THE FORMAL GARDEN,
MISSOURI
BOTANICAL GARDEN.
NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT.
: Vr Oris
1 (Qj aw 'e) é j os
ST. LOUIS, MO.:
PUBLISHED BY THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES.
1908.
BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE MISSOURI
BOTANICAL GARDEN.
President,
RUFUS J. LACKLAND,
Vice-President,
DAVID F, KAIME.
Epwarp C. Enror. Henry C. Garnpav,!
President of the Board of Public
JouHn Green, M.D. Schools of St. Louis.*
Grorce C. Hircucock. Davip F. Houston?
Chancellor of Washington University.*
LEONARD MarrHews.
Danie 8S. Turrie,
Wiiu1amM H. H. Perrus.
Rouiita WELLS,
Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri.*
Joun F. Super. Mayor of the City of St. Louis.*
Davin 8. H. Sarr. Carvin M. Woopwarp,
President of the Academy of Science of
Epwarps WHITAKER. St. Louis. *
sere oA. De GunnineuaM, Secretary, , ,
¢ O58: 88, X60 * 5 oe eee ee fs ef 6
ry ae ice os Pe 4 - ° LF gimiag owe
nt ee Sin 67 946.6.50 oa aoe *es eo .
e e%e *
1 Elected President of the Board of Rubtit:Schools of St. Louis
to succeed Frank L. Magoon, who had held that office for one year,
2 Elected Chancellor of Washington University in October,
in October, 1908,
1908, to succeed
Winfield 8, Chaplin, who held that office from October, 1891 until October, 1907, the
office being vacant during the past year.
(2)
PREFACE.
Under direction of the Board of Trustees, the nineteenth
annual report of the Missouri Botanical Garden is presented
to the public.
The eighteenth report was issued December 7, 1907, but
Professor Blankinship’s account of Lindheimer and his col-
lections was separately distributed on November 25th, and
separates of the other scientific papers contained in the volume
were issued on the 27th of November.
These reports are sent to scientific institutions and journals,
in exchange for publications and specimens desirable for the
library, herbarium or living collections of the Garden. So far
as is possible, reprints of the botanical articles they contain
are sent to botanists occupied with a study of the subjects to
which they pertain.
Any of the Garden publications not out of print may be pur-
chased, at approximately the cost of publication, from Mess.
R. Friedlander & Sohn, Berlin, Germany; W. Wesley & Son,
London, England; or the undersigned.
WILLIAM TRELEASE.
Sr. Louis, Mo., Sept. 25, 1908.
(3)
EN.
ARDE
WILD G
THE
CONTENTS.
1. Reports For THE YEAR 1907:—
da.
b.
Reports of the Officers of the Board..................
Nineteenth Annual Report of the Director.............
2. Screntiric PAPERS:—
a.
The Florida strangling figs.—
By Brahe os oe ee oes ogee
Crataegus in Missouri.—
By Charles Snrague Sargent... ... 0... 0002+. abes -
_ An ecological cross section of the Mississippi river in the
region of St. Louis, Missouri.—
eer ee US
Illustrated studies in the genus Opuntia.—I.
rere | err, ia
Agave rigida—Furcraea rigida—Agave angustifolia.—
yg WF GH PINE. 5 ne ee ce shawn sss Bee
PAGE.
we * = ze? >- «
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Frontispiece: The formal garden.
The wild garden
Trizeuxis falcata
Oncidium iridifolium
Cross-section of the Mississippi river
Plates 1-9
Plates 10-20
Plates 21-28
Plates 29-35
(6)
Facing p 7
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+ -) Soe
a.) Se
Following p. 33
“ ¢ 258
= “ 272
ve “* 287
REPORTS FOR THE YEAR 1907.
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REPORT OF THE OFFICERS OF THE BOARD.
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SUBMITTED TO THE TRUSTEES JANUARY 8, 1908. \s"= IY
To the Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden:
We submit for your consideration the financial results for
the year ending December 31st, 1907.
We are gratified to announce that the results for the past
year have been entirely satisfactory and the rental earnings,
our principal source of revenue, were $5,602.33 in excess of
the previous year.
That portion of the Board property east of Fourth Street
has steadily appreciated in value for rental purposes, and the
rental income is greater than at any time within the past
twenty years.
All of our property lying west of Fourth Street is constantly
increasing in value, and we estimate a further increase of
$4,600 in rentals for 1908 over those of the past year.
Our loss in income from vacancies for the year was only
$532.37, and at present all of our buildings are rented with
the exception of a few small tenements renting in all for
$75.00 per month.
We purchased during the year a small piece of property
fronting on the Levee between Vine Street and Washington
Avenue, 23X90, situated between property already owned
by the Board, at a cost of $5,500, which we at once leased at
$600.00 per year.
We have disposed of only two pieces of property, in all 127
feet, fronting on Flora Avenue, at an average of $78.00 per
front foot. The demand for first-class residence property
‘on the south side has fallen off considerably on account of
the high prices for building material and labor.
We have had several inquiries for large tracts of unimproved
(7)
8 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.
property, but the offers were so far below our estimates of
value, that they were declined.
The matter of special taxes for streets and sewers is and
will be for some years a serious hindrance to contemplated
and much needed improvements at the Garden, such as the
erection of plant houses and an addition to the library and
office building.
Some of the street improvements anticipated in our last
report have been completed and paid for out of our revenue
and savings, and the following amounts have been charged
to real estate as betterments —
Sidewalks . . McRee Ave. $ 528 53
Paving street . . . . . Vandeventer Ave . 1,867 46
Paving street and sidewalks . Spring Ave. 14,452 34
Paving street and sidewalks . Tower Grove Ave . 28,505 08
Sewer . . Spring Ave. 654 05
Sewer . . City Block 2835 402 01
Total $46,409 47
The following street improvements are either completed
or under way, and must be paid for during 1908 :—
Old Manchester Road $17,500 00
Thurman Ave. 1,763 79
McRee Ave. 3,150 00
$22,413 79
The following amounts have been credited to the Stock
Account for the year:—
Library $4,783 73
Herbarium 5,381 40
$10,165 13
The annual bequests provided for in Mr. Shaw’s will have
been carried out at a cost of $2,277.94.
By his resignation of the Chancellorship of Washington
University in October last, Dr. W. S. Chaplin withdrew from
the membership in this Board which he had held ez officio
since October 1891. With our regret at the severance of
this long official association, we take this occasion to record
REPORT OF THE OFFICERS OF THE BOARD.
9
our high appreciation of Dr. Chaplin’s conscientious faithful-
ness in bearing a full share of our responsibilities during the
past sixteen years, and of his strong manly character.
RECEIPTS.
Receipts on account of rental . . . . . $130,416 58
Interest aml GVM io 3,542 99
Garden pasturage above expemses . . . . 124 94
Garden handbook sales . . .... =. 184 00
Pubdie ee 3 75
3. Se feos 5 00
Total income receipts . . .. . $134,277 26
Sales of real estate under decree ofcourt . . $ 5,620 00
Shaw School of Botany, rent . . . . . 3,900 00
Stocks, bonds and certificate . . . . . 26,563 06 36,083 06
Total receipts. . ey: $170,360 32
Cash on hand, December 31, "1906 gies 7,731 04
$178,091 36
DISBURSEMENTS.
Garden Account,
Labor pay-roll .. .. . 3 pope. Seepee 07
Students’ pay-roll . .. «-a2 5-5 + 1,486 03
Office assistance. °° .. 32-322. 1,575 00
Puede a ee eee 2,255 19
Waters Me i 382 00
Repairs and supplies Mey Pe 2,062 66
Plants and seeqgs . «4s @ ua: 501 12 $28,275 07
Herbarium Account,
Shlaries . .. 2. +) + | Pee ee 942 84
MUA. F We ee ee 127 32
Current expenditures MP 1,952 64 3,022 80
Library Account,
Balaries . . « + ss 6 eee 2,730 72
Hue. 2% see a 165 73
Current expenditures ee 2,227 15 5,123 60
Office Account,
oS Oe pn ee cere er a 5,227 65
i,” gee 56 She age eens 205 77
Current expenditures See ct eee 464 98 5,898 40
Research Account,
Salaries . . eC ae ab oo ce ee 1,748 10
Current expenditures ein ea te 609 97 2,358 07
Carried jorward ec ee. $44,677 94
10 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.
Brought forward... . . . . $44,677 94
Scholarship Account,
Instruction.. . . . . .... 675 00
Careoflodge .......4:., 240 00
he a 88 20
Current expenditure . . . ... , 88 34 1,091 54
Total maintenance $45,769 48
Garden Improvement Account,
Director’s residence 1,224 17
Total amount expended on the Garden $46,993 65
Publication Account,
Eighteenth annual volume . . . . . 2,004 67
Ninth annual volume, reprint. . . . . 318 20
Tenth annual volume, reprint . . . . 340 50
Garden Handbook Bei a | eee a Oe 21 04 2,684 41
Property Account,
State, school, city and sprinkling taxes . 38,932 72
Streets, sidewalks and sewers . . . . 48,323 52
ie > en ee 4,788 31
a ae, er 7,130 76
Improvements . . . . .... , 3,561 95 102,737 26
Office Expenses,
CR te igs a ol i gg 4,200 00
SOTO eee es ke UR 780 00
Printing, advertising, telephone, ete. . . 693 50 5,673 50
Bequests,
Annual Flower Sermon . . . . . . 200 00
Annual Flower Show . . . . . . . 465 00
Annual Gardeners’ Banquet an. er 393 59
Annual Trustees’ Banquet. . . . . . 1,219 35 2,277 94
Sundries,
Legal and professional expenses . . . . 1,103 75
CINE is: eet SSE ye 115 50
Repairs to building damaged by fire . . 150 00
MO On mire a ek 5,500 00
Shaw School of Botany, rent. . . . . 3,838 25 10,707 50
Total disbursements . . . . $171,074 26
Cash on hand December 31, 1907 7,017 10
Respectfully submitted,
R. J. LACKLAND,
Attest:
A. D, CunnINGHAM, Secretary.
$178,091 36
President:
TRIZEUAXIS FALCATA.
NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR.
SUBMITTED TO THE TRUSTEES JANUARY 8, 1908.
To the Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden:
®
The following report on the Missouri Botanical Garden
and the School of Botany connected therewith is respectfully
submitted in compliance with the rules of the Board:—
GARDENING.
The area devoted to decorative planting being essentially
unchanged, the number of individual plants used remains
nearly the same from year to year. The parterre was again
used in the early spring of 1907 for tulips, of which, here and
elsewhere, 21,500 plants, representing nearly 200 varieties,
were grown: an increase of 2,500 over the previous year.
During the summer, the same ground was occupied by zonal
and hybrid pelargoniums, of which 22 varieties were presented
in contrasted masses, which aggregated 3,500 plants. As
with tulips, this selection was supplemented in the customary
manner by a much larger number of varieties of the same
kind of plants grown elsewhere, but represented by a smaller
number of individuals—the pelargoniums so grown numbering
2,250, including 212 named species or varieties. The other
bedding features of the Garden have been maintained essen-
tially as in immediately preceding years, but by the use of
different plants. The most marked change was in the beds
flanking the entrance walk and surrounding the parterre,
where a simple fleur-de-lis design was worked out in Altern-
anthera, Peristrophe, and Santolina. The total number of
bedding plants used in the Garden, aside from tulips, was
37,500.
Chrysanthemums were again grown in quantity, and
through the fortnight beginning with November 4th, 4,000
choice plants, representing 400 varieties, were displayed under
canvas in the parterre. As was the case last year, I desire
(11)
heel
12 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.
to record my most appreciative thanks for the aid rendered
by Captain Robert McCulloch, of the United Railways
Company, who kindly installed and maintained electric
lights in the tent during the time that the chrysanthemums
were on view, which again enabled me to open the tent to
visitors in the evening. This season, the weather proved
perfect during the time that the chrysanthemums were
exhibited, and visitors for the fortnight numbered 33,521,
of whom 8,601, or over one-fourth, came in the evening.
Plant and seed accessions for the year, aside from Garden
propagations and collections, number 274, comprising 12,655
plants or packets of seeds. Of these, 6,859, representing 230
of the accession entries, and valued at $605.35, were pre-
sented or received in exchange for similar material or for
Garden publications, and 5,796, representing 44 entries, were
purchased, the Secretary’s books showing an expenditure
of $501.12 for such purchases, including transportation and
other charges. The collections by Garden employees, ex-
clusive of seeds for exchange purposes, number 1,726 plants,
valued at $123.86, and 51 packages of seeds, valued at $3.50.
Garden propagations amounted to 47,225 plants, valued at
$3,305.75, in addition to 7,665 seedlings, valued at $383.25.
The exchange list issued by the Garden last winter included
1,519 species or varieties; and 5,686 packets of seeds, valued
at $284.30, selected from this list, have been issued to corre-
spondents. Living plants to the number of 4,612 (of which
4,000 were bulbils of henequen), valued at $145.55, have
also been distributed to correspondents. In addition to
these exchange distributions, 747 duplicate plants from the
Garden collections have been presented to schools and
colleges for educational use, and 1,300 bedding plants re-
moved from the grounds at the approach of winter, or re-
maining after the beds had been planted in the spring, were
placed in the kindergartens and playgrounds of the city
schools. The surplus of chrysanthemum plants which were
still usable when removed from the tent, together with many
cut flowers, were distributed to hospitals and similar charities.
The total number of plants so distributed through the year
amounts to 642.
oe RY eee ae Reis mee bd AS il Miia d cai Pere Mae
NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR. 13
The records show that 1,502 species or varieties were
added to the collection of living plants in 1907, and that
658 were lost or discarded, leaving a net gain of 844; the
total reported at the end of the year being 17,916, as com-
pared with 17,072 noted for 1906.*
THE WEATHER.
The accompanying diagram A graphically presents the
monthly variation in temperature as derived (except for
DIAGRAM A.
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TEMPERATURE. HUMIDITY.
the solar maximum) from the records of the local office of the
Government Weather Bureau; and diagram B shows the
distribution of rainfall through the season, as indicated by
the same records. The most striking deviations from earlier
averages are found in the marked warmth of the last week in
March, when the temperature was that of early summer, and
* Rept. Mo. Bot. Gard. 183 15.
ae ae
14 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN,
the very heavy precipitation in January, followed by a slight
drought in February and March. The average temperature
through the summer was almost exactly the summer average
for the period covered by Government records,
VISITORS.
Except during the World’s Fair, there has been no year in
which so many people have visited the Garden as during the
past season, the number being 135,497. Of this total, 26,114
DIAGRAM B
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WA i Jy
L—2—|.N . x / ae
ra
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z p 0 ¢ - <9 * 6 FO 3
< L (eo) WwW
Bao ane ee ae
| | | | | |
PRECIPITATION.
were recorded for the open Sunday afternoon in June, and
10,093 for the corresponding Sunday afternoon in September,
which was very hot and sultry, the remaining 99,290 being
week-day visitors. As for several years preceding, an un-
usually large number of persons were attracted in March and
April by the tulips, and in November by the chrysanthemums,
the November visitors this year amounting to 34,439, or
something over one-third of the week-day total for the year.
wie iL cia al id gig
NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR. 15
The appended diagram C shows the seasonal distribution of
week-day visitors contrasted with the average for earlier
DIAGRAM C.
+-25000
20000 / 1
1.5000 1 \
fe, 4
5S } \
+-1-0000
mas: -
Oe ee ¥
CRATAEGUS IN MISSOURI. 109
8. Crataegus dumetosa, n. sp.
Leaves ovate to oval, acute or acuminate, gradually narrowed and
rounded or abruptly cuneate at the entire base, coarsely often doubly
serrate above, with straight glandular teeth, and slightly divided usually
only above the middle into 3 or 4 pairs of acute lobes; nearly half-grown
when the flowers open about the middle of April and then thin, yellow-
green and roughened above by short white hairs and hoary tomentose
below especially on the midribs and veins, and at maturity thin, yellow-
green, smooth and lustrous on the upper surface, pale yellow-green and
villose on the lower surface especially on the stout midribs, and slender
primary veins arching obliquely to the points of the lobes, 5-6 cm. long
and 4-5 em. wide; petioles slender, hoary-tomentose early in the season,
becoming pubescent, 1-2.5 cm. in length; leaves on vigorous shoots more
coarsely serrate, more deeply lobed, often 7-8 cm. long and 6-7 cm. wide,
with narrow lunate finely glandular-serrate persistent stipules. Flowers
2-2.2 em. in diameter, on stout hoary-tomentose pedicels, in compact
mostly 10-15-flowered corymbs, with linear faleate acuminate villose
glandular often persistent bracts and bractlets, the long lower peduncles
from the axils of upper leaves; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, thickly
coated with long matted white hairs, the lobes short, slender, acuminate,
glandular-serrate, pubescent on the outer, villose on the inner surface,
reflexed after anthesis; stamens 20; anthers pale yellow; styles 5, sur-
rounded at the base by a narrow ring of pale tomentum. Fruit ripening
early in August, on short stout slightly hairy spreading pedicels, in few-
fruited clusters, obovate, gradually narrowed and rounded at the
apex, rather abruptly narrowed and rounded at the base, scarlet,
lustrous, slightly pubescent at the ends, marked by small dark dots,
1.2-1.3 ecm. long and 1 em. in diameter; calyx prominent, with
a short tube, a wide deep cavity, and spreading and appressed lobes
only slightly hairy on the upper side; flesh thin, yellow, dry and
hard; nutlets 5, thin, acute at the ends, rounded or sometimes
slightly grooved on the back, 6.5-7 mm. long, and about 5 mm.
wide.
A shrub 2-3 m. high, with numerous small stems covered
with dark slightly scaly bark, slender ascending branches,
and stout somewhat zigzag branchlets coated when they first
appear with hoary tomentum, becoming light chestnut-brown,
glabrous, lustrous, and marked by pale lenticels in their first
season and dull reddish brown the following year, and armed
with few slender nearly straight purple ultimately gray spines
2-3 cm. long.
Thickets in fertile uplands, Neck City, Jasper County,
E. J. Palmer, (No. 2 type) August 8, 1902, April 15, 1903,
March 31 and October 4, 1907.
* we, Se Brae st ie
.
110 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.
9. CraTarcus Ketiocarr Sargent, Trees and Shrubs, i. 117,
t. 59 (1903); Manual, 431, f. 349.
River Des Péres bottoms, Carondelet, St. Louis County.
10. CRATAEGUS LANUGINOSA Sargent, Trees and Shrubs, i.
113, t. 57 (1903); Manual, 485, f. 353.
Near Webb City, Jasper County, common.
11. CraTAEGUS DISPESSA Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci.
Soc. xix. pt. 1. 17 (1903).
Crataegus pyriformis Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. i. 449 (not
Jacques, Jour. Soc. Hort. France, iv. 599 [1858]) (1900).—
Sargent, Silva N. Am. xiii. 97, t. 666; Manual, 434, f. 352.
Near streams, Monteer, Shannon County.
DILATATAE,
Leaves wide at the base, often broader than long on vigorous shoots;
petioles long and slender; flowers large, in compact 5-8-flowered
corymbs; stamens 20; anthers rose color; fruit broader than high,
slightly angled, crimson, lustrous, 2-2.2 cm. in diameter.
Flowers not more than 1.8 cm. in diameter, on very short often slightly
villose pedicels; fruit flattened at the ends; calyx much enlarged
on the fruit, with a narrow deep cavity pointed in the bottom, and
broad lobes bright red on the upper side; flesh red.
1. C. coccinioides.
Flowers up to 2.5 cm. in diameter, on longer glabrous pedicels; fruit
rounded at the ends; calyx little enlarged on the fruit, with a very
broad shallow cavity wide in the bottom, and narrow lobes not
red on the upper side; flesh pale yellow. 2. C. speciosa.
1. CrATAEGUS coccINIoIDES Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci.
Soc. xvi. pt. u. 74 (1900).—Sargent, Silva N. Am. xiii.
115, t. 674; Manual, 458, f. 374.
Crataegus Eggerti Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. i. 447 (1900);
Manual, 520.
Woods, west of Forest Park, St. Louis, Fenton, and Allenton,
St. Louis County; Pacific, Franklin County.
2. CRATAEGUS SPECIOSA Sargent, Trees and Shrubs, i. 65,
t. 33 (1903).
Rocky hills, near Webb City, Jasper County; common,
E. J. Palmer (No. 5 type).
CRATAEGUS IN MISSOURI. 111
COCCINEAE.
Leaves rhombic to oblong-obovate, cuneate at the base, subcoriaceous,
dark green and lustrous above; petioles long; flowers 1.5-1.8 cm. in
diameter, in many-flowered hairy corymbs; stamens 20; anthers pale
yellow; fruit short-oblong to subglobose, dull red, 1.2—-1.4 cm. in diameter ;
nutlets 2 or 3, rounded at the apex, acute at the base.
1. Cratarncus Marcaretta Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. .
Soc. xvi. pt. ii. 72 (1900).—Sargent, Silva N. Am. xiii.
137, t. 685; Manual, 461, f. 377.
Webster and Bertold, St. Louis County; Springfield,
Greene County; also in Illinois, Iowa, Michigan, Ontario,
and middle Tennessee,
INTRICATAE.
Leaves cuneate at the base; petioles long, usually slender; flowers 1.6-2.5
cm. in diameter, in few-flowered corymbs; fruit subglobose to short-
oblong, 1-1.5 em. long; flesh dry and hard; nutlets 3-5, rounded at the
ends, usually conspicuously ridged on the back.
Stamens 10; glabrous with the exception of occasional hairs on the
young leaves and calyx-lobes.
Anthers rose color; calyx-lobes glabrous; fruit orange-red;
leaves ovate to rhombic.
1. C. Neo-Bushii.
Anthers yellow, faintly tinged with rose; calyx-lobes sparingly
villose on the inner surface; fruit green slightly flushed with
red; leaves ovate to oval. 2. C. padifolia.
Stamens 5-10.
Anthers yellow slightly tinged with rose; flowers 1.6-1.8 cm.
in diameter, in densely villose corymbs; calyx-lobes villose;
fruit orange-yellow, hairy at the ends; leaves blue-green,
scabrate.
3. C. villicarpa.
Anthers yellow; flowers 2-2.5 cm. in diameter, in glabrous
corymbs; calyx-lobes glabrous; fruit green flushed with red,
glabrous; leaves yellow-green, smooth.
4. C. leioclada.
1. Cratarcus Nero-Busut Sargent, Trees and Shrubs, ii.
9, t. 105 (1907).
Dry gravelly soil near Monteer, Shannon County, B. F.
Bush, (Nos. 10 A, 10 B type) May and October 1905.
“a.
4
112 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.
2. CRATAEGUS PADIFOLIA Sargent, Trees and Shrubs, ii. 75,
t. 135 (1908).
Hillsides, Swan, Taney County, B. F. Bush, (No. 5 B type)
April and September 1907, (also Nos. 5, 5 A, 5 C, 5 D, 5 F,
5 1 5J, 5 K, 149 and 152).
3. Crataegus villicarpa, n. sp.
Leaves ovate, acuminate, gradually narrowed and concave-cuneate at
the entire base, finely doubly serrate above, with straight or incurved
glandular teeth, and slightly divided into 3 or 4 pairs of slender acuminate
lateral lobes; more than half-grown when the flowers open from the 10th
to the middle of May and then dark blue-green and setose above and
sparingly villose below along the midribs and veins, and at maturity thin
but firm in texture, blue-green and scabrate on the upper surface, scabrate,
and slightly villose on the midribs and veins on the lower surface, 5-6 em.
long and 3.5-4.5 cm. wide; petioles slender, narrowly wing-margined to
the middle, densely villose early in the season, becoming pubescent or
nearly glabrous, glandular, with persistent glands, 2-3 cm. in length; leaves
on vigorous shoots broadly ovate, short-pointed at the apex, rounded or
subcordate at the base, more coarsely serrate and often 5-6 cm. long and
broad. Flowers 1.6-1.8 cm. in diameter, on short slender densely villose
pedicels, in small compact mostly 3-5-flowered hairy corymbs, with con-
spicuous oblong-obovate coarsely glandular-serrate bracts and bractlets
mostly persistent until the flowers open; calyx-tube narrowly obconic,
thickly covered with long matted white hairs, the lobes long, slender,
acuminate, glandular-serrate, nearly glabrous on the outer, villose on the
inner surface, reflexed after anthesis; stamens 5-10; anthers pale yellow;
styles 3-5, surrounded at the base by a ring of pale tomentum. Fruit
short-oblong to subglobose, full and rounded at the ends, orange-yellow
sometimes more or less tinged with red, marked by large pale dots, villose
at the ends, with long scattered pale hairs, 1-1.2 em. in diameter; calyx
prominent, with a broad shallow cavity wide and tomentose in the bottom,
and elongated spreading and appressed persistent lobes ciliate on the
margins towards the base and villose on the upper side; flesh thin, yellow,
dry and mealy; nutlets 3-5, rounded at the ends or acute at the apex,
ridged on the back, with a broad low slightly grooved ridge, 4.5-5 mm.
long, and about 4 mm. wide.
A shrub 1-2 m. high, with small pale gray stems, very
slender slightly zigzag branchlets light red-brown and covered
with long white hairs when they first appear, becoming dull
chestnut-brown and pubescent in their first season and gray
tinged with red the following year, and armed with numerous
slender curved or straight bright red-brown shining spines
alla Seti
ee a NE Eee eee. ae ee en Waste
; oc ee bar
?
CRATAEGUS IN MISSOURI. 113
pointing toward the base of the branch and 3.5-6 em. long,
and small pale winter-buds.
Rocky hills and barrens, Swan, Taney County, B. F. Bush,
(No. 2 D type) May 19 and October 7, 1907, (No. 2) May 19,
1905, (Nos. 2 B, 2 C,2 E, 2 F) May 16, 1907, (No. 366) June 9,
1898, (Nos. 43, 46, 52 and 107) June 18, 1899, (No. 509) Sep-
tember, 1899.
4, Crataegus leioclada, Nn. sp.
Glabrous with the exception of the hairs on the young leaves and calyx-
lobes. Leaves ovate to oval, acuminate, gradually or abruptly narrowed
and concave-cuneate at the broad base, sharply often doubly serrate, with
long straight or incurved glandular teeth, and deeply divided into 4 or 5
pairs of slender acuminate spreading lateral lobes; nearly fully grown when
the flowers open the middle of May and then very thin, dark yellow-green,
lustrous and sparingly hairy above, with soft white hairs, paler, lustrous
and glabrous below, and at maturity thin but firm in texture, yellow-green,
lustrous on the upper surface, paler on the lower surface, 5-6 cm. long and
44.5 cm. wide, with conspicuous yellow midribs, and thin primary veins
extending obliquely to the points of the lobes; petioles slender, slightly
wing-margined at the apex,sparingly villose on the upper side while young,
soon glabrous, glandular, with numerous minute da7k persistent glands,
1.2-1.6 cm. in length. Flowers 2-2.5 cm. in diameter, on long stout pedi-
cels,in mostly 2—4-flowered narrow corymbs,the elongated lowest peduncle
from the axil of an upper leaf; calyx-tube broadly obconic, the lobes
gradually narrowed from wide bases, long, slender, acuminate, rose-colored
and glandular at the apex, glandular-serrate to above the middle, glabrous
on the outer, sparingly villose on the inner surface, reflexed after anthesis;
stamens 5-10; anthers yellow faintly tinged with rose color; styles 3 or 4.
Fruit ripening late in September or early in October, on long drooping
pedicels, in 2- or 3-fruited clusters, subglobose to short-oblong, full and
rounded at the ends, green more or less flushed with red, 1-1.2 cm. in diam-
eter; calyx little enlarged, with a deep narrow cavity, and elongated
spreading and closely appressed or erect and incurved lobes; flesh thin,
green and hard; nutlets 2 or 3, rounded at the ends, ridged on the back,
with a broad high grooved ridge, 7-7.5 mm. long, and about 4 mm. wide.
A slender shrub 2-3 m. high, with small stems covered with
smooth pale bark, small spreading branches, and very slender
slightly zigzag branchlets dark orange-green more or less
tinged with red and marked by pale lenticels when they first
appear, becoming bright chestnut-brown and very lustrous
in their first season and dull dark gray-brown the following
year, and armed with occasional stout straight spines.
8
114 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN,
Rocky hills and barrens, near Swan, Taney County, B. F.
Bush, (No. 4 A type) September 22, 1905, May 17 and Octo-
ber 7, 1907, (Nos. 4, 4 B, 4 D) September 22, 1905, May 17,
1907, (Nos. 4 C, A. F, G, M) September 23, 1905,
UNIFLORAE.
Leaves oblong-obovate, cuneate at the base; petioles short; flowers in
2- or 3-flowered hoary-tomentose corymbs; stamens 20; anthers yellow;
fruit obovate, light orange-red, lustrous, up to 1.4 cm. long; nutlets
3 or 4, acute at the ends.
1, CRATAEGUS TRIANTHOPHORA Sargent, Trees and Shrubs,
ii. 11, t. 106 (1907).
Dry open woods, near Grandin, Carter County, B. F.
Bush (No. 12 type), May and October, 1905.
MICROCARPAE.
Flowers not more than 1 cm. in diameter, in many-flowered glabrous
corymbs; stamens 20; anthers rose color; fruit depressed-globose,
scarlet, not more than 6 mm. in diameter; leaves broadly ovate to
triangular.
1. CraTanGus corpata Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 168 (1788).—
Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 467.—Chapman, Fl. 127.—
Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 165.—Sargent,
Garden and Forest, ii. 423, f. 126; Silva N. Am. iv.
107, t. 186; Manual, 487,f. 402.
Pleasant Grove, Grandin; and Birch Tree, Shannon County,
Williamsville, Wayne County, Bismarck, St. Francois County ;
also southern Illinois and through middle Kentucky and
Tennessee to Virginia, and along the Appalachian foothills
from Virginia to middle Georgia and to Alabama.
TOMENTOSAE.
Fruit obovate to subglobose or short-oblong, orange-red, scarlet or rarely
green, usually becoming soft and succulent at maturity, 6-12 mm.
in diameter; nutlets 2 or 3, obtuse at the ends, prominently ridged
on the back; flowers small, opening late, in tomentose or villose usually
many-flowered corymbs; leaves thin to subcoriaceous, more or less
pubescent below during the season.
CRATAEGUS IN MISSOURI. 115
Leaves thin, with midribs and veins only slightly impressed on their
upper surface.
Anthers rose color (pink in No. 2).
Stamens 20.
Fruit obovate; flowers in wide many-flowered corymbs.
Fruit up to 1 cm. in length, dull orange-red; leaves
ovate to oblong; branchlets ashy gray, usually
unarmed or with occasional small gray spines.
1. C. tomentosa.
Fruit not more than 8 mm. in diameter; leaves broadly
ovate to broadly oval, branchlets light chestnut-
brown and lustrous, armed with numerous long
purple spines; anthers pink.
2. C. hispidula.
Fruit short-oblong to oval or slightly obovate, up to 1 em.
in length; flowers in compact mostly 3-8-flowered
corymbs; leaves ovate to obovate.
3. C. missouriensis,
Fruit globose to short-oblong, not more than 8 mm. in
diameter; flowers in 12-15-flowered corymbs; leaves
slightly obovate to oval or ovate. 4. C. globosa.
Stamens 5-10.
Fruit obovate, 7-8 mm. in length; leaves ovate to rhombic;
stamens 7-10. 5. C. obscura.
Fruit short-oblong to subglobose.
Flowers in many-flowered corymbs.
Leaves broadly ovate; stamens 10.
6. C. spinulosa.
Leaves ovate to oval; stamens 5-8, usually only 5.
7. C. mollita,
Flowers in mostly 5-8-flowered corymbs; leaves ovate
to obovate; stamens 5-10. 8. C. rupicola.
Anthers yellow; stamens 10.
Leaves narrowly obovate to rhombie or ovate; fruit short-
oblong, green or yellowish red. 9. C. pudens.
Leaves ovate to oval or obovate; fruit subglobose to short-
oblong, bright orange-red.
10. C. mollicula.
Leaves subcoriaceous, with midribs and veins deeply impressed on their
upper surface and pubescent below; flowers in many-flowered corymbs.
Stamens 20.
Leaves broadly ovate to broadly obovate, rather thick; anthers
dark red; fruit obovate. 11. C. insperata.
Leaves rhombic to slightly obovate, thicker; anthers pale salmon
color. 12. C. ensijfera.
Stamens 10; anthers yellow; leaves ovate to rhombic; fruit sub-
globose to short-oblong. 13. C. pertomentosa,
os
7
.,.
116 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.
1. CRATAEGUS TOMENTOSA Linnaeus Spec. 476 (1753).—
Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i.465.—Chapman, FI. 127.—
Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Manual, ed. 6, 166.—Sargent,
Silva N. Am. iv. 101, t. 183; Proc. Phil. Acad. Sci. 1905,
656; Manual, 492; Rep. Geolog. Surv. Michigan, 1906,
560.
Allenton, St. Louis County, G. W. Letterman, April 25, 1880,
May 10, 1881, October 1882, June 1, 1883; near Webster,
St. Louis County, H. Eggert, May 24, 1887; also through
Illinois, southern Michigan, Ontario, western New York and
Pennsylvania.
2. Crataegus hispidula, Nn. sp.
Leaves broadly ovate to broadly oval, acuminate, abruptly cuneate or
rounded at the base, sharply often doubly serrate above, with long straight
glandular teeth, and slightly divided into 4 or 5 pairs of small acuminate
spreading lobes; about one-third grown when the flowers open from the
15th to the 25th of May and then thin, dark green, scabrous, and slightly
hairy on the midribs above, and pale and villose on the midribs and veins —
below, and at maturity thin, yellow-green and scabrate on the upper sur-
face, still slightly villose on the lower surface on the prominent mid-
ribs and primary veins, 6-8 cm. long and 5-7 cm. wide; petioles stout,
broadly wing-margined nearly to the base, villose, 1-1.5 cm. in length;
leaves on vigorous shoots ovate, acuminate, abruptly concave-cuneate at
the base, more coarsely serrate and more deeply lobed, often 8 to 9 cm.
long and 6-7 cm. wide, with broad-winged petioles, and foliaceous
lunate coarsely glandular-serrate persistent stipules sometimes 2 cm. in
length. Flowers about 1 cm. in diameter, on short stout hoary-tomen-
tose pedicels, in compact tomentose mostly 12-20-flowered corymbs, the
short lower peduncles from the axils of upper leaves; calyx-tube narrowly
obconic, thickly coated with long matted white hairs, the lobes short,
slender, acuminate, laciniately glandular-serrate, glabrous on the outer,
villose on the inner surface, reflexed after anthesis; stamens 20; anthers
pale pink; styles 2 or 3, usually 2. Fruit ripening early in October, on
slender hairy pedicels, in wide spreading many-fruited clusters, obovate,
full and rounded at the apex, gradually narrowed at the base, slightly
hairy at the ends, orange-red, 7-8 mm. long and 6-7 mm. in diam-
eter; calyx prominent, with a deep narrow cavity pointed in the bottom,
‘and much enlarged foliaceous coarsely serrate spreading persistent lobes
sparingly villose and dark red on the upper side below the middle; flesh
thin, yellow, sweet, becoming succulent; nutlets usually 2, gradually
narrowed and rounded at the ends, ridged on the back, with a broad low
ridge, penetrated on the inner faces with shallow cavities, 4.5-5 mm. long,
and 3-3,5 mm, wide.
CRATAEGUS IN MISSOURI. 117
A shrub 2 or 3 m. high, with stems sometimes 3 em. in
diameter, small ascending branches, and slender nearly straight
branchlets light orange-green and thickly covered with long
white hairs when they first appear, becoming bright chestnut-
brown, lustrous and marked by pale lenticels in their first
season and dull red-brown the following year, and armed
with numerous very slender nearly straight purplish spines
3-4 cm. long, persistent and compound on old stems.
Limestone cliffs of Spring River, Carthage, Jasper County,
E. J. Palmer, (No. 9 D type) May 24, and October 27, 1901,
October 27, 1902. ;
3. CRATAEGUS MISSOURIENSIS Ashe, Bull. N. C. College of
Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, No. 175, 110 (1900).
Leaves ovate to obovate, acute and short-pointed at the apex, cuneate
at the entire base, and coarsely often doubly serrate, with straight glandu-
lar teeth; nearly fully grown when the flowers open about the middle of
May and then thin, yellow-green, lustrous and roughened above by short
white hairs and paler and villose below especially on the slender midribs
and primary veins, and at maturity thin, dark yellow-green, lustrous and
scabrate on the upper surface, pale and still villose on the lower surface,
3.5-4.5 cm. long and 2.5-3 cm. wide; petioles slender, narrowly wing-
margined, densely villose while young, often becoming nearly glabrous,
4-6 mm. in length; leaves on vigorous shoots oval, acute or acuminate
at the ends, more coarsely serrate, occasionally slightly lobed, frequently
6-7 cm. long and 4-5 cm. wide. Flowers bad-smelling, 1.2-1.5 em. in
diameter, on slender hoary-tomentose pedicels, in small compact mostly
3-8-flowered tomentose corymbs, the lower peduncles from the axils of
upper leaves; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, hoary-tomentose, the lobes
long, slender, acuminate, laciniately glandular-serrate, sparingly villose
or glabrous on the outer surface, villose on the inner surface, reflexed after
anthesis; stamens 20; anthers rose color; styles 3-5, surrounded at the
base by a ring of pale hairs. Fruit ripening early in October, on stout
erect or spreading slightly hairy pedicels, solitary or in few-fruited clus-
ters, short-oblong to oval or slightly obovate, bright orange-red, lustrous,
11-12 mm. long and 9-10 mm. in diameter; calyx prominent, with a short
tube, a deep narrow cavity tomentose in the bottom, and elongated spread-
ing lobes; flesh thin, yellow, sweet and succulent; nutlets 3-5, gradually
narrowed and rounded at the ends or acute at the base, ridged on the
back, with a broad high grooved ridge, penetrated on the inner faces by
very shallow broad cavities, 44.5 mm. long, and 3-3.5 mm. wide.
A shrub 1-2 m. high, with slender branchlets thickly coated
when they first appear with long matted white hairs, becom-
118 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN,
ing dark dull purple and pubescent in their first season and
grayish brown the following year, and armed with numerous
very slender straight purple ultimately gray spines 3.5-5 em.
long.
Bluffs and rocky banks of small streams, Monteer, Shannon
County, B. F. Bush, (No. 277 type) July 29, 1899, (Nos. 383
and 387) May 25, 1900, (No. 504) May 16, 1901, (Nos. 3, 3 A,
3 B,3C,3E,3F,3H,31D May and October 1905; Birch
Tree, Shannon County, B. F. Bush, (No. 293, described as a
slender tree) July 29, 1899, (No. 390) May 26, 1900; Pleasant
Grove, Ripley County, B. F. Bush, (No. 455, described as
a slender tree) August 10, 1899.
4. Crataegus globosa, N. sp.
Leaves slightly obovate to oval or ovate, acuminate, gradually nar-
rowed and concave-cuneate at the entire base, coarsely doubly serrate
above, with straight glandular teeth, and occasionally very slightly di-
vided above the middle into 3 or 4 pairs of small acute lobes; nearly fully
grown when the flowers open about the middle of May and then thin, yel-
low-green, covered above by short white hairs and pubescent below, and at
maturity thin, dark yellow-green, lustrous and scabrate on the upper
surface and pale and pubescent on the lower surface especially along the
slender yellow midribs and primary veins, 6-8 cm. long and 4.5-5.5 em.
wide; petioles stout, narrowly wing-margined to below the middle, villose
early in the season, becoming puberulous, 1-1.2 cm, in length; leaves on
vigorous shoots ovate to oval, more coarsely serrate, rarely slightly lobed,
often 9-10 em. long and 6-7 cm. wide. Flowers 1.4—1.5 em. in diameter,
on slender hoary-tomentose pedicels, in compact mostly 12—15-flowered
corymbs, with linear-obovate to linear minutely glandular bracts and
bractlets fading brown and often persistent until the flowers open, the
long slender tomentose lower peduncles from the axils of upper leaves;
calyx-tube narrowly obconic, densely tomentose, the lobes narrow, acu-
minate, finely glandular-serrate, pubescent on the outer, villose on the
inner surface, reflexed after anthesis; stamens 20; anthers large, rose
color; styles 2, surrounded at the base by a narrow ring of pale hairs.
Fruit ripening early in October, on stout slightly hairy drooping pedicels,
in many-fruited clusters, often persistent until after the leaves fall, globose
or short-oblong, light orange-red, lustrous, marked by large dark dots,
7-8 mm. in diameter; calyx little enlarged, with a wide shallow cavity,
and slender closely appressed often deciduous lobes; flesh thin, yellow,
dry and hard, becoming soft after frost; nutlets 2, full and rounded at the
ends, ridged on the back, with a broad low slightly grooved ridge, pene-
trated on the inner face by very large shallow cavities, 5.5-6 mm. long,
and 3.5-4 mm, wide,
CRATAEGUS IN MISSOURI. 119
A slender shrub 5-8 m. high, with numerous small stems,
and slender nearly straight branchlets covered when they first
appear with long matted white hairs, becoming light chestnut-
brown, puberulous, and marked by pale lenticels in their first
season and dull gray-brown the following year, and armed
with very numerous stout straight chestnut-brown shining
spines 5-6 cm. long.
