MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 5 


EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS 1963 


MissourRt BOTANICAL GARDEN 
ACTIVITIES FOR CHILDREN 
SATURDAY NATURE PROGRAMS FOR CHILDREN 
ATURE study programs are provided every morning from 10 to 11:30 A.M. 
N in the Museum Building and greenhouses for children ages 7 to 16. The 
programs are free and no advance registration is required. 

Children are given instruction in the world of plants and their association with 
man, animals, birds and insects. They are encouraged to make collections. They 
plant seeds and bulbs, make cuttings of plants, and work in their own outdoor 
flower and vegetable plots. These programs offer children action, recreation, and 
the fun of taking home their collections, seedlings, bulbs, and produce from the 
garden plots. 


For more information, call TO 5-0440. 


PITZMAN SUMMER NATURE STUDY COURSES 

A free summer nature program for children between the ages of 7 and 16 is 
made possible by a grant from the Pitzman Foundation. Children have a funda- 
mental curiosity about everything going on around them, and these summer courses 
encourage this interest in living things by bringing children into closer contact with 
nature and answering the many questions that arise from such an experience. 

The program is held on Tuesdays and Thursdays from 10 A. M. to 3 P. M. for 
2 sessions of 5 weeks each. Junior and Senior Research Teams comprised of chil- 
dren interested in doing special natural science projects will meet on Wednesdays 
and Fridays under the direction of the Garden staff. 

Registration for the first session will begin June 1st and for the second session 
July Ist. For information about the courses and registration, visit the Main Gate 
Office or telephone TO 5-0440. 


444 


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1962-63 


Copy 2. 
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


a 


Volumes 50 - 51 1962 - 1964 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN 


January 1962 


Volume L 
Number 1 


Cover: Cyperus Papyrus. Growing in Victoria Lake in the Climatron. This 
plant is a native in Palestine and along the Nile River in Egypt. It is the plant from 
which the ancients made paper. Papyrus is not hardy in our area but can be grown 


in pools or in wet swampy places outside during the summer months. PHOTO EF.L.E. 


CONTENTS 


Rain Forests of Colombia 

Small Flowering Trees 

The Tree of Heaven — Ailanthus altissima 
Another for the List of Mole Cures 
Rabbit Repellents 

Book Reviews 

Friends of the Garden Notes 


Garden Educational Programs for 1962 


New hours were recently announced for Tower Grove House. It will be open 
every day from 10:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M. in winter, from 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. 
in summer. 


Office of publication: 306 E. Simmons Street, Galesburg, Illinois. 


Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis 10, 
Missouri. 


Published monthly except July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri 
Botanical Garden. Subscription price: $3.50 a year. 


Entered as second-class matter January 26, 1942, at the post-office at Galesburg, Illinois, 
under Act of March 3, 1879. 


Missour1 Botanical Garden 


Volume L No. 1 


Bulletin 


January 1962 


RAIN FORESTS IN COLOMBIA 


LADISLAUS CUTAK 


ARSTON BaTEs, son-in-law of the 

late David Fairchild and a sci- 
entist in his own right, once wrote 
that “there are a few world landscapes 
left upon which man, the perennial 
changer, has had no effect.”” He cited 
the Arctic tundra, the Sahara Desert, 
and that perpetual wonder, the Ama- 
zonian rain forest. I have had no op- 
portunities to visit the first two areas, 
but a year ago I returned from a six- 
weeks journey to the latter where | 
found first-hand proof that Dr. Bates 
was correct in his statement. This 
most enlightening trip was made pos- 
sible by the generosity of Johnnie 
Garretson, an employee of the Colom- 
bian Petroleum Company, and_ the 
Missouri Botanical Garden. Dr. Frits 
Went, the Garden director, and the 
Board of Trustees should share the 
spotlight for they both enthusiastically 
approved this plant expedition and lent 
moral as well as financial support for 
the venture. 

In these modern times, man has been 
able to push the sea back, to change 
the course of rivers, build artificial 
islands, level hillsides and mountains, 
but as yet he has not been able to 
touch the Amazonian rain forest. 
Here, no alteration has been made, and 
giant trees, exquisite flowers, and vari- 


ous voracious insects still rule. In the 


€ 


words of Dr. Marston Bates, ““man in 
the rain forest is just another rather 
simple animal walking quietly and 
apprehensively.”’ 

The tropical rain forest in South 
America occupies a vast area. It 
spreads from Venezuela and Colombia 
through many areas of Brazil into Bo- 
livia. In Colombia it occupies roughly 
many of the mountain valleys of 
the Andean region and stretches into 
the vast savannah country towards 
Brazil. There are three distinct moun- 
tain ranges in Colombia which gradu- 
ally converge near the Ecuadorean 
border and form one massive chain 
that extends all the way down to 
Patagonia. High rainfall prevails and 
is spread fairly evenly throughout the 
year. In some sections, like the Junin 
area, on the Pacific side, the rainfall is 
exceptionally heavy every day of the 
year. In the forests one will see vari- 
ous kinds of plant growth: creepers, 
terrestrials, epiphytes, lianas, bushes, 
shrubs and giant trees. You will never 
see continuous forests of specific plants 
as you would in the United States. No 
pine forests, no fir forests, no oak for- 
ests, or no single kind of plant is over- 
whelmingly abundant. The Colombian 
woods abound in diverse plants, each 
one striving for survival. Giant trees 
rise heavenward, some with great but- 


(1) 


2 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


tressed trunks, presenting a cathedral- 
like atmosphere; others unbranched 
until the very top where they spread 
their leafy canopy and shut out light. 
Sometimes the forest floor is fairly 
open, especially where the dense crowns 
of big trees cut out so much light; 
then again the ground in the forest is 
literally covered with creeping plants, 
vines, and herbaceous growth. 

My first introduction to the Colom- 
bian forests was from the air. Johnnie 
Garretson and | boarded a Colpet plane 
at Barranquilla and in less than an 
hour, flying southeastward, we flew 
over the hump of the Cordillera Ori- 
ental, heading for Tibu, on the Vene- 
zuelan border. Tibu is the headquarters 
for the Colombian Petroleum Com- 
pany which employs my friend. As we 


flew over the Serrania de los Motilones, 


Garretson drew my _ attention to 
the dense forests clothing the 
mountain slopes and an_ occasional 
clearing where the ‘malocas’ of the 
savage Motilone Indians could be 
spotted. ‘This tribe has lived in savage 
isolation in the mountainous jungle 
terrain along the Colombia-Venezuela 
border for more than four centuries. 
It is said that the Motilones fled to the 
nearly impenetrable mountain jungles 
to escape the cruelty of the 16th cen- 
tury gold-seeking conquistadors and 
that ever since they have fiercely re- 
sisted attempts to pacify them. When 
oil was discovered in the Lake Mara- 
caibo basin in the 1920’s, settlers have 
been pushing deeper into the Indians’ 
territory and the latter, resisting en- 
croachment, frequently made surprise 


attacks on isolated settler outposts. A 


Rain Forest in the Catatumbo River drainage basin in Columbia. This forest is rich in 


interesting lianas, epiphytes and other tropical plants. 


PHOTO L.C, 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 3 


week prior to my arrival in Tibu, one 
such attack was made on a Colpet 
truck making an inspection tour of 
the company pipeline, which extends 
through the Motilone country. A small 
party of the savages shot seven arrows 
into the truck but fortunately none of 
the occupants was hurt. I have one 
of the arrows for a souvenir. These 
primitive arrowheads are made from 
the black palm, which grows in the 
region, and are attached to bamboo 
shafts. 

During my stay in Tibu, several 
collecting expeditions were made into 
the Catatumbo drainage area in the 
Motilone country. Rio Tibu, a typical 
jungle stream bordered by dense vege- 
tation, flows past the Garretson prop- 
erty and I was wont to plunge into the 
jungle on every occasion. Tall trees, 
dense shrubbery and huge lianas were 
evident everywhere. Anthuriums and 
bromeliads perched on the branches 
high above and the only way to secure 
them was to cut down the trees. You 
don’t climb trees in the American 
tropics. First of all, the trunks tower 
upwards before the branching starts, 
and secondly, voracious ants are every- 
where and most of them bite nastily. 
it is wise to be cautious of what you 
lean against or put your hand upon. 
Also frequently one comes upon col- 
umns of leaf-cutier ants, each carrying 
home parts of leaves from specially 
chosen trees. They bring the slices of 
green foliage to serve as fertilizer for 
their underground mushroom gardens. 
These ants are the worst kind of a 
plague, especially in gardens and on 
farms, for they do an enormous 


amount of damage. While on the sub- 


ject of insects, one that gave me the 
most trouble in the hot, humid Tibu 
region was the jejene. These are so 
tiny that it is impossible to see them 
but the welts they produce burn like 
the devil. At first I blamed the mos- 
quitoes for inflicting the many bites— 
and mosquitoes were plentiful—but 
after I found out the real culprit, | 
apologized to the mosquito. Insect 
repellents are of no use, for the per- 
spiration reduces their efficacy. 
Heliconias, gingers, ferns and many 
Melastomaceous and Acanthaceous 
plants were noticed. Calatheas reach 
up to ten feet in height and their 
broad leaves are used everywhere in 
Colombia for wrapping paper. Bundles 
of them are even sold in the markets. 
In another direction, following the 
Tibu river westward, we came to a 
waterfall, the first of hundreds that | 
was to see during my stay in Colombia. 
Under the constant spray grew colonies 
of Anthurium in profusion. A Spa- 
thiphyllum looked happy in the clayey 
soil beside a pool and everywhere on 
moist banks a grassy-leaved Pitcairnia 
with yellow and scarlet flowers could 
be noticed. A Cyclanthus, relative of 
the Panama Hat Palm, grew in small 


clusters. 


Along one abandoned road the ver- 
dure was fast encroaching upon it and 
we had to leave our truck behind 
and continue on foot. After about an 
hour’s walk we came to a_ second 
waterfall, discharging its waters into a 
gorge full of interesting plant life. In 
order to lower ourselves we had to cut 
down a medium-sized tree, make 
notches in the trunk for steps, and 


slide it down against the rocky wall. 


4 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Everything was dripping with mois- 
ture and the algae and mosses covering 
the rocks made them exceptionally 
slippery, so that extra caution had to 
be exercised before undertaking each 
step. Some unusual ferns, with irides- 
cent hue, were spotted under a drip- 
ping overhang of rock and on the rock 
wall itself a Gesneriad with scarlet 
blooms grew in abundance. A_ tiny 
orchid with white flowers and very 
few leaves grew on the moist ground 
and keeping it company was a fia- 
grant Spathiphyllum, identical with 
the one collected at the first waterfall. 
High above the boulder-strewn floor, 
in sheltered nooks and on rock-shelves, 
grew a leather-leaved Anthurium or- 
natum, some plants producing the 
characteristic white spathes. The 
clusters made a beautiful sight, but 
trying to collect specimens was another 
matter because of the slippery ap- 
proaches. However, after some dex- 
terous maneuvering by my guide, a 
few canes were procured. In appear- 
ance this Anthurium is similar in 
vegetative character to A. andreanum 
and its many hybrids but does not 
possess the rich colors in the inflores- 
cences of the latter. A velvety-leaved 
philodendron hung from the ledges 
and even clambered over boulders 
while a Cyclanthus perched on the 
rocks spreading its roots over the 
moist surface. A Pitcairnia preferred 
the rocks also and clung so tightly 
that it was hard to dislodge. An ex- 
amination of the trees growing in the 
gorge revealed very few epiphytes. 
Retracing our steps towards the truck, 
we paid particular attention to the 
strange flora lining the road. 


First there was a small three-foot 
herb, probably Tococa guianensis, be- 
longing to the Melostomaceae, which 
bears a peculiar little pouch or inflated 
organ at the base of each leaf. This 
species is one of the many myrme- 
cophyllous plants which harbor sting- 
ing ants, so prevalent in the American 
When I made a few field 


trips in the arid coastal areas around 


tropics. 


Barranquilla I came across a viciously 
thorny shrub or small tree which like- 
wise catered to the ants. This Acacia 
bore on its branches paired, hollow 
bull’s-horn thorns which were inhab- 
ited by stinging ants. Cecropia trees 
are very common in Colombia, char- 
acterized by large peltate, many-jobed 
leaves, often conspicuously whitish or 
silvery on the undersides. They are 
weedy trees, of relatively fast growth, 
producing few candelabra-like branches 
which make them rather conspicuous 
in the second-growth thickets and 
along the margins of woodland. Their 
hollow trunks are usually inhabited by 
colonies of stinging ants. An Acan- 
thaceous shrub, probably Trichanthera 
gigantea, appeared to be one of the 
showiest along the roadside, not only 
here but in many other places sur- 
rounding the Tibu area. The bright 
yellow and red flower clusters ap- 
peared all over the shrub and height- 
ened its glory. Still another conspic- 
uous bloomer was Cephaelis tomentosa, 
belonging to the Rubiaceae. At most, 
it is a subshrub with opposite leaves 
and mostly small flowers collected in 
an involucral head. The involucre is 
the showiest organ, being a_ vivid 
scarlet. ‘The plant apparently is wide- 


spread for I saw it in many humid 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


wi 


PHOTO L.C. 


Home of the Anthurium ornatum in Colombia. The moist boulders support a species of 


Cyclanthus. 


regions throughout Colombia. The 
plant that took my fancy, however, 
was Warscewiczia coccinea, another 
Rubiac. It added a splash of brilliant 
red on well-drained clay ridges. At 
first glance it appears to be a Poin- 
settia, especially when seen from a dis- 
tance, but on closer approach there is 
a difference and there is no milky juice 
in any of its parts. It can become a 
small tree with small orange flowers 
produced in elongated terminal pan- 
icles of many small, dense cymes, each 
cyme provided with an_ elongate, 
blood-red petal-like lobe, which gives 
it the Poinsettia look. 

A tree which intrigued me most was 
a Melastom, Bel'ucia grossularioides, 
which produces relatively large cream- 


colored succulent blossoms, in age 


turning brownish. A magnificent 
specimen grows in Garretson’s yard 
and spreads its leafy canopy over a 
wide area. In the wild I spotted a few 
trees along the river bank at higher 
levels. Another tree that caught my 
eye was a large-leaved fig, probably 
Ficus gigantea. It gave me the im- 
pression of Ficus pseudopalma from 
the Philippines, which is one of the 
rarities cultivated in the Climatron. 
Small specimens, 10 to 15 feet tall, 
look very impressive, especially when 
the extra long, wavy-margined, bright 
green leaves extend in columnar fash- 
ion all the way down. Strange enough, 
most of the above plants, as far as I 
know, are not found in cultivation but 
should rightly find a place in all 


botanic gardens. What the reason for 


6 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


their absence is, | don’t know, unless 
it be that they are difficult to handle. 
I took a number of cuttings for trial 
but failed to root them. I’m sure the 
time factor plus some unforeseen 
problems have caused their demise. An 
attempt will be made to secure fresh 
starts from Garretson. 

A most exciting trip was under- 
taken to a wild region, above Las 
Mercedes, which is not even listed on 
any map. We had tried to reach this 
place two weeks before but were 
turned back due to the very muddy 
and impassable condition of the road. 
From the start, the road was in fairly 
good shape but progressively got worse 
in the mountains. The road has not 
been maintained since it was aban- 
doned by Colpet in 1956. I predict 
that in another four years there will 
not be any semblance of a road left, at 
least for vehicular trafhc, unless repairs 
are made immediately. Erosion is 
slowly destroying the road in many 
places and in others vegetation 1s 
swallowing up sections. The road runs 
along a crest and often it is so narrow 
that awesome declivities can be seen 
on both sides. The ascents are quite 
steep, too. At any rate the ride shakes 
one up quite a bit and prematurely 
greys your hair. After negotiating 
about 50 miles we entered a jungle 
with giant buttressed trees loaded with 
epiphytes. Even before plunging into 
the thick jungle we came upon a 
bromeliad, Guzmania musaica and its 


variety, zebrina, which can now be 


included in Colombia’s flora. The 
variety was described by me (M.B.G. 
Bull.—April 1950) from plants col- 
lected in Panama by Paul Allen and no 
record of it has been mentioned for 
Colombia until our visit. Both the 
species and the variety are here by the 
thousands. This is one of the showtest 
of bromeliads, both in and out of 
flower. The plant makes a spreading 
rosette with leaves marked by heavy 
crossbands in zebra-like fashion. From 
the center issues an inflorescence with 
orange-red bracts and golden yellow 
flowers tipped white. ‘The plants grew 
on the ground, as well as on the lower 
portions of tree trunks, and even 
perched on the branches. Another 
bromeliad, Tillandsia monstrum, was 
also evident at the bases of trees, pro- 
ducing long flattened inflorescences 
that appeared fringed at the top. 
Along a murky stream an iridescent 
Selaginella was covering the bank and 
the forest floor was particularly over- 
grown with a pretty ‘Christmas-tree’ 
Lycopodium. Tree ferns were present, 
some Anthuriums, a Peperomia, and a 
Philodendron. Since it was getting 
late in the day and rain clouds were 
forming in the distance, we decided to 
curtail our collecting and head for 
home. To get stuck in this region for 
the night would have been disastrous. 

This story of the rain forests could 
be continued further but let it serve 
its purpose for the time being and 
whet the reader’s appetite for more to 
come. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN ", 


SMALL FLOWERING TREES 


Ps 


N -recent new homes 


have been built, most of them by 


years many 


real estate developers. Houses are 
planned and built according to specifi- 
cations but seldom are the areas sur- 
rounding the buildings improved with 
trees or shrubs. When people buy a 
house and move in they soon realize 
how bare it looks without any plants. 
The contrast between an established 
neighborhood and the bareness of a 
new subdivision is extreme. It’s the 
lack of trees, shrubs and _ particularly 
evergreens that makes the difference. 
Many people who move to the sub- 
urbs have never gardened and know 
little about plants. They have an 
urge to improve the appearance of 
their homes but are confronted with 
the problems of selecting the right 
plants, locating them properly and 
Much 


obtained from 


planting and caring for them. 
information may _ be 
garden and home magazines and books 
and from an experienced nurseryman 
who will help his customers in the 
selection of plants. Home owners dis- 
cover that gardening is a rewarding 
experience and soon acquire a great 
deal of knowledge about plants. 

Since trees are so important, they 
should be chosen wisely and for a defi- 
nite purpose. Small trees enhance the 
appearance of modern homes and large 
trees shade the gardens and_ houses. 
There are numerous small and medium- 
sized flowering trees which bloom in 
this area in March and April before 
the leaves appear. One of these is the 


cornelian cherry which usually blooms 


A. 


KOHL 


in March. It grows into a large, 
round shrub, ten feet high and is cov- 
ered for two or more weeks with a 
mass of small, yellow flowers. It and 
forsythia are the first yellow shrubs to 
bloom. 

The 
soulangeana, is frequently seen in old 
gardens as a broad, low-branched tree 


about fifteen feet tall. 


saucer magnolia, Magnolia 


In early April, 
with its large pink and white blossoms, 
it is by far the most conspicuous 
flowering tree. It grows well in almost 
any location and soil and seldom 
needs any attention. Not all magnolias 
are from the original hybrid, made 


by a French army officer in the early 


Saucer Magnolia, Magnolia soulangiana 
PHOTO P.A.K. 


8 MISSOURI BOTANICAI 


nineteenth century. Other hybrids 
between Magnolia denudata and M. 
lilliflora have undoubtedly been made 
which accounts for the variation in 
time of flowering of different plants. 
April is the month of small flowering 
trees. Various kinds of cherries bloom 
early in the month and by mid-April 
peaches and crabapples join the group. 
Not to be forgotten are our native 
redbud and dogwood trees which usu- 
ally are at their best in the latter part 
of April. The white-flowered Fugi 
cherry, Prunus incisa, blooms in early 
April. The autumn Higan cherry, 
Prunus subbirtella autumnalis, bears 
semi-double, light pink flowers which 
last for more than a week. The tree is 
vase-shaped and grows from twelve to 


fifteen feet in height. The name would 


Yoshino Cherry, Prunus yedcensis, one of the finest of the flowering cherries. 


GARDEN BULLETIN 


indicate that the tree also blooms in 
autumn but it has never done so here. 
We have often seen pictures of the 
cherry trees blooming around the Tidal 
Basin in Washington. Most of those 
trees are the Yoshino cherry. In St. 
Louis this species blooms in mid-April, 
when the tree is completely covered 
with white blossoms. The pink, 
double-flowered Kwanzan cherry is a 
beautiful tree. It cannot, however, 
be classed as a permanent tree and 
might have to be replaced after ten or 
more years. Double-flowering peaches 
also bloom in mid-April and named 
varieties in white, pink and red are 
available. These trees have a distinci 
trunk and resemble the fruiting peach 
trees in size and shape. 

varieties of 


Numerous flowering 


PHOTO P.A.k 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 9 


crabapples have become popular in 
recent years. Some are small, like the 
Sargent crab, and others are broad like 
the carmine and Lemoine purple crab- 
apples. 
various shades of pink and red-purple, 


The flowers, which are white, 


are followed by yellow or red fruits of 


various sizes. Crabapples are some 
of the best small-flowering trees. 

The native redbud is an excellent 
tree. When it grows naturally it fre- 
quently branches at the base, but by 
pruning it to a single trunk it will 
develop into a fine small tree. ‘The 
flowers are not red, as the name 
implies, but pink with a tinge of 
magenta. Planted alone or combined 
with its white-flowered variety it is an 
excellent tree for any garden. The 
flowers of Cercis canadensis alba are of 
the purest white. Many people do not 
know that there is a white form of 
redbud but once they see it they will 
be interested in planting it in their 
gardens. 

Besides our prize native tree, the 
white-flowering dogwood, there are 
also pink and red varieties. In the 
country it is usually found growing at 
the edge of the woods or mixed with 
other trees. It will grow in the open 


but must be watered during dry 


Of all of 
the trees described thus far, dogwood 


periods for several years. 


requires the until it is 


established. 


About a dozen small trees have been 


most care 


suggested for planting near a modern 
house. In selecting a tree for a par- 
ticular location its ultimate size must 
be considered. A carmine crabapple 
four feet high and two feet wide when 


planted will, in ten years, be twelve or 


more feet broad and ten feet high. 
When purchasing trees, the larger sizes 
should be selected. The hole should 
always be dug large enough so that the 
tree can be planted without crowding 
the roots. A generous amount of 
humus in the form of leafmold or peat 
moss, mixed with the soil as it is 
packed around the roots, will benefit a 
tree. In the process of filling, the soil 
is firmed and water is added before the 
hole is full. 


next day the remaining soil is placed 


Sometime later or the 
around the tree. A tree ten or more 
feet tall will need to be staked or 
braced. 

This is not a complete list of small 
trees but the ones that are described 
are March or April flowering. Some 
of the trees which bloom later are the 
fringe tree, hawthorne, sweet bay and 
bull bay magnolias, the goldenrain and 


pagoda trees. 


A cross index of common and botan- 


ical names of 


follows: 


COMMON NAMI 
Bull bay magnolia 
Carmine crabapple 
Cornelian cherry 


Double-flowering peach 


Flowering dogwood 
Fringe-tree 

Fugi cherry 
Golden-bells 
Goldenrain-tree 
Hawthorne 


Higan cherry, autumn 


Japanese pagoda tree 
Kwanzan cherry 
Lemoine purple 
crabapple 
Lily magnolia 
Redbud 
Sargent crabapple 
Saucer magnolia 
Sweet bay magnolia 
White redbud 
Yoshino cherry 
Yulan magnolia 


the trees 


BoTaNnicaL NAMI 
Magnolia grandiflora 
Malus atrosanguinea 
Cornus mas 
Prunus persica, var. 
Cornus florida 
Chioanthus virginica 
Prunus incisa 
Forsythia species 


mentioned 


Koelreuteria paniculata 


Crataegus species 
Prunus subbirtella 
anutumnalis 
Sophora japonica 
Prunus serrulata, var. 
Malus purpurea 
lemoinei 
Magnolia liliflora 
Cercis canadensis 
Malus sargenti 
Magnolia soulangeana 
Magnolia virginiana 
Cercis canadensis alba 
Prunus yedoensis 
Magnolia denudata 


10 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


THE TREE OF HEAVEN, AILANTHUS ALTISSIMA 


Il. HeENrRy SHAW’S CONNECTION WITH ITS INTRODUCTION 


R. SHAW had a slight personal 
M contact with the introduction 
of this Chinese tree into western hor- 
ticulture. It was first raised in west- 
ern Europe by Peter Collinson, who in 
1751 planted seeds sent him from 
Nanking, China, in his remarkable 
garden at Mill Hill, just north of 
A half century later this 
estate had become the property of the 
Mill Hill School and Henry Shaw was 


a student there. There is a tradition 


London. 


at the school that he acquired his first 
interest in Natural History, living, 
studying, and playing in the shade of 
some of the fine old specimens from 
the Collinson collections. In those 
days the Collinson Ailanthus would 
still have been a rarity, of growing 
interest for its commercial and orna- 
mental possibilities. As a school boy, 
Henry Shaw was probably acquainted 
with this first tree of Ailanthus in 
western Europe. E.A. 


ANOTHER FOR THE LIST OF MOLE CURES 


N the August 1958 issue of the 
American Horticultural Society 

Gardeners Forum there was an article, 
“Make War on the Pesky Moles.” 
Some remedies were given such as 
Dieldrin, Chlordane, trapping, etc., 
but the method used by many of us 
was not mentioned. 

This is the planting of Euphorbia 
lathyrus in various spots in the garden. 
It is a hardy biennial, (seeds itself) 
grows to about two feet in height, 
bears long narrow blue green symmet- 
It has been 
recommended highly as a_ repellent, 


rically arranged leaves. 


and it was stated that moles would not 
go within sixty feet of it as the roots 


are alleged to give off a toxic secretion. 


The plant is decorative and I have 
planted and seen it planted among 
many kinds of plants. I have had no 
trouble with moles since having this 
Euphorbia in my garden, but did find 
two dead moles. A friend stated that 
she found seven dead moles. At least 
a half dozen gardens where Euphorbia 
lathyrus is planted among perennial 
plants report they now have no trouble 
with moles. The American Horti- 
cultural Society free seed program this 
fall will include seeds of this plant so 
everyone bothered by moles and wish- 
ing to try this method can ‘“‘for free.” 
Grace Wilson, Gardeners Forum, Sep- 
tember 1961. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 1] 


RABBIT REPELLENTS 


n the June issue of the Pennsylvania 

Horticultural Society’s newsletter, 
“News,” there is a comprehensive sur- 
vey of experiences in repelling rabbits. 
Strangely, there were no reports on the 
success or lack of success with the 
commercial repellents. However, a 
number of remedies were supplied by 
the members. 

Dried blood, a fertilizer, spread 
around plant material proved very 
effective. Black pepper or moth balls 
sprinkled around choice plants seemed 
to work. Partially buried coke bottles 
give off a sound that is supposed to 


BOOK 


I Fr you need a present or an award for 

one of your friends who is a garden 
enthusiast or, in fact, for anyone who 
loves beauty, there are two outstanding 
books which you could consider as a 
gift. 

The first is The Wonderful Life 
of Flowers by Paul Jaeger, published 
by E. P. Dutton & Company, New 
York. Nothing has ever been pub- 
lished which can compare with this 
particular book, in beauty as well as 
in content. The author is a Professor 
at the University of Strasbourg who 
has been able to get together a most 
interesting discussion of the forms and 
functions of flowers, and who has also 
collected a set of photographs such as 
do not exist anywhere else. Their 
reproduction is beyond praise. The 


artisitc taste of the many photogra- 


disturb rabbits. Black plastic mulch 
spread over the ground disturbs rabbits 
and helps to keep them away from the 
garden. 

A good patch of clover may not be 
a repellent but it serves to attract 
rabbits away from other plants. In 
the winter time, one report indicates 
that prunings from apple trees spread 
around young trees served to feed the 
hungry bunnies, at least they chewed 
on the cuttings and not on the trees. 
American Horticultural Society Gar- 
deners Forum, September 1961. 


REVIEWS 


phers who have contributed is equally 
remarkable. Many of the flower pic- 
tures are in full color produced by 
a process which brings out the full 
beauty of each photograph. Many of 
the photographs are most dramatic, 
whereas others are of a tender beauty 
and still others give a most remark- 
able indication of the plant as it occurs 
‘nits native habitat. One might 
almost say that this book presents a 
special danger, namely that one will 
become so engrossed in going through 
the pictures and the text, that it 
should only be perused during a vaca- 
tion period. 

The second book is Plant Marvels 
in Miniature by C. Postma, published 
by John Day Company, New York. 
This book is quite different, in that it 


is primarily a picture presentation in 


12 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


superb black and white photographs 
of a limited number of plants, show- 
ing close-ups and microscopic views 
of the plants considered. These are 
undoubtedly among the very best 
plant photographs, and especially mi- 
crophotographs ever taken. The pic- 
tures have about the same dramatic 


impact as those in Jaeger’s book. The 


book, however, does not have the 
scientific significance of Jaeger’s book, 
since it does not have the really excel- 
lent text on flower biology, yet a cer- 
tain amount of description is included 
with it, which makes it possible to 
appreciate each picture to a greater 
extent. 


P.W.W. 


FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN NOTES 


NOTHER new benefit to members 
A of the Friends came along in 
December, in the form of a sale of 
surplus orchid plants from the Gar- 
den’s famous collection. Mostly 
Cattleyas, with some Cypripediums and 
other varieties, several dozen of the 
surplus orchids were offered at a one- 
day sale on December 15, to Friends 
only on a first come first served basis 
About 100 plants 
were sold. While the sale was a great 


to Friends only. 


success many people had to be dis- 
appointed because of the limited 
supply. Should more plants become 
available a sale will be announced at 


a later date. 


x 


Flowering orchid plants from the 
Garden’s famous collection will be 
given away as door prizes at the 
Friends Preview of the Orchid Show 
on Thursday, Feb. 1. If you hold a 
lucky number, you will receive free a 
beautiful Cattleya orchid in full 
bloom, if you are there to collect it. 


No deliveries are possible, winners 


must collect their plants at the Preview 


x 


A new service to Friends, and a new 


party. 


feature of the Friends’ office at the 
Main Gate is the presence there of 
a newly-installed ‘Gardeners’ Swap 
Board.” This simple device provides a 
central location through which mem- 
bers of the Friends may publish both 
their garden needs and their surpluses. 
If, for example, you have separated 
your irises and happen to be long on 
them at the moment, but would love 
to get your hands on a few more 
primroses, simply post a notice on the 
Gardeners’ Swap Board at the Friends 
ofhce, and see if you find someone to 
trade with. It would be worth your 
time to stop in and check the board 
from time to time, to see if anything 
you need may be offered for trade. 
Rules for using the Board, a privilege 
open only to Friends, are available at 
the office. It’s easy and it’s fun—and 
perhaps profitable to you. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 13 


EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS 1962 
MISSOURI BOTANICAL (SHAW’S) GARDEN 


ACTIVITIES FOR ADULTS AND CHILDREN 


SATURDAY NATURE PROGRAMS FOR 
CHILDREN 
|S aaeees advance registration re- 
quired. Every Saturday morning, 

10:00 to 11:30 A. M., Museum Build- 
ing. Enter at Cleveland Avenue Gate. 

Nature study programs are provided 
every Saturday morning for children 
ages 7 to 16 in the Garden and Green- 
houses. The children are given in- 
struction in the world of plants and 
their association with man, animals, 
birds and insects. They are encour- 
aged to make collections. They plant 
seed, bulbs and make cuttings of 
plants and work in their outdoor flow- 
er and vegetable garden plots. These 
programs offer action, recreation and 
the fun of taking home their collec- 
tions, decorations, seedlings, cuttings, 
bulbs and the produce from the garden 
plots. Programs for holiday seasons are 
related to the plant lore associated 
with them. 

Specific programs for each month 
are listed in the BULLETIN. 

For further information call TOwn- 
send 5-0440. 


PiIrzMAN SUMMER NaTuRE STUD} 


COURSES 


A Free Summer Nature Program 
made possible by a grant from the 
Pitzman Foundation is offered for 
children ages 7 to 16. Children have 
a fundamental curiosity about every- 
thing going on around them and these 


summer courses of two sessions, given 


by the Garden, encourage this interest 
in living things and answer many 
questions that arise from a closer con- 
tact with nature. 

Registration for the first session will 
be June 18th and for the second ses- 
sion July 23rd. Further information 
about the courses and registration will 
be available at the Main Gate after 
May Ist, telephone TOwnsend 5-0440. 


Pitzman nature boy awaits an unwary 
“dragon” or “damsel” fly to add to his collec- 


tion. 


PHOTO BY ARTHUR FILLMORE 


14 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


LECTURES 


On the first Monday of each month, 
from October through June (with the 
exception of January) a free lecture is 
given at 8:00 P. M., Museum Bldg. of 
the Garden. The speakers are usually 
members of the Garden staff telling 
about some interesting phase of re- 
search work at the Garden or on field 
trips. Most of these talks are illus- 
trated with colored slides. Subjects 
and speakers are announced in_ the 
Garden BULLETIN and the newspapers. 

Guipep Tours 

Organized groups and classes can 

obtain trained guides for visits to the 


Garden by telephoning TOwnsend 


5-0440 at least ten days before their 
visit. Adults in tours, other than 
teachers with their classes, are expected 
to pay the usual admission charge to 
the Climatron but there is no charge 
for children or teachers with class 


groups. 


SELF GuIDING Tours 


Climatron.—An_ instructive pam- 
phlet is available at the Climatron. 

Tree Trail—An illustrated guide 
sheet is available free at the Main Gate 
Office. 

Nature Trail.— This interesting 
marked trail begins near the Climatron 
and leads into the wild parts of the 


Garden. 


Children collecting butterflies and other insects for identification and study. 


PHOTO BY ARTHUR FILLMORI 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 15 


Courses FOR ADULTS IN HOME GARDENING 
AND BOTANY 


HE Garden is offering a series of courses in Gardening and Botany. The courses 
will be open to all interested persons. The fees charged for the adult 

courses include all materials. Most classes and practice sessions will be held in the 
classroom and greenhouses of the Garden’s Experimental Greenhouses which can 
be reached by entering the Cleveland and Tower Grove Avenue gate. 

Registration for all courses must be made in advance as the number of persons 
who can be accepted for a given course is limited. Should interest warrant, second 
sessions will be considered. Should less than fifteen persons register for any course, 
it may be dropped, in which case the fees will be refunded. 

All courses will be taught by Garden Staff members and by selected specialists. 
Fees based on the amount of time and materials supplied by the Garden. 


Home GARDENING 


101 Homer GARDEN Preview, Basic course 
For the home owner, a non-technical basic course including facts and 
procedures for planning, planting, pruning, fertilizing, watering and general 
maintenance of home grounds. 
8 Sessions—Fee $10.00 Tuesdays, Jan. 9 to Feb. 27 8:00 to 9:30 P. M. 
Experimental Greenhouse 


104 How To PROPAGATE FROM SEED 
Fundamental facts and procedures for producing annuals, biennials and 
some perennials from seed for use in your garden. The Garden supplies seed, 
germinating media and soil for four metal flats of seedlings which you may 
take home. Persons wishing to supply their own seed must bring it to the 
first session. 


5 Sessions—Fee $12.00 Tuesdays, Mar. 13 and 20 
Experimental Greenhouse Apr. 3, 10 and 17 1:00 to 2:30 P.M. 
Thursdays, Mar. 15 and 22 
Apr: 5,1 2-and 19 8:00 to 9:30 P.M. 


105 How ro PRopAGATE FROM CUTTINGS 
Fundamental facts and procedures of producing trees, shrubs and_per- 
ennials from cuttings (asexual reproduction). The Garden will supply one 
plastic covered metal propagating flat, media and plant materials for 40 to 
50 kinds of plants. 
5 Sessions—Fee $12.00 Tuesdays, Oct. 16 to Nov. 13 
Experimental Greenhouse 8:00 to 9:30 P.M. 
Thursdays, Oct. 18 to Nov. 15 
1200: to.2:30) POM. 


107 


109 


110 


201 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Buss, INDOOR—OUTDOOR 

Instruction on bulb forcing and outdoor bulb culture will be given. The 
Garden will supply each student with 24 top quality bulbs in 7 inch clay 
pans which may be taken home. The Garden will also provide space for cool 
treatment which the forced bulbs require. 


2 Sessions—Fee $8.00 Tuesdays, Oct. 2 and 9 8:00 to 9:30 P.M. 
Experimental Greenhouse — Thursdays, Oct. 4 and 11 1:00 to 2:30 P.M. 


PREPARATION AND CaRE OF Lawns 
General instruction concerning the preparation, care and maintenance of 
lawns. Special attention will be given to individual problems. 


3 Sessions—Fee $6.00 Tuesdays, Aug. 14, 21 and 28 
Museum Building 7:00 to 9:00 P.M. 


Home OrcHip CuLTuRE 

Orchids suitable for home culture and best ways of growing them. 
Potting demonstration and practice. Students may take the plant they pot 
home. 


1 Session—Fee $10.00 Saturday, April 7 10:00 A. M. to 3:00 P. M. 


Orchid Greenhouse 


PLANTS UNDER ARTIFICIAL LIGHT 

Latest up to date thoughts and practices on use of artificial light for 
plant propagation and culture. Observations of Garden’s application to 
High School Class Room Chambers. 


1 Session—Fee $4.00 Thursday, March 8 7:30 to 10:00 P.M. 
Lower Greenhouses 


BOTANY 


BOTANY FOR BEGINNERS. Basic course 
General instruction in botany. A semi-technical course to give the 
amateur an understanding of the plant world. 


8 Sessions—Fee $10.00 Tuesdays, Jan. 9 to Feb. 27 
Museum Building 8:00 to 9:30 P.M. 


Ss 
cen 


BOARD OF TRUSTEES 


ROBERT BROOKINGS SMITH, 
President 


LeicesTeR B. Faust, 
Vice President 

Henry B. Prvacer, 
Second Vice President 


Howarp F. Baer 
DANIEL K. CATLIN 


SaAmM’L. C. Davis 

HENRY HITCHCOCK 

JOHN S. LEHMANN 

RoBert W. OTTO 

WARREN MCKINNEY SHAPLEIGH 


DuDLEY FRENCH, 
Honorary Trustee 


EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS 


DANIEL SCHLAFLY, 


President, Board of Education of St. Louis 


Georce L. CapIGAN, 
Bishop, Diocese of Missouri 


STRATFORD LEE Morton, 


President, Academy of Science of St. Louis 


FRIENDS OF THE 


Mrs. Wm. R. Bascom, President, Mrs. 
baecher, Jr., Vice President, Mrs. Eli 


Treasurer, Kathleen M. Miller, Secretary. 


CarL TOLMAN, ; 
Chancellor, Washington University 
RAYMOND R. TUCKER, © 
Mayor, City of St. Louis 


GARDEN 
Curtis Ford, Vice President, Harry E. Wuerten- 
Strassner, Vice President, Sears Lehmann, 


HORTICULTURAL COUNCIL 


Clifford W. Benson, Paul M. Bernard, Mrs. 
Giebel, Robert E. Goetz, Paul Hale, Earl Hath, 


Paul H. Britt, E. G. Cherbonnier, Carl F. 


Mrs. Hazel L. Knapp, F. R. McMath, 


Dan O’Gorman, Gilbert Pennewill, Ralph Rabenau, Philip A. Conrath, Chairman. 


WOMEN’S ASSOCIATION 
Mrs. J. Bruce Butler, President, Mrs. James G. Alfring, Vice President, Mrs. Bert A. 


Lynch, Jr., Vice President, Mrs. Frank Vesser 
responding Secretary, Mrs Edwin F. Stuessie, 


Treasurer, Mrs. Samuel D. Soule, Cor- 


Recording Secretary. 


HISTORICAL COMMITTEE 
John_S. Lehmann, Chairman, Mrs. Edwin R. Culver and Mrs. Neal S. Wood, Co-Chairmen 


for Restoration. 


GARDEN STAFF 


Frits W. Went, Director 
HuGu C. Curwer, Executive Director 


Epcar ANDERSON, Curator of Useful Plants 


Henry N. ANpbREwsS, Paleobotanist 
CLARENCE BarsreE, Instructor 


Louris G. BRENNER, Grounds 
Superintendent 


Lapistaus Curaxk, Greenhouse 
Superintendent 


CarRo_u W. Donce, Mycologist 


CaLaway H. Dopson, Taxonomist and 
Curator of Living Plants 


Rosert L, Dressver, Taxonomist and 
Editor of the ANNALS 


James A. Duke, Assistant Curator 
of the Herbarium 


Joun D. Dwyer, Research Associate 


E. L. Evincer, Plant Recorder and 
Editor of the BULLETIN 


Wacpo G. Fecuner, Business Manager 


RAYMOND FREEBORG, Research Associate 


Rosert J. Gitvespigz, In Charge of 
Orchids 


James Hampton, Assistant Engineer 
Pau A. Kou, Floriculturist 


C. Ranvet Lincoxn, Assistant 
to the Director 


ViKToR MuUEHLENBACHS, Research 
Associate 


Norton H. Nickerson, Morphologist 
LILLIAN OVERLAND, Research Assistant 
KENNETH O. Peck, Instructor 

GeorcE H. Prine, Superintendent 
Owen J. Sexton, Research Ecologist 
KENNETH A. SMITH, Chief Engineer 


Frank STEINBERG, Superintendent of 
The Arboretum, Gray Summit 

GeorGE B, Van Scuaack, Librarian and 
Curator of Grasses 

TRIFON VON SCHRENK, Associate Curator 
of the Museum 


Rosert E. Woopson, Jr., Curator of the 
Herbarium 


SOME FACTS ABOUT SHAW’S GARDEN 


The Missouri Botanical (Shaw’s) Garden was established in 
1859 by Henry Shaw, a St. Louis businessman, to be controlled 
by a Board of Trustees for the public benefit. The Garden is 
a non-profit institution which receives no support from the city 
or state, depending on the income from the Shaw estate supple- 
mented by contributions from the public. 

The old stone walls and cast-iron fences, the Linnean House, 
the Museum Building, the part of the Administration Building 
which was Shaw’s Town House, relocated in the Garden in 1890, 
and the Tower Grove House, his country home, all date from 
Mr. Shaw’s time. The Main Gate, display and growing green- 
houses and most other facilities date from the period immediately 
following the turn of the century. The Climatron, opened in 
1960, is the first of several new buildings planned for the Gar- 
den’s redevelopment. It is the world’s first geodesic dome, fully 
climate-controlled greenhouse and contains the Garden’s tropical 
collections. 

The Garden—70 acres—is open every day of the year from 
9:00 A.M. until sundown; the greenhouses 9:00 A. M. to 5:00 
P. M.; the Climatron Monday through Thursday 9:00 A.M. to 
5:00 P.M., Friday through Sunday 9:00 A.M. to 10:00 P.M. 
Tower Grove House is open daily from 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. 
(April through November); 10:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M. (Decem- 
ber through March). The Display House presents four seasonal 
displays: November, Chrysanthemums; December, Poinsettias; 
February, Orchids; Spring, Lilies and other flowers. During the 
year are other shows, competitions and festivals sponsored by 
various Garden Clubs and Flower Societies. 

Courses in Botany and Horticulture for adults are conducted 
by the Garden staff. Children’s nature studies are provided each 
Saturday of the year and a special nature program is held during 
the summer. Information on these activities is published in the 
BULLETIN or may be had by mail or phone. The Garden main- 
tains a research program through the Henry Shaw School of 
Botany, Washington University. 

In 1926 an Arboretum — 1600 acres —was established at 
Gray Summit, Missouri. Foot trails and roads pass through the 
Arboretum and are open to visitors in April and May. 

The Garden Administration Building is located at 2315 
Tower Grove Ave., and the Garden main entrance is at Tower 
Grove and Flora Place. The entrance at Tower Grove and 
Cleveland Avenue is also open to the public. The Garden is 
served by both the Sarah (No. 42) and the Park-Southampton 
(No. 80) city bus lines. 

Persons interested in helping to support the Garden and tak- 
ing part in Garden activities are urged to do so through the 
“Friends of the Garden”. Information may be obtained from 
the Main Gate or by mail or phone. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN 


: February 1962 
ulletin Volume L 


Number 2 


Cover: Dr. Went and the Climatron Aquatunnel. The lily pads seen from below 
appear to be surrounded with a “halo” of light from the sun. Photo: Sf. Louis Post- 


Dispatch. 


Enclosed with this issue of the BULLETIN is a reprint of a feature story on the 
Climatron pool and Aquatunnel which appeared recently in the Post-Dispatch. It 
describes some of the problems which have been overcome in achieving the remarkable 


effects of this unique attraction. 


CONTENTS 


Old Favorites and New Introductions for the Home and Greenhouse 


Observations of Libraries 


Tropical Orchids Near the Texas Border 


Friends of the Garden Notes 


Office of publication: 306 E. Simmons Street, Galesburg, Illinois. 

Editorial Othee: Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis 10, 
Missouri. 

Guest Editor for this issue: RANLET LINCOLN. 

Published monthly except July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missour 
Botanical Garden. Subscription price: $3.50 a year. 

Entered as second-class matter January 26, 1942, at the post-office at Galesburg, Illinois, 
under Act of March 3, 1879. 


Missour1 Botanical Garden 


Vol. L No. 2 


Bulletin 


FEBRUARY, 1962 


OLD FAVORITES AND NEW INTRODUCTIONS FOR THE 
HOME AND GREENHOUSE 


LADISLAUS CUTAK 


S| is winter season gives all of us 
gardeners an opportunity to catch 
up on garden reading, perusing through 
catalogs, planning for next spring’s 
planting, learning more about current 
horticultural practices, and evaluating 
our house plants as well as those that 
grow in our greenhouses. 

Harking back to the good old days, 
as the old-timers proudly muse, back 
in the era of the long-reigning Queen 
Victoria, there was great interest cre- 
ated in plants from tropic regions. It 
was the era of horticultural endeavor. 
Nurserymen sent out explorers to vari- 
ous parts of the world to collect spec- 
tacular foliage plants which in turn 
were to grace the conservatories and 
homes of horticultural patrons. Any- 
one who could afford a little green- 
house fell into the trend. However, 
since the average home was so stuffy 
and not too well lighted, only the very 
tough plants could be grown under 
such conditions. These plants, even 
today, are still popular and apparently 
always will be. Numbered among the 
old favorites are Boston Ferns, Aspi- 
distras, Sansevierias, Anthericums, and 
I doubt if these 
subjects will ever go out of style. 


a host of others. 


After the Victorian era interest in 


plants sagged and was really not re- 


vived until modern architects began to 
incorporate large glass windows and 
walls in modern buildings. The result 
was that an abundance of light was 
brought indoors which made it possible 
to grow plants that at the same time 
harmonized with the surroundings. 
Almost any new home being built 
today has a picture window which 
makes it possible to grow many more 
plants than in the old fashioned parlors 
of yesterday. Thus, interest in plants 
has risen phenomenally. Today, there 
is a wide selection of foliage plants to 
fill every need. 

There are hundreds of old favorites 
and new introductions. They belong 
to diverse plant groups and have their 
I feel that all of 


them can be placed in either of three 


particular merit. 


categories: shade plants, diffused light 
The shade- 


loving plants are adapted to quite 


plants, and sun_ lovers. 


shady situations but this doesn’t mean 
that they must be grown in darkened 
nooks all year round. They will enjoy 
some light regularly in order to presen‘ 
a healthy and vigorous appearance. 
The semi-shade plants revel in diffused 
sunlight while the sun-loving plants 
necessarily require full sun but can 
also be grown in well lighted situations. 
Choose wisely such plants that are 


(1) 


2 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


adapted to the amount of sun or shade, 
and learn the water requirements of 
each plant. Some pots may dry out 
faster than others due to temperature 
variations. Above all, don’t overwater 
as waterlogged soil makes plants sick 
and encourages rot. Feed the plants 
judiciously when actively growing, and 
for best results, when using manufac- 
tured products, follow the manu- 


facturer’s directions to the letter. 


SHADE PLANTS 


A few plants, like the Cast Iron 
Plant (Aspidistra lurida), would not 
mind if forgotten and given no water 
for two or three weeks at a time, 
though it would like its leaves washed 
off once in a while. That gives a 
slight hint as to the ease with which 
this plant can be grown. Once estab- 
lished in a container very little care 
need be lavished upon it. No other 
house plant, with the possible excep- 
tion of the Sansevieria, receives so 
much abuse yet gives so much in 
return. It is a plant well suited for 
game rooms in basements that are 
semi-dark. This old house plant is one 
which seldom fails: whether kept hot 
or cold, in east, west, south or north 
window. Kitchen gas does it no harm 
and smoky atmosphere seems not to 
bother it in the least. For a smoke- 
filled tavern, hotel lobby, hall room, 
basement or any other poorly lighted 
place, the Aspidistra is the plant. The 
Aspidistra is characterized by very 
tough green leathery leaves on tough 
erect petioles and there is also a striped 
green and white variety. Although 
the plant adapts itself to all adverse 


conditions it is advisable to keep it 


moist but not too wet and sponge the 
leaves occasionally to keep off the dust. 

Ferns are good subjects for well 
shaded nooks as also are the Selaginel- 
las, popularly known as Club Mosses. 
Ferns are found in shaded places in 
moist forests, beside waterfalls, and in 
humus-filled pockets on rocky ledges. 
Ordinarily, they do not like the dry 
air of our living rooms but a few make 
ideal house plants. The old standby is 
the Boston Fern, Nephrolepis exaltata 
var. bostoniensis, which is often found 
in barber-shop windows and_ beauty 
parlors. It and its various varieties are 
strong growers with long fronds which 
sometimes are wavy, ruffled and plumy. 
A fern which is more tolerant of house 
conditions than any other member is 
the House Holly Fern, Cyrftomium 
falcatum and C. rochfordianum. Both 
are strong plants with stiff fronds pos- 
sessing dark green leatherlike leaflets 
which are studded with spore cushions 
on the underside. Some people are 
under the impression that the spore 
cases are bugs and more than once the 
Garden has been called about what to 
do with the “bugs.” Species of Pteris, 
commonly known as Table or Brake 
Ferns, do well in pots on a table if the 
soil is not allowed to dry out. The 
colorful ones are Pteris cretica var. 
albo-lineata, which produces leathery 
leaflets with a broad cream center 
stripe, and P. cnsiformis var. victoriae, 
a dwarf fern whose leaflets are prettily 
variegated with silver-white. P. river- 
toniana is a graceful serrated lacy- 
foliaged fern used a great deal in dish 
The large 


Mexican Tree Fern, Cibotinm schiedei, 


gardens and_ terrariums. 


with gracefully curving lacy fronds of 


MISSOURI BOTANIC¢ 


the brightest green, is frequently used 


for stage decorations while another 
dwarf tree fern, Alsophila cooperi, can 
also be grown in homes. For some 
time there has been a great interest in 
the Hawaiian Tree Fern, Cibotinum 
chamissoi, which is being imported to 
the mainland on a large scale. Depart- 
ment stores frequently decorate their 
windows and display counters with 
this plant. Usually, only the growing 
tops are sold which, after a while, start 
producing the beautiful lacy fronds. 
An important thing to remember is to 
keep the shaggy trunk moist all the 
time, Probably the most striking and 
unique fern is Aspleninm nidus-avis, 
called “Bird’s-nest.” It sends up broad 
bright green leaves in birdnest fashion 
from a central core of stem. Staghorn 


Ferns should be grown on wooden 
blocks and hung in patios or porches 
where they will do surprisingly well. 
Dip these ferns in water frequently to 
keep them from drying out. The best 
known stag fern is Platycerium alci- 
corne, which is a very good keeper. 
The most outstanding and celebrated 
staghorn in the Climatron is P. grande 


No 


other plant evokes as much comment 


which hangs from the portico. 
as it. The dainty Adiantums or Maid- 
enhair Ferns require much humidity, 
therefore should be grown in terrari- 
ums for best results. They produce 
slender wiry stems and delicate fan-like 
fronds of bright green leaflets. 
Selaginellas are best grown in ter- 
rariums where constant humidity pre- 
vails. There are several good species 
available including the graceful spread- 
ing and creeping forms like the irrides- 


cent S. uncinata and the bright green 


\] 


GARDEN BULLETIN 3 
S. kraussiana, but some are coarse and 
stiff upright growing types which re- 
semble ferns very much. If grown in 
pots immerse the containers in water 
once or twice a week as soil must be 
kept moist for best results. A mild 
plant food or liquid manure can_ be 
applied to ferns and club mosses about 
twice or three times a year. A plant 


that looks very much like moss is the 


dainty Baby’s Tears, known botan- 
ically as Helxine soleirolei. This Cor- 


sican ground cover will fill a pan or 
bowl in no time and spill over the pot 
gracefully. It needs shade and plenty 
of water as well as warmth. It can be 
worked onto a sphagnum-covered cross 


which it will cover readily and in this 


“Aluminum Plane’—Pilea cadiere/, southeast 
Asia. 


4 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


ornamental effect is often sold during 
the Lenten season. 

Don’t overlook the  Bertolonias, 
which are small tropical plants, suitable 
for terrariums or any other kind of 
glass gardens. They require a moist 
atmosphere, shade and lots of drainage. 
The fuzzy leaves are beautifully 
streaked with silver green or brown 
and truly are outstanding foliage 
plants. They are a little more difhcult 
to grow in the house but when culture 
is mastered the grower’s pride reaches 
a high level. The best varieties are B. 
maculata, B. marmorata, and B. pubes- 
cens, all native to the humid forests of 
Brazil. Equally attractive foliage be- 
longs to the Episceas which require 
high humidity and dampness. These 
plants, which are related to the Afri- 
can Violets, do not want to be chilled 
at any time. They produce small 
runners with new plants forming at 
the ends and therefore are suitable as 
basket plants or subjects for pedestals. 
There are numerous varieties, all of 
them presenting spectacular foliage. 

Other shade-loving plants worthy of 
trial are the Calatheas and Marantas. 
Sometimes they are known as Prayer 
Plants for the way they fold their 
leaves upward at night. Most of them 
prefer shade, warmth, moist loose soil 
and humid air. Many varieties, all 
with colorful foliage, can be obtained 
from the better known florist shops. 
One of the old favorites is Maranta 
leuconeura var. kerchoveana, a low 
plant with showy chocolate blotched 
green leaves. The most magnificent of 
all Calatheas is C. zebrina, but to be 
happy it must have warm humid at- 


mosphere. It is a sturdy plant with 


large emerald green velvet leaves 
striped with lighter and darker hues 


along the veins. 


PLants Re@urIRING DirFusED LIGHT 


Under this heading are included 
plants best suited for our homes. They 
require plenty of light but it must be 
filtered rather than direct. There is a 
great variety of plants to choose from 
but probably none are as ornamental 
and as easily grown as the Figs. They 
are the most durable subjects for 
patios, stores, factories, or homes wher- 
ever bold effect is needed. The com- 
monest and most indestructible are 
Ficus elastica with its varieties and F. 
pandurata, also known as F. lyrata. 
The first is known as the India Rubber 
Tree and has probably been grown by 
every house plant devotee. A varie- 
gated form with cream, white and 
green foliage is more desirable than the 
plain glossy green plant. A more 
robust form is variety decora, which is 
now more commonly cultivated. The 
other is the Fiddle Leaf Fig with very 
large leaves shaped like the back of a 
fiddle. The leatherlike dark green 
leaves are frequently used in arrange- 
ment pieces. The plant grows large 
and is suitable for pot or tub culture. 
In order to keep the leaves all the way 
down the stem it is necessary to supply 
plenty of moisture to the roots. The 
Zulu Fig, F. utilis, is another large- 
leaved specimen for places that de- 
mand rugged individuality. The true 
fig which produces the edible fruit, F. 
carica, is not to be overlooked because 
its foliage is deeply lobed and highly 
ornamental. There are a number of 


small-leaved Figs which remind us of 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 5 


Citrus or Laurel trees. The most 
graceful of them is Ficus benjamina 
with long drooping branches that are 
covered with small dark green leaves. 
F. nitida is an upright grower produc- 
ing a compact head of foliage quite 
similar to the preceding. A creeper 
with the tiniest leaves is F. pumila, 
native to the Orient. It loves best to 
cling closely to walls and makes a 
beautiful tracery with its small round- 
ed green leaves. One private indoor 
swimming pool in St. Louis uses this 
fine creeper to cover a_ background 
wall. A good example of this type of 
wall covering can also be seen in the 


Linnean House at the Garden. 


Although a good many of the Ivies 
can withstand lots of bright sunshine 
there are a few which prefer filtered 
light for best development. The Ca- 
narian Ivy which bears yellow speckled 
or variegated foliage is one of these. 
There are also improved strains of the 
old English Ivy that require semi-shade 
such as ‘‘Merion Beauty,” ‘Silver 
King,” “Glacier” and several others. 
The variegated Ivies, of course, are 
very popular as pot plants. Ivies, as a 
rule, prefer cooler situations than most 
other house plants and they also like 
to be kept somewhat drier. A number 
of Cissus are excellent trailing plants 
for boxes and hanging baskets. One 
of the most dependable and easy of 
culture is Cissus rhombifolia or Grape- 
Ivy. It can withstand dry air. An- 
other grape relative is the Kangaroo- 
vine (Cissus antarctica) which = has 
notched or toothed thick glossy leaves. 
The most beautiful is the tropical C. 
discolor but it needs greenhouse condi- 


tions to bring out the luxuriant foli- 


age. A robust grower coming into 
great favor is Tetrastigma (Cissus) 
voineriana from Puerto Rico. 

Palms and cycads lend character and 
distinction to the tropical scene and 
should be employed in patios, lighted 
lobbies or spacious entrance-ways. 
Many of them have no desire for 
strong light and therefore are suited 
to life in our living rooms. In general, 
palms require a fairly heavy rich soil 
and plenty of water. The most dec- 
orative and durable is Howea (Kentia) 
forsteriana, known as Paradise Palm. 
Many of the palms do not acquire the 
graceful character until the adult 
stage, so for this reason they are not 
grown or used as much in the average 
home but there is a group of dwarf 
types, known as Chamaedoreas, which 
should be tried. The Chamaedoreas 
reach full development in 6-8 inch 
pots. Two of the nicest diminutive 
table palms are Chamaedorea elegans 
and C. erumpens. The latter hails 
from Honduras and suckers rather 


freely. 


Sunchezia nobilis, Ecuador. 


6 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Cycads are often referred to as 
palms, but really are the most primi- 
tive of the living gymnosperms. They 
grow slowly and as small potted plants 
are excellent for the home. The best 
known is Cycas revoluta, which pos- 
sesses stiff fern-like leaves in a crown 
at the top of the trunk. Another 
species, C. circinalis, with shiny dark 
green leaves, is available in the trade 
but it is not as stiff as the preceding. 
Encephalartos is a South African genus 
with prickly stiff leaves and highly 
decorative appearance. The Mexican 
Dioons are also very attractive even in 
the juvenile stage. 

Pellionias are tropical creepers which 
put one in mind of the Wandering-Jew 
or Tradescantia but their leaves are 
considerably thicker and more leathery 
with interesting marbled markings. 
They love to be kept moist and warm. 
Two species are in the trade, P. daveau- 
ana and P. pulchra, the first with 
bronzy leaves with light green centers 
and the second with a blackish net- 
work of veins on a dark green back- 
ground. A similar trailing plant. is 
Hemigraphis colorata from Java which 
has been advertised by some unscrupu- 
lous nurserymen as a “‘red leaved ivy.” 
It produces dark metallic purple leaves 
and is heavier textured than the Pel- 
lionias. Still another low creeper is 
Fittonia which has larger leaves than 
any of the preceding plants. Although 
attractive in its own pot this excellent 
creeper is generally used to cover the 
tops of planter boxes, tubs or larger 
containers in which taller plants are 
grown. Fittonias also look attractive 
in terrariums. The foliage presents a 


network of either white or red veins 


on a dark green background, and be- 
cause of the intricate design the well 
known species are dubbed ‘‘Mosaic 
Plants.’ 


> 


Within the last decade a number of 
new introductions came on the market, 
one of the most attractive being the 
Aluminum Plant, Pilea cadierei. The 
leaves are quite fleshy and of a vivid 
green color overlaid with shining silver 
blister-like blotches. The plant propa- 
gates and grows very easily but needs 
a warm humid atmosphere. It will 
branch and get about a foot high but 
looks very attractive even in small 
containers. Another interesting Pilea is 
P. involucrata, which when first intro- 
duced was advertised as the ‘‘Panamigo 
Plant.” It has a corrugated shiny dark 
green leaf tinted purple on the under- 
side. The Artillery Plant, P. micro- 
phylla, is a near relative that likes to 
grow underneath benches in a green- 
house in moist cinders or gravel. The 
fleshy stems and branches are covered 
with masses of tiny bright green leaves. 
Young plants are desirable for dish 
gardens. 

Peperomias are very attractive fleshy 
herbs which prefer filtered light as 
they often are found in tropic forests, 
sometimes growing on fallen tree 
trunks. They like to be kept some- 
what on the drier side especially those 
The most 
popular is P. obtusifolia with rich ob- 


with leatherlike foliage. 


ovate glossy green leaves. There is 
also a variegated form that is highly 
desirable. About 25 species are avail- 
able in the trade, the most colorful 
being P. sandersii which has water- 
melon designs of silver on dark green 


background. P. hederifolia is one of 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 7 


the most outstanding bushy species 
with rounded leaves of metallic-gray 
to olive in color and deeply crinkled. 

