THE FORMAL GARDEN, MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN. NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT. : Vr Oris 1 (Qj aw 'e) é j os ST. LOUIS, MO.: PUBLISHED BY THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES. 1908. BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN. President, RUFUS J. LACKLAND, Vice-President, DAVID F, KAIME. Epwarp C. Enror. Henry C. Garnpav,! President of the Board of Public JouHn Green, M.D. Schools of St. Louis.* Grorce C. Hircucock. Davip F. Houston? Chancellor of Washington University.* LEONARD MarrHews. Danie 8S. Turrie, Wiiu1amM H. H. Perrus. Rouiita WELLS, Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri.* Joun F. Super. Mayor of the City of St. Louis.* Davin 8. H. Sarr. Carvin M. Woopwarp, President of the Academy of Science of Epwarps WHITAKER. St. Louis. * sere oA. De GunnineuaM, Secretary, , , ¢ O58: 88, X60 * 5 oe eee ee fs ef 6 ry ae ice os Pe 4 - ° LF gimiag owe nt ee Sin 67 946.6.50 oa aoe *es eo . e e%e * 1 Elected President of the Board of Rubtit:Schools of St. Louis to succeed Frank L. Magoon, who had held that office for one year, 2 Elected Chancellor of Washington University in October, in October, 1908, 1908, to succeed Winfield 8, Chaplin, who held that office from October, 1891 until October, 1907, the office being vacant during the past year. (2) PREFACE. Under direction of the Board of Trustees, the nineteenth annual report of the Missouri Botanical Garden is presented to the public. The eighteenth report was issued December 7, 1907, but Professor Blankinship’s account of Lindheimer and his col- lections was separately distributed on November 25th, and separates of the other scientific papers contained in the volume were issued on the 27th of November. These reports are sent to scientific institutions and journals, in exchange for publications and specimens desirable for the library, herbarium or living collections of the Garden. So far as is possible, reprints of the botanical articles they contain are sent to botanists occupied with a study of the subjects to which they pertain. Any of the Garden publications not out of print may be pur- chased, at approximately the cost of publication, from Mess. R. Friedlander & Sohn, Berlin, Germany; W. Wesley & Son, London, England; or the undersigned. WILLIAM TRELEASE. Sr. Louis, Mo., Sept. 25, 1908. (3) EN. ARDE WILD G THE CONTENTS. 1. Reports For THE YEAR 1907:— da. b. Reports of the Officers of the Board.................. Nineteenth Annual Report of the Director............. 2. Screntiric PAPERS:— a. The Florida strangling figs.— By Brahe os oe ee oes ogee Crataegus in Missouri.— By Charles Snrague Sargent... ... 0... 0002+. abes - _ An ecological cross section of the Mississippi river in the region of St. Louis, Missouri.— eer ee US Illustrated studies in the genus Opuntia.—I. rere | err, ia Agave rigida—Furcraea rigida—Agave angustifolia.— yg WF GH PINE. 5 ne ee ce shawn sss Bee PAGE. we * = ze? >- « LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Frontispiece: The formal garden. The wild garden Trizeuxis falcata Oncidium iridifolium Cross-section of the Mississippi river Plates 1-9 Plates 10-20 Plates 21-28 Plates 29-35 (6) Facing p 7 e ae + -) Soe a.) Se Following p. 33 “ ¢ 258 = “ 272 ve “* 287 REPORTS FOR THE YEAR 1907. fr. REPORT OF THE OFFICERS OF THE BOARD. \BL/ eye of NOV many € re 3 3 a PD», 19382 42/ wd ; t , on a\ id SUBMITTED TO THE TRUSTEES JANUARY 8, 1908. \s"= IY To the Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden: We submit for your consideration the financial results for the year ending December 31st, 1907. We are gratified to announce that the results for the past year have been entirely satisfactory and the rental earnings, our principal source of revenue, were $5,602.33 in excess of the previous year. That portion of the Board property east of Fourth Street has steadily appreciated in value for rental purposes, and the rental income is greater than at any time within the past twenty years. All of our property lying west of Fourth Street is constantly increasing in value, and we estimate a further increase of $4,600 in rentals for 1908 over those of the past year. Our loss in income from vacancies for the year was only $532.37, and at present all of our buildings are rented with the exception of a few small tenements renting in all for $75.00 per month. We purchased during the year a small piece of property fronting on the Levee between Vine Street and Washington Avenue, 23X90, situated between property already owned by the Board, at a cost of $5,500, which we at once leased at $600.00 per year. We have disposed of only two pieces of property, in all 127 feet, fronting on Flora Avenue, at an average of $78.00 per front foot. The demand for first-class residence property ‘on the south side has fallen off considerably on account of the high prices for building material and labor. We have had several inquiries for large tracts of unimproved (7) 8 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN. property, but the offers were so far below our estimates of value, that they were declined. The matter of special taxes for streets and sewers is and will be for some years a serious hindrance to contemplated and much needed improvements at the Garden, such as the erection of plant houses and an addition to the library and office building. Some of the street improvements anticipated in our last report have been completed and paid for out of our revenue and savings, and the following amounts have been charged to real estate as betterments — Sidewalks . . McRee Ave. $ 528 53 Paving street . . . . . Vandeventer Ave . 1,867 46 Paving street and sidewalks . Spring Ave. 14,452 34 Paving street and sidewalks . Tower Grove Ave . 28,505 08 Sewer . . Spring Ave. 654 05 Sewer . . City Block 2835 402 01 Total $46,409 47 The following street improvements are either completed or under way, and must be paid for during 1908 :— Old Manchester Road $17,500 00 Thurman Ave. 1,763 79 McRee Ave. 3,150 00 $22,413 79 The following amounts have been credited to the Stock Account for the year:— Library $4,783 73 Herbarium 5,381 40 $10,165 13 The annual bequests provided for in Mr. Shaw’s will have been carried out at a cost of $2,277.94. By his resignation of the Chancellorship of Washington University in October last, Dr. W. S. Chaplin withdrew from the membership in this Board which he had held ez officio since October 1891. With our regret at the severance of this long official association, we take this occasion to record REPORT OF THE OFFICERS OF THE BOARD. 9 our high appreciation of Dr. Chaplin’s conscientious faithful- ness in bearing a full share of our responsibilities during the past sixteen years, and of his strong manly character. RECEIPTS. Receipts on account of rental . . . . . $130,416 58 Interest aml GVM io 3,542 99 Garden pasturage above expemses . . . . 124 94 Garden handbook sales . . .... =. 184 00 Pubdie ee 3 75 3. Se feos 5 00 Total income receipts . . .. . $134,277 26 Sales of real estate under decree ofcourt . . $ 5,620 00 Shaw School of Botany, rent . . . . . 3,900 00 Stocks, bonds and certificate . . . . . 26,563 06 36,083 06 Total receipts. . ey: $170,360 32 Cash on hand, December 31, "1906 gies 7,731 04 $178,091 36 DISBURSEMENTS. Garden Account, Labor pay-roll .. .. . 3 pope. Seepee 07 Students’ pay-roll . .. «-a2 5-5 + 1,486 03 Office assistance. °° .. 32-322. 1,575 00 Puede a ee eee 2,255 19 Waters Me i 382 00 Repairs and supplies Mey Pe 2,062 66 Plants and seeqgs . «4s @ ua: 501 12 $28,275 07 Herbarium Account, Shlaries . .. 2. +) + | Pee ee 942 84 MUA. F We ee ee 127 32 Current expenditures MP 1,952 64 3,022 80 Library Account, Balaries . . « + ss 6 eee 2,730 72 Hue. 2% see a 165 73 Current expenditures ee 2,227 15 5,123 60 Office Account, oS Oe pn ee cere er a 5,227 65 i,” gee 56 She age eens 205 77 Current expenditures See ct eee 464 98 5,898 40 Research Account, Salaries . . eC ae ab oo ce ee 1,748 10 Current expenditures ein ea te 609 97 2,358 07 Carried jorward ec ee. $44,677 94 10 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN. Brought forward... . . . . $44,677 94 Scholarship Account, Instruction.. . . . . .... 675 00 Careoflodge .......4:., 240 00 he a 88 20 Current expenditure . . . ... , 88 34 1,091 54 Total maintenance $45,769 48 Garden Improvement Account, Director’s residence 1,224 17 Total amount expended on the Garden $46,993 65 Publication Account, Eighteenth annual volume . . . . . 2,004 67 Ninth annual volume, reprint. . . . . 318 20 Tenth annual volume, reprint . . . . 340 50 Garden Handbook Bei a | eee a Oe 21 04 2,684 41 Property Account, State, school, city and sprinkling taxes . 38,932 72 Streets, sidewalks and sewers . . . . 48,323 52 ie > en ee 4,788 31 a ae, er 7,130 76 Improvements . . . . .... , 3,561 95 102,737 26 Office Expenses, CR te igs a ol i gg 4,200 00 SOTO eee es ke UR 780 00 Printing, advertising, telephone, ete. . . 693 50 5,673 50 Bequests, Annual Flower Sermon . . . . . . 200 00 Annual Flower Show . . . . . . . 465 00 Annual Gardeners’ Banquet an. er 393 59 Annual Trustees’ Banquet. . . . . . 1,219 35 2,277 94 Sundries, Legal and professional expenses . . . . 1,103 75 CINE is: eet SSE ye 115 50 Repairs to building damaged by fire . . 150 00 MO On mire a ek 5,500 00 Shaw School of Botany, rent. . . . . 3,838 25 10,707 50 Total disbursements . . . . $171,074 26 Cash on hand December 31, 1907 7,017 10 Respectfully submitted, R. J. LACKLAND, Attest: A. D, CunnINGHAM, Secretary. $178,091 36 President: TRIZEUAXIS FALCATA. NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR. SUBMITTED TO THE TRUSTEES JANUARY 8, 1908. To the Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden: ® The following report on the Missouri Botanical Garden and the School of Botany connected therewith is respectfully submitted in compliance with the rules of the Board:— GARDENING. The area devoted to decorative planting being essentially unchanged, the number of individual plants used remains nearly the same from year to year. The parterre was again used in the early spring of 1907 for tulips, of which, here and elsewhere, 21,500 plants, representing nearly 200 varieties, were grown: an increase of 2,500 over the previous year. During the summer, the same ground was occupied by zonal and hybrid pelargoniums, of which 22 varieties were presented in contrasted masses, which aggregated 3,500 plants. As with tulips, this selection was supplemented in the customary manner by a much larger number of varieties of the same kind of plants grown elsewhere, but represented by a smaller number of individuals—the pelargoniums so grown numbering 2,250, including 212 named species or varieties. The other bedding features of the Garden have been maintained essen- tially as in immediately preceding years, but by the use of different plants. The most marked change was in the beds flanking the entrance walk and surrounding the parterre, where a simple fleur-de-lis design was worked out in Altern- anthera, Peristrophe, and Santolina. The total number of bedding plants used in the Garden, aside from tulips, was 37,500. Chrysanthemums were again grown in quantity, and through the fortnight beginning with November 4th, 4,000 choice plants, representing 400 varieties, were