Dry gravelly banks of small streams near Monteer, Shannon
County, B. F. Bush, (No. 7 B type), May 17 and Oct. 1, 1905,
(No. 7) Oct. 6, 1905, (No. 7 A) Oct. 6, 1905, (No. 7 C) Oct. 1,
1905. To this species appear to belong the following speci-
mens: Swan, Taney County, B. F. Bush, (No. 10) May 21
and September 22, 1905, (Nos. 10 B, 10 C and 10 D) Sep-
tember 1905, (No. 10 E), May 19, 1907; Christian County,
near Swan, B. F. Bush, (No. 10 F) May 21, 1907, (No. P)
September 25, 1905.
5. Crataegus obscura, N. sp.
Leaves ovate to rhombic, acuminate, concave-cuneate at the entire
base, sharply often doubly serrate above, with straight glandular teeth,
and divided above the middle into 4 or 5 pairs of long slender acuminate
lobes; fully grown when the flowers open about the middle of May and then
thin, yellow-green, strigose above and villose along the upper side of the
midribs and soft-pubescent below, and at maturity thin, light yellow-green
and scabrate above, and palerand pubescent below especially on the slender
midribs, and thin primary veins extending obliquely to the points of the
lobes, 6-7.5 em. long and 4-6 cm. wide; petioles stout, narrowly wing-
margined nearly to the base, densely villose while young, becoming nearly
glabrous, 1.5-1.8 cm. in length. Flowers 1-1.2 cm. in diameter, on slender
densely villose pedicels, in mostly 12-15-flowered hairy corymbs, the much
elongated lower peduncles from the axils of upper leaves; calyx-tube
narrowly obconic, thickly covered with matted white hairs, the lobes long,
slender, acuminate, glandular-serrate, sparingly villose, reflexed after
anthesis; stamens 7-10; anthers rose color; styles 2 or 3, surrounded at
the base by a narrow ring of pale tomentum. Fruit ripening early in
October, on stout hairy erect pedicels, in few-fruited clusters, obovate,
full and rounded at the apex, abruptly narrowed at the base, light orange-
red, lustrous, marked by small pale dots, 1-1.2 cm. long and 9-10 mm.
in diameter; calyx little enlarged, with a very narrow shallow cavity, and
elongated slender laciniately serrate spreading and incurved often decidu-
ous lobes; flesh thin, pale yellow, soft and succulent; nutlets 2 or 3,
usually 2, rounded at the ends, ridged on the back, with a narrow low
ridge, penetrated on the inner faces by broad shallow cavities, about
6 mm. long, and 2 mm. wide.
120 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.
A shrub 1-3 m. high, with slender stems covered with
smooth dark bark, small ascending branches, and slender
nearly straight branchlets loosely coated with long white
hairs when they first appear, light orange-brown and pubes-
cent at the end of their first season, becoming rather lighter-
colored the following year, and armed with very numerous
slender nearly straight purple ultimately ashy gray spines 3-6
cm. long and generally pointing toward the base of the branch.
Limestone cliffs of Centre Creek, near Webb City, Jasper
County, EH. J. Palmer, (No. 9 C type) May 18, 1902, October
4, 1907.
6. Crataegus spinulosa, n. sp.
Leaves broadly ovate, acuminate, abruptly concave-cuneate at the
entire base, sharply often doubly serrate above, with straight glandular
teeth, and slightly divided usually only above the middle into 3 or 4 pairs
of small spreading acuminate lobes; nearly fully grown when the flowers
open about the 20th of May and then thin, dark yellow-green and roughened
above by short white hairs and villose-pubescent below, and at maturity
rather thick, dark yellow-green, scabrate and lustrous on the upper
surface, paler and still villose on the lower surface especially on the stout
yellow midribs, and conspicuous primary veins extending very obliquely
to the points of the lobes, 5.5-8 em. long and 4.5-6 em. wide; petioles
stout, narrowly wing-margined nearly to the base, villose, occasionally
glandular, 1-1.5 cm. in length. Flowers 1.2-1.4 cm. in diameter, on long
stout villose pedicels, in wide hairy mostly 15-25-flowered corymbs,
the much elongated lower peduncles from the axils of upper leaves; calyx-
tube narrowly obconic, coated with long matted white hairs, the lobes
gradually narrowed from the base, long, wide, sharply glandular-serrate,
slightly villose, reflexed after anthesis; stamens 10; anthers bright rose
color; styles 2 or 3. Fruit ripening early in October, on short stout
slightly hairy pedicels, in few-fruited drooping clusters, short-oblong,
slightly narrowed and hairy at the ends, orange-red, lustrous, 7-8 mm.
long and 5-6 mm. in diameter; calyx little enlarged, with a deep narrow
cavity, and small spreading and appressed lobes; flesh thin, yellow, soft
and juicy; nutlets usually 2, rounded at the ends, ridged on the back,
with a broad low grooved ridge, deeply penetrated on the inner face by
long narrow cavities, 5.5-6 mm. long, and 3-3.5 mm. wide.
A shrub 2-3 m. high, with small stems covered with pale
gray bark,slender nearly straight branchlets dark orange-green,
marked by large pale lenticels and coated with long matted
white hairs when they first appear, still hairy and light
chestnut-brown at the end of their first season and dull
apeerg,
CRATAEGUS IN MISSOURI. 121
gray-brown the following year, and unarmed or armed with
occasional slender straight light chestnut-brown spines 3-5
em. long. |
Low moist soil by streams, near Webb City, Jasper County,
E. J. Palmer, (No. 9 A type) May 20 and October 13, 1901,
May 19, 1908, (No. 14) C. 8S. Sargent, October 2, 1901.
7. CRATAEGUS MOLLITA Sargent, Trees and Shrubs, ii. 77,
t. 136 (1908).
Gravelly banks of streams, Swan, Taney County, B. F.
Bush, (No. 11 B type) May and September 1905, May 1907,
also numbers 11, 11 A, 11 C and 11 D.
8. Crataegus rupicola, n. sp.
Leaves ovate to obovate, acute or acuminate, gradually narrowed and
concave-cuneate at the glandular base, coarsely doubly serrate above,
with straight glandular teeth, slightly divided usually only above the middle
into 3 or 4 pairs of small acuminate lobes, strigose and becoming scabrate
on the upper surface, and covered on the lower side of the stout midribs
and slender prominent veins and veinlets with long white rather rigid hairs;
nearly fully grown when the flowers open from the 15th to the 20th of May
and then light yellow-green, and at maturity thin but firm in texture,
yellow-green, 7-8 cm. long and 5-6 cm. wide; petioles slender, broadly
wing-margined at the apex, densely villose-pubescent, glandular, with
minute persistent glands, 1.5-2.5 em. in length; leaves on vigorous shoots
coarsely serrate, more deeply lobed, and often 8-10 cm. long and 6-7 cm.
wide, with stout broad-winged petioles. Flowers 1.6-1.7 cm. in diameter,
on short slender densely villose pedicels, in 5-8-flowered hairy corymbs,
with lanceolate to linear glandular bracts and bractlets fading brown and
often persistent until the flowers open, the lower peduncles from the axils
of upper leaves; calyx-tube densely covered with matted pale hairs, the
lobes wide, long-pointed and acuminate at the apex, villose, reflexed after
anthesis; stamens 5-10; anthers large, bright red; styles 2-4, usually 3,
surrounded at the base by a broad ring of long white hairs. Fruit ripening
and falling early in October, on stout erect or spreading villose pedicels, in
few-fruited clusters, subglobose to short-oblong, deeply concave at the
insertion of the stem, bright orange-red, villose, with long soft white hairs
most abundant at the rounded ends, 9-11 mm. in diameter ; calyx little
enlarged, with a broad deep cavity lined with hoary tomentum, and small
spreading closely appressed lobes; flesh yellow-green, thick, dry and mealy ;
nutlets 2-4, obtuse and rounded at the ends, or when 4 narrowed at the
ends, prominently ridged on the back, with a high deeply grooved ridge,
penetrated on the inner faces by narrow deep cavities, 5.5-6 cm. long, and
44.5 mm. wide.
122 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.
A slender shrub 2-4 m. high, with small stems covered with
dark scaly bark, small spreading and ascending branches form-
ing an open irregular head, and slender slightly zigzag branch-
lets dark green and hoary-tomentose when they first appear,
becoming light chestnut-brown, lustrous and_villose-pubes-
cent or almost glabrous in their first season and dull reddish
brown or gray in their second year, and armed with numerous
slender nearly straight purplish shining spines 2-5 cm. long.
Dry rocky hills and barrens, and the dry banks of small
streams, Swan, Taney County, B. F. Bush, (No. 3 A type)
May 21 and September 22, 1905, (No. 3) May 19, 1905, (No
3 B) September 25, 1905, also T'release and Sargent, October 8,
1899 (without number).
9. Crataegus pudens, N. Sp.
Leaves narrowly obovate to rhombic or ovate, acuminate, gradually
narrowed to the long concave-cuneate entire base, and coarsely doubly
serrate above, with straight glandular teeth; more than half-grown when
the flowers open about the middle of May, and then thin, yellow-green,
setose, and villose along the midribs above, and pubescent below, and at
maturity thin but firm in texture, dark green, scabrate and lustrous on
the upper surface, pale bluish green and rough-pubescent on the lower
surface, 5-6 em. long and 3-3.5 em. wide, with slender villose midribs and
primary veins; petioles stout, wing-margined to below the middle, densely
villose early in the season, becoming glabrous, 1-1.2 em. in length; leaves
on vigorous shoots thicker, usually broadly obovate, coarsely serrate,
often 6.5-7.5 em. long and 5-6 cm. wide, with narrow foliaceous faleate
glandular-serrate stipules. Flowers 1.4-1.5 cm. in diameter, on long
slender villose pedicels, in wide lax mostly 15-20-flowered corymbs, with
oblong-obovate to linear minutely glandular bracts and bractlets fading
brown and usually persistent until the flowers open, the long slender villose
lower peduncles from the axils of the upper leaves; calyx-tube narrowly
obconic, thickly coated with long matted pale hairs, the lobes wide, long-
pointed and acuminate, glandular-serrate, glabrous on the outer, villose
on the inner surface, reflexed after anthesis; stamens 10; anthers pale
yellow; styles 2 or 3, surrounded at the base by a broad ring of white hairs.
Fruit ripening the end of September, on long drooping slightly hairy pedi-
cels, in broad many-fruited clusters, short-oblong, full and rounded at the
ends, green to yellowish red, 9-10 mm. long and 8-9 mm. in diameter;
calyx little enlarged, with a very narrow deep cavity, and small spreading
lobes often deciduous from the ripe fruit; flesh thin, yellow-green, hard
and dry; nutlets 2 or 3, usually 2, full and rounded at the ends, ridged on
the back, with a broad high grooved ridge, irregularly penetrated on the
inner faces by shallow cavities, 6-7 mm. long, and 4.5- mm, wide,
CRATAEGUS IN MISSOURI. 123
A shrub 3-5 m. high, with numerous small stems, slender
nearly straight branchlets thickly covered when they first
appear with long matted white hairs, becoming bright chest-
nut-brown, very lustrous, and marked by many small
pale lenticels in their first season, and dull reddish brown the
following year, and armed with very numerous slender slightly
curved purplish shining spines 4-5 cm. long and often point-
ing toward the base of the branch.
Gravelly banks of small streams, near Monteer, Shannon
County, B. F. Bush (No. 11 type), May 15 and Oct. 3, 1905,
(No. 11 A) May 15, 1905, (No. 11 B) May 15 and Oct. 7, 1905.
10. CRATAEGUS MoLLIcULA Sargent, Trees and Shrubs, i.
13, t. 107 (1907).
Rocky banks of streams, Monteer, Shannon County, B. F.
Bush, (No. 8 type) May and October 1905.
11. Crataegus insperata, N. sp.
Leaves broadly ovate to broadly obovate,acute or acuminate at the apex,
gradually or abruptly narrowed to the concave-cuneate entire base, sharply
often doubly serrate above, with straight slender glandular teeth, and
divided above the middle into 3 or 4 pairs of narrow acuminate lobes; fully
grown when the flowers open about the 20th of May and then thin, light
yellow-green and roughened above by short white hairs and soft-pubescent
below especially on the midribs and veins, and at maturity rather thick,
dark yellow-green and scabrate on the upper surface and pale bluish green
and still pubescent on the stout midribs and slender primary veins on the
lower surface, 5-6 em long and 3-5 em. wide; petioles stout, wing-mar-
gined nearly to the base, villose early in the season, becoming glabrous, rose-
colored in the autumn, 7-10 mm. in length. Flowers about 1 cm. in diam-
eter, on slender pedicels covered with matted pale hairs, in compact 15-20-
flowered hairy corymbs, with linear acuminate glandular-serrate bracts and
bractlets fading brown and frequently persistent until the flowers open, the
long lower peduncles from the axils of upper leaves; calyx-tube narrowly
obconic, hairy like the pedicels, the lobes long, slender, acuminate, lacini-
ately serrate, villose on the two surfaces, reflexed after anthesis; stamens
20; anthers dark red; styles 2 or 3, surrounded at the base by a ring of
pale hairs. Fruit ripening in October, on stout reddish slightly hairy
pedicels, in few-fruited clusters, obovate, light orange-red, lustrous, 1-1.2
cm. long and 8-10 mm. in diameter; calyx little enlarged, with a short
pubescent tube, a narrow deep cavity, and small spreading and reflexed
often deciduous lobes; flesh thick, yellow, sweet and succulent; nutlets
2 or 3, full and rounded, or when 3 narrowed and rounded at the ends,
ridged on the back, with a broad low grooved ridge, deeply penetrated on
124 _ MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.
the inner faces by very broad deep cavities, about 6 mm, long, and 3 mm.
wide.
A shrub 1.5-2 m. high, with small stems covered with dark
bark, small ascending and spreading branches, and slender
nearly straight branchlets orange-green and loosely covered
with matted white hairs when they first appear, dull reddish
brown and slightly pubescent at the end of their first season,
becoming dark dull red-brown and glabrous the following
year, and unarmed or armed with occasional slender short
spines.
Rocky banks of Spring River, Carthage, Jasper County,
E. J. Palmer, (No. 9 H type) May 19 and October 5, 1907.
With leaves considerably thicker than those of the other
Missouri thin-leaved Tomentosae and thinner than those of
the two Missouri thick-leaved species, Crataegus insperata
serves to connect these two divisions of the group. The
prominent midribs and veins impressed above indicate, how-
ever,a closer relationship with the thick-leaved species with
which I have placed it.
12. Crataegus ensifera, nN. sp.
Leaves rhombic to slightly obovate, acuminate at the ends, finely
doubly serrate, with straight glandular teeth, and slightly divided above
the middle into 3 or 4 pairs of small acuminate lobes; nearly fully grown
when the flowers open from the 10th to the middle of May and then thin
but firm in texture, dark yellow-green, lustrous, and roughened above by
short white hairs and pale yellowish green and sparingly villose along the
midribs and veins below, and at maturity thick, light yellow-green and
scabrate above, pale and pubescent below, 5-6 cm. long and 3-3.5 cm. wide,
with stout midribs, and thin prominent primary veins deeply impressed
on the upper side of the leaf; petioles slender, narrowly wing-margined to
below the middle, villose on the upper side while young, becoming glabrous,
bright rose color in the autumn, 1—1.5 cm. in length. Flowers 1.3-1.4 em.
in diameter, on long slender slightly hairy pedicels, in wide mostly 16-20-
flowered corymbs, the elongated lower peduncles from the axils of upper
leaves; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, slightly hairy near the base, glabrous
above, the lobes long, wide, laciniately glandular-serrate, glabrous on the
outer, villose on the inner surface, reflexed after anthesis; stamens 20;
anthers minute, pale salmon color; styles 2. Fruit ripening and falling
early in October, on slender drooping slightly pubescent pedicels, in few-
fruited clusters, oval, bright orange-red, lustrous, marked by small pale
dots, 1-1.2 em. long and 8-9 em. in diameter; calyx prominent, with a
wide deep cavity,and small spreading and appressed coarsely serrate lobes,
CRATAEGUS IN MISSOURI. 125
flesh thin, yellow, sweet and succulent; nutlets 2, rounded at the ends,
ridged on the back, with a low ridge, penetrated on the inner faces by narrow
deep cavities, 5.5-6 mm. long, and 2-2.5 mm. wide.
A tree 7-8 m. high, with a trunk sometimes 2 dm. in diam-
eter, small ascending and spreading branches, and stout
slightly zigzag glabrous branchlets light green when they
first appear, becoming bright chestnut-red, very lustrous and
marked by dark lenticels in their first season and dark reddish
brown the following year, and armed with very numerous
stout slightly curved bright chestnut-brown ultimately ashy
gray spines 4.5-8 cm. long.
Roadside five miles north of Swan, in Christian County, B. F.
Bush, (No. 23 B type) May 16 and October 6, 1907, (Nos. 23
and 23 A) May 16, 1907, (No. 23 C) May 16 and October 6,
1907.
13. CRATAEGUS PERTOMENTOSA Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell
Sci. Soc. xvi. pt. ii. 70 (1900)—Mackenzie & Bush,
Manual FI. Jackson County, Missouri, 108.
Leaves ovate to rhombic, acuminate, gradually narrowed and concave-
cuneate at the entire base,sharply often doubly serrate above, with straight
glandular teeth, and occasionally slightly divided above the middle into
small acute lobes; about half-grown when the flowers open the middle of
May and then thin, bluish green, villoseon the upper side of the midribs and
roughened above by short white hairs, and pale and villose below especially
on the midribs and veins, and at maturity subcoriaceous, lustrous and sca-
brate on the upper surface, still villose on the lower surface, 5-5.5 cm. long
and 3-4 cm. wide, with stout midribs often rose-colored in the autumn, and
slender primary veins deeply impressed on the upper side of the leaves;
petioles stout, wing-margined at the apex, sparingly villose early in the
season, becoming glabrous, 8-10 mm. in length; leaves on vigorous shoots
thicker, broadly ovate to oval, acute at the apex, rounded or concave-
cuneate at the base, more coarsely serrate, often more deeply lobed,
frequently 6-7 cm. long and 5.5-6.5 cm. wide. Flowers 1.5-1.6 cm. in
diameter, on long slender densely villose pedicels, in wide mostly 18-20-
flowered hairy corymbs, with linear-lanceolate to linear acuminate finely
glandular-serrate bracts and bractlets fading brown and generally per-
sistent until the flowers open, the much elongated lower peduncles from
the axils of upper leaves; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, densely villose,
the lobes long, slender, acuminate, laciniately glandular-serrate below
the middle, glabrous on the outer, villose on the inner surface, reflexed
after anthesis; stamens 10; anthers pale yellow; styles 2, surrounded at
the base by a broad ring of pale hairs, Fruit ripening late in September
126 ' MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.
or in October, on long slender hairy pedicels, in many-fruited drooping
clusters, subglobose to short-oblong, scarlet, lustrous, marked by small
pale dots, 8-9 mm. in diameter; calyx little enlarged, with a narrow
shallow cavity and spreading often deciduous lobes; flesh thin, yellow,
sweet and succulent; nutlets 2, rounded at the ends, slightly ridged on the
back, penetrated on the inner faces by deep narrow cavities, about 6 mm.
long, and 2.5 mm. wide.
A shrub 2-6 m. high, with slender stems covered with gray
scaly bark, spreading branches, and stout slightly zigzag
branchlets dark reddish brown marked by pale lenticels and
sparingly villose when they first appear, becoming light
chestnut-brown, glabrous and very lustrous in their first
season and pale gray-brown the following year, and armed with
numerous stout or slender nearly straight purple shining
spines 3-6 cm. long.
Rocky barrens, Jackson County; widely distributed but
not common, B. F. Bush, Grain Valley, Dodson, Independ-
ence.
Arnold Arboretum.
ADDENDUM.*
2. CRATAEGUS APIIFOLIA Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 287.
(1803). —Chapman, Fl. 127.—Sargent, Silva N. Am.
iv. 111, t. 188; Manual, 486, f. 401.
Neelyville, Butler County, B. F. Bush (No. 47), April 22,
1898; also from Arkansas, eastern Texas, and to Florida and
southern Virginia.
* p. 114, under MICROCARPAE.
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AN ECOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER
IN THE REGION OF ST. LOUIS, MISSOURIL.*
BY HENRI HUS.
INTRODUCTION.
The diversity of physiographic conditions afforded by a
great river like the Mississippi always offers an incentive to a
study of the distribution of the vegetation about it. This
is particularly true of the Mississippi in the region of St.
Louis, Mo. Here it traverses a valley from four to eight miles
broad of which a portion, approximately one mile in width,
is occupied by the stream. The greater part of its alluvial
flood plain lies in Illinois, there forming the most northern
portion of the American Bottom. This flood plain is modi-
fied by numerous agents either natural or artificial. Bodies
of water, varied in extent, occupy a large area. While some
of them are connected with the river at all times, others are
so only in times of flood. Creeks, descending from the pla-
teau, cut their way to the Mississippi. The land itself is
high or low, sandy or clayey. Portions of it have been
diked. Wooded tracts have been denuded for agricultural
purposes. The resulting diversity of vegetation finds a paral-
lel in that of the plateaus of Missouri and Illinois, both origi-
nally forming part of the same peneplain. These plateaus
have been modified by various physical agents. Water is
responsible for the formation of ravines and sinkholes.
Under the influence of man large portions of the original
forest have disappeared. Farms now occupy their place.
Naturally these influences have gone far to modify the original
vegetation. Contemporaneous with the recession, or even
disappearance, of a species is the advent and establishment of
another. Railroads, bringing about entirely new conditions,
have offered favorable opportunities for the development and
distribution of certain species, at the same time assisting in
the immigration of others. It is realized that where the
secondary influences act upon a country already modeled
* A thesis presented to the Faculty of Washington University, in
candidacy for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, April. 1908.
(127)
128 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.
into distinct regions by primary physiographic forces, the
effect upon the flora must be far reaching. In the following
paper an attempt has been made to analyze the physio-
graphic features of the river valley and to study the distri-
bution of the local flora with reference to them.
Since a cross section of the Mississippi River, following
a straight line laid down with mathematical precision, would
not include the various features characteristic of the region
described, the cross section made is an ideal one, exempli-
fied in the accompanying diagram, embodying the principal
physiographic features of the region studied. The section
embraces, from east to west, the country lying between the
rolling prairies of southwestern Illinois on the one hand and
the Missouri plateau on the other, and includes portions of
the two plateaus. On the Missouri side the area covered
comprises the country between the mouth of the River des
Péres and the mouth of the Meramec River. On the Illinois
side the territory is bounded on the north by an east and
west line drawn through a point approximately one mile north
of Collinsville in Madison county and on the south by an
east and west line drawn through a point about two miles south
of Falling Spring, St. Clair county.
In the collection of data for and in the preparation of this
paper the writer is indebted for valuable assistance to many
friends, in the first place to Professor William Trelease, at
whose suggestion the work was undertaken. To Professor
Fenneman of the U. 8. Geological Survey, to Messrs. Mitchell
and Penneman of the Deep Water Way Commission, and to
Mr. J. J. Lichter, thanks are due for information along
geological lines, especially as far as borings in the American
Bottoms are concerned, and to Mr. J. H. Kellogg of the
Missouri Botanical Garden for numerous botanical data.
PHYSICAL FEATURES.
METEOROLOGY.
As pointed out by Clements,* unless meteorological readings
are taken in each habitat, they are of no value to the ecologist
* Clements, F. E. Research Methods in Ecology. Lincoln. 1905.
ECOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 129
except in giving a very general idea of the vegetation. Neither
annual nor daily averages can be used to advantage. It is
different where monthly or seasonal averages are concerned.
The extremes also are of importance. For this reason certain
of the data collected by others are given here.
TABLE A.
. ° fy e e Fs . .
Year| €]/3| 3 oye a ak ee = a ea P| ais] o] 8
fs By = = , BARN CHM NHN SNM dada HMMA CORHH : Res
PA] encoconmnntHS i on irs
; Qh SRSA PAHT SHR SCaeoseoovsornsSnasrsszgn xe | GODOHOHWOKRTHHS 230
S QWHAGAS ANOS OAT STQWMHSVCSOHAAIINDSOMNOSOMSOATI |e 8&8,
} ANSOMAHAd SAN ANCANC SNH CCH SH OMAN OSH | F ona OO "EOD
Z AANS et) no B
: ROHNOM BOAT SMM ISS HSEKTSNSS mo geSnheseserescr |g a | £eq Adee?) Ltt a ils et
a He QoS St SO Se aS SO Hr owoacooocawes 1 Fi = BAAN BARON Pag
a SCMMNOPMMMAMMHOSODANEMSH BHM NNOMANOCRTMNM Ha < 3 5 rb)
me = u + OANHMHO NB 01919 0D oid
a QRS SSV SV RRA SPH STTSSHSSSSHASENSOSSAMANDS | = 4 SHOR HOGrOHOOE S'O-n
SF | BASKSCONNKQYANAATTOOV NN SOOHOOrARAnreers | & . A) ReSeees ese Sop,
< MOOSHAMWIAHANHONMANNRFOONNHOHANOCONFOMONAMS D 8 os han ien enon hon hae onl ss
3 | YOLHONTLOD a9
+ ASSDAMEN MH AHODIHAANOHOWOMMHHORAOANBON ce xeWq| 5 oo im Ie
q | SSSRRRRA GMA ARRSSRSSHSSIRASATARERSSISR | E Gee] ee eae fe Aan
= APO WAWAMN ROI AMDHANONNANANSOHWA HR HO EHH HOM 2 o CAH oreped HIN CDA | a 4
eases |s ® *
MAOH SHMHANDAHANDEMAROLADANAOHIA < A Bit AO Soe a &
g¢ | BRSSSISSSERGSSSSRSRAGKISIERSRSARLSRZS |b a mg | aeaae oa eg
E] ATCSASSHAWAA TW NWSW TC [ZH Wp OOAPGaROonAA | Sic
ad 4 s DSOSrRADRDHOrEm |K . Se 3
| eee eee 2 °
: QSASSSHSS SOI HIE A RAOSSS OHS HEA SSoneFaan is da a
2 se far e ot RagNrrie ha lst pa pr phe pet reo” pra Bie pera ae es aa is HOOntHAROCARHAH < | 83
g | Addin Cd dada SHcdaidininidianican desis dad *8N | NrSSacscoanan or
K
: SSB Oa SS SSS eS BAAS SSM SSeNwmSeseee | Yas Pane = Se
d | BEBABKARSHFHSRAR SHOT HHA BSINBSSH AR AGH SPE RTe Sag
iS ASHHSHHARNSNSC SMM ONMNHHONAH HHO pa _ : ‘3 ‘38 nas s
+ i] . san be |
a a ~ °
4 | Copeeetresanassspassanesestuesnas sess E | desag Beste | |P Sse
m DHO OHO HD OBKOBHBOHBODE DOD DHE LBRRSR RASS = BORE DEREREES * 6929
| ! henhankenhanhanhenhonhenhanhonhenhanhonhanhenhanlanhanhanhenhenhanhanhenhenhenhonhantankonhenhentoshenhonhon! arSassssoe sd io")
Se2<2454<0029 oe
or" dd ki ial eee © re ne ee ee balla scsebiint Sey Hale patie Ma he 6 paring et Et pia Pas
131
ECOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION. OF THE MISSISSIPPI.
From the temperature table given (A) the following data
have been calculated. The mean covers the period from
1874 to 1907. The seasonal division here made is: spring,
March, April, May; summer, June, July, August; autumn,
September, October, November; winter, December, January,
February.
TABLE D.
Seasonal Mean Extremes
Annual
: ; Mean . be 4
Winter | Spring | Summer | Autumn Maximum) Minimum
33.94 | 55.55 | 77.18 52.67 56.47 107 —22
AVERAGE AND EXTREME TEMPERATURE.
A comparison of normal temperature and precipitation
for St. Louis, given by Fippin and Drake,* is reproduced as
Table E.
TABLE E.
Temper- | Precipi- Temper- | Precipi-
Month ature tation Month ature tation
January 30.5 2.18 July 78.8 3.76
February 35.1 2.78 August 76.8 3.50
March 43.1 3.49 September 69.4 one
April 56.2 3.79 October 57.5 2.89
May 65.8 4.58 November 43.6 3.10
June 75.2 5.08 December 35.6 2.81
NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION.
It is almost unnecessary to state that figures obtained
for various stations in our section show marked differ-
Even where conditions are fairly uniform the
differences are striking. This is well illustrated by Table F,
containing figures taken from a paper by Nipher.t
ences.
* Fippin, E. O. and J. A. Drake.
Rept. U. 8. D. A. Bureau of Soils.
Missouri-Illinois.
+ Nipher, F. E. Report on Missouri Rainfall, with Averages for ten
Years ending December, 1887. Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis.
1889,
Soil Survey of the O’Fallon Area,
6: 817.
1904.
5: 383.
132 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.
TABLE F.
Locality* |Jan.|Feb.|Mar.| Apr.| May] Jun. | Jul. | Aug.) Sep. | Oct. Nov. Dec.) Year
Station 1 .80) 8.94) 3.49 3.58 4.55 4.53) 3.84| 2.20) 1.73) 2.44] 3.24) 1.81) 43.15
Station 2 3.68] 7.21| 3.39] 4.30! 4.36] 4.78] 3.56) 2.53) 1.46) 2.33) 3.16) 1.75) 42.51
Station 3 2.34] 6.99] 3.57] 3.47) 4.22) 4.57| 1.10} 2.07) 1.38) 3.21) 2.77) 1.49) 37.18
Station 4 2.80| 6.96] 2.14! 3.17] 4.89] 3.80] 4.30] 3.52) 1.71] 2.42) 4.00) 1.16) 40.87
Station 5 2.87| 6.54| 3.29] 2.16] 4.29| 4.94] 4.84) 2.67) 2.73] 3.55) 3.04) 1.84) 42.76
RAINFALL IN OR NEAR ST. LOUIS, 1882.
An excellent exposition of the relations existing between
soils and plant growth on the one hand and temperature on
the other, as well as of the influence of precipitation, is given
by Hilgard.t Unfortunately there are no records available
for our different habitats. Yet data obtained from two
points, the one to the northwest, the other to the southeast
of our territory, do not show a very great difference, as is
exemplified by Table G.
TABLE G.
Month Temperature Rainfall
St. Louis | Mascoutah | Diff St. Louis |Mascoutah | Diff.
April 56.1 53.6 +2.5 3.52 3.94 — .42
May 66.5 64.0 +2.5 4.24 4.67 —.43
June 75.1 74.0 41.1 4.47 4.22 |4.25
July 78.7 77.9 + .8 3.21 3.09 +.12
Aug. 77.2 75.7 +1.5 2.66 2.78 —.12
Sept. 70.0 69.4 + .6 2.91 3.44 — .53
Oct. 58 .4 56.6 +1.8 2.41 221 +.20
Nov. 43.4 42.9 + .5 2.88 3.26 |—.38
Dec. 35.5 34.5 +1.0. 2.23 2.38 —.15
ST. LOUIS, MO., AND MASCOUTAH, ILL., 1907.
* Station 1, St. Louis Signal Service. Gauge on the roof of the St.
Louis Life Insurance Building, 6th and Locust Sts.—Station 2, Washing-
ton University. Gauge 6 feet above the ground in the rear yard of a
dwelling on the S. E. cor., 18th St. and Washington Ave.—Station 3,
St. Louis Waterworks. Top of gauge 16 inches above the ground with no
tree or building within 75 yards.—Station 4, Jefferson Barracks, St.
Louis Co., Mo.—Station 5, Mascoutah, St. Clair Co., Ill. Gauge 3 feet
above ground.
+ Hilgard, E. Soils. 289, 305, 310. New York. 1908.
t Compiled at the St. Louis Weather Bureau from data in U. S. D. A.
Weather Bureau. Climatological Report, Illinois Section. 12". 1907.
ECOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 133
The main point to be remembered in judging temperature
~ conditions in the field from data obtained in the city is that
true extremes are seldom obtained in the latter location on
account of the lesser radiation of brick structures. Both in
winter and summer, during the day as well as at night, the
extremes of temperature are less in the cities than in the
field. This is largely due to the lack of protection from wind
of stations in the field.
If the differences to be observed in the temperature of vari-
ous stations in the territory having similar aspect are so slight
as to be negligible, this is not so where the formations are of
a different nature. Measurements at various stations have
shown a variation of from 2 to 10° C. at approximately the
same hour and on the same date. In summer the temper-
ature of the oak woods is at least 4° C. lower than that of the
field, while at night it is as much higher. This figure is based
on a limited number of observations made near Jefferson
Barracks during 1907. The need of automatic instru-
ments for the registration of temperatures, etc., is, how-
ever, indicated. This, in the vicinity of a large city, ap-
pears to be hopeless, even the most simple and seemingly
well-hidden instruments being subject to vandalism.
In a former paper* attention was called to the protective
action of forests, preventing extremes of temperature and
moisture, as shown by Ebermayer.t Comparative observa-
tions made in Europe, in a beech forest situated at an alti-
tude of 400 m., gave the following results:
TABLE H.
In the wood In the open
Temperature
Max. Min. Max. Min.
PR ES pe | Sane eet ee ae
One half foot below surface...... 18.4 —2.5 24.5 —4 6
SOIL TEMPERATURES.
* The Germination of Hydrastis canadensis. Rept. Mo. Bot. Gard.
18:85. 1907.
+ Ebermayer, E. Die physikalischen Einwirkungen des Waldes auf
Luft und Boden, ete. 1. Aschaffenburg. 1873.—Temperatures in
degrees of the Centigrade scale.
134 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.
From this it will be seen that at the surface the highest
temperature was 7.1° C. higher in the open than in the wood,
while half a foot below the surface a difference of 6.1° C. was
found. It will also be noted that in winter the tempera-
ture of the soil half a foot below the surface was considerably
higher in the wood than in the open.
Not only are plants growing in woods protected from ex-
treme temperatures, but they also enjoy a fairly uniform
degree of humidity of the soil. Another factor which fre-
quently plays a great part in the presence of plants in certain
localities is the air current. This is true especially where
oceur ravines such as we find at Cliff Cave. Just how
these air currents affect plant growth will be shown later. .
Another important factor, not to be lost sight of because of
its intimate relation to plant distribution, is the ratio exist-
ing between evaporation and rainfall, as shown by Schimper.*
In the section studied, the rainfall is between 60 and 80% of
the evaporation.t Naturally the nature of the plant growth,
etc., modifies this ratio to a great extent, as shown experi-
mentally by Livingston,t by means of his simple and in-
genious atmometer.
A seeming gradual decrease of rainfall in this section,§
may have exerted a great and lasting influence upon the
local flora, though records by means of which such changes
could be followed are unfortunately not available.
Important climatological influences upon the flora are
exerted by the daily extremes of temperature, especially
those occurring during the earlier part of the year, which
act not only upon the plants themselves but also upon the
limestone rock. Alternate periods of freezing and thaw-
ing can be supported by the winter-rosettes of the hardiest
plants only. Differences of 30° F. are not infrequent, and
* Schimper, A. F. W. Pflanzengeographie. 174. Jena. 1898.
+ Transeau, E.N. Forest Centers of Eastern America. Am. Nat. 39:
875. 1905.
¢ Livingston, B. E. Evaporation and Plant Development. The Plant
World. 10:269. Dec. 1907.—Evaporation and Plant Habitats. The
Plant World. 11:1. Jan. 1908.
§ Trelease, W. Thirteenth Annual Report of the Director. Rept.
Mo. Bot. Gard. 18:16. 1902.
ECOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 135
since the minimum is ordinarily several degrees below the
freezing point, these factors likewise assist to some extent in
the disintegration of the rock surface, especially since the
limestone is porous and absorbs a considerable amount of
water. However, the St. Louis limestone appears to be able
to withstand climatic influences so well that locally it is largely
used as a building-stone. While there is a considerable vari-
ation in its composition, on the whole it may be said that
laboratory tests have shown that the crushing strength of
samples subjected to freezing was not seriously diminished.*
Hence changes in temperature probably do not greatly affect
the rock surface. On the other hand, they serve to pry apart,
at the fissure joints, those blocks of limestone which are situ-
ated near the surface.
GEOLOGY.
But few geological or paleontological papers deal ex-
clusively with the region or part of the region under discussion
and the various publications treating of those parts of Illinois
and Missouri, situated along the banks of the Mississippi in
the vicinity of St. Louis, must be taken into consideration.
As far as Missouri is concerned, previous to the first State
Geological Survey, none but the most general features had
been recognized, the main interest being centered on the
metal, ore and coal producing regions. A summary of such
geological work as had been done, is given by Swallow,f with
whose appointment as State Geologist was inaugurated a new
era, during which were studied not only the different geologi-
cal formations, but also the fossils which they contained,
something which up to that time had been practically neg-
lected.
As far as the vicinity of St. Louis is concerned, it was es-
pecially the work of Dr. B. F. Shumard which contributed
largely to a detailed and accurate knowledge of its geology
and paleontology. Especially from the standpoint of the
latter science the field is exceedingly rich and attractive, so
* Buckley, E. R., and H. A. Buehler. The Quarrying Industries of
Missouri. Mo. Bureau Geol. and Mines. 2 ser. 2. 1904.
+ Swallow, C. G. First and Second Annual Report of the Geological
Survey of Missouri. Appendix A. 1855.
136 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.
that at the present time its contents are well studied. Among
the 800 or more publications mentioned, in 1890, by Samp-
son * as dealing with the geological problems of Missouri, a
large percentage treat of paleontology only. A bibliography,
more ample and arranged according to a different system,
is given by Keyes,f since the publication of which a number
of others, dealing with St. Louis county, have appeared.
They are to be found chiefly among the publications of the
U.S. Geological Survey and in the Proceedings of the Acad-
emy of Science of St. Louis.
For the geology of that part of Illinois considered in the
present paper, the publications of the Geological Survey of
Illinois and those of the U.S. Geological Survey have been
drawn upon for information. Further bibliographic refer-
ences are given by Weeks.t
THE MISSOURI SECTION.
In this portion of our territory the Pleistocene, the Car-
boniferous and the Silurian periods are represented, though
not all of them are exposed. Neocene, Eocene, Cretaceous
and Jura-Trias are entirely lacking here and in the adjacent
territories, both in Missouri and Illinois. The coal measures
are found in the Illinois portion of our territory as well as
immediately north of the Missouri section, above the mouth
of the River des Péres. The latter are a portion of the Illinois
coal field. §
An excellent idea of the formations, as occurring in St.
Louis county, may be obtained from a general section pub-
* Sampson, F. A. A Bibliography of the Geology of Missouri. Geo-
logical Survey of Missouri. Arthur Winslow, State Geologist. Bulletin
2:5. 1890.
+ Keyes, C. R. Bibliography of Missouri Geology. Missouri Geo-
logical Survey. Charles Keyes, State Geologist. 10:219. 1896.
t Weeks, F. B. Bibliography of North American Geology, Paleon-
tology, Petrology and Mineralogy for 1892-1900 inclusive. Bull. U. 8.
Geol. Survey. 188. 1902.—Index to North American Geology, Paleon-
tology, Petrology and Mineralogy for 1892-1900, inclusive. Bull. U. S.
Geol. Survey. 189. 1902.
§ Gallaher, Jno. A. Preliminary Report on the structural and eco-
nomic Geology of Missouri. Missouri Geological Survey. 13: 167. 1900.
ECOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 137
lished by Ladd.* It is understood that as a result of recent
investigations by members of the U. S. Geological Survey,
this column should be modified to some extent. As it stands
at present it is a compilation of the work accomplished in
this section along geological lines since its inception by
Shumard in 1854 and up to 1890. It was especially the
boring of a well at the Insane Asylum at St. Louis, sunk to
a depth of nearly 4,000 feet, which threw light upon the
rocks which in no place in this vicinity reach the surface.
Quaternary Deposits.
The most detailed description of the quaternary forma-
tion of the Missouri portion of our section is that by Todd.t
1. Recent Alluvium.—The alluvium deposited by the
Mississippi is in part derived from the Missouri River which
enters the former about ten miles north of St. Louis. It is
mainly composed of sand, with coarser material towards
the bottom. On top of the sand we find clay or mixtures
of sand and clay. These deposits, which are numerous but
variable, both in size and locality, are also the first stages of
the sandbar formations. On the west bank of the Mississippi
occur wider or narrower bottoms, overflowed at times of flood
only. Their subsoil, to a depth of several feet, is a heavy
loam laid down by the river. Owing to the growth of tall
annuals which during the summer and autumn cover these
banks, the loam is soon covered by a thick mat of decaying
vegetation forming a rich, black soil. As a result of the na-
ture of the shore south of St. Louis, terrace formations are
absent.
2. Loess.—This name is applied to the loamy clay which
in layers of varying thickness, sometimes as much as 50 feet,
overlies the St. Louis limestone, owing its name to its re-
semblance to certain sedimentary deposits, thus designated,
* Ladd, G. E. The Clay, Stone, Lime and Sand Industries of St.