Dracaenas and Cordylines are fas- 
cinating foliage plants once again com- 
ing into prominence. They are mostly 
natives of tropical Africa and require 
no special treatment. They can be 
kept on the drier side. Too much 
water turns the leaves yellow and 
causes them to drop. They are about 
the hardiest of house plants. The com- 
monest is D. fragrans which enjoyed 
popularity in the Victorian era and 
still remains a great favorite. Some- 
times it is jokingly referred to as 
“Corn Plant.” There are striped vari- 
eties of it. Another great favorite is 
D. deremensis which has narrower dark 
green leaves from which two or three 
colorful sports evolved; one with a 
wide cream midstripe is known as D. 
bausei and the other with pin-striped 
foliage is known as D. warneckei. 
Sometimes all three variations appear 
on the same plant which has a ten- 
dency to cluster or branch. Most of 
the Dracaenas produce leaves in rosette 
fashion at the ends of the stems but 
D. godseffiana has its leaves carried on 
thin wiry stems. The small deep green 
leaves are irregularly spotted with 
cream or yellow and sometimes the 
name “Gold Dust Dracaena” is applied 
to it. A mutation with much heavier 
spotting in the leaves, known as “Flor- 
ida Beauty,” is superior to the type. 
One of the most spectacular is the 
slow-growing dwarf, D.  goldicana, 
with silver-green crossband designs 
but it is more of an oddity than any- 
thing else. Dracaenas are often con- 
fused with Cordylines but the two 
groups are very close horticulturally, 


differing technically in size and char- 
acter of flower and fruit. Cordylines 
are native to Australia, the South Seas 
Islands and East Indies and one species 
is the famous Ti-Plant which the 
Hawanan girls employ in making hula 
skirts. Cordyline terminalis and a 
number of mutants derived from it 
produce bayonet-shaped leaves which 
are highly colorful in various shades of 
red. Although Dracaenas and Cordy- 
lines present no cultural problems, 
mealybugs love to congregate in the 
crowns and may cause stunted growth, 
but a careful check will prevent an 
infestation. 

The Screw Pines are old favorites 
serving various decorative purposes in 
and around the house. In summer 
they can be placed outdoors in window 
boxes or vases using them as center 
pieces and planting other colorful ma- 
terial around them. During winter 
months potted Pandanus can be placed 
in jardinieres, or on mantels and tables 
to add a touch of green. Pandanus 
plants bear narrow strap-shaped leaves 
with or without fine marginal spines. 
The leaves grow in compact spreading 
tufts and young plants are frequently 
attached all along the stem, which can 
be easily detached and rooted to start 
new propagations. The best known is 
P. veitchii, its dark green leaves mar- 
gined with broad bands of white, but 
more spectacular is P. sanderi which is 
more pronouncedly striped with golden 
bands. P. pacificus is a glossy green- 
leaved species as is P. utilis, but the 
latter is characterized by red marginal 
spines. 

Earlier I spoke of the Ivies as being 
such wonderful decorative house 
plants but they are trailing and vining 


8 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


plants. Near relatives to them are the 
various Araliaceous plants which are 
gaining popularity day by day. Some 
of them have rather massive foliage 
but a number with smaller leaves make 
excellent pot plants. Such are Aralia 
balfouriana, A. filicifolia, A. guilfoylei 
var. victoriae and A. elegantissima, to 
name a few. In the trade these are 
generally sold under Aralia but the 
first three are now included under 
Polyscias and the last as Dizygotheca 
in botanical literature. Balfour’s Ara- 
lia makes an excellent pot plant. Its 
leaves are small and somewhat resemble 
those of a Pelargonium zonale which 
are edged with white. The second 
species is an all bright green type with 
leaves finely cut like those of a fern, 
the third is another graceful lacy- 
foliaged plant characterized by white 
variegation, and the last is the dainti- 
est of all with the most delightful dark 
red brown foliage. The leaves are 
usually divided into five very narrow 
long segments and the segments are all 
jagged toothed. 

Some of the tropical foliage plants 
are a little touchy when night tem- 
peratures go down considerably but 
the Aralias do not mind this so much. 
They withstand temperatures of 50 
degrees F. very nicely and some will 
even tolerate much lower temperatures. 
In this respect Aralia sieboldii is one of 
the best, as are also Fatsia japonica and 
Fatshedera lizei, both with bold leath- 
ery foliage which is palmately cut. 
The latter is an interesting bi-generic 
cross implying the best qualities of a 
Fatsia and Ivy. It is said to withstand 
outdoor temperatures in New York 
if set out in well protected places. 
Schefflera is another relative with al- 


most indestructible qualities. It will 
attain tree size if allowed to grow 
freely but will remain small for years 
if confined in small pots. It bears large 
digitate glossy leaves and is a good 
subject for entrance-ways as it can 
tolerate much shade. It now fre- 
quently decorates store windows, hotel 
lobbies and other situations where more 
tender plants would succumb to 
neglect. 

The Maricas or Tropical Iris are 
wonderful house plants because they 
are so easy to grow and have a pleasing 
green appearance all year round. The 
leaves are flat like an Iris and appear 
in fan shape. ‘They also present a 
graceful effect and a whole plant can 
easily be used in floral arrangement. 
They do produce Iris-like flowers but 
last only a few hours, so are not grown 
for the blossoms but rather for the 
beautiful symmetrical foliage. Marica 
gracilis and M. northiana are the two 
common forms found in homes, the 
first more slender and graceful, the 
latter larger and bolder in all its parts. 
A rarer flimsier yellow green relative 
is Trimezia martinicensis and not to be 
overlooked are the African Moraeas 
with more blue-green foliage. 

Jacobinia is both a flowering and 
foliage plant worthy to be included in 
any home collection. The leaves are 
large dark green and somewhat crinkled 
and form a compact bushy head. Give 
it plenty of water and semi-shade. 
The leaves will droop and wilt easily 
if allowed to dry out but will perk up 
nicely with a good drink of water. 
The best species is Jacobinia_ carnea, 
both for its dense terminal spike of 
pink flowers and crinkled foliage. 
Other excellent member is the newer 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 9 


]. suberecta from Uruguay which 1s 
more or less a prostrate type and ex- 
cellent for hanging baskets. It is used 
as an edging or border plant in the 
Climatron, its  greyish-green leaves 
and burnt orange flowers making a 
good appearance. Aphelandras deserve 
a trial also. Some have very beautiful 
leaves particularly those with velvety 
texture, often marked with silver 
along the midrib and main veins. 
There are many more interesting 
plants for the home. Why not visit 
the local nurseryman and see what he 
has to offer and if he doesn’t have as 
great a selection as expected send for 
catalogs of out of town growers. 
Peruse the ads in garden and horticul- 
ture magazines for these firms. While 
on the subject of catalogs, do not 
overlook the book called Fwotica put 
out by the Julius Roehrs Company in 
Rutherford, New Jersey. It is the 
most fascinating and informative vol- 


ume put out today—a sort of pictorial 
encyclopedia with thousands of tropic 
plants illustrated. The cost, about 
$30.00 for the newest edition, may 
seem prohibitive to the average gar- 
dener but it is the most comprehensive 
book of its type on the market and 
well worth every cent. If you were 
to buy 5 to 10 current horticultural 
books at present prices they would 
still be much higher in cost and not 
near as well illustrated (pictures help 
both the amateur and advanced stu- 
dent immensely!) and comprehensive 
in scope as Exotica. 


SUN-Lovinc PLaNts 


A great number of plants that are 
used for bedding purposes outdoors 
during the summer also can be useful 


house plants in sunny windows. 
Among these the Coleus are pre- 
eminent. They are all small herbs and 
shrubs with colorful foliage. All root 
readily from short cuttings and can be 
sheared and pinched to keep them 
dwarf and bushy. For best results, 
however, new plants should be started 
yearly. The old “Golden Redder” is still 
one of the leading varieties for carpet 
bedding and window gardening. It has 
golden yellow foliage. Another old 
timer is “Verschaffeltii’? which offers 
brilliantly colored crispy foliage, but 
there are quite a number of newer 
mutants which are far superior to the 
old favorites. ‘They can be seen in the 
Climatron and the most desirable are 
“Paisley Shawl,” ‘“Beckwith’s Gem,” 
“Tapestry” and “Russet.” Coleus are 
subject to mealybugs, therefore care- 
ful watch must be maintained in order 
to prevent infestation. 

Acalyphas are also nice window 
plants, resembling Coleus superficially, 
but the plants are more robust and 
stiffer in appearance. The best known 
variety is Acalypha wilkesiana var. 
macafeana, a highly colorful foliage 
plane with leaves of red marked with 
crimson and bronze. If grown in 
shade the leaves will revert to green 
and white and are then not nearly as 
pretty as the coppery ones. A. wilkesi- 
ana var. obovata from Polynesia is also 
spectacular, its leaves being green 
edged cream-white, later changing to 
copper with rose margins. 

Abutilons are still other attractive 
window plants and some species are 
A. striking 


handsome species is A. megapotamicum 


also used for bedding. 


var. varicgatum. It comes from Brazil. 
A maple-leaved form with variegated 


10 MISSOURI BOTANICAL 


yellow and green foliage is A. sfriatum 
var. thompsonii. All the variegated 
forms are grown for foliage and fre- 
quently used for bedding purposes. 
They will grow bushy and tall but can 
always be pinched back to keep them 
ideal for pot culture. Give them 
plenty of light and water. 

Aucubas are handsome small shrubby 
plants with large lustrous often vari- 
egated leaves. There are several horti- 
cultural forms with various degrees of 
variegation, the commonest being A. 
japonica var. variegata with yellow and 
green foliage. Aucubas prefer a cool 
location and can stand low tempera- 
tures. 

Of all the decorative plants the 
Crotons are the most colorful, possess- 
ing the brightest hues imaginable. 
They definitely need the full sun to 
bring out the brilliant colors, so grow 
them in the sunniest positions in a 
window or greenhouse. If at all pos- 
sible place the pots outdoors during 
the summer so that the fullest colors 
are attained and maintained through- 
out the winter when light is not 
always sufficient in the average home. 
Give the Crotons plenty of moisture 
also. The foliage is diverse and can be 
narrow or broad, short or long, lobed 
or entire, interrupted or whole, and 
straight or curling in corkscrew 
fashion. Botanically, Crotons are Co- 
diaeums and come from Polynesia, 
Java, India and Malaysia. Many horti- 
cultural forms are offered in the trade 
and “‘Mona Lisa” is a very likeable one 
with broad areas of yellow on a back- 
ground of dark green. There are a 
number of them displayed in the 
Climatron beds, especially in the Ha- 


wallan area. 


GARDEN BULLETIN 


While on the subject of colorful fo- 
iiage, do not overlook Graptophyllum 
pictum and Pseuderanthemum  atro- 
purpureum var. tricolor. The former 
is an upright bush with beautiful oval 
purplish brown leaves with pinkish 
veins and stem while. the latter has 
shiny metallic red and pink leaves. 
Both can be topped to produce a bush- 
ier effect. Pseuderanthemum alatum 
is another worthwhile subject, known 
as the “Chocolate Plant” from the 
coppery-brown papery leaves. The 
most outstanding colorful leaves, how- 
ever, belong to Hibiscus  cooperi. 
Hibiscus are usually grown for their 
profusion of large flowers but this one 
is definitely an exotic foliage plant, 
its leaves mottled with green, white, 
cream and pink. 

A highly ornamental and curious 
plant is Acanthus montanus from 
tropical Africa. It has a stiff olive- 
green broad leaf divided into spine 
tipped lobes. The leaves are very deco- 
rative and are said to have suggested 
the foliage designs at the top of 
Corinthian columns. The plants re- 
quire a rich, light, well-drained soil 
and lots of sunshine. 

Ruscus aculeatus is a botanical odd- 
ity and at the same time a useful house 
plant. It is called “Butcher’s Broom.” 
The true leaves are bract-like struc- 
tures usually unnoticed by the non- 
What one would 


call leaves are really cladodes or modi- 


botanical person. 


fied stems which are laminated and 
have the appearance of leaves.  In- 
conspicuous greenish yellow flowers 
are borne on the midribs of the cladodes 
which later turn into bright red ber- 


ries. Ruscus is a striking and accom- 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 11 


modating plant, tolerant of all kinds 
of soils, and will grow well in full sun 
or in dense shade. 

Buxus are evergreen shrubs of rather 
slow growth with shining, small foli- 
age. They need well drained soil. In 
greenhouses the dwarf forms are 
sometimes used in borders but likewise 
make excellent pot plants. Myrsine 
africana is another small shrub with 
small coriaceous leaves resembling 
Boxwood but is not as hardy as the 
latter. Still another nice evergreen is 
Podocarpus macrophylla which is 
densely bushy with long narrow dark 
green leaves. The branches are superb 
keepers and are frequently used for 
decorative purposes. Murraya exotica 
is another excellent shrub with glossy 
green foliage and Pittosporum tobira 
‘should not be overlooked either. ‘The 
latter has obovate leathery leaves and 
makes an excellent potted specimen. 
The Silk Oak, Grevillea robusta, with 
lacy fern-like foliage, is a medium-sized 
tree but will remain small in a pot. It 
wants a good rich garden soil with 
rotted manure but can be kept on the 
dry side without harmful effects. It 
is best to soak the pot thoroughly and 
not water again until the soil dries out. 
Araucarias are very decorative pot 
plants grown in windows or as table 
subjects. They prefer lots of light and 
should be kept cool at night. Give 
them room to develop and plenty of 
light, otherwise they become ragged 
and straggling specimens. The Nor- 
folk Island Pine, Araucaria excelsa, is 
the common form sold by florist shops. 
It produces soft non-spiny foliage of a 
lovely shade of green and the branches 
A. bidwillii is a 


dark green compact tree with dense 


are widely spaced. 


branch growth and closely set spine 
tipped foliage. Makes a good rugged 
pot plant. 

The pomegranate, Punica granatum, 
is worth growing for its decorative 
value. There is a dwarf form known 
as nana which looks attractive in a 
4-inch flower pot. The small myrtle- 
like shiny leaves and scarlet flowers 
make it a desirable plant to be used in 
borders and it also can be clipped into 
a hedge. 

The cultivated Banana has a very 
respectable antiquity. It was known 
in prehistoric times and, in fact, is 
linked traditionally with the Garden of 
Eden as the tree of knowledge of good 
and evil. Although the common Ba- 
nana is a robust grower there are a few 
table varieties that can be grown in 
homes where larger plants are wel- 
come. Bananas love lots of sun and 
moisture. The Chinese Dwarf Banana, 
Musa cavendishii, can be easily grown 
in a tub ina sunroom. A very slender 
narrow-leaved Banana is M. zebrina, 
its green leaves marked by irregular 
blood red blotches. In the trade it 
appears under the name of M. suma- 
frana but this one is. still another 
species very rarely seen outside of its 
Javanese habitat. 

I could go rambling on with addi- 
tional species of wonderful house 
plants but feel enough have been men- 
tioned from which one can choose a 
few favorites. There is no more fas- 
cinating hobby than growing plants in 
the home or greenhouse. If you have 
never grown plants in your home, 
please give them a trial and you will 
shortly realize the enjoyment you've 


missed. Good luck in your enterprise! 


2 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


OBSERVATIONS OF LIBRARIES 


GEORGE B. 


He librarian recently returned 
from a busman’s holiday visiting 

a number of libraries on the east coast. 
Three of these, the Gray Herbarium— 
Arnold Arboretum Library at Harvard 
University and those at the New York 
Botanical Garden and the Academy of 
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, con- 
tain major collections of botanical 
books, probably the most important in 
that part of the country, apart from 
the gigantic but much dispersed one 
which the federal government has ac- 
cumulated in and around Washington. 
In large part similar to our own library 
these institutions have many similar 
problems. A fourth library, that of 
the American Museum of Natural His- 
tory in New York, though more re- 
stricted in its botanical material, is also 
a natural history library serving the 
scientific staff of an institution not part 
of an academic system, and accord- 
ingly also with problems like our own. 
The librarian found that all four of 
these libraries face the difficulties pre- 
sented by lack of space, by lack of 
sufficient staff and by lack of funds for 
purchase, for binding and for repair. 
While each institution has made some 
progress against one or more of these, 
in general all of them are still merely 
“hopeful” about dealing with the rest. 
The Gray Herbarium—Arnold Arbore- 
tum Library moved into entirely new 
and adequate quarters several years 
ago, while the New York Botanical 
Garden has completed plans for a new 
library wing of three stack floors and 
a floor of reading rooms and offices. 


SCHAACK 


The libraries of the American Museum 
and the Academy of Natural Sciences, 
devoted as they are to many subjects 
in addition to botany, are much larger 
than our own library and its two sister 
libraries just mentioned. Their quar- 
ters are little more than just barely 
adequate and at the current rate of 
scientific publication will not long be 
even that. On the score of staff, how- 
ever, they show an encouraging ten- 
dency to try to provide almost enough 
personnel, in number at least, although 
to tind those of desirable training and 
experience is often no easier than it is 
in other scholarly libraries today. At 
the Gray Herbarium, however, the 
library is outstandingly understaffed, 
being almost entirely taken care of by 
Mrs. Schwarten alone; while putting 
all of us woefully to shame with her 
human dynamism may she not over- 
spend her strength! 

At one institution, at least, funds 
for binding are desperately needed, for 
many thousands of its volumes of 
journals are still in their parts as pub- 
lished, loose on the shelves, open to the 
hazard of frequently being misplaced 
or damaged, if not even lost. Increased 
funds are perhaps less critically needed 
at the other institutions, but except at 
Harvard the older and rarer works 
almost cry for more adequate shelving 
Most of this 
type of material at the Gray Herbarium 


and often for repair. 


has been removed to be placed with 
Harvard’s rare book collections. At 
the other institutions most of the rarer 
works are shelved along with less valu- 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 13 


able and more rugged material, appar- 
ently casually, but actually because 
neither suitable space for housing nor 
personnel for segregating them have 
been available. With many items no 
less valuable or important than those 
to be found in several libraries men- 
tioned below, these collections are 
by very force of circumstance being 
treated with what seems like shocking 
neglect. Recently visiting one of these 
libraries a distinguished rare book li- 
brarian was astonished if not horrified 
to find almost unobtainable rarities on 
the open shelves. In his own library 
these would be in an air-conditioned 
room, available, to be sure, to those 
who needed them and could appreciate 
them, but until then safely away 
from the buffeting of less careful and 
knowledgeable users. 

The scales are tipped full to the other 
side in four other libraries visited. The 
Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, 
built about sixty years ago, is a small 
Renaissance palace, its main room, 
three stories high, circled by two gal- 
leries. Here are to be seen, behind 
metal-grilled doors, many thousands 
of early books from the days of Guten- 
berg onward. Open to the public (al- 
though the door is unlocked only after 
the bell is rung!) this building is a 
show place where there are always on 
view special exhibits of the library’s 
many treasures of manuscripts, prints 
and binding as well as books. Natu- 
rally in such a place, nothing may be 
touched or consulted. But there is an 
adjacent structure in which these very 
books may be used by anyone of serious 
interest and purpose; no long forms 
need be filled out nor personal refer- 


ences given, but the librarian is not 


slow to detect the difference between 
mere curiosity and genuine interest. 
And, the door is kept locked and 
guarded! 

Considerably less splendid but no less 
well done in its style and no less ade- 
quate to its purpose is the new library 
of the American Philosophical Society 
in Philadelphia. Built on the site of an 
early library, in Independence Square 
next to Independence Hall, its exterior 
reproduces the original colonial struc- 
ture, while the interior is adapted to 
modern use. Among other things this 
library is one of America’s great de- 
positories of material relating to its 
national history, containing in partic- 
ular much of Benjamin Franklin’s 
library and vast quantities of letters 
and other manuscripts concerning our 
early years. Convincing on the score 
of curatorial seriousness are its five- 
story vault for manuscripts and_ its 
full-time binder and restorer. One of 
the latter’s duties is to mount on three- 
dollar-a-yard invisible linen frail man- 
uscripts, which, by the way, even 
while under repair, must be replaced 
in the vault each night before it is 
locked at five o’clock, the hour at 
which the burglar alarm becomes 
effective! 

Turning again to more _ strictly 
botanical matters, the librarian visited 
Dumbarton Oaks in Washington in 
order to see the library which Mrs. 
Robert Woods Bliss is gathering for 
the study of garden design. Here is 
treasure upon treasure of illustrated 
books dealing with gardens, in partic- 
ular with their history as artistic 
objects and with the plants which they 
have contained. This collection, too, 
goes back to the fifteenth century, but 


14 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


its greatest riches are perhaps in the 
eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, 
when royal gardens of Europe reached 
such a peak. Hlustrated works of that 
period devoted to garden plants were 
usually provided with handcolored en- 
gravings, only very rarely and in 
strictly limited editions with original 
watercolors. In the Bliss collection 
there are several such unusual sets, 
among them the many-volumed work 
of Kerner, Hortus Sempervirens, con- 
taining several hundred exquisite water- 
colors of plants nearly in life-size. 
Mrs. Bliss’ librarian reported that 
when Dr. George Taylor, Director of 
Kew, recently visited there and was 
shown this work he remarked that see- 
ing it was alone worth his whole trip 
to the United States. A separate new 
building to house this library and pro- 
vide adequate quarters for its use is 
currently under construction. 

Similar, though still different, and 
for different reasons most interesting, 
is the Hunt Botanical Library in Pitts- 
burgh, just last fall formally presented 
to Carnegie Institute of Technology. 
There seems little doubt that nowhere 
else in America can one find any such 
collection of works devoted to the 
early history of botany and of garden- 
ing, and to the development of botan- 
ical illustration, and surely none so 
perfectly housed for its study. How- 
ever spectacular may be its treasures 
the library’s purpose is artistically and 
scientifically serious in the same sense 
as at the Morgan Library. In addition 
to continuing attention to botanical 
illustration and garden history there 
will be an active program to build 
a collection of botanical manuscripts 


and letters, botanical portraits and, in 
general, material relating to botanical 
biography. As in the Morgan Library 
the main collection is displayed in wall 
cases behind metal-grilled doors, but 
again, to those of serious purpose and 
interest the doors may be unlocked. 
And when they are, the contents, 
though often quite old, even up to 
nearly five centuries, are ready to be 
consulted without danger, for this 
library, like that at the American 
Philosophical Society, has its full-time 
binder and restorer. 

These two groups, of four libraries 
each, are rather sharply contrasted. 
Those in the first group are all institu- 
tional libraries, adjuncts in one sense 
or other to the overshadowing activity 
of natural history research. As such 
“service” departments they tend to 
find themselves in the servants’ quar- 
ters with the servants’ wages. Three at 
least of the other group of libraries 
have been private collections, the pas- 
sion of single individuals fortunate 
enough to have the means to care for 
them as they have deserved. And the 
lesson is clear—in the first group the 
collections increase in size and impor- 
tance but they have been degenerating 
in condition and availability; in the 
second group, growth is slower but 
proper care is making precious material 
more available rather than less. Soci- 
ety has chosen to make it difficult for 
most of us to build great private col- 
lections for its benefit; it has yet to be 
wholly clear on the point that accord- 
ingly it should take the responsibility 
for providing for the care and preser- 
vation of the great institutional collec- 


tions, 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 15 


TROPICAL ORCHIDS NEAR THE TEXAS BORDER 


ROBERT L. 


Ni persons have collected or- 
chids in Mexico, but there are 
still lots of areas in our neighbor re- 
public where the orchids are poorly 
known, or have not been collected at 
all. Among the poorly known areas 
are the northern outposts of the tropi- 
cal epiphytes. Most tropical species 
reach their northern limits in the 
mountains, and it is quite understand- 
able that both botanists and amateurs 
have usually gone farther south, to 
places that are more tropical and more 
accessible. In late March and early 
April of 1960, a group of staff mem- 
bers and students from St. Louis spent 
a week in one of the most interesting 
localities of northern Mexico. While 
the main purpose of the trip was to 
acquaint the students with tropical 
biology in the most effective way, each 
of us found time to collect and study 
his own pet interest—in my case, the 
orchids. 

“Rancho del Cielo” is the name 
which Mr. W. Francis Harrison (orig- 
inally from Canada) has given his 
ranch in the Sierra Madre Oriental in 
the state of Tamaulipas. The name is 


” 


most appropriate, as “ciclo”? has the 
double meaning of sky and heaven, and 
both seem quite applicable to Frank’s 
ranch, which is about 45 or 50 miles 
south of Cuidad Victoria, or about 260 
miles from Brownsville, Texas, by road. 
The unusual climatic features of the 
region and Frank’s great hospitality 
have combined to make Rancho del 
Cielo a locality well known to biolo- 


gists. The mountains are quite steep 


DRESSLER 


at this latitude, and the moisture- 
bearing clouds have full effect when 
they strike the mountains. Here, as in 
the adjacent lowlands, rainfall is sea- 
sonal and largely restricted to the 
summer and autumn months, but the 
moisture from heavy cloud cover is 
sufficient to maintain a constantly 
moist vegetation in many places. At 
elevation of 3,000 to 4,500 feet the 
climate is cool but nearly frost-free. 

Rancho del Cielo cannot be recom- 
mended as an easy place to collect or- 
chids. Lumber roads have been built 
into the area only within the last ten 
years. One may enter either from 
Encino, Tamaulipas, or farther south, 
from San Gerardo, through Gomez 
Farias. People who regularly use either 
of these two roads generally recom- 
mend the other one, but they are 
equally bad. They are so steep and 
rocky that they are passable only for 
jeeps and lumber trucks, and these ve- 
hicles have a very short life span on 
such roads. The surest way to reach 
the mountains is to catch a ride on an 
empty lumber truck going to one of 
the several lumber camps. 

The vegetation along the Browns- 
ville-Mexico City highway in southern 
Tamaulipas is mostly tropical but dry. 
At the latitude of Rancho del Cielo it 
is more humid than elsewhere, but the 
land near the highway is largely culti- 
vated and there is little natural vege- 
tation left. On the lower slopes of the 
mountains one finds “tropical decidu- 
ous forest,” a relatively low tropical 


forest which is very dry during the 


Figure 1. Moss-covered Podocarpus forest near Rancho del Cielo. Contrary to popular opinion, 


orchids are scarce in such moist areas. Figure 2, Mixed hardwood forest at Rancho del Celo. 


Isochilus, Stanhopea and Lycasée arematica are frequent in this sort of vegetation. 


winter and very hot during the sum- 
mer. At this elevation, near the Rio 
Sabinas (named for the bald cypress 
along its banks) we found Oncidium 
ascendens, Oncidium  carthaginense, 
Epidendrum lividum and Spiranthes 
acaulis, the last having large green 
flowers. These are all truly tropical 
species, which were not found at high- 
er and cooler elevations. 

The vegetation near Rancho del 
Cielo (about 3,200 feet elevation) is 
highly varied, depending on the expo- 
sure to the clouds and on the water- 
holding capacity of the soil or rock. 
The forests here are noted for their 
peculiar combination of tropical and 
temperate tree species and one finds 
such familiar northern species as red- 
bud, sweet gum, hickory and_ beech 
along with tropical palms and bego- 
nias. The wettest sites are dominated 


by Podocarpus reichei, a broad-leaved 


tropical conifer-relative. These humid 
sites are poor orchid territory. One 
finds an occasional Stanhopea tigrina 
or Calanthe mexicana, but very few 
epiphytes occur near the ground or 
on the rocks, and only a few species 
occur in the treetops. In slightly drier 
forest, such as shown in Figure 2, one 
may find numerous Stanhopeas, Iso- 
chilus linearis, Lycaste aromatica and 
Epidendrum cochleatum. The very 
best areas for orchids, however, are the 
well-drained, rocky hilltops, where the 
vegetation is open and orchids find the 
optimum combination of sunlight and 
moderate moisture. On “North Hill,” 
adjacent to Mr. Harrison’s ranch, we 
found at least 16 species of orchids, in- 
cluding Arophyllum spicatum, Cyrto- 
podium punctatum, Epidendrum mari- 
de, Lycaste aromatica, Laelia ance ps 
and Bletia purpurea, which was then 


flowering among the cactus and agaves 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 17 


on the hilltop. Epidendrum cristatum 
formed huge clumps below the crest 
of the hill and seemed to be fussy 
about its habitat, as the plants formed 
a narrow band about the hill. 

By hiking up to higher elevations 
one finds oak and pine forest, with 
several species of orchids. At the time 
of our visit Spiranthes eriophora was in 
flower, with beautiful yellow-centered 
white flowers about an inch across. 
Epidendrum cyanocolumna is locally 
common on oaks, and I found corms 
of Crybe and Govenia in the pine 
forest. It was evident that many 
terrestrial species would flower in the 
summer. 

Frank guided us to the “Rock Pile,” 
a complex ridge of cliffs and canyons 


southwest of the ranch, where I sought 


a distinctive Lycaste which Frank had 
reported. Since we could not find it 
there, he gave me a plant from his 
garden; it is now flowering (mid- 
June), and proves to be Lycaste dep pei, 
with green sepals and a bright yellow 
lip flecked with red. Frank told us of 
several other species which we were 
unable to locate in the short time 
available. One Stanhopea is described as 
having the flowers very dark, “nearly 
black,” while both yellow- and white- 
flowered Govenias were reported. A 
single plant of Laelia speciosa was 
growing poorly on Frank’s stone fence, 
and it is reported to be common in oak 
forests near Joya de Salas, which was 
too far to hike in a day. 

On another occasion [ hiked south 


toward Gomez Farias and soon entered 


Figure 3. The crest of ‘North Hill,” richest orchid-collecting site found, where Epidendrum 
mariae, Laelia anceps and Bletia purpurea were among the sixteen orchid species collected here. 
Figure 4. Lycaste deppei, from near Rancho del Cielo, showing its first flower in cultivation. 


18 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


a drier forest with scattered large oaks 
towering above the remaining vegeta- 
tion. As the only orchids were found 
in these huge trees, very little collect- 
ing was possible. I found a single 
plant of Lycaste deppei on a fallen tree 
and Isochilus and Arpophyllum were 
abundant. In one tree I was able to 
see Epidendrum conopseum growing 
far out on the lower branches, but the 


plants could not be reached. 


THE DistriBuTION OF EPIDFNDRUM 
CONOPSEUM 

As Epidendrum conopseum is our 
northernmost epiphytic orchid, its geo- 
graphic distribution is of special inter- 
est. In “The Orchidaceae of Mexico,” 
Dr. Williams described Epidendrum 
conopseum var. mexicanum from the 
slopes of Mt. Popocatepetl in central 
Mexico. At that time E. conopseum 
was not known from other parts of 
Mexico, and its distribution seemed, at 
best, peculiar. Actually Epidendrum 
conopseum is widely distributed in 
northeastern Mexico and is the com- 
monest orchid in some places, as in the 
isolated Sierra de Tamaulipas, north- 
west of Tampico. Its known distribu- 
tion in Mexico is shown in Figure 5. I 
have not been able to see the specimens 
from Mt. Popocatepetl, but the plants 
from northeastern Mexico do not differ 
appreciably from those in the south- 
eastern United States, so that they 
should not be called “var. mexicanum.” 
The distribution of Epidendrum 
conopseum suggests that it is the only 
epiphytic orchid to have entered this 
country from Mexico. The other epi- 
phytic species are all West Indian and 
probably reached Florida from Cuba or 
the Bahamas (though some of them 


also grow in Mexico). Since Epiden- 
drum  conopseum ranges north to 
North Carolina, it cannot really be 


called “tropical.” 
How Far NortH 


We know that Laelia autumnalis, 
Oncidium longifolium and E pidendrum 
microbulbon all reach the state of 
Sonora in western Mexico. This is 
actually farther north than southern 
Texas, but we really do not know how 
far north these orchids range in the 
mountains. They may grow much 
closer to Arizona than we realize. On 
the east coast, Rancho del Cielo is 
thought to be a northern outpost for 
many tropical species, but E pidendrum 
conopseum ranges to within 130 miles 
of the Texas border, and other epi- 
phytic species may also range north- 
ward from Rancho del Cielo. A zoolo- 
gist recently reported spider monkeys 
west of Ciudad Victoria, which cer- 
tainly suggests that there is a patch of 
tropical forest some 40 or 50 miles 
north of Rancho del Cielo and on this 
side of the Tropic of Cancer. 

The orchid-hunting tourist will 
find easier and better collecting in San 
Luis Potosi or Veracruz, but there are 
many orchids within a couple of hun- 
dred miles of the Texas border, and 
much more study is needed in this area. 
About two-thirds of the species we 
found are “new records,” and many of 
these are among the commonest or- 
chids there. 

Orchids collected near Rancho del 
Cielo (+- = not previously reported 
from the state of Tamaulipas) : 
+Arpophyllum spicatum 


+Bletia purpurea 
+Calanthe mexicana 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 19 


+Cuatasefum integerrimum 
Cyrtopodim punctatum 
+Crybe rosea 
Epidendrum (Encyclia) alatum 
--Epidendrum (Encyclia) candollei 
Epidendrum (Encyclia) cochleatuim 
Epidendrum (Encyclia) cyanocolumna 
Epidendrum (Encyclia) lividum 
+-Epidendrum (Encyclia) mariae 
+Epidendrum (Encyclia) varicosum 
+Epidendrum conopsenm 
-+-Epidendrum cristatum 
Epidendrum ledifolinm 
Govenia sp. 
Isochilus linearis 
+ Laelia anceps 
Lycaste aromatica 
+-Lycaste deppei 


Malaxis corymbosa 


4+-Malavis majanthemifolia 
Oncidium ascendens 
Oncidium carthaginense 
-+-Oncidinm longifolium 
Pleurotha!lis carioi 
+Pleurothallis ghiesbreghtiana 
+Pontheiva ephippium 
+-Prescottia tubulosa 
+-Scaphyglottis pumila 
+Spiranthes acaulis 
1Spiranthes elata 
+-Spiranthes eriopbora 
+Spiranthes schaffneri 
+Stanhopea tigrina 
-+-Tropidia polystachya 


Species reported but not found: 


+ Laclia speciosa 
Stanhopea sp. 


Figure 5. The location of 
Rancho del Cielo, and the distri- 
bution of Epidendrum conopse- 
nm in Mexico (shown by black 
dots). The nearest U.S. locality 
for this species is shown in west- 
ern Louisiana. It is expected that 
it might be found in eastern 
Texas. 


—Reprinted with permission from American Orchid Society Bulletin, December, 1961. 


20 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN NOTES 


s this BULLETIN goes to press, the 

Garden switchboard and _ the 
Friends office are still reeling from a 
deluge of telephone calls following Dr. 
Went’s letter in January inviting 
Friends to be gastronomical guinea 
pigs for an experimental Indonesian 
dinner at the Floral Display House. 
The original plan was to hold one 
dinner for fifty or sixty people, on 
February 21, with another date re- 
served the next night just in case of 
at this 


an overflow response. Well 
writing four additional dinners have 
been scheduled for a total of 360 peo- 
ple and all reservations for them almost 
immediately taken, and a waiting list 
of over 350 is still growing. Neither 
Dr. Went nor the Friends ofhcers had 
anticipated anything like this much 
enthusiasm for Indonesian food. Nor 
had the obliging Dutch-Indonesian 
gentleman, Mr. Henry Falkenberg, 
whose culinary skills make the whole 
experiment possible. Expanding the 
original dinner party into a_ three- 
week-long marathon of cooking, serv- 
ing and washing dishes (without a 
kitchen) 
logistical problems but with their 


presents some interesting 


usual aplomb the Garden staff and 
Friends volunteers are meeting the 
challenge, and we have no doubt that 
by February 21 a serene Oriental calm 
will reign in the Flower House while 
the first fortunate diners are sampling 
gado-gado with peanut sauce. 
st 

Mrs. Dan Sakahara’s course in classi- 
cal Japanese flower arranging will be 
offered by the Friends for six sessions 
starting on March 7. The time is 10 


A.M. to noon, the fee is $10 for 
Friends, $12 for non-Friends, and 
flowers are provided. You should 
bring the following equipment with 
you: note pad and pencil; flower clip- 
pers or shears; eight-inch glass or metal 
pie plate as a container. Registration 
for the series is limited to twenty stu- 
dents, so it seems probable that not 
everyone interested can be accommo- 
dated. However, like many Friends 
projects these days, this is a “pilot” 
undertaking, designed to measure in- 
terest, and if the response is great, an 
effort will be made to provide addi- 


tional classes. 


x 


A notice of the free First Monday 
Lectures was mailed to all Friends in 
January, but the remaining lectures 
are listed below, in case anyone has 


mislaid the announcement: 


March 5: Dr. and Mrs. Henry An- 
drews—“Byways of India,” Slides, native 
handicraft objects and informal talk about 
the Andrews’ recent year in India. 

April 2: Dr. James A. Duke—“Use- 
ful Plants of Central America.” Dr. Duke’s 
many expeditions to this area have given 
him an intimate knowledge of the many 
plants and their uses in the American 
tropics. 

May 7: Dr. Robert L. Dressler 
“MBG Expeditions to Northeastern Mex- 
ico.” A veteran collector of wild orchids, 
Dr. Dressler will report on his latest ex- 
peditions. 

June 4: Paul A. KohlI—“A Garden’s 
Spring Parade.” The Garden’s chief Flori- 
culturist will give a colorful presentation 
of choice plants in St. Louis. 


All lectures are at the Museum Build- 
ing at 8:00 P.M. Coffee is served at 
7:00 P.M. 


BOARD OF TRUSTEES 


ROBERT BROOKINGS SMITH, San Li -GaWAVIS 
President Henry HItTcHcocrk 

Leicester B. Faust, JoHN S. LEHMANN 
Vice President Ropert W. Orro 

Henry B. PFLAGER, WarrREN MCKINNEY SHAPLEIGH 
Second Vice President 

Howarp F. Barer DupLEY FRENCH, 

DaNIEL K. CATLIN Honorary Trustee 


EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS 


DANIEL SCHLAFLY, CarRL TOLMAN, ; ; 
President, Board of Education of St. Louis Chancellor, Washington University 
GEORGE L. CaDIGAN, RAYMOND R. TUCKER, © 
Bishop, Diocese of Missouri Mayor, City of St. Louis 


STRATFORD LEE Morton, 
President, Academy of Science of St. Louis 


FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN 


Mrs. Wm. R. fae President, Mrs. Curtis Ford, Vice President, Harry E. Wuerten- 
baecher, Jr., Vice President, Mrs. Eli M. Strassner, Vice President, Sears Lehmann, 
Treasurer, Kathicen M. Miller, Secretary. 


HORTICULTURAL COUNCIL 
Clifford W. Benson, Paul M. Bernard, Mrs. Paul H. Britt, E. G. Cherbonnier, Carl F. 


Giebel, Robert E. Goetz, Paul Hale, Earl Hath, Mrs. Hazel L. Knapp, F. R. McMath, 
Dan O’Gorman, Gilbert Pennewill, Ralph Rabenau, Philip A. Conrath, Chatrman. 


WOMEN’S ASSOCIATION 
Mrs. J. Bruce Butler, President, Mrs. James G. Alfring, Vice President, Mrs. Bert A. 


Lynch, Jr., Vice President, Mrs. Frank Vesser, Treasurer, Mrs. Samuel D. Soule, Cor- 
responding Secretary, Mrs Edwin F. Stuessie, Recording Secretary. 


HISTORICAL COMMITTEE 


John_S. Lehmann, Chairman, Mrs. Edwin R. Culver and Mrs. Neal S. Wood, Co-Chairmen 
for Restoration. 


GARDEN STAFF 


Frits W. Went, Director JaMes Hampton, Assistant Engineer 
Hucu C. Cutter, Executive Director Paut A. Kout, Floriculturist 
Epcar ANDERSON, Curator of Useful Plants C. Rantet Lincoin, Assistant 
Henry N. Anprews, Paleobotanist to the Director 
CLARENCE Barsre, Instructor V1IKTOR MUEHLENBACHS, Research 
Associate 
Louts G. BRENNER, Grounds 
Superintendent Norton H. Nickerson, Morphologist 
Lapistaus Cutak, Greenhouse LILL1AN OVERLAND, Research Assistant 


Superintendent 
Carroit W. Donce, Mycologist Kenneth QO. Peck, Instructor 
Cataway H. Dopson, Taxonomist and GeorcEe H. Princ, Superintendent 
Curator of Livi Plants 4 
Se Tae Owen J. Sexton, Research Ecologist 


Rosert L. Dress_ter, Taxonomist at . A : 
axonomist and Kennetu A. Smitu, Chief Engineer 


Editor of the ANNALS 


James A. Duke, Assistant Curator FRANK STEINBERG, Superintendent of 
of the Herbarium The Arboretum, Gray Summit 
Joun D. Dwyer, Research Associate GreorGE B. Van Scuaack, Librarian and 


Curator of Grasses 


Watpo G. Fecuner, Business Manager . 
TRIFON VON SCHRENK, Associate Curator 


RayMOND FREEBORG, Research Associate of the Museum 


Rosert J. Gi_vespie, In Charge of Rosert E. Woopson, Jr., Curator of the 
Orchids Herbarium 


SOME FACTS ABOUT SHAW’S GARDEN 


The Missouri Botanical (Shaw’s) Garden was established in 
1859 by Henry Shaw, a St. Louis businessman, to be controlled 
by a Board of Trustees for the public benefit. The Garden is 
a non-profit institution which receives no support from the city 
or state, depending on the income from the Shaw estate supple- 
mented by contributions from the public. 

The old stone walls and cast-iron fences, the Linnean House, 
the Museum Building, the part of the Administration Building 
which was Shaw’s Town House, relocated in the Garden in 1890, 
and the Tower Grove House, his country home, all date from 
Mr. Shaw’s time. The Main Gate, display and growing green- 
houses and most other facilities date from the period immediately 
following the turn of the century. The Climatron, opened in 
1960, is the first of several new buildings planned for the Gar- 
den’s redevelopment. It is the world’s first geodesic dome, fully 
climate-controlled greenhouse and contains the Garden’s tropical 
collections. 

The Garden—70 acres—is open every day of the year from 
9:00 A.M. until sundown; the greenhouses 9:00 A. M. to 5:00 
P. M.; the Climatron Monday through Thursday 9:00 A.M. to 
5:00 P. M., Friday through Sunday 9:00 A.M. to 10:00 P.M. 
Tower Grove House is open daily from 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. 
(April through November); 10:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M. (Decem- 
ber through March). The Display House presents four seasonal 
displays: November, Chrysanthemums; December, Poinsettias; 
February, Orchids; Spring, Lilies and other flowers. During the 
year are other shows, competitions and festivals sponsored by 
various Garden Clubs and Flower Societies. 

Courses in Botany and Horticulture for adults are conducted 
by the Garden staff. Children’s nature studies are provided each 
Saturday of the year and a special nature program is held during 
the summer. Information on these activities is published in the 
BULLETIN or may be had by mail or phone. The Garden main- 
tains a research program through the Henry Shaw School of 
Botany, Washington University. 

In 1926 an Arboretum — 1600 acres — was established at 
Gray Summit, Missouri. Foot trails and roads pass through the 
Arboretum and are open to visitors in April and May. 

The Garden Administration Building is located at 2315 
Tower Grove Ave., and the Garden main entrance is at Tower 
Grove and Flora Place. The entrance at Tower Grove and 
Cleveland Avenue is also open to the public. The Garden is 
served by both the Sarah (No. 42) and the Park-Southampton 
(No. 80) city bus lines. 

Persons interested in helping to support the Garden and tak- 
ing part in Garden activities are urged to do so through the 
“Friends of the Garden”. Information may be obtained from 
the Main Gate or by mail or phone. 


7 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN’ ry 


; March 1962 Sg 
ulletin Volume L a 


Number 3 P Wis 


Cover: The graceful boughs and delicate pink and white flowers of the saucer 


magnolia (Magnolia soulangeana) are a traditional early symbol of spring in St. Louis. 


CONTENTS 


Report of the Director for 1961 


Office of publication: 306 E. Simmons Street, Galesburg, Illinois. 


Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis 10, 
Missouri. 


Guest Editor for this issue: RANLET LINCOLN. 


Published monthly except July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri 
Botanical Garden. Subscription price: $3.50 a year. 


Entered as second-class matter January 26, 1942, at the post-office at Galesburg, Illinois, 
under Act of March 3, 1879. 


Missour1 Botanical Garden 


Volume L No. 3 


Bulletin 


March 1962 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN 
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR FOR 1961 
FRITS W. WENT, Director 


gh See Mgr year 1961 was one of 
By T \& steady progress for the 
Bi Ag Garden in general, but 
Be Se the center of interest re- 
mained the Climatron. Not only botan- 
ically and horticulturally has it lived 
up to and even surpassed expectations, 
but also as a public attraction it has 
been fully successful. During the first 
twelve months of operation the ap- 
proximately 400,000 persons who vis- 
ited it contributed $96,912 in admis- 
sions. Since the individual admission 
fee is $0.50, for groups of 20-100 
$0.35, and for over 100 $0.30 per per- 
son, almost half of all visitors entered 
free. These are all children under 14, 
students in groups, and members of the 
Friends of the Garden. 

Growth of most plants is excellent 
in the Climatron, and trees like Oc/ro- 
ma and Grevillea robusta have grown 
25 feet or more in 1961. The special 
light regime (the Climatron is open to 
the public 3 nights each week, with 
concomitant long-day light conditions, 
followed by 4 short days) causes some 
interesting plant responses, such as 
strong retardation of flowering of poin- 
settia, inhibition of flowering in coffee 
trees (they are both short-day plants as 
far as flowering is concerned), contin- 


uous flowering of Cestrum nocturnum, 


which normally flowers only in Octo- 
ber (because it needs a succession of 
long days followed by some short days 
before it initiates flowers). 

The orchids growing on the artificial 
trees are developing better than those 
in pots, and are starting to give these 
trees a very natural look. This is 
partly due to the regular feeding 
and partly because they are placed in 
parts of the Climatron most closely 
resembling the climate of their natural 
habitat. 

The Victoria pool with the under- 
water walk (the Aquatunnel), the cost 
of which was contributed by the Wom- 
en’s Association, has continued to be 
troublesome. To prevent excessive 
algal growth on the plexiglas of the 
Aquatunnel we first put an algaecide 
in the water, which was not toxic for 
fish, but killed all higher plants in ad- 
dition to the algae. Upon dilution of 
the algaecide, water lilies survived, but 
most plants grew poorly because of 
lack of nutrients. Pistia was chlorotic 
until small amounts of chelated iron 
were added. Growth of most water 
plants picked up upon supply of 10 
pounds of potassium nitrate; when a 
mixture of KNOs and KnHPO4, was 
applied, growth of algae increased. 


Now a new regime of alternate doses 


(1) 


Nm 


of nitrate and phosphate keeps algae 
down. Fumigation of the Climatron 
with parathion resulted in the death of 
most fish. ‘Toward the end of the year 
a special filter system was installed to 
remove planktonic algae. This has been 
paid for by the Horticultural Council 
and it is most effective. Thus, through 
research, trial and error, and generous 
contributions from our supporting or- 
ganizations, a remarkable new feature 
of the Climatron has been added. 

A nutrient fog box was installed to 
demonstrate the growth of roots. An- 
other feature, the glass window with 
soil behind it, was effective in showing 
root development in soil. 

Upon the death of Dr. Roland Read, 
friends and family contributed to a 


fund for which an orchid demonstra- 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


tion table was installed. On one side 
it displays on several levels the best of 
our flowering potted orchids, and on 
the other side the small-flowered orchid 
species are demonstrated under a set of 
special lighted magnifying glasses. 

The Climatron was often in the 
news, with full or double-page color 
pictures in Life and Saturday Evening 
Post, in Post-Dispatch and Globe- 
Democrat Sunday editions, and in un- 
told other publications, such as the 
Rohm and Hass Reporter. It has been 
used repeatedly in national advertising 
to demonstrate progress in St. Louis. 
It is rapidly becoming a landmark of 
St. Louis. 

A signal honor was paid to Murphy 


and Mackey, the architects of the Cli- 


The Garden Gate sale held by the Women’s Association at Famous-Barr, Clayton. 
PHOTO P. A. K. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 3 


matron, when they received the Rey- 
nolds Memorial Award for the building 
anywhere in the world “in which alu- 
minum was used most imaginatively.” 
It is understandable that we believe it 
was highly appropriate that this very 
significant prize went to the Clima- 
tron, the first building in the United 
States designed by American architects 
to which this award was given. But it 
is impossible to think of a case in 
which aluminum was so definitely in- 
dicated as building material, and where 
it was so effective and indispensable. 

The unique atmosphere of the Gar- 
den is used more and more for social 
occasions, as a prelude to what can be 
done in the future when proper facil- 
ities have been constructed for recep- 
tions, dinners and parties. The Floral 
Display House was used with great 
success for dinner parties, of which 
that of the Trust Division of the Bar 
Association in August should be men- 
tioned specifically. Before the vege- 
tation in the Climatron had become 
too dense, an evening party was held in 
it. The Tower Grove House, so beau- 
tifully restored by the Historical Com- 
mittee (the kitchen is the last addition 
to the restored rooms), was the scene 
of several receptions and dinner parties. 
The old-time elegance of Shaw’s coun- 
try residence lends itself perfectly to 
such occasions and it must give the 
visitors, who have come in greatly in- 
creased numbers, a feeling that it still 
is a living-and-lived-in link with the 
past. It seems appropriate that the 
hospitality of the Shaw era is thus 
revived. 

In anticipation of restaurants in the 


Garden, which are envisaged in the 


master plan, a set of vending machines 
dispensing cold and warm drinks, sand- 
wiches, ice cream, candy bars and cig- 
arettes, has been installed on the bal- 
cony in the Floral Display House. They 
definitely serve a good purpose since 
they are used extensively by the public. 

Other new ventures in the Garden 
are live concerts, of which the first one 
in the Floral Display House, by the 
Rosen Quartet, was a success; and also 
recorded concerts and other music in 
the Climatron and the Floral Display 
House, produced regularly with newly 
installed recording and_ reproducing 
equipment. ‘The enthusiasm and un- 
tiring efforts of Mr. Samuel Shure have 
been mainly responsible for the new 
music reproducing system. 

During the year a turf grass research 
program was started at the Garden 
with Raymond Freeborg as specialist. 
The St. Louis Turf Grass Research is 
turning its funds over to the Garden, 
which administers them, and in turn 
the Garden guarantees the salary of 
Freeborg and supervises the general re- 
search program. 

The annual Systematics Symposium 
was again held at the Garden and was 
more successful than ever; in fact, the 
popularity of this annual affair for all 
taxonomists of the Midwest now ex- 
ceeds the facilities of the Garden; if we 
want to continue to play host to this 
event we will have to expand our 
meeting rooms. 

The director gave many lectures 
during 1961. In addition to his regu- 
lar course in autecology at Washington 
University, he gave a similar course at 
the University of Georgia, Vanderbilt 


University, Eastern Illinois University 


+ MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


and the University of North Carolina. 
In addition he gave lectures on the 
Climatron, the Role of Botanical Gar- 
dens, Circadian Rhythms, Climate Con- 
trol, Desert Ecology, Thunderstorms, 
Air Pollution, and other subjects, be- 
fore lay and professional audiences in a 
dozen different states and countries. 
For a period of a month he was in 
Israel to study the feasibility of estab- 
lishing a phytotron there and to advise 
the government accordingly. In addi- 
tion to a thorough study of biological 
research laboratories, Mrs. Went and 
he visited all the major areas in Israel, 
from the Negev and the Dead Sea to 
Upper Galilee and the Jordan Valley, 
but most of the time was spent in 
Jerusalem. Due to abundant rain in 
several areas there was a rich display of 
flowers, and many botanical observa- 
tions could be made. 

The director received the honorary 
membership of the German Botanical 
Society and he was elected president of 
the American Institute of Biological 
Sciences, representing the majority of 
American biologists He visited many 
Botanical Gardens, such as the New 
York Botanical, the Brooklyn Botan- 
ical, Longwood, the Denver Botanical, 
the Tel Aviv Botanical, the Callaway 
Gardens, Pine Mountain, Georgia, and 
the Los Angeles Arboretum. 


In addition to his administrative 
duties, Hugh Cutler, Executive Direc- 
tor, continued his research on useful 
plants, supported by a National Science 
Foundation grant. Michael Wynne, a 
botany student at Washington Univer- 
sity, continued as technical assistant. 
In March, Dr. Cutler took part in the 
conference of Directors of Systematic 
Collections at San Francisco. During 
parts of July and August he studied 
useful plants in central Mexico and in 
the collections and experimental fields 
of the Escuela Nacional de Agricultura 
and the Universidad de México, and 
participated in the Pecos Conference 
at Nueva Casa Grande, Chihuahua. 
During October he lectured and con- 
ducted seminars for the botany, an- 
thropology and agronomy departments 
of the University of Nebraska. 

From January through April Edgar 
Anderson was a Fellow of the Center 
for Advanced Study at Wesleyan Uni- 
versity, Middletown, Connecticut. For 
the remainder of the year he was in 
residence at the Garden and has spent 
most of his time with collections of 
economic plants and with writing. 
Since October he has been studying the 
succession of bloom in the Climatron 
and has kept a detailed week-by-week 
record of the plants in flower there. 


THE HERBARIUM 


ROBERT E. WOODSON, Curator 


| Diaereneen activity in the 
field has distinguished the year 
1961 for the Herbarium staff. During 
the summer both Dr. Duke and Dr. 


Dwyer collected in Panama, and Dr. 


Dressler in Mexico; from September 
until the last of the year Dr. Dodson 
was in Ecuador. Dr. Woodson was 
again on the roads between western 
Texas and Quebec collecting intermin- 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 5 


able data on butterflyweeds; just before 
the close of the year, Dr. Dodge rather 
unexpectedly found himself in Ant- 
arctica! 

Less spectacular, but even more im- 
portant to the welfare of the Missouri 
Botanical Garden, were the activities 
of Mrs. Barbara Mueller, Mrs. Nina 
Behrens, Mr. Gordon Hunter and Mr. 
Jack Wasinger in the Herbarium office 
and in the Herbarium itself. A total 
of 10,337 specimens were mounted and 
incorporated in our collections, bring- 
ing the estimated content of the Her- 
barium to 1,769,618 sheets. 8,362 
sheets were forwarded as loans re- 
quested by other institutions; in the 
same period the Missouri Botanical Gar- 
den received on loan from other muse- 
ums 3,507 specimens for the research 
of our staff and students. 3,977 her- 
barium specimens and 73 type photo- 
graphs were received on exchange from 
other museums and we reciprocated 
with only 997 specimens, which must 
be an all-time low. We have on hand, 
however, an almost unprecedented 
backlog of duplicate herbarium speci- 
mens with which we hope to exchange 
profitably during 1962. 

Without adequate additional space, 
however, there is very little incentive 
for expanding our collections. It seems 
to me that this has been the chief mes- 
sage of the curator’s annual reports as 
far back as I can remember. Long 
arrested growth inevitably leads to de- 
cline and death, and this is the direc- 
tion in which we are headed. It is an 
unpleasant topic which cannot be 
suppressed within the family, for the 


neighbors—meaning the national and 


international scientific communities 


already know of it and are expecting 
us to take corrective measures, toward 
which they already have volunteered 
aid. 

Without this overcast of clouds, the 
future would appear brighter than for 
any previous year within memory. We 
have a larger staff than ever before, 
combining vigor and experience to 
really a remarkable degree (and which, 
thanks to government research sub- 
sidies and salaries shared by Washington 
University, costs the Garden less than a 
single staff member in the “Good Old 
Days’’). 

Dr. Robert E. Woodson, Jr., Cura- 
tor, and Professor at Washington Uni- 
versity, has had to devote most of his 
time to teaching advanced classes at 
the University and supervising research 
students at the Garden. He has con- 
tinued his study of population problems 
in the butterflyweed, Asclepias tube- 
rosa, and the flora of Panama, both 
supported by grants from the National 
Science Foundation. 

Dr. Carroll W. Dodge, Mycologist, 
and Professor at Washington Univer- 
sity, like Dr. Woodson, has been chiefly 
involved in teaching, but continues as 
one of the world’s leading authorities 
on lichens, particularly of Antarctica, 
for which he receives support from the 
National Science Foundation. In No- 
vember Dr. Dodge visited the South 
Polar area under the auspices of the 
U.S. Antarctic Research Program. 

Dr. James A. Duke, Assistant Cura- 
tor, and Assistant Professor at Wash- 
ington University, has borne, besides 
his class at the University, the brunt of 
work on the Flora of Panama, three 


fascicles of which were issued during 


6 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


the year. He was also sponsored by 
the U. S. Army on a one-month expe- 
dition to eastern Panama during the 
summer and collected a good quantity 
of dried and living plant specimens. 
There is a strong likelihood that such 
Government-sponsored expeditions will 
be considerably expanded in the near 
future and that the younger members 
of our Herbarium staff will be increas- 
ingly involved as a result of our long- 
range tropical program. 

Dr. Robert L. Dressler, Taxonomist, 
and Assistant Professor at Washington 
University, has continued his classes 
at the University while editing the 
ANNALS OF THE Missourt BOTANICAL 
GARDEN and continuing his research 
on orchids (which inevitably involves 
collecting trips to Mexico). One of 
Dr. Dressler’s most important func- 
tions is his management, under the 
National Science Foundation, of the 
Annual Symposium on _ Systematics 
held at the Garden each fall. On 
October 20-21 of 1961, the Eighth 
Annual Symposium on “The Popula- 
tion Concept in Systematics” attracted 
more than 275 participants from 64 
colleges and universities from coast to 
coast, plus a few visitors from overseas. 

Attendance at our Annual Sympo- 
sium has been a “must,” particularly 
for graduate students of institutions 
within week-end traveling range, and 
we never fail to find contingents from 
the Universities of Kansas, Michigan, 
Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, and else- 
where converging in sizeable convoys. 
(Parenthetically: The National Science 
Foundation is particularly proud of our 
Annual Symposium and would gladly 


sponsor others elsewhere in this coun- 


try, but has been unsuccessful in doing 
so, since the prospective hosts are fully 


aware—from observing us—of the 
responsibilities and inconveniences in- 
volved in such mass hospitality!) 

Dr. Callaway H. Dodson, Taxon- 
omist and Curator of Living Plants at 
the Garden, spent the first half of 1961 
assisting with preparation of the Flora 
of Panama. In September and contin- 
uing through the remainder of the year 
he was in Ecuador engaged in field 
studies of orchids, sponsored by the 
National Science Foundation. — Dr. 
Dodson brought home with him 2000 
numbers of dried specimens, 350 living 
species of orchids, 75 miscellaneous liv- 
ing plants and 25 lots of seed for the 
(Dr. Dodson wryly adds 
that, although the dried specimens 


Chmatron. 


proved to be “immortal, as expected,” 
mortality was high among the living— 
emphasizing the continued need for 
good plant propagators at the Missouri 
Botanical Garden. ) 

Dr. John D. Dwyer, Research Asso- 
ciate and Professor of Botany at St. 
Louis University, has continued his re- 
search on Leguminosae in our Herbar- 
ium. During the past summer he 
collected in Panama with assistance 
from the U. S. Navy and our Flora of 
Panama funds from the National Sci- 
ence Foundation, bringing back with 
him a splendid collection of herbarium 
specimens. 

During five months of the year the 
Herbarium was host to Professor Rich- 
ard W. Holm of Stanford University, 
and for one month to Professor Philip 
A. Munz of Rancho Santa Ana Botanic 
Garden, Claremont, California. It was 
a homecoming for Dr. Holm, who 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Z 


received the greater part of his under- 
graduate and graduate training at 
Washington University and the Mis- 
sourt Botanical Garden. 

Graduate students of Washington 
University currently using the facilities 
of our Herbarium for their research, 
with the respective topics of their 
study, include: Gordon E. Hunter (Sau- 
rauia), Phung Trung Ngan (Wright- 
ia), Howard W. Pfeifer (Aristolochia) , 
Leonard Thien (Orchidaceae), Michael 


Wirth (Oncidium). Dr. William C. 
Burger, who received the Ph.D. at the 
June, 1961, Commencement of Wash- 
ington University, is now on the fac- 
ulty of the Imperial College of Agri- 
culture, Jima, Ethiopia. He reports 
the country fascinating and promises 
to send duplicates of his specimens to 
our Herbarium, which includes prob- 
ably the best and largest collection of 


African plants in this country. 


LIBRARY REPORT FOR 1961 


GEORGE 


i emphasis the library report for 
1961 differs but little from the one 
for the previous year. Use areas and 
process areas in the library are just 
woefully insufficient. Staff is also in- 
sufficient, but adding even one more 
member would pose a really difficult 
problem of finding a place for him to 
work. When space for processing gets 
crowded or limited, books tend to ac- 
cumulate in piles, of which, naturally, 
only the topmost book is immediately 
available. Significant amounts of time 
must be devoted to repeated reshuftling 
to get wanted items and to look for 
misplaced ones, not to mention the 
wear and tear on the books themselves. 
In his tour of several eastern natural 
history libraries at Christmas time, the 
librarian found nearly everyone com- 
plaining about lack of space; but 
nowhere was the crowding nearly so 
critical as in our own library.  Ex- 
panded quarters simply must become 
available very soon if the library is not 
to be clogged by its treasure. 

Search for at least one new trained 


VAN SCHAACK 


staff member continued through the 
year without success. However dis- 
appointing, this was not surprising. At 
the Cleveland ALA Conference in July 
over 500 professional library positions 
were posted as available, while only a 
couple of dozen librarians were looking 
for positions. Most of these applicants 
were already employed. Our type of 
library always has more than usual dif- 
ficulty in finding suitable staff mem- 
bers; not only is some interest in botany 
desirable and at least some basic knowl- 
edge of it almost indispensable, but a 
knowledge of foreign language is also 
helpful, since well over half of our 
publications are in foreign languages. 
The librarians don’t have to read these 
foreign books, of course, but they at 
least must deal with their titles. While 
there are certainly people of the re- 
quired qualifications, for every such 
person there are many positions avail- 
able. Although most good librarians 
will accept part of their salary in the 
form of a more interesting job instead 


of a salary increase, they do tend to 


8 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


accept positions that pay well and offer 
comfortable working quarters. We 
have already made the decision to try 
to attract librarians by a reasonably 
good salary, but our crowded quarters 
definitely caused one of our (only) 
two good applicants to refuse our offer. 