displayed under canvas in the parterre. As was the case last year, I desire (11) heel 12 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN. to record my most appreciative thanks for the aid rendered by Captain Robert McCulloch, of the United Railways Company, who kindly installed and maintained electric lights in the tent during the time that the chrysanthemums were on view, which again enabled me to open the tent to visitors in the evening. This season, the weather proved perfect during the time that the chrysanthemums were exhibited, and visitors for the fortnight numbered 33,521, of whom 8,601, or over one-fourth, came in the evening. Plant and seed accessions for the year, aside from Garden propagations and collections, number 274, comprising 12,655 plants or packets of seeds. Of these, 6,859, representing 230 of the accession entries, and valued at $605.35, were pre- sented or received in exchange for similar material or for Garden publications, and 5,796, representing 44 entries, were purchased, the Secretary’s books showing an expenditure of $501.12 for such purchases, including transportation and other charges. The collections by Garden employees, ex- clusive of seeds for exchange purposes, number 1,726 plants, valued at $123.86, and 51 packages of seeds, valued at $3.50. Garden propagations amounted to 47,225 plants, valued at $3,305.75, in addition to 7,665 seedlings, valued at $383.25. The exchange list issued by the Garden last winter included 1,519 species or varieties; and 5,686 packets of seeds, valued at $284.30, selected from this list, have been issued to corre- spondents. Living plants to the number of 4,612 (of which 4,000 were bulbils of henequen), valued at $145.55, have also been distributed to correspondents. In addition to these exchange distributions, 747 duplicate plants from the Garden collections have been presented to schools and colleges for educational use, and 1,300 bedding plants re- moved from the grounds at the approach of winter, or re- maining after the beds had been planted in the spring, were placed in the kindergartens and playgrounds of the city schools. The surplus of chrysanthemum plants which were still usable when removed from the tent, together with many cut flowers, were distributed to hospitals and similar charities. The total number of plants so distributed through the year amounts to 642. oe RY eee ae Reis mee bd AS il Miia d cai Pere Mae NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR. 13 The records show that 1,502 species or varieties were added to the collection of living plants in 1907, and that 658 were lost or discarded, leaving a net gain of 844; the total reported at the end of the year being 17,916, as com- pared with 17,072 noted for 1906.* THE WEATHER. The accompanying diagram A graphically presents the monthly variation in temperature as derived (except for DIAGRAM A. 7 1-5 0—-F- Laie ae a L-1-2.5° c F 4 Witte k Ne O-f < 7 7 7 a we ae dh H-00-F; 00-4- ro ©) Re pe ee fo —— NS 75-% To ee eee a a = oe 2 ere 3) ee ee ae a pion — Pail Ssh 50°F Cegeiee @ art > 50-% eS Moe a ae a_i Sy Ne a po | = ee i Ae ee oe 7 ai a 2 F 2 6 , > c LAN < = LE UT DO. i tWa WOVs TEMPERATURE. HUMIDITY. the solar maximum) from the records of the local office of the Government Weather Bureau; and diagram B shows the distribution of rainfall through the season, as indicated by the same records. The most striking deviations from earlier averages are found in the marked warmth of the last week in March, when the temperature was that of early summer, and * Rept. Mo. Bot. Gard. 183 15. ae ae 14 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN, the very heavy precipitation in January, followed by a slight drought in February and March. The average temperature through the summer was almost exactly the summer average for the period covered by Government records, VISITORS. Except during the World’s Fair, there has been no year in which so many people have visited the Garden as during the past season, the number being 135,497. Of this total, 26,114 DIAGRAM B 7-INe “le WA i Jy L—2—|.N . x / ae ra }—1—I-N.- z p 0 ¢ - <9 * 6 FO 3 < L (eo) WwW Bao ane ee ae | | | | | | PRECIPITATION. were recorded for the open Sunday afternoon in June, and 10,093 for the corresponding Sunday afternoon in September, which was very hot and sultry, the remaining 99,290 being week-day visitors. As for several years preceding, an un- usually large number of persons were attracted in March and April by the tulips, and in November by the chrysanthemums, the November visitors this year amounting to 34,439, or something over one-third of the week-day total for the year. wie iL cia al id gig NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR. 15 The appended diagram C shows the seasonal distribution of week-day visitors contrasted with the average for earlier DIAGRAM C. +-25000 20000 / 1 1.5000 1 \ fe, 4 5S } \ +-1-0000 mas: -

Oe ee ¥ CRATAEGUS IN MISSOURI. 109 8. Crataegus dumetosa, n. sp. Leaves ovate to oval, acute or acuminate, gradually narrowed and rounded or abruptly cuneate at the entire base, coarsely often doubly serrate above, with straight glandular teeth, and slightly divided usually only above the middle into 3 or 4 pairs of acute lobes; nearly half-grown when the flowers open about the middle of April and then thin, yellow- green and roughened above by short white hairs and hoary tomentose below especially on the midribs and veins, and at maturity thin, yellow- green, smooth and lustrous on the upper surface, pale yellow-green and villose on the lower surface especially on the stout midribs, and slender primary veins arching obliquely to the points of the lobes, 5-6 cm. long and 4-5 em. wide; petioles slender, hoary-tomentose early in the season, becoming pubescent, 1-2.5 cm. in length; leaves on vigorous shoots more coarsely serrate, more deeply lobed, often 7-8 cm. long and 6-7 cm. wide, with narrow lunate finely glandular-serrate persistent stipules. Flowers 2-2.2 em. in diameter, on stout hoary-tomentose pedicels, in compact mostly 10-15-flowered corymbs, with linear faleate acuminate villose glandular often persistent bracts and bractlets, the long lower peduncles from the axils of upper leaves; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, thickly coated with long matted white hairs, the lobes short, slender, acuminate, glandular-serrate, pubescent on the outer, villose on the inner surface, reflexed after anthesis; stamens 20; anthers pale yellow; styles 5, sur- rounded at the base by a narrow ring of pale tomentum. Fruit ripening early in August, on short stout slightly hairy spreading pedicels, in few- fruited clusters, obovate, gradually narrowed and rounded at the apex, rather abruptly narrowed and rounded at the base, scarlet, lustrous, slightly pubescent at the ends, marked by small dark dots, 1.2-1.3 ecm. long and 1 em. in diameter; calyx prominent, with a short tube, a wide deep cavity, and spreading and appressed lobes only slightly hairy on the upper side; flesh thin, yellow, dry and hard; nutlets 5, thin, acute at the ends, rounded or sometimes slightly grooved on the back, 6.5-7 mm. long, and about 5 mm. wide. A shrub 2-3 m. high, with numerous small stems covered with dark slightly scaly bark, slender ascending branches, and stout somewhat zigzag branchlets coated when they first appear with hoary tomentum, becoming light chestnut-brown, glabrous, lustrous, and marked by pale lenticels in their first season and dull reddish brown the following year, and armed with few slender nearly straight purple ultimately gray spines 2-3 cm. long. Thickets in fertile uplands, Neck City, Jasper County, E. J. Palmer, (No. 2 type) August 8, 1902, April 15, 1903, March 31 and October 4, 1907. * we, Se Brae st ie . 110 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN. 9. CraTarcus Ketiocarr Sargent, Trees and Shrubs, i. 117, t. 59 (1903); Manual, 431, f. 349. River Des Péres bottoms, Carondelet, St. Louis County. 10. CRATAEGUS LANUGINOSA Sargent, Trees and Shrubs, i. 113, t. 57 (1903); Manual, 485, f. 353. Near Webb City, Jasper County, common. 11. CraTAEGUS DISPESSA Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. xix. pt. 1. 17 (1903). Crataegus pyriformis Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. i. 449 (not Jacques, Jour. Soc. Hort. France, iv. 599 [1858]) (1900).— Sargent, Silva N. Am. xiii. 97, t. 666; Manual, 434, f. 352. Near streams, Monteer, Shannon County. DILATATAE, Leaves wide at the base, often broader than long on vigorous shoots; petioles long and slender; flowers large, in compact 5-8-flowered corymbs; stamens 20; anthers rose color; fruit broader than high, slightly angled, crimson, lustrous, 2-2.2 cm. in diameter. Flowers not more than 1.8 cm. in diameter, on very short often slightly villose pedicels; fruit flattened at the ends; calyx much enlarged on the fruit, with a narrow deep cavity pointed in the bottom, and broad lobes bright red on the upper side; flesh red. 1. C. coccinioides. Flowers up to 2.5 cm. in diameter, on longer glabrous pedicels; fruit rounded at the ends; calyx little enlarged on the fruit, with a very broad shallow cavity wide in the bottom, and narrow lobes not red on the upper side; flesh pale yellow. 2. C. speciosa. 1. CrATAEGUS coccINIoIDES Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. xvi. pt. u. 74 (1900).—Sargent, Silva N. Am. xiii. 115, t. 674; Manual, 458, f. 374. Crataegus Eggerti Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. i. 447 (1900); Manual, 520. Woods, west of Forest Park, St. Louis, Fenton, and Allenton, St. Louis County; Pacific, Franklin County. 2. CRATAEGUS SPECIOSA Sargent, Trees and Shrubs, i. 65, t. 33 (1903). Rocky hills, near Webb City, Jasper County; common, E. J. Palmer (No. 5 type). CRATAEGUS IN MISSOURI. 111 COCCINEAE. Leaves rhombic to oblong-obovate, cuneate at the base, subcoriaceous, dark green and lustrous above; petioles long; flowers 1.5-1.8 cm. in diameter, in many-flowered hairy corymbs; stamens 20; anthers pale yellow; fruit short-oblong to subglobose, dull red, 1.2—-1.4 cm. in diameter ; nutlets 2 or 3, rounded at the apex, acute at the base. 1. Cratarncus Marcaretta Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. . Soc. xvi. pt. ii. 72 (1900).—Sargent, Silva N. Am. xiii. 137, t. 685; Manual, 461, f. 377. Webster and Bertold, St. Louis County; Springfield, Greene County; also in Illinois, Iowa, Michigan, Ontario, and middle Tennessee, INTRICATAE. Leaves cuneate at the base; petioles long, usually slender; flowers 1.6-2.5 cm. in diameter, in few-flowered corymbs; fruit subglobose to short- oblong, 1-1.5 em. long; flesh dry and hard; nutlets 3-5, rounded at the ends, usually conspicuously ridged on the back. Stamens 10; glabrous with the exception of occasional hairs on the young leaves and calyx-lobes. Anthers rose color; calyx-lobes glabrous; fruit orange-red; leaves ovate to rhombic. 1. C. Neo-Bushii. Anthers yellow, faintly tinged with rose; calyx-lobes sparingly villose on the inner surface; fruit green slightly flushed with red; leaves ovate to oval. 2. C. padifolia. Stamens 5-10. Anthers yellow slightly tinged with rose; flowers 1.6-1.8 cm. in diameter, in densely villose corymbs; calyx-lobes villose; fruit orange-yellow, hairy at the ends; leaves blue-green, scabrate. 