, none but the innermost showing
slender white tips, the outer with hardly a trace of them :
staminate plant not known.

Near Whitestown, Oneida Co., N. Y., by Dr. J. V. Haberer,
4 June, 1904, who reported it as growing on the border of a
piece of sandy woodland. No other species is known to me of
which the involucral scales are so narrow, and so almost
wholly green; though the large 4. mesochora of the prairie
country makes a near approach to this in that particular.

The succeeding are subalpine, and of the Pacific Coast :

ANTENNARIA PULCHELLA. Rigidly suffrutescent, depressed,
forming a loose mat, the surculi short, very leafy at the ends ;
leaves less than % inch long, obovate-spatulate, obtuse or
even retuse, more commonly acutish, of coriaceous texture
and permanently white-tomentose on both faces: flowering
stems very slender but hard and wiry, their few bracts small

150 LEAFLETS.

and appressed ; heads several, glomerate at summit of stem ;
involucres only scantily woolly, the tips of the scales in the
fertile plant narrowly oblong, or oblong lanceolate, of a deep
dark green: tips of pappus-bristles in sterile plant lanceolate,
acute, short and rather broad, subentire, or with here and
there a large tooth.

Collected at 11000 feet on Mt. Goddard of the Sierra Nevada
of California, July, 1900, by Messrs. Hall & Chandler ; their
n. 686 as in U. S. Herb.; also what appears to be the same
was obtained by J. G. Lemmon, at some uncertain station in
the Sierra as early as 1875, his specimens all sterile, as are
also nearly all those of Hall & Chandler. On the other hand,
a sheet of seven specimens gathered in the high mountains of
Placer Co., by Mr. C. F. Sonne in 1892, and which no doubt
are of this species, shows only the female plant, yet these
specimens seem less shrubby than the typical 4. pulchella, and
may perchance belong to the more northerly and more herba-
ceous plant which I meant for typical 4. media.

ANTENNARIA SCABRA. Low and densely matted, also very
leafy as to the many and short stolons, these barely surpassed
by the flowering stems, the whole barely an inch high: leaves
obovate-cuneiform, % inch long, at first with a dense soft
white-woolly coat, this promptly deciduous, exposing a dense
glandular-scabrous green indument: heads several, glomerate
at summit of the very short stem; only the scarious part of
involucral scales obvious, this oval, obtuse, of a dull greenish-
white: sterile plant not known.

Alpine on summits of the White Mountains, Mono Co., Cal-
ifornia, at 12500 feet, collected by W. H. Shockley, July, 1886 ;
type in U. S. Herb.; the collector’s n. 444. Remarkable for
the strong scabrous indument underlying the more or less
transient-tomentum. Perhaps to this may be referred a plant
from Farwell Gap, by Coville & Funston, n. 2160, the herb-
age of which soon becomes green by the shedding of the wool ;
but the traces of scabrous indument are faint.

ACCESSIONS TO ANTENNARIA. 151

ANTENNARIA DENSA. Plant forming mats, the whole rising
little more or less than an inch above ground ; stolons reduced
in the main to sessile fascicles of small leaves crowded upon the
short stout branches of the subligneous caudex ; leaves hardly
% inch long, obovate, rather loosely and softly white-woolly
on both faces; those of the short flowering stems oblong,
almost imbricate-crowded : heads of fertile plant 1 to 4, sessile;
the short-herbaceous part of involucral scales concealed by
wool, the ample tips of a dark olive-green or almost blackish,
those of the outer series rather obtuse, all the others acutish:
sterile plant not known.

Alpine on Mt. San Gorgonio of the San Bernardino Range,
southern California, at 11000 feet, collected and distributed
by Le Roy Abrams and E. H. McGregor, 12 July, 1908. It
was sent out for 4. media, but its nearest ally is perhaps
A. pulvinata of the frigid steppes of a thousand miles north-
westward.

ANTENNARIA CANDIDA. Densely matted but not as low as
A. densa, the numerous very leafy surculi upright and their
leaves not rosulate but suberect, % inch long more or less,
obovate-spatulate, clothed densely with close snowy-white
tomentum: flowering stems rising 1 to 2 inches above the
cushion of leafy surculi, slender and with their small leaves as
white-woolly as other parts: heads in fertile plant 3 to 5,
closely congested ; proper scales of involucre wholly concealed
by the white indument, their translucent tips from oval and
obtuse in the outermost to oblong, and in the innermost to
lanceolate and acute or acuminate: sterile plant not known.

Detected at 9000 feet on Mt. Rainer, Washington, by Mr.
O. D. Allen, 14 Aug., 1895, and distributed to U. S. Herb.
under n. 141. At variance with everything else that has been
called 4. media by its peculiarly congested habit, upright firm
foliage, and the shining whiteness of the indument investing
all parts except the dark tips of the involucral bracts. Its next
of kin is 4. pulvinata.

152 LEAFLETS.

Miscellaneous Specific Types.—IV.

LUPINUS HIRSUTULUS. Rather large annual, the branches
stout, strongly decumbent or merely assurgent, nearly a foot
long, whitish and almost polished underneath a double indu-
ment, namely, of long and sparse pilose hairs, and a short less
sparse villous pubescence: stipules long, subulate-filiform ;
petioles much longer than the leaves, slender, strongly hir-
sute ; leaflets 5 to 7, small, though obovate-cuneiform, very
obtuse, rather strongly hirsute: racemes very short-peduncled
and short, of only about four verticils these rather crowded :
calyx short, densely silky-villous; corolla apparently light-
purple, little more than % inch long; pods linear, 1 inch
long densely and softly villous, 5 to 7 seeded: seeds small,
dull-whitish.

Beacon Hill, Vancouver Island, 15 June, 1908, Prof. John
Macoun. A new and very distinct member of the group of
small-flowered annual lupines; the plant itself large as the
largest of them, but much depressed.

EUTHAMIA GALETORUM. Stems slender, erect, 2 feet high,
simple, parted at summit into a narrow corymbose inflores-
cence of few heads; the whole plant glabrous, the puncta-
tion obscure, all the parts flexible and with a suggestion of
succulency or fleshiness: leaves of a shining green when fresh,
linear, acute: involucres broadly turbinate, as broad at summit
as high; outer bracts green, ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, the inner
oblong, only greenish at tip, all obtusish, their margins faintly
scaberulous under a lens: rays rather many, oblong-oval,
deep yellow, disk-flowers numerous; achenes strigulose.

In very wet ground on the very margin of Lake Pleasant,
near Springfield, Nova Scotia, collected by the writer 8 Au-
gust, 1910. A bog plant was unexpected in this genus, for the
greater proportion of the species are of rather dry habitat.
This one was found growing among sundews and bog violets,
bordering thickets of sweet gale.

MISCELLANEOUS SPECIFIC TYPES—IV. 153

RUDBECKIA UMBROSA. Stem stout, striate, glabrous, all
upper part of the plant very leafy and the leaves ample as
well as extremely thin; the lowest parted into 3 leaflets with
hirsute petiolules, the length and breadth of the leaf as a
whole about 10 inches, the terminal leaflet deeply 3-cleft, the
laterals entire or bifid, the margins of all coarsely but not
deeply serrate-toothed, neither face rough, but both faces
thinly and minutely strigulose; upper leaves reduced, variously
3-lobed, none undivided; heads few and _ short-peduncled :
also not large, the disk globose, the rays few and small:
pappus of disk-achenes of about 4 nearly distinct teeth.

Oak Creek, Arizona, 8 Aug., 1909, by A. Pearson. Evi-
dently a plant of dense shades; the leaves so thin and mem-
branaceous as to be in strong contrast to those of other allies
of R. laciniata.

DASYSTEPHANA OXYLOBA. Stems tufted and at base de-
cumbent, stoutish and rigid, 34 to 1 foot high, the whole
plant glabrous to the unaided eye, but appearing faintly puber-
ulent under a lens, or else not at all so: basal leaves crowded
on the stem and oval, only % to 34 inch long and very obtuse,
those midway of the stem more remote, oblong-lanceolate,
acutish ; from 3 to 6 of the upper axils floriferous, the flowers
subsessile, the whole forming a longer or shorter spike: calyx
¥% inch long, the tube much shorter than the teeth or seg-
ments, these lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate and quite folia-
ceous: corolla purple, 144 to 1% inches long, never expand-
ing, always of a somewhat elliptic outline, the lobes narrow,
long, very acute, of twice the length of the intervening folds,
these bifid or more than once cleft.

A handsome closed gentian, sent in from the mountains of
northern Arizona, as collected 9 Sept., 1909, by some one
employed in the Forest Service near Flagstaff, the special
locality ‘‘ Wet Park’’ is named, said to have an altitude of
7250 feet. P

LEAFLETS, Vol. II, pp. 153-164. 18 November, 1911.

154 LEAFLETS.

VIGUIERA CHENOPODINA. Shrubby with rigid branches
tomentulose-puberulent when young: leaves about an inch
long, short-petioled, deltoid-ovate, very obtuse, entire, very
firm, only obscurely veiny, cinereous-tomentulose on both
faces: heads in a nearly naked subcorymbose panicle, or few
and quite corymbose: involucres % inch high, not strongly
imbricated, the few outer bracts oval-oblong and more or less
hoary, the inner glabrous, twice as long, linear-oblong, all
obtuse: rays few, rather broad and showy: achenes imma-
ture, biaristate or uniaristate, the intervening scales large,
lacerate-fimbriate at summit.

Between Santo Domingo and Matancita, Lower California,
14 Nov., 1905, collected by E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman,
their No. 7277 asin U. S. Herb. Well marked by the small
entire obtuse chenopodiaceous foliage.

POROPHYLLUM JUNCIFORME. ‘Tall shrub with few long
erect reedy and monocephalous branches, these pale and
glaucous, stoutish and almost fluted rather than striate, the
leaves few, linear: heads 34 inch high, subcylindric ; bracts
of involucre about 5, slightly dilated upwards, at summit
obtuse, superficially pale, the 3 or 4 pairs of oblong glandular
spots very conspicuous : achenes densely strigose-hispidulous.

Mescal Mountains, Arizona, 24 May, 1890, M. E. Jones.
Remarkably distinct from P. gracile by its tall naked rigid and
not slender monocephalous branches.

POROPHYLLUM VASEYI. Wholly herbaceous, the low reedy
stems closely tufted, very glaucous and striate, 5 to 7 inches
high, parted at summit into 2 or 3 short monocephalous
branches ; leaves few, linear, short, scattered: heads hardly
% inch high ; involucre short, little exceeding half the length
of the flowers, very many-flowered and verging towards the
turbinate or subcampanulate, the 4 or 5 bracts oblong-linear,
very obtuse, pale, marked with about two pairs of long nar-
rowly linear glandular spots: achenes stiffly hirsute.

oe

Petree nee ee

MISCELLANEOUS SPECIFIC TYPES~—IV. 155

Plant known only as collected at Mountain Springs, above
the Colorado Desert, San Diego Co., Calif., by G. R. Vasey,
1880.

POROPHYLLUM CAESIUM. Suffrutescent, tall, freely branched
above: leaves linear, short, spreading or recurved; heads 34
inch high, nearly cylindric; bracts of involucre very firm,
even almost coriaceous, dark-colored underneath a dense coat
of bloom, glandular spots commonly wanting, when present
elliptic in 1 or 2 pairs and deeply sunken: achenes chestnut-
brown, strigose-hispid, crowned with a fuscous pappus shorter
than itself.

Cajon Hills, southern California, 1 May, 1891, collected by
Geo. W. Dunn; type in U. S. Herb.

POROPHYLLUM LEUCOSPERMUM. Nearly or quite herba-
ceous, densely and fastigiately branched from the base, a foot
high, leaves short, almost filiform : heads subcylindric, nearly
an inch high, the corollas and pappus exserted from the
involucre for nearly their whole length ; bracts pinkish under-
neath the ordinary light coating of bloom, most of them
marked by 2 pairs of elliptic gland-dots: achenes long,
slightly beaked, pale straw-color or nearly white, thinly his-
pidulous, crowned by a long pale pappus.

Specimens from Vegas Valley, Lincoln Co., Nevada, col-
lected by Coville and Funston on the Death Valley Exped. 9
March, 1891. Well distinguished by its long heads and pale
achenes and pappus.

POROPHYLLUM CONFERTUM. Suffrutescent and tall, the
flowering branches with narrowly linear spreading foliage and
ending in compactly corymbose clusters of narrow and few-
flowered heads: heads about % inch high, 5-flowered ; bracts
of involucre linear, greenish and nearly without bloom, marked
with 4 to 6 narrowly oblong gland-dots: achenes narrowly
cylindric, thinly scaberulous.

156 LEAFLETS.

Ceralvo Island, Gulf of California, 12 Febr. 1906, E. W.
Nelson and E. A. Goldman. ‘Type in U. S. Herb.

SENECIO GOLDMANII. Apparently a tufted perennial, the
simple and very erect stems equably leafy, 2 feet high, rather
amply corymbose at summit: leaves simply pinnate into very
long and not numerous filiform segments, sessile and ascend-
ing, rather fleshy, glabrous: involucres less than % inch
high, broad and subcampanulate, the bracts linear, abruptly
and shortly acuminate but hardly acute, glabrous but appar-
ently dotted sparsely with minute pellucid glands: rays short,
oblong, yellow.

Rosarito, Lower California, 25 Sept., 1905, collected by
E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman, their No. 7165 as in U.S.
Herb.

FRANSERIA CARDUACEA. Stout and probably a tall shrub,
the flowering branches clothed with ample foliage; stems,
peduncles, also the midvein of the leaf whitened with a thin
soft tomentum, the herbage otherwise hoary with a dense
harsh whitish muricate-scabrous indument; leaves ample,
subsessile, 6 inches long or more, laciniately pinnatifid into
about 2 or 3 pairs of lobes, all acuminate and coarsely and
unevenly toothed, texture very firm: inflorescence terminal
and panicled, the pistillate involucres rather many, closely
beneath the quite short and broad staminate racemes: fruit
immature, but soft-pubescent throughout and with few rather
soft curved or hooked spines.

Lower California, collected at Aquaje de Santana, 35 miles
north of San Ignacio, 4 Oct., 1905, by E. W. Nelson and
E. A. Goldman. Allied to F. arborescens, Brandg., but with
different indument, the foliage very broad and repeatedly
gashed, with the general cut of that of some coarse thistles.

SCHMALTZIA RIBIFOLIA. Shrub stout and rigid, the stems
apparently erect, with short branches nearly divaricate, their
bark after the first year ashy gray, glabrous, that of young

MISCELLANEOUS SPECIFIC TYPES—IV. 157

and still leafy branches red-brown, rather obscurely puberu-
lent : leaves all simple and undivided, suborbicular but per-
ceptibly broader toward the base, here subtruncate to sub-
cordate, commonly with 3 obscure rounded lobes very obtuse,
these lightly and coarsely crenate, diameter of leaf about 1
inch each way, texture uncommonly firm, both faces about
equally green, glabrous: fruits solitary, or rarely two to the
spike, very large, glandular scaberulous.

Collected at 3800 feet, at San Mattias Pass, in the San
Pedro Martir Mountains, 28 June, 1905, by E. A. Goldman.
A fine addition to that group of the genus which has undivided
leaves, these in this species having the cut of those of some
gooseberry bushes.

SPIRAEA SIMPLEX. Akin to S. salicifolia, but low, simple,
scarcely more than a foot high, often only 6 inches, almost or
quite herbaceous, densely leafy from the base up to the soli-
tary sessile thyrsoid inflorescence with a narrow strongly
ascending foliage ; bark of a light red-brown, neither altogether
glabrous, nor yet more than obscurely puberulent : leaves
about 1% inches long, lance-oblong and lance-elliptic, acute,
closely, evenly and not deeply serrate, the serratures under a
lens strongly callous-tipped, lower face and margins not quite
glabrous : inflorescence subpyramidally thyrsiform, its branches
also the pedicels and calyx somewhat pubescent; flowers
small, white; teeth of calyx deltoid, acutish, erect, about
equalling the tube : follicles short, thick, glabrous, dull rather
than polished.

Plant first known to me from the prairie regions of Canada
west of the Great Lakes, where it was collected by Prof. John
Macoun, first at Indian Head, Assiniboia, in 1895, then at
Brandon, Manitoba, in 1896. I chanced on specimens last
summer in my herbarium, duplicates of Professor Macoun’s
two collectings of this marked species. "Thereupon I wrote
to my zealous friend Dr. Lunell of Leeds, North Dakota,
whose region is not far removed from the Canadian high
Prairies, to ask if perchance he had met with such a Spiraea.

158 LEAFLETS.

I was promptly favored with two sheets of specimens of the
same new species, collected by Dr. Lunell himself at different
stations in northern North Dakota; one of them from Butte,
24 July, 1910, the other sheet from low ground near Leeds,
in 1904.

The Butte specimens are like those from the Canadian side
of the boundary in that they are technically herbaceous.
However hard, wiry and wood-like they are as to texture, the
whole comes up from under the ground, flowers, fruits as an
herb does, and then dies down. The specimens from Prof.
Macoun are so gathered as to demonstrate this less clearly.
One of the Leeds specimens has two flowering branches aris-
ing from a point three inches above the ground, proving that
in that place the plant may be partly suffrutescent. The foli-
age, flowers and fruits of this are more like those of genuine
Old World |S. salicifolia than anything else that has been
found on this continent.

ARABIS INAMOENA. Loosely tufted perennial 8 to 12 inches
high, the sublignescent basal branches not stout, naked,
spreading or ascending: leafy and floriferous stems upright,
sparsely leafy, branched and loosely floriferous from below the
middle: leaves all very thin, large for the plant, green,
thinly pubescent with short dendritic hairs, the basal 1 inch
long or more including the long slender petiole, the limb oval,
entire or with few teeth, cauline oval to oblong, 2 inches long,
obtuse or acutish, short-petiolate or else cuneately tapering to
the base, not auricled: flowers small, sepals equal obtuse,
dendritic-hairy, petals not greatly surpassing them, erect, of
a dull greenish white: pods thin, flat, glabrous, 2 inches
long or more, flat, acute, subfalcately curved or nearly
straight: seeds in one row and rather remote, suborbicular,
broadly winged.

Collected in Inyo Co., California, at Lake Sabrina, in July,
1911, by Dr. A. Davidson, his n. 2729. ‘The plant is akin to
A. repanda inhabiting mountain districts at low elevations

=m

THE GENUS SAVINIONA. 159

bordering the Mohave Desert, but is a smaller plant, and has
abundant characters.

ARABIS DAVIDSONII. Low perennial inhabiting moist
rocks, the short naked and scapiform flowering stems arising
each from the branch of a short compactly leafy caudex:
leaves oblanceolate-cuneate, 1 to 1% inches long, very narrow
below the middle, at apex acutish and there rarely with a sharp
tooth or two, commonly quite entire, of a light green and
wholly glabrous like every other part of the plant: flowers
unknown: pods about 134 inches long, few in the raceme
and on somewhat spreading pedicels of 34 inch or more ; seeds
subquadrate or more rounded, wingless, forming a single row
in the narrow subfalcate pod.

Bishop’s Creek, Inyo Co., Calif., July, 1911, Dr. A.
Davidson; his n. 2728. These two new ones represent
extremely different types of so-called Arabis.

The Genus Saviniona.

The genus Lavatera, to which certain botanists averse to
using their powers of discrimination have reduced Saviniona,
was established on malvaceous herbs much resembling Malva,
but differing from them as to the outer involucel subtending
the proper calyx. In Malva this is of two or three small
bracts that are deciduous. In Lavatera the involucel is a
firm persistent disk or shallow cup, but more or less deeply
three-cleft. Habitally the lavatera species of Continental
Europe are widely at variance among themselves, so widely
that the several genera that have been proposed will ulti-
mately be accepted, no doubt; for the time seems pass-
ing during which men looked to nothing but calyx,
corolla and seeds for marks by which to delimit genera.
Botanists of the future will give more consideration to the
plant as a whole.

160 LEAFLETS.

But the genus SAVINIONA, the species of which are all
insular, and are trees and shrubs rather than herbs, is sup-
ported well in the rank of a genus. The first species of this
group to be discovered is endemic in the Canary Islands; and
it is a very strange thing to record, that the eight other species
known belong to islands lying not so very far off the coasts of
California and Mexico.

I subjoin the original characterization of SAVINIONA, for
the work on Canary Island botany in which it was published
is rarely available to students of West American botany.

‘*Saviniona Nob.

Pedunculi axillares, solitarii, elongati, erectopatentes, sub
flore articulati, incrassati, ante anthesin ad articulationem
deflexi, per anthesin horizontales. Calyx duplex, exterior
3 rarius 4-phyllus, foliolis ad basin inter se coalitis, persistens,
aut serius caducus, interior subcampanulatus, aut hypocra-
teriformis, 5-fidus, rarius 6-fidus. Corolla subringens, petalis
obcordato-bilobis, basi rectis, limbo reflexo, 2 superioribus
conniventibus, erectis, infimo labiiformi. Androecium corolla
dimidium brevius, deflexum. Cocca rotundato-cochleata,
margine acuta, maturitate indehiscentia, integra, nec ad
juncturam cum columella disrupta. Columella conico-
pyramidata. Semina cochleato-orbicularia.

Arbuscula lignosa, ramis elongatis, diffusis, foliis palmato-

lobatis, petiolis elongatis, bibracteatis, bracteclis minimis
caducis.’’ '

S. CLEMENTINA. Small tree with trunk a foot in diameter,
and of the height of 12 feet: leaves on petioles 4 to 6 inches
long, the blades about 3 inches long, 5-lobed after the manner
of maple leaves, nearly truncate at base, glabrous on both
faces: corollas of the usual size, of the purple of those of
Malva silvestris nearly, but paler above the middle : involucre

1 Webb and Berthelot, Hist. Nat. des Isles Canaries, Vol. 3, pt. 2,
Sect. 1, p. 30.

THE GENUS SAVINIONA. 161

parted nearly to the base into 3 subtrigonous obtuse segments,
this and the calyx sparsely and minutely stellate-pubescent ;
mature calyx cleft to about the middle, the somewhat enlarged
segments broadly triangular, reticulate-veiny and hirtellous:
pedicels under the flower spreading horizontally, under the
fruit firmly upright, straight at all stages, jointed % inch
below the fruit.

Known only from a single tree on San Clemente Island,
California, whence specimens were taken in June, 1903, by
Blanche Trask. ‘This and the next, from an adjacent island,
differ from all other species in that the peduncles are firm and
straight. The color of the corolla in this one is peculiar
among the species of Saviniona.

S. RETICULATA. Shrub 4 high, with stem 4 inches thick :
maple-like foliage 3 inches long, 3% in breadth in the middle,
the base with broad open sinus, the lobes with coarse obtuse
teeth ; petiole not longer than the blades and stout: corolla
of usual size, clear white, the petals neither obcordate nor
emarginate, only retuse: pedicels short and straight, only
1 inch long, jointed % inch below the flower ; involucre with
oval obtuse segments ; fruiting calyx an inch high, its seg-
ments ovate, hardly acute, strongly favose-reticulate and
rough with a not very dense stellate pubescence.

Type specimens collected on Santa Catalina Island, Cali-
fornia, in both flower and fruit in Febr., 1898, by Blanche
Trask, erroneously distributed for S. assurgentiflora, to which
it is not intimately related, being of the blue-purple-flowered
group. Apparently only a solitary plant was known to
Mrs. Trask.

S. DENDROIDEA. In form a perfect tree, only 10 or 12 feet
high, but with distinct thick trunk and no branches below
the middle: leaves very ample, the largest 9 inches long, of
the same width, but on old flowering branches of less than
half that size, not deeply lobed, the cleft seldom reaching to
the middle of the blade, the 3 terminal lobes far exceeding

162 LEAFLETS.

the two basal, the basal sinus broadly V-shaped: lobes of the
involucre broadly ovate, very obtuse, those of the calyx also
short, triangular, acute, these dotted with prominent stellate-
hairy tufts rising out of the fine and short stellate tomentum :
corollas deep rose-purple, abruptly reflexed from the base or
near it soon after first expansion: carpels large, forming a
whorl more than % inch across, of a dull straw-color or
brownish, each carpel wing-angled on both sides, the sides
striate from point of juncture with the axis outward to near
the margin.

This fine species is known only as collected by myself on
the island of San Miguel, California, twenty-five years since.
My observations on the plant at the time found record in the
first volume of Pittonia (vol. i, p. 77), where I reluctantly
referred it to Lavatera assurgentiflora Kell. In the course of
the first real examination of the fruits of these things, I dis-
cover unexpected specific characters calling for a segregation
of the material that has passed for ZL. assurgentiflora, and
this is the first of the segregates.

S. SUSPENSA. Branches more slender, and both foliage and
flowers notably smaller than in other species: largest leaves 2%
inches long, but 3 in breadth, not very unequally 5-lobed to
the middle, the lobes unequally and coarsely short-toothed,
puberulent along the veins, otherwise glabrous, petioles
slender, 3% inches long: flower 1% inches long, corolla of
the same width at the orifice, the petals apparently never
reflexed, deep pink, or perhaps rose-red, the whole flower
pendulous on a pedicel nearly 2 inches long, though abruptly
turned upwards from the point of the articulation: segments
of involucre subtrigonous-oval, obtuse; teeth of calyx of less
than one-third the length of the tube, acutely triangular at
flowering, in the fruiting state grown to thrice their former
size, obtuse, erect over the fruit, or nearly so, or slightly
spreading away from it; fruit less than 14 inch wide, the
carpels smooth on the back, rather obtusely angled at the

THE GENUS SAVINIONA. 163

edges, the sides marked by radiating striae which extend
nearly to the margin.

Totally distinct from the S. assurgentiflora of the San
Francisco region by the excellent characters pointed out, the
plant is known to me only by an excellent sheet in U. S.
Herb., collected at San Diego, Calif., in 1889, by Dr. Geo.
Vasey. ‘The small leaves have an abrupt open rather U-shaped
sinus.

S. ASSURGENTIFLORA, what I take to be the species so
named by Dr. Kellogg under Lavatera, was based on a plant
of the vicinity of San Francisco. I have at hand no fruiting
specimens at all from that region ; but what appears to be the
same is before me in good fruit from Los Angeles, collected
by Dr. Hasse in 1892. Its carpels make a fruit nearly as
large as that of San Miguel S. dendroidea, but the character
of the individual carpel is very characteristically different.
Its exterior is both smooth and glabrous, its sides divided
into two distinct parts, an axial depression which is white and
strongly radiate-striate, this being bounded by an elevated
almost semicircular corky or cartilaginous smooth and yel-
lowish part. ‘There is also a very similar plant, with the
same well marked carpel, before me from Tia Juana River,
Lower California, collected by Dr. Mearns in 1894.

The origin of these different things which have been
referred all to one species is a problem awaiting some future
generation of Californian botanists who, instead of closing their
eyes to differences, and dogmatically proclaiming that things
are all one, shall have the will and the energy to betake
themselves to the field and honestly investigate.

The following insular species, whose validity no botanist
has questioned, are

S. INSULARIS. Watson, under Lavatera.
S. VENOSA. “ s <
S. OCCIDENTALIS.

66 t4 oe

164 LEAFLETS.

Accessions to Apocynum.

APOCYNUM CORDIGERUM. Stem low for one of the 4. can-
nabinum group, hardly 2 feet high, very robust, densely leafy
throughout with an ample firm yellow-green glabrous foliage,
the inflorescences small, dense, none rising above the height
of the foliage, all terminal: middle stem leaves oval, 2%
inches long, 1% in width, very obtuse, closely sessile by a
deeply cordate-clasping base: flowers small, green: fruit not
known.

Plant said to be common in South Dakota, near Brookings,
whence specimens by Thos. A. Williams were obtained, and
are in U. S. Herb.

APOCYNUM INCANUM. Leaves elongated-ovate, very acute,
short-petiolate, grayish above and much whitened beneath
with a fine short tomentum ; flowering branches all near the
summit, densely cymose, collectively forming an almost flat-
topped compound corymbose inflorescence: sepals lanceolate,
acuminate, tomentulose like the pedicels and bractlets : corollas
small, erect, with short-cylindric tube and abruptly spreading
limb, the lobes narrow, acute, the whole flesh-colored: fruit
unknown.

Almost silky-hoary species, known only from southern
Oregon, as collected at Bolt, Jackson Co., July, 1892, by
E. W. Hammond.

The species appears to be of that group, somewhat inter-
mediate between the Cannadina and the Androsaemifolia to
which 4. medium of the East and several others belong.

The specimens are too fragmentary, consisting of the tops
only of the stems; but there is no doubt that they repre-
sent a species until now unknown.

ACCESSIONS TO APOCYNUM. 165

APOCYNUM MISSIOURIENSE. Plant evidently tall and large
as 4. cannabinum, in habit, inflorescence and flowers widely
different; main stem not known, the flowering branches
exceeding a foot in length and simple up to the many-flowered
and subcorymbose inflorescence ; rameal leaves many, short-
petioled, ascending, in outline exactly elliptical, ending in a
short-subulate mucro, the length 2% inches, the breadth near
the middle less than 1 inch ; proper cauline leaves thrice the size
of the rameal and of quite another pattern, being broadly lance-
oblong with cordate base, and 5 inches long by 134 inch width
toward the base, all of the usual vivid-green above, though
with light-colored veins, and beneath only paler, not defi-
nitely glaucous: flowers small and very numerous, mainly
disposed in a broad terminal compound cyme, 2 or 3 short
branches each with a small cyme surpassing the terminal large
one in height; sepals triangular -lanceolate, acuminate,
equalling the short-cylindric corolla-tube ; corolla small, either
white or flesh-tinted, its lobes short, ovate or oval, obtuse,
little spreading.