During the year we had the benefit 
of continued part-time work by a 
young man who for several years has 
been excellently repairing our books, 
binding pamphlets, and making card- 
board slip cases. Of this kind of work 
there is no end—and there must be no 
end. Most of our material is not ex- 
pendable as is, on the contrary, a great 
deal of popular material in a public 
library, for example. We must preserve 
what we have more or less indefinitely. 
This means continuous attention to 


repair. 


The influx of exchange publications 
notably increased during the year. The 
number of new non-serial titles cata- 
logued was 179. The number of books 
bound was 644. A significant addition 
to the bibliographical tools was the 
copy of the United States Department 
of Agriculture’s Botany Subject Index 
recently printed in book form in 15 
large volumes This is a subject index 
of over 300,000 entries, covering pub- 
lications in the whole field of botany 
during approximately the first half of 
the 20th century. With our own cata- 
logue almost devoid of subject entries 
this should be a most useful supple- 
mentary aid. Regret must be expressed, 
however, that the government believed 
it too expensive to continue this index 
after 1952. 


EDUCATION PROGRAMS 


KENNETH O. PECK, INsrrucror 


Cusas Activities—Saturday pro- 
grams, now in the third year, 
continued to draw good attendance ex- 
cept for a short period in the early fall. 
Programs are held every Saturday 
morning from 10 to 11:30, and each 
one is designed so that every child can 
do something. Planting seeds or bulbs, 
making Christmas decorations from 
greens or seed pods, rooting cuttings, 
making miniature dish gardens or do- 
ing experiments are some of the most 
popular activities and help to teach 
basic ideas in natural science. Mr. Peck 
was aided in all children’s activities by 
the Assistants Council, five children 
who have been outstanding in their 
work in Garden programs over the past 


few years. Members in 1961 were Fred 
and Jean Bardenheier, Marcia Eick- 
meier, Stanley and Wesley Ulrich. 
The Pitzman Summer Nature Pro- 
gram improved again in its fourth year. 
More than half of the 550 children 
registered for the two five-week ses- 
sions completed their work for certifi- 
cates of achievement. Members of the 
St. Louis Audubon Society conducted 
the classes and field trips on Birds, 
while three other courses, Trailfinders, 
Plants and Man, and Man’s Enemies, 
were conducted by Kenneth Peck and 
two Washington University students, 
Pat McCue and Brian Gordon. Don 
Mandell joined the teaching staff for 


the second session. Forty-five out- 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 9 


standing children were selected to work 
on eight Junior Research Teams and 
conduct study on plant growth, algae, 
and 


Guidance was also pro- 


photobiology, plant collecting 
identification. 
vided for children who wanted to work 
on their own projects, such as the col- 
lection and identification of leaves and 
insects. The continuing interest in the 
Pitzman Program indicates that today’s 
youngsters are still interested in the 
natural sciences and are willing to 
spend part of their summer days study- 
ing the world about them. 

Plant Science Classes 


many classes from schools near the Gar- 


Last year 
den came to the Garden for programs in 
plant science. These programs, of two 
meetings each, are graded to provide a 
stimulating introduction to plant sci- 
ence. Fifth and sixth grades study 
identification and the major kinds of 
plants. The seventh and eighth grades 
work on the structure of individual 
plants and the organization of plant 
communities. Now that this program 
has worked so well with neighborhood 
schools, we anticipate requests for res- 
ervations from schools in other areas. 
Mrs. Florence Guth (telephone TOwn- 
send 5-0440) is in charge of reserva- 
tions and information for all classes 
and tours. 

Tours—For many years a group of 
trained Volunteer Guides, under the 
direction of Mrs. Paul S. Britt, has been 
conducting tours of visiting groups of 


clubs, business organizations and class- 
es. The number of such tours has in- 
creased greatly in the past year and the 
number of Volunteer Guides has been 
increased, The Climatron is still the 
most popular spot on the tours. 
Self-guiding T rails—More than 35,- 
000 copies of the guide to the Tree 
Trail were requested at the Main Gate. 
A completely new set of descriptive 
labels, prepared and placed by Mrs. 
Betty Samuelson for the Nature Trail 
and some of the wilder parts of the 
Garden, made it unnecessary to use 
printed instructions to follow this trail 
to the wilder parts of the Garden. 
Adult Courses—Clarence Barbre con- 
tinued to teach his popular courses in 
Bulb Forcing, Plant Propagation and 
Spring Horticulture Other courses in 
botany and horticulture were taught 
by Robert Dressler, Edgar Evinger, 
Ray Freeborg, Robert Gillespie, Norton 
Nickerson, and George Van Schaack. 
Special Courses—A five week sum- 
mer course, Evolution in Plants, was 
given by Frits Went, Hugh Cutler and 
Calaway Dodson to a group of excep- 
tionally able high school students for 
A 


course in college botany was given at 


the Mark Twain Summer Institute. 


the Garden during the fall semester at 
the request of the St. Louis Baptist 
College. by 
Robert Gillespie, Robert Dressler and 
Ernest Bibee, and laboratory work was 


Lectures were given 


supervised by Fuad Safwat. 


eK eR ERK & X NS MS Ns 
eK eK sD MD 


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10 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


CLIMATRON AND GREENHOUSES 


LADISLAUS CUTAK 


lec Climatron has achieved an au- 
thentic and captivating jungle 
background in its first year of opera- 
tion. Balsa trees which were only two 
feet high when planted in October 
1960 are now 30 and 40 feet high, and 
likewise both the edible and ornamental 
bananas have grown from single stalks 
to massive clumps. There are at least 
a thousand different kinds of plants 
growing in the Climatron and new 
additions are being made daily. 

Significant transplants from other 
houses included a large banyan tree 
which is now spreading its leafy canopy 
near the entrance court. A year ago it 
was a 12-foot bare trunk with only a 
few closely-pruned branches. Several 
leaf-holding Philodendrons were set 
out and are now producing massive 
deeply-cut leaves. The largest of them 
is Philodendron  Mello-Barretoanum 
from Brazil. A 30-foot Brachychiton 
Bidwillii was also successfully trans- 
planted and already has a dense head of 
palmately-lobed ornamental leaves. 

In early August Ernest A. Bibee was 
hired as assistant to the Greenhouse 
Superintendent. Formerly employed in 
Florida as a nurseryman, he is a thor- 
oughly capable grower and has greatly 
aided in management of the Climatron 
plants. He brought with him over 80 
species of important plants for the 
Climatron, among them such impor- 
tant fruit and nut trees as the cashew, 
carambola, cocoplum, Ceylon goose- 
berry, Java plum, tropical almond, 
calabash tree, and various citrus rela- 


tives. 


The Hawaiian area, mostly bare in 
early 1961, received special attention 
and is now thickly populated with 
many species of Hibiscus, Plumeria, 
Jacaranda, Dracaena, and other plants 
found in Hawaiian gardens. Nearly 
100 different kinds of Hibiscus were 
donated by Henry Walter, Horticul- 
turist of the Oklahoma City Parks De- 
partment. Ruby Bachmann of Bonita 
Gardens in Miami dispatched a hundred 
colorful crotons for the Hawaiian Gar- 
den and his “Mona Lisa” has attracted 
a great deal of attention. This croton 
has a preponderance of yellow in its 
leaves and when grown to perfection is 
one of the most outstanding of foliage 
plants. The banana plantation has 
taken on a lush appearance and should 
start producing its first crop shortly. 
The banana plants by the waterfall 
have already borne fruit. 

The bamboo grove is coming along 
nicely with three types represented: 
Bambusa, Gigantochloa, and Guadua. 
Trellises for the bouganvilleas were 
erected in April and will form a spec- 
tacular archway in back of the Ha- 
waiian area at flowering time. The 
vines are growing vigorously, but so 
far they have flowered sparingly due 
to the dampness caused by the mist 
nozzles. The condition has now been 
remedied. Two 11-foot para rubber 
trees were donated by U. S. Rubber Co. 
and were set out at the base of the 
mountain near the Climatron entrance. 
The mountain presents characteristic 
Afro-Asiatic vegetation growing up its 
slopes and some of the plants only a 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 11 


few feet high when first planted are 
now assuming treelike proportions. 
The ground underneath them is being 
cleared and prepared to receive ferns, 
terrestrial orchids and creepers. 

The topography in the Climatron is 
such that it will lend itself to changes 
and various improvements for years to 
come. Monotony will thus be avoided 
and visitors will certainly see somthing 
different on each visit. The creation of 
a lake was one of the big projects dur- 
ing 1961. The pool was waterproofed 
on February 1 and shortly afterwards 
was tested for leaks. When none were 
found, 58 tons of Mississippi sand were 
dumped into the pool and 8 tons of 
silica sand spread on top of it. Under- 
water planting was first attempted in 
March, but it proved unsuccessful. 
Fish were added later and in May the 
first tropical water lilies were intro- 
duced. The Nymphaeas grew remark- 
ably well and have been producing 
flowers ever since. Algae proved to 
be a headache until the water lilies be- 
came established. Various methods 
were tried to control it and finally a 
biological balance has been attained 
with fish and plants both thriving. 

The walks in the Climatron were 
first covered with limestone chat but 
later trap rock was substituted. Eight 
tons of trap rock were required and 
more will be added in the future as 
needed. Tennessee crab orchard flag- 
stone was laid down at the main en- 
trance and also at the north exit and 
the swale connecting the bog with the 
pool. In July a water cooler was in- 
stalled near the portico for the enjoy- 
ment of visitors and staff and in that 


month a dispensing machine for Mac- 


adamia nuts was installed with its own 
nutcracker. The Missouri Highway 
Department donated two truckloads of 
granite boulders, which will be used to 
accept plantings and serve other dec- 
orative purposes in the Climatron. 
Something new in the way of added 
attractions was inaugurated in_ the 
Climatron and will be continued peri- 
odically as occasions arise. During 
Aloha Week, which consists of festivals 
held throughout October on the differ- 
ent islands of our 50th State, a “Salute 
to Hawaii” was staged with great suc- 
cess October 28 and 29. 


thatched hut was the featured exhibit 


A palm- 


on the portico, under which an ornate 
table decoration of typical Hawaiian 
flowers and accessories was placed. This 
arrangement was designed by Gladys 
Turner, one of the best known floral 
artists in the city. Ben Hill, manager 
of Jos. Witek Florist, made several 
artistic arrangements with Hawanian 
motifs and exhibited them near the 
entrance under the banyan tree. Pan 
American Airlines installed a booth and 
distributed folders and the Hawatian 
Tourist Bureau supplied colorful post- 
ers. A number of real Hawaiian girls 
dressed in sarongs and muumuus served 
as guides, strung flower leis, and posed 
for photographers against the Clima- 
tron’s jungle settings. Orchids were 
scattered on regular exhibition tables 
and also adorned the large reed mat 
hung on the fountain wall. Hibiscus, 
the traditional flower emblem of Ha- 
wail, was proliferously displayed in 
various colors on the many bushes 


garden. 


c 


growing in the Hawaiian 
During the Christmas holidays an 


unusual Christmas tree was featured in 


12 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


the Climatron. In keeping with the 
tropical setting where the traditional 
spruce or balsam fir would be out of 
place, an 8-ft. East Indian spurge, 
Euphorbia antiquorum, was decorated 
with cut orchid flowers in tubes, and 
strung with tiny flickering electric 
lights and some Spanish moss. 

Work in the other greenhouses was 
When the old 


Citrus House roof became dangerous, 


carried on as usual. 


the plants were removed from it and 
the house put out of commission. The 
cycads were either transferred to tubs 
and boxes or set in the ground of the 
Aroid House. ‘Two remaining alcoves 
were torn down and made available for 
tubbed specimens. The old Bromeliad 
House was reconverted into a house for 
Dendrobiums and Cymbidiums, neces- 
sitating the removal of all remaining 
exotic plants and the building of 
wooden benches for the orchids. Since 
it was decided to stop sales of water 


lilies, less propagation space was needed 
and one of the houses containing the 
lily tanks was converted into a storage 
place for potted cacti. 

In anticipation of rebuilding the ex- 
isting outdoor pools and the abandon- 
ment of the project, the pools were not 
plowed until late in May and only 
planted the first week of June. The 
center pool was used as a mirror basin 
after heavy doses of sodium arsenite 
were applied to kill the weedy Sagit- 
taria. 

Informative and identifying labels 
are a “must” for any collection of 
plants. Considerable progress in this 
endeavor was made in 1961 so that 
most plants on exhibition, especially in 
the Climatron, have a label afhxed 
to them. More than a thousand tags 
were printed by hand and many pot 
labels punched out or stamped on the 


machine. 


FLORAL DISPLAYS 
PAUL A. KOHL, Froricutturist 


es first major floral display in 
1961 was the Orchid Show, which 


opened with a preview for the Friends 
of the Garden on January 19 and con- 
tinued through February. On Janu- 
ary 28 and 29 the Orchid Society of 
Greater St. Louis staged its own orchid 
show on the balcony with a number of 
beautiful exhibits. 

Camellias were in full bloom in the 
Linnean House in February. To step 
into this greenhouse on a cold, winter 
day is a revelation. Blooming camel- 
lias, separated from the snow by only 
a door, are a sight to see. 


Tulips were shown in a formal gar- 
den from March 5 to 19. The display 
contained 1000 pans of tulips and 
narcissus, representing twelve varieties 
of tulips and three of narcissus. The 
Easter display, which is also the Spring 
Flower Show, opened Palm Sunday, 
March 26, and continued until April 
30. The Spring Flower Show always 
attracts many visitors, since it is held 
at a time of the year when many peo- 
ple are eager to see something fresh and 
green after a long winter. Visitors are 
not disappointed when they view a 
spring show, for there is such a variety 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 13 


of colorful plant material not seen at 
any other time of the year. The col- 
lection of azaleas is the highlight of 
the show, but the brilliant cinerarias, 
butterfly-flowers, calceolarias, calendu- 
las, cyclamen, genistas, lilies, margue- 
rites, masturtiums, primroses, snap- 
dragons, stocks, anemones,  freesias, 
hyacinths and tulips all add_ their 
beauty to this most colorful show. A 
pleasing fragrance coming from such 
plants as genistas, lilies, nasturtiums, 
roses, freesias and hyacinths fills the 
air. The St. Louis Daffodil Society held 
its fourth annual Daffodil Show on 
April 15 and 16. The show was staged 
on the balcony and along the corridor 
in the Aroid House. May 6 and 7 the 
African Violet Society held its annual 
show in the flower house; May 13 and 


14 the Missouri and St. Louis Aquarium 


Societies held their tropical fish show 
in the flower house; May 20 and 21 the 
St. Louis Horticultural Society spon 
sored the spring flower show for its 
members; and May 27 and 28 The Rose 
Society of Greater St. Louis staged its 
rose show. During June the Garden 
displayed hydrangeas which were grad- 
ually replaced with fancy-leaved cala 
diums and other foliage plants during 
the summer months. July 8 the second 
hemerocallis show was held. The Ih 
nois Gladiola Society exhibited gladiolas 
on July 23 and these were displayed 
through Wednesday, July 26. Septem- 
ber 2 through September 10 the Henry 
Shaw Cactus Society held its annual 
show of cacti and succulents; Septem- 
ber 16 and 17 were the dates of the 
Harvest Show of the Regional Council 


of Men’s Garden Clubs of Greater St. 


Main window of Boyd’s store, Olive Street, with model of Climatron and plants. 


PHOTOG: Picks Ke 


14 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Louis. On September 23 and 24 the 
Greater St. Louis Dahlia Society spon- 
sored the Mid-West Dahlia Show and 
on September 30 and October 1 the 
Greater St. Louis Rose Society held 
The Veiled 
Prophet Queen’s bouquet was displayed 
on the balcony October 4. The Budg- 
erigar Society of Missouri, Inc., used 


its first fall rose show. 


the Floral Display House for judging 
its birds on October 7 and 8. 

The Chrysanthemum Show, one of 
the largest and most popular shows of 
the year, opened November 9 with a 
preview for the Friends of the Garden 
and continued until December 3. An 
additional feature of this show was 
tape recordings of Oriental music in 
keeping with the Japanese motif of the 
show. During December there was a 
display of pink, red and white poin- 
settias with accents of ardisias, orna- 
mental peppers and white and yellow 
chrysanthemums. 

Miscellaneous Exhibits—During the 
first week of April, Boyd’s downtown 
store featured the attractions of Shaw’s 
Garden in its show windows. Displays 
contained replicas of the entrance gate 
and various other architectural features 
of the Garden. Also displayed were 
pictures of Henry Shaw, his town and 
country residences, the entrance gate, 
the Climatron, flower shows and nature 
study classes. The corner window at 
6th and Olive streets contained a 
model of the Climatron. Boyd’s in- 
stalled a booth on the main sales floor 
where Friends of the Garden sold half- 
price admission tickets to the Clima- 
tron, with Boyd’s underwriting the 


cK 6bK 
85 


other half of the ticket cost. The 
Garden supplied 215 flowering and 
foliage plants for this display. 

The Annual Flower Sermon, pro- 
vided for in Henry Shaw’s will, was 
scheduled for April 16 and for Flower 
Sunday at Christ Church Cathedral the 
Garden supplied two hundred plants, 
including azaleas, cinerarias, _ lilies, 
marguerites, Martha Washington gera- 
niums, roses, schizanthus and snap- 
dragons. 

The Women’s Association of Shaw’s 
Garden and Famous-Barr sponsored 
“Through the Garden Gate” on the 
Famous-Barr Clayton parking lot for 
three days, May 12 through 14, for the 
benefit of the Garden. Members of 
the Association helped to grow some 
20,000 plants in the Garden’s green- 
houses, staffed the booths during the 
sale, and transported many of the 
plants in station wagons. 

From August 11 through the 20th 
Mrs. H. M. Stolar exhibited her paint- 
ings of scenes of the Garden on the 
balcony of the floral display house. 

October 14 a concert was to be 
given on the knolls by the Rosen 
String Quartet, a chamber group 
of St. Louis Symphony musicians, but 
because of the cool weather the concert 
was given in the Flower House. About 
300 people attended. 

Palms, chrysanthemums and orchids 
were used to decorate the stage of the 
Art Museum auditorium on December 
5 for the occasion of the St. Louis 
Award, which was presented by Robert 
Brookings Smith. 


3 SD 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 15 


ORCHID COLLECTION 


R. J. GILLESPIE, OrcHmotocist 


HE most important activity of the 

Orchid Department in 1961 was 
the complete recataloguing of all the 
species orchids in the collection and 
the assembly and distribution of an 
orchid species exchange list The Gar- 
den now has available for exchange 
with horticultural and botanical insti- 
tutions 1800 species and varieties of 
orchids with an almost equal number 
of hybrid plants. 

Cultural Im provements—TVhe major 
cultural improvement made during the 
year was the application of polyethyl- 
ene film over the entire warm green- 
house. This film layer resulted in the 
maintenance of optimum temperatures 
in this area even during sub-zero con- 
ditions outside. The Garden’s valuable 
collection of Stanhopea orchids and 
allies (now the world’s largest and 
most comprehensive) are housed in this 
greenhouse, along with other valuable 
warm-growing plants. Polyethylene 
film was also applied to the north 
gables of all the remaining orchid 
houses. The film layer has prevented 
these greenhouses from developing cold 
pockets in the north ends during cold 
winter nights. 

Artificial Orchid Trees—The fabri- 
cation and planting of orchid display 
trees for the Climatron was continued 
during the year. Seven new trees con- 
taining plants from such areas as west- 
ern Mexico, Costa Rica, Peru and 
Indonesia were placed in the Climatron 
in the climatic area best suited for each 
tree. An interestnig addition to the 


orchid display in the Climatron was 


the erection of a special display of min- 
iature orchids using a new display table 
containing a row of illuminated adjust- 
able magnifying lenses, under which 
the unusual coloring and the intricate 
floral details of the miniature orchid 
flowers can be seen in enlarged form. 

Orchid Show —The annual orchid 
show was held during the last week of 
January and during the entire month 
of February. The display consisted of 
two circular gardens in which numer- 
ous hybrid Cattleyas, Dendrobiums, 
Cymbidiums and Cypripediums were 
staged with excellent effect. Numer- 
ous botanical orchids from the Garden’s 
collection were also exhibited. During 
the first week of the show, the Orchid 
Society of Greater St. Louis held its 
first orchid show on the balcony of the 
Floral Display House. This show con- 
tained numerous orchid displays from 
various parts of the country and at- 
tracted an unusually large number of 
visitors. 

Dis plays—Two large displays of or- 
chids, one of hybrid Cattleyas and the 
other of botanical orchids were main- 
tained throughout the year in_ the 
Climatron, Orchid plants were also 
supplied weekly for the Shaw House 
and, as usual, cut flowers were donated 
by the Garden for the Veiled Prophet 
Queen’s bouquet in October. 

Accessions—Several hundred new 
orchid species were added to the collec- 
tion during the year. The most note- 
worthy species accessions were two col- 
lections of orchids received from Peru, 


among which was found Oncidium 


16 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


sanderae, a species formerly believed to 
be extinct. A_ large collection of 
species, mostly of the Cattleya group, 
was received from the Instituto de 
Genetica in Sao Paulo, Brazil. These 
plants represent living type specimens 
as Closely as possible and as such are 
valuable horticultural and botanical 
material. The Montreal Botanical 
Garden donated an unusually varied 
collection of orchid species. Another 
valuable collection of plants was re- 
ceived from Mr. Hermon Slade of 
Homebush, Australia, and Longwood 
Gardens of Kennett Square, Pennsyl- 
vania, also donated a small group of 
plants to the Garden, among which 
were several rare species and several 
horticulturally interesting varieties. A 
very rare plant from the Fiji Islands, 
Dendrobium prasinum, was received 
from Stuart Low Co., Sussex, England. 
Noteworthy hybrid orchids were ac- 
quired from Vacherot Lecoufle, Paris, 
France; Stuart Low, Sussex, England; 


Sierra Madre Research Institute, Sierra 
Madre, California; Dr. Nagano, To- 
kyo, Japan; and H. Wickmann, Celle, 
Germany. 

Orchid Jud ging—In October, month- 
ly regional orchid judging under the 
sponsorship of the American Orchid 
Society was started at the Garden. 
This activity uses the facilities of the 
Garden and employs the American 
Orchid Society judges on the Garden’s 
staff, offering orchid growers located in 
the Midwest an opportunity to have 
their plants and flowers evaluated and 
awarded prizes. 

Instruction—The Orchid Depart- 
ment offered a course in orchid culture 
in April and it was well attended and 
Orchid Department. staff 
members gave numerous lectures local- 


received. 


ly and contributed articles to several 
publications. They also participated in 
orchid programs and orchid shows at 
Chicago, Nashville, and Detroit. 


GROUNDS AND MAINTENANCE OPERATIONS 


LOUIS G. BRENNER, Grounps SUPERINTENDENT 


fi addition to normal maintenance, 
the Grounds Crew was actively re- 
habilitating and developing the grounds 
during the past year. Much of the 
early spring was devoted to the recon- 
ditioning of the picturesque knolls area 
where principal work was centered in 
the Long Knoll. 


were removed to make room _ for 


Many aged shrubs 


younger and more interesting varieties 
selected with the advice of the Garden 
Committee of the Board of Trustees. 
Through the generosity of Forrest 
Keeling Nursery, fine full sized shrubs 


were made available to the Garden and 
later proved an effective background 
for the colorful plantings of cushion 
mums and dahlias. The blaze of late 
summer and autumn color in the 
Knolls was largely the result of many 
affectionate and sweaty hours volun- 
teered by the St. Louis Council of 
Men’s Garden Clubs, whose members 
planted, grew and tended the hundreds 
of mums and dahlias. 

A large planting of zoysia grass was 
made south of the Climatron with sod 
contributed by the Link Nursery and 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 174 


also by Mr. Ralph Sehrt, Superintend- 
ent of Westwood Country Club. It is 
hoped that this sodded zoyzia grass will 
be the nucleus of plantings to be de- 
veloped later in other parts of the 
Garden. 

The narrow band of marsh meander- 
ing through the knolls area presents a 
unique and interesting habitat much 
neglected in past years. It is gradually 
being brought back to a colorful col- 
lection of plants which in time will 
prove a popular feature of the Knolls, 
especially for those who delight in the 
informality and fascination of marsh 
plants and the attraction such a habitat 
has for birds of many species. First of 
a major introduction of plants for re- 
habilitation of the marsh has been the 
contribution of a fine collection of 
unnamed Iris Kaempferi Japanese iris 
hybrids raised by Mr. Edgar Denison of 
Kirkwood. 

The Rose Garden continued to attract 
many visitors from late May till killing 
frost. The display of new rose varieties 
provided here by the country’s major 
rose growers is an outstanding feature 
of the grounds in summer and _ rose 
fanciers find annual fascination in the 
preview of new varieties a full season 
before they become available on the 
market. The devoted efforts of a 
dozen or more Friends of the Garden in 
keeping faded blooms clipped was most 
helpful in maintaining a fine show of 
roses throughout the season. 

The Grounds Crew joins with the 
Engineering Department in the com- 
plex function of providing a multitude 
of services to all departments in addi- 
tion to maintaining outdoor plantings. 
services 


Primary assigned to the 


Grounds Department are Carpentry, 
painting, glazing, masonry, moving of 
properties, trash collection and dis- 
posal, and janitorial custody of build- 
ings. 

In early spring a stone planting box 
was constructed on the deck above the 
blower room in the Climatron, with 
the twofold purpose of restraining visi- 
tors from the edge of the deck and 
providing planting area to screen a 
rather ugly bare concrete wall. Today 
a lush screen of husky philodendrons 
and tree ferns covers planting box and 
wall alike, leaving the bruised fingers 
and skinned knuckles that built the 


wall almost a pleasant memory. 


Summer found the carpenter and 
glazer busy in the blazing sun renovat- 
ing roofs and ventilators of the grow- 
ing greenhouses, a task that busied 
them and two helpers until the last 
chill days of October. Reduction of 
heat loss and a resulting improved 
growing climate within the houses dur- 
ing the past winter months proved the 
hours and materials well spent. 

In late fall also the Grounds Crew 
aided in moving several large plants 
into the Climatron from other green- 
houses. The large ball of soil which 
had to be moved with these plants 
made moving difficult, especially in the 
Climatron, where machinery could not 
be used. 

Of Tar and Feathers—Volunteer 
workers at the Garden and staff mem- 
bers all have enjoyed the luxury of the 
recently paved service road, whose 
bump-free surface makes possible driv- 
ing speeds which are higher than neces- 
sary or safe for the wildlife which uses 


the Garden as a quiet sanctuary. Al- 


18 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


ready three quail have been found by 
the roadside as mangled bits of bone 
and feather. Are the few seconds saved 
by speeding along this short road worth 
as much? Cannot we who are respon- 
sible for creating and developing a 


sanctuary for meditation and relaxa- 


tion amidst floral beauty permit our- 
selves the luxury of taking a few 
seconds longer in our comings and 
goings? Conspicuous rutting and wear 
of the road edge would also seem to 
dictate prudent and considerate driving 


when using this road. 


ENGINEERING OPERATIONS 
KENNETH A. SMITH, ENGINEER 


Siew usual operation and mainte- 


nance of the heating plant and the 
water, steam, and electric services of 
the Garden have been carried on under 
the direction of the Engineer and his 
assistant, James Hampton. 

Special work in addition to normal 
maintenance was again centered about 
the Climatron, which is still in the 
process of refinement and development 
after more than a year of operation. 
Several additions were made to Clima- 
tron equipment to make possible easier 
operation. More water lines were in- 
stalled on the lower level this year, and 
an air compressor was placed in the 
machinery room with piping to supply 
air to the experimental area. Loud- 
speakers, brackets, and wiring were 
installed to make possible the recorded 
Climatron concerts which entertain 


visitors daily. 

The addition of a filtering system to 
the Climatron pool greatly reduced the 
amount of algae there and made it 
possible for visitors to the underwater 
tunnel to see through the plexiglas 
wall. Controls, piping, and a pump 
were also included in the system. 

Another area of work during the 
year was the Floral Display House, 
where a new electric line and panel 
were installed. The rewiring made 
possible the Canteen vending machines 
and new overhead lights and spotlights. 

The heating plant required new re- 
fractory floors in No. 2 and No. 3 
boilers. 

Other duties of the Engineering 
Department included maintenance of 
grounds equipment and small jobs for 
other departments. 


ARBORETUM 


FRANK L. STEINBERG, SurERINTENDEN1 


tT" Arboretum at Gray Summit is 
open to the public every day and 
cars may drive around the Pinetum 
Lake throughout the year. The longer 
drive past the dogwoods, redbuds, and 
naturalized daffodils to the trailhouse 
and wildflower trails was kept open for 
six weeks in April and early May. 


Mowing required 780 tractor hours 
for the Arboretum and an additional 
64 hours for the 120 acres of farm 
property. Mowing was begun on the 
first of June and was finished by the 
first of November. The Pinetum was 
mowed in June and in October; roads 
were graded as necessary. Dead trees 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 19 


were removed and pruning done as 
time permitted. 

Maintenance of facilities at the Ar- 
boretum included repair to the Brenner 
house and garage as well as cleaning and 
painting of both The Frizzell resi- 


dence was repaired, cleaned, and given 
two coats of paint. The interior was 
repaired and redecorated. A new well 
was dug and a heating plant installed 
for the brick house and the greenhouses 


were rehabilitated. 


FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN NOTES 


N EW Friends ofhcers were installed 
on March 1 with Harry E. 
Wuertenbaecher, Jr., as president; 
Sears Lehmann, treasurer; and the fol- 
lowing vice-presidents: Mrs. William 
R. Bascom, Mrs. Curtis Ford, Mrs. M. 
M. Jenks, Mrs. Fristoe Mullins, and 
Mrs. Eli M. Strassner. The Garden is 
fortunate to have such leadership for 
the Friends and is especially grateful 
to Mrs. Bascom for her willingness to 
continue in an active role as vice- 
president upon her retirement from the 
presidency. With her guidance, the 
Friends have come a long way in the 
past two years, and she may justly feel 
that she turns over to the new presi- 
dent the reins of a thriving and healthy 
organization. Happily, Mrs. Kathleen 
M. Miller as Executive Secretary will 
also continue to make her vital contri- 
bution to the Friends. 

When asked for a comment on the 
year ahead for the Friends, Mr. Wuer- 
tenbaecher had this to say: 

“T believe that this year has the pos- 
sibility of being the most challenging 
and the most rewarding twelve months 
that we as Friends of the Garden have 
ever experienced. As you know, the 
Board of Trustees is at present review- 
ing plans for the next major develop- 
ment at the Garden and those of us 


who have had an opportunity of a 


‘sneak preview’ feel that this will be as 
important a step to rebirth of the 
Garden as the Climatron. 

“However, as is always the case with 
such fascinating endeavors, money is 
essential. As Friends we are called 
upon as never before to help provide 
some of the much needed annual main- 
tenance money to keep the Garden 
running so that we can move forward 
and complete this next step of the 
Garden’s development. We must all 
redouble our efforts during the next 
few months to obtain as many addi- 
tional Friends of the Garden as pos- 
sible. In addition to obtaining new 
members, it is equally important for us 
to renew our own memberships and 
when doing so give some thought to 
increasing the amount that we person- 
ally invest in the Garden’s future. 

“We can thus play a crucial part in 
the development of our community’s 


most unique cultural institution.” 


x 


On March 9 the last trace of the 
fragrance of exotic spices lingered and 
faded from the Floral Display House, 
and that remarkably versatile structure 
(ballroom, restaurant, lecture hall, and 
concert hall have all been among its 
unusual uses) returned to its normal 


function of providing a setting for 


20 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


flower shows. The experimental Indo- 
nesian dinners were, by any measure, a 
Both as to public re- 


sponse and practical feasibility, we can 


solid success. 


now say that deliciously different food 
in an attractive, exotic atmosphere is 
A Good Thing. 
yet before a real restaurant can_ be 
opened at the Garden, but plans are 
afoot now to offer some of Mr. Falken- 


It will be some time 


berg’s Indonesian delicacies at a modest 


stand this summer. 


x 


Another Friends “trial balloon,” Mrs. 


“Javaburger”’ 


Dan Sakahara’s course in classical 
Japanese flower arranging, also attract- 
ed impressive public response and con- 
tinued interest. Those who took the 
siX-session course this spring were im- 
pressed with the complexity of classical 


flower arranging and many want to go 


New MEMBERS OF THE 


on to learn more. As soon as Mrs. 
Sakahara’s other commitments permit, 
it is hoped that she will be back with 
another course. Watch the BULLETIN 


for information. 


x 


The remaining free First Monday 
Lectures are listed below, for the 
benefit of those who have mislaid the 
announcement which was mailed out 
earlier: 

May 7: Dr. Robert L. Dressler— 
“MBG Expeditions to Northeastern 
Mexico.”’ A veteran collector of wild 
orchids, Dr. Dressler will report on his 
latest expeditions. 

June 4: Paul A. Kohl—‘A Garden’s 
The Garden’s chief 
Floriculturist will give a colorful 


Spring Parade.” 


presentation of choice plants in St. 


Louis. 


FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN 


JANUARY 1, 1962 THROUGH Marcu 21, 1962 


Dr. Otto Bachman 


Mr. and Mrs. John F. Ballak Mr. and Mrs. 
Miss Rosemary Bellers Mr. and Mrs. 
Better Gardens Club of Mr. and Mrs. 
Greater St. Louis Mr. and Mrs. 
Mr. and Mrs. Wilferd Bohey Dr. Frances N. H 
Miss Grace 1). Boles Mr. and Mrs. 
Mr. and Mrs. Ernest Braunet Miss Maurine 
Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. 
Buford L. Brauninger 


Drand Mrs. H. 


Inghram 


Kehrs Mill View a range Club 


Hecht Mr. and Mrs. Maurice L. Plumet 
Robert Heimsch 


Mr. and Mrs. Charles F. Pollnow 


Donald G. Herries Mrs. Sarah ©, Polk 

William S. Holmes = Mr. and Mrs. Charles Ratcliff 
Russell R. Hopmann Mr. and Mrs. William Allen Ratz 
oward 


Mr. and Mrs. Victor J. Reinke 
James S. Inghram Mr. and Mrs. 

Monroe H. Rodemeyer 
Myron Jattfe St. Louis Nature Study Society 


Sappington Acres Garden Club 


Miss iy sea Brown Mrs. Dennis J. a pe Mr. and Mrs. 

Mr. and Mrs. W. Buchanan Mr. and Mrs. C ns WV Klug Darwin W. Schlag, Jr. 

Mr. and Mrs. Ie N. Carlson Mr. and Mrs. Arthur E. Koelle Mr. and Mrs. Wilson Schroeder 

Mr. and Mrs. George W. Coleman Dr. and Mrs. Paul Lacy Seeders and Weeders Garden Club 

Miss Barbara A. Cordes Mr. and Mrs. A, Lahrmann Mr and -Mrs.-T. M: Sparks 

Mrs. Edward Crowe Mr. and Mrs. R. B. Leonard M iene 1 M a R. \ . Stod Be 

Mr. and Mrs. Eugene R. Daigger Mr. and Mrs. Clyde W. Lester pet or eerie eee COs aan 

Mr. Harold P, Davison Mr. and Mrs. Harold Lewin Mr. and Mrs. Henry M. Stray 

Mr. and Mrs. Mrs. J. H. Lincoln Mr. and Mrs. Edward P. Sullivan 
Eugene W. Dependahl Mr. Richard A. Lippman Mr. and Mrs, | 

Mrs. Donald Dressler Dr. and Mrs. Oliver Lowry Robert W. Thompson _ 

Miss Emily P. Eaton Mr. Edward M. McClean, ITI Mr. and Mrs. Dort F. Tikker 


Mr. and Mrs. Eugene M. Erwin Mr. and Mrs 


Mr. and Mrs. H. Lister Tuholske 


M r. and Mrs. Harold B. Evans Russell i. McClellan Mr. Osear C. Von Burg 
Felicia Garden Club Mr. and Mrs. Herbert A. Mack Mr. and Mrs. W. Edmond Wallet 
Fulton Garden Club Mrs. Carmel W. Mann Mrs. Eric H. Warmber 


Mr. Ferd E. Gast 

Mr. Albert J. Gerber 
Mrs. Eugene pee 
Mr. and Mrs. Sam IT. Goldman Dr. and Mrs. 
Mr. and Mrs. Lindell Gordon, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. 


Mr. and Mrs. 


Mr. and Mrs. Ernest Halamicek Mr. and Mrs. 
Mrs. Helen Halloran Mr. and Mrs. 
Mr. and Mrs. F. J. Hamtil Mr. and Mrs. 
Mr. and Mrs. R. C. Harris Mrs. Jane kK. 
Mr. Montague Harvey Mr. and Mrs. 


Mrs. Charles Mattes 
Arnold S. Moe 
William F. Moll, Jr. Mrs. 


. Martin Miss Martha Frances Watson 
Mr. Arthur R. Weber 

Miss Jane A. Weber 

G. W. Weldin 


Arch E. Murphy Mr. Edward L. Wiese 
Richard Nance Mr. and Mrs. Thomas J. Wilhite 
George Novak Mr. and Mrs. Benedict P. Witkus 


Mr. and Mrs. Vernon R. Wren 


Philip H. Plack Mr. and Mrs. William D. Zeltman 


BOARD OF TRUSTEES 


RoBERT BROOKINGS SMITH, 
President 


Leicester B. Faust, 
Vice President 
Henry B. PFLAGER, 
Second Vice President 
Howarp F. Barer 
DanieL K. CaTLin 


SAM’L. C. Davis 

Henry HircHcock 

JOHN S. LEHMANN 

RosBert W. Orto 

WARREN McKINNIY SHAPLEIGH 


DupLEY FRENCH, 
Honorary Trustee 


EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS 


DANIEL SCHLAFLY, 


President, Board of Education of St. Louis 


GEorRGE L. CaDIGAN, 
Bishop, Diocese of Missouri 


STRATFORD LEE Morton, 


President, Academy of Science of St. Louis 


CaRL TOLMAN, 
Chancellor, Washington University 


RAYMOND R. Tucker, 
Mayor, City of St. Louis 


PRIENDS..OF THE GARDEN 


Harry E. Wuertenbaecher, Jr., President, 


Curtis Ford, Vice President, Mrs. Eli 


Treasurer, Kathleen M. Miller, Secretary. 


Wm. R. Bascom, [ice President, Mrs. 


Strassner, lice President, Sears Lehmann, 


HORTICULTURAL COUNCIL 


Clifford W. Benson, Paul M. Bernard, Mrs. Paul H. Britt, E. G. Cherbonnier, Carl F. 
Giebel, Robert E. Goetz, Paul Hale, Earl Hath, Mrs. Hazel L. Knapp, F. R. MecMath, 
Dan O’Gorman, Gilbert Pennewill, Ralph Rabenau, Philip A. Conrath, Chairman. 


WOMEN’S ASSOCIATION 
Mrs. J. Bruce Butler, President, Mrs. James G. Alfring, Vice President, Mrs. Bert A. 


Lynch, Jr., Vice President, Mrs. Frank Vesser 
responding Secretary, Mrs Edwin F. Stuessie, 


Treasurer, Mrs. Samuel D. Soule, Cor- 
ecording Secretary. 


HISTORICAL COMMITTEE 
John S. Lehmann, Chairman, Mrs. Edwin R. Culver and Mrs. Neal S. Wood, Co-Chairmen 


for Restoration. 


GARDEN STAFF 


Frits W. Went, Director 


Hueu C. Cutter, Executive Director 


Epcar ANDERSON, Curator of Useful Plants 


Henry N. ANnpbrEws, Paleobotanist 
CLARENCE Barpre, Instructor 


Lours G. Brenner, Grounds 
Superintendent 


Lapistaus Cutak, Greenhouse 
Superintendent 


CarroL__ W. Donce, Mycologist 


Cataway H. Dopson, Taxonomist and 
Curator of Living Plants 


Rozert L. Dress-er, Taxonomist and 
Editor of the ANNALS 


James A. Duke, Assistant Curator 
of the Herbarium 


Joun D. Dwyer, Research Associate 
Watpo G. Fecuner, Business Manager 
RAYMOND FREEBORG, Research Associate 


Rosert J. GILvtespPie£, In Charge of 
Orchids 


BRIAN Gorpon, Editorial Assistant 
JaMeES Hampton, Assistant Engineer 
Paut A. Kou, Floriculturist 


C. RANLET Lincoun, Assistant 
to the Director 


Viktor MuEHLENBACHS, Research 
Associate 


Norton H. Nickerson, Morphologist 
LILLIAN OVERLAND, Research Assistant 
KENNETH O. Peck, Instructor 

GeorGE H. Princ, Superintendent 
Owen J. Sexton, Research Ecologist 
KENNETH A. SmiItTH, Chief Engineer 


FRANK STEINBERG, Superintendent of 
The Arboretum, Gray Summit 


GeorcE B. Van ScuHaack, Librarian and 
Curator of Grasses 


TRIFON VON SCHRENK, Associate Curator 
of the Museum 


Rozert E. Woopson, Jr., Curator of the 
Herbarium 


SOME FACTS ABOUT SHAW’S GARDEN 


The Missouri Botanical (Shaw’s) Garden was established in 
1859 by Henry Shaw, a St. Louis businessman, to be controlled 
by a Board of Trustees for the public benefit. The Garden is 
a non-profit institution which receives no support from the city 
or state, depending on the income from the Shaw estate supple- 
mented by contributions from the public. 

The old stone walls and cast-iron fences, the Linnean House, 
the Museum Building, the part of the Administration Building 
which was Shaw’s Town House, relocated in the Garden in 1890, 
and the Tower Grove House, his country home, all date from 
Mr. Shaw’s time. The Main Gate, display and growing green- 
houses and most other facilities date from the period immediately 
following the turn of the century. The Climatron, opened in 
1960, is the first of several new buildings planned for the Gar- 
den’s redevelopment. It is the world’s first geodesic dome, fully 
climate-controlled greenhouse and contains the Garden’s tropical 
collections. 

The Garden—70 acres—is open every day of the year from 
9:00 A.M. until sundown; the greenhouses 9:00 A. M. to 5:00 
P. M.; the Climatron Monday through Thursday 9:00 A.M. to 
5:00 P.M., Friday through Sunday 9:00 A.M. to 10:00 P.M. 
Tower Grove House is open daily from 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. 
(April through November); 10:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M. (Decem- 
ber through March). The Display House presents four seasonal 
displays: November, Chrysanthemums; December, Poinsettias; 
February, Orchids; Spring, Lilies and other flowers. During the 
year are other shows, competitions and festivals sponsored by 
various Garden Clubs and Flower Societies. 

Courses in Botany and Horticulture for adults are conducted 
by the Garden staff. Children’s nature studies are provided each 
Saturday of the year and a special nature program is held during 
the summer. Information on these activities is published in the 
BULLETIN or may be had by mail or phone. The Garden main- 
tains a research program through the Henry Shaw School of 
Botany, Washington University. 

In 1926 an Arboretum — 1600 acres — was established at 
Gray Summit, Missouri. Foot trails and roads pass through the 
Arboretum and are open to visitors in April and May. 

The Garden Administration Building is located at 2315 
Tower Grove Ave., and the Garden main entrance is at Tower 
Grove and Flora Place. The entrance at Tower Grove and 
Cleveland Avenue is also open to the public. The Garden is 
served by both the Sarah (No. 42) and the Park-Southampton 
(No. 80) city bus lines. 

Persons interested in helping to support the Garden and tak- 
ing part in Garden activities are urged to do so through the 
“Friends of the Garden”. Information may be obtained from 
the Main Gate or by mail or phone. 


é 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN ff 
April 1962 


alletin Volume L 


Number 4 


iy 


' 


> 


Cover: Henry Falkenberg, Manager of “Rumahsahtay,” the Garden’s just-opened 


“Javaburger” stand featuring authentic Indonesian and Oriental food, adds a decorative 
touch of bamboo to the side of the building. A thatched roof will eventually complete 


the structure. 
PHOTO BY BRIAN GORDON 


CONTENTS 
Herb Magic 
Through the Garden Gate 
Book Review 
Tower Grove House Hostess Training Program 


Friends of the Garden Notes 


Oifice of publication: 306 E. Simmons Street, Galesburg, Illinois. 

Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis 10, 
Missouri. 

Guest Editor for this issue: RANLET LINCOLN. 

Published monthly except July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri 
Botanical Garden. Subscription price: $3.50 a year. 


Entered as second-class matter January 26, 1942, at the post-office at Galesburg, Illinois, 
under Act of March 3, 1879. 


Missour1 Botanical Garden 


Volume L No. 4 


Bulletin 


April 1962 


HERB MAGIC 


MARY 


H"” are like salted peanuts; take 
one and you can’t stop. They 
are a fascinating subject with so many 
facets of interest that almost everyone 
finds a side which appeals. There is the 
history of herbs, and the story of their 
culture and uses; and always, the con- 
tinuing search for the perfect answer 
to that intriguing question, “What is 
an herb?” 

What is an herb?) Webster says an 
herb is ‘fa flowering plant whose stem 
above ground does not become weody 
and persistent” . along around 800 
A.D. the Emperor Charlemagne an- 
swered the question with this royal 
reply: “The friend of physicians and 
the praise of cooks.’ The American 
Herb Society defines an herb as “any 
plant that may be used for pleasure, 
fragrance or physic” . and the St. 
Louis Herb Society supports the view 
that an herb is “fa plant with a use.” 

Broadly speaking, just as a weed is 
“a plant out of place,” so is an herb “a 
plant with a use.” A rose in a corn- 
field is a weed; a dandelion in a pot of 
greens is an herb. 

Herbs are ancient plants, and the 
garden plants we enjoy so greatly today 
are for the most part their descendants. 
Some have changed greatly, others al- 
Some have remained 


faded 


Those which have flourished 


most not at all. 


important; others have from 


sight. 


the great herbs—have done so because 


ave 


GAMBLI 


they combine utility and beauty and 
can therefore both serve and delight 
man. 

Interest in herbs has varied; at the 
moment it is high. Today they seem 
to be everywhere. The TV food com- 
mercials are spiced with herbs; the 
women’s magazines feature articles 
about them; they’re on the food pages 
and in the grocery ads My own inter- 
est in herbs is only about a dozen years 
old, but even in that comparatively 
brief span of time [I’ve learned there is 
no more engrossing subject, nor one 
more rewarding to the gardener, the 
cook, the housewife, or the ordinary 
curious person 

Herbs open new doors of interest: 
doors to a new awareness of fragrance, 
a new appreciation of flavor, a new 
dimension in gardening And, as you 
dip into their story—older than re- 
corded history—you develop a new 
feeling of kinship with all those who 
have used or treasured herbs down the 
ages. And you find there is a rapport 
—which often warms to friendship— 
with those who share with you the day- 
to-day pleasure of discovering herbs’ 
versatility and charm. Their uses to 
mankind have been—and remain—in- 
numerable and immeasurable. Their 
appeal, through their fragrance, their 
flavor, their quiet, usually unassuming 
beauty, is almost unlimited and uni- 


versal. (1) 


2 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Remember the phrase “Open, Sesa- 
me!”? The magic password to the 
robbers’ cave in the Arabian Nights’ 
“Tale of the Forty Thieves”? When I 
was a child, “Open, Sesame!’’ was the 
key to a magic hour of reading or play. 
Now | know that sesame is an herb 
which grew in the Nile Valley long 
before Moses was discovered floating in 
the bulrushes. It is a tall, lovely an- 
nual whose seeds ripen and literally pop 
from their pods. Thus the ancient 
Arabian who spun the original tale 
turned to a simple fact of everyday 


life to coin his immortal phrase. Today, 


it’s fun to think that sesame—and 
scores of other herbs—can open the 
door to a mature enjoyment of new 
areas of flavor, beauty and use which 
can be discovered in the wonderful 
world of herbs. 


If history interests you, let herbs 


be your guide—they’ve made history. 
Since time immemorial men have trad- 
ed in spices; the search for them led 
Marco Polo to China, Christopher 
Columbus to America, and Magellan 
around the world. Much of the mys- 
tery of the ‘mysterious East”’ stemmed 
from the Arabs’ desire to keep secret 
the sources of the spices they supplied 
to the pre-Christian world. In suc- 
ceeding centuries the Greeks and 
Romans developed greater knowledge 
of herbs and spices and extended their 
use. The Romans carried herbs with 
them on their paths of conquest; and 
wherever colonists traveled, herbs went 
with them. Wars were fought over 
spice-rich lands, and the nations that 
controlled the spice routes dominated 
the world. 

There have been eras of special im- 


port in the development of herbs. One 


of the great early landmarks was the 
work of Dioscorides, the first-century 
Greek physician who was first to estab- 
lish botany as an applied science. This 
Greek 


was, according to legend, physician to 


who served in Nero’s army and 


Antony and Cleopatra—catalogued 
some 600 plants, describing their medi- 
cinal qualities and writing down the 
virtues which previously had been 
passed by word of mouth from indi- 
vidual to individual—a risky way to 
give a prescription! ‘This was the first 
organized effort to compile herbal 
knowledge and it served as the author- 
ity in its field throughout the Middle 
Ages and into the Renaissance. 

The Romans, as already noted, were 
responsible for spreading herbs across 
Europe and the British Isles. The 
Middle Ages, which followed upon the 
fall of the Roman Empire, brought 
knighthood and herbs to fullest flower. 
And the great adventure of the times, 
the Crusades, resulted in the addition 
of new herbs to European gardens as 
the knights, returning from the Holy 
Land, brought such treasures as tarra- 
gon and sesame seed to their ladies. 

The great explorations which marked 
the close of medieval times developed a 
two-way trafhe in herbs; Columbus’ 
men planted borage on Isabella Island 
and later Spaniards carried ginger to 
Jamaica—which still produces some of 
the world’s finest—and chilies from 
tropical America to Spain. 

The invention of printing in the 
15th century made possible wider dis- 
tribution of herbals, which up until 
then had been hand-lettered and beau- 
tifully illuminated by monks. In 1500 
a rich German underwrote the writing 
and illustrating of the “Garden of 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 3 


Health.”” In his introduction he wrote: 
“Since man can have no greater nor 
nobler treasurer on earth than bodily 
health, I came to the conclusion that I 
could not perform any more honorable, 
useful or holy work . . . than to com- 
pile a book in which should be con- 
tained the virtues and nature of many 
herbs... together with their true 
color and form, for the help of all the 
world and common good.” Thus was 
spread the knowledge of herbs. 

The American colonists brought 
herbs to the New World, and_ those 
who returned to England took with 
them herbal lore of the American In- 
dians. Tobacco was a narcotic and was 
used in surgery before it was smoked 
in England. Witch Hazel was another 
American contribution. 

If cooking is your forte, then herbs 
are among your best allies. Irma 
Goodrich Mazza, a noted writer on 
herbs, has this to say: “Just six herbs 
—mint, thyme, sage, marjoram, rose- 
mary, basil—will make you a good 
cook, while 25 herbs will bring you 
culinary fame.” 

If you love to dig in the dirt, nothing 
will produce a greener thumb—with 
less effort and comparatively fewer 
disappointments—than a_ garden of 
herbs. If you’re an individualist, if 
you practice simplicity, if you enjoy 
sharing your discoveries and fun; then 
herbs are your dish. 

Learning about herbs is a slow proc- 
ess. You have to try everything your- 
self. Herb gardeners and herb cooks 
may start with another’s ideas, but 
almost immediately they begin to 
change them, to evolve their own vari- 
ations. It’s this experimentation which 


makes herbs fun and removes the mon- 


otony so often associated with jobs 
which must be done over and over 
again. 

Herbs add a new dimension to cook- 
ing. If ‘flavor is the soul of cooking,” 
as an old saying goes, then herbs are 
the soul of flavor. There are rules to 
herb culture and cooking, but many of 
them seem to be made only to be 
broken. It takes daring, imagination, 
and originality to cook with herbs— 
plus restraint. Sometimes I think that 
the only dish better than one seasoned 
with herbs is one which has no herbs 
at all! 

Herbs are the most fun if you can 
raise at least a part of those you use. 
So—how does one start an herb gar- 
den? How much space is needed? 
How many herbs should be included? 
What are the cultural requirements? 
The best gardener I know says: “You 
can’t tell people exactly how to raise 
specific herbs; each gardener has to 
find out for herself what works for 
her.” 

But you can say this: (1) herbs 
need full sun (with some few excep- 
tions); (2) herbs are singularly un- 
particular about soils; they do best in 
average to poor soil; soils too rich re- 
sults in more foliage and less flavor. 
Some herbs require sweet soils, others 
accept acid; (3) most herbs require 
good drainage, but the amount of 
moisture needed in the soil varies; (4) 
most herbs are resistant to disease and 
plant pests; (5) most of them require 
little care and are easy to grow. 

You know, of course, that herbs are 
annuals, biannuals or perennials—the 
latter to be considered in two cate- 
gories: the tender perennials, which 


must winter indoors in climates such as 


4 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


ours, and the hardy perennials which 
can remain outdoors the year round. 
Some herbs can be grown easily from 
seeds; others must be propagated from 
cuttings or layering. 

You may not know that most 
savory herbs belong to four botanical 
families: the mint, parsley, aster, or 
lily family. Most belong to the first 
two. They are classified by character- 
istics which are common to all plants 
of the family. For example, the herbs 
which belong to the parsley family 
have flowers formed in circular heads, 
or umbels, at the top of hollow stems; 
the leaves are alternate and _ finely 
divided and the fruit forms in two 
parts. Seeds, leaves and stems all con- 
tain an aromatic oil. Some other mem- 
bers of the parsley family are anise, 
celery, chervil, dill, and fennel. 

Your garden may be formal, in the 
manner of the Tudor period, or simple, 
like the cottage gardens. But my ad- 
vice is to keep it simple. The greatest 
pleasure with herbs comes if the hands 
that till the soil, pull the weeds, and 
harvest the crops are your own. Com- 
mon sense suggests shying away from 
the elaborate designs which were the 
delights of herb gardeners of olden 
and 


days. Scores of books, articles 


any herb gardener—will supply infor- 
mation as to height of plants, normal 
growing habits, and so on. 

A government bulletin suggests the 
following herbs for the beginning herb 
garden: 

Pungent herbs: rosemary, sage, win- 
ter savory. 

Herbs strong enough for accent: 
sweet basil, dill, mint (the peppermint 
and spearmint flavors), sweet mar- 


joram, French tarragon, English or 


French thyme. 

Herbs especially good in blends: 
chervil, chives, parsley, summer savory. 

Actually, the role of the herb is to 
enhance the flavor of a dish; the herb 
should never dominate. Some herbs— 
such as marjoram—seem to give a lift 
to natural flavor; or, when used in 
combination with other herbs, to serve 
as a catalyst, blending all flavors into 
one, so that the flavor of the whole 
surpasses that of the parts. It is the 
whole dish with which the cook is con- 
cerned, not the flavor of any individual 
item used in it. In fact, if you can 
taste the herb, you’ve used too much. 
The flavor of a successful dish should 
intrigue, tantalize, tempt—and satisfy. 

It is in the subtle, skillful use of 
herbs that individuality again comes in. 
If you don’t have one already, soon 
you'll have discovered a favorite herb; 
then two and three and four and five 
and six. And as you master the secrets 
of each, you'll expand your repertoire 
until your cooking is filled with imagi- 
nation and excitement—and that won- 
derful sense of satisfaction which 
comes from discharging a simple task 
creatively. 

Just remember: never pair two 
prima donna herbs; never risk over- 
using an herb—it’s much better to use 
too little; let the herb enhance the 
basic ingredient of the dish. 

What are the most used herbs? Be- 
fore that question can be answered, we 
must ask another. What category of 
herbs have you in mind: pot herbs, 
nose herbs, salad herbs, healing herbs, 
or herb repellents? Pot herbs, of 
course, are exactly what their name 
implies—those which go in the pot; 
nose herbs are the aromatic herbs, used 


MISSOURI BOTANIC. 


in olden times as strewing herbs, in- 
cense and linen sweeteners. Healing 
herbs are those whose qualities are 
strongly medicinal. These include 
many of the “simples,” as the individ- 
ual herbs were called. The word “‘sim- 
ple,” as used in old herbals, denoted an 
individual herb with a single medicinal 
quality. Often numerous “simples” 
were used together, or “compounded.” 
The latter word remains familiar to us, 
but the word “simple” has almost dis- 
appeared from herbal use. And _ of 
course, many of the herbs are good for 
almost everything. 

So, let’s consider the pot or savory 
herbs. No herb grower would agree 
with another on any complete list, but 
I believe all would include the sextet 
the French call “‘les fines herbes”: basil, 
chervil, marjoram, thyme, rosemary, 
and tarragon. [ think most would add 
dill, the savories, sage, the alliums 
(garlic, onions, shallots, chives), pars- 
ley, mints, fennel, burnet and oregano. 
There are many others, but since | 
can’t possibly discuss them all—or 
even all those named, let’s make an 
arbitrary selection: dill, chervil, bur- 
net, oregano, marjoram, thyme, the 
savories, tarragon, rosemary, basil. 

Dill, a hardy annual, belongs to the 
parsley family. It is a tall, pale green 
plant with plume-like leaves and a 
broad, circular cluster of bloom which 
looks like a delicate yellow version of 
Queen Anne’s lace. These are the 
fruiting umbels which mature into 
the brown seeds which, ripened, are 
used as a condiment. Dill is easy to 
culture and once you've had a success- 
ful planting, it will sow itself in your 
garden to the point of nuisance. How- 


ever, it is a wonderful herb to use—all] 


AL GARDEN BULLETIN 5 


of the plant is used in cooking; its 
feathery foliage is delightful in flower 
arrangement and, dried, it is a perfect 
addition to an herb wreath to hang as 
a holiday decoration on your kitchen 
wall. 

Dill is native to Mediterranean areas 
and southern Russia, as well as parts of 
Africa and Asia. Its name is derived 
from a Saxon word meaning to lull, 
and it has an ancient reputation as a 
soothing medicine. In the Middle Ages 
dill was used by magicians in casting 
spells against witchcraft; it “hindered 
witches of their will.” The ancient 
Greeks and Romans crowned their 
heroes with garlands of dill and their 
poets sang its praises. It is believed by 
some authorities that the anise men- 
tioned in the Bible as a tithe of the 
Pharisees was actually Greek dill. Dill 


was one of the “meeting seeds” chewed 


Dill (Anethum graveolens) 
fad 


——— 


6 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


by early American colonists during in- 
terminable sermons. 

Dill is a medium-strength herb; the 
aroma and taste of the flowers and 
leaves are fresh and sharp, with a sug- 
Dill is used to 


season pickles and it’s wonderful in 


gestion of sourness. 


salads and with cottage cheese. It has 
an afhnity for lamb and is good with 
fish. Sprinkle dill on rye bread or add 
to bread dough; add it to cole slaw and 
to the water in which you’re cooking 
beans, cauliflower, cabbage. Dill butter 
makes a wonderful spread for rye or 
brown bread. And you haven’t en- 
joyed new potatoes until you’ve sprin- 
kled them with chopped fresh dill. 
Unfortunately, many dill recipes call 
for fresh dill and cooks more expert 
than I say that seed cannot be substi- 
tuted. 

Dill can be planted in the early 
spring and then thinned to 3 or 4 
plants per foot. Only light cultivation 
is needed. The seeds germinate in ten 
days to two weeks and the plants grow 
rapidly; if you space your plantings 
properly, you can have several harvests 
each season. Dill does not transplant as 
readily as many herbs. 

Chervil, also known as Sweet Cicely, 
is another member of the parsley fam- 
ily and is another herb which is best 
used fresh, since most of the flavor re- 
sembles that of tarragon. The seeds 
should be planted in the early spring in 
a partially shaded spot; it likes a moist 
location. An Herb Society member 
says she tosses chervil seed on the 
mulch pile and it thrives there. 

The ancient Greeks and Romans 
cooked the foliage of chervil in the 
same way we cook spinach, and they 
ate its roots. Charlemagne had chervil 


in his garden and the Saxons favored it 
as a pot herb. In Elizabethan times 
the seeds of chervil were used to polish 
furniture and floors. 

Chervil is perfect in salads, cheese 
dishes, sauces, egg dishes or with fruits. 
Chervil and tarragon used together 
create a flavor typically French. 
Chervil has the same quality of mar- 
joram, in that it enhances the flavor 
of other herbs when used in a blend. 
Its botanical name has the touch of 
poetry which is associated with many 
herbs; it means “‘a leaf which rejoices 
the heart.”” Chervil, because of its deep 
root structure, is difficult to transplant, 
but with care, it can be done. 

Salad burnet is a perennial which 
belongs to the rose family. It is one 
of the species brought to our country 
by 17th century colonists. It grows 
from 1 to 2 feet tall and has a luxuri- 
ant, feathery, picot-edged foliage. Its 
neat habits make it a beautiful border 
plant, while its lush growth and almost 
evergreen quality make it a fine pastur- 
age where it is cultivated in England, 
parts of Europe and in our own south- 
ern states. It is one of the herbs which 
has “escaped” to grow wild in dry 
pastures and along the wayside.  Es- 
sentially a salad herb, its distinctive 
cucumber-like flavor adds a gourmet 
touch to tossed salads. An old couplet 
says: “‘salad is neither good nor fair if 
burnet is not there.” In the Middle 
Ages burnet ieaves were used to flavor 
wine drinks. Its coagulant powers 
have been recognized for thousands of 
years. 