3. C. villicarpa. Anthers yellow; flowers 2-2.5 cm. in diameter, in glabrous corymbs; calyx-lobes glabrous; fruit green flushed with red, glabrous; leaves yellow-green, smooth. 4. C. leioclada. 1. Cratarcus Nero-Busut Sargent, Trees and Shrubs, ii. 9, t. 105 (1907). Dry gravelly soil near Monteer, Shannon County, B. F. Bush, (Nos. 10 A, 10 B type) May and October 1905. “a. 4 112 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN. 2. CRATAEGUS PADIFOLIA Sargent, Trees and Shrubs, ii. 75, t. 135 (1908). Hillsides, Swan, Taney County, B. F. Bush, (No. 5 B type) April and September 1907, (also Nos. 5, 5 A, 5 C, 5 D, 5 F, 5 1 5J, 5 K, 149 and 152). 3. Crataegus villicarpa, n. sp. Leaves ovate, acuminate, gradually narrowed and concave-cuneate at the entire base, finely doubly serrate above, with straight or incurved glandular teeth, and slightly divided into 3 or 4 pairs of slender acuminate lateral lobes; more than half-grown when the flowers open from the 10th to the middle of May and then dark blue-green and setose above and sparingly villose below along the midribs and veins, and at maturity thin but firm in texture, blue-green and scabrate on the upper surface, scabrate, and slightly villose on the midribs and veins on the lower surface, 5-6 em. long and 3.5-4.5 cm. wide; petioles slender, narrowly wing-margined to the middle, densely villose early in the season, becoming pubescent or nearly glabrous, glandular, with persistent glands, 2-3 cm. in length; leaves on vigorous shoots broadly ovate, short-pointed at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base, more coarsely serrate and often 5-6 cm. long and broad. Flowers 1.6-1.8 cm. in diameter, on short slender densely villose pedicels, in small compact mostly 3-5-flowered hairy corymbs, with con- spicuous oblong-obovate coarsely glandular-serrate bracts and bractlets mostly persistent until the flowers open; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, thickly covered with long matted white hairs, the lobes long, slender, acuminate, glandular-serrate, nearly glabrous on the outer, villose on the inner surface, reflexed after anthesis; stamens 5-10; anthers pale yellow; styles 3-5, surrounded at the base by a ring of pale tomentum. Fruit short-oblong to subglobose, full and rounded at the ends, orange-yellow sometimes more or less tinged with red, marked by large pale dots, villose at the ends, with long scattered pale hairs, 1-1.2 em. in diameter; calyx prominent, with a broad shallow cavity wide and tomentose in the bottom, and elongated spreading and appressed persistent lobes ciliate on the margins towards the base and villose on the upper side; flesh thin, yellow, dry and mealy; nutlets 3-5, rounded at the ends or acute at the apex, ridged on the back, with a broad low slightly grooved ridge, 4.5-5 mm. long, and about 4 mm. wide. A shrub 1-2 m. high, with small pale gray stems, very slender slightly zigzag branchlets light red-brown and covered with long white hairs when they first appear, becoming dull chestnut-brown and pubescent in their first season and gray tinged with red the following year, and armed with numerous slender curved or straight bright red-brown shining spines alla Seti ee a NE Eee eee. ae ee en Waste ; oc ee bar ? CRATAEGUS IN MISSOURI. 113 pointing toward the base of the branch and 3.5-6 em. long, and small pale winter-buds. Rocky hills and barrens, Swan, Taney County, B. F. Bush, (No. 2 D type) May 19 and October 7, 1907, (No. 2) May 19, 1905, (Nos. 2 B, 2 C,2 E, 2 F) May 16, 1907, (No. 366) June 9, 1898, (Nos. 43, 46, 52 and 107) June 18, 1899, (No. 509) Sep- tember, 1899. 4, Crataegus leioclada, Nn. sp. Glabrous with the exception of the hairs on the young leaves and calyx- lobes. Leaves ovate to oval, acuminate, gradually or abruptly narrowed and concave-cuneate at the broad base, sharply often doubly serrate, with long straight or incurved glandular teeth, and deeply divided into 4 or 5 pairs of slender acuminate spreading lateral lobes; nearly fully grown when the flowers open the middle of May and then very thin, dark yellow-green, lustrous and sparingly hairy above, with soft white hairs, paler, lustrous and glabrous below, and at maturity thin but firm in texture, yellow-green, lustrous on the upper surface, paler on the lower surface, 5-6 cm. long and 44.5 cm. wide, with conspicuous yellow midribs, and thin primary veins extending obliquely to the points of the lobes; petioles slender, slightly wing-margined at the apex,sparingly villose on the upper side while young, soon glabrous, glandular, with numerous minute da7k persistent glands, 1.2-1.6 cm. in length. Flowers 2-2.5 cm. in diameter, on long stout pedi- cels,in mostly 2—4-flowered narrow corymbs,the elongated lowest peduncle from the axil of an upper leaf; calyx-tube broadly obconic, the lobes gradually narrowed from wide bases, long, slender, acuminate, rose-colored and glandular at the apex, glandular-serrate to above the middle, glabrous on the outer, sparingly villose on the inner surface, reflexed after anthesis; stamens 5-10; anthers yellow faintly tinged with rose color; styles 3 or 4. Fruit ripening late in September or early in October, on long drooping pedicels, in 2- or 3-fruited clusters, subglobose to short-oblong, full and rounded at the ends, green more or less flushed with red, 1-1.2 cm. in diam- eter; calyx little enlarged, with a deep narrow cavity, and elongated spreading and closely appressed or erect and incurved lobes; flesh thin, green and hard; nutlets 2 or 3, rounded at the ends, ridged on the back, with a broad high grooved ridge, 7-7.5 mm. long, and about 4 mm. wide. A slender shrub 2-3 m. high, with small stems covered with smooth pale bark, small spreading branches, and very slender slightly zigzag branchlets dark orange-green more or less tinged with red and marked by pale lenticels when they first appear, becoming bright chestnut-brown and very lustrous in their first season and dull dark gray-brown the following year, and armed with occasional stout straight spines. 8 114 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN, Rocky hills and barrens, near Swan, Taney County, B. F. Bush, (No. 4 A type) September 22, 1905, May 17 and Octo- ber 7, 1907, (Nos. 4, 4 B, 4 D) September 22, 1905, May 17, 1907, (Nos. 4 C, A. F, G, M) September 23, 1905, UNIFLORAE. Leaves oblong-obovate, cuneate at the base; petioles short; flowers in 2- or 3-flowered hoary-tomentose corymbs; stamens 20; anthers yellow; fruit obovate, light orange-red, lustrous, up to 1.4 cm. long; nutlets 3 or 4, acute at the ends. 1, CRATAEGUS TRIANTHOPHORA Sargent, Trees and Shrubs, ii. 11, t. 106 (1907). Dry open woods, near Grandin, Carter County, B. F. Bush (No. 12 type), May and October, 1905. MICROCARPAE. Flowers not more than 1 cm. in diameter, in many-flowered glabrous corymbs; stamens 20; anthers rose color; fruit depressed-globose, scarlet, not more than 6 mm. in diameter; leaves broadly ovate to triangular. 1. CraTanGus corpata Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 168 (1788).— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 467.—Chapman, Fl. 127.— Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 165.—Sargent, Garden and Forest, ii. 423, f. 126; Silva N. Am. iv. 107, t. 186; Manual, 487,f. 402. Pleasant Grove, Grandin; and Birch Tree, Shannon County, Williamsville, Wayne County, Bismarck, St. Francois County ; also southern Illinois and through middle Kentucky and Tennessee to Virginia, and along the Appalachian foothills from Virginia to middle Georgia and to Alabama. TOMENTOSAE. Fruit obovate to subglobose or short-oblong, orange-red, scarlet or rarely green, usually becoming soft and succulent at maturity, 6-12 mm. in diameter; nutlets 2 or 3, obtuse at the ends, prominently ridged on the back; flowers small, opening late, in tomentose or villose usually many-flowered corymbs; leaves thin to subcoriaceous, more or less pubescent below during the season. CRATAEGUS IN MISSOURI. 115 Leaves thin, with midribs and veins only slightly impressed on their upper surface. Anthers rose color (pink in No. 2). Stamens 20. Fruit obovate; flowers in wide many-flowered corymbs. Fruit up to 1 cm. in length, dull orange-red; leaves ovate to oblong; branchlets ashy gray, usually unarmed or with occasional small gray spines. 1. C. tomentosa. Fruit not more than 8 mm. in diameter; leaves broadly ovate to broadly oval, branchlets light chestnut- brown and lustrous, armed with numerous long purple spines; anthers pink. 2. C. hispidula. Fruit short-oblong to oval or slightly obovate, up to 1 em. in length; flowers in compact mostly 3-8-flowered corymbs; leaves ovate to obovate. 3. C. missouriensis, Fruit globose to short-oblong, not more than 8 mm. in diameter; flowers in 12-15-flowered corymbs; leaves slightly obovate to oval or ovate. 4. C. globosa. Stamens 5-10. Fruit obovate, 7-8 mm. in length; leaves ovate to rhombic; stamens 7-10. 5. C. obscura. Fruit short-oblong to subglobose. Flowers in many-flowered corymbs. Leaves broadly ovate; stamens 10. 6. C. spinulosa. Leaves ovate to oval; stamens 5-8, usually only 5. 7. C. mollita, Flowers in mostly 5-8-flowered corymbs; leaves ovate to obovate; stamens 5-10. 8. C. rupicola. Anthers yellow; stamens 10. Leaves narrowly obovate to rhombie or ovate; fruit short- oblong, green or yellowish red. 9. C. pudens. Leaves ovate to oval or obovate; fruit subglobose to short- oblong, bright orange-red. 10. C. mollicula. Leaves subcoriaceous, with midribs and veins deeply impressed on their upper surface and pubescent below; flowers in many-flowered corymbs. Stamens 20. Leaves broadly ovate to broadly obovate, rather thick; anthers dark red; fruit obovate. 11. C. insperata. Leaves rhombic to slightly obovate, thicker; anthers pale salmon color. 12. C. ensijfera. Stamens 10; anthers yellow; leaves ovate to rhombic; fruit sub- globose to short-oblong. 13. C. pertomentosa, os 7 .,. 116 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN. 1. CRATAEGUS TOMENTOSA Linnaeus Spec. 476 (1753).— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i.465.—Chapman, FI. 127.— Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Manual, ed. 6, 166.—Sargent, Silva N. Am. iv. 101, t. 183; Proc. Phil. Acad. Sci. 1905, 656; Manual, 492; Rep. Geolog. Surv. Michigan, 1906, 560. Allenton, St. Louis County, G. W. Letterman, April 25, 1880, May 10, 1881, October 1882, June 1, 1883; near Webster, St. Louis County, H. Eggert, May 24, 1887; also through Illinois, southern Michigan, Ontario, western New York and Pennsylvania. 