From western Missouri, at Atherton, collected by B. F.
Bush, 27 June, 1909, and by him distributed for 4. album,
to which it is far from bearing any close resemblance, being
many times larger, and in habit, inflorescence, and even foli-
age widely different; yet Mr. Bush could not, as it seems,
[refer his plant to 4. cannabinum, and it is indeed still farther
removed from that than from A. album.

APOCYNUM ESTELLINUM. Firmly erect and strict, glabrous,
the stem glaucous, the foliage light-green, glaucescent, erect
or ascending on both stem and sterile branches, the lower

| cauline oblong, obtuse, sessile, commonly only 1 inch long,
those of the branches rather larger, oblong-elliptic, acute, the
veins not prominent: flowers very small, in small clusters
below the foliage; sepals ovate - lanceolate, acuminate,
equalling the tube of the corolla, this very small, subcylindric,
white : follicles about 27 i inches long.

LEAFLETS, Vol. II, pp. 165-196" 13 March, 1912.

166 LEAFLETS.

A rather small, and small-leaved Texan species, only one to
two feet high, therefore of the size of A. album, but singu-
larly upright and strict, and therein most unlike that, which
is lax and spreading. The best specimens were collected by
Reverchon, at Estelline, on the North Fork of the Red River,
Texas, in May and July, 1904, and distributed by B. F. Bush.
A good specimen of the same was collected at Canadian, in the
same general region, by Arthur H. Howell, in July, 1903.

APOCYNUM ISOPHYLLUM. Allied to 4. cannabinum and as
bushily branched, the branches even longer, the whole herbage
of a peculiarly intense green, but not dark, glabrous, only the
lower face of foliage glaucescent; branches suberect, long, very
leafy and the leaves small, suberect, about 1% or 1™ inches
long, the lowest not larger than the uppermost and all of one
size, oblong-oval, short-petiolate, obtuse at both ends, more so
at apex and abruptly and stoutly mucronate, upper face not
marked by conspicuous venation, the lower showing filiform
but clearly elevated feather veins, these not in the least
whitened, but green as the rest of the organ; cymes very
many, small and few-flowered, everywhere subsessile and sur-
passed by foliage; sepals lanceolate, short, not reaching the
sinuses of the small short-cylindric green corolla.

Plant known only in one good specimen collected by myself
in the open prairie near Notre Dame, Indiana, 24 July, 1899.
I saw in it at the time a near ally of 4. cannabinum and with
green flowers like that, but it has plenty of marks by which
to distinguish it. The foliage being not only copious, and of
the same size on all the parts, is so small that it might have
been well named from that character.

APOCYNUM PLATYPHYLLUM. Robust and tall, commonly 4
feet high, stem and branches deep-green without trace of
bloom or pallor and glabrous, so also the upper face of the
foliage, except as marked by a distinct though not broad
whitish midvein and numerous finer and almost divaricate

p

ACCESSIONS TO APOCYNUM. 167

feather veins; properly cauline leaves very large, conspicu-
ously and stoutly petiolate, the blades of long-oval outline, 4
inches long, 24 inches wide, obtuse at both ends, at apex
strongly mucronate, those of the branches less than half as
large, varying from oval-elliptic to elliptic, all of very firm
texture, even rigid, and pale beneath as with bloom, but also
roughened along the veins and all veinlets with stiffish white
hairs: cymes rather many, those of the lateral branches far
surpassing the terminal; sepals broadly lanceolate, acute or
acuminate, more than equalling the tube of the short and sub-
cylindric green corolla the lobes of which are broad and obtuse
as well as very short.

Wells County, Indiana, in low ground, bordering lakes in
Jackson Township, Chas. C. Deam, 23 July, 1895.

APOCYNUM SARNIENSE. Perhaps a yard high, but with
few and suberect branches, both stem and branches purplish
and pubescent with short curved dark-colored hairs; cauline
leaves 3 inches long, more than half as wide and of long-ovate
outline, short-petioled, rounded at base, the apex rather acute,
sharply mucronate, the upper face rather bright green, glab-
rous, the lower paler and with a thin coat of whitish tomentum :
cymes few-flowered, terminal on both main stem and each
branch, but the branches subequal; sepals triangular-lanceo-
late, acute, these and the exterior of the corolla tomentulose ;
corolla pinkish, very large for the cannabinum group and dis-
tinctly campanulate, cleft well toward the middle and the
lobes acutish.

Type specimen in U. S. Herb. sheet 444,792, collected 3
Aug., 1902, at Sarnia, Lambton Co., Ontario, by Charles K.
Dodge. The species, though of the cannabinum group, has
flowers as much like those of the other section as have some
of the Pacific species; but the flowers are not quite erect,
another circumstance to render the plant another connecting
link between two groups which one would like to regard as
subgenerically distinct.

168 LEAFLETS.

Having drawn up this diagnosis, I open a pocket attached
to the sheet containing the specimen, and find within it the
proof that Mr. Dodge ten years ago, when he sent the speci-
men to the U. S. Herb. for a name, was not content to have
it called, as it had been, A. pubescens. His pencil note of
protest against such an “‘ identification’’ reads: “‘ This was
identified last year as Apocynum pubescens R. Br. I should
like to have this reconsidered. If necessary I will furnish a
whole plant, fruit and all. It did not seem to me the name
was right. Collected along the road, where it is wet in
spring and fall, and very dry in summer.’’

APOCYNUM FARWELLU. A yard high, very stout, only
sparingly branched, and that only far above the middle, the
main stem glabrous and glaucous up to near the middle, above
that, as also the branches, hirsutulous; cauline leaves 3 to 4
inches long, broadly oblong, cordate at base and sessile, only
cuspidate-mucronate at apex, not acute; the rameal not so
very much smaller, but elliptic and short-petiolate, all glab-
rous or nearly so above, sparsely fuscous-pubescent beneath :
inflorescences few, and much as in 4. Sarniense as to size and
location, but flowers of the smallest; sepals lanceolate, acum-
inate, almost equalling the corolla, this short-cylindric, its
lobes deltoid, acute.

Collected near Detroit, Michigan, 7 July, 1893, by O. A.
Farwell, and distributed for 4. pubescens, also again 30 June,
1899, in less pubescent, indeed almost glabrous state, and sent
out without specific name.

APOCYNUM BEBBIANUM. Mainstem and height of plant not
certainly known, the flowering branches densely leafy with a
firm broadly elliptic foliage 114 to 2 inches long, cuspidately
mucronate, conspicuously veiny and on both faces tomentose,
but as to the upper more sparingly so, and more along the
veins than on the surface in general: cymes small and few-
flowered, not equalling their subtending leaves, the branches

PP

ww

ACCESSIONS TO APOCYNUM. 169

of it, and pedicels as well as calyx tomentose ; sepals lance-
ovate, short; corolla very small, short-cylindric; follicles
short, extended horizontally and nearly straight.

The type specimens are in my herbarium, sheet 6987, as
communicated to me many years since by H. N. Patterson,
and were collected long ago in Winnebago Co., Illinois, by
M. S. Bebb. Better specimens than mine may perchance
exist in other herbaria. Amore recent specimen of what may
be specifically the same is on my sheet 6988, as distributed from
somewhere in Illinois in 1879, by Mr. Eggert of St. Louis; but
this, though nearly as tomentose as the type, has a thin foliage.
The specimen, however, is in a younger state.

APOCYNUM DICTYOTUM. Evidently tall, rather robust, copi-
ously and amply leafy, the stem and branches somewhat red-
dened under a nearly white coating of bloom, the main stem
also loosely hairy somewhat in lines; leaves of main stem
4 inches long, 1% in width near the middle, oblong-oval, at
base subcordate, short-petiolate, obtuse at apex and mucronate,
the rameal leaves one-third to one-half as large, nearly elliptic,
all of a light glaucous hue of green and slenderly whitish-
veiny above, beneath very much whitened by bloom as well as
by a minute white-setulose indument, this also heightened by a
system of prominent finely reticulated whitish veinlets: cyme
large, short-peduncled, many-flowered; sepals ovate-lanceolate,
not equalling the corolla-tube, pubescent ; corolla small, short-
cylindric.

This species, very beautiful as to singularly whitened and
reticulated foliage, occurs in U. S. Herb. only as collected by
Mr. A. S. Heller near Suffolk in extreme southeastern Vir-
ginia, in June, 1893.

APOCYNUM PROCERUM. Very tall and robust, the stem leafy
and without a branch for the first 2 feet or more, then with a
few strict branches for the flowering, the whole height of the
plant 3 to 5 feet, the stem purplish and glaucous, bearing
leaves rather approximate and very large, commonly 5 or 6

170 LEAFLETS.

inches long, 1% to 234 inches wide, from oblong and lance-
oblong to long-oval, subcordate and rounded at base, or even
sessile and cordate-clasping, at apex obtuse but ending in a
stout mucro, vivid-green and glabrous above, and with very
broad, white midvein, beneath paler, but chiefly by a thin
white indument of short tomentellous hairs; rameal foliage of
half the size of the properly cauline, oval-elliptic: cymes few
and large, borne mostly, or only, at summit of the main axis
of the plant, litle surpassed by the few subtending sterile leafy
branches: sepals long, triangular lanceolate, surpassing the
tube of the small short whitish or greenish corolla.

This perfectly distinct and very notable ally of A. canna-
binum has been well represented in my herbarium in four fine
sheets sent me by Mr. Luman Andrews of Southington, Con-
necticut, in the summer of 1903. ‘They were collected by
Mr. Andrews in the neighborhood of Southington, 17 July,
when the plant was in fair flowering condition, and have
remained in my herbarium until now, under the name now
published; meanwhile nothing like this plant makes its
appearance from any other quarter. The species is said to
inhabit open ground, in sandy soil.

APOCYNUM ITHACENSE. Allied to 4. procerum, but a small
plant, barely 2 feet high, but very erect and strict, stem naked
at base for 6 inches, above that bearing 5 or 6 pairs of properly
cauline leaves, the lowest oblong, barely 2% inches long,
others oblong-lanceolate, 3 inches long, all subsessile, only
mucronately acute, glabrous throughout, bright green above
and marked strongly by white midvein and distinct diverging
lateral veins; branches few, their leaves elliptic-lanceolate ;
flowers chiefly in an ample terminal cyme, two only of the
branches bearing each a small cyme not far above the main
one; sepals long, lanceolate, acute; corolla small, white, the
very short tube quite campanulate, the lobes still shorter,
broad, obtuse.

A fine northeastern species, white-flowered, collected by
Mr. F. V. Coville, 27 June, 1885, at ‘‘Six Mile Creek, below

Y

ACCESSIONS TO APOCYNUM. 171

Green Tree Falls, not far from Ithaca, New York.” I refer here,
with some hesitancy, a plant gathered in southern Pennsylvania,
at the ‘‘mouth of the Yucquan,’’ in 1893, by Mr. Heller.
While much like the present species in most particulars, it is
much more whitened with bloom; and the different shades of
color in herbage are not to be disregarded in classifying plants
of high organism.

APOCYNUM SUBULIGERUM. Plant probably tall, and simple
up to the ample compound-cymose and altogether terminal
inflorescence, all parts glabrous, glaucous; cauline leaves
somewhat lance-oval, 234 to 334 inches long, sessile by a sub-
cordate base, acutish at apex and almost subulate-mucronate,
upper face of a deep copperas-green, the lower paler ; rameal
leaves of half-size and tapering to both base and apex, are
elliptical : inflorescence of 1 or 3 large corymbose panicles at
summit of stem and borne on long peduncles quite above the
foliage, the branches of it conspicuously beset at the joints by
long slenderly subulate or almost aristiform bracts; sepals
similarly subulate-attenuate above the lanceolate base and
equalling the corollas, these small, not cylindric as in most
cannabinum allies, but distinctly campanulate, erect, their lobes
deltoid-ovate, slightly acutish.

Type specimens in my own herbarium, sheet 7022, com-
municated to me many years since by Dr. J. Bernard Brinton,
but as having been collected somewhere in the State of Maine
as long ago as 1878, by F. L. Scribner. I have seen no eastern
specimens making any approach to this in mode of growth and
inflorescence. This, in the larger of the two specimens, is as
a whole almost flat-topped, measuring seven inches across.
In this particular it recalls my far-away Californian 4. flori-
bundum and some others of the West. I name it in allusion
to the great length and slenderness of the bractlets and sepals.

APOCYNUM LITTORALE. Akin to 4. album, taller and
more robust, less widely branching, herbage of a darker green;

172 LEAFLETS.

sepals deltoid-ovate, short, abruptly acute ; follicles compar-
atively short, stout, straight, slightly divergent from base to
apex.

The species as to character, and hydrophile nature, is anal-
ogous to my A. album, which is of the Potomac shores and
southward, while this which I name A. littorale is as restricted
to brook and river margins ata northerly latitude. The speci-
mens which I take for typical were sent me in 1902 from
‘“ gravelly shores of the Farmington River,’’ in Connecticut,
as collected 12 Aug., 1902, by Mr. Luman Andrews of South-
ington. The plants were in good fruit, but past flowering.
I did not know, and do not yet know, the flowers of this
plant; but after comparison of its fruiting specimens with
those of 4. album in fruit, I saw that here was a species yet
undescribed, of the same group, and of the same habitat as to
its love of being near running water, though of another geo-
graphic and climatic region. I labelled my specimens as new,
but imperfectly known. In 1910,in eastern New York—I think
it was at Pine Plains—I saw in passing by rail, stream mar-
gins almost hedged in by the copiousness of a smallish dog-
bane which I at the time believed to be what I am now call-
ing A. littorale. ‘The dense masses of it were one mark by
which, as growing, it would be suspected as being other than
A. album, for this always grows sparingly, in small colonies,
and only here and there; but the characters by which to know
each species in fruit, and when dry, are those of the follicles.
These in 4. littorale are stout, 3 to 314 inches long, both of
equal length and of like angles of divergence. In 4. album
they are not only more slender, but measure 3% to 4% inches
long, one of them straight, the other so curved that the two
meet and are in contact at the tip; or, when not in actual
contact, are so very near it that as a general characteristic the
plain curvature of the one it is impossible to overlook when
once it has been pointed out.

Another Connecticut station for A. littorale would seem to
be Stratford, whence a good fruiting specimen is in U. S.
Herb. as collected on ‘‘adry beach,’’ by Dr. Edwin H. Eames.

nal

x

x= ~

ACCESSIONS TO APOCYNUM. 173

30 Aug., 1895, who also notes it ‘‘infrequent.’’ The fact that
Dr. Eames writes no specific name to the sheet indicates his
inability to refer this plant to 4. cannabinum ; and this label
quite antedates the point of time when, by the publication of
my A. medium and A. album, in 1897, the botanists of New
York and New England became awakened to the fact that we
have here more apocynum species than the two that had been
known to Linnezus. Dr. Eames’ Stratford plant is certainly
A. littorale rather than A. album despite the consideration
that, like 4. album, it may adapt itself to maritime situations.
One would like to know whether from the stream borders of
northern Connecticut this thing continues all the way down to
the sand beaches of Long Island Sound. One would like to
advise those botanical friends in Connecticut to a little more
boldness in investigating their flora, and that in a frame of
mind to admit the possibility that the newest edition of
Gray’s Manual may fall short of an absolute finality as to mat-
ters of Connecticut botany.

Another sheet before me which I can not label as other than
A. littorale will extend the range of the species to the shores
of the Susquehanna River and its tributaries in southern Penn-
sylvania. ‘This was collected by Mr. Small ‘* Two miles north
of Wrightsville, York County,’’ 7 July, 1890, It is not quite
typical, being somewhat too pale with bloom, and its pods are
thicker, longer, and much less divergent. To 4. album it is
farther still from being conformable ; and the truth will very
likely turn out to be that there is a considerable group of these
small, white-flowered littoral species. Mr. Fernald’s n. 84
of the Maine Flora seems white-flowered, is smaller than 4.
album, probably to be proven distinct, certainly far removed
from 4. cannabinum.

APOCYNUM ARENARIUM. Akin to 4. album, like it white-
flowered, but much taller, more sparingly branching, less
leafy, leaves much more distinctly and slenderly petiolate, of
thinner texture, their pattern more inclining to lanceolate ; all
the parts glabrous, not even the lower face of foliage very

174 LEAFLETS.

notably glaucous; cyme apparently terminal only, but long-
stalked and rather loose; sepals triangular-lanceolate, not very
acute; corolla white, the tube slightly campanulate, the lobes
erect, but broad, short and obtuse.

From a sand bar at Plum Point, on the shore of Chesapeake
Bay, southern Maryland, collected 5 Aug., 1902, by Geo. H.
Shull, and deposited in U. S. Herb., under the collector’s
determination as “ʻA. album, Greene’’; but the plant, while
clearly white-flowered, has corollas of a peculiar pattern for
those of any eastern ally of 4. cannadinum in that they are not
cylindric, but distinctly campanulate. They have also more
obtuse lobes than are to be found in any other known member
of either group. The habitat of 4. arenarium is maritime.

APOCYNUM CERVINUM. Plant 3 or 4 feet high, simple to
above the middle, there only twice or thrice dichotomous, of
a very pale glaucous hue throughout, the lower face of foliage
hardly more so than the upper, the venation not particularly
conspicuous though almost white ; leaves of mainstem 4 inches
long, 1% in width, oblong-oval, rounded and subcordate at
base, at apex abruptly acute as well as mucronate ; cymes of
thrice the size of those of A. cannabinum, long-peduncled,
many-flowered, the flowers large for the group, also whitish ;
sepals lanceolate, mostly not acute, not equalling the corolla-
tube; corolla whitish but with a lurid tinge of something
between green and purple, the tube short-cylindric, the lobes
broad, ovate, obtuse, somewhat spreading.

This is C. F. Baker’s n. 80 from the Gunnison River region
in southern Colorado, collected at Deer Run, where said to
be common in moist ground. It was a hasty judgment that
allowed this to pass for 4. cannabinum.

APOCYNUM CONVALLARIUM. Herbage glabrous, and of the
brighter and more vivid green of A. cannabinum ; but here
more than ordinarily bright, all the foliage marked very con-
spicuously with whitish midvein and feather veins, and this
even to the pale glaucescent lower face; proper cauline leaves

ACCESSIONS TO APOCYNUM. 175

lance-oval, the largest seen 3 inches long, 14 in width, rounded
and subsessile at base, the apex very acute; rameal leaves
one-third smaller, elliptic-oval: cymes terminal, sessile, but
quite many-flowered and rather loose; flowers small, lurid flesh-
color and not erect, neither exactly nodding, but extended
almost horizontally ; sepals lanceolate, long for the short cam-
panulate corolla.

Two specimens in U. S. Herb. are before me, both from
northwestern Montana, the localities some 130 miles apart.
One is from near Meeksville, in the Clark’s Fork Valley, by
J. B. Leiberg, 22 Aug., 1895. This, a large specimen, but of
the top only of a plant, indicates a size comparable to that of
the great 4. cannabinum of the Potomac Valley. It does not
show any other than the rameal foliage, and is almost past
flowering. The other specimen is from Midvale, by L. M.
Umbach, 14 July, 1903. This is in flower, and shows the
uppermost cauline leaves. I name the species solely in allus-
ion to the valley habitat, not as indicating any likeness to
Convallaria. If the flowers of this, in form, attitude and color
are not those of 4. cannabinum, still as to all the vegetative
characters, and general appearance, it is of that group.

APOCYNUM BOLANDRI. Plant low, barely a foot high,
branched divergently from near the base, the spread of the
branches equalling the height of the plant; all the leaves
oblong-lanceolate, very short-petioled, acute at apex, from 3
inches long in the properly cauline to less than 2 inches in
those of the branches, colored much the same on both faces,
but more glaucous beneath : flowers in a single cyme at summit
of the main stem, small; sepals lanceolate and long ; corolla
short-cylindric, its color uncertain.

Plant known only as collected by Bolander, fifty years since,
and reported by him as growing ‘‘ among rocks in the Merced
River, at Clarks, alt. 4000 ft.’’ It is plainly of the group of
A. cannabinum, and with some special resemblance to my 4.
album of the shores of the Potomac, and 4. littorale of New
York and New England. These two eastern kinds are white-

176 LEAFLETS.

flowered, and the equally hydrophile 4. Bolandri may be found
like them in this particular, if rediscovered.

APOCYNUM DENSIFLORUM. Plant several feet high, but
sparingly branched and only at summit; herbage glabrous and
everywhere glaucous, the upper face of the foliage only less
so than the lower ; cauline leaves ovate-oblong, 4 inches long,
1% broad, rounded at the base and subsessile, at apex hardly
acute, but strongly subulate-mucronate, those of the branches
two-thirds as large, tapering to both ends, therefore elliptical :
inflorescences 3 only, one large and terminal, the others borne
on either side far above it, all short-peduncled and surpassed
by their subtending pair of leaves, exceedingly many-flowered
but very compact ; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, of the length
of the tube of the short-cylindric green corolla.

Known only as collected by myself in the mountains of
Kern Co., California, near Tehachapi, June, 1889. Although
green-flowered, this is at every other essential point widely at
variance with the eastern and genuine 4. cannabinum.

APOCYNUM BREWERI. Of the cannabinum division, and very
robust, tall and sparingly branched at the very summit only:
cauline leaves 3 or 4 inches long, 1% to 134 inches wide near
the base, of elongated oval general outline, but sessile and
cordate clasping, at apex obtuse, yet with a prominent though
small cusp ; lower face of all leaves glaucous, the upper not so,
yet somewhat glaucescent : cymes few, apparently only 1 to 3,
far surpassed by very leafy sterile branches, short-petioled,
many-flowered and dense, the flowers very small; sepals very
long and lanceolate, surpassing the tube of the corolla ; color of
flower apparently deep purplish, but the specimens are fifty
years old, the shade therefore beyond exact discovery.

Yosemite Valley, California, W. H. Brewer, n. 1673 as in
U.S. Herb., collected 19 June, 1863.

APOCYNUM THERMALE. Both foliage and branches suberect,
and all of a dull bluish-green hue almost the same on both

ACCESSIONS TO APOCYNUM. 177

faces of the foliage, the plant wholly glabrous, both stem and
branches stout and very straight: leaves 2% to3% inches
long, subsessile, oblong-oval, obtuse at base, at apex only
abruptly and cuspidately or mucronately acute, the venation
green and inconspicuous: cymes short-peduncled, not equal-
ling the leaves subtending them: flowers of the very smallest,
erect on extremely short pedicels ; sepals short, deltoid-ovate ;
tube of corolla short-cylindric, the segments short, ovate,
slightly spreading, the color apparently dull pale flesh-color.

Tessajara Hot Springs, Monterey Co., California, June,
1901, collected by A. D. E. Elmer. Strictly of the cannabinum
alliance ; a comparatively small plant, with peculiarly strict
habit, as well as its own characters of leaf and flower.

APOCYNUM LONGIFOLIUM. Of the alliance of 4. cannabi-
num, perhaps as tall, but comparatively very slender, also very
sparingly branching and few-flowered, the stem and branches
purple and but little glaucous, the herbage light green and
glabrous, the foliage almost equally glaucous on both faces ;
uppermost leaves of the main stem 5 inches long, barely 1 inch
wide, those of the branches 3 inches long or more, all elliptic-
oblong, tapering below to a short petiole, at apex ending
sharply by a long almost subulate cusp or mucro: cymes few,
all greatly surpassed by the subtending leaves, the flowers not
many, of the smallest, even fairly minute ; sepals ovate lanceo-
late; corolla with cylindric tube and ovate lobes, the color
dull pale greenish purple.

A Californian species, collected on Sespe Creek, near Ten
Sycamore Flat, Ventura Co., 9 June, 1908, by Abrams & Mc-
Gregor. Remarkable for the great length of its leaves as well
as the peculiar pointing of them.

The foregoing species, to the number of more than twenty,
are of that group headed by A. cannabinum. I now proceed
with the results of a like inspection of the materials in our
herbaria representing the allies of A. androsaemifolium. The

178 LEAFLETS.

paper as a whole will only demonstrate the truth, not very
creditable to our botanical forefathers of several generations
past, that they never looked at these plants with the eyes of
botanists.

The cannabinum group finds a fuller development on the
Atlantic slope of the continent, the androsaemifolium alliance
on the Pacific ; at least from the Rocky Mountains westward,
and in the far away northwest, on the vast volcanic or half-arid
plains and mountain districts, this section blossoms out in a
multiplicity of dwarf species which in flower are often very
specious and beautiful.

APOCYNUM INSIGNE. Planta yard high or more and robust,
the stem glabrous and green without bloom; cauline leaves
elliptic-lanceolate, 5 inches long, 112 inches wide in the middle,
acute at both ends, short-petioled, widely spreading but not
deflexed, green above and with a scantily pubescent midvein,
underneath whitish, this partly by reason of a dense bloom,
and partly as being thinly hirtellous with white hairs: cymes
as in other members of its group terminal and axillary, but
strongly developed and very many-flowered ; flowers appar-
ently colored as in A. androsaemifolium, but not more than
half as large; sepals short, deltoid-ovate; corolla campanu-
late, deeply lobed.

Mountains of Virginia, the specimens collected by Gerrit S.
Miller on Stony Man Mountain, near a large spring, 3 July,
1903. The species is allied to 4. medium of the Potomac
Valley, District of Columbia, but is twice or thrice as large,
with extremely different foliage and large clusters of small
flowers. The follicles in this very large species are the small-
est known in the genus.

APOCYNUM LEUCONEURON. Akin to A. androsaemifolium,
evidently larger, probably a yard high, the foliage more
elongated : leaves lance-ovate, those of the main stem 3% to
4 inches long, 1% to 134 inches wide a little below the middle,
of firm texture, dark green and glabrous above, paler beneath

ACCESSIONS TO APOCYNUM. 179

and there sparsely pubescent on the general superficies, but
densely so along the conspicuously white and broad veins:
flowers smaller than in the allied species, produced in sessile
but exclusively terminal cymes; sepals lance-ovate, short;
corolla with short subcylindric tube and deeply cleft limb, the
color apparently pinkish.

Type in U. S. Herb. from Cockrell, Missouri, 3 July, 1898,
B. F. Bush. The leaves of the stem in this are deflexed as in
the type to which I liken it; the flowers also are not so
extremely different as they are in, for example, A. medium ;
but both the foliage, with its strong peculiar veininess, and
the strictly terminal inflorescence, seem to claim for the plant
the rank of a species.

APOCYNUM SILVATICUM. Akin to A. androsaemifolium,
rather stout, 2 feet high, the stem naked to the middle, there
parted into 2 or 3 once or twice dichotomous leafy and flower-
ing branches: leaves large for the plant, 2% to 3 inches long,
1% to 134 inches wide, and widest at the middle, the outline
being mostly rhombic-ovate, with here and there one of oval
outline, all tapering to the base and short petioled, acute at
apex, ascending or somewhat spreading, never drooping, the
upper face deep green and glabrous, the lower pale with
bloom, also along the veins hirsutulous with white hairs, a
few distributed to the general face : cymes more terminal than
subterminal, all with long peduncles and numerous pinkish
flowers: sepals short, deltoid-ovate; corolla quite open-cam-
panulate and with broad short lobes.

Joplin, Missouri, B. F. Bush, n. 2271 as in U. S. Herb.,
collected 7 June, 1909; distributed as A. wurceoliferum to
which it is not by any means correctly referable. Rocky Woods
are given as its habitat.

APOCYNUM ELLIPTICUM. Plant with purple and glabrous
stem and branches devoid of bloom; leaves remarkably firm
of texture, fairly subcoriaceous, dark-green above, very pale
and glaucous beneath, in outline exactly elliptical, short-

180 LEAFLETS.

petioled, widely spreading ; cymes both terminal and axillary,
elongated and many-flowered, in full development forming an
ample inflorescence, yet not at all corymbose; sepals ovate, or
lance-ovate; corolla pinkish or purplish, not large, the tube
cylindric but very short, the segments as long or longer.

An ally of A. androsaemifolium from the Guadalupe Moun-
tains of Texas, collected by Vernon Bailey, 19 Aug., 1901.
The foliage is well characterized both as to form and texture.
The corollas are smaller than in the more familiar ally, far
more numerous, and of different form, being in no wise
campanulate.

APOCYNUM VACILLANS. Plant of the largest, probably very
tall, glabrous throughout, the herbage vivid green as to upper
faces, the lower singularly ash-colored by something like a
grayish bloom, but this hardly effaceable : cauline leaves lance-
ovate, 4 or 5 inches long, 2 inches broad below the middle,
subsessile, rounded at base, at apex scarcely mucronate but
acute ; those of the branches not half as large, almost precisely
elliptical, acute at base, at apex very acute: cymes few-
flowered, most terminal but some lateral, and all sessile:
flowers rather small, not erect; sepals lanceolate, nearly
equalling the short tube of the campanulate corolla, of which
also the segments are long, equalling the tube, the whole
corolla colored much as in 4. androsaemifolium.

The only specimen before me of this fine plant was collected
somewhere in the State of Washington as long ago as 1889,
by Geo. R. Vasey, and preserved in U. S. Herb. Some one
has labelled it 4. cannabinum. Looking at nothing but the
upper face of the leaves, this would be any one’s hasty judg-
ment of it as to its nearest affinity, for not only is that face of
the shade of green characteristic of that group, but the leaves
are rather ascending than otherwise; at least, they have not
the spread, much less the decided droop of those of 4. andros-
aemifolium ; but when one attends to the inflorescence and the
flowers one finds them entirely those of the group headed by
the species last named. It is the best case I have met with

ACCESSIONS TO APOCYNUM. 181

of ambiguity between the two groups, and I have named it in
reference to that characteristic.