Burnet plants germinate from seeds 
sown early in the spring; it prefers 
poor, dry, sandy soil and a sunny loca- 
tion. The plant can be cut back, be- 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 7 


ginning when it is about 5 inches high. 
Use the leaves to flavor salads, to gar- 
nish meat and canapes; and by all 
means make burnet vinegar. It is 
superb. Burnet is another herb which 
does not dry well, since the flavor 
evaporates. 

Francis Bacon, the great Elizabethan 
essayist, wrote in his famous “Essays 
“Those [herbes] which 


perfume the air most delightfully, not 


on Gardens”: 


passed by as the rest, but, being trod- 
den upon and crushed, are these: 
burnet, wild thyme and watermints. 
Therefore, you are to set whole alleys 
of them to have the pleasure when you 
walk or tread.” 

Basil belongs to the mint family. 
The Greeks called it the King of Herbs 
and the French also knew it as a royal 
herb. Basil grew first in the hot, sunny 
climate of the Near East and, like so 
many herbs, was carried from there to 
Greece, Italy, Spain, and on throughout 
Europe and the British Isles. It reached 
our New World in the 1600’s. It is a 
hardy annual, easy to raise from seed, 
which should not be planted until the 
earth feels warm to the hand. (I plant 
my basil on May 5). It germinates 
quickly, transplants easily, grows rap- 
idly and self-sows frequently. — It 
comes in many varieties, ranging from 
a dwarf plant to a lush specimen 
reaching two feet or more. It bears 
a small white flower which is not much 
to look at, but is adored by bees. 

Basil, like most herbs, is harvested as 
it is coming into bloom, when the 
volatile flavoring oils—contained in 
small glands in leaves and seeds—are at 
their peak. Harvesting is best done in 
the early morning before the sun is 


high. I harvest my crop by snipping 


or pinching off the leafy ends (there 
are herbalists who say it brings bad 
luck to cut the herb) again and again. 
And after frost has come and shriveled 
the remaining leaves and the main 
plant stalks stand brown and bare, | 
have one more treat coming. ‘That’s 
when I pull the dead plants and the 
fragrance which lingers in the woody 
stems fills the air and rubs off on my 
hands, and all I have to do to picture 
the garden in bloom is to close my eyes 
and sniff. It’s this lingering fragrance 
—steeped in memories of the summer— 
which makes herbs so enchanting. 
Basil has more than its share of the 
mystery and lore which surrounds all 
herbs. In Italy it is a symbol of love; 
a sprig worn behind a maiden’s ear in- 
vites a kiss, yust as a young American 
girl does when she stands under a sprig 


of mistletoe at Christmas. 


Basil (Ocimum basilicum ) 


8 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


In one of Boccaccio’s tales, a widow’s 
tears nourished a basil plant which 
grew ina pot that also enclosed her late 
husbands head. The Latin author Pliny 
wrote that basil should be planted with 
curses; there was an old Italian belief 
that to place a plant in the shoe of 
one’s enemy would turn that enmity to 
love. In India basil is known as fuls/ 
and is sacred to the Hindu gods Vishnu 
and Krishna. A medieval manuscript 
suggests that basil was the Metrecal of 
the era: “To make a woman shall not 
eat of anything that is set on the table, 
take a little green basil and when the 
dishes are brought to the table, put it 
underneath them that the woman per- 
ceive it not, for men say she will eat 
none of that which is on the dish 
whereunder the basil lieth.” 

Basil is a supremely useful herb. It 


is wonderful with tomatoes and_ is 


Marjoram (Majorana hortensis) 


sometimes called “the tomato herb.” 
It is as good with meats as it is with 
vegetables; try it with hamburger, 
potatoes, eggs, cheese, soups. It makes 
a good herb butter and an excellent 
herb vinegar. It’s essential in Italian 
cooking. But perhaps its greatest vir- 
tue is its reliability. If you’re just 
starting to try your hand with herbs, 
begin with basil. Its almost fool-proof 
culture virtually guarantees success— 
which is a heady tonic when one is 
learning an art such as that of grow- 
ing, using and appreciating herbs. 

Oregano also belongs to the mint 
family. It looks, tastes and smells a 
good deal like marjoram—sometimes 
no one seems able to tell them apart. 
It is a perennial, hardy in many local 
gardens. It is easy to start from cut- 
tings and makes a lush, soft, dark 
green plant which is relatively low- 
growing. It has a bland but pervasive 
flavor which means it must be used 
with discretion. It is a flavoring in- 
gredient in Spanish, Italian and Mex- 
ican cooking, and is a “must” in pizza. 
Oregano is widely used in spaghetti 
and macaroni, with shellfish, eggs, to- 
mato juice or soup. Many cooks find 
it as useful as marjoram and basil, and 
certainly it is attractive enough to add 
to any herb garden. 

Marjoram is another member of the 
mint family, and the herb considered 
by most cooks as tHe most useful. It is 
wonderful with vegetables and is some- 
times considered ¢e mushroom herb. 
It imparts a “different” flavor to onions 
—baked or boiled. Marjoram is used 
in poultry-seasoning mixtures, in bis- 
cuits or bread dough, in omelets, 
souftlés and other egg dishes. Add a 


(Continued on page 13) 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 5 


THROUGH THE GARDEN GATE 


SPECIAL SECTION 


| AVE you seen the Tower of Flow- 
ers? No? Then you haven't 


been to the 1962 ““Threugh the Garden 
Gate” sale and exhibition at ramous- 
Barr, Clayton. Right in the middle of 


the East Parking Lot is the centerpiece 


of this spring’s sale—a 12-foot-high 
Tower of Flowers, made of more than 
1800 flowers. And that’s not all— 
Come along “Through the Garden 
Gate” and see what’s happening this 
year, 

“Through the Garden Gate” will be 
held May 8th through 12th and all 
proceeds bene‘tt Shaw’s Garden. Last 
vear’s sale was so successful that tits 
year the “Garden Gate” will be open fo: 
five days instead of three, so that mor 
people will have a chance to meet with 
Shaw’s Garden experts and see all the 
exhibits, as well as to select from the 
mere than 50,000 plants which are of 
fered for sale. 

All of the plants have been grown in 
Shaw's Garden greenhouses by volun- 
teers under the direction of Mr. Paul 
A. Kohl, the Garden’s Floriculturist. 
Members of the Women’s Association 
and several Garden clubs have been 
working all vear on the Garden Gate 
for this spring. And their work of 
tending plants has not stopped; fo 
during the sale, there is a special station 
wagon shuttle service between the 
Garden Gate and Shaw’s Garden to 
bring a constantly fresh supply of 
plants to the sale, direct from the 
greenhouses. All plants offered for sa'e 
are thus in prime condition. 

Of the 50,000 plants in all which 


are for sale, 14,000 are annuals and 
perennials and 6,000 are herbs. There 
are 32 varieties of annuals, 20 of peren- 
nials, and 7 of ground cover. Twenty- 
seven kinds of herbs will be offered, 
and also some rare tropical plants which 
have been grown in the Climatron. 

The Tower of Flowers includes in its 

800 brilliant flowers a brand-new 
geranium called “Pink Magnificent.” 
This is the first time it has been shown, 
Another attraction at the Garden Gate 
this year is the VIP Booth—Very Im- 
portant Flants from Very Important 
People. Plants offered for sale here 
have been sent to the Garden Gate by 
celebrities in a number of fields. Ac 
tors, Movie stars, singers, writers, and 
government officials all are included in 
the ro!l ef these who have sent plants 
to the Garden Gate—you can buy a 
plant sent by Bob Hope, Pat Boone, 
Frankie Avalon, Lily Pons, Joan Craw- 
ford, John Dos Passos, or Lyndon 
Johnson. And there are many more 
to choose from; just step right up and 
name your celebrity! 

The Climatron Pooth, new this year, 
offers plants which have been grown in 
the tropical conditions of the Clima- 
tron. Another booth features bees in a 
demonstration of honey-making, quite 
safely hidden behind a sheet of glass so 
nobody can get stung. Fresh honey is 
offered for sale here. The “Answer 
Man” is back again this year to help 
solve thorny garden problems and give 
helpful hints on home gardening, and 
Mrs. John Bodine will offer flower 


arranging demonstrations each day 


10 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Come Turoucn Tne Garpen Gare 


Sponsorep By THE Women’s AssociATION 


AND Famous-Barr Com PANY 


BOPTAR 


(RDEN BULLETIN 


12 


between 10 A.M. and noon, with a 
demonstration of Japanese bonsai, 
dwarf tree culture, on Thursday. 

The Herb Booth, sponsored again in 
cooperation with the St. Louis Herb 
Society, features 27 varieties of com- 
mon and rare herbs, as well as soine 
rare herb foods like melon chutney, 
mint sauces, herb tea, and several kinds 
of herb vinegar. The Herb Cafe has 
been enlarged this year and includes in 
its menu some special herb soups, salads, 
and sandwiches. For the men in the 
crowd, an added attraction is the 
special “dish for men,” which will be 
included in the evening menu each day. 

Three new booths offering merchan- 
dise for the garden and patio have also 
been added to the Garden Gate. “Sum- 
mertime St. Louis” features colorful 
and unusual terrycloth parkas, hats, 
and bags, shown exclusively in St. 
Louis at the Garden Gate. The “Crafty 
Hand” is selling handmade objects and 
“Backyard Boutique” offers more items 
for outdoor living. 

“Through the Garden Gate” begins 
at 9:30 Tuesday, May 8th, and con- 
tinues through Saturday, May 12. It 
will be open until 9:30 P. M. every day 
except Saturday, the 12th, when it will 
close at 5:30 P.M. 

It is impossible to thank individually 
each of the more than 2000 persons 
who helped make “Through the Gar- 
den Gate” a reality this year. Without 
the help of these people, whose labors 
in the greenhouse, on the telephone, in 
the booths, or wherever they were 


2 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


needed, have done so much to get the 
“Garden Gate” open this year, there 
would have been little to show for all 
the planning done earlier. 

Special thanks are given to Mrs. Jean 
W. Mason, General Chairman of 
“Through the Garden Gate”; to 
Famous-Barr Company and the Wom- 
en’s Association, co-sponsors of the 
exhibition; to the St. Louis Herb Soci- 
ety and the many garden clubs whose 
members have helped grow the thou- 
sands of plants for the sale; and to 
the committee chairmen, whose names 
and committee responsibilities are given 
below: Mrs. Charles L. Tooker, Pub- 
licity; Mrs. William D. Perry, Posters; 
Mrs. George T. Pettus, Horticulture; 
Mrs. William P. Chrisler, Sculpture 
and Leading; Mrs. Charles A. Brandon, 
Women’s Association Booth; Mr. El- 
bert Dean, Trees and Shrubs; Mrs. 
Tracy Shade, Ground Cover; Mrs. Jean 
S. Langenberg, Cafe; Mrs. William E. 
Vesser, Kitchen; Mrs. Frank Vesser, 
Cashier; Dr. Henry Allen, ‘Answer 
Man”; Mrs. John S. Lehmann, Gera- 
niums; Mrs. Raoul Panteleoni, Celeb- 
rity Plants; Mrs. Jerone Kircher, An- 
nuals and Perennials; Mrs. John Bodine, 
flower arranging; Mrs. Edwin Stuessie, 
Climatren Booth; Mrs. T. Randolph 
Potter, Mr. William A. Bernoudy, and 
Miss Edith Mason, Tower of Flowers; 
Mrs. Wayne Bigler and Mrs. Eric 
P. Newman, “Touch of Elegance,” 
“Backyard Boutique,” and ‘“Summer- 
time St. Louis” Rooths; Mrs. Max 
Masen, Herbs; Mrs. H. C. Griggs and 
Mrs. William T. Keiffer. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 13 


(Continued from page 8) 
pinch to vegetable soup, and to the 
cooking liquid for poultry, veal, or 
lamb. 

Marjoram was a “must” in medieval 
gardens when marjoram tea was con- 
sidered a tonic for upset stomachs. It 
was a favored strewing herb and was 
also useful for scrubbing furniture. It 
is a medium-strength herb which has 
such a delicate, soft, aromatic flavor 
that it can be used with a free hand. 
It, like chervil, enhances the flavor of 
other herbs in blends; it’s a good mixer. 
It is a perennial, but will not winter 
outdoors in our climate. However, it’s 
so easily started from seed or cuttings 
that you can treat it like an annual; or 
you can bring several plants indoors 
and use them throughout the winter, 
before replacing them in the garden 
when the weather becomes mild. 

Marjoram is a Mediterranean native; 
its name comes from two Greek words 
meaning “joy of the mountain.” Its 
grey-green leaves are dainty and oval, 
its tiny blooms are white, and it grows 
about 12 inches tall. It was a symbol 
of married love to the ancient Romans 
and Greeks—and is such an aid to the 
cook that it continues to contribute 
to happy married life. 

Thyme, still another member of the 
mint family, was known at least 4,000 
years ago. The Greeks considered “to 
smell of thyme” the greatest compli- 
ment of elegance. The Romans used 
it as a flavoring agent and as a medi- 
cine. It was a popular strewing herb. 
In the Middle Ages, ladies gave their 
knights sprigs of thyme to help them 
keep up their courage. In herbal medi- 
cine thyme cured melancholia, night- 


mares, and insomnia. Thyme is one of 


the sweetest of herbs. It seems literally 
to exude sentiment. According to old- 
time stories, fairies lived in banks of 
wild thyme and the bees, which adore 
its tiny blossoms, buzzed the fairy 
babies to sleep. “I know a_ bank 
whereon the wild thyme blows,” wrote 
Shakespeare in “A Midsummer Night’s 
Dream,” and some of that play’s magic 
seems to have rubbed off permanently 
on this small, dainty herb which be- 
longs in every garden. 

Thyme, which comes in many vari- 
eties, is a perennial; but the plants 
should be replaced every few years 
when they become woody. It can be 
started from seed or cuttings. It does 
best in a well-drained sunny location, 
and requires sweet soil. It is a medium- 
strength herb, yet is quite pungent so 
must be used with caution. It is con- 
sidered a meat herb, and goes with 
lamb, beef, veal, fish, or poultry. 
Thyme is considered to have a special 
athnity for clam chowder. It is used 
with eggs, soups, sauces, stuflings, and 
in. biscuits and dumplings. Thyme 
honey is a famous delicacy. 

There are hundreds of varieties of 
savory, but only two are of special in- 
terest to the cook. These are winter 
savory and summer savory, both mem- 
bers of the mint family. They are sort 
of “kissing cousins” of sage, and winter 
savory has been called the mild sage. 


They will not take the place of sage in 


cooking—it is firmly intrenched—but 
if you are afraid of sage’s strong flavor, 
you may find one of the savories a 
satisfactory substitute, using winter if 
you want a strong effect, summer if 
Winter 


savory is a hardy perennial and is such 


you seek something mild. 


an attractive plant that it could be 


14 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


used for low-growing accent or border, 
if for nothing else It is easy to start 
from cuttings and does best in light, 
sandy soil. In medieval days, it was 
favored for its peppery taste; the 
Romans made a sauce of savory and 
vinegar which was used as we use mint 
sauce. ‘Today, winter savory is used in 
sausage and poultry seasoning. 
Summer savory is an annual, easily 
grown from seed. It grows best in 
well-worked loam. Considered a deli- 
cate herb, it is known as the “‘green 
bean herb,” because of its special afhin- 
ity for that vegetable. It lends its 
subtly aromatic flavor to pork, veal, 
fish, chicken, soups, salads, rice, and 
beans of all varieties; rubbed on meat 
before cooking, it brings out flavor. 
Savory is often blended with thyme 
and marjoram. Both savories can be 


used with eggs, poultry, sauces, soups, 


meats, green vegetables—just remem- 
ber their relative strength. 

Tarragon belongs to the aster fam- 
ily and is native to western Asia. There 
are two tarragons—one Russian and 
one French, but it is only the latter 
which has the qualities which have 
made it a culinary star—one of the 
most tempermental, one might add. 
Tarragon is one of the most ancient 
herbs; it has changed almost not at all 
since it emerged from the primeval 
slime, and, like ginger, it has lost the 
power to set seed, so that propagation 
must be by cuttings from existing 
plants. The Crusaders carried tarragon 
back to England when they returned 
from the Holy Land and for a time it 
was restricted to royal gardens. 

Tarragon grows in a bushy manner, 
about 2 feet or taller. Its narrow 
leaves are a bright, light green, in the 


chartreuse family. Once established, a 
plant should be left alone; it may or 
may not submit to being moved. Dr. 
Anderson at the Garden says, “If you 
have a tarragon plant that’s doing well, 
just thank God and leave it alone.” 
On the other hand, gardeners who 
don’t know any better have often 
moved and divided their plants success- 
fully!’ Tarragon requires a sweet soil; 
either add lime or work in eggshells 
from your kitchen. 

Tarragon’s delicate yet penetrating 
odor, which reminds one of licorice, 
accents vegetables and fruits alike; it 
is perfect with deviled eggs and fish 
salads. It is a sophisticated accom- 
paniment to fish, chicken, mushrooms, 
salads, and sauces, and it gives a lift 
to broccoli. As previously noted, it 
combines with chervil to produce a 
flavor which is typically French. It 
makes a peerless vinegar; try it when 
you make poppy seed dressing. 

Rosemary is an herb of great appeal 
which has been known for centuries as 
the Christmas Herb. It belongs to the 
mint family. Rosemary is the great 
romantic of herbs. Surrounding it are 
some of the most charming legends, in 
a field which abounds with the mystic. 
Rosemary’s very name—from _ the 
Latin, ros maris, meaning ‘“‘dew of the 
sea,” conjures up visions of faraway 
places, evoking a sense of beauty and 
unfolding mystery. Like so many 
herbs, it is native to the hot, sunny 
lands of Asia Minor and the Mediter- 
ranean. It grew, for example, in Pales- 
tine, where one of its loveliest legends 
began. 

This story concerns the blossom of 
rosemary, which is tiny and inconspic- 


uous, until you note its heavenly blue, 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN | 


pale as the distant summer sky. This 
blue began, so legend has it, when the 
Virgin Mary, on one of her journeys of 
mercy about the Holy Land, touched a 
rosemary plant in passing and the blue 
of her cape brushed onto the herb’s 
bloom. Later, in the Middle Ages, 
these legends multiplied. 

Spicy, fragrant rosemary is a tender, 
evergreen perennial which must spend 
our winters indoors. It is a tallish 
plant, reaching a height of 2 or 3 feet in 
our climate. It has needle-like leaves 
which are a soft-bright green on top, 
and a lovely silvery-grey below. Its 
odor is sharp and bold, with a piney 
tang, somewhat akin to sage and thyme 
and midway between the two. It 
needs good drainage and does not like 
to be crowded too close to other plants, 
although in my garden it seems to ap- 
preciate the protection of a brick or 
wood tie wall. It needs plenty of sun 
and resents cultivation because of its 
shallow roots. It is most easily propa- 
gated by cuttings rooted in sand. 

Rosemary was used by ancient Arabs 
and Egyptians to edge their exotic rose 
gardens. [ think Solomon must have 
been thinking of the mingled fragrance 
of roses and rosemary when he sang: 
“Awake, O North Wind and come 
thou South; blow upon my garden that 
the spices thereto may flow out.” 
Greeks and Romans strewed it about 
their banquet halls and planted it, asa 
symbol of eternity, near the tombs of 
the dead. In early England it was 
placed in bridal bouquets to denote 
love, happiness and fidelity; now, on 
Armistice Day, the English place sprigs 
of rosemary upon the graves of their 
war dead. And it was in England that 


the legends and customs surrounding 


1) 


rosemary grew. Sprigs were entwined 
in garlands and wreaths which decor- 
ated the homes at Christmas and_re- 
mained until Twelfth Night.  Rose- 
mary “trees” were hung with gilt balls 
and used as decorations; the boar’s head 
was garlanded with rosemary when it 
was carried to the festive holiday 


board. 


Rosemary came with the colonists to 
America and its customs were remem 
bered at Williamsburg and in Colonial 
homes. It flourished in the great herb 
gardens of the Middle Ages, when 
herbs were vital to cuisine, health and 
housekeeping; it had its place in culi 
nary, physic and pleasure gardens alike. 
It was used as a seasoning agent, as a 
strewing herb, as a perfume, and as a 
moth repellent in the garde-armoire in 
which the lords and ladies of the castle 
hung their chain mail and wimples. It 
had the power of countering witch- 
craft, and the great beauty, Elizabeth 
of Hungary, used it as an ingredient of 
Hungary Water, which is still for sale 
and still credited with the power to 
“ensure beauty and make age a mere 
flight of time.” 

There are many other herbs which 
are equally fascinating. There is sage, 
of which the couplet says, “To live for 
aye, eat sage in May”; and periwinkle, 
endowed with mysterious powers 
against “wicked spirits”; borage water 
which “maketh a man glad and merry” 

caraway which “restoreth hair 
where it hath fallen away.” Or sweet 
woodruff which “is good for healing all 
sickness that come from heat: the 
drops of dew lie a long time on this 
herb.” But you'll find your own 


favorite herbs, and discover their pow- 


16 MISSOURI BOTANICAL 


ers for younself. And the better you 
know them, the more you'll agree that 


their charm lies in their simplicity, 


GARDEN BULLETIN 


their acceptance of less-than-perfect 
surroundings, and their afhnity for 


everyday foods. 


KNOCK AWAY, GALLANT SOLDIERS, AND AUNT LUCY 


EDGAR 


So of our most picturesque com- 
mon names for plants have come 
from corruptions of the scientific 
name. There is in south Texas a hand- 
some little tree with white flowers and 
red and yellow berries, Ehretia anacua. 
This has been corrupted locally to 
“Knock away” and this name_ has 
begun to spread; It has even got into 
a book. 

“Aunt Lucy” as a common name for 
Ellisia nyctelea is closely tied up with 
the Missouri Botanical Garden. When 
the late John Kellogg began to do in- 
tensive collecting for the Garden in 
the southern part of the state, he found 
a whole community of people who 
called this not very bothersome weed 


> 


“Aunt Lucy” By inquiring around 
he discovered that the Garden’s first 
director, Dr. William Trelease, had col- 
lected in that very area a quarter of a 
century earlier and “‘Ellisia” had grad- 
ually slipped into “Aunt Lucy.” This 
amused Mr. Kellogg and when he lec- 
tured or took people on field trips he 
passed on the story, so that the name 
became current and was quietly pub- 
lished by Dr. Julian Steyermark in his 


ANDERSON 


Spring Flora of Missouri. Now it is 
passing into general use. 

The plant for which ‘Gallant Sol- 
diers” became the common name in 
England was associated with the Royal 
Botanic Garden at Kew. It was a 
species of Gallinsoga which was in- 
advertently introduced from Peru at 
Kew and eventually acquired this 
charming corruption of the scientific 
name. Several species of Gallinsoga 
have spread up into the United States 
from Latin America and though one 
of them, Gallinsoga ciliata, has become 
an ugly and aggravating weed over 
most of the United States (reaching 
New England by 1866), it has achieved 
no common name and is known to few 
people. Perhaps now that Sir Edward 
Salisbury, a former Director of Kew, 
has put the whole story in a charming 
book about weeds, this jaunty name 
may gradually take hold in the United 
States. In such ways as these, by 
having a name which comes immedi- 
ately to mind, we come into greater 
awareness of the interesting world 


about us. 


x sR 
es CK NX 
x we SX 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Le 


BOOK REVIEW 


The Art of Training Plants, Ernesta 
Drinker Ballard. Harper & Bros., New 
York, 1962. $4.75. 48 plates, 1 color 


plate. 


dies are few genuine authorities 
on houseplants; it takes time and 
a real flair for the subject to try out 
any considerable number of them suc- 
cessfully under the exacting conditions 
of a real home. Most of the books 
about houseplants are written by men 
who grow them in greenhouses and 
have had relatively little experience 
with them in living rooms, kitchens, 
and hallways. Mrs. Ballard is one of 
the few exceptions. She has a green- 
house of her own but she tries out her 
potted plants in her home and on the 
garden terrace in summer, so that she 
knows from personal experience what 
you can and cannot do with each one. 

From these experiences have come 
two books, Garden in Your House, 
published by Harpers several years ago, 
and now this 128 page book which has 
just appeared this spring. Both are 
written in a clear-running English 
prose which makes them a delight to 
read or consult, and both are packed 
with detailed factual information 
about the plants she discusses. The 
first of these takes up houseplants in 
the broadest possible way; the latter is 
an extension of her interest in bonsai 
(Japanese dwarf trees). It tells much 
about bonsai and how they are made 
and cared for but it deals with a far 
larger subject, how to train and care 
for all kinds of “potted plants decora- 
tively grown,” to use Mrs. Ballard’s 


own phrase. It deals with everything 


from little miniatures, not 6 inches 
high, pot and all, to a handsome Gre- 
villea robusta, 7 feet tall in a large 
decorated urn. 

Traditional bonsai are woody shrubs 
and trees which cannot be kept in the 
house in the winter time, yet must be 
protected from temperatures m uch be- 
low 30° F.) Mrs. Ballard grows them 
well and has built for them an attrac- 
tive lean-to shed whose plastic panels 
come out in the summer time. 


Over half of the book (and 33 of 


One of Mrs. Ballard’s “miniature bonsai.” 
\ tiny branch of Natal plum (carissa grandi 
flora) was rooted from a mature flowering 


specimen. The rooted cutting was groomed 
and transplanted to a small holder and has 
ripened one of its scarlet berries. The match 


book indicates relative size. 


PHOTO: EDMUND B. GILCHRIST, JR. 


18 MISSOURI BOTANICAL 


the 49 plates) is given up to a chapter 
She be- 


gins with traditional bonsai and then 


on “Some decorative plants.” 


passes on to what she calls “tropical 
bonsai,” woody houseplants of tropical 
or sub-tropical origin which can be 
readily grown in the house during the 
winter and kept either there or on a 
porch or terrace in the summer, becom- 
ing lovelier year by year if they are 
properly cared for. They are, Mrs. 
Ballard points out, both cheaper and 
easier to grow than genuine bonsai. 
She advises amateurs without horticul- 
tural experience to start with them 


When 


rather than with hardy bonsai. 


GARDEN BULLETIN 


you have learned to keep these cheaper, 
more tractable plants “alive and deco- 
rative, it will be time enough to invest 
in hardy bonsai.” 

Herbaceous plants, she points out, 
need more drastic treatment and are 
best thrown away when they get ugly, 
though if groomed properly they may 
be ‘“‘decoratively grown” for three 
years. There are sections on “Succu- 
lents in Ornamental Containers,” “Dish 
Gardens,” “Epiphytes on Driftwood” 
and “Standards and Cascades.”” The re- 
maining chapters take up Pruning and 
Shaping, Root Pruning and Potting, 


Watering, Soils, Fertilizing and Pest 


Bonsai—A five-needle pine from the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. 


PHOTO: BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN 


os iliiliiatlat AMES i AO em 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 9 


Control with a final listing of books 
and sources of supply for plants and 
special containers. There is an excel- 
lent index. 

The finest feature of the book is its 
all-pervading honesty. The plants are 
clearly photographed to show what 
they were actually like instead of being 
artfully posed to look better than they 
really are. The reader’s attention is 
called to the fact that the begonia in 
figure 16 is one-sided: “‘So are all bon- 
sai and most house plants. Except in 
shows, there is no advantage to per- 
fectly symmetrical growth. I find the 
daily quarter revolution recommended 
by many texts to be time consuming 
and often ineffective. In winter time 
I turn my plants only as necessary to 
prevent complete topsidedness. I am 
satished to have a plant develop one 
attractive side, which can be turned to 
face the guests on state occasions.” 

To the average apartment house gar- 
dener one of the most heartening pic- 
tures in the book will be figure 37, 
which shows an old-fashioned rubber 
tree three months after the top eight- 
een inches of the stem had been pruned 


off. It has been stimulated into 


vigorous new growth; two branches 
have come out and a third is on the 
way. Mrs. Ballard concludes ‘One 
more removal of the terminal bud may 
be necessary before this left lateral 
branches out in earnest. If all goes 
well, these lateral branches will soon 
transform the plant from a juvenile 
whip to a mature-looking tree.” This 
plate is proof that the old family rub- 
ber plant does not have to be aban- 
doned when it gets too tall for the 
apartment. It can be transformed into 
something much more decorative which 
will last for many years. 

As one turns the pages of this book 
and looks at the photographs of Mrs. 
Ballard’s plants (including a few from 
the homes of friends) one gets the im- 
pression that these plants would indeed 
be decorative in American homes. 
They are not slavish copies of oriental 
subjects and techniques. The under- 
lying principals of bonsai culture have 
been mastered and then tastefully 
adapted to American plant material 
and American homes. That is evidence 


of real creative ability. 


EpGAR ANDERSON 


TOWER GROVE HOUSE HOSTESS TRAINING PROGRAM 


fe a gratifying response to the His- 
torical Committee’s invitation, over 
100 persons took part in the Tower 
Grove House training program for 
volunteer guides. The orientation pro- 
gram to acquaint prospective hostesses 
with the Garden, Henry Shaw’s life, 
and Tower Grove House was highly 
successful and it appears that the host- 
ess problem will be solved as soon as 
those who volunteered arrange the 


times they will serve. 


Dr. Went opened the all-day pro- 
gram with a celcome from the Garden, 
and Dr. Anderson followed with re- 
marks on the history of the Garden 
and its development from Henry 
Shaw’s country estate into one of the 
world’s foremost botanical gardens. 
Dr. Cutler discussed Henry Shaw’s life, 
and after an intermission, Mrs. William 
T. Keiffer demonstrated Victorian 
flower arrangements. (Tower Grove 


House always has fresh flowers in its 


20 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


rooms). After a box lunch under the 
trees, Mrs. Roland Jester, Consultant 
from the Missouri Historical Society, 
discussed nineteenth century furniture 
and American decorative arts, after 
which she led a tour of Tower Grove 


House. The program closed with a 


tour of the Climatron and Garden led 
by Mrs. Paul Britt. The Historical 
Committee is deeply appreciative of 
the willingness the volunteers have 
shown to keep Tower Grove House 
adequately staffed, and looks forward 


to a successful summer. 


FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN NOTES 


N ow that we are in the midst of 
the gardening season, it is ap- 
propriate that Friends be reminded of 
a new service of the Friends ofhce at 
the Main Gate. The ‘Gardeners’ Swap 
Board,” installed in January and large- 
ly unused up to this time because few 
persons noticed the announcement in 
the BULLETIN, can help solve problems 
of supply and demand in your garden. 
This simple device is a bulletin board 
in a central location upon which 
Friends can post their garden needs and 
surpluses. If you have an overstock of 
one kind of plant and perhaps would 
like to get more of another, simply 
put a note to that effect on the board 
and see if you find anyone to trade 
with. It is also a good idea to keep an 
eye on the board, to see what else is 
needed or offered. 

This board is for the use of Friends 
only, and rules for its use are available 
in the Friends office. Why not try it? 
—it’s easy, fun, and perhaps even 


2 


Another activity of interest to 


profitable! 


Friends, the popular Indonesian Din- 
ners, will be resumed in the near fu- 
ture. The popularity of the six dinners 
held earlier was such that there is still 
an immense waiting list, and it is 
certain that as word gets around, more 
Friends will want to “go Indonesian” 
for a night and enjoy the rare flavors 


of an authentic Oriental dinner. Watch 
the BULLETIN for more information. 


x 


Finally, an appeal for help on a mat- 
ter that causes us some embarrassment: 
the problem of delinquent dues. For 
some time now the members of the 
Friends Executive Council have been 
serving as an informal volunteer tele- 
phone committee. Their practice is to 
make a friendly reminder call to each 
member of the Friends who is three 
months delinquent in making an annual 
contribution (such members have al- 
ready received a renewal notice, but 
sometimes renewal notices get lost or 
overlooked, and often a telephone re- 
minder, in the right spirit, is welcome). 
The backlog of delinquents is getting 
ahead of the telephoners, and anyone 
who will volunteer to join them in this 
tedious but most important task will 
be very welcome, indeed. Calls may be 
made at home, and the list mailed back 
to the Friends office when completed. 
Delinquency is a serious problem— 
last year it cut deeply into membership 
growth of the Friends, and if we are to 
avoid getting into the classic situation 
of the frog in the well, who slipped 
back two hops for every one he made, 
we must have an effective means of 
solving it. At the moment, telephon- 
ing each delinquent seems the best way, 
if we can get the telephoners to help 
do it. Volunteers, please! 


BOARD OF TRUSTEES 


RoBERT BROOKINGS SMITH, 
President 


Leicester B. Faust, 
Vice President 
Henry B. PFLAGER, 
Second Vice President 
Howarp F. Barer 
DaNIEL K. CATLIN 


SaM’L. C. Davis 

Henry HitcHcock 

JoHN S. LEHMANN 

RoBert W. OTTO 

WaRREN McKINNEY SHAPLEIGH 


DupDLEY FRENCH, 
Honorary Trustee 


EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS 


DANIEL SCHLAFLY, 


President, Board of Education of St. Louis 


GeEorcE L. CaDIGAN, 
Bishop, Diocese of Missouri 


STRATFORD LEE MorTON, 


President, Academy of Science of St. Louis 


CarRL TOLMAN, ; ; 
Chancellor, Washington University 


RayMonp R. Tucker, © 
Mayor, City of St. Louis 


FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN 


Harry E. Wuertenbaecher, Jr., President, Mrs. 
] Strassner, Vice Preside nt, Sears Leiimann, 


Curtis Ford, Vice President, Mrs. Eli 


Treasurer, Kathleen M. Miller, Secretary. 


Wm. R. Bascom, Vice President, Mrs. 


HORTICULTURAL COUNCIL 


Clifford W. Benson, Paul M. Bernard, Mrs. 
Giebel, Robert E. Goetz, Paul Hale, Earl Hath, 


Paul H. Britt, E. G. Cherbonnier, Carl F. 


Mrs. Hazel L. Knapp, F. R. McMath, 


Dan O'Gorman, Gilbert Pennewill, Ralph Rabenau, Philip A. Conrath, Chairman. 


WOMEN’S ASSOCIATION 
Mrs. J. Bruce Butler, President, Mrs. James G. Alfring, Vice President, Mrs. Bert A. 


Lynch, Jr., Vice President, Mrs. Frank Vesser 


Treasurer, Mrs. Samuel D. Soule, Cor- 


responding Secretary, Mrs Edwin F. Stuessie, Recording Secretary. 


HISTORICAL COMMITTEE 
John S. Lehmann, Chairman, Mrs. Edwin R. Culver and Mrs. Neal S. Wood, Co-Chairmen 


for Restoration. 


GARDEN STAFF 


Frits W. Went, Director 


Hucu C. Cuter, Executive Director 


Epcar ANbERsSON, Curator of Useful Plants 


Henry N. Anprews, Paleobotanist 
CLARENCE BarsrE, Instructor 


Louis G. Brenner, Grounds 
Superintendent 


LapisLaus CutaK, Greenhouse 
Superintendent 


Carro_t W. Dopnce, Mycologist 


Cataway H. Dopson, Taxonomist and 
Curator of Living Plants 


Rosert L. Dressver, Taxonomist and 
Editor of the ANNALS 


James A. DukgE, Assistant Curator 
of the Herbarium 


Joun D. Dwyer, Research Associate 
Watpo G. Fecuner, Business Manager 
RayMonp FREEBORG, Research Associate 


Rogpert J. Gitvespie, In Charge of 
Orchids 


Brian Gorpon, Editorial Assistant 
JamMes Hampton, Assistant Engineer 
Pau A. Kou, Floriculturist 


C, Ranvet Lincoin, Assistant 
to the Director 


ViKTOR MUEHLENBACHS, Research 
Associate 


Norton H. Nickerson, Morphologist 
LILLIAN Over LAND, Research Assistant 
KENNETH O. Peck, Instructor 

Georce H. Princ, Superintendent 
OweEN J. Sexton, Research Ecologist 
KENNETH A. SMITH, Chief Engineer 


FRANK STEINBERG, Superintendent of 
The Arboretum, Gray Summit 


GrorcGE B. Van ScHAACK, Librarian and 
Curator of Grasses 


TRIFON VON SCHRENK, Associate Curator 
of the Museum 


Rogert E. Woopson, Jr., Curator of the 
Herbarium 


SOME FACTS ABOUT SHAW’S GARDEN 


The Missouri Botanical (Shaw’s) Garden was established in 
1859 by Henry Shaw, a St. Louis businessman, to be controlled 
by a Board of Trustees for the public benefit. The Garden is 
a non-profit institution which receives no support from the city 
or state, depending on the income from the Shaw estate supple- 
mented by contributions from the public. 

The old stone walls and cast-iron fences, the Linnean House, 
the Museum Building, the part of the Administration Building 
which was Shaw’s Town House, relocated in the Garden in 1890, 
and the Tower Grove House, his country home, all date from 
Mr. Shaw’s time. The Main Gate, display and growing green- 
houses and most other facilities date from the period immediately 
following the turn of the century. The Climatron, opened in 
1960, is the first of several new buildings planned for the Gar- 
den’s redevelopment. It is the world’s first geodesic dome, fully 
climate-controlled greenhouse and contains the Garden’s tropical 
collections. 

The Garden—70 acres—is open every day of the year from 
9:00 A.M. until sundown; the greenhouses 9:00 A. M. to 5:00 
P. M.; the Climatron Monday through Thursday 9:00 A.M. to 
5:00 P.M., Friday through Sunday 9:00 A.M. to 10:00 P.M. 
Tower Grove House is open daily from 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. 
(April through November); 10:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M. (Decem- 
ber through March). The Display House presents four seasonal 
displays: November, Chrysanthemums; December, Poinsettias; 
February, Orchids; Spring, Lilies and other flowers. During the 
year are other shows, competitions and festivals sponsored by 
various Garden Clubs and Flower Societies. 

Courses in Botany and Horticulture for adults are conducted 
by the Garden staff. Children’s nature studies are provided each 
Saturday of the year and a special nature program is held during 
the summer. Information on these activities is published in the 
BULLETIN or may be had by mail or phone. The Garden main- 
tains a research program through the Henry Shaw School of 
Botany, Washington University. 

In 1926 an Arboretum — 1600 acres —was established at 
Gray Summit, Missouri. Foot trails and roads pass through the 
Arboretum and are open to visitors in April and May. 

The Garden Administration Building is located at 2315 
Tower Grove Ave., and the Garden main entrance is at Tower 
Grove and Flora Place. The entrance at Tower Grove and 
Cleveland Avenue is also open to the public. The Garden is 
served by both the Sarah (No. 42) and the Park-Southampton 
(No. 80) city bus lines. 

Persons interested in helping to support the Garden and tak- 
ing part in Garden activities are urged to do so through the 
“Friends of the Garden”. Information may be obtained from 
the Main Gate or by mail or phone. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN 


: May 1962 
ee. Volume L 
Number 5 


Cover: Two eager youngsters make leaf prints in last summer’s Pitzman Nature 
Program, using paper, ink, a bottle for a roller, and leaves they collected on a walk 
through the Garden. Registration for the first session of this year’s Pitzman Program 
is June 18th. 

PHOTO BY BRIAN GORDON 


CONTENTS 
Late Season Vegetable Gardens 
Spiny Plants 
Pitzman Summer Nature Programs 
Book Reviews 


New Members of Friends of the Garden 


Office of publication: 306 E. Simmons Street, Galesburg, Illinois. 


Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis 10, 
Missouri. 


Editor for this issue: BRIAN GORDON. 


Published monthly except July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri 
Botanical Garden. Subscription price: $3.50 a year. 


Entered as second-class matter January 26, 1942, at the post-othce at Galesburg, Illinois, 
under Act of March 3, 1879. 


Missouri Botanical Garden 


Volume L No. 5 


Bulletin ee 


LATE SEASON VEGETABLE GARDENS 


KENNETH O. PECK 


lites the well organized, efhcient veg- 
etable gardener who has long since 
prepared his soil, set out his plants and 
seeds and is by now well along toward 
reaping the first fruits of his labors, 
we have nothing to say, except, 
‘Power to you, and the Lord protect 
you from rabbits.” This article is ad- 
dressed to those fellow gardeners whose 
vegetable garden is so far only a weed- 
grown corner in the yard and a gleam 
in the eyes. Some people in this 
category don’t really intend to plant 
anything at all, but will just read 
catalogues and dream. But to those of 
you who, though tardy, are serious, we 
have words of encouragement. Don't 
give up for this year; there are still 
many vegetables you can grow, even in 
the midst of a St. Louis summer. 
Aside from deciding which vege- 
tables to grow, the most important 
things to consider are the location of 
the garden and the preparation of the 
soil. The best vegetables can be 
grown in full sun and in well drained 
soil. Shade from houses, trees, and 
other obstructions must be avoided, 
but the garden should be convenient to 
the house and to a supply of water. 
Soil preparation is most likely the 
reason why more people do not indulge 
in some kind of gardening, since it is 
plain hard work, but it is the singu- 
larly most important aspect of a 


garden. A garden area which exceeds 


EDGAR ANDERSON 


200 or 300 square feet is best culti- 
vated with a power tiller or a small 
garden tractor with a plow. Heavy 
soils and extremely sandy soils need the 
addition of some kind of organic mat- 
ter to improve the soil structure; this 
organic matter may include manure, 
brown peat moss, or well shredded leaf 
compost. If manure is used, it should 
be applied liberally just before cultiva- 
tion. Brown peat moss or leaf com- 
post, if used, should be spread over the 
soil in at least a 3-inch layer and then 
worked in thoroughly. Whatever 1s 
done to improve soil structure should 
result in a well drained soil, since plant 
roots literally “drown” if the soil is 
not well drained. (Soils that hold 
water for more than a day or two are 
considered to be poorly drained). The 
water remaining in the soil after a 
heavy rain deprives roots of oxygen 
which is necessary for plant processes 
of metabolism, water absorption, and 
growth. 

A high yield of vegetables requires a 
high level of soil fertility. An appli- 
cation of commercial fertilizer with a 
5-10—5 or 4-12-8 analysis would be 
quite suitable at the rate of 4 or 5 
pounds per 100 square feet. Fertilizer 
is most easily spread by hand from a 
pail and may be worked into the soil 
during the final work on soil prepara- 
tion, several days before planting. 

Any gardening operation requires a 


(Ge) 


2 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


certain number of tools. The following 
tools are almost indispensable for even 
a small dooryard garden: a hoe, a 12- 
or 14-tined steel rake, a round-nose 
spade or fork, a watering can, and a 
sprayer. For making neat looking 
straight rows, a heavy garden line must 
also be included. 

Every garden must be planned, even 
if only a small number of vegetables 


Plants should be 


spaced to permit free movement in the 


are to be grown. 


garden for cultivating and harvesting. 
For example, tomatoes can be planted 
with 18 inches of space between rows 
and 30 to 36 inches between plants 
in the row, whereas bush beans need 
only 12 to 15 inches between rows and 
about 4 inches in the row. There are 
numerous books, charts, and magazine 
articles that can be referred to to find 
the recommended spacing of plants. 

The late season gardener may ex- 
perience some difhculty in buying 
tomato plants or onion sets, and may 
have to resort to vegetables that are 
always started from seed, such as bush 
and pole beans and sweet corn. Seeds 
may be planted to a depth equal to 4 
or 5 times their average diameter. 
Lima or snap beans would then be 
planted to a depth of 1 to 1'% inches. 
Sweet corn, an exception, is often 
planted 2 inches deep. 

Soon after planting, the garden can 
be mulched with 2 to 4 inches of 
wheat or oat straw, grass clippings, 
ground corn cobs, or some. similar 
organic material. Mulching will help 
conserve soil moisture, reduce the 
number of weeds, and prevent pud- 
dling and compaction of the soil sur- 
face. Before spreading the mulch, 


sprinkle the soil with a little ammo- 


nium sulphate to compensate for 
nitrogen loss due to the action of 
bacteria in decaying an organic mulch. 

Insect control is a must for good 
vegetables. There are a number of 
commercial preparations, both dusts 
and liquid sprays, especially concocted 
for vegetable garden use. Insecticides 
should always be applied in accordance 
with directions given for the product 
in question, 

If you are to have a successful and 
ethcient vegetable garden in St. Louis 
you must accept the heat, particularly 
the hot nights and the hot dry winds 
that can blow out of Oklahoma for 
days at a time in our worst summers. 
It is possible to plant heat-loving vege- 
tables and heat-tolerant varieties that 
will come through our worst summers 
acceptably. Unfortunately the books 
about vegetable gardening all seem to 
be written in the East and North. 
Those of us of English or German des- 
cent would do well to visit with our 
Italian-American friends in their vege- 
table gardens and learn as much as we 
can about varieties and techniques that 
trace back to Italy’s long, hot, dry 


summers. 


PLANTS FOR ST. Louts GARDENS 


Parsley. Plain or Single Parsley 
(sometimes known as Flat Italian) will 
stand the heat much better than the 
beautiful Moss Curled varieties. Plant 
the latter in a pot in late August and 
transplant when the seedlings are big 
enough to handle; it will give you 
parsley for the late autumn and, with 
a little protection, for the winter and 
spring to come. The Flat Italian has 
much better flavoring for salads and 


other dishes However, it is more ten- 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 3 


der and will be completely killed by 
the first hard frost. 

Lettuce. Oakleaf is the most heat 
resistant high quality lettuce for the 
home garden, If not started in early 
spring it is better to sow it in a flat or 
large flower pot in early August. This 
plant can be nursed day by day or even 
hour by hour through the hot weather, 
pricked off into a flat, and then into the 
garden in early September. It can take 
quite a lot of frost and with a little 
protection will grow into fine big 
heads long before a real freeze sets in. 
The heads may be lifted, set in a box 
with sand or vermiculite, and kept in 
the basement for a few weeks. 

Okra. Okra loves the heat and does 
not mind dry weather if it is watered 
occasionally. It is a handsome looking 
plant something like a hollyhock, and 
the seed pods bring a good price from 
florists and decorators. If you think 
you do not like okra, try mixing it 
with sweet corn and sweet peppers, or 
with string beans or tomatoes. In each 
case a little of it adds to the quality of 
the other vegetables. Do not plant 
until hot weather; it needs heat to get 
started. By picking the okra very 
small the plants will keep on blooming 
and the vegetable will be of the high- 
est quality. Learn to cook it in differ- 
ent ways. Try cutting it into narrow 
strips and then cutting these into 
lengths of a little less than an inch. 
Braise it in a hot iron skillet in butter 
or margarine, shaking on a little flour 
from time to time to take up excess 
moisture. Season with salt and pepper 
(and tabasco sauce if you like it). 

Cucumbers. For St. Louis the best 
solution is to buy them in a super- 


market. The varieties on the market 


obviously were not bred for this 
climate. 

Sweet Corn, Of the Golden Bantam 
types, Ioana, one of the hybrid vari- 
eties, is particularly suited to St. Louis. 
If squirrels are common in your neigh- 
borhood, the chances are strong that 
they will get most or all of the crop. 

Witloof Chicory (French Endive). 
Chicory grows very well in St. Louis 
and makes large plants if you thin it 
farther and farther apart as it matures. 
It needs to be blanched: Take up the 
plants and set in boxes of sand or ver- 
miculite, set it in the darkest part of 
the cellar and water it a little from 
time to time. It will make white and 
vellow shoots, three to six inches long, 
which are excellent in salads or in a 
meat sandwich, and it should last you 
until Christmas time or thereabouts. 

Lima Beans. Plant only the baby 
limas of the Sieva race which will stand 
the heat. Sieva or Carolina are good 
varieties. Potato will outyield these, 
but has purple spots which make the 
beans look dark when they are cooked. 
Pole varieties will greatly outyield bush 
varieties in hot climates. Make a tepee 
of poles and string for the vines to 
grow over. 

Green or Snap Pole Beans. Plant in 
the same fashion as lima beans. Ken- 
tucky Wonder and Romano are two 
heavy yielders in the St. Louis area. 

Tomatocs. Tomatoes normally pre- 
sent no problems to growers in this 
area. It is not unusual to have so many 
tomatoes from a half a dozen plants 
that one experiences dithculty in giv- 
ing them away. Several varieties 
widely grown in this area are Marglobe, 
Rutgers, and Big Boy. Somewhat less 


commonly grown is Firesteel, which 


+ MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


produces a fine medium-sized fruit just 
right for salads. 

If, after all the encouragement and 
guidance presented herewith, it does 
not seem feasible to start your vege- 
table garden this year, the next best 
thing might be to observe and follow 
the progress of some other garden The 


garden we have n mind is the vege- 


table garden that 32 children are going 
to tend this year at the Garden. This 
garden, which is divided into 16 plots 
measuring 8 by 10 feet, is located just 
south of the Experimental Greenhouse. 
It is expected that the return for their 
efforts will be very rewarding, and we 
encourage all interested persons to see 


our newest project. 


SPINY PLANTS 
PF. W. WENT 


T is interesting to see how resource- 
ful nature is, and how with only 
a few basic attributes a whole host of 
structures and functions have been 
developed. Take for instance the ex- 
tremities of mammals. Whereas ordi- 
narily the forepaws are legs for walk- 
ing, in man they have become arms, in 
whales, fins for swimming, in moles 
spades for digging, and in bats wings 
for flying. In plants we find that the 
same organ, for instance a leaf, can 
change from a device for catching 
light to a pitcher for catching insects, 
to a bract or petal for catching our 
breath with its colorful beauty, or to 
a climbing or food storage organ. 

As the plant collection in the Clima- 
tron becomes richer, we will find more 
unusual adaptations which are particu- 
larly numerous among tropical plants. 
In fact, there is so much to be seen in 
the Climatron that a single visit is not 
sufficient. From season to season many 
changes will be apparent, and besides, 
plants grow with such rapidity that 
each visit, whether a month or half a 
year apart, will give a new impression. 
In addition we have a weekly change in 
the concert program which is presented 


daily from 12 to 1 and from 4 to 5. 


We have just completed and sent to 
press a guide describing some of the 
interesting plants a visitor will see in 
the Climatron. But since such a guide, 
to be complete, would be unwieldy, we 
will complement it from time to time 
with information in the BULLETIN. 

This month we will discuss spines in 
plants. In many cases they serve as a 
protection against the plant’s being 
eaten by animals. Such _ protective 
spines are especially common in desert 
plants (cactus) or plants from other 
dry areas, such as the spiny shrub areas 
in northern Mexico or southern India. 
But in other cases, spines enable plants 
to climb high up in trees to reach the 
light, which is dim on the forest floor. 
The thorns of the rose are a good ex- 
ample of such “climbing” spines. 

We shall see that many different 
plant parts have been transformed into 
spines in order for plants to become 
spiny, whereas in the example of the 
adaptation of the front leg in higher 
animals the same organ served many 
different purposes—a homologous de- 
velopment instead of the analogous 
development of the spiny plants. 

In many cases, spines are just pointed 
outgrowths of the stem (as in roses) 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


or of leaves (the giant water lily, 
Victoria cruziana, has such leaf spines 
all over the protruding veins or ribs on 
the underside of its leaves). Mimosa 
stems, and sometimes their leaves, are 
spiny and some climbing mimosas at- 
tach themselves with these spines to 
the surrounding vegetation so that they 
can climb high up in trees. Such 
mimosas, with thorns irregularly placed 
along stems or leaf ribs, form impene- 
trable thickets in tropical forests and 
are described by such local names as 
“wait-a-bit.” 

The stipules (small leaflets located 
on each side of the base of true leaves) 
of a number of leguminous plants, 
such as mesquite (Prosopis, a desert 
shrub) and Acacia cornigera, have 
been transformed into spines. In the 
latter plant the spines are very big and 
hollow, and in their native country 
(Mexico), ants live in them. 

The base of the stems of a gourd 
from the East Indies, Neoalsomitra, is 
strongly swollen and very spiny. In 
this case the spines are nothing but 
leaf stalk on which the leaf blade did 
not develop. Where these swollen 
stems gradually taper down to the 
regular climbing stems, one can find all 
intermediate stages between simple 
spines, spines with the rudiments of a 
leaf blade still attached on top, and 
almost normal leaves. 

A similar but more complicated case 
is that of the ocotillo (Fouquicria), a 
desert shrub which forms bundles of 
whip-like stems which carry long and 
hard spines. These spines are the lower 
half of the leaf stalk of the primary 
leaves. The leaf stalk splits lengthwise 
upon the death of the leaf, which drops 


off with the upper part of the soft leaf 


wn 


stalk, leaving the hard lower pointed 
part attached to the stem. Therefore 
both in Neoalsomitra and in Fouqui- 
eria the spines are very regularly spread 
over the stem, where in other plants 
the leaves would be attached. 

In other plants, such as oranges and 
lemons and bouganvilleas, the spines 
are transformed axillary branches 
which start to form in the axils of the 
leaves but soon stop growing and be- 
come very hard and pointed. Some- 
times one can see the rudiments of 
leaves attached to these spines or, very 
rarely, they develop partly into a 
normal shoot, with a few small leaves 
but still pointed at the end. In one of 
the giant bamboos, Guadua, the whole 
young lateral shoot, with the sheath 
leaves tightly rolled into a very hard 
and sharp point, acts as a spine, but 


later these spines may grow into normal 


side branches—which again have lat- 
eral branches as spines. Just for good 
measure there are small thorns on the 
main stem as well. 

In many plants the leaf edges are 
stiff and spiny; the common holly is a 
good example. There are many other 
plants with spiny leaf edges, such as 
barberry and a lot of plants from 
western Australia. (Watch for these 
when we have built our Australian 
greenhouse next to the Climatron). 

The most conspicuously spiny plants 
are the cacti—a whole family of thou- 
sands of plants characterized by spines, 
and spines of a very peculiar kind. In- 
stead of having one or two spines at 
a time, the cacti have spines in whole 
bundles, grouped together in so-called 
areoles, areas all over the surface of the 
strongly swollen stems in places where 


normally the axillary buds should be 


6 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


located. In most cases these cactus 
spines will attach themselves more 
strongly to your flesh than they will 
hang on to the cactus and therefore, 
after accidental contact with a cactus, 
you become the spiny one and it is 
quite a chore, and quite painful, to 
remove all these spines from an arm or 
a leg. The worst cactus spines are 
those of the cholla cactus, since they 
are double, with a very hard and sharp 
inner core which drives the loose outer 
sheath into your flesh. When you are 
trying to pull these spines out (and 
they can penetrate very deeply), the 
outer sheath usually stays in your flesh 
and often causes festering before it 
comes out. Burbank’s much_ publi- 
cized efforts to breed a spineless cactus 
have been only partially successful, 
since only the size of the spines has 
been decreased; there are still as many 
of them as on their spiny ancestors. 
Cattle will eat these (spineless) prickly 
pears only under duress. 

There are lots of spiny fruits, such 
as chestnuts, prickly pears and castor 
beans, and many seeds are distributed 
because their spiny fruits or burrs at- 
tach themselves to socks or legs (punc- 
ture vine, cockle bur, Cenchrus, etc.). 
In the case of teasel (Dipsacus), the 
whole inflorescence or flower head is 
covered with spine-like bracts, which 
formerly were used in the carding of 
wool. 

In some cases stiff long hairs may 
act as spines, such as in the case of the 
nettle and Mucuna vines. The differ- 
ence between a spine and a hair is that 
the latter consists of only a single cell, 
whereas the spine is a multicellular 
structure and usually is much bigger. 
The stiff hairs of many plants of the 


borage family can be very disagreeable 
when you are picking them, and hairs 
of many Loasaceae produce painful 
rashes. But the most peculiar case of 
stiff hairs is that of several bamboo 
species (e.g., Gigantochloa). The 
stems and sheaths are covered with 
brown hairs which usually are closely 
appressed against the stem surface. 
These bamboo stems are commonly 
used for building houses, furniture, 
ladders, etc., and when these hairs are 
not carefully rubbed off, one becomes 
itchy all over when sitting on such a 
bamboo chair or climbing a bamboo 
ladder. It is claimed that these bam- 
boo hairs, when regularly mixed with 
food, will penetrate the walls of the 
intestines, causing festering and even 
death. In the Far East it is claimed 
that such bamboo hairs are used to 
murder people. Before the invention 
of the microscope it was practically 
impossible to check on this, but I very 
much doubt that this method of poi- 
soning is effective or being used. In 
the few cases I have been called in to 
check for the expected presence of 
bamboo hairs in the stomach content 
of patients, I did not find any; the 
hair-like structures were muscle fibers 
from meat. When stiff hairs have 
barbs on them, they can attach them- 
selves to surfaces or other hairs and 
thus a plant with barbed hairs can 
climb or can be distributed by animals. 
Most members of the genus Galinm 
have such hairs, and thus their weak 
herbaceous stems may climb between 
other plants. When barbed hairs occur 
on seeds, they become entangled in 
wool or fabrics and can be carried for 
long distances. The pod segments of 
Desmodium, and the pods of Krameria 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 74 


are good examples. 

The most curious case of spininess | 
know is that of the flower bud of 
Euryale fero, a tropical water lily with 
large, somewhat spiny leaves. When 
these plants are growing in abundance, 
they may completely cover the surface 
of a pond, leaving no place for the 
flowers to reach the surface. In the 
big Victoria regia and Victoria cruzi- 
ana, the leaves all radiate from the 


center of the plant, leaving an open 


space in the middle for the flowers to 
float on the water surface. But this is 
not so in dense stands of Euryale, 
where leaves overlap (since they have 
no upturned edge like Victoria leaves). 
The flower bud of Euryale is sharply 
pointed, penetrates the leaf, and opens 
above the leaf. Thus we see the 
curious phenomenon of — beautifully 
dark blue flowers borne on large leaves 


like salvers or platters. 


PITZMAN SUMMER NATURE PROGRAM 


ae the time of year when parents 
are wondering what is available 
for their kids to do during the summer, 


it is appropriate to mention the Pitz- 


man Summer Nature Program at 


Shaw’s Garden. Registration is June 
18th for the first session, but a little 
forward-looking may eliminate the 
need for an expensive summer camp, or 


the prospect of having bored and list- 


8 MISSOURI BOTANIC. 


less children around the house as 
summer wears on. 

This will be the fifth summer of 
these free summer nature classes for 
children, sponsored by the Pitzman 
Foundation. A record attendance is 
anticipated and the program is being 
expanded this year to include more 
activities related to participation in- 
stead of just listening. This year, 
children will be able to do more things 
on their own and individual research 
will be emphasized more than organized 
classes, for those who would like to 
pursue a special interest. 

The four classes to be taught are 
Birds, Plants and Man, Trailfinders, 
and Man’s Enemies. Children can 
register for all of them or they may just 
take the courses which interest them. 
Birds will again be taught by members 


of the St. Louis Audubon Society; the 


Pitzman Program Activities 


\L GARDEN BULLETIN 


other courses will be taught by Ken- 
neth Peck and his assistants. 

In the Birds class, children learn 
about the habits of birds and how to 
identify several kinds which they 
might see in Missouri. Part of many 
class periods are hikes to the wild part 
of the Garden to look for birds. Quail 
are quite easy to see, as well as song- 
birds. 

Plants and Man class teaches the 
relationship between man and nature, 
and in this class everything from flow- 
er structure to cereal grain planting is 
taught. Children pot plants in one 
class period, dissect a flower in another, 
and learn about different kinds of corn 
in a third. 

Trailfinders class teaches how to 
identify many kinds of trees and other 
plants, including poison ivy. Hikes 


through the North American Tract of 


PHOTOS: B. G. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAI 


the Garden are a regular feature of the 
course, as well as leaf printing with 
paper and ink so that children can 
learn the shape of different leaves. 
Man’s Enemies class covers both 
plants, insects, and larger animals 
which are harmful to man and_ his 
garden crops. In this class, students 
are taught insect structure and types 
so that they can recognize many com- 
mon insects, both harmful and helpful. 
Collections of butterflies and moths are 
made as part of this course and chil- 
dren make their own butterfly nets. 
Poisonous plants and mushrooms are 
also included in the class schedule. 
The Junior Research Teams, made 
up of students who show special inter- 
est in nature, investigate several sub- 
jects outside the regular class periods. 
They meet at the Garden on days regu- 
lar classes are not given and carry out 
research either individually or as teams. 
The nature of their research varies 
from year to year, but a look at last 
summer’s subjects may be an indication 
of the sort of subjects dealt with: Some 
children learned how to collect, press, 
and mount plants for an herbarium; 
several experimented with photobiology 
and saw how light affects plant growth. 
(They planted lettuce and rye seeds 


and grew them under various light 


. GARDEN BULLETIN 9 


conditions to see how plant develop- 
ment changed under different colors of 
light and varying direction of light). 
Other students who were interested in 
drawing made sketches of trees and 
plants in the Garden; those who were 
more interested in insects dissected 
grasshoppers and made sketches of 
them. And a few learned how to take 
pictures and develop their own film 
while studying tree shapes through 
photography. 

Pitzman classes will be held ‘Tues- 
days and Thursdays, morning and 
afternoon, with a supervised lunch 
hour. The research teams meet on in- 
tervening days, either in the morning 
or afternoon. All programs are free 
to all children between the ages of 7 
and 16. 

The Pitzman Program is given in 
two five-week sessions; registration for 
the first is June 18th and for the sec- 
ond, July 23rd. Children who attend 
the required number of class meetings 
receive a certificate of achievement for 
the classes they attend. 

Although registration for the first 
session is not until June 18th, it is 
possible to register now by telephone. 
To register or learn more about the 
Pitzman Program, call the Garden at 
TO 5-0440. 


BOOK REVIEWS 


Flowering Trees of the World for 
Tropics and Warm Climates, Ed- 
win A. Menninger, with a foreword by 
B. Y. Morrison. 425 color plates and 
40 line drawings by Eva Melady. 
Hearthside Press, Inc. New York, 
L962 18.955 


Ne that we have a Climatron, 
where tropical plants grow as if 
in the tropics, St. Louisans are begin- 
ning to realize some of the things they 
have missed. The flowering trees of 
the tropics and = sub-tropics furnish 


spectacles which are beyond anything 


10 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


we can match in the temperate zone. 
Some of them exhibit their choice 
flowers against a background of rich 
dark foliage, as do our own southern 
magnolias. Others are like our red- 
buds in flowering profusely when the 
branches are bare of leaves. To have 
seen a mature yellow Tabebuia in full 
bloom, its frilly trumpets crowding 
the bare branches, stirred gently by 
passing air currents so that the whole 
tree becomes a dome of living gold, is 
something to remember with emotion. 

