“Biological Peculiarities of Coleoptera and Mollusca ZOE A BIOLOGICAL JOURNAL. Published Quarterly by the ZOK PUBLISHING COMPANY, San Franciaco, Oal- Subscriptions, $2.00 Per Year; Single Numbers, 75 Cents. This price is invariable, no discount being made to dealers or agents. EDITOR : TOWNSHEND S. BRANDEGER. ASSOCIATE EDITORS: H.H. Bear, KATHARINE BRANDEGEE, WALTER E. BRYANT, DovuGias H, CAMPRELL, CHARLES A. KEELER. FRANK H, Vastir. § Volume I, pps. vi, 349, plate i-xii, and vol. ii, pp. vi, 411, 6 plates, price $2.00 each, may be obtained from the publishers. ZASTS ‘TOWNSHEND STITH BRANDEGEE EDITOR 18901 San FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA. GONTENTS. : : PAGE Ha. W. Harkness, Biographical Notice and Portrait. ...5. 05.00. 320.000 +00 I PEER ROUINISCON CES * 20 6/00, DEN Reda yer scene ers bse Nes ies «bw As NS 2 (oreoon Ss Imported Songsters: A. W. ANTHONY. . 0060605 oes bee eee cannes 6 Plants Peculiar to Magdalena and Santa Margarita Islands: T. S. BRANDEGEE II New Plants from Arizona, Utah and Nevada: Marcus E. JONES....... ... 12 Cactaceze of the Cape Region of Baja California: T. S. BRANDEGEE........ 18 Strange Nesting Place of the Barn Owl: W. OTro EMERSON..........---- 22 Relationship of Bell’s and Sage Sparrow: F. O. JOHNSON ............-000 22 Naturalized Plants of Southern California, VIII: S. B. PARISH............ 26 mnurew jackson Grayson: WALTER HE. BRYANT ..0i. 65 ss ey secine ca ews cams 34 dieymariain Baja California: 7, 5. BRANDEGRE« .. 2s. . 4 < o+uns coon senna 68 me uocene shell inthe Living state: J. Jy RIVERS... iis. esse so 08 ea eee 7° Pe eew Actragalus: 0, S. DRANDEGEBe ch. oss 6b 4184 os 05k SS hag ree eee 72 Use of Broken Pottery Among Indians: EDWARD PALMER..............+- 73 Beaerare tOrlUGsas, Peo. HEANDEGEE 005560 5S jv Spee was Sascha se eee 74 Contributions to West American Botany: KATHARINE BRANDEGEE........ 75 motices Gf Some California Birds: ic BRLDING. 6. ce bc cee se cbs Ce oie 97 Influence of Pollen upon the Quality of Fruit: G. EIszN.................- 10 Commnion Shrubs of Southwest Colorado: ALICE EASTWOOD...4.......-.-- 102 Unusual Nesting Place of Empidonax hammondi; J. G. COOPER. .......... 104 List of Mosses Collected by T. S. BRANDEGEE in the Yakima Region of Washington, 188263 (50 i oie ores c eter 107 The Reciprocal Influence of Stock and Scion: GusTAv EISEN............- 108 The Fertilization of Geraniums: ALICE EASTWOOD ..............0seeecces 112 Notes on the Land Mammals of California: WALTER E. BRYANT.......... 112 Introduction of Blastophaga psenes into California: GuSTAV EISEN ........ 114 Notes on California Plants: S. B, ParisH— 1. J tbermerous BOOns OF Pa Varmeor ies. oe nt coe ce cee eck bc pense 116 ke Peay PDHOTIAME PRARE Ay oe6 bc G 0a ebook CE ed os tee se eo be Be oo. 320 PEL, PP oenc CAUUet OF CGlee DOTDIIE 6 5 oo 5 i sae es Sac ss wee ee 08 321 he Vegetation of * Bums”: I. S. BEANDEGES. . 0... 2... 52. ek ee eens 118 Nesting Habits of Thick-Billed Sparrows: H. R. TAYLOR ......... .....- oo tae Notes on Introduced Plants of Santa Clara: B. FRANK LEEDS............. 124 Notices of Certain Californian Birds: WALTER E. BRYANT........ ee Ferns of Tamalpais: MARY ELIZABETH PARSONS,..............- yen een 129 Notes on the Cactus Wren: A. W. ANTHONY .... 2.0... ccc ceesceeeseees vo. ee Edible Mollusks of Western North America: HENRY HEMPHILL........... 134 IS PACs yc scarce eye tows excess chy ees anced . 140 Reed Birds ” of the San Francisco Markets: WALTER E. BRYANT........ 142 _ Field Notes on the Plants of Baja California: T. S. BRANDEGEE ......... aw es Tiger Beetles of California: GEORGE W. DUNN ...........0ceseeeeeeceees eo iv ae Contents. ; [aoe Flora of Yo Semite: KATHARINE BRANDEGEE .......... ccc cecees tees ce eS Nesting Time of Birds about San Francisco Bay: CHARLES A. KEELER.... 167 ‘The Cape Region of Baja California: WALTER E. BRYANT................ 185 Mariposa Lilies of Colorado: ALICE EASTWOOD ............ . peeeh wa Oe - 201 Notes on the Colors of West Coast Mammals: CHARLES A. KEELER....... ne List of California Marine Algz, with Notes: C. L. ANDERSON............. 3 Additions to the Flora of.Colorado, I: ALICE EASTWOOD............... aoe Mariposa County as a Botanical District: J. W. CONGDON............. Geen New Species and Notes of Utah Plants: Marcus E. JoNES............ faet 7 New PhaceliatT. S. BRANDEGER 30.0) 62 60 on ee v5 Flora of the Olympics: Li. F.-HENDERSON. ..0 6.60.06 455 ye ieee i aaeree Biological: Peculiarities of Phylloxera: D.c Bs BEBR. oo... oie cee Coleoptera and Mollusca of the San Francisco Beach: GEORGE W. DUNN... Studies Among Mollusks—Instinct and Genera:' HENRY HEMPHILL........ Description of the Nest. of the Californian Turret-Building Spider with some References t6 Allied Species: |. J. RIVERS... ...5..5..00..00.. 318 Anatomical Notes on Sufroa alpestris: GUSTAV EISEN..............0.0044 322 Flowering Plants and Ferns of San Francisco: KATHARINE BRANDEGEE.... 334 Appendix—List of the Mosses of San Francisco.................... 384 List of Members of California Botanical Club........... 386 a a Ee hoe es si veue scenes 183, 396 REVIEWS. Nutting: Some of the Causes and Results of Polygamy among the Pinnipedia, 84. Ward: Description of two New Species of Rodents from,Mexico, 84. Allen: A Collection of Mammals from Costa Rica, 84. Allen: A Collection of Mammals from Southern Texas, 85. Forest and Stream, 85. A Marine Reservation, 85, Evans: Periods Occupied by Birds in the Incubation of their Eggs, 85. Ibis, 85, 86. Shufeldt: Notes on the Classification of Pigeons, 85. Ball: Doves Nesting in Trees, 86. Shufeldt: Comparative Osteological Notes on the North American Kites, 87. Thompson: Labrador Duck, 87. Brewster: Descriptions of Seven Supposed New North American Birds, 87. Ridgway: Observations on the Faral- lon Rail, 87. Greene: Flora Franciscana Part I, 88. Trelease: Revision of the American Species of Epilobium Occurring North of Mexico, 89. American Garden, go. Botanical Gazette, 90, 177, 298. Holm: Contributions to the Knowledge of the Germination of some North American Plants, gt. Bulletin of the Torrey Club, 91, r78, 298. Third Biennial Report of the State Board of Forestry, 92. Journal of Mycology, 92, 179, 297. Nuttall: Atlatl or Spear-Thrower, 172. Mearns: New Subspecies of the Eastern Chipmunk; A New Species of Weasel, A New Subspecies of the Gray Fox; Observations on the North Ameri- can Badgers; Notes on the Otter and Skunks, 172-3. Allen: Notes on New or Little-Known North American Mammals, 174. Nouvelle Correspondence Bo- tanique, 275. Bailey: Notes from a Garden Herbarium VJ, 176. Meehan: Contributions to the Life-Histories of Plants, 176. Chamberlain: A Compara- tive Study of the Styles of Composite, 177. Coulter: Manual of the Phan- erogams and Pteridophytes of Western Texas, 177. Rose: List of Plants col- VOL. II.] Contents. v 4 PAGE lected by Dr. Palmer in 1890, in Western Mexico and Arizona, 177. Bran- degee: Flora of the Cape Region of Lower California, 178. Farlow & Sey- mour: A Provisional Host-Index of the Fungi of the United States, Part. ITI,. 178. American Naturalist, 295. Allen: A New Species of Capromys, 295. Auk, 295. Chapman: Color-Pattern of the Upper Tail Coverts in Colaptes auratus; Birds Observed near Corpus Christi, Texas, 296. Turner: Morphol- ogy of the Avian Brain, 296. Hancock: Evolution of the Upright Tail in the Domestic Dog, 296- Ibis—On Recent Advances in our Knowledge of the Ge- ographical Distribution of Birds, 297. Pittonia No. 10, 299. Sereno Wat- son: Contributions to American Botany, XVIII, 390. Robinson: Descriptions of New Plants chiefly Gamopetalz, Collected by C. G. Pringle in 1889-1890, 391. PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES. mearpinin Academy of Sciences; 6.526445 oe a 62, 179, 302, 301. Renn KIMI Gl ol oa icy ca oc ns oe bensunwess 93, 182, 304, 3904 CONTRIBUTORS ee Oe Vogt i grt i as hl eee bo sak ves Oak oo os ws ue o eek reealy BRS 2 SES Scag a RRR GA lg tae ih ci Satna MR 6, 133 i, BR OPES SSDS Gah a BO Saal or Sec ape ern sana saree ee 2, 305 es ye gd ep tke sire ooo eek ae tics cos Si ores ues 97 Brandegee, Katharine..... Meee etiNiee eeeor e G45 75,155, 334 meanness TT Saige, Peas vos snob 11, 18, 68, 72, 74, 118, 145, 252 Mee NIUE Fe ck 2s i wun as cs we ee 34, 112, 128, 142, 185 NAOT, Fs Woe 2s 5s poe ba ks RE a ee ee 234 hy FS vies cue e he canes 1 dv rie vee ee 104 pawns, George Wie. ee ey Pets Tene. 152, 310 Pastwood, Alice aii i ea Bb ee eas ¢ Ue Rie nee 102, 112, 201, 226 Hisén, «Gustav. 62.05 14 er eae: Ce ae ee cea 101, 108, 114, 322 mpmersanc We) OUG.. oul snoor, ban aces oy cies Le tie cds oo Uiwel oun 22 MAMPRDRL, -TEOREY, fons aie pulp ees sgh es iy kes Wisc aeauvescss ss 134, 312 vot saci gi SEE SR IES SE AGN ORE TSE di) SORE ge re pe EN ee ee 253 PORMOU, BLO ei sive Gane a ES sR Ore a eae 22 ones, MOSCIS Bee ee tsa eee lcs RIES era 12, 236 Meeler Charles Ay a cse iv cece kh. Ree sete cto ss bs 54 oak is bare < 167, 203 mieeas. B. PIAHK cos, ose occ ei ae PO Oi een ee ee 124 UE WAN ey oe noe 6 BSE Nn ok 88S hee es ca ck 73, 140 Pe SO ioe ees Tap Se Sa et pg a 26, 116, 320 Parsons, Mary Elizabeth. Raub i eto eweee cs SU eR SR REU TR eClGs vee e eres aoe 129 Reivera, fe acs oe Re ee eee rrr er © 70, 318 EE ots ca NG aaah Vea cwcs Nicbvuketaveaes spl eee eres 123 LIST OF PLATES. Frontispiece. Portrait of Dr. H. W. Harkness. _ XIII. Boschniakia strobilacea. XIV—XVI. Sutroa alpestris. XVII. Outline Map of San Francisco. Plants of “San Fiaacisco* ekeices nt the following: plants introd orld should be i italicised—to2, 119, 206, 274, 375. Many others inted, are unquestionably _ Zr OiS SP OLOLOGOGICAL FOURNAL. woL.* i. JANUARY, 1892. No. 4. SOME BIOLOGICAL PECULIARITIES OF THE PHYL- LOXERA AND A METHOD OF UTILIZING THEM FOR THE PROTECTION OF VINEYARDS. BY H. H. BEHR. Almost every investigator of the biological phenomena in Phy!I- loxera, and its different forms of existence, has been struck by the comparatively and unexpected ease with which the winged gen- eration of the insect pest may be developed. This experience has left an ‘impression that under ordinary cir- cumstances, that is in our vineyards, the winged generation of the insect develops.as regularly and frequently as in the glass jars, where, together with some grape roots, the wingless insects are kept pris- _ oners by the entomologist. The scarcity of the winged insect—in fact I do not know any case of its being observed except in the glass jar—has always been imputed to its minuteness, nocturnal habits, shortness of existence, etc. Still if the insect would develop as regularly out of the glass jar as it does within it, it would not so ‘successfully have escaped notice. As to its nocturnal habits, I am not so certain that they : are ex- clusively so. At least, in the glass jar, they seem lively enough during day time. But, even supposing that they are exclusively nocturnal, there is not much probability that they would escape our - notice if they kept regular seasons. Water tanks that reflect the sun in day time and either the moon or artificial lights at night, and which especially to the minute insect world prove such an attractive trap, would have yielded at least some Phylloxera amongst the many _ winged Aphidians, Coccides, Tipulides, Microptera, Noctuides, and even Sphinges, which become victims to the deceptive reflection, _ or if wise enough to escape that illusion are wafted into the water by some untimely breeze, whose power their weak wings cannot _ counteract. There is just a trace of volition in the flight of Aphid- 306 ’ Phylloxera. [ZoE ians and Coccides; they are wafted on the breeze in a style but little superior to that of the Medusa palpitating in the currents. of the ocean. Why should then the Phylloxera not share the fate of analogous organisms? I do not refer here to the crowd of minute insects found in aban- doned spider webs, because the minuteness of the Phylloxera would prevent to a considerable degree its detection in the dust and variety of debris collected at such a locality, but the smooth, clear surface of the water cannot conceal any object minute as it may be, provided it be not transparent. I do not deny the possibility of these minute things being carried in the plumage of birds, the clothing of vintners, or by the evening breeze from spot to spot, from vineyard to vineyard. On the con- trary, I am certain that all the isolated centers from which irradiates destruction are originated by winged individuals carried thither. The only point in which experiments have taught me to differ, is the idea of a regular development ‘of the winged generation ac-_ cording to a law analogous to the one that rules the development of the winged generation in the rest of the known Aphidians and Coccides. In these insects the development to the winged and to the sexual generations runs through a well defined cycle, corresponding more or less, hut always in some way with the cycle of the seasons of the year. Now my own experience has convinced me that the development of the winged generation is entirely independent of the seasons, or any regular cycle. The law that rules its dimorphism is analogous to the law that rules the dimorphism of the Lepidopterous genera CEceticus, Solenobia, Taleporia, and perhaps other sack-bearers. Here a parthenogenesis of wingless individuals is going on ad in- _ finitum, and the collector who expects specimens of the winged _ male is constantly disappointed till suddenly winged males are _ produced, which, mating with the wingless females, peste ane fe other series of parthenogenetic generations. oe The circumstance that in Phylloxera the winged generation serves * only as an introduction to the sexual generation, and is not the sexual itself, forms a difference immaterial to the present discussion, although it is highly interesting as an instance of the power of adaptation in itself. _ In regard to CEceticus, the exceptional circumstances which cause VOL. I1.] Phylloxera. 