2. Crataegus hispidula, Nn. sp. Leaves broadly ovate to broadly oval, acuminate, abruptly cuneate or rounded at the base, sharply often doubly serrate above, with long straight glandular teeth, and slightly divided into 4 or 5 pairs of small acuminate spreading lobes; about one-third grown when the flowers open from the 15th to the 25th of May and then thin, dark green, scabrous, and slightly hairy on the midribs above, and pale and villose on the midribs and veins — below, and at maturity thin, yellow-green and scabrate on the upper sur- face, still slightly villose on the lower surface on the prominent mid- ribs and primary veins, 6-8 cm. long and 5-7 cm. wide; petioles stout, broadly wing-margined nearly to the base, villose, 1-1.5 cm. in length; leaves on vigorous shoots ovate, acuminate, abruptly concave-cuneate at the base, more coarsely serrate and more deeply lobed, often 8 to 9 cm. long and 6-7 cm. wide, with broad-winged petioles, and foliaceous lunate coarsely glandular-serrate persistent stipules sometimes 2 cm. in length. Flowers about 1 cm. in diameter, on short stout hoary-tomen- tose pedicels, in compact tomentose mostly 12-20-flowered corymbs, the short lower peduncles from the axils of upper leaves; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, thickly coated with long matted white hairs, the lobes short, slender, acuminate, laciniately glandular-serrate, glabrous on the outer, villose on the inner surface, reflexed after anthesis; stamens 20; anthers pale pink; styles 2 or 3, usually 2. Fruit ripening early in October, on slender hairy pedicels, in wide spreading many-fruited clusters, obovate, full and rounded at the apex, gradually narrowed at the base, slightly hairy at the ends, orange-red, 7-8 mm. long and 6-7 mm. in diam- eter; calyx prominent, with a deep narrow cavity pointed in the bottom, ‘and much enlarged foliaceous coarsely serrate spreading persistent lobes sparingly villose and dark red on the upper side below the middle; flesh thin, yellow, sweet, becoming succulent; nutlets usually 2, gradually narrowed and rounded at the ends, ridged on the back, with a broad low ridge, penetrated on the inner faces with shallow cavities, 4.5-5 mm. long, and 3-3,5 mm, wide. CRATAEGUS IN MISSOURI. 117 A shrub 2 or 3 m. high, with stems sometimes 3 em. in diameter, small ascending branches, and slender nearly straight branchlets light orange-green and thickly covered with long white hairs when they first appear, becoming bright chestnut- brown, lustrous and marked by pale lenticels in their first season and dull red-brown the following year, and armed with numerous very slender nearly straight purplish spines 3-4 cm. long, persistent and compound on old stems. Limestone cliffs of Spring River, Carthage, Jasper County, E. J. Palmer, (No. 9 D type) May 24, and October 27, 1901, October 27, 1902. ; 3. CRATAEGUS MISSOURIENSIS Ashe, Bull. N. C. College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, No. 175, 110 (1900). Leaves ovate to obovate, acute and short-pointed at the apex, cuneate at the entire base, and coarsely often doubly serrate, with straight glandu- lar teeth; nearly fully grown when the flowers open about the middle of May and then thin, yellow-green, lustrous and roughened above by short white hairs and paler and villose below especially on the slender midribs and primary veins, and at maturity thin, dark yellow-green, lustrous and scabrate on the upper surface, pale and still villose on the lower surface, 3.5-4.5 cm. long and 2.5-3 cm. wide; petioles slender, narrowly wing- margined, densely villose while young, often becoming nearly glabrous, 4-6 mm. in length; leaves on vigorous shoots oval, acute or acuminate at the ends, more coarsely serrate, occasionally slightly lobed, frequently 6-7 cm. long and 4-5 cm. wide. Flowers bad-smelling, 1.2-1.5 em. in diameter, on slender hoary-tomentose pedicels, in small compact mostly 3-8-flowered tomentose corymbs, the lower peduncles from the axils of upper leaves; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, hoary-tomentose, the lobes long, slender, acuminate, laciniately glandular-serrate, sparingly villose or glabrous on the outer surface, villose on the inner surface, reflexed after anthesis; stamens 20; anthers rose color; styles 3-5, surrounded at the base by a ring of pale hairs. Fruit ripening early in October, on stout erect or spreading slightly hairy pedicels, solitary or in few-fruited clus- ters, short-oblong to oval or slightly obovate, bright orange-red, lustrous, 11-12 mm. long and 9-10 mm. in diameter; calyx prominent, with a short tube, a deep narrow cavity tomentose in the bottom, and elongated spread- ing lobes; flesh thin, yellow, sweet and succulent; nutlets 3-5, gradually narrowed and rounded at the ends or acute at the base, ridged on the back, with a broad high grooved ridge, penetrated on the inner faces by very shallow broad cavities, 44.5 mm. long, and 3-3.5 mm. wide. A shrub 1-2 m. high, with slender branchlets thickly coated when they first appear with long matted white hairs, becom- 118 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN, ing dark dull purple and pubescent in their first season and grayish brown the following year, and armed with numerous very slender straight purple ultimately gray spines 3.5-5 em. long. Bluffs and rocky banks of small streams, Monteer, Shannon County, B. F. Bush, (No. 277 type) July 29, 1899, (Nos. 383 and 387) May 25, 1900, (No. 504) May 16, 1901, (Nos. 3, 3 A, 3 B,3C,3E,3F,3H,31D May and October 1905; Birch Tree, Shannon County, B. F. Bush, (No. 293, described as a slender tree) July 29, 1899, (No. 390) May 26, 1900; Pleasant Grove, Ripley County, B. F. Bush, (No. 455, described as a slender tree) August 10, 1899. 4. Crataegus globosa, N. sp. Leaves slightly obovate to oval or ovate, acuminate, gradually nar- rowed and concave-cuneate at the entire base, coarsely doubly serrate above, with straight glandular teeth, and occasionally very slightly di- vided above the middle into 3 or 4 pairs of small acute lobes; nearly fully grown when the flowers open about the middle of May and then thin, yel- low-green, covered above by short white hairs and pubescent below, and at maturity thin, dark yellow-green, lustrous and scabrate on the upper surface and pale and pubescent on the lower surface especially along the slender yellow midribs and primary veins, 6-8 cm. long and 4.5-5.5 em. wide; petioles stout, narrowly wing-margined to below the middle, villose early in the season, becoming puberulous, 1-1.2 cm, in length; leaves on vigorous shoots ovate to oval, more coarsely serrate, rarely slightly lobed, often 9-10 em. long and 6-7 cm. wide. Flowers 1.4—1.5 em. in diameter, on slender hoary-tomentose pedicels, in compact mostly 12—15-flowered corymbs, with linear-obovate to linear minutely glandular bracts and bractlets fading brown and often persistent until the flowers open, the long slender tomentose lower peduncles from the axils of upper leaves; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, densely tomentose, the lobes narrow, acu- minate, finely glandular-serrate, pubescent on the outer, villose on the inner surface, reflexed after anthesis; stamens 20; anthers large, rose color; styles 2, surrounded at the base by a narrow ring of pale hairs. Fruit ripening early in October, on stout slightly hairy drooping pedicels, in many-fruited clusters, often persistent until after the leaves fall, globose or short-oblong, light orange-red, lustrous, marked by large dark dots, 7-8 mm. in diameter; calyx little enlarged, with a wide shallow cavity, and slender closely appressed often deciduous lobes; flesh thin, yellow, dry and hard, becoming soft after frost; nutlets 2, full and rounded at the ends, ridged on the back, with a broad low slightly grooved ridge, pene- trated on the inner face by very large shallow cavities, 5.5-6 mm. long, and 3.5-4 mm, wide, CRATAEGUS IN MISSOURI. 119 A slender shrub 5-8 m. high, with numerous small stems, and slender nearly straight branchlets covered when they first appear with long matted white hairs, becoming light chestnut- brown, puberulous, and marked by pale lenticels in their first season and dull gray-brown the following year, and armed with very numerous stout straight chestnut-brown shining spines 5-6 cm. long. Dry gravelly banks of small streams near Monteer, Shannon County, B. F. Bush, (No. 7 B type), May 17 and Oct. 1, 1905, (No. 7) Oct. 6, 1905, (No. 7 A) Oct. 6, 1905, (No. 7 C) Oct. 1, 1905. To this species appear to belong the following speci- mens: Swan, Taney County, B. F. Bush, (No. 10) May 21 and September 22, 1905, (Nos. 10 B, 10 C and 10 D) Sep- tember 1905, (No. 10 E), May 19, 1907; Christian County, near Swan, B. F. Bush, (No. 10 F) May 21, 1907, (No. P) September 25, 1905. 5. Crataegus obscura, N. sp. Leaves ovate to rhombic, acuminate, concave-cuneate at the entire base, sharply often doubly serrate above, with straight glandular teeth, and divided above the middle into 4 or 5 pairs of long slender acuminate lobes; fully grown when the flowers open about the middle of May and then thin, yellow-green, strigose above and villose along the upper side of the midribs and soft-pubescent below, and at maturity thin, light yellow-green and scabrate above, and palerand pubescent below especially on the slender midribs, and thin primary veins extending obliquely to the points of the lobes, 6-7.5 em. long and 4-6 cm. wide; petioles stout, narrowly wing- margined nearly to the base, densely villose while young, becoming nearly glabrous, 1.5-1.8 cm. in length. Flowers 1-1.2 cm. in diameter, on slender densely villose pedicels, in mostly 12-15-flowered hairy corymbs, the much elongated lower peduncles from the axils of upper leaves; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, thickly covered with matted white hairs, the lobes long, slender, acuminate, glandular-serrate, sparingly villose, reflexed after anthesis; stamens 7-10; anthers rose color; styles 2 or 3, surrounded at the base by a narrow ring of pale tomentum. Fruit ripening early in October, on stout hairy erect pedicels, in few-fruited clusters, obovate, full and rounded at the apex, abruptly narrowed at the base, light orange- red, lustrous, marked by small pale dots, 1-1.2 cm. long and 9-10 mm. in diameter; calyx little enlarged, with a very narrow shallow cavity, and elongated slender laciniately serrate spreading and incurved often decidu- ous lobes; flesh thin, pale yellow, soft and succulent; nutlets 2 or 3, usually 2, rounded at the ends, ridged on the back, with a narrow low ridge, penetrated on the inner faces by broad shallow cavities, about 6 mm. long, and 2 mm. wide. 120 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN. A shrub 1-3 m. high, with slender stems covered with smooth dark bark, small ascending branches, and slender nearly straight branchlets loosely coated with long white hairs when they first appear, light orange-brown and pubes- cent at the end of their first season, becoming rather lighter- colored the following year, and armed with very numerous slender nearly straight purple ultimately ashy gray spines 3-6 cm. long and generally pointing toward the base of the branch. Limestone cliffs of Centre Creek, near Webb City, Jasper County, EH. J. Palmer, (No. 9 C type) May 18, 1902, October 4, 1907. 