These ornamental trees of tropical 
gardens, parks and avenues have been 
a frustration to the visiting botanist or 
gardener, amateur and _ professional 
alike. There are so many kinds of 
them and it is so difficult to get any 
There has 


been no general book to tell what they 


information about them. 


were or where they came from and 
when and how. A few of them are 
native to the country in which you see 
them and will be in a book on the 
flora of that country, if one has been 
published, but many if not most of 
them are introduced plants which do 
not naturalize themselves readily in 
their new home and so are outside the 
scope of a native flora. Mr. Men- 
ninger’s book therefore fills a long felt 
want. It is expensive, but that must 
be expected in a book which has 425 
color plates (the best of them excel- 
lent, all of them passable) and 40 
commendable line drawings in black 
and white. 

Mr. Menninger, after studying at 
Columbia University School of Jour- 
nalism and working on the N. Y. 
Tribune, moved south and for several 
decades published his own newspaper at 


Stuart, Florida. As the son of Dr. 


C. F. Menninger, the founder of the 
Menninger Foundation (who as a 
young man was a teacher of botany 
and other sciences), he had a strong 
bent towards science and natural his- 
tory. 

With little notion of what a tre- 
mendous task he was undertaking, 
Menninger started to find out which 
were the best ornamental trees of the 
tropics and which of these would grow 
and bloom in Florida. Even when he 
learned that he would have to dig out 
his own information bit by bit, he 
He read the ac- 
counts of early naturalists like Rich- 


stuck to the task. 


ard Spruce, one of the first Europeans 
to explore the Amazon region; he 
plowed through the technical accounts 
in published floras of tropical areas, 
page by page, for the occasional men- 
tion of the beauty of certain trees; he 
searched libraries for books (this vol- 
ume of his has a meaty bibliography of 
148 titles); he got in touch with nurs- 
eries dealing in tropical and sub- 
tropical plants; he wrote botanical gar- 
dens all over the world; increasingly as 
time went on, he wrote directly to men 
and women here and there who already 
knew something about tropical orna- 
mental trees (some of these he got in 
touch with by ingeniously writing 
U. S. Consular agents abroad for the 
names and addresses of likely contacts). 

A few short introductory chapters 
tell of his experiences in learning about 
tropical ornamentals and in getting 
them growing successfully in Florida. 
Nor did his troubles end there.  Sig- 
nificantly he has an information-packed 
chapter on “beautiful trees which are 
dificult or impossible to flower in alien 


lands” 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 11 


Cannon-ball tree 


The bulk of the book is the harvest 
he has made from these decades of 
effort; it 1s full of references to the 
authors he has studied, to his expert- 
ence, and to his correspondents from 
all over the world, nearly 250 of whom 
are listed by name and address in a 
special supplement It was to these 
correspondents that he turned for help 
in picking the outstanding trees which 
should be included in this volume. He 
asked each one to make a list of “the 
10 or 15 loveliest native flowering 
trees” in his part of the world. About 
800 different trees were nominated and 
Menninger reduced the list to a “man- 
ageable 500.” However, he has in- 
cluded so much information about 


related species (32 species of the coral 


(Couroupita guianensts ) 


trees (Erythrina) are listed and dis- 
cussed) that by my tally at least 815 
different species have been listed along 
with some pertinent information, 

As a kind of rough key in placing 
the tropical flowering trees one may 
encounter in his travels, he has listings 
which cover 10 pages of the appendix 
and which serve several useful pur- 
poses. They are listed by color of the 
flower (with separate lists for those 
whose flowers are of more than one 
color in each bloom and_ for those 
“chameleon trees that change the color 
of their flowers from hour to hour or 
from day to day”). These are lists of 
“flowering trees with variegated leaves” 
and of those whose leaves show color 


other than green or whose juvenile or 


12 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


withering leaves are striking in their 
color effects. There are excellent lists 
of special features; that is to. say, 
“growth habits, cultural or habitat 
needs, aesthetic or practical usefulness 
to mankind, or other properties.” The 
headings are worth quoting; they help 
indicate the scope of the book: 
“TL. CauLirerous—Flowers often pop out on 
trunk and branches. 
2. Dirricutr To Grow—Even experts fail. 
Maybe you can succeed. 
3, Wind Resistant—They stand up_ best 
against a storm’s buffeting. 
4. Sat Resistant—They like growing near 
the sea or in salty soils. 
5. Giant Trees—They are too big to plant 
in anybody’s yard. 
6. SMALL Trees—Pick from this list if your 
house is on a fifty-foot lot. 
7. FRAGRANT FLOweERs—These appeal to the 
nose as well as to the eye. 
8. Bab-SMELLING FLowERs—Avoid planting 
these near human habitations, 
9. SHADE MAkers—They provide ample shade 
as well as handsome flowers. 
10. SHapE Brarers—These trees will grow 
underneath other trees. 
11. Fasr GrowinGc Trees—Plant them and 
then get back out of the way. 
12. Stow GrRowinG Trees—Worth waiting 
for if you are in no hurry. 
13. OBJECTIONABLE Roots—They sprawl over 
the surface of the ground. 
14. Fireproor Trees—Bark thick enough to 
ignore the hottest blaze. 
15. Drytanp Trees — These never bother 
about drought conditions. 
16. Wrr Lanp TRees—These are often happi- 
est when growing in a swamp. 
17. Tur THORNY Onres—Be careful. 
18. FRAGRANT LeEaves—The Myrtle and Lau- 
rel families are noteworthy, 
19, Potsonous Trees—No hard and fast rule 
—approach cautiously. 
20. Trees To Ear—Leaves, flowers, or fruits 
have palate appeal. 
21. Timber Trers—Which might grow too 
big for ornamental use. 
22. COMMERCIAL PossiBiLitins—These provide 
many useful products.” 


As another aid to travelers or new- 
comers in the tropics, he chooses 19 
tropical regions (such as Colombia— 
Panama, Amazonia, Hawaii, and Mex- 
ico) and for each he lists the 10 most 
beautiful trees which are likely to be 


found there. There are also separate 


tabulations of the trees which are 
known to have survived temperatures 
of 25 to 32 degrees Fahrenheit and of 
those which have even survived 20 
degrees. 

Almost two-thirds of the volume is 
given over to a discussion, tree by tree, 
of the 500 choicest flowering trees. 
They are arranged alphabetically ac- 
cording to family, from the Acan- 
thaceae to the Zygophyllaceae. Under 
the family they are listed alphabetically 
by genera. The approved scientific 
name is given first, followed by any 
synonyms which are common in horti- 
cultural or botanical literature. Here 
the author has had competent technical 
assistance. Where Menninger has been 
able to get it the lowest temperature 
the species is known to have survived 
is indicated. ‘The common names are 
given if it has been possible to find any 
in English or Spanish (after all, the 
true common names of trees from 
Malaysia or from the Amazon basin 


would be relatively little use to us, 


Clusia grandiflora 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 13 


even if we could find them). There 
are quotations or opinions of those who 
have seen the trees in bloom, a short 
description of the flower and frequent- 
ly of the tree itself, together with such 
information as the history of its dis- 
covery and its introduction into Flor- 
ida. For trees which have been grown 
by the author or his collaborators, there 
are discussions of its likes and dislikes, 
its ease of cultivation and frequency of 
bloom, related species or genera with 
which it might be confused, and 
other points of technical or general 
interest. 

This section of the book is, in fact, 
packed with winnowings from the rich 
harvest of interesting and useful infor- 
mation which Mr. Menninger has been 
able to accumulate during his quarter- 
of-a-century search. The descriptions 
are frequently graphic. In discussing 
the Cannon-ball tree (Couroupita gut- 
anensis) he writes of the flowers that 
they are “six inches across, an ornamen- 
tal fat yellow three-inch pincushion, 
flanked by six fleshy red petals. Some 
authors have suggested that they look 
more like a mousetrap or a comb and 
brush set.” 

The book closes with a final chapter 
on “Flowering Trees Which Were Left 
Out of the Book” either because the 
flowers are too small to notice or be- 
cause they are merely freakish (as for 
instance those of the Sausage Tree 
(Kilgelia pinnata) or because, how- 
ever beautiful they may be, the plant 
which bears them never becomes any- 
thing but a shrub (Camellias, for ex- 
ample). Others do not qualify be- 
cause, like the Sterculias, though they 
have handsome seedpods, these pods 


follow inconsequential flowers. 


There is finally a good 13-page in- 
dex. It includes all the trees discussed 
or referred to in the book under both 
their scientific and common names 
(insofar as Menninger has been able to 
find common names in English’ or 
Spanish) and all the people quoted or 
referred to. 

From the index one can make a sort 
of ranking of Mr. Menninger’s collab- 
orators by counting the number of 
times each of them is referred to. 
David Fairchild leads with 18  refer- 
ences. Richard Spruce and A. Ducke 
are tied for second place with 12 each. 
Then in order come Ernest Lord, the 
author of Shrubs and Trees for Aus- 
tralian Gardens; Dr. Paul C. Standley, 
for many years on the staff of the 
Chicago Museum of Natural History; 
Wilson Popenoe, who introduced the 
avocado and many other tropical plants 
into the United States; and Paul Allen 
of the United Fruit Company, who 
received his early training here at the 
Missouri Botanical Garden. 

For those of us who are now associ- 
ated with a Climatron it is a great 
privilege, right now, to have a book of 
such calibre on such a subject. Most 
of us have not lived and worked in the 
tropics (more than fleetingly, that is) 
and Mr. Menninger’s volume tells us 
just the things we want to know about 
some of the loveliest species in the 


Climatron. EpGAR ANDERSON 


Orchids: Their Botany and Cul- 
ture, Alex D. Hawkes. 
Brothers, New York, 1961. 
NSO AD 


Harper & 
197 pp. 


| N view of the tremendous interest in 
growing orchids, it is surprising 


that there have been so few attempts 


14 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


to write books giving general informa- 
tion on the family. As the first at- 
tempt in English in many years, Mr. 
Hawkes’ book is bound to receive a 
good deal of attention and much use. 
The book is divided into four main 
sections: The Orchid Family, Culture, 
The Principal Cultivated Orchids, and 
Hybrids and Hybridization, plus an 
appendix and a glossary. 

The first section gives general in- 
formation on the orchid family—dis- 
tribution, habitat, and a superficial 
treatment of plant and flower struc- 
ture. This portion, then, includes 
much of the “botany” which the title 
leads us to expect, but in this area, the 
book is something of a disappointment. 
A botany of the orchid family should 
give accurate and fairly detailed in- 
formation on anatomy, cytology, ec- 
ology, genetics and flower structure, as 
well as something of physiology, all 
subjects of great value to the grower 
as well as the botanist; but the present 
work either omits these subjects entire- 
ly or covers them only in a very super- 
ficial manner. In this first section the 
term “mimicry” is misused, as it so 
often is in reference to the orchids, 
though true mimicry does occur in this 
fantastic family. Here, too, it is sug- 
gested that the Orchidaceae is the 
largest of all plant families with 
24,000 different kinds (not counting 
artificial hybrids) and more than 
48,000 names. This is certainly a very 
liberal estimate. Most authors guess 
from 12-15,000 species of orchids, 
considerably fewer species than are re- 
corded for the sunflower family. I do 
not doubt that there have been more 
than 48,000 names published, but the 


orchids, even more than most other 


plant groups, have been cursed with a 
series of would-be botanists who seemed 
to feel that publishing new names 
would somehow increase our knowledge 
(or their prestige), whether the names 
were needed or not. For this reason, 
the number of published names gives 
an exceedingly poor guide to the num- 
ber of species actually existing. 

The second section, on culture, is 
mostly quite good, though the chapter 
on orchid diseases is so general as to be 
nearly useless. Some reviewers have 
found the cultural information a bit 
too general, or a bit “dated,” but I 
doubt that anyone can do much better 
on this scale. When orchid culture 
was essentially limited to Europe one 
could write a general work on orchid 
growing which (right or wrong) 
would meet with the approval of most 
other growers. Now there are orchid 
growers scattered from Iceland to New 
Zealand, and the orchids are being 
grown under glass, plastic, lath, trees 
and open sky. We are now beginning 
to realize that orchids can be grown in 
anything from glass beads to bottle 
caps, but that each climate, each 
medium, and each type of orchid will 
require different growing conditions. 
Under these circumstances a ‘World 
Encyclopedia of Orchid Culture” 
would be endless, and would surely be 
out of date before the day of publica- 
tion. 

The third section of the book, ‘The 
Principal Cultivated Orchids,” is the 
largest and will be the most valuable 
for most orchid growers. Here one 
finds general information on culture 
and distribution for one hundred 
selected genera; under each there are 


brief, readable descriptions of one or 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN l 


a few representative species. Most of 
the genera are illustrated, and the pho- 
tographs are mostly very good. In 
several cases the illustration shows a 
species which is not described or men- 
tioned in the text; this to me, at least, 
seems a defect. Most growers will ap- 
preciate the clear pronunciation guide 
which accompanies each generic and 
specific name, and the suggested pro- 
nunciations are mostly quite reason- 
able, though the diphthongs oc and we 
from European names get rather 
strange treatment. There is not, of 
course, any absolute standard for the 
pronunciation of botanical names. 
Botanists may be roughly divided into 
the classicists, who prefer the original 
Latin pronunciation (no two ever agree 
on what it should be), and those who 
prefer to anglicize the pronunciation 
(and that is chaos). One of Mr. 
Hawkes’ fetishes (in addition to pro- 
nunciation) is the correct use of botan- 
ical names, and on this score his work 
is a good deal better than other non- 
botanical books. However, he tends to 
leave the reader with the impression 
that orchid classification is very well 
known, that each kind of plant has one 
correct name, and that there is no 
doubt as to what that name is. Actu- 
ally, his use of the generic names 
Bletilla, Cattleyopsis, Chondrorhyncha, 
Euanthe, Lacliopsis and Rhyncholaclia 
and the listing of Caffleya dowiana as 
a variety of C. labiata range from bo- 
tanically dubious to absolutely wrong. 

The section on Hybrids and Hybridi- 
zation is comprehensive, though the 
chapter on “Mechanics of Hybridiza- 
tion”? would have been clearer if there 
had been a better treatment of flower 


structure, and here, too, a good chapter 


w 


on genetics would have added greatly 
to the value of this section. 

The appendix includes a chapter on 
“Names and Classification,” which will 
be helpful to the non-botanist, and a 
“Phylogenetic List of the Orchidaceae,” 
which looks deceptively — scientifie. 
This list is based on the system of 
orchid classification which was devel- 
oped by Rudolph Schlechter and pub- 
lished in 1926, after his death. Nearly 
every botanist familiar with the or- 
chids will agree that a major fault of 
Schlecter’s system is that he had too 
many subtribes; yet Mr. Hawkes has 
managed to increase the number from 
80 to 88, though no explanation 1s 
given for the changes. Happily, the 
subtribal names in Mr. Hawkes’ list are 
given the correct endings for subtribe 
names, though many recent authors 
have used Schlechter’s original form, 
which is very confusing (but not 
really Schlechter’s fault, as there had 
been little attempt in his day to clarify 
the terminology of subfamily, tribe 
and subtribe, all categories usually used 
only by the specialist). Also, Mr. 
Hawkes has resisted the temptation to 
promote all the subtribes to tribes, thus 
compounding the confusion (and per- 
haps making the family sound bigger 
and even more important) as some 
authors would do. It is unfortunate 
that the higher categories of subfamily 
and tribe are omitted from Mr. 
Hawkes’ list, so that the reader gets no 
overall picture of orchid classification, 
The order of the subtribes is presum- 
ably significant in a “phylogenetic” 
list, but in many cases it is difhcult to 
see why a particular order was fol 
lowed. In spite of the fetish of botan- 


ical weocntacy, | find fifteen subtribal 


16 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


names in this list which are incorrect, 
ranging from misspellings to names 
which have never been published. The 
subtribes Corallorrhizinae, Dendrobi- 
inae, Polystachyinae and Trichocen- 
trinae, as listed by Hawkes, are all 
botanical hodge-podges, each including 
genera which are only distantly related 
to each other; while many natural 
groups are split into several or many 
The subtribe which forms 


> 


“subtribes.’ 
my own special interest, the Epiden- 
drinae, is listed as three separate sub- 
tribes, though the separation is botan- 
Under “Laeliinae”’ 


we find the name Fractiunguis, while 


ically indefensible. 


the correct name for this same genus, 
listed 
Similarly, Epidendrum is 


Reichenbachanthus,* is under 
cr b by , > 
Ponerinae. 
listed in the “Laeliinae,”’ while the very 
closely related genera Diothonaea and 
Jacquiniella are placed in the “Poneri- 
Not only is the subtribal dis- 


tinction unclear, but the order of the 


nae.” 


genera within each “subtribe” seems to 

*Admittedly, the author of any name like 
this should be court-martialed and shot on the 
spot, even if the orchid isn’t likely to be 
cultivated much. 


It is difhcult 
to see how one could put Phajus and 


be without significance. 


Bletia in separate subtribes, especially 
if Ipsea and Spathoglottis are placed 
with Phajus. But it is in the Oncidi- 
um alliance that natural relationships 
are most brutally shattered. The very 
natural group around Oncidium is 
broken into ten “subtribes” which un- 
doubtedly belong together (and others 
which are debatable). Here again, the 
order is rather unclear. In spite of its 
faults and inconsistencies, the phylo- 
genetic list will aid the grower in 
forming some idea of the genera which 
might possibly form viable intergenetic 
hybrids, and in this it will be useful. 
Finally, the author includes a six- 
page glossary which is reasonably com- 
prehensive and quite readable, and adds 
considerably to the value of the book. 
In summary, the “Orchids: Their 
Botany and Culture” falls far short of 
what the title leads one to expect, but 
it at least tries to fill a long-felt need, 
and there is little likelihood of its 
being replaced in the next few years. 


RoBERT L. DRESSLER 


NEW MEMBERS OF THE FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN 
MARCH 22, 1962 THROUGH May 10, 1962 


Mr. and Mrs. Henry Adolph 
Mrs. Demetrius Andrews 
Azalea Garden Club 
Dr. Harold A. Bulger 
Martha L. Burkhart 
Mr. and Mrs. Jean-Jacques Carnal 
Mr. and Mrs. Harold Colbert 
Mr. William R. Combs 
Mr. and Mrs. James A. Corrigan 
Lt. Col. and Mrs. Edward Dowling 
Mr. Hank Falkenberg 
Mr. and Mrs. Wm. Morgan Fish 
Mr. and Mrs. Edwin J. Fusch 
Gladys M. Derdel 
Mr. and Mrs. Bernard Gers 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Robert S. Goldenhersh 


Mrs. John M. Hadiey 
Dr. Mildred Hiller 
Mrs. G. Erwin Homer 
The Illinois Gladiolus Society 
Dr. and Mrs. Robert W. Kelley 
Mr. and Mrs. Bernard Kilcullen 
Dr. and Mrs. Gilbert R. Killian 
Mr. and Mrs. Fred W. Kleeburg 
Mr. Lee Kling 
Mr. and Mrs. Bernard LaBlance 
Mr. and Mrs. A. W. Lucas 
Mr. and Mrs. 

James S. McDonnell, Jr. 
Mr. and Mrs. David W. Mesker 


Mr. and Mrs. Richard C. Mesker 


Mrs. William Mertz 
Mr. and Mrs. Forrest Murphy 


Mr. and Mrs. Ernest kK. Newman 
Mrs. Edward E. Reilly 
Brother Thaddeus Revers, M.M. 
Mr. and Mrs. Marvin C. Rogan 
Dr and Mrs. Leroy W. Rubright 
Mr. and Mrs. Stephen J. Sabo 
Mr. Leland James Schoen 
Mr. and Mrs. Ralph L. Schwenk 
Miss Rachel Silberman 
Mr. and Mrs. John kK. Switzer 
Mr. William M. Thompson 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Leonard D. Warren, Ir. 
Mr. and Mrs. Gerhard IF. Weber 
Mr. and Mrs. William Weld 
Mr. and Mrs. Neal S. Wood, Jr. 


BOARD OF TRUSTEES 


ROBERT BROOKINGS SMITH, 
President 


Leicester B. Faust, 
Vice President 
Henry B. PFLAGER, 
Second Vice President 
Howarp F. Baer 
DANIEL K. CATLIN 


SAM’L. C. Davis 

Henry HircHcock 

JOHN S. LEHMANN 

RoBert W. Otto 

WaRREN McKINNEY SHAPLEIGH 


DuDLEY FRENCH, 
Honorary Trustee 


EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS 


DANIEL SCHLAFLY, 


President, Board of Education of St. Louis 


GeEorGE L. CaDIGAN, 
Bishop, Diocese of Missouri 


STRATFORD LEE Morton, 


CarRL TOLMAN, 
Chancellor, Washington University 


RayMonpD R. Tucker, © 
Mayor, City of St. Louis 


President, Academy of Science of St. Louis 


FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN 
Harry E. Wuertenbaecher, Jr., President, Mrs. Wm. R.. Bascom, Vice President, Mrs. 
Curtis Ford, Vice President, Mrs. Eli M. Strassner, Vice President, Sears Letimann, 
Treasurer, Kathleen M. Miller, Secretary. 


HORTICULTURAL COUNCIL 
Clifford W. Benson, Paul M. Bernard, Mrs. Paul H. Britt, E. G. Cherbonnier, Carl F. 


Giebel, Robert E. Goetz, Paul Hale, Earl Hath, Mrs. Hazel L. Knapp, Be R. McMath, 
Dan O’Gorman, Gilbert Pennewill, Ralph Rabenau, Philip A. Conrath, Chairman. 


WOMEN’S ASSOCIATION 
Mrs. J. Bruce Butler, President, Mrs. James G. Alfring, Vice President, Mrs. Bert A. 
Lynch, Jr., Vice President, Mrs. Frank Vesser, Treasurer, Mrs. Samuel D. Soule, Cor- 
responding Secretary, Mrs Edwin F. Stuessie, Recording Secretary. 

HISTORICAL COMMITTEE 


John S. Lehmann, Chairman, Mrs. Edwin R. Culver and Mrs. Neal S. Wood, Co-Chairmen 
for Restoration. 


GARDEN STAFF 


Frits W. Went, Director 


HuGu C. Cutter, Executive Director 


Epcar ANDERSON, Curator of Useful Plants 


Henry N. Anprews, Paleobotanist 
CLARENCE BarpsrE, Instructor 
Ernest Biser, Horticulturist 


Louts G. BRENNER, Grounds 
Superintendent 


Lapistaus Cutak, Greenhouse 
Superintendent 


Carro_t W. Donce, Mycologist 


Caraway H. Dopson, Taxonomist and 
Curator of Living Plants 


Rosert L. Dress_er, Taxonomist and 
Editor of the ANNALS 


James A. Duxg, Assistant Curator 
of the Herbarium 


Joun D. Dwyer, Research Associate 
Watpo G. FecuNer, Business Manager 
RAYMOND FREEBORG, Research Associate 


Ropert J. Givvesprie, In Charge of 
Orchids 


Brian Gorpon, Editorial Assistant 
James Hampton, Assistant Engineer 
Pau A. Kout, Floriculturist 


C. RaNLET LINcoLN, Assistant 
to the Director 


VIKTOR MUEHLENBACHS, Research 
Associate 


Norton H. NicKkerson, Morphologist 
LILL1aAN OvERLAND, Research Assistant 
IKENNETH QO. Peck, Instructor 

GeorGE H. Princ, Superintendent 
Owen J. Sexton, Research Ecologist 
KENNETH A. SmitTH, Chief Engineer 


FRANK STEINBERG, Superintendent of 
The Arboretum, Gray Summit 


GEORGE B. VAN ScuHAAcK, Librarian and 
Curator of Grasses 


TRIFON VON SCHRENK, Associate Curator 
of the Museum 


Ropert E. Woopson, Jr., Curator of the 
Herbarium 


SOME FACTS ABOUT SHAW’S GARDEN 


The Missouri Botanical (Shaw’s) Garden was established in 
1859 by Henry Shaw, a St. Louis businessman, to be controlled 
by a Board of Trustees for the public benefit. The Garden is 
a non-profit institution which receives no support from the city 
or state, depending on the income from the Shaw estate supple- 
mented by contributions from the public. 

The old stone walls and cast-iron fences, the Linnean House, 
the Museum Building, the part of the Administration Building 
which was Shaw’s Town House, relocated in the Garden in 1890, 
and the Tower Grove House, his country home, all date from 
Mr. Shaw’s time. The Main Gate, display and growing green- 
houses and most other facilities date from the period immediately 
following the turn of the century. The Climatron, opened in 
1960, is the first of several new buildings planned for the Gar- 
den’s redevelopment. It is the world’s first geodesic dome, fully 
climate-controlled greenhouse and contains the Garden’s tropical 
collections. 

The Garden—70 acres—is open every day of the year from 
9:00 A.M. until sundown; the greenhouses 9:00 A. M. to 5:00 
P. M.; the Climatron Monday through Thursday 9:00 A.M. to 
5:00 P.M., Friday through Sunday 9:00 A.M. to 10:00 P.M. 
Tower Grove House is open daily from 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. 
(April through November); 10:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M. (Decem- 
ber through March). The Display House presents four seasonal 
displays: November, Chrysanthemums; December, Poinsettias; 
February, Orchids; Spring, Lilies and other flowers. During the 
year other shows, competitions and festivals are sponsored by 
various Garden Clubs and Flower Societies. 

Courses in Botany and Horticulture for adults are conducted 
by the Garden staff. Children’s nature studies are provided each 
Saturday of the year and a special nature program is held during 
the summer. Information on these activities is published in the 
BULLETIN or may be had by mail or phone. The Garden main- 
tains a research program through the Henry Shaw School of 
Botany, Washington University. 

In 1926 an Arboretum — 1600 acres — was established at 
Gray Summit, Missouri. Foot trails and roads pass through the 
Arboretum and are open to visitors in April and May. 

The Garden Administration Building is located at 2315 
Tower Grove Ave., and the Garden’s main entrance is at Tower 
Grove and Flora Place. The entrance at Tower Grove and 
Cleveland Avenue is also open to the public. The Garden is 
served by both the Sarah (No. 42) and the Park-Southampton 
(No. 80) city bus lines. 

Persons interested in helping to support the Garden and tak- 
ing part in Garden activities are urged to do so through the 
“Friends of the Garden”. Information may be obtained from 
the Main Gate or by mail or phone. 


goth 


” en ie 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN | 


[| p June 1962 
wu shin Volume L 


Number 6 


Pa bk Rul 


aPrmRne~ae 8. aan s petie Le te 


r 


ee (— J, 


es 


Cover: A group of school children enjoying the water-lily pond in the Climatron. 


Several kinds of water-lilies are now in colorful bloom. PHOTO BY BRIAN GORDON 


CONTENTS 


A Tour of 


Shaw’s Garden 


Office of publication: 306 E. Simmons Street, Galesburg, Illinois. 


Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis 10, 
Missourt. 


Guest Editor for this issue: EDGAR ANDERSON. 


Published monthly except July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri 
Botanical Garden. Subscription price: $3.50 a year. 


Entered as second-class matter January 26, 1942, at the post-office at Galesburg, Illinois, 
under Act of March 3, 1879. 


Missour1 Botanical Garden 
Volume L No. 6 B U ll eC fe nN June 1962 


Hinry SHAW 1800-1889 


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MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 3 


A TOUR OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN 


a botanical garden any- 
way? Is it a park, and if 


. = 


partir 


In answer it may be said that a botan- 


so why not call it one?” 


ical garden may sometimes look like a 
park but it is much more than that. It 
is a place for collections of different 
kinds of plants and a center for study- 
ing plants and for diffusing informa- 
tion about them. One phase of its 
work is to arrange displays for the 
delight and instruction of the general 
public. While there is always some- 
thing interesting to see at the Missouri 
Botanical Garden there are also special 
displays at certain seasons both out of 
doors and under glass. In addition 
there are a number of important fea- 
tures which are not ordinarily open to 
the general public. These include: a 
large botanical library and herbarium 
(O),* which includes a laboratory for 
graduate students; an administrative 
and editorial office; a small greenhouse 
(R) which is used as a temporary cen- 
ter for the Garden’s educational pro- 
gram; the Cleveland avenue Gatehouse 
(Q), which is a private residence; the 
growing greenhouses (S), where plants 
are raised for the displays. 

The Garden is hidden away on the 
East and North by Mr. Shaw’s sturdy 
old-fashioned limestone walls so high 


catches only 


that the passer-by 
glimpses of tree-tops or of vines which 
spill down over the gray-white stones. 
One enters through the Main GatTr 
Capital letters refer to map on pages 8 


and 9: 


(A) on Tower Grove Avenue (oppo- 
site the head of Flora Place) or by the 
CLEVELAND AVENUE GaTE (B) a few 
blocks to the south. Incorporated in 
the Main Gate is the quaintly lettered 
keystone from the original gate. It 
bears the official designation selected by 
Henry Shaw, Missourr BOTANICAL 
GARDEN, and the date of its erection, 
1858. 

To the right of the entrance are 
Rest Rooms for Men and for Women. 
To the left and side by side are the 
Headquarters for the FRIENDS OF THE 
GARDEN and the BooKsTORE AND IN- 
FORMATION CENTER. The latter has 
an unusually wide selection of books 
and pamphlets pertaining to gardening, 
wild flowers, botany, and horticulture. 
There are also postcards of various fea- 
tures of the Garden. For the conveni- 
ence of visitors there is a public tele- 
phone just outside the turnstiles. 

Visitors may want to visit for a 
moment at the Friends of the Garden 
office to learn something of how this 
voluntary membership organization 
supports the Garden in its work. 
Friends members receive a number of 
special benefits, including free admis- 
sion to the Climatron, a free subscrip- 
tion to the Garden Bulletin and a 
discount on items for sale at the In- 
formation Center. In return, their 
annual dues enable the Garden to carry 
on a wide variety of programs to bring 
gardening information to the public in 
the form of courses, lectures and 
demonstrations. 


Immediately before the entrance 


Facing Page: The Linnaean House as seen from the Rose Garden. 


+ MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Below: Avenue of Dawn Redwoods (Metasequoia glyptostroboides). These are the fastest growing 


of all conifers but were known only as fossils until living groves of them were found in China in 


the 1940’s. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL 


stretch the Tropica Lity Poors (C) 
featuring from July until frost a fine 
display of tropical water lilies. In the 
early morning and late afternoon and 
on cool damp days, the night-blooming 
water lilies hold the stage with their 
waxy petals of pink, red, or white. All 
of these varieties have been developed 
at the Garden. The glory of the 
display however is given by the day- 
hybrids. ‘These 


magnificent flowers, wider than dinner- 


blooming — tropical 
plates and in exquisite shades of yellow, 
pink, lavender and blue, have largely 
been developed at the Missouri Botan- 
ical Garden by Mr. G. H. Pring. 
Facing us across the lily pools is the 
world’s first CLIMATRON (D), devised 
by the Garden’s Director, Dr. Frits W. 
Went. 


day time, it is spectacular when illu- 


Dramatic enough during the 


minated at night and reflected in the 
lily pools. Though it closes at 5 P. M. 
Mondays through Thursdays, it and 
the adjacent buildings stay open until 
10 P.M. on Fridays, Saturdays and 
Sundays, and major holidays. The 
tropical foliage and flowers with which 
it is filled are even more brilliantly 
dramatic when seen by artificial light. 

Leaving the Climatron for the mo- 
ment we take the angling path to the 
right into the RosE GaRDEN (E), at 
its loveliest in May and June but at- 
tractive at all times of the year by 
reason of its excellent design. The 
center of the Rose Garden is a converg- 
ing point for all the main pathways in 
this part of the Garden and in which- 


ever direction one looks a vista opens. 


GARDEN BULLETIN 5 


To the west is the shrub-bordered walk 
ending in the arched entrance to the 
FLoraL Dispray Houst (F).  Par- 
ticularly noteworthy is the treatment 
of the vista to the south. In_ this 
direction one looks down rose-bordered 
stretches of turf to the flowering 
shrubs of the KNoLis (G) and sees in 
the distance the square white tower of 
Mr. Shaw’s old country home, Towrr 
Grove. To prevent a discordant cross- 
wise streak through the center of the 
picture, the landscape architect had the 
land to the south so graded that the 
water lily pools and attendant walks 
are out of sight from the Rose Garden. 

In the opposite direction is the Lin- 
NAEAN House (H), the only remain- 
ing greenhouse which was erected in 
Mr. Shaw’s day. It is so named because 
it bears over its main entrance portrait 
busts of three outstanding botanists, 
Nuttall at the west side, Asa Gray of 
Harvard at the east, and crowning the 
gable, above an appropriate inscrip- 
tion, the great Swedish botanist, Lin- 
naeus. The building itself is of interest 
as one of the few remaining examples 
of middle nineteenth century green- 
houses. It is filled with a collection of 
Camellias and other winter-flowering 
shrubs, planted to simulate an outdoor 
garden, and from January to March is 
in continuous bloom. 

Down the angling path to the south- 
west we see the Climatron again 
straight ahead of us. Proceeding along 
the pathway we pass on our right a 
strange winter-blooming tree, Parrotia 
persica, whose hundreds of small black 


Facing Page: The tower, the second story balcony and the white gate posts all date from Henry 


Shaw’s day. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


velvet buds open in late winter, reveal- 
ing the bright red stamens within. 

The CLimatron (D) is the world’s 
first controlled-climate greenhouse. The 
chief problem in attempting to grow 
tropical plants outside the tropics, is 
not keeping them warm in the winter- 
time but keeping them cool in the 
summer time without sacrificing any 
of the bright sunlight to which they 
are accustomed In the Climatron this 
is accomplished by huge fans which 
change the air every few minutes and 
by bringing in air through a water 
curtain in hot weather. 

The Climatron was developed by Dr. 
Frits W. Went, Director of the Gar- 
den, in consultation with St. Louis 
architects Murphy and Mackey. It is 
built according to principles estab- 
lished by R. Buckminster Fuller, in- 
ventor of the Geodesic system. It is 
70 feet high, 175 feet in diameter and 
covers a quarter of an acre. 

The Missouri Botanical Garden re- 
ceives no direct tax government sup- 
port. The admission charge of 50 
cents per visitor will maintain the 
Climatron and help provide support 
for additional development of the 
Garden. Children 14 and under are 
admitted free when accompanied by an 
adult. Groups of children (schools, 
scouts, etc.) are admitted free regard- 
less of age and are allowed free admis- 
sion for two adult leaders per 25 
children. All Friends of the Garden are 
admitted free. They present their 
membership cards as passes. 


Reduced rates for adult groups are 


N 


35 cents each for groups of 20 to 100 
and 30 cents each for groups larger 
than that. 

The Climatron is a Geodesic dome of 
aluminum tubing arranged in hexag- 
onal patterns, lined by a layer of 
transparent Plexiglass, suspended just 
below the underside of the dome 
framework. The Plexiglass is held in 
place by rubber gaskets similar to those 
Additional 


material explaining the mechanical 


used in jet airplanes. 


operation and the displays of the Cli- 
matron is available from the attendant. 

Until new greenhouses can be built 
for them, two special collections are 
kept in older greenhouses immediately 
to the left and right of the Climatron. 
To the south of it (that is, to the right 
as you are leaving the Climatron) is 
the Desert House (I). Here will be 
seen some of the most bizarre and gro- 
tesque forms of the plant world such 
as the Agaves or Century Plants which 
provide the Aztecs with food, drink 
and clothing. From the sap an intoxi- 
cating drink, “pulque,” was fermented; 
the cores were roasted and eaten; the 
leaves were used as roofing thatch and 
the thorns were used for pins and 
needles. Some visitors who have not 
traveled widely in the deserts of the 
American Southwest and of Mexico 
will be surprised by the large number 
of shrubs in a desert collection. 

To the north of the Climatron 
another greenhouse of the same size 
and shape as the Desert House is given 
over largely to SouTH AFRICAN SuC- 
CULENTS (J). The uninformed visi- 


Facing Page: An Amazonian bog in the Climatron, spring of 1962. The conspicuous-veined 


Sanchezia nobilis, at the left, flowered all through the winter of 1961-1962. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


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MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


AaALOWR OF Si bi 


JRI BOTANICAL GARDEN 


Scale only approximate. 


Heavy Line Shows Route of Tour. 


Cz 


— = « 


é 


—_ 3 
= 


A Main Entrance 


Shaw Blvd. 


Now largely an auditorium, when built by Henry Shaw a century ago it housed Library, Her 


barium, and a small Museum. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 11 


tor will wonder why when there are so 
many Cacti in the Desert House, so 
many more of them are included here. 
Actually none of the plants in_ this 
house are Cacti, however much they 
may resemble them. They are various 
kinds of plants from other desert areas, 
largely African, and have become so 
adapted to desert conditions that 
superficially they look like Cacti. When 
they flower they have utterly different 
flowers, some of them (the Stapelias 
for instance) are desert milkweeds, 
others are related to Lilies, many of 
them are Euphorbias, close relatives of 
the Christmas poinsettia. 

Just beyond the South African col- 
lections and still farther to the north is 
the FLorat Dispray House (F). As 
its name indicates, this house is used 
for big displays or flower shows from 
October to June. Highest in popular 
favor are usually the Chrysanthemum 
show in November and the Orchid 
Show in February. The Garden is 
internationally known for its orchids 
and their breeding and study. They 
are exhibited en masse during the Or- 
chid Show and are always on display in 
the Climatron. There is a Poinsettia 
Show during the Christmas Holidays 
and much of January. Tulip Shows, 
Spring Flowers, Easter Lilies, Azaleas, 
and finally Hydrangeas carry on until 
summer heat makes the house difficult 
for most kinds of flowers. In the 
spring, late summer, and fall various 
St. Louis plant societies stage Rose, 
Gladiolus, Succulent, Dahlia, African 
Violet Shows and the like. Each of 
these usually lasts for a Saturday after- 
noon and evening and the following 


Sunday. 


For those who wish to see additional 
tropical plants (and orchids in par- 
ticular) it is possible at this point on 
the Tour to make a circuit of the 
chief growing greenhouses for tropical 
plants. From the upper level of the 
Floral Display House at a door oppo- 
site the main entrance, a long flight of 
steps leads to the Aror House, still 
an interesting collection of tropical 
plants though it shows obvious scars 
where particularly fine specimens were 
moved into the Climatron. 

At the far end of the Aroid House, 
turn to the right through the orchid 
houses. In the second one there is 
usually a small display of orchids cur- 
rently in bloom. Another turn to the 
right takes us down the middle of 
We then 


pass through the outside door, turn to 


the range of greenhouses. 


the right between the two greenhouses 
and enter again at the foot of the same 
staircase we came down before. 

On the upper level of the Floral Dis- 
play House a series of high quality 
Food Vending Machines have been set 
up for the convenience of visitors 
(there are no restaurants near the Gar- 
den). These change money, offer a 
wide selection of sandwiches, ice cream 
on a stick, and hot coffee or hot choc- 
olate, as well as cold drinks. 

Just outside the south door is the 
RUMAHSAHTAY (K), a small restau- 
rant specializing in Indonesian delica- 
cies such as charcoal broiled pork 
tidbits (sahtay), ground beef steamed 
in a light bread-dough (China-burg- 
ers), and other dishes and drinks. ‘The 
area between the two greenhouses has 
been converted into an outdoor dining 


terrace with small tables, metal chairs, 


awit’ ve ah 
ae 


mas? 


Above: The “Grove” seen from the “Tower.” Henry Shaw’s Mausoleum imid its trees 


Facing Page: The “Tower” of Tower Grove. In Henry Shaw’s day from this tower one could see all 


of the surrounding farmlands. 


14 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


and large green and white umbrellas. 


To see the rest of the Garden we 
now retrace our steps past the Clima- 
tron and continue along a pleasantly 
shaded walk which curves more and 
more to the left. Particularly notable 
is a fine clump of Dwarf Buckeye, 
Aesculus parviflora. It is one of the 
few ornamental shrubs which grow 
well in the shade; it is particularly 
beautiful in June and July when it is 
covered with slender tapers of white 
flowers rising straight up above the 
leaves. 


Continuing along the pathway we 
come to the dignified old gateway 
which admits us to the MausoLEUM 
Grove (L) and see TowER GROVE 
(M) facing us beyond the opposite 
gate. A century and a half ago when 
Henry Shaw first saw this property, 
here were the beginnings of a tiny 
grove surrounded on all sides by rolling 
prairie land. As soon as he owned the 
land he fenced in the grove, built his 
house beside it, and eventually planned 
the stone Mauso_eum in which he lies 
buried beneath a portrait statue of 
white marble. 

The Grove is given over to a collec- 
tion of ground-covers, including Baltic 
Ivy and the Garden’s own introduction 
MBG Bulgaria which has proved thor- 
oughly hardy in St. Louis even in the 
coldest winters. There is a small col- 
lection of hardy Liriopes, and a par- 
ticularly fine form of Wild Ginger, 
Asarum canadense var. acuminatum. 
In late winter and spring the Grove is 
bright with early-flowering bulbs, 
Snowdrops begin the parade in early 
or mid-February and are always showy 
by the end of the month. They are 


followed by Squills, Narcissi, and then 
a magnificent display of Wood- 
hyacinths, in pink, blue, and white. 
The wild blue form with drooping 
racemes, known and loved in England 
as “Bluebells,” is appropriately concen- 
trated around Mr. Shaw’s tomb. 

Passing out of the Grove we are 
confronted by Tower Grove, Henry 
Shaw’s country home, named from its 
tall square tower and the adjacent 
grove. The tower and the wing to the 
right of it belong to the original build- 
ing erected by Mr. Shaw in 1849. 
When, after Mr. Shaw’s death in 1889, 
the building (which was still without 
running water or central heating) was 
made habitable for Dr. William Trelease 
and his family, the original servants 
wing at the left was torn down and 
more commodious quarters were built 
in its place. 

During the 1950’s with the help of 
various St. Louisans, Tower Grove was 
restored both structurally and decora- 
tively and is now open to the public 
every day in the year. The basic ad- 
mission fees are 50 cents per adult and 
10 cents for children 14 and under. 
As in the case of the Climatron, 
Friends of the Garden and staff mem- 
bers and their guests are admitted free 
and there are lower rates for groups of 
20 or more. 

Particularly interesting within the 
house is the contrast (particularly 
noticeable in the woodwork and the 
fireplaces) between the parts built in 
1849 and in 1889. The house displays 
among other things pictures and statu- 
ary brought back from Europe by 
Henry Shaw. It includes furniture 


from his town house as well as some of 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 15 


the original furniture from Tower 
Grove. 

Immediately to the rear of Tower 
Grove is the AVENUE OF Dawn ReEp- 
woops (N). These superb trees were 
for long known only as fossils, until 
living stands of them were located in 
remote parts of China. The Arnold 
Arboretum located a good source of 
seed and generously shared their treas- 
ure with other arboreta and botanical 
gardens. The avenue was set out in 
the early 1950’s and leads from Henry 
Shaw’s study to a tall pair of Bald 
Cypresses planted in his time. Passing 
along this walk we pause at the first 
cross walk and look down it to the 
antique statue of Juno Materna, 
brought back from Europe by Henry 
Shaw as an ornament for his garden. 
(Visitors desiring to reach the Na- 
tional Home of the State Federations 
of Garden Clubs on foot, will find that 
if they go to this statue and then pro- 
ceed beyond and slightly to the left 
they will find a driveway leading to 
the National Home on Magnolia Ave- 
nue. ) 

Turning to the left at the crosswalk 
we see in front of us the ADMINISTRA- 
TION BuitpiInc (QO), not. ordinarily 
open to the general public. It con- 
tains ofhces, one of the world’s finest 
botanical libraries, a large herbarium 
and laboratories for advanced students 
in botany. The portion of the build- 
ing to the left (by looking sharply one 
can see where the old-fashioned bricks 
meet more modern brickwork) was Mr. 
Shaw’s town house at the corner of 
Seventh and Locust. It was moved out 
here in accordance with his will and 


later greatly enlarged. 


Turning again to the left we pass in 
front of the small greenhouse which is 
the headquarters for the Garden’s Edu- 
cational Program. Here and in the 
Museum, lectures and practical work 
in various phases of Horticulture and 
Botany are given to the public. With 
the aid from the Pitzman Fund the 
programs for children have — been 
greatly expanded. 

Continuing straight ahead we soon 
see the red-brick Musrtum (P) rising 
before us. Here is the building erected 
under Henry Shaw’s personal super- 
vision a century ago when he seriously 
began to organize his botanical garden. 
It originally housed everything: ofhces, 
herbarium, laboratory, work rooms, 
library and museum. Now it 1s used 
for ofhces and for storage though its 
main use is as an auditorium. In addi- 
tion to lectures sponsored by the Gar- 
den it is lent to organizations which 
are carrying on the kind of work Mr. 
Shaw would have liked to see centered 
at the Garden. 

Just beyond the Museum a road to 
the right leads to the Cleveland Ave- 
nue Gate, opening on to Tower Grove 
Avenue across the street from its junc- 
tion with Cleveland Avenue. Between 
the Museum and the Gate are fine 
young specimens of the rare Japanese 
Golden Larch (Pseudolarix amabilis). 

Beside the gate is the CLEVELAND 
Gate House (Q) built in 1890 as a 
waiting room where visitors met the 
horse drawn vehicles which took them 
back to the city or the railroad station 
at the junction of Vandeventer and 
Tower Grove avenues. It has since 
been converted into a residence and the 


house and its grounds are not open to 


Above: An 1890 farm kitchen is now on display at Tower Grove. 


the public. At its southwest corner is 
a good specimen of a little known tree, 
the Ivy Tree, Kalopanax pictus. As 
we continue along bearing to the right 
we note a number of trees with labels 
and a few with numbers. These are 
part of the TREE TraIL. Visitors may 
obtain free from the Information Cen- 
ter at the Main Gate, an illustrated 
guide and map to this trail. Thousands 
of families have gone over this trail 
(parents and children doing it to- 
gether) and have found it a pleasant 
way of finding out more about the 


world around us. 


Continuing along the walk we pass 
fine specimens of the Gingko tree, a 
collection of hardy bamboos, Ozark 


Witch Hazels which are in flower for 


many weeks during the winter-time, 
Hercules Club, the spiniest of all our 
native trees, and a group of Japanese 
Snowballs, Viburnum tomentosum 
sterile. 

We have now made a circuit of the 
principal features of the Garden and 
the Main Gate comes into view ahead 
of us. There are many things we have 
hurried by, and many points which 
there has not been time to discuss. 
But we should like finally at least 
to mention our interesting white red 
bud, the lake in the North American 
tract, and the Arboretum at Gray 
Summit, Missouri, on highway 66, 
where the Witp Flower Traits and 
DAFFODIL COLLECTIONS are open to 


the public in April and May.  E.A. 


BOARD OF TRUSTEES 


Sam Le GC, 2DAVIS 

Henry HircHcock 

JoHN S. LEHMANN 

Ropert W. Orto 

WaRREN McKINNEY SHAPLEIGH 


RoBERT BROOKINGS SMITH, 
President 


LeIcEsTER B. Faust, 
Vice President 
Henry B. PFLAGeEr, 
Second Vice President 
Howarp F. BAER 
DaNIEL K. CaTLIN 


DupDLEY FRENCH, 
Honorary Trustee 


EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS 


Tuomas H. EtiorT, 
Chancellor, Washington University 


RAYMOND R. TUCKER, | 
Mayor, City of St. Louis 


DANIEL SCHLAFLY, 
President, Board of Education of St. Louis 


GeorGE L. CaDIGAN, 
Bishop, Diocese of Missouri 


SrraTForRD LEE Morton, 
President, Academy of Science of St. Louis 


FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN 
Harry E. Wuertenbaecher, Jr., President, Mrs. Wm. R. Bascom, Vice President, Mrs. 
Curtis Ford, Vice President, Mrs. Eli M. Strassner, Vice President, Sears Lehmann, 
Treasurer, Kathleen M. Miller, Secretary. 

HORTICULTURAL COUNCIL 


Clifford W. Benson, Paul M. Bernard, Mrs. Paul H. Britt, E. G. Cherbonnier, Carl F. 
Giebel, Robert E. Goetz, Paul Hale, Earl Hath, Mrs. Hazel L. Knapp, F. R. McMath, 


Dan O'Gorman, Gilbert Pennewill, Ralph Rabenau, Mrs. Gilbert J. Saniuelson, Philip A. 


Conrath, Chairman. 


WOMEN’S ASSOCIATION 
Mrs. J. Bruce Butler, President, Mrs. James G. Alfring, Vice President, Mrs. Bert_A. 


Lynch, Jr., Vice President, Mrs. Frank Vesse 
responding Secretary, Mrs Edwin F. Stuessie, 


Treasurer, Mrs. Samuel D. Soule, Cor- 


r 
Recording Secretary. 


HISTORICAL COMMITTEE 
John S. Lehmann, Chairman, Mrs. Edwin R. Culver and Mrs. Neal S. Wood, Co-Chairmen 


for Restoration. 


GARDEN STAFF 


Frits W. Went, Director 
HuGu C, Cutter, Executive Director 


Epcar ANbERSON, Curator of Useful Plants 


Henry N. AnpbreEws, Paleobotanist 
CLARENCE BaArsrE, Instructor 
Ernest Bisver, Horticulturist 


Lours G, BreNNeER, Grounds 
Superintendent 


LapisLaus Curak, Greenhouse 
Superintendent 


CarRoLL W. Dopce, Mycologist 


Caraway H. Dopson, Taxonomist and 
Curator of Living Plants 


Rozert L. Dress-er, Taxonomist and 
Editor of the ANNALS 


James A. Dukg, Assistant Curator 
of the Herbarium 


Joun D. Dwyer, Research Associate 
Watpo G. FecHuNer, Business Manager 
RAYMOND FREEBORG, Research Associate 


Rogpert J. Gitvespie, In Charge of 
Orchids 


Brian Gorpon, Editorial Assistant 
James Hampton, Assistant Engineer 
Pau. A. KOout, Floriculturist 


ce RANLET Lincoin, Assistant 
to the Director 


VIKTOR MUEHLENBACHS, Research 
Associate 


Norton H. Nickerson, Morphologist 
LILLIAN OVERLAND, Research Assistant 
KENNETH O. Peck, Instructor 

GeorcE H. Princ, Superintendent 
Owen J. Sexton, Research Ecologist 
KENNETH A. SmitH, Chief Engineer 


FRANK STEINBERG, Superintendent of 
The Arboretum, Gray Summit 


GEORGE B. Van Scuaack, Librarian and 
Curator of Grasses 


TRIFON VON SCHRENK, Associate Curator 
of the Museum 


Rosert E. Woopson, Jr., Curator of the 
Herbarium 


SOME FACTS ABOUT SHAW’S GARDEN 


The Missouri Botanical (Shaw’s) Garden was established in 
1859 by Henry Shaw, a St. Louis businessman, to be controlled 
by a Board of Trustees for the public benefit. The Garden is 
a non-profit institution which receives no support from the city 
or state, depending on the income from the Shaw estate supple- 
mented by contributions from the public. 

The old stone walls and cast-iron fences, the Linnean House, 
the Museum Building, the part of the Administration Building 
which was Shaw’s Town House, relocated in the Garden in 1890, 
and the Tower Grove House, his country home, all date from 
Mr. Shaw’s time. The Main Gate, display and growing green- 
houses and most other facilities date from the period immediately 
following the turn of the century. The Climatron, opened in 
1960, is the first of several new buildings planned for the Gar- 
den’s redevelopment. It is the world’s first geodesic dome, fully 
climate-controlled greenhouse and contains the Garden’s tropical 
collections. 

The Garden—70 acres—is open every day of the year from 
9:00 A.M. until sundown; the greenhouses 9:00 A. M. to 5:00 
P. M.; the Climatron Monday through Thursday 9:00 A.M. to 
5:00 P.M., Friday through Sunday 9:00 A.M. to 10:00 P.M. 
Tower Grove House is open daily from 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. 
(April through November); 10:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M. (Decem- 
ber through March). The Display House presents four seasonal 
displays: November, Chrysanthemums; December, Poinsettias; 
February, Orchids; Spring, Lilies and other flowers. During the 
year other shows, competitions and festivals are sponsored by 
various Garden Clubs and Flower Societies. 

Courses in Botany and Horticulture for adults are conducted 
by the Garden staff. Children’s nature studies are provided each 
Saturday of the year and a special nature program is held during 
the summer. Information on these activities is published in the 
BULLETIN or may be had by mail or phone. The Garden main- 
tains a research program through the Henry Shaw School of 
Botany, Washington University. 

In 1926 an Arboretum — 1600 acres — was established at 
Gray Summit, Missouri. Foot trails and roads pass through the 
Arboretum and are open to visitors in April and May. 

The Garden Administration Building is located at 2315 
Tower Grove Ave., and the Garden’s main entrance is at Tower 
Grove and Flora Place. The entrance at Tower Grove and 
Cleveland Avenue is also open to the public. The Garden is 
served by both the Sarah (No. 42) and the Park-Southampton 
(No. 80) city bus lines. 

Persons interested in helping to support the Garden and tak- 
ing part in Garden activities are urged to do so through the 
“Friends of the Garden”. Information may be obtained from 
the Main Gate or by mail or phone. 


MISSOURI (BOTANICAL GARDEN 


[| : september 1962 
ul elin Volume L 


Number 7 


Cover: One of the many trails through the Garden’s Arboretum at Gray Summit, 
Mo., thirty miles southwest of St. Louis on highway 66. See Friends of the Garden 


notes for news of the picnic to be held soon at the Arboretum. 
PHOTO: L. G. BRENNER 


CONTENTS 
Fall Lawn Care Book Reviews 
The Feather Geranium Friends of the Garden Notes 
-all Course Schedules 


Office of publication: 306 E. Simmons Street, Galesburg, Illinois. 


Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis 10, 
Missour1. 


Guest-Editor for this issue: RANLET LINCOLN. 


Published monthly except July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri 
Rptanical Garden. Subscription price: $3.50 a year. 


Entered as second-class matter January 26, 1942, at the post-office at Galesburg, Illinois, 
under Act of March 3, 1879. 


Missour1 Botanical Garden 


Volume L No. 7 


Bulletin 


September 1962 


FALE LAWN CARE 


RAYMOND 


\ \ YirxHt fall just around the corner 
it is time to look to your lawn 


especially the lawns 


for renovation 
with the cool season grasses. This will 
include the bluegrass and bentgrass. 
These grasses have suffered through a 
very dry, hot summer and will require 
the best fall renovation program you 
can manage. 

One of the first and most important 
problems to correct is the accumula- 
tion of thatch in your lawn. This 
thatch is made of the decaying leaves 
and roots of your grass plants. It 
serves as a breeding place for the many 
diseases that damage the cool season 
grasses. This thatch will interfere with 
water movement into the soil, prevent 
eficient use of fertilizer, and pre- 
vent the roots of the grass plants from 
penetrating deeply into the soil. A lawn 
with a heavy thatch is usually shallow 
rooted. When a plug is cut from the 
lawn the sod can easily be separated 
from the soil. This is because the roots 
are confined to the thatch layer. A 
lawn with a dense, deeply rooted turf 
is usually a healthly lawn. 

This heavy thatch does not become 
a problem until the cool season grasses 
are forced to grow under stress. This 
would be the summer season in St. 
Louis. When the evenings are hot and 


humid lawn diseases become damaging, 


PREEBORG 


especially where the heavy thatch is 
found. 

Two of the more serious lawn dis- 
eases on bentgrass are the Pythium sp., 
and Helminthosporium Blight. There 
are no satisfactory controls for these 
diseases. The large brown patch, 
Rhizoctonia sp., is another disease of 
bentgrass supported by heavy thatch 
development. A fungicide containing 
mercury will give excellent control of 
the large brown patch. 

The Helminthosporim sp., leafspot, 
is a severe problem on the bluegrass. 
This disease becomes active in early 
spring. It will be more severe with 
a heavy thatch development. The 
damage done by the leafspot does not 
become severe until the bluegrass is 
placed under stress in summer. Then 
circular spots of dead grass will appear 
in the lawn. The ActiDione or Kro- 
mad fungicides applied in early April 
to early June will prevent the disease 
from severely weakening the bluegrass 
plant so it can survive the stress of the 
hot, dry summer. However, the best 
preventative and control is a good 
maintenance program that includes 
thatch removal from the «ool season 
grasses in the early fall: 

There are several units manufac- 
tured for home use to remove this 
thatch. These are vertical cutting or 


(1) 


Ne 


thin-cutting units. The blades are set 
upright on a horizontal axis so they 
slice the turf, cutting or thinning out 
the thatch. This vertical cutting unit 
should be set so that it barely touches 
the soil surface. This verticutting will 
remove most of the crabgrass and 
other weeds by removing runners and 
seed heads, and will make next year’s 
disease control easier. 

As the thatch is thinned out it 
should be raked and discarded. 

You are now ready to fertilize. You 
should have a soil test made if you 
have not had your soil analyzed within 
the last three years. Soil tests are made 
by your County Extension Agent. A 
fee of $1.00 is charged for the analysis. 
The soil sample should represent the 
entire lawn area. It is best to take 
your samples at various points through- 
out your lawn. The sample should be 
taken to a depth of seven inches. Mix 
all samples together thoroughly, then 
take about one pint of this mixed soil 
and mail it to Mr. Nelson Russell, 230 
South Meramec, Clayton 5, Missouri. 
Enclose your $1.00 service charge. 
This analysis will take from seven to 
fourteen days. 

Your soil analysis will give you the 
necessary information on the amount 
of lime, and the amount of fertilizer 
to add. 

Nitrogen, phosphate, and potash are 
the three most important elements re- 
quired for the establishment of a good 
turf. The manufacturers have blend- 
ed these elements to give you many 
brands to choose from. These mixed 
fertilizers are available in many com- 
binations. These combinations are 
stated in a formula on each fertilizer 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


bag. An example would be a newly 
developed formula designed specifically 
for turf. The three combinations 
available are 12—3—6, 12—4—8, and 12- 
5-7. 

The 12 means 12‘¢ actual nitrogen, 
the 3 is for 3% PsO;, phosphate, 
and the 6 is for 60% KsO, potash. 
Thus a 50 tbh bag would have .12 
50 th or 6 tb of actual nitrogen. The 
phosphate would be .03 50 or 1.5 
tb of P.O;, and the potash would be 
.06 < 50 Tb or 3.0 th of KO. 


Other mixed fertilizers available in- 
clude 5—10—-5, 10-6—-4, 16—8—8, 15-— 
10-10, 20-10—-5, 5-4-0, 10-10-10, 
and many others. 

If you do not have a soil test made, 
you should plan on applying your 
mixed fertilizer at a rate high enough 
to give about 2 tb of actual nitrogen 
per 1000 square feet of lawn area. In 
the case of the 12—3—-6, 12—4—8 or 12- 
5-7 combinations this would amount 
to approximately 18 tb of mixed fer- 
tilizer per 1000 square feet. This rate 
would also provide adequate phosphate 
and potash for fall feeding. 


One other element sometimes re- 
quired in this St. Louis area is iron. 
This can be applied as iron sulfate or 
as chelated iron. Approximately 12 tb 
per 1,000 square feet of the iron sul- 
fate two to three times per season will 
overcome any iron deficiency. About 
14 to 14 this amount of the chelated 
iron should be used. A likely indica- 
tion of iron deficiency in your lawn is 
a general tendency toward a pale, 
yellowish green color. Providing this 
condition is not due to disease or other 
causes, it can be overcome readily by 
application of iron as recommended, 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL 


and the lawn restored to its rich green 
color. 

If your vertical cutting to remove 
the thatch leaves large areas that ap- 
pear thin it is best to overseed. Use 
about half the recommended rate for 
overseeding. If you are overseeding 
bluegrass it is best to use a blend of 
the varieties of bluegrass that are 
available. One such blend would con- 
tain 50° Kentucky Bluegrass, 20% 
Merion Bluegrass, 20‘, Newport Blue- 
grass, 10°7 Park and 10% Delta Blue- 
grass. These blends are designed to 
take advantage of the best qualities of 
each variety. Thus when Newport is 
suffering from leafspot, Helmintho- 
sporium sp., in spring and summer the 
Merion, which is somewhat resistant 
to the leafspot, will be green and 


growing well. Then when the Merion 


TREES LABELED BY 


Kes plants labeled is a never 
ending job. In a good botanical 
garden it should be possible to find 
common and scientific names and in- 
formation about where a plant comes 
from on any plant. Weather and 
thoughtless children do some damage 
to signs but most damage is caused by 
the plants themselves. Trees and 
shrubs grow and bury the fasteners of 
the labels or cover the names with new 
branches so rapidly that some labels 
must be replaced every year. 


During the past ten years nearly all 


GARDEN BULLETIN 3 


is infected by the rust in late summer 
and early fall the Newport is reviving 
from the leafspot, giving you a nice 
green turf. The other varieties are in- 
cluded to give support in periods when 
the Newport and Merion are inactive. 

The seeding and fertilizing can be 
done at the same time. The vertical 
cutting unit can be used to work your 
seed and fertilizer into the soil. Run 
it lightly over the area after seeding 
and fertilizing, then water and mow as 
needed. 

Plan on a spring fertilizing at the 
same rates used in fall. You can use 
the same fertilizer. This application 
should be made about mid-April, 
weather permitting. 

Look for a recommended = spring 
renovation program in an early BULLE- 


TIN next year. 