307 a generation of winged males are not known. In Solenobia I found in one locality the same species regularly producing the winged male, in another locality the larve without exception de- veloped into parthenogenetic females. In the first locality the fences on which the larve fed had a covering of Palmella, variegated with isolated patches of Parmelia, and similar lichens. In the second locality, fences and trunks of trees were covered by a luxuriant vegetation of Evernia, Usnea, Cladonia, etc. The sack-bearing larve collected in the locality produced only females, never yielded any male. We know but few instances of this form of dimorphism amongst animals, but in the vegetable kingdom the thallophytes abound in analogous cases. Penicillium develops its sexual generation only when deprived of the regular supply of oxygen of the atmosphere. A majority of Confervee form the product of sexual combination, the teleutospore only when by the evaporation of water their ex- istence become questionable. Nature does most for the preserva- tion of the species when the existence of the individual becomes questionable. We do not know the exact circumstances which in one locality produces in Solenobia and analogous cases an endless series of wing- less females propagating like Aphidians by parthenogenis, when in another locality the regular development of the winged male takes place. But it is very probable that the abundant food in one case is not favorable to sexual reproduction, the scarcity of food and perhaps its inferior quality in the other locality are, it may be, the cause of the more energetic form of propagation. In the case of Phylloxera the inferior kind of food, the dying grape roots in the glass jar, or in the infested vineyard, evidently have a great deal to do with the development of the winged genera- tion. There is a second factor in the case of the Phylloxera that favors the development of wings, 7. e., the necessity of preserving the species by the formation of a new colony on sound grape roots. This is perhaps the cause of the winged generation having been developed by the Phylloxera, not sexual itself, but carrying eggs of two different sizes, analagous to the macrospores and miscros- pores of the Selaginella. The small eggs analogous to the micros- _ pore produce males, the larger eggs analogous to the macrospore ; ee the one-ovuled female. 308 Phylloxera. [ ZOE Thus the problem of preserving the species is divided between locomotion and propagation. The first generation removes the ovules containing the parents of the colony from the exhausted locality, the second plants that colony. Now it is highly probable, in fact it is almost certain, that sur- rounded by an abundance of food the Phylloxera develops no winged generation. This peculiarity of the insect explains a great many otherwise inexplicable phenomena in its distribution, and by pointing out where in the fight against the enemy our tactics have been wrong, offers to us a method by which we may establish our lines of defense. This problem resolves itself into two indications : First, preventing the spread of the subterranean pest. Second, preventing the spread of the winged aérial pest. The first indication we reach in surrounding the infested spot by an area that contains no food. This result may be obtained by destroying the sound vines without displacing them. The exceed- ingly imperfect organs of locomotion prevent the insect from travel- ing a distance of, let us say, a foot. As on this way the Phylloxera has to follow the more or less serpentine direction ofa root, the distance to be traveled toa new pasture increases. Now it is true the fasting ability of this animal is considerable, but with its defect- ive facilities of locomotion it would take a year to cross a girdle of two feet wide, even if the insect could live so long in another than an asphyctic state and would move in one direction during all that time. The second indication, viz: to prevent the escape of the winged form, we reach by covering the infested spot by some substance im- penetrable by the insect. As individuals of the winged generatiom do not possess the faculty of prolonging existence through an as-_ phyctic state analogous to hibernation it is much easier to be dealt _ with than with the ordinary wingless generations, which possess un- der certain circumstances not yet perfectly understood a consider- able power of preserving vitality. Of course a vineyard of which the Phylloxera once has taken a perfect hold cannot be saved by all the chemicals of the world. The sooner the vines are destroyed the better it is for the neighbor- ing cultivations. On the other hand, it is easy enough to stop by proper methods an invasion of the pest, but this is exactly the VOL. I1.] Phylloxera. 309 point where an_ imperfect knowledge of the biology of the insect has injured the farmer and helped the pest. There was a time when it was considered sound policy to pull out the infested roots and drag them through the vineyard to a spot where, when a sufficient number had been accumulated, and when they all appeared sufficiently dry .to take and hold fire, the torch was applied to what was supposed to be the funeral pyre of the Phylloxera. But this supposed funeral pyre was ‘in fact the breed- ing place of new colonies of the insect pest. The starving Phyl- loxera had produced the winged generation before the pile of roots was dry enough to take fire, and had been wafted away by currents of air to infest the region with new colonies. Even the rootlets, shaken off in carrying the infested vines to the pile, formed new centers for the production of winged generations, and thus it can easily be explained that this sanitary measure proved quite the re- verse of what it was intended for. Experience has fully demon- strated that the pulling out of the infested vines aggravated the calamity. This danger may be avoided toa great extent by de- ' stroying the vines on the spot, or making them unfit to serve as food for the pest. It may be permitted here to suggest a method of fighting the pest. I would advise the owners of vineyards in which the infested spots are not yet confluent to surround them and cover them with a layer of the substance called gas lime, which recommends itself by its cheapness as wellas by its efficacy. It is, so far as I know, of no commercial value and can easily be obtained at gasworks, perhaps for the mere expense of removal. At the same time it does not, like petroleum and similar substances, entail permanent sterility on the localities where it is used; but on the contrary, being washed into the soil by the rains will serve as a fertilizer. My experiments have convinced me, that a layer of an inch thickness is more than sufficient to prevent the escape of the winged generation. A thicker layer, of course, is necessary to destroy speedily and effectually the vines of the healthy area. The method recommended here, will require perhaps an addi- tional quantity of gas lime, or some modification of it, to destroy the gall-forming variety of the Phylloxera. This variation must be very local in California or is generally rare, because during all my ex- _ periments and investigations from the year 1869 to 1880, I have not 310 _ Coleoptera of the Beach. [ ZOE met with it, and I only once received a quantity of leaves affected in that way from a vineyard in Fresno, otherwise injured by too pro- fuse irrigation. This happened in the year 1883. My efforts to obtain another supply of infested leaves were not successful, and it is a queer circumstance, that neither before that time nor after, have I — _ heard that the vineyards of Fresno were infested by Phylloxera of the form feeding on roots. I, therefore, consider the occurrence of the gall-torming Phylloxera in California as an isolated fact. The object of this communication is only to lay down a princi- ple derived from biological facts. The successful adaptation of this - principle to season and locality must be left to the viticulturist. COLEOPTERA AND MOLLUSCA OF THE OCEAN BEACH AT SAN FRANCISCO. BY GEORGE W. DUNN. Probably most of those who visit the Cliff House and vicinity, look upon the expanse of sand as a waste, with no sign of animal © life, and only here and there a few low plants, Abronia, Franseria, etc., with some stunted willows in depressions; but notwithstanding its very desolate and unpromising appearance it is rich in insect life, many species hidden in the sand being exposed by pulling away brush or debris from the top of a hillock and starting the rolling sand. The following is a list of the Coleopterous insects found along the ocean beach and adjacent dunes. The species inhabiting the sand at a greater distance from the sea will be given in a future list: _ CICINDELA HIRTICOLLIS. On damp sand feeding on any small animals. en CICINDELA 12-GUTATA. On damp sand feeding on any small — animals. oe CICINDELA HEMORRHAGICA. On damp sand feeding on any small animals. eae THINOPINUS PicTUS. Under kelp and sticks, feeding on small crustaceans below high water mark. ao CAFIUS CANESCENS. Under decomposing kelp and animal sub- stance. DyscHIRIUS OBESUS. On damp sand below high water mark. VOL. .] Coleoptera of the Beach. 311 EULABIS oBscuRUS. © Under decomposing kelp. PHALERIA ROTUNDATA. Under decomposing kelp. PHALERIA LIMBALIS. Under decomposing kelp. PHYCONOMUS MARINUS. In decomposing kelp. CERCYON FIMBRIATUM. In decomposing kelp. CERCYON PosTICATUM. In wet sand. TACHYCELLUS NiTIDUS. Under sticks in damp sand. SAPRINUS LUGENS. In decomposing animal substance. SAPRINUS SULCIFRONS. Under decomposing animal substance in sand. SAPRINUS scissus. Under decomposing animal substance in sand. SAPRINUS FIMBRIATUS. Under decomposing animal substance in sand. SAPRINUS ENEIPUNCTATUS. Under decomposing animals. -QMmoPHRON DENTATUM. In holes in wet sand. _HIstTer sELLATuS. In dry sand. CREMASTOCHILUS PILOSICOLLIS. On dry sand. CoPpIDITA QUADRIMACULATA. Under sticks and cocoanut husks. PHILoNTHUS CaLIForNIcUS. Under kelp and sticks in wet sand. AMARA INSIGNIS. Under sticks. ELEODES CLAVICORNIS. In sand dunes. Caius ciLiatus. In dry sand. TRIGONOSCUTA PILOSA. In dry sand. CREOPHILUS VILLosuS. On dead animals. SILPHA RAMOSA. On dead animals SILPHA LAPPONICA. On dead animals. - NECROBIA RUFIPES. On dead animals. -. NECROPHORUS NIGRITUS. On dead animals. ALEOCHARA BRACHYPTERUS. Under decaying kelp. ALEOCHARA SULCICOLLIS. Under decaying kelp. -OmosITA DISCOIDEA. On decaying animals. ANTHICUS MARITIMUS. On decaying animals. ELLASOPTES MARINUS. Under sticks in damp sand. CALATHUS RUFICOLLIs. In sand dunes. - COCCINELLA CALIFORNICA. On kelp. — HippopAMIA CONVERGENS. On kelp. -AGONODERUS LINEOLA. In wet sand. 312 Studies Among Mollusks. \ .- TZO8 BEMBIDIUM BIFOSSULATUM. In wet sand. BEMBIDIUM CRURALE. In wet sand. BEMBIDIUM APPROXIMATUM. In wet sand. BEMBIDIUM EPHIPPIGER. In wet sand. BEMBIDIUM ERASUM. In holes in wet sand. The ocean beach at this place is poor in Mollusca, but we find occasionally Sz/igua patula, Cardium corbis, Mytilus Californicus, Schizotherus Nuttalli, usually old and broken valves. STUDIES AMONG MOLLUSKS—INSTINCT AND GENERA. BY HENRY HEMPHILL. HELIx (GLyProstoMA) NEWBERRYANA W. G. Binney. The study of this mollusk, its shell and habits, supplies us with some puzzling and interesting facts that are worthy of close and careful investigation. _ Weare told by Mr. W. G. Binney, the highest authority on our American land shells, that the animal inhabiting this shell is a “ true Helix,” while I might add the shell it moulds and forms is the shell of a true Zonites. Mr. Binney at first, 1859, described the shell as a Helix, subsequently, 1869, he removed it to the genus Zonites, but later, after the study of the soft part from specimens I sent him from San Diego, California, he removed it again, putting it back — into the Helicidz, making for its reception the genus Glyptostoma. The late G. W. Tryon placed this shell in the genus Macrocyclis. Now we have been taught and led to believe that animals per- form all their functions of life by instinct, and instinct is supposed © to be unerring in its action, being directed and governed by laws over which the animal has no control. If our division of these animals into genera is based on true and natural principles, and if po genera really exist in nature, then good logic would lead tothe __ conclusion that, as each genus is separate and distinct from the others, then equally as distinct must be the generic instinctive im- pulses, for they partially serve to define genera, as well as modifica- tions in the structure of the animals. If this is true, it would be reasonable to suppose that all the members of a genus would be equally stimulated or animated by this generic impulse, and hence VOL. 1] : Studies Among Mollusks. 313 we would expect to find great uniformity among the shells of each genus, so that we could very readily assign them to the genus at least to which they belonged in a natural system of classification. But when we find two different genera moulding and forming shells so nearly alike that we cannot separate them, or determine the genus to which they belong without referring to some peculiarity of the soft parts, we begin to wonder if we have not made some mis- take in our interpretation of nature and her laws in this respect. We have a class of not very wise philosophers, who tell us about free will in man, perhaps in our studies we have found a class of animals which act independently of this generic impulse. Free in- -stinct in animals is about as consistent as free will in man, but I must confess that I cannot conceive of any impulse, faculty or function, in either man or animal, that exists or acts in any par- ticular independently of law. Now if a strawberry plant should bear blackberries, or a currant bush produce cherries, we would * look on with astonishment. If we are correct in our divisions of these animals into genera, then, in principle, this is just what Helix Newberryana is doing by constructing its shell identical in every particular with the shells of the genus Zonites, instead of forming them like the shells of the genus Helix, to which the animal is said to belong. Besides these puzzling facts, Helix Newberryana shows some other peculiarities worth noting. So far as we know at present its geographical range extends from Los Angeles south about two hundred miles, and from the coast inland about forty miles, thus it — ranges over an area of about eight hundred square miles. Within this area at certain localities favorable to its existence and development it is found quite abundant, and itis not considered arare shell. Notwithstanding its wide geographical range and its abundance, it adheres with rigid tenacity to one unvarying form, and its sculpturing or smooth surface is unbroken by a single inno- - yation of any kind. - In our philosophy* of climatic effects upon land shells, we had always supposed that in a warm, dry and treeless region, where al- most perpetual sunshine