6. Crataegus spinulosa, n. sp. Leaves broadly ovate, acuminate, abruptly concave-cuneate at the entire base, sharply often doubly serrate above, with straight glandular teeth, and slightly divided usually only above the middle into 3 or 4 pairs of small spreading acuminate lobes; nearly fully grown when the flowers open about the 20th of May and then thin, dark yellow-green and roughened above by short white hairs and villose-pubescent below, and at maturity rather thick, dark yellow-green, scabrate and lustrous on the upper surface, paler and still villose on the lower surface especially on the stout yellow midribs, and conspicuous primary veins extending very obliquely to the points of the lobes, 5.5-8 em. long and 4.5-6 em. wide; petioles stout, narrowly wing-margined nearly to the base, villose, occasionally glandular, 1-1.5 cm. in length. Flowers 1.2-1.4 cm. in diameter, on long stout villose pedicels, in wide hairy mostly 15-25-flowered corymbs, the much elongated lower peduncles from the axils of upper leaves; calyx- tube narrowly obconic, coated with long matted white hairs, the lobes gradually narrowed from the base, long, wide, sharply glandular-serrate, slightly villose, reflexed after anthesis; stamens 10; anthers bright rose color; styles 2 or 3. Fruit ripening early in October, on short stout slightly hairy pedicels, in few-fruited drooping clusters, short-oblong, slightly narrowed and hairy at the ends, orange-red, lustrous, 7-8 mm. long and 5-6 mm. in diameter; calyx little enlarged, with a deep narrow cavity, and small spreading and appressed lobes; flesh thin, yellow, soft and juicy; nutlets usually 2, rounded at the ends, ridged on the back, with a broad low grooved ridge, deeply penetrated on the inner face by long narrow cavities, 5.5-6 mm. long, and 3-3.5 mm. wide. A shrub 2-3 m. high, with small stems covered with pale gray bark,slender nearly straight branchlets dark orange-green, marked by large pale lenticels and coated with long matted white hairs when they first appear, still hairy and light chestnut-brown at the end of their first season and dull apeerg, CRATAEGUS IN MISSOURI. 121 gray-brown the following year, and unarmed or armed with occasional slender straight light chestnut-brown spines 3-5 em. long. | Low moist soil by streams, near Webb City, Jasper County, E. J. Palmer, (No. 9 A type) May 20 and October 13, 1901, May 19, 1908, (No. 14) C. 8S. Sargent, October 2, 1901. 7. CRATAEGUS MOLLITA Sargent, Trees and Shrubs, ii. 77, t. 136 (1908). Gravelly banks of streams, Swan, Taney County, B. F. Bush, (No. 11 B type) May and September 1905, May 1907, also numbers 11, 11 A, 11 C and 11 D. 8. Crataegus rupicola, n. sp. Leaves ovate to obovate, acute or acuminate, gradually narrowed and concave-cuneate at the glandular base, coarsely doubly serrate above, with straight glandular teeth, slightly divided usually only above the middle into 3 or 4 pairs of small acuminate lobes, strigose and becoming scabrate on the upper surface, and covered on the lower side of the stout midribs and slender prominent veins and veinlets with long white rather rigid hairs; nearly fully grown when the flowers open from the 15th to the 20th of May and then light yellow-green, and at maturity thin but firm in texture, yellow-green, 7-8 cm. long and 5-6 cm. wide; petioles slender, broadly wing-margined at the apex, densely villose-pubescent, glandular, with minute persistent glands, 1.5-2.5 em. in length; leaves on vigorous shoots coarsely serrate, more deeply lobed, and often 8-10 cm. long and 6-7 cm. wide, with stout broad-winged petioles. Flowers 1.6-1.7 cm. in diameter, on short slender densely villose pedicels, in 5-8-flowered hairy corymbs, with lanceolate to linear glandular bracts and bractlets fading brown and often persistent until the flowers open, the lower peduncles from the axils of upper leaves; calyx-tube densely covered with matted pale hairs, the lobes wide, long-pointed and acuminate at the apex, villose, reflexed after anthesis; stamens 5-10; anthers large, bright red; styles 2-4, usually 3, surrounded at the base by a broad ring of long white hairs. Fruit ripening and falling early in October, on stout erect or spreading villose pedicels, in few-fruited clusters, subglobose to short-oblong, deeply concave at the insertion of the stem, bright orange-red, villose, with long soft white hairs most abundant at the rounded ends, 9-11 mm. in diameter ; calyx little enlarged, with a broad deep cavity lined with hoary tomentum, and small spreading closely appressed lobes; flesh yellow-green, thick, dry and mealy ; nutlets 2-4, obtuse and rounded at the ends, or when 4 narrowed at the ends, prominently ridged on the back, with a high deeply grooved ridge, penetrated on the inner faces by narrow deep cavities, 5.5-6 cm. long, and 44.5 mm. wide. 122 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN. A slender shrub 2-4 m. high, with small stems covered with dark scaly bark, small spreading and ascending branches form- ing an open irregular head, and slender slightly zigzag branch- lets dark green and hoary-tomentose when they first appear, becoming light chestnut-brown, lustrous and_villose-pubes- cent or almost glabrous in their first season and dull reddish brown or gray in their second year, and armed with numerous slender nearly straight purplish shining spines 2-5 cm. long. Dry rocky hills and barrens, and the dry banks of small streams, Swan, Taney County, B. F. Bush, (No. 3 A type) May 21 and September 22, 1905, (No. 3) May 19, 1905, (No 3 B) September 25, 1905, also T'release and Sargent, October 8, 1899 (without number). 9. Crataegus pudens, N. Sp. Leaves narrowly obovate to rhombic or ovate, acuminate, gradually narrowed to the long concave-cuneate entire base, and coarsely doubly serrate above, with straight glandular teeth; more than half-grown when the flowers open about the middle of May, and then thin, yellow-green, setose, and villose along the midribs above, and pubescent below, and at maturity thin but firm in texture, dark green, scabrate and lustrous on the upper surface, pale bluish green and rough-pubescent on the lower surface, 5-6 em. long and 3-3.5 em. wide, with slender villose midribs and primary veins; petioles stout, wing-margined to below the middle, densely villose early in the season, becoming glabrous, 1-1.2 em. in length; leaves on vigorous shoots thicker, usually broadly obovate, coarsely serrate, often 6.5-7.5 em. long and 5-6 cm. wide, with narrow foliaceous faleate glandular-serrate stipules. Flowers 1.4-1.5 cm. in diameter, on long slender villose pedicels, in wide lax mostly 15-20-flowered corymbs, with oblong-obovate to linear minutely glandular bracts and bractlets fading brown and usually persistent until the flowers open, the long slender villose lower peduncles from the axils of the upper leaves; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, thickly coated with long matted pale hairs, the lobes wide, long- pointed and acuminate, glandular-serrate, glabrous on the outer, villose on the inner surface, reflexed after anthesis; stamens 10; anthers pale yellow; styles 2 or 3, surrounded at the base by a broad ring of white hairs. Fruit ripening the end of September, on long drooping slightly hairy pedi- cels, in broad many-fruited clusters, short-oblong, full and rounded at the ends, green to yellowish red, 9-10 mm. long and 8-9 mm. in diameter; calyx little enlarged, with a very narrow deep cavity, and small spreading lobes often deciduous from the ripe fruit; flesh thin, yellow-green, hard and dry; nutlets 2 or 3, usually 2, full and rounded at the ends, ridged on the back, with a broad high grooved ridge, irregularly penetrated on the inner faces by shallow cavities, 6-7 mm. long, and 4.5- mm, wide, CRATAEGUS IN MISSOURI. 123 A shrub 3-5 m. high, with numerous small stems, slender nearly straight branchlets thickly covered when they first appear with long matted white hairs, becoming bright chest- nut-brown, very lustrous, and marked by many small pale lenticels in their first season, and dull reddish brown the following year, and armed with very numerous slender slightly curved purplish shining spines 4-5 cm. long and often point- ing toward the base of the branch. Gravelly banks of small streams, near Monteer, Shannon County, B. F. Bush (No. 11 type), May 15 and Oct. 3, 1905, (No. 11 A) May 15, 1905, (No. 11 B) May 15 and Oct. 7, 1905. 10. CRATAEGUS MoLLIcULA Sargent, Trees and Shrubs, i. 13, t. 107 (1907). Rocky banks of streams, Monteer, Shannon County, B. F. Bush, (No. 8 type) May and October 1905. 11. Crataegus insperata, N. sp. Leaves broadly ovate to broadly obovate,acute or acuminate at the apex, gradually or abruptly narrowed to the concave-cuneate entire base, sharply often doubly serrate above, with straight slender glandular teeth, and divided above the middle into 3 or 4 pairs of narrow acuminate lobes; fully grown when the flowers open about the 20th of May and then thin, light yellow-green and roughened above by short white hairs and soft-pubescent below especially on the midribs and veins, and at maturity rather thick, dark yellow-green and scabrate on the upper surface and pale bluish green and still pubescent on the stout midribs and slender primary veins on the lower surface, 5-6 em long and 3-5 em. wide; petioles stout, wing-mar- gined nearly to the base, villose early in the season, becoming glabrous, rose- colored in the autumn, 7-10 mm. in length. Flowers about 1 cm. in diam- eter, on slender pedicels covered with matted pale hairs, in compact 15-20- flowered hairy corymbs, with linear acuminate glandular-serrate bracts and bractlets fading brown and frequently persistent until the flowers open, the long lower peduncles from the axils of upper leaves; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, hairy like the pedicels, the lobes long, slender, acuminate, lacini- ately serrate, villose on the two surfaces, reflexed after anthesis; stamens 20; anthers dark red; styles 2 or 3, surrounded at the base by a ring of pale hairs. Fruit ripening in October, on stout reddish slightly hairy pedicels, in few-fruited clusters, obovate, light orange-red, lustrous, 1-1.2 cm. long and 8-10 mm. in diameter; calyx little enlarged, with a short pubescent tube, a narrow deep cavity, and small spreading and reflexed often deciduous lobes; flesh thick, yellow, sweet and succulent; nutlets 2 or 3, full and rounded, or when 3 narrowed and rounded at the ends, ridged on the back, with a broad low grooved ridge, deeply penetrated on 124 _ MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN. the inner faces by very broad deep cavities, about 6 mm, long, and 3 mm. wide. A shrub 1.5-2 m. high, with small stems covered with dark bark, small ascending and spreading branches, and slender nearly straight branchlets orange-green and loosely covered with matted white hairs when they first appear, dull reddish brown and slightly pubescent at the end of their first season, becoming dark dull red-brown and glabrous the following year, and unarmed or armed with occasional slender short spines. Rocky banks of Spring River, Carthage, Jasper County, E. J. Palmer, (No. 9 H type) May 19 and October 5, 1907. With leaves considerably thicker than those of the other Missouri thin-leaved Tomentosae and thinner than those of the two Missouri thick-leaved species, Crataegus insperata serves to connect these two divisions of the group. The prominent midribs and veins impressed above indicate, how- ever,a closer relationship with the thick-leaved species with which I have placed it. 12. Crataegus ensifera, nN. sp. Leaves rhombic to slightly obovate, acuminate at the ends, finely doubly serrate, with straight glandular teeth, and slightly divided above the middle into 3 or 4 pairs of small acuminate lobes; nearly fully grown when the flowers open from the 10th to the middle of May and then thin but firm in texture, dark yellow-green, lustrous, and roughened above by short white hairs and pale yellowish green and sparingly villose along the midribs and veins below, and at maturity thick, light yellow-green and scabrate above, pale and pubescent below, 5-6 cm. long and 3-3.5 cm. wide, with stout midribs, and thin prominent primary veins deeply impressed on the upper side of the leaf; petioles slender, narrowly wing-margined to below the middle, villose on the upper side while young, becoming glabrous, bright rose color in the autumn, 1—1.5 cm. in length. Flowers 1.3-1.4 em. in diameter, on long slender slightly hairy pedicels, in wide mostly 16-20- flowered corymbs, the elongated lower peduncles from the axils of upper leaves; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, slightly hairy near the base, glabrous above, the lobes long, wide, laciniately glandular-serrate, glabrous on the outer, villose on the inner surface, reflexed after anthesis; stamens 20; anthers minute, pale salmon color; styles 2. Fruit ripening and falling early in October, on slender drooping slightly pubescent pedicels, in few- fruited clusters, oval, bright orange-red, lustrous, marked by small pale dots, 1-1.2 em. long and 8-9 em. in diameter; calyx prominent, with a wide deep cavity,and small spreading and appressed coarsely serrate lobes, CRATAEGUS IN MISSOURI. 