Louis City and County. Geological Survey of Missouri. Bull. 3. 1890.
+ Broadhead, G. C. On the Well at the Insane Asylum, St. Louis
County. Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis. 33216. 1878.
t Todd, J. E. Formation of the Quaternary Deposits. Missouri
Geological Survey. Charles R. Keyes, State Geologist. 10111. 1896.
138 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.
in the valley of the Rhine. Todd * describes it as follows:
“Loess . . . is composed mainly of fine grains of silica
some of which attain the size of .2 mm., though the majority
are less than .01 mm. These particles are coated, more
or less, with oxide of iron and calcic carbonate. The amount
of the former gives it the color which in the typical form is
usually a light buff. With it is mixed many small grains of
clay. The finer ingredients appear to constitute a cement
which holds it firmly together so that it usually stands firm
like indurated rock, unless softened by moisture.” An in-
crease in the amount of oxide of iron increases the inten-
sity of the color of the loess. Its absence is indicated by a
gray or even whitish color.
3. Bouldery drift.—This underlies the loess, and covers
the surface along the western bank of the Mississippi below
St. Louis as far as the mouth of the Meramec, occupying a
strip two to five miles wide.t Interesting in this connection
is Wheeler’s paper, bearing on the occurrence of blue gla-
cial clay or “till” at St. Louis.t From this it appears that
there exists some doubt as to the glacial origin of the drift
above referred to. However, more recent work, as yet un-
published, seems to eliminate such a doubt.
Subcarboniferous System.
The ferruginous sandstone of the Chester group which in
other portions of St. Louis county underlies the coal measures
and in places attains a thickness of 250 feet, is, in our terri-
tory, represented by a thin layer of sandy shale, never more
than a few feet in thickness. It directly overlies the St.
Louis limestone. The latter is a very hard, fine-grained rock,
varying in color from light yellow to light-gray and _blue-
eray. It is evenly bedded, the strata varying in thickness
so as to yield both dimension stone and flagstone. _ It is inter-
stratified with layers of argillaceous shale. Some of the lime-
* loc. cit.
+ Wright, G.F. U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 58 372-73. 1890.
t Wheeler, H. A. Note on the Glacial Drift in St. Louis. Trans. Acad.
Sci. St. Louis. 7:121. 1895.
ro ee ere Oe ay
.
ECOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 139
stone strata are a nearly pure carbonate of lime, in other
strata the limestone is mixed with sand. The beds are nearly
horizontal, having a slight inclination to the northeast. The
first detailed description accessible is that of Engelmann.*
It reaches its greatest development on the western shore of
the Mississippi between the mouth of the River des Péres
and the mouth of the Meramec. It contains many character-
istic fossils. The total thickness of the St. Louis limestone
is estimated at 250 feet, of which, along the bluff, from 40
to 120 feet are exposed. The entire section is as follows:
‘St. Louis.......250 ft.
; Keokuk... .....225 ft.
Lower Carboniferous. . . Burlington... . .200 ft.
Chouteau...... 65 ft.
Hower SUUrIAN: «.; . 6 ve ae ee sw 800 ft.
THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER.
The Mississippi River, which in our section closely follows
the bluffs on the western side, is of varying depth. Its chan-
nel, which for the greater part is situated on the Missouri
side, varies in depth from 10 to 58 feet,t} and is cut in the
alluvial deposit.
The depth of the alluvial deposit is not known with exacti-
tude. Todd says: “At St. Louis there are varying depths
from low water to bedrock: at the east end of the Eads bridge
it is 95 feet, at the east pier of Merchants’ bridge it is 45 feet,
in a well at the Tudor Iron Works 79 feet.”’ The bedrock
is the St. Louis limestone.
THE ILLINOIS SECTION.
In the Illinois section, the Quaternary, Carboniferous and
Silurian systems are recognized.t{ The Quaternary system,
quantitatively, in depth as well as in area, is better repre-
sented than in the Missouri section.
* Engelmann, G. Remarks on the St. Louis Limestone. Amer. Journ.
Sci. and Arts. 2 ser. $2119. 1847.
+ Survey of the Mississippi River, made under the Direction of the
Mississippi River Commission. Chart 114.
t Worthen, A. H. Geological Survey of Illinois. 1:21. 1866.
Cg
140 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.
Quaternary Deposits.
In their deposition and arrangement the Mississippi, which,
unlike most rivers in southern Illinois, follows the pre-glacial
drainage lines,* played an important part.
1. Recent alluvium.—This is of the same nature as that
in St. Louis county, however, it overlies a bed of sediment
consisting chiefly of an upper sandy portion and a lower part
composed of gravel and pebbles. This is well shown by the
boring made during the summer of 1905 in the vicinity of
Monk’s Mound, Ill., just north of the line dividing St. Clair
and Madison counties. Records of the borings, of which
samples were placed in the museum of the Academy of Science
of St. Louis through the agency of Mr. J. J. Lichter, were
published by Bowmant and are here reproduced as Table I.
In this table, which was verified by a comparison with the
samples just mentioned, certain of the borings which ap-
peared to be identical, have been added together for the pur-
pose of condensing the table.
It is doubtful whether the deposits above referred to are
of glacial origin. Bowman,t{ while granting that the ice may
have brought down and filled in a portion of the material,
believes it more rational to suppose “that the river and tribu-
taries brought in the material from the thick glacial deposits
which cross the river higher up and from the bluffs nearby.”
How rapidly the river is building out the flood plain may be
judged by the fact that Cahokia, one mile east of the river,
in 1850 was situated on the bank of the river. The tribu-
tary streams too carry large burdens, as evidenced by the
deposits near French Village, or the instance quoted by Bow-
man who mentions the fact that the southern outlet to Pitts-
burg Lake has been largely closed up by bluff sediments of
Druit Creek.
2. Loess.—This covers the hills to a greater or less depth,
and often reaches a thickness of 60 feet, as at the quarry near
* Leverett, F. The Water Resources of Illinois. U. S. Geol. Surv.
Ann. Rep. 177: 706. 1895-1896.
t Bowman, I. Water Resources of the East St. Louis District. Ill.
State Geol. Surv. Bull. 5: 106-107. 1907.
t loc. cit.
ECOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION OF THE MISSISSIPPI.
141
TABLE I.
FEET.
SECTION. Thick- Depth
ness.
LEG yee ee eae ee ee a et ie eee 40 40
Gray Gam «See a a
met ae
192 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.
clumps of willows, consisting of Salix amygdaloides, S. amyg-
daloides X nigra, S.cordata, S. longifolia and S. nigra, especially
in the lower portions which frequently are submerged. Two
points are to be noted, the one that species of Crataegus oc-
cur as isolated individuals which in some cases are the only
representatives of the species,* and the other that the Missis-
sippi River appears to act as a barrier to their distribution as
pointed out by Sargent,t many of the species not being found
in Missouri. This same point is illustrated by Gleditschia
aquatica, specimens of which are not infrequent in the Ameri-
can Bottom opposite St. Louis, but which is not found in
St. Louis county, though it appears on the Missouri side
opposite Alton, which coincides with the change in physio-
graphy, since here the Illinois bluffs overhang the river while
on the Missouri side there are vast bottom lands.
The wooded bottom.
The wooded bottom is mainly covered by Carya amara
and C. olivaeformis, Quercus bicolor, Q. macrocarpa, Q.palus-
tris, Gleditschia triacanthos, Gymnocladus canadensis, Populus
monilijera, Celtis mississippiensis and Celtis occidentalis,
though Betula nigra and Ulmus americana are not infrequent.
The trees are placed close together, and except at the edges,
few other species occur. Grapevines are most numerous,
including Ampelopsis quinquefolia, Vitis cinerea, V. cordi-
jolia, and V. riparia. The spring flora is limited to Kanuncu-
lus abortivus, Capsella Bursa-pastoris, Claytonia virginica,
Arisaema Dracontium and A. triphyllum, Sagittaria varia-
bilis, Alisma Plantago, Carex granwaris and C. laxiflora.
During the early part of the year rosettes of Lactuca ludo-
viciana, Lobelia cardinalis and L. syphilitica develop. Lo-
belia cardinalis is the most striking plant in the fall of the
year, producing immense spikes 6-8 fect in height, bearing
brilliant red flowers. At this time Cassia marylandica is con-
spicuous. There is an undergrowth of brambles.
* Sargent, C. S. Manual of the Trees of North America. 1905.
+ Sargent, C. 8. Crataegus in Missouri. Rept. Mo. Bot. Gard. 19:35.
1908.
ECOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 193
Sloughs.
The sloughs harbor a number of water-loving plants and
are always bordered by herbs accompanied by a few trees
and shrubs, of which the principal are Gleditschia aquatica,
Gymnocladus canadensis, Cephalanthus occidentalis and Betula
nigra, with here and there a clump of willows. Sitwm cicutae-
jolium occupies a place in the water near the bank, slightly
in advance of the row of T'ypha latifolia which in many places
fringes the banks. Where the water is shallow Sagittaria
variabilis, S. variabilis latifolia and Alisma Plantago find a
foothold. Cardamine rhomboidea and Saururus cernuus are
frequent. On the wet banks grow Nasturtium officinale and
N. palustre, Penthorum sedoides, Rotala ramosior and Ily-
santhes riparia, with Lippia lanceolata, several species of
Polygonum and Equisetum robustum. Jussieua repens runs
out over the water and in places forms an apparent but con-
tinuous bank fully 6 feet wide.
Swamps.
Swampy grounds are abundant in the American Bottom,
resulting from the partial drainage of some of its numerous
lakes. They are ordinarily covered with a growth of willows,
chiefly Salix amygdaloides, S. amygdaloides * nigra, S. longi-
jolia and S. nigra, together with Acer dasycarpum, Quercus
bicolor and Q. palustris. The flora is in places shrubby and
then composed of Ilex decidua, Gleditschia aquatica, Cepha-
lanthus occidentalis and Betula nigra. Herbaceous plants,
most of them water-loving, are abundant. The species most
frequently encountered in spring are Ranunculus abortivus,
Nasturtium palustre, N. sessiliflorum, Ludwigia palustris,
Sium cicutaefolium, Senecio lobatus, Mentha canadensis,
Scutellaria lateriflora, Iris versicolor, Acorus Calamus and
sedges. The summer adds to these Hibiscus lasiocarpus,
Aster salicifolius, Bidens Beckit, Solidago lanceolata, Lobelia
syphilitica, L. cardinalis, Heliotropium indicum, Lycopus
sinuatus and L. virginicus, Polygonum Hydropiper, P. hydro-
piperoides, and P. Muhlenberg. At this time Jsoetes mela-
13
194 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.
nopoda may sometimes be found. Other, rarer, species were
found here by Dr. Engelmann. The fall aspect does not differ
greatly from the summer aspect. Ranunculaceae and Cruci-
ferae disappear as do the various sedges. On the other
hand Aster salicijolius and Lobelia cardinalis at this time reach
their greatest development.
Lakes.
So ample an account has been given of the lakes of the
American Bottom by Coulter* that it is unnecessary to de-
scribe them here. It will suffice to point out some of the
differences existing between the typical lowland lakes and
those close to the bluff. The former are for the greater part
open, while most of the latter are surrounded by a dense
growth of trees, largely composed of Tilia americana,
Acer dasycarpum, Aesculus glabra, Gleditschia triacanthos,
Morus rubra, Ulmus americana, Ulmus fulva, Betula nigra,
Quercus bicolor, Q. macrocarpa, Q. Muhlenbergii and Q.
rubra, Populus monilifera and species of Salix. In places
there is a dense undergrowth of Euonymus atropurpureus,
Sambucus canadensis and Cephalanthus occidentalis, accom-
panied by Vitis cinerea and V. cordifolia, Rosa setigera and
Rubus villosus. Here and there are open places where besides
the Hibiscus lasiocarpus of the lowland lakes, H. militaris
also occurs, forming isolated clumps. Among the herbs
found near the bluff lake are Agrimonia Eupatoria and A.
parviflora. Lobelia cardinalis properly belongs here, as do
Aristolochia tomentosa and Asarum canadense, both from the
lower hillside. Species of Potamogeton appear to be more
frequent in the lowland lakes, but the bluff lakes harbor more
specimens of Eleocharis. Nuphar advena minus, not found in
the lowland lakes, where Nymphaea odorata occurs, is found
in the bluff lakes. Here Nelumbium luteum, though some-
times found, is not so marked a feature (plate 20).
THE RAILROAD.
The main difference between the railroad right of way in
Illinois and that in the Missouri portion of the section studied
lies in the fact that while the latter is situated close to the
——
* loc. cit.
ON aye co ee. re ee
ECOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 195
bluff and in a comparatively dry situation, the former passes
through the lowland at a distance from the hills. Besides,
the railroads tap entirely different sections of the country
and consequently one finds differences in the species of intro-
duced plants, to be considered under a special heading.
The main roadside aspect is given by grasses, chiefly Poa
pratensis, with which Agropyrum repens, Agrostis alba and
several other grasses are associated. The spring brings with
it such species as Myosurus minimus, Corydalis aurea, Cap-
sella Bursa-pastoris, Lepidium intermedium, Nasturtium ob-
tusum, Stsymbrium altissimum, S. canescens, S. officinale,
Tribulus grandiflorus, various clovers, Mollugo verticillata,
Plantago lanceolata, P. patagonica aristata, P. Rugelit and P.
virginica. Rosettes of Oenothera biennis, Stellaria media,
Lactuca Scariola, L. Scariola integrata and Verbascum Thapsus
are encountered from time to time. The occurrence of Lilium
canadense is to be noted. The summer adds Portulaca ole-
racea, Bergia texana (rare), several Leguminosae, such as
Cassia Chamaecrista, Dalea alopecuroides, Desmodium canes-
cens, Medicago sativa, Melilotus alba and M. officinalis, as
well as a number of Compositae, mainly Ambrosia psilostachya,
A. trifida, Helianthus annuus and H. grosse-serratus, which
in some places takes entire possession, Solanum carolinense,
Amaranthus albus, A. blitoides and A. retroflerus, Croton
capitatus, Euphorbia humistrata, Setaria glauca, S. ttalica
and S. viridis, with here and there specimens of Zea Mays.
The autumn sees some additions, mainly from the Compositae,
and at this time too patches of Linaria vulgaris attract at-
tention, as does the Russian thistle, Salsola Kali Tragus.
In the American Bottom there is ordinarily no bank en-
closing the railroad as there is along the Missouri bluffs, fences
separating it from the adjacent cultivated fields. Along these
fences hedges frequently are formed, composed of brambles,
together with Cassia Chamaecrista, Tecoma radicans, and
Rhus Toxicodendron, among which Ulmus americana is not
infrequent. The railroad ponds do not offer features distinct
from those on the Missouri side, except for the occurrence of
Nelumbium luteum, Utricularia biflora and Echinodorus radi-
cans.
196 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.
While the embankment is ordinarily kept free from plant
growth and the conditions themselves do not favor vegeta-
tion, rosettes and isolated individuals of species occurring
along the railroad right of way are found from time to time
growing in the ballast.
THE ILLINOIS BLUFF.
Talus.
The talus at the foot of the Illinois bluffs presents the same
general aspect as does that on the Missouri side of the sec-
tion studied. It differs, however, in details, and for various
reasons. Though both are at the base of limestone bluffs,
the exposure is diametrically opposite. Though one would
expect to find as a result that the flora on the Missouri talus
was richer in species, the opposite is the case. Plants dis-
tributed by railroads are less important on the Illinois talus
since this is partially skirted by a local line only.
The principal plants occurring on the Illinois talus but lack-
ing in the corresponding locality in Missouri are Stylophorum
diphyllum, Arabis confinis, Viola striata, Hypericum Ascyron,
Epilobium coloratum, Osmorrhiza longistylis, Bidens connata,
Vernonia altissima, Phacelia bipinnatifida, P. Purshiit, Ewphor-
bia obtusata and Habenaria virescens. But for the presence
of these plants there is no difference between the talus on
either side. It is to be noted, however, that large springs,
notably Falling Spring, issue from the face of the Illinois
bluff, permitting the existence of numerous liverworts and
algae. The occurrence of Chlorotyliwm mamillosum, which
covers the rocks at Falling Spring with a green felt, is to be
noted here.
The cliff.
Like the talus, the cliff surface above it shows certain
differences when compared with that of the Missouri bluffs.
Frequently the shrubs reach up to the top of the bluff. This |
is well shown by the occurrence, in the upper part, of Del-
phinium tricorne and Arabis laevigata, plants which on the
Missouri side are limited to the more shaded localities. How-
ever, in such portions as are exposed, the flora presents a
ECOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 197
rosette formation not differing materially from that on the
Missouri side.
THE ILLINOIS PLATEAU.
The wooded area.
The woods of the Illinois plateau, composed mainly of de-
ciduous oaks, resemble generally those of the Missouri pla-
teau. They appear to be somewhat richer in species. On the
whole they seem to be moister. Hepatica acutiloba, seldom en-
countered near Jefferson Barracks, though plentiful at Mera-
mec Highlands, is frequently met with in the Illinois woods.
The same is true for Anemone pennsylvanica, curiously enough
known only from the dry bottom on the Missouri side. Gen-
tiana Andrewsit thus far has not been found near Jefferson
Barracks.
Open hillside.
This supports but little shrubbery, which, if occurring at all,
is composed mainly of Rhus glabra. Grasses are dominant,
Poa pratensis being the principal species. It is accompanied
by Agrostis scabra, Andropogon furcatus, A. scoparius,
Aristida oligantha, Bromus secalinus, Danthonia spicata,
Eatonia obtusata, Festuca tenella, Muhlenbergia sobolijera,
Panicum sanguinale, Phleum pratense, Poa annua, and Vilja
aspera. During the spring a number of low growing plants
occur, such as Ranunculus fascicularis, Capsella Bursa-pas-
toris, Lepidium virginicum, Viola Rafinesquit, Malva rotundi-
jolia, Linum virginianum, Fragaria virginiana, rosettes of
Oenothera biennis and of various Compositae, of which, at
this time, Achillea Millefolium and Antennaria plantagint-
folia, are most frequent, and further, Androsace occidentalis,
Verbena angustifolia, V. bracteosa and V. urticaejolia, Coman-
dra umbellata, Rumex Acetosella and Hypovis erecta. Later
are added Abutilon Avicennae, Linum sulcatum, numerous
Leguminosae, Gaura biennis, species of Aster and Solidago,
Gerardia tenuijolia, Monarda punctata, Croton capitatus and
C. monanthogynus.
Creek banks.
The greater portion of the Illinois plateau having been
brought into cultivation, the presence of a small stream is at
198 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.
once patent to the eye on account of the numerous trees and
shrubs which line its banks. The principal trees are Tilia
americana, Acer dasycarpum, A. rubrum, A. saccharinum,
Negundo aceroides, Cercis canadensis, Gleditschia triacanthos,
Gymnocladus canadensis, Fraxinus americana, F. viridis,
Celtis occidentalis, Morus rubra, Ulmus americana, Platanus
occidentalis, Carya amara, C. olivaeformis, Betula nigra, Car-
pinus caroliniana, Quercus macrocarpa, Salix cordata X seri-
cea and Salix nigra. Smaller trees and shrubs occurring here °
are Asimina triloba, Ptelea trifoliata, Rhamnus lanceolata,
Staphylea trifolia, Amelanchier canadensis, Prunus americana,
P. serotina and P. virginiana, Pyrus coronaria, Hydrangea
arborescens, Cornus asperifolia, C. paniculata, Sambucus cana-
densis, Symphoricarpus vulgaris, Viburnum Lentago, Forestiera
acuminata, Corylus americana and Celtis mississippiensis.
Vines are numerous, especially Ampelopsis quinquefolia, Cissus
Ampelopsis, Vitis cinerea, V. cordifolia, and V. riparia as
well as Rhus Toxicodendron. Menispermum canadense, Con-
volvulus Sepium and Ipomoea pandurata are frequently
encountered. Clematis virginiana is not rare. Near the
water Echinocystis lobata and Sicyos angulatus occur in
places.
In spring there is developed an abundant rosette flora
chiefly composed of Ranunculaceae and Liliaceae. Anemo-
nella thalictroides, Isopyrum biternatum, Ranunculus abortivus
and R. septentrionalis, Thalictrum purpurascens, Podophyllum
peltatum, Sanguinaria canadensis, Dicentra Cucullaria, Sani-
cula marylandica canadensis, Trillium recurvatum, T. sessile
and Uvularia perfoliata are the most common. Arisaema
Dracontium and A. triphyllum are everywhere. Among the
Carices, C. Davisii, C. granularis, C. laxiflora and C. Shortiana
are the most frequent. Cyperus erythrorhizos and Poa pra-
tensts are everywhere at this time. Of ferns, the principal
ones are Adiantum pedatum and Cystopteris fragilis. While
early summer does not make any great changes in the vege-
tation, there is a gradual change with the seasons so that in
late summer and early fall one finds that Compositae and
Labiatae have taken possession.
ECOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 199
The prairie.
The prairie flora on the Illinois side does not differ materi-
ally from that on the Missouri plateau. In spring a number
of grasses make their appearance, especially Agrostis alba,
A. scabra, Danthonia spicata, Elymus striatus, Phleum pra-
tense and Poa pratensis. Rosette-forming species appear
along with these. Capsella Bursa-pastoris, Sisymbrium oj-
ficinale, Ocenothera biennis, Erigeron annuus, E. canadensis
and FE. philadelphicus, Taraxacum officinale, Veronica arven-
sis, Verbena stricta and V. urticaefolia are among the most
frequent and most striking. Other species appearing at this
time are Anemonella thalictroides, Ranunculus fascicularis,
Draba caroliniana, Geranium carolinianum, Oxalis stricta,
Polygala verticillata, Amorpha canescens, Astragalus mezxi-
canus, Stylosanthes elatior, Triosteum angustifolium and
T. ‘perjoliatum, Houstonia angustifolia, Chrysopsis villosa,
Parthenium integrijolium, Silphium integrifolium, and Phlox
pilosa. These practically form the spring flora together with
those plants whose rosettes have been striking features dur-
ing the winter months. Among them Lechea major and L.
minor, Achillea Millefolium, Cnicus pumilus and Plantago
Rugelii are to be noted especially. Nor should mention of
the presence of clumps of Opuntia Rafinesquit and of Monarda
fistulosa be omitted.
The summer sees a large addition to the species above
mentioned, the new species being derived especially from
the Leguminosae and Compositae as shown by the distri-
bution tables. During the autumn Compositae are most
prominent, especially several species of Aster and Solidago.
INTRODUCED PLANTS.
The introduced plants are found chiefly in three localities,
i.e., in the vicinity of dwellings, in parks and nurseries, and
on the railroad right of way. Among the railroad immigrants
must be placed the following: Clematis crispa (8. U. 8.),
Argemone alba (W. and S. W. U.8.), Argemone platyceras (W.
and 8. W. U. S.), Sisymbrium altissimum (S. U. 8.), Cleome
integrifolia (W. U. 8.), Polanisia graveolens (brought to the
200 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.
railroad mghts of way a.ong the Mississippi, both in St. Louis
county and in the Illinois section, with railroad ballast ob-
tained from the Meramec River gravel bars), Bergia terana
(W. U.S.), Tribulus grandiflorus (8. E. U.8.), Indigofera lep-
tosepala (S. U.8.), Petalostemon villosus (W. U. 8.), Medicago
lupulina (EK. U. §8.), Matricaria discoidea (N. California and
Oregon), Verbesina encelioides (W. U. 8.), Linaria vulgaris
(EK. U. 8.) and Sorghum halepense (E. U.58.).
Three plants are to be listed as “river immigrants.”’ They
are Pluchea camphorata (KE. U. 8.), Martynia proboscidea
(W.U.S.) and Verbesina encelioides (W. U.S.), already men-
tioned as a railroad immigrant.
In regard to the acclimatized cultivated plants, Brassica
alba and B. nigra, as well as Nasturtium officinale and N.
Armoracia, Raphanus sativus, Pastinaca sativa, Cichorium
Intybus, and Asparagus officinalis, are plants of the kitchen-
garden and usually found around dwellings, though some,
like Brassica alba, B. nigra and Asparagus officinalis, may
be found at a considerable distance from human habitations.
Delphinium Ajacis, Saponaria officinalis and Hemerocallis
julva are escaped ornamental garden plants. The latter
species is found in great abundance along roadsides in the vi-
cinity of Jefferson Barracks. Lamiwm amplexicaule, one of
the earliest weeds to flower here, is found especially near
greenhouses, lasting almost throughout the year. Another
plant, similarly limited to the vicinity of greenhouses, but
which thus far has been found only in the city of St, Louis, is
Galinsoga parviflora; it may become a troublesome weed.
Ballota nigra is found here and there in waste places. Prunus
Persica is especially abundant on the plateau at Jefferson
Barracks, bordering the roads and foot paths. Adlanthus
glandulosus, Robinia hispida and R. Pseudacacia are trees
which easily spread in the vicinity of dwellings. The effect
of wind upon distribution is well shown in the case of the
latter species. The escape of the various plants used as cattle
food is too well know to discuss further. Neither need it be
pointed out that the various aromatic plants used as condi-
ments and commonly grown in kitchen-gardens have es-
caped in the vicinity of dwellings, though it may be of inter-
ECOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 201
est to note that such escapes are most frequent in the vicinity
of dwellings occupied by people of German origin. Such
plants are Coriandrum sativum, Foeniculum officinale, Marru-
bium vulgare, Melissa officinalis and Nepeta Cataria. Fago-
pyrum esculentum and Cannabis sativa frequently are found
in waste places where they maintain themselves against
great odds. Cichorium Intybus which, according to Pam-
mel*, was introduced near Dorchester, Mass. in 1875 and
since then has spread chiefly through the northern states, is
frequent along the roadsides on the Illinois plateau, an evi-
dent escape from cultivation. As transient garden escapes
are to be considered Nymphaea reniformis, Citrullus vulgaris,
Citrullus ovifera pyriformis, Centaurea Cyanus, Coreopsis
tinctoria, Matricaria Chamomilla, Nicandra physaloides and
Zea Mays.°
The transient weeds are Argemone alba, Argemone platy-
ceras, Camelina sativa, Sisymbrium altissimum, Cleome in-
tegrijolia, Hibiscus Trionum, Medicago lupulina, Petalostemon
villosus, Pluchea camphorata, Martynia proboscidea and Phalaris
canariensis. Naturally there are a number of other plants
which from time to time are introduced through the agency
of man, especially among nursery stock. Such plants are
most frequently met with in parks and nurseries but are
not of sufficiently frequent occurrence to attract attention,
the number of individuals being limited. An exception to
this rule proved one of the Cyanophyceae, determined by
Professor W. A. Setchell as Oscillatoria Agardhii,t and new
to North America, specimens of which occurred in so large
quantities in one of the ponds of the Missouri Botanical
Garden, as to form a water bloom. The pond in which these
plants were found communicates by a drain with the ponds
of Tower Grove Park and it is more than probable that the
plant was introduced with water lilies obtained for the park
from eastern dealers who imported European stock.
The introduced established weeds include Clematis crispa,
Delphinium Consolida, Chelidonium majus, Sisymbrium oj-
* Pammel, L. H. Ecology. 335. 1903.
+ Collins, F. 8., I. Holden and W. A. Setchell. Phye. Bor. Amer. 30:
1451. 1908.
nag at a ats: Aa MN ea:
Rhea
n} ainge ioe elt” Yy Boh ee bea
Pe ENS 7 iv
202 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.
ficinale, Polanisia graveolens, Lychnis Githago, Silene media,
Abutilon Avicennae, Tribulus grandiflorus, Dalea alopecu-
roides, Glycyrrhiza lepidota, Indigofera leptosepala, Melilotus
alba, Melilotus officinalis, Daucus Carota, Dipsacus sylvestris,
Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum, Lactuca Scariola, L. Scariola
integrata, Matricaria discoidea, Verbesina encelioides, Linaria
vulgaris, Solanum rostratum, Ballota nigra, Lamium amplexi-
caule, Leonurus Gardiaca, Alopecurus geniculatus, Bromus
secalinus, Dactylis glomerata, Eleusine indica, Hordeum
jubatum, Panicum sanguinale, Poa annua, Poa compressa,
Poa pratensis, Setaria glauca, Setaria italica, Setaria viridis
and Sorghum halepense. It is probable that seed of each of
these species was introduced repeatedly, of some more re-
cently, of others earlier. Among the latter must be classed
Lactuca Scariola integrata, sometimes designated by Ameri-
can authors as L. Scariola and again as L. virosa.* This en-
tire leaved form, which is entirely distinct from the European
L. virosa, was introduced into Missouri from Illinois. Accord-
ing to Mr. J. H. Kellogg, it was plentiful in the American Bot-
tom thirty years ago. Some ten years later its occurrence
on this side of the Mississippi was noted. Since then it has
spread to an enormous extent, being one of the principal
weeds of roadsides and empty lots. During the summer of
1907 Dr. Trelease noted the appearance, west of St. Louis,
of the cut-leaved form, the true LZ. Scariola. During the same
year the plant was found in numerous localities in the vicinity
of St. Louis but not in the city itself. This year, 1908, there
has been a marked increase in the number of individuals of
Lactuca Scariola as well as in the number of localities where
the plant was encountered. It has also made its appearance
on lots well within the city limits.
The plants which have escaped from cultivation and have
become established are Delphinium Ajacis, Brassica alba,
B. nigra, Nasturtium Armoracia, N. officinale, Raphanus
sativus, Saponaria officinalis, Linum usitatissimum, Ailan-
thus glandulosus, Medicago sativa, Robinia Pseudacacia,
Trifolium hybridum, T. pratense, T. repens, Vicia sativa,
Prunus Persica, Coriandrum sativum, Foeniculum officinale,
* Dewey, L. H. Identity of Prickly Lettuce. Rhodora. 7:9. 1905.
ECOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 203
Pastinaca sativa, Cichorium Intybus, Marrubium vulgare,
Melissa officinalis, Nepeta Cataria, Fagopyrum esculentum,
Cannabis sativa, Humulus Lupulus, Asparagus officinalis,
Hemerocallis fulva, Agrostis alba, Avena sativa and Phleum
pratense.
PHENOLOGY.
Geographical position, especially latitude, determines largely
the nature of the plant growth and the flowering and fruiting
seasons as well as other phenological phenomena.* As
shown by De Candollet by experiments with both herba-
ceous and woody plants, vegetation is more powerfully or
promptly acted upon by the rising spring temperature in
TABLE L.
MONTH FLOWER FRvIT
Ware os eae 24 0
BP ets es ee ee cee eer ns 134 0
1 A eo eh ec a ee 334 50
Rita heh hale Bail ae ie hme ec er A area 338 141
DO oe wes oe eS ee ee 395 223
RIE orn a vio 6s bee ven eee ae teks xt 384 341
September.......0..:cccccseccnnseseceecces 229 437
Ootoben 2 eee ee ce 59 262
November: 008 oo ke eee ees 14 45
SPECIES FLOWERING AND FRUITING, BY MONTHS.
higher than in lower latitudes. Subordinate, but of greatest
local influence, is physiography since indirectly, in determin-
ing the nature of the associations, as well as directly, it modi-
fies the temperature and the humidity of air and soil, the air
currents, and the intensity and amount of light together with
the chemical and physical conditions, including color, of the
soil. Each of these factors plays a part in the bringing about
of phenological phenomena, though temperature is probably
the most important. However, to heat alone the earlier
or later date of flowering can not be ascribed. A striking
instance is yielded by the agaves of the island Lesina in the
Adriatic, which did not flower during 1889, something entirely
* Schwendener, S. U. Ueber die periodischen Erscheinungen der
Natur insbesondere der Pflanzenwelt. Zurich. 1856.
+ De Candolle, A. Des Effets différents d’une méme Température
sur une méme Espéce au Nord et au Midi. Compt. Rend. 80. 7 Je. 1875.
ae a ee, eg kek eek caput Fadugerr “iy. 03% Ste! te aR oo Sell
204 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.
unusual and which the temperature conditions would not have
led one to expect.* On the other hand, at the Missouri Bo-
tanical Garden, it has been observed every spring that in the
portion of the tulip beds facing the south, the bulbs placed in
the outer row, where the slope of the soil is nearer the perpen-
dicular, always flower several days earlier than do the others.
TABLE M.
FAMILIES Mr|Ap|My|Je | Jl |Ag|S |O|N
Ranunculaceae........... 21 11 |. 26 {48 7 2 1 0 0
Cruciferae............... 4114] 20 | 16 9 5 3 3 i
Leguminosae............. 1{ 5] 11 | 28 | 33 | 27} 10; 3; O
-—DBSDOAD. «cs oe si sk so 0; 14/1 30{ 138 9 2 2 0 0
Onagraceae.............. 0; O 2 7 | is | 5 0; O
Umbbelliferae............. 1 4/10] 111] 10 5 1 0) 0
Compositae.............. O| 4| 14/19] 45 | 72/69/13] 1
Asclepiadaceae........... O10) 2) 8) 2 Reet ore
Convolvulaceae...........| 0 0 0 1 6 8 7 0 0
MOlIMAGGRS .. ... si ess 25 0 0 1 3 9 7 4 3 0
Scrophularineae.......... Ol 27°85 | 8] 8H. 1t 8
Verbenaceae..........--- 0 1 a if 9 8 5 1 0
Labiathe....2...5.s.05s, 1 a 7 Per 4: 21 ee 9 0 0
Amaranthaceae.......... 0 0 0 2 4 2 3 0 0
Chenopodiaceae.......... es Oe: ee ae ee ee of oe ee
Polygonaceae............ 0) 84-<84°7 |. 161 24 By iy ft
Euphorbiaceae eer ee 0 0 1. 3 9 | 14 6 3 2
Lillaceae............-.-. 0 6 9 6 0 0 0 0 0
Cyperaceae.............. 0; 4] 28 |] 33] 25} 20) 12; 3] O
Gramineae...........-..-- 0 1} 13] 23 | 25 | 30 | 22; 10 1
SPECIES OF IMPORTANT FAMILIES IN FLOWER, MARCH TO NOVEMBER.
It must be remembered in this connection that tulips, by
winter, have formed the next year’s leaves and flowers and
that this development has advanced so far that even the
pollen mother cells have divided. Similar conditions are
exhibited by many of the more familiar spring flowering
species such as Anemone Hepatica, Sanguinaria canadensis,
Asarum canadense, Arisaema triphyllum and others. In such
cases the time of flowering evidently depends in a measure
on the climatic conditions of the summer and fall preceding
as influencing the development of the flower buds. Some,
* Gunther, S. Die Phanologie. Natur und Offenbarung. 41. 1895.
} Foerste, A. F. The Hibernacula of Herbs. Am. Nat. 17 : 1107.
1883.—Why Flowers Blossom Early. Am. Nat. 19:301. 1885.
ECOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION OF THE MISSISSIPPI.
205
like Aralia quinquefolia, even form the bud, which produces
the flowering stalk in June or July, two years earlier. Con-
is rather late.
trary to what one would be led to expect, the flowering period
Trees respond readily to a greater amount of
DIAGRAM lI.
MR. AP. MY JE JL. AG S. O. N
/s
/ \
/\\
L400 / \
ea eh \
VV
\
350 7 f ‘
| / +
/ Fl. / \
/ \
/ \
+300 j \
/ \
/ \
/ \
f
rs
\
i \
L200 Z 4
Fs \
r \
/ ,
/
\
L150 / t
y, \
a \
a / \
Ff \
i \ \
/ \
/
/ \
=
/ NS
-
P i
4
rd
#4
SPECIES FLOWERING AND FRUITING, THROUGH SEASON,
heat.
It is a matter of yearly observation that the flower
buds of those branches of Acer facing the south open as much
as two weeks earlier than those which face the north. Simi-
larly, rosettes of biennials and perennials which during the
winter have been kept in greenhouses or frames blossom much
206 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN,
earlier than those which have remained outside. To such a
cause is ascribed the flowering, in June, of Lobelia cardinalis,
‘noted by Mr. Irish.* This seems correlated with the fact
that where biennials, such as Digitalis purpurea, have been
sown so late in the fall that during the next year they pro-
DIAGRAM 2,
tT qT T qT ~ T q T
MR AP MY JE. JL AG Ss ie) N
I-70 Ron et
I-60
50 /
Yo /
I-30
hy
co ee
ra *x
io ia a *
av re oak iieail *.
x x as “sy
10 ae “st ia hs
& x” - es ag
rad oY ee *J ~“4So a ms.
x i” | anacere on cal tw, ~.! on ~~
a = — we, ie
‘ NER") tH+++44] > ee
FLOWERING OF FAMILIES, THROUGH SEASON.
duced no flowers, they in the spring following will flower very
early, the flower stalks being short and the flowers small.
This early flowering would by some be ascribed to a large
amount of food being stored in the root, by others to the plant
having received more than a definite number of heat units,
* Trish, H. C. Comparative Phenological Notes. Rept. Mo. State
Hort. Soc. 402325. 1897.
ECOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 207
- denoted the physiological constant. The same explana-
tion probably holds good for those rosettes of biennials
which develop an inflorescence far in advance of others. Ob-
servations on Lactuca Scariola integrata have shown that the
rosettes formed early in the fall were the first to bloom dur-
ing the following year.
A smaller amount or a lesser intensity of light seem to cause a
delay in the appearance of the flower, a matter of common
observation in horticultural establishments. It is shown also
by the behaviour of representatives of a species occurring both
inthe open and in the woods, thoughin the latter case a lower
temperature and increased humidity, both of soil and air,
play a part. That a greater degree of soil moisture, alone
or practically alone, delays the flowering period is shown by a
comparison of individuals of the same species in dry situations
and in moister surroundings. The wet and the dry portions
of the American Bottom yield numerous instances. Drought
will cause an early appearance of the flower, a fact well known
to florists and made use of by them when preparing potted
plants for market.
Phenological phenomena further depend on individual
characteristics and state of health of the tree or plant and,
as shown in the case of fruit trees, but probably applicable
to other plants also, on the heavy or light fruiting in the year
previous to flowering.* Some plants, under apparently
identical conditions, vary greatly in respect to flowering sea-
sons. Specimens of Hamamelis virginiana, properly flower-
ing during the autumn, frequently do so in spring, others,
in the immediate vicinity, behaving normally. Some will
flower even both in fall and spring.
Different species are not influenced to the same extent by
changes of temperature, giving rise to cases of inversion, 7. e.
where a species which normally flowers later than another
does so earlier.t Again, under proper climatic conditions,
plants which in one region are annuals may become peren-
* Sandsten, E. P. Conditions which affect the Time of the annual
Flowering of Fruit Trees. Wisconsin Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 1873.7. 1906.
+ Rahn, L. Ueber phianologische Inversionen. Ber. Oberhess. Ges.
Nat. und Heilk. 213114. 1882.
208
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.
DIAGRAM 3,
I T T T T T T T 1
MR. AP MY JE JL. AG S 0 oN,
- 30 -
S
f
; ae
ae p< re e
geen, tie. We x hap ™,
Ue ee oo E oe ta
a - BY) L-— to
at * 6e ett +++ hy
Kat re ON ~.
=
qT i T T T T
MR. AP MY JE JL. AG s. 10) N.
or ™s
30 ae" | Ss
ra “A
/ \
/ ‘
/ \
L_20 P \
)
va / x
10 PA f= Ne a a ae. <
Pa at Seer Http yy OQ
Pigg Oe el i an
pe a 7 ail ow* ad gee b z
— ae an ~ Porc
t | uj T ul tT qT
MR. AP MY JE JL. AG | 1@) N.
FLOWERING OF FAMILIES, THROUGH SEASON.
ECOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 209
nials, as shown by the perennial nature of the tomato and the
geranium and Lantana Camara in California as contrasted
with conditions prevailing at St. Louis.
A comparison of various phenological data leads to the
conclusion that as a rule there is little variation, in the differ-
ent parts of the country, in regard to the appearance of the
flowers in the case of those plants which are summer flower-
ing. The early flowering plants show the greatest variation.
Conditions in North America are best expressed in the words
of Trelease:*
“Tn a country covering nearly twenty-five degrees of
latitude and fifty-five of longitude, with lofty mountains
and tablelands and low valleys, diversified by great lakes
and rivers, and embracing every variety of climate from the
subtropical to the subarctic, with excesses of humidity in
one region and of drought in another, it is impossible to ar-
range the phenomena of theseasons so as to include the whole.
“On comparing the data obtainable, however, a few gen-
eral features are found common to a great part of the country.
Whatever their exact date of leafing or flowering may be,
there are certain genera—like the maples, poplars and elms
among trees, and the violets and wake robins among herbs—
that precede most of their fellows; and, except in very
anomalous seasons, their species succeed each other with the
same regularity. Where the same plant extends from the
Gulf to New England, it naturally blooms earlier in the warmer
region; but it is noticeable that the difference, greatest in
the flowers of early spring, becomes less marked as the sea-
son advances, under the accelerating heat of the northern
summer, so that there is often little difference in the flower-
ing of summer and autumnal plants. In general the same
rule applies to species occurring over a considerable range of
altitude, and is now and then illustrated nicely by a species
with a wide distribution on both high and low ground.”