prevailed, such as prevails over the en- tire area in which this shell is found, that we must look for white, bleached and colorless land shells, and so nearly have the = land shells of other regions been supposed to conform to this 314 Studies Among Mollusks. [ZOE theory that some of our more philosophical writers upon conch- ology have suggested that shells might be arranged geographically — to represent the peculiar climatic conditions of the areas which they inhabit. But our Helix, true to its paradoxical instincts, persists in covering its shell with an epidermis as dark almost as the cuticle of a Congo negro, and in shells of the same size and age, so far as I have observed, scarcely a shade of difference in coloring can be detected. In its dark coloring, as well as by the form of the shell. — Helix Newberryana agrees fairly well with the larger forms of our American Zonites found south of the Ohio River. (Compare it with Z. capnodes, Z. fuliginosus and Z. subplanus). Those Zonites, however, inhabit a densely wooded region, with a moist, hot and variable summer, and a moderately cold and wet winter climate. On the coast of California its nearest allies, by the color of their shells Helix fidelis, and its varieties 7nfumata, subcarinata and mor- - monum, occupy the region north of San Francisco Bay. This region in the localities where these shells are found, is also dense- ly wooded and has a cool, foggy and moist climate the greater part part of the year, the opposite conditions in almost every respect to those prevailing in the region over which our southern snail ranges. It will be seen by this that the color of Hledix Newberryana cannot be taken as an index of the climatic conditions of the area which it inhabits. When we consider the variable nature of all our other west coast land shells in form, size, color and sculpturing, the persistency with which Helix Newberryana adheres to one unchanging form, and its constancy in color and sculpturing, it is remarkable and a puzzle indeed. ZONITES (MESOMPHIX) ELLiotTI Redfield. This small shell is found quite plentifully in the mountains of _ North Carolina and adjacent States. It is constant in color, but | very variable in size. The late G. W. Tryon placed it at one time in the genus Macrocyclis, which at that time included the forms we now know as Selenites. In this mollusk and its shell we have another example in which two genera are represented, one by the structure of the animal that _ agrees with the genus Zonites, in having a caudal mucus pore and a smooth or ribless jaw, and the other by the form and char- acter of the shell, which agrees in every particular with the shells of VOL. 1] Studies Among Mollusks. 315. the genus Selenites, as we understand those genera at the present time. In the Manual of American Land Shells, Mr. Binney describes the animal of the family Selenites ‘‘ Without a caudal mucus pore, jaw of Limacide.’’ In the family Limacide he includes Limax, Vitrina, Zonites and Vitrozonites. The animal of this family is de- scribed, ‘‘ With or without a caudal mucus pore, jaw arched with- out ribs.’? In the family Helicide he includes twenty-seven genera. The animal of this family is described, ‘‘ With or with- out a caudal mucus pore, jaw of many patterns.”’ Now it will be seen by this that the caudal mucus pore is not-an invariable character, for'it is both present and absent in the two families of Limacidze and Helicide, therefore we cannot use it as a generic character. The smooth or ribless jaw is found in the three families of Sele- nitidee, Limacidee and Pupidz, while the jaw of the animal com- prising the family Philomycidz is described, ‘‘ With or without anterior ribs.’ The ribbed jaw of the Helicide is known to be so variable, even in the same species, that it is hardly worth referring to for this purpose. The jaw then offers us no characters, lines or limits, that can be relied upon to distinguish or determine genera. Some students attach great importance to the form of the lingual . membrane, and the arrangement of the teeth, and think they have found the keystone to the systematic arrangement of mollusks in these useful organs, which are used in the economy of the animal simply to chop or grind up the food, for its reception in the stomach preparatory to the process of digestion. Now I do not underes- timate the value of the knowledge of the structure, form and the uses, as well as of the varied and beautiful arrangement of those organs, but it seems to mea system based on the dentition alone would represent the carnivorous and herbivorous habits of the animal and nothing more. For the purpose of determining genera the lingual membrane rather adds to the confusion than otherwise, as will be seen by the - following list of families that have similar lingual membranes, which I have selected from Mr. Binney’s Manual of American Land : - Shells: “Family Selenitidae membrane of Testacellide. Family Philomycidze membrane of Helicide. - 316 Studies Among Mollusks. [ ZOE Family Bulimulide membrane of Helix. ‘Family Pupide membrane of Helix. - From all of these facts it will be seen that there are no invariable characters or arrangements of these organs on which genera can be based. They seem to be scattered throughout the class without reference to divisions of any kind, and from these and other facts I cannot resist the thought that genera, as we understand them at present, do not exist in nature, and the sooner we abandon them for some more natural divisions of these animals, the better it will be for science and for the student. As the shell of a mollusk is extravascular, and moulded by the mechanical action of the animal’s mantle, and not by the pro- cesses of secretion as bones and other parts of an animal’s body are formed, it (shell) does not constitute any portion of the an- imal’s body, but is simply an outside covering constructed by the animal for the protection of its body. No animal can form or mould part of its own natural body. Its form, size and growth are determined by a principle inherent in the germ of all organic bodies. Nor is any part of an animal’s body extravascular, but on the contrary all parts are closely connected with the ve- nous system, and whenever this connection is interrupted, sev- ered or broken, the body withers, decays and disappears. The shell bears the same relation (mechanically) to the animal that moulds and forms it that the web does to the spider, that spins and sets it to catch insects for food. In both instances the mate- rial is secreted by these creatures, and afterwards constructed into the shell and web by mechanical action directed by the instinct of these curious and skillful little mechanics. Fhe shell of a mollusk then represents the instinctive impulses of the animal, and nothing more. yoo Besides the instinct common to all animals, viz: the reproduction of their own kind, mollusks display in their shells instincts that are regarded by man as evidence of a higher intelligence, and to the © philosophical student adds an importance and a charm to their | e = study not found, perhaps, in the study of some other branches of = natural history. = For the purpose of study I separate these higher instinctive im pulses, as follows: VOL. I1.] Studies Among Mollusks. . ar 1. - The mechanical impulse to construct a shell as an outer cov- ~ ering for the protection of the animal’s body. 2. The artistic impulse to decorate the external surface of the shell. This second or artistic impulse I divide as follows: . a. The impulse to ornament the external surface of the shell by varied designs of sculpturing. 6. The impulse to ornament the external surface of the shell by regular artistic colored designs. “On account of their brilliant colors and the dazzling external polish of many shells they have been truly called the ‘‘ Butterflies of the Sea,’’ and have always occupied a conspicuous place in the homes of the rich and poor alike, in the cabinets of the mere curio collector, and in the great collections of natural history in all the civilized countries. The animals of the oyster, mussel, and many kinds of clams, as well as the animals of many univalves, have supplied both civilized and savage people with an abundance of wholesome and nutritious food for ages, while their shells have been utilized in various ways for ornamental and useful purposes. From a geological point of view the work of mollusks in past ages is recognized as having effected great changes in the earth’s strata, and they might be called the great lime gatherers of the world, for their shells form the basis of the vast limestone, marble and chalk formations that constitute so large a proportion of many mountain ranges that “rib’’ the sur- face of the globe. Notwithstanding these facts and the conspicuous manner in which mollusks have displayed their instincts, no collection, nor a part of any collection, so far as I know, except my own, has been especially arranged to display the mechanical instincts of the mollusk, or the progressive development of the shell, from the rude beginning, an aggregation of the few particles of limy matter such as we find un- — der the mantle of some of the slugs and ending with the most com- plicated and perfect shells. Neither have especial efforts been made to exhibit the progressive development of what I have called the artistic impulse by arranging a series, first, to represent the de- velopment of the sculpturing by commencing with the plain smooth forms and ending with those ornamented externally with elaborate spines and fringes; and second, by arranging a series to represent — 318 Californian Turret-Building Spider. [ZOE the development of the impulse to ornament the external surface of the shell with colored patterns and designs, by commencing with those stained with a few irregular blotches or daubs and ending with those shells painted with regular artistic designs and patterns. An arrangement of this kind would represent the mollusk and his work, and would form one of the most interesting, instructive and important features of a collection for the scientific investiga- tion of these curious and wonderful little animals that could be de-- vised. DESCRIPTION OF THE NEST OF THE CALIFORNIAN TURRET BUILDING SPIDER, WITH SOME REFER- ENCE TO ALLIED SPECIES. BY J. J. RIVERS. The Californian turret builder mines into the ground more or less perpendicularly to the depth of from 8-10 inches, and from a 4% to ¥ inch in diameter, according to sex and maturity. The burrow is lined with silk throughout, and the nest of a full-grown female will have a turret 3 inches high covering the surface opening to her burrow or tube. The material of which the turret is formed de- pends largely upon what may be found in the neighborhood St is constructed of vegetable debris, such as crisp pieces of leaves, or of small leaves, pine leaves or needles and grasses, the whole being woven together with silk, and at times it is closed horizontally at top with similar materials, of which the other part of the turret is made. The spider has a wide range in California, occurring in wooded districts from Monterey County to Mendocino County, and turrets _ gathered from the various habitats show a pleasing variation on ac- count of the different foliage, of which the structure. is necessarily built. A turret erected in a pine groove is an interesting object as_ well as a pretty one, and reminds one of the leading shoot of a spruce that has been sun scorched. In these situations it is sur- rounded by a protecting carpet of pine needles of the Same tone of : color, its presence being known only by its rising perpendicularly from the ground. The turrets made of a mixture of leaves form a5 regular figure under the manipulation of this industrious spider, © and a remarkable turret is made occasionally by half-grown males, vou. 1.] Californian T. urret-Building Spider. 319 which during the rainy season dig out and enlarge their tubes. At this age and time the young do not carry off or scatter the earth brought out of the tube, but utilize it by building an earthen turret, and in wet weather the earth becomes a regularly formed and com- pact figure with the rim thickened, reminding one of a miniature vase in terra cotta without lid or cover of any kind. _ The sexes when mature occupy different nests, but the newly hatched young are found with the mother at the bottom of her bur- ‘row, which is more roomy at the base than at the opening. There is a period of zstivation, but the cause is not yet investigated. The Californian turret building spider is closely allied to the trap- door spider, the former however being smaller, more elongate and possessing at the base of the mandibules of the male a club-like projection covered with black bristles at the upper part of the tip, while the female has but a shallow tubercle in the same region. The other Californian species of notable spiders belonging to the The- raphoside are: The great tarantula of Southern California, Ari- zona, and Texas, and the lesser tarantula belonging to the middle _ of California. The use of the word ‘‘tarantula’’ is rather wide and dubious in application. While the tarantula of the Southern States is of the same family as the true tarantula of Spain—Lyco- sidee—the Californian tarantula is of the Theraphosidz ( Mygalide ). In fact the name carries with it no meaning of value because in each locality the name is bestowed upon the largest hairy spider of the region, irrespective of its classification or habits. The Cali- fornian trap-door spider and the Californian tarantula are also con- founded, and visitors to our coast who take home with thema spider souvenir, purchased at one of our so-called Natural History Stores, are unaware they are cherishing a mis-matched memento of some one’s cupidity, and, in some instances, of their own as well. — _ The large spider called ‘‘ Californian tarantula” does not fabricate a nest with a trap-door, but commercial enterprise supplies the de- mand by annexing a specimen of Mygale Hentzti to the trap-door nest of Cleniza Californica. Some years ago I made an ineffectual effort to persuade one of the dealers to sell the real spider, but the man of business replied that he knew all about the matter, but the public would not be satisfied with the smaller spider, and that he could not trade without the larger animal. 320 Notes on Californian Plants. [ZOE Species mentioned in this paper: THERAPHOSID®. Californian turret builder = Atypoides Riversii.