APOCYNUM ELMERI. Distinctly and in all respects of the
group of 4. androsaemifolium, the foliage oblong-elliptic, deep
green above, very glaucous beneath, the cauline leaves 3 inches
long, 14 wide in the middle, tapering to a narrowed but at
last subtruncate base, at apex mucronate-acute: the branching
of the plant for the flowering quite fastigiate, the inflorescence
as a whole distinctly corymbose, both the terminal and lateral
cymes well pedunculate and many-flowered ; sepals triangular-
lanceolate, not equalling the tube of the corolla, the segments
of the corolla not as long as the tube; the whole flower pink-
ish or purplish, all of them standing out horizontally on
slender pedicels of quite unusual length.

This is another Washington species, collected in Whitman
County, in 1896, by A. D. E. Elmer. Although the collector
himself labelled it 4. cannabinum, it lacks every mark of that
species. Its leaves are dark-green, they droop; the individual
flower is as clearly as far from that of 4. cannabinum as is the
inflorescence. Such a plant, so clearly a western relative of
A. androsaemifolium, places it beyond doubt that my 4.
pumilum is no mere subspecies.

APOCYNUM GRISEUM. Plant evidently tall, only the flower-
ing branches taken, these a foot long, flowering only terminally
and from the two uppermost axils as in 4. androsaemifolium,
below the inflorescence leafy, the leaves in 3 or 4 pairs, distinctly
petiolate, neither deflexed nor ascending, but spreading hori-
zontally, the blades broadly ovate, subcordate, the apex only
acutish, 134 to 2 inches long, 1 to 14 inches wide near the
base, the branches, peduncles, pedicels, calyx, and the leaves
beneath gray with a fine short tomentum ; upper face of leaves
of the usual dull-green and minutely as well as sparingly
pubescent : flowers not numerous, of a flesh-purple hue, the
sepals lanceolate, shorter than the corolla-tube, this and the
whole of the corolla campanulate, but the lobes narrow, and
with unusually wide sinuses between them.

182 LEAFLETS.

Near the boundary between the United States and Canada,
for northwestward, between the Columbia and Kettle Rivers,
within Canadian territory, collected by J. M. Macoun, 6 June,
1902, Geol. Surv. No. 66,555 as in my herbarium ; distributed
for A. androsaemifolium.

APOCYNUM OVALIFOLIUM. Planta foot high or more, stout-
ish and with few and opposite brachiate branches : leaves firm,
even subcoriaceous, short-petioled, of exactly oval outline,
obtuse, inconspicuously mucronate, of a very dull dark-green
above and very minutely and somewhat granulately puberulent,
the lower face glaucescent, glabrous: cymes pedunculate,
terminal and subterminal, few-flowered ; sepals lanceolate,
acuminate, very long, equalling the tube of the corolla ; corolla
rather small, flesh-purple, its segments elongated-oval, almost
as long as the tube.

Collected along Rogue River, Jackson Co., Oregon, 21 Aug.,
1897, by Mrs. R. M. Austin. Manifestly of the group of A.
androsaemifolium despite the fact that its corolla-tube, though
short, is not campanulate but short-cylindric ; also the flowers
are nearly erect, which is also out of character for the group.
The indument of the surface of the leaf is very minute ; perhaps
a granular coating merely, but it imparts a dulness of color
that is peculiar.

APOCYNUM RUBICUNDUM. Plant large and stout, glabrous
in every part, the foliage spreading or deflexed, of a firm
almost coriaceous texture, all the leaves oval, the largest 3
inches long, 2 inches wide, distinctly petiolate, the base very
obtuse, the apex also rounded, but conspicuously mucronate,
dark-green above, pale beneath: flowers many in clusters
terminal and subterminal and borne beyond the leaves ; sepals
ovate-lanceolate ; corolla small, rather narrowly campanulate,
but deeply cleft, of a pale rose color.

Collected by Kirk Whited, at Stines, Chelan Co., Wash-
ington, 11 Aug., 1901, and distributed with no show of reason
for A. pumilum. ‘The plant is larger and stouter than the

ACCESSIONS TO APOCYNUM. 183

largest 4. androsaemifolium, but with smaller and quite reddish
flowers. It has an almost coriaceously thick foliage, and is
of the arid interior of the county.

APOCYNUM STENOLOBUM. Plants branched from almost the
very base; only 6 to 10 inches high, glabrous throughout:
lowest leaves small, oval obtuse, % to 34 inch long, the others
exactly ovate, 1% inches long, obtuse at base, scarcely acute
at apex though there very prominently subulate-mucronate,
of thinnish texture, very dark-green above, whitish with
bloom beneath, the upper ascending on rather long and slen-
der petioles, the lower widely spreading or even deflexed:
flowers few and large, mostly terminal; sepals triangular-
lanceolate, with long and slender acumination; corolla with
long narrow cylindric tube and very long oblong-linear sub-
erect segments, the whole little less than 14 inch long, pinkish
or flesh-color.

This is another of the fine discoveries of Mrs. R. M. Aus-
tin in extreme northwestern California, where she obtained
it, on Davis Creek, Modoc Co., in 1895. It can have formed
no part of the Grayian var. pumilum, for that author never
saw this plant. The type sheet is in my own herbarium,
n. 7052.

APOCYNUM PANICULATUM. Plant a foot high more or less,
with short naked main stem erect, but the branching above
this wide and somewhat fastigiate, the branches copiously
leafy, all of them at summit very definitely cymose-panicu-
late: leaves about 13⁄4 inches long, 1 inch wide, mostly of
precisely ovate outline, but many oval, very short-petioled,
at base subcordate, at apex obtuse or only acutish, of rather
firm texture, dark-green above, glaucous beneath, spreading
apart, but not drooping; numerous flowers borne above all
foliage in about 5 to 7 simple or compound cymes of which
the terminal one is not larger than the laterals which join it
to form an apparently panicled inflorescence : sepals triangu-
lar-lanceolate, acute, the tips straight; corolla with long tube

184 LEAFLETS.

slightly widening upwards, the segments of more than half
its length, ovate-oblong, acutish, recurved.

The habitat of this exceedingly beautiful dwarf dogbane is
along Warner Creek, in the extreme northeastern corner of
California, which forms a part of the great volcanic and half
desert region that is extensive in adjacent Oregon and Nevada.
The very fine specimens before me belong to my own herb-
arium and were collected by Mrs. R. M. Austin, in August,
1882. ‘The panicled inflorescence, of numerous and large
flowers, is not peculiar to this one species. It marks my 4.
tomentellum of western Nevada, and several more.

APOCYNUM EXIMIUM. Plant dwarf and large-flowered, but
somewhat larger than the last, the stems 8 to 12 inches high,
solitary, leafless and naked below to the height of 3 or 4
inches, thence simple or with only 2 or 3 branches, glabrous
throughout; lower leaves round-oval, 34 inch long, the
others mostly ovate to round-ovate, 1% to 134 inches long
and near the base almost as broad, all very obtuse, or the very
uppermost retuse, yet none lacking a short abrupt mucro;
texture firm, the upper face dark-green, the lower glaucous:
flowers few, very large, in terminal and subterminal cymes;
sepals short, deltoid-ovate; corolla quite 34 inch long, flesh
colored, the long tube slightly widening, the lance-oblong
obtuse lobes nearly as long as the tube, and merely ascending.

Collected by W. N. Suksdorf, in Falcon Valley, Washing-
ton, in 1886, distributed by him for the Grayian var. pumil-
um, of which wondrous aggregate it may or may not have
formed a part.

APOCYNUM POLYCARDIUM. Low, widely branched from the
base or near it, 9 or 10 inches high, the breadth of the plant as
a whole a foot or more; stem and branches tomentulose-
puberulent, densely clothed with a spreading and exactly
heart-shaped small foliage; leaves 1 to 1% inches long, very
obtuse, or even retuse, at apex and mucronulate, dark-green
and puberulent above, glaucous and sparsely pubescent be-

ACCESSIONS TO APOCYNUM. 185

neath ; flowers few, pinkish, large for the plant, in subsessile
terminal and subterminal cymes; sepals very short, deltoid-
ovate, barely acute, of hardly one-fourth the length of the
broad subcampanulate tube of the corolla; corolla-limb of
deep narrowly oval and obtuse spreading lobes.

The fine specimen in U. S. Herb., representing a very
marked species, is from Jackson Co., southwestern Oregon,
and was collected 14 July, 1892, by E. W. Hammond. The
foliage in this is so copious, and so perfectly heart-shaped as
to invite, better than any other species, such a name as corda-
tum or cordigerum.

APOCYNUM PLUMBEUM. Dwarf 5 to 7 inches high, parted
into 3 or 4 branches widely spreading from near the base,
each with a compound-cymose terminal inflorescence, the
whole herbage glabrous and of a leaden gray with density of
bloom ; lowest leaves orbicular, only % inch across, the others
twice or more than twice as large, ovate, obtuse, mucronate,
spreading or even drooping on their short but slender petioles:
flowers very small, reddish or purplish, the calyx with dis-
tinctly turbinate and undivided basal part, and broadly lan-
ceolate segments not equalling the middle of the corolla, this
tubular and slightly ventriose to near the summit, there cleft
into oblong recurved lobes.

Western Nevada, in the Walker River region, collected ffty
years since by W. H. Brewer, ‘near West Branch of Walker
River.’’ Remarkable for the dull lead-color of the stem and
both faces of the foliage, and hardly less so for the small tub-
ular corollas that imitate those some ericaceous plants.

APOCYNUM XYLOSTEACEUM. Plants 6 inches high, the stem
naked below for about 2 inches, then parted into several sub-
erect branches closely leafy and flowering terminally and in
some upper axils; leaves all small, ovate varying to oval,
mostly 34 inch long, obtuse at both ends, nearly all abruptly
deflexed, of a very dull dark green above, glaucous beneath,
glabrous everywhere ; flowering copious in terminal and a few

186 LEAFLETS.

subterminal subsessile cymes; sepals lanceolate and long, yet
far from half equalling the long tubiform corolla, the oval
obtuse segments of which are of less than one-third the length
the tube and erect.

A diminutive species known to me in but a single sheet in
U. S. Herb., of three excellent specimens collected in the Kla-
math Valley in southern Oregon almost fifty years since by
Dr. H. M. Cronkhite, U.S. A. With its small tubular corollas
like those of some dwarf caprifoliaceous shrubs, this would
pass at first glance with the uninitiated for a xylosteum or a
symphoricarpus.

APOCYNUM PULCHELLUM. Dwarf and depressed, the stems
only 6 to 10 inches long, decumbent, or even for their whole
length almost reclining, much branched, puberulent ; leaves
mostly spreading horizontally on distinct but short petioles, sel-
dom deflexed, oval, obtuse at both ends, the largest only A
inch long, % inch wide, firm, dark green and glabrous above,
pale and sparsely pubescent beneath: cymes numerous, and
from several of the upper axils, occasionally, and to the num-
ber of 5 or more, panicled above the upper pair of leaves ;
pedicels hairy under the calyx, the hairiness extending upwards
along the middle of the sepals, these broadly lanceolate, acu-
minate: corolla very large, purplish, the tube long and cylin-
dric, the lobes nearly as long as the tube, oblong, obtuse, not
widely spreading.

Mountain meadows of Lassen Co., California, collected long
ago by Mrs. R. M. Austin. This remarkably beautiful dog-
bane is so small, and with such diminutive and rounded foli-
age, as to give it the appearance of some small caprifoliaceous
plant, a dwarf snowberry, for example.

APOCYNUM ROTUNDIFOLIUM. Of the size of A. pulchellum,
but upright, branching only fastigiately, and from above the
base, glabrous throughout; lowest leaves almost exactly

=") oa

ACCESSIONS TO APOCYNUM. 187

orbicular, 1 inch across, the next slightly verging to ovate,
1% inches long, all nearly sessile, widely spreading, none
deflexed, of subcoriaceous texture, dark green above, very
glaucous beneath, cymes both terminal and axillary small and
on short peduncles; sepals broadly and deltoidly lanceolate,
their slender tips recurved ; corolla purplish, large, the tube
subcylindric, slightly ventricose, being a trifle constricted
under the comparatively very short lobes, these of barely one-
third the length of the tube, obtuse and recurved.

Known chiefly as collected in the Sierra Nevada of Califor-
nia, somewhere in Placer Co., in Sept., 1892, by A. M. Car-
penter.

APOCYNUM ARCUATUM. Dwarf barely 7 inches in height,
but the plant by virtue of its long and recurved branches
measuring more than a foot across; all the herbage puberu-
lent, both faces of the leaves hirtellously so, the lower quite
pale with bloom, the upper dull dark green: all the lowest
leaves small and subreniform, those next them orbicular, the
others round-oval, the largest about an inch wide: flowers
very large, but not very numerous, in short and subsessile
terminal and lateral cymes; sepals short, lance-ovate, these
and the pedicels villous-pubescent: corolla with subcylindric
tube only very slightly wider above than below, the segments
in length approaching that of the tube, elongated-oval, little
spreading.

The plant is known to me only as collected in 1892 by Mr.
Jepson, the locality being the South Fork of Eel River, Cali-
fornia, a station that might lie in Lake County or Mendocino,
probably Lake. It forms part of my 4. pumilum published in
the Bay-Region Manual, and is my sole warrant for attributing
to the species there so named the character of subreniform lower
leaves. By this mark, fortified as it is by the arcuate and
elongated branches, and flowers of their own peculiar pattern,
the plant must claim specific rank ; and since nothing of this,
nor of anything much like it, was ever seen by Asa Gray, it

188 LEAFLETS.

could not have been a part of his ‘‘ variety pumilum,” a thing
which can have no status any way, even as a variety, because
it was never described.

APOCYNUM CERCIDIUM. Plants 5 to 8 inches high, widely
branched from the base, the width of the plant equalling
its height, densely leafy with a very large foliage, the short
cymes partly surpassed by it, every part of the plant glabrous ;
lowest leaves orbicular and smallish, the next also suborbic-
ular yet perceptibly longer than broad, 134 inches long, the
width less by % inch, subcordate at base, retuse at apex, the
usual mucro obsolete, other foliage broadly oval, obtuse at
both ends, mucronulate, all the leaves spreading or slightly
ascending, none deflexed ; flowers few, terminal and axillary;
sepals triangular-lanceolate, acuminate, of less than half the
length of the tube of the corolla ; corolla not large, quite cam-
panulate, the lobes long-oval, obtuse.

Fort Bidwell, Modoc Co., California, June, 1903, collected
by Mary A. Manning; type in U. S. Herb., sheet 667,872.
Flowers more nearly like those of A. androsaemifolium than
in any other species, but the plant a dwarf, with large foliage
recalling that of the genus Cercis.

Apocynum ÅAUSTINAE. Plant 18 inches high, simple and
leafless for the first 6 inches, then parted into a very few
ascending branches sparsely leafy, at summit, loosely but
freely flowering, in all parts glabrous; leaves small for the
plant and all deflexed, short-petiolate, ovate, obtuse, mucro-
nate, averaging 1 inch long, dark-green above, pale beneath ;
sepals short, ovate, acute, somewhat spreading; corolla of
middle size for this group, narrow, cylindric nearly, and that
from base to orifice, the oblong, obtuse segments of half the
length of the tube, but erect ; follicles 4 inches long, straight,
closely contiguous and erect.

Lassen Creek, Modoc Co., California, Aug., 1894, Mrs.
R. M. Austin, the type in my own herbarium, n. 7106.

ain ii

ACCESSIONS TO APOCYNUM. 189

APOCYNUM LURIDUM. Low, widely branched from an inch
above the base, but only 8 inches high, the branches copiously
leafy, but the leaves ascending, or only spreading, large for
the plant, those at summit as large as those near the base, and
fully equalling when not surpassing the sessile inflorescences ;
lowest leaves small, orbicular, the next large, suborbicular,
retuse, the rest oval, obtuse, mucronulate, average length of
leaves more than 1 inch, all glabrous, deep but hardly dark
green above, glaucous beneath; sepals ovate, acuminate, short
for the corolla, this nearly cylindric as to the rather broad
tube, the oval obtuse lobes of more than one-third the length
of the tube and spreading, the whole of a deep lurid purple
like that of some solanaceous flowers.

Lassen Creek, Modoc Co., California, Aug., 1894, Mrs.
Austin, the only specimen being in my own herbarium, n.
7107.

APOCYNUM DIVERSIFOLIUM. Plant 10 inches high, simple,
rather closely leafy from base to summit, sparsely pubescent
as to stem and both faces of the leaves, of which the lower
pairs are orbicular, 34 inch across, those in the middle portion
of the stem ovate, 14 inches long, the uppermost pairs oval
and smaller, all obtuse, faintly mucronate, dark green above,
paler beneath; terminal inflorescences borne well above all
foliage, the lateral cymes when present surpassing the leaves
subtending them ; sepals short, ovate, scarcely acute ; corolla
purplish, of a broad cylindric tube and rather large oval obtuse
reflexed segments.

Collected at Fredalba in the San Bernardino Mts., south-
ern California, 22 July, 1902, by Le Roy Abrams, distributed
for 4. pumilum as many another excellent undescribed species
has been. ‘This one, like several other of the dwarf kinds of
California and Oregon, departs somewhat from the general
characteristics of androsaemifolium allies in that the corollas
are nearly erect, never quite nodding.

190 LEAFLETS.

New Species of Trautvetteria.

TRAUTVETTERIA NERVATA. Basal leaves not of the largest,
pedately rather than palmately parted almost to the base, the
primary segments narrow, their lobes almost divaricate, form-
ing oblong sinuses by overlapping each other above: flowers
not known: achenes numerous, much compressed, obliquely
somewhat lunate, narrow at base, a distinct nerve or promi-
nent secondary vein traversing each interval between two
primary ribs, the whole head round-ovate rather than spherical.

In rich damp woods near Dublin, Georgia, 21 June, 1902,
collected by Roland Harper. It is the first strongly marked
species that has been added to genus since its establishment ;
both the one belonging to the Pacific coast of America, and
the Japanese species, differing from the Atlantic American
type by no very striking peculiarities. But this Georgian
species at the very first glance at even the foliage declares
itself as something well marked and distinct; and the ovate
heads of achenes are another peculiarity that is obvious
enough ; but the secondary nerves, running the whole length
of the carpel, constitute a character which calls for an amend-
ment of the diagnosis of the genus. So also does the nature
of the achene as being much compressed laterally after the
manner of Thalictrum.

TRAUTVETTERIA FIMBRIATA. Foliage not large, of firmer
texture than in 7. grandis, of a lighter green, almost glauces-
cent beneath, the radical leaf of suborbicular contour and 6
inches across, deeply cut into 5 or 7 subrhomboid segments
entire as to their cuneate-tapering base, the rest of the seg-
ment fimbriate-lacerate: both the cyme and the individual
flower very large for the plant, and stamens excessively
numerous: achenes small, slightly compressed, broadest at
about the middle, tapering abruptly to each end, the space
between the ventral rib or angle and the lateral showing 4
very prominent nerve which, as a branch of the ventral, runs

NEW SPECIES OF TRAUTVETTERIA. 191

diagonally to about the middle of the achene and there ends
abruptly ; style prominent, but not long as in 7. grandis.

A beautiful and well marked species, evidently rare, known
only as collected by W. C. Cusick, in ‘‘subalpine bogs and
stream banks’’ of eastern Oregon, in June and July of 1886.
The leaves in this show narrowly V-shaped sinuses between
all the main segments; another distinctive mark. Appar-
ently of this species is a specimen from the Blue Mountains,
southeastern Washington, by Robert M. Horner, collected in
July, 1897.

TRAUTVETTERIA APPLANTA. Plant not large, 1% feet
high, the radical leaf 6 inches broad or less, subtruncate at
base, the sinuses between the lobes oblong, nearly closed, the
lobes rather evenly and very acutely serrate-toothed, the
whole leaf very firm and strongly veined and nerved : achenes
many, much more compressed than in other species, the sides
obliquely elongated oval, not narrowed sensibly at either end,
the summit appearing obtuse, the short style so lateral as to
appear below the geometric summit of the achene, the sides
commonly showing a longer or shorter nerve between the
ventral angle and the lateral.

The habitat of this is the middle West southward, beyond
the Mississippi. The specimens before me are from southern
Missouri, and were gathered at Monteer, by B. F. Bush 27
July, 1899. It is said to be common on river bluffs, presum-
ably wooded.

TRAUTVETTERIA ROTUNDATA. Plant of the largest, with
ample foliage thin and not obviously veiny ; radical leaf 9
inches wide, parted nearly to the base, the sinuses narrowly
oblong, mostly closed, the segments coarsely and unevenly
somewhat incise-toothed, but the teeth obtusish: heads of
carpels small, globose, the achene as broad as long and sub-
orbicular, not much inflated, the style rather long.

Borders of Mill Creek, Plumas Co., California, collected by
Mrs. R. M. Austin, in 1877, the only specimen seen being in

192 LEAFLETS.

my herbarium ; but the plant was evidently communicated to
Dr. Gray at the time, for there is a mention made of it by Mr.
Watson in the Californian Geological Survey Botany, vol. ii,
p. 425; but this Californian plant is not there described. It
had not been botanically looked at by either Gray or Watson.
The description which I thus refer to is that of the Oregonian
T. grandis, which Watson proposed to restore, after Gray
(Proc. Am. Acad. viii, p. 372) had reduced it. This Cali-
fornian plant does not at all answer to 7. grandis, even as to
foliage, much less as to its achenes. In 7. grandis these are
not at all suborbicular, but broad and rounded as to the upper
part only, thence tapering to the base.

TRAUTVETTERIA SANICULIFOLIA. Plant barely 2 feet high,
the stem bearing 3 or 4 ample long-stalked leaves, no truly
basal one obvious; leaves of orbicular circumscription, but
deeply 5-parted and without basal sinus, the lower lobes over-
lapping, the segments narrowly cuneate-obovate, coarsely
serrate-toothed above the middle, all of very thin texture,
without prominent veins, but the upper face conspicuously
fine-reticulate throughout, both faces glabrous, the lower of a
deeper and a glossy green: fruit unknown.

Species known only as collected by Mr. Heller, about Lake
Waha, Nez Perces Co., Idaho, in June, 1896. The leaves
have exactly the cut of those of typical Sanicula. Their
copious development up and down the stem is another char-
acter, and the beautifully reticulate surface is another.

TRAUTVETTERIA MEDIA. Plant of the largest, the radical
leaf a foot in diameter, often less, cleft almost to the base, the
segments showing long narrow mostly closed sinuses, them-
selves 3-cleft and very coarsely and irregularly serrate-toothed:
achenes small, tipped with a rather long style that is closely
circinate, the space next the ventral suture with one or two
short nerves.

A New Mexican species of the upper Gila River in Soccorro
Co., growing at 9000 feet in the mountains; the specimens

“Ss

SOME ERIGERON SEGREGATES. 193

gathered by O. B. Metcalfe, 15 Aug., 1903, and distributed
under the name of 7. grandis on my authority. That de-
termination was made quite too inconsiderately. While geo-
graphically the New Mexican plant is quite as far removed
from the habitat of the western species as from the eastern
one, the great dimensions of it seemed to connect it with 7.
grandis; also the achenes were seen to have something like
the more elongated beak of those of T. grandis , but, on care-
ful comparison it becomes clear that in the species last named
the long beak is in the main straight, being merely hooked at
the end, while here in the geographically intermediate plant
the whole style is coiled into something like a ring; also the
body of the achene has markings between the main angles
which ally it with the two eastern species above described
as new.

Specimens from a very different part of New Mexico,
namely of the Pecos River country, are in U. S. Herb., col-
lected in 1908, by Mr. Paul Standley. They are all imma-
ture and incomplete. I dare not assume that they are refer-
able to T. media, for the foliage seems different, and smaller.
Neither do they furnish clear warrant for any opinion that
they represent another species.

Some Erigeron Segregates.

Nearly all the new propositions here following under the
above title are aptly to be denominated segregates because of
their having been listed in books under old names. Superficial
glances, and rough guesses as to identity, such as authors
often content themselves with, give example to herbarium
aids, and to those who collect and sell specimens ; thus is en-
gendered wild confusion of many species under one name in
the thick bundles of the larger public herbaria; and perhaps
none are now worse off in that regard than those of so-called
Erigeron, this notwithstanding that in recent years not a few
new segregates have been indicated by the few of us who

194 LEAFLETS.

study western botany. Still, there is much more waiting to be
done; and those species now proposed are but a continuation,
not a conclusion of the task. I take up first in order things
that have been passing for Æ. glabellus, macranthus and salsu-
ginosus.

ERIGERON PATENS. Perennial, stout, rigid, upright, 2 feet
high, equably leafy to near the summit, there parted into
many long leafy monocephalous branches to form an ample
paniculate-corymbose inflorescence : all the foliage remarkably
hard and rigid, glabrous except marginally and along the
veins: basal leaves not seen, those of the main stem 2% inches
long, widely spreading or even notably deflexed, closely ses-
sile by a broad base, very acute at apex, the general outline
elliptic-lanceolate, strongly scabrous-ciliolate, with some simi-
lar short stiff hairs along the veins beneath; leaves of the
branches half as large, somewhat ovate, acuminate, bristly-
ciliate and, like the branches, densely glandular-puberulent:
involucres % inch high, 34 inch broad, their bracts not notably
unequal, wholly herbaceous, caudately acuminate, purplish
and granular-viscid: rays very many, long and shiny, of a
rather light purple: achenes strigulous; inner pappus of
quite firm bristles, the outer of fewer short and stout ones not
clearly squamiform.

Type in U. S. Herb., collected by D. T. McDougal in slop-
ing pine woods of Strawberry Valley, near Pine, central
Arizona, 29 Aug., 1891. A poorer specimen of what is essen-
tially the same, though not as much roughened, is at hand
from near Flagstaff, Ariz., by M. E. Jones, 6 Aug., 1884.

ERIGERON FOLIOSISSIMUS. Allied, like the preceding, to
E. macranthus, equally, and even more densely leafy to sum-
mit, but little more than a foot high, the tuft of basal leaves
all fresh and conspicuous at time of flowering, oblong-oval,
1% to 2% inches long, including the short and very distinct
petiole, obtuse, entire, rather pale-green, faintly nerved, every-

eS o

SOME ERIGERON SEGREGATES. 195

where glabrous except as to a minute marginal series of stiff
incurved hairs; the cauline more than an inch long, quite
crowded on the upper two-thirds of the stem, oblong-lanceolate,
sessile, very acute, not ciliolate, every part showing under a
lens a minute roughness of glandular points, this extending
equally to the stem and peduncles as well as bracts of the
involucre: heads large, only 2 or 3 and short-peduncled at the
very apex of the stem; bracts of involucre devoid of pubes-
cence, showing an herbaceous midvein between the two definite
scarious margins, only a few of the outer somewhat shorter
and wholly herbaceous: rays very narrow, blue-purple: squa-
mellae of the pappus minute, nearly subulate.

Near Fort Huachuca in extreme southern Arizona, Sept.,
1891, Dr. T. E. Wilcox; type in U. S. Herb.

ERIGERON GULIELMI. Related to Æ. gladellus, but smaller,
the decumbent and almost leafy stems a foot high from a
subligneous and branched caudex : basal leaves 1 to 1) inches
long including the rather short petiole, in outline cuneate-
oblong, very obtuse, of firm texture, but glabrous on both
faces, yet both blades and petioles strongly short-ciliate with
curved hairs: stem monocephalous, naked above the middle,
below it with here and there a reduced and sessile oblong-
linear leaf: bracts of involucre linear, acuminate, herbaceous,
glandular-viscid : rays very numerous but not narrow, yet not
of the broadest: no heads mature, therefore achenes and
Pappus not seen.

Well marked, and known only as collected on Bill William
Mountain, northern Arizona, by the late Dr. Edward Palmer
in 1869; type in U. S. Herb.

ERIGERON SUBASPER. Of the general aspect of Æ. gladellus,
much smaller, stout, rigid, all the herbage firmer, and of a
pallid, rather than vivid green: basal leaves 1% to 3 inches
long, erect, somewhat obovate-spatulate, tapering to a flat and
not very narrow petiole, the limb very obtuse, mucronate ;

196 LEAFLETS.

cauline leaves oval, sessile, obtuse, or in some specimens ob-
lanceolate and acute, both faces of all sparsely scabrous and
the margins scabrous-ciliolate, very closely so: heads large,
in the more robust 5 or 6 and corymbose, in others 1 or 2, their
peduncles with a bract or two: bracts of involucre rather
short, all densely strigose; rays numerous, light purple, not
very narrow; outer pappus obscure, made up of very short
bristles. .

Plant common on the San Francisco Mountain, northern
Arizona ; distributed perhaps first by J. G. Lemmon in 1884,
later by C. A. Purpus in 1900, the specimens by the latter
distributed for Æ. gladellus, of the former for Æ. macranthus.

The low robust growth, firm pale rough foliage, besides the
floral characters abundantly distinguish this from its northern
ally, which is Æ. glabellus. I collected a good series of speci-
mens of the plant, near the base of the mountain, in 1889,
and they have until now remained in my herbarium without a
name.

ERIGERON ELDENSIS. Of the group of Æ. gladellus, but
less resembling it habitally, the stems tall, to the height of
more than a foot, slender and very erect from the base, proba-
bly not clustered but growing singly : basal leaves 3 inches
high or less, including the long slender petiole, the blades
oval and obtuse to elliptical and acutish, those of the stem an
inch long more or less, broadly to narrowly lanceolate, sessile,
very acute, all the foliage of very thin texture and glabrous
except as to the not very strongly scabrous-serrulate margins :
heads 1 to 3, when 2 or 3 the lateral far surpassing the ter-
minal: bracts of involucre rather few, equal, slender and
acuminate, only very obscurely scabrous-puberulent; rays
purple, narrow, not excessively numerous; outer pappus of
extremely small and narrow squamellae or bristles.