From the above will be gathered the desirability of the
making of a large number of accurate observations such as
* Trelease, W. Blooming Times for Flowers. Science Almanac. 5.
1885.
14
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN,
210
DIAGRAM 4.
MARCH
A.
APRIL
[|\
VAN
L445
+10
MAY
al
ZN
—t-5,
JUNE
FLOWERING OF FAMILIES, BY MONTHS,
ECOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 211
those of Craig,* but on a larger scale and in every part of the
country, together with observations on light intensity based
DIAGRAM 5.
i T T
oO = 2
ao: oo [o)
< w
RANI
CRU-
LEG
ROS-
ON-
UM-
COM
SCR-
VE
LAB-
AM—|
CHE-
Poly
Eu-
LiL
CYP
pone
=
ae
= ae
w
3°
[
JULY
J
> no
n ro)
>
{a
VANE LAV TM
2 Va
AUGUST
FLOWERING OF FAMILIES, BY MONTHS.
on a uniform standard, and, where not already provided for,
* Craig, M. A Catalogue of the uncultivated Flowering Plants growing
on the Ohio State University Grounds. Ohio Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. tech.
ser. 17:49. 1890.
212 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.
the usual meteorological observations. Such attempts have
been made from time to time in the United States, but no-
where appears to have been attained that perfection shown
by the data gathered under the auspices of the Botanical
Club of Canada, for a great part by pupils of public schools,
or those published by the forest-phenological stations of Ger-
many.
In regard to the plants enumerated in the distribution
and phenological tables following, a few points are to be noted
here. Some never set fruit, as Nasturtium Armoracia and
Apios tuberosa. Others, and this applies to the most com-
mon weeds, appear with varying frequency in successive
years. Portulaca oleracea is very plentiful during the present
year as it was in 1906 while during 1907 it was far less of a
pest. Opposed to this is Hllisea Nyctelea which was very
plentiful in 1907, covering large patches to the exclusion of
all other species. While both in 1906 and in the spring of the
present year a large number of plants of this species were
observed, the species was by far not so abundant as during
the intervening year. Interesting is in this connection the
appearance of Commelina communis at St. Louis, this being
the first time it has been reported from this locality. The
writer first noticed the plant in his seedpans in large numbers
in the spring of 1908. During the previous years this had not
been the case, probably because only isolated individuals
appeared. Later in the season the plant was found as a com-
mon weed in various parts of the Missouri Botanical Garden.
Its identity with similar plants which, in lesser numbers,
had occurred the previous year was established through
some plants raised from seed obtained in one of the localities
during 1907. If the occurrence of the plant had been limited
to the Missouri Botanical Garden the explanation that there it
had escaped from cultivation would probably have been ac-
cepted as valid. But during the spring and summer of 1908
the appearance of the plant was noted in a number of private
gardens in different parts of St. Louis. Inquiry revealed the |
fact that though in some instances the plant had been ob-
served during 1907 it had not been observed previously.
Hence it is probable that the plant was introduced in St.
/
213
NOVEMBER
FLOWERING OF FAMILIES, BY MONTHS.
8 HYD “WD
3 ibe — 9 2)
4 LdASD ine ee rdAD N rdAD
% A Eee
% nt =e os 7 La
¢- By a Fd
: A pea _4 —n3 na
; wD 3 / :
_- 2 Piet H10d | 10d
3 ues \ L3HO \ L3HO
| = : ¥ \ LWy Wy
a -av7 ve hav -avy
fs ne
° _ | bean oy | Puan LUaA,
Zz, ce) a ol [|x
2 puos 3] | tuos : -YOS
4 Z et i 7 >
S & | os > tL | Hos BL | ys
= my
n B I Noo A w NOD r LNOD
D
mM Loney. a _aev. | 50y.
a osy osy osy
: Se cd
o WOd ae woot-< LWOO
4 HF Ps
a Lwin = LWn LWA
2) WA
: o HNO Q LNO LNO
4 o)
el. LSou N LSoy bSOy
3 537 1 937 19371
LNYD N LAND NYO
tee ee Se =| Sag
NYY n : ; 7 r ; h 7 } * LT i LNVY— *- . -NVY-+—
id PCA LESS OE NC GEN AE, Sn eara RMS S EES Ce ry
214 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.
Louis some years ago but up to 1907 did not find conditions
favorable to the production of a large quantity of seed. How-
ever, since Commelina communis produces large quantities
of seed with the utmost ease, the alternative view might be
taken that the conditions for germination were exceptionally
favorable during the spring of 1908 and that to this must be
ascribed its frequency during the present year. The same
explanation would apply to the frequency of any one weed
during a certain year.
The distribution and phenological tables give the names
of a number of plants occurring in the section under discus-
sion. The nomenclature of Gray’s Manual 6 ed. has been
followed. The list is not complete but merely aims to give
the principal plants. It includes some 850 species, being
50% of the phanerogams and vascular cryptogams occurring
within a radius of twenty miles from St. Louis. The present
list is based primarily on the writer’s collections extending
over a period of three years as well as on the extensive col-
lections of local plants preserved in the herbarium of the
Missouri Botanical Garden, notably the collections of the late
Dr. Engelmann and the late Henry Eggert. An attempt has
been made to give the distribution of the different species
over the various physiographic regions met with in an ideal
cross section of the Mississippi south of St. Louis. Under
each of these regions the various modifications have been in-
dicated by different numbers, the number being repeated
where the modification isanalogous. Under a separate main
caption weeds have been listed, their distribution being ident-
ical on both sides of the river. Thus 1 indicates cultivated
fields, 2 the vicinity of dwellings, 3 pastures, 4 roadvides,
5 roadside and railroad ditches, 6 creek banks, 7 hillsides, 8
hilltops, 9 limestone glades, 10 sinkholes, 11 ponds or lakes,
those lakes of the American Bottom which occur near the
bluff being indicated by 11, 12 prairies, the same number be-
ing used to indicate the bottom lands, 12 denoting the dry
bottoms, 13 thickets, 14 woods, 15 olifis, ‘16 talus, 17 ravines,
18 railroad embankments, and the strip adjacent the tracks, 19
railroad cuts, 20 mud covered shores, 21 river islands, 22 mud-
flats, 23 sandy shores and 24 ballasted railroad tracks. By
ECOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 215
means of different symbols it has been attempted to show
when the plant is prominent. This depends not only on the
stature of the plant itself and upon the color of its flowers
but also on the ecological relations, especially the degree of
development of others associated with it. The seasons are
indicated as follows: | spring, + spring and summer, — sum-
mer, + spring, summer, autumn, X summer and autumn,
= autumn, * spring, summer, autumn, winter. Where the
symbol ¢ accompanies any of the above it indicates that the
plant forms a striking feature of the winter aspect. The
symbol f accompanying any of the above indicates that the
plant has two flowering periods. The latter will be found
on the pages bearing even numbers and are indicated by the
abbreviated names of the months. Thus Fl, Je, Jl indicates
that the plant flowers in June and July. Where the names
of the months are separated by the symbol & it means there
are two distinct flowering periods as is further evident from
the presence of the symbol f in other columns. The same
applies to the fruiting periods indicated on the odd numbered
pages. As fruiting period is recognized the time when the
fruit is ripe or almost so and sufficiently advanced to form a
representative herbarium specimen. In cases where the
fruit stays on throughout the winter this is indicated by giv-
ing the last month of fruiting as December. For convenience
in correlating the data on opposite pages the species have been
numbered consecutively, the numbers being repeated on each
page.
As shown by the tables and accompanying diagrams 1 to
6, even in May a considerable proportion of the local species
is in flower. During the next three months this average is
maintained with but slight fluctuation. In view of the fact
that there is a marked increase in the number of Compositae
in flower during August and September it is evident there
must be a decrease in other families. This is clearly shown
by the diagrams. While the Ranunculaceae and Rosaceae
decrease in numbers, the Compositae increase. It is also
noted that the Cyperaceae attain their maximum in June
while the Gramineae do so only in August. July and August
show the greatest number of species in flower.
216 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.
MIS-
Weeds
DistRIBUTION AND PHENOLOGY Upland
1{2|3|4|5/6|7|8|9 |10]11/12|13/14
re ee rere ee eee 1 + FI |My\Je
Ween CAPO aks 65 5 gs ee ee i oes 2 + Fl |My|Je
Anemone pennsylvanica...............0.0000-- 3 Fl |Je |Jl
Ne IE NOR ook his oes ce reas bE Eko 4 x Fl |Je |Jl x
Anemonella thalictroides............ 0.000000 eee 5] + + {Fl |Mr/My| + +
GTA CRNRONNNS si i 5s Ceeeieneerecaes 6 Fl |My|Je
Be oy ee Oe re 7 FI |Je |Jl las
REIS CIN, 505-5054 5 nese dackegeacud odes ce 8 Fl |My|Je
TARR UAE RUOMNEL oo 0620s e 6 + pad «Fy 9 Fl |My|Je
Clematis virginiana. ............. 00 e eee ee ees 10 Fl \Je |Jl
RURIRUEY PRION 6d ios 6s o's oa GEN Ss deep ow es 11 Fl \Je |Jl +
OTL Ae tae ene 12 el + {FI [Ap|My| + | +
oe er er 13 Fl |Mr|jAp|_.
ii ye oe) ae 14 - FL | + |Ap|/My| + | +
Isopyrum biternatum.............. 0.00 e eee eee 15 Fl |Ap|My
Pe eri MRI ss i os 6 ke ws ae oa 09 vs ew aed oe 16) | 4 Fl |Ap|My} |
Ranunculus abortivus................0.00ee ees 7Wtz]talaJ/+j+]4+ FI {|ApiS [+
Ranunculus abortivus Harveyi................. 18 + Fl |Ap|Ss
Ranunculus fascicularis.............0 0c eee ee eee 19 | | | | [Fl |Ap|My |
POMMMRICUILUS MARGE 6.6 os 0a sae caw a eee res 20 FI |Ap|s
Ranunculus oblongifolius.............00 0000 ees 21 Fl |My
Hanunculus recurvetus.............0cccesosees 22 Fl |Ap|My
PUTORILTAE: FIIIIN io sos ia eee gs ore ee ee eee 23 + Fl |ApiAg
Ranunculus septentrionalis..................05. 24 +]+ Fl |Ap|Jl
TPeMRsCtTUIN PUTHUTASOONS . oo oi occ ic os ke bere eee 25 Fl |Je
OE a ere le 26 * Fl |Ap|My
Menispermum canadense............00.eeeeeves 27 +/+ FI |My|Je +/+
ty Re SOOT eo aia nee ve de oS es 28 +1+ FI |My|Je +|+
OND Ts. onic oie s on oa teh ds 60s Hae TS 29 FI |Jl |Ag
UA SACO Csi os Wracscn we vw sal we ws eee Oe 30 Fl |My|Ag
Nuphar advena minus.............. 0. cece ee ees 31 Fl |My|Ag
Pi PINON CONITBGN, i050 cs ce esi ewe ee ees 32 FI |My|S
PO RIANTIA GanAcensIA. ....... 6: «-<6:0 00 Sew te oss 33 1) |) | {Fl |MrjAp ia
pespnerum diphyllum.:.. «90% 4 6.06 aaawss oo 34 Fl |My
oe ge 35 fe Be Fl |Ap|My |
Deemtrn Caetillarias «<5 2. 25 96 as ue os bea beeen 36 Fl |Mr|/Ap
mee GARGRIOOIN. ses vcs es oe oo cores ves be es ee 37 Fl |Je |Jl
Arabis confinis...............2.....20.-00005. 38 Fl |ApjJe
PEI COKUUII os hiiy se ee ee ee es BD Fl |Ap|My
Arabis hirsuta............ ee Se ee 40} | Fl |Ap|My
TEE TABVIIN I in os ees hee eam ees ee ew es 41 + Fl |A p|My
Arabis ludoviciana........... 0... cc cece ce eee 42 + |Fl |Ap|My
Se a ne 43 FI |Ap|My
I BIW x oe Se ise Som oie kee oS Ho VO 44 4 Fl \Je |Jl
rene CU NP Rc sos ss eee cls wa oes 45 + Fl |My|Je
Brassica nigra...... ee eer ee 46 — —_ Fl |Je |Jl
Premaow Ginmpmtrum...95,. «566 6- os sa owe aware. 47) + Fl |My|J1
Camelina sativa............. aan new ale io ee 48) + Fl |My|Je
Onpeella Bursa-pastorig. od... ois sic ceases ceess 49)" )* |) *) *) 8) *) *) © RL IMriN | # |] * | *
ao ence Blea jy ann > Aine ee 50} | | Fl |Ap|My
Cardamine thombdiden. <. 0... ccc cc cesses ccnes 51 Fl |My|Ag
eee ar at 52 Fl |Ap|My
it pelea SPs Sy teatitrs ait
-chblesobatet 7
ECOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 217
SOURI | ILLINOIS
Bluff Lowland River Lowland Bluff Upland
15|16|17| 5 |18|19|11| 12| 12) 20| 21| 22| 23 26|25/14| 11|12| 12 11|18|24/16| 15/14) 12| 7 | 6
+ - Fr |Jl |Ag +
2 Fr |Ag|S +
b 3 Fr idl [xX ix x x
x 1x 4 Fr |Ag {|S x|xX |x 1X x
+]+ 5 Fr |Je |Jl +l+)+]+ +
+ + 6 Fr |Jl |Ag +
7 Fr |Jl |Ag +
va 8 Fr |Ag|S
+ 9 Fr |Ag/S a
+ = 10 Fr/S jO |+ - +
+/]+ 11 Fr |Jl
+] + 12 Fr |My|Je + +
13 Fr |My|Je |
14 Fr {Jl + + +
15 Fr |Je | + +
1} 16 Fr |My] | | | |
+/+ Fr |MyjO [+/+ 17 zAytAf/+t/+t/+/4 # {+ == +
a 18 Fr |My|Je
19 Fr |My|Je aoa |
20 Fr |My|O | X
21 + |Fr jJl
| 22 Fr |My|Je |
ab Fr |My|S + 23 ae +j{+ +
+ )/+ Fr |My|Ag + 24 re ld fs wll fi = fl = on +
25 Fr |J] |Ag + + +
* | * * 26 Fr |S |O * me
uy. 27 Fr/s |D |+ + + +
+]+ 28 Fr |Ag|S + + +
29 X |Fr |Ag|O
30 x |Fr |Jl |S
31 Fr jJl |S |X
32 X |Fr |Je |O
ee] 33 Fr |My|Je | | |
34 Fr jJl oo
lta 35 Fr |My|Je |
| 36 Fr |My|Je | | |
x x 37 Fr |Jl |S |X x
38 Fr |MyjJ1 +
+ 39 Fr |My|Je | + + + +
| 40 Fr |My|Je | |
41 Fr |MyjJl +) +
+ 42 Fr |My|Ag +
43 Fr |My|Je |
44 Fr |Jl |Ag
45 Fr |Je |Jl
_— 46 Fr |Jl |Ag a
47 Fr |Je |Ag
48 Fr |Je [Jl
* * 2 * * * * * * * * 49 Fr * Ap * * D * * * * * * * *
50 Fr |My|Je
51] + + |Fr |Jl |Ag
| 52 Fr |My|Je | | | |
—_——_—-
218 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.
MIS-
Weeds : i
DisrrRipuTION AND Pui NOLOGY Upland
1 2/3) 4|5 6|7|8|9 |10/11/12|13/14
Draba brachycarpa.....................220222. 1 FI |Ap |
Depbe caroliniana,..... ec cs canes ce scsveesns 2) | Fl |Mr|Ap
Eprmbe CuneiOuR, occ teh coe bees ces wees 3 | |Fl |Mr|My
Erysimum asperum ..............eeee eee ee eee 4 Fl |Ap/My
Lepidium intermedium..................00005: 5 FL |My!O
SMIPCEY VIFIIMLOMEN «fs os cab beds sense besser 6+ )+ + FL {My!O [+
Waseurtinum: Armoracia. .. 00.660 s cece ne cccee 7 * Fl |My
PHOGT GIN MOONE, kc chro sere e ee bes 8 Fl |My
Nasturtium obtusum...........500-sccseenens 9 Fl |My|Je
Nasturtium officinale...............0000 cee eee 10 Fl |Api|N
Me@aturtiuin palustre. .....ccccsecacsvevesseseen 11 Fl |MyjJ1
Nasturtium sessiliflorum............00.0 0000005 12 Fl |My
POMBUT TAU BIDUASUT., «0. ccc tte ese see eaccns 13 Fl |My|J1
TNE MOUUUS 6 i cdc wbeh vp bees ce eu'e 14 D4 FI |Je |S
Sinvymbrivim altiasimum....... 2.5.55 .00c seve cee 15 Fl |A p|/My
Bisymibrium canmescens........5sss00seeseeee2-2k8 Fl |Ap|Je | |
Sisymbrium officinale....................200055 17}j+ + FI |My|Ag} +
Polanisia graveolens...........0.:e:eceeeeeeees 18 FI |Je |Jl
Helianthemum canadense..............0 0000005 19 Fl |My|Je | +
nN TUMEUR boas oh sce oe so 4 00 has eee 20 FI |Je |Jl | *t
MRM, ROMMINCU priate sea 9. Gaics cs a a aria v esdedes een auras 21 *t Fl |Jl
WE Oh a oie vin pins os nates cv cpemrssse es 22 It Fl [Ap|&
OPM OMENS ocr a te 23 4Tl4T/Fl [Ap|My/& [J] |4At/+t
‘Viom palmatn Cucullatea... 1.2 espe ets ecscaes 24 +T4T/Fl [Api/My/& [Jl [4titt
WIG CHOCO. Scise's > oo ks one wpb's eye eet voles ose 5 25 |t |Fl |Ap|My|& |S
Viola pedata bicolor.............. 0.200000 00 eee 26 |t |Fl |Ap|My|& |S
Viola pedatifida. .......... 0... c cece cee cn ences 27 Fl |Ap/My
eee TUIMMOORE as cee ces etwas d tunes esa ens 28 Fl |Ap|My
Oe AMOOOON sc ucs acc hebe bee bes soa: 29} | Fl |Mr |Ap] |
Ue NOOR ih i ee 30 Fl |Ap/My
I I as i ak Pe cece 31 | |Fl |My
CRT BEV ONES oo cc ve cepa eee ees 32; + + + Fl |MyjJe
Cerastium arvense oblongifolium................ 33} + FI |My|Je
Cerastium nutans........ 0.0... ccc cece e eens 34) + Fl |ApiS +
Cerastium viscosum...............00e cece ees 35] + FI |Ap/S [+ a
Cerastium vulgatum..................00eeeeeee 36) | Fl |Ap|My
LPC GMMR ir ork ie cree hs Pe ek sas 37| + Fl |My|Je
Panatig OLNCUNNG isch iow ees eae 38) + }+ + FI |Je |S
I IT IINUI gs 6s 6 eC i ee no ee 39} + + + |FI |My\Je
BIRR finite pp ees aed Ok Pe Ee 40 Fl |My|Ag
Wetter SOTRRMOUIM Sons 5b cs os ae bb bet ips ce e's wen Al Fl |My|Je
TEOONTD TID as ow orice ec nw boss bese eeeee> 42| * | * * Fl |Mr|N
Claytonia virginica..............0. 000 c cece eens 43) | 1} | Fl |Mr|Ap 1d]
Partiincn OIATAGOR... 0. cc cee cece ens 44|xX |x FI |jJl |S
Talinum teretifolium............... 0200 e eee eee 45 Fl |My
eee SORRGE Ge ce ens see 46
Ascyrum Crux-Andreae.............-00. cere eee 47 X |FI [Je |S
Premetioum ASGVTOD « .. nt ce ey tease tenes 48 Fl |Je |Ag
Hypericum cistifolium............:0e eee e eee 49 X [Fl Je |Ag
Hypericum Drummondii..............0.02.000- 50 Fl | X |Je |Ag
Hypericum maculatum........... 0.0 ee eee eee 51 FI |J1 |Ag| x
Hypericum mutilum........cccrecsevccesceees 52 Fl |Jl |S
vp a pai aie ea enn
ECOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 219
SOURI | ILLINOIS
Bluff Lowland River Lowland Bluff Upland
15|16|17| 5 | 18) 19 11|12 12 20| 21| 22| 23 26 25/14) 11 12|12|11|18|24/ 16/15 14|12| 7 | 6
1 Fr |My} | |
2 Fr |Ap|My| |
| 3 Fr |My
of 4 Fr |Je [Jl
5 Fr |My|O +]+
+ 6 Fr |My|O ==
7
8 Fr |Je |
+/+/+[9]+ Fr |e +
10} + Fr |My|N
+/+ 11 ]/+)4+]+ +)+ |Fr|+ |Je jJl
1 | Fr |Je
13 Fr |Je |Ag| + +
14 Fr |Jl |O
15 Fr |My|Je |
| | 16 Fr |Myl\Je | | rit
t+ 17 Fr [Jl |S [+ + | + | +
— —_—|— 18 Fr |Jl [Ag —|—
19 Fr |JL |Ag +] +
*t 20 Fr |Jl |S *t
*t 21 Fr |Ag|S | *t | *
|t 22 Fr |Je |& |O |
N {+tl4t} [+tl]tt) jt 23 +t/Fr Je |4t|N |4tiat at] Jtt}) |j+tl+t
N /4tlat) |[+t|tt) [+t 24 +t\Fr |Je jttiN |ttia tat! [+t] |+tlat
. 25 Fr |My|Je |& |O lt
26 Fr |My\Je |& |O [t
27 Fr |My\|Je |
28 Fr| | |Ag | |
al ea 29 Fr |Ap|My | |
30 Fr| | [Je [JI 1 |
Bak Fr |Je
+ 32 Fr |Je | + {Jl + |
33 Fr Je | + Ji
z 34 Fr Je |O | +/+ +
+/+ 35 FrjJe |O |+/+ mtd Em
36 Fr |My|Je
+ 37 Fr |Jl +
38 Fr |Ag|O
ae 39 Fr |Jl |Ag + +
_ 40 Fr |Ag|S + +
41 Fr igt 7 14 |
* | * 42 Fr |My|D * | *
| 43 | Fr |Je | ee
x 44 Fr |Ag|O x
45 Fr |Je |
46 —
47 Fr |Ag|O
48 Fr |S x x
49 Fr|S |X
50 Fr |S - x
1x x x 51 Fr/s |x x |x x x
x x x 52 Fr|x|s |O x
220 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.
MIS-
Weeds
DISTRIBUTION AND PHENOLOGY Upland
1|2|3|4|5]6|7]|8]9 [10/11 /12]13]14
Hypericum nudicaule.............00 000.0 c cucu 1 X |FI |J1 |S
Hypericum perforatum...................0000 2| xX x FI |Je |O
Hypericum prolificum,.......................5. 3 FI |Jl |S
PUOD-AVIOONNRS. 60k e des cecseadactass 4ix |x x Fl Je |S |x
PUURRINER IADUUOAPONIS . os oe ck ocb ie bh aed sv eecg sca 5 Fl |Ag
ME SEMEN oe hii crtatss Ur tihesokece ces 6 Fl |Ag
PUMBOE A EWOOUID soc cc cas esis ae ob divsvar acs 7 Fl |Ag
Pear Ve OrtimGolin. .. 2... a pe ot ssc ecccecece 81 xX | xX x Fl |My|N
We MN icc ects beskleccetetnhcseacsve 9|xX x FI [Je j|Ag
ee GMI oc da 5 ccc Seeks view Sckice ces ee 10 Fl |My\Je
DAU WUBI ncn ccc ks ules a vee es cacccas 11 Fl |My|Je
Linum usitatissimum,.....................000- 12 x * FI |Je {S
Taman PaCS; 5k hc es. 18 FI |Jl |Ag
Tribulus grandiflorus..........................14 Fl |Jl |Ag
Geranium carolinianum...................00005 15}+ }+ pom + Fl |MyJe |}+}/+/+
Geranium: mamoulatumi...........000essccc creed 16 +/+ Fl |Ap|Je |} +] +]4+
OG TOPs cc be tacev csc decsvecacenen 17 x Fl jJl |S
PMMBUGNE DANAE... ac cee veh accccccscess 18 x FI |Jl |S
Seat CUMIN oe aa ccs bead ci bebo vsnncnca 19 + FI |Je |O oe i
Seer GON. sas eau oak OUT Et leie hers 20;+ Je ]+]+ A~Al/+]/+/Fl |MriIN |4+/+]/+4
PU ee ones ch bekbeb Pbk y ae ete 21 Fl |+T/+T\Apl+tiMyl& |S |+t
a ere eee *|* Fl |My
Ailanthus glandulosus.........................23 * Fl |My
ee MEER itor er on cn ee ere eee 24 Fl |My
Celastrus scandens............... 00 cece eueeeee 25 * Fl |My *
Euonymus atropurpureus................0.00-- 26 * Fl | * |My|Je | *
Ceanothus americanus,................00.0000- 27 * Fl |Je |Jl *
Rhamnus caroliniana...................0.0000. 28 * |FI \Je
Rhamnus lanceolata...... Pee es 29 * | * JFL] * |ApiMy| * | *
Ampelopsis quinquefolia................2...... 30 * | * FI |Jl *
ee AUN ie, as keh con ee 31 * Fl |My
RR MUN kG aii a pete ect ay 32 Fl |My
Wee whativalig.... cscs esc ccccnevereccrvevecscece 33 * |FIl |My
I I os Sisk owes occ sign) be ea nea ee cn 34 * Fl |My
WU COMMMOUR 6. sic pte seg tetusssuecrencates 35 * Fl |My| * | *
Wie PRIMIMOR, oe ees bance rsdbacsseares 36 Fl |My
BEN SHPO, la cicero eee oe et Se 37 *| * Fl |My] * *
Witee TIDMTIM DPACOOK. 6s ee ve es eh cceneraes 38 Fl |My
MOR OMI oak Sie Wine Sa os oe 2's 39 Fl |Mr|Ap
Rtn RUROINI G's ces bik MD PRR ek Te 40 FI |Mr/Ap
Acer saccharinum.......... 00.0. 0ce cece ee ceeee 41 * | * Fl | * |Ap|My *
Aesoulus glabra.......cccccccccnscssnpectecere 42 Fl |Ap
Cardiospermum Halicacabum.................. 43 Fl |Jl |Ag
Negundo aceroides..........0....00 ccc cee eeeee 44 Fl |Ap
SUE OG DOUGH. Ss. cs sb ae yee ness boas oe 4 sc 45 * Fl |Ap} * |My
ee MOORE os a a ee oe 46 * | * TFL |Mrl/Ap * | ox
CR es an eee re 47 * IRL I * *
I ees bers, cle Met, pan Spy aces 48 * * 1 * TFL [My|Je | * | * | *
MS TORISOUCROIOE, 05. sao ks danse se hee 49 * * | ® Fl |My] * * | x
Polfwals, vortiolllata. 0.5.0... 00.5 cscs ccc cccecs 50 + {Fl |My] +
AMMar aS. CUNGBCONG. . 2. 5 2 Fee hs Bee eee 51 + IFI |Je Jl
PINOT TrUtiOOGR 0. cet v eee verse 52 + Fl |Ap|My
ECOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION OF THE MISSISSIPPI.
ILLINOIS
Lowland
5 |18|19|11| 12
=
2
wo
x+i
tH XX+H
+H xX
+
* * *
+ * ee *
CMON AarkhwWNH eH
10
Tax O?x
=
a]
ng
r)
x 4
*
*
*
*
*
yj
“4
>
i
7)
Fr| * | * *
7
—
H
i"
OSUGy Ae OUR HOMEY HE EUS
i]
A
q
—
ta
* *
xx Bes
x
Je
Fr
Fr
Ag
Ap
Leer et eagtn eer 64
HH XX +H
Zt
a no
** HH *
* * * *
* * * #
H+ * * *
H+ * *
222 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.
MIS-
Weeds
DISTRIBUTION AND PHENOLOGY Upland
1;2/3/4|5 6|7 8 | 9 |10) 11/12/13 |14
Amphicarpaea monoica..............c0c eee eeee 1 xX |X {Fl [Jl |Ag =
Amphicarpaes Pitoheri........0cccccscccecccce 2 xX |X {FI |Jl |Ag x
ME EAN leo re re oe es 3 x FI /Ag
Astragalus canadensis..................e0cee0c 4 FI Jl
Astragalus mexicanus...............ceccceueee 5 Fl {+ |Mr/Ap| +
Baptisia leucantha............. 0c c cen eeeees 6 FI |Jl |Ag
Baptisia leucophaea.................cc cee eeeee 7 +/+ /Fl |Ap/My
Cassia Chamaecrista......................0000 8) X 4 Fl jJI |S |x |x
Cassia marilandica.................20-.eccceee 9 Fl |Ag| X |S
Cadisia riictitens..:.... 00. cee ences ccenccecens 10 FI |Jl |S
Cercis canadensis................0ce cece eu eeee 11 * Fl |Mr|Ap *
Crotalaria sagittalis............ 0000. cece ee ees 12 —|FI |Je {Jl
Pomime BIGHOGUMOIGOR: 0. coe ce ca cee sb ceecesces 13 FI |Ag|S
Desmanthus brachylobus...................... 14 FI |Jl |Ag
Desmodium acuminatum...................... 15 x Fl |Jl j|Ag
Desmodium canadense....................0-04. 16) x 4 Fl |Je |Jl
Desmodium canescens..............00020000-05 17| x p 4 Fl |Ag 4
PT Ts hk i odes ce eekc sce. 18 Fl |Jl jAg
Desmodium cuspidatum....................... 19 x |x FI |Ag|S x
Desmodium Dillenii......................0000. 20 X |Fl | X |Ag] x |S
Desmodium marylandicum..................... 21 x Fl |Jl |Ag
Desmodium nudiflorum....... 22 x FI |Jl |Ag
Desmodium paniculatum...................0.. 23 FI |Jl |Ag
Desmodium rigidum. ................ccceeeees 24 Fl jJl j|Ag
Desmodium rotundifolium...............000055 25 xX |FI |Jl |Ag
Desmodium sessilifolium...................... 26 Fl jJl |Ag
Gleditschia aquatica.....................0005, 27 Fl |My\Je
Gleditschia triacanthos........................ 28 * | * Fl |Ap|My
Gayoyrrhisa lepidota........5.60scecsccesess,. 29 Fl Jl
Gymnocladus canadensis...................4.. 30 Fl |Ap|/My
Lathyrus palustris myrtifolius.................. 31 Fl |My|Je
Lespedeza capitata........ 0... cece eee ceeee 82| x |FI jJl | X |Ag
Lespedeza procumbens................0000e000- 33 x xX |X |FI |Je |Ag!| x
Lespedeza reticulata..................cu cece ee, 34 xX |X IF [Jl |Ag
Lespedeza violacea............. 00.0 ccc eeeeees 35 X |Fl [Ag|S
Medicago lupulina......... 0.0... cece cece cence 36| X FI [Je |S
Medicago sativa...................0.. soeeeees OeLt ft + Fl |My|S
PED TAM Sch cb 2aas! setae ahr eae et ee 38!) 4+ ]+ + FI |Je |Ag} +
Melilotus officinalis............... ccc ccc cece 39) +} + + FI |My|Je
Petalostemon candidus....................00.. 40 x [FI |Je |Ag
Petalostemon Villosus..............00ceeecee00, 41 Fl |Je |Ag
Petalostemon violaceus................ceeeeees 42 x |Fl |Je |Ag
Psoralea Onobrychis................00cceeeeees 43 Fl |Je |Ag x
Psoralea tenuiflora............. 0.0.00 cece eee ee 44 X |FI \Je |Ag| x
Robinia Pseudacacia......... 0.0000 cece cece eee 45| * | * - * IFI |My
Strophostyles angulosa.............2......000. 46 - Fl jJl IN |X ]x
Strophostyles pauciflora....................4.. 47| x Fl |Ag|N
Stylosanthes elatior.................ccccecceee 48 Fl |Ap|My| |
MOpMPOMIA Virginiod . . ok. e ks ee ese cveecescls.. 49 X |Fl JJe |Jl
Trigelitim bybridum.............5.0cecerescs. 50|— |— _ Fl |My/Ag
PEE PRORODAD 6 ook isis koe ose ec ee ene Slit ]+]}/4+]+ FI |My/O
Trifolium procumbens...................2.00.. 52 _— FI |My|J1
ECOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION OF THE MISSISSIPPI.
SOURI ILLINOIS
Bluff Lowland River Lowland Bluff Upland
15| 16 | 17 18| 19| 11] 12| 12] 20| 21| 22| 23 26| 25| 14| 11|12|12| 11|18| 24 16| 15 14|12| 7 | 6
x |X 1 FrjS |O |xX|xX x x
pa oe, 4 2 Fr|S |O |X/|xX x x
x 3 4 x x
— 4 — |Fr |— |— |Ag ~ —
a 5 Fr |Je |} + |S se oe
x 6 Fr | X |Ag|S
+ 7 Fr |Je |S +
x x] xX 8 Fr (8 | X |X [O41 | Xa x a4
x 9 FrjS |D |x x x
x 10 FrjS |O xX |X
* 11 * (Fr {AgiS | * * * | x
— —|— 12 Fr jAgi—|S |—
x 13 Fr/S |O x
x x 14 Fr |Ag|O |X pat 4 x
x 15 Fr|S |O x
x 16 Fr |Ag|S 3 x |X
a Ed Fr|jS |X x x
18 FrjS |X |/O
x 19 |X FrjS |x/|O Sx A
x X (20-13 Fr |S |X /O x |X
1 OK 21 Fr/S |O 5 din bap: ae? (4
x 22 FrjS |O ae
x xX 123.1 xX FrjS |x |O x |X
24 Peis 1 x 10 x
x 25 Fr |S |O x ~~
26 Fr |S |O x pe
27.|%|* * |Fr |Ag] * |S
* * | x 28 |Frig |*#|*]*]*]*]* Ilo *
29 Fr |AgiS_ | X x
seep hs 30 | * * |Fr {|S |D *
— 31 Fr |Jl {Ag
x |X 32 FrjS jO |xX|x x
x x 33 Fr |Jl |jO | Xx > Gal fer §
> 34 FrjS |N x|xX
x x 35 FrjS IN |X x |x
aD .4 36 Fr |Jl |O x
+ 37 FrjJJe{[/+j/+/+/0 j +/+
+yj+ + 38 FrjJl |S {+ +/+ Fm
+ 39 Fr |Jl |Ag}| + + +
x 40 Fr |J1 |O aa x
41 Fr |Jl |O x
x 42 Fr |J1 |O x x
x |x 43 Fr | X | X jJl |S
x 44 Fr |Jl |S x x|xX
= |* 45 wr] *. 1 * | Ag
x x 46 xX |Fr| xX |S |D 4 py pred
47 FriS |D |X x Xx
| 48 Fr |My|Je | |
49 Fr |Ag|S x
—|— 50 |— Fr |Je |Ag — —
2s tit + 51 Fr |Je IN |+ + +
52 Fr |Je |Ag
224 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.
MIS-
Weeds
DisTRIBUTION AND PHENOLOGY Upland
1{2|3|4|5/6|7 8 |9 10/11 |12| 13
SEMOUUM THAOKUM. 2 oe ek hese te heel, hole. 1 FI |MyjJl
ee COUR. fb oa Pee yk ee ets 2ty/tlti+t Fl |ApiN |+
Trifolium stoloniferum........................ 3 Fl |Je |Ag
Agrimonia Eupatoria......................... 4 + [Fl |My|Jl rit
Agrimonia parviflora...................00 cee 5 + |FI jJe JJ [+ -
Amelanchier canadensis,....................... 6 FI |Ap|My
Crataegus acutifolia......................0000. 7 Fl |My
Crataegus atrorubens...................000000 8 Fl |My
Crataegus declivitatis....................000005 9 Fl |Ap
Crataegus Engelmanni........................ 10 Fl | * |My
INN PGI coc s.cncc cic ce edicee cr yecsesan: 11 Fl |My
MIOITUN TOCUMEGR cece sc tc ce rece scsecpsuc 12 : Fl |My
NMOITUMMNDND ook pees sins ee u'as vasaesea sss « 13 Fl |My
Crataegus Kelloggii............0...0......02... 14 Fl |Ap
Crataegus lanceolata.......................... 15 Fl |My
Crataegus lanigera...................02.00 0008 16 Fl |Ap
COON TRIO, occ ccc t ep cscs cclnwce cc’ 17 Fl |My
Crataegus ludoviciensis........................ 18 FI |My
Crataegus macrophylla....................000. 19 FI |Ap
MPONUR WAM ois ceca ees cts v dest ox aU q Fl |My
ROM MOCNIE ey Pky > 6005 5 bu bec o'c a cucnasibards 21 Fl |My
CIPRO COWTININ. 5 oss 5.6 5 u's «u's 0s oie vein e pwipacpnnes 22 Fl |My
Crataegus patrum.............. ccc cece eee cues 23 Fl |My
Crataegus rubicundula......................... 24 Fl |My
Crataegus umbrosa..................000eeeeee 25 Fl |Ap
COON PERT on dios cece ca cctzierseraes 26 Fl |My
Fragaria virginiana,.,............00ce ce ceceees 27 + Fl |Ap|My +
EM rarest re ane 28 ob FI |My|J1 +/+
SE VURENGN scott ce cole sco eine a cel 29 FI |Ap|My
RETIOEHED BEIDUIAOOR ne cece ct nt ccccccseccecas 30 + {Fl |My/Jl
Physocarpus opulifolius........................ 31 * Fl |My
Potentilla canadensis...............cseeeeccece 32)+)/4+/4+]4 +/+ /Fl [AplAg/ +/+
Potentilla norvegica. .......... 00.0. c cee cece ees 33 x FI |Je [Jl
Potentilla rivalis millegrana.................... 34 FI [Je {Jl
Potentilla supina............ 000.000 cece eee 35 Fl |Je [Jl
Prunus americana................ 00 cece cc eees 36 dt Md FI |Ap *
POGUE POOR, «cick ews tee ve vnc tcteanesa’s 37 * FI |Ap *|*
MRR OUR os 6 des c's cp bs oes pa ee bow 38 * | * ] * TFL IMy *
jo gt ae 39 FI [Ap
MUM WONOTOTE san cee et ee be biaes 40 * * |FI |My| *
PE NRO Tt iia is kA oad eee ees 41 Fl |My -
Se RS che 2 ci eat hc tee ieee bc ir 42 * | * |) * FI [My|Je | *
MON ROMSTRIIEIE 5550'S av’ oc bo s,s 0 4.8 > 05-54 yu ee oe co 43 * |) * | * IF [My/S | *
MOO OOTIOTE. ow cc eka wis nesesasaes 44 * FI |Je |S
Rubus canadensis..................02ccee eee 45 * Fl |Ap|My *
Rubus occidentalis.................... 2c cece 46 Fl |My|Je *
BN VEIN Sy nono so np io he ae cba vee eilits dave 47 * * Fl |My|Je *
RUM MINUIOUIR foi oss ck wk se esp edie hakens 48 + |Fl |My ob
MEOUGNOTO BIMOTIOANA . 050005. -s sce e seven sass cles 49 + Fl |Ap|My +
UUMOE TRIDDIGIE,, f'n 5 ony chev ec ceeecavacacee 50 Fl |My|Je
Hydrangea arborescen8............-seeeseeeees 51 * FI |My|Je
Ribes gracile.......... Dbireke Tule y saad cod 52 * |FI |My] *
eg RR RS aL Se ee oH ER BERD R aie oP, AN oe Gh
ee
ne OE. eee eee aN
ECOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 225
SOURI | ILLINOIS
Bluff Lowland River Lowland Bluff Upland
15|16|17 5 |18|19|11|12| 12 20| 21 | 22| 23 26| 25| 14 11| 12 12| 11] 18| 24 16| 15 14| 12| 7 | 6
1 Fr |Je |Ag >
+ +/+ + 2 Fr |My|N | + + +
x 3 x x |Fr |J1 [Ss
+ 4 Fr |Je |S + +
+ 5 Fr [Ag |S + +
* * 6 Fr |Je |Jl * +
7 * | * [Fr |S
8 * |Fr |O
* 9 Fr /O
10 Fr |N
* | x 11 Fr/s | * | *
4 FrjO | *
13 Fr iN | *
* 14 Fr |s
+ 15 Fr |O [N
16 Fr | * |Ag
a Fr| * /O
P * 18 Fr/s |O
19 Fr |O
20 Fr |O | *
21 Fr jO | *
* 22 Fr |S |O
* 23 Fr jO
* 24 Fr |O |N
* 25 Fr |S
* 26 Fr|*/|s |o
+zyt 27 Fr |My|Je + + +
28 Fr (yl |S | + +
25) fe= 29 Fr}+/+ |Jl | + |Ag a
-f 30 Fr |Je |S +
* 31 Fr Jl |Ag
+ +/+ + 32 Fr |My|O | + + + +/+]+4
x 33 Fr | X |Ag|S x
34 Fr | X | X |Ag} X |S
x 35 Fr |Jl |Ag| x x
sg 36 Fr {Jl | * * *
37 Fr |Ag|S
* * * * 38 * Fr Ag * * * * * *
39 Fr |Je |Jl *
40 Fr (Jl |S | * * *
41 Fr |Je |Jl *
42 Fr |Je |Jl *
* 43 Fr |Je |O * | *
* * 44 * iFr| * * Ag * Oo * *
* * * 45 Fr | * * Je * * * Jl *
* ® 46 * |Fr |Je {Jl *
* * * * 47 Fr Jl * * * * *
+ 48 Fr |S +/+
Alt + 49 Fr |Je |Jl t/+z/2 a=
+ 50 Fr |Jl |Ag +
* | * 51 Fr |Ag * *
52 Fr |Je |Jl * *
226 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.