* Californian tarantula = Eurypelma (Mygale) Hentzii. Californian trap-door spider = Cteniza Californica. LYCOSID&. Southern tarantula = Lycosa Carolinensis. Spanish tarantula = Lycosa tarantella. NOTES ON CALIFORNIAN PLANTS. BY: SB. PARISH. II. AN ABNORMAL PHACELIA. Phacelia Whitlavia Gray is a well-known species common in the hills and lower mountains of southern California. It is an annual, with ovate or cordate leaves coarsly serrate, and the flower has an ample blue corolla of typically campanulate form, somewhat spread- ing at the mouth, and with a narrow 5-parted limb. + To it I must refer a plant quite different in many respects, and of sufficient interest to deserve brief record. The basal leaves of the specimen are wanting, but all the cauline are narrowly oblong and entire. The corollas are somewhat reduced, and are divided to the base into six very narrow lobes, the tips dilated. So deep is the division that the flower appears polypetalous. The calyx-lobes are normally linear but are six in number, and the stamens are also six. On the other hand the gyneecium is regular, the pistil being _ 2-cleft and the ovary 2-celled and many-ovuled. A consideration of the position of this plant illustrates the arti- ficiality af systematic distinctions, and even of some morphological definitions. Supposing it to be an abnormal Phacelia, the pubes- ence and the characters of the ovary bring it into the section Whit- lavia. Here are two species with which it agrees in habit of growth and in the possession of a campanulate corolla, but from which it differs entirely in the very important characters of the shape and *Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon., June 5, 1883. VOL. 11. ] Notes on Californian Plants. — 321 serration of the leaves and the size and form of the corolla lobes. To one of these species, P. Wahzt/avia, our plant must be referred, not from any characters of its own, but purely for the geograph- ical reason that it was found in the territory of that species, for it might with equal propriety be placed with the other, P. campanu- laria, had it come from the desert region to which the latter species is confined. But even this disposition would be unsatisfactory if, instead of dealing with a stray plant or two, the variation had become fixed and was abundantly propagated, and diffused, so that they might be collected by the thousand, There could be no hesitation in considering it a valid species, and a new section would be required for its reception, and the generic character must be modified; or with a less conservative view, it might be made the type of a ‘new genus. Should the increased number of some of the floral organs remain constant, even the ordinal definition would need changing. And thus fitted into a regular place in systematic clas- sification, it would cease to be an example of the antholysis of a corolla normally entire and must be described as a plant with a corolla normally deeply lobed. And all these apparent changes would be dug not to any characters inherent in the plant itself, but solely to a difference in numerical abundance. My specimen is from the mountains near San Bernardino, where it was found by Mr. E. D. Palmer. Similar flowers, without leaves or other parts of the plant, are in the Gray herbarium, collected | by Rev. J. C. Nevin, near Lang Station, on the Southern Pacific Railway. In this plant, Mr. Nevin informs me, the floral branches were fasciated, showing that the force of variation, which in Mr. Palmer’s plant was manifest only in the leaves and flowers, had here modified other parts of the structure. III. PSEUDO-CAUDEX OF Carex Barbare DEWEY. This sedge is found along stream banks in the lower foothills of the San Bernardino Mountains, and also in open swampy ground in the adjoining valley. In the former situations it forms robust tussocks, but in the latter the bases of these are often elongated in such a way as to present the appearance of trunks. These are from four to six feet high, so that in collecting specimens one fre- ne — has to reach up to gather the flower stems. They are 322 Anatomical Notes on Sutroa Alpestris. [ZOE erect, cylindrical in shape, about eighteen inches in diameter, and quite bare, either from the natural decadence of the leaves, or pos- sibly from their removal by fires. They consist of an interlaced mass of coarse fibers, similar to the roots, of which they are prop-_ erlya part. There is, of course, no exterior covering. Seen from a little distance one of these short stout shafts, topped with its crown of long leaves, might be easily mistaken for some aborescent yucca. As the places in which these tree-like sedges grow are not sub- ject to overflows which might induce such a growth by changes of water-level, their upward prolongation must be a natural growth, added to as each successive crop of foliage surmounts the previous one. ANATOMICAL NOTES ON SUTROA ALPESTRIS, ANEW LUMBRICULIDE OLIGOCHATE FROM SIERRA NE- | VADA, CALIFORNIA. 4 BY GUSTAV EISEN. During a visit to Donner Lake, in the Sierra Nevada, I found a new Lumbriculide worm greatly resembling Rhynchelmis and Sutroa, _ 4 as regards external characteristics. An anatomical ‘study of the worm proved it to belong to the genus Sutroa, but in many import- ant points differing from the only species, Sutroa rostrata, hitherto described.* This new species is in many respects interesting, proving, as it does, the genus Sutroa to be well defined from Rhynchelmis. It further gives us a new insight into the generic and specific char- acteristics, which necessarily must remain more or less obscure, aS long as only one single species is known. A study of this new species has enabled me to decide several — obscure anatomical points, such as the position of the testes and the ovaries, and the nature of those organic masses which have been — formerly mistaken for these reproductive organs. : The genus Sutroa appears to take the place on this coast of the old world genus Rhynchelmis, which it resembles in general ap- pee mrt *On the anatomy of Sutroa rostrata, a new annelid of the family Lumbriculina, — ie rh aie . . . by Gustav Eisen. Memoirs California Academy of Sciences, Vol. ii, No. 1, San trancisco, Jan. 1888, 2 vou. u.] Anatomical Notes on Sutroa Alpestris. 325 pearance. The discovery of a new one is the more interesting, as only one well defined species of Rhynchelmis* has been described, although it is probable that a closer examination of this annelid will increase the number. SuTROA Eisen. Prostomium filiform. The spermathece consist ot several pairs or lobes all opening into a central receptacle or atrium situated in somite VII. One or more pairs of albumen glands. RHYNCHELMIs Hoftm. Prostomium filiform. One pair of spermathecz, each receptacle opening separately in somite VIII. One central albumen gland. From the above description of the two genera it will be seen that the principal characteristic of Sutroa is the absence of a central albumen gland, and the centralization of the seminal receptacles or spermathece which open into a common and central atrium. or receptacle. Of the genus there are now known two species. SUTROA ROSTRATA Eisen. The ventral vessel is forked in somite VIII. The two forks being connected by a secondary vessel in each somite. The ventral vessel is only connected with the dorsal vessel in the cephalic lobe. The spermathecal atrium opens in somite VIII; albumen glands in somites IX and X; spermiducal pores be- tween somites X and XI; oviduct between XI and XII. Sperm-sacs begin in XV and extend towards XXIV or further. Testes in X, ovary probably in somite XXXII or in its vicinity. Egg capsule oblong, not pointed. Habitat: Mountain Lake, at Marine Hos- pital, San Francisco; elevation 40 or 50 feet above the ocean. SUTROA ALPESTRIS n.sp. Ventral vessel forked in somite V, each fork being connected with the dorsal vessel by one perigastric secondary vessel in each somite. The ventral vessel is connected with the dorsal vessel in the majority of the somites by two pairs _ of feathered secondary vessels. The spermathecal atrium opens _ in somite VII; albumen glands in VIII and IX; spermiducal fae pores open in somite IX; oviduct between somites X and XI; é “Ve ejdousky: Anatomische Studien, Rhynchelmis, Zeitschrift f, w. Zool. Bd. xxvii, nos Taf. Xxi-xxiv. 324 Anatomical Notes on Sutroa Alpestris. [ZoE sperm-sacs begin in XIII and extend to somite XX or further. Ovary in somite XXXII. Egg capsule globular and pointed. Testes in somite IX. Habitat: In springs on the north and east side of Donner Lake in the Sierra Nevada, California, at an altitude of about 6,000 feet. Adult in the end of July. This species lives in the mud close tothe surface of the water, and — is often found crawling on the underside of pieces of wood among ag the roots of moss or smaller plants, or even attached to stones partly submerged in the water. The color of this species is much less vivid and iridescent than that of Swzfvoa rostrata, which latter must be considered as one of the most beautiful of all fresh water Oligochetee. As to size, Sutroa rostrata is by far the larger, being thicker, but not as long as Sutroa alpestris. In shape the body of Sufroa rostrata is more quadrilateral than that of our new species, in this respect very much resembling Rhynchelmis. I will now enter more fully into a description of the anatomical characteristics of the new species. VASCULAR SYSTEM—consists of two main vessels: the ventral vessel and the dorsal vessel. (Figures 24 to 29.) The ventral ves- sel is not pulsating; the dorsal vessel is strongly pulsating; the blood is reddish as in the other species of this family. The ventral vessel is forked in somite V, and differs in this respect from the ventral vessel in S. rostrata, which is forked in somite VIII. The two forks of the ventral vessel are connected with the dorsal vessel in every somite by one pair of secondary vessels (as seen in Figs. 24 and 25). In this respect the species resembles Rhynchelmis limosella, but differs from .S. rostrata, in which there are no such secondary vessels connecting the ventral and dorsal vessels, but orily secondary vessels connecting the two forks of the ventral vessel. In Sutroa alpestris the two forks of the ventral vessel are not con- nected. The dorsal pulsating vessel connects in every somite except in the extreme caudal somite with the ventral vessel through secondary _ perigastric vessels. In the six anterior somites there are but one pair, or two perigastric vessels in each somite—one vessel on each side of the dorsal vessel. In the posterior somites, beginning — with somite VII, are two pairs of perigastric vessels, one post- ‘VOL. u.] Anatomical Notes on Sutroa Alpestris. $25 septal or anterior pair, and one preseptal or posterior pair, each secondary vessel connecting with the ventral vessel. The perigas- tric vessel in somite VI connects directly the ventral and dorsal vessels (Fig. 26), while in the anterior somites the perigastric vessel connects the forks of the ventral vessel. Thus somite VI differs from all other somites, which contain the two primary vessels, in that there is only one pair of perigastric vessels, all posterior somites having two pairs. A similar arrangement is seen in Rhyn- chelmis limosella,* where the six and seven somites have only one pair of perigastric vessels, but in Swéroa rostrata only the 6 ante- rior somites are characterized by the existence of a single pair of perigastric vessels.+ The perigastric vessels in the posterior somites in Sutroa alpestris connect with the ventral vessel. The dorsal parts of these perigastric vessels are feathered or ramified, and the ventral part of the postseptal or anterior pair is similarly but somewhat less extensively ramified (Figs. 24, 27, 28). Of the posterior pair the ventral part is simple, not ramified (F igs. 27 and 28.) The peri- gastric vessel in somite VI is not ramified. Thus, as regards the perigastric vessels, Sutroa differs from Rhyn- chelmis in having both the postseptal and preseptal pairs ramified, Rhynchelmis having only the preseptal pair ramified. In Rhyn- chelmis limosella only the anterior perigastric pair connects with the ventral vessel. In Sutroa rostrata neither pair connects with the ventral vessel, while in Suéroa alpestris both pairs connect with it. It will thus be seen that generic characteristics cannot always be _ derived from the branching or from the connections of the vessels. As specific characteristics, however, they are of the greatest im por- tance. 3 The branches of the posterior pair of perigastric vessels are less numerous but rather more prominent than those of the anterior pair, the latter being by far the strongest vessels. There are in every somite, beginning with XII, two or three pairs of gastric vessels attached to the intestine. There are also tertiary perigastric vessels _ along the reproductive and conductive organs, but none surround- _ ing the nephridia or segmental organs. ___ Recapitulating, it may be said that in Sxéroa alpestris the vascu- : - - *Vejdovsky, Anatom. Stud. loc. cit. page 344. < . tEisen On Sutroa, loc. cit. fig. 4. 326 Anatomical Notes on Sutroa Alpestris. [ ZOE lar system consists of primary and secondary vessels, the former being the ventral and dorsal vessels. The ventral vessel branches in somite V, the branches being connected with the dorsal vessel through one pair of secondary vessels in each somite. Of the pos- terior perigastric vessels, both pairs in each somite connect the dorsal and ventral primary vessels. The anterior pair is ramified, of the posterior pair only the dorsal part is ramified. 