Cafions and slopes of Elden Mesa, northern Arizona, at
6600 feet, collected by J. B. Leiberg, 11 Aug., 1901 ; dis-
tributed to U. S. Herb. without specific name, under the col-
lector’s number 5387.

ee es

SOME ERIGERON SEGREGATES. 197

ERIGERON HUACHUCANUS. With the habit and the aspect
of Æ. subasper, but the herbage pale almost to hoariness with a
rather close investiture of harsh hairs inflexed from a pustulate
base : lowest leaves short-petioled and with oval-elliptic blades,
those of the stem rather large, many, partly overlapping each
other, spatulate-oblong and oblong-obtuse, sessile, narrower
ones extending even to the summit near the large head : bracts
of the involucre neither very narrow nor at all acuminate,
rather obtushish, strigose-hairy on the back ; rays many, either
white or very pale, of medium width between those of Erigeron
and Aster: achenes strigose-hairy, outer pappus of minute
subulate squamellae.

Near Fort Huachuca, southern Arizona, T. E. Wilcox,
Sept., 1894.

There is a very beautiful large broad-rayed asteraceous plant
very common in the mountains of Colorado, Wyoming, Mon-
tana and even far to the northwestward, one which might as
well be called an aster as an erigeron, which figures in our
herbaria, where there are hundreds of sheets of it, as Erigeron
salsuginosus , meanwhile there is not in all the United States
any plant at all which answers or even comes near answering
to that plant of the high North, the ‘‘salt plains of the Atha-
basca ’’ described by Richardson in 1823 as Aster salsuginosus.
I now name and define our Rocky Mountain plant, according
to it the rank it long has called for.

ERIGERON CALLIANTHEMUS. ‘The stoutish stems commonly
1% feet high, often somewhat less, upright above an ascend-
ing base, sparsely leafy, often monocephalous, more com-
monly with one terminal head and a lateral one borne much
above the terminal : herbage thin and delicate, to all appear-
ance glabrous: basal leaves of narrowly elliptical blade 3 or 4
inches long and a petiole much shorter than that, or now and
then almost as long; cauline leaves ovate and ovate-oblong or

LEAFLETS, Vol. II, pp. 197-228. “ff April, 1912.

198 LEAFLETS.

lanceolate, 114 to 2 inches long, sessile by a half-clasping
base, acute, all the foliage without notable veininess and
glabrous except as to a minute and obscure marginal series of
appressed hairs: peduncles under the heads pale with an
appressed and short fine pubescence: involucre of the termi-
nal head fully an inch broad, its bracts wholly herbaceous,
apparently in two or more series, their acuminate tips
recurved, their margins below minutely glandular-ciliolate
and the whole involucre viscidulous : ray-flowers 50-60, broad
as in asters but long, the expanded head 2 inches across, color
of rays mostly of a rich deep violet, though sometimes paler :
achenes silky-strigulose; pappus simple, of rather firm and
numerous bristles.

The center of distribution for this fine plant seems to be the
southern part of Wyoming and adjacent northern Colorado.
It is from that part of the West that the most copious display
of specimens is made by the larger herbaria. Excellent
examples have been distributed from various parts of Wyom-
ing by Prof. Nelson, from northern Colorado by C. C. Parry,
H. N. Patterson, C. S. Sheldon, Geo. E. Osterhout and
others, while from southern Colorado it was abundantly sent
out by C. F. Baker, and Mr. Standley gathered it in New
Mexico. These mentioned are all in flower only. Mature
heads with ripe achenes are in my own herbarium in abun-
dance, the specimens all taken by myself on Little Ouray
Mountain below Marshall Pass, Colo., in 1896. From Oregon,
Washington, Idaho and the mountains of British Columbia
come plants named Æ. salsuginosus which seem to belong to
this Æ. cailianthemus , though from so wide a range, and from
such diversity of climatic and other conditions, the plants
show a considerable degree of variation, but chiefly as to size
of the plants, along with deviations from the typical leaf outline.
But there are other western and far northwestern allies that
demand rank as specifically separate from this most beautiful
of Rocky Mountain asteraceous plants.

SOME ERIGERON SEGREGATES. 199

E. MEMBRANACEUS Greene, Pitt. v. 294 (1898), was a seg-
regate of the confused Æ. sa/suginosus of Gray’s Synoptical
Flora, and is an ally of Æ. callianthemus, which does not reach
the Rocky Mountain region. In my description of the species
as based on Mr. Cusick’s n. 1771, while depending on the
very ample and thin almost filmy leaves, I do not point out
that those of the stem are so broad at the point of insertion,
as to become amplexicaul, nor that the heads are smaller
than in Æ. callianthemus and the peduncles much less
pubescent. Mr. Cusick, in his attempt to collect and dis-
tribute new material of the species, after I had pub-
lished it, was not very fortunate. He took his specimens
from another locality. They are of hardly one-third the size,
and lack the characters of the species. I never should have
separated his n. 2112 from Æ. callianthemus, and that is what
I call it. But in the Blue Mountains of Oregon Æ. mem-
branaceus is the common species, and was collected there, also
in Mr. Cusick’s year 1897, by Robert M. Horner, n. 262, and
by J. B. Leiberg, n. 2931; and even a year earlier, by
Mr. Piper in 1896, while in this year also Mr. Henderson
gathered it in Idaho, n. 3662. A specimen collected in the
Selkirk Mountains, B. C., by Mr. Shaw I confidently refer
here, and less so another from Clayton Peak, Wasatch Moun-
tains, Utah, for this has foliage too acute, also with here and
there a tooth.

While the plant which I have named Æ. callianthemus,
forming a great part of the Æ. salsuginosus of Gray, and per-
haps all of that of Rydberg, occurs all the way between the
northern borders of New Mexico and southern British
Columbia, with Æ. membranaceus centered in the isolated
Blue Mountains and radiating thence into other sections of
that mountainous interior of the Northwest that lies to the
eastward of the coast ranges and is separate from them, there
is a large plant of the higher coast mountains of Washington
and Oregon also called Æ. salsuginosus by Gray and by
Howell, which has marks by which it stands aloof from my
E. callianthemus, such as we reasonably look for, when we

200 LEAFLETS.

know what a completely distinct climatic region those coast
mountains have been constituted by nature.

ERIGERON HESPEROCALLIS. Large as Æ. callianthemus,
with equally showy heads, with broad purple rays, the pubes-
cence both of stem and leaf-margins more pronounced, the
leaves not only thinner and of a less pallid green, but more
narrowly lanceolate and instead of being obtuse, or barely
acutish, are attenuate-acute; the bracts of the involucre are
more distinctly scaberulous and less viscid, the achenes are
shorter and broader, the pappus of more delicate bristles ; last
and not least of the differences being that herbage readily fer-
ments and darkens in the drying, while the firmer and glau-
cescent Æ. callianthemus undergoes no such change.

The best specimens of Æ. hesferocallis before me are of my
own collecting on Mount Rainier, 20 Aug., 1889. The plant
grew copiously in a woodland opening with a marsh in the
midst and a stream flowing through from the lake which is
near the limit of trees on the west side. Both Mr. Howell
and Mr. Suksdorf have often distributed the same plant, in
less luxuriant form, from Mt. Hood in Oregon, and Mt. Adams
in Washington. Mr. Gorman collected it in a smaller form at
Crater Lake, on Mt. Pitt, in southern Oregon; this plant,
however, departs from the type in having its basal leaves
obtuse, also with a more or less hairy midvein. Again, and
far away in northwestern Washington, in the Olympic Moun-
tains, Mr. A. D. E. Elmer (n. 2623) obtained a form, or ally,
of the present species with leaves basal and cauline equally
narrow and acute, and glabrous except as to a rather conspic-
uous white-villous ciliation. Vet again, in the Wenatchee
Mountains, away in the northern interior of the same State,
the same Mr. Elmer has (n. 447) another ally with the nor-
mally very acute, and in drying blackened foliage, but the whole
herbage cinereous with a fine soft pubescence. Future ex-
ploration of the vast Northwest, on both sides of the British
boundary, will be likely to form my Æ. hesperocallis as here
circumscribed an aggregate.

ai

SOME ERIGERON SEGREGATES. 201

I must not advance beyond this point in the discussion of
the Æ. salsuginosus medley of the books without adverting to,
and critically examining the fine plate, purporting to represent
Richardson’s Aster salsuginosus published in the Botanical
Magazine for the year 1829, t. 2942. Viewed superficially,
and without study of the text, and the circumstances under
which the plant represented was grown in Scotland, the beau-
tiful plate has been a stumbling block. Looked at discrimi-
natingly, no plant that I know of, whether of the United
States or of British North America, comes anywhere near
answering to that fine figure. The whole plant is represented,
therefore with the full complement of leaves basal and middle
and upper cauline, in all 13 leaves, of which all except the
upper 4 are very distinctly, though rather remotely serrate. I
have under inspection some 90 herbarium sheets, mostly very
good specimens as to foliage, of plants of the West and North-
west which on Gray’s authority were labelled Æ. salsuginosus,
and not one of the 90 shows a hint of that serrature shown in
the Bot. Mag. figure, not so much as one tooth of it. He who
examines the plate sees that the whole plant—so very tall—
had to be drawn in two sections. The section is made midway
of the stem, and between leaves 9 and 10, counting from the
base. It is in the least degree disconcerting that all the 9
leaves of the lower part of the plant are well serrated, the 4
belonging to the upper section are all at once perfectly entire.
It suggests a query as to whether the two sections in the figure
may not have been founded on parts of two different plants.
The suggestion comes to myself with all the more forcefulness
because of the fact that the 9 leaves of the lower section, not
only by their serratures but by their whole outline—if that
were all—are those of the plant familiar to me as my own Æ.
Drummondii, which was derived from the selfsame part of
British America whence the seeds from which this Bot. Mag.
salsuginosus was grown. I am far from saying or thinking
that said plate is thus fictitious. I do not believe that it is.
However much like those of Æ. Drummondii in outline and
indentation, they are shown to be glabrous. Those of Drum-

202 LEAFLETS.

mondii are hoarily hirsute. Also the figure could not have
been made, as a whole, from the last named species, for the
rays in Drummondii are perhaps twenty times as numerous
and almost as narrow as threads. I have a settled opinion
that this plate labelled Aster salsuginosus presents a species not
yet named and published, and which awaits rediscovery some-
where among the mountains of those great broad provinces
of British Columbia or Alberta; as also the real original
salsuginosus of the “‘salt plains of the Athabasca’’ awaits
rediscovery.

We owe gratitude to Sir William Hooker’s memory for his
having published that fine daisy that flourished in the Glasgow
Garden more than 80 years ago, and shall excuse him for
having guessed that the mountaineer beauty of southwestern
Canada would be the same as Richardson’s of the far northern
alkaline plains. Our later synantherologists have all been quite
as inconsiderate ; to not one of whom does it seem to have
occurred that if the sadsuginosus of high northern interior salt
plains had ever made its way to Colorado, Wyoming and Utah,
men would have found it on the alkaline or salt plains that
are remote from the subalpine sweet-watered meadows and
brooksides where alone Æ. callianthemus is ever seen. In
respect to the Pacific coast species, membranaceus, hesperocallis
and their kindred, the like is true. Not one of them is of the
concourse of those plants which inhabit saline or alkaline low-
lands. Every one is of elevated and pure-watered marshes or
brooksides, or other moist alluvial grounds.

Restricted to the Pacific slope, and ranging from British
Columbia to southern California, each in its own physiographic
region, are several other species of this broad-rayed group
which I proceed to name and characterize.

ERIGERON LORATUS. Allied to Æ. callianthemus, but main
foliage from basal part of plant extremely narrow, erect, and
greatly elongated, 2 to 9 inches long, the lance-linear blades
less than 34 inch wide, tapering to an almost equally long
petiolar part, cauline leaves 2 inches long or less, lanceolate,

SOME ERIGERON SEGREGATES. 203

acute, sessile, all foliage deep-green, entire, pubescent margi-
nally and more or less so along the veins, but stems quite
strigulose; heads not of the largest, but solitary; bracts of
involucre very many, linear, acuminate, their slender tips re-
curved, all green as to color, not darkened, neither granular
nor viscid but rather strongly scaberulous; rays purplish,
decidedly broad, but less so than in Æ. callianthemus.

Known only as collected near the international boundary, in
the Chilliwack Valley, in July, 1901, by J. M. Macoun, the
type specimens in my own herbarium, bearing the Canad.
Surv. numbers 24,468 and 26,467.

ERIGERON CILIOLATUS. Low tufted perennial, the branched
caudex stout, copiously leafy, the leaves ascending or upright,
the few flowering stems—one only to each branch of the
caudex—only 2 to 4 inches high, stoutish, decumbent, beset
with reduced and bract-like foliage, strictly monocephalous,
all foliage glabrous except marginally, of the blue-green of
E. callianthemus, not altered by the process of drying ; basal
leaves 1 to 134 inches long, spatulate oblong and very obtuse,
to lance-oblong and acutish, peculiarly ciliate for this alliance,
with a considerable length and density of hirsutulous hairs :
bracts of the involucre devoid of pubescence and glandular,
dark-colored, almost uniserial and equal, the tips little spread-
ing; rays broad, about 35, nearly or quite white.

From 7,500 feet on Mt. Rainier, collected 14 Aug., 1895,
by O. D. Allen (n. 142), and distributed for Æ. salsuginosus.

ERIGERON SUKSDORFII. Rhizomatous subterranean parts
strongly developed and very stout; stem and tuft of basal
leaves solitary at each branch of the caudex and the scapiform
stem monocephalous; herbage firm, glaucous, not in the least
discolored in drying: basal leaves upright, 34 to 2/2 inches
long, the earliest spatulate-oblong, very obtuse, others lanceo-
late, acute, all entire, shortly and stiffly ciliolate, the hairs
incurved; pubescence of stem strigulose, the hairs appressed :
heads as large as in smallish states of Æ. callianthemus, the

204 LEAFLETS.

involucral bracts much less numerous, glandular-scaberulous,
not darkened but of the same green as the foliage, of firm
texture and scarcely reflexed at tip: rays white.

At 5000 feet on Mt. Adams, Washington, 5 Aug., 1885,
W. N. Suksdorf, his n. 2412 as in my herbarium ; sent out by
Mr. Suksdorf for 4. salsuginous, but by him remarked on as
different from the other sal/suginous of lower altitudes on the
same mountain, that is, Æ. hesperocallis. He notes that this
smaller plant of greater elevations has white rays. He does
not note that the herbage is different both as to color and
texture, nor that this plant when dry remains colored as when
fresh. I should have been glad if I could have left this to
represent, on these higher elevations of coastward peaks, the
Rocky Mountain Æ. callianthemus in a small form. That is
what the specimens suggest, until you view the parts under a
lens. It has characters precluding its referability to that or
any other species.

Within the almost or quite 600 miles stretch of the Sierra
Nevada of California nowhere exist the physiographic con-
ditions that have been given the Æ. hesferocallis of Oregon and
Washington, much less the environment of Æ. callianthemus
of the far inland and more arid as well as colder Rocky
Mountain chain. Yet plants of their type are more or less
frequent throughout some 500 miles, at least, of the Sierra
Nevada. It is a region—that of the higher elevations, where
alone these plants are found—which has been little explored,
but among the scanty material gathered, one notes here also a
number of things long ago labelled Æ. salsuginosus which need
not be looked for outside of this mountain range, and which
are mostly without name or description. The earliest known
California member which obtained a name as a variety is 4
plant of subalpine heights in the northern Sierra to which Asa
Gray as long ago as 1876, while he still held these things to
be asters, named Aster salsuginosus var. angustifolius. It is
a well defined species and has been named in specific rank by

anuman anan aaan

SOME ERIGERON SEGREGATES. 205

some one in more recent times; but southward in the middle
and southerly extensions of these mountains there are evidences
of species not yet named.

ERIGERON REGALIS. In size, form, even leaf-outline,
mostly precisely imitative of Æ. callianthemus, yet as to tex-
ture and color of foliage widely different ; leaves as thin as in
E. membranaceous, yet not dark but light-green, at the same
time with nothing of the glaucous or blue-green of Æ. cadlian-
themus, the basal ones with blades elliptic and acute, tapering
to long winged petioles, marginal pubescence scanty and un-
equal, that of the stem as scanty, fine, spreading or ascend-
ing: heads 2 or 3, very large; bracts of involucre more equal,
broader, shorter, not much disposed to curve at tip, densely
beset with minute gland-tipped strigose hairs; rays ample,
apparently pale purplish or pinkish: achenes villous-strigu-
lose.

This fine species was first collected by Bolander in 1866, in
the Yosemite Valley, his n. 5029, according to the sheet now
before me, and in Asa Gray’s hand labelled Aster salsugi-
nosus. More perfect specimens are those of Coville & Funston
from Mineral King, n. 1409 of the Death Valley Exp., and
the same with narrower foliage, also from Mineral King, is
their n. 1472,

ERIGERON PETIOLARIS. Tufted perennial, with solitary
monocephalous stem from each branch of the caudex, the
whole 6 to 10 inches high; basal leaves quite erect, 1% to 3
inches long, the broad winged petiolar part of from twice to
four times as long as the somewhat obovate to oblanceolate
laminar part, both faces as well as the stem hirsutulous with
fuscous rather than whitish hairs, and the leaves somewhat
viscid-glandular under the pubescence, cauline leaves very nar-
row, but both frequent and long, very erect, almost appressed
to the stem: head short-peduncled, rather large, 1% inches
wide from tip to tip of the broad blue rays; bracts of invol-

206 LEAFLETS.

ucre subequal but, in several series, their tips tapering, but
not attenuate nor much recurved, dark-colored and glandular
above the middle, but toward the base rather densely viscous-
hirsute.

Such a peculiar member of the group is before me, from
some not definitely indicated station in the mountains of
middle California, at 10,000 feet, by George B. Grant, collected
in July, 1902; type sheet of four specimens in U. S. Herb.

ERIGERON CONTROVERSUS. Evidently an alpine and sub-
acaulescent perennial, each tuft of ample upright leaves and
monocephalous scapiform stem arising from the branch of a
stout multicipitous crown, the height only 1% to 3% inches ;
leaves 1 to 134 inches high, spatulate oblong, very obtuse,
entire, glabrous except as to an obscurely ciliolate margin, the
texture not firm; stem with 1 to 3 linear bracts and a solitary
head large for the plant; involucre between turbinate and
hemispherical, of not very numerous bracts and these notably
unequal, rather firm, linear, acute, the tips neither erect nor
yet definitely spreading, the whole dark-colored, glandular-
puberulent, with also some strigose hairs: rays broad, well
elongated, purple, about 25 in number.

An ambiguous species, known to me in a_ half-dozen
specimens mounted on U. S. Herb. sheet 221514, collected by
Mr. Marcus Jones in Aug., 1879, at Alta, Utah. Mr. Jones
distributed this for an Evigeron, without any specific name.
It is not easy to see why in 1879, before Asa Gray had trans-
ferred such things from Aster to Evigeron, he should not have
received and distributed this plant for an aster. Perhaps the
only slight inequality of the involucral bracts, and their
glandular character, may have indicated erigeron, or, it may
be that the labelling and distribution of the specimens was
made after 1881, when Gray began to call such things erigerons
and therefore in the light of that author’s teaching. This
dwarf is an erigeron only because Æ. salsuginosus and callian-
themus are to be erigerons. If they are aster, so is this, and

a a ai

SOME ERIGERON SEGREGATES. 207

the more because of the few and unequal bracts in Æ. contro-
versus. This can not be the Aster glacialis of Nuttall, any
more than can certain larger, yet smallish states of Æ.
callianthemus can be that unrecognized plant.

There is another group of large and handsome western
erigerons, even more showy in some of its developments than
the salsuginosi, readily distinguished from the last named by
the excessively numerous and extremely narrow rays; a group
more numerous in species than the salsuginosi, and as much
in need of critical investigation. The plants are particularly
abundant at middle elevations in the Colorado mountains,
sometimes descending to the foothills along stream banks, in
moist alluvial soil. A multitude of diverse types in this group
went altogether, in the days of Hall and Harbour’s, Parrys
and Patterson’s and my own early gatherings in Colorado, as
Æ. glabellus according to the dictum of Asa Gray, the Æ.
asper, published by Nuttall together with his Æ. gladellus,
being suppressed ; not allowed even varietal rank. The val-
idity as a species of this Grayian group that took in one set
of plants from the high and dry plains of Dakota and Mani-
toba to moist and rich mountain valleys of British Columbia
and southward all the way to New Mexico and Arizona re-
mained long unquestioned. So long as I knew these beauti-
ful things only as we have them in Colorado and Wyoming,
I did not question the authority of Gray in the matter, or
doubt that he was correct; and not until many years later,
and after the period of my studies in Colorado had ended,
did I discover the evident fallacy of the Æ. glabellus of the
Synoptical Flora.

In the summer of 1890, on the unbroken prairie, sparsely
grassy and somewhat sandy, at Carberry, Manitoba, I came
upon several colonies of erigerons of species wholly new to
me. I had not forgotten that it had been from somewhere in
just this physiographic region, and not so very far to the
south, that Nuttall had derived the originals of his Æ. asper
and glabellus. I made a representation of the plants for my
herbarium. On my return from that season's travels I could

208 LEAFLETS.

have taken up my Colorado and Wyoming materials, and
might easily have made the segregations—some of them at
least—which this personal rediscovery of Nuttall’s plants con-
vinced me were called for.

Two years later than the date of my collecting these things
in the southern part of Manitoba Mr. Rydberg, then unac-
quainted with the farther Rocky Mountain erigerons of such
signal beauty, gathered the comparatively homely Æ. g/adel-
lus, though not in typical form, in the Black Hills of South
Dakota. With something very like the real g/abel/us—specifi-
cally the same thing—before him, he was able afterwards,
when the great richly colored Colorado mountain ‘‘Z. gladel-
lus’’ came to his knowledge, to segregate it, agreeably to its
deserts, as a species. This he did, publishing the fine plant,
however, under the poor plebeian name of Æ. Smithii.

I should be glad to be able to take up, at this juncture, the
whole subject of Nuttall’s Æ. asper along with gladellus, but
the many scores of sheets of specimens at hand which have
been so referred, as I think infelicitously, can not now be
studied critically by me for want of time; but there exist in
Colorado and other western mountains here and there some
less common types of this alliance hitherto unpublished.

ERIGERON RUBICUNDUS. Habit of Æ. Smithii but a stout
plant, and low, barely 6 inches high ; basal leaves 1 inch long,
spatulate-obovate, entire, very obtuse, the cauline oblong,
acutish, broadest at base and sessile, quite numerous, over-
reaching one another in their suberect attitude, all super-
ficially glabrous except as showing some long hairs on the
midvein beneath, the margins rather strongly hairy; stem
stiffly short-hirsute throughout : involucral bracts in two equal
series, hirsute below the middle, above somewhat strigulose,
but with also a denser investiture that is glandular-scaberu-
lous : rays 100 or more, deep-pink, or almost rose-color, not of
the narrowest, the spread of them in the expanded head 1%
inches.

ny O

SOME ERIGERON SEGREGATES. 209

Known to me only as collected in the extreme southwestern
Colorado, near Silverton, July, 1889, by Alice Eastwood.

ERIGERON IODANTHUS. Mode of growth quite that of Æ.
Smithit but rather small, the stems less than a foot high, tufted
and at base decumbent, stoutish, loosely hirsutulous to
above the middle, above that and to the peduncles more
densely so, but the hairs finer and shorter, accompanied by a
trace of sessile glands very minute : basal leaves long-petioled,
the blades broadly oblanceolate, obtuse, the whole 2 or 3
inches long and with sparse hairiness as to both faces, the
cauline oblong to lanceolate, sessile, acute, rather strongly
ciliate, but superficially glabrous or nearly so: heads large, 2
or 3, the terminal one not surpassed or even equalled by the
laterals ; bracts of involucre linear, acuminate, equal, glandu-
lar-puberulent : rays many, not extremely narrow, in color of
an intense blue-violet.

Collected at 10,500 feet on some mountain in southern
Colorado, 9 Sept., 1903, by F. H. Knowlton.

ERIGERON HIRTUOSUS. Habit of Æ. Smithii, but only 5 or
6 inches high, the stem strongly hirsutulous from base to sum-
mit, all except the very earliest leaves hardly less so; lowest
basal leaves spatulate-obovate, obtuse or even retuse, glabrous
except marginally, and there showing only scattered short
straight spreading hairs; stem leaves few, large for the plant,
spatulate to oblong, acutish, broad at base and sessile: heads
2 or 3, large, their short peduncles very hirsute, the involucres
glabrous except for a few hairs at the base, above it green and
naked, though with the mere suggestion of a glandular coat-
ing: rays long and very narrow, deep-purple.

Collected in southern Wyoming, at 10,000 to 11,000 feet on
the Continental Divide, 15 July, 1901, by Frank Tweedy.

ERIGERON MOGOLLONICUS. Stoutish and rigid, the several
stems 12 to 16 inches high, erect above an ascending basal part,

210 LEAFLETS.

these and tufts of larger leaves from a short branched crown
or caudex, the leaves to all appearance glabrous, but not so
the stem and long peduncles of the several large heads, these
sparsely but rather coarsely setose-hispid and striate; basal
leaves on short broad petioles, these and narrowly oval or
spatulate-oblong blades 3 to 6 inches long, obtuse, entire ;
cauline leaves small, oblong, sessile, from 1 inch long in the
lower to 34 inch long in the upper, all glabrous except as to
the rather strongly and stiffly ciliolate margins ; heads corym-
bose, the hemispherical involucres little more than 4 inch
high, twice as broad, the bracts equal, linear, strigose-his-
pidulous and most so near the margin, not at all granular ;
rays narrow, not excessively numerous, nearly % inch long,
apparently purplish.

Known to me only as collected in the Mogollon Mountains,
New Mexico, by H. H. Rusby in 1881.

A natural group of rather tall and leafy, mostly white-rayed
erigenus, of which Æ. Cou/teri is an old and a good representa-
tive, has yet not a few unrecognized species ; among them the
following, from Oregon.

ERIGERON NEMOPHILUS. Large perennial, with stems
stoutish, simple and monocephalous, 1% feet high, with a
copious investiture of large stem leaves; basal foliage of an
elliptic-lanceolate blade and narrow petiole of nearly equal
length, the whole 3 inches long or more, entire, very acute,
the cauline almost as large, but sessile, broadly lanceolate,
with 1 to 3 salient serrate teeth on each margin, the texture
of all very thin, unaltered as to the deep-green color in dry-
ing, both faces sparsely hairy, the margins closely beset with
very different short incurved hairs; stems sparsely hirsute
below, more thinly soft-strigose above the middle ; head very
large, the narrow and equal involucral bracts soft-hirsute at
and near the base, otherwise green and glabrous, with hardly
a perceptible trace of the glandular: rays numerous, not so
extremely narrow, apparently light rose-red.

SOME ERIGERON SEGREGATES. 211

A fine and strongly marked species apparently collected only
by Mr. E. I. Applegate somewhere in southern Oregon, 29
July, 1898. For the particulars of the locality, I may well
quote the words of Mr. Applegate: ‘‘ Moist ground at edge
of woods west of Abbott’s Butte, on boundary line between
Jackson and Douglas counties, about 6000 feet.’’

ERIGERON LEUCANTHEMOIDES. Tall as the last; more
strictly erect, monocephalous, the stem as leafy ; basal leaves
not present, the cauline mostly 3 or 4 inches long, with a
spatulate tapering from an oval and obtusish proper laminal
part, this lightly and even somewhat obscurely serrate-toothed,
the texture of all very thin, darkened or discolored in drying,
both faces with some scattered hairs, but the margin without
any; stem nearly glabrous thoughout, the few hairs soft and
spreading: heads large, the spread of the not very narrow
white rays nearly 2 inches ; bracts of involucre in 2 series but
equal, shortly soft-hirsute almost throughout, but the hairs
shorter and more sparse above the middle.

Collected in the Powder River Mountains, Oregon, in
August, 1896, by C. V. Piper, by him labelled Æ. Coulteri, to
which it is not very closely allied. The breadth of the long
white rays is almost that of those of the ox-eye daisy.

ERIGERON LUCIDUS. Stems more than a foot high, rather
slender, strictly erect and monocephalous from slender nearly
horizontal rootstocks ; basal leaves small, 134 to 2% inches long
including the elliptic to oblanceolate blade and broad petiole,
the lower basal twice or thrice as large, mostly spatulate
and spatulate-oblanceolate, sessile, acute, the upper half of
the stem with only few and reduced acute narrow leaves,
the pedunculiform uppermost part naked for 3 or 4 inches
under the solitary large head; stem straw-colored, very
smooth, glabrous to the naked eye, a good lens disclosing here
and there a white-bristly short ascending hair ; leaves of a
bright light green, of thinnest texture, glabrous except margin-

212 LEAFLETS.

ally, even there only obscurely pubescent: involucre before
pressure perhaps low-hemispherical, nearly % inch high, at
the very base marked by a tuft of hirsute deflexed white hairs,
the bracts all equal and hardly biserial, linear, acuminate, from
below the middle up the apex rough with scattered blackish
hairs but neither glandular nor viscid ; expanded head 1%
inches across, the rays white, neither narrow as in typical
erigeron, nor anywhere nearly as wide as in Æ. callianthemus.

Type specimens in U. S. Herb., collected in Idaho, between
Custer and Challis, by L. F. Henderson in 1896.