125 flesh thin, yellow, sweet and succulent; nutlets 2, rounded at the ends, ridged on the back, with a low ridge, penetrated on the inner faces by narrow deep cavities, 5.5-6 mm. long, and 2-2.5 mm. wide. A tree 7-8 m. high, with a trunk sometimes 2 dm. in diam- eter, small ascending and spreading branches, and stout slightly zigzag glabrous branchlets light green when they first appear, becoming bright chestnut-red, very lustrous and marked by dark lenticels in their first season and dark reddish brown the following year, and armed with very numerous stout slightly curved bright chestnut-brown ultimately ashy gray spines 4.5-8 cm. long. Roadside five miles north of Swan, in Christian County, B. F. Bush, (No. 23 B type) May 16 and October 6, 1907, (Nos. 23 and 23 A) May 16, 1907, (No. 23 C) May 16 and October 6, 1907. 13. CRATAEGUS PERTOMENTOSA Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. xvi. pt. ii. 70 (1900)—Mackenzie & Bush, Manual FI. Jackson County, Missouri, 108. Leaves ovate to rhombic, acuminate, gradually narrowed and concave- cuneate at the entire base,sharply often doubly serrate above, with straight glandular teeth, and occasionally slightly divided above the middle into small acute lobes; about half-grown when the flowers open the middle of May and then thin, bluish green, villoseon the upper side of the midribs and roughened above by short white hairs, and pale and villose below especially on the midribs and veins, and at maturity subcoriaceous, lustrous and sca- brate on the upper surface, still villose on the lower surface, 5-5.5 cm. long and 3-4 cm. wide, with stout midribs often rose-colored in the autumn, and slender primary veins deeply impressed on the upper side of the leaves; petioles stout, wing-margined at the apex, sparingly villose early in the season, becoming glabrous, 8-10 mm. in length; leaves on vigorous shoots thicker, broadly ovate to oval, acute at the apex, rounded or concave- cuneate at the base, more coarsely serrate, often more deeply lobed, frequently 6-7 cm. long and 5.5-6.5 cm. wide. Flowers 1.5-1.6 cm. in diameter, on long slender densely villose pedicels, in wide mostly 18-20- flowered hairy corymbs, with linear-lanceolate to linear acuminate finely glandular-serrate bracts and bractlets fading brown and generally per- sistent until the flowers open, the much elongated lower peduncles from the axils of upper leaves; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, densely villose, the lobes long, slender, acuminate, laciniately glandular-serrate below the middle, glabrous on the outer, villose on the inner surface, reflexed after anthesis; stamens 10; anthers pale yellow; styles 2, surrounded at the base by a broad ring of pale hairs, Fruit ripening late in September 126 ' MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN. or in October, on long slender hairy pedicels, in many-fruited drooping clusters, subglobose to short-oblong, scarlet, lustrous, marked by small pale dots, 8-9 mm. in diameter; calyx little enlarged, with a narrow shallow cavity and spreading often deciduous lobes; flesh thin, yellow, sweet and succulent; nutlets 2, rounded at the ends, slightly ridged on the back, penetrated on the inner faces by deep narrow cavities, about 6 mm. long, and 2.5 mm. wide. A shrub 2-6 m. high, with slender stems covered with gray scaly bark, spreading branches, and stout slightly zigzag branchlets dark reddish brown marked by pale lenticels and sparingly villose when they first appear, becoming light chestnut-brown, glabrous and very lustrous in their first season and pale gray-brown the following year, and armed with numerous stout or slender nearly straight purple shining spines 3-6 cm. long. Rocky barrens, Jackson County; widely distributed but not common, B. F. Bush, Grain Valley, Dodson, Independ- ence. Arnold Arboretum. ADDENDUM.* 2. CRATAEGUS APIIFOLIA Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 287. (1803). —Chapman, Fl. 127.—Sargent, Silva N. Am. iv. 111, t. 188; Manual, 486, f. 401. Neelyville, Butler County, B. F. Bush (No. 47), April 22, 1898; also from Arkansas, eastern Texas, and to Florida and southern Virginia. * p. 114, under MICROCARPAE. 4 al He t HH Hi 1D a ed > i NY | BH ath ‘ai H tek 3 | [} [ HT CHEN] MYTH Pigs — tl St. Louis Directrix weeetoons wisil tg i ~ } wi | } : 5 ee x | a Se | | | | THE ETS PR Suit Mile atte z = ] tal t © r8 ; 3% line Pree ba i se ® > | op | 33 = = ap / wa fore’ a pe 3 woe ai 8 a BS es 9 fe ct a = 7 n ad 2) 2 3) - 3 Mo 2 ey =e iI HA E = Ss 3 on § 328 AS | 3: ee ie eee ) nas re ia en as ae WH] 8 es : Se OM g > a3 BY 4 = es OD mM wh RR es. | = ut ° D ~ 6 $3 : a oh ae | A . mo \ == : s OATH a “ily; ‘ , ae AN ECOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER IN THE REGION OF ST. LOUIS, MISSOURIL.* BY HENRI HUS. INTRODUCTION. The diversity of physiographic conditions afforded by a great river like the Mississippi always offers an incentive to a study of the distribution of the vegetation about it. This is particularly true of the Mississippi in the region of St. Louis, Mo. Here it traverses a valley from four to eight miles broad of which a portion, approximately one mile in width, is occupied by the stream. The greater part of its alluvial flood plain lies in Illinois, there forming the most northern portion of the American Bottom. This flood plain is modi- fied by numerous agents either natural or artificial. Bodies of water, varied in extent, occupy a large area. While some of them are connected with the river at all times, others are so only in times of flood. Creeks, descending from the pla- teau, cut their way to the Mississippi. The land itself is high or low, sandy or clayey. Portions of it have been diked. Wooded tracts have been denuded for agricultural purposes. The resulting diversity of vegetation finds a paral- lel in that of the plateaus of Missouri and Illinois, both origi- nally forming part of the same peneplain. These plateaus have been modified by various physical agents. Water is responsible for the formation of ravines and sinkholes. Under the influence of man large portions of the original forest have disappeared. Farms now occupy their place. Naturally these influences have gone far to modify the original vegetation. Contemporaneous with the recession, or even disappearance, of a species is the advent and establishment of another. Railroads, bringing about entirely new conditions, have offered favorable opportunities for the development and distribution of certain species, at the same time assisting in the immigration of others. It is realized that where the secondary influences act upon a country already modeled * A thesis presented to the Faculty of Washington University, in candidacy for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, April. 1908. (127) 128 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN. into distinct regions by primary physiographic forces, the effect upon the flora must be far reaching. In the following paper an attempt has been made to analyze the physio- graphic features of the river valley and to study the distri- bution of the local flora with reference to them. Since a cross section of the Mississippi River, following a straight line laid down with mathematical precision, would not include the various features characteristic of the region described, the cross section made is an ideal one, exempli- fied in the accompanying diagram, embodying the principal physiographic features of the region studied. The section embraces, from east to west, the country lying between the rolling prairies of southwestern Illinois on the one hand and the Missouri plateau on the other, and includes portions of the two plateaus. On the Missouri side the area covered comprises the country between the mouth of the River des Péres and the mouth of the Meramec River. On the Illinois side the territory is bounded on the north by an east and west line drawn through a point approximately one mile north of Collinsville in Madison county and on the south by an east and west line drawn through a point about two miles south of Falling Spring, St. Clair county. In the collection of data for and in the preparation of this paper the writer is indebted for valuable assistance to many friends, in the first place to Professor William Trelease, at whose suggestion the work was undertaken. To Professor Fenneman of the U. 8. Geological Survey, to Messrs. Mitchell and Penneman of the Deep Water Way Commission, and to Mr. J. J. Lichter, thanks are due for information along geological lines, especially as far as borings in the American Bottoms are concerned, and to Mr. J. H. Kellogg of the Missouri Botanical Garden for numerous botanical data. PHYSICAL FEATURES. METEOROLOGY. As pointed out by Clements,* unless meteorological readings are taken in each habitat, they are of no value to the ecologist * Clements, F. E. Research Methods in Ecology. Lincoln. 