2 In Suéroa rostrata the ventral vessel branches in somite VIII, the branches connecting with each other through one secondary vessel in each somite, but do not connect with the dorsal vessel. The perigastric branches of the dorsal vessel are ramified, but do not connect with the ventral vessel. In Rhynchelmis limosella (according to Vejdovsky) the ventral vessel branches in somite V, each branch connecting with the dor- sal vessel through one pair of simple secondary vessels. In the. 2 eight anterior somites the perigastric vessels consist of only one pair, while in the posterior somites there are two pairs in each, the anterior pair which is not ramified connecting with the ventral vessel, the posterior ramified pair being entirely free. The dorsal vessel is covered with opaque cells. The ventral vessel is trans- parent and entirely devoid of cells. The alimentary canal is very simple. In the anterior somites it consists of a simple tubular duct or intestine. In somite XII this duct changes to a sacculated intestine covered with gastric ves- sels (Fig. 27). In Sutroa rostrata this sacculated intestine com- mences in somite XIII. . ; NERVOouUsS SysTEM—resembles that of Sutroa rostrata, but the E cephalic ganglion is more compact and exhibits two large anterior lobes, which emit a number of nerve threads towards the cephalic lobe (Fig. 9), or filiform part ot the prostomium. REPRODUCTIVE System. The sexual organs are, as elsewhere in this family, generative and conductive. The generative organs ar€ sperm-sacs and testes, ovaries, albumen glands, and prostata. The conductive organs are oviducts, efferent ducts and sperm- — athecee. As some confusion yet exists as regards the true inter- pretation of these various organs a more detailed description is — necessary. a . The sperm-sacs consist of one pair of large elongated bodies situated in somites 13-20. They are the largest and most conspic- 4 Vou. 1.4 Anatomical Notes on Sutroa Alpestris. 327° uous organs in the body, filling the largest part of the somite (Fig. 1). There can be no doubt as to the true nature of these bodies, as they are full of spermatophores and spermatozoa in all stages of development. These bodies were described by Vejdovsky as testes.* But at a later date this learned investigator supposed that he had ‘made an error in ascribing to these bodies the nature of testes, and suggested that their ‘nature is only that of a seminal vesicle, and that the true testes, as well as the ovaries, are to be found in some of the somites anterior to the efferent ducts and the spermaducal pores. I shared this opinion when I described Aclipidrilus frigidus. A larger material of this worm as well as of Sutroa enables me to take a different view of these organs. Thus in Sztroa rostrata the spermathecal porus is found in VIII. In somite IX we find two large bodies similar to the albumen glands in Szévoa rostrata, while in somite X are feund the two testes proper. Undoubtedly the ovaries must be looked for in the somites posterior to the sperm- sacs, possibly in XXXII. In both species ot Sutroa the sperm- sacs cover the atrium and prostate to such an extent that it is diffi- cult to separate them and clearly define one from the other. But the sperm-sacs are not really connected with the prostate, as can be seen in the anterior segments of this organ where the prostate lies free and is not covered by the sperm-sacs. The real testes in Sutroa rostrata are smaller and not lobed, whereas in Swéroa alpestris the testes are large and deeply and repeatedly lobed. (Figs. 1 and 15.) The sperm-sacs or testes in Rhynchelmis, as well as in Sutroa, extend thus through several (6) somites, occupying more or less segments, as the worm is older or younger. These sperm-sacs contain spermatophores in all stages of develop- ment. In the posterior part of the sperm-sac, which also is the largest (Fig. 1), the spermatophores are the most advanced in de-. velopment. Thus it is important to notice that the spermatophores - develop directly in the sperm-sacs, and that they are not formed afterwards by an aggregation of spermatozoa. I cannot agree with Vejdovsky, that the formation of the spermatophore is quite as simple _ *Vejdovsky on Rhynchelmis, loc. cit. Taf. xxii, fig. 6. tb cotta System and Morphologie der Oligocheten, Prague, 1884, pag. sr. 328 Anatomical Notes on Sutroa Alpestris. [ZOE as he supposes.* As the spermatophore is already formed in the sperm-sacs, it is evident that neither the prostata or the spermathecz contribute to its formation. It is far more likely that the glandular part of the spermatheca produces a secretion which dissolves the spermatophore and separates the spermatozoa. The cell-wall in the spermatophore is the primary part, the spermatozoa forming in the interior of the cell. Ata later stage of development the tails of the spermatozoa protrude through this cell-sac, their free ends forming a ciliated appendix on one side of the spermatophore (Fig. 18). These protruding parts of the spermatozoa are at this stage beauti- fully wavy or screw-like and very stiff. Ata later stage these screw- like ciliz elongate themselves, or rather their extreme free ends grow out, forming the tails of the spermatozoa. This later devel- oped part of the tail is not screw-like, and the division between the two parts is so very distinct that at a superficial examination it appears as if it constituted two distinct and separate bodies (Figs. 19 and 20). In the full grown spermatozoon this screw-like part is about one-eighth or one-tenth part of the whole (Fig. 23). The ovaries or ovisacs are situated far behind the sperm-sacs in somite XXXII, one on each side of the ventral nerve ganglion. As regards their structure, they do not materially differ from the ovaries in Rhynchelmis as described by’ Vejdovsky (I. c., page 353). In one specimen I found the ovary in segment XXXII, but I am inclined to think that their position sometimes varies with the size of the worm. Ripe ova surrounded by numerous fatty agglomera- tions are frequently seen moving freely in the anterior somites in the vicinity of the oviduct, which is situated in somite X.- SPERMIDUCAL ORGANS. These consist of one pair opening into a common atrium (Fig. 1). The atrium is furnished with a large prostate gland extending through at least seven somites, commencing in somite XII and ending in XVIII, thus leaving three segments of the atrium free (IX, X and XI). The atrium opens intoa copulatory papilla, which latter opens externally in the center of segment IX behind the ventral seta. The atrium ex- tends through ten somites, from IX to XVIII. The exact place where the efferent ducts enter the atrium I have not been able to ascertain, but most probably this takes place in the extreme pos- _ “Vejdovsky, Syst. des Oligocheeten, I. c., page 153. vou. u.] Anatomical Notes on Sutroa Alpestris. — 329 terior part, possibly in somite XVIII. The prostata is attached to the posterior part of the atrium, extending through seven somites. It must be considered as one continuous gland, although it is con- tracted at every dissepiment and similarly enlarged in the center of each somite (Fig. I, pros.; Figs. 12 and 13); thus forming a num- ber of sacculated pockets. These contain glandular agglomera- tions of pear-shaped cells (Figs. 12 and 13). The posterior part of the prostata is completely covered by the sperm-sacs, to such an extent that it is extremely difficult to observe and dissect them. In the XII somite the prostrata is generally free, and it is here easy to observe the difference in structure between this organ and the sperm-sac. The funnel-shaped openings of the efferent ducts (Fig. 1, eff.), are seen immediately behind the copulatory papilla and are gen- ‘erally found full of protruding spermatophores. The copulatory papilla opens in the center of segment IX (Fig. 1). It is here surrounded by from two to four or more glands (Fig. 2), which open through the body wall at the base of the papilla (also Fig. 3). These glands vary in size and number, but are often equal to the diameter of the papilla. In the interior of this papilla is seen the extreme end of the atrium, which projects from the wall of the papilla and forms a distinct copulatory organ (Fig. 2, p.). At copulation the whole papilla becomes inverted and projected out- - side of the body (Fig. 3, p.), thus forming a distinct exterior copu- latory organ. SPERMATHECA. The receptacula seminis or spermatheca* are somewhat similar to those of Szfvoa rostrata. While in Rhynchel- mis there exist one pair of spermatheca in somite IX, opening behind the vertral setze, Sutroa possesses only one solitary sperma- : thecal atrium opening in the center of somite VII. The spermathecal-porus opens immediately under the ventral ganglion which is, in order to give room, slightly pushed towards the left (Figs. 1 and 7). In my description of Swtroa rostrata I ascribed to this spermathecal atrium the properties of an albumen gland, but a further consideration of this organ in our present - *In this paper I have to a great extent adopted for the organs the nomenclature proposed by Benham. See ‘‘ An Attempt to Classify Earthworms” by W. B. Ben- ce ham, Quatr. Journal of Microscop. Science, xxxi, p. il, page 201. 330 _ Anatomical Notes on Sutroa Alpestris. [ZOE species satisfies me that it must be considered only as a centralized _ spermatheca analogous to the spermathecee in Rhynchelmis limosella. It is true that the walls of the spermothecal atrium are glandular, but the secretions of the cells must serve a different purpose than the albumen glands in Rhynchelmis and Lumbriculus. On each side of the spermathecal atrium are seen the true receptacula seminis or spermathecze, slender, branched ducts (Fig. 7), opening interiorly close together, but not separately (Fig. 8). The branched spermathece generally contained spermatozoa, but I have never observed in them any spermatophores. . In the undeveloped spermathecal atrium no branched sperma- theca are seen; these develop later, only at the full maturity of the worm. In one instance I found an interior porus in the free end of the spermatheca similar to the one described by Vejdovsky in the receptacula seminis of Rhynchelmis limosella. The object of such an opening is not at present understood. Considering this central spermatheca in Sutroa in connection with _ the two spermathece in Rhynchelmis, two theories are admissible. One is that in Sutroa one of the spermatheca has failed to develop, and that the remaining one has become central by being moved towards the central ganglion, which latter it considerably displaces. The other theory is, that in Sutroa the two spermathecz are repre- sented by or homologous with the pairs of branched spermathecal sacs opening into the spermathecal atrium. The latter, then, is only an infolding of the body-wall, deep enough to cause the sper- | mathece to become merely appendices to the central spermathecal sac or atrium. I believe this latter theory to be the correct one. _ Somewhat similar spermathecal branches or pockets are found in z Anacheta as well as in Tygmezodrilos, but here the forma- _ tion is a different one, the appendix being simply a pocket _and not a separate organ. As regards the morphological structure _ of the spermathecal branches, it is quite similar to that of the same _ organs in Sutroa rostrata, and described by me elsewhere. oo ALBUMEN GLanps. In Rhynchelmis limosella as well as in Lum- briculus, we meet with a central albumen gland in one of the _Somites between the spermatheca and the spermiducal pores. In. Sutroa rostrata | ascribed glandulous properties to the spermathe- cal atrium, considering it homologous with the albumen gland in Rhynchelmis. Mogg _ vot. 1.] Anatomical Notes on Sutroa Alpestris. 53% I now discard this view, as I have found one or more pairs of albumen glands in Suéroa alpestris, situated in somite VIII. In ‘this somite we find two comparatively large glands engaged in the dissepiment between somites VII and VIII, with distinct ducts opening between the somites (Figs. 6, 1, 16). Glands of somewhat similar construction are found in somite IX in the same relative position as the former, but I have not been able to clearly define their ducts, and cannot judge as to whether they open outwardly or not. In ‘Sutroa rostrata we find ex- actly similar glands, one pair in somite IX. There can be no doubt but that their nature is identical with that of the glands now described in Sutroa alpesiris. That neither of these glands. can be identified as testes or ovaries may be considered conclu- sive, as I have found both spermatozoa and egg-cells ‘in various stages of development in different organs, as I have previously stated. Ovipucts. The two goblet-shaped oviducts are found in somite X, opening outwardly through a duct and porus in the line between somites X and XI. The oviducts are covered with glandulous epi- thelium and the interior funnel-shaped opening is furnished with vibrating ciliz (Fig. 10). These organs are situated in the ventral side of the somite quite close to the spermiducal atrium, almost — touching the efferent ducts. ' Nepuripia. The excretory system (formerly so-called segmental - organs) or nephridia, are found in somities V, VI, VII, and in XII and following. The interior head is large, brown and glandular, furnished with a small projection, protruding through the dissepi- ment of the anterior somite, and forming the interior opening of the organ. Set#. The sete are quite similar to those of Swéroa rostrata as well as to those of Rhynchelmis limosella. There are four couples in every somite. In each couple are found two fully developed — setce and two smaller, partly developed (Fig. 5). The central swell- ing is situated at the anterior third of the spine. _ The egg capsules of Swtroa alpestris resemble those of Rhynchel- . mis more than they do those of Sutroa rostrata. Their shape is almost globular with the free end pointed and bent (Fig. 14). The central figure shows the egg capsule in natural size. ' 334 Anatomical Notes on Sutroa Alpestris. [ ZOE NotE.—I have been asked to describe the manner of collecting and temporarily preserving the fresh-water Oligochete. Use a small sieve for separating the worms from the mud. For preserving most of the species alive for any longer time, use small tin boxes, say two inches broad by three-quarter inch deep. In each box place two or three pieces of sponge, which first must have been thoroughly washed out with strong alkali. The sponge is saturated with fresh water and the worms, freed from all mud, placed in the box. To begin with, change the water in the sponge every day. Later, when the excrements of the worms have been all ejected, one change a month is enough in hardier species. There must be no free water in the box, and not more than six worms in each. In this way I have preserved worms alive for four months, and carried them with me in my valise across the continent to be studied at leisure at home. For instance: I have to-day before me alive a ‘Criodrilus, or a related genus, which I caught in Mississippi River the latter part of September, 1891, to-day being January 12,1892. The worm is yet as active as at first, but greatly emaciated from want of food. The ‘‘ sponge box” is indispensable to the helminthologist. EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES. Plate r. fig. 1—Ventral part of the body wall, showing the arrangement of the various organs. R. s.