ERIGERON SCABERULUS. Akin to Æ. glabellus, the simple
monocephalous stems strictly erect from the very base, a foot
high or more, minutely hispid-hirsute throughout, this indu-
ment deflexed on the lower part of the stem, elsewhere only
horizontally spreading ; leaves numerous, but small for the
plant, the basal not 2 inches long, oblanceolate, acutish,
entire, of firm texture and upright, the cauline less than an
inch long, lance-oblong, acute, erect, sessile, both faces of all
foliage setulose-scabrous, the margins closely and stiffly
ciliolate : involucre hemispherical, more than % inch broad, the
bracts equal, linear, merely acute at tip, the whole series
glandular-scaberulous and closely so, without hairiness; rays
very many and narrow, but short for the involucre, the
spread of them hardly 1% inches.

White Mountains of Arizona, David Griffiths, August, 1903 ;
type sheet in U. S. Herb., sheet 496640.

Several new allies of Æ. divergens, chiefly far southeastern,
are next presented.

ERIGERON GRACILLIMUS. Root annual, stem strictly erect,
simple to near the summit, 10 to 15 inches high: earliest foli-
age unknown, leaves nearest the base cuneate-obovate, nar-
rowly so, the others spatulate-linear, all entire, acutish, 3 to

SOME ERIGERON SEGREGATES. 213

¥% inch long, greenish, thinly somewhat strigulose-hairy, the
few pedunculiform and monocephalous branches minutely and
more densely hispidulous under a lens: involucre about 4
lines broad, not as high, its bracts biserial but equal, the inner
linear-lanceolate, aristate-acuminate, the outer linear, loosely
hispid-hirsute: spread of the numerous violet or paler rays
about 34 inch: bristles of the pappus very delicate and fra-
gile, the squamellae present, as in the whole group.

Common on stony slopes, in forests of yellow pine, in the
Coconino Forest Reservation, northern Arizona, the speci-
mens collected 24 Aug., 1911, by Jardine & Hill, who give
6800 feet as the altitude of the woodlands where it grows.
On U. S. Herb., sheet 326788 are four good specimens of the
same, distributed from the same general region, collected by
M. E. Jones, 17 Sept., 1894. The special locality given for
these is Nagle’s Ranch.

ERIGERON FURCATUS. Annual or biennial, rigidly erect,
6 to 10 inches high, simple to the middle, there producing a
solitary short-peduncled head, and beyond that widely and
several times forked, the whole cinereous with a short strigose-
hirsute indument: absolutely basal foliage unknown, the
lowest cauline 14 inches long and suberect, consisting of ob-
lanceolate blade and narrow petiole of equal length; those of
upper part of stem 1 inch long, linear, obtuse, numerous, the
pedunculiform flowering branches similarly bracted to within
a half-inch of the head; bracts of involucre only sparsely hir-
sute, the inner series shorter than the outer, all acute; rays
Many, narrow, long, white: outer pappus conspicuous, of
rather many broadly subulate squamellae. l

The type is from the region of the San Francisco Mountains
in northern Arizona, as collected by F. H. Knowlton, 20 Aug.,
1889, the special locality Hendrick’s Park. No other mem-
ber of the group has a stem simple up to the height of three
or four inches, then once or twice or thrice forked.

214 LEAFLETS.

ERIGERON LAVANDULACEUS. Low perennial, the not nu-
merous branches basal, at first decumbent, then ascending,
the whole 5 to 7 inches high and cinereous with a dense and
rather soft strigose indument: leaves rather firm, the basal
seldom an inch long, of rounded entire blade and well defined
petiole of equal length, those next above cuneate-obovate, the
proper cauline and rameal oblong-oblanceolate, abruptly acut-
ish; pedunculiform monocephalous branches naked for 2
inches or more: heads of the usual size for the group; in-
volucres rather broad and low, sparsely hirsute, the bracts
very many, equal, merely acute; rays excessively numerous
and narrow, not long, of a fine lavender-blue: pappus bristles
very delicate, the squamellae minute or obsolete.

Gardenville, Nevada, 15 June, 1902, C. F. Baker, his n.
1085, distributed as Æ. divergens. With its deep lavender
rays and graceful habit, this is one of the few members of its
group that may be called beautiful.

ERIGERON DICLADUS. Perennial but with perfectly simple
caudex producing annually 2 or sometimes 3 wand like stems
a foot high or less, these very slender and monocephalous,
the branchlets all leafy, sterile, curving outwards ; whole
plant pale with a dense pubescence which under a lens 1s
wholly hispidulous: basal leaves gone at flowering time, only
their dilated, hispidulous and ciliate petiolar part remaining ;
cauline oblanceolate, but narrowly so, and an inch long, those
of the branchlets much reduced and linear, the long pedunc-
uliform ends of the branches naked ; heads of the size usual
in the group; involucral bracts equal and biserial, except as
to several much shorter which subtend the rest, the pubes-
cence not dense, hispid-hirsute : rays white : receptacle almost
flat: outer pappus of the achenes not scanty but minute, aP-
parently slender-subulate.

Collected at 6600 feet in the mountains near Kingston,
New Mexico, 9 June, 1904, by O. B. Metcalfe, wrongly re-
ferred by me to Æ. cinereus. Though the few branches are

Ey

SOME ERIGERON SEGREGATES. 215

rigid and ascending, there is still a suggestion of Z. flagellaris
in its aspect.

The present study must be concluded by diagnoses of species
belonging to various groups of the membership of the genus.

ERIGERON VILLOSULUS. Stems tufted, 3 to 6 inches high,
very leafy to the summit with a foliage large for the plant,
mostly monocephalous, the heads short-peduncled, hardly
surpassing the foliage ; leaves of lower part of stem oblanceo-
late, more or less definitely broad-petiolate, the others lance-
oblong and sessile, all entire, acute or at least acutish, from
2% inches long in the lowest to 134 in the uppermost, all parts
of leaf and stem, especially the stem, almost hoarily villous-
hirsute ; involucre % inch broad, its bracts equal, biserial, the
outer series strigose, the inner glabrous; rays very narrow,
not excessively numerous, deep violet-purple, the head with
these expanded an inch across.

Grassy summit of Mt. Angeles, western Washington, at
6000 feet, J. B. Flett, 12 Aug. 1911. A member of the leafy
stemmed group to which Æ. macranthus and speciosus belong,
but a dwarf subalpine, almost wooly-looking plant.

ERIGERON ANICULARUM. Low perennial with one or more
subscapiform assurgent or ascending stems 6 inches long,
arising out of a tuft of upright lanceolate basal leaves 1 to 2%
inches long, entire, or some with a few serrate teeth, these
and the few lance-linear stem leaves of a pale green, also
subcinereous with a fine short strigose pubescence ; heads 1 or
2, of middle size, the involucres hemispherical, 3 inch wide
when pressed ; bracts rather broadly linear, not only acute,
naked and very thin at tip but mainly strigulose-hairy, with
traces of minute glandular dots where the pubescence is thin-
nest : rays rather short, numerous, narrow, white.

Collected on Old Wives’ Creek, Assiniboia, 23 May, 1895,
by Prof. John Macoun, n. 10850 of Canad. Geol. Survey.

216 LEAFLETS.

Var. LATIUSCULUS. Pubescence and heads as in the type,
but monocephalous stems stout, rigidly erect, only 3 inches
high; the tuft of basal leaves large in proportion, broader,
often very obtuse.

This is from Twelve Mile Lake, Wood Mountain, in the
same province, and by the same collector. Its number is
10,894 of the Canad. Geol. Surv.

ERIGERON PACHYRHIZUS. Low multicipitous subalpine
perennial, with something of the aspect of Æ. leiomerus as
to the parts above ground, but these tufted on the branches
of a thick woody-looking caudex, such branches ascending,
or nearly horizontal, dark with imbricated leaf-bases of many
seasons : 1% to 3 inches long, oblanceolate to spatulate-olong,
very obtuse, entire, of thin texture and bright green, sparsely
beset both superficially and marginally with setiform hairs, or
some of the lowest glabrous ; stems several, subscapiform, 3 to
5 inches high, decumbent, bristly-hairy, usually monoce-
phalous, and with a few sessile small leaves ; involucre rather
narrow and subturbinate, its bracts almost uniserial, rather
few and broadly linear, acute, sparingly setulose; rays short
and broad, perhaps white.

Calapooia Mountains, Oregon, ‘‘on a bare peak, about a
mile west of the Cascade divide,’’ Coville & Applegate, 9
Aug., 1897. Interesting plant, with some affinity for Æ.
leiomerus, yet doubtless also with points of contact with
alpine diminutives of Æ. callianthemus. "The color of the
herbage is unaltered by drying.

ERIGERON EUCEPHALOIDES. Stems several, a foot high or
more, from a subligneous caudex crowning a thick hard root
or rootstock, loosely and rather equably leafy to the summit,
the bark whitish, smooth, glabrous, only the peduncles of the
1 to 3 heads scabrous-hispid ; leaves all everywhere glabrous
except as to the distinctly scabrous-ciliate margins, the basal
upright on long slender petioles, these and the narrowly

ea ee fy

SOME ERIGERON SEGREGATES. 217

oblanceolate acute blades 3 or 4 inches long, the cauline all
sessile, but the lower spatulate-lanceolate, the others oblong
to ovate-lanceolate, 134 to 2% inches long and sessile by a
broad half-clasping base: heads much smaller than in others
of the macranthi, 1 to 3 on naked rigid peduncles, the recep-
tacles under the bracts strongly muricate-scabrous, the bracts
rigid, subulate-linear, their slender tips recurved, strongly
scaberulous ; rays not elongated nor so very numerous, but
rather broad, of a deep violet-color: achenes strigulose, pap-
pus fine and fragile.

South shore of Pettit Lake, Idaho, collected 14 Aug., 1895,
by Dr. B. W. Evermann of the U. S. Fish Commission, who
describes the habitat as a morainic ridge, at an altitude of
7200 feet or more. The species is strongly marked, and has
something of the aspect of Aucephalus glaucus.

ERIGERON APICULATUS. Plant 2 feet high or less, in habit
between the macranthi and the gladelli, having a strongly de-
veloped tuft of basal petiolate leaves, the stem being copiously
and equably leafy with broad sessile ones, all the foliage thin-
nish, wholly glabrous except marginally, and even there
faintly if at all ciliate; basal leaves upright, 3 to 6 inches
long including the broadly lanceolate and lightly serrate blade
and the broad petiole, the cauline about 17 inches long,
ovate-lanceolate or narrower, entire, but all leaves both basal
and upper tipped abruptly with a long almost aristiform mu-
cro: heads about 4, corymbose, long-peduncled, among the
largest ; involucres nearly hemispherical, in the pressed speci-
mens 1 inch across, the bracts linear, equal, in about 3 series
and, like the peduncles below them, finely and closely glandu-
lar-scaberulous, the outside of the receptacle beneath the
bracts hirsutulous with short deflexed hairs ; rays many, long,
the spread of them about 134 inches, broader than those of
other macranthi.

218 LEAFLETS.

Known only as collected in 1874, at 9000 feet, on Mt. Gra-
ham, Arizona, by J. T. Rothrock.

ERIGERON LEIOPHYLLUS. Akin to Æ. macranthus, stout
and rigid, 2 feet high, the stem perfectly glabrous, whitish
and somewhat polished, closely leafy to the monocephalous
or subcorymbose summit; basal leaves if any unseen, the
lower cauline 2 or 3 inches long, broadly oblanceolate to spat-
ulate, these succeeded by oval ones of 1% inches or more,
those nearer the summit gradually shorter and, the uppermost
ovate and % to 34 inch long, the lower and larger obtuse, the
small uppermost acute, all very smooth and glabrous on both
faces, only the margins scaberulous with short upturned
bristly hairs: heads 1 to 5, small for the plant; bracts of the
involucre linear, acute, glabrous, under a lens showing faint
traces of minute granular indument.

Collected at Fort Douglas, Utah, 17 July, 1886, by Marcus
E. Jones, the very good type sheet of four stems being ^.
221417, U. S. Herb.

ERIGERON CONGESTUS. Low perennial, with taproot
crowned by a closely compacted system of short and stout
branches bearing tufted upright leaves and many scapiform
monocephalous branches. ‘The whole plant only 3 or 4 inches
high, every part almost hoarily strigose-hirsute: leaves ob-
lanceolate, obtuse, entire, an inch high or little more ; scape
like branches with few and inconspicuous narrow bract-like
leaves and simply hirsute with long white hairs: involucre
hemispherical, the bracts linear, acute, very hirsute with
stiffish, even somewhat strigose hairs like those of the leaves ;
head less than % inch high, more than % inch broad, rayless,
the flowers deep-yellow: achenes flattened, minutely strigu-
lose; pappus double, the inner very slender and fragile. l

Gold Hill, in Bear Valley of the San Bernardino Mountains,
southern California, at 7000 feet, S. B. Parish, 2 June, 1901 ;
both habitally, and as to pubescence completely distinct from
E. aphanactis, which also does not reach this region.

CERTAIN CRUCIFEROUS TYPES. 219

Certain Cruciferous Types.

POLYCTENIUM is here proposed as a generic name for a type
which only by most superficial inspection, joined to a total
disregard of vegetative characters, has found place in books
and herbaria under the name of Smelowskia Fremontii. To
the eye of experience there is not a suggestion here of the
genus Smelowskia, which are not only soft-wooly herbs, but
their herbage is soft as to texture, that is, it is yielding or pli-
able, whereas in Polyctenium it is in every part rigid, wiry as
to the stems, and as to the leaves stiffly acerose, almost prickly;
also the basal and subterranean parts are as different as imag-
inable. Of the branched caudex, its members deeply in-
vested with the soft-chaffy leaf-bases, which one notes uni-
versally in Smelowskia, there is no trace in Polyctenium. So
strong is the contrast between the two that when the latter
first came to my knowledge, and I thought it a plant unde-
scribed, I referred it to Braya and published it as 2. pectinata.
If any one had pretended to assure me that the plant was a
Smelowskia I should have been heedless of the proposition.
I have never been able to appreciate that now time-honored
artificialism in botany that ignores vegetative and habital
characteristics. But the pods even in this plant have not al-
ways been looked into with due discrimination. They have
been described as linear and tetragonal ; but while their angu-
larity is obscure, their more distinctive mark is that they are
definitely, though in the type species but slightly, obcom-
pressed. Measured transversely to the partition they are
wider than the partition itself, a character which comes out
strongly in a species never until now published. The origi-
nal of the genus is frequent in southern Oregon, particularly
in the Klamath Lake country, and southward into northern
California. I call it

POLYCTENIUM FREMONTII.

POLYCTENIUM GLABELLUM. Larger than 2. Fremontt,
quite devoid of distinctively basal pectinate foliage, and the
plant almost glabrous, only few and scattered short and mostly

220 LEAFLETS.

simple stiff hairs visible under a lens: leaves neither very
rigid nor pungent, sessile along the branches and appearing
almost digitate by their 4 or 5 long and linear segments: ra-
cemes larger but flowers smaller than in the type species, and
white: pods unknown.

Known only as collected by Mr. J. B. Leiberg on Dry
Creek, Malheur Co., Oregon, 27 May, 1896. The locality is
in extreme eastern Oregon, remote from the range of P. Fre-
montit.

POLYCTENIUM BISULCATUM. In habit quite like P. Fre-
montii, with a similarly dense tuft of acerosely dissected basal
leaves, but the plant smaller, also quite cinereous with a cop-
ious but very minute and short dendritic pubescence, this
extending to the pedicels: siliques short, only 3 or 4 lines
long, linear-oblong, strongly obcompressed, each valve sunken
into a shallow furrow on either side of the midvein.

Collected so far only by Thomas Howell, in Silvies’ Valley,
of the Blue Mountains, Oregon, 24 May, 1885. Readily dis-
tinguished by its dense pubescence and short, much flattened
and bisulcate pods. The plant is also small, the most perfect
specimens less than 3 inches high.

PLANODES is a generic name well suited to a cruciferous
type which for more than two centuries past, under the leader-
ship of a number of systematists, has wandered from one
genus to another, at home nowhere, until one admit it as sa?
generis. The most unnatural place ever assigned it by any
one, is that which it is forced into in recent manuals, where it
is called Arabis virginica. There is not a group or subgenus
of arabis species into which it falls. To put it next the cresses,
where Plukenet had it more than two centuries ago, is not at
all as bad taxonomy as to call it an arabis. Linnaeus, who
knew the type only from Plukenet’s figure of a very young
plant, could see in it nothing else but a Cardamine, and, alter-
ing that author’s Virginianum, named it Cardamine Vir-
ginica. No one, having an eye to habital resemblances, and

— At

NEW SPECIES OF CHAENACTIS. 221

ignorant of the ripe pods and seeds of the plant, could possi-
bly make a better disposal of it. But the one character essen-
tial to the very existence of Cardamine as a recognized genus
is extreme elasticity of the valves of the pod when mature.
That which lacks the essential character of a genus, must not
be forced into such genus; and I call this type

PLANODES VIRGINICUM.

New Species of Chaenactis.

CHAENACTIS LEUCOPSIS. Subalpine or alpine low peren-
nial, the many stems, buried for half their length in sand or
scorial, arising from a more deeply seated root, their aerial
part consisting of a tuft of leaves and a scapiform monoceph-
alous stem, itself barely 2 inches high and little surpassing
the leaves, the whole herbage even to the tips of the involu-
cral bracts whitened with a fine close altogether wooly indu-
ment: leaves of stout petiole and pinnate blade of about equal
length, the pinnae approximate and themselves pinnate-lobed
all except the lowest, and the minute lobes short and rounded:
heads % inch high, about as broad, the bracts subequal, the
outer, lance-linear, the others linear, none quite acute: rays
none: achenes hirsute; pappus of about 8 subequal paleae,
all obtuse, purple in the middle.

Type specimens in U. S. Herb. from an altitude of 11,500
feet in the Needle Mountains in southwestern Colorado, 14
July, 1901, Whitman Cross, collector. Completely separate
from other alpine species by its purely wooly indument, with-
out trace of separate hairs or any glands; its habit also rather
characteristic.

CHAENACTIS PUMILA. Alpine or subalpine dwarf peren-
nial with its several branches wholly above ground, clustered
on the crown of a long deep root, the whole plant above
ground only 2 to 3% inches high, but the breadth of the mass
of heads sometimes 4 inches ; blades of the leaves ovate, often

222 LEAFLETS.

broadly so, from less than % to more than 3⁄4 inch long, on
broad flat petioles of more than equal length, the petioles and
rachis densely white wooly at first, this partly deciduous, the
pinnae approximate, sometimes more than once pinnate:
scapiform peduncles barely surpassing the leaves, sometimes
corymbosely branched and with 3 heads, other plants mono-
cephalous, these and the involucres strongly glandular-sca-
brous and viscid, never in the least either wooly or hirsute:
achenes fairly hispid rather than hirsute; pappus short.

Species of the Sierra Nevada of California exclusively, the
type Brewer’s 1901 from Sonora Pass, at about 11,500 feet.
The heads of flowers in this stout dwarf are as large as those
of the largest species.

CHAENACTIS IMBRICATA. Suffrutescent and tall, the many
upright branches stout, somewhat tortuous, sparsely leafy up
to the corymbose summit; all parts except the floral hoary
with a thinnish flocculent tomentum ; blades of the leaves of
ovate or lance-ovate outline, bipinnate, the primary pinnae
remote, their segments crowded, very small and rounded:
heads 1 to 5 terminating the branches, 34 inch high; bracts
of the involucre very notably unequal, forming about 3 series,
all viscid-hirsutulous, not tomentose: achenes strongly stri-
gose-pubescent ; pappus paleae elongated but unequally so,
very thin and delicate.

Known only from Wenatche Flat, Washington, where it
was collected in 1899, June 4, by Kirk Whited. Quite as
nearly shrubby as the Californian C. suffrutescens, but most
unlike that in all other characters.

CHAENACTIS RUBELLA. Dwarf perennial, the whole aerial
part of the plant only 1 to 1% inches high, the proper stems
much longer, but leafless and as if buried under sand or
scoriae, thus apparently springing severally from a single tap-
root: leaves many, % inch long or little more, ovate, obtuse,
closely pinnate and the pinnae pinnatifid, the segments mi-

NEW SPECIES OF CHAENACTIS. 223

nute and round, the whole leaf floccose-tomentose when young,
later more or less glabrate: scapes only % inch long, the
heads as high; involucral bracts broad and obtuse, thinly
wooly, with barely, or hardly, a trace of glandulosity ; corol-
las deep purple, as are also stems, leaves, and even the pap-
pus; achenes quite hirsute, scales of pappus unequal, on the
whole rather short, very obtuse.

A fine subalpine species known only as collected by Dr.
J. N. Rose somewhere in northwestern Wyoming, probably
on what is now Yellowstone Park territory, 31 Aug., 1893.

CHAENACTIS MINUSCULA. Dwarf, and also slender, the
tufts of small leaves only an inch high, the scapiform ped-
uncles and solitary heads together barely 2 inches, even less,
all these, in the specimens, crowning stoutish caudex-branches
dark-colored and covered with the persistent bases of the
leaves of other seasons, the root bearing these not known:
leaves from broadly lanceolate to narrowly oblong outline,
the pinnae approximate and mostly entire, the whole floccose-
tomentose only when young, the older glabrate: involucres
% inch high, their bracts green or purplish, glandular-sca-
brous or some glandular-hirtellous, yet not very viscid:
achenes rather strongly bristly-hairy; pappus purple, its
scales obtuse, not very unequal.

Summit of Mount Parks, Idaho, at an altitude of 9400 to
10,400 feet, collected by Dr. B. W. Evermann, 15 Aug.,
1895.

CHAENACTIS ANGUSTIFOLIA. Low perennial, with caudex
simple or sparingly branched, the leafy and corymbose stems
only 2 to 7 inches high, all the parts except the involucre and
flowers white with a close permanent tomentum, both basal
and cauline leaves long and narrow, in outline narrowly lan-
ceolate to broadly linear, the pinnae closely approximate and
very short, either with 3 rounded short lobes or else quite
entire, the petiole manifest, but much shorter than the blade :

224 LEAFLETS.

involucres subturbinate, more than % inch high, bracts nar-
row below, broader and obtuse above, light-green, notably
hirsutulous with jointed and viscid hairs: achenes with a con-
spicuous indument of stiff short strongly ascending hairs ;
paleae of the pappus very unequal, some of the outer very
short, the innermost greatly elongated.

Point of Rocks, Wyoming, in dry soil, collected by E. D.
Merrill and E. N. Wilcox, 19 June, 1901. Specimens in
U. S. Herb.

CHAENACTIS EVERMANNII. A low much branched and
decumbent undershrub, the branches rather slender, wiry,
hard-woody and tortuous, those of former seasons naked,
dark-brown, those of the season an inch or two long, closely
leafy, monocephalous, the small head on a short and slender
peduncle: leaves only % to 34 inch long, some tridentate and
tapering cuneately to a short petiole, others between pedately
and pinnately 5-cleft or lobed, the lobes oblong, obtuse, en-
tire, the leaf as a whole white-tomentose on both faces when
young, glabrate in age: involucre small, turbinate, far shorter
than the flowers, of few and unequal bracts, all wholly herba-
ceous and very obtuse, thinly tomentose: achenes densely,
even somewhat silkily, appressed-pubescent ; pappus of about
8 unequal thin obtuse scales.

Collected on a mountain in Idaho, in 1895, by Dr. B. W.
Evermann.

CHAENACTIS BRACHIATA. Perennial with stout lignescent
basal branching and the dimensions of the northern and genu-
ine C. achilleifolia, but basal leaves as well as cauline many
times smaller, more fleshy and very compact as well as per-
manently white-tomentose, the closely pinnate blades ovate
to oval, only 34 to 1 inch long on stout petioles of equal or
greater length: stems a foot high or more, whitened with
wool when young, the wool only partly persistent later, the
3 or 4 monocephalous branches brachiate, 7. e. abruptly diver-
gent from the main stem at first, then holding the heads erect

MISCELLANEOUS SPECIFIC TYPES.—V. 225

by a curve, the whole summit corymbose: heads % inch high,
turbinate; bracts linear-oblong, very obtuse, pale-green,
roughened with short papillose gland-tipped and viscid hairs :
some of the outer achenes glabrous, others like the inner
sparsely short-bristly ; paleae of the pappus very unequal.

Springdale, Utah, M. E. Jones, 17 May, 1894. Species
strongly marked in many ways, the foliage comparable to that
of Tanacetum crispum in cut, but many times smaller, and
white with wool.

CHAENACTIS CHEILANTHOIDES. Suffrutescent, producing
densely leafy sterile branches 6 inches high, and flowering
ones of a foot or more, these also amply leafy below the
corymbose inflorescence; leaves tripinnate, 3 or 4 inches long,
1 inch wide, the ultimate segments all minute and rounded,
the whole leaf open and fern-like after the manner of common
species of Cheilanthes, quite white with a dense wooly indu-
ment when young and growing, later glabrate and greenish:
corymb of 8 to 12 turbinate heads nearly 34 inch high, on
slender pedicels, these and the involucres thinly villous-
tomentulose and minutely pellucid-glandular, the bracts sub-
equal, lance-linear, obtuse; flowers of twice the length of the
involucre, flesh-purple, glabrous ; achenes villous-hirsute and
pellucid-glandular.

Fayette River, Idaho, at 4100 feet on dry sandy slopes, col-
lected 15 Sept., 1911, by D. Parkinson. The foliage of the
plant is of signal beauty, fine, lace-like, ample, snow-white
when young, pale in maturity.

Miscellaneous Specific Types.—V.

CLEMATIS ALTHEIFOLIA. Habit and inflorescence of C.
ligusticifolia, but the plant more slender and graceful, all the
parts notably smaller : leaves of sterile shoots 5 or 6 inches
long, of 7 to 9 remote small leaflets, these 1 to 1™% inches
long, of somewhat rhombic-ovate outline, with a notable

226 LEAFLETS.

acumination, commonly with a few coarse teeth, often with a
prominent lobe on one side at the base, texture very firm,
both faces minutely and thinly appressed-pubescent ; leaves
of fertile branches quite similar, but with only 3 to 5 leaflets
and surpassed by the cymes of smallish white flowers: sepals
of pistillate flowers 5 or 6, spatulate-obovate to oblanceolate,
reflexed and rather persistent, softly silky : stamens of such
pistillate flowers 5 to 10, with flattened filaments either linear
or slightly lanceolate-dilated, anthers manifest, but perhaps
effete; staminate plant unknown: achenes silky-plumose to
above the middle, nearly naked for some distance below the
apex.

Species known only as collected by myself in the half desert
hills near Golconda, in northwestern Nevada, 27 July, 1896.

POLYCODIUM OLIGANTHUM. Shrub apparently low, the
branches short, slender, widely spreading, or some recurved,
thinly hirsutulous with whitish hairs, some spreading, others
turned upward: leaves subcoriaceous, small, the largest only
1 inch long, oval, acutish, glaucous beneath, scarcely glau-
cescent above, also with scattered hairs near the margin and
on the very short petioles: flowers scattered singly in the
axils of the ordinary foliage: corolla rather ample and deeply
lobed: stamens short: fruit small, globose, conspicuously
crowned by the triangularly lobed calyx.

Known only as collected at Lemon Bay, Florida, 23 May,
1906, by S. M. Tracy; his n. 7264. A fine new member of
that Floridan group that has no distinct and separate inflor-
escenice.

PoLycopium LANGLOISII. Branches slender, minutely and
sparsely pubescent with short curved hairs, the pubescence
permanent, at least during several seasons: leaves ample,
thin, deep-green and almost alike as to color on both faces,
pubescent along the veins on both faces, of oval-elliptic out-
line, 24 to 3% inches long, 1% to 134 inches wide, subses-

MISCELLANEOUS SPECIFIC TYPES.—V. 227

sile, narrower below the middle, yet ending abruptly and
usually subcordate at base, the apex very acute: bracts of the
short racemes small, oval, obtuse, rather strongly ciliate under
a lens: corolla extremely short yet apparently mature: fruit
unknown.

Species very distinct by the foliage; known only as col-
lected by the late Rev. A. B. Langlois, at Covington, Louisi-
ana, 16 April, 1894.

MACHAERANTHERA SCOPARIA. Annual or biennial, less
than a foot high, much branched from the base, and fastigi-
ately, the slender but rigid branches forming a rather dense
broomy-bushy tuft: basal and early leaves unseen, those of
the branches linear, entire, acute, ascending, hardly an inch
long, subcinereous with a minute and rather dense strigulose
pubescence, the branches greener, their scanty pubescence
more tomentulose: heads many, at summit of the plant only,
some of the main branches 3-parted, with as many heads,
others simple and monocephalous: involucres % inch high,
subcampanulate, their bracts not excessively numerous, the
tips appressed and straight, not pungently acute, whitish at
the back with a minute villous-tomentose pubescence; rays
20 or more, rather short, violet.

Plant of open grassy woodlands, northwest of Turkey
Tanks, on the Coconino Forest Reservation in northern Ari-
zona; the specimens collected by Jardine and Hill, 26 Aug.,
1911. The species may be compared with my M. linearis of
southern New Mexico, from which it differs as well by its
much less imbricated involucres, and by its pubescence, as by
its low bushy habit.

7? > SENECIO MESADENIA. Perennial, the solitary stem stout-
: ish, erect, 2 feet high, subumbellate-corymbose at the almost
naked summit, below the middle very sparsely villous-lanate :
leaves almost all basal, the longest a foot long including the
very long petiole, the blade only 4 or 5 inches, the petioles like
the stem below villous-lanate, the blades oval-elliptic, very

228 LEAFLETS.

saliently and rather closely dentate and minutely and ob-
scurely villous-ciliolate, otherwise glabrous except as to the
midvein beneath and next the petiole: corymb of about 12
heads % inch high, the terminal one largest and sessile, sub-
turbinate, at least under pressure; bracts of involucre linear-
oblong but abruptly apiculate, the very tip of the apiculation
purple, the whole otherwise light-green, glabrous; rays rather
short but broad, oblong, light yellow.