MIS-
Weeds
DISTRIBUTION AND PHENOLOGY Upland
1|2 4 6|7|8 9 |10| 1112/13/14
PUMPOROTUM: MOOIONS, 6650555 cs bt es cdseteccese 1 FI |Jl |Ag| xX
Callitriche deflexa Austini.................00006 2 + Fl |Ap|Je
Proserpinaca palustris.............cececececees 3 FI jJl
PAMMMONIA. COCCIHEA. 0. ee cttw nvccnre 4 FI |Jl |S
Cuphea viscosissima.......... Pier er eliasee brie 5 x x |Fl |My|Ag
Decodon verticillatus......................005. 6 FI [Jl
MPO PUNY MIMI ce kes asec cans escsaee 7 FI |Je |S
EG ROU os hs 6 ine ad ance cas 8 Fl jJl jAg
Se. RMON i sass shea oh bros ale eae 9 + FI |Je |Jl
Epilobium coloratum................2.00-000005 10 FI |Jl
Cheete WAOGI, 6 eis ab cee scene ewe anes anecess 11 xX |FI [Jl 1S
ee CHV ONIN a chs cc coe or ceri rede sie es 12 Fl |MyjJl
US PO ca acc ey pe ale paid Case 13 Fl |Je |jO |+
Ludwigia palustris............. 0c eee eee eee 14 FI [Jl |S
Ctnthierm Diente. ...... ccc cccebearesnseceee 15] *t | *t a Fl |My|C | *t
Oenothera biennis muricata...............00005 16 Fl |Je |S | *t
Oenothera fruticosa........ 0.0.0. cee ee eee 17 FI |Je |S
OComatherm Wintate. 0... ccc cee ete ere wsonnes 18 Fl |Jl |Ag
Mentzelia oligosperma.................000 eee 19 FI |Je Jl
ree rr re re 20 x |FI Jl | x | x
Citrullus vulgaris... ...... ccc ccc cece nce scene 21 * x FI Jl |S
Citrullus ovifera pyriformis................-.... 22 x x FI |Jl |S
Holiihooyatis lobata.......scccccccccctcccescess 23 x Fl |Jl |Ag
te II. ooie'e i bien tiaccic ey caine sale e's s 24 x FI jJl |Ag
Opuntia Rafinesquii.............. 0. cece eee 25 Fl} * jJl |S | *
Mollugo verticillata.............. 000. cece eee 26/4 )+ + Fl |My|N
Chaerophyllum procumbens.................... 27 | Fl |Ap|My
ees MAR OTINON sso our co sv ve he ie vs a's epee oes 28 Fl |Ap|Je
Ooriandrum sativum. ........ ccc cece cece enees 29 x Fl |My|S
Cryptotaenia canadensis................0000005 30 FI |ApjJl
NN RTI RE RS rr fees Sho s cara ada pegs Gata beri ik ace t 31)+ FI jJl +
Discopleura Nuttallii....................2 0008 32 FI Je |Jl
Erigenia bulbosa............. cece cece cree eee 33 | Fl |Mr|Ap
Eryngium yuccaefolium........... Srey oe ee ice a 34 + |Fl | + |My/S +
Foeniculum officinale..............-.----+-+005 35 + FI |Je |Jl
Osmorrhiza brevistylis................ ee cece eee 36 Fl |Ap|My
Osmorrhiza longistylis................--0002005 37 Fl |Ap|My
Pimpinella integerrima........:25-seeccecscees 38 + {+ ]+ {Fl |My| +
Polytaenia Nuttallii.............. cee ee ee ee eee 39 + |Fl |My
RG TARTTBDCIOR. 5 5 oss ips 0s nase esse 40 + Fl | + |Ap|My +
Sanicula marylandica canadensis..............+-. 41 +] + Fl | + |Ap|My +
Pb CAOUGRETOMMIED 6 iin whi oe ee pw eer ewer tenes 42 FI jJl |Ag
UMOOUNY GUNA. 00. kote sete g ab besos ss 43 + + |Fl |Ap|My f
Thaspium aureum trifoliatum................-- 44 FI |Ap|My +
PeCpCreeMO thts. TIMICID. . ose sss see ene se pepe basnc 45 FI |Jl |Ag +
eee a sy phe eee ee 46 oo + |FI |Ap|Je
Aralia quinquefolia..............-.s cece seeenes 47 + Fl |My\Je
IAD DULOBETIOOGR, «coc os tests eect ae esase 48 Fl Je (Jl
Cornus asperifolia. .........- 2 cece eee cece aee 49 * FI \Je * | x
EN os ie vc sodas oops cre 50 Fl |Ap|My| * x
Cs Vs ence este chee eee 51 Fl |My
CorsO WUBIN ci ob po ees meee ces tay esis sre 52) Fl |My
tae
ECOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 227
SOURI | ILLINOIS
Bluff Lowland River Lowland Bluff Upland
15|16|17| 5 |18|19| 11| 12] 12] 20 21 | 22 23 | 26| 25| 14] 11| 12| 12] 11| 18] 24] 16| 15 14|12| 7 | 6
Le x Fr |S
+ 2 Fr |My|S +
3 xX IiFr iS |x
4 x Fr} xX jiS |O
5 Fr |J1l |O x
6 x |Fr{s |x |o
7 x Fr | X |Ag/O
x|s8|x Fr |S
+] + 9 Fr |Jl j|Ag + +
10 Fr |S x
1 Fr |Ag|O x
12 Fr |Je |S A:
+ 13 {+/+ /Fr}/+ |yl IN |+
xX |14 X [Fr | X |Ag/O | xX
*t | *t 15 | *t Fr jJl jD | *t|*t *t | *f be el Raat
*t 16 Fr |J1 JO | *t *t
17 Fr |J1 JO | x x |x
18 Fr|S |O |x x |x
19 Fr |Jl |Ag +
> Gal (Oe 20 Fr |Ag/S x x
21 Fr |Ag|S
22 Fr|X iS |O
x 23 x | x |Fr |Ag|S x
x 24 X |X |Frjs |O 4
25 Fr |Jl | * |D *
+ 26 Fr |My|N +/+
1} | I] | 27 | |Fr} | | | [MyjJe |
+ 28 Frj+|+ jJl jAg
29 Fr |Je |O
+ 30 Fr |Ag}+/+]+/0 +
+ + 31 Fr |Ag|S
+ + 32 + Fr |Ag|S
| 33 Fr |My\Je |
+ + 34 Fr |Jl |N re
35 Fr |Jl |S
+ 36 Fr |My\Je + aa
37 Fr |Je |Jl + +
+/+ + 38 Fr |Jl +/+) +i¢+
39 Fr |Jl |Ag she +
+]+ 40 Fr |Jl |Ag + + +
+]+ 41 Fr |Jl |Ag + - +]+
42|/+/+\|Fr/+]/+ |s |4+]o
43 Fr |Ag|S +
< 44 Fr |Ag|S + + +
45 Fr |Ag|S
46 Fr |J1 |S
+ 47 Fr |Jl |Ag + +
+ + 48 Fr |Ag|S é
* 49 Fr * Jl * * Ag * *
* 50 Fr |s *
51 Fr jJl j|Ag *
52 Fr} * /Jl |Ag| *
228 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.
DISTRIBUTION AND PHENOLOGY
Weeds
MIS-
Upland
1{2|3|4|5
6 | 7|8|9 10 |11 |12|13|14
Sambucus canadensis ................-0000000: 1
Symphoricarpus vulgaris....................-. 2
Triosteum angustifolium....................04. 3
Trioateum perfoliatum............ccccssccsswee 4
Viburnum Lentago................. 20 cc cece eee 5
Viburnum prunifolium............- es eee ee eens 6
Viburnum rufotomentosum.................2.05 7
Cephalanthus occidentalis................. 00005 8
I MICE: Res celtots an id: «ahead 6 a ere 0 4/409 9
err ATIATTG os dc oe here wee cto ee eas seceass 10
Galium asprellum..................0c eee eeuee ll
Celine GHMOERIR ies ce dae ct ee aise esos 12
Galium concinnum,...............0 0c eee eee 13
RNS SUUME Sa cet hiaeie s tte sere ies 14
Gallum triflorum. ......... 5000 cscs ccanecescness 15
Houstonia angustifolia.......... 0.0.00 eee eee 16
AGH MRIDITOR, says cc ns ca besa ne once rae iz
Houstonia purpurea. ... 2... ccc e eee eee 18
Houstonia purpurea longifolia... ............4.. 19
Spermacoce glabra............... 000 eee ee eens 20
Valerianella radiata............ ccc cece seecees 21
et a See es er eae 22
Achillea Millefolium.................0.0000000- 23
ROUIATTS GOUBTTORR £05 ob ia cea hee ree eee’ 24
Ambrosia artemisiaefolia...........00. 00000 e eee 25
Retiree, WedeOtO te nc lv ces Ore evelotns 26
Ambrosia psilostachya..............e sees eee 27
Aspbrosia trifida... 2. ccc eee te eres tears 28
Antennaria plantaginifolia..................... 29
Apithemia Cotula..... 06. ccc cscs css tere ewccens 30
Peer Toe MIG. 6 i ok ei ce be ek ee teks 31
Og | i Sree eer 32
Artemisia Ludoviciana.............00 eee eee 33
TN tee a cas sy sae'y plein ahs Lae 34
Rater cordolins, 2.6.55 sc tees ce ee reneerseres 35
nN RMON 2h, fs p's Wao d Were ble ey Ste mets 36
meee DGeAeNON os es tk th eae ee eee es 37
Fo rr re irra 38
| Ae cae pee See nt er Pree 39
Aster linariifolius.............. ees cece ceecees 40
Bees CUCUR | oc. pe kc ees ve dk er eee ee 41
BET TOCRS-ONAIING, «6 os ok swe es ee ce te woos 42
Aster oblongifolius................00e cess scene 43
Aster oblongifolius rigidulus................... 44
eet OM oo sss os os es we os tele ree ops 45
Mir WRTROTISOUIUS.s 65 boc 5 8 6 hoe eine ele po ms 46
re STM ig sc co eas + 5 Pie dle ae as alee 47
Aster turbinellus............ 0. cece eee eee ees 48
PN: UN oo. calc ala'a gutta sath o CoO aS eee 49
Bildeein Biplenate . 2.2.0 cs cee sce e sea c eee eseeee 50
Bidens cernua...........065+ settee teeter eens 51
* |
x
x |X
x |X
* | *
ap
|
*
x | *
x
sk
x
* | *
*
*
7
Fl
Fl
Fl
FI |Jl |Ag
io?)
wm
a
SP PONDNNATNNONANANNND
R
R
RD
<
x
na
Jl
*t
+
+
*
Dn
*
okt
1
HH —
ECOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 229
SOURI | ILLINOIS
Bluff Lowland River Lowland Bluff Upland
15|16|17| 5 |18|19| 11/1212 20 | 21 | 22 23 | 26| 25 14| 11] 12 12|11|18| 24 16| 15 14|12| 7 | 6
* * * * * 1 Fr Ag 8 * °K * * * *
ae § as 2 Fr |S |D | *t wt] 1S | *F
3 Fr |Jl |Ag/ + +/+
4 Fr|/s |O |+ tl4]4
5 Fr|s |o *
* * 6 Fr |S |N *
* * 7 Fr |S_[N- *
bat 8|*t|*t|Fr (| *t(8 (D | *t
x 9 Fr {iS |O
+/+ 10 Fr |Je |Jl +/+
ll Fr |Jl |Ag +
+ 12 Fr |Ag|S t+
+ 13 Fr |Ag|S +
> 4 14 Fr |Ag/O
+ 15 Fr/Ag|S | +
+ 16 Fr |Je |S + +
17 Fr |Ap| | |My |
+ 18 Fr |Je | + |S +
19 Fr |Je |S
+ + 20 +]+ |Fr|+ [Je |o
| 21 Fr |My|Je | | | | |
22 Fr |Ag |S
a 23 Fr |J1 |N | * x |e |x
x x 24 Fri/s |Oo |x x x x
x 25 |Fr|S lo |x|x|x|xIlx|x x
26 FrjS |jO |x x
27 Fr |S x x
x x x | x 28 Fr|O |x|x|x x x
ae 29 Fr |Ap|/My 4 + +/+
30 Fr |J1 [O x x
* 31 Fr |Ag|N | * * * | x
x 32 Fr |S |O
= 33 |= Fr |O IN
= 34 Fr |O =
= = 35 Fr |O =_ | =
= 36 = |= |Fr |O
= 37 Fr |O im
= 38 Fr |O = = | =
39 Fr |O =
40 Fr |O =
=|= 41 Fr |O = =
= 42 Fr |O - - =
= 43 Fr |O =
44 Fr |O =
45 Fr |O |= me = |=
46 Fr |O
= = 47 = = |Fr |O
= 48 Fr |O = |=
49 x x |Fr|S |O
x x x 50 Fr|s |x |O x x
x x |51 Fr|s |O |x
230 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.
MIS-
Weeds
DISTRIBUTION AND PHENOLOGY Upland
1|2|3|4 7\8 9 |10|11 12/13 |14
Bidens chrysanthemoides...................2-. 1 FI |Ag|S
WAIGOOS COMNMAER, «0665520 s cs ccatassvccucererace 2 FI |s
WermONND STOMGOMR. och eck evan chs cnccanctanee 3 FI |S
PeeavOns-WaterOides,...... 6. .ces cc ccccccnccnces 4 Fl [Ag |S
Boltonia asteroides decurrens.................-- 5 Fl |Ag{S
Tae BOTEDTIOH OMS. cs ia hes cdooscccevcie 6 + Fl Jl |Ag a
CORORIIA PeMMormis. . oc. cc cc cccc cise sccecccscce 7 + Fl |jJl |Ag
Cacalia tuberosa........ 0... ccc cece cee ee eeees 8 + |Fl |MyjJ1
Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum................ 9 + + FI |Myj{J1
CRPOOTMNE WIOER i's dss es ce rede be vadbedcsccls: 10 + + {FI |Jl
Cepmoriums Intybuay. ss. ca cccorerececssacce ll x FI |Jl |Ag
Cnicus altissimus............... 00000 ceeeeeeues 12 +jt Fo Fl jJl {Ag +/+
Cnicus arvensis...............ccccccecceeceees 13) + of Fl jJl j|Ag}] +
Re PU io inc cod saw ciwae ea cs bbs 14) + + Fl Jl |S J+
Ra MNOUNR eis iat ak ovaeaniisne chien be, 15] X |X Fl |Ag|O |X
Coreopsis aristosa mutica.................0000, 16} X | X x Fl |Ag|O | Xx
SRSPMRIOEN- CUNO foo slo o's cnc a bee bie cdis o's-5 0% a9 8 17 FI |Je jJl
Capertee tittatorin. 6.05... cccetocbcarcreccess 18 x FI |Je |Jl
Coreopsis tripteris...... ga titatn a erate ated get eg 19 FI jJl |Ag
Dysodia chrysanthemoides..................0005 20 Fl |Ag|S
Echinacea angustifolia.................0eces0ee 21 X |Fl |Jl |Ag
HIGHIMSOOR PUTPUTER.......... 02 cc ce cece ne caees 22 Fl jJl |Ag x|xX
I i a a ca 23 Fl jJl |S J+
Elephantopus carolinianus..................00. 24 xX |X FI jJl [Ss x
Erechtites hieracifolia................ 000200005 25 a4 Fl |Ag|S x
TO. QUO oss cs ks kc ed se eee rea eees any el ed a a a a | | Fl |Ap|My |
Erigeron bellidifolius......................005. 27 * IF |Ap|My *
Erigeron canadensis................ccececeeees 28) + &i+ + |FI jJl |S {+ +
Erigeron philadelphicus...................000-. 29; + }+ + Fl |My|S |+
BVMEBTOM WEPIMOGUB. . 6.2. c cece ewes ceeeases 30) + + Fl |Je |S
Eupatorium ageratoides....................... 31 4 FI |Ag|S x |X
Eupatorium altissimum....................... 32 x X [FI |Ag|sS
Eupatorium coelestinum....................... 33 x Fl |Ag/S
Eupatorium perfoliatum....................... 34 Fl |Ag/S
Eupatorium purpureum..................020-. 35 FI jJl jAg
Eupatorium serotinum..................0.200- 36) xX |x |x| xX X |FI |Ag| X |S | Xx
Gnaphalium polycephalum..................... 37/ + Fo + |FI |Ap|My
Helenium autumnale.................ceeeeeces 38 FI |Ag|S
POM HUGMOrum....... 0.02 cease ecernces 39 Ag|S |X
PUB BRDU... oc... keer cenencecs 40| xX |x x FI jJl |S
Helianthus doronicoides...................0---- 41 FI jJl |S
Helianthus grosse-serratus................-0-0- 42 Fl |Ag|S | xX
Helianthus hirsutus.........0scccccscceccerrrs 43 Fl |Jl |Ag
Helianthus lactiflorus.........5.... cc cece cece 44 X |X |FI |Ag] X
MRO CIT on eae 45 Fl jJl |O |X
Helianthus occidentalis..............00000c000- 46 X [Fl |Ag x1xX
Pielianthis rigidus............cc0cescsscnecces 47 Fl |Ag
Helianthus tuberosus..............e0eseeeeeee 48|xX 1X x Fl |AgiS
SIRI IG 0 frees 5s cre ew eo ae eal 49 Fl jJl |S |x x
NE INR ys tS pin oss cee wp pk eee 50 Fl |Ag|S |X
RNIN rao y EE ta sae dicks’ pict oS ude 51 Fl |AgiS |X
Krigia amplexicaulis...............--.2--0005, 52 + Fl |Ap|Je | + +
ECOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION OF THE MISSISSIPPI.
ILLINOIS
Lowland
«1
N
ie)
11| 12] 12
He He
OCWMDNRH SAP wr =
He He
xxx X
xX x x x
HHH
xx
x
x xX
-
POOCOmMmOOO
ry
be}
>
4
H+ fe
=
4
>
aR
ZO
x
x
OR yy
ine]
Fr |My
xXx OCOCOCOHHHS—OxFFFx
-
ba]
otk eee het ete te peeled on
x
Sa SED. a9
On
N
SS)
O
ae 9 He He xx Gea
jon?’
Ke
18 | 24
eso
2m
xX
PEO
HH #—xX. eh De a 3 CE a ee ee ae ce eee in eee Re a ne
234 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.
MIS-
Weeds
DIsTRIBUTION AND PHENOLOGY Upland
1 3|4|5/6|7|8|9 10 {11 |12| 13 |14
Lobelia inflata... 2.2.0.0... 0. ccc cee cece eens 1 x X [Fl [Jl |Ag] x
Lobelia leptostachys...............cccccceeeeaes a1 xX |X |Fl |Jl |Ag
Lobelia syphilitica...................00000caee 3 Fl |Ag/O | x
Campanula americana.............0.000ece eee 4 FI jJl {S
ee ace, 5) + + Fl |My|Je
Androsace occidentalis...................000-0+. 6} | a | |Fl |Mr/My} |
Dodecatheon Meadia.............. 2. cece eee 7 Fl | | |Ap|/My
PPOBO UN METIOUR, 6 ov cs sce eres vi sees s bseeasas 8 Fl |Jl |Ag
Samolus Valerandi americana.................. 9 Fl |Jl |Ag
UIOMOEOE COTO sic cas bei Vek ce eee ee 10 Fl |Jl |Ag
Steironema lanceolatum...............0.22000: 11 Fl |Jl |Ag
PROMPT WINMUNIAIN fi 6-6 0 oi ds sk om 12 * * |FI |My|Je
Forestiera acuminata..................00-00005 13 Fl |Ap
Fraxinus americana................0ee eee ee eee 14 wal th Fl |Ap
VN ok sis SS ae Kah a ve 15 ad Fl |Ap
Amsonia Tabernaemontana.................... 16 Fl |Ap|My
Apocynum androsaemifolium................... 17 + |Fl |My|Je | +
Apocynum cannabinum..................0.00. 18 Ff FI |Je Jl +
Acerates viridiflora. .. 2... 2.2... cece eae ee eens 19 + |FI |Je |Jl
POCEAE CTR so cs ccc i vee esas oe dae ce 20] X * Fl |Je j|Ag
Asclepias incarnata..............0.0000cceceeeee 21 FI |Je [Jl
POE OUD IMTNOID oo eases s owed Vc ow wn 22) X x FI |Je |J1
Asclepias purpurascens.................0ee000. 23 x Fl \Je {Jl x
Asclepias quadrifolia.................0.200000. 24 + |FI |My|Je
MOPPING TUDOTORB 055 orcs vs bees canoes dans favs 25) X X |X |FI jJe | X |Ag
Asclepias verticillata........... 0.0. cece eee aes 26 X |X FI [Jl | X |Ag
POTD FITIOM wore ino yis kao a 80 oS ew cae oe 27 X [Fl |Jl |Ag
ee a a 28 x |X FI |Je jJl 4
Gonolobus carolinenslg...6.6 60660 saws ce ceca ee 29 + + |FI |My\Je
Gentiana Andrewsii.....................00000. 30 Fl |S |O
SEE ES. MOMUIBTIO Ss icc sss 5 be oe 2k ee os 31] X X | X {FI |Ag] xX |S
Phlox divarloatn..... 0. ccc cccccccccscscccsecs 32 *t Fl |Ap|/My *t
PRIDE DIOOR, cos ok a eee ce ee ce ce ewes sees 33 Fl |My|Je | *t
MICE, VODINIIG 8 io rele seas Se kn eee eek Se 34 + Fl |Ap|My +
Elllisia Nyctelea............ 0.000 c cece eeeeeees 35} + + + Fl |Ap|My
Hydrophyllum appendiculatum................. 36 + Fl |Ap|My
Hydrophyllum canadense...................05. 37 Fl |Ap|My
SPAPOP Oyu ViTPINIOUT . . 6 sik ob eee ve see sees 38 Fl |Ap|My
Phacelia bipinnatifida..................0.0 cues 39 FI |Ap|My
be ge an ce a 40 FI |Ap|My
Cynoglossum virginicum.............-....0000- 41 Fl |My{J1 Za
Echinospermum virginicum................205. 42 x FI jJl
Heliotropium indicum..................0000 005 43 Fl |Ag/O
Heliotropium tenellum.................000 eee 44 x |FI |Je |Jl
Lithospermum arvense.............0eeeeeeeees 45] + +] + Fl |Ap/My
Lithospermum canescens. ............00000 eee 46 + |Fl |Ap|/My
Lapeperibarn latifolium. .. cies és cow ves ec eres 47 Fl |Mr |Je
Onosmodium carolinianum..................--. 48 x |Fl |Jl |Ag
ee Ee re 49] x x FI |Je |S
Convolvulus Sepium........ 0.0.00. cece eee eee 50] X x x FI |My/S
RT OI 56 vce ceeen ree se ens veh oes 51 Fl |Jl {Ag
ne Es
eh
ECOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION OF THE MISSISSIPPI.
235
SOURI | ILLINOIS
Bluff Lowland River Lowland Bluff Upland
15| 16| 17 5 [18 19| 11|12| 12] 20| 21| 22| 23 26| 25|14|11|12|12| 11 18| 24|16|15|14]12| 7 | 6
1 Fr |Ag|S |x x
2 Fr |Ag|S D4
x x x 3 XiFr|x |x |S |x JO
x x 4 Fr|s lo |x x x
5 Fr |Jl |Ag +
| 6 Fr |Ap|My | |
ij Fr |My|Je |
8 Fr |S |O |x
x |X x|9 |X x Fr | X |Ag|S
x | xX 10 x|xX |X |X IFr}| X |Ag|S
x |X 11 XIX |Xd x Pr EX Agi§e X
+s 12 Friis |N * *
* 13 * | * | * [Fr |My *
* | * * 14 Fr |Ag| * |D * * | *
* 15 * | * [Fr |Ag|D *
16 +/+ |Fr/+ |Ag|S
17 Fr |Ag/S
+ +|+ + 18 + |Fr|+ |Ag|S +]+ +
19 Fr |Ag/S + a
x x 20 Fr |Ag|O | X x
bre 21 Fr | X | X |Ag/|O
Ne 4 22 Fr |AgjO |X x
x x x 23 Fr |Ag/O | X x x x
+ 24 Fr {Jl |Ag + + +
25 Fr |Ag/O x |X
a at 26 Fr |Ag|O XX x
27 FrjS |O
x 28 Fr |Ag/O |x x
29 Fr |Ag|S a
30 FrjO |N x
31 FrjS |O x
*t 32 Fr |My\Je *t *t *y
*t | #t 33 Fr Je |J1 at | et let | et | et
+] + 34 Fr |My|Je + + +
+ 35 Fr |My|Je | +
+/+ 36 Fr |Je jJl + +
a4 [25 37 Fr |Je |Jl +
ee 38 Fr |Je [Jl +
39 Fr |My|Je +
40 Fr jJe JJ1 | + }+]/+]+4+/+
41 FrjAgiS |+ +
x 42 Fr |O x 4 d¢
x 43 Mor ee 1.0) x
44 Fr |S
+ 45 Fr |Je |Jl +
arg fre 46 Fr |Je |Jl + +
ao +/+ 47 Fr |ApjJl + a
48 Fr |Ag|S ae
4 49 Fridl. |jO LX1xX
xX |X 50 Fr | X | X |JJe JO x x
x 51 |X ~ Xe 10
oR re ee ge,
236 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.
MIS-
Weeds
DIsTRIBUTION AND PHENOLOGY Upland
1|/2|3 4 6|7 8 | 9 |10|11/12|13|14
Cuscuta chlorocarpa.......... Pee ear et an 1 FI |Jl |Ag
Cuscuta compacta............ 000. cc eee eee ee ace 2 Fl jJl |Ag
Cuscuta glomerata.... 0.0.2... 0000000 c cue eee 3 Fl |Jl |Ag
Cuscuta Gronovii......... ccc ccc cece ec ec scene 4 Fl |Ag|S
Ipomoea hederacea..............c. cence eeeeee 5;) X | X x Fl |Je |S
SGTROGR-TROCUIIOR geese nccerocvece. 6 FI |Jl |S
SUOMOOR OMMOUITAIR. 6 6. 5c. ect ccccecccncves 7 x Fl |Jl |S
ASISORMOGR DUIDUIOR. 5 occ cece cdots veserss 8)/X |X x FI |Je |S
Bombe Birman. wk. ce ce sce veccies 9 X/|X x Fl |Je |O |X
TIN 6 po ssb's oh vr diedis ee POR eeeun 10| X | X x Fl |JJe |jO |X
Nicandra physaloides..............000e0eeeeeee 1l + Fl |ApjJl
ee MUNMINE Rk. ee sca cassibeat¥aaser drs 12 FI |Je |Jl | X
Physalis philadelphica................0.0000005 13 xX |X |Fl |Ag|S
Physalis pubescens............. 0.000 cece ee eeeee 14 Fl |Je |Ag
Physalis subglabrata...............00 ce eee cece 15 Fl |My|S +
Solanum carolinense...............0eeeeeeceee 1G) ie lt it 4 Fl |ApiS J+
Solanum elaeagnifolium...............0.0.00005 17 FI |Je |Jl
Solanum nigrum......... 0... cee cece ee ee eens 18 x x x |X By. oe-1 1B EM
Rolanum rostratum:........ ces bees eee ceesene 19} + | +]+ FI |Je |Jl | +
OMO PAGE: DAUR occ ek ccc ceccewecerrece 20) X Fl |My|JI
MUNIN NII ois Cane ies seb bad an eb oes sea 21 Fl |Ag|S
COOMUPGRI MUTITOUIIOR ow ook ck cae tae kheewes eric 22 FI |S |O
See WEUAITGIO, | <5). wis ss a 4 ck b Acie her ce k elc cs 23 xX |X |Fl |Ag| Xx |O |x
Gerardia tenuifolia asperula ..............0.055 24 Fl |Ag|O
Gratiola sphaerocarpa..............ceeceeee eee 25 FI |Je |Ag
SR ROe WURMIQIOG. noses esses ee benanens ed ess 26 FI |Je |Ag
Herpestis rotundifolia...............0000ceeaee 27 FI |Jl |O
Tlysanthes riparia............ 0... cece eee e ee eee 28 Fl |My|Jl é
Linaria vulgaris............0.. 00... ccc cece ee eee 29 Fl |Je |S
Mimulus alatus.............ccccccccsecccvcees 30 FI {Jl |S
Mimulus ringens............... 00.0 ce ee eee uees 31 Fl |Jl |S |X
Pedicularis canadensis..............0.00ceeeuee 32 Zo + |Fl |Ap|/My +
Pentstemon laevigatus Digitalis................. 33 x Fl jJJl |S |X
Pentstemon pubescens..............0.000ceeeee 34 + {+ ]+ {Fl |My|Je +
Scrophularia nodosa marylandica............... 35 FI |My|O +
Seymeria macrophylla..............0c00e0eeees 36 xX |FI jJ1 |S
Wwermndouins Binttavian.......:cccrecetceseaecsis 87; + + Fl |Je |Ag| +
Verbascum Thapsus............cccceceueeevees aul * |?) * |? * IFI |JJe |S | *
RMI MONI 6 5A ke ss bh eibewtddsedeecse 39] | | | |Fl |Ap|My} |
ONION TUMRTIOD s ii:0 nc vic ee ak bdeubreecadas 40) + )/4/+ Fl |Ap|My| +
WTO NOO SUPMINIOR acct cata esceciuar seven Al + Fl |Je |S
Aphyllon uniflorum...........000 cece cee eeeees 42 Fl |Ap|My |
UWiériotlaria biflora.........crcncsccenssscseces 43 FI jJl {Ag
Utricularia vulgaris........... 0.2... ccc cee eee 44 FI |Jl |Ag
Tecoma radicans.................. eo ee 45| * * * | * Fl |Je |Ag
WRU CLUIQUB gi cece cece cee eeeesesves 46 Fl | + |Je [Ag] +
Relea strepens........ ccc cece cen ccsccvecs 47 Ev Fl |Je |Ag
Lippia lanceolata...................205. enna? 48 Fl JJe |S | x
Phryma lentostachya.........ccccsccsscscceces 49 bd FI |Je {Jl 4
Waernena amgustifolia. .. 0... ccc cee ce weens 50 Fl |}+ |/My/S |+
Verret ATIDIGGIR. oo. ccc tcc e cect na secr cc's 51 Fl/+{/+ |ApiS {+
ECOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION OF THE MISSISSIPPI.
237
SOURI
ILLINOIS
Bluff
Lowland
Lowland
Bluff
Upland
15| 16| 17
5 |18|19|11|12|12
20
23
26
2
or
14|11|12| 12] 12
18
24
16| 15
14|12| 7 | 6
ae en Re
tet OS
18
G6 Oe eG
x
xx WMO KR
x x
x xX
x
= eh
riot
*H
oox
16
12
38
XEXXewend]8vxrwone
—_
Hae
17
x xX X
x xX
Fr
Fr
Fr
Fr
Fr
Fr
Xx
Fr
x
x
OBXXXXXXXXXX
SS OAxx FRx Fx x x x
>
ne
ZAxPOxOn Ox Pxexx
=
Le}
xxx FOOxSx
2S
>
RR
=
La |
xa? aeP Peers OP azax ex
AAZMSPy pg ONTOS — et XH EX TOFS
Fr |Je
Fr |My
Oxx Ha x x xO #OXxEX @
aH %
x
xX xxXOPOrPKODO090
Pe a PP es la
[eXe)
=Re,
2 hho oh 2G
Dns
Leta
x +X X
Ag
+
Se eee
x 1
*
*
—"
14
238 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.
DisTRIBUTION AND PHENOLOGY
Vereen TRAOUIOOR, ois ce cae csisveeseaseecee 1
WeOtie TABU 5 os cs eles yo er eee ee ees 2
WOOT DATION ecw bcc pe rr svetcenerseve 3
Verbena urtideefolia..........ssscceserecersces 4
PORN TIED y ce vcvc coos es recebous bese pees 5
SE OO ss Cae ery he hs ea oad 6
PIE, WRMAIAD 5g b.b 0. 0-0.6 biv''st. bon ie 6 6b pv bebLe bb: 4 we 7
RUE EPO, coos bebe have cs ote rows cede vee 8
Hedeoma pulegioides.............0cceeeeeeeees 9
TORTS CROTUIOUS 6.5. sc ceva n er oracererans 10
Taino eioplemionule.....scs¢esccssserasvacess 11
Taeoriurus Cardiaot... 2... ccc cece cca ets essere: 12
Lophanthus nepetoides....................20-. 13
DipOrUb SIUREUR, 0. cece csteoneresecersss 14
TID. FIMEIMOTE, 06 oc te tte sect pte te dees b's 15
DOMITCPNUTAVUIMATO.....0:ccscvencrenvcesenevse 16
TEI CIN. oi cc cele se epee vi bverenscs 17
Mentha ontindendia...... cc csescrcssccsencvers 18
Monarda Bradburiana..............0.2020e0ee: 19
ECR MCU. So wc aes bes 8 Ft sae ee's 20
po ers ere ee rere ee 21
PM TIMUR, 0's '< eins o's sé peace a's awh oo 0 4801 22
I MURMNMSIER 5 4)s 5 a's ble d's Geek's vO Re 86 ho ocr 23
NIE: WINGIDIBND, ..5550 rer secs eesess s+ oo) 24
Pycnanthemum lanceolatum.................-. 25
Pycnanthemum linifolium...................4. 26
Pyecnanthemum muticum pilosum.............. 27
Scutellaria canescens..........0 ce cece cece eens 28
Poeteliarian lateriflora.......cccsescsccesasesens 29
PUMPER DOEVUIR.. ce es ese pe ease en sees 30
Scutellaria versicolor...............2000000000- 31
ee a rian EVEN PRES ies 32
I RRONIE 5 vig 0 5s e5snig ohn ee pbiee ve ob sues 33
Teucrium canadense..........0.eeee cece ceecees 34
MONAT PANOOOIROR,. 6.55 sees esses e sprees cease’ 35
Plantago patagonica aristata................... 36
OG MEE cere tat ceeraeetrintereretaer 37
Ce ee | a ra 38
Oxybaphus nyctagineus................eeeee eee 39
Anychia dichotoma....................000 ee eee 40
ements CUI OUINIE,. ony ct sae cubes ape bas pas 41
ORR URNETIGE BIMIA isc cc ei he Eis ct be vecsaebees 42
Beearnithas BUtGides. so. ev vse oe cee es see es 43
Amaranthus paniculatus.................0.0000. 44
Amaranthus retroflexus...............000-00 00s 45
Amaranthus spinosus............... See ae el aay 46
Atriplex patulum hastatum.................... 47
Eo OO Ue i a a. ee ee 48
Chenopodium ambrosioides..................... 49
Chenopodium ambrosioides anthelminticum...... 50
Ht +HHX
He He
+H He
xxH
xxHEH
H +
He HE He
He He
He HE HE
He He
He He
H — HH
x H
x xX xX XK iI &K XK XK
x I x
NNN
Chenopodium hybridum.................2..04, 51
ECOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 239
SOURI | ILLINOIS
Bluff Lowland River Lowland Bluff Upland
15| 16] 17 18| 19| 11} 12] 12] 20 21| 22 23 | 26 25| 14 11 12|12| 11 18|24|16|15|14]12| 7] 6
4 1 Fr [Jl |N’ x x
x x x 2 x x |x |Fr|x |S jo |x
+ 3 Fr |Ag|N | + +
+/+ + 4 Fr |Ag|N | + +/+ +/+
+ 5 Fr {Jl |Ag + ]+ +
x | X or tk 6 Fr | X |Ag|S ~
+/+ + +/+ 7iFrijg jo |4}/4l/4]4]+ + +/4+]4]/4
8 Fr |S |O +
9 Fr{|s |O ae
10 Fr|s |O 2x
+1+ 11 Fr |Ap|JI
12 Fr {Ag |S
x 13 Fr| x |S |O x
x 14 x Fe |x 18 10 [x
x 15 x |Fr| x |s [Oo |x
16 Fr |Jl |S
17 Fr |J1 |S
1s8|+/+(|Fr/+/+/S8 |+|oO
+y)2+ 19 Fr |Ag|S +
“I a? Ba | *t 20 Fr |Ag|N | *f *t aes *y | *F =
21 Fr |Ag|N x x
22 Fr |Jl |N
na 23 Fr |My|O + 4:
24 x |Fr| x |S |O x
25 Fr |Ag/O +
+ = le = 26 Fr |Ag|O +
27 Fr |Ag|N e
aaa 28 Fr |Jl |S es
x 29 x |Fr|x |x |S |O x
| 30 Fr |Je [JI | |
x 31 Fr |Ag|O x x
i 32 —|Fr|—|Agis |—
— 33 Fr i—|—is |—{0 me
x 34|x |x |Fr| x | x |Ag! x |O
+]+ + 35 Fr |Jl |O “
+ + | ae = 36 | + Fr |JJe |S |+ +/+ +
37 Fr |My|Je
+ +|+ +/+ 38 Fr/Jl |S |+ + +/4+/+
x x |x 39 Fr |Jl |O |x x x
x 40 Fr | x |Ag|S
x |x x la. |x |x |]Fr|x|x|x]x |S [O
x 42 Fr |Ag|S |X x 4
4 43 Fr |Ag|S x
44 Fr |Ag|O
x x 45 Fr|/x|x |S |x /O x
46 Fr |s |O
= 47 Fr |O |= =|=
x x 48 1x x
49 |X Fr |Ag|O
ae % (60 1x Fr |Ag|O vs
51 Fr |Ag|O
240 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN,
MIS-
Weeds
DistrisvuTION AND PHENOLOGY Upland
3) 4 6 8 | 9 |10)11)/12]13| 14
ROMODGGHIS MuUrBle... 0565006 ss scp sccrercuece 1 FI |Je
Cycloloma platyphyllum....... pets eects ea ig 2 FI |Jl j|Ag
Se TEOIS TUMORS gnc ca cress eal we recacneaes 3 Fl |Ag
Phytolacca decandra...............00 cee ee aee 4 .* ile + |Fl |My|Ag] + +
Fagopyrum esculentum...................0.005 5 Fl |Ag
PPORPRODUI ROTO. 66sec cece e ccna eercsssace 6 FI |Jl |S
Polygonum aviculare,..............-...000005 7 Fl |Jl |S
Polygonum dumetorum scandens................ 8 Fl |Je |Ag x
Polygonum erectum......... 0.00. c cece e neces 9 > 4 Xx |Fl |My|Ag
Polygonum Hartwrightii ..................208. 10 FI |Je |S
Polygonum Hydropiper..................00005 11 FI |Ag|S
Polygonum hydropiperoides .................-. 12 Fl jn is
Polygonum lapathifolium.,.................... 13 Fl |Je |S
Polygonum lapathifolium incarnatum........... 14 Fl |Je |S
Polygonum Muhlenbergii.....................- 15 Fl |Je |S
Polygonum Persicaria...................-20000: 16 Fl |Ag|S
Polygonum virginicum..................2.-05- 17 FI {Jl |S ere
Rumex Acetosella........... 0.000. cece eee eee 18 +]+ Fl |Ap|Ag| +
Retimes Gltlesimus... 0... skeen ce eaee 19 Fl |MyjJl
PRUE OTR 6 oon cnn oc ena sacs adibegs peseaes 20 +] Fl |My|Jl
Rumex maritimus................... Pate eee 21 Fl |My|Jl
Rumex obtusifolius.....................-02055 22 Fl |Je JJ] | +
Foumex vértidillatus............-. 0. scecescupes 23 Fl |Je |Ag
Aristolochia tomentosa. ...........0...0-0000005 24 Fl |My\Je
Asarum canadense............ cscs scenes ceees 25 Fl |Ap|My
CURTIN ATONE 6c kno svt sd s+ eben vecece ren 26 Fl |Je |Jl
Lindera Benzoin................ 0000 e cee eee eee 27 FI |Mr|Ap
Sassafras officinale.....................0200005 28 * | * IFL |Ap|My *
Comandra umbellata...................0-00005 29 | | | |Fl |Ap|My
Acalypha caroliniana..................... o....80 FI |Jl |Ag
Acalypha virginica..................... 00000 31 x Fl jJI |Ag x lx
Acalypha virginica gracilens.................... 32 FI |Jl |Ag
MUTA WUTIOROUS.. ks ise cee v cet eeoccovene 33 x FI |Jl |Ag| xX
THON GIMBOMIOSUB. 04.5 occ ee cere caters 34 FI [Jl |Ag| X
Croton monanthogynus..................02008- 35 Fl |Ag|S |x
MURpnOrbis.coroliata,........2.2202c2rcccccrees 36 Fl |My|Ag
AROPDIN-GORtRIA.. 6.5520 eee ceca rong narere 37 4 Fl |Je |O | X
Euphorbia glyptosperma,...................0.. 38 FI |Jl |Ag
Euphorbia humistrata..................00.005: 39 Fl |Ag|N
Euphorbia maculata..............0.000000000- 40 x FI |Je |S
Euphorbia obtusata........ 00. cc cece cence eens 41 FI |Ag|S
Euphorbia Preslii........ 0... 0c c eee cece 42 x |x ‘X [FI jJe |Ag| x x
PROT BOEDODB. ccs sec cer as eraness nesses 43 Fl |Jl IN
Moghmeria cylindrion....... 0 csc cca cecee neces 44 Fl |Je |Ag
eS ORT as he ee ei teas 45 FI |Je |Ag
Celtis mississippiensis......................... 46 Fl |My\Je
leis Cocidentalis.........6.56005 ser erercceie 47 * Fl |Ap|My
ct a re 48 FI |Ap|My
Humulus Lupulus............................ 49 + FI |Je jJl t/+
Laportea canadensis.......................4.. 50 — Fl |Je
a er 51 * * FI |My|Je *
ECOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION OF THE MISSISSIPPI.
| gS Th ee. So ee ee eee Ae a eee
241
ILLINOIS
Lowland
Upland
to
wo
a
25|14|11| 12|12| 11] 18| 24
14|12| 7 | 6
x
Xoxanpwx re
HX
\
HX He
tH HX XH
+H
Hb He He
1 x
+H
xxx— * *
x eK OK
x xX
Fr
Fr
Fr
Fr
Fr
Fr
Fr
# OO
x
HHExxO x @
fo)
OSES XP SHXxHexOx 4H FPS
aaEZoo
<
H
io]
a
opt Zeek Xxx ZPRxexxx SSCP resory SSrn SPSS ep Pa? xxF
t+hx
mM
x ~~ O° mee oo ©
xx xx xX
wm
vA
oo 8,
+H He
*
x Xx
_
> a ae
242 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN. .