MEN’S GARDEN CLUBS 


of our outdoor labels have been made 
and placed by members of the Regional 
Council of Men’s Garden Clubs, an or- 
ganization composed of all the Men’s 
Garden Clubs of the St. Louis area. 
On several Saturdays this August these 
men were busy repairing and replacing 
labels on the Garden’s trees. Mr. 
Arthur Krueger, who organized the 
project, and most of the men who par- 
ticipated in it, have also worked on 
plantings, exhibitions and other proj- 
ects which make the Garden a more 


interesting place to visit. 


1 the form of a bryophyllum, an Hawaiian succulent of special interest 
aves, was awarded by Director Frits W. 
r. and Mrs. Hubert D. Hagen; 
Elizabeth Davidson, 9, daughter of Dr. and Mrs. Morris Davidson; and Cindy Watkins, 10, daughter 
of Mr. and Mrs. Thomas M. Watkins, for their spontaneous contribution to Shaw’s Garden of money 


prize for fund-raising, i 
ause of the “baby plant’ rosettes that grow around its | 
Went to three children, (left to right) Marsha Hagen, daughter of 


raised by “putting on a show” for and serving refreshments to neighbors. According to Mrs. 
Davidson, the girls ‘made up plays in which they acted, dressed up in a variety of funny clothes, and 


served lemonade and pretzels after the performance.” Since Shaw’s Garden was a favorite visiting 


place of the girls they decided to turn the profits over to the Garden and walked into the Friends of 


the Garden ofhce recently with an envelope of bills and change. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Director and Mrs. Frits W. Went were caught by the photographers bidding a temporary farewell 
to St. Louis as they boarded a plane on August 14 for a six weeks trip to the Southwest Pacific area 
culminating in a collecting expedition into the mountains of recently opened areas of Australia and 


New Guinea. The Wents’ first stop was Hawaii, where Dr. Went consulted on the possible establish- 


ment of a new tropical botanical garden. From there they went on to Sydney, Australia, where Dr. 
Went was a participant in a series of scientific meetings, and also took part in the dedication of a new 
phytotron at Canberra. For later phases of the trip, Dr. Went will spend two weeks in high altitude 
research and collecting in the mountains of Australian New Guinea. He hopes to return with some 
unusual specimens of the fantastic flora of this little known region, to add to the Garden’s collection. 


6 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


FEATHER GERANIUM — JERUSALEM OAK 


i lhe curious, aromatic plant known 
variously as “Ambrosia,” “Feather 
Geranium,” or “Jerusalem Oak,” has 
recently been grown in several St. 
Louis gardens and inquiries about it 
have come to the Garden from several 
sources. It is a species of Chenopodi- 
um, C. botrys, and as such is closely 
related to the common, weedy Lamb’s 
Quarter or Smooth Pigweed. The en- 
tire plant is strongly (and mose agree- 
ably) aromatic. It has deeply lobed 
basal leaves, something like those of a 
genanium or an oak (hence the two 
common names) from which rise long 
panicles of small flowers followed by 
attractive small seed pods. It is now 
grown as a curiosity or to use for its 
fragrance and dainty panicles in either 
fresh or dried flower arrangements. 

Chenopodium botrys has had a long 
history of association with man and 
was grown in medieval gardens for its 
fragrance and its supposed medicinal 
qualities. It was “hung in bunches in 
the kitchen to sweeten the air” or used 
like lavender to give a fresh smell to 
bed linens. It is sometimes confused 
with the closely related vegetable, 
Good King Henry (Chenopodium 
Bonus-Henricus), a lower and non- 
aromatic perennial, with spinach-like 
leaves and dense flower clusters, which 
since the middle ages has been grown 
in European gardens for use, like spin- 
ach, as a pot herb. 

Chenopodium botrys is native to the 
Near East and to Africa and rather 
generally in central Eurasia. The 
name Jerusalem Oak may possibly refer 
to its having been brought back by 


the Crusaders or other visitors to the 
Near East. Its original home is a little 
hard to determine since it has the 
capacity of sowing itself spontaneously 
in places to which it has been carried, 
though it never becomes weedy and 
troublesome. There are specimens in 
the Garden’s herbarium which were 
collected in St. Louis a century ago 
though so far as we know it has never 
become established here. Palmer and 
Steyermark, in their Flora of Missouri, 
list it as occasionally turning up in 
waste ground in St. Louis, Shannon, 
Ozark, Stone and Jackson counties. It 
has been collected at various places 
throughout the West including several 
remote mining camps and has become 
fairly common in parts of California. 


It is one of those plants whose size 
varies a great deal with the fertility of 
the soil and the amount of water it has 
had to grow on. I have seen it coming 
up between the bricks in the pathways 
of an old New England garden near 
Worchester, Massachusetts, where in 
early summer it was only a few inches 
high. Its leaves there did remind one 
of a small oak-leaved geranium and a 
pleasant aroma arose when they were 
stepped on. At the other extreme were 
the big plumes of seeding panicles used 
by Mrs. Mary Baer in the attractive 
Victorian arrangement of dried flowers 
which was recently on display in Mr. 
Shaw’s old country home, Tower 
Grove. These had been grown in the 
rich soil of an excellent garden in 
Ferguson and the branching panicles 
were well over two feet in length. 


EpGar ANDERSON 


MISSOURI BOTAN-CAL GARDEN BULLETIN 7. 


FALL: COURSES 


hes as a reminder, here are some 
notes and dates on courses and 
children’s classes previously announced 


for this fall: 


Course 107—Bulbs, Indoor-Out- 


door 


Time: Tuesdays, October 2 and 9, 
8:00 to 9:30 P. M.; Thursdays, Octo- 
ber 4 and 11, 1:00 to 2:30 P. M. 


Place: Experimental Greenhouse. 
Fee: $8.00 for 2 meetings. 


Instructors: Clarence Barbre and 


Kenneth Peck. 


Instruction on bulb forcing and out- 
door bulb culture will be given. The 
Garden will supply each student with 
24 top quality bulbs in 7 inch clay 
pans which may be taken home. The 
Garden will also provide space for cool 
treatment which the forced bulbs re- 
quire. This is a practical and timely 


course for October. 
Course 104—How to Propagate 
from Cuttings 


Time: Tuesdays, October 16 to No- 
vember 13, 8:00 to 9:30 P. M.; Thurs- 
days, October 18 to November 15, 
Ls O0nton2s 3 0s eaaVii 


Place: Experimental Greenhouse. 
Fee: $12.00 for 5 sessions. 


Instructors: Clarence Barbre and 


Kenneth Peck. 


Fundamental facts and procedures 


wk &€ EMM M EE 


of producing trees, shrubs and peren- 
nials from cuttings (asexual repro- 
duction). The Garden will supply a 
plastic covered metal propagating flat, 
media and plant materials for 40 to 50 


kinds of plants. 


Student practice will emphasize 
propagation of house plants, such as 
begonias, dieffenbachias, philodendrons, 
etc. Some attention will also be given 
to hardwood cuttings. The following 
methods of vegetative propagation will 
be used: root cuttings, suckers, divi- 
sions, hard and softwood stem cut- 


tings, leaf, bud and scale cuttings. 


Saturday Morning 
Natural Science Programs for 


Children 
Time: 10:00 to 11:30. 


Place: Shaw’s Garden — Museum 


Building. 


September 8—Nature Walk—‘‘Fall 


Flowers.” 


September 15 — Natural Science 
Study—‘“‘Dangerous and useful mush- 


rooms and fungi.” 


September 22 — Natural Science 
Study—"Lichens, plants with ‘split 
personalities’. 

September 29 — Nature Study — 
“Observe seed and fruit formation 
through microscope.” 

Saturday morning programs are free 
to all children, ages 7 to 16. No pre- 


vious registration is necessary. 


SS BD 


8 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


BOOK REVIEWS 


Leonid Enari. Ornamental Shrubs 
of California. pp. 114. Ward Ritchie 
Press, Los Angeles 27. (1932 Hy- 
perion Ave.) 1962. $5.95. 


rR. ENaRtis on the staff of the Los 

Angeles State and County Ar- 
boretum and has had experience in 
meeting the needs of those “students, 
teachers, nurserymen, gardeners, land- 
scape architects, home owners, and 
amateur botanists who often find the 
standard manuals of plant identifica- 


»”> 


tion too technical for use.” He pre- 
sents a forty-three page key to 277 of 
the ornamental shrubs of California, 
be they native or introduced from var- 
ious other parts of the world. The key 
requires flowers and leaves but is a 
comparatively simple one. After try- 
ing it out on half a dozen California 
ornamentals of my acquaintance I de- 
cided that an intelligent amateur would 
find it helpful, provided of course that 
his unknown plant had been included 
in the 277 species selected by Dr. Enari. 
The bulk of the book is given over 
to clear descriptions of each of the spe- 
cies in technical, but relatively simple, 
terms. Black and white diagrams by 
the author illustrate the commonest of 
the technical terms and crude but ef- 
fective leaf outlines (with details of 
veination) are given for over a hundred 
of the species. Interesting and useful 
notes are appended to a number of the 
descriptions, particularly for those 
which are known to be dangerously 
poisonous. The entry for Japanese 
Quince will serve as an example: 


JAPANESE QuiNce.  Chaenomeles 


speciosa (Sweet) Nakai. C. japonica 


Hort., C. lagenaria Koidz., Cydonia 
japonica Loisel. 

A deciduous shrub up to 10 fet. 
Leaves simple, ovate to oblong, evenly 
and sharply toothed, 11% to 3% in, 
long, alternate, short-petioled,  gla- 
brous, dark glossy green above, paler 
beneath, with conspicuous large kidney- 
shaped toothed stipules (Fig. 86, 87). 
Flowers scarlet-red (in the typical 
form), 1'% to 2 in. across, regular, 
bisexual, nearly or quite sessile, in 2’s, 
3’s, or 4’s, produced on the old wood. 
#Calyx of 5 united sepals, 5-lobed. 
# Corolla of 5 distinct petals. #Stamens 
numerous. #Pistils 1. #Fruit fleshy, 
a pome, apple- or pear-shaped, 1 to 2 
in. across, greenish-yellow, with small 
dots, very hard, sometimes used for 
#Native to China and 
Japan. Runs into many forms with 


preserves. 


white, rose, pink, scarlet or crimson, 
single, semi-double or double flowers. 
E. ANDERSON 


Cledwyn Hughes. Making an Or- 
chard. pp. 120. St. Martin’s Press, 
N.Y, 1962. $3.50. 
pene varieties of fruit, and 
4 readily available sprays differ so 
widely between England and America 
that this charming little book will be 
of little direct practical help to the St. 
Louis orchardist. However, for the 
numerous Americans who like to read 
long novels of English country life 
considerable portions of the text will 
serve as an acceptable substitute. Take 
for instance Mr. Cledwyn Hughes’ 
description of an English dessert apple, 
the Beauty of Bath: ‘After Irish 
Peach, Beauty of Bath is one of the 
earliest of the dessert apples and comes 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 9 


to the table early in August. It is a 
red-and-green apple and looks very 
attractive and handsome on the tree in 
midsummer sunshine. The first bite is 
sharp and tangy, and often some of the 
redness of the skin reaches down into 
the flesh in an appetizing manner. The 
tree is a sturdy creation, strong- 
limbed and safe to the ladder. 

This is a dessert apple and one of the 
favourites of the English orchard. 
Beauty of Bath is an apple which is 
metallic yellow, a yellow which has 
the quality of silver coinage about it; 
and on this are crimson stripes. Al- 
together the effect is handsome. The 
flesh of this choice eating apple is 
tender and succulent, juicy and moist, 
and of a most pleasing flavour if the 
fruit has been picked when really ripe. 
One of the advantages of Beauty of 
Bath is that the fruit ripens over a 
period and can be picked from the tree 
on many occasions. It was first intro- 
duced by Cooling in the 1860s.” 

E. ANDERSON 


Roy Genders. Miniature Chrysan- 
themums and Koreans. pp. 100-— 
Villar ie. WMlantines: Press: IN. Y.- 1961. 
$4.50. 


a American edition of a recent 
English book will be of interest to 
American gardeners who specialize in 
Chrysanthemums. Length of day, 
temperature and rainfall, and available 
horticultural products vary so widely 
between the two countries that the 
detailed horticultural directions will 
be worse than useless to the average 
American amateur gardener. It calls 
attention however to the dwarf. Lilli- 
put varieties, the dwarf cushion Ko- 


reans and the new dwarf pompoms 


which are practically unknown in this 
country. Their characteristics and 
various details of their culture are 
illustrated in 22 excellent black and 
white photo-engravings and 12 vivid 


color plates. E. ANDERSON 


D. Gourlay Thomas. Simple Prac- 
tical Hybridizing for Beginners. 
Pp. 127. A Se. Wartin’ss Press, Ne Y. 
1LO6229 59.71 

in a chatty, easy-going style Mr. 

Thomas gives simple directions and 
details homely advice to the would-be 
hybridizer of gladiolus, sweet peas, 
daffodils, roses, chysanthemums, and 
carnations, With the help of simple 
diagrams he shows exactly how to pre- 
pare the flowers for making crosses. 
He discusses from the viewpoint of the 
trade, hybridizing whch has been done 
with these species in the last few 
decades and makes specific suggestions 
as to the kinds of crosses which might 
lead to further advances. Though he 
has had some American experience, 
most of his life has been spent in Eng- 
land and much of his detailed advice 
will be more helpful for English than 
for American gardeners. 

There is at least one minor error in 
the book. In his exhortation to the 
amateur to go ahead on his own, 
Gourlay Thomas makes the statement 
(p. 29) that “Gregor Mendel knew 
little botany himself until he started 
his experiments.” Actually he was 
sent to the university by his Order and 
there concentrated on both _ biology 
and mathematics. His earliest (and 
little known) papers refer to interests 
started during his student days and 
deal with pests of garden peas. 

E. ANDERSON 


FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN NOTES 


N event of unusal interest is the 

first annual Friends of the Gar- 
den Picnic, planned for Sunday after- 
noon, September 23, at the Arboretum 
at Gray Summit, Missouri. Invitations 
to the picnic went out to all Friends 
early in September, urging them to 
plan an old fashioned family outing on 
the beautiful 1600-acre Arboretum 
grounds, and offering boating, fishing, 
horseshoe pitching and other tradi- 
tional picnic sports, as well as a variety 
of nature walks and informal classes 
led by members of the Garden staff. 
Activities have been planned for both 
adults and children, with the intention 
of providing plenty to do for everyone, 
but also keeping in mind that many 
Friends may want to spend their after- 
noon in quiet, unorganized strolling or 
just plain sitting under a shady tree 
and enjoying the peace and quiet. 
Woods, fields, streams, lakes—all are 
there, waiting for your enjoyment. It is 
expected that many Friends will want 
to bring their own family picnics, or 


combine with other families for the 


gee a , : 
ie SAN Sh a pes * 
si.» bs" ae we! * 


outing, but it has been arranged that 
box lunches (including fried chicken) 
may be bought at the Arboretum if 
reserved in advance. Be sure to indi- 
cate on the return postcard sent with 
the invitation if you want box lunches. 
Similarly, while many Friends may 
enjoy the rather pleasant drive of an 
hour or less to the Arboretum, free bus 
rides will also be offered. See the invi- 
tation for details. The hard-working 
planning committee under the chair- 
manship of Mrs. Curtis Ford hopes 
that it has thought of everything to 
make this Friends picnic a memorable 
occasion for the whole family. Now 


all we need is perfect early autumn 


weather—and Friends. 
IMPORTANT NOTE: Fishing and 
picnicking ordinarily are NOT PER- 
MITTED at the Arboretum. They are 
being offered on this one occasion 
ONLY, as a special benefit to Friends 
of the Garden. We trust this unusual 


privilege will not be abused in the 


future. 


Early fall woodland scene at the Arboretum is an example of attractions that await the 


enjoyment of those who attend the Friends of the Garden picnic on Sunday afternoon, 


September 23. 


PHOTO: P. A. KOHL 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 11 


Response to the appeal (mailed along 
with the June BULLETIN) for help with 
a “telephone party” in January has so 
far been encouraging. Co-chairmen 
for Membership, Mrs. M. M. Jenks and 
Mrs. C. C. Johnson Spink, need all the 
help they can get for this important 
undertaking, through which they hope 
to add a significant number of new 
members to the Friends. As their ap- 
peal said, they will supply the lists and 
a convenient, cozy place to make the 
calls, volunteers supply the charm and 
the voice, and the Garden reaps the 
benefit. Many different approaches to 
increasing membership have been tried 
in the past, with varying success. This 
latest plan, for an intensive period of 
telephoning a_ selected list, combined 
with a thoughtfully planned follow- 
up, seems to offer many advantages. 
Its success hinges upon recruiting a 
large number of telephoners. Each 
caller will only have a few calls to 
make if enough callers will volunteer. 
Many voices make light work—but 


lots of noise! 


se 


The course in classical Japanese 
flower arranging conducted last spring 
by Mrs. Dan Sakahara was, as reported 
earlier, a great success. Registration 
for the course was over-subscribed, and 
arrangements have now been com- 
pleted to repeat the course “by popular 
demand.” While registration is again 
necessarily limited (Mrs. Sakahara’s 
personal teaching methods do not per- 
mit large classes), and priority is given 
to these people who have already regis- 
tered, there are still some openings 
(particularly for the afternoon class) 


available on a first come, first served 


basis. Actually, two sessions of each 
of the eight classes in the course will 
be held, giving students a choice of 
either morning or afternoon. sessions. 
Both sessions will be on Tuesdays, 
from September 18 through November 
6. Morning classes start at 10:00 
A. M., afternoon classes at 1:00 P. M. 
All flower and plant material is in- 
cluded in the fee of $15 for Friends 
($18 for non-Friends), but you should 
be sure to bring the following equip- 
ment with you: note pad and pencil; 
clippers or shears; eight-inch glass or 


metal pie plate as a container. 


oe 


Last February the Garden’s Orchid 
Department found itself with a quan- 
tity of surplus plants of several vari- 
eties. It was decided to distribute 
these to Friends at a nominal cost and 
accordingly a sale was held at the 
Garden. Response was so great that 
over one hundred plants were distrib- 
uted, and even after ransacking the 
greenhouses for additional plants which 
could be spared, we still ended up with 
a list of seventy names of Friends who 
had been disappointed. This announce- 
ment is good news for them. The 
Orchid Department now has a sufh- 
cient supply of duplicate and surplus 
plants to make one available to each of 
the seventy patient Friends whose 
names appear below. These plants are 
all purple bi-foliate cattleyas in good 
condition. Terms of the distribution 
are the same as applied in February, 
namely all sales are final and “‘as is,” 
all are for cash at $2.50 per plant, and 
the buyer must come to the Garden to 
pick up the plant. [If your name ap- 


pears on the list below, please come to 


12 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


the Friends office at the Main Gate on 
Thursday, October 4, between 9:00 
A. M. and 5:00 P.M. No plants can 


be reserved by telephone. If you do 
not want your plant, please call Kay 


Miller at the Friends office. 


Adele Niesen 

Mrs. N.S. Chouteau Walsh 
Mrs. W. A. Gerard 

Mrs. A. L. Proctor 

Mrs. L. A. Nylins 

Mrs. Bertha Burton 
Mrs. Morris Glaser 

Mrs. Henrietta Schotten 
Mrs. Frank Ellis 

Mrs. Frances R. Bartlett 
Miss Estelle Windhorst 
Mrs. Flynn Ford 

Mrs. E. V. Edwards 
Mrs. Frank Pelton 

Mrs. Vilray Blair 

Mrs. Leon J. Fox 

Mr. John C. Naylor 
Mrs. Claude B. Martin 
Cathryn A. Liebig 
Hervey Roberts 

Mrs. William Livingston 
Adolph Glaser 

Mrs. R. B. Mahley 

Dr. J. E. Cook 

Mrs. J. P. Reuter 


Rev. John Freiberger 
Mrs. E. C. Hartman 
Mrs. E. P. Burke 
Mrs. M. B. Seltzer 
Mrs. W. R. Cheever 
Tad W. Broesel 

Mrs. Sidney S$. Cohen 
R. B. Kobusch 
William G. Moore, Jr. 
Miss A. P. Kemper 
Margaret L. Dressor 
Mary Withenow 
Helen Kappel 

Dr. Robert Courtrey 
Mr. and Mrs. 

C. Edwin Murray 
Mrs. Lillian Raftery 
Dr. Maxwell Rachlin 
Mr. and Mrs. M. F. Salniker 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Berrie J. Hirsch 
Mrs. G. Kenneth Robins 
Mrs. Richard Duhme 
Mrs. J. A. Gross 
Mr. Guy Oliver 


Ze 


Mr. Louis Cassing 
Mr. Frank Bach 
Mrs. Norman Dolen 
Mrs. Dorothy A. Lang 
Mr. Julian Simon 
Dr. Don Thurston 
Bernice Brookman 
Mrs. William J. Hedley 
Dr. and Mrs. M. H. Post 
Mrs. Robert Linberg 
Mr. and Mrs. Glenn Smock 
Mr. John C. Wetterer 
Miss Rose Josephine Boylan 
Mr. Henry Bieniecki 
Mr. and Mrs. Earl Bumiller 
Mr. Frederick H. Eickhoft 
Mrs. L. C. Martin 
Dr. and Mrs. 

George Gantner 
Mr. Ralph Astorian 
Miss Gertrude Allen 
Mr. G. F. Newhard 
Mr. and Mrs. 

James W. Bernthal 
Richard P. Jensen 


To those who have enjoyed the 
authentic Indonesian delicacies served 
at the Garden, either at one of the 
special Indonesian dinners served to 
Friends last spring, or at the Rumah- 
sahtay restaurant operating at the 
Garden since May, it will come as wel- 
that 


now been completed to accommodate 


come news arrangements have 
special luncheon and dinner parties at 
the Rumahsahtay through the fall and 
winter months. Group parties have 
been arranged at the outdoor terrace 
during the summer, and many Friends 
have found this a charmingly different 
way to entertain, with the unique 


atmosphere and surroundings of the 


Garden combined with the excellent 
service and unusual food provided by 
Hank Falkenberg. 


enticing menus for both luncheon and 


Now a variety of 


dinner are available and groups of six 
or eight, and up to two or three hun- 
dred can be served. Reservations must 
be made in advance, and for larger 
parties dates must be chosen with care 
so as not to interfere with other Gar- 
den activities in the Floral Display 
House. For details of menus, prices 
and reservations, call Mr. Falkenberg 
at PR 3-9539 or write to him care of 
the Garden. For special occasions, he 
can arrange to bring the food to you 


at home. 


BOARD OF TRUSTEES 


RoBERT BROOKINGS SMITH, Sam’L. C. Davis 
President Henry HitcHcocKk 

LeicesTER B. Faust, JoHN S. LEHMANN 
Vice President Ropert W. Orro 

Henry B, PFLAGEr, WaRREN MCKINNEY SHAPLEIGH 
Second Vice President 

Howarp F. Barer DupLey FrencuH, 

DaNIEL K. CaTLIN Honorary Trustee 


EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS 


DANIEL SCHLAFLY, Tuomas H. Etior, . 
President, Board of Education of St. Louis Chancellor, Washington University 
GeEorGE L. CaDIGAN, RayMonp R. TuckER, _ 
Bishop, Diocese of Missouri Mayor, City of St. Louis 


STRATFORD LEE Morton, 
President, Academy of Science of St. Louis 


FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN 


Harry E. Wuertenbaecher, Jr., President, Mrs. Wm. R. Bascom, Vice President, Mrs. 
Curtis Ford, Vice President, Mrs. Eli M. Strassner, Vice President, Sears Lehmann, 
Treasurer, Kathleen M. Miller, Secretary. 


HORTICULTURAL COUNCIL 


Clifford W. Benson, Paul M. Bernard, Mrs. Paul H. Britt, E. G. Cherbonnier, Carl F. 
Giebel, Robert E. Goetz, Paul Hale, Earl Hath, Mrs. Hazel L. Knapp, F. R. McMath, 
Dan O’Gorman, Gilbert Pennewill, Ralph Rabenau, Mrs. Gilbert J. Samuelson, Philip A. 
Conrath, Chairman. 


WOMEN’S ASSOCIATION 
Mrs. J. Bruce Butler, President, Mrs. James G. Alfring, Vice ke sident, Mrs. Bert A 


Lynch, Jr., Vice President, Mrs. Frank Vesser, Treasurer, Mrs. Samuel D. Soule, Cor- 
responding Secretary, Mrs Edwin F. Stuessie, Recording Secretary. 


HISTORICAL COMMITTEE 


John §., Lehmann, Chairman, Mrs. Edwin R. Culver and Mrs. Neal S. Wood, Co-Chatrme» 
for Restoration. 


GARDEN STAFF 


Frits W. Went, Director James Hampton, Assistant Engineer 
Hucn C. Curt ier, Executive Director Pau A. Kont, Floriculturist 
Epcar ANDERSON, Curator of Useful Plants C. Raniet Lincoin, Assistant 
Henry N. Anprews, Paleobotanist to the Director 
CLARENCE BarsreE, Instructor EpituH Mason, Landscape Architect 
Ernest BrisBee, Horticulturist VIKTOR MUEHLENBACHS, Research 
Louts G. BrENNER, Grounds Associate 

Superintendent Norton H. Nickerson, Morphologist 
Lapisiaus Curax, Greenhouse LILL1an OVERLAND, Research Assistant 


Superintendent 
ps KENNETH O. Peck, Instructor 


Carrot W. Dopce, Mycologist Gzorce H. Princ, Superintendent 


CALAWAY EX. Dopson, Taxonomist and WILLIAM F. REBBE, Superintendent of 
Curator of Living Plants Operations 
Rosert L. Dresster, Taxonomist and Owen J. Sexton, Research Ecologist 
Jes : Z s 


Editor of the ANNALS 


James A. Duke, Assistant Curator 
of the Herbarium FRANK STEINBERG, Superintendent of 
The Arboretum, Gray Summit 


KENNETH A. SmitHn, Chief Engineer 


Joun D. Dwyer, Research Associate 
GeEorGE B. Van Scuaack, Librarian and 


i ieee oe Q 
Wa po G. FecHNerR, Business Manager Curator of Gracces 
RayMonp FReeporG,. Research Associate TRIFON Von SCHRENK, Associate Curator 
Rosert J. Gitvespisz, In Charge of of the Museum 

Orchids 


/ Rogert E. Woopson, Jr., Curator of the 
Brrtan Gorpon, Editorial Assistant Herbarium 


SOME FACTS ABOUT SHAW’S GARDEN 


The Missouri Botanical (Shaw’s) Garden was established in 
1859 by Henry Shaw, a St. Louis businessman, to be controlled 
by a Board of Trustees for the public benefit. The Garden is 
a non-profit institution which receives no support from the city 
or state, depending on the income from the Shaw estate supple- 
mented by contributions from the public. 

The old stone walls and cast-iron fences, the Linnean House, 
the Museum Building, the part of the Administration Building 
which was Shaw’s Town House, relocated in the Garden in 1890, 
and the Tower Grove House, his country home, all date from 
Mr. Shaw’s time. The Main Gate, display and growing green- 
houses and most other facilities date from the period immediately 
following the turn of the century. The Climatron, opened in 
1960, is the first of several new buildings planned for the Gar- 
den’s redevelopment. It is the world’s first geodesic dome, fully 
climate-controlled greenhouse and contains the Garden’s tropical 
collections. 

The Garden—70 acres—is open every day of the year from 
9:00 A.M. until sundown; the greenhouses 9:00 A. M. to 5:00 
P. M.; the Climatron Monday through Thursday 9:00 A.M. to 
5:00 P.M., Friday through Sunday 9:00 A.M. to 10:00 P.M. 
Tower Grove House is open daily from 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. 
(April through November); 10:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M. (Decem- 
ber through March). The Display House presents four seasonal 
displays: November, Chrysanthemums; December, Poinsettias; 
February, Orchids; Spring, Lilies and other flowers. During the 
year other shows, competitions and festivals are sponsored by 
various Garden Clubs and Flower Societies. 

Courses in Botany and Horticulture for adults are conducted 
by the Garden staff. Children’s nature studies are provided each 
Saturday of the year and a special nature program is held during 
the summer. Information on these activities is published in the 
BULLETIN or may be had by mail or phone. The Garden main- 
tains a research program through the Henry Shaw School of 
Botany, Washington University. 

In 1926 an Arboretum — 1600 acres — was established at 
Gray Summit, Missouri. Foot trails and roads pass through the 
Arboretum and are open to visitors in April and May. 

The Garden Administration Building is located at 2315 
Tower Grove Ave., and the Garden’s main entrance is at Tower 
Grove and Flora Place. The entrance at Tower Grove and 
Cleveland Avenue is also open to the public. The Garden is 
served by both the Sarah (No. 42) and the Park-Southampton 
(No. 80) city bus lines. 

Persons interested in helping to support the Garden and tak- 
ing part in Garden activities are urged to do so through the 
“Friends of the Garden”. Information may be obtained from 
the Main Gate or by mail or phone. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN 


Sulletin “am 


Cover: The pretty flower is not a flower at all, but rather a seed pod of the Chinese 
Parasol Tree, Firmiana simplex. This subtropical tree, also known as Phoenix Tree, has 
been growing outside at the Garden for many years but before this summer had never 
produced seeds. It is not supposed to be winter hardy es far north as St. Louis, but 
George H. Pring set it outside anyway 30 years ago and finally his patience has been 
rewarded with a tree full of these characteristic parasols. Last year the tree bloomed 


but was not strong enough to produce seeds; this year’s fruiting is farther north than 


any record known, according to Dr. Anderson. PHOTO BY THOMAS M. MORTON 
= a 
CONTENTS 


The Subtropical Gardens at Tresco Abbey 
Tulips 


First Monday Lecture 


Picture Story—Friends of the Garden Picnic 
Children’s Summer Programs 1962 

300k Review 

Friends of the Garden Notes 


New Members of the Friends of the Garden 


Office of publication: 306 E. Simmons Street, Galesburg, Illinois. 


Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis 
Missouri, 


_ 


0, 


Editor for this issue: BRIAN GORDON 


Published monthly except July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri 
Botanical Garden. Subscription price: $3.50 a year. 


Entered as second-class matter January 26, 1942, at the post-office at Galesburg, Ilinois, 
under Act of March 3, 1879. 


Missouri Botanical Garden 


Volume L No. 8 


Bulletin 


October 1962 


THE SUBTROPICAL GARDENS AT TRESCO ABBEY 


CHRISTOPHER CHOWINS 


RF“ February 1961 until March 
1962 I was in charge of the gar- 
dens at Tresco Abbey, Isles of Scilly, 
Cornwall, England. This unusual and 
beautiful collection of subtropical 
plants is the legacy of Augustus Smith, 
2 bachelor and noted banker from the 
county of Herfordshire, who built the 
house and laid out gardens on Tresco 
Island in 1834. 

The Scilly Isles are situated about 30 
miles southwest of the mainland of 
England, a quick airplane hop or a 
pleasant three-hour sea trip from Pen- 
zance, in the County of Cornwall. The 
main island, St. Mary’s, has the largest 
population and Tresco is the second 
largest of the five inhabited islands, 
with a population of about 180 people. 

The main crops grown on the islands 
are early potatoes and daffodils, the 
latter being the most important. ‘The 
daffodil harvest begins in December and 
continues for roughly two months 
until the last flowering variety is 
gathered. 

Today the tourist industry plays a 
large part of the life of the islands and 
visitors who desire a quiet and restful 
holiday find what they want and re 
turn, often annually. There is a fine 
modern hotel on Tresco where a visitor 
may enjoy excellent hospitality and 
take many interesting excursions to 


local beauty spots and the neighboring 


islands. The gardens are one of the 
main attractions and are open to visi- 
tors every day except Sunday. A small 
admission fee is collected, the accumu- 
lation of which goes to maintain the 
extensive range of plant = material 
grown, 

| hope in this account of the gar- 
dens at Tresco Abbey to give a real 
impression of the gardens as a whole, 
more than a list of plants together 
with their descriptions. 

It has been determined that at one 
time there were 3,500 distinct species 
and varieties growing here; to this 
feure both subtractions and additions 
have been made over the years. The 
present collection numbers between 
2,000 and 2,500. 

The biggest limiting factor to plant 
growth on the island is wind. Gales 
blow off the Atlantic from the south- 
west and northwest and often attain 
tremendous velocities. Between 1929 
and 1930 the wind rose to over 80 
miles per hour on no less than 14 occa- 
sions. In 1961 the wind reached a 
force of almost 100 miles per hour and 
| found to be outside during such a 
gale both a frightening and exhilarat- 
ing experience. At night in our cot- 
tage in the gardens, the continual 
roaring of the wind made my wife and 
me thankful for having shelter. 


These fierce gales, which occur at 


(1) 


bh 


regular intervals, limit successful plant 
growth. The main source of damage 
is the breaking down of the sheltering 
trees which protect the more choice 
plants. Also the continual onslaught 
of salt-laden lesser winds proves most 
damaging to tender evergreen material 
everywhere. 

To this leveling wind is no doubt 
due the singularly bleak aspect the 
low, little island first presented Smith, 
for there was nothing growing taller 
than a gorse bush on it, save in the old 
vicarage garden, where there were some 
typical English garden plantings. 

Offsetting the menace of wind, the 
factors favorable to the exuberant 
growth of so many diverse plants are 
temperature, rainfall, and sunshine. 
The temperature, affected by the 
kindly influence of the Gulf Stream, 
has a yearly average of between 40° 
and 60° F; frost is seldom if ever ex- 
perienced, even in its milder forms. 
From my daily observations of weathex 
details, I noted very little difference 
between night and day temperatures. 
The average yearly rainfall is between 
30 and 32 inches. Most of this rain is 
accompanied by wind, so my staff and 
I were seldom forced inside during rain 
and could always work comfortably 
somewhere in the garden beneath the 
shelter of the big trees. The number 
of hours of sunshine on the island is 
among the highest in the British Isles. 
The soil is light, a mixture of sand and 
peat with outcrops of granite, and be- 
low is often found a subsoil of almost 
pure sand, and then rock. The soil is 
hot and dry in the summer and so is 
particularly suitable for the South 
African flora. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


The seasons involve only gradual and 
slight changes in temperature. The 
rainfall is well distributed throughout 
the year, and there is always plenty of 
sunshine. These conditions are as 
ideal as possible in the temperate lati- 
tudes for subtropical flora. This flora 
is planted thickly and thrives, the ef- 
fect being similar to that of a green- 
house where plants are grouped closely 
in naturalistic settings. In reference 
to this effect, Tresco Abbey Gardens 
have been accurately described as “Kew 
Gardens with the lid off.” I was truly 
amazed at just how many tender and 
unusual plants could be grown outside 
with the aid of some ingenuity and 
much enthusiasm. 

When Augustus Smith built his gar- 
dens and home here, he laid down a 
pattern of architecture and husbandry 
which has been upheld closely through 
the three following generations. Smith 
was mainly interested to see the beauti- 
ful and more unusual plants in his 
garden, plants which would not grow 
on the mainland because of limiting 
climatic factors. It was soon realized 
that shelter for all the tender and semi- 
tender plants would be of primary im- 
portance. The trees which gave shel- 
ter have always been Cupressus macro- 
car pa, Quercus ilex, and Pinus radiata. 
At Tresco, Cupressus macrocar pa 
grows much larger than any on the 
British mainland that I have observed, 
reaching a height of about 80 feet. To 
insure the best habit as windbreaks, the 
Quercus ilex are regularly either cut 
back or trimmed, and there are some 
magnificent hedges up to 70 feet tall 
in the gardens serving not only as 


windbreaks but also as very attractive 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 3 


architectural features. In 1896 after 
a particularly violent storm, the Mon- 
terey Pine, Pinus radiata, was first 
noted as being able to resist high ve- 
locity winds and since then many of 
these trees have been planted to create 
and renew shelter belts. 

Later it was discovered that, once 
established, the most attractive ever- 
green Rata from New Zealand, Metro- 
sideros tomentosa, was particularly 
wind and salt resistant and it now 
serves as a most beneficial buffet to 
high winds. In one particular area 
these trees are planted in a rough line 
and reach a height of 100 feet; in June 
and July hundreds of brilliant red 
flowers adorn the huge trees and are a 
truly magnificent sight. These “Red 
Trees”? are planted all over the garden 
and [ am told there has never been a 
mature specimen uprooted by the 
fiercest gale. 

Throughout the garden there are 
little hedges which serve no apparent 
architectural purpose, but are essential 
for the protection of the really tender 
plant material from damaging under- 
drafts sweeping in at low levels. All 
these hedges have some merit, whether 
because of attractive flowers, foliage, 
or both. P/tfosporun: hedges are wide- 
ly used, as they are elsewhere in the 
county of Cornwall, and P. fenuifolinm 
is much valued for its cut foliage. Be- 
sides this species there are at least nine 
others in the gardens, including the 
large flowered P. fobira from China 
and P. crassifolium from New Zealand, 
with its chocolate flowers and shiny 
black seeds. 

Olearia traversii makes a reasonably 


quick hedge but does tend to grow a 


little bare at the base. Fscallonia 
macrantha is much used and there are 
several varieties of this which are said 
to be better than the type; these in- 
clude, for example Red Guard and 
Crimson Spire. As a specimen shrub 
the variety of Fscallonia called “C. F. 
Ball” is my particular favorite for its 
particularly good red flower color. Be- 
fore leaving the Escallonias, | should 
mention the insignificant flowers of F. 
viscosa, which at a distance of about 
five yards have a most pungent odor 
reminiscent of pig oil. 

Veronicas are a lovely shrub any- 
where, I believe, whether as hedges or 
specimens. Most used on this island is 
V. macrantha, which makes a reliable 
hedge in most situations. Veronica 
speciosa var. headfortii is a particu- 
larly fine dark purple; the November- 
to-February flowering V. lewésii with 
its two-toned flower color of white and 
pale purple is worthy of inclusion in 
any garden where it may thrive. 

To understand the plan of the gar- 
dens one should try to form a mental 
picture of the windbelts of tall trees 
surrounding them the many hedges of 
varying lengths running at different 
strategic angles, which together with 
the sheltering walls of Cornish stone 
and the plenteous use of local stone for 
rock work provide a skeleton for the 
organization of plants in an informal 
manner with an emphasis on abun- 
dance, which lends a slightly jungle- 
like atmosphere to the gardens. 

The gardens maintained consist of 
approximately 12 acres on the southern 
slope of the central hill of the island. 
Rroadly speaking they are divided into 


three main sections, known as the top 


4 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


terrace, middle terrace, and long walk. 
The top terrace is naturally at the top 
of the garden and runs east and west 
for about 300 yards. The long walk 
runs parallel to the top terrace on level 
ground towards the bottom of the gar- 
den. The middle terrace is a shorter 
walk between the other two. There 
are various paths connecting these 
main walks. 

The main way down from the top of 
the garden to the bottom, about 150 
yards, is by a series of steps running 
from the sculptured stone head of 
Father Neptune down to an old iron 
brazier taken from a lighthouse which 
once existed on a neighboring island. 


Standing at the eastern end of the 
top terrace one can enjoy a good over- 
all picture of the gardens and _ the 
sparkling blue Atlantic beyond, with 
its snowy white breakers splashing 
against the isolated rock outgrowths. 

There are many New Zealand cab- 
bage trees (Cordyline australis) which 
are perhaps overplanted to some ex- 
tent. The other species grown here do 
not seem to thrive like this type, 
though they are of considerable inter- 
est, as for example, Cord yline indivisa, 
C. stricta, and C. australis aureo-striata. 
The leaves of C. australis severed at 
just the correct stage of development 
are much used to tie stakes, and have 
the advantage of not cutting into the 
bark of a supported tree as string often 
does; the leaves of Phormium = tenax 
(New Zealand flax) may be also used 
in a similar manner. 

One of the outstanding features of 
this unique garden is the planting of 
many individuals of one genus in 
groups small and large and flowering 


at approximately the same time. To 
the casual visitor the masses of blue 
flowers of Agapanthus orientalis and 
the white of A. orientalis alba are one 
of the most evident features. They 
flower well annually and seem to grow 
almost anywhere without the slightest 
trouble. The deciduous A. cam panu- 
latus is represented by one very dark, 
almost navy blue form. There are only 
a few clumps of the A. orientalis mon- 
strosus growing with its flower a full 
nine inches across. The very dwarf 
A. americanus is most suitable for rock 
work and increases itself quite rapidly. 

Without noting any subject in par- 
ticular and by concentrating on the 
color green, one can enjoy a most 
beautiful and interesting landscape. 
This fact was pointed out to me by the 
present owner of the island and my 
employer, Lieutenant Commander T. 
M. Dallier Smith. The considerable 
variations of this one color, whether on 
a dull or sunny day, with the Atlantic 
Ocean in the distance, is a sight of 
which I never tired and which I retain 
still as a most pleasant memory. 

I will isolate while still at my favor- 
ite vantage point the trees which really 
stand out to the eye; the Mefrosideros 
tomentosa, unpruned and_ untrained, 
maintaining their excellent natural 
shape and the huge Quercus ilex hedges 
up to 70 feet tall and as much as 20 
feet across at the top are the most im- 
The latter did look good 


after their annual expert trimming, 


pressive. 


and though I did regret that no really 
quick method could be devised for this 
job, I was thankful for the polished 
work of the two men who labored so 


hard at this. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 5 


The subtropical effect is realized 
most typically by the fine specimens of 
palms in the gardens. Outstanding 
among these, also the largest and most 
planted, are Phoenix canariensis, Tra- 
chycarpus fortune’ and Chamaerops 
humilis are much in evidence together 
with the more rare Jubaca spectabilis, 
Cocos campestris and Livistowa aus- 


tralis. The “Nikau palm” 


sapida) attracts much attention from 


(Areca 


visitors when the large waterproof leaf 
sheaths fall to the ground to expose 
the bunch of pink rods of flowers. 

On a sunny day in the spring and 
early summer, the South African 
Mesembryanthemums are a joy to be- 
hold, cascading down over the rock 
faces with almost the whole of the 
total surface area studded with their 
dainty flowers. Although these have 
been divided into several distinct gen- 
era, | am afraid that I still consider 
them overall as Mesembryanthemums. 
Among my personal favorites are the 
comparatively large orange flowered 
Lampranthus aurantiacum, Drosanthe- 
mum framesii, and the three forms of 
Lampranthus blandus, pink, white, and 
red. Perhaps one of the most appealing 
in precise and symmetrical flower form 
is Lampranthus brownii, The fast 
growing Oscularia deltoides may be 
seen, together with Mesembryanthe- 
mum edulis, growing naturalized all 
over the island. I raised cuttings of 
these annually, since some suffered 
during the winter from dampness. The 
real winter flowering species is the dark 
purple Lampranthus zeyheri. 

The Pelargoniums, mostly from 
South Africa, grow at Tresco as ramp- 


ant shrubs and are planted in large 


quantities. The scented leaved species 
and varieties really do give a charac- 
teristic fragrance to the whole garden. 
Among my favorites of the true 
species are Pelargonium crispum, P. 
denticulatum, and P. cucculatum; the 
rather slower growing P. violareum, 
with its three distinct flower colors 
and dainty small leaves, is most attrac- 
tive though not easily propagated, in 
my experience. The Regals are un- 
doubtedly represented in the largest 
numbers and are really most vigorous 
in their growth, needing at times con- 
siderable pruning. Some of the best of 
these Regals are “Blytheswood,” “Royal 
George,’ and “Black Prince,” also 
*“Moore’s Victory,” “Pretty Polly” and 
“Monsieur Norin.” There is no trouble 
in raising the majority of these Pelar- 
goniums, since cuttings may be rooted 
successfully at almost any time of the 
year in the location they are desired 
to grow. 

Cinerarias (Senecio cruentes) grow 
really well here and seed themselves 
abundantly; the resultant mature speci- 
mens are as handsome as, and_ the 
flowers can be compared favorably 
with, the pot-grown greenhouse plant. 
The color variations are excellent. 

There are several different and de- 
lightful forms of Amaryllis belladonna 
flowering towards the end of summer. 
These have been widely planted in the 
gardens, even along path edges where 
they prove quite happy and _ free- 
flowering. Another late summer flow- 
ering feature are the Watsonias from 
South Africa, the seed heads of which 
are greatly prized by the flower ar- 


ranger. Watsonia marginata, W. gal- 


6 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


pinii and also W. filifera are represented 
together with several hybrids. 


I must digress here to say a word 
about the many things in the gardens 
which have been found to be most 
valuable in the popular art of floral 
arrangement. Dried seed heads from 
the exotic subjects are much in de- 
mand. Seed heads of Aeconium, Wack- 
endorfia, and Agapanthus are most 
popular. For green foliage, the choice 
is wide and includes Corynocar pus 
laevigata, Coprosma baueri, Myrsine 
africana, Myrtus bullata, Oleari For- 
steri. On Tresco, as in many parts of 
western England, deciduous trees bear- 
ing lichen are quite common and a 
selection of lichenous twigs helps 
greatly to give an oriental effect in 
floral arrangements. 

The South African Echiums are well 
liked and are planted literally every- 
where by design and by self seeding. 
The biennial Echium pinnatum forms 
huge blue flowering spikes up to thirty 
feet tall and seeds itself abundantly. 
There are three shrubby species in the 
gardens with their different shades of 
this particularly fine blue. From the 
Canary Isles are E. calithyrsum and E. 
fastuosum, the former, which bears the 
typical red stamens, being the true 
There is a hybrid between 


these two species known as E. scilloni- 


species. 


ensis. 

Together with the palms, the Aeoni- 
ums, 1 think, help most to give the 
subtropical effect. These are planted 
everywhere near rock work, and grow 
on and around the rocks and also on 
paths and even the roofs of buildings. 
They seem to exist on nothing but 


humus from the annual die-back of 


some of the leaves. There are about 
thirty species of Aeoniums at Tresco, 
mostly from the Canary Isles. My 
personal favorite is the quaint A. fabu- 
lacforme, its form being nearly per- 
fect though its flowers are insignificant. 
But A. cuneatum provides a regular 
source of excellent yellow flower 
trusses. 

Concerning the succulents, of which 
there are many, I can isolate four 
which I consider outstanding. The 
huge, sharp-pointed Agaves, 1.e., A. 
americana and A. offoyana from Ha- 
vana, take many years before flowering, 
after which they die. These Agaves, 
however do produce suckers and pro- 
vided these are severed from the parent 
plant before flowering, the plant con- 
tinues its life in much the same posi- 
tion. 

The specimens of Furcraea longaeva 
with their huge leaves and immense 
spikes of creamy white flowers are a 
wonderful sight. In 1944 there were 
as many as fifty-seven in flower, the 
tallest being forty feet. In 1962 many 
of these were in flower and impressed 
Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother, a 
keen and knowledgeable gardener, 
when she visited the gardens for the 
day. 

There have been some sixty species 
of Aloe in these gardens: Of these I 
can mention the deep red A. arbores- 
cens, flowering during winter, and also 
the delicate A. ciliaris from the Cape 
Province. A. striata from the southern 
Mediterranean area grows very well 
and soon covers a large patch of 
ground. The coloring in the foliage of 
A. mitriformis together with the deli- 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL 


cate, warty outgrowths make this a 
striking plant. 

The most remarkable color of any 
flower in the gardens, in my opinion, is 
of that strange bromeliad, the Puya. I 
had the luck to see the lovely gun 
metal blue-green of Paya caerluca in 
1961, the first time this species had 
thrown a flower spike in ten years. 
Also from Chile is P. chiloensis with its 
much larger yellowish flower trusses 
and very sharp spines, to which [| can 
personally attest! 

Finally | would like to mention, at 
random, some of the less important 
subjects which I found to be of in- 
terest and beauty. 

The genus Correas is one of great 
merit, from the tough, fast-growing 
C. virens, which is most useful for low 
windbreaks and cut foliage, to the 
terribly slow-growing but very lovely 
C. cardinales from New South Wales 
(Australia). iG. 


which defies the propagator’s skill— 


cardinales is a plant 


scarcely making any growth at all, but 
remaining covered with its deep red 
beils of flowers. All artificial attempts 
at increase fail and it does not set 
viable seed. I did manage successfully 
to approach graft two precious twigs 
onto a stock of C. wrens, and when I 
left, both these were thriving, though 
not yet severed. I believe the only 
other specimen in England exists at 
Kew Gardens. 

On a very dry bank containing poor 
soil, at the top of the garden, grow and 
thrive some of the South African Pro- 
teas, P. incompta, P. latifolia, and P. 
longifolia. All do amazingly well, and 
at almost any time of the year a flower 


can be seen on one of these species. 


GARDEN BULLETIN 7h 


Iam glad to have seen the largest of 
the honeysuckles in cultivation, Loni- 
cera bildebrandiania from Thailand, 
but I do not think it a plant of great 
merit, despite its enormous flowers and 
six-foot leaves. Two lovely “Blue 
Trees” from South Africa which I 
enjoyed very much were Podalyria 
calptrata and Psoralea affinis. The 
former flowers as early as January, 
while the latter is seen in summer with 
a deeper shade of violet. Both these 
fine legumes are very tender. 

I don’t believe there could be many 
trees in the Scrophulariaceac, though 
the two I note are worthy of interest 
botanically as well as being most orna- 
mental: Bowkeria gerrerdiana with its 
sticky leaves and typical “snapdragon” 
flowers is from Natal, and Pawlonia 
fomentosa is an outstanding purple- 
flowered tree from China. 

It may be of interest to mention 
plants in the gardens which are so 
prolific in growth as to be considered 
necessary to remove as weeds or keep 
severely curtailed. Muclenbeckia com- 
pleva from New Zealand is trouble- 
some, and has even established itself on 
the sand banks of some of the beaches, 
while Senecio mekanoides becomes 
quite a nuisance among the rock gar- 
dens. Helychrysum  petiolatum will 
soon smother a shrub if allowed too 
much freedom. The seedlings of 
Myrtus luma have to be regularly 
hoed; the specimen trees of this, of 
course, have a fine bark color of light 
brown. Although it is so free grow- 
ing, | am glad to say that the sweetly 
scented Freesia refracta is not curtailed 
to any extent. 


There are many more interesting 


8 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


plants growing in the gardens at 
Tresco and although I hoped not to 
make this article a mere catalogue of 
names I fear it is fast becoming one. 
How difficult it is to describe a flower 
by means of words, save botanically. 
I hope to have at least expressed some 
idea of the diversity of the plant mate- 
rial, the general sense of a lush and 
varied growth of vegetation, and the 


Christopher Chowins, 36, joined the staff of 
Missouri Botanical Garden recently, as a horti- 
culturist of tropical plants. He is an English- 
man by birth, and received his training at the 
Royal Horticultural Society and as an exchange 
student with the Niagara Parks Commission 
School of Horticulture, where he later served 


picturesque, exotic beauty of these 
unusual gardens. I would sincerely 
recommend to any interested visitor a 
tour of the Tresco Abbey Gardens and 
of all the Islands in general. The com- 
plete peace and incomparably beautiful 
surroundings will, I am sure, make the 
same happy and lasting impression 
which they have made on my _ wife 
and me. 


on the faculty. Before his tenure as head gar- 
dener of the Tresco Abbey Gardens, he was 
superintendent of grounds and gardens at the 
Rank Organization Film Studios, Pinewood, 
England. He now lives in St. Louis with his 
wife and two children. 


aULIPS 


PAUL A. KOHL 


@ ee is the best month in which 
to plant tulips. In November 
and December the weather conditions 
may be unfavorable or the soil so wet 
and cold that planting the bulbs be- 
comes a miserable job instead of a 
Under 
such conditions it is impossible to 


pleasant garden experience. 


plant bulbs properly and therefore they 
will not do as well as when planted in 
October. 

Darwin tulips, which have been pop- 
ular for many years, are available in 
many colors and shades. They are the 
tulips with which most gardeners are 
familiar and are obtainable in seed 
stores, garden centers, nurseries and 
department stores. However, anyone 
wanting to create a fine spring garden 
of tulips will find about twenty differ- 
ent kinds, in several hundred varieties, 
listed in bulb catalogs. There are tall 
and short ones, singles and doubles, 


peony-flowered and bouquet or branch 
flowering, parrot and fringed, cottage 
and lily-flowered, Mendel and Tri- 
umph, Breeder and Rembrandt and a 
number of interesting species tulips. 
One of the most brilliant large 
flowered tulips is Red Emperor, a Fos- 
teriana tulip which blooms in mid- 
April. These Fosteriana tulips have 
been crossed with Darwin tulips and 
are listed as new Darwin hybrid tulips. 
General Eisenhower, a brilliant scarlet, 
is one of these which has done excep- 
tionally well with us not only in its 
first year but in the two succeeding 
years, although the bulbs have not been 
lifted since they were planted in the 
fall of 1959. Apeldoorn and Holland’s 
Glory, fine red and scarlet tulips, also 
belong to this new hybrid group. 
Whether tulip bulbs should be left 
in the ground after they have bloomed, 
or lifted and replanted in the fall, is a 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 9 


question which cannot be given a 
direct answer. Tulip bulbs will de- 
teriorate in a wet location but will live 
on for a number of years in soil that 
dries quickly after rains. Tulips that 
are left in one location should be 
planted at least eight inches deep and 
the foliage must not be removed in the 
spring until it has turned yellow, usu- 
ally about June. Most annuals have 
shallow roots and may be planted 
between the tulips after they have 
bloomed. Sweet alyssum, dwarf mari- 
golds, verbenas and vincas are some of 
these. 

People who have grown tulips for a 
number of years know what to expect 
from the bulbs they buy. Those who 
have never planted bulbs may easily be 
misled by the advertisements in news- 
papers and magazines which offer tulip 
bulbs and ‘bulblets” for about a penny 
apiece with a “money back guarantee” 
if not satisfied. There is a catch to 
these ads, hidden in the fine print 
which most amateur gardeners do not 
read. Most of the bulbs offered are 
non-blooming bulblets which under 
optimum conditions of soil and climate 
may develop into blooming-size bulbs 


in a few years, if they do not rot in the 


soil first. Good, blooming size tulip 
bulbs will cost ten cents or more 
apiece, but are a better investment. 

Any tulip bulb will grow better if 
the soil is prepared before planting 
time. Bonemeal or superphosphate may 
be applied to the areas to be planted 
and worked in with spade and rake or 
power tiller. Groups of six or more 
bulbs of the same color are very effec- 
tive together and endless combinations 
can be created with varieties of tulips 
and forget-me-nots, violas, pansies, 
creeping phlox and other perennials as 
background plants. 

The choice of tulips is a matter of 
preference. Bulb catalogs list several 
hundred varieties and give the height, 
color and blooming time of each vari- 
ety. In stores selections may be made 
from pictures and descriptions which 
are usually posted with every variety. 
A few recommended Darwin tulips and 
their colors are: Afterglow (apricot- 
orange), Aristocrat (violet rose), Bar- 
tigon (red), Golden Age (deep yellow), 
La Tulipe Noire (dark violet—almost 
black), Niphetos (yellow), Princess 
Elizabeth (pink), Smiling Queen 


(pink), and Zwanenburg (white). 


x & RRR A R 


FIRST MONDAY LECTURE 


| Bees Cutak, Greenhouse Su- 
perintendent, and Calaway Dod- 
son, Curator of Living Plants, will 
present an illustrated lecture on “Plant 
Punting: insCosta Rica’ ated: 2. Ma 
Monday, November 5, in the Museum 


of Shaw’s Garden, Tower Grove and 


Cleveland Avenues. This program, the 
only First Monday Lecture scheduled 
for fall and winter, is open to the 
public without charge. Coffee will be 
served at 7:30 and there will be op- 
portunity to ask questions after the 


program. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN PICNIC 


The pictures on the next three pages were taken at the first annual Friends of 
the Garden Picnic Sunday, September 23, in the Arboretum at Gray Summit, 
Missouri. More than 1000 Friends came out for a pleasant afternoon of eating, 


boating, fishing, naturewalks, and general enjoyment of the 1600-acre Arboretum 


grounds. Even the fishing was good—that bass weighed 3 pounds. 


ae + 
on ts i ae RN 


= 7 OR  epistiiity 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 13 


CHILDREN’S SUMMER PROGRAMS 1962 
KENNETH PECK 


hee year the Garden provides more 
activities for children in the St. 
Louis area. A new activity, the chil- 
dren’s vegetable garden, was added this 
year and the Pitzman Summer Nature 
Program, given now for five consec- 
utive years, has really increased in 
scope. 

Last May, sixteen 8’ & 10’ vegetable 
garden plots were staked out for chil- 
dren. Fourteen of these plots were 
made into productive gardens through 
the industrious efforts of interested 
children and provided the rewards of 
well-spent effort, in the form of fresh 
vegetables. Children paid a $1 deposit 
and new garden tools were purchased, 
along with seed, fertilizer, and a tool 
shed. 

Two children were assigned to each 
plot of ground and in addition to 
keeping the plot tidy and free of weeds 
they shared evenly the vegetables pro- 
duced from their labor. Some idea of 
this garden’s productivity may be had 
by looking at the weight of the har- 
vest. Around 450 pounds of tomatoes 
(Burpee’s Big Boy and Marglobe) were 
grown from 84 plants, a conservative 
average of 32 pounds of fruit per plot. 
Several plots produced over 40 pounds 
each. Peppers (Yolo Wonder), string 
beans (Romano, Top Crop bush, and 
Kentucky Wonder), lima beans (Hen- 
derson’s Baby Wonder), onions, and 
winter radishes were also grown. 

The Pitzman Nature Program en- 
joyed its most popular and productive 
summer. Its effectiveness is attrib- 
utable to the many able and willing 
hands of the people who worked on the 


teaching staff. Pat McCue was back 
again along with newcomers Jerome 
Arter, a biology teacher, and Jim 
Wuenscher, a Washington University 
student. From the Assistants Council 
there were Marcia Eickmeier and Jean 
Bardenheier, who were students them- 
selves in Pitzman Program only 3 years 
ago. And assisting the program both 
on and behind the scenes were Fred 
Bardenheier and Stanley and Wesley 
Ulrich, who were busy preparing and 
sorting materials for each day’s classes. 

The St. Louis Audubon Society again 
provided an excellent class in bird 
study. During the first Pitzman ses- 
sion, children in this class built a bat- 
tery operated bird identification board 
under the direction of Mrs. Kirkpat- 
rick. A little light flashes when the 
operator correctly identifies one of the 
birds pictured on the board. 

Other class activities involving the 
study of insects, trees, and other plants 
were taught by the Garden’s staff. A 
new class, “Edible Wild Plants,’ was 
given by Jim Wuenscher. He included 
both plants native to Missouri and 
many of the Climatron’s tropical 
plants. 

Pitzman Research Teams were 
formed from among the older children, 
who worked three on a team under an 
instructor’s supervision. Among the 
variety of subjects the groups investi- 
gated were: Vertical distribution of 
seeds and organisms in the soil, snail 
populations in an open field, the effects 
of environment on seed germination 
rates and percentages, the preparation 


of edible wild plants, weather measure- 


14 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


ment and analysis (with attempts at 
prediction), the identification and con- 
trol of lawn weeds, the anatomy of fish 
and some dissection procedures, and 
land management for agriculture. 
The end of the second session was 
highlighted by a treasure hunt. In 
both junior and senior divisions, prizes 
were given to teams scoring the most 
points on a very rigorous hunt involv- 
ing the collection of numerous items, 


such as leaves, insects, fruits and seeds 


which the children had studied during 
the summer sessions. 

An adult section of the Pitzman 
Program was given, on a trial basis, for 
parents who came with their children. 
Although very modestly attended, this 
phase of Pitzman was successful for a 
beginning attempt. 

The total registration for the two 
sessions was over 500 and 333 certifi- 
cates of achievement were awarded to 
children who had attended class regu- 
larly. 


BOOK REVIEW 


Carnations for Everyman, Mon- 
tague C. Allwood, St. Martin’s Press, 
New York, 1962. 120 pp. $3.95. 10 
color plates, 48 black and white illus- 


trations. 


i ies book, Carnations for Every- 
man, was first published in Eng- 
land in 1931 and has since been 
reprinted or revised eight times. This 
is the first publication of the book in 
the United States. 

Since most dianthus are native to 
the limestone mountains of southern 
Europe, it is only natural that they 
reach their best development in the 
climate of southern England. The 
book acquaints the reader with the 
types‘of dianthus grown in gardens and 
then follows with complete descrip- 
tions and cultural practices of the dif- 
ferent. kinds. Several chapters are 
devoted to the growing of perpetual 
flowering carnations in the greenhouse. 
The design of the greenhouse, ventila- 
tion, heating, planting, watering, sup- 
porting, fertilizing, stopping and dis- 


budding are all discussed in detail. 


Propagation of dianthus by seed, cut- 
tings and division are described and the 
clear black and white illustrations are 
helpful in emphasizing the difference 
between good and poor cuttings, prop- 
erly potted plants, and when growths 
should be “stopped.” That portion of 
the book which describes the raising of 
plants from seed takes up each kind of 
dianthus and gives the best time of the 
year to start the plants. There are also 
chapters on soil and composts, pests 
and diseases. 

The discussion of commercial cut 
flower production and the calendar 
compiled for the south of England can 
be used only as guides and will need 
adjusting to adapt them to conditions 
in the United States. A chapter on the 
use of carnations and pinks as cut 
flowers has been added to this new 
edition. 

The spicy fragrance and the long 
lasting qualities of pinks and carna- 
tions sould endear them to every gar- 
dener and this book should be a helpful 
guide in growing them. 

Paut A. Koni 


It will be some time before there are more full-sized Climatrons at the Garden, but already there 


are some unusual smaller dome greenhouses. These small ‘“‘Geospace Gardenettes” share on a small 
scale the same geodesic dome principles as the Climatron, and are manufactured by Monsanto Chemical 
Co, in St. Louis. The Garden has been using several of the domes experimentally since last fall, at 
Monsanto’s request. 