Collected somewhere on the Mono Forest Reservation, Cali-
fornia, at 6600 feet, 1 July, 1911, by Charles W. Fulton. I
name the species in reference to the likeness the plant bears
to certain species of the genus Mesadenia.

SENECIO FODINARUM. Robust perennial 1% feet high, rather
amply leafy to the middle, the basal leaves not the largest, 2
or 3 inches long, ovate, with short and broad petiole, those
next above on the stem twice as long, spatulately tapering
from an oval upper part, those midway of the stem as long
but spatulate-oblong, all entire, obtuse, almost veinless,
arachnoid-wooly marginally, otherwise nearly glabrous ;
heads 12 to 16 in a broad compact corymb, each head nearly
3⁄4 inch high; bracts of involucre oblong, abruptly acutish,
more or less villous-arachnoid along the prominent midnerve ;
rays short and broad, yellow.

Near Mineral King in the Sierra Nevada of California,
Aug., 1891, Coville and Funston, Death Valley Exp. n. 1491.

CERTAIN ASCLEPIADS. 229

Certain Asclepiads.

Time was, and not very long since, when in all our books
the commonest milkweed, or silkweed of our northern States
and Canada bore the Latin designation, Asclepias Cornuti. It
passes by that name in works as recent as Gray’s Synoptical
Flora (1878) and even in the sixth edition of his Manual (1890).
Only in the course of the very last years of the nineteenth
century, and under the influence of new ideas as to the invio-
lability of the principle of absolute Linnzan priority, was
the old but very erroneous and misleading name 4. Syriaca
restored ; the name given it by Linnzeus, who himself never
had the remotest suspicion that his plant was at all American,
not to say exclusively such, and never seen in Syria at all.

As early as 1844, and while as yet the best botanists held
that falsehood must not be propagated in the name of science
by even so much as a falsifying adjective plant name. The
principle is rational and sound. ‘There are amateur botanists,
collectors of specimens, and makers of herbaria, both in this
country and in Europe, where now our plant has long since
become naturalized, who have never supposed for a moment
that the species is not a native of Asia, introduced here. The
name itself tells that lie to all such people; and every one of
these may justly charge us with disseminating untruth, and
what we know to be an untruth, by using that as the legiti-
mate name of this common milkweed.

But now, what is of quite special interest in this connection
is, that even Decaisne’s name for the species, the name 7.
Cornuti, is false as well as the other, though in a different way ;
for any one possessing a botanist’s trained eye, accustomed to,
and at-all familiar with our milkweeds, opening at page 90 of
Cornut’s volume, discovers even at first glance that what is
there figured, so far from being the 4. Syriaca of Linnzus, 1s
really the A. odtusifolia of Michaux. The solitary, strictly
terminal, pedunculate umbel with its few-flowered laxity, as
also the small foliage, dispute its identity with the more com-

LEAFLETS, Vol. II, pp. 229-260." 22 October, 1912,

230 LEAFLETS.

mon large-leaved plant whose umbels are always several,
always lateral and almost subsessile. Moreover, in that old
author’s full page of description, in which he covers every-
thing from root to pods, there is not a syllable that points to
the wooly-leaved and spinous-podded 4. Syriaca. The man
could not have written that description with any specimen of
the species last named before him.

Several generations of botanists, including our many Ameri-
cans of the profession, since Decaisne’s time, yes, even from
Linnzeus down, have trustingly followed Linnzeus and Decaisne
in citing Cornut’s figure as a sort of prototype—by all of
them an unquestioned prototype—of 4. Syriaca. One is
obliged to doubt whether even one of them, after Linnzeus,
ever took a look at that old seventeenth-century page and
figure to see for himself what it might represent.

Concerning the two names, 4. Syriaca and A. Cornutt, it
may not seem to every mind impertinent to ask which one is
likely to become the settled one for the species, and perpetual
for all coming botanical time? It is possible that neither one
may forever escape universal reduction to the status of sy-
nonymy ; for, empora mutantur. he first of the two prevailed
from 1752 to 1844, though rejected by some who would have
no geographic botanical names at all. From 1844 until almost
1900 7. Cornuti held sway ; for only as late as 1908 did that
old standard, Gray’s Manual, return to 4. Syriaca, so that
only within the last five years has that appellation met with
what may be called universal adoption among us. Times
change, and so do minds. How long the opinion may prevail
that names stand by priority, even when false or ridiculous,
no one can tell; but it might easily be that forty years hence,
or twice or thrice forty, a distant generation may think as
some of the best and boldest individuals between Linnzeus
and us have thought, that all false names and foolish ones
must be expunged, and better ones substituted for them. In
that day both .4. Syriaca and A. Cornuti will both go by the
board.

CERTAIN ASCLEPIADS. 231

The following new members of the genus are from regions
distant and western :

ASCLEPIAS LONCHOPHYLLA. Stems 1 or 2 from the root,
stout, suberect, low, only 7 to 9 inches high, densely leafy
from near the base to the summit, there producing 1 or 2
ample subsessile umbels ; leaves rather broadly lanceolate, 2
inches long or somewhat more, abruptly mucronate-acute, on
stout short petioles of less than 14 inch, firm, equally lightish
green and sparingly pubescent on both faces: flowers about
% inch long, dull purplish green; hoods subquadrate-oval,
obtuse, the horn stout, incurved, not very acute.

Plant of the San Francisco Mountain floral district in
northern Arizona, where it is doubtless a rarity, having been
collected by only one among the many botanists who have
visited the region, namely, by C. A. Purpus, in 1902. In his
distribution of specimens it was called 4. Ha/iii. It is indeed
related to that quite rare species of Colorado and Utah, though
it is as nearly allied to 4. pratensis of Mexico, with which it
agrees as to its reduced dimensions. It is upright, however,
while the Mexican ally is decumbent; this also has few and
opposite leaves, while 4. /onchophylla has them fairly crowded
on the stem, also mostly alternate. It is also notably pubes-
cent, whereas 4. pratensis is glabrous, or with but a few traces
of pubescence.

ASCLEPIAS DEMISSA. Allied to 4. erosa, but low, only 8
or 10 inches high, firmly erect, densely leafy with small foliage,
the herbage glaucous and slightly hoary : leaves ovate-lanceo-
late, little exceeding an inch in length and a half-inch in
width, truncate at base, or nearly so, and sessile, strongly
ascending in pairs, the apex subfalcate-cuspidate : flowers in
several subterminal short-peduncled umbels, the individual
flower large for the plant ; hoods short, far from equalling
the anthers, subtruncate, the inner process broadly crescent
shaped, far exserted, short-pointed.

An interesting plant, purporting to have been collected

232 LEAFLETS.

somewhere in Arizona in 1875, by Dr. Loew. The two speci-
mens are on U. S. Herb. sheet 18,727. It was at first labelled
‘‘4.erosa.’’? ‘That was afterwards (?) erased and ‘‘A. vestita ”
substituted, this appellation also subsequently erased, all by
parties unknown. ‘The small size of the plants, and peculiarly
small and dense foliage, preclude our referring it to either of
those species, not to speak of the flowers, the hoods of which,
while too short by half for those of 4. evosa, have the pattern
of those of that species in all but their great brevity. In this
one particular only do they at first glance suggest 4. vestita ,
in structure, and as to the horn, they are far from it.

ASCLEPIAS ROTHROCKII. Allied to 4. erosa, half as large,
more slender, canescently tomentulose: leaves oblong-oval,
2% to 4 inches long, subsessile, cordate at base, at apex
abruptly and cuspidately acute: umbels subsessile, their pe-
duncles barely 34 inch long: hoods of the flower white, shorter
than the anthers, as broad as high, truncate and subcampanu-
late, the broadly lunate process much exserted, not very acute,
not horizontal over the anthers, but ascending.

Collected by J. T. Rothrock, on Wheeler’s Expedition of
1875, apparently at Fort Tejon, southern California. The
foliage has neither the size nor the form of that of T. erosa
from the same region. It is of thinner texture, also. That
of T. erosa, even from southern California, is almost coriaceous,
the leaf ovate in outline, modified by a long acuminate apex,
and the breadth of the leaf is greater than the greatest length
of that of T. Rothrockit.

ASCLEPIAS OBTUSATA. Of the size of A. erosa, but with
soft-hoary and thin flaccid foliage; leaf outline elongate-oval,
short-petioled and not cordate at base, the apex in all but the
floral leaves very obtuse, even subtruncate, but always with a
small mucronation, length of leaf 314 inches, the breadth 2
inches, the texture quite thin: hoods exactly truncate, about
equalling the anthers, their process with a long point hori-
zontally extended.

wnt Er

SOME NEW LUPINES. 233

This, like the preceding, was collected by Rothrock, his
label says at Fort Tejon; but most probably that collector’s
localities for plants are untrustworthy. As far as Dr. Gray’s
description of his 4. erosa var. obtusa goes, this plant agrees
with it ; but he testifies that Rothrock obtained the plant at
Bartlett’s Cafion near Santa Barbara, and that is not only far
removed from Fort Tejon, but is in an extremely different
climatic region. This plant, then, is from near the ocean,
and within the fog belt. The thinness of the texture was not
noted by Dr. Gray. The closet botanist is apt to fail in this.
The distinction of the hood, as truncate squarely, not
obliquely, Gray took note of.

Some New Lupines.

LUPINUS OVINUS. Low cespitose perennial, the branches of
the caudex thick, short, slightly woody, the scapiform pedun-
cle with flowers only 3 or 4 inches high, the raceme of about
3 or 4 verticils borne little above the foliage: leaflets about 7,
¥% inch long or less, oblanceolate, acute, both faces glossy
with a dense appressed silky-villous indument, this extending
to the pedicels and calyx; corolla %4 inch long, deep blue-
purple, wings perceptibly larger than the banner, keel slightly
exserted beyond the wings, uncommonly stout and straight,
sparsely ciliate at about the middle; pods 34 inch long, densely
silky-tomentose, several-seeded.

Sheep Mountain, Waterton Lake, Alberta, collected in July,
1895, by Mr. John Macoun, the specimens with Geol. Surv.
n. 10,413.

LUPINUS YuKONENSIS. ‘Tall and slender perennial, with
ample long-stalked foliage and no branches, and a solitary
rather short raceme of large flowers: petioles 7 or 8 inches
long, erect, the leaflets 5 or 6, nearly elliptical, 2% inches
long, 3 inch wide, thinnish, slightly glaucescent above and

234 LEAFLETS.

glabrous beneath, showing few and scattered pilose hairs on
the veins and a more copious yet not at all dense coat of
somewhat appressed shorter hairs, the stem also pilose, and
with also a short closely appressed pubescence ; rachis of the
raceme, and more especially the pedicels, hirtellous-hairy ;
flowers in 6 or 8 not indistinct verticils ; calyx thin, scarcely
gibbous at base, upper lip notched, the whole villous hirsute
on and near the margin: corolla blue-purple, about % inch
long, the breadth a little more, banner and wings about equal,
keel becoming longer, strongly falcate, naked ; ovary densely
villous-hirsute.
Klondike River, Yukon, John Macoun, 9 July, 1902.

LUPINUS PAULINUS. Herbaceous low perennial, with long
slender taproot and a multicipitous short-branched crown, the
numerous scapiform peduncles 4 to 7 inches high including
the raceme, this compact, 2 to 3 inches long and quite sur-
passing all the foliage: leaves notably small for the plant,
and of few leaflets, the usual number 6, none of more, not a
few of 5 and even 4, cuneate-oblong, % inch long more or
less, barely acute, deep-green, densely appressed-pilose
beneath, the upper face less densely so and with shorter
hairs, all subfuscous; rachis of the raceme only thinly
setulose-hairy ; flowers mostly in distinct and approximate
verticils ; calyx more pilose, its short and subtruncate upper
lip partly hyaline; corolla dark purple, less than ¥% inch
long, the banner uncommonly short and wings large, keel
enclosed within the wings, short and little curved, scantily
wooly-hairy above the middle: pods not seen.

Collected at Paulina Lake in the interior of Oregon east of
the Cascades, 28 July, 1894, by J. B. Leiberg; his n. 550 as
in U. S. Herb.

LUPINUS FRAXINETORUM. Perennial, with the habit of Z.
formosus and Bridgesii, the several stems weak at base and
decumbent, devoid of distinctively basal or radical leaves, but
though leafless at the very base, freely and equably leafy above

= Yy-

SOME NEW LUPINES. 235

it and up to the single and terminal raceme, rather conspicu-
ously villous-hirsute with long hairs either horizontally spread-
ing or somewhat deflexed, the short slender petioles similarly
hairy, these at base subtended by a pair of large oblong or
narrowly oval herbaceous stipules entirely free from the
petioles and from each other, 32 inch long or more and acute;
leaflets about 7, oblong-oblanceolate, 1 inch long or less, acute,
canescent on both faces with a dense appressed short-silkiness ;
raceme subsessile, 5 to 7 inches long, the rachis, pedicels and
calyx short-silky-villous; flowers rather definitely verticel-
late, the whorls not at all crowded; corolla about % inch
long, dull bluish and white, the banner shorter than the
wings, the long keel falcate, naked.

Specimens from an altitude of 6800 feet in the Californian
Sierra, on the Sequoia Forest Reservation in Fresno County.
Collected by Mr. Ralph Hopping, 29 June, 1911. The species
is a remarkable one among Californian perennial lupines on
account of its large herbaceous free stipules. The specific
name is but an adaptation of the geographic name Fresno,
which Latinized is Fraxinus.

LUPINUS HABROCOMUS. Perennial with very leafy stems
2 feet high or more, strongly striate-angled and notably brittle
rather than flexible, clothed with a rather copious but very
fine and soft-spreading pubescence, bearing at summit a single
short-peduncled and rather lax raceme of large flowers: basal
leaves not seen, those of the stem midway and upwards large,
on ascending petioles of 2 inches or more, and with subulate-
lanceolate hyaline very villous stipules; leaflets about 8,
almost lanceolate, tapering almost equally from near the mid-
dle to each end, 2 inches long or more, very thin, quite green
despite a not very sparse indument of very fine appressed hairs
which only along the margins, and the midvein beneath, be-
comes dense, forming a silvery-villous line : rachis of raceme,
as also the pedicels, villous-hirsutulous ; calyx almost hyaline,
purplish like the petals, yet appressed-villous ; length of the
very broadly oval wing petals % inch, the banner notably

236 LEAFLETS.

shorter ; keel rather narrowly falcate, sparsely curled-hairy
from above the middle: pods unknown.

Cochetopa Forest Reservation, middle southern Colorado,
growing in aspen groves at 8500 feet in the mountains, gath-
ered by E. F. Clark, 6 July, 1911. The plant when dry is so
fragile that the specimens have reached me only in fragments,
but they show the marks of a rather peculiar species in several
ways, as already indicated.

Lupinus HILLI. Perennial, the rather slender but rigid
stems several, 1 to 134 feet high, bearing 1 to 3 racemes at
summit, otherwise simple, purplish underneath a certain
hoariness of short dense villous pubescence interspersed with
a few long white hirsute hairs ; absolutely basal foliage appar-
ently wanting, those of the main stem on slender but firm
petioles of 2 to 3 inches, purplish and pubescent ; leaflets 5 to
8, cuneate-oblong, very obtuse, 1 inch long, the largest ¥%
inch wide near the summit, not very densely silky-strigose on
both faces, less so above : racemes short-peduncled, 3 inches
long, rather lax, the blue-purple flowers very small, more or
less definitely verticillate; corolla only, or scarcely, 4 lines
long, the banner shorter than the wings, the keel shorter than
either, not falcate, strongly ciliate from base almost to apex :
pods short, rather lightly silky-villous, mostly 3-seeded, but
not a few 2-seeded only.

This exceedingly well-marked lupine was collected on the
Coconino Forest Reservation in northern Arizona, 29 June,
1911, by Mr. R. R. Hill, who reports it common in open
thinly grassy groves of yellow pine. The flowers are the
smallest known among those of perennial lupines.

New Species of Cicuta.

CICUTA FRONDOSA. C. occidentalis f. frondosa, Greene, Pitt.
ii. 7. In the long interval that has passed since I discovered
this plant, and made public mention of ‘some of its character-

NEW SPECIES OF CICUTA. 237

istics, the specimens have lain in my herbarium without fur-
ther notice. That I was at first willing to locate it under the
Rocky Mountain C. occidentalis was partly because, not know-
ing its fruit, I preferred not to accord it specific rank on
vegetative characters alone. Nevertheless the best, and often
the only characters for hundreds of species in a multitude of
genera, are the vegetative; and the marks attributed to this
Californian water hemlock at the first, are properly specific.
The difference between a glaucous plant and one without
bloom is a specific difference. The stems are not only taller
but stouter than in the very largest C. occidentalis. Finally
the consideration of its habitat, as of the Pacific slope, and
completely sundered from the environment of the plant of
Colorado and Wyoming—this argues for it specific rank; and
the more conclusively since the discovery of C. grandifolia of
northern Arizona, a species which occupies, geographically, a
middle place between the habitat of C. occidentalis and the
Californian species.

CICUTA SUBFALCATA. Roots 8 to 12, thickish and fleshy,
3 or 4 inches long, terete or slenderly fusiform, whorled around
the basal part of the strictly erect and closely partitioned sub-
terranean section of the stem, this hardly an inch high; stem
proper only 2 or 3 feet high and slender, upright, not much
branched, bearing at summit about 3 smallish umbels: leaves
ternate, or some only bipinnate, the leaflets large for the plant,
3 or 4 inches long, narrowly lanceolate, subfalcate, closely
and saliently serrate-toothed, of a vivid green on both faces,
without trace of bloom and glabrous; flowers small, white ;
fruit unknown.

From the Gallatin National Forest in southern Montana,
where it is reported as growing in wet places, at an altitude
of 5000 feet. The specimens were gathered by some one in
the forestry service there, 29 August, 1911.

Crcuta DaKxoTicaA. Basal and underground parts not seen,
but plant evidently tall and robust, freely and widely branched

238 LEAFLETS.

above: leaflets large, 3 to 4 inches long, 34 inch wide, acumi-
nate at apex, at base acute, somewhat remotely and not deeply
serrate, the serratures almost spinescently acute, neither face
of leaflet notably veiny: umbels many: fruits rather large,
oval-elliptic, marked superficially by more than usually narrow
ribs and broad intervals in cross section showing thin curved-
linear dorsal and large triangular lateral ribs; oil-tubes large
and deep, impressed into the seed, rendering the periphery of
the seed sinuous.

Collected on grounds of the college farm, at Brookings, South
Dakota, in 1893, by J. J. Thornber. Type in U. S. Herb.
Evidently a more robust and widely branched plant than C.
maculata, the leaflets several times larger, and the fruit of
marked character.

CICUTA ARGUTA. Subterranean and closely partitioned
part of stem so shortened as to be almost obsolete, the fascicle
of roots therefore proceeding from just below the surface of
the ground, these 6 or more, large and fleshy, nearly terete, 4
inches long or more, % inch thick: leaves small for the plant
and very compact, only 8 inches long beyond the petiole, of
some 80 leaflets and biternate; leaflets 2 inches long or less,
narrowly lanceolate, closely, deeply and acutely serrate from
base to apex, the short veins running to the tips of the serra-
tures very prominent beneath: fruit short, rounded, nearly
as broad as long; ribs thick and broad, the intervals narrow,
as seen in cross section the dorsals oblong-oval, the laterals of
more than twice their size and gibbous-oval ; oil-tubes not
impressed.

Type sheet in U. S. Herb. from Forest City, South Dakota,
3 Sept., 1892, by Griffiths and Schlosser.

CICUTA VALIDA. Stature of the plant and its underground
parts not known: lowest leaf 2 feet long including the very
stout and apparently turgid or inflated petiole, this more than
% inch thick, the lamina a foot long, 10 inches across below

NEW SPECIES OF CICUTA. 239

the middle, of rhombic-ovate outline, the leaflets large, few
and rather remote, 31 in number, in five primary pinnae, the
first and second being compound, each of 10 leaflets, the third
compound and of 6 leaflets, the fourth and fifth simple, each
being of a pair of large subsessile leaflets; terminal leaflets
exactly ovate, acute, obtuse at base, about 2) inches long ex-
clusive of the petiolule, strongly but not at all deeply serrate,
the teeth short and broad, but mucronately acute, lateral leaf-
lets somewhat smaller, quite tapering to the short stout petio-
lule, but the tapering inequilateral: upper part of stem
remarkably stout and somewhat fistulous, bearing 3 large
umbels, the pedicels likewise very stout and rigid: fruits sub-
orbicular but distinctly broader than high; corky ribs promi-
nent, in cross section narrowly oval, the laterals of about four
times the dimensions of the dorsal.

Eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada of California, in Mono
County, collected very long ago by Bolander, and, if distrib-
uted by him at all, probably under the name of C. maculata ;
indeed this is ‘‘ C. maculata’’ of the Botany of the State Sur-
vey, at least as to the plant from Mono Pass; the southern
plant so referred being very likely my C. frondosa. ‘The fruits
of C. valida are small for so large a plant, and are not very
satisfactorily designated as suborbicular. They might almost
as well be described as transversely short-oval. The species
is particularly well marked in character. I do not know how
it came to escape the notice of Messrs. Coulter and Rose.

Cicuta SONNEI. Plant 3 to 5 feet high and not stout,
with subterranean parts much as in C. occidentalis, i. e. of
large fusiform roots, but stems purplish and glaucous, re-
motely leafy and the foliage small; basal leaves smallest of
all, only 4 to 6 inches long, the middle cauline twice as large,
all consisting of about 29 leaflets each, 1 to 1/% inches long,
lance-elliptic, very acute at both ends and remotely and slightly
serrate-toothed except at the cuneately tapering base, those of
the small basal leaves broader, shorter and at base obtuse :
umbels few: fruits small, the corky wings low, very broad,

240 LEAFLETS.

almost meeting over the oil-tubes, all oblong as seen in cross
section, the laterals more than twice the size of the others.
The habitat of this, as to the type specimens, is the eastern
base of the middle Californian Sierra in California and adjacent
western Nevada. ‘The specimens are those collected by Mr.
Sonne, at Truckee in 1892, and by myself at the same place
in 1895. Mr. Heller has also distributed the same (n. 7174)
from Truckee, but neglecting the underground parts, and
calling his specimens C. vagans, wrongly, through following
the guess of Coulter and Rose. Neither the underground
parts nor the carpels in C. Sonnez are at all as in C. vagans.

CICUTA FIMBRIATA. Radical leaf large, bipinnate, of some-
what triangular circumscription, being a foot long, exclusive
of the long petiole, and 9 inches wide near the base, the leaf-
lets large and few, about 39 to 41, ovate-lanceolate, acute at
both ends, about 2% inches long by 1 to 1% inches wide
below the middle, everywhere, except at the entire and taper-
ing base, closely, deeply and thereby fimbriately serrate, the
serratures slender, acute, but somewhat unequal; both faces
of the leaflet of a vivid green, the lower very conspicuously
veiny with elevated and sharp feather veins.

Saline or brackish marshes of Washington near the sea,
where it was collected in 1854 or 1855 by Dr. J. G. Cooper,
in whose catalogue (Pac. R. R. Rep., vol. xii, Book ii, p. 63)
it is thus mentioned: Conium maculatum, Linn. ‘‘ Large
form of the northwest coast.” (T.) Abundant everywhere
in wet grounds, the large variety mostly near the sea, 8 feet
high.

The words in quotation marks are those of Dr. Torrey.
The determination of the specimen was made by him for
Dr. Cooper, as the latter affirms. The name Conium macu-
latum was surely a slip of Dr. Torrey’s pen for Cicuta
maculata ; for we can not possibly suppose him to have failed
to distinguish between the leaves of Conium and Cicuta.
The fact that in either case the specific name was maculata
would have its tendency to induce such a lapse in writing.

ure

EARLIER HISTORY OF OUR DOGBANES.—I. 241

CIcUTA AMPLA. Subterranean parts not seen, neither
even the basal or lower cauline leaves; leaflets of the upper-
most, and not far below the umbels ovate-lanceolate, 3 to 3%
inches long, nearly 144 inches wide toward the base, coarsely
but very evenly crenate-serrate, the serratures very broad and
short, but very abruptly acute, both faces deep green, the
lower marked with elevated feather veins corresponding to the
serratures: branches and peduncles rather slender, glauces-
cent: fruits large, elongated, of oval-elliptic outline, nar-
rowed at summit to a distinct short neck, the 3 dorsal ribs
elevated and narrow, hardly broader than the intervals, in
cross section oblong, but the 2 laterals five times larger and
equilaterally triangular, almost acutely so.

This remarkably distinct new cicuta is known to me only
in the fruiting summit of a single plant, with good fruits and
upper leaves, which was taken from somewhere near the
Michigan Agricultural College at Lansing, 8 Oct., 1891, by
the late Prof. C. F. Wheeler. Of such pronounced characters
both of foliage, as far as we know it, and especially of the
fruit, one naturally longs to know what its radical leaves and
its subterranean parts are like.

Earlier History of our Dogbanes.—I.

In that old folio of the year 1565 entitled Hortus Regius
Parisiensis, at page 22, occurs this expression of the name and
characteristics of a dogbane: Apocynum Indicum foliis An-
drosaemi majoris flore Lilii convallium suaverubentis. This,
if so turned into English as to be rightly understood will read :
“An American Apocynum with leaves like those of Hypericum
androsaemum, and flowers like those of the reddish variety of
the lily of the valley.”

This, in the folio of Joncquet, is the earliest account I have
met with of any American dogbane. By the terms of Jonc-

242 LEAFLETS.

quet’s phrase the plant is not so certainly of American deriva-
tion. Jndicum might indicate either the West or the East
Indies ; but, within ten years from the time of the publication
of Joncquet’s book, it appears to have been ascertained that
the plant, whatever it was, had come from America; and
what is more important, it had been seen in the Paris garden,
and studied and very well written up by an Italian botanist of
high distinction, by name Paulo Boccone, to whom, by the
way, seems to belong the credit of having first figured plants
from dried specimens affixed to herbarium sheets. Boccone,
in his book, Icones et Descriptiones Rariorum Plantarum
(1674), published nine years later than Joncquet’s folio, re-
ports having seen the plant growing copiously in the Paris
Royal Garden, and gives a rather full and enlightening account
of it, besides the figure of a twig of it, which twig it is likely
he took for that purpose while in Paris. The name which he
assigns it is quite altered from that by Joncquet. It is now
Apocynum Canadense foliis Androsaemi majoris. It appears
to have been ascertained that Joncquet’s term /udicum was
false, and Canadense takes its place in the name. The descrip-
tion by which Boccone follows up his amended and corrected
name for the type is too long to be given here both in the
Latin original and in translation, and I shall present his little
chapter only in what would be the equivalent English wording
of it: ‘‘ This plant, as remarkable for rarity as elegance,
stands up like a little tree. The stem to the height of a foot
or more is without joint or leaf, and reddish, above this being
divided intoa multitude of branches. Leavesin pairs, rounded
and closely resembling those of the greater androsaemum,
attached by petioles, adorn the whole head. From the very
extremities of these stems there proceed in a branched arrange-
ment little flowers, pinkish tinged with purple, cup-shaped
like those of the lily of the valley, or the strawberry-tree ; to
which there succeed pods narrower than those of asclepias,
having within a white wool, and flat seeds of a reddish-brown
color. ‘The roots, spreading far and wide under the ground,
are extremely tenacious of life and often send up their shoots

EARLIER HISTORY OF OUR DOGBANES.—I. 243

in the midst of the beaten paths of the garden. It is full of a
milky juice which exudes from any part of the plant that is
wounded. It is destructive of flies, if they alight on the
flowers. At Paris, in the Royal Garden, it may be seen in
abundance.”

With such fulness as this were the best botanists of the
generation preceding that of Tournefort accustomed to describe
new plants ; but for the botanists of the time there was much
more in this description of the new dogbane than most of us
of to-day will be able to get out of it without some very care-
ful looking into it. Indeed there are hordes of botanists in
several countries to whom Boccone’s account of the foliage of
his new plant will be meaningless, and therefore, to them, no
description at all. Yet his phrase ‘‘ leaves of the larger andro-
saemum ’’ has in it all of the following: leaves ovate, entire,
two or three inches long, firm, deep or dark green and gla-
brous, spreading away from the stem on little or no petiole.
Now the plant Androsaemum officinale—called Hyperiicum
androsaemum by Linnaeus—was very familiar to botanists of
southern Europe, and that phrase told distinctly to all that the
new apocynum suggested by its foliage and general bearing
the familiar androsaemum. And we of the present age, if we
know the hypericaceous plant androsaemum, can assure our-
selves that Boccone’s dogbane, whatever it may have been,
was not 4. cannabinum, because that has not an ovate foliage.
Its leaves do not spread away from the stem, but are ascending,
and are of a color that is in strong contrast to that of andro-
saemum. Of course when it is said of the flowers that they
are like those of the pinkish or reddish lily of the valley, it
becomes if possible still more certain that he had some member
of that group of which Linnaeus 4. androsaemifolium is the
type. Is this plant of the old Paris Garden—the plant of
Joncquet and of Boccone—the A. androsaemifolium of Linnaeus
and of later North American botany? That can not be
answered by any simple Yes or No. In reality the question is
twofold. Let us simplify by asking: Is it the 4. androsaemt-
folium of Linnaeus? This may be answered unhesitatingly in

244 LEAFLETS.

the affirmative. His very name for the species he took from
the descriptive phrases of Joncquet, Boccone and Morison.
Thus did he most positively and unmistakably identify his
plant with theirs. It were perhaps better not to say “his
plant,” for really Linnaeus had no plant of it either alive or
dead and dry. He knew it only by the accounts given of it
by those earlier authors; so it may be more accurate to say
that he took out of their texts their own descriptive phrase
foliis androsaemi, and made it a specific name for their species.
Now comes the other question. Is that plant—the plant of
Linnaeus, as we may say—the same which we American bota-
nists of the nineteenth century were taught by all our masters,
to call by that name A. androsaemifolium? The facts give to
this a negative answer. Our masters, the whole succession of
them for a hundred years, were wrong in what they instructed
us to receive for that species. That I was the first to call
attention to this matter, and to propose names for things
wrongly called 4. androsaemifolium in our books is a condition
under which I may without presumption tell what the plant
was like which I, mistaught, and during a half-century of
botanical observation, received as the 4. androsaemifolium of
Linnaeus. Its distinctive marks were, and are, a rather small
number of pinkish or purplish nodding bell-shaped flowers
inserted by short stalklets in the axils of the two, or even
three, uppermost pairs of leaves of the plant, with also a some-
what more numerous short bunch of them at the summit of
the branch. They were not at all numerous, and the aggre-
gate of the flowers in the axillary clusters was greater than
the aggregate of those in the one terminal cluster. In brief,
the little inflorescences were axillary and terminal, the flowers
beautiful but few. Apocynums answering that description as
to their manner of flowering I was familiar with very long 48°
in New England, and later on the woodland borders of far-
western prairies; and every man who pretended to know
plants, and every book of botany that was available said this
was 4. androsaemifolium Linn. Almost every book assigned
that species the mark of ‘‘ flowers lateral and terminal ”” or

EARLIER HISTORY OF OUR DOGBANES.—I. 245

else ‘terminal and lateral.” I cite briefly rather a long line of
the masters who give the species that character: Michaux
(1803), Pursh (1814), Bigelow (1814, 1817, 1824), Elliott
(1821), Torrey (1824), Darlington (1826, 1837, 1853), Ra-
finesque (1828), Eaton & Wright (1840), Darby (1855), A.
Wood, in all his editions, Chapman (1860).