MIS-
Weeds
DIsTRIBUTION AND PHENOLOGY Upland
1/2/3/4|5]/6 s|9 10/11 | 12|13|14
PU UNI yin sso 5 Ss se oe oe bee ee eines 1 Fl |My|Je
ReMNUNS AIM sc oa ws os bs gb sob 6 1 309 es BS 2 4 Fl |Mr |Ap
PM TAV Bs. go. vines cine vntesn og pe saw yes eee 8 FI |Mr/Ap *
Urtica gracilis....... ye ee es 4 FI |Ag|S
Platanus occidentalis................0.2..00000. 5 * Fl |My] * | *
MOUPMAMIN 65% 5 oi.0 0b 8 bk thal nk See Seeigss 6 * |FI |My *
OR ONO eric scs i eycds ce ki cies Sie teins: 7 Fl |My
Garva olivadformis......5 6.6 ci es cece eee eee 8 Fl |My
Carya porcina odorata... .. 00.0... cece cence eee 9 * IF |My *
Carya tomentosa.......... 00: c eee cece e ences 10 * |FL |My *
Juglans cinerea........ 0. ccc cc ccc cece c acces 11 Fl |My *
Juglans nigra,.........0.. 0c ccc cece eee eee eee 12 Fl |My *
MO Nr vase ak ova sata bak ees te 13 * Fl |Ap|My
Carpinus caroliniana................2.....0.-. 14 * Fl |Ap
PIGS GUNGTIOBOR, 6565666 kaka ie ce chee ete ee 15 Fl |Ap
Ostrya virginios. ...... cc ccccceccrcesevvesees 16 Fl |Ap
OB ge ee en oe 17 * * IFI |My *
Quietotis blodlor. ...6..0 ccc cccccssceseesesecs: 18 Fl |My
Quercus coccinea tinctoria.................0... 19 * * |FI |Ap|My *
SIT, ORIEN 6 5 ii 6 ok a Ow ee eae sees 20 Fl |Ap|My *
Quercus macrocarpa............. ccc ee ceeeeee 21 * FI |My
Quercus macrocarpa olivaeformis............... 22 Fl |My
eenotis: Bnlententml «4s sc is vas dg ean vo 23 * | * /Fl |Ap|My *
Querous nigra......... 0... ccc eke cece eect eeees 24 * IF] |Ap|My *
POOR WORITINETIN 6 6 iis oo ie os os bea oS eo 25 Fl | Ap|My
CURPCUD FUBIO ow. acne cee eS iesw sewers coe es 26 Fl |Ap|My *
Reruns WUMIING oes Ss A ev ee ee ee on 27 * |FI |Ap|My *
Quercus Schneckii... 2.2.0.0... 00. ccc cece eee 28 * |FI |Ap|My *
Populus monilifera..............00..e0ceeeeeee 29 Fl |Ap|My
Salix amygdaloides.............ccceeueceecues 30 Fl |Ap
Salix amygdaloides X nigra............0...0000. 31 Fl |Ap
Salix cordata X sericea... .....0c ccs cecescseces 32 Fl |Ap
Salix longifolia. ... 2.0.2.0... 0.00. cece cece eee 33 Fl |Ap|My
Ni irc is ke sas (oe Coke aa tee 34 * Fl |Ap|My
SU WRN oe sacv nv ee vce ohn eb oan eden e's fi easa% 35 Fl |Ap|My
arene WIMIIBNS soos ks 0k 5 ike 2s oe ees se 36 Fl |Ap
Elodea canadensis.............ceeeceeeeeeuees 37 Fl |Je
Cypripedium pubescens..............cceceeeeee 38 Fl |My a
RIRORII VISMBOOUN 0 «ios 244k Sic Peed noose 39 FI jJl
ee PSs oo ssdave bs Tea weed Seka seb esos 40 Fl |My|Je | +
Sisyrinohium albidum........-s.sscecsessoeves 41 + ]+ /Fl |My| + +
Sisyrinchium anceps.............000eeeceeeeee 42 + {+ /Fl [My| + +
ES VINIIDION, 5c 5 no ss oo os 38 50 08 a o5e 488s ve es 43 *t |Fl |Je
Hypoxis erecta....... 0... cece cece eee een ees 44 Fl |Ap|My |
SUM VINEE oo os.c vies: sales RRS x dea a 45 + |FI |Je |Jl
Allium cernuum...............00 000000200005. 46) + + Fl |Jl |Ag
We DAT og iss dua ewan balndeie aac: 47) + Fl |Ap|/My
Allium stellatum. .........0..0.0..00 cc cee eeeeeeee 48 =IiFI IS |O
OS CICA cc ons bos eso v ee aciauc’s 49 + + Fl |My
Camassia Fraseri.......... 0.0 cc cece ee eee ees 50 | |Fl |Ap |
nL Co hh a ac 51 | Fl |Ap
ECOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 243
SOURI | ILLINOIS
Bluff Lowland River Lowland Bluff Upland
15|16|17| 5 | 18|19| 11| 12| 12) 20| 21| 22| 23| 26| 25] 14 11| 12| 12|11| 18] 24) 16| 15/14|12| 7 | 6
= = 1 Fr |Ag|S. +
* * 2{(Fr|*|*|*/]#* lApl * | * IMy/ * +
* 3 Fr Ap My * | * * *
4 Fr} X [8 [O-[3¢
* 5 Fr| * {Jl {|D | * *
6 FrjS |O * | * "
7 * |Fr |S |O *
? 8 *)* iFriS |O *
9 Fr |S |O
10 Fr |S |O *
. 11 Fr |S |O * *
‘ - */* 12 FrjS |[N *
a * * 13 * * * * * Fr * Ag N *
pate ei 14 Fr |Ag|S * *
* | x 15 Fr |s * *
el 16 * |Fr |Ag/S 7 *
* 17 Fr |Ag|S *
* 18 * | * |Fr| * |Ag| * Is
* * 19 Fr S ok Oo * *
* 20 Frj|s | * jO *
* | * * 21 «lFr| *#]*l«lg jo | * * X
* 22 *lIFr|#]*}l«*ig jo | * P *
* |e | * 23 Fr Ag S * | * *
24 Fr |S |O *
* 25 * Fr} * 1418 {0
26 Fr |8 -|O-4:* | 2 ms as
27 Fr |S |O * *
28 Fr|S |O * *
* a9}*|—=|*|=| * «|«* | * |Pr lJe | *
30 | * | * | * | * [Fr Je [Jl
31 * | * IFr \Je [Jl
* * 32 * | * | * [Fr [Je Jl *
83] * |= | * |=] * * |) * | * [Fr jJe | * |Jl
* * 34 * * [Fr [Je |Jl :
* 35 * * |Fr |My|Je
*t 36 FriS |O *t
37 ok
+ 38 Fr |Jl |Ag +
39 Fr |Ag a =<
~s Bs 40 + + |Fr |Jl |Ag
+ 41 Fr |Je {Jl +)/+)+]+
+ 42 Fr |Je |Jl + +1 +
*t 43 Fr |Ag|S ie “tf
44 Fr |My|Je | |
a _ 45 Pris: | + on = ra
+ + 46 +1+ [+ |+ |Fr lag +)+/+
47 +|+ |Fr |Je | + jJl UE
- 48 Fr |O
Eye ~ 49 Fr |Ag|S = a
| 50 Fr |My|Je |
| | 51 Fr | | |My |
244 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.
MIS-
Weeds
DISTRIBUTION AND PHENOLOGY Upland
1{2|3|4 6|7{|8)|9|10/11/12/13]14
Hemerocallis fulva............. 0.000 cceeeeeees 1 + ba FI \Je
Lilium canadense................00ccceeeceues 2 FI |Je
Nothoscordum striatum .............2.00000005 3 | | | {Fl [Ap
Polygonatum giganteum......................- 4 4 Fl | + |My|Je ad
BeTIRGIMA TAOCSMOSA... 2... ccc cccevecevecsees 5 SS Fl | + |My|Je +
ee 6 Fl |My +
Smilax herbacea............. 0.0.0 e eee ee eee 7 ao Fl |My| + |Je |4+]+
PIE TURIN vtec soe eases teratcecssbevese 8 + Fl |My} + JJe }+ ]+
EITIN: MIIN 6 oso 045 oe bees nee thee bp ies 9 Fl |Ap|My
eta OSTEND. 2. ok eae ceca e eee 10 | Fl |Ap| | |My] | | |
NS. EIN a's ws os cir ¢ b'ork ue gleccddsitln da? 11 I] | FI |Ap} | |My| | | |
Uvularia perfoliata... ... 0... ccc cece eee eee 12 +/+ FI |Ap
Heteranthera graminea............. 0.000 eeees 13 FI |Jl |—
Heteranthera limosa...............00000c cease 14 Fl jJl j|—
Heteranthera reniformis................0000005 15 FI jJl
PUIOOCIOTE COTOROR 0.5.00 ccc ccccewcncecpeves 16 Fl JJe | + |S
Commelina communis. ..........-...00e000e0es 17 + oo Fl |Ap| + |8
CIGLIN: VATGINIOR 5 5 66 's-0.0ic ese cadte ec henuvecdss 18 a Fl}+/]/+ |Jl jo
DT PMCORORDTIA-VIFMIOION 5 5 ic ve vote ween atcceee 19 +/+ Fl | + |My} + jJl | +
PUMOUS BOUMUNATIS... 0. cece ccewccrwcucccess 20 Fl |My|Je
Juncus acuminatus robustus ................... 21 Fl |My|Je
EIT SERINE os. sas vv hc ea oa wate aap ove 22 Fl |My|Je
Pn TUITION, oo oo onde we hte as ASN Cewdss 23 FI |Je jJl
Juncus nodosus megacephalus.............+++++ 24 Fl |Je |Jl
COM onc cc te th er kw'e ce cain ccoh esas 25/4 /4f/4]/+ + |Fl |My|Ag +
Ketiotile Obatipemtris. «oo... cc op wows coche ce eeses 26 Fl |Ap|My +
Sparganium eurycarpuM.......... 0.000 e eee eee 27 Fl |MyjJ1
Sparganium simplex androcladum.............. 28 FI |My|J1
SE WRI 6 oe cc's es 806 case pe eab aod stuns 29 Fl |My|Je | +
WTS EMIMTIUS ccc csc ecrseaa mint ceseves 30 Fl |Ap|My
Arisaema Dracontium...............cceceeseee 31 +/+ /Fl |Apj + |}+ Je}/+]/+
Arisaema triphyllum.................0000 eee 32 +/+ |Fl |Apj/+/+ Ve /+/+
Pebtandra undulata... ... cc cscccacaesesesve> 33 FI |My\|Je
IN SEU so 4 oo 0-0 0 sss) ooh poh ivan ses ses 34
STR TRUM as 6s oko oot aces e gh eye ceebees 35 a
Lemna perpusilla trinervis..............000000 36
BORAT NOI 3 os ea sce eee tec aebieerciduce 37
Spirodela polyrrhiza.............cc cece eres 38 x
RATS TEIOGNN . cncen's csi 6c 652 ee bbe eheae o's 39 —
PE WME svg Soon vo es ccew gin gy ge wees ar: 40 Fl jJl JS |+
Echinodorus radicans..............c00cceeueaes 41 Fl |Jl |Ag
PEGRIDOCTUN TOWUEMEUR, 5 oc cee ik aks cb eg cece 42 Fl jJl jAg
COTE ORION 66 vce soa os be CRF ES 08 cheb oles 43 Fr |Je | + |S
Bawpittaria graminen.......csvssccgausgcesseess 44 Fr |Je | + |8
Sagittaria heterophylla.................000008. 45 Fr |Je |+ |S
Pemittaria variabilis...... 0... .ccsccsncnwsscess 46 Fr |Je | + |S
Sagittaria variabilis latifolia.................... 47 Fr |Je | + |S
Potamogeton hybridus...........sesccscescsecs 48 Fl |Ap|My
Potamogeton illinoensis. ........+..seeeeeeeeee 49 Fl |Ap|/My
Oarex cephalophora...........-ccescccceverass 51 4 Fl |My|Je +
ge a ee ne 51 + Fl |My\Je a
ECOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 245
SOURI | ILLINOIS
Bluff Lowland River Lowland Bluff Upland
15|16|17| 5 |18]19| 11 |12| 12] 20] 21| 22| 23) 26| 25] 14| 11| 1212] 11|18]24| 16] 15/14] 12| 7 | 6
+ 1 +
2 Fr |JI |Ag + +
| 3 Fr |My |
+/+ +]+ 4 Fr |Jl |Ag + +
+ ]+ +j]+ 5 Fr |Je |Jl + +
+ + 6 Fr|S |O +
+ + 7 Fr |Ag|S | + £ 4 4
+ + 8 +|+ |Fr|+ |Ag|o + +
| 9 Fr |Je |Jl
| 10 | |Fr |Je [Jl | | | | |
| 11 | |Fr jJe jal | | | | |
+] + 12 Fr |My\Je + + +
oo 13 — |Fr |Ag|—
me 14 |= — (Fr |Ag|—
15 |— —|Fr |Ag
16 FrjJl |S j|+
+]+ & 17 Fr|+ |Ap|N a
= hes = 18 Fr|+ |Ag|N |+ ee
+]4 +/+ +/+ 19 [Fr |Je |Ag}+}/+}/+]/4/4+]/4/+ +/+]/4]4
+ 20 Fr} + |Je [Jl | +
+ at Fr} + |Je Jl |+
_ 22 Fr |Jl |Ag
23 —|Fe |—|J1 |Ae|—
x |24 1x Fr |J1 |S
+ = = 125 FrjJe |S |+ +
26 Fr |Je {Jl | + + a
+ 27 |+ Fr|+ |Jl |Ag|+
28 |+ Fr|+ |Jl |Ag|/+
+ 4 29/+/+/Fr/+ {nl jo /+
30 + |Fr|+ |Jl |Ag|+
+/+ 31 +/+4(|Fr|s |o os + +
+/+ 32 +/+]/+|Fr|s |o + + +
+ 33 | + Fr|+|Ag|S |+
— 34 — Fr |Je
—_ 35 —|Fr |Ag
36 — |Fr |Ag
37 —
x 38 ¥ x
39 —
+ + & 40/+|Fr{/+/4 |S jo |+
41 Fr | X |Ag|S x
42/+|+|Fr}+ |Ag|S
+ 43 }+4/+/Fr}+ |Jl |Ag/+
+ 44/4+]+ |Fr}]+ [Jl |Ag/+
+ 45 |}+/)+/Fr/+ |Jl |Ag/+
+ + 46\/+]/+]+ |+ |Fr |Jl |+ |Ag
a 47|4/4/Fr/+ [Jl /Ag/+
48 Fr |+ |Je jy] |+4
49 Fr | + |Je |Jl | +
+ 50 Fr |Jl |Ag + + oe
+ + 51 Fr |Jl |Ag| + + a
246 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.
MIS-
; Weeds
DISTRIBUTION AND PHENOLOGY Upland
1|2 3|4|5|6|7 8 | 9 |10|11 12/13 |14
aete Ties titre). las gran s cp cece vise es 1 Fl |My|Je
aos us saws bee we eke gus wee eds 2 FI |Ap|My
gn i eee, ee 3 + FI |Ap|My
et eee ee re 4 Fl |Ap|My
a a re ere eee ee 5 + {Fl |Ap|My| +
a es ee 6 + FI |Ap|My +
Ceser latifOre, ..... 000 ce eee ee re cbr e ee esens 7 + Fl |Ap|My
Cees lawitiore Inblfolla: 6. ick sae cove oe ewes 8 + FI |Ap|My +
ee eens aa ee 9 + FI |Je {Jl
Le es ee ee eee ree 10 Fl |My|Je
(ereX OMMOCETON. 04s. 5 sce bee vee eee ees 11 +/)+ {Fl |Ap|My
Carex pennsylvanica............e cere eee eens 12 + FI |ApiJe
Oe ele ca 13 be Fl |Ap|My
er PURI es nos ig ek os ee eres ae eae 14 +)/+)+ FI |Ap|My +
Carex sparganioides...........-.--sscseeeeeees 15 oo Fl |Ap|My
GPE BOUMTTONR. os oc ec ne et se tesa seas, 16 4 FI |My|Je
ee RN as sey sia bw sca vad Oe ok ae oe ee ee 8 17 fh Fl |Ap|My
Ree SIR ies see beh we eyes ee eae 18 Fl |My\Je
Carex tribuloides cristata............:00ee eens 19 Fl |My|Je
Carex villpinoides ... 00.6... s sce see ce gsc reess 20 eo Fl |My\Je
Cyperus acuminatus...........5. cece eee e eens 21 Fl |Jl |Ag| X
Cienerin MNBOUS: goss ase ss > GESTS ss» 22 FI |Jl |Ag
Cyperus diandrus...... 2.0... cece eee renee eens 23 Fl |Jl j|Ag
Cyperus erythrorhizos.............. 0. esse eeees 24) + + Fl |My|S |+
Cyperus esculentus..... 0.0.0... ceceteee sess 25) + Fl |My/S
Cyperus filiculmis.............0 cc ceeeee ee eeeee 26 Fl |My|S
Oyperus ovularis........... 20 cc ese nscenerenees 27; + 4 Fl |My/S
Cyperus Schweinitzii...... 0.6... see e ee ee eres 28 Fl |Je |Ag
Gyperus speciogus......5.5 602 ce ss ceee ne eenes 29 FI |Je |Ag
Cyperus strigosus....... 0. ee ee eee ee eee tenes 30 FI |Je |Ag
Dulichium spathaceum...........-..s.ses eens 31 Fl jJl |S |X
Bleocharis acicularis..............0020-0 ee ee eee 32 Fl |MyjO {+
HWileocharis compresea...... 0... eee e eee ee eee 33 Fl |MyjJl
jeer ts Bhs Pr errr a 34 Fl |My|O
ete SITES os oe a ook oa ss ie WR or ss we sas 35 + Fl | + |Ap|My
Eriophorum lineatum................eeeeeeee- 36 + Fl |My|Je
Fimbristylis autumnalis............ 66.60 e eee eee 37 Fl |Je |S
Scirpus atrovirens........-------+eeeee ee eeees 38 FI |Ap|Jl
Scirpus fluviatilis.......... 2.6... sce ee eee eeees 39 Fl |Je |Jl
Gairous lacusizis. . 0... sve ee Wee eee eee ee 40 Fl |Je |O
Agropyrum repens..........-..--:ssseeeeeeees 41 FI |Je {Jl
Pe a ee ee 42)/4+ £/+t/+ Fl |Je |Jl +
Agrostis SOMITE. . «00. << cece cae es ieee cea vas 43| + oo + |+ |Fl |Ap|My| + 4
. Alopecurus geniculatus..........-.--.+seseeeee 44) + + } Fl |Ap|My
Andropogon furcatus..........50+eeee seer eens 45 x |x [FI |Ag| xX |S
Andropogon scoparius.....6 2... 0se ces ees ceeees 46 +]+ /FI |Ag| x {8
Aristida oliganths.... 0.6.20... eect ees een eees 47| X ++ FI jJl |S
Asprella Hystrix.........e+essseeeeeeees ae 48 mx Fl |Je |Jl x
PE AMES 5 ace Gives soln po o:8 se ee ee C4 RO ee 49} + ]/+ + Fl |My
TRBEGEIOUG TROBIDOGR . 6 kc vs re cece cee ees aees 50 X |FI jJl |S
en) rr eae 51) + +/+ Fl |My|Je
ECOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 247
SOURI | ILLINOIS
Bluff Lowland River Lowland Bluff Upland
15|16|17| 5 |18]19| 11] 12] 12| 20| 21] 22| 23| 26] 25|14| 11| 12| 12| 11| 18] 24| 16| 15 14| 12| 7 | 6
1 + {Fr} + |+ |Je | + jJl
2 Fr |+ |Je jJl +
ae + 3 +/+ |+ |Fr|+ |Je |Jl +
4 + |Fr |Je [Jl
5 Fr |My|Je +
6 Fr |My\|Je
se 7 Pe Be a fs 4 = 3 +
+) 8 Fr |Je {Jl + =
> 9 + |Fr|+ |Ag|N |+
+ + 10 + (Fr/+|+ (yl |+ lAg
11 Fr |My\Je + +
12 Fr |Jl |Ag + +
+ + 13 + + |Fr |My| + |Je
sre Oars + 14 Fr |Je |Jl +
— + 15 + + [Jl |Ag} +
+ + 16 + + |Jl |Ag} +
+ + LY: + + [Je |Jl | +
18 + |Fr}+ {Jl |Ag|+
19 + {Fr} + |Jl |Ag|+
== + 20 + /Fr}+ |Jl |Ag}/+
x 4 x 21 1X |x x |Fr |S |x |O
22;xX|=|xX |x Fr |S |O
23 |X |xX/=|xX Fr |S |O
ed <= 24;4/+ /Fr}+ jJl jO |+ +
25 FrjJl jO |+
26 FrjJl jO |}+
+ 27 Fr jJl jO j+
X 128 | X Fr |Ag|S |X
X 129 | X Fr |AgiS |X
X {30 | X Fr|jAg|S |X
x 31 Bri x<-i8 107 1x
=5 32 Fr}+ [Jl jO |+
33 | + Frj{+jJ1 8 j+
- + 34} + Fr}+ j|Jl jO |+
+ + 35 Fr | + |Je |Jl | +
+ - 36 +lFr]+]+ lu 1+ |ag
x x X |37 Fr|X |S |N
+ 38 Fr | + |My|S
39 + |[Fr|+ |Ag|S |+
> 40 }+ Fr|+j]+ |Ag|/+ |O
tit 41 Fr |Ag|S +/+
ae G-~ 42 Fr}+ |AgiS |+ =
+ 43 Fr |My| + Je +l +t] t+
+ + 44 + |+ |Fr|+ |Je [Jl -
45 FriS jO |X MAX
46 FrjS |O |X ae ae
x 47 |X FrjS |O |X ye ee
x 1X 4 48 Fr |Ag|S ~ x x
+ 49 Fr |Je |Jl
x 50 Fr |Ag/O x x
+/+ 51 Fr |Jl |Ag}| + +
248 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.
MIS-
Weeds
DISTRIBUTION AND PHENOLOGY Upland
1;2|3|4|5 6|7|8|9 |10/11|12|13 14
Cenchrus tribuloides..............200 cece ee eee 1 Fl |Je |Ag
DPROUTIIS BlOMOTEtR. 0. cece seve scsceertccseces Zetitj/+£i+ Fl |My|Ag
Danthonia spicata... .....cccccicccccccccceees 3 + |+ |Fl |Ap}| + |My
Diplachne fascicularis.................2000000: 4 FI jJl |S
PUM UUs sn cc ccc ccc cee esestsutvesse 5 Fl |Je |Jl | X
Eatonia pennsylvanica............-..000-0000s 6 + Fl |Ap|My bh
ING 65a i dic vi isch redone su nsae cs ua'ds yA ae a Fl |My|S
Elymus canadensis............0.0ccceeeeceeees 8 FI |Je {Jl
POS BURIED 5 5. cs ccc cs vccsersrennserccers 9} + + + Fl |MyjJe | +
MEAN WHEN oes evn cccsesccescvaresccsnes 10) + + Fl |Ap|My f
PUPMRrOstig TOMtANA. .. 6. cee eter eeesteses 11 Fl |Ag/S
I NMED ans ee ch ges hn dts maseeh liar 12 + [Fl |Ap|My| +
MPP TER COE VOUR Fir tcc sens cacncsrccpen 13 + Fl |Ap|My] +
Hordeum jubatum............. 0. cece ee eee euee 14 + FI |Ap/My
IN, CII Gi eae oso garyenaidesr cerns 15 Fl |Ap|My
TT ee ae ae 16 FI |Jl |Ag| X
I WIRUNII is ay cies 8240 db Ub pe kee eet eas 17 FI |Jl |Ag
I OI a a Sing 4 vine 4:03 ini 0 beth eg esses 18 | Fl |Ap|/My |
Mulilenbergia diffusa. ..... 2. ccc rncscnsicscess 19 x Fl jJl [Ag 4
Muhlenbergia glomerata...................2.5. 20 FI jJl |Ag » ¢
Muhlenbergia sobolifera....................... 21 x Fl jJl |Ag x
Pemonm Orusrmallis: oi... cee eteticsceses 22 + Fl Jl |S
Panicum depauperatum.................+-+0-- 23 +|+ |Fl |Ap|My
Panioum filiforme.............cccccccccscvcess 24 + FI |My\Je +
Panicum proliferum...............0-:0020eeeee: 25) + ;+ Fl jJl |Ag
Panis Mariminale. ... 2... cso ewan secscwee 2)+/+/+/+ Fl Jl |S
by OC ee 27 Fl jJl |Ag
PUMIMTio COMArionsis..... 2... ices acaccccncee 28 FI jJl
Phleum pratense.......... 22a bike gba.cueaeo's 29) + + Fl |JJe |S |+
Phragmites communis............ 0.0000 ee eee 30 FI |Ag|S
I sis icp e'n ata ahs He4 bab eee eae s bob ois 31} + }/+]/+]+ Fl |Ap|My
OPMOMTONGOOR cece veces cer ecu caeaes baveeba sass s 32) +)/+)+/+ Fl |Ap|My} +
INU ccs ce thas cee idee svekierseeess 33) +] +] + [+ + Fl |Ap|My| +
TR NR a ok on os ce ec cs tbe OR ET is Ob0a o 34| X FI |Jl |Ag
eS a eee et a 35| X FI |Jl |Ag
EY RRS vw ccc lets occ capvabscnatg cowes 36| X FI |Jl {Ag
Sorghum Halepense............. qe eaete yee ee 37 FI |Je {Jl
Spartina cynosuroides..........ccesccccccccecs 38 FI |Jl jAg
I LN TOT ic oie cc ound ot Ca ere Wes he wc 39 Fl {Ag/S
Sporobolus vaginaeflorus..................-0-- 40) FI |Ag|S
EE UO sas han ek PERN WRG eee bor OED 41 x |X Fl |Ag|S
MRE MUMAIEDID an 515 0s 5's 0 0k oa" Wyn pag Ba A Be'b Ge bo 42 »4 Fi |Jl |S x
UE pid. co e's o's 62 6 00's bo bo lp Cmte tee Eo ne 43) X |X Fl |Je |Jl
Equisetum arvense................200ee eee eee 44 +
Equisetum laevigatum...................-.... 45
Equisetum robustum.................20-200005 46
PAG YOT POURTUI, oe cere ere pececncene 47 + + +
Aspidium acrostichoides....................... 48 + ie
Aspidium marginale. .......-.----+-+eeeeeeeee 49 +
Asplenium angustifolium. ........-.-.-.---.05- 50
Asplenium ebeneum.......... 0 eee ee eee neue 51
ECOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION OF THE MISSISSIPPI.
249
SOURI | ILLINOIS
Bluff Lowland River Lowland Bluff Upland
15| 16] 17| 5 | 18|19| 11| 12] 12/ 20] 21 22| 23|26| 25| 14] 11|12|12| 11] 18| 24] 16] 15] 14| 12 7|6
4 1 ie i 4 Fr |Ag|O |X x
- 2 Fr |J1 |O =
+ 3 Fr {Je [Jl + +]+
=| 4 x Fr |Ag|O
5 Fr |Ag|S x
+ 6 Fr |Je {Jl + + a
x 7 Fr {Jl |S x
+ r= ail 8 Fr |Ag|O +y/+j+
= | a mm 9 Fr |Ag| + |S +
a} ee + 10 Fr{|+ jAgiS j}+/+ =
x x |x xX fll X |Fr |S |x |O
12 Fr |My| + |Je +
+ 13 + + |Fr |Jl | + |Ag
+ 14 Fr |Je | + |Jl
+ 15 Fr |My|Je + +
x 16 X |Fr |Ag|S
x 17 xX |Fr |Ag|S x
oe 18 Fr |My|Je Fes al fae ed
x 19 Fr|S |O x
x 20 Fr|s |O x x
er bee es 21 Frjs |O xX |X x
am = tae +/+ |Fr|+ |Ag|O
+ 23 Fr |Je |J1 +
ck. + 24 Fr |Jl | + |Ag + + aye
25 Frj+ {8 |O
+ {+ 26 Fr |Ag| + JN |+
= |27 xX |Fr js | x10
x 28 Fr |Ag|S
+ + 29 Br Ag et Ot | +
30 a
+) + =. 31 Fr |My| + |JJe | + | +
+) + 32 Fr |Jl |Ag + 1+
+ i+ + 33 Fr |Je |Jl +. 1+ ie
x 34 Fr/S |O x
x 35 Fr|S |O x
x 36 Fr|S |O x
4 37 Fr |Ag|S x
x x |x 38 xX |Fr| xX |X iS |x |O
x |X 39 Fr|iS |O x |x
x |x 40 | X Fris |O xlx
5 ed 41 Fr |S |O x |x
x |X 42 Fr |Ag|O x x
43 Fr |Jl |S
+/+ 44 Fr Ap My + =
| 45 | | Fr} | |Je jJl
+ (+ = (46 |+]}/+|Fr|+ |Jl |Ag}+
+/+ 47 Fr |J1 + if:
he 48 Fr |Je |Jl oe
AL 49 Fr |Jl j|Ag +
50 Fr |Jl |Ag _
+/+ 51 Fr |Jl |Ag +
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.
MIS-
Weeds
DISTRIBUTION AND PHENOLOGY Upland
1j2|3|4|5 6|7|8 9 {10/11 )12|13| 14
Asplenium thelypteroides....................00- 1
Cheilanthes lanuginosa...........0.....000e0ee 2
Comptosorus rhizophyllus...................05- 3] - *f
Cystopteris bulbifera......................000. 4
Cystopteris fragilis..................00. 02 eeees 5 Fo 2:
SPRUNG GOBLINS. 55sec ccc cece eccicccccess 6
PONSA BTFOPUTHUTED. 6. sc ccc cee cere ceens 7
Phegopteris hexagonoptera..................0-- 8 + 4
Pern ANS, wos eet reece ee oes 9 +j/+ Fo
PONIES SISUUUREL Seo feos bce pat vtoeaceesevene sd 10 4+
Botrychium virginianum..................0005 11 +
Ophioglossum Engelmanni..................... 12 te
Isoetes melanopoda..................000ee eee 13
TI CIID ge eee cect ee enenes 14
SUMMARY.
The area covered is too small to attach importance to a
variation in climatic factors, i. e., seasonal means and ex-
tremes of temperature, the amount and distribution of rain-
fall, the humidity of the air and the movements of the
atmosphere, factors which determine the type of the vegeta-
tion and the type of the flora,* as influencing the distri-
bution of the different local species through the various
regions which may be distinguished in the section studied.
Where most conditions are fairly uniform, as for instance on
the western plains or the plateaus of the Yellowstone, the
presence of any plant, and modifications of its habit, its
morphological, phenological and even minute physiological
characters, may frequently be ascribed to modifications of a
single factor. The physical condition, including color, of the
soil, and the amount of water present and available, the
presence or absence of a single element, variation in the
amount of another, differences in the amount or nature of
light, the direction and intensity of the prevailing winds,
altitude and a number of other factors, yield instances too
well known to require repetition here. But where conditions
are diversified the agency of a single factor is no longer a
* Schimper, A. F. W. Pflanzengeographie. 174. 1898.
ECOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION OF THE MISSISSIPPI.
251
SOURI | ILLINOIS
Bluff Lowland River Lowland Bluff Upland
15|16|17| 5 |18|19| 11] 12] 12| 20| 21 | 22| 23 | 26| 25] 14 11| 12| 12/11 18| 24] 16| 15/14 12|7| 6
rf Fr |Jl |Ag +
oe 2 Fr |Je |Ag =
Loi of 8 Fr |Je |S *t | *t | *t
4 Fr {Jl |S a
244 5 Fr |yl {S + nm
= + 6 +| |Fr]+ |Ag|s .
+t 7 Fr |J1 |S +t
rae ore 8 Fr [Jl {S nm 4 rs
9 +
& {+ | 10 Fr |y |s eT
+ i+ 11 Fr |My|Je | + +
12 Fr |My|Je
13 x x
14 x [Fr [J [Ag
sufficient explanation. A large number of factors must be
taken into consideration and under such conditions it
frequently becomes a matter of personal bias or of greater
knowledge in a chosen field whether to one factor or another
the preponderating influence is ascribed. When Cowles, in
his Physiographic Ecology of Chicago, presented a physio-
graphic theory, he was able to combine the different factors
in one great whole, since physiographic forces, in their
widest sense, acting upon the surface of the globe, determine
not only the physical and chemical nature of the soil and
the topography, but by influencing the local distribution of
plant life, also influence the amount and character of light
received and the temperature. The term “physiographic
forces in their widest sense” is used, for it is clear that while
they acted upon geological formations, the very nature of
the latter has governed the extent of their influence which
was and is less far reaching where they act upon igneous
rock than where lime or sandstones are concerned. Again,
certain limestones are acted upon far more readily than are
others, and the position of the strata is an important factor.
But apart from similar initial conditions it would seem that
physiography is and was the most important factor. This
certainly is the case in the region under consideration. For
in a measure it has determined the chemical nature of the
252 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.
soil, being responsible for the absence of loess in certain
portions of the territory (cliffs), for the presence of colluvial
soil (at the base of slopes), for the presence of wide stretches
of sand (in the bottomlands of the Mississippi), etc. It
further governs the amount of soil water, being directly re-
sponsible for the xerophytic character of the upper portions
of more recent ravines as contrasted with the mesophytic
conditions prevailing in other portions. In thus influencing
vegetation, physiography also modifies light and temperature,
thereby inducing still other changes in the plant associations.
By ascribing to physiography in its widest sense the
diversity shown by the flora in different regions, the issue
has merely been postponed, for it remains to be decided
which of the factors subordinate to physiography is of
greatest influence. The question is one difficult to answer,
for it would seem that now one factor, then another, is of
greatest importance. Besides, plants possess an immense
power of adaptation to their surroundings and are able to
support a great variation in the degree of any one factor.
This is best illustrated by greenhouse plants, originally grow-
ing under the most diverse conditions, which vegetate side
by side in uniform surroundings and even flourish when suf-
ficient space is given. But this is true for adult plants only.
Seedlings are far more exacting, especially in regard to proper
conditions of temperature and soil humidity. The chemical
condition of the soil seems to be of the slightest importance.
This statement applies to the majority of soils, for though
their composition may vary greatly, it is but seldom that
one or more substances are present which, because of their
presence or the amount in which they are present, directly
or indirectly either retard germination or so affect the seedling
as to severely injure it or prohibit its very existence. The
salty lands of sea-coast marshes and the alkali lands are ex-
ceptions to this rule. Comparatively few species can exist
here. While cultivated plants with a few notable exceptions
are affected by the salts of the alkali lands, there are a num-
ber of native species which flourish on them.* Alkali lands,
* Hilgard, E. Soils. 430.
ECOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 253
however, being limited to regions with deficient rainfall, need
not be considered here. But it is different where the quan-
tity of lime in the soil is concerned. Though the loess is
bedded on the limestone, the thickness of the former is often
so great that the substratum is of no influence on the top soil.
but most of the colluvial soil and the soil of the bottom lands
comes under its influence. The analysis of the bluff soil,
given in a former chapter, shows a very fair percentage of
limestone,* though to attain the highest productiveness
twice the amount would probably be necessary. Not only
is the presence of lime in a soil beneficial, since, as before
mentioned, it increases the amount of humus and causes the
soil to assume a darker color, but according to the experi-
ments of Liebenberg it is beneficial to germination. His
results agree with those obtained by Claudel and Croche-
telle,t whose experiments are discussed by Hicks,f who,
in a resume of the work of the French investigators says:
“Alkaline substances with a basis of lime or of potash
favored in a marked degree the germination of certain seeds,
notably those of the Leguminosae. The slag used produced
better effects than the lime alone.
“Tn the same paper the authors give the results of experi-
ments conducted to obtain information concerning the acids
set free or originating during the germination of seeds, which
showed that the amounts of acids thus formed are sometimes
very great; hence it is concluded that lime, slag, and liquid
manure act by saturating these acids in proportion to the
amounts formed. Also, that the loss of phosphoric acid,
which is excreted in considerable amount in the germination
of wheat, for instance, is hindered by these alkaline sub-
stances, and thus conserved for the use of the young plant.
These conclusions, in the opinion of Claudel and Crochetelle,
explain to a certain extent the beneficial effect of lime, slag,
and ashes upon acid soils. Seeds of clover were found to
produce more acid for a given weight than any other seeds
* Hilgard, E. Soils. 497.
t+ Annales Agronomique. 131. 1896.
t Hicks, G. H. The germination of Seeds as affected by certain
Chemical Fertilizers. U.S. D.A. Div. Bot. Bul. 24. 1900.
254 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.
studied, thus explaining the fact that clover does not ap-
pear in acid soils prior to the addition of lime, ashes, or slag.’’
Hicks, in his own experiments, came to the conclusion
that unless an excessive amount of lime is applied, this
substance is helpful to germination. There remains, of
course, the question of calciphile and calcifuge plants, but
Hilgard,* again calls attention to the fact that while in
certain regions a plant may be calciphile, in others it may be
indifferent.
For these reasons it would seem that in the present instance
we may safely ignore the question of the chemical condition
of the soil, and that, in this region, under physiography,
water is the most important factor in determining the nature
of the vegetation. For though, to a certain extent depend-
ent on the physical and chemical nature of the soil, in most
cases it is of greater influence than either and also directly and
indirectly modifies the temperature of both soil and air.
The correctness of this assumption seems to be borne out
by the history of the country studied, which, briefly recapit-
ulated, is as follows. It formed originally part of an exten-
sive peneplain, which, in pre-glacial times, was divided into
an eastern and western portion by the trough of the Missis-
sippi. After the glacial period the land, at that time at a
considerably lower level, was covered by extensive and slowly
moving bodies of water which deposited a fine, aimost im-
palpable sediment, the loess. As the result of a general
uplifting, the loess was exposed and the Mississippi excavated
its channel, the position of which has changed in the course
of time, shifting towards the Missouri shore. It is not to be
supposed that the land, at the time of the uplifting, pre-
sented a uniformly level surface. As the bottom of a lake
shows areas of greater and less depth, so the plateau prob-
ably possessed a more or less uneven surface. Long, gentle
slopes alternated with larger or smaller level stretches. This
surface was further furrowed by the physiographic forces
which continue to exert their influence to the present day.
The water of precipitation cut miniature cafions in the
loess. These, especially where abutting on the bluff, be-
* Soils. p. 521. See also Science n, s. 37: 140. Ja. 24. 1907.
ECOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 255
came wider and extended farther inland, forming ravines.
The ravine, often assisted by the settling of the earth crust
through the breaking down of the roofs of caverns, gradually
became wider and acquired gentler slopes. This action
continues till base level is reached.
It is probable that at first the entire upland was covered
by innumerable shallow pools of varying extent, which in
the course of time became so shallow that, at least during a
portion of the year, they were dry or nearly so. The higher
portions, situated at best a few feet above the water level,
formed islands, soon occupied by grasses and sedges. These
in a short time became associated with other phanerogams,
chiefly annuals and biennials, such as Artemisia, Xanthium
and Oenothera and which, if not the same species as those
occurring to-dav, were at least closely related. Willows,
hackberries, coffee trees, birches and poplars followed, with
here and there an ash. All of these, as the land became
drier were replaced by elms, hickories and finally by oaks.