—Receptacula seminis or spermatheca, opening into a central. Sp. at.—Spermathecal atrium. Ex. por.—Exterior pore of the spermathecal atrium. Alb. gl.—Albumen gland. Sep. gl.—Testes. te _C. p.—Copulatory glands surrounding the copulatory papilla. c. p. Eff—Efferent funnels or ciliated rosette, the interior free opening of the efferent duct. Atr—Atrium of the spermiducal ducts. Ovd.—Oviducts. Ovd. p.—Exterior pore or opening of the oviduct. V. d.—Efferent ducts. Pros.—Prostata. Test—Sperm-sacs. ‘Ovary—Ovary or ovisac. vou. 11.] Anatomical Notes on Sutroa Alpestris. 333 Observe that the somites between XIX and XXXII are not shown. Fig. 2.—Copulatory papilla, showing the interior copulatory or- gan—p.; the muscular wall—c. p.; the copulatory gland—gl.; and the atrium—atr. Fig. 3.—The projected or inverted copulatory papilla extending outside of the body. p.—External copulatory organ. gl.—Copulatory glands. set.—Setz. Fig. g.—Anterior part of the worm showing the filiform part of the cephalic lobe or prostomium. Fig. 5.—A couple of sete, showing two fully developed and two reserve setz. Fig. 6.—Albumen gland from somite VIII. Fig. 7-—Spermathecal atrium with the branched spermathece or seminal receptacles. Fig. 8.—Interior opening of the spermatheca into the sperm- athecal sac. Plate 2. Fig. 9.—Cephalic and ventral ganglions. Fig. ro.—Oviduct from somite X. Fig. 11.—Ovisac or ovary, with two fully developed ova. Fig. 12.—A part of the prostata. Fig. 13.—One of the cell agglomerations from the above. Fig. 14.—Egg capsule. The interior figure shows its natural size. Fig. 15.—One of the testes from somite IX. Fig. 16.—A part of the albumen gland from somite VIII. Fig. 17—One of the nephridia. _ E. p.—Exterior pore. gl. h.—Interior glandular head attached to the dissepiment of the anterior somite. i. p.—Interior opening of the nephridium. Figs. 18 to.21.—Spermatophores in various stages of development. In 18 the tails are only partly grown, their lower screw-like parts alone projecting from the sac. Fig. 21 shows a full grown spermatophore. Fig. 22.—A bundle of spermatozoa, being part of a spermatophore. Fig. 23.—A full grown and separated spermatozoon. __ Fig."23.b.—A partly grown spermatozoon. 334 Plants of San Francisco. [ ZOE Plate 3. Fig. 24.—Vascular system in the anterior part of the worm. | In this and the following figures, the letters indicate as follows: v. v.—Ventral primary vessel, which is not pulsating; d. v.—Dorsal primary pulsating vessel, covered with glandulous cells and pigment spots; . p- g. v. a.—Anterior perigastric vessel; p. g. v. p.—Posterior perigastric vessel; g. a.—Gastric vessel. Fig. 25.—Vascular system in somite IV, showing the branches of the ventral vessel and their connection with the dorsal vessel. fig. 26.—Vascular system in somite VI, showing the ventral and ‘dorsal vessels and their connection by only one perigastric vessel. fig. 27.—Vascular system in one of the central somites, show- ing the connection of the ventral and dorsal vessels through two pair of perigastric vessels in each somite: also the gastric vessels, two pairs in each somite and one pair between two somites. Fig. 28.—Vascular system in somite VII, showing the connecting perigastric vessels, two pairs in each somite. fig. 29.—Posterior part of the vascular system, showing the un- developed perigastric vessels. Fig. 30.—Sutroa alpestris—natural size of the worm. CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS GROWING SPONTANEOUSLY IN THE CITY OF SAN FRANCISCO. BY KATHARINE BRANDEGEE. The collections on which this list is founded were made by the members of the California Botanical Clubt during the year 1891, and although probably not. complete must be very nearly so. As a record of the rapidly changing flora of the principal seaport of the west coast of America its interest will be greater in the future than at the present time. The city of San Francisco is co-extensive with the county, and tA few plants collected by others are duly credited where mentioned, VOL. II. ] Plants of San Francisco. ee x excluding the islands* embraces the terminal end of a narrow peninsula. Its average length and breadth is a little more than six, and its total area a little more than forty-two square miles. That the number of plants is not greater is due not only to the de- struction of native species, caused by the cutting down of hills, fill- ing swamps and burying streams incident to the growth of a large city, but even more to the lack of variety in climate and con- ditions, the city being surrounded on three sides by water, and swept by the ocean winds, and the flora of the dry interior of the state being in consequence very sparingly represented. The climate of San Francisco is not subject to great variations ot temperature. In most seasons there is very little frost, but the summers are cool and often foggy. The plants in consequence have a much longer season of flowering} than in localities farther removed from the sea, and many perennials, especially herbaceous *Yerba Buena (Goat Island), Alcatraz, Farallones, Red Rock. + The following plants have been brought to me in bloom from our limits during the first fortnight of this month (January): Ranunculus Californicus, Berberis aquifolium, Eschscholtzia Californica, Alys- sum maritimum, Cardamine paucisecta, C. oligosperma, Arabis blepharophylla, Cheiranthus asper, Nasturtium officinale, Capsella Bursa-pastoris, Lepidium niti- dum, Raphanus sativus, Viola adunca, Cerastium nutans, C. arvense, Stellaria media, Lepigonum macrothecum, L. rubrum, Spergularia arvensis, Claytonia per- foliata, Lavatera assurgentiflora, Malva parviflora, Sidalcea malvzeflora, Erodium -cicutarium, E. moschatum, Oxalis corniculata, Rhamnus Californica, Trifolium repens, Medicago marginata, Vicia Americana, Rubus vitifolius, Fragaria Chilensis, Ribes sanguineum, R. Menziesii, Echinocystis fabacea, Mesembryanthemum cequi- laterale, Sanicula arctopoides, CEnanthe sarmentosa, Peucedanum dasycarpum, P. foeniculaceum, Heracleum lanatum, Garrya elliptica, Galium Nuttallii, Aplopappus - ericoides, Corethrogyne Californica, Solidago Californica, Aster Chamissonis, Eri- geron glaucus, E. Canadensis, Anaphalis Margaritacea, Gnaphalium purpureum, G. decurrens, G. Sprengelii, Layia gaillardioides, Eriophyllum stzchadifolium, E. confertiflorum, Helenium puberulum, Achillea millefolium, Anthemis cotula, Ma- tricaria discoidea, Tanacetum Huronense, Artemisia pycnocephala, Cotula austra- lis, C. coronopifolia, Senecio vulgaris, Cnicus occidentalis, Silybum Marianum, Troximon humile, Taraxacum dens-leonis, Sonchus oleraceus, Gaultheria Shallon, - ‘Armeria vulgaris, Anagallis arvensis, Gilia achillfolia, Phacelia circinata, So- lanum nigrum, S. umbelliforum, Scrophularia Californica, Mimulus luteus, M. glutinosus, Castilleia latifolia, C. foliolosa, Monardella villosa, Stachys bullata, Se Plantago major, P. lanceolata, P. hirtella, P. maritima, Abronia umbellata, Ru- - mex acetosella, R. crispus, Polygonum paronychia, Eriogonum fasciculatum, E, Jatifolium, Chenopodium album, C. ambrosioides, C. Californicum, Euphorbia : - leptoceras, Salix lasiolepis, Corylus rostrata, Iris longipetala, Muilla maritima. 330 Plants of San Francisco. [ZOE ones, are more or less in bloom during the whole year, the more hardy annuals becoming perennial as is the case with Sonchus ole- raceus, Graphalium purpureum, Chenopodium ambrostioides, etc. Dr. Behr records* that there were some small conifers on Lone Mountain as late as 1854. None are now to be found, and very few trees of any kind worthy to beso called now exist. In shaded places in the cemeteries and parks, Quercus agrifolia reaches a diameter of two feet. Salix lasiolepis makes trees of considerable size near the old Russ Gardens. AHeteromeles arbutifolia, Myrica Californica and Sambucus glauca may possibly be included, for they occasionally reach moderate dimensions. The Mediterranean and Chilian plants form in our flora a well marked and often disputed element. Many of them are considered indigenous plants, upon what seem to the writer very slender grounds. San Francisco was a Spanish town for fifty years before California was acquired by the United States. Its cattle, horses, sheep, goats, came from Spain directly, or by the way of Mexico and Chili. So did the seeds they planted in the ground. The ships that brought supplies lay long in the harbor, which was then at North Beach, and we find accordingly that if there is one spot on the peninsula more blessed with Mediterranean weeds than any other it is the vicinity of Black Point and the Presidio. There are so many cases known where plants and insects brought by accident or intent into a new region have overrun it with great rapidity, that there is no special reason for astonishment at finding these plants already well established. In their spread they were greatly aided by the pastoral habits of the people, with their numerous flocks of sheep and herds of cattle, which covered the plains, and in seasons of scarcity penetrated the mountains during the Spanish occupancy. The direct comparison of our species with their nearest congeness in other regions is but just begun and promises in its progress to make important changes in our lists. The agency of sheep in disseminating plants is well known to every one. A case of the introduction of plants resulting directly from the importation of wool may be seen just outside the gate of the Reservation at Black Point. Immediately adjoining this en- closure is the now disused Pioneer Woollen Mill. There grow in * Zoe, ii, 3. VOL, it, ] Plants of San Francisco. 337 . . this place, near to each other, Artemisia dracunculoides, Bigelovia veneta Hemizonia fasciculata, Eviogonum fasciculatum and Atriplex Nuttallii? The first belongs farther inland, and the remainder to places more or less.considerably removed. Plants which are distributed along the maritime borders of widely separated countries, such as Pentacena ramosissima, Mesembry- anthemum equilaterale, Dichondra repens, etc., may perhaps always have their birthplace disputed. In such cases it seems more in ac- cordance with philosophical methods, to look for their origin in the places where their congeners or nearest relatives abound than in regions in which they are systematically aliens, even though the date and means of introduction remain always unknown. In the list of introduced plants, only such are included as are spontaneous in considerable numbers or at various points. It would be absurd to consider the apple, peach or plum which sometimes springs from an accidentally buried seed, or potatoes and corn which grow on waste heaps, as naturalized plants. Eucalyptus, though widely planted in the state, very rarely springs from self- sown seed, but the common Acacia does so in great numbers. On the nearly vertical cliffs of Telegraph Hill small fig-trees find a pre- carious lodgment, but cannot reproduce themselves for the varieties of fig in California do not produce perfect seeds. Many other plants, such as Brugmansia, Scarlet Sage, Roses, etc., persist for a considerable time, marking the places where houses formerly stood on the outskirts of the city, and if not interfered with would perhaps extend themselves. The nomenclature and systematic arrangement of this list is for _ obvious reasons essentially that of the ‘‘ Botany of California’’ of _ the Geological Survey, but the species are usually credited to the _ original describer whenever rectification would not involve a new combination. + RANUNCULACE. I. THALICTRUM FENDLERI Engelm. var. PLATYCARPUM Torr. eh Pac. R. Rep. iv. 6, in part; Trel. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xxiii. 394, fig. 13. Mission Hills, and according to Dr. Behr,* formerly on Telegraph Hill. April—June. ‘‘ Meadow Rue.” 2. Myosurus minimus L. spec. 407. A very small form eA “ lected in Laurel Hill Cemetery by Dr. Kellogg. March. ‘‘ Mouse- taul,’? 338 Plants of San Francisco. [ZOE . 3. RANUNCULUS AQUATILIS L. var. TRICHOPHYLLUS Chaix. in Vill. Dauph. I, 335. Mountain Lake, Lake Merced. April—Sep- tember. . 4. RANUNCULUS CALIFORNICUS Benth. Pl. Hartw. 295. Com- mon. February—May. “ Buttercup.” 5. RANUNCULUS HEBECARPUS Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 316. Hills south of Golden Gate Park. April—May. 6. Ranunculus muricatus L. spec. 780. A native of the Medi- | terranean region. Common in wet places in the western and southern parts of the city, particularly about Lake Merced, Mount- ain Lake and near the Presidio. 7- AQUILEGIA FORMOSA Fisch. in DC. Prodromus i, 50. 4 truncata of Bot. Cal. March—May. ‘‘Columbine.’’ The length of the petals varies considerably, and all our forms are very close to A. Canadensis. 8. DELPHINIUM CALIFORNICUM Torr. & Gray. Fl. i, 31. Straw- berry Hill in Golden Gate Park, Mission and Potrero Hills. April— June. “Tall Larkspur.’’ 9. DELPHINIUM DECORUM Fisch. & Mey. Ind. Sem. Petr. iii, 33. Mission Hills. March—May. ‘‘ Larkspur.’’ BERBERIDEZ. 10, BERBERIS PINNATA Lag. Elench. Pl. Matr. 1803, 6. Sum- mits of the Mission Hills, growing only a few inches high. Febru- ary—April. ‘‘ Barberry.”’ NYMPHASACEA. 11. NUPHAR POLYSEPALUM Engelm. Trans. Acad. St. Louis, — ii, 282. Mountain Lake. June.’ “ Yellow Water Lily.” PAPAVERACEZ. 12. PLATYSTEMON CaLirornicus Benth. Trans. Hort. Soc. _ 2,ser. I, 405. Hills in the western and southern parts of the city. March—May. “Cream Cups.” 7 13. PLATYSTIGMA LINEAREf BenthI.c. 407.' Between Golden © Gate Park and Lake Merced. March—May. | Ue, Uy 3: t The writer’s views concerning this and the foHowing species are set forth in — Proc. Cal. Acad, ser. 2, i, 240, VOL. II.] Plants of San Francisco. [339 14. PLATysTIGMA CALIFoRNICUM (Torr. in Frem. Rep. 312). Hills south of Golden Gate Park. March—Appril. 15. EscHSCHOLTZIA CALIFORNICA Cham. Hor. Phys. Berol. 73, t. 15. Common in the western part of the city. Blooming the whole year. ‘‘ California Poppy.” CRUCIFERZ. 16. . 2. °.°5": oo eee ee Basearis astute: 6°. Se 212, 216 BAY Oe eee ee eee 159 Beckmannia eruceformis...... 128 Beet SS Bee ee 372 Beetles of San Francisco beach . . . 310 Bebria tenuiflora: 260 620. Sk See 150 Beloperone California. .... . 149 Hans Oe 149 Berberis Féndleri 3. 20. ee 103 Pinnhe Fs ss Feuer s. TEPOUR Ac es 104 Beta ee ee a eral ire 372 RCTS os ee ea se ia as eee Bigelovin glareosa..-. «2. 