1905. ECOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 129 except in giving a very general idea of the vegetation. Neither annual nor daily averages can be used to advantage. It is different where monthly or seasonal averages are concerned. The extremes also are of importance. For this reason certain of the data collected by others are given here. TABLE A. . ° fy e e Fs . . Year| €]/3| 3 oye a ak ee = a ea P| ais] o] 8 fs By = = , BARN CHM NHN SNM dada HMMA CORHH : Res PA] encoconmnntHS i on irs ; Qh SRSA PAHT SHR SCaeoseoovsornsSnasrsszgn xe | GODOHOHWOKRTHHS 230 S QWHAGAS ANOS OAT STQWMHSVCSOHAAIINDSOMNOSOMSOATI |e 8&8, } ANSOMAHAd SAN ANCANC SNH CCH SH OMAN OSH | F ona OO "EOD Z AANS et) no B : ROHNOM BOAT SMM ISS HSEKTSNSS mo geSnheseserescr |g a | £eq Adee?) Ltt a ils et a He QoS St SO Se aS SO Hr owoacooocawes 1 Fi = BAAN BARON Pag a SCMMNOPMMMAMMHOSODANEMSH BHM NNOMANOCRTMNM Ha < 3 5 rb) me = u + OANHMHO NB 01919 0D oid a QRS SSV SV RRA SPH STTSSHSSSSHASENSOSSAMANDS | = 4 SHOR HOGrOHOOE S'O-n SF | BASKSCONNKQYANAATTOOV NN SOOHOOrARAnreers | & . A) ReSeees ese Sop, < MOOSHAMWIAHANHONMANNRFOONNHOHANOCONFOMONAMS D 8 os han ien enon hon hae onl ss 3 | YOLHONTLOD a9 + ASSDAMEN MH AHODIHAANOHOWOMMHHORAOANBON ce xeWq| 5 oo im Ie q | SSSRRRRA GMA ARRSSRSSHSSIRASATARERSSISR | E Gee] ee eae fe Aan = APO WAWAMN ROI AMDHANONNANANSOHWA HR HO EHH HOM 2 o CAH oreped HIN CDA | a 4 eases |s ® * MAOH SHMHANDAHANDEMAROLADANAOHIA < A Bit AO Soe a & g¢ | BRSSSISSSERGSSSSRSRAGKISIERSRSARLSRZS |b a mg | aeaae oa eg E] ATCSASSHAWAA TW NWSW TC [ZH Wp OOAPGaROonAA | Sic ad 4 s DSOSrRADRDHOrEm |K . Se 3 | eee eee 2 ° : QSASSSHSS SOI HIE A RAOSSS OHS HEA SSoneFaan is da a 2 se far e ot RagNrrie ha lst pa pr phe pet reo” pra Bie pera ae es aa is HOOntHAROCARHAH < | 83 g | Addin Cd dada SHcdaidininidianican desis dad *8N | NrSSacscoanan or K : SSB Oa SS SSS eS BAAS SSM SSeNwmSeseee | Yas Pane = Se d | BEBABKARSHFHSRAR SHOT HHA BSINBSSH AR AGH SPE RTe Sag iS ASHHSHHARNSNSC SMM ONMNHHONAH HHO pa _ : ‘3 ‘38 nas s + i] . san be | a a ~ ° 4 | Copeeetresanassspassanesestuesnas sess E | desag Beste | |P Sse m DHO OHO HD OBKOBHBOHBODE DOD DHE LBRRSR RASS = BORE DEREREES * 6929 | ! henhankenhanhanhenhonhenhanhonhenhanhonhanhenhanlanhanhanhenhenhanhanhenhenhenhonhantankonhenhentoshenhonhon! arSassssoe sd io") Se2<2454<0029 oe or" dd ki ial eee © re ne ee ee balla scsebiint Sey Hale patie Ma he 6 paring et Et pia Pas 131 ECOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION. OF THE MISSISSIPPI. From the temperature table given (A) the following data have been calculated. The mean covers the period from 1874 to 1907. The seasonal division here made is: spring, March, April, May; summer, June, July, August; autumn, September, October, November; winter, December, January, February. TABLE D. Seasonal Mean Extremes Annual : ; Mean . be 4 Winter | Spring | Summer | Autumn Maximum) Minimum 33.94 | 55.55 | 77.18 52.67 56.47 107 —22 AVERAGE AND EXTREME TEMPERATURE. A comparison of normal temperature and precipitation for St. Louis, given by Fippin and Drake,* is reproduced as Table E. TABLE E. Temper- | Precipi- Temper- | Precipi- Month ature tation Month ature tation January 30.5 2.18 July 78.8 3.76 February 35.1 2.78 August 76.8 3.50 March 43.1 3.49 September 69.4 one April 56.2 3.79 October 57.5 2.89 May 65.8 4.58 November 43.6 3.10 June 75.2 5.08 December 35.6 2.81 NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION. It is almost unnecessary to state that figures obtained for various stations in our section show marked differ- Even where conditions are fairly uniform the differences are striking. This is well illustrated by Table F, containing figures taken from a paper by Nipher.t ences. * Fippin, E. O. and J. A. Drake. Rept. U. 8. D. A. Bureau of Soils. Missouri-Illinois. + Nipher, F. E. Report on Missouri Rainfall, with Averages for ten Years ending December, 1887. Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis. 1889, Soil Survey of the O’Fallon Area, 6: 817. 1904. 5: 383. 132 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN. TABLE F. Locality* |Jan.|Feb.|Mar.| Apr.| May] Jun. | Jul. | Aug.) Sep. | Oct. Nov. Dec.) Year Station 1 .80) 8.94) 3.49 3.58 4.55 4.53) 3.84| 2.20) 1.73) 2.44] 3.24) 1.81) 43.15 Station 2 3.68] 7.21| 3.39] 4.30! 4.36] 4.78] 3.56) 2.53) 1.46) 2.33) 3.16) 1.75) 42.51 Station 3 2.34] 6.99] 3.57] 3.47) 4.22) 4.57| 1.10} 2.07) 1.38) 3.21) 2.77) 1.49) 37.18 Station 4 2.80| 6.96] 2.14! 3.17] 4.89] 3.80] 4.30] 3.52) 1.71] 2.42) 4.00) 1.16) 40.87 Station 5 2.87| 6.54| 3.29] 2.16] 4.29| 4.94] 4.84) 2.67) 2.73] 3.55) 3.04) 1.84) 42.76 RAINFALL IN OR NEAR ST. LOUIS, 1882. An excellent exposition of the relations existing between soils and plant growth on the one hand and temperature on the other, as well as of the influence of precipitation, is given by Hilgard.t Unfortunately there are no records available for our different habitats. Yet data obtained from two points, the one to the northwest, the other to the southeast of our territory, do not show a very great difference, as is exemplified by Table G. TABLE G. Month Temperature Rainfall St. Louis | Mascoutah | Diff St. Louis |Mascoutah | Diff. April 56.1 53.6 +2.5 3.52 3.94 — .42 May 66.5 64.0 +2.5 4.24 4.67 —.43 June 75.1 74.0 41.1 4.47 4.22 |4.25 July 78.7 77.9 + .8 3.21 3.09 +.12 Aug. 77.2 75.7 +1.5 2.66 2.78 —.12 Sept. 70.0 69.4 + .6 2.91 3.44 — .53 Oct. 58 .4 56.6 +1.8 2.41 221 +.20 Nov. 43.4 42.9 + .5 2.88 3.26 |—.38 Dec. 35.5 34.5 +1.0. 2.23 2.38 —.15 ST. LOUIS, MO., AND MASCOUTAH, ILL., 1907. * Station 1, St. Louis Signal Service. Gauge on the roof of the St. Louis Life Insurance Building, 6th and Locust Sts.—Station 2, Washing- ton University. Gauge 6 feet above the ground in the rear yard of a dwelling on the S. E. cor., 18th St. and Washington Ave.—Station 3, St. Louis Waterworks. Top of gauge 16 inches above the ground with no tree or building within 75 yards.—Station 4, Jefferson Barracks, St. Louis Co., Mo.—Station 5, Mascoutah, St. Clair Co., Ill. Gauge 3 feet above ground. + Hilgard, E. Soils. 289, 305, 310. New York. 1908. t Compiled at the St. Louis Weather Bureau from data in U. S. D. A. Weather Bureau. Climatological Report, Illinois Section. 12". 1907. ECOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 133 The main point to be remembered in judging temperature ~ conditions in the field from data obtained in the city is that true extremes are seldom obtained in the latter location on account of the lesser radiation of brick structures. Both in winter and summer, during the day as well as at night, the extremes of temperature are less in the cities than in the field. This is largely due to the lack of protection from wind of stations in the field. If the differences to be observed in the temperature of vari- ous stations in the territory having similar aspect are so slight as to be negligible, this is not so where the formations are of a different nature. Measurements at various stations have shown a variation of from 2 to 10° C. at approximately the same hour and on the same date. In summer the temper- ature of the oak woods is at least 4° C. lower than that of the field, while at night it is as much higher. This figure is based on a limited number of observations made near Jefferson Barracks during 1907. The need of automatic instru- ments for the registration of temperatures, etc., is, how- ever, indicated. This, in the vicinity of a large city, ap- pears to be hopeless, even the most simple and seemingly well-hidden instruments being subject to vandalism. In a former paper* attention was called to the protective action of forests, preventing extremes of temperature and moisture, as shown by Ebermayer.t Comparative observa- tions made in Europe, in a beech forest situated at an alti- tude of 400 m., gave the following results: TABLE H. In the wood In the open Temperature Max. Min. Max. Min. PR ES pe | Sane eet ee ae One half foot below surface...... 18.4 —2.5 24.5 —4 6 SOIL TEMPERATURES. * The Germination of Hydrastis canadensis. Rept. Mo. Bot. Gard. 18:85. 1907. + Ebermayer, E. Die physikalischen Einwirkungen des Waldes auf Luft und Boden, ete. 1. Aschaffenburg. 1873.—Temperatures in degrees of the Centigrade scale. 134 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN. From this it will be seen that at the surface the highest temperature was 7.1° C. higher in the open than in the wood, while half a foot below the surface a difference of 6.1° C. was found. It will also be noted that in winter the tempera- ture of the soil half a foot below the surface was considerably higher in the wood than in the open. Not only are plants growing in woods protected from ex- treme temperatures, but they also enjoy a fairly uniform degree of humidity of the soil. Another factor which fre- quently plays a great part in the presence of plants in certain localities is the air current. This is true especially where oceur ravines such as we find at Cliff Cave. Just how these air currents affect plant growth will be shown later. . Another important factor, not to be lost sight of because of its intimate relation to plant distribution, is the ratio exist- ing between evaporation and rainfall, as shown by Schimper.* In the section studied, the rainfall is between 60 and 80% of the evaporation.t Naturally the nature of the plant growth, etc., modifies this ratio to a great extent, as shown experi- mentally by Livingston,t by means of his simple and in- genious atmometer. A seeming gradual decrease of rainfall in this section,§ may have exerted a great and lasting influence upon the local flora, though records by means of which such changes could be followed are unfortunately not available. Important climatological influences upon the flora are exerted by the daily extremes of temperature, especially those occurring during the earlier part of the year, which act not only upon the plants themselves but also upon the limestone rock. Alternate periods of freezing and thaw- ing can be supported by the winter-rosettes of the hardiest plants only. Differences of 30° F. are not infrequent, and * Schimper, A. F. W. Pflanzengeographie. 174. Jena. 1898. + Transeau, E.N. Forest Centers of Eastern America. Am. Nat. 39: 875. 1905. ¢ Livingston, B. E. Evaporation and Plant Development. The Plant World. 10:269. Dec. 1907.—Evaporation and Plant Habitats. The Plant World. 11:1. Jan. 1908. § Trelease, W. Thirteenth Annual Report of the Director. Rept. Mo. Bot. Gard. 18:16. 1902. ECOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 135 since the minimum is ordinarily several degrees below the freezing point, these factors likewise assist to some extent in the disintegration of the rock surface, especially since the limestone is porous and absorbs a considerable amount of water. However, the St. Louis limestone appears to be able to withstand climatic influences so well that locally it is largely used as a building-stone. While there is a considerable vari- ation in its composition, on the whole it may be said that laboratory tests have shown that the crushing strength of samples subjected to freezing was not seriously diminished.* Hence changes in temperature probably do not greatly affect the rock surface. On the other hand, they serve to pry apart, at the fissure joints, those blocks of limestone which are situ- ated near the surface. GEOLOGY. But few geological or paleontological papers deal ex- clusively with the region or part of the region under discussion and the various publications treating of those parts of Illinois and Missouri, situated along the banks of the Mississippi in the vicinity of St. Louis, must be taken into consideration. As far as Missouri is concerned, previous to the first State Geological Survey, none but the most general features had been recognized, the main interest being centered on the metal, ore and coal producing regions. A summary of such geological work as had been done, is given by Swallow,f with whose appointment as State Geologist was inaugurated a new era, during which were studied not only the different geologi- cal formations, but also the fossils which they contained, something which up to that time had been practically neg- lected. As far as the vicinity of St. Louis is concerned, it was es- pecially the work of Dr. B. F. Shumard which contributed largely to a detailed and accurate knowledge of its geology and paleontology. Especially from the standpoint of the latter science the field is exceedingly rich and attractive, so * Buckley, E. R., and H. A. Buehler. The Quarrying Industries of Missouri. Mo. Bureau Geol. and Mines. 