Naturally the succession in the greater, submerged portion
of the plateau did not take place as rapidly. The conditions
existing at that time are, perhaps,to be compared with those
we meet with to-day in the lowlands of the Mississippi. The
typical lake flora, at first entirely limited to algae, later
probably consisted chiefly of Polygonum. The edges were
occupied by rushes and sedges. These, encroaching upon
the water, and by their decay raising the level of the lake
bottom, gave the willows an opportunity to gain a foothold.
Or circumstances may have arisen by which an entire lake
was suddenly drained. In that case there probably sprang
up an extensive growth of Forestiera. Both willows and
Forestiera in time came to be replaced by others till finally
the oak stage was reached. It is the stage reached at the
present day and represents a condition which probably has
existed for thousands of years. Yet evidence is not wanting
that the oaks in their turn will be replaced by other trees
such as sassafras and maple.
A succession like the one just described can be traced from
the islands of the Mississippi to the different parts of the
ee i - ee eee et? see ee ee
\
256 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.
American Bottom. All stages are represented at the mouth
of the River des Péres in what is known as Horn’s Grove
(plates 18,19). It shows that the nature of the soil has been
an unimportant factor. Willows form the first woody vege-
tation on the sandbars, islands and shores of the Mississippi,
as they do on the clayey bottoms or on the swampy uplands
(plate 14, 1).
But have we a right to assume that the first beginning of
plant growth in this region took place under the climatic
conditions which prevail to-day? Perhaps the vegetation
began with the retreat of the ice field. It is but reasonable
to suppose, judging from conditions such as exist at the
present day, for instance in Alaska, that the terminal moraine
harbored at first a number of low growing arctic plants, fol-
lowed by willows with a temporary climax of pine, hemlock
and spruce. Evidence is lacking that any of the latter have
occurred here, but the lack of such evidence is not conclusive.
The conditions necessary for petrifaction were absent. Even
had they existed, all remnants of an earlier flora would
have been removed by the subsequent action of the waters
as shown by their influence on the drift. The existence of a
flora towards the end of the glacial period is of little interest
in the present connection since there was no genetic continuity
between it and the flora of to-day. Between the two lies the
most recent period of submergence. Judging from the thick-
ness of the loess, so long a time must have elapsed during its
deposition, that when the ground became elevated, a climate
must have existed not differing materially from that which
prevails to-day.*
This tentative explanation of the forest growth, both in
the bottom land and on the plateau, does not throw light
upon the small patches of prairie which here and there occur
in both regions. From early days vhe origin of prairies has
been a source of speculation and many ingenious theories
have been brought forward. Of special interest are the
* In connection with this see the interesting papers of Adams and
others, references to which may be found in Adams, C.C. The post-
glacial Dispersal of the North American Biota. Biol. Bull. 93 53. 1905.
Sy ee? ee eee Tees ee.
ECOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 257
papers of Gray*, Lesquereuxt and Henry Engelmann.}
The prairies of this region differ from those of the western
United States, which find their origin in climatic conditions,
in being due to local conditions, more particularly to the
water relations. An examination of the limited prairies of
the Missouri plateau shows them to have been swamp areas.
A study of the flora renders apparent the existence of
three sharply defined physiographic regions, viz., the upland,
the lowland and the river, in each of which an apparent
equilibrium has been reached. Modifications of these regions,
either the result of the influence of man or the action of
natural forces, forms connecting links between them. Such
are the swamps, the ravines, the sandbanks. In some, such
as in the older ravines, changes in the apparent equilibrium
are so slow as to be almost imperceptible. Here the sequence
of events must be arrived at through analogy. In others,
and this is true especially forthe swampy regions, the changes
may be exceedingly rapid, especially where man assists nature.
Water content of the soil seems to play the most important
part. Under the influence of man, the components of the
original flora have undergone certain changes. Species have
disappeared, others not only have taken their places but are
attempting to take the place of others. The plants so active
are mainly cosmopolitan. It is improbable that more than
a small percentage of the original flora will disappear through
their influence. The immigrants are limited chiefly to terri-
tory now under the influence of man. Under this influence
the entire flora will not be destroyed, for in portions set
aside for special purposes the original flora will persist at
least until such a time as the entire region shall have
reached base level.
* Gray, A. Forest Geography and Archeology. Am. Journ. Sc. and
Arts. 3 ser. 16:85. 1878.—Géographie et Archéologie Forestiéres.
Ann. Sc. nat. 6 sér. Bot. 7: 126. 1878.
+ Lesquereux, L. On the Origin and Formation of the Prairies.
Geol. Surv. 111. 13238. 1866.
t Engelmann, H. Remarks Upon the Causes Producing the Different
Characters of Vegetation Known as Prairies, Flats and Barrens in South-
ern Illinois, with Special Reference to Observations made in Perry and
Jackson Counties. Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts. 2 ser. 36: 384. 1863.
17
258 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
Plate 10.—The Missouri shore at Selma, 42 miles south of St. Louis,
showing the oak-covered plateau, the bare upper portion of the limestone
cliffs and the vegetation-covered talus at the base, the railroad embank-
ment and the shelving beach of the Mississippi.
Plate 11.—The Mississippi River at Selma, showing islands with their
adjacent mudbanks. In the distance lie the wide and level stretches of
the American Bottom.
Plate 12.—1, Upland pond near the edge of the bluff in the woods south
of the buildings at Jefferson Barracks. 2, Projecting limestone ledge of
the bluff south of Jefferson Barracks. The tree is Fraxinus viridis.
Stems of Tecoma radicans run over the stone. Two plants of Solidago
Drummondii and one of Pellaea atropurpurea have established themselves
in crevices.
Plate 13.—Sinkhole vegetation, in this case consisting mainly of
Hydrastis canadensis, which is in fruit. In the lower right hand corner
can be seen leaves of Arisaema triphyllum and in the center a plant of
Arisaema Dracontium. To the right of this are two plants of Smilacina
racemosa and in the upper right hand corner two plants of Podophyllum
peltatum.
Plate 14.—1, Upland swamp in the woods south of the buildings at
Jefferson Barracks. The wide flat is covered with willows. Along the
edges other plants appear, especially Iris versicolor and ferns. 2, Convol-
vulus Sepium twining among willows in the “bottoms” on the Missouri
side of the Mississippi.
Plate 15.—1, ‘‘ Bluff quarry” along the Mississippi river bluffs south of
Jefferson Barracks, showing the projecting limestone ledges along the
railroad track. On the left may be seen the thick covering of loess,
deposited on the limestone during the Quaternary period. 2, Mouth of a
creek south of Jefferson Barracks, showing the almost horizontal strati-
fication of the St. Louis limestone at this point and the erosion due to the
continued action of a comparatively small amount of water.
Plate 16.—Partially cut and burned vegetation on the railroad embank-
ment near Jefferson Barracks, the growth consisting chiefly of Rhus glabra.
Plate 17.—Polygonum Hartwrightii in the wet bottoms of the Mississippi
river near Jefferson Barracks.
Plate 18.—River des Péres and the adjoining bottoms east of the
Broadway bridge. On the right is seen a dense growth of willows; in the
center, clumps of Forestiera acuminata. In the distance, at the left, is a
bank covered with oaks.
Plate 19.—Detail of the preceding plate. 1, Clump of Forestiera acumi-
nata; at the left a single tree of Gleditschia triacanthos. 2, On the right,
willows; on the left, Ulmus americana; plants of Vernonia noveboracensis
and of Forestiera acuminata in the foreground.
Plate 20.—Nelumbium luteum and Polygonum Muhlenbergii in Pitts-
burg Lake, St. Clair Co., Ill. The dead and dying trees are willows.
Rept, Mo, Bor. Garp., Vou. 19. PuaTe 10.
d
» Ie
THE MISSOURI SHORE art SELMA.
“VATHS LY UHAIY CHL
‘II @LIVg “6 “IOA “aUVYy “LOg ‘OW ‘day
Rept. Mo. Bor. Garp., Vou. 19. PLATE 12.
LL
a“
\ ‘
sf 7
*
, .
fe Je
. '
UPLAND POND anp BLUFF.
Rept. Mo. Bor. Garp.. Vou. 19. PLATE 13.
SINK-HOLEI VEGETATION.
Rept. Mo. Bor. Garp., Vou. 19. PuaTeE 14,
IRIS ann CONVOLVULUS.
Rept. Mo. Bort. Garp., Vou. 19. PuaTE 15.
OUTCROPS or LIMESTONE.
GLV Ig
INGW
MNVAWNA AVOUTIVY
6 “IOA ‘“‘GUVD “LOG ‘OW ‘aay
ALV IJ
‘SU d
S
Ad
CHATTY
‘61 “TOA “UV “LOg ‘Oy, ‘Lagyzy
Repr. Mo. Bor. Garp., Vou. 19. PLATE 19.
BOTTOM FLORA, RIVER DES PERES.
PLATE 20.
FLORA, ILLINOIS BOTTOMS.
al
u
=
‘A
_—
<
=
Rept. Mo. Bor. Garp., Vou 19.
ILLUSTRATED STUDIES IN THE GENUS OPUNTIA.—L
BY DAVID GRIFFITHS.
This paper contains descriptions of species collected and
studied by myself in the field during the past five years. The
type locality of each has been visited not less than twice,
many of the plants have been grown to maturity from cut-
tings, and seedlings are being cultivated. The type numbers
refer to specimens mounted on sheets, but the plants are also
in cultivation.
The studies are to be continued as plants reach maturity.
It will doubtless be necessary to say more about some of these
as they get older and present other diagnostic characters.
Opuntia Cardenche sp. nov.
An open branching tree, 1.5 to 2.5 meters high, with a dark scaly trunk
6 to 10 cm. in diameter; joints variable, laterals commonly easily separable
and shorter (1 dm.) than the main or secondary axes, which may vary
from 2 to 6 dm. in length, last year’s joints commonly close to 2 cm.
in diameter, tuberculate, with the large oval areole on the upper shorter
slope of the long compressed tubercle, the upper tubercular slope being
nearly perpendicular in young joints; areoles broadly ovate, 5 to 7 mm.
in longest diameter, usually showing distinct subareolate areas, gray-black
below and gray-brown above, the wool area developing for some years until
the areole becomes subcircular, often 1 cm. in diameter, or often elongated
transversely; spicules in a compact tuft in upper portion of areole, dirty
gray or yellowish in situ but distinctly bright reddish brown when separated
from plant; spines on last year’s joints 1 to 4, mostly 4, and most numer-
ous near middle of joint, bone-like, translucent, or slightly flesh colored,
or even reddish tinged at very base, erect, spreading, with lower central
one longest (2.5 cm.) and others slightly shorter, all with deep straw-colored
medium loose sheaths; intermixed with spines but distinct from spicules
are 4 to 6 very small unsheathed, inconspicuous, fugacious, gray-black
bristles, 3 to 6 mm. long; flowers light purple, about 4 cm. in diameter;
petals obovate to obcordate, cuspidate pointed, denticulate, and often
slightly crenulate; sepals greenish (second row), short, abruptly cuspidate
pointed; filaments purplish green, stout; style white at base and tinged
with purple above; stigma yellowish white, about 6-parted; ovary obo-
vate, deeply pitted at apex, 2.5 cm. long, with areoles subcircular, 2 to 3
mm. in diameter on upper short and almost vertical slope of tubercle,
bearing a compact tuft of spicules, a few scattering bristles like those of the
stem, and a few fugacious, delicate white or yellowish, partially sheathed
(259)
260 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.
spines, with dilated reddish bases; fruit remaining attached for several years,
at 12 months of age yellow, nearly smooth, slightly dished, flattened or
even convex at apex. with prominent spicules, 3 to 3.5 em. in diameter.
The species may be looked upon as standing between O.
Kleiniae and O. imbricata. Our cultivated specimens three
years old have stems three inches in diameter at base and
stand over five feet high.
The description is compiled from one taken in the field
when the species was discovered, and another made of the
living cultivated progeny. The specific name, cardenche,
is universally applied to this species but it is also applied to
the much more common species O. imbricata.
The type is no. 9221 D. G., collected April 21, 1908, from
specimens cultivated from cuttings secured near San Luis
Potosi, Mexico, in March, 1905.—Plate 21.
Opuntia neoarbuscula sp. nov.
A low spreading, compactly branched, cylindrical stemmed plant, 8 to
10 dm. high and 10 to 15 dm. in diameter, proliferously and compactly
branched, the branches falling off readily; joints tuberculate, 10 to 15 cm.
long, and about 8 mm. in diameter (last year); leaves subulate pointed,
8 to 10 mm. long, circular in section and with tips brownish or reddish;
roots often but apparently not uniformly bearing tuberous thickenings;
areoles large, 3 mm. in diameter, and convex, projecting 1 to 2 mm. high,
dull gray; spicules dirty yellow with bases a little darker and brighter in
color, 1.5 mm.long,in acompact bunch from upper portion of areole; spines,
on late growth of last year, 1 completely sheathed about 2.5 em. long, with 1
to 3 more delicate, partly sheathed, lower recurved ones, on older wood of
last year centrals are 4 to 10, completely sheathed, from a more prominent
projecting areole, straw color to brownish red, usually faintly annular;
flowers dull red with more or less of purplish tinge with petals obovate,
irregularly and minutely dentate, and often irregularly cleft, and sepals
ovate, truncate or triangular and abruptly pointed above, filaments green-
ish below and purplish above and anthers orange; pistil about 2.5 em. long
with style greenish white below and slightly tinged with purple above,
and stigma yellowish white, 6 parted, small; ovary obovate-clavate, tuber-
culate, 2.5 em. long, with comparatively large brownish gray areoles, and
one partially sheathed, delicate, fugacious spine, 1 em. long, and 2 to 4
scattering, delicate, unsheathed, fugacious bristles.
This differs from O. arbuscula, to which it is most closely
related, by color of flowers (of minor importance), difference
in habit and character of spines.
ILLUSTRATED STUDIES IN THE GENUS OPUNTIA. 261
The description is a compilation of two—one made in the
field where the species was first collected, and the other from
living, mature, cultivated plants. The name is coined to
designate a relationship to O. arbuscula Engelm.
The type is a specimen prepared from the cultivated plant
and numbered 9219 D. G., April 22, 1908. The plant was
originally collected in the foothills of the Santa Rita Moun-
tains, Arizona.—Plate 23, upper figure; compare Plate 22.
Opuntia castillae sp. nov.
An erect, compactly branched plant, 18 to 30 dm. high, with a strong,
scaly, black trunk 3 or 4 dm. in diameter; young growth deep dark green,
turning slightly glaucous, then scaly brown, and finally black; joints
broadly obovate, commonly 21 by 28 cm., thick; areoles elliptical to
obovate, about 6 mm. in longest diameter, enlarging to subcircular on old
joints or in vicinity of the articulation becoming transversely elongated,
or linear, deep purplish brown when young but soon becoming black;
leaves dark glossy green, circular in section, subulate, with reddish apex,
ending in a white or gray, delicate, recurved apiculus; spicules yellow,
seldom visible on the joints; spines white, translucent bonelike when young
but soon turning to a mottled, dirty gray, 1 to 5 on last year’s joints, more
commonly 1 to 2, but central, unless alone, more erect than others, when
two or more, one or more tightly recurved, more or less flattened or tri-
angular-twisted, never annular but sometimes crooked-wavey, 15 to 22
mm. long, increasing in both length and numbers for several years; flowers
yellow, tinged with red, 8 to 9 cm. in diameter; petals broadly obovate,
rounded, retuse-notched at apex and minutely and irregularly toothed on
margin, yellow with tinge of red on outside in lower portion of midrib;
sepals thick (second row), dull greenish-red, triangular pointed above
and wing-like toothed edges; filaments yellow above and greenish below;
pistil 2.5 to 3 em. long; style brilliant red; stigma light green with tinge of
red in outer folds as well as in the throat, 8-to 12-parted; ovary broadly
obovate or subglobose with subcircular areoles about 2 mm. in diameter
and 5 mm. apart, deep dark brown with sometimes a tinge of purple, beset
with dark brown spicules and a few dark brown short (6 mm.) delicate,
straight or contorted fugacious hairlike spines, deeply pitted at apex;
fruit large, yellowish, toothsome.
This is known only from cultivated specimens brought from
Mexico. In general habit. and appearance it resembles O.
streptacantha about as closely as any, but it is much less spiny
and the spines are not so stiff and rigid. The joints also are
somewhat longer and the fruit is entirely different.
The description is drawn from the cultivated plant which
262 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.
reached maturity in 3 years from single joint cuttings. The
name applied to the species is used in Mexico and along our
border in a very loose way. It is applied to many species,
and has no reference, as one might suppose, to their
origin. This is but one of several species called ‘‘ Nopal de
Castilla.”’
The type is no. 9213 D. G., prepared from a plant which
has been cultivated to maturity from cuttings secured in
Southern Texas. The plants from which cuttings were secured
were developed from cuttings brought from Mexico about
twelve years ago. The species has been found in cultivation
in several situations in southern Texas.—Plate 24.
Opuntia fuliginosa sp. nov.
A tall, open branching tree, 4 or more meters high, and 4 or more dm.
in diameter at base, with a black sealy trunk, very woody; joints sub-
circular to obovate, bright yellowish, glossy green, invariably turning to a
dark, sooty hue with a fungous (?) growth, very variable in size, commonly
about 1.5 by 2 dm., thin, scarcely tuberculate, yet not perfectly smooth;
leaves subulate pointed, 8 to 12 mm. long; areoles elliptical to obovate,
4 or 5 mm. in longest diameter, light gray becoming tawny and finally
black, 3 to 4 em. apart; spicules yellow, very variable, often brownish,
unequal in length, but commonly; 8 to 10 mm.; spines 2 to 3 em. long,
translucent, bone-like, light brown, becoming whitened distally, leaving
bases brownish translucent but in second or third year becoming a dirty,
mottled gray throughout, suberect, spreading, with the lower recurved
and the central longest, flattened, and often twisted, 2 to 8 in number but
more commonly 2 to 4, increasing in both length and numbers for 2 or 3
years; flowers yellow streaked with red and always red when closed,
small, 4 cm. across when open and about 2.5 cm. long; filaments light
chocolate; stigma yellowish green, 6- to 9-parted; ovary subglobose to
obovate, deeply pitted, thickly beset with subcircular areoles bearing a
few spicules and a few delicate fugacious spines; fruit red, obovate to
pyriform, with circular areoles, well filled with a large tuft of prominent
yellow spicules surrounded by the blackened wool, pulp very deep red and
rind thin.
The species is easily recognized by its blackened appearance
in its native habitat, but this coloration is entirely lost when
cultivated in this country. The spines and flowers and bright
glossy appearance of the young growth in its native home,
and of the entire plant under cultivation (three years old) in
this country, are very characteristic. The species is very
ILLUSTRATED STUDIES IN THE GENUS OPUNTIA. 263
variable in spine characters, some plants being nearly spine-
less, but usually the spicules are never absent.
The original description was drawn at Estansuela in
western Jalisco, Mexico, from plants in bloom. This was
subsequently compared with plants at Guadalajara, and still
further amended by a second visit to the latter place during
maturity of the fruit. A name indicating a sooty appear-
ance is preferred for this species on account of its prevalence,
although this condition is evidently not normal.
The type is no. 7715 D. G., collected near Guadalajara,
Mexico, April, 1905.—Plate 25.
Opuntia Cochinera sp. nov.
A low, rather compactly branched, turgid species, 8 to 12 dm. high,
with broadly obovate, thick, turgid joints commonly 20 by 28 em., but
sometimes 25 by 40 cm., dull green when young, glaucous waxy when
mature, and turning to a scurfy brown with age; areoles 1.5 to 4 cm.
apart, circular to obovate, 3 to 6 mm. by 3 to 5 mm. in young joints,
but increasing to nearly one cm. in diameter in age, reddish brown when
young, but turning to a dirty gray, slightly convex; spicules very rare on
the joints, an occasional areole witha bunchof long yellow ones, 3mm. long,
with remainder of joint devoid of them; spines white becoming mottled
gray with age, flattened and often twisted, erect-divergent, but often
with a strong tendency to be recurved, 3 to 6 on this and last years’ joints,
but often 15 to 20 on older wood, about 2 cm. long on younger joints, and
3.5 to 4 em. long on older wood; flowers yellow; fruit red, subglobose,
5 to 6 em. in diameter, with thick, heavy rind, circular areoles 3 mm. in
diameter and 8 to 12 mm. apart, bearing short, yellow spicules about 2 mm.
long and a few longer, delicate fugacious spines; seeds large, strongly
angular, with heavy, irregular marginal thickening.
This species has characters resembling those of very widely
differing species. Outwardly the fruit resembles that of
nopal arton, a large robust species closely related to Opuntia
streptacantha. In form the joints resemble that species also,
but in color and texture they resemble those of nopal tapon,
O. robusta. The spines and spicules resemble those of tapon
quite closely, except in numbers and size. On the herbarium
sheet the joint looks like a short, stout, white spined form of
tapon.
The description was drawn beside the plant in the field.
The specific name is considered by the Mexicans to be de-
264 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.
rived from the Spanish word for hog. It may be derived from
cochineria, the equivalent of the English word meanness,
referring to the spines.
The type is no. 8490 D. G., collected at Los Campos,
Zacatecas, Mexico, September 5, 1906.—Plate 26.
Opuntia Chavena gp. nov.
An open branching, erect tree, 18 to 30 dm. high, sometimes quite strict
but more often with a span of 12 to 18 dm., with distinct black, scaly
trunk; joints rather bright yellowish green, and maintaining the same color
for four yearsor more, broadly obovate, about 22 by 30 cm. being common
size; areoles circular below to obovate above, about 6 mm. in longest
diameter, but increasing in size with age, 2 to 3 em. apart; wool tawny,
plainly cellular-jointed, black on surface; spicules lemon yellow, very
variable in length, at times scarcely reaching surface of joint and at other
times 9 to 10 mm. long; spines white with translucent tips, soon becoming
mottled and finally dirty gray or black, slightly angular, flattened, but not
twisted, 5 to 7 or 8 on last year’s joints, and increasing to 15 or more on
older joints, but apparently not increasing after 4 or 5 years, longest on
last year’s joints, 12 to 14 mm. and graduating down to 2 or 3 mm., often
3 cm. long on older joints, stiff, rigid, erect, spreading and very difficult
to handle; flowers yellow, filaments grecnish, style red, stigma light bright
green (only one belated bloom seen); fruit red with thick rind and deeper
red pulp, its areoles subcircular to obovate, 8 to 12 mm. apart, with a tuft
of formidable yellow spicules surrounded by gray ends of wool, also bear-
ing a few delicate fugacious yellow spines about 12 mm. long; seeds angular,
scarcely notched at hilum, with narrow marginal thickening.*
The species is most closely related to the O. megacantha-
lasiacantha group, but these species differ in fruit characters
and color of joints especially, and constitute a distinct group
in themselves. They are well recognized and divided into
three or four varieties even by the Mexican peon.
In this species I include three varieties recognized by the
Mexicans, namely, “caidillo,” “chavefio,” and “cascaron.”
The first is distinguished mainly by its habit of dropping
its fruit when ripe, it also has on an average rather smaller
joints. Cascaron has joints somewhat larger and more
nearly circular than chavefio. The first and last names are
less frequently used than chaveiio, it being commonly the
only name applied to any form of the species.
iT
* See Bull. 16, pl. 6, 7. 8, B. P. I., U. S. Dept. Agric.
ILLUSTRATED STUDIES IN THE GENUS OPUNTIA. 265
The description is a compilation of three sets of notes taken
in the same locality at different times. The specific name
is universally used in the region to designate this plant. I am
doubtful about its meaning. The significance of the names
applied to the varieties is more evident.
The type is no. 8136 D. G., collected near Aguas Calientes,
Mexico, September, 1905.—Plate 23, lower figure.
Opuntia Guilanchi sp. nov.
Plant erect, bushy, open branching, 1.5 to 2 meters high, often forming
small thickets but also growing in isolated individuals, having a distinct
trunk 15 to 25 em. in diameter; joints obovate, commonly 16 by 24 cm.,
or less, often about 14 by 20 em., medium dark green, minutely pubescent,
turning brown papery-scaly and finally black; areoles subcircular to
obovate, small, 2 to 3 mm. in diameter but increasing on old trunks to
about 5 mm., slightly elevated, 12 to 15 mm. apart; wool light tawny
black on end; spicules very light yellow, usually less than 2 mm. long for
a year or more, and completely surrounded by the blackened wool, making
them subcentrally located, but later they develop in upper portion of
areoles to 2 mm. or more in length; spines white, becoming mottled very
early and finally dirty gray, erect spreading, 2 to 3 on sides of last year’s
joints to 4 or 5 on the edges where the lower ones are recurved, slightly
flattened, often twisted, never annular, brittle, brash and small in diameter,
varying from 5 to 13 mm. in length on sides of last year’s joints to 2 cm.
on edges, increasing in both length and numbers on old joints where they
may be 3.5 cm. long with one or more in each areole broadly curved;
flowers not seen; fruit pubescent, aromatic, variable in color, mostly
yellow, but often orange red at base and yellowish distally, rind greenish
yellow, outside of pulp orange red with interior much lighter, and easily
separable from seed, its areoles small, subcircular, about 6 mm. apart
and beset with formidable yellow spicules, subglobose, about 4 cm. in
diameter, with shallow, broad umbilicus; seeds irregular, angular, not
notched at hilum and with marginal thickening very narrow. about 4 mm.
in diameter.
The species stands in some respects between the durasnillo
(O. leucotricha) and the O. megacantha-lasiacantha groups
of Mexican prickly pears. It differs from both in stature
and habit, from the former in its spines especially, and from
the latter in color of plant body but more especially in its
fruits.
The description is compiled from field notes taken upon
two visits to the type locality, supplemented by the dried
266 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN,
specimens. ‘The specific name is the common Mexican name
applied to this plant.
The type specimen is no. 8149 D. G., collected near Zaca-
tecas, Mexico, September, 1905.
Opuntia Guerrana sp. nov.
A suberect or ascending, open branching plant, 9 to 12 dm. high and
about the same in diameter; joints oblong obovate to subcircular, thick,
heavy, glaucous, blue-green, 15-20 cm. by 20-25 cm.; areoles black, sub-
circular to obovate, about 5 mm. in longest diameter; wool tawny; spic-
ules yellow, abundant, unequal, on sides and lower portion of edge in a
compact crescentic tuft, 1 to 2 mm. long but around the apex of joint
there may be an abundance of them lengthened to 1 or 2 cm.; spines white
or light straw color and translucent at the base but turning a mottled
dirty black with age, 1 to 6, mostly 2 to 4, flattened, often twisted, erect,
divergent or some of lower in areole somewhat recurved; flower yellow,
filaments greenish white, stigma green, fruit subglobose, greenish white,
4 to 5 cm. in diameter, with seed variable and much aborted, but mostly
large, 4-5 by 5-6 mm., deeply notched, marginal thickening prominent,
1 mm. wide.
The species is related to O. robusta, but is smaller through-
out, with very different fruit. It is known as Nopal tapon
or Nopal tapon blanco in some sections. This shows its
relations to the common “tapon” of the Highland region.
The description is compiled from a partial description made
in the field, supplemented by further notes from the dried
specimens. It is with pleasure that I dedicate this species
to my friend, Sefior Enrique L. Guerra, who first called my
attention to the existence of such a species and to whom
I am indebted for much information about Mexican species
of Opuntia.
The type is no. 8475 D. G., collected near Dublan Hidalgo,
Mexico, September, 1906.
Opuntia discata sp. nov.
Plant ascending-erect, rather compactly branched, 9 to 15 dm. high
and about the same in diameter; joints broadly obovate to subcircular,
commonly about 25 by 27 cm., dark green when young, but gray waxy
green when mature; leaves about 1 cm. long, subulate pointed, slightly
flattened; areoles large, prominent, circular to oval, tawny to brown when
young and black in age, 6 to 10 mm. in diameter, much larger on edges of
ILLUSTRATED STUDIES IN THE GENUS OPUNTIA. 267
joint than on sides, often distinctly subareolate and developing new wool
and spicules from season to season; spicules yellow, unequal, scattered,
increasing with age, 2 to 3 mm. long but often 1 em. or more in length;
spines white or dirty gray, with often a reddish tinge below or often
pinkish throughout, one on lower portion of joint to 7 above, commonly
3 to 6, the longest 2.5 cm. long, erect-divergent or often the lower re-
curved especially on edges of joints, angular flattened, very stout and
formidable but neither annular nor twisted; flowers lemon yellow with
bases of petals a darker orange; filaments greenish-white, style white, and
stigma dark green, 8-parted; fruit obovate to pyriform, deep, dark red
throughout, 6 to 7 cm. in length.
The species differs from O. cycloides in character of spines.
In this species they are much shorter and more erect.
Description drawn in the field. The specific name refers
to the shape of the joints.
The type is no. 7790 D. G., collected in the foothills of the
Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, April, 1905.—Plate 27,
upper figure.
Opuntia ferruginispina sp. nov.
Plant erect-ascending with open-branching habit, 7 to 12 dm. in height
and same or greater in breadth; joints broadly obovate, about 20 by 23
em. in last year’s growth, deep blue-glaucous green; areoles about 3 to 3.5
cm. apart, obovate, 6 to 10 mm. in longest diameter, gray to black, en-
larging with age; spicules bright reddish-brown, numerous, unequal,
formidable, often 12 mm. long but usually much shorter; spines numerous
and formidable, brown at base but becoming gradually yellowish distally,
1 to 4 on last year’s joints, becoming more numerous with age, flattened,
twisted, faintly annular, diverging in all directions or often the lower re-
curved, the longest sometimes 6.5 cm. long but commonly about 4 to 5
cm. long, both spines and spicules increasing in numbers with age and
enlarging the areole; flowers orange-red, about 7.5 cm. in diameter when
open; petals broadly obovate, rounded above, with edge irregularly and
minutely toothed and often slightly crenulate and with midrib terminating
in a minutely cuspidate point often having a tinge of purple in its
lower portion; sepals (second row), triangular-winged, greenish; filaments
yellow with faint tinge of purple; pistil 3 to 3.5 em. long; style white
with faint tinge of purple; stigma light green, about 8-parted; ovary
obovate to pyriform-stipitate, 5 to 6 em. long, with tawny areoles com-
paratively distant and bearing a small tuft of reddish brown spicules of
irregular length; fruit purple throughout.
This species differs from O. Lindheimeri, with which it has
been confused, in color of plant body, color and character of
268 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.
the spines and spicules, as well as in the color of the flower (of
minor importance). It appears to be most closely related
to Berger’s O. Winteriana.
The description was drawn from the living plant in bloom
in the field. The specific name refers to the color of the base
of the spines.
The type is no. 9207 D. G., collected near San Antonio,
Texas, April 21, 1908.
Opuntia magenta sp. nov.
Plants ascending to erect, divaricately and loosely branched, 6 to 10
dm. high, often forming thickets on steep banks and hillsides; joints
obovate, 9.5 by 13 cm, to 11.5 by 21 cm., more commonly the former,
bright green when young but turning to slightly glaucous green; leaves
about 1 em. long, circular in section, subulate pointed; areoles 2 to 3 em.
apart, ovate, obovate or subcircular, increasing in size with age; spicules
yellow, 2 to 3 mm. long, in a compact bunch in upper portion of areole,
but increasing with age, and becoming unequal and scattered throughout
the entire black areolar area; spines reddish brown at base and yellow
distally, turning chalky or dirty black, often chalky throughout without
any evidence of red at base, | to 5 or 6, usually 3 or 4, erect, divergent or
lower recurved, the longest 2 to 2.5m. long, slightly angular, flattened
and faintly annular when young but all traces of this are lost with age;
flowers a light magenta; petals obovate, broadly obcordate and cuspidate
at apex; style and filaments pink, and stigma large, yellowish green, 8-to
9-parted; ovary obovate to pyriform, about 3 by 5 em.; fruit reddish
purple.
The species is easily distinguishable in bloom by the color
of its flowers and at other times by the prominent peculiar
black areoles which differ very much from the O. Lindheimeri
group with which it has been confused. It differs in joints as
well as in habitat from O. angustata as figured by Engelmann.
The description is compiled from one made in the field,
amended by subsequent notes at another season. The name
refers to the color of the flower.
The type is no. 7876 D. G., collected near Redlands,
California, May, 1905.
Opuntia macrocalyx sp. nov.
A profusely, divaricately branched, ascending or erect, spreading plant,
9 to 10 dm. high and about the same in diameter; joints long-obovate,
ILLUSTRATED STUDIES IN THE GENUS OPUNTIA. 269
variable but commonly 9 by 22 cm. for last year’s growth, gray green,
pubescent, velvety to the touch; areoles subcircular, usually 2 to 3 mm.
in diameter, very close to 1 em. apart, slightly sunken; wool tawny,
prominent, as long as spicules and occupying lower half of areole;
spicules reddish brown, about 1 mm. long, occupying upper half of areole,
easily separable and causing fully as much annoyance in handling as
those of O. microdasys, in age often appearing dirty yellow in situ but
distinctly reddish brown when removed; strictly spineless; flowers yellow,
green outwardly, the leaves on ovary very long subulate and changing
gradually into the sepals which are very long subulate, delicately pointed,
loosely arranged or often half recurved at apex, giving to the bud a rather
ragged appearance; fruit red but both pulp and rind greenish, long obovate
to cylindrical, about 2 by 7 cm., with but few rather small seeds, about 3
mm. in diameter.
This species has hitherto been confused with O. microdasys,
from which it differs in shape and color of joints, general
aspect of plant and especially in the floral and fruit characters.
This species should not be confused with the brown spiculed
form of O. microdasys. Such a form exists commonly in the
States of San Luis Potosi and Zacatecas, Mexico, but it
differs in no other way from the more common yellow spiculed
form ranging from the Rio Grande region southward.
The description is compiled from copious notes taken at
San Antonio, Texas, and Riverside, California, at various times
during the past five years. The name refers to the long
loosely arranged sepals which grade on the one hand almost
imperceptibly into the leaves on the upper part of the ovary
and on the other nearly as gradually into the inner perianth
segments.
The type is no. 8283 D. G., secured from the Albert 5S.
White Park, Riverside, California, May, 1906. Its origin is
not known but it is found commonly cultivated in collections
of cacti in the Southwest.—Plate 28, upper figure: com-
pare with the lower figure.
Opuntia lucens sp. nov.
A low prostrate species, usually about 3 or 4 dm. high; joints sub-
circular to obovate, variable in size, 1 by 1.5 dm. to often 2 dm. in longest
diameter, bright, glossy, yellowish green; areoles large, prominent, black,
variable, obovate, 4 to 10 mm. in longest diameter, 2 to 4 cm. apart; wool
tawny, turning black at maturity; spicules yellow, prominent, unequal,
270 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.
commonly 3 mm. long on sides but mostly about 1 cm. long on upper
edges, in crescentic bunch in upper portion of areole or scattered through-
out its area; spines very variable in length, the longest centrals 3 to 4 cm.
graduating down to 4 em. in length, 2 to 5 in number with 2 or 3 additional
delicate bristles besides, white with translucent tips and turning abruptly
bright reddish brownish at base, flattened, angular, twisted, often striate
but never annular; flowers yellow; fruit purple, obovate, with reddish
purple rind and darker pulp; seed flattened, angular, deeply notched and
having a prominent marginal thickening, 4 or 5 mm. in diameter.
The species is related to the O. Engelmanni group but has
different habitat as well as other minor differences. The old
joints in this locality become scaly brown after the first year,
but this is probably due to parasitism. Plants which I have
grown to four years of age are bright yellowish green, exactly
like the younger growth in the natural habitat of the plant.
The only difference in the cultivated specimens is a greater
turgidity. The species is commonly called “cuija” but it is
a very different plant from the one to which this word has
been applied as a subspecific name.
The description is a compilation of two sets of field de-
scriptions made at different seasons in the same locality,
supplemented by additional notes from herbarium specimens.
The name refers to the character of the surface of the joints.
The type is no. 8034 D. G., collected near San Luis Potosi,
Mexico, August, 1905.
Opuntia linguiformis sp. nov.
An erect, ascending, or half prostrate species, commonly too weak to
stand erect, young growth light blue-glaucous green, older growth yellow
and becoming scaly, scurfy brown with age; joints very variable, linear
to narrowly ovate-oblong, often 1 by 8 dm., or again broadly ovate or even
subcircular; leaves about 6 mm. long, circular in section, cuspidate
pointed; areoles subcircular, 4 to 5 mm. in diameter, tawny to gray-black,
upper half filled with dirty yellowish-brown, unequal spicules, about 6
mm. long; spines yellow, commonly slightly tinged with red at base,
angular, flattened, annular, slightly twisted, 2 to 6 on last year’s joints,
mostly 3 or 4, one 2.5 to 4.5 em. long, erect or sloping downward slightly,
the others divergent around it and much shorter; flowers deep yellow or
old gold, 7 to 8 em. in diameter, petals obovate, obcordate, cuspidate at
apex, and minutely toothed on edge, filaments white, slightly greenish
below, style white, slightly tinged with green at base; stigma yellow,
about 9-parted, ovary obovate to pyriform, 6 to 7 cm. long, with small,
ILLUSTRATED STUDIES IN THE GENUS OPUNTIA. 271
subcircular areoles bearing brown spicules with yellow tips and small
delicate fugacious, tightly recurved spines; fruit reddish purple; seeds
small, about 3 mm. in diameter.
This species is cultivated commonly throughout the South-
west, but has been considered a variety of O. Engelmanni by
botanists who have considered it at all. Its origin has until
recently been unknown. It is evidently a native of southern
Texas and a rather rare species. I have seen it in three
localities near San Antonio and one farther south. _
Description drawn from mature cultivated plants. The
Spanish name lengua de vaca is descriptive and appropriate
for this species. The “cow’s tongue” cactus is the commonly
used English equivalent.
The type is no. 8377 D. G., collected near San Antonio,
Texas, Aug., 1906.—Plate 27, lower figure.
Opuntia fusicaulis sp. nov.
An erect, strict, open branching tree from 4 to 5 meters high, with a
black, scaly trunk, 3 or 4 dm. in diameter; joints very long, fusiform,
commonly about 4 dm. long by about 12 cm. wide, glaucous blue-green;
areoles subcircular, small, 2.5 mm. in diameter, and 2.5 to 3.5 cm. apart,
slightly sunken; spicules, when present at all, scarcely reaching the
surface; wool tawny; spines entirely absent or there may be one delicate,
white, fugacious one in an occasional areole; flowers said to be red; fruit
greenish white.
This species might be confused with O. elongata, but it is
spineless and the joints are fusiform and differ in color.
The description is compiled from notes taken at Aguas
Calientes, supplemented by additional descriptions made of
the cultivated plant which is now three years old, but has not
yet bloomed. The specific name refers to the shape of the
joints.
The type is no. 9312 D. G., prepared from a specimen culti-
vated from cuttings secured at Aguas Calientes, Mexico, in
March, 1905. It is known only from cultivation.—Plate 23,
upper figure, at left.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
272 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
Plate 21.—Above, Opuntia Cardenche at right (1), O. leptocaulis at left
(5): one of the others may be O. Kleiniae, and the remaining two are
undescribed species for which more data are needed. Below, O. Cardenche,
cultivated specimens at beginning of the fourth year’s growth from small
cuttings.
Plate 22.—Opuntia arbuscula; introduced for comparison with Plate 23.
Above, the species as it grows naturally upon desert mesas near Tucson,
Ariz., in favorable situations. Below, a tree form as it grows in favorable
situations in deep cafions in foothills of the mountains at an altitude of
about 4,000 feet.
Plate 23.—Above, Opuntia neoarbuscula in the center, O. fusicaulis at
the left. The former is in the beginning of the third years’ growth from
small cuttings; the habit in nature and under cultivation is the same,
Below, at the right, O. Chavena: a joint from a native specimen at Aguas
Calientes, Mexico.
Plate 24.—Opuntia castillae. Above, a single plant, early in the fourth
year’s growth. Below, terminal joints.
Plate 25.—Opuntia fuliginosa. Above, a potted plant about three
years old. Below (marked by the basket), a native plant. The potted
plant, grown in a greenhouse at Washington, is no more like the parent
plant, in color, spine, or shape of joint, than O. fulgida is like O. arborescens.
In open ground in California, the growth is normal.
Plate 26.—Opuntia Cochinera. Above, a typical native plant. Below,
a single joint and fruit.
Plate 27.—Above, Opuntia discata: joints two months and one year
old. Below, O. linguiformis: a mature cultivated plant.
Plate 28.—Above, Opuntia macrocalyx: joints in bud. Below, O.
microdasys: a cultivated plant, for comparison.
Rept. Mo, Bor. Garp., VoL. 19. PLATE 21."
_
OPUNTIA CARDENCHE anp ©. LEPTOCAULIS,
Rept. Mo. Bot. Garp., Vou. 19. PLATE 22,
s
oa
OPUNTIA ARBUSCULA,
Rept. Mo. Bor. Garp., Vou. 19 PLATE 23.