The long while I was in error as to the identity of the afore-
said dogbane, I was so by reason of my unwavering faith in
the authorities; and they were all wrong. If we now turn to
Linnaeus, who, as they all say, gave that name to that plant,
we learn that his plant had only terminal flowers; and it is
not alone his brief diagnosis which so affirms. The figures,
both of Boccone and of Morison which he cites, present a
plant with decidedly numerous flowers, all in a terminal cymose
panicle. To their plant both of them applied the descriptive
phrase /oltts androsaemi, and Linnaeus did no more than adopt
that as a name for the selfsame type. I have no evidence that
Linnaeus ever saw so much as a dried specimen or fragment
of the plant; and all that he says about it he may have taken
out of Boccone and Morison, whom he cites as the authorities
on it.

At the time of this writing there are several species of dog-
bane known which have pink or purplish flowers all in strictly
terminal cymes. The best of them belong to the far off
western side of the Continent, and were therefore unknown
until late in the nineteenth century. There are, however, in-
dications of the existence here at the East of two or three
which will more or less nearly answer to the real androsaemi-
folium of Joncquet, Boccone, Morison and Linnaeus; but
before proceeding to such, let us take note of one of those
graver misrepresentations of that species which at one time
and another have appeared in books.

I should much like to see such a plant as that which Jacob
Bigelow more than ninety years ago, in his admirable Medical
Botany, figured for A. androsaemifolium. It departs widely
from the anciently published and true thing in two important
particulars if not in three. Its flowers, however well at agree-

246 LEAFLETS.

ment with those of the real species of that name as to size,
form and color of the corolla, are distributed in the main to
axillary cymes. The whole number of flowers which the plate
shows is 25, of which 7 are in the terminal cyme, the 18 be-
longing to 3 lateral ones; so that the whole number of the
flowers is distributed about as equally as possible among four
cymes mostly axillary. Considering that in plant species
generally characteristics of inflorescence are more stable than
those of the flower itself, and seeing that the whole accepted
system of the Apocynaceae—quite as in the case of each of a
hundred other families—would fall back into chaos should
inflorescences cease, as we may say, to be sworn by, we are
forced to deny to this plant of Bigelow a place among possible
mere variations of 4. androsaemifolium. But in the second
place I remark that the foliage of his plant is about as far as
can be from answering to that of the species aforesaid. So
far from being ovate, the leaves are nearly lanceolate and quite
slenderly acuminate. There is in them no suggestion whatever
of the foliage of androsaemum ; so that to no plant at all like
this could the specific phrase foliis androsaemi have been
applied. By characters of foliage alone, the plant figured by
Bigelow is something apart, not only from real 4. androsaemt-
folium, but from every other member of the genus known to
me. Moreover, by the dimensions attributed to it by Bigelow
it is again a stranger to us, for he reports that it ‘‘ grows often
to the height of five or six feet, though its common elevation
is three or four.’’ Plants that are commonly received by the
botanists of to-day for 4. androsaemifolium, having truly ovate
and mostly obtuse leaves, if ever found two feet high, are
accounted very tall specimens, and many little exceed one and
a half feet; and all these have more axillary than terminal
cymes, and are rather few-flowered. Unless the plant of
Bigelow was in his day limited to the environs of the lesser
Boston of a hundred years ago, and is now extinct, it should
fall to the lot of some Massachusetts botanist to discover 1t
anew, and give ita name, and a place in the list of northeastern
dogbanes.

EARLIER HISTORY OF OUR DOGBANES.—I. 247

Not so far removed from what must be the typical 4. andro-
saemifolium is a plant which, a dozen or fifteen years earlier
than the work of Bigelow, had been figured and described
under that same name in Curtis’ Botanical Magazine, t. 280,
and with an instructive account of the origin of the subject
from which the drawing was made. Some such plant, though
not Curtis’ type, had been known in English gardens for sixty
or seventy years anterior to the publication of the plate in the
Botanical Magazine. Philip Miller had given an account of
it in the first edition of the Gardener’s Dictionary (1731), and
Morison had described and figured it thirty years earlier,
though whether from the plant as grown in England or on
the Continent I am unable to say; but presumably that early
accession of it to English gardens had been derived either di-
rectly or mediately from the original stock in the Paris Garden.
This plant of the early Botanical Magazine is of quite another
origin, for, though Curtis takes it to be specifically the same
thing, the specimens he had were grown in England from seed
sent from the neighborhood of Halifax, N.S., at a date then—
that is, in 1794—quite recent. This figure, perhaps the most
life-like and beautiful that has hitherto been produced as
representing an apocynum, is in all essentials like that of
Boccone (1674) and of Morison (1699). It shows a plant of
ovate and truly androsaemious foliage—true to that even as to
the dark-green color—and what may well be called a terminal
cymose panicle of flowers. True indeed, one of the four
cymes is axillary to one of the leaves, yet that one is raised
on a long peduncle and so made fairly a part of the panicle.
All are borne away beyond the leaves. Within a period of
130 years between 1664 (Paris Gard.) and 1794, that which is
the very type of 4. androsaemifolium was in the gardens of
Europe, often described, and three times figured. Then in
the first half of the nineteenth century the same was excellently
represented in the Herbier de 1’ Amateur (1829) and in the
Belgique Horticole (1850).

As regards this particular American dogbane, by name the
oldest of them all, the sum of the matter is this: that the

248 LEAFLETS.

plants so well figured in European journals between 1794 and
1850, quite like that of Boccone of 1674, represent the real
A. androsaemifolium. It is certain that the original of the
1794 figure was derived from Nova Scotia, and it is next to
certain that the old Paris Garden plant came also from north-
eastern Canada. Moreover, the only plant which I in my
extensive travels have met with to match that of the figures
mentioned, I met with, and collected, in Nova Scotia; though
I should almost expect to find it in extreme northern New
England. But that different phase, common enough in southern
New England and far westward, with few flowers, most of
which are axillary to large leaves, not even the few terminal
ones equalling the foliage—such plants, eastern and western,
whether of one species or an aggregate of several, are, like
that fine plant of Bigelow’s plate, manifestly as species name-
less and nondescript.

Some Californian Maples.

For those smallest-leaved maples of California which have
hitherto been jumbled together under the name of Acer
macrophyllum, that appellation, as to its import is most un-
fortunate. It does not apply. The genuine 4. macrophyllum,
belonging to the valley of the Columbia and regions northward
more than southward, with its leaves commonly ten inches
broad and long, and not rarely a foot across, and even more,
does not seem to have place in California at all, in any one of
California’s many and distinct climatic and floral regions. It
may perchance some day be found in unexplored districts
northwestward in the State, and toward the sea; but most
unlike that is every one of a number of its California allies,
each more or less localized—quite as in California species of
trees, shrubs and herbs are apt to be localized—for all but
one are furnished with leaves that make no kind of approach
to those of 4. macrophyllum in size, and are as diverse in form

SOME CALIFORNIAN MAPLES. 249

and indument as are the maples of the whole of Atlantic North
America. Of this condition, and of the falsity of that name
for any California maple I became very clearly apprehensive
while still a resident of the State twenty years since, but only
recently has my attention been called again to these Californian
trees, and this time with far more copious material available
than all that I had myself gathered in former years. The fol-
lowing new species are very clear; and there are indications
of half as many more in the National Herbarium and in my
own, of which the incompleteness of the material precludes
the satisfactory establishment of the species.

ACER FLABELLATUM. Leaves on elongated petioles of 3 to
6 inches and large, 4 to 6 inches long, widest a little above
the middle, there measuring 5% to 7% inches, the base abso-
lutely truncate without the suggestion even of a sinus, cleft
to the middle only, the 3 main lobes subquadrate-obovate,
shortly and broadly lobed at summit, the sinuses very nar-
rowly V-shaped, upper face deep-green aud sparsely muricu-
late, the lower showing very prominent veins and veinlets and
everywhere glabrous except at the forking of the veins, there
exhibiting a tuft of short hirsute hairs, but the margin un-
evenly hairy with softer hairs ; samaras uncommonly divergent
for the group, as well as narrow-winged, fully 2 inches long,
the body shortly but stiffly bristly as well as tomentulose, the
bristly hairs in shorter form and appressed extending to the
whole wing, this 1 inch broad, its inner margin conspicuously
undulate.

Known only as collected on the Wilkes Exploring Expedi-
tion more than seventy years since in ‘‘ Northern California,’’
according to Dr. Torrey, by whom the label was written for
the sheet (U. S. Herb, n. 17953) before me. The leaves of
this are large enough for those of A. macrophyllum, but in
not one of the several scores of sheets of northwestern, 7. e.
Oregonian, Washingtonian and British Columbian ‘4. macro-
phyllum’? at hand is there any approach made to the not in-
distinctly fan-shaped cut of the leaves of 4. /adellatum, and

250 LEAFLETS.

the divergence of the samaras is almost equally of a new
species, and one strongly marked notwithstanding that the
dimensions of the leaf are very great in comparison with other
Californian species herein presented.

ACER COPTOPHYLLUM. Leaves not large, commonly 3 or 4
inches long and 3% to 5 inches wide below the middle, deeply
parted into uncommonly narrow segments leaving very large
and open broadly V-shaped sinuses, each of the 3 larger seg-
ments 3-lobed, and deeply so, just above the middle, the lobes
triangular-lanceolate, forming narrow and acute secondary
sinuses ; upper face of leaf glaucescent-green, soft to the touch
by a coat of short stiffish hairs all pointing backwards to the
base of the leaf, the lower face strongly reticulate, all veins
and veinlets setulose-pubescent, the ciliation quite pronounced :
samaras very large for the foliage, few in the raceme, also
unusually divergent, showing a broad sinus, 14 to 1% inches
long, the wing % inch wide or more, almost softly setulose-
pubescent, the body of the fruit scarcely at all bristly but
obviously villous-tomentose.

The solitary but very fine specimen of this most excellent
species has been in my herbarium (n. 11420) for more than a
quarter of a century, having been sent me from some unmen-
tioned special locality in Humboldt Co., as long ago as 1886,
by C. C. Marshall, the same for whom I named Ribes Mar-
shallii, and this new maple is quite as remarkable among
members of its genus as that gooseberry is among its cognates.
In selecting a name for it I have hesitated in making choice,
for the character of the pubescence is quite as peculiar as is
the open and much cut leaf-pattern.

ACER PLATYPTERUM. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, of about
the same breadth in the middle, exactly truncate at base, cleft
below the middle, the segments much widened above the
middle, forming oblong sinuses sometimes quite closed above,
the subquadrate-obovate segment itself 3-lobed and the middle
lobe large and 3-toothed, upper face not soft to the touch, yet

SOME CALIFORNIAN MAPLES. 251

quite setulose under a lens, the setulae pointing forwards,
lower face more stiffly setulose, but on the veinlets only, the
veins proper with spreading hirsute hairs along their sides at
and near their bases: racemes long and large; samaras about
1% inches long, moderately divergent, but wings excessively
widened, 34 inch wide in the middle and over-lapping, glabrous
or very nearly so, the body densely bristly, but almost at
summit only, the tomentellous indument very scanty and
obscure.

Known only in a very good sheet of specimens (U. S. Herb.
469326), brought from Round Valley, Mendocino Co., in 1897,
by V. K. Chesnut. The leaves almost as much dissected as
in the last species, but very differently so, the segments even
almost closing the sinuses. The wings of the samaras are the
broadest known in the genus.

ACER AURITUM. Leaves pale and glaucescent above, there
setose along the midvein and veinlets, the general surface
rather closely muriculate, many of the points minutely bristle-
tipped, the lower face, at least in full maturity, of a yellowish
or subfuscous green and more sparsely muriculate and setulose,
the segments palmate, broad (showing quite V-shaped sinuses),
widening upwards and doubly lobed, 7. e. the terminal sec-
ondary lobe itself conspicuously 3-lobed, the pair of basal
lobes subdivided on the margin next the petiole, producing
each a secondary lobe which two, ear-like, approach the petiole
somewhat hastately or sagittately: fruiting racemes very
large, commonly 6 or 7 inches long, 4 inches across, the area
of each exceeding that of the largest leaves: samaras 13⁄4
inches long, diverging to form by their bases a long quadrate
sinus, the whole body very hirsute, but shortly so, also tomen-
tose underneath the hairs, the broad wings nearly glabrous.

Tree of Napa Valley and its immediately tributary wooded
cafions, first collected by Brewer, on the State Survey (n. 1316),
later by Pringle (25 Aug. 1882) at Calistoga at the head of the
valley. The leaves of the species are of only a fourth or a
third the size of A. macrophyllum, and extremely unlike them

252 LEAFLETS.

in all particulars of specific character, while the fruit-clusters
are the largest in the genus, far surpassing those of the great-
leaved Oregonian tree. I should hold as typical of the species
the specimens of Brewer, U. S. Herb. sheets 321447 and
321448. The Calistoga tree of Pringle. U.S. Herb, sheet
17948, differs somewhat, its racemes being distinctly pendulous
in fruit, and the samaras are rather smaller.

ACER STELLATUM. Leaves small, the largest 4 inches wide
and as long, those of the flowering twigs even smaller, the
5 lobes somewhat stellately radiating, lanceolate, acuminate
and entire in the floral twigs, in the others widening upwards
and 3-lobed at apex, the upper face of all leaves glaucescent-
green and minutely setulose-roughened, the lower light-green,
finely reticulate, very minutely if at all roughened with
hair-points : racemes short, few flowered ; samaras 11 inches
long, suberect, the broad wings nearly meeting.

Cache Creek Cafion, Yolo Co., 8 May, 1903, C. F. Baker,
his n. 2981 as in U. S. Herb., distributed with the printed
note: ‘ʻA small tree common along cañon walls and in adja-
cent gulches. Quite different in appearance from the form of
the redwood districts.’’

ACER HEMIONITIS. Branches of the season green, glaucous,
those of the preceding two years still green-barked, but with-
out bloom : leaves not large, 4 or 5 inches long, of about the
same breadth in the middle, palmately 5-parted, the sinuses
rather narrowly and acutely V-shaped, the 3 principal seg-
ments subrhomboid-lanceolate, neither toothed nor yet entire,
the margin only repand or wavy, the basal segments of the 5
small, nearly or quite entire, upper face of leaf sparsely muri-
culate within the meshes of the reticulation, and with very
few bristly short hairs on the veinlets, the lower face only
minutely and somewhat granulately roughened, the ciliation
of the segments light and inconspicuous: samaras only 1 inch
long, the body sparsely long-setose, and with an obscure yet

= he ee

a a a ee co

SOME CALIFORNIAN MAPLES. 253

dense short indument under the bristles, the wing appressed-
setulose throughout.

Tassajara Hot Springs, Monterey Co., 1 June, 1901,
A. D. E. Elmer, his n. 3179 as in U. S. Herb., sheet 416370.
Species of peculiar foliage closely simulating that of the fern
Hemionitis palmata both as to size and form. The samaras,
hardly larger than those of the eastern sugar maple, are of
barely one-third the size of those of 4. macrophyllum.

ACER DACTYLOPHYLLUM. Leaves 4 to 6 inches long, 6 to
8 inches wide by even the basal lobes, the whole digitately
cleft into 5 not very unequal entire lanceolate lobes; upper
face of leaf vivid green and polished, under a lens sparsely
and minutely setulose, but the mid-vein quite hirsute, lower
face with only a few setulae and these on the veinlets only,
the ciliation of the lobes little pronounced : samaras little over
an inch long, erect, their wings meeting in the middle, thus
enclosing an inversely triangular-lanceolate sinus.

Species known to me in but a single branch sent me long
ago by Mr. Parish, from San Bernardino Mountains, gathered
in very mature leaf and well grown fruit 1 March, 1888.
The type specimen is n. 11419 of my own herbarium ; but
there was sent along with it, and under the same label, but
with date 29 June, a totally different thing, in mature fruit,
and with the palmately lobed leaves of most maples of
America. The leaves of 4. dactylophyllum, as to their pattern,
are unique in the genus. Their circumscription across the
base, and then around from tip to tip of the five subequal
segments, is almost exactly semicircular, and they are as
nearly pointing forward, finger-like, as five segments of any
such semi-circular figure may be.

ACER LEPTODACTYLON. Leaves large and long-petioled,
the petioles 4 to 7 inches long, measurement of blade 5 to 8
inches lengthwise, 7 to 10 inches crosswise from tip to tip of
the largest pair of segments, the whole 5-parted into lanceolate
well tapering yet not quite acute segments either quite entire

254 LEAFLETS.

or merely undulate marginally or with a few slight sinuate
lobes, the whole of a vivid green on both faces but deeper
above, the petiole and the veins of both faces villous-puberu-
lent, the axils of midvein and veinlets with conspicuous villous
tufts, both faces otherwise softly and shortly setulose: fruit-
ing raceme large, erect, the rachis and pedicels villous-puber-
ulent ; samaras small for the foliage, barely 14 inches long,
more divergent than usual, the sinus broad and quadrate
below, body densely villous-setose (if not better called soft-
hirsute), wings very broad (% inch), minutely puberulent.

This is another very strikingly marked species of southern
California, and large-leaved even, but the foliage cut almost
to the base into long narrow five-finger-like mostly entire seg-
ments. The locality is the Sulphur Mountains of Ventura
Co., the collectors Abrams & McGregor, June, 1908; type on
U.S. Herb. sheet 612966.

ACER POLITUM. Leaves about 534 inches long and a trifle
broader above the middle, deeply 5-cleft, the sinuses narrowly
and not acutely V-shaped, 3 larger lobes widening upwards
and coarsely and unevenly toothed, the two basal divaricate-
spreading, entire on the upper margin, sinnate-toothed on the
lower, the base of the leaf as a whole nearly truncate, texture
subcoriaceous, both faces glabrous and somewhat polished,
even the usual ciliation wholly wanting: samaras only 1%
inches long but the wings more than % inch wide, slightly
overlapping, very strongly transverse-striate and glabrous, the
nutlets short-bristly, with little or no other indument.

Along Johnson’s Creek back of Fort Tejon, Kern Co., 6
July, 1891, Coville & Funston, n. 1166; type on U. S. Herb.
sheet 17945.

Certain Western Roses.

The original definition of Rosa gymnocarpa given by Nuttall,
while loose enough easily to include a number of species is, on
the other hand, such a diagnosis as effectually excludes a great

at

CERTAIN WESTERN ROSES. 255

number of gymnocarpous kinds which, obviously distinct,
have found place in the herbaria under the name X. gymno-
carpa, yet only so because of hasty and superficial glances at
the fruits alone.

In proposing the following segregates, I have left untouched
all the Columbia River region material. This is Nuttall’s
original locality; and all that is in those seaward parts of
Oregon and Washington may or may not be referable to true
R. gymnocarpa ; but all the new segregates are from parts of
eastern and arid regions where Nuttall never traveled, at least
as regards Oregonian and Washingtonian shrubs, while the
more considerable number of Californian segregates are, in
another way, as completely isolated not only from the true
Oregonian type but from each other; and they will be found
invested with diagnostic characters more pronounced than
most of the published species of Rosa have to show.

ROSA GLAUCODERMIS. Bark of old branches ashy gray, of
the younger and growing ones green and glaucous, rather well
armed with prickles not stout, and all ascending rather than
spreading: leaves rather large for the group, and lax, leaflets
very distinctly petiolulate, usually 7, rarely 9, oval to obovate,
with a shortly cuneate tapering to the base, sharply and doubly
serrate, deep-green above, pale beneath, neither face either
notably venulose or at all reticulate, glabrous; rachis slender,
with very few prickles, the glandular hairs also very sparse
and short ; stipules broad throughout except as to the rather
narrow and very acute lobes: fruit acutish at both ends.

Shasta Springs, Shasta Co., Calif., collected in 1894, by
W. L. Jepson, communicated to U. S. Herb., there occupying
sheet 480045. One of the characteristically Californian group
with green and glaucous branches instead of the glabrous red
ones of R. gymnocarpa, this the only species yet seen with
distinctly petiolulate leaflets.

ROSA CRENULATA. Bark of old branches red-brown, of the
younger pale-green, the prickles very few and firm; leaves of

256 LEAFLETS.

middle size for the group; leaflets approximate, from almost
meeting to fairly overlapping, not greatly unequal, all broadly
obovate, obtuse, or the small lowest pair subtruncate, crenate
rather than serrate, the margins of the crenatures beset with a
few stipitate glands in place of secondary teeth, both faces
softly but shortly villous-pubescent ; rachis with here and
there a rigid spine but everywhere pubescent, many of the
soft hairs rather stiffer and gland-tipped ; stipules very narrow
below the middle, above that widened and ending in long
divergent lobes, the marginal series of gland-tipped hairs both
slender and short ; peduncles with very few and short glandu-
lar prickles ; fruit sub-globose.

Pine Ridge, Fresno County, California, at 5500 feet, col-
lected by Hall & Chandler, June, 1900, their number 171 as
in U. S. Herb. Noteworthy for the obtuse rounded indenta-
tion of the leaflets, and their soft pubescence.

ROSA PRIONOTA. Stems red-brown, glabrous except as be-
set with a few rather stout and hard spreading prickles:
leaves very small, of 7 to 9 somewhat distant leaflets, these
oval, obtuse, deeply and very acutely serrate, the primary
serratures almost acuminate, the secondary much reduced,
even obscure, both faces of a rather vivid green and glabrous,
only the midvein conspicuous, its branches almost obsolete,
but both faces under a lens notably reticulate ; rachis quite
strongly stipitate-glandular but without naked prickles ; body
of stipules broad, the lobes rather small, acuminate: pedun-
cles short and shortly though somewhat densely glandular-
hispid ; fruit globose.

Lake County, California, on foot-hills south of Mt. Sanhe-
drin, 14 July, 1902, A. A. Heller, his n. 5858 as in U.S.
Herb., sheet 416864. Remarkable for the deep sharp serrature
of the quite extremely small leaflets.

ROSA PISCATORIA. Stems slender, upright, the bark green,
very hispid with many short slender spreading or deflexed
prickles and a few long stiff spreading ones, these commonly

CERTAIN WESTERN ROSES. 257

infrastipular in pairs: leaves long but open, the rachis almost
filiform and the small leaflets somewhat remote, always 7,
broadly somewhat obovate, all except the terminal one—and
this also sometimes—obtuse, doubly serrate, of thin texture,
glabrous on both faces, rachis with very few proper prickles
and more numerous slender-stiped glands; stipules of the
earliest leaves with broad obtusish lobes, those of the later
showing lobes acute to subfalcate-acuminate, the margin sub-
serrately glandular: peduncles naked at summit, otherwise
sparsely and shortly glandular-bristly.

Pescadero, San Mateo Co., Calif., May, 1903, A. D. E.
Elmer. Extremely hispid as to stems, but foliage small and
delicate.

ROSA CALVARIA. Shrub rather tall, slender and loosely
leafy, the branches of the season only purplish under a coat of
bloom, totally naked as to the usual armature of slender
spines, these replaced by a pair of long stoutish basally flattened
straight spreading infrastipular spines to every leaf: leaves
uncommonly long-petioled and lax, of about 7 leaflets, the
terminal one well separated from the others by a petiolule of
¥% inch, all rather large, round-obovate, obtuse or even sub-
truncate, the primary serratures broad, the secondary ones
very numerous, both faces of a pallid green as if glaucous, but
both densely soft-pubescent ; the rachis sparsely hispid and
densely puberulent ; stipules small and narrow for the group,
their lobes not large, triangular-lanceolate: flowers in threes,
their peduncles naked, glaucous and even wholly glabrous ;
fruit not seen.

Collected by the writer, at the Calaveras Big Tree grove
in June, 1889 ; type specimens on sheet 11192 of my herbarium.
Leaves and leaflets excessively large for an ally of R. gym-

nocarpa.

ROSA ABIETORUM. Shrub apparently low and straggling,
branches of all ages well armed with straight spreading prickles
varying much in length : leaves large for the plant, commonly

258 LEAFLETS.

of 7 leaflets all broad and obtuse, the pairs very unequal, the
lowest round-obovate and obtuse or even retuse, of one-third
the size of the uppermost pair, these only broadly obovate, all
doubly serrate-toothed, deep-green above, pale beneath, some-
what reticulate-venulose on both faces, conspicuously so be-
neath; stipules of the breadth, and the glandular margin
usual in the group, but their lobes narrow and acute, triangular-
lanceolate to broadly subulate; peduncles very short, less
than 1 inch long, naked and glabrous ; fruits ovoid.

Inhabits fir woods of Klamath County, southern Oregon,
where it was collected about Lake of the Woods, 25 July,
1897, by Coville & Applegate; type on U. S. Herb. sheet
380319.

ROSA AMPLIFOLIA. Shrubevidently large, bark of branches
a year old dull red-brown, very sparsely armed with a few
slender ascending prickles, the flowering twigs of the season
with similar very sparse armature, but augmented by 1 to 3
infra-stipular spines : leaves very large for the group, of 7 not
very unequal leaflets, all thin, rather deep-green above, glau-
cous beneath, but the feather-veins neither at all elevated nor
whitened, but branching to form a manifest though faint re-
ticulation, the pairs quite approximate, the outline oval and
oval-elliptic, doubly serrate, the serratures not deep but salient ;
rachis unusually naked, the prickles and stalked glands very
sparse and small; stipules small in proportion to the leaves :
peduncles short, loosely glandular-hispid : fruit not seen.

Margin of Fish Lake, in the mountains of Jackson County,
southern Oregon, at an altitude of 5,000 ft., collected by E. I.
Applegate, 18 June, 1898 ; type on sheet 381523, U. S. Herb.
The leaves are so very large, and have so much of the color,
texture and pattern of those of R. acicularis that but for the
small solitary flowers this would have passed readily with
many for that species.

Rosa LEUCOPSIS. Shrub not small, the bark of growths of
two seasons equally pale-green, unarmed except as to the

CERTAIN WESTERN ROSES. 259

presence here and there, at the base of a stipule, of two small
straight spines: leaves very large for the group, of commonly
5, as often 7 leaflets, these very thin, glabrous, pale glaucous
green above and almost white beneath, here with rather ele-
vated white feather-veins but no reticulation, the outline
obovate or oval, not deeply yet somewhat doubly serrate-
toothed ; rachis slender, white, beset with here and there a
small spine and more freely stipitate-glandular ; stipules not
very broad below, but the large triangular lobes of an area
often equalling or exceeding that of the body: peduncles
rather long, minutely but not sparsely glandular-hispid ; fruit
round-pyriform, orange-colored.

Sage plains of southeastern Oregon, in Lake County, col-
lected 29 Sept., 1896, by H. E. Brown; type on U. S. Herb.
sheet 283078, the collector’s number being 99. Remarkable
for the whitish pallor of both stems and foliage, as well as for
the total absence of general armature.

Rosa HELLERI. Shrub stoutish, evidently tall, the dark
red-brown bark softly prickly, the slender armature ascending :
leaves rather ample yet compact, the commonly 9 leaflets
approximate, even occasionally overlapping, of a pale glaucous-
green, of oval to oval-elliptic outline, simply serrate toward
the base, otherwise doubly so, both faces glabrous, neither
one any more than very faintly reticulate; stipules large and
broad ; peduncles 1 inch long, shortly but rather densely
glandular-hispid.

About Lake Waha, Nez Perces Co., Idaho, A. A. Heller,
25 June, 1896; type on U.S. Herb. sheet 267361. By the
aspect of its foliage, with long pale almost crowded leaflets,
this shrub at first glance seems more like the eastern so-called
R. blanda than like R. gymnocarpa, and only a careful inspec-
tion with a lens brings the assurance that it is of this western

small-flowered group.

ROSA APICULATA. Stems slender but rigid and upright,
armed not sparsely with prickles partly long, stiff and ascend-

260 LEAFLETS.

ing and partly short, slender and spreading or deflexed:
leaves very small, the leaflets commonly 7, oval, obtuse,
doubly serrate, glabrous on both faces and obscurely reticu-
late, rachis with here and there a stout prickle and many
stipitate glands ; stipules broad, ending in acutely triangular
lobes, the whole margin beset closely with unusually long-
stalked glands: peduncles short, stiff and straight under the
fruits, densely beset with gland-tipped prickles or bristles
which are of unequal length but none long: fruit elongated,
fully twice as long as broad, and ending in a narrow neck-
like apiculation.