2 ser. 2. 1904. + Swallow, C. G. First and Second Annual Report of the Geological Survey of Missouri. Appendix A. 1855. 136 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN. that at the present time its contents are well studied. Among the 800 or more publications mentioned, in 1890, by Samp- son * as dealing with the geological problems of Missouri, a large percentage treat of paleontology only. A bibliography, more ample and arranged according to a different system, is given by Keyes,f since the publication of which a number of others, dealing with St. Louis county, have appeared. They are to be found chiefly among the publications of the U.S. Geological Survey and in the Proceedings of the Acad- emy of Science of St. Louis. For the geology of that part of Illinois considered in the present paper, the publications of the Geological Survey of Illinois and those of the U.S. Geological Survey have been drawn upon for information. Further bibliographic refer- ences are given by Weeks.t THE MISSOURI SECTION. In this portion of our territory the Pleistocene, the Car- boniferous and the Silurian periods are represented, though not all of them are exposed. Neocene, Eocene, Cretaceous and Jura-Trias are entirely lacking here and in the adjacent territories, both in Missouri and Illinois. The coal measures are found in the Illinois portion of our territory as well as immediately north of the Missouri section, above the mouth of the River des Péres. The latter are a portion of the Illinois coal field. § An excellent idea of the formations, as occurring in St. Louis county, may be obtained from a general section pub- * Sampson, F. A. A Bibliography of the Geology of Missouri. Geo- logical Survey of Missouri. Arthur Winslow, State Geologist. Bulletin 2:5. 1890. + Keyes, C. R. Bibliography of Missouri Geology. Missouri Geo- logical Survey. Charles Keyes, State Geologist. 10:219. 1896. t Weeks, F. B. Bibliography of North American Geology, Paleon- tology, Petrology and Mineralogy for 1892-1900 inclusive. Bull. U. 8. Geol. Survey. 188. 1902.—Index to North American Geology, Paleon- tology, Petrology and Mineralogy for 1892-1900, inclusive. Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey. 189. 1902. § Gallaher, Jno. A. Preliminary Report on the structural and eco- nomic Geology of Missouri. Missouri Geological Survey. 13: 167. 1900. ECOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 137 lished by Ladd.* It is understood that as a result of recent investigations by members of the U. S. Geological Survey, this column should be modified to some extent. As it stands at present it is a compilation of the work accomplished in this section along geological lines since its inception by Shumard in 1854 and up to 1890. It was especially the boring of a well at the Insane Asylum at St. Louis, sunk to a depth of nearly 4,000 feet, which threw light upon the rocks which in no place in this vicinity reach the surface. Quaternary Deposits. The most detailed description of the quaternary forma- tion of the Missouri portion of our section is that by Todd.t 1. Recent Alluvium.—The alluvium deposited by the Mississippi is in part derived from the Missouri River which enters the former about ten miles north of St. Louis. It is mainly composed of sand, with coarser material towards the bottom. On top of the sand we find clay or mixtures of sand and clay. These deposits, which are numerous but variable, both in size and locality, are also the first stages of the sandbar formations. On the west bank of the Mississippi occur wider or narrower bottoms, overflowed at times of flood only. Their subsoil, to a depth of several feet, is a heavy loam laid down by the river. Owing to the growth of tall annuals which during the summer and autumn cover these banks, the loam is soon covered by a thick mat of decaying vegetation forming a rich, black soil. As a result of the na- ture of the shore south of St. Louis, terrace formations are absent. 2. Loess.—This name is applied to the loamy clay which in layers of varying thickness, sometimes as much as 50 feet, overlies the St. Louis limestone, owing its name to its re- semblance to certain sedimentary deposits, thus designated, * Ladd, G. E. The Clay, Stone, Lime and Sand Industries of St. Louis City and County. Geological Survey of Missouri. Bull. 3. 1890. + Broadhead, G. C. On the Well at the Insane Asylum, St. Louis County. Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis. 33216. 1878. t Todd, J. E. Formation of the Quaternary Deposits. Missouri Geological Survey. Charles R. Keyes, State Geologist. 10111. 1896. 138 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN. in the valley of the Rhine. Todd * describes it as follows: “Loess . . . is composed mainly of fine grains of silica some of which attain the size of .2 mm., though the majority are less than .01 mm. These particles are coated, more or less, with oxide of iron and calcic carbonate. The amount of the former gives it the color which in the typical form is usually a light buff. With it is mixed many small grains of clay. The finer ingredients appear to constitute a cement which holds it firmly together so that it usually stands firm like indurated rock, unless softened by moisture.” An in- crease in the amount of oxide of iron increases the inten- sity of the color of the loess. Its absence is indicated by a gray or even whitish color. 3. Bouldery drift.—This underlies the loess, and covers the surface along the western bank of the Mississippi below St. Louis as far as the mouth of the Meramec, occupying a strip two to five miles wide.t Interesting in this connection is Wheeler’s paper, bearing on the occurrence of blue gla- cial clay or “till” at St. Louis.t From this it appears that there exists some doubt as to the glacial origin of the drift above referred to. However, more recent work, as yet un- published, seems to eliminate such a doubt. Subcarboniferous System. The ferruginous sandstone of the Chester group which in other portions of St. Louis county underlies the coal measures and in places attains a thickness of 250 feet, is, in our terri- tory, represented by a thin layer of sandy shale, never more than a few feet in thickness. It directly overlies the St. Louis limestone. The latter is a very hard, fine-grained rock, varying in color from light yellow to light-gray and _blue- eray. It is evenly bedded, the strata varying in thickness so as to yield both dimension stone and flagstone. _ It is inter- stratified with layers of argillaceous shale. Some of the lime- * loc. cit. + Wright, G.F. U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 58 372-73. 1890. t Wheeler, H. A. Note on the Glacial Drift in St. Louis. Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis. 7:121. 1895. ro ee ere Oe ay . ECOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 139 stone strata are a nearly pure carbonate of lime, in other strata the limestone is mixed with sand. The beds are nearly horizontal, having a slight inclination to the northeast. The first detailed description accessible is that of Engelmann.* It reaches its greatest development on the western shore of the Mississippi between the mouth of the River des Péres and the mouth of the Meramec. It contains many character- istic fossils. The total thickness of the St. Louis limestone is estimated at 250 feet, of which, along the bluff, from 40 to 120 feet are exposed. The entire section is as follows: ‘St. Louis.......250 ft. ; Keokuk... .....225 ft. Lower Carboniferous. . . Burlington... . .200 ft. Chouteau...... 65 ft. Hower SUUrIAN: «.; . 6 ve ae ee sw 800 ft. THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. The Mississippi River, which in our section closely follows the bluffs on the western side, is of varying depth. Its chan- nel, which for the greater part is situated on the Missouri side, varies in depth from 10 to 58 feet,t} and is cut in the alluvial deposit. The depth of the alluvial deposit is not known with exacti- tude. Todd says: “At St. Louis there are varying depths from low water to bedrock: at the east end of the Eads bridge it is 95 feet, at the east pier of Merchants’ bridge it is 45 feet, in a well at the Tudor Iron Works 79 feet.”’ The bedrock is the St. Louis limestone. THE ILLINOIS SECTION. In the Illinois section, the Quaternary, Carboniferous and Silurian systems are recognized.t{ The Quaternary system, quantitatively, in depth as well as in area, is better repre- sented than in the Missouri section. * Engelmann, G. Remarks on the St. Louis Limestone. Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts. 2 ser. $2119. 1847. + Survey of the Mississippi River, made under the Direction of the Mississippi River Commission. Chart 114. t Worthen, A. H. Geological Survey of Illinois. 1:21. 1866. Cg 140 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN. Quaternary Deposits. In their deposition and arrangement the Mississippi, which, unlike most rivers in southern Illinois, follows the pre-glacial drainage lines,* played an important part. 1. Recent alluvium.—This is of the same nature as that in St. Louis county, however, it overlies a bed of sediment consisting chiefly of an upper sandy portion and a lower part composed of gravel and pebbles. This is well shown by the boring made during the summer of 1905 in the vicinity of Monk’s Mound, Ill., just north of the line dividing St. Clair and Madison counties. Records of the borings, of which samples were placed in the museum of the Academy of Science of St. Louis through the agency of Mr. J. J. Lichter, were published by Bowmant and are here reproduced as Table I. In this table, which was verified by a comparison with the samples just mentioned, certain of the borings which ap- peared to be identical, have been added together for the pur- pose of condensing the table. It is doubtful whether the deposits above referred to are of glacial origin. Bowman,t{ while granting that the ice may have brought down and filled in a portion of the material, believes it more rational to suppose “that the river and tribu- taries brought in the material from the thick glacial deposits which cross the river higher up and from the bluffs nearby.” How rapidly the river is building out the flood plain may be judged by the fact that Cahokia, one mile east of the river, in 1850 was situated on the bank of the river. The tribu- tary streams too carry large burdens, as evidenced by the deposits near French Village, or the instance quoted by Bow- man who mentions the fact that the southern outlet to Pitts- burg Lake has been largely closed up by bluff sediments of Druit Creek. 2. Loess.—This covers the hills to a greater or less depth, and often reaches a thickness of 60 feet, as at the quarry near * Leverett, F. The Water Resources of Illinois. U. S. Geol. Surv. Ann. Rep. 177: 706. 1895-1896. t Bowman, I. Water Resources of the East St. Louis District. Ill. State Geol. Surv. Bull. 5: 106-107. 1907. t loc. cit. ECOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 141 TABLE I. FEET. SECTION. Thick- Depth ness. LEG yee ee eae ee ee a et ie eee 40 40 Gray Gam «