— :
Renee
OPUNTIA FUSICAULIS, 0. NEOARBUSCULA, OQ. CHAVENA.
Rept. Mo. Bor. Garp., Vou. 19. PLATE 24,
OPUNTIA CASTILLAE,
Reet. Mo. Bor. Garp., VoL. 19. PLate 25.
OPUNTIA FULIGINOSA,
Rept. Mo. Bot. GARp., Vou. 19. PLATE 26
OPUNTIA COCHINERA.
Repr. Mo. Bot. Garp., Vou. 19. PLATE 27.
OPUNTIA DISCATA anp O. LINGUIFORMIS,
Repr. Mo. Ror. Garp., Vou. 19. PLATE 28.
OPUNTIA MACROCALYX anp O. MICRODASYS.
AGAVE RIGIDA—FURCRAEA RIGIDA
AGAVE ANGUSTIFOLIA.
BY WILLIAM TRELEASE.
These three names have stood as puzzles for nearly a cen-
tury, though the first, with the others as synonyms, is now
‘commonly applied to the Yucatan group of suckering hene-
quen or sisal Agaves.
The original diagnoses are, respectively :—
“‘Foliis lineari-lanceolatis integerrimis rigidis aculeo terminatis.”*
‘‘Foliis lineari-lanceolatis superne integerrimis, basi ipso serrato-spinosis.’’t
“‘Caulescens, foliis anguste lanceolatis glaucis dentato-serratis.”’f
Miller, calling it one of the tenderer sorts, says further of
A. rigida, in the notes following his enumeration of species:
“The eighth sort hath long narrow stiff leaves, which are entire, and are
terminated by a stiff black spine. These leaves are seldom more than two
feet long, and little more than an inch broad, being of a glaucous colour;
The side leaves stand almost horizontally, but the center leaves are folded
over each other, and inclose the flower-bud. This sort never puts out
suckers from the root, nor have I seen any plants of this kind in flower,
although there are many of them in the English gardens, some of which
are of a considerable age.”
Haworth indicates that his Furcraea rigida is Miller’s Agave
rigida but not Agave lurida B of the then newly issued second
edition of Aiton’s Hortus Kewensis, though he saw it growing
at Kew. He makes the observation on his Agave angustifolia,
“folia angustissima omnium;” and a few years later§ writes:
“There are two plants of Agave angustifolia in Chelsea garden, lately
brought back from the rock of St. Helena, by which we learn its native
place. They were short-leaved on their arrival; but cultivation has al-
ready nearly communicated to them their customary appearance with us.”
No other directly authentic publication on either is to be
found, and no original herbarium specimens or living plants
of either are known to exist.
* Miller, Gard. Dict. 7 ed. Agave no. 8. (1759).—A binominal was first
applied, under the same number, in the eighth edition (1768).
+ Haworth, Synops. Plant. Succulent. 74. (1812).
t Haworth, 1. c. 72. § Revis. Plant. Succulent. 35. (1821).
Tee (273)
274 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN,
AGAVE RIGIDA.
Agave rigida, said by Haworth to have been growing at Kew
in 1812, and by Miller to have been abundantly represented
in British gardens in 1759, is identified by the latter with the
narrow-leaved Vera Cruz aloe of his earlier editions, in which
it appears as no. 3, “Aloe, americana ex Vera Cruce, foliis
angustioribus minus glaucis H. Beaum.,’ and as such is
known to have existed in Great Britain at about the time
when the first edition of his Dictionary was published (1731).*
Haworth dates the cultivation of his Agave angustifolia [in
England?] from before 1790, but without details.
Neither Miller’s rigida nor Haworth’s angustifolia can be
brought into agreement with any of the few Agaves that had
been noticed by Linnaeus in the first edition of his Species
Plantarum (1753). The elder Aiton,f instead of adopting
Miller’s own binomial designation of it, called the broad-
leaved Vera Cruz aloe Agave lurida a foliis latioribus, and
under it placed what he took for Miller’s A. rigida as A. lurida
8 foliis angustioribus,—without remarking that the latter
differs from his diagnosis of the species: “‘subcaulescens, foliis
dentato spinosis.”’ Willdenowt made the same differentia-
tion of broad and narrow forms, though he did not quote the
Miller synonym of the latter. The younger Aiton§ con-
* This information is derived from a copy of the sixth edition in the
Sturtevant library at the Missouri Botanical Garden, which is inscribed
as having been presented by the author in 1753 to James Justice (one of
the subscribers whose names appear in the first edition), who marked this
copy in ink so as to show the plants “cultivated by Mr. James Justice in
his gardens at Creighton from anno 1726 to anno 1738.”—It may be added
that all but two of the American aloes of the sixth edition (“‘Aloe americana
minor Munt.” and ‘Aloe americana ex Vera Cruce, foliis latioribus &
glaucis H. H.’’) are so marked.
That the narrow-leaved Vera Cruz aloe was also cultivated at Chelsea,
at about this time, is indicated by Rand, who, except for the problematic
“ Aloe americana folio viridi serrato”’ and the broader-leaved Vera Cruz
aloe, lists all of the American forms of Miller and Justice and adds the
“ Aloe americana, tuberosa, minor, spinosa, Par. Bat. Prod.” [Furcraea
tuberosa], which Miller took up twenty years later, when his “ Aloe
americana folio viridi serrato”’ was dropped from the Dictionary. (Rand,
Hort. Med. Chels. Index. 11.—1739).
} Hort. Kew. 1: 472. (1789). t Sp. Plant. 23 194. (1799).
§ Hort. Kew. 2 ed. 2: 302. (1811).
AGAVE RIGIDA—AGAVE ANGUSTIFOLIA 275
tinued to recognize the two forms of lurida, with A. rigida as
a synonym of the second, though he omitted his predecessors’
explicit reference to the toothed leaf margin of the species.
It is this A. lurida 8 of the younger Aiton which Haworth
says is not his own Furcraea rigida* or the equivalent A.
rigida of Miller. As he accounts for all of Aiton’s other forms
of Agave and Furcroea, except A. americana B, which he
says is not A. Karatto Miller, though he does not place it
elsewhere, it must remain a question why he did not Indicate
the relations of the lurida 8 with his own comparable Agave
angustifolia.
Miller did not give diagnoses in the earlier editions of his
Dictionary, and there seems no way of learning the characters
of his species except by their collocation and by reference to
works in which others had described plants under the same
polynominals,—in connection with his own diagnoses first in-
troduced into the seventh edition. Joannes Commelinus,t
who must be conceded to have known the plants of the Beau-
mont garden, on which rested the Kiggelarius polynominals
taken up by Miller, had pictured the narrow-leaved less
glaucous Vera Cruz aloe which Miller took as the prototype
of his Agave rigida, a generation before the latter wrote. His
plate, here reproduced on a reduced scale, shows some leaves
quite entire, others armed nearly throughout, and still others
toothed from the base to or about the middle. The some-
what glaucous lanceolate leaves were 2 X 18-24 in. (5 x 45-
60 cm.), acutely channeled or valleculate toward the end, and,
except for the abrupt strong black somewhat curved apical
spine at least 2 10 mm., might pass rather for those of a
Furcraea of the Demouliniana series than forthose of an Agave.
Such a plant, not fully described in either diagnosis, and
broader-leaved, but comprising the original marginal char-
* After quoting the Miller diagnosis, differing from his own in reading
“foliis . . . integerrimis,” he says “nec Agave lurida # Hort. kew.
ed. 2. v. 2. p. 302: sed in horto Kewense pulchré crescit,”—the “‘sed’”’
being ameliorated into ‘‘et,”’ by manuscript correction, in a copy of the
book presented by him to Treviranus, and now in the Engelmann library
at the Missouri Botanical Garden.
{+ Hort. Med. Amstelodam. Rar. . . Plant. . . Descr. et
Icon. 2 3 33. pl. 17. (1701).
276 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.
acters assigned by Miller to Agave rigida and by Haworth to
what he considered its equivalent, F'urcraea rigida, must have
existed in cultivation through the eighteenth century, but
seems hardly to have been seen since Haworth’s time. What
Salm* grew in 1859, and somewhat ambiguously described
under Miller’s name, he did not see how to separate from the
description of Haworth’s angustifolia,t which he did not
knowingly grow, while Jacobi,t who saw Salm’s specimen,
clearly did not mean Miller’s plant by his own rigida. Koch
found only angustifolia, as (apparently rightly) he understood
it, grown under this name in 1860;§ and in 1865 abandoned
rigida altogether, finding the name then used for a number
of nominal species, all apparently comparable with the Indian
A. Cantala and its possible segregates. No Agave at all
well corresponding to Commelin’s narrow-leaved Vera Cruz
aloe, Miller’s Agave rigida, or Haworth’s Furcraea rigida
seems to have been rediscovered since its importation by the
Dutch; but a search for it in the field seems wiser than
either the abandonment of the name or its merging under any
known species as now characterized, and it is rather to be
sought between Venezuela and Yucatan than to the north of
the peninsula. Its synonymy is as follows:
Aaave riaa Miller, Dict. 8 ed. no. 8 (1768); Abr. Dict. no. 8.
(1771); Dict. Jard. 1: 57, 61. (1785).—Onomatologia
1: 203. (1772).—Mawe, Dict. Gard. no. 4. (1778).—Diet-
rich, Vollst. Lex. 1: 163. (1802).—Link, Enum. Berol.
1: 334. (1821).—Steudel, Nomencl. 18. (1821).—Diet-
rich, Syn. Pl. 2: 1192. (1840),—except for De Spin
citation —Koch, Wochenschr. Ver. Beford. Gartenbau.
1860: 48; 1865: 101; Fl. des Jard. 1861: 147; Belg.
Hort. 1862 : 309.—Drummond «& Prain, Agric. Ledger.
1906: 143.
A. lurida 8 A. rigida Martyn, Miller’s Dict. no. 4 8. (1807).
A. lurida second variety. Rees, Cyclop. 1. no. 4. (1819).
A. Ixtli rigida Baker, Gard. Chron. n. s. 8 ¢ 397. (1877).— Ricasoli,
Bull. Soc. Tose. Ort. 8: 241. (1878).—Terracciano, Primo Contr. 44.
(1885).
* Bonplandia. 7 : 90. t.1.-c.. 87,96. ¢ Versuch. 94.
§ Wochenschr. Verein Beférd. Gartenbau. 8 : 48. q7.c. 83101.
AGAVE RIGIDA— AGAVE ANGUSTIFOLIA. 277
A. foliis lineari-lanceolatis integerrimis rigidis aculeo terminatis.
Miller, Dict. 7 ed. no. 8. (1759).
A, foliis dentato-spinosis . . . yy. Fabricius, Enum. Helmstad.
2 ed. 13. (1763).
Aloe americana ex Vera Cruce foliis angustioribus minus glaucis.
Kiggelarius, Pl. Exotic. Hort. Beaum. Cat. (1690).—Commelinus,
Hort. Med. Amstelod. Rar. . . Plant. . . Descr. et Icon,
2 33-4. pl.17. (1701).—Miller, Dict. no.3. (1731, 1741, 1752).
Furcraea rigida Haworth, Syn. Plant. Succul. 74. (1812); 79.
(1819).—Kunth, Enum. 5 : 843. (1850).
Fourcroya rigida Schultes, Syn. 7!: 731. (1829).—Steudel, No-
mencl. 2 ed. 37. (1841).—Roemer, Ensatae. 292, 294. (1847).
—Salisbury, Gen. Pl. 78. (1866).
Furcroea rigida Don, Sweet’s Hort. Brit. 3 ed. 705. (1839).
The principal other uses of the name Agave rigida are as
follows:
A. r1a1DA De Spin, Le Jardin de St. Sebastien. 23. pl. 1. (1812).
A. angustifolia (under which species other users of the name in this
sense are enumerated).
A. r1iaipA Engelmann, Trans. Acad. St. Louis, 8 : 316-319. (1875); Bot.
Works. 312.—Hayn, Gartenflora. 483512. (1894).—Braun, Der
Pflanzer. 23 226. (1906).
A. Izxtli Salm as represented by the wild “chelem” of Yucatan, but
with inclusion of A. rigida Miller and A. angustifolia Haworth and ques-
tioned addition of A. Karwinskii Zucc., and with the segregated varieties
longifolia (A. fourcroydes Lemaire) and sisalana (A. sisalana Perrine).
A. decipiens Baker and A. neglecta Small, of Florida, were also undiffer-
entiated.
A. riaipa Hemsley, Biol. Centr.-Amer. 3 3 348. (1882-6).—Weber in Bois,
Dict. 1 3 52. (1896).—Riviére, Journ. Agr. Trop. 1908: 5; Bull. Soc.
Accl. Fr. Nov. 1907 : 391-2.—Léfgren, Notas sobre as plantas
8. Paulo. 21. (1906).
A. rigida Engelmann with addition of A. iztlioides Hooker (? A.
angustifolia Haw.) and A. elongata Jacobi, and incorporation of the hene-
quen varieties.
A. niga Morris], Kew Bull. 1887. March. 2, 3; Add. ser. 2 ¢ 131.—
Gartenflora. 1887 : 587.
A. rigida Miller (except for belief that this is the wild “chelem”),
with segregated varieties Ixtli (A. Ixtli Salm), elongata (A. fourcroydes
Lemaire) and sisalana (A. sisalana Perrine).
A. rama Baker, Handbook Amaryll. 181. (1888).—Giirke, Notizbl. K.
Bot. Gart. Berlin. 1: 135. (1896).—Rose, Contr. U. 5. Natl. Herb.
5 : 239; Bailey’s Cyclop. 1 : 34. (1900).—Segura, El Maguey. 4 ed. 94.
278 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.
(1901). —Ascherson & Graebner, Synops. Mitteleurop. Fl. 8: 416.
(1906).—Boyd, Fibre Industry in Queensland. 6. (1906).
A. rigida Engelmann, with further inclusion of A. ixtlioides Hooker
(? A. angustifolia Haw.), and with the segregated varieties elongata (A.
rigida longifolia Engelmann -+- A. elongata Jacobi + A. Candelabrum
Todaro) and sisalana (A. rigida sisalana Engelmann).—Thus essentially
A. rigida Hemsley with these varieties segregated.
A. rama Saunders, Cat. Econom. Pl. U. 8. Dep. Agr. 5. (1891).—Nash,
Journ. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8 : 171. (1907).
A. sisalana Perrine.
A. rica Donn.-Smith, Enum. Plant. Guatemal. 2: 75. (1891).
One of the Tequilanae, as yet undescribed, cultivated in hedgerows
on the Pacific slope of Guatemala.
A. riaipa Coulter, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 2 3 430. (1892).—Trabut,
Rey. Hort. Algér. 63127, 132. (1901)—De Joinville, Atlas. 73.
j. (1902).
Apparently A. jourcroydes Lemaire. The Coulter reference seems to
rest on henequen plants escaping from trial plantations along the lower
Rio Grande.
Acave riaina Kew Bull. 1892321, 273; Add. ser. 2 151.—Boeken,
Tropenpflanzer. 4 ¢ 6. (1900). ;
Essentially the henequen and sisal varieties, segregated by Engelmann.
A. rica Baker, Kew Bull. 1892: 4, 35-6; Add. ser. 2s 220.
A. rigida Baker, Handbook, with further inclusion of A. Cantala.
A. riqipa Kew Hand List Tend. Monocot. 119. (1897).—Conter, Bull.
Hawaii Exper. Sta. 4: 8. (1903).
Apparently A. Iatli Salm.
A. riaipa Lebl, Gart. Mag. 50: 16. (1897).
A synonym of Bonapartea rigida, which name pertains to a form of
A. striata.
A. niaa Berger, Gartenwelt. 2: 578, 604. 7. (1898).
A rough-leaved undescribed species of the Tequilanae.
A. riawa Nicholson, Dict. Suppl. 1 : 28.
A. Ixtli as to foliage. A. ixtlioides Hooker (? A. angustifolia Haw.)
as to flowers.
A. r1aipa Northrop, Mem. Torr. Bot. Cl. 12:28, 78, 94. (1902).—
Coker, Veg. Bahama Isl. 251. pl. 40. (1905).
The, as yet unnamed, “ bamboo” of the Bahamas.
A. riaipa var. Hart, Rept. Trinidad Gard. 1890.
A. angustijolia Haworth.
A. riarpa form. Baker, Kew Bull. 1892: 4; Add. ser. 23221. (1901).
A reference of A. Cantala and A. Rumphii of the Riviera gardens,—
perhaps A. Candelabrum Todaro.
AGAVE RIGIDA —AGAVE ANGUSTIFOLIA. 279
A. r1aIpA, form. Dewey, Rept. Dept. Agr. 1905 : 145.—Braun, Pflanzer.
2 +210. (1906).
A passing reference of the, as yet unnamed, Zapupe or Tamaulipas
henequen.
A. rica var. Merrill, [Publ.] Bur. Govt. Lab. Manila. 1 : 85. (1905).
The Agave americana of Blanco, which is A. Cantala Roxburgh.
A. RIGIDA ANGUSTIFOLIA Kew Hand List. 119. (1897).
A. angustifolia Haworth.
A. RIGIDA ELONGATA, Baker, Handb. Amaryll. 181. (1888).
A. rigida longifolia Engelmann, with inclusion of A. elongata Jacobi
and A. Candelabrum Todaro.—Most users of the name, however, mean
the first only.
A. RIGIDA ELONGATA Bull. Grenada Gard. 30 : 285. (1893).
A, angustifolia Haworth.
A. RIGIDA ELONGATA Rose, Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. 5 3 247. (1899).
A. tequilana Weber?—From Lower California.
A. riaipa Ixttt Morris, Kew Bull. Mar. 1887: 2, 3.
A. Izitli Salm.
A. RIGIDA LONGIFOLIA Engelmann, Trans. Acad. St. Louis. 8 : 316. (1875).
A. fourcroydes Lemaire.
A. RIGIDA RECURVATA Mulford, Rept. Mo. Bot. Gard. 7:96. (1896).
A. neglecta Small.
A. RIGIDA SISALANA Engelmann, Trans. Acad. St. Louis. 3 : 312. (1875).
A. sisalana Perrine.
AGAVE ANGUSTIFOLIA.
Haworth clearly meant to apply the name Agave angusti-
folia to a plant differing in its more complete toothing from
his Furcraea rigida, but there is no inherent indication that
he meant it to be different from Agave lurida 8 of the younger
Aiton, which, alone, of the forms of the latter, is unplaced,
though definitely excluded from F’. rigida. Though the name
angustifolia has passed into disuse, there is less difficulty in
connecting it with plants that have been described or figured
during the past century, than in the case of the name rigida.
In 1790, Jacquin* had described and figured flowers, cap-
sule, seeds and bulbil of a caulescent paniculate Agave re-
ceived from the Dutch gardens in 1753, applying to it Aiton’s
* Obs. Bot. 43: 94. pl. 1.
280 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.
name A. lurida, but unfortunately giving no indication as to
whether he meant the broad- or narrow-leaved form of that
composite species; and Willdenow and the younger Aiton
have complicated lurida by citing Jacquin’s illustration as
pertaining to it. The short urceolately beaked capsule and
bulbil are indicative of something very different from the
Agave Vera Cruz of Miller (A. lurida a Aiton) as now under-
stood and excellently figured subsequently by Zuccarini;*
and although the flowers are not characteristically pictured,
Jacquin’s herbarium, now at the Vienna Hofmuseum, con-
tains flowers of “Agave lurida Hort. Schénbr.,’’ which I was
permitted by Dr. Zahlbruckner to photograph in 1905, that
clearly belong with the short capsules and differ greatly from
those of the broad-leaved lurida as understood by Zuccarini.
What was held for the lurida of Jacquin (but also referred
back to the Commelin narrow-leaved Vera Cruz aloe) flowered
at Florence in 1799 and again in 1909, when it was adequately
described and figured by Targioni Tozzetti,} also under the
name A. lurida, under which it occurred in Italian gardens at
least as late as 1868, when Engelmann gathered representative
material in the Botanical Garden at Naples.
The prickly Agave rigida studied by De Spin§ at San Se-
bastien, near Turin, in 1812, on which rests much subse-
quent characterization of the Agave so-called, was clearly
Aiton’s A. lurida 8, and not the rigida which Haworth differ-
entiated from it at about that time.
The unfortunate omission of a varietal designation for what
the writers must have recognized as not its typical or “a’’ form,
is. responsible for much of the subsequent confusion attend-
ing the name lurida. That Jacquin’s Agave lurida was not
the typical A. lurida a of Aiton was recognized as early as
1813 at Kew by Gawler,§] who, however, pictured what seems
* Act. Acad. Caes. Leop. Carol. Nat. Cur. 16?: 669-673. pl. 49-51. (1833).
{ Ann. Mus. Imp. Firenze. 27: 25, 31-5. pl. 6. (1810).
{ It was apparently withered flowers and fruit of such a plant, from
Bellagio, on which Jacobi based his otherwise unknown Agave flavovirens
(Versuch. 258), subsequently referred to by him as flavoviridis (Nachtrag.
2: 75).—See Rept. Mo. Bot. Gard. 18: 236.
§ Jard. de St. Sebastien. 23. pl. 1.
{| Bot. Mag. 37. under pl. 1522.
AGAVE RIGIDA—AGAVE ANGUSTIFOLIA. 281
to have been the Dillenian ‘“‘Aloe barbadensis mitior” for the
latter, on an identification ascribed to the younger Aiton,—
he himself not having seen the plant while in bloom, or any
part of the specimen from which the drawing was made.
Gawler is sometimes given as the authority for the name A.
Jacquiniana, to designate this narrow-leaved A. lurida 8;
but in fact the name Jacquiniana was first published for it by
Schultes,* in 1829, and then in a qualified way “si a reliquis
diversa”’ so that the author of A. Jacquiniana is sometimes
held to be Hooker,t who in 1859 applied the name to a plant
which had then flowered at Kew, and was described and fig-
ured, though unfortunately the apical spine of the leaf is not
well shown. The plant on which Hooker’s description and
illustration were based had been sent by Mrs. General Mac-
Donald from Honduras, a dozen years earlier, in company
with Cereus Macdonaldiae,—which in a way indicates its na-
tive home unless her plants were secured from a garden,—
and Mr. Drummond writes me that derivatives of it are
not known to exist.
Salm, whose Agave rigida is somewhat conformed in leaf-
description to the Furcraea rigida of Haworth, but who evi-
dently meant under this name the rigida of De Spin, and was
unable to separate from it Haworth’s angustifolia, tried to
locate Jacquiniana in alliance with lurida, though he evidently
did not feel sure that he really possessed it in his collection.
By a slip, he changes the name to Jacquinit, under which,
when it flowered again at Kew in 1873,t sucker-inflorescences
were reported.§ Of late years, following this restoration of
it to its original unfortunate place, it has been mentioned
under the name A. lurida Jacquiniana, a number of times,
but without material addition to what was before known of
it. Here is apparently also to be referred A. excelsa of Baker
(originally described§ from Kew Material from Honduras,
not improbably representing the lost Jacquiniana of the
Botanical Magazine account), Ricasoli and Terracciano,
which scarcely agrees with the description of Jacobi, who,
however, recognized his excelsa in the Jacquiniana growing
* Syst. 713: 727. f Bot. Mag. iii. 15. pl. 5097. { Garden. 8 : 390.
§ Gard. Chron. n. s. 8 3 662. { Gard. Chron. n. s. 8: 397. (1877).
282 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.
at Kew; and A. ixtlioides Hooker is rather a low plant of
this than the true iztlioides of Lemaire or the fourcroydes of
Lemaire or Jacobi, though the end-spine, if so, is very
uncharacteristically drawn.
An obviously very similar plant has long been cultivated
and escaping in India, where Wight* figured it with the er-
roneous name A. vivipera or vivipara, under which it has been
cultivated or mentioned in print (often confounded with
Baker’s vivipara,—A. Cantala). This Agave vivipara of Wight,
designated Wightit by Col. Praint a few years since, has been
described recently under the latter name by Drummond and
Prain,t who do not overlook its possible identity with A.
Jacquiniana.§
In 1890 an Agave was reported by Hart for the West Indian
islands St. Vincent and Barbados, as a very distinct variety
of A. rigida (in the sense of Engelmann and Baker, therefore
supposedly one of the henequen or ixtle forms); and the
name A. rigida elongata has also been applied** to the same
plant. Specimens of this form, at Kew, have been recognized
by Mr. Drummond as being A. Wightii, which is therefore
believed by himtt} to be a native of the Antilles, though my
own observation of it in Barbados scarcely warrants the con-
clusion that it is more than a hedge-row introduction. It is
doubtful if it can be considered to be indigenous near the city
of Vera Cruz.{t
Analysis of what is known of Agave lurida 8 Ait., A.
angustifolia Haw., A. Jacquiniana Schult.,§§ A. lurida Jac-
quiniana Bak., and A. Wightit Dr. and Prain, or their sev-
* Tcon. Plant. Ind. Or. 6: 18. pl. 2024.
t Proce. Agr.-Hort. Soc. Madras. 19043 130, 137; 1905: 38.
t Agric. Ledger. 1906: 78, 91, 102, 105, 128, 139, 147.
§ L.c. 140.
4] Rept. Trinidad Garden. 1890, fide Gard. Mag. 85: 160, etc.
** Bull. Bot. Gard. Grenada. 30 : 285. (1893).
TT Rept. Mo. Bot. Gard. 18: 27. (1907).
tt C/. Drummond & Prain, Agric. Ledger. 1906: 123.
§§ But not aplant so-called by Weisse (e. g., Gartenflora. 20:249.—
1871) and others which, though of the fetid-flowered Sisalanae group, is
a very large-leaved distinct species which as yet is known only in or
about gardens.
AGAVE RIGIDA—AGAVE ANGUSTIFOLIA. 283
eral synonyms, does not lead to the conclusion that these
names pertain to more than one species—at least in the con-
servative use of this word—though differences exist in stem-
height, degree of suckering, form of capsule, ete. Aiton not
having named it, this species is entitled to A. angustifolia as
its earliest name.
An interesting confirmation of this conclusion may be
added. In 1816, Major General Beatson,* formerly Governor
of St. Helena, published a list of the exotic and indigenous
plants of the island, which he had received from Roxburgh
only a few days before the death of this distinguished botanist,
who, as well as Burchell, is known to have been there.f In
this list (p. 296), Agave lurida “Linn.” appears as the name
of an exotic species used for fences. It was at about this time
that the plants were received from St. Helena at Chelsea,
which Haworth recognized as being his own A. angustifolia.
His Excellency, the present Governor of St. Helena, has
obligingly had Mr. T. Broadway, Clerk of the Works, send
me leaves, capsules and seeds of the common fence aloe of
today, which I cannot distinguish from Agave Wighti of
Barbados, A. ezcelsa of the La Mortola Garden, A. lurida
[Jaeq.] as collected by Engelmann in the Naples Garden, or
a plant cultivated formerly in the Missouri Botanical Garden
as Fourcroya rigida,t under which name seed had been bought
in Europe by Mr. Shaw somewhere about 1858, Engelmann
considering the plant to be A. angustifolia, and Baker—with-
out excluding this possibility—naming it first A. Jztli and
afterward A. excelsa. Mr. Broadway further calls attention
to the fact that this fence aloe is referred to in Melliss’ History
of St. Helena under the name A. lurida Jacq. Through the
further kindness of the Governor, I have learned that Mr.
Homagee, one of the old residents of St. Helena, remembers
having been told in his youth that Agaves were taken to
that island from Buenos Aires in 1806, by Captain Robert
* Tracts relative to the island of St. Helena. London
{ Hooker, Lecture on insular floras. London. 1896. p. 18-19.
t It will be recalled that Koch found nothing except angustifolia under
the name rigida in 1860, although he enters rigida, angustifolia and Jacqui-
niana in sequence in his monograph of that year.
284 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.
Wright, and that a sample of aloe fiber was submitted to the
insular government and transmitted to England in November,
1809 ;—but it is not clear that americana is not referred to.
The history of.A. Jacquiniana at Kew (on which Mr. Baker’s
description of A. excelsa seems also to have been based) makes
Central America the probable home of Agave angustifolia.
No evidence appears as to the date or manner of its intro-
duction into India or the West Indian island of St. Vincent;
but the omission of anything that could pass for it from
the books of Hughes (1750), Maycock (1830) and Schomburgk
(1848) indicates that it is of rather recent introduction into
Barbados, where, like Yucca aloifolia, it is called Spanish
needles. Its synonymy is as follows:
AGAVE ANGUSTIFOLIA Haworth, Syn. Pl. Succul. 72. (1812);
78. (1819); Revis. Pl. Succul. 35. (1821).—Link, Enum.
Berol. 1: 834. (1821).—Steudel, Nomencl. 18. (1821);
2 ed. 36. (1841).—Sprengel, Syst. 2:79. (1825).—
Schultes, Syst. 71: 727. (1829).—Herbert, Amaryll. 128.
(1837).—?Bojer, Hort. Maurit. 353. (1837).—Don, Sweet’s
Hort. Brit. 3 ed. 704. (1839).—Dietrich, Syn. Pl. 2: 1192.
(1840).—Roemer, Ensatae. 291. (1847).—Kunth, Enum.
5: 837. (1850).— Koch, Wochenschr. Ver. Beférd. Gar-
tenbau. 1860: 48; 1865:101; Fl. des Jard. 1861:
147; Belg. Hort. 1862: 309.—?Rept. Internat. Hort.
Exh., London. 296. (1866).—?Ellemeet, Belg. Hort.
1871: 121.—?Hanbury, Gard. Chron. n.s, 20 : 54. (1883).
—Drummond «& Prain, Agric. Ledger. 1906 : 88.—Tre-
lease, Wiesner-Festschr. 336. (1908).
A. augustijolia Peacock, List. 3. (1878).
?A. rigida angustifolia Kew Hand List Tend. Monocot. 119. (1897).
2A. lurida # Aiton, Hort. Kew. 1: 472 (1789).—?Willdenow, Sp. Pl.
2: 194. (1799).—Aiton fil., Hort. Kew. 2 ed. 23 302. (1811).—
Poiret, Encycl., Suppl. 1: 240. (1810).—Schultes, Syst. 7!: 726.
(1829).
A. lurida Jacquin, Obs. Bot. 4: 94. pl. 1. (1790).—Targioni Tozzetti,
Ann. Mus. Imp. Firenze. 27: 25, 31-5. pl. 6. (1810).— Beatson,
Tracts on St. Helena. 296. (1816).— Bertoloni, Giorn. Acadico.
21: 189. (1824).—Steudel, Nomencl. 2 ed. 36, (1841). — Salm,
Bonplandia. 7:90. (1859).—?M[orren], Belg. Hort. 1868: 249. —
AGAVE RIGIDA— AGAVE ANGUSTIFOLIA. 285
Melliss, St. Helena. 336. (1875).—Forbes & Hemsley, Journ. Linn.
Soc. Bot., 86:90. (1903).—Drummond & Prain, Agric. Ledger.
1906; 123. 127.
A. pyramidalis Salisbury, Gen. Pl. 79. (1866).
A. Jacquiniana Schultes, Syst. 7! 727. (1829).—Roemer, Ensatae.
284. (1847).— Kunth, Enum. 5 : 827. (1850).—Hooker, Bot. Mag.
iii. 15. pl. 6097. (1859).—Gartenflora. 8: 273. (1859).—Belg,
Hort. 1859: 265. j. 25.—Journ. d’ Hort. Prat. 1859: 75.—Salm,
Bonplandia. 7: 87. (1859).—Koch, Wochenschr. Ver. Beférd.
Gartenbau. 1860: 48; Fl. des Jard. 1861: 147; Belg. Hort.
1862: 310.—Jacobi, Hamburg. Garten-Zeit. 1864: 460, 461,
501; 1865: 158; Versuch. 7, 8, 17, 96. (1865).—Ellemeet, Belg.
Hort. 1871: 118.—Haage & Schmidt, Cat. 1873 : 14.—Garden,
8: 390. (1873).— Peacock, List. 3. (1878).—?Dodge, Rept.
Fiber Invest. U.S. Dept. Agr. 5: 43. (1893).—Hayn, Gartenfl.
48 3: 515. (1894).—Drummond & Prain, Agric. Ledger. 1906 :
140.
A. Jacquinii Salm, Bonplandia. 7: 95-6. (1859).—Gard.
Chron. n. s. 8 3 662. (1873).
A. lurida Jacquiniana Salm, Wochenschr. Verein Beférd.
Gartenbau. 1861: 179, 181; Fl. des Jard. 1862: 118.
123.— Baker, Gard. Chron. n. s. 8: 264. (1877); Handb.
Amaryll. 183. (1888).—Hemsley, Biol. Centr.-Amer. $ : 345.
(1882-6).— Voss & Siebert, Vilmorin’s Blumengirtn. 1037.
(1896).— Watson, Gard. Chron. iii. 21: 166. (1897).—
Kew Hand List Tend. Monocot. 115. (1897).—Nicholson,
Dict. Suppl. 1 : 28.— Braun, Der Pflanzer. 2 : 225. (1906).
A. lurida Iacquiniana Terracciano, Primo Contr. 43.
(1885).
A. Vera Cruz Jacquiniana Ascherson & Graebner, Synops.
Mitteleurop. Fl. 83 417. (1906).
? A. ixtlioides Hooker, Bot. Mag. iii. 27. pl. 5893. (1871).—Garten-
flora. 1871: 212.—Fl. & Pomol. 1872: 3.—Gard. Chron. 1872 :
505.—Baker, Gard. Chron. n.s. 8 : 397. (1877); Handb. Amaryll.
181. (1888).—Ricasoli, Bull. Soc. Tose. Ort. 3: 241. (1878).—
Hemsley, Biol. Centr.-Amer. 3: 348. (1882-6).—Terracciano, Primo
Contr. 44. (1885).—Rose in Bailey, Cyclop. Amer. Hort. 1: 34.
(1900).—Nicholson, Dict. Suppl. 13 28.
2A. flavovirens Jacobi, Hamburg. Garten-Zeit. 1866: 270; Versuch.
258.—Trelease, Rept. Mo. Bot. Gard. 18 : 236. (1907).
A. flavoviridis Jacobi, Nachtrag. 2: 75. (1871).
2A. excelsa Jacobi, Hamburg. Gart.-Zeit. 1865 : 567; 1866 : 215;
Versuch. 197, 238.—Rept. Intern. Hort. Exhib., London. 296.
(1866).
A, excelsa Baker, Gard. Chron. n. s. 83 397. (1877); Handb. Amaryll.
182. (1888).— Ricasoli, Bull. Soc. Tose. Ort. 33 241 (1878).—? Pea-
286 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN,
cock, List. 2. (1878).—Hemsley, Biol. Centr.-Amer. 83 342. (1882-6).
—? Kew Hand List Tend. Monocot. 111. (1897).—Segura, El Ma-
guey. 4 ed. 96. (1901).—? Cat. Tender Pl. Fairmount Park. 5. (1907).
A. Ixtli excelsa Terracciano, Primo Contr. 44. (1885).
A. rigida De Spin, Jard. St. Sebast. 23. pl. 1. (1812).—Salm, Bon-
plandia. 7 : 90, 95. (1859); Wochenschr. Ver. Beférd. Gartenbau.
1861: 179; Fl. des Jard. 1862: 118, 123.—Jacobi, Hamburg. Gar-
ten-Zeit. 1864 ; 460, 461, 500; 1865: 156; Versuch. 6, 8, 16, 94;
Nachtrag. 8. (1867).
A. rigida var. Hart, Rept. Trinidad Gard. 1890, fide Gard. Mag. 35 :
160.—Kew Bull. 1892 : 35; 1893 : 280.
A. rigida elongata Bull. Grenada Gard. 30 : 285. (1893).
A. Wightii Prain, Proc. Agr.-Hort. Soc. Madras. 1904: 130, 137;
1905 : 38, name only—Drummond & Prain, Agric. Ledger. 1906 :
78, 91, 102, 105, 128, 139, 140, 147. (1907).—Braun, Der Pflanzer.
23232; 4:87.—Cooke, Fl. Presid. Bombay. 2% 753. (1907).—
Drummond, Rept. Mo. Bot. Gard. 18 : 27. (1907).— Queensland
Agric. Journ. 19 319. (1907).
A. vivipara Buchanan, Journey. 36. (1807), fide Drummond &
Prain.—Wight, Icon. Pl. Ind. Or. 6. pl. 2024.—Hooker, F'.
Brit. Ind. 6: 277. (1894).—Kew Hand List Tend. Monocot.
123. (1897), at least in part.—? Trimen & Hooker, Handb.
Ceylon. 4: 268. (1898).— Woodrow, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist.
Soc. 12 : 522. (1899).
A. vivipera Wight. l. c. 18.
?.A. procumbens Jameson, Cat. Saharanpur. 1855,—fide Drum-
mond & Prain
? Fourcroya rigida Tornabene, Hort. Bot. Catania. 211. (1887)
Other uses of the name A. angustifolia are:—
A. ANGuSTIFOLIA J. & Hort. Paris.
Furcraea tuberosa Ait.?—See Drummond, Rept. Mo. Bot. Gard. 18 : 59,
60.—With this is to be compared the scarcely-known Agave stenophylla
Jacobi, which had originally come from Paris as A. angustifolia and the
resemblance of which to /urcraea was recognized by Jacobi when he
named it (Hamburg. Gart.-Zeit. 1866 : 269; Versuch. 257).
A. ANGUSTIFOLIA de Fonvielle, Rev. Hort. 1861 : 415.
A. collina Greenman ?,—the seeds having been collected by Roezl at
Tasco.
A. ANGUSTIFOLIA Schott, Agric. Rept. 1869 : 258.—Mairaux, Agaves Tex-
tiles. Revue Américaine. Apr. 15, 1904.
A. Ixtli Salm,—the ‘‘ chelem”’ of Yucatan.
A beautiful form of this species with white marginal varie-
gation and decurrent silver-gray lines, which appears to have
AGAVE RIGIDA—AGAVE ANGUSTIFOLIA. 287
been found in Indian gardens about 1892 (the A. angustifolia
variegata of French gardens some thirty years earlier perhaps
having been A. picta), is now frequently cultivated under the
name A. vivipara variegata.* A rare sport of this variety,
which originated in the botanical garden of the College of
Science at Poona about 1895, has been called by Mr. Watson
A. Woodrowi after its discoverer, who himself called it A.
Cookei. This distinct horticultural form, which possesses
the white marginal variegation in unusual width, has the re-
maining leaf surface silvery gray or milky, like the submar-
ginal stripes of the original variety—the chlorenchyma being
everywhere overlaid by several layers of etiolated cells.t
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
Plate 29.—Agave rigida.—A reduced photographic copy of Commelin’s
illustration of “Aloe americana ex Vera Cruce foliis angustioribus minus
glaucis,” in Hort. Amstelodam. Rar. Plant. Descr. et Icones. 2. pl. 17.
Plate 30.—Agave angustifolia.—A reduced photographic copy of Tar-
gioni Tozzetti’s illustration of Agave lurida in Ann. Mus. Imp. Firenze.
23, pl. 6.
Plate 31.—Agave angustifolia.—Leaves of Agave lurida as grown today
for hedges in St. Helena, X 4. Broadway material.
Plate 32.—Agave angustifolia.—Leaves, capsules and seeds of the Agave
lurida of St. Helena, natural size. Broadway material.
Plate 33.—Agave angustifolia.—Flowers of Agave lurida as represented
in Jacquin’s herbarium at the Vienna Hofmuseum, natural size. Photo-
graphed in 1905, by permission.
Plate 34.—Agave angustifolia.—Flowers and leaf detail, natural size, of
Agave excelsa Baker; the former from material pressed at La Mortola by
Mr. Berger in 1905, the latter from a fresh leaf received from Mr. Berger
in 1907.
Plate 35.—Agave angustifolia marginata.—Young leaves. At the right,
the typical variety; at the left, the form Woodrowi, natural size. From
Kew material, communicated by Col. Prain in 1908.
* A. angustifolia marginata Trelease, Wiesner-Festschrift. 343. pl. 8.
(1908).—It also occurs in the Singapore garden under the name A. superba.
+ This may be known as A. angustifolia marginata Woodrowi, with the
synonymy A. vivipara var. nova, A. Woodrowi and A. Cookei of the Wies-
ner-Festschrift account.
Rept. Mo Bor Garp., Vou. 19. PratTe 20.
AGAVE RIGIDA.
PLATE 30.
Mo. Bor. Garp., Vou. 19.
Repr.
USTIFOLIA
r]
1
AGAVE ANC
31.
PLATE
Garp., Vor, 19.
Bor
Reet, Mo,
a eae |
ANGUSTIFOLIA,
1AVE
AC
Repr. Mo. Bor. Garp., Vou. 19. PLATE 32.
AGAVE ANGUSTIFOLIA,
tern ew es
Rept. Mo. Bor. Garp., Vou. 19.
AGAVE ANGUSTIFOLIA.
PuLaTE 33.
PLATE 34,
Rept. Mo. Bor. Garp., Vor. 19.
AGAVE ANGUSTIFOLIA.
ert. Mo. Bor. Garp., VOU. 19. Puate 35.
AGAVE ANGUSTIFOLIA MARG INATA.