Collected on Whidbey Island, in Pugets Sound, near Coupe-
ville, July, 1899, by De Alton Saunders ; type on sheet 364810,
U. S. Herb.

RoSA DASYPODA. Stems armed with long straight slender
slightly ascending prickles: leaflets mostly 5, occasionally 7,
the terminal one and the pair next it oval, obtuse, the small
lowest pair nearly orbicular, all doubly serrate, both faces
glabrous, the lower pale, not reticulate, the rachis of the leaf
beset with very few prickles and many short-stipitate glands ;
stipules broad, ending in ovate acute lobes, glabrous except
marginally, there closely beset with a series of shortly stipi-
tate glands: fruit globose or depressed-globose, the fruiting
peduncle straight, closely beset with stout straight prickles
strongly gland-tipped.

Bear Creek, Wallowa Co., Oregon, at 3850 feet, E. P.
Sheldon, 28 Aug., 1897, who reports that it is a bush three
or four feet high, occurring in open woods along streams.
Type sheet U. S. Herb. 528469.

CERTAIN WESTERN ROSES. 261

ROSA ADENOCARPA. Dwarf and almost wholly herbaceous,
simple and upright above the almost entirely subterranean
woody part, only 4 to 7 inches high, with about 4 leaves and
1 to 3 terminal small flowers ; stem slender, wholly glabrous
and unarmed, or in a few with here and there a short stout
straight prickle: leaflets 5, rarely 7, very unequal, very
broadly obovate to nearly otbicular, petiolulate, coarsely,
incisely and somewhat doubly serrate, apparently glabrous,
but with a trace of clamminess ; rachis and petiolules destitute
of prickles, but quite densely glandular-villous ; stipules not
very broad, their lobes subulate and strongly glandular-
serrulate: fruit quite strongly armed with gland-tipped
prickles.

Singular species, despite all its peculiar characteristics, a
genuine member of this gymnocarpous group, known only as
collected on Mount Grayback in southwestern Oregon, 15
June, 1904, by C. V. Piper; type sheet of five specimens in
U. S. Herb. n. 527765.

The roses allied closely to Æ. gymnocarpa are not all gym-
nocarpous. Among species showing persistent sepals are the
next following :

Rosa BOLANDRI. Shrub evidently low and rather diffusely
branched, the branches and even the branchlets strongly and
even doubly armed, showing long stoutish spreading or
even slightly infrastipular spines and plenty of intervening
slender prickles of several sizes, most of these slightly ascend-
ing: leaves and leaflets small, the latter 5 to 7, from round-
obovate in the very small lowest pair, to oval in the others,
acutely and almost simply serrate all around ; rachis with a
few stout prickles and many short-stalked glands; stipules
small for the group, but the margin bordered strongly with
the usual gland-tipped ciliation : pedicels very short, sparsely
glandular-hispid: mature fruit very large for the group, oval,
crowned with all the sepals as persistent.

Known only as by H. N D Bolander, at some unrecorded

LEAFLETS, Vol. II, pp. 261-275. 6 November, 1912.

262 LEAFLETS.

station among the Oakland Hills, this more than fifty
years since, and evidently not distributed; probably an
unique specimen. This has been in the hands of M.
Crépin, whose remark (in sched.) is that it may be abnor-
mal. He has not observed those other characters by which
this would claim specific rank even were it gymnocarpous.

Rosa BREWERI. Low, rigidly branching, the bark green
on old twigs as on young, the armature diversified, some
prickles very stout, short, recurved, others as stout, long,
straight, slender-pointed, smaller and more bristly ones num-
erous: leaflets 5 to 7, smallish, obovate, obtuse, doubly serrate,
densely and somewhat strigosely pubescent on both faces;
rachis with one or more stout straight prickles and numerous
short-stalked glands; stipules neither large nor notably glan-
dular : peduncles solitary, short, stout, glandular-hispid: fruit
very large, round-ovoid, glaucescent, crowned with sepals
externally glandular-hispid and strigulose.

Collected on the Calif. Geol. Survey fifty years since, by
W. H. Brewer, near San José, 30 August, in very ripe fruit.

ROSA GRANULATA. Low, slender, the bark green, the scat-
tered larger spines long, rather slender, more or less curved
or deflexed, the smallest straight, spreading, often gland-
tipped: leaves not small, of 5 leaflets, these oval or obovate,
acutely and doubly serrate, almost alike green on both faces,
with a trace of pubescence as well as a pronounced roughness
that is between muriculate and granular, on younger leaves
rather granular than otherwise, this indument chiefly of the
lower face; rachis very rough with small subsessile glands:
flowers solitary, their short pedicels and also the ovaries glan-
dular-prickly: fruit not known.

Like the last, collected by Brewer, somewhere near San Luis
Obispo, Calif., in April, 1861. Perhaps akin to R. gratissima.

Rosa CovILLEI. Evidently low, perhaps seldom a foot
high; bark rather pale, glaucescent, beset with rather slender
spines of several lengths but all spreading and straight : leaf-

CERTAIN WESTERN ROSES. 263

lets quite constantly 7, very unequal, all obovate, or the odd
one oval, acutely and simply serrate, deep-green and glabrous
above, beneath paler and puberulent without glands; rachis
destitute of prickles and with very few small glands, but
pubescent ; stipules not large, loosely glandular-ciliate: flowers
solitary, peduncle short, glabrous; fruit very large for the
group, round-ovoid, retaining to the last its crown of sepals.

Yellow pine forests, south of Naylor, Klamath Co., Oregon,
22 Sept., 1902, F. V. Coville.

ROSA MYRIADENA. Apparently low, the branches not slen-
der, rigid, divergent, unarmed except by quite constant,
usually paired, infrastipular spines, these long, stout, mani-
festly curved: leaflets constantly 5, oval, obtuse or acutish,
doubly serrulate, green, glabrous and smooth above, very pale
beneath as if glaucous, but this face, under a lens, reticulate-
venulose, puberulent, the rather prominent midvein and vein-
lets beset with many small subsessile reddish glands; rachis with
afew short gland-tipped prickles, also dark with the multitude
of red glands; stipules, as in the group, large, strongly glan-
dular not only marginally but superficially on the outside:
flowers 1 to 3 terminating the branchlets; peduncles naked
and glabrous; sepals glandular-prickly both marginally and
on the outside: young fruits globose.

Huckleberry Mountain, Jackson Co., Oregon, 2 Aug., 1897,
Coville and Applegate; type on U. S. Herb. sheet 380588.
No fruits are mature, yet doubtless the calyx leaves are per-

sistent.

ROSA MURICULATA. Stout, probably tall, the bark green,
glabrous, bearing a pair of stout but not long spreading or
ascending infrastipular prickles only, the flowering twigs
wholly unarmed: leaves rather small, of 5 or 7 leaflets, these
broadly ovate, the terminal rather obovate, none acute, the
serrature mostly double, both faces almost equally green, the
upper glabrous, the lower sparsely muriculate with callous
white points which at first bear a small pellucid gland, this

264 LEAFLETS.

deciduous ; rachis with a number of rather strong prickles and
many small glands mostly subsessile ; stipules broad and large,
but the lobes rather short and blunt, the whole margin very
glandular: flowers in threes, or solitary; peduncles stout,
rather softly somewhat glandular-prickly ; fruits of medium
size, rather depressed-globose, the persistent sepals glandular-
muricate.

Near Woodland, Cowlitz County, Washington, F. V.
Coville, 15 July, 1898. The shrub has every appearance and
character of this R. Sonomensis section of the gymnocarpous
group.

Rosa WALPOLEANA. Shrub probably large, but only flow-
ering twigs known, these with green bark and short stout
strongly curved prickles, these 2 to each internode, well sepa-
rated and neither evidently quite infrastipular, the upper part
of the twig and next the peduncles bristly-hispid : leaves large,
of 7 to 11 large approximate round-obovate leaflets, these
very obtuse, sharply serrate, the secondary serratures nearly
obsolete, represented by small stalked glands, both faces of a
vivid green, the upper with a trace of setulose hairiness, the
lower conspicuously glandular-muriculate : rachis with quite an
array of whitish curved prickles and many small gland-tipped
bristles ; stipules very large, with large acute lobes and the
usual ciliation: flowers in threes, large, their short stout
peduncles and also the ovaries very hispid: fruits large, sub-
globose to short-oval, very hispid, likewise the exterior of the
persistent sepals.

Ashland, Oregon, 9 Sept., 1899, F. A. Walpole; specimens
in U. S. Herb., sheets 401173 and 401286.

The following belong to groups of roses far removed from
that of the gymnocarps.

Rosa COPELANDI. Shrub tall, the stems slender, glabrous,
reddish and unarmed except by pairs of infrastipular spines,
but these stout, not long, slightly recurved, whitish through-
out, the greatly elongated and narrow base equalling the

Rte

CERTAIN WESTERN ROSES. 265

length of the spine: leaves of a vivid green, wholly glabrous,
mostly of 5 leaflets, sometimes 7 ; leaflets mostly elliptic-oval,
acutish, simply and sharply serrate; rachis with here and
there a stout spine each one as if stipular to a pair of leaflets;
stipules remarkably ample for the foliage, the large lobes often
equalling and sometimes quite surpassing the area of the body,
the whole organ glabrous, glandless, entire: flowers 1, 2 or 3
terminating the twigs: fruits subglobose, in maturity retain-
ing the calyx upright.

Mount Eddy, Siskiyon Co., Calif., at 4800 ft., collected 8
Sept., 1903, by E. B. Copeland, distributed by C. F. Baker
(n. 3875); type in my herbarium, n. 11152.

ROSA DELITESCENS. Size of the last, the red of the stems
and branches obscured by a coat of bluish bloom, the green
of the foliage similarly pallid ; armature infrastipular only, as
often of a solitary spine as of a pair of them, these both stout
and long as well as with downward curvature: leaves of 7,
rarely 5 or 9 leaflets, these oval, obtuse, somewhat doubly
serrate, glabrous above, beneath showing a distinct muricula-
tion along the veinlets and elsewhere; rachis with not a few
short prickles and many small not sessile glands; stipules
small and narrow, glandular marginally : mature fruits large,
short-ovoid or subglobose, the persistent sepals strongly glan-
dular-hispidulous, some longer gland-tipped spines scattered
over the summit of the fruit.

Collected only by the writer, on the Siskiyon Mountains,
but within the Oregon boundary, 3 Sept., 1889; type speci-
mens Herb. Propr. 11146.

ROSA ANACANTHA. All parts of the shrub, even the most
vigorous shoots, unarmed; bark red or purplish, rendered
pale by a coat of bloom while young, older branches devoid of
it, and with the bark of the cinnamon roses: leaves of 5 to 7
leaflets, the pairs approximate, texture firm, outline oval,
margin crenate rather than serrate, both faces pale and dull,
the upper sparsely puberulent, the lower cinereously puberu-

266 LEAFLETS.

lent between the veins, more densely and villously so on the
veins; rachis with the same indument, showing here and there
a small stout prickle near the insertion of the leaflets ; stipules
small, velvety-puberulent, glandless and entire marginally :
fruits corymbose, subglobose, glabrous, glaucous, crowned
with the persistent villous sepals, these erect and even con-
nivent.

This also is known to me only as collected by myself while
on my extensive journeyings in the Northwest in the summer
and autumn of 1889. On the whole journey I gave close
attention to the roses, making specimens as perfect as possible.
R. anacantha was obtained at Takoma, Washington, 24 Aug.,
1889. Its habitat was along the borders of thickets near the
salt marshes, at a point not then far out of town. Type sheet
Herb. Propr. 11113.

Three New Rhamni.

RHAMNUS BLUMERI. Small tree of the Frangula group,
with subcoriaceous foliage and only tardily deciduous ; grow-
ing twigs canescently velvety-tomentulose, even the older
branchlets grayish with the same indument still persistent :
leaves mostly round-oval, 1% to 2% inches long, 1 to 1%
inches broad, obtuse at both ends, or with a short blunt apical
cusp, nearly entire, the teeth both small and obscure, lower
face more or less pale with fine tomentellous indument, the
upper green, scaberulous-looking under a lens, yet soft to the
touch : berries globose, black ; seeds 2, exactly orbicular, low-
hemispherical, olive-green.

Collected in the Chiricahui Mountains, southern Arizona, at
5300 feet, 28 Aug., 1906, by J. C. Blumer; his n. 1290 as in
U.S. Herb. The seeds appear to be constantly two only, of
course by abortion of one ovule; and they are circular in
periphery, as well as quite perfectly plano-convex. The small
tree has no intimate connection, either geographically or phy-

o V

—_

THREE NEW RHAMNI. 267

tologically with the entirely distinct R. tomentella of middle
and northern California.

RHAMNUS ELLIPSOIDEA. Leafy and fruiting branches of
the season light-green, and, with the leaves, devoid of all
tomentellous indument, merely hirtellous and thinly so:
leaves elliptical, 3 inches long, 1% inches wide, of thin
texture, finely serrulate, conspicuously feather-veined beneath
and the veins hirsutulous: fruits low-pyriform, black, 3-
seeded ; seeds of obovate outline, convex dorsally, ventrally in
a manner angular, the suture being elevated, the color dark
brown.

San José Mountains, Sonora, but near the U. S. boundary,
3 Aug., 1893, Edgar A. Mearns. Type on U. S. Herb. sheet
231267. Allied to Æ. Purshiana, but far isolated from the
habitat of that species, and strongly differentiated. It may be
looked for within some mountainous districts of extreme south-
western Arizona.

RHAMNUS CONFINIS. Young branches with some tomentu-
lose indument, those of a year old glabrate and reddish : leaves
oval to lance-oval, the more strictly oval ones 3 inches long
and 2 in breadth and very obtuse, others longer, narrower and
more or less definitely cuspidate, all thinnish, distinctly serru-
late, green but under a lens puberulent above, beneath hirtel-
lous along the veins and more obscurely pubescent between
them ; fruits not mature, but plainly 3-seeded.

Cajon Creek, Chihuahua, Mex., near the boundary line,
E. A. Mearns, 2 July, 1892; type in U. S. Herb. sheet

260274.

A Handful of Vetches.

VICIA PERANGUSTA. Stems very slender, a foot high or
more, quadrangular by very prominent obtuse callous angles,
glaucous-green : leaflets 10, narrowly linear, 1% inches long,

268 LEAFLETS.

obtuse at both ends but prominently mucronate, alternate on
a filiform rachis ending in a branched and well developed ten-
dril; stipules of lower leaves semisagittate, the lobe with a
few subulate teeth, the main part entire, of middle leaves nar-
rowly lunate, very acute and entire, the lobe of about equal
length with the main part, whole plant glabrous to the naked
eye, but a scattered villous hairiness visible under a lens,
chiefly along the rachis and about the stipules: racemes not
equalling the foliage, about 5-flowered, the flowers 34 inch
long, narrow, purple.

Var. LATIUSCULA. Leaves only % inch long, oblong-linear
and even oblong, subtruncate, mucronate; flowers fewer in
the raceme, only % inch long.

From an elevation of 7500 feet in the mountains of middle
Arizona, 16 June, 1912, A. D. Read; the type and the variety
growing together, even with intermediates, but all alike as to
color, texture and indument of herbage.

VICIA HYPOLASIA. Stature and habit of the last, leaflets
also 10, but more crowded on their rachis, % inch long or
very little more, lance-oblong, obtuse, only minutely mucro-
nate, of a rather vivid green and thinnish texture, under a lens
notably feather-veiny on both faces, glabrous above, not very
sparsely villous-hairy beneath, more especially towards the
midvein: racemes quite surpassing the leaves, 4-flowered ;
corolla more than % inch long, narrow only below the strongly
developed and suberect banner, the wing petals unusually
short: pods little more than 1 inch long, tapering to both
ends, about 3-seeded, transversely flexuous-veiny.

Chiricahui Mountains, Arizona, 1 Sept., 1906, J. C. Blumer,
collected in pine lands at 8000 feet, distributed for V. Amert-
cana.

VICIA ACICULARIS. Stems slender yet rigid, though tor-
tuous and not self-sustaining, a foot high or more, the angles
acute, color of herbage pale glaucous-green, nearly or quite
glabrous: leaves of about 10 leaflets 134 to 2 inches long, very
narrowly linear, narrowed gradually to a still more narrow and

ts,

A HANDFUL OF VETCHES. 269

acute almost needle-pointed apex; rachis as narrow, ending
in a branched tendril; stipules very narrowly semisagittate,
the body entire, very acutely subulate, the basal lobe shorter,
with 2 or more subulate teeth, a separate subulate lobe stand-
ing out divaricately from between the body and the basal lobe:
flowers 1 to 4 at summit of the long rigid peduncle ; lower calyx-
teeth subulate, all rigid; corolla 34 inch long, the banner
more than usually elongated, but ascending, not erect: pods
elliptic and 1-seeded, or more elongated and 2~3-seeded, the
valves very firm, transversely lineate or even more or less
reticulate.

Western part of Klickitat Co., Washington, near the Colum-
bia River, May, 1891, W. N. Suksdorf, who distributed it for
the very different, and also geographically remote Lathyrus
linearis, Nutt. The stiff needle-like foliage, the general rigidity
of texture, and, what is no more than equal significance with
the texture, the peculiarly elongate banner, place this in the
rank of an indisputable species.

VICIA CALLIANTHEMA. Low perennial, upright, only 4 to
7 inches high, densely leafy, the internode of only % the
length of the leaf, herbage pale as with bloom, also rather
sparsely somewhat villous-strigose: leaflets about 8, linear,
hardly acute, firm, 1 to 1% inches long, the rachis ending in
a simple though not short tendril: peduncles short, about 3-
flowered, the flowers crowded at the end of the peduncle : calyx
thin, even subscarious and tinged with purple from about the
middle, all the teeth deltoid and short; corolla nearly an inch
long, the greatly enlarged banner petal nearly % inch wide
and of greater length.

Bitter Creek, Wyoming, 2 June, 1897, collected by Prof. A.
Nelson, and by him distributed for that Californian and widely
different plant which Nuttall published as Lathyrus linearis.

VICIA VEXILLARIS. Plants 7 to 10 inches high, slender,
upright, the herbage wholly glabrous, not in the least glau-
cous but of a rather vivid light green, the leaflets so thin as to
be translucent and as it were almost fenestrate ; each leaf of

270 LEAFLETS.

about 6 leaflets, 34 inch long or more, oblong-elliptic to obo-
vate-oblong, mucronulate-acute at the otherwise blunt apex,
leaf rachis firm, ending a short usually simple tendril:
peduncle 1-3-flowered; calyx thin, showing now and then a
few scattered hairs, the teeth passing from deltoid in the
shorter to subulate in the longer: corolla 34 inch long, but a
full 34 inch wide across the banner, this therefore excessively
enlarged, but only ascending, the sides somewhat reflexed.

Big Horn County, Wyoming, I. T. Worthley, 1896, also
sent out for Vicia linearis (Nutt.) Greene.

Miscellaneous Specific Types—VI.

‘ TALINUM VALIDULUM. Slenderly fusiform or subcylindric
fleshy root 4 to 6 inches long surmounted by one or more
thick caudex-like jointed and in age even knotted branches an
inch long, these bearing annually one or more short compact
leafy branches and a few-flowered cyme 1 or 2 inches long:
leaves 7% inch long, linear, acute, apparently subterete : flow-
ers 1 to 5in each cyme: corolla large for the group, light rose-
red: stamens 10; filaments short, slenderly subulate ; anthers
yellow: seeds unknown.

Collected on the Tusayan Forest Reservation, Arizona, 11
July, 1912, by R. R. Hill. Of the group of Phemeranthi, but
dwarf and very stout ; the whole plant above ground not more
than two inches high.

v TALINUM MARGINATUM. A caulescent dwarf, the tuft of
leaves and inflorescences barely 2 inches high above ground,
or in very fair specimens only 1 inch; root very short and
almost tuberiform, oval or shorter: leaves neither terete nor
even linear, being oblanceolate-spatulate and obtuse, much
flattened and adorned witha narrow but very distinct scarious
margin: cymes scarcely equalling the leaves, few-flowered ;
corolla yellow: seeds dull, round-subreniform, marked with
several concentric subcircular lines.

Sierra Madre, near Santa Teresa, Tepic, Mexico, 12 Aug.,
1897, collected by J. N. Rose. The plant is related to 7.

MISCELLANEOUS SPECIFIC TYPES—VI. 271

kumili and Greenmanianum, but differs greatly from both in
that the foliage is not linear and terete but flat, and scarious-
margined. ‘The specimens are on U. S. Herb. sheet 301135.

CLAYTONIA CHENOPODINA. A caulescent perennial, the
several leaves and scapes of equal length and about 3 inches
high, arising from a fascicle of several rather thick and fleshy
roots: leaves from subhastate-ovate in the earlier, to ovate
without basal angularity in those next the scapes: bracts of
the involucre ovate, sessile as it were at summit of scapes, the
subumbellate cluster of flowers as if sessile within the involucre
and barely equalling it: corolla of the size and form of those
of typical Claytonia and pinkish: seeds not seen.

Mono County, California, at 10,500 feet in the mountains,
growing in volcanic scoriae, collected 4 Aug., 1912, by Messrs.
Hatton and Maule, in the Forest Service there. The plant is
very fleshy, and as a species is strongly characterized by its
fleshy and fascicled roots and the chenopodiaceous cut of its

main foliage.

TRIDOPHYLLUM ACHEMILLACEUM. Biennial, more than a
foot high, parted from near the base, and somewhat dicho-
tomously, into numerous slender upright cymosely panicled
branches: basal leaves on slender petioles 1% to 3 inches long,
leaflets 3, closely approximate, the terminal obovate, the late-
rals gibbously round-obovate, all coarsely crenate-serrate,
sparsely and minutely pubescent above, the lower face and
petioles villous and viscid; leaves of flowering branches
smaller, cuneate-obovate, entire below the middle, all the axils
bearing both a solitary rather long-pedicelled flower and a
much longer suberect floriferous branch, all branches and
branchlets polished and straw-colored at first view, under a
lens seen to be viscid: flowers very small, no petals seen ;
segments of calyx deltoid-ovate, bractlets narrow, elliptical,
yet nearly equalling the segments: achenes minute, subreni-
form-oval, smooth, whitish.

Collected by the writer at Golconda, Nevada, 28 July, 1896 ;
type specimens in my herbarium, sheets 11770 and 11771.

272 LEAFLETS.

Basal leaves described from plants of the first year, these all
dying and disappearing before the flowering and fruiting the
next year. This is the most slender member of the genus,
very freely branching and copiously flowering, but the long
branches suberect, and the general aspect is much that of
certain species of Alchemilla.

TRIDOPHYLLUM DECANDRUM. Biennial, a foot high, rather
slender, parted only above the middle into short and more or
less widely divergent cymosely floriferous branches, both stem
and branches reddish or dull, not polished but viscidly villous :
leaflets 3, all cuneate-obovate, of thin texture, only the upper
part serrate, both faces with sparse appressed hairs: calyx with
triangular-lanceolate acute segments and lanceolate obtuse
bractlets: stamens 10: petals narrow, obovate-oblong, pale
yellow: achenes short and thick, almost semiorbicular, white
but dull.

Palisade, Nevada, collected by the writer 24 July, 1893;
type sheet in his own herbarium, n. 11766.

SISYRINCHIUM JUNCELLUM. Plant rather low and rigid, the
mature fruiting plants only 8 inches high, the flowering ones
less than 5 inches, the leaves of little more than half the height
of the scapes, narrow, somewhat ensiform, about 6-striate-
nerved, glabrous: scapes of barely the width of the narrow
leaves, narrowly herbaceous-winged ; outer bract of the spathe
barely equalling the pedicels of the flowers, narrowed and
rigid: ovary, and even the summit of pedicel, as well as also
the base of the perianth, more or less hirtellous-hairy ; seg-
ments of deep blue perianth alternately subtruncate and merely
obtuse, in either case ending in a triangular-subulate cusp,
also more or less definitely ciliate across the summit with a
few hairs : capsule subglobose, sparsely hairy.

Collected 3 Aug., 1911, in a marsh at 9100 feet, in the Gun-
nison National Forest, Colorado, by William H. Mast; type
specimens in U. S. Herb. A strongly marked subalpine
species, with short foliage and a peculiarly reedy aspect,
though of a pale-green herbage.

INDEX.

Abronia, 105.
Acer, 248-254.
Agoseris.
Californian, 132.
Oregonian, 129-131.
Northwestern, 126-128.
Utah, 123-125.
New Mexican, 122.
Dacotan, 122.
Androsaemum, 243.
Antennaria.
Eastern, 147~149.
Middle Western, 146, 147.
Nevadan, 144.
New Mexican, 143, 144.
Californian, 145, 149-151.
Washingtonian, 151.
Apocynum.,
Early authors on, 241-244.
Linnaeus on, 243.
American authors on, 245.
Eastern species, 169-174, 178.
Middle Western, 164-168,
178, 179.
Coloradan, 174.
Texan, 165.
Arizonian, 105.
Californian, 175-177, 183,
186-189.
Oregonian, 162, 182-185.
Nevadan, 185.
Washingtonian, 180-134.
Canadian, 167, 181.
Aquilegia.
Allied to Thalictrum, 49
New species of, 141, 142.
Arabis.
Census of species, 69.
Californian, 72, 75, 77, 78.

Arabis.—Continued.
Oregonian, 69-82.
Washingtonian, 79, 80.
Nevadan, 81.
Canadian, 73.
Dakotan, 80.

Arnica, 47, 48.

Aclepias.

Misleading names, 229.
New species, 231-233.

Asters from Utah, 8.

Asteraceae, 25, 27.

Astragalus, 42, 43.

Baptisia, 83, 84.
Batrachium, 106.
Bayberry, 101.
Bolelia, 43-45.
Braya, 219.

Cardamine, 220.
Cerophora, 103.
Cerothamnus, 221-225.
Chaenactis.
California, 222.
Washington, 222.
Idaho, 224, 225.
Utah, 224.
Wyoming, 223, 224.
Colorado, 221.
Chamaeleagnus, 102.
Cicuta.
Arizonian, 24.
Californian, 236, 238, 239.
Washington, 240.
Montana, 237.
Dakota, 237, 238.
Michigan, 241.

274.

Claytonia, 45, 271.
Clematis, 49, 225.
Collomia, 88.
Conium, 240.
Convallaria, 36.
Corethrogyne, 25-27.
Crepis, 86, 87.
Cynoxylon, 103.

Dasystephana, 153.
Downingia, 43-45.
Dutch Myrtle, 103.

Erigeron.

Arizonian, 194-197, 212-214,
218.

Californian, 9, 204-206, 218.

Oregonian, 200, 210, 211,
216.

Washingtonian,
215.

Nevadan, 214.

Coloradan, 197-199, 207-209.

New-Mexican, 109, 209, 214.

Canadian, 201-203, 207, 215.

Idaho, 211, 216.

Wyoming, 209.

Utah, 8, 218.

203, 204,

Euthamia, 152.
Franseria, 156.

Gale, 37-40, 102.
Gansblum, 102.
Garrya, 86.
Gerardia, 106-109.
Gutierrezia, 22.
Gynampsis, 45.

Hibiscus, 64-67.
Horkelia, 139.

Isopyrum, 49.

INDEX.

Koellia, 139, 140.

Labiatae, 139, 140.

Lavatera, 159-163.

Lessingia, 27-32.

Lithophragma, 87.

Lupinus.
Canadian, 152, 233, 234.
Oregonian, 234.
Californian, 67, 68, 85, 234.
Coloradan, 235.
Arizonian, 23, 236.

Machaeranthera, 227.
Mara, 35, 36.
Megarrhiza, 35, 36.
Micrampelis, 35, 36.
Mimulus, 1-7.

Morella, 39, 40.

Morus, 112-121.
Myrica, 31-40.

Myrtus Brabantica, 102.

Persicaria, 24, 88.
Planodes gen nov., 220.
Polycodium, 226.
Polyctenium gen nov., 219.
Porophyllum, 154, 155.
Potentilla, 137, 138.
Potentillaceae, 137.
Pyrrocoma.
Colorado, 9.
Wyoming, 10, 12, 13.
Utah, 12, 13, 47.
Nevada, 11, 12.
Idaho, 19.
Washington, 17, 18.
Oregon, 15-17.
Arizona, 22.
New Mexico, 10.

Rhamnus, 266, 267.
Rhus, 47.

INDEX. 275

Rosa. Senecio.
gymnocarpa allies, 254-264. Californian, 227.
minutifolia allies, 60-63. Oregonian, 14, 15.
pisocarpa allies, 264-266. Arizonian, 20-22.
Californian, 254-262, 265. Mexican, 156.
Canadian, 63. Spiraea, 157.
Middle-western, 132, 133. Steironema, 109-111.
New-Mexican, 61, 62.

Texan, 63. Talinum, 270.
Montanan, 135, 136. Tamarix, 37-40.
Oregonian, 257, 258, 261, Thalictraceae, genera of, 49.
263-265. Thalictrum, 49-84.
Washingtonian, 259, 266. Toxicodendron, 46.
Rudbeckia, 153. Trautvetteria, 190-193.
Tridophyllum, 271.
Tripterium, 54.

Sambucus, 99-101. Vicia, 267-269.

Sandbergia gen. nov., 136. Viguiera, 154.

Sanicula, 46. Viola.

Saracha, 23. Western, 32-34, 97, 98.
Saviniona, 159-162. Eastern, 94, 95.

Schmaltzia. Middle-western, 95-97.