The Gardenette, 9 feet in diameter and 6! feet high at the top of its domed roof, encloses 300 
cubic feet and has a floor area of 45 square feet. It is manufactured of plastic foam sheets which are 


shaped so that when they are fastened together correctly the dome is formed. Twenty triangular 
windows of translucent fiberglass reinforced plastic slope in many directions to take in direct sunlight 
at almost any time of day. The plastic foam walls are effective insulation for plants and in cool 
weather several light bulbs are the only heaters required, according to Garden tests. A small electric 


heater is sufhcient to maintain growing temperatures during sub-zero weather. 

Dr. Went has found the Gardenette is suitable for keeping display plants requiring cool tempera- 
tures and is also usable as a seedling house to start spring vegetables and flowers. Monsanto supplies 
the Gardenette in do-it-yourself kit form, including pre-fitted and glazed panels, base boards and 
blocks, pre-hung double doors, caulking, paint, fasteners and staking rods. 

The Garden is continuing to use the domes for testing plant growth under varied lighting condi- 
tions. Colored glass has been installed in several domes in place of the normal plastic glazing so that 


Garden botanists and students may study the effects of colored light on plant growth. 


16 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN NOTES 


| oe the months of October and 
November, Friends of the Gar- 
den can buy miniature size purple 
bifoliate cattleya orchids for $2.50 
each. These orchids will be on sale in 
the Friends Office at the 


every Wednesday from 9 to 5 begin- 


Main Gate 


ning the second week in October. 
From 12 to 20 plants will be available 
each week as they come into bloom and 
one may be reserved by calling the 
Friends Office, TO 5-0440, on the pre- 
ceding Tuesday. All sales will be final 
and Friends should present their mem- 
bership card when picking up the 


orchids. 


EGINNING immediately and con- 
B tinuing until April, the Climatron 
will close an hour earlier on weekends. 
New hours are 9 A.M. to 9 P.M. 
Fridays, Saturdays and Sundays. Week- 
day hours and the daily hours for 
Tower Grove House remain 9 A. M. to 
>. PM, 


| © aaa tar aie ire the Indonesian 
snack bar located next to the 
Floral Display House, will not close 
this winter as originally planned, since 
a serving window has been opened into 
Winter 
visitors to flower shows and other exhi- 


the Floral Display House. 


bitions can now enjoy tasty Indonesian 
and American snacks along with the 
beauty of floral displays. 


NEW MEMBERS OF THE FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN 


May 11, 


American Daffodil Society 
Mr. and Mrs. Peter Astrack 


Herman O. Bauermeister 


Miss Adele J. 
Gern Nursery Inc. 
Mr. and Mrs. Mr. Robert A. Gi 
Greater St. Louis Dahlia Society Mr. and Mrs. Frank E. Proctor 


1962, THROUGH SEPTEMBER 27, 1962 


Gehner Mr. and Mrs. Frederic M. Pierce 


Mr. and Mrs. William L. Polk 
Poplar Bluff Garden Club 


Georgia H. Beck Mr. M. B. Greene Mrs. D. J. Putnam 
Mr. and Mrs. Jacob Beck Dr. and Mrs. Samuel E. Guyer Mr. Nortleet H. Rand 
Mr. and Mrs. Russell H. Bender Mr. and Mrs. Mrs. Earl S. Rayfield 
Mr. and Mrs. William J. Beukema Kenneth B. Hz: Nig. in Mr. and Mrs. Paul H. Reeves 
Mr. and Mrs. Mr. T. Ben Harris Mrs. William FE. Reyburn 
Wayne H. Bigler, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Carl J. Heifetz Mr. and Mrs. Roland W. Richards 
Miss Martha Bishop Mrs. Thomas A. Hennigan, Sr. Miss Beatrice Risch 
Blitz World-Wide Travel Miss Ruth Hensley Mrs. Harold A. Risch 
Service, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. John G, Hilmer Mrs. Mathilda Risch 


Professor anc 


Mrs. H. T. Blumenthal 


Mr. Frank C. Blumeyer Mr. Fred W. 
Mrs. Wm. G lasg has Bowling Mr. and Mrs. 
Dr. and Mrs. Bowersox Dr. and Mrs. 


Mr. and Mrs. G. Eremaaihes arew Mr. and Mrs. 


I. Hirschman Mrs. Edmund C. Rogers 


Rose Hills Garden Club 


George H. Holtman Mr, and Mrs. Jerome D. Rosen 
Bernard Hulbert Dr. Warren L. Rosen 
Robert Hyland 


Mabel Rottach 


Cloyse Kenty Garden Club Mrs. Jeanne W. Igleheart Jin Races 
Mr. and Mrs, W. A. Cogho Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence Kiefer Asmelse Husa i act Putledce 
a - Mr. and Mrs. Thomas G. Rutledge 
Country Side Gardens Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs 
Mr. and Mrs. Vincent Creamer George A. Killenbere : Charl 2 Ww i 
Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Klarman yr _) ty OE eee 
James L. Cunningham Mr. and Mrs. Lester Klauber Dr. and Mrs. James Sawyet 
Mr. Don L. Daggitt Mr. and Mrs. Jay Klein Mr. and Mrs. Robert F. Schlafly 
Mr. and Mrs. Mrs. W. Ben Knight. Ir Mr. August R. Schmidt 
John L. Davidson, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Jules H. Kopp Bertha Setver 
Mr. Thomas . DePew Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Kraus Mr. and Mrs. John C. Shepherd 
Mr. Bernard F. Desloge Mr. Ollie Kuberski Mr. and Mrs. Ralph L. Smith 
Mr. and Mrs. T aylor S. Desloge Mrs. Mabel S. Miss Janet Harper Stine 
Mrs. Aneta B. Dodson. Mr. and Mrs. Irvin S. Lang Mr. Otto J. Stumpf 
Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Doss Mr. Jerome Joseph Lavesty, Jr. Miss Anna E. Tensfeld 
Dr. and Mrs. McCully Nursery Mrs. Whitlaw Todd Terry, Jr. 
; Wilham L. ee Ir. Mr. and Mrs. James R. McCurdy Mrs. Royal Tharp 
ee a aa a Mr. and Mrs. Glenroy McDonatd Mr. John F. Truhlar, Jr. 
ROMS ERE TAO! Mr. and Mrs Miss Marie L. Van Valkenburg 


Mr. and Mrs. Charles S. Erber 
Mr. and Mrs. M. H. Feldman Mr. and Mr 
Mr. and Mrs. William A. Feldt end ae eee 
Frontenac Garden Club Mr. John R. 

Mr. and Mrs. James W. Fullerton Mr. and Mrs. 


Miss Leonelle C. Gamble Mr. and Mrs. 


Edward Mallinckrodt, Jr. Mrs. Hazel Hull Weis 
Arch Megel 
Moulton 
Charles Nagel 
David J. Nay 


Westover Farms Landscaping Co. 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Walter Wittenberg, Jr. 
Harriet S. Worstell 


Mr. and Mrs. Mr. Howard William Pfeifer Mrs. Hildegarde Wunderlich 


Martin E. Gardner, Jr. Mrs. William A, 


Pickett Mr. Edward Zoellner 


BOARD OF TRUSTEES 


RoBERT BROOKINGS SMITH, 
President 


LeEIcESTER B. Faust, 
Vice President 
Henry B. PFLAGER, 
Second Vice President 
Howarp F. BaER 
DANIEL K. CATLIN 


Sam’L. C. Davis 

Henry Hitcucock 

JoHN S. LEHMANN 

RoBERT W. OTTO 

WarRrREN McKINNEY SHAPLEIGH 


DupDLEY FRENCH, 
Honorary Trustee 


EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS 


DANIEL SCHLAFLY, 


President, Board of Education of St. Louis 


GEorGE L. CaDIGAN, 
Bishop, Diocese of Missouri 


STRATFORD LEE Morton, 


President, Academy of Science of St. Louis 


FRIENDS OF ° 


Harry E. Wuertenbaecher, Jr., President, 
Curtis Ford, Vice Pre sident, Mrs. M. M. 
Vice Pre sident, Mrs. Eli M. Strassner, 


Kathleen M. Miller, Secretary. 


Tuomas H. ELior, Dee 
Chancellor, Washington University 


RAYMOND R. TucKER, 
Mayor, City of St. Louis 


~ GARDEN 
» Williz im R. Bascom, lice President, Mrs. 


Vice President, Mrs. Fristoe. Mullins, 
~'Preside nt, Sears Lehmann, Treasurer, 


HORTICULTURAL COUNCIL 


Clifford W. Benson, Paul M. Bernard, Mrs. Paul H. Britt, E. G. Cherbonnier, Carl F. 
Giebel, Robert E. Goetz, Paul Hale, Earl Hath, Mrs. Hazel L. Knapp, F. R. MeMath, 
Dan O’ Gorman, Gilbert Pennewill, Ralph Rabenau, Mrs. Gilbert J. Samuelson, Philip A. 


Conrath, Chairman. 


WOMEN’S ASSOCIATION 


Mrs. J. Bruce Butler, President, Mrs. 


( James G. Alfring, First Vice President, Mrs. 
William Harrison, Second Vice President, Mrs. 


Joseph Jannuzzo, Treasurer, Mrs. Paul 


Britt, Corresponding Secretary, Mrs. Edwin Stuessie, Recording Secretary. 


HISTORICAL COMMITTEE 
John S. Lehmann, Chairman, Mrs. Edwin R. Culver and Mrs. Neal S. Wood, Co-Chairmen 


for Restoration. 


GARDEN STAFF 


Frits W. Went, Director 
Hucu C. Cutter, Executive Director 


EpGar ANDERSON, Curator of Useful Plants 


Henry N. Anprews, Paleobotanist 
CLARENCE BarpreE, Instructor 
Ernest Bisez, Horticulturist 


Lours G. BRENNER, Grounds 
Superintendent 


Lapistaus Curaxk, Greenhouse 
Superintendent 


Carro_t W. Donce, Mycologist 


Caraway H. Dopson, Taxonomist and 
Curator of Living Plants 


Rosert L. Dresster, Taxonomist and 
Editor of the ANNALS 


James A. Duke, Assistant Curator 
of the Herbarium 


Joun D. Dwyer, Research Associate 
Watpo G. Fecuner, Business Manager 
RayMonpD FREEBORG, Research Associate 


Rospert J. Givvespi£, In Charge of 
Orchids 


Brian Gorpon, Editorial Assistant 


James Hampton, Assistant Engineer 
Pau A. Kout, Floriculturist 


C. Rantet Lincotn, Assistant 
to the Director 


Epiza S. Mason, Landscape Architect 


Viktor MuUEHLENBACHS, Research 
Associate 


Norton H. Nickerson, Morphologist 
LILLIAN OvERLAND, Research Assistant 
KennetuH O. Peck, Instructor 

Grorce H. Princ, Superintendent 


Wirt1aM F. Resse, Superintendent of 
Operations 


Owen J. Sexton, Research Ecologist 
KennetuH A. Situ, Chief Engineer 


FRANK STEINBERG, Superintendent of 
The Arboretum, Gray Summit 


GeorcE B. Van Scuaack, Librarian and 
Curator of Grasses 


TRIFON VON SCHRENK, Associate Curator 
of the Museum 


Rogert E. Woopson, Jr., Curator of the 
Herbarium 


SOME FACTS ABOUT SHAW’S GARDEN 


The Missouri Botanical (Shaw’s) Garden was established in 
1859 by Henry Shaw, a St. Louis businessman, to be controlled 
by a Board of Trustees for the public benefit. The Garden is 
a non-profit institution which receives no support from the city 
or state, depending on the income from the Shaw estate supple- 
mented by contributions from the public. 

The old stone walls and cast-iron fences, the Linnean House, 
the Museum Building, the part of the Administration Building 
which was Shaw’s Town House, relocated in the Garden in 1890, 
and the Tower Grove House, his country home, all date from 
Mr. Shaw’s time. The Main Gate, display and growing green- 
houses and most other facilities date from the period immediately 
following the turn of the century. The Climatron, opened in 
1960, is the first of several new buildings planned for the Gar- 
den’s redevelopment. It is the world’s first geodesic dome, fully 
climate-controlled greenhouse and contains the Garden’s tropical 
collections. 

The Garden—70 acres—is open every day of the year from 
9:00 A.M, until sundown; the greenhouses 9:00 A. M. to 5:00 
P.M.; the Climatron Monday through Thursday 9:00 A.M. to 
5:00 P.M., Friday through Sunday 9:00 A.M. to 9:00 P.M. 
Tower Grove House is open daily from 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 P. M. 
(April through November); 10:00 A.M. to 4:00 P. M. (Decem- 
ber through March). The Display House presents four seasonal 
displays: November, Chrysanthemums; December, Poinsettias; 
February, Orchids; Spring, Lilies and other flowers. During the 
year other shows, competitions and festivals are sponsored by 
various Garden Clubs and Flower Societies. 

Courses in Botany and Horticulture for adults are conducted 
by the Garden staff. Children’s nature studies are provided each 
Saturday of the year and a special nature program is held during 
the summer. Information on these activities is published in the 
BULLETIN or may be had by mail or phone. The Garden main- 
tains a research program through the Henry Shaw School of 
Botany, Washington University. 

In 1926 an Arboretum — 1600 acres — was established at 
Gray Summit, Missouri. Foot trails and roads pass through the 
Arboretum and are open to visitors in April and May. 

The Garden Administration Building is located at 2315 
Tower Grove Ave., and the Garden’s main entrance is at Tower 
Grove and Flora Place. The entrance at Tower Grove and 
Cleveland Avenue is also open to the public. The Garden is 
served by both the Sarah (No. 42) and the Park-Southampton 
(No. 80) city bus lines. 

Persons interested in helping to support the Garden and tak- 
ing part in Garden activities are urged to do so through the 
“Friends of the Garden”. Information may be obtained from 
the Main Gate or by mail or phone. 


GOOD SaAnvk a kEES 


FOR THE 


CENTRAL MIDWEST 


VOLUME L NOVEMBER 1962 NUMBER 9 


ati 


White Ash 


ieee Sri te hae ee Wileces 


Cottonwood Buckeye River Birch 


ih Ow Cire. obec . ew adie 


Honey Locust Hackberry Ginkgo 


Cover: Leaf outlines (for Bald Cypress, the outline is of a twig with many short, 
needle-like leaves), characteristic of trees mentioned in this bulletin, are shown on the 
front and rear covers. On the reverse side of each leaf outline (on the inside covers) 
appears the silhouette and name of the tree represented. Cover design and illustration 
by Louis G. Brenner. 

This issue is a revision of the BULLETIN for April 1957 and is reprinted by 
popular demand. 


Office of publication: 306 E. Simmons Street, Galesburg, Illinois. 

Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis 10 
Missouri. 

Editor for this issue: BrraN Gorpon 

Published monthly except July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri 
Botanical Garden. Subscription price: $3.50 a year. 

Entered as second-class matter January 26, 1942, at the post-office at Galesburg, Illinois, 
under Act of March 3, 1879. 


’ 


GOOD SHADE TREES FOR THE CENTRAL MIDWEST 


LOUIS G. 


I T Is not easy to select shade trees for 
the Central Midwest, particularly 
the St. Louis region. Because the local 
climate is characterized by extremes in 
temperature and rainfall many shade 
trees valued for their flowers, leaves or 
form of branching cannot be grown 
readily. Some shade trees of the 
Northeast where they grow in more 
moderate climatic conditions would be 
extremely difficult to grow in the Cen- 
tral Midwest where summer daytime 
temperatures may soar above 100 de- 
grees, or where winter temperatures 
may vary as much as 50 degrees in less 
than 24 hours, often plunging to 
below-zero readings. The late spring 
freezes characteristic of this region 
often come at a time when the sap is 
rising in the trunk and the leaf and 
flower buds are swelling; consequently, 
flowers, young branches, or even small 
trees may be frozen. Periods of 


BRENNER 


drought which may last from four to 
more than 12 weeks are usually com- 
bined with abnormally high temper- 
atures and frequently result in mid- 
summer defoliation, numerous dead 
branches and even death of trees. In 
this bulletin is presented a list of more 
than 20 shade trees which, through 
years of growing on the grounds at the 
Missouri Botanical Garden and in gar- 
dens and parks in the vicinity of St. 
Louis, have proved hardy to the many 
adversities of our Midwest climate. It 
is suggested that gardeners and home- 
owners select their shade trees from 
this list. Some of the good and bad 
features of each species and the soil 
conditions most favorable to its cul- 
ture will be noted. The accepted 
methods of planting, pruning, fertiliz- 
ing, watering and control of insect 
pests and diseases will be discussed 
briefly. 


SUGGESTIONS FOR THE SELECTION OF SHADE TREES 


Only when trees are carefully se- 
lected, considering such features as 
height at maturity, spread of branches, 
soil preferences, rate of growth and 
problems of maintenance above ground 
and in the soil, can they be relied upon 
to give continuing satisfaction and 
pleasure. Choosing the proper tree to 


fit the location is a prime considera- 
tion. For example, there is little need 
to plant a large shade tree in a small 
corner where it will require annual 
pruning to keep it within bounds. 
Today there is an ever-growing list 
of good small trees which are excellent 
planting material for ranch-house type 


(1) 


2 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


of architecture. Trees of several sizes 
and shapes are to be found among 
those listed here. When selecting trees 
it is important to know the type of soil 
in which they are to be planted. Ex- 
amine the soil to a depth of about two 
feet and determine its composition, 
whether clay, loam, sand. If, for ex- 
ample, a gummy, yellow or red clay is 
found, then select trees from the small 
group known to grow well on clay soil. 
Rate of growth of trees is another 
point for consideration. Many home 
owners, particularly those in new tree- 
bare subdivisions, are interested in 
fast-growing trees for quick shade. 
This is of course to be encouraged; 
however, fast-growing trees are usu- 
ally not long-lived and are easily storm 
damaged. If their use is planned, then 
slower growing and more durable 
species should be planted in locations 
where permanent trees are desired, 
using the fast growers as fill-ins to be 
removed some five or ten years later or 
as soon as the permanent trees have 
made sufficient growth to provide some 
shade. Features of trees which may 
make them maintenance problems 
should be carefully considered. Cer- 
tain trees can be a nuisance if planted 
near tile drains, for their moisture- 
loving roots seek out the tiniest open- 
ing in the drain to enter in search of 
water and soon the drain pipe is 
choked with a mass of roots. Some 
trees offer pruning problems if planted 
near walks and drives. Others are a 
nuisance when planted near walks, 
drives, or paved terraces because of 
their messy fruiting habits. 

In the following list the trees have 
been arranged alphabetically according 


to their common names. — Scientific 
names are added not only as a matter 
of interest but because they may be of 
value in obtaining the precise species 
desired, since common names are not 
uniform. 

AsH.—Height: 60-80’; habit: 
round. 

The ashes are large forest trees and 
should always be planted where they 
will have sufficient room to develop 
their broad spreading crowns. The 
White Ash, Fraxinus americana, is 
considered to be the best of the ash 
species for Midwest planting. It suf- 
fers shock of moving fairly well and 
is a rather fast-growing tree when 
established. Succeeding on most soil 
types, the White Ash will make fair 
growth in clay. It may be attacked 
by boring insects and should be ex- 
amined frequently for their presence, 
especially during the first years after 
planting. Keeping the tree growing 
actively is the best guard against bor- 
ers. The ash is subject also to attacks 
of several scale insects and may need 
periodic spraying. The tree offers in- 
teresting fall coloration in shades of 
orange through mauve-purple. 

BaLp Cypress.—Height: 80-90’; 
habit: narrowly pyramidal. 

The Bald Cypress, Taxodium dis- 
tichum, is a much neglected tree. It 
is best suited for large properties and, 
although primarily a tree of the south- 
ern swamplands, it has proved capable 
of fast growth on upland soils; how- 
ever, it is not recommended for plant- 
ing in clay soil. The fine feathery 
leaves turn a rich bronze in autumn 


and they and the small twigs that 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 3 


fall with them are so fine as to require 
no raking from the grass. More of 
these fine trees should be planted. They 
would make outstanding avenue trees 
for some city and subdivision streets. 

BeEcH.—Height: 30-60’; habit: 
pyramidal. 

Fagus sylvatica var. atropunicea, the 
Copper Beech, a European species, is to 
be preferred over the native American 
Beech in average soil conditions. The 
Copper Beech is truly a tree of out- 
standing merit and should be treated 
as a specimen, never hidden in a corner 
nor crowded among other trees. The 
bronze blush of the expanding new 
leaves in spring is breath-taking and 
surpassed only by the deeper bronze- 
purple of the mature leaf. Gcod soil 
is recommended for the beech; and, 
because the feeding roots lie near the 
surface of the soil, it will grow best if 
heavily mulched and the lower branch- 
es permitted to sweep the ground. 
Columnar and weeping varieties of the 
Copper Beech are also available. 

BircH.—Height: 40-60’; habit: py- 
ramidal. 

Unfortunately, the beautiful white- 
barked birches are considered poor 
planting material for the midwest 
because they are not drought resistant. 
Our native Red or River Birch, Betula 
nigra, a tree with red-brown bark, 
small leaves, and of graceful, pendulent 
branching habit is longer lived but re- 
quires a loam soil for even moderate 
success. The leaf miner, a tiny insect, 
some times skeletonizes the leaves in 
summer, and the trees should be 
sprayed soon after the leaves have 
fully expanded, 


BuckEYE or Horse-CHESTNUT.— 
Height: 70’; habit: pyramidal. 

The buckeyes are generally consid- 
ered among the less desirable shade 
trees because of their large coarse 
leaves and fruits and their poor fall 
coloration. They are listed here be- 
cause they will grow on most soils and 
they have few insect pests and diseases. 
The Horse-Chestnut is often admired 
for the above-average symmetry of the 
crown and also for the large showy, 
upright flower spikes which create a 
candelabra effect. The European spe- 
cies, Aesculus hippocastanum, is fre- 
quently planted. Although it forms a 
large and stately tree, it has the dis- 
advantage of having weak wood which 
is easily broken by wind and ice. Also 
the leaves are susceptible to a rust 
which may cause them to become 
brown and fall in late summer. The 
Baumann Horse-Chestnut, Aesculus 
hippocastanum baumanni, has double 
flowers which are not only showy but 
are followed by few seeds, since the 
extra petals are formed from parts of 
the flower ordinarily involved in seed 
production. The hybrid Ruby Horse- 
Chestnut, & Aesculus carnea briotii, is 
somewhat more rust-resistant and has 
flowers larger than those in the com- 
mon Horse-Chestnut. Flowers of the 
Ruby Horse-Chestnut are bright scar- 
let in contrast to the pale, flesh color of 
the common species. Horse-Chestnuts 
bear two or three seeds or buckeyes in 
a spherical pod about two inches in 
diameter, with a tough, warty or spiny 
outer coating. Seeds and pods clutter 
the lawn when they fall in September. 
Older trees producing fruit in quan- 
tity make it necessary to rake the lawn 


4 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


before mowing to prevent the mower 
blades from jamming on the hulls. 
The modern rotary mower will, of 
course, mow over the hulls shattering 
them but leaving a rough-appearing 
lawn. 

CoTTon woop.—Height: 70’; habit: 
widespreading. 

The Cottonwood, also known as 
Poplar, has an important place in this 
list. The Eastern Cottonwood, Popa- 
lus deltoides, recommended here, is a 
rapidly growing tree and fills the need 
for quick shade so often demanded by 
owners of new tree-bare homes. How- 
ever, since the Cottonwood and all 
other poplars are short-lived trees (15— 
20 years), they are most useful as 
temporary plantings among more de- 
sirable long-lived trees. The Cotton- 
wood will grow on most soils; but it 
has a great affinity for water and will 
rapidly clog drains if it has the oppor- 
_tunity. The leaves become yellow in 
the fall and the gray-green of the bark 
on younger limbs may serve the same 
decorative purpose as the bark of the 
Unlike most 
trees the Cottonwood has leaves so con- 
structed (the petiole if flattened in a 
plane perpendicular to the plane of the 
leaf-blade) that the slightest move- 
ment of air causes the leaves to quake. 


birch and sycamore. 


Thus on warm summer evenings the 
rustling of the leaves of the Cotton- 
wood gives the impression that there is 
more movement of air than there actu- 
ally is and may result in a pleasant 
cooling sensation. The Cottonwood 
has few insect pests. It has the bad 
habit of dropping its leaves during 
summer at any time that it may suffer 
a shortage of water. 


The Lombardy Poplar, Populus nigra 
italica, the well-known graceful, col- 
umnar poplar, should also be included; 
although the Simon Poplar, Populus 
Simoni, which forms a less compact 
column, is more winter-hardy and also 
seems to withstand summer heat and 
drought better. Since these poplars 
tend to have numerous dead limbs and 
trunks as they approach 15 years of 
age, when used as screen plantings they 
should be cut to short stumps periodi- 
cally. If such cutting is followed by 
moderate application of fertilizer and 
abundant water, the poplars rapidly 
renew the screen effect. 

E_mM.—tThe elms are mentioned here 
with words of caution and without 
recommendation. Prevalence of two 
serious diseases, the much dreaded 
Dutch Elm Disease and Phloem Necro- 
sis, for which as yet complete cures are 
not known, make them of questionable 
value. For those insisting on the elm, 
the Smooth-leaved Elm, Ul/mus car- 
pinifolia, of the variety ‘Christine 
Busiman” is reportedly resistant to 
both diseases mentioned. 

Gink6o.—Height: 80’; habit; broad- 
ly pyramidal to columnar. 

The Ginkgo, Ginkgo biloba, is an 
outstanding tree for Midwest planting, 
succeeding on most kinds of soil and 
tolerant of urban conditions. It at- 
tains considerable size at maturity 
(more than 50 years), and should be 
planted with this in mind. Ginkgo is 
essentially columnar in youth and de- 
velops a broad pyramidal habit with 
age. A selected type, the Sentry 
Ginkgo, maintains its columnar form 
throughout life and is well suited for 
avenue planting provided only male 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 5 


trees are planted. Female trees of the 
Ginkgo can be a nuisance in late fall 
if planted where the fallen fleshy per- 
simmon-like fruits may be crushed, for 
the pulp is putrid, containing butyric 
acid, the same acid present in rancid 
butter. The trees are of easy main- 
tenance, having no insect pests or 
diseases. 

HackBErry.—Height: 50-70’; hab- 
it: round. 

The hackberry with its small leaves, 
rounded crown, ease of moving and 
adaptability to most soils could well be 
looked upon as a substitute for the 
elm; however, being of more erect 
branching habit it lacks the graceful 
appearance of elms, particularly the 
American Elm. The trees bear large 
quantities of small, round, blue-black 
fruits which are much enjoyed by 
many kinds of birds in winter. The 
native Hackberry, Celtis occidentalis, 
is susceptible to a fungus causing a 
great massing of smaller twigs into 
what is called a “Witches Broom.” 
Such fungus attacks rarely prove fatal 
to the tree and result in the interesting 
“tufted” appearance of the branches in 
winter. Witches Brooms are less com- 
mon on the Sugar Hackberry, Celtis 
laevigata, of the southern states, which 
may be grown here. Asiatic species of 
Hackberry are free from the fungus 
but they are not commonly available 
in the nursery trade. 

Honey-Locust.—Height: 70-90’; 
habit: round. 

The Honey-Locust, Gleditsia tri- 
acanthos, has long been neglected as a 
shade tree in the Midwest. Locusts 
make ideal lawn trees because they 
leaf-out late in spring and drop leaves 


early in fall permitting plenty of sun- 
light to reach the lawn in the cooler 
seasons. ‘The tree grows rather fast 
even on clay subsoil. In some areas 
this tree is sometimes ravaged by at- 
tacks of the webworm. Since the com- 
mon native variety habitually arms 
itself with vicious thorns, often four 
inches or more in length, the thornless 
type sold under the patented name of 
“Moraine Locust” is recommended. 
The Honey Locust is sometimes con- 
sidered an untidy lawn tree because 
the much-twisted strap-like pods need 
to be raked from the lawn in the fall, 
winter, and very early spring. Pods 
remaining on the tree in winter do 


The thorn- 


less Moraine Locust is sterile and few 


have a decorative value. 


if any pods are formed. 


LInDEN.—Height: 60-80’; habit: 
pyramidal. 

The American Linden, Tilia ameri- 
cana, is a forest tree with large leaves. 
Its fall coloration is dull and it grows 
poorly on graded sites with clay sub- 
soil. For home planting, the Silver 
Linden, Tilia tomentosa, and Little- 
leaf Linden, Tilia cordata, both Euro- 
pean species, are considered superior. 
The Silver Linden is an average size 
tree and does well in dry situations. 
The Little-leaf Linden is a smaller 
tree than the foregoing and is some- 
what slower growing. These trees 
have few insect pests and diseases and 
are thus easy to maintain. The small 
flowers of the Linden are borne on 
special, long, spatulate-shaped leaves; 
their fragrance attracts honey bees 
that make an excellent honey from 
the nectar. 


6 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Marie.—Height: 30-70’; habit: 
round, 

The maples comprise a group of 
much-loved shade and lawn trees. 
Perhaps best known is the Silver Maple, 
Acer saccharinum, commonly planted 
because of its rapid growth and ability 
to grow on even the worst soils. It is 
a tree of few pests, but the wood is 
soft and is liable to much injury from 
winter ice storms. The Red Maple, 
Acer rubrum, is also considered to 
have weak and brittle wood and, like 
the Silver Maple, suffers ice damage. 
However, because of its bright red 
flowers in very early spring and its 
brilliant red and orange foliage in the 
fall, it is considered superior to the 
faster-growing Silver Maple. Maples 
with harder, more durable wood are 
the Sugar Maple, Acer saccharum, 
slow-growing and with brilliant fall 
colors, and the Norway Maple, Acer 
planatoides, which makes a superior 
lawn tree and is faster growing than 
the Sugar Maple. Norway Maples may 
be had in several varieties, of which 
“Crimson King” is outstanding for its 
deep purplish-red leaves. The Japanese 
Maple, Acer palmatum, and the Horn- 
beam Maple, Acer carpinifolium, are 
two small maples reaching 20-30 feet 
in height and usable for small homes 
and yards. Most maples have numer- 
ous shallow feeding roots and cast 
rather dense shade, making lawn man- 
agement beneath them difficult. 

Oakx.—Height: 70-90’; habit: py- 
ramidal. 

Oaks have a long life span and their 
tough wood enables them to withstand 
the worst storms. Despite the fact 
that they are reputedly slow-growing, 


they may compete favorably with 
more rapid-growing trees if they are 
fertilized. The White Oak, Quercus 
alba, is one of the most majestic trees, 
although it is rather difficult to move 
and establish. 


loam, or loamy clay soil. The Bur 


It will grow best in 


Oak, Quercus macrocarpa, makes a 
superb tree of moderate growth. A 
faster-growing oak than those _pre- 
viously mentioned is the Northern Red 
Oak, Quercus borealis; and it is easier 
to move and establish. It too is a very 
desirable tree and reaches great size as 
do all the oaks mentioned here. The 
Pin Oak, Quercus palustris, is perhaps 
the most commonly planted oak. Al- 
though it is a fast-growing tree and 
responds well to fertilizers, it has a 
much shorter life span than most oaks 
and will probably need to be removed 
in 40-50 years. The habit of holding 
many of its leaves through the winter 
and dropping them in very early 
spring makes the Pin Oak a nuisance 
to meticulous gardeners. All the oaks 
mentioned here present fine autumn 
coloring in various shades of red and 
purple. 

SweeT GuM.—Height: 50-70’; 
habit: pyramidal. 

The Sweet Gum, Liquidamber Sty- 
raciflua, has proved to be an excellent 
tree for Midwest planting. It is easy 
to move when bought with a bur- 
lapped ball of soil, and it grows well 
in almost any soil. The star-shaped 
leaves turn shades of orange then 
shades of scarlet with the first autumn 
frosts. The fruits are horned balls 
about 1 inch in diameter and the seeds 
are eagerly sought in the grass beneath 
the trees by such birds as quail, cardi- 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 7 


nals and sparrows. Most of the seed 
balls decorate the tree throughout the 
winter. Occasionally the trees may 
need to be sprayed for the Tussock 
Moth and Tent Caterpillar. 

SycaMorE. — Height: 80’; habit: 
broadly pyramidal. 

The Sycamore is so commonly plant- 
ed on our city streets that it hardly 
needs introduction. It is very adapt- 
able to most soil conditions and even 
makes fair growth on clay sub-soils. 
It withstands the heat and contami- 
nated air of our large cities and is a 
reasonably fast growing tree. Our 
common native Sycamore, Platanus 
occidentalis, is susceptible to a twig 
and leaf blight commonly known as 
Sycamore Anthracnose, which often 
appears during spring months when 
weather is unseasonably cold and wet. 
Control is difficult; lacking control, 
infected trees become unsightly and 
eventually die. Thousands of Syca- 
mores in the St. Louis area have been 
cut down in the past few years as 
a result of this disease. Sycamores are 
all coarse leaved trees with the bad 
habit of dropping leaves and shedding 
bark throughout the growing season; 
although the smooth, light-colored 
newly-exposed bark is one of the most 
attractive features of these trees. New 
leaves of Sycamores have many fine 
hairs on their lower surfaces, and as 
the leaves become. fully expanded and 


mature the hairs are blown loose and 
may cause a nasal irritation to some 
people. 

Tuuire Tree.—Height: 80’; habit: 
pyramidal. 

The Tulip Tree, Liriodendron tulipi- 
fera, has been so named because the 
pale, yellow-green flowers resemble a 
broadly expanded tulip. Were it not 
for the fact that the flowers are usu- 
ally hidden by the leaves the Tulip 
Tree would be a very showy tree. The 
tree grows to great size and succeeds 
best on a loam soil. It it not an easy 
tree to move and every precaution 
should be taken to make sure the 
fleshy roots do not dry out when it is 
taken from the ground. It has few 
insect pests and diseases. A columnar 
form of the Tulip Tree is an attractive 
avenue tree. The leaves turn bright 
yellow in autumn. 

ZELKovA.—Height: 40’; habit: 
round. 

The Zelkova, or, more _ properly, 
Japanese Zelkova, Zelkova_ serrata, 
makes an excellent substitute for the 
elm, to which it is closely related. It 
is a fine tree for the smaller homes and 
gardens and bears small elm-like leaves 
that turn a light golden yellow in 
early fall. It develops a wide-spreading 
rounded crown and since the wood is 
tough and limber it bears up well 
under our dreaded winter ice. Like 
the elm, the tree is easily moved. 


HOW TO PLANT AND CARE FOR SHADE TREES 


Planting.—Usually the better grade 
of trees bought from the nursery are 
sold with a ball of soil about the roots 
tightly wrapped in burlap. These 


trees are listed in the nursery catalog 
as “B&B,” or “balled and burlapped.”’ 
Such trees, aside from being heavy, are 
by far the easiest to handle in planting 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


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MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 9 


and they are quick to re-establish in 
the new site. Many small trees are 
sold in tin cans or similar containers, 
which makes them easy to plant with 
high degree of success. An additional 
feature of the canned tree material is 
the fact that unplanted stock may be 
safely left for days or weeks before 
planting, provided it is watered occa- 
sionally. Unplanted balled stock may 
be held over for several weeks if soil or 
mulching material, such as sawdust, is 
heaped about the ball and kept moist. 
Some trees, Elm, Silver Maple, and 
Sycamore, are so easily moved that they 
are often sold “bare-rooted,”’ that is, 
without soil about the roots. The 
added cost of buying trees either balled 
and burlapped or grown in cans should 
be discounted because such plants be- 
come established quicker than those 
moved with bare roots. 

The secret of success with balled or 
canned stock is in the undisturbed 
contact of the root with the soil. 
Every precaution to prevent cracking 
or breaking of the ball must be taken 
when handling the tree. Having se- 
lected the site for the tree, dig a hole 
with a diameter 8 to 12 inches greater 
than the measurement across the ball 
at the base of the tree trunk, not more 
than one inch deeper than the depth 
of the ball. Careful excavation per- 
mits the ball to rest on solid soil and 
makes it easy to finish the planting 
job with the tree standing straight at 
correct depth. Lower the balled tree 
gently into the hole. DO NOT RE- 
MOVE THE BURLAP WRAPPING 
ABOUT THE ROOTS. Tree roots 
easily penetrate the burlap, which de- 
Trees grown in cans 


cays rapidly. 


should be removed by slitting the can 
down the side from top to bottom; 
then tear the side of the can loose from 
the bottom to expose the plug-shaped 
mass of roots and soil. <A pair of 
heavy leather gloves should be worn 
to protect the hands from _ possible 
gashes when removing the ball of soil 
and roots from the can. After the 
tree has been removed from the can it 
must be handled gently to prevent 
loosening the soil about the roots. 
Now with the ball placed in the center 
of the hole, lay a straight stick across 
the hole to check the planting depth 
of the ball. If the hole is dug to cor- 
rect depth there will be no more than 
one inch between the stick and the top 
of the ball at the base of the tree. For 
trees having trunks one inch or less in 
diameter, this distance should not be 
more than one-half inch. Add a little 
soil about the base of the ball and 
make minor adjustments in straighten- 
ing the tree, then carefully tamp the 
soil at the base using a piece of 2 * 2 
or 2 < 4 lumber about five feet long 
as a tamper. Fill the remainder of the 
hole around the ball, alternately tamp- 
ing and adding soil to about four 
inches from the top. At this point, if 
planting a balled and burlapped tree, 
the burlap binding should be cut loose 
at the top of the ball and laid back 
over the soil surrounding the ball. Add 
a small amount of complete fertilizer 
(one tablespoon for trees grown in 
one-gallon cans, a small handful for 
those grown in five-gallon cans or for 
burlapped balls from 12 to 24 inches 
in diameter). Wet down with a 
bucket or two of water, and after it 
has soaked in finish filling in soil about 


10 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


C 


Make holes under outer 
limbs of tree, use earth 
auger or drive in tron bar 


.USe Canvas or plastic 
; soaker-hose for water- 
ing, let water run 6-8 
| hours to soak soil 
} OD” ‘ thoroughly 


sl 


wees 


Holes 24 inches 
ok es ; 
-_~ 


Make holes 1-1'/2 

inches in diam. and 

18- 24inches deep, 

veoh 2 tablespoons of 
rtilizer in each hole, 

fill hole with sand 

or leafmold 


NANNARANNANS, 


PROCEDURE FOR FERTILIZING AND WATERING TREES 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 11 


the ball. The excess soil that remains 
after planting should be used to form 
a shallow basin at the base of the tree 
to aid in watering it. Soak the soil 
about the newly planted tree by let- 
ting a hose trickle very slowly in at 
least four equally spaced positions 
about the hole so that all settling of 
soil will be equal and the tree will 
stand straight. 

Watering.—Trees normally require 
great quantities of water if they are to 
thrive and make rapid growth. Fer- 
tilized trees must be given plenty of 
moisture to take full advantage of the 
added fertilizer. If during the grow- 
ing season there has been no rain for 
over three weeks, the trees should be 
watered, especially newly planted trees. 
Watering can be done effectively with 
the soaker hose or an ordinary garden 
hose, with water merely trickling, laid 
on the ground beneath the tree branch- 
es. Trees, particularly those newly 
planted, should also be watered during 
dry periods of the winter months when 
the ground is not frozen. 

Fertilizing —The most rewarding 
work in tree maintenance is the simple 
Well-fed 


trees are least susceptible to the rav- 


precedure of fertilizing. 


ages of insect pests and disease. Cer- 
tainly faster growth, darker green 
foliage in summer and more brilliant 
leaf color in autumn is worth the small 
effort required in tree feeding. Stand- 
ard commercial fertilizers are excellent 
for trees. They are usually sold in 
granular form packed in 25-, 50-, and, 
most commonly, 80-pound bags. There 
are several different formulas repre- 
sented by three numbers (example 10— 
10-10) which refer to per cent by 


weight of the three most important 
constituents—nitrogen, phosphorus, 
and potash in that order. For trees, 
formulas of 10—8—6 and 10—6—4 have 
been found to work best; but good 
results can be had with 10-10-10 and 
8-8-8. Larger numbers in the for- 
mula indicate an increase in the 
strength of the fertilizer; therefore, 
less of the higher percentage fertilizer 
must be used or there will be danger 
of injuring the trees. Unless the gar- 
dener has a good understanding of the 
use of chemical fertilizers, it will be 
safer not to use formulas having num- 
bers above 10 or 12. The procedure 
used in applying the fertilizer is simple. 
Using an iron bar approximately one 
inch in diameter and three to four feet 
long, sharpened to a point on one end 
(an old automob’le axle is excellent) 
punch holes into the soil about 18-24 
inches deep and 24 inches apart in a 
circle about the tree beneath the outer 
tips of the branches. A single circle 
of such holes is sufficient for trees hav- 
ing trunk diameters up to three and 
one-half inches. For larger trees, up 
to six inches in diameter, a double row 
of holes spaced 24 inches both ways 
will be necessary; and for trees ten 
inches or more in diameter, at least a 
triple row of such holes will be re- 
quired. Pour a small handfull (about 
two tablespoons) of the fertilizer into 
each hole. If desired, the holes may be 
filled with soil or a mixture of peat or 
leaf mold and soil; however, if the soil 
appears compacted they may be filled 
with sand or pea-sized gravel which 
will permit water to soak quickly into 
the soil about the roots. Fertilizing 
of trees is best done in late February 


12 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


to the first of April. If there is not 
sufhcient rain (at least +4 inch) soon 
after fertilizing, the soil should be 
soaked in order that the fertilizer be 
dissolved and distributed to where it 
can be taken up by the tree roots. 
Pruning.—Through careful and 
thoughtful pruning of a young tree 
the gardener can control its branching 
pattern and correct many faulty 
growth habits that may lead to serious 
maintenance problems as the tree ma- 
tures. Most trees are well trained 
when received from the nursery and 
need only enough pruning to balance 
the crown of the tree with the root 
system which has been reduced through 
digging the tree from the nursery row. 
Newly planted bare-root or balled- 
and-burlapped trees should have most 
of the limbs shortened approximately 
14, Trees grown in cans will need 
little shortening of limbs because few 
of the roots are lost in moving. The 
young tree should be trained to a 
single straight trunk with side branch- 
es extending as nearly straight out 
from the trunk as the habit of the tree 
will permit. Trees with horizontal 
branches are most able to withstand 
strong winds and the weight of ice. 
Nearly every tree will require some 
pruning at one time or another during 
the year. Attention given to the 
young twig may prevent removing a 
large limb later on. A branch that 
rubs against another should be re- 
moved because the chafing that occurs 
during strong winds prevents the for- 
mation of bark and the limbs will 
easily decay. Most trees can be pruned 
at any season; a well-known exception 
is the maple, which should be pruned 


in the fall or early winter and not 
from mid-January through May, for 
the wounds will bleed freely during 
this time. 

Insects and Spraying.—Most tree 
diseases are easily prevented by keeping 
trees healthy and growing vigorously. 
However, this will offer no security 
from insect attack although it will 
permit the tree to recover rapidly after 
serious ravaging by insects. Except for 
the wood-boring beetles, insects often 
find the leaves and rapidly growing 
succulent shoots of healthy trees a 
choice source of food. The insects 
that usually cause damage to shade 
trees are divided into four groups. 

Borers often damage newly planted 
trees which are suffering from the shock 
of moving and are not making rapid 
growth. In a healthy tree the borer 
may be sealed into its burrow by the 
rapid growth of bark over the entry, 
causing the borer to suffocate. Borers 
may be located by the entry holes on 
the lower portion of the tree trunk. 
They are usually killed by squirting 
carbon bisulfide into the hole and seal- 
ing it with putty or wet clay. Spraying 
uninfected trees with a DDT emulsion 
is a good preventative for borers. 

Chewing Insects cause serious dam- 
age to shade trees because they reduce 
the leaf surface area vital to healthy 
growth. The presence of chewing in- 
sects is indicated by the leaves having 
portions missing around the outer edge. 
Some chewing insects eat away the 
softer portions of the leaf leaving only 
the veins and stem. Stomach poison 
sprays such as arsenate of lead and 
DDT are good insecticides for chewing 
insects. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 13 


Sucking Insects, such as red spiders, 
aphids, thrips, and leaf-hoppers, often 
do more damage than chewing insects 
because being so very small they fre- 
quently go unnoticed until the vigor of 
the tree is greatly reduced. The gar- 
dener will do well to learn to recognize 
these and other common insect pests on 
trees. Sucking insects usually cause a 
malformation of the leaf or new shoot, 
or discoloration of the leaves. They 
are best controlled by the use of such 
contact sprays as nicotine sulphate, 
DDT, and sprays having pyrethrum or 
rotenone as the active ingredient. 

Scale Insects, although sucking in- 
sects, are considered separately since 
they require special treatment. They 
are difficult for the novice to discover 
on trees for they are flattened and have 
much the same appearance as the bark. 
When present in quantity they may be 
scraped from the bark. They often 
give off a pungent odor when crushed. 


While scale insects are more easily seen 
in winter they continue their damage 
through many months of the year and 
should be treated before they get a 
head start. A dormant miscible oil 
spray applied in the winter months 
may be used. 

Small trees, those 20 feet or less in 
height, may be easily sprayed using 
the standard 1'%- to 3-gallon, hand- 
pumped, pressure spray tank. A nozzle 
that can be adjusted from a fine spray 
to a strong stream will enable one to 
reach both lower and upper branches 
of trees. The fine spray gives more 
thorough coverage of leaf surfaces and 
hence more complete insect control. 
It is important to spray the lower as 
well as the upper surfaces of all leaves. 
Power-driven spray equipment is neces- 
sary for the control of insects in large 
shade trees, and a qualified tree spray- 


ing specialist is recommended. 


14 


/ 


CL McCe ayer aa lime not so very far from here there was a 
beautiful garden wherein grew the most wonderful kinds of flowers 
and trees from all over the earth. It was a friendly old garden smack 
dab in the middle of a big city and no one could really remember when 
it first started to grow, but everyone liked to come through the garden 
gate and see all the beautiful things growing inside. On sunny after- 
noons folks would bring all the kids and relatives and everyone would 


have a good time in the wonderful garden. 


pied a? 

/ Vow ul tappened lhal as time went on the Garden 
needed more kinds of flowers and some more gardeners to take care 
of the flowers and some more people to tell all about the flowers to 
the people who asked what kinds they were, since folks were coming 
in from all over the land. And so it was that a happy group of people 
got together and called themselves friends of the garden. And the 
friends were friendly and potted up plants and worked hard and gave 
And 


their money so the wonderful garden could keep on growing. 


it grew and grew. 


/ 
Aw Pi thal WAS many years ago, but even today the 


garden has friends and the friends are still helping the garden grow. 
And folks are still coming through the garden gate with all the kids 
and relatives and family dogs on Sunday afternoons and the sun is 


still shining and the grass is green and everything is coming up roses, 


It may even be that everything will grow happily ever after. 


The moral of this tale is that, if 
you've got a garden and want to keep 
it growing, get yourself a group of 
Friends who can keep themselves go- 
ing. 

And that’s just what the Friends 
have in mind with the Telephone 
Membership Drive beginning January 
14 and running through February 8. 
This is a quiet reminder that many 
more volunteers are needed to help 
make calls if the drive is to be a hap- 
ily-ever-after sort of thing. 

All telephoning will be done from 
the home of Mrs. Thomas Sayman, 
5399 Lindell Boulevard. Calls will 
be made from 9:30 to 12:30 for the 
morning teams and from 12:30 to 


3:30 for those who help in the after- 
noon. More than 200 volunteers are 
needed, since there will be 10 phones 
and they will be used Monday through 
Friday during the 4 weeks of the cam- 
paign. 
serve on either a morning or after- 


Each day’s volunteers will 


noon team of 10, and as a slight in- 
centive to the greater success of the 
drive, there will be prizes awarded to 
the team whose calls result in the 
most new memberships. 

Friendly persons wishing to vol- 
unteer should return the postcard in 
last month’s BULLETIN or else call 
the Friends Office at TO5-0440. Tell 
Mrs. Miller you want to help make 
everything come up roses. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


SOME FACTS ABOUT SHAW’S GARDEN 


The Missouri Botanical (Shaw’s) Garden was established in 
1859 by Henry Shaw, a St. Louis businessman, to be controlled 
by a Board of Trustees for the public benefit. The Garden is 
a non-profit institution which receives no support from the city 
or state, depending on the income from the Shaw estate supple- 
mented by contributions from the public. 

The old stone walls and cast-iron fences, the Linnean House, 
the Museum Building, the part of the Administration Building 
which was Shaw’s Town House, relocated in the Garden in 1890, 
and the Tower Grove House, his country home, all date from 
Mr. Shaw’s time. The Main Gate, display and growing green- 
houses and most other facilities date from the period immediately 
following the turn of the century. The Climatron, opened in 
1960, is the first of several new buildings planned for the Gar- 
den’s redevelopment. It is the world’s first geodesic dome, fully 
climate-controlled greenhouse and contains the Garden’s tropical 
collections. 

The Garden—70 acres—is open every day of the year from 
9:00 A.M. until sundown; the greenhouses 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 
P. M.; the Climatron Monday through Thursday 9:00 A.M. to 
5:00 P.M., Friday through Sunday 9:00 A.M. to 9:00 P.M. 
Tower Grove House is open daily from 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 P. M. 
(April through November) ; 10:00 A. M. to 4:00 P. M. (Decem- 
ber through March). The Display House presents four seasonal 
displays: November, Chrysanthemums; December, Poinsettias; 
February, Orchids; Spring, Lilies and other flowers. During the 
year are other shows, competitions and festivals sponsored by 
various Garden Clubs and Flower Societies. 

Courses in Botany and Horticulture for adults are conducted 
by the Garden staff. Children’s nature studies are provided each 
Saturday of the year and a special nature program is held during 
the summer. Information on these activities is published in the 
BULLETIN or may be had by mail or phone. The Garden main- 
tains a research program through the Henry Shaw School of 
Botany, Washington University. 

In 1926 an Arboretum — 1600 acres— was established at 
Gray Summit, Missouri. Foot trails and roads pass through the 
Arboretum and are open to visitors in April and May. 

The Garden Administration Building is located at 2315 
Tower Grove Ave., and the Garden’s main entrance is at Tower 
Grove and Flora Place. The entrance at Tower Grove and 
Cleveland Avenue is also open to the public. The Garden is 
served by both the Sarah (No. 42) and the Park-Southampton 
(No. 80) city bus lines. 

Persons interested in helping to support the Garden and tak- 
ing part in Garden activities are urged to do so through the 
“Friends of the Garden”. Information may be obtained from 
the Main Gate or by mail or phone. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


BOARD OF TRUSTEES 


ROBERT BROOKINGS SMITH, 
President 


Leicester B. Faust, 
Vice President 
Henry B. PFLAGER, 
Second Vice President 
Howarp F. BAER 
DanieL K. CATLIN 


Sam’L. C. Davis 

Henry HitrcHcock 

JoHn S. LEHMANN 

RosBert W. Otto 

WarREN McKINNEY SHAPLEIGH 


DupLey FRENCH, 
Honorary Trustee 


EX-OFFICTO MEMBERS 


DANIEL SCHLAFLY, 


President, Board of Education of St. Louis 


GeorceE L. CabIcan, 
Bishop, Diocese of Missouri 


STRATFORD LEE MORTON, 


President, Academy of Science of St. Louis 


THomas H. Etior, 
Chancellor, Washington University 


RayMonp R. Tucker, 
Mavor, City of St. Louis 


FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN 


Kathleen M. Miller, Secretary. 


Curtis Ford, Vice President, Mrs. M. M. J 
Vice President, Mrs. Eli M. Strassner, 


Harry E. Wuertenbaecher, Jr., President, Mrs. William R. Bascom, Vice President, Mrs. 
enks, Vice President, Mrs. Fristoe Mullins, 


President, Sears Lehmann, Treasurer, 


HORTICULTURAL COUNCIL 


Clifford W. Benson, Paul M. Bernard, Mrs. Paul H. Britt, E. G. Cherbonnier, Carl F 
Giebel, Robert E. Goetz, Paul Hale, Earl Hath, Mrs. Hazel L. Knapp, F. R. McMath, 
Dan O’Gorman, Gilbert Pennewill, Ralph Rabenau, Mrs. Gilbert J. Samuelson, Philip A. 


Conrath, Chairman. 


WOMEN’S ASSOCIATION 


Mrs. J. Bruce Butler, President, Mrs. James G. Alfring, First Vice President, Mrs, 
William Harrison, Second Vice President, Mrs. Joseph Jannuzzo, Treasurer, Mrs. Paul 
Britt, Corresponding Secretary, Mrs. Edwin Stuessie, Recording Secretary, 


HISTORICAL COMMITTEE 
Tohn_S. Lehmann, Chairman, Mrs. Edwin R. Culver and Mrs. Neal S. Wood, Co-Chairmen 


for Restoration. 


GARDEN STAFF 


Frits W. Went, Director 
Hucu C. Cuter, Executive Director 


Epcar Anperson, Curator of Useful Plants 


Henry N. Anovrews, Paleobotanist 
CLARENCE BarpreE, Instructor 
Ernest Briseer, Horticulturist 


Louts G. Brenner, Grounds 
Superintendent 


CHRISTOPHER CHowins, Horticulturist 
of Tropical Plants 


Lapistaus Cutak, Greenhouse 
Superintendent 


Carrot, W. Donce. Mycologist 


Cataway H. Dopson. Taxonomist and 
Curator of Living Plants 


Rosert L. Dressier, Taxonomist and 
Editor of the ANNALS 


James A. Duke, Assistant Curator 
of the Herbarium 


Joun D. Dwyer, Research Associate 
Watpo G. FecuNer, Business Manager 
RayMoOnpD FrEEBORG. Research Associate 


Rosert J. Givvespie, In Charge of 
Orchids 


Brian Gorpon, Editorial Assistant 
James Hampton, Assistant Engineer 
Paut A. Kont, Floriculturist 


C. Raniet Lincoin, Assistant 
to the Director 


Epitu S. Mason, Landscape Architect 


VIKTOR MUEHLENBACHS, Research 
Associate 


Norton H. Nickerson, Morphologist 
LILtt1an Overtanp, Research Assistant 
Kennets O. Peck, Instructor 

Georce H. Princ. Superintendent 


WILtiAM F. Resse, Superintendent of 
Operations 


Owen J. Sexton, Research Ecologist 
KennetH A. Smitu, Chief Engineer 


FRANK STEINBERG, Superintendent of 
The Arboretum, Gray Summit 


Grorce B. Van Scuaack, Librarian and 
Curator of Grasses 


TRIFON von ScCHRENK, Associate Curator 
of the Museum 


Rosnert E. Woopson, Jr., Curator of the 
Herbarium 


; 


White Oak Norway Maple 


& 


Sweet gum 


ah dan 


Sycamore 


ve Bat 


Ves eal 


Zelkova Lombardy Poplar Linden 


a 


Northern Red Oak Silver Maple — London Planetree 


wh ew thee 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN 


December 1962 


Kalle 
Lu elin Volume L 


Number 10 


Cover: A carpenter ant obtaining honeydew from the nymphs ot the treehopper, 
Entylia sinuata. 


PHOTO FROM U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 


CONTENT 


Review of Silent Spring 
Educational Programs 1963 


Garden Gift Store 


Office of publication: 306 E. Simmons Street, Galesburg, Illinois. 


Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis 10 
Missouri. 


Editor for this issue: BRIAN GORDON. 


Published monthly except July and August by the Board ot Trustees of the Missouri 
J pt july § : 
Botanical Garden. Subscription price: $3.50 a year. 
Entered as second-class matter January 26, 1942, at the post-ofhice at Galesburg, Hlinois, 
under Act of March 3, 1879. 


Missouri Botanical Garden 


Vol. L No. 10 


Bulletin 


December 1962 


REVIEW OF SILENT SPRING 


F. W. WENT 


ERY few books dealing with scien- 
\ tific problems or technical infor- 
mation become best-sellers. But Rachel 
Carson has already scored twice in this 
field: first with the delightful The Sea 
Around Us, and now with the fright- 
ening Silent Spring. Part of her success 
as a writer is her fluent language, 
appropriate and alluring adjectives, 
catching phrases (with as best example 
the title of her book), and her unques- 
tioned mastery of her subject. 

With her latest book, Silent Spring, 
she enters the missionary field, and en- 
ters it with explosive effect. This book 
is very timely, and if properly heeded 
may do a lot of good by exposing the 
very real dangers of the indiscrim- 
inate and careless use of powerful 
poisons in our fight against weeds, in- 
sects and diseases. I, personally, and 
also as a spokesman for a large number 
of biologists and scientists, am glad 
that this book has been written, and | 
hope that it will have a real impact, 
and will not be forgotten after its 
newness has worn off. 

In the first short introduction, Miss 
Carson paints a picture of what might 
happen if insecticides and herbicides 
were used without any restraint and 


Silent Spring, by Rachel Carson, Houghton 
Mifflin Company, Boston, The Riverside Press, 
Cambridge, 1962. 


without any respect for other organ- 
isms or the balance of nature. This is 
a frightening picture, but our experi- 
ence tells us that it is entirely possible, 
though not probable. In the following 
chapter she describes how man has be- 
come the master of the molecule and 
the atom and how this brings with it 
grave dangers. It seems, however, that 
here she is overstating her case. For 
instance, the work of the atomic sci- 
entist is called “tampering with the 
atom.” I hardly believe that this is 
fair to the physicist and chemist, who 
are not tampering but who are able, on 
the basis of deep theoretical insight, to 
guide the fate of the atom. In a 
similar way she talks about chemicals 
“brewed in the scientists’ laboratories,” 
implying a non-existing relationship to 
the old alchemists whose activities were 
very often described as brewing and 
who hardly knew what they were 
doing. Many other examples could be 
given where through the skillful use of 
words a slightly unfavorable slant is 
given to the activities of scientists. 
Another example of this tendency to 
overstate is her discussion of DDT. 
After it was found that flies and other 
insects can adapt themselves so that 
they tolerate DDT, it became neces- 
sary to find other different chemicals 
to which the flies were not adapted. 


(1) 


tr 


She calls this a search for deadlier and 
deadlier poisons, which is, strictly 
speaking, not correct. DDT was orig- 
inally very deadly and the new poisons 
must be deadly too but in a different 
way. 

Among the important reasons for 
vastly increased dangers of pests and 
diseases, she mentions the intensifica- 
tion of agriculture and the immensely 
increased acreages of single crops. She 
also stresses that so many organisms, 
when transported in new  environ- 
ments, may not be subject to “‘restrain- 
ing hands of the natural enemies that 
kept down their numbers in_ their 
native lands.”” She cites the Dutch elm 
disease as a specific example of a new 
disease which was so effective because 
of the increased planting of elm trees 
in our cities. However, the chestnut 
blight has already destroyed, and the 
oak wilt is in the process of destroying, 
our native chestnuts and oaks even 
where man has not influenced the en- 
vironment in any way, which indicates 
that occasionally disease may erupt and 
destroy even within a balanced nature. 

After these introductory chapters, 
she discusses a succession of poisonous 
chemicals, with DDT leading the pro- 
cession. These are excellent reviews of 
the chemical, toxicological, and use 
problems of these chemicals. She then 
continues to discuss the price of using 
these chemicals in an indiscriminate 
way, as in the death of large numbers 
of birds and in the possible dangers to 
human life. However, we have to 
realize that in spite of the increased 
dangers of poisonous chemicals, the 
human life span has been increasing 


rapidly for the last century and con- 


MISSOURI BOTANICAI. GARDEN BULLETIN 


tinues to increase, largely because of 
the control of infectious diseases, their 
insect vectors, sanitation, and many 
other processes possible only because of 
the use of powerful chemicals. We 
have to realize that misuse of chemical 
sprays, of which so many instances are 
quoted by Miss Carson (e.g., roadside 
spraying with weed-killers), is not an 
indictment against the chemicals, but 
against their faulty application. Al- 
most every biologist, agriculturist or 
forester can multiply the examples of 
misuse. A particularly inane case oc- 
curred in the Southern California 
mountains. These are very steep in 
many places, and among the difficulties 
in road building are eroding road banks 
and fill slopes. They can be anchored 
by expensive structures and by equally 
expensive plantings. In many places 
pines had been planted to hold the road 
slopes, and after years of loving care 
and regular watering, they had become 
established as beautiful young trees. 
One good spraying with a weed killer 
along the roadside was as destructive 
as a fire and killed the trees together 
with the so desirable shrubs. Iron- 
ically, along the mountain road there 
were hardly any weeds which needed 
removing. 

To sum up: Miss Carson, in a power- 
ful, well documented, and convincing 
way, has exposed the very real dangers 
of man becoming an unwitting victim 
of forces he has unleashed without 
fully realizing their implications. <A 
further example of the dangers of not 
fully tested chemicals is thalidomide, 
the tranquilizer drug which may cause 
the birth of malformed babies. This 
drug was fortunately kept out of 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 3 


American drugstores by the courageous 
application of the provisions of our 
Pure Food and Drug Act. This case, 
culminated by the award of the Dis- 
tinguished Federal Civilian Service 
Medal to Dr. Frances Kelsey, broke 
after Silent Spring was written. 
Whereas thalidomide exemplifies the 
potential dangers of drugs, it also in- 
dicates that here in the United States 
we have laws which, if properly en- 
forced, protect the public from misuse 
of the vast numbers of chemicals 
which are yearly synthesized by 
chemists. 

If we were not already impressed by 
the missionary zeal (and effectiveness ) 
of women, as, for example, in the 
League of Women Voters, women like 
Miss Carson, joined by Dr. Frances 
Kelsey, Dr. Barbara Moulton and Dr. 
Helen Taussig, following in the foot- 
steps of Harriet Beecher Stowe, would 
convince us of the importance of 
women not only to keep watch over 
our liberties, but to campaign for them 
very effectively. 