3 27 Praveqiens 25s Sea to2 venetac 2. Sa a, Sig vOOt gk eee ooo BinGweed Go. a ee ee = 300 black 320 wes RE RE | Biolettes riparia. oo eee ¥ oe es Oe DIOR DERRY 5 ee ae eee 349 Pisckbird = = 3s ye sete ae picolored eS ee 170 Brewers. 306 6 eae 170 Black-Enot. V7 2k . a ee 157 Bladderweeds 02505) 7 oe ee Blastophaga psenes”: 9. 3°. 24°02 ae Blennosperma Californica. ..... 359 Chilense’. (is ae BURG, BOA ee a eae ee Biathotie 2.065 2. : ye ae Blue-eyed-grass ..... ee en MOUBNMM 3 ee ee Pe a FoF Bog-rush. .. 2... . sn a eee Boisduvalia 9.3: 2. Preven Gn Me Bolandra Californica...,...... 162 Boschniakia strobilacea. ...... 78 Botrychium ternatum... .. . .4, 233 _ Virpinicum 20°25. 271 Nowlesiny 2... 7. x: i ee eee Biatken So: ye ner . 132, 382 SE ei ees ee oe ee ee TOGR Sy cs ee ee BYOSBIOR SS. 3 ey 339 e Brase-buttons Bee Ses . 360 Brickellia Peseta ee ts nC ee)! See 230 linifolia “ Bryanthus Breweri..... - aa yee A empetrifornis...-.... 232 Bubo virginianus subarcticus. .. . 167 Buck-bean 2 05 we ee ee 364 MUCKCye . 6 ee erie we a MO WRERL. So 4 ee oe ee SS 371 MTALO-DETTY «a ks ek ee te 103 Bulimus dormani var. subfasci- ai ees ee Ga) cas es 18 eee a ce ee Coe are Bunting, lazuli. ...-.---+-:- 171, 172 Bursera microphylla........-- 199 eens 168, 171 POS Cg al ee aaee ePene (ae 199 Buteo borealis calurus. ..-.--- 169 PUERETOUP es ca ee ee ee ee 338 Buzzard, turkey. ..------ 109 Cesalpinia pulcherrima....-..-- 146 go tee SS kee Be 8 340 Mainmagrostis .°. . «5 ee et es 379 Calamintha clinopodium ......- 233 Palaarite. so. 343 pec Brewer 6 oe 6 es 121 Callipepla californica ..... POSS rh Callitriche longipedunculata . . . . 298 WETUEs 6 ose ee 35t BIOCHOLtUS ee ee os S96 MIDUB ss ee ye @MeNUS » ++ essere 78 WMSGORGN so 6 bee 251 Gunnisoni. . . . . . 201, 232 Maweanus «.......- 167 nudus Wittallit.*. 9... ss .%07, 201 3 wentietus .°. 6. «6s (107 Me ne Caltha biflora Calycanthus occidentalis See ee ee: Camelina sativa... -+-+ +--+ 75 ‘Campanula exigua.-.-.-.-+-- 120 Campion, Pretich 006 6 Hae 8s Say is et oe ee a as ‘Campytorhynchus afinie. ss ee 8p ‘Canchalagua . OS ees ae . 165, 364 “5, arehecaideg pt Oo a ak ae brunneicapillus . 133. Capsella Cardamine . Cardinal, St. Lucas Cardinalis cardinalisigneus..... 188 Cardtospermum tortuosum.....++ 74 ie Acted os 188 Cardi Corie : sc vais so. Bre ree IANS Se a A oe ee Carduelis carduelis . ... <4. 4*. ae, Catena. Se eee Wick ae oe DEPORTE Oe ets es ce pseudocyperusvar.americanus 29 Cariacus macrotis .... .- See stags 2 Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis .. 170 CANTO iss eee ee re he Carini sii ne ie 2 ee ee Cascara sagrada..... . . 120, 156, 245 Cassiope Mertensiama........- 158 Castanopsis chrysophylla . . . . 120, 159 Castella tortud@a 2. 5 5s Rear Castilleia (46 oe ee a 120, 367 lintarisetolia. 645 den 5, 3: TS Cathartes aurea ....... . . 169, 188 Ceatothas <=. i2 i eae e 120 cordulatus ... 2 < .mi » 155 cuneatus, 2... 5 es 155 decumbens. ......-. 155 Tee bi @ REG OG ae RE ashe es? 104 incanusxpapillosus 83 integerrimus . <>... 155 OVRTGS. 6s se es a= 1 parvifolius....-..-- 155 prostratus .... prostratus x veluti- : AUS ee ees 83 TUBOSMS. 2 2 ee se es 95. 83 thyrsiflorus . ... -3, 5, 344 velutinus X cordu- Dp nat) By ree Se eer ree Cedar Gite cox Ck ze eo eae RGR oe ce ene eee Celery oe ee ees eee Cenchrus tribuloides. ..--.---- 34 Centauremie sos rk 6 ie ones ac Qeraenia 5.6 458s 6 6 oe ee 221 Cerastium alpinum var. Behringia- TAT a pS ee @rvense . oc 6 Oe viscosum ..... ~- + 29, 34! Ceratochloa Se a oe Ceratophyllum...-.- +--+: 5 aes Cercocarpus Arizonicus - CeCe ee breviflorus. . . - - - 14, 245 intricatus ..----: 14, 244 Aunts cc... ud, parvifolius. . . 102, 157, 245— Cereus Eruca... - 400 Lndex. . [ZOE PAGE PAGE Sereus Summidsus . 5. 3... 66s 20, 193 Clarkia rhomboidea........ gees pecten-aboriginum...... 19 Claytonia Chamissonis ....... 161 Ree re a 19 exigua-.0. este ae ge AOE PRONE ea oF VO 20 parvilotia.: 363i 161 Mrinal Fs oS 19 perfoliata ooo . 3-7, ee MEET GN v4 Soars tS 20, 183 _ tripaylta 2 Or ~ 161 Cuscnactia Dougiae i. el. 163 Cleavers. son ee ee 355 Beer fe 231 Clematis ‘verticillaris:-.- 3... ae SIEVIGES 6 be ee 231 Cléome lutea o> ere 2 Ee Chamebatia foliolosa........ 136 Cleomella Palmerana...... 236 Chameecyparis Nutkensis. ..... 282 Ciintomia aniflora’ 25S Se 268 RSMO SiN ra yap cee ee ra 120 Clivicdla-tipartes fie ee 195 tie pparal oh ee 120, 155 CIGVer OR ea ee 246 MMGRE Se ers Van taro et 255 BUS See ee 347 Cheilanthes Californica. ...... 131 Pee Oe ae 344 precillinta Aono a SES a Ce eee 383 myriophylia 7.592 5% 131 SWC a ee 347 PHMMOE ORE Ree. 150 Lai ds pst) sparse ons calmed rag tapes ee (a 378 Cheiranthus asper. ... 23... 161, 339 CHIgtS? i Se a ee 361 Chelidon erythrogaster ....... 171 Coccothraustes vespertinus. .... 8 Chenopodiunt:: 2.53 336, 371, 372 montanus 100 Malet ry; iktet 6. oo ato as so 157 Cockle*cuouiri ee oe 136 COME 2s te eee 103, 157, 348 WUE ea eee 358 loliy-leavedse et 348 Cunernie ge i ses arent 156, 345 gt LT ee eae aa ee ar ee ares ay oe 140 Kornder; HO8 (0° 210 WUMEWOEO Se ere 341 Rolaptes Cnfee oo Ve Cee 170 MMICOEY Scere ee ates 126 Coleoptera of San Francisco beach . 310 Chilicothe Se ie! Meee ss ey eS 352 Colina’ 866 ee 367 - Chimaphila umbellata........ 232 HiNCtOriA Cs we 165 Chinquapin..... Meee ah, 120, 159 TORT OYE ee 165 Chione fluctifraga. .... Pe ae Columbigallina passerina pallescens 188 Simi | 2 fe te 137 POMMmnMe ee 161, 338 cans a hsag Uae iat tage” aos a Pm 136 Columba fasciata viosee....... 198 Chipmunk Berrie... 211 Ronlervacere a a ee 218 white-tailed ..... 193, 211 Conium maculatum.... .... 353 Cichortum intybus 3. 6. 126 Contopus Richardsonii...... Bra ore 3 Cicindela.... 2... +s « 152154 Converse feos 366 RMR hig a ee ee 5 ous. 354 i avenue Po ee Cirewea PRCUICE oe orice gee ae ; pentapetaloides ‘ 27. Citrullus COlocym this. ios La? 1o1 OPN T OR i ee 224 Civet-cat..- 5... ; SAavaterinis o0aty 5 ae COERNOrUaO eee ec a 374 Chlorogalum pomeridianum. . 166, 375 Coral-root ee ee ee ae Chlorophycee ..... ee ee ee OES Conblabtias OO. eee Chondestes grammacus strigatus. . 170 Coretbionrmern., 6007. Pea Chordeiles texenbin-g 255 99 Corer 2 ee oe ae Chorizanthe ete igs a ey 2s Corn-fower oo eee Christmas berry... ..... + ++ 349 Cornus Nuttallii .°. . . . 4, 157, 354, 259. Chroococesices®. 2400. 4 J. ory pubescens. 0001077 eee see Chroolepides -.0.-.) 2a 219 Corylus rostratus....-. . 1... 159, 373 Chrysanthemum... .. . se gee COtila Sustratie "Ss . Cae : Chrysomitris aprinaaapeibe deo 7 coronopifolia oe ho Chrysotis levaillanti.. .... oe Coturnix coturnix. .... es) Slam, hard shell eo SS ae =“ Cotyhedoi 0 76 oA Se ecto. . Yazor shell jissu903, Ce oa Crane, whooping...... 2 oe ee softshell ..... oe ere 138 Crasitzia lineata... oo ea hed cika athe re ee eo Crateegus coccinea... . . . . . 229, 260 e-* Crotophaga sulciréstris ..... ees CPoploneiner i Gus 8 ss be ee eae uci bite palmate 6 se ee perennis Cyanophycez oe ee eee 217, Cyclanthera testudinea ....... Cymopterus decipiens ..... : (TO a Raa ae eae SEIRHCUS ste ee es glomeratus. tripe ial bo 5 montanus..... + purpurevs 4060.55. < Sy perioides Niger .i.0. 6. ee es Cypripedium montanum ...... Cyrtoéarpa procera... .¢ . ek myerooteria fravilia . .. si. ke PHOUCOUS Ve es es eerie ig oe as cs de MIPIPIUMNILI (iss be ke ee es REE ie ON a MPT ce es a ek ee a POON 6 4a Nee Par Danthoniw 2.520". poh eee Datura mételoides. . . ee es Meucue Pareta sc Pe ec ee ART sy ee es Ermine Se [ Perpninivin® fi. . Se Wee Mapes yy ees oe ek a ee ‘trolliifolium ...... = Dendroica vstiva. 9: 2 25. Peeve Dendromecon rigidum........ _Dendrornis mentalis........ i Peeve tok 2 ye eee Dicentra formosa Coe ge dre eta a 8 : NAMOTA. 6 Clee ok Dichondra repens .:....- Pa a Didelphys virginianus californica ; Digitalis purpurea. - ......- oo eager 253 82 Dipodomys phillipsi Dipsacus sylvesiris ..... ; PIBUCHHS OC a ey 330 Dodecatheon Meadia.. . .°. 2. . . 363 Var, JOHrey).. «i 5 te Dogwood... ; Dolychonix oryzivorus ....... 142 Dormitator latifrons. ..... oe aE SIOUREEUN Gas ee re er are a oe 355 DOG, TE ee eg ee ee pes maeeican Ground | 2. sa sc tae MGUININE ys ss gh Sapa eee SOUCHTY es ers 48 Draba Caroliniana var. micrantha . 227 Pladnizensia-. 3. SS, 227 Draperia Systyie <5 ee es a Dropsofgold s. 2 24 eS ee 376 Drymiaria arenarioides, ... . 8 6s Caringte: ios v, Chesson oa" 2 ss Oe DOPGMOie oi ws es oes 69 GC ee Ae ip Bh RA ee cur. 69 gietduioss. 2. <. 250 grandiflora.....---- 165, 232 PROTRMCSSH 2 66 ek ss es 232 heterophylla. .....-+--- 165 Powerless 250 leptomeria....---+--++-+> 232 TRIGA sas net 95. 364 MOUSINOTE 6 eke ws 250 SrreiaNieN sk rs ee 2 sce. 250 PRET Y CC 6 ei ee ss op were 97 polycladon. ..-+++:++-+-> 232 pumgens .§ - ete ees 165 BOON sik 6 ee 8 to toes 165 Ginger, Wild. 2+. <4 sss te 166 Glaux maritima. ..--+-+-++-:+:*° 363 Glceocapsa. .... +++ pean es ye Glossopetalon spinescens ee 228 MLVCETIE ss + 5 4s w sees FeO Gnaphalium . ...--++++:°: 357 “purpureum...-.-.- 336, 357 Sprengelii ....--- 357 Goat, mountain ...--+--; J heb oe Te es eee es 5 ess 352 UT PUTOR 5 se eo fee te 162 SedentOd sus s5 8 8 6 te 356 eg ve woe ee 143 green-backed ....--- 170 Lawrence’s ..+++-++ 171 OTE Ere: Lay kaa gee eect pie ea re decid 149, 152 Gomphocarpus cordifolius . ---- 165 “Gongylocarpus fruticulosus ..-- 12 “Gopher, pocket ..- -.-7-- e433 esomeebberry. «© 6 3s tt si ate 350 PAGE israviatyins francesce. 6... ee 61 Grape, famine tokay .....°. 4: IIo TOI Seas ee le eke Ill MIUSCAED Cs ee : IIo BUllsne ik ee Se es IIo Bitigndels 2. 6s Ce TIr AePNSE, DETH VOTO. 4s Soe ee 379 POCO bi ee ee 380 BING 5 he ee 380 rs os ee ae wabagr an be me tar er sae Ea 379 COP Sia ee ee are COUCH 306 Dis ase +e aoe WERGOW 6 6 tue ee Na 380 MHOC oa ee oe a ce re 380 Wi ae a fe ee 379 GQuGEING oes ys ss os 381 QUITCH 3 ee 381 manna... + - 3300 SanGs csk hs ee a Spike (6). kee ee ae 381 Grasé-WthGk. 225 os 347 Grayia polygaloides.......-- 233 Gréasewood . ..4 eine vw 2G 102 Greenella Arizonica. .....4+.-. 248 Grittdelia i. cease ode: = 355, 356 Hendersonii. ....... 288 Grosbeak, black-headed......-- 171 WVCHING «636 20s ok ee ee 100 Grounaeel ov oe oe oo se ie a 361 Gilfweed . 3 3.6 208 ee wa ee 221 Gymnogramme triangularis . 132, 382 POMBE co. 6 ce 150 Habia melanocephala. ..... - +--+ I7I eeu nr 4 Se A ie ee ees 374 leucostachys. . . . 4, 166, 374 Haliotis corrugata.....-.-+-. ae Ag rufescens. ...+-+-+++-s 139 splendens......-+++> 139 Hare, black. . Roar RAT a Ot 200 Hawk, Cooper’s....-- +++ se sparrow... - + + + + 100, 170, 171 western red-tail........- 169 Patel. oe ee Pee cae) 159, 373 Heath, mountain ..+--+--:+ eer S| Hedysarum boreale ..-+-+-- 228, 282 Helenium Bigelovii ..-.-+:> ahs | puberulum....--+-- 360 Helianthella Californica ...-- 75) 358 Helianthemum .--+-+--+*°° 120 Telit QITORR 6 6 4 663s een et 139 Newberryana.----+-+:+:° 312 ROSAS Se he e+ 314 Heliotropium ..- +--+: :** 365 SfeimisOuih:: p66 5 ose, 0 ees 358 fasciculata. ...-- 337, 358 Hemizonella Durandi....-+--++ 163 ; PAGE PRUNE CES ey a eo ae es 118, 256 Denys a ee < 353 ‘ 5 i, RRP Oh TRIE Ce arate > ee 354 eer RA ta ee a 164 Heracleum lanatum...... ot Rae Hesperanthes albomarginata . . . . 251 Hesperochiron Californicus.-.... 165. . Mesperomys Aztecus¢ 2.250002. 113 Heterocodon rariflorum....... 232 Heteromeles arbutifolia . . . 120, 336, 349 Heuchera pilosissima.. ..... 75; 350 puUbcecens 2 se ee 162 wateracium Brewer. i 163 Himantostemma Pringlei. .’. . . . 149 oPippuris Vienne. Sores es 351 Miguotis miaculatus ee os 113 Histrionicus histrionicus ...... 97 PICU INURIUR or oars re 380 Melly; Caitlornia’s ore ere ek 349 Honeysuckle: ir oh i ek 355 PROLENOUNG 6 Sy oa ek 369 Watet seer ee & 368 Mordenite oop ove 381 PEOER WORE rio re re 351 Bree fo ores Oo 382 SNC WEO ot gos ee 356 Hosackia Oe ee ao aca ia 120, 347, 348 Cranstionie epg 162 Glabrae. oer 120 Bleerinaint = 95h 347 : SOLRCYL Ce hic ees e 162 Hound'e-tongue ees 365 Mackleberey s.i 2 eS 120, 261, 276, 363 Hulsea heterochroma ........ 163 Humming-bird, Allen’s....... 168 MRR eas El 168 THIGH Epes 167 Coste ea Gos, Ig meee tie ee IQI, 198 WYGTOCOIG fie CS ce 352 Aaherivanb F052 116 wanbellata~ 9) 25, 116 prolifete: . 25:95"). 116 Verticiiate 6 Gs 5c 352 Hydrophyllum capitatum. ... .. 232 Hey peritumi ss ee ees MYPNEG ) S ne ee 224 Hypochteria > > 5.84 ae < e Hyptis suaveolens.) 465 oy ey 14 Ibis, white-faced, Glossy .-525 es 189 icterus bullocki- - oo BERT 171 cucullatus Relwoui eegee ies ¢ 188 Ipomea aurea ...... 0 fee Aas Dracteate os os eee 148 Quamoclit . 26. bo: ite er lLudex. PAGE Ischteemum leersioides. 2.0.9... 379 ive axillaris: 2°. .°. Pas args ee Pe i Ivesia ici boitupishes”, Se ee id ae eer ae 162 2 Jacquemontia abutiloides. ..... 148 Jatropha canestens oS eee 149 Cordata 20 eo ae 149 Jaumes Cartidsg® <8 toe ee 359 Jay; Califoraie: oe eae 169, 171 Jence; Baitdn.. Sy to ea ee JUNCHE Sols ce eee ys PY £2) Kenoggibs 3. 0 ie er eae 378 June-berry pret as eb e sve aera 349 Juniperus occidentalis. ... . 5 60 Justices, Paltrerii oc oe oe 149 Kalinia glatica:,: teeth Gi 158 | saat Seth a eins ages ease ec, ee - 220 Kingbird, western .- 0. SS 172 Hrotwee@ i Se re 370 Koelesia cristata: 20S SS 380 Keyiitelia ie te See 365 glomerata var. acuta. . 250 leucophea: 288 232 mmictemeres v0 24 122 Lace-pods co 6s es so. 340 Lactuca canadensis...) 2°.) ey} iéucopheea 5 3. oe 232 scariola i: .- Spee ae, Lady’#-mantle oo. Sy OCs 349 slipper 40 ee 166 Chambon See 37% TOSSES ©. 2 374 Laguris ovatus 2.0. S41 ee Lanb's-qttatters oo i- i: yn i es ee 371 Lamarckia atirea o-oo SE 380 Lanius ludovicianus gambeli . . . . 169 Iaphamia Gilensis ........ 15 Lark, horne@:: 3. iss. Se se ae Patkepur sco ee oe oe «) 338 SORCBONIA iyi ie oc ee a ¥* 359 TOMER TUB ooo Sn ae oy ihe «gg RG@UTC oe e's G ww Pee Sy Spe pw ML 2 Sea oa ee cca or wrath 5 Oy SA Che assurgentifiora. . 2.0.0.4 MoS Thutringiacas isa. sy } BOEMMOUR Sts cuiee S 219 Melanotiscerulescens..-+-+++> 62 WOH Ce i= bs cc 5t vot wee 08 bs 8 ORs 380 Melilotusalba.... +--+ +++ 383 parvifolia. ...-+-- Perec! yf Melilot .. .<-:-.-- 6s idee aes we See tees Melospiza fasciata jninntlio< Are 94 FinrGoinis 6s ee ws 100 Mentha .-. 0. e-cprey ee ov By OB Menyanthes trifoliata...-+-+-4 364 Mertensia Sibirica. .. +--+ ++ +> 165 Merulaconfinis ... +++: oe 1 Mesembryanthemum .~- - - - - 337) 352 Mesquit.. : + + povie a aae Peraphyllum ramosissimum .. - - 102 Periwinkle. -.:..> bis: 6 bth 6,5 364 Perognathus femoralis ..-. --+-+ 13 Petalostemon Searlsie ...--.-- 237 Petrochelidon lunifroms. .... ++ 17! ‘Petunia parviflora. -..-----+ 3 Pemerdetin | c.f k 6 Ses es 354 graveolens....-+.-- 28 lapidosum .... - 246 utriculatum .. . . 163, 354 Pewee, Dldck ss. - soe ete es 171 western wood .....-+-:- 171 eee i ee ee 8 8 8 a8 OS 215 Pigalle oe 252 Te os 5 ee se 252, 354 Index. PAGE Phacelia integrifolia. ..... 2... «.. 250 AVORIGUG xs cy ke 232 NEMA MEE 6 a, Se 252, 165 PACSMOSE 6 iia ss 252 Prine oe aa es 252 WHAIKVEN oe ios ee 320 PREOGPOTEM 666s 3 aa oo ee 219 Phalacroseris Bolanderi....... 163 PRAIGTIS. 0566 4S ke see ae ee 379 Philadelphus microphyllus..... 102 PHICUH ooo silence cee ke 379 Phiok Douglastl «2.5 04458 sass 163 Phoenix dactylitera . .0.4-4 t.455 150 PRragmites ess 8s 380 Phyllospadix....- 2: s3.ms so 4-0 37 Phylloxera vastatrix ....-..+.. 305 Phytolacca decandra......+.+.. 27 Picris echioides . 2 i... ss 3 +5 396 Pigeon, Viosca’s .....+--+.+++-. 198 Pigweed.. . .%'= + id see es ake ae 371 Pimpertiel 2.6 6 ee 364 Piipinelia ce ee he eo ee 353 Pimedirope © . 6 sk 6 3 oe 3 164 BUN 6g c 5 5s st lee es 5 160 WOUOW 5 6b oss ee tee 118, 160 IR OOO 6 ei se oleh oe 363 Te ita 6 ns oe a ok I4I Pinus cembroides ......-.-. 184, 251 CORTOERN A 6 eb so ees oe 160, 287 Jéetireyi (254s as Say 160 Lambertiana .....%..4.+ 160 WAORUICOHE FS Sc ess 160, 266 Murrayana... +++ +++ 6+ 287 monophylla.....- + + + @ 25! War. CODNS . 4 sues os 251 ponderosa.....--+.--. 160, 236 Gabisiiana . . 6.50. 6 2628 se 236 Pipevitie . 6 656 et tt ee es 374 Pipilo crissalis...-+-++-+-:+-+ 170 maculata magnirostris. . .. 198 oregonus . ... + +++ +4 172 PiLAHAYS © 5 os ees 8 we 193 OWICe fi ce 5 wee i ee Plagiobothrys Torreyi...-.-+-- 165 Plantago's ios 4 ot ast 4 eS 369 Planta 6.060 so oe 369 rattlesnake ....++->+- 166 Platyodon cancellatus..----+-- 138 Platystemon..--+-++s++++* 338 Platystigma .-----+-+++* > 338 Plegadis gaurana ....--+---+ 189 Pleuricospora fimbriolata. ...-.-- 164 Plum-pockets .---+-+) sete es OBE MUL © Sie ose ek gene ek 157 PO SS ee ee a ee ee, 380, 381 Poison Oak...---++:> , ae 408 PAGE Polemonium ceruleum....... 165 MGR ees ie 165 Polygalasubspinosa. .... . 228 Pelyeoniiih i eee SS 370 EOIVDONG: 2 p> oor ee ore 129, 382 Polypodium Californicum... . 129, 382 - Tascatu al toss ke SS 129 Winlpare ge et 129 BOOMERS ne 129, 382 BOLE POO. Ee i eas, 379 MONG weed ss so a a ee 377 WORDS bh ns ee Pan eee 159 Reppy; Calitornig 6 ; 2-546 eS 120 OR gy Se ay Populus monticola.. ; J°.¢ 2 | -. 184 remiunloides 3 ee. 159 trichoearpa bs 159 ROTORS ir ep 221 Portildeapilosa .°y 4. 228 POtamaogeton..-5 oj ee 377 PoOCORGH ES ee + » « 162, 349 Tivalis . Vd Weer 2 5 RBS Primrose; evening... 3.9.2 162, 351 Bieri yer sient 164 Primula suffrutescens. .. . , oceans ("| Frocyon lotor’.-.--, . a" 292, 216 Progne subis hesperia. . . _ . Parr ioe (1 Prosartes Hookeri.......... 376 Prosopis juliflora.........., 146 Prunus demissa... , . 103, I51, 348, 383 ematginate = 0g, cee, Pues 2, 2 ilicifolia . +. 348 Subcotdata: sec 157 Psaltriparus minimus californiensis. 168 Srinde 198 Pseudogryphus californianus. . . . 52 Pseudotsuga Dougtast 93 j2555 5, 160, 256 Psilocarphus tenellus....., . 357 Psoralea castorea , , . ee eae cae 244 miephitica: (5:3. 3): ou GMA Pteris aquilina. .,.. | | + + 132, 382 Pterospora andromedea. .. 2... 162 Pupa arizonensis var. Saxicola.. 18 Pupa ovata fi Purshia tridentata “ne UOrUM . 38 Pussy-paws...:;... ae kt ca ce 161 Pycnanthemum Californicum. . . . 166 Pyrole pitta co. wars Gaga 282 Pyrrhula rubicilla. . . . . yey Pyrussambucifolia ...... , | 157 Quercus agrifolia .. |. oe egy Quercus; Brewerk 83: 2 pac ee 159 chrysolepis. , , + + 159, 373 @omosa: >) ss. + I59 Betlogg i 4 ga ss 159 Ondulata: 62 55 6 es 102 [ZOE PAGE Rabbit-brush. . Paget es 102 RACDON i aes 212 MECIS ee ee 340 Rafinesquia Californica ..... . . 362 Ranunculus aquatilis ....... 328 Californicus | 7 338 hebetarpus: j00 2. 338 Tysthiculus:) 160 muricatus . . . . 3, 128, 338 occidentalis var.tenellus 226 Raphanus sativus’. oy 7 340 matileweed . 20s ee 348 Redwoods @ yy. be ee 18 ReCG sires Se ee 380 MOCO DUR vo ee 142 Regnits caletidila, 270 198 Rhamnus Californica - 103, 256, 344 SPOCCR 6c a 156, 344 Purshiang . os tk is 120, 259 Rhodinocichla rosea. ......,. 64 Rhododendron Californicum . Per ke < occidentale... ., ' 158 Sonomenie ee. 300 muooon clei: 7. eee 224 Rhodomence «3. Ue 223 Rhodophyces 17 221. BAUS eee 156, 344 SrOnigtiqg <0 a ee sg Rhynchelmislimosella ...,,... 323 AiDeS fureume. |e 103 divairicatam oor. 350 MGR eS ' 350 Sanguitieum”™ . .°-°: , 157, 167, 350 BIRETOOL. Peel ee 376 RAVI ee é de a Rodderanner ie ee 57, 198s MODINS CDE 5. Sse ee 198 MOCKet Sea 5.5 pF; é Rosa Californica epee ee eee 157, 349 RONG hts ty ee Cee 249 Rosemary, marsh... ... | « + 963 Roubieva multifida :. > 10. . ¢ See ee ‘102 Sagina crassicaulis .. . 5.) 383. Occidentalis : 2° 2: > . 260, 341 Salat 27, Rees Salicornia ambigua tes ee se ee Salix cordata var. Mackenziana. . fae (oo rae Selinum capitellatum Index. VOL. I. | PAGE Salix flavescens ..°°.+++-+-> 259 Jasiandta ... 2 sy > eis ccegie 108 jassolepis. . ....- 336, 373 UG asc. 40, Span ae Pence rer Om o 103 Salmon-berry......+.- ioe RETA SAD a LS oi es Nees ce ee a 233 Salvia carduacea. ... ++ se ee 141 AY ge ks in ea ee I4I Columbarize....- sea Ee PTIMPSHICA . bs oe kw ts 141 EUERIONIA Fp be 8 ew ee I4t Sambucus glauca . 158, 258, 336, 355 melanocarpa....+.+-+ 158 TACEMOEA . os oie wes 158, 258 Samphire....... Pap oy Gry eee 372 Se moers. 5-2 :. + 6 ok ees fate 13 Sangwort e954, ees Cie ee Sanicula arctopoides ....--+-+> 353 pbipinnatifida.......- + 353 Teeth 6 5 ey bo ao we ee ee MATICIMG. <<. an 48 95, 353 Portals | 6 One eerger meer se A BX <) SMREORS oo 6 ge 86 44 SDS Saponaria vaccaria .....+- ++ 34! Sarcobatus vermiculatus ..-...-- 102 Sarcodes sanguinea ....-.-. ae 108 _ Sarcoramphus pupa...----- 468 - Saxidomusaratus ...-.---+-+ ++ 137 Pa Whttallh . ss se iF. Saxifraga peltata ..--+-+-+-+° 162 POUCRA ck Se ee 350 virginiensis. ...+.+- 350 Sayornis nigricans... .- + +++ 171 Scabiosa atropurpurea ..-..+ ++ 27 MG oe es eee 135 Scandix pecten-veneris Pee eh 75 Seardafella inca ...--+++-+>>s i 51 Schizotherus Stine cs eo eh, ee SF BOE i ee 378 Geinruefoseor..+.+ + «++ 5 ‘ 213 HIQTIPER > «wines 213 hHhudsonius..-+-+---+++* 213 Douglasii ...-- 212 fremonti. ..... 113 Scoliopus Bigelovii ..+-++++--+ 79 PEAT be 80 Scrophularia Californica. ..-- 366 Scutellaria Californica. . . 166 tiherosa . os 6s 369 eee i. Se ee ee 223 © Seaweeds, listof. ... 2 ss 8 217 Sedum spathulifolium. . 162, 350 obtusatum . .... +> F 162 i Whodioig . 4 ++ 2s 2 ees 162 BMP ROAD i kk tr eS 369 tas ieee 163 PAGE Semele decisa > 2605-5 par ees . 437 Senebiera coronopus ......+.-. 340 didyme 5. es es 340 Senecio aronicoides ........-. 361 AUTEUR. 4 Gos es eee 6 fe eS WUQONS sn bent es se 163 sylwaticus . 205.5 «4's 3 > 27 triangularis....-...-. 163 VUIGRTIN sr es Se 361 Service-Derry vu ees st 8 - 102, 349 Shepherdia argentea .... 4+. + 103 Shepherd’s-purse ....- ie ce eee. Shooting-star...... ck s OR, Oe SHGOTE-DUF © 4-058 8 ess ee ee 357 Shrike, California ....+.+++5 169 Sida: Ment. -*xs ewe eee ee Sidalcea diploscypha ...-.-+-++ 128 malveeflora ... . 26. +s SA Silene antirrhina.......-- 120, 161 Bridgesii, . . +. + + Pee Galifornica:;’ s .s3s 6s 161 Wouglasil 5s ee Ss 161 GAILICA oso 6 aed owes a oe FIO) BRE multinervia.....+-- 12I, 122 verecunda......- Baa . 34t Siliqua patula ....-+-++- 5a ee Silk-tassel tree. 2 2 eee so wists TSF Bilger Weed. 2 soe oe ot 8 4D Silybum marianum ... -5, 76, 120, 361 Siphonesw. . 5 - sos 5 +s Seigras he ake Sisymbrium.....-.+-: + 28, 120, 339 Sisyrinchium...---.-++++++ 375 Sitta carolinensis lagune ...... 198 Sitta pygmea ..-- + ee tees 100 SRuiCaD oo «<5 8 80 . 166, 369 Skunkweed ....-. permis | Skunk, little striped. ...-..+-+- 193 Smartweed, water. . - «+ +++ ++ 37! Smilacina sessilifolia ...+--+.- 375 Sudlve-Wird ¢o6 ccc s ed tn a ee 49 Snakeroot, button .'. ..- ++ +> 353. Sneesreweed. 5 2 6 6 «4 tees 163, 360 Snowhberry. . ...< 205 6 4s 40 @ 158, 355 Snow-plant. . . 2s. 2ee ee et 160 Soaproot «4 6-6 = + te = tt 166, 375 Soapwort, -.--+-+> pace, error § Rotana es os ee st I5I, 306 GeO 6 ie te ee 356 Solivl SOSSIUS. 2 ees ee et 360 Solomon’s-seal, false. . ---++-* 375 Sonchus asper 5 ++ + 4-5 * 126, 363 oleraceus. . - - - « 126, 330, 363 Song-sparrow, Samuel’s. -.-+-- 170 Sophora sericea . +++ ++-- Pa & | Sorex pacificus. ...+-+:> ghee s X15 Soret. i+ ae ices CO a ee i 410 Index. i. PAGE MOTE BUCOR ca he 370° Sparganium minimum ..... . 233 SIU TIO DOU Ss ee ae : ie 2 Ray MR eas PERS yg cous i'd ch 1s gaan paws toner ee 143 Gambel’s een rele 22% 170 TRRCONE RS oat ram ENICK-Dilled ys oa, 123 Laing ae ea hee yay cea sarge western chipping . . . 170 white-crowned ...... 100 parties stricta 25-5 sc 379 mpearmiine =o 35372 Si eee ie Speotyto cunicularia hypogeea .. . 170 Sperguia arvensig 3) og 342 Spermophilus grammurus atricapil- OR ge els hee eee 203, 205, 216 beecheyi 203 Sphacelecalycina. ...., + 4, 120, 369 MPIC HUGH: yi a ay oa 157 Spider; trapdoor. ok 319 furrét-building 2.2255... 318 Spilogalelucasana. ......, wie IQS Spindch, sea 7. Weta 252 Spinus lawrencei. eos a eeres ee cy SAL Petia tems Spirzea discolor var. ariafolia . opihe sae DOwgiagit so ee haere) ty 3 Spiranthes Romanzoffiana. . + « 166, 374 Spizella socialis arizonud. 0053 . 170 Spraguea umbellata , 4 oe ee ee ae Spruce, Douglas... ,.. . 160, 256 Spurrey,corn .., , BS eh ia heres ee Squamarie...._ , wi ee hae tia gg 221 Squaw-apples es Goer Serer par Crees fe ere 6 155 nga ee ee Staggerweed , . . gig eta ee rere ‘Stanleyaalbescens..... - +17, 227 Ny oc 1 206 PiinAtinda.. 65.35): Be tf Statice Limonium . , a ea a Wie G1 BBS Stelgidopteryx setripennis , 6 gc. T95 ‘Stellaria Jamesii. . TERS ee a ee longipes pe roa eget eee sy pt Ree amen +e abe BAT Nitenes 2s + 161, 341 Stephanomeria,... , . i ee kas. abe Be ee re ae BAPRECIOD 6... hae Same eeiw hey re 349 Streptanthus tortuosus We See ig EE _ Strix pratincola. .. . te + 6 + 632, 169 _ Sturnella magna neglecta... , . . 171 ‘Sturnus vulgaris... , . eee see ee oe ae Sutroa alpestris. . rostrata. . MWeLlOW; bathe 66050550 ea ce rough-winged.... Swift, black ee eee ovale es Sylvania pusilla pileolata. . . . Sylvia melanocephala..... Symphoricarpus racemosus , . Tabachin . Martisi. 2 ag, Tanacetum. .. Tansy: .. .. varclacitiata. . ci, pigt camaces, Sap en meee ees PETARACUML, 3) Ga és POL ik. arweed (620) a Taxidea americana PLaxus brevitotia =: 033s Teal, blue-winged. . .., ee CINNAMON 4 i RegGGh fot ye Tecoma stans Tellima heterophylla widicdulte se Oe IS Tetradymia spinosa. ../, . . Tetragonia expansa...... Ehalictrnin. 2 .°. 4 ae ae Thelesperma subnudum.. . ue Thelypodium ambiguum . . , AUreGUM . 4. Thimbleberry: ye SS SHiGe se + ae Thiaspiarvense ....... Thrift pe a caw a Thrush; hig-tree 5 2), 5: OWAEE ys roge-breasted .. .. russet-backed ... Amja.gigautes 22.05. pee Thysanocarpuscurvipes. . . erectus 4.2, MIOYHIDS oo bn eG Tiger-beetles. .. . . . Pg eae Tillea Tissa Clevelandi. ...... Aitmotge; #ahy 0. Pid coe Tivela crassatelloides .. . . POMC ee AODOKIOF i aa fe Tofieldia glutinosa.... 2... er oa, VOL. II.] Index. } Tolmiea Menziesii, . ...°.:.. + © 349: SOUR oe hw on rer as eat or LOD Lorreya Californica.:.. -. 5. 120, 160 Townsendia arizonica x incana 248 ; PRUMIGORE che Goo ute se of 20 ncwinee. Calitoriia brown ..-.° ss 190 PaCUn ea OS oe TOD atawopon porriolns . . 2 6 6: 77, 126 Trichocoronis Wrightii....... 301 perry f 228, 255, 346, 347 Triglochin maritimum ....... 377 Psu 78 PRISE co 8 6 wc 3 as Vo OO PR ce eet PnP ie 2 eae cen ailent be ga Go oe pee mae ede LOS PUNE eet eee of TOB MOM yk one eae ae ASE MME Sos ae ws, TOF "roglodytes aedon parkmanni... 170 ae i DUBUIGEIA. coe ere es 66 ay 103) say B08 Be te a6 ee ee Pattoniana ..... . . «160, 279 Pras wuerulas oe a eee. 7 WMPOMSUUSICRS icc sce es Bequolensis 4.56.05 cr OF : MBCOIACHS 625 Se Oy TFT ME a ee ee wee 339 PEPE OREO ee ee eee 158, 355 EE hs es eta Gh cette ee eae ‘Lypns latifolis... 3. 6 see ke 376 cysannus verticalis ©. 6. 4s 6s 172 ag tS eats eran aay eat. Ge Umbellularia Californica .. . . 159, 372 Wimbrelia-plant .. 2 2606 ees ee 162 Whhadegavilan. . ... 2... + ses 158 GO oh yk ie ek eg eee ee Urocyon oo COUGH a 7S pee OR os gag Gib gs a 8 Beer SIe -.veccinini. .. 1. + 120, 261, 273, 276, 363 Ro welerienelia » .... vt es ee ss 355 Outeria (2 6s" 5: 6498) Bae WVerbascum Thapsus. ... -... .; 233 | Verhens, sea... ks. By, _Verbesina scaposa ee ae : 28, 126, 127, 367 Vesperimus americanus , We i a ee ee PRIA ee ee Siete oe _ Wiguiera subincisa .....-.+-+ 12 MS ddr os. ee 364 WIOIG 80s oie ie ees WiGTOt aN Gos irs GOplOOt ia aie Vireo, flavo-viridis. . . . SVS ee yellow-green ... warbling os fs. Vitis, Californica. ..>. . 4II PAGE « . 161, 228, 341 28 ae 1OL AAE Bae ge 2 OO Vaiture, Califoriia 0... ss Se MANS Se eee Weke-ronoige i250 3 eS Wallflower, rough... . Warbler, pileolated . . os 6ce s See ar yas a ee Macgillivray’s ..... 192 summer. . . Washingtonia Sonore. . Water-lily, yellow .... WORMEEWOTE 6 0s ss Wax-myrtie 2 oss . We Se ere Willow-herb. > 3 6. Woea-paim . 2. 308 8 ie seks 6 AGE sas e's. 250 S50 = TOL, 356 $20 Seek TD = + © « 159) 373 oo ss aOd, BST oo h4 1a, S05 Woodpecker, narrow-fronted . . 196, 198 WoOod-Tish 6560s. WOrmnseed 'o 55 es isi. Wren -COCtNS 3. we Porkman' es <057 5 ruby-crowned. .. BoOcerto < 225. 4s Wyethia angustifolia 5 RIEU SEIDYE ce he va ee Xerophyllum tenax . . . WEITOW sw eee Hes Yellow-eyed-grass .... Yellow-throat, Belding’s western . Yerba buen@. 1... ss. Yerba santa .5...+, EW ier Wo eae ere Se Zannichellia 7... 2. Zauschneria Californica . Zenaidura Graysoni. . . miacroura.. . Zephyranthes arenicola . Zonites Elliotti ..... Zonotrichia gambeli. . . leucophrys . ZOOSPOTEH . 5. es ees Zostera marina ..... Zygadenus Fremonti . . ee ee SIT peace ¢ «° 130 Wee een 372 poe ee ee eg ee ee eee ae pat es RD a Oe sia ee PLATE XIV. SSL 8 ORR - 4 ( Tr xs gph Ls ARS) ‘ KS ty at: . +E CK es yes, ENS) a for ee) Ieee eS @BUSTAV EISEN DEL. SUTROA ALPESTRIS PLATE XV GUSTAV BISEN DEL. SUTROA ALPESTRIS PLATE AY. Pers O % ie ¥ ny v Yo a9 ie : x US ie OMA UR? \ a 2 ainthee Lae uur la! 5 cell £5 SP xa GUSTAV EISEN DEL. SUTROA ALPESTRIS The following names of members were in some unaccountable manner omitted from the list of the California Botanical Club: Mrs. Maggie Bowers, Ventura, Cal. Mrs. F. Grayson-Crane, St. Helena, Cal. _M. W. Gorman, 75 N. 13th St., Portland, Oregon. Rev. F. V. Kelsey, Helena, Montana. Miss Louise A. Littleton, Zebra, Cal. H. S. Nichols, Healdsburg, Cal. Prof. Lucien M. Underwood, De Pauw University, Greencastle, Ind. —— Dealer in : Microscopes, Opyecrives & Accessoriss,