To be effective as a campaigner, and 
to overcome the innate human con- 
servatism or indifference to problems 
which do not concern the individual 
directly or immediately, it is necessary 
perhaps not so much to overstate a 
problem, but rather to emphasize one 
side. This Miss Carson has done. The 
other side of the problem of chemical 
control of pests and diseases is men- 
tioned by Miss Carson repeatedly, but 
one would hardly gain from her book a 
proper perspective of the vital role of 
insecticides, pesticides, and fungicides 
in our present-day society. 


Many of us, Miss Carson included, 


consider man as part of nature, and 
therefore we object to his interference 
with nature. Asa matter of fact, this 
attitude is incorrect. As long as man 
competed with animals on their own 
terms he belonged within the balance 
of nature. But when man started to 
use clubs, axes and spears, or even bow 
and arrows, he extended his arms be- 
yond what he and all other animals 
had been endowed with by nature. 
Then the use of fire, metals, and finally 
chemicals, electricity, and atomic pow- 
er, placed man far beyond nature and 
outside natural phenomena. Any men 
living on roots they have to dig, fruits 
they have to pick, or game they have 
to hunt, can exist only in very limited 
numbers, say at most one man _ per 
square mile (in very productive areas). 
This limited the human population of 
the earth, before spear and arrow, to a 
few million, comparable with the bear 
or lion population of the earth. 

Once man_ started to manipulate 
phenomena he was able to beat natural 
laws. He upset the balance of nature, 
and could increase in numbers far be- 
yond what the natural laws of eco- 
logical equilibrium allow. Actually, 
at present the world population is 
about 1000 times greater than it pos- 
sibly could have been if man had 
stayed a part of nature. ‘This also 
makes it clear that man cannot possibly 
go back to nature. Fungicides, insec- 
ticides, herbicides, and so many other 
potentially harmful chemicals are here 
to stay, whether we like them or not. 
We have to learn how to live with 
them or lose the battle against nature. 

In her last chapter Miss Carson indi- 
cates that chemicals are not the only 


4 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


way in which weeds, pests and diseases 
can be combated. Or, rather, she in- 
dicates that the other way, using eco- 
logical or natural methods of control, 
is the only proper way. Personally, I 
agree with her that if there is an alter- 
nate road to pest control, using nature’s 
own way, this is preferable. But in so 
many cases there is no alternate road. 
And naturally occurring methods may 
be as disastrous to human health as the 
use of synthetic chemicals. The num- 
ber of cases in which hydrocyanic acid 
is present or produced in plants is re- 
markably large. Many of our food 
plants such as cassava (Manihot) and 
sago (Metrosideros) are deadly poisons 
until their cyanogenic glucosides have 
been removed. The plants perhaps 
contain these poisons to protect them 
from being eaten by animals less 
sophisticated than man. Then there 
are the opium poppy, the plants con- 
taining strychnin, arrow poisons, co- 
caine. And many luguminous plants 
cause cattle poisoning (as the name 
loco-weed, e.g., indicates). 

If there is an ecological way of 
keeping insects, fungi, and weeds 
under control this is preferable, or 
sometimes it is the only way. Barberry 
elimination, for example, has greatly 
reduced the incidence of wheat rust, 
and together with the continued breed- 
ing program for rust resistance, wheat 
production remains high and wheat is 
still the major staple food. Any re- 
laxation of the control or breeding 
program would result in wheat crop 
failures within 5 to 10 years. 

Another example of biological con- 
trol was developed by a friend of mine 
in Java. Years ago wooly aphids be- 


came a terrible plague in sugar cane 
fields and no amount of spraying with 
the old rather ineffective or too 
expensive insecticides did any good. 
Newly planted fields soon became in- 
fected in an uncontrollable way. Dr. 
Hazelhoff found that the insecticides 
not only killed many aphids, but also 
most of the wasps which parasitize the 
aphids and in nature keep them within 
bounds. Therefore he suggested an 
ecological method of control: in a 
newly planted sugar cane field some 
aphid-infected stalks from an old un- 
sprayed field were tied to the young 
shoots. Both the aphids and their wasp 
parasites moved to the young plants, 
and the aphids did not have a chance 
to multiply beyond the number which 
the biological equilibrium between 
wasp and aphid would allow. 

As long as man lived in very small 
family groups, he was not much of a 
menace to other creatures in his en- 
vironment. It was only after he asso- 
ciated with other family groups that 
he became a social animal and became 
a threat to other animals. Man started 
to hunt in packs, and through his 
social organization could defend him- 
self better against enemies and also 
could develop ingenious ways to best 
nature. In nature it is also the socially 
organized animals which are the great- 
est threat to man: wolves, rats, and 
ants. 

It is very difficult to assess the value 
of present-day insecticides for our 
agriculture. The reason for this diffi- 
culty is that at the present time prac- 
tically no agriculture is carried out 
without insecticides, fungicides, etc., 


(Continued on page 9) 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 5 


EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS 1963 


Missour!t BOTANICAL GARDEN 


ACTIVITIES FOR CHILDREN 


SATURDAY NATURE PROGRAMS FOR CHILDREN 

ATURE study programs are provided every morning from 10 to 11:30 A. M. 
N in the Museum Building and greenhouses for children ages 7 to 16. The 
programs are free and no advance registration is required. 

Children are given instruction in the world of plants and their association with 
man, animals, birds and insects. They are encouraged to make collections. They 
plant seeds and bulbs, make cuttings of plants, and work in their own outdoor 
flower and vegetable plots. These programs offer children action, recreation, and 
the fun of taking home their collections, seedlings, bulbs, and produce from the 
garden plots. 

For more information, call TO 5-0440. 


PITZMAN SUMMER NATURE STUDY COURSES 

A free summer nature program for children between the ages of 7 and 16 is 
made possible by a grant from the Pitzman Foundation. Children have a funda- 
mental curiosity about everything going on around them, and these summer courses 
encourage this interest in living things by bringing children into closer contact with 
nature and answering the many questions that arise from such an experience. 

The program is held on Tuesdays and Thursdays from 10 A. M. to 3 P. M. for 
2 sessions of 5 weeks each. Junior and Senior Research Teams comprised of chil- 
dren interested in doing special natural science projects will meet on Wednesdays 
and Fridays under the direction of the Garden staff. 

Registration for the first session will begin June Ist and for the second session 
July 1st. For information about the courses and registration, visit the Main Gate 
Office or telephone TO 5-0440. 


J0Re VS aT Lee 


& 


6 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


COURSES FOR ADULTS IN HOME GARDENING 


The Garden offers courses in gardening for all interested persons. Fees charged 
for the adult courses include all materials. Most classes and practice sessions will 
be held in the Garden’s Experimental Greenhouse, which can be reached by entering 
the Cleveland and Tower Grove Avenue gate. 

Registration for all courses must be made in advance, since the number of 
persons who can be accepted for a given course is limited. Should interest warrant, 
second sessions will be considered and should less than fifteen persons register for 
any course, it may be dropped, in which case the fees will be refunded. 

All courses will be taught by Garden staff members and by selected specialists. 


Fees are based on the amount of time and materials supplied by the Garden. 


HOME GARDEN PREVIEW—A Basic Course 

For the home owner, a non-technical basic course including facts and procedures 
for planning, planting, pruning, fertilizing, watering and general maintenance of 
home grounds. 
8 Sessions — Fee $10.00 Experimental Greenhouse 
Tuesday evenings — 8 to 9:30 P.M. February 5, 12, 19, 26 

March §, 12, 19, 26 

Instructor: Mr. Robert J. Gillespie 


HOW TO PROPAGATE FROM SEED 

Fundamental facts and procedures for producing annuals, biennials and some 
perennials from seed for use in your garden. The Garden supplies seed, germinating 
media and soil for four metal flats of seedlings which may be taken home. Persons 


wishing to supply their own seed must bring it to the first session. 


5 Sessions — Fee $12.00 Experimental Greenhouse 
Tuesday afternoons — | to 2:30 P.M. March 12, 19, April 2, 9, 16 
Thursday evenings — 8 to 9:30 P.M. March 14, 21, April 4, 11, 18 


Instructors: Mr. Clarence Barbre 


Mr. Kenneth Peck 


PREPARATION AND CARE OF LAWNS 

Instruction on kinds of grasses and weeds and how to identify and control 
them. Preparation of ground for lawn establishment, soil conditioning, fertilizers 
and their application, rebuilding old lawns, maintenance and equipment will be 


discussed. Special attention will be given to individual problems. 


3 Sessions — Fee $6.00 Museum Building 
Section #1 Thursday evenings —7 to 9 P.M. March 28, April 11, 18 
Section #2 Tuesday evenings—7to9 P.M. April 9, 16, 23 

Section #3 Tuesday evenings —7 to9 P.M. August 13, 20, 27 


Instructor: Mr. Raymond Freeborg 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 7 


HOME ORCHID CULTURE 

Orchids suitable for home culture and best ways of growing them. Potting 
demonstrations and practice. Students may take home the plant they pot. 
1 Session — Fee $190.00 Orchid Greenhouse 
Saturday — 10 A. M. to 3 P.M. April 6 
Instructor: Mr. Robert J. Gillespie 


BULBS, INDOOR — OUTDOOR 


Instruction on bulb forcing and outdoor bulb culture. The Garden will supply 
each student with 24 top quality bulbs in 7 inch clay pans which may be taken 
home. The Garden will also provide space for cool treatment which the forced 


bulbs require. A practical and timely course for October. 


2 Sessions Fee $8.00 Experimental Greenhouse 
Tuesday evenings — 8 to 9:30 P.M. October 1, 8 
Thursday afternoons | to 2:30 P.M. October 3, 10 


Instructors: Mr. Clarence Barbre 


Mr. Kenneth Peck 


HOW TO PROPAGATE FROM CUTTINGS 
Fundamental facts and procedures of producing trees, shrubs and_ perennials 
from cuttings (asexual reproduction). The Garden will supply a plastic covered 
metal propagating flat, media and plant materials for 40 to 50 kinds of plants. 
Student practice will emphasize propagation of house plants such as begonias, 
dieffenbachias, and philodendrons. Some attention will also be given to hardwood 
cuttings. The following methods of vegetative propagation will be used: root 
cuttings, suckers, divisions, hard and softwood stem divisions, hard and softwood 
stem cuttings, leaf, bud and scale cuttings. 
5 Sessions — Fee $12.00 Experimental Greenhouse 
Tuesday evenings — 8 to 9:30 P.M. October 15, 22, 29, 
November 5, 12 
Thursday afternoons — | to 2:30 P.M. October 17, 24, 31, 
November 7, 14 
Instructors: Mr. Clarence Barbre 


Mr. Kenneth Peck. 


PLANTS UNDER ARTIFICIAL LIGHT 

Latest up to date thoughts and practices on the use of artificial light for 
plant propagation and culture, illustrated with practical equipment for the amateur 
or professional grower. 
2 Sessions — Fee $5.00 Orchid Greenhouse 
Thursday evenings — 8 to 9:30 P.M. October 17, 24 


Instructor: Mr. Robert J. Gillespie 


8 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


LECTURES AND TOURS 
FIRST MONDAY LECTURES 
On the first Monday of the month a free lecture is given at 8 P.M. in the 
Museum Building of the Garden. The speakers are usually members of the Garden 
staff telling about some interesting phase of research work at the Garden or on field 
trips. Most of these talks are illustrated with colored slides. 


February 4— Dr. Frits W. Went, Director, Missouri Botanical Garden. “A 
BoTANIst’s TRAVELS IN AUSTRALIA AND New GUINEA.” 

March 4— Dr. Henry N. Andrews, Dean of the Henry Shaw School of 
Botany, Washington University, and Paleobotanist for the 
Garden. “A Botanical ExpepITION TO AN ArcTIC ISLAND, 
ELLESMERE ISLAND.” 

April 1 — Miss Edith S$. Mason, Landscape Architect, Missouri Botanical 
Garden. “IpEAs FoR ST. Louis GARDENS.” 

May 6— Dr. Norton H. Nickerson, Morphologist, Missouri Botanical 
Garden. “A RESEARCH SUMMER ON CaPE Cop,” 
Dr. Owen J. Sexton, Research Ecologist, Missouri Botanical Gar- 
den. “SAN INDIAN VILLAGE IN PANAMA.” 

June 3— Mr. Ladislaus Cutak, Greenhouse Superintendent, Missouri Botan- 
ical Garden. “A PLANT COLLECTOR IN THE CARIBBEAN.” 

November 4—Dr. Calaway H. Dodson, Taxonomist and Curator of Living 
Plants, Missouri Botanical Garden. “ExPLORATIONS FOR OR- 


CHIDS IN. ECUADOR.” 


GUIDED TOURS 


Organized groups and classes can obtain trained guides for visits to the Garden 
by telephoning TO 5-0440 at least ten days before their visit. Adults in tours, 
other than teachers with their classes, are expected to pay the usual admission charge 


to the Climatron, but there is no charge for children or teachers with class groups. 


SELF GUIDING TOURS 
Climatron — An instructive pamphlet is available at the Climatron. 


Tree Trail — An illustrated guide sheet to forty trees is available free at the 
Main Gate Office. 


Nature Trail —This interesting marked trail begins near the Climatron and leads 


into the wild parts of the Garden 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 9 


(Continued from page 4) 

even in remote areas of the world. 
However, I have a report on the agri- 
culture of the bush Negroes in Surinam 
in South America, made before modern 
insecticides were available, which gives 
us some real information on this point 
(Stahel, 1944). 

These bush Negroes are living along 
the rivers far in the interior of the 
country, completely surrounded by 
primeval jungle. These people are des- 
cendants of escaped slaves who in the 
period before 1800 managed to get 
away from the plantations along the 
coast where they were forced to work. 
To prevent recapture they had to re- 
treat far into the interior, where they 
have been settled now for over 150 
years. To be able to exist in the jungle 
one has to live by hunting and by col- 
lecting the few plants which have 
edible parts. The Indians in those re- 
gions still live this way, but are unable 
to increase in numbers because they 
have practically used up all food with- 
in one to two days’ walking distance 
from their villages. With an increase 
in population the bush Negroes, there- 
fore, had to resort to a primitive type 
of agriculture. They would cut and 
burn the forest in the immediate 
neighborhood of their villages and 
grow corn, sweet potatoes, and a few 
Usually the first 
year they were able to get a reasonable 


other vegetables. 


crop, but the second year’s production 
was completely impossible because of 
the competition with the leafcutter 
ants belonging to the genus Afta. This 
leafcutter, or umbrella, ant is one of 
the most amazing animals known. 


They live in huge nests which each 


take up 50 to 100 square feet. The 
nest is an underground maze of corri- 
dors which connect large chambers in 
which they cultivate fungi on cut tree 
leaves. These chambers are approxi- 
mately six inches in diameter and re- 
quire a new batch of leaves every day 
to keep the cultures growing. An 
average size nest uses half a ton of 
leaves per year. Since there can be 
several nests per acre, more than a ton 
of leaf material is removed by the ants 
per acre per year. In an ordinary 
tropical rain forest most leaves are too 
thick to be used by the leafcutter ants 
and so the ants do not reproduce ex- 
cessively in the natural jungle, but the 
leaves of practically all cultivated 
plants and all garden plants are ideal 
for their mushroom cultures. There- 
fore, once leafcutter ants become es- 
tablished in an area, cultivation of food 
plants is out of the question. This is 
quite evident when one watches the 
activities of these ants. A continuous 
green ribbon seems to move from a 
tree or shrub to their nest. This 
ribbon consists of a dense procession of 
workers, each carrying a cut leaf seg- 
ment above him like an umbrella. 
Until twenty years ago there was no 
way to combat the leafcutter ants 
except by pouring large amounts of 
carbon tetrachloride into their nests 
and closing all exits. An alternate 
method was to dig a ditch around the 
nest, fill this with kerosene, and 
trample the nest, including the fungus 
cultures, into this kerosene. This was 
a very expensive method and could not 
possibly be carried out by the primitive 
bush Negroes. Therefore they resorted 
to the only other solution they had; 


10 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


namely, to move their cultivated fields 
each year. By 1944 the situation had 
become critical. Their fields became 
further and further removed from 
their villages and in many cases had 
reached the edge of the river plain, 
where it joined the neighboring moun- 
tains and made further cultivation 
impossible. Flying over the area made 
it clear that first the bush Negro had 
pre-empted the forest and afterwards 
the leafcutter ant had pre-empted the 
reclaimed forest areas from man. The 
presence of the leafcutter ants made it 
impossible for a normal forest to 
become re-established, and a secondary 
kind of shrub forest developed, of 
which most leaves were used by the 
leafcutter ants. 

Here we find a case in which man 
had no defense against insects and 
where the insects have definitely taken 
over and are forcing man to retreat 
further and further. This specific case 
is not an exception. Everywhere that 
he carries out agriculture in a primi- 
tive way, that is to say, without benefit 
of technological developments, man 
has to retreat before the natural forces 
he has unleashed. To keep fertile soil, 
to keep pests and diseases within check, 
primitive man has to move his fields at 
regular intervals. This one commonly 
sees by flying over extensive areas in 
South America or New Guinea where 
primitive agriculture is being prac- 
ticed. More and more forest has to be 
destroyed to provide new uncontam- 
inated fields, and the population has to 
move with those fields, abandoning the 
old worn out ones which for all sorts 
of reasons (weeds, insects, diseases) 


cannot be used any longer. The same 


thing would happen with our highly 
developed agriculture if we stopped 
research on control of insects and dis- 
eases. There is no doubt in my mind 
that, as in the bush Negro area, man 
would be forced out by his enemies. 

We can draw the same conclusions 
from history. The seven lean years of 
the Bible were caused by bad harvests 
due to diseases and pests such as locusts, 
which even now are not fully con- 
trolled in many areas of the world and 
still are a threat to agriculture. Really, 
without proper control of pests and 
diseases, which at present has to be 
done largely with chemicals, famine is 
not just a remote possibility, but a 
likely and immediate threat. If the 
world population were reduced to one- 
tenth its present number, the pressure 
for high yields and continuous acre- 
ages would be reduced to such an 
extent that we could afford laxity in 
controlling diseases, weeds and _ pests. 
But now, where the greater part of the 
world’s population is still living on the 
brink of starvation, we cannot relax 
any control measures. Few of us 
realize how narrow the margin is be- 
tween overproduction and want. Dur- 
ing the war, when we found that there 
was a sugar shortage here, the sugar 
consumption per person was hardly 
10°, below average. With sugar pro- 
duction up only one or a few percent, 
there is a surplus which cannot be 
absorbed by consumption, for no one 
eats (or should eat) more sugar when 
the supply is increased. 

Because I am a botanist, I have 
dwelt mainly upon agricultural prob- 
lems. But in the realm of human 


health the situation is similar. With 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 11 


rat, mosquito, or tick populations in- 
creasing because of lack of proper con- 
trol, diseases like the plague or malaria 
or many other kinds of fever would 
flare up again, and one needs only to 
travel in city after city in Europe to 
find in prominent places commemora- 
tive monuments, erected after the pass- 
ing of a plague epidemic, which halved 
or even decimated the population in 
the 15th to 18th centuries. For the 
control of malaria through mosquito 
control we do not have to go back 
very far in history. Anyone who has 
seen the emaciated and listless men, 
women and children in areas with 
chronic malaria, and who has compared 
these places with areas where proper 
mosquito control has rid the country 
of this scourge, will never want to go 
back to the previous condition. There 
are still large, mainly tropical lands 
where every person living there, tem- 
porarily or continuously, has to take 
chloroquine or other antimalarial drugs 
because the Anopheles vector is not 
controlled as yet. In many cases these 
mosquitoes could be controlled by bio- 
logical means. In Java, for instance, 
in inland areas malaria was transmitted 
by an Anopheles species which bred in 
shady spots in mountain streams. By 
cutting every single tree and shrub 
along these streams, the breeding places 
of the particular mosquito were re- 
moved and malaria ceased to be of im- 
portance. But in the nearby jungle 
this control was impossible, and malaria 
remained as dangerous as ever. In the 
coastal areas of Java, malaria was 
transmitted by another Anopheles 
which bred in brackish water. Fish 


would normally eat their larvae, but 


when there were large masses of float- 
ing algae in the brackish coastal 
waters, the mosquito larvae could hide 
in them. In those areas effective mos- 
quito control was possible by constant 
vigilance, when all floating masses of 
algae were continuously removed. But 
in nearby areas where no such control 
was practiced, malaria remained a 
scourge. 

In different parts of the world there 
are over 60 different species of Anoph- 
eles which transmit malaria. Of the 
approximately 200 countries of the 
world, malaria is mon-endemic in 62 
because of the absence of Anopheles 
mosquitoes (examples: Bahama Islands, 
Hawaii), but in all other countries 
there were Anopheles aND endemic 
malaria. In 70 countries there are 
nationwide malaria eradication projects 
in progress, and in 8 of them (includ- 
ing the United States, Italy and Puerto 
Rico) the complete control of Anoph- 
eles, mainly by chemical means, has 
removed malaria from the list of 
endemic diseases. But this has been 
accomplished only in the last 5 to 10 
years. 

In the mosquito eradication program 
enormous numbers of other insects and 
other animals are no doubt killed, and 
this fact will undoubtedly be reflected 
in decreased bird populations, as Miss 
Carson has shown so convincingly. At 
the present state of our knowledge, we 
are faced with two alternatives: either 
leave the Anopheles mosquito alone, 
until we have found biological control 
measures such as were used in Java, 
but endanger the lives of millions upon 
millions of people, and force them to 
swallow tons upon tons of antimalarial 


12 


drugs, or eradicate the Anopheles to- 
gether with many other insects. It has 
been proved that this chemical eradica- 
tion of specific insects is possible with- 
out completely upsetting the balance 
of nature, as the eradication of Anoph- 
eles and of the carrier of yellow fever, 
But before 
we ban the use of chemicals for the 


Aedes aegypti, has shown. 


control of pests, diseases and weeds, 
largely because of numerous cases of 
flagrant misuse so effectively described 
by Miss Carson, let us consider very 
seriously the alternative, which in my 


vs 


A 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


opinion is an utterly dismal and unac- 
ceptable one. I hope, however, that 
the result of Miss Carson’s book will 
be a much saner and safer and better 
controlled use of the hundreds of really 
dangerous insecticides, pesticides and 
fungicides. And let us not emulate 
the attitude of the spinster in Los 
Angeles, who indignantly called the 
Air Pollution Control office, asking 
why they did not stop this smog, for 
her poor canary was dying. Heroically 
she added that she herself was dying 


too, but that did not matter. 


GARDEN 


GIFT SHOP 


HAS BEEN OPENED 


O 
IN THE TOWER GROVE 


HOUSE. ake IT IS THE IDEAL 


PLACE TO DO YOUR CHRISTMAS * 


* 
SHOPPING FOR HOME GARDENING AND 


FLOWER ARRANGING SUPPLIES. Sx ENGLISH 


GARDENING TOOLS, GARDEN GLOVES AND APRONS, 


* 
ITALIAN CHRISTMAS CARDS OF DRIED PRESSED FLOWERS, 


BOOKS ON FLOWER ARRANGING & OTHER GARDEN SUBJECTS, 


® * 
HERB SEASONINGS & VINEGARS, AND TERRACE ACCESSORIES ARE 


Ww 


TO BE FOUND IN THE TOWER GROVE SHOP, WHICH IS OPEN EVERY DAY 
FROM O 


10 A.M. 
UNTIL 
4+ P.M. 


BOARD OF TRUSTEES 


RoBERT BROOKINGS SMITH, 
President 


Leicester B. Faust, 
Vice President 
Henry B. PFLacer, 
Second Vice President 
Howarp F. Barer 
DANIEL K. CATLIN 


Sam’L. C. Davis 

Henry Hitrcucock 

JoHn S. LEHMANN 

RoBeRT W. OrTo 

WaRREN MCKINNEY SHAPLEIGH 


DupLey FRENCH, 
Honorary Trustee 


EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS 


DANIEL SCHLAFLY, 


President, Board of Education of St. Louis 


GEORGE L. CaDIGAN, 
Bishop, Diocese of Missouri 


STRATFORD LEE MorTON, 


President, Academy of Science of St. Louis 


THomas H. E ror, 
Chancellor, Washington University 


RAYMOND R. Tucker, 
Mayor, City of St. Louis 


FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN 


Harry E. Wuertenbaecher, Jr., President, Mrs. William R. Bascom, Vice President, Mrs. 
Curtis Ford, Vice President, Mrs. M. M. Jenks, Vice President, Mrs. Fristoe Mullins, 


Vice President, Mrs. Eli M. Strassner, 


Kathleen M. Miller, Secretary. 


President, Sears Lehmann, Treasurer, 


HORTICULTURAL COUNCIL 


Clifford W. Benson, Paul M. Bernard, Mrs. Paul H. Britt, E. G. Cherbonnier, Carl F 
Giebel, Robert FE. Goetz, Paul Hale, Earl Hath, Mrs. Hazel L. Knapp, F. R. McMath, 
Dan O’Gorman, Gilbert Pennewill, Ralph Rabenau, Mrs. Gilbert J. Samuelson, Philip A 


Conrath, Chairman. 


WOMEN’S ASSOCIATION 


Mrs. J. Bruce Butler, President, Mrs. James G. Alfring, First lice President, Mrs 
William Harrison, Second Vice President, Mrs. Joseph Jannuzzo, Treasurer, Mrs. Paul 
Britt, Corresponding Secretary, Mrs. Edwin Stuessie, Recording Secretary. 


HISTORICAL COMMITTEE 
John_S. Lehmann, Chairman, Mrs. Edwin R. Culver and Mrs. Neal S. Wood, Co-Chairmen 


for Restoration. 


GARDEN STAFF 


Frits W. Went, Director 
Hucu C. Cutter, Executive Director 


Epcar ANDERSON, Curator of Useful Plants 


Henry N. Anprews, Paleobotanist 
CLARENCE Barpre, Instructor 
Ernest Bisee, Horticulturist 


Louts G. BRENNER, Grounds 
Superintendent 


CHRISTOPHER CHOWINS, Horticulturist 
of Tropical Plants 


Lapistaus CuTak, Greenhouse 
Superintendent 


CarroL_t W. Donce, Mycologist 


Caraway H. Dopson, Taxonomist and 
Curator of Living Plants 


Rosert L. Dress_er, Taxonomist and 
Editor of the ANNALS 


James A. Duke, Assistant Curator 
of the Herbarium 


Joun D. Dwyer, Research Associate 
Watpo G. FEcHNER. Business Manager 
RAYMOND FREEBORG. Research Associate 


Rosert J. Gitvespre, In Charge of 
Orchids 


Brian Gorpon, Editorial Assistant 
James Hampton, Assistant Engineer 
Pau A. Kout, Floriculturist 


C. RaNvLET LINCOLN, Assistant 
to the Director 


Eprva S. Mason, Landscape Architect 


V1iKTOR MUEHLENBACHS, Research 
Associate 


Norton H. Nickerson. Morphologist 
LILLIAN OVERLAND, Research Assistant 
KENNETH O. Peck, Instructor 

Georce H. Princ, Superintendent 


WiiiraAM F. Rese, Superintendent of 
Operations 


Owen J. Sexton, Research Ecologist 
KENNETH A. Situ, Chief Engineer 


FRANK STEINBERG, Superintendent of 
The Arboretum, Gray Summit 


Grorce B. Van ScuHaack, Librarian and 
S 
Curator of Grasses 


TRIFON VON SCHRENK, Associate Curator 
of the Museum 


Rogert E. Woopson, Jr., Curator of the 
Herbarium 


SOME FACTS ABOUT SHAW’S GARDEN 


The Missouri Botanical (Shaw’s) Garden was established in 
1859 by Henry Shaw, a St. Louis businessman, to be controlled 
by a Board of Trustees for the public benefit. The Garden is 
a non-profit institution which receives no support from the city 
or state, depending on the income from the Shaw estate supple- 
mented by contributions from the public. 

The old stone walls and cast-iron fences, the Linnean House, 
the Museum Building, the part of the Administration Building 
which was Shaw’s Town House, relocated in the Garden in 1890, 
and the Tower Grove House, his country home, all date from 
Mr. Shaw’s time. The Main Gate, display and growing green- 
houses and most other facilities date from the period immediately 
following the turn of the century. The Climatron, opened in 
1960, is the first of several new buildings planned for the Gar- 
den’s redevelopment. It is the world’s first geodesic dome, fully 
climate-controlled greenhouse and contains the Garden’s tropical 
collections. 

The Garden—70 acres—is open every day of the year from 
9:00 A.M. until sundown; the greenhouses 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 
P.M.: the Climatron Monday through Thursday 9:00 A.M. to 
5:00 P.M., Friday through Sunday 9:00 A.M. to 9:00 P.M. 
Tower Grove House is open daily from 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 P. M. 
(April through November) ; 10:00 A. M. to 4:00 P. M. (Decem- 
ber through March). The Display House presents four seasonal 
displays: November, Chrysanthemums; December, Poinsettias; 
February, Orchids; Spring, Lilies and other flowers. During the 
year are other shows, competitions and festivals sponsored by 
various Garden Clubs and Flower Societies. 

Courses in Botany and Horticulture for adults are conducted 
by the Garden staff. Children’s nature studies are provided each 
Saturday of the year and a special nature program is held during 
the summer. Information on these activities is published in the 
BULLETIN or may be had by mail or phone. The Garden main- 
tains a research program through the Henry Shaw School of 
Botany, Washington University. 

In 1926 an Arboretum — 1600 acres — was established at 
Gray Summit, Missouri. Foot trails and roads pass through the 
Arboretum and are open to visitors in April and May. 


The Garden Administration Building is located at 2315 
Tower Grove Ave., and the Garden’s main entrance is at Tower 
Grove and Flora Place. The entrance at Tower Grove and 
Cleveland Avenue is also open to the public. The Garden is 
served by both the Sarah (No. 42) and the Park-Southampton 
(No. 80) city bus lines. 

Persons interested in helping to support the Garden and tak- 
ing part in Garden activities are urged to do so through the 
“Friends of the Garden”. Information may be obtained from 
the Main Gate or by mail or phone. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN 


January 1963 


ae Volume LI 


Number 1 


Cover: The head of Goose Fiord, Ellesmere Island, in late June with sea ice piled 
up on shore. See page 17. 


Note: This is the first special Travel Edition of the BuLLETIN. Members of the 
Garden staff traveled throughout the world during the last year; the four journeys 


described within are only samples of many trips. 


CONTENTS 


Journal of a First Trip to Panama 

A Botanist’s Exploration in Australia and New Guinea 
Arctic Island—A Botanical Trip to Ellesmere Land 

A Look at the Lapps 


Office of publication: 306 F. Simmons Street, Galesburg, Hlinois 


Editorial Ofice: Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis 10, 
Missouri. 


Editor for this issue: BRIAN GorRDOoN. 


Published monthly except July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri 
Botanical Garden. Subseripticn price: $3.50 a year. 

Entered as second-class matter January 26, 1942, at the post-office at Galesburg, Illinois, 
under Act of March 3, 1879. 


Missouri Botanical Garden 


Vol. LI No. 1 


Bulletin 


January 1963 


JOURNAL OF A FIRST TRIP TO PANAMA 
N. H. NICKERSON 


N March 1962 it was my good for- 

tune to be asked to accompany Dr. 
Owen J. Sexton, Garden research ecol- 
ogist and associate professor of zoology 
at Washington University, for a 2- 
week stay in the province of Darien, 
the portion of Panama located at the 
end of the isthmus just above South 
America. We were accompanied by 
Earl Meseth, then one of Dr. Sexton’s 
students. Our avowed purposes were, 
for them, to study the behavior and 
distribution of certain tropical lizards, 
and for me, to help map the forests in 
their sandy areas and to collect what- 
ever orchids, seeds, plant data, and the 
like were available. At that time of 
year, the dry season is at its height, 
and fissures several feet deep appear in 
the hard dry ground. Rivers were 
down 10 feet or more from their 
normal levels of the wet season. <A 
surprising number of plants were in 
flower, however, including some rare 
terrestrial orchids. 

Traveling to distant lands is not as 
dificult today as in the days of the 
whaling vessels and clipper ships of my 
ancestors. In fact, only 23 hours 
elapsed from the time I boarded a 
plane in St. Louis until we were en- 
sconced on the Rio Chucunaque in the 
Indian hut which was to be our home 
for two weeks, and where a 50-yard 
trip into the jungle brought us into an 
absolutely undisturbed primitive wil- 


derness. 


22 MARCH 

The trip down was uneventful—the 
“air bus” flew from St. Louis to Miami, 
followed by a jet to Panama City, ar- 
riving at 3:20 A.M. Shortly after 7 
we were in a Turisma Aero, SA 
(TASA) Piper Cub, poised for take- 
off into Darien, then were following 
the coast south. Mangrove trees came 
right to the edge of the ocean; water 
flowed out of creeks over large ripples 
of mud, since the tide was out. There 
were no leaves on the tallest trees, but 
many were in flower. At 8:30 we 
landed at El Real, Darien. The airport 
was a strip in a pasture, where 
Brahman-type cattle had only recently 
been chased off. Huge quipo trees with 
no leaves were prominent in the land- 
scape. We went by jeep into the 
“town” of El Real and ate dinner of 
bread and meat fried in onions. Their 
coffee was delicious, but the meat was 
tough. We arranged a trip up to 
Yaviza by piragua equipped with an 
outboard motor. What a ride! Water 
flew left and right—piraguas make 
very good time. We arrived in Ya- 
viza after a couple of engine sput-outs, 
passing the banana boat from Panama 
City loading platanos (green bananas) 
from Indian dugouts. After getting 
equipment straightened out, we left 
Yaviza with 3 natives in a piragua. 
One—Zorro—was to serve as our cook. 
We went 20 miles upstream and ar- 
rived at Porra’s house at Canclones. 


2 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


We were alone for half an hour, then 
a small band of Chocoi Indians, con- 
sisting of grandfather, his two sons, 
the wife of one son, and their two 
small girls, arrived. They all stayed 
except for grandfather. The Indians 
were really impressive—small, mus- 
cular, and well-proportioned. ‘The 
older man had pierced ears; he wore 
only a blue loin-cloth, which he alter- 
nated with an orange one. 

We set up our hammocks and had 
rice, fried bananas and coffee for 
supper, then talked with Zorro and the 
Indian children. They were impressed 
with my family pictures and willingly 
posed for me. 

23) Marcu 

Breakfast consisted of a fried egg, 
fried bananas, and coffee. We were 
into the woods by 8. Wonder of won- 
ders!) The trail we followed was an 
old one, originally built by the Span- 
iards so inhabitants of Yaviza could 
come up here to hunt. We filled can- 
teens in the Rio Chucunaqui, adding 
halazone tablets. Many plants were in 
flower; there was a heavy fern cover 
and many seedlings, small plants and 
mosses. Buttresses measuring six by 
ten feet were common on some trees. 
We found a pyxidium of “coco” tree 
and later, the nuts and tops. One 
quipo tree we saw was over 160 feet 
high and between 10 and 12 feet in 
diameter. Passion flowers showed a 
flash of scarlet, and on the ground 
there were flowers of several species in 
the hundred-foot-and-higher category, 
just about impossible to collect. I 
found many pods of different legumes, 
some with seeds. ‘The forest floor had 
two or three layers of dry leaves, then 


the bare ground. The calls of tinam- 
mos (primitive ground-dwelling birds) 
sounded “woo! woo!” all day, while 
overhead, an occasional pair of macows 
made a flash of blue and yellow. There 
were many other startling bird calls, 
and a column of army ants on the 
move, many of them toting dead in- 
sects, crossed the trail. All insects in 
the vicinity were jumping and thus 
attracting the birds which eat them. 
We saw no monkeys, but heard plenty 
of them. Lunch, of one and a half sar- 
dines and a third of an avocado each, 
seemed plenty. Owen and Earl col- 
lected many lizards and frogs. One 
snake we saw, but failed to catch, was 
six feet long and three inches through. 
The rest of the day we spent taking 
care of specimens—some choice plants 
and some choice animals, and after a 
beautiful evening of watching the 
moon rise and listening to the birds 
call, we went to bed. 
24 MARCH 

We arose at 6:15, to fried platanos, 
an egg, and strong coffee. At 8:15, 
after straightening up camp, we went 
to Stand #1, a mature open forest on 
a hillside. On the way we saw Ma- 
mordica, a small squash, in fruit and 
flower. Owen found a fer-de-lance 
snake, one of the most poisonous of our 
wild creatures. We collected plants 
on the way back to our hut, then I 
pressed plants until supper of lentils, 
rice, and fresh pineapple was served. 
The Indians returned about dark and 
the father was quite friendly and 
talkative. 

25 Marcu 
After a restless night with lots of 


mosquitos, we collected plants, took 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 3 


pictures and made notes. It had rained 
the night before last, but just enough 
to make the ground slippery. We 
noted, however, both days, a vast in- 
crease in leaf fall, with many of the 
leaves (especially from Coco) very 
brightly colored orange and red. New 
species of lizard continued to turn up; 
we now had five, all different, as well 
as two new frog collections. 

After finishing measurements for 
Stand #1, we took vegetation samples 
in the same area. Supper was fish 
from the river, and rice. The fish was 
a sort of lamprey with no dorsal fins 
and one long ventral fin which waved 
undulantly. Its tail was long and 
straight and the whole fish was two 
feet long. Zorro caught another one 
and proudly posed with it for pictures. 
I pressed the plants we had collected 
and had quite a time with the Indians 
and Zorro in Spanish versus English, 


getting explained to me about the 


Chocoi Indians from down the 


fruit of a tree which they used for 
making their bodies blue. After supper 
we sang songs with the Indians— 
“Happy Birthday,” “Jingle Bells,” and 
so on. 
26 Marcu 

After a cold night we had fried ripe 
platanos and canned meat for break- 
fast, the meat a sort of cross between 
liverwurst and sausage, gray and rather 
tinny tasting. While Earl and Owen 
watched lizards, I went gathering 
ferns. I collected six or eight different 
ones, both live and preserved. Most 
pressed ones had sporangia. The “‘Bos- 
ton ferns” present in the woods are 
beautiful. I saw a yellow and green 
lizard six inches long, but was unable 
to catch him, since he moved like the 
proverbial blue streak. I found two 
pods of something called “coca” by 
Zorro. They resembled two-seeded pea 
pods, four inches long, two inches 


high, and an inch through. They were 


river arriving in a piragua. 


+ MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


right where I had walked the day be- 
fore and apparently had fallen during 
the night. It was threatening rain 
when we headed back at 3 and we were 
caught in it, but relatively little pene- 
trated the forest. A dead tree had 
fallen along the trail since morning, 
but it had no epiphytes on it other 
than a few mosses. Owen and I each 
caught a six-inch-long lizard which 
may be a new species. The males have 
a beautiful red dewlap with a black 
spot. The evening passed quickly, with 
plant pressing, a bath in the river, and 
a supper of lentils and rice with lunch- 
eon meat. Zorro had gotten a letter 
to Yaviza composed and signed by 
Owen for more food and a change in 
our departure date to April 4th. With 
the rain at its height up the river came 
Senor Meluk, the Turk who runs the 
store at Yaviza, with an extra piragua 
for us and a few supplies. It was an 
education to meet him, and he enjoyed 
his cup of coffee ‘“‘mucho gusto.” 
27 Marcu 

Zorro had a breakfast of egg and 
crackers for us, after which Wilfredo 
Pacheco, an Indian about 5 years old, 
came up with fresh green platanos and 
the leaves of the Jagua plant, whose 
fruit the Indians use to paint their 
bodies blue. He said he would climb a 
tree for me, so off we went to Stand 
#1 to collect a fine flower. He went 
up the tree very rapidly, hatchet in 
hand, and after a few quick chops, 
down came a branch. We then col- 
lected some flowers and leaves, which 
were almost two feet long but only 
three inches wide. The flowers were 
rose colored, about four inches across, 


with nine or ten petals and several 


hundred stamens in a ring around a 
hollow center. I put our plants out to 
dry in the sun; the method was not 
very satisfactory for some plants, but 
was at least better than having them 
wet. | then walked all around the 
house, noting all the plants growing 
there. A small sugar cane field was 
diagonally behind the house; out in 
front is a sugar-cane pressing mill, 
constructed of split palm stems and 
wire. The Indians press the juice from 
long canes, collect it in a sort of wood- 
en bird bath, then pour it into vessels 
of pottery. They then wait 20 days 
for the stuff to develop a kick, and 
then have a party. One was scheduled 
for the coming Thursday. 

About 11, Wilfredo, who went home 
for breakfast, returned with his dog. 


We went across the river in the new” 


Porra’s house at Canclones 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 5 


piragua to an abandoned plantation 
and entered the grove of cocoa trees all 
in fruit. Avocados were everywhere, 
from the orchard, also abandoned. Wil- 
fredo came along to help me collect 
plants, and he was very good. We 
chopped down two trees, one 50 feet 
high, the other 80, to get the flowers, 
since the trees are homes for ants and 
could not be climbed. Wilfredo was 
quite a sight, covered with sweat as he 
used the small hand hatchet for an 
axe, grunting with every swing. When 
the big tree came down he triumphant- 
ly marched along its length some 20 
feet out over the river, chopped off an 
enormous branch full of flowers, put it 
on his shoulders, and with a_ grin, 
marched back. I had the camera ready, 
and captured the grin after coaxing 


him to come closer. On the way back, 


Porra’s sugar-cane press. The cane is crushed 
between the rollers. 


Wilfredo, who stood about four and a 
half feet high, easily ducked under 
vines that forced me to get on my 
knees or chop through before I could 
proceed. 

On the way back, he pointed out 
three more things, a tree with small, 
hard red fruits, a legume with huge 
pods, and an aroid with a fleshy orange 
spathe. Next he chopped a cacao 
(chocolate) fruit from a branch, cut 
open the top half, then ate a couple of 
the soft white seeds. They were taste- 
less to me, but the outer pulp was 
sweet. Lunch back across the river 
was of lentils and rice, with tea. 

After lunch, we gave Zorro the 
afternoon off and I set about taking 
pictures of the collection and finishing 
drying the plants. At 6:30 we began 
getting ready for a night on the river, 
a real adventure. We had gone up- 
stream barely 100 yards when we had 
our first excitement. Zorro was stand- 
ing on the front of the piragua with a 
headband flashlight and a two-tipped 
spear about 12 feet long. Wilfredo 
paddled at the rear. I saw an eye 
about six inches under the surface, and 
the next thing I knew, a live Cayman 
lizard, two and a half feet long with a 
mouth full of teeth wide open, was 
staring up at me from the bottom of 
the piragua, making loud “‘aaggh” 
noises. Zorro was yelling at me in 
Spanish to grab the writhing animal 
quickly. I finally held the head with 
the jaws shut and then grabbed the tail 
firmly with the other hand. The liz- 
ard was unhurt, since the spear had 
passed around his leg. We went on, 
catching frogs, large lizards hanging in 


the treetops, and four small caymans. 


6 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


We were gone until 10:30. Zorro also 
speared about six fish. I grabbed the 
first one and promptly got bitten on 
the little finger. After that incident | 
used the pole to knock them down off 
the spear. 
28 Marcu 

We spent the morning cleaning liz- 
ards and drying plants. Breakfast was 
luncheon meat and coffee. Owen and 
I went to Stand #2, a sector of forest 
which was largely swamp when he was 
here last, but now was only damp 
ground. After taking forest measure- 
ments we returned, finding a few or- 
chids and new fruits en route. Then 
things began to happen. Up came our 


landlord, Porra, with part of his fam- 


Zorro with two Cayman lizards 


ily, 3 boys, a wife, and a cute little 
girl named Lydia, dressed in a necklace. 
It was a bit crowded, but we got along. 
The kids were a very happy bunch, and 
sang all evening. Porra agreed to take 
us to the Pan-American Highway 
eight miles away in the morning. His 
piragua was loaded with corn, green 
bananas, and six fowl which, when he 
let them out, promptly made them- 
selves at home and slept under the hut 
in a steel drum. 
29 MarcH 

After the usual breakfast we walked 
toward the Pan-American Highway. 
The forest became increasingly more 
tropical with palms and much under- 
growth noticeable. We saw a number 
of fruits and seeds unknown to me. 
Our path crossed the Rio Canclon 
seven times. The trees were magnifi- 
cent; they mostly had some leaves, but 
the leaf cover was less than that near 
our hut. Three-fourths of the leaves 
around our hut were still on; thus a 
myth of the tropics that the forest is 
deciduous in dry season was not true 
here. We were in an evergreen tropical 
forest with a few exotics present which 
did lose their leaves entirely. I went 
for a walk up the highway in both 
directions, finding some terrestrial 
bromeliads (members of the pineapple 
family) which were eight feet high. 1 
also spotted two peccaries (pig-like 
animals) crossing the highway, which 
is only a ten-foot-wide swath in the 
woods, growing up with seedlings and 
cluttered with dead branches. It is 
passable, however, and could easily be 
used by a jeep in dry season. We ate 
lunch, then started back. A tree had 


fallen across the trail since we had 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 7 


been there, so I got a few orchid 
plants which ordinarily grow up in the 
treetops. A few yards farther, Porra 
held up his hand, fired his rifle (a .22 
calibre), missed, fired again and killed 
a female deer. It weighed about 50 
pounds, and Porra, about 45 years old, 
carried it without stopping the re- 
maining 6 miles to camp, making the 
one concession of removing his shoes. 
We had venison cooked with rice, 
Indian-style, for supper. With a little 
curry on it it was very tasty. Porro 
then told me about his corn, which 
grows 9 feet high and about 2 feet 
apart in the rows. A little later, 
more Indians arrived and sampled the 
We each had to 
have a glass, and found it was not bad, 


sugar-cane liquor. 


being a sort of highly carbonated weak 
beer. 


30 MarRcH 

Our breakfast of deep-fried venison 
was quite filling. We spent part of 
the morning getting all our stuff up- 
stairs in the hut to make room for the 
long-awaited Indian party to be held 
soon. On the way to Stand #1 I 
found three spikes of a ground-growing 
orchid in flower. The spikes of this 
orchid, unique to the Canal Zone, were 
15 inches tall, each with eight to 
ten brown-green flowers. There were 
many fleshy roots resembling aspar- 
agus. It was the most humid day we 
encountered, and the 90-degree heat 
plus the 100-percent humidity drained 
us of all energy. We went toa couple 
of fallen trees whose tops were all 
covered with orchids, rested and ate 
lunch, then we each took a nap! It 
seems strange, but undoubtedly the 


idea of a siesta has merit in this cli- 


mate, even for the white man. We 
finished measuring and then returned 
to camp. I managed to find a few 
orchids on the forest floor as we were 
measuring and there were a few new 
ones on the fallen tree. It was, of 
course, impossible to get up to the tops 
of the giant trees, where orchids were 
in abundance. Supper was more veni- 
son, gravy this time, made from the 
ribs and other bones—plus potatoes 
and tea. The river was now at its 
lowest, being more than 15 feet lower 
than it was when we arrived. We 
tested its depth on our way across last 
night; in the middle it was more than 
12 feet deep. 


31 Marcu 

We awoke at 5:45 to hear a loud 
conversation between Porra and _ his 
good friend, both of them patriarchs 
of this neighborhood, discussing plans 
for the day. As soon as we got out of 
bed, each of us was presented with a 
large cup of home brew. It went down 
a bit hard, but we could not risk of- 
fending them. (Our feelings did not 
matter.) Porra explained that there 
would be many people here today, and 
we should take many pictures, since 
they would all be in costume. As if 
to amplify the point, he got out an old 
baseball cap with red visor and a pair 
of faded blue canvas sneakers with 
toe-places worn through. Porra had 
worked all day yesterday putting up a 
railing around the house to keep tipsy 
relatives from falling off. Owen and 
Earl measured yesterday’s collection of 
lizards out front with an audience of 
four children. We were expected to 
be present for the ceremonies, and the 


people started coming between 12 and 


A 


Porr 


8 MISSOURI BOTANIC.< 


2. After a quick lunch we were given 
our first big sample of “huaracho,” the 


native beer. The male Indians ar- 


rived first, resplendent in necklaces, 
breastplates, body paint and brightly- 
colored clothes. We were kept busy 


Porra wanted 


taking pictures us to 


get pictures of everyone. Counting all 


the children, about 90 people came and 


went during the afternoon. The beer 


was handed around freely; shortly 


later most of the Indians were tipsy. 
The local comisario, who reports to the 
government, was a tall Negro, and he 


made the rules—no machetes, no 


knives, and no axes. He also broke up 


Chocoi Indian couple dressed up for 


a’s party. 


= 


L 


GARDEN BULLETIN 


the fights, which were present but not 


numerous. Another old fellow ap- 
pointed himself roving bartender and 
kept making the rounds with a tea- 
kettle full of hootch and a communal 
cup. The women all sat together and 
the men sat in small groups, but the 
dancing started soon after the arrival 
of a flutist. The dancing was a 
shimmy and stamp type somewhat like 
rock and roll. The instruments played 
were a flute, an accordian, a small and 
a large drum. 

There were about six Indians who 


did 


down by the water most of the time, 


not take much beer. They sat 
and we joined them. Zorro came down 
also, and we had our supper of sardines 


We 


the river to spend the night on a sand 


and crackers there. went across 


bar. Sometime during the night the 
music stopped, and most of the In- 


dians slept somewhere in the hut. 


1 Apri 
The Indians started leaving, piragua 
by piragua, about 5:30 and we came 
The 


Indians were very quiet and a few 


back across the river about 6. 


were still sleeping in the hut until 
their wives gathered up the belongings 
and woke them. Finally only Porra, 
his wife, and the three children were 
left. 


sugar cane, brought to us by Lioporto, 


For dessert after lunch we had 
one of the Indian children. The tech- 
nique of eating sugar cane is to chop 
off the rind and chew and suck the 
pith. Sugar cane is like a tough corn 
stalk and the flavor is something like 
sugar with some molasses mixed in. 

I spent the early afternoon taking a 
survey of the vegetation around the 


hut. Later we went fishing, with 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 9 


great luck, catching a dozen fish al- 
together, of which nine were catfish. 


2 APRIL 

This was the final day for collecting 
plants, and after a discussion of what 
the Army might find useful versus 
what we would like to do profession- 
ally, we set off for the woods.  Lio- 
porto, eight years old and already 
familiar with the forest, scaled a tree 
near the river for me and chopped a 
branch from a Triplaris tree. During 
the afternoon I pressed the plants and 
took a few pictures of the area. 


3) APRIL 

Sunrise here is about 6:30 and by 
6:45 the heat can be felt. We spent 
the morning packing the live plants. 
We had given the children a few 
things to play with and they were 
happily engaged in doing up bananas 
and old flashlight batteries in string. 
Last night the Indian children had 
brought us oranges, still green but a 
welcome change from avocados and 
rice. Porra liked my pen, and I gave 
it to him along with my new gray 
cap, which fitted him quite well. We 
spent the day getting ready for de- 
parture the following morning. 


4 APRIL 

Our plan called for floating down 
the river in our own piragua about 
two miles to a series of rapids which 
are hard to navigate with a motorboat. 
There at the lumber camp we met one 
of Zorro’s friends, who had an out- 
board motor. With that on our pira- 
gua we continued downstream to 
intercept Senor Campo, who we sup- 
posed was on his way upstream to get 


us. We found him only by chance, 
since he had not gotten the message to 
come a day early for us. We finally 
reached Yaviza by 10 and were on the 
way again soon afterwards, after pay- 
ing for the food and for Zorro’s work. 
Zorro was pleased to get a little more 
than the standard $3 per day. We 
were soon waiting for the little TASA 
airplane to fly us to Panama City, 
where we cleaned up (Earl and Owen 
had let their beards grow and had to 
get them shaved off) and had a look 
at the city before flying to Miami and 
home. 

In reflecting on the trip I find I now 
have some knowledge about things I 
did not know before. The Indians of 
the tropics are well adapted to their 
way of life, and it is a moot question 
whether we should attempt to change 
it. Many bilingual people, some of them 
illiterate, gave me new respect for 
the possessor of two languages. Span- 
ish is an absolute necessity south of 
the border. 

The forest lands are being logged off 
and agriculture is developing. The 
area needs all types of soil and water 
specialists as well as ecologists to pre- 
vent harmful practices from getting 
out of hand. Bulldozers, for example, 
do an efficient job of eliminating 150 
to 200 years of tree growth, and de- 
stroy replacement trees at the same 
time. Once the timber cover is gone, 
the soil will have no protection from 
erosion, since the tropical sun is hard 
on plants which are not large. 

All in all, ’'m glad I went—the 
things I saw could not be learned from 


any sort of book. 


10 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


A BOTANIST’S EXPLORATIONS IN AUSTRALIA 
AND NEW GUINEA 


FL. W. WENT 


(* August 29 of this year a re- 


markable new laboratory named 
CERES was opened in Canberra, the 
capital of Australia. This laboratory 
intended for research with plants was 
hailed by Mr. Menzies, the Prime Min- 
ister, as a very important milestone in 
the development of Australian agri- 
culture, and many other glowing words 
were said about it. I was present by 
special invitation because in many re- 
spects this new research laboratory was 
patterned after the Earhart Plant Re- 
search Laboratory I had built in Pasa- 
dena, the so-called phytotron, and | 
had worked for several months in 
Australia in 1955 consulting with the 
plant scientists there concerning the 
construction of a similar laboratory 
which now has become a reality. It 
was quite a thrill to see how the work 
started in Pasadena was really coming 
to fruition. Perhaps more in Australia 
than anywhere else in the world the 
importance of studies of the environ- 
ment has been recognized, for during 
my stay in Australia I also visited a 
phytotron in Brisbane which was con- 
structed there for the Commonwealth 
Sugar Refining Company to study the 
behavior of sugar cane under different 
climatic conditions. 

Having traveled halfway around 
the world for the opening of this 
laboratory, which was accompanied by 
a symposium on the problems of the 
effect of environment on plants, | 
wanted to use the occasion to study 


some of the remarkable types of vege- 


tation which occur in and near Austra- 
lia. Being there in September, it was 
possible for me to see something of the 
spring flora of the central desert and of 
western Australia. Since there was not 
enough time for both, I decided to 
visit specifically western Australia, 
since in 1955 I had already spent sev- 
eral weeks in the deserts of central 
Australia. 

The western Australian flora is one of 
the most remarkable anywhere in the 
world. In a relatively limited area, 
extending about 400 miles north from 
the southwestern coast of Australia 
and several hundred miles east from 
the western coast, relatively abundant 
winter rains occur. In the southwest- 
ernmost region the rains are pretty 
well distributed throughout the year 
and amount to about fifty inches, al- 
lowing a lush forest growth with the 
monumental karri trees (Eucalyptus 
diversicolor) which tower over all 
other forest trees and reach a height of 
close to 300 feet. Moving toward the 
north and east, the rainfall decreases 
until at twenty to thirty inches the 
vegetation has decreased to a shrub or 
sclerophyll forest, and still farther, 
where the rainfall decreased to ten 
inches or less, an endless desert occurs 
which stretches for 1000 to 2000 miles 
and effectively isolates the southwest- 
ern Australian flora from the rest of 
Australia. This isolation has resulted 
in the development of a very large 
number of exceptional families and 


genera which occur nowhere else in the 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 11 


world. There are approximately 100 so- 
called endemic genera which have their 
only representatives in southwestern 
Australia. A typical example of that 
is Cephalotus, an insectivorous plant 
occurring only in a few bogs. During 
the two weeks’ stay in this area, my 
wife and I traveled exactly 2000 miles 
in a rented car through this botanical 
wonderland, collecting approximately 
650 species of the 10,000 which occur 
in that region. Because of time limita- 
tion we had to restrict our collecting 
to a special group of plants, the shrubs 
which were mostly just in flower dur- 
ing our stay. 

Among the many hundred kinds of 
shrubs occurring in western Australia 
there are perhaps only a dozen which 
have normal leaves such as we find on 
our shrubs and trees; that is to say, 


flat, thin, flexible, lush green leaves. 


Forest of giant Eucalyptus 250 feet tall, in 
western Australia. 


? "er > 
bain 


Ninety per cent of the shrubs have 
stiff and spiny leaves which made col- 
lecting a painful experience. Our 
hands were continuously scratched up. 
More than half of all leaves were 
needle-like, usually ending in a sharp 
point, and very often it was impossible 
to tell whether we were dealing with a 
conifer or a Proteaceae or another fam- 
ily, without seeing the flowers or cones 
on the branches. Other peculiarities 
of this western Australian flora are the 
frequency of red and particularly blue 
flowers, and the spectacular flowering 
plants in which the flowers are com- 
bined into large flower heads. 

Whereas in most areas in the world 
leached sandy soils have a relatively 
poor flora, in Australia the opposite is 
the case; that is to say, the poorer the 
soil, the richer the flora, and the more 
different species can be found. In the 
richer soils the flora is usually relative- 
ly uniform and less interesting, but the 
sand plains, which stretch in the some- 
what drier areas for hundreds of miles 
and which are very poor in nutrients, 
are perhaps the richest plant hunting 
areas anywhere in the world. It 
seemed completely impossible to collect 
all the different kinds of plants which 
occur there, and even when we were 
staying for days in the same area, new 
plants continuously cropped up. It is 
difhcult to explain why under the poor 
soil conditions such an enormous vari- 
ety of plants has developed. Particu- 
larly rich in forms were the myrtle 
family (Myrtaceae), Proteaceae, Good- 
eniaceae, sundews (Droseraceae) and 
Acacias. 

In Perth the paths of my wife and 


myself parted. She returned to St. 


12 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Louis by way of the Orient and Europe, 
whereas I made a side trip to New 
Guinea. As a student at the Univer- 
sity of Utrecht, I had been assistant in 
taxonomic botany for a number of 
years and during that time I had been 
specifically assigned to the flora of 
New Guinea. During the first quarter 
of this century a number of expedi- 
tions had been sent into the interior of 
the Dutch part of New Guinea, which 
at that time was completely ferra in- 
cognita. In those years a new race of 
natives was discovered in the interior, 
differing very much from the Papuans 
of the coastal regions. They were small 
in stature, almost pygmies. They had 
never had any contact with other peo- 
ple except occasionally trading with 
the coastal Papuans. They were canni- 
bals and lived mainly by means of a 
primitive type of agriculture, cultivat- 
ing sugar cane, sweet potatoes, and a 
few vegetables on their highland fields, 
which extended from 6000 to 8000 feet 
in altitude. These tribes have recently 
been in the limelight through articles 
in the National Geographic Magazine 
and in Life. 

When I received a letter from Mr. 
Herman Slade, Director of the Polymer 
Corporation Pty. Limited, Homebush, 
N.S.W., Australia, who is an orchid 
enthusiast, in which he suggested that 
I visit New Guinea while in Australia, 
this immediately struck a responsive 
note and I wrote a letter to John 
Womersley, Director of the Botanical 
Garden in Lae, Territory of New 
Guinea, to inquire whether he could 
in some way help me in visiting the 
highlands there. This was the best 


move I could possibly have made be- 


cause John organized the most incred- 
ibly interesting trip I have ever made 
in my life. Lae lies in the formerly 
German northeast part of New Guinea 
which now is a trust territory admin- 
istered by Australia in conjunction 
with the southeastern quarter of New 
Guinea, Papua. Lae has a white popu- 
lation of several thousand people and 
is the capital of the territory. It has a 
fair number of stores where most of 
the ordinary necessities of life are 
available. A very interesting experi- 
ence was a flower show which was held 
by the New Guinea Horticulture Soci- 
ety. This was already their fifth annual 
show and I was very pleasantly sur- 
prised at the high quality of the plant 
material exhibited. It seemed that all 
of Lae was present at this two-hour 
show. Not only flowers grown in the 
neighborhood of Lae were exhibited, 
but also cool weather plants such as 
dahlias, which had been sent from Wau 
and other highland localities with a 
much cooler climate. Actually, flower 
growing is a major activity not just of 
the Australians living there but also of 
the natives. Wherever I walked, even 
in the remotest villages of the highland 
Papuans, flowers were grown around 
houses, and sometimes in the middle of 
cultivated fields there was a flower 
garden. Flowers were used for decora- 
tion; natives wearing orchids and other 
flowers in their beards or in their hair 
were a common sight. 

Still more remarkable seemed to me 
the use of orchids as ornaments for 
houses. The primitive huts in which 
the natives live in the highlands were 
usually topped by long poles to which 
orchids and other epiphytic plants were 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 13 


tied. In gardens one also would see 
some of the outstanding rhododendrons 
which grow high up in the mountains 
of New Guinea and which apparently 
were cultivated by the natives. 

The highlight of my stay in New 
Guinea was an expedition to the Mt. 
Wilhelm area. This is the highest top 
of the mountain ranges in the eastern 
part of New Guinea and the mountain 
exceeds 15,000 feet in height. As we 
returned from our expedition a group 
of surveyors went up to determine its 
exact height, which was not known at 
the time of my visit. 

Mt. Wilhelm lies in the middle of a 


very inaccessible and very wild moun- 


Giant Araucaria trees protruding from the 


mid-altitude mountain rain forest in the New 
Guinea highlands. 


tainous country. Usually the highest 
peaks occur in young mountain ranges 
which have not been worn down by 
erosion to the extent that the older 
mountain ranges like the Appalachian 
Mountains have been. This means 
that mountain sides are very steep, val- 
leys are very deep, and the terrain is 
very rough. By good fortune there is 
a large valley, the Chimbu, which 
reaches into the Mt. Wilhelm area. 
This is rather densely populated up to 
a height of 9,000 feet, beyond which 
no cultivation of food plants is pos- 
sible. Like the rest of the central 
highlands of New Guinea, this valley 
was first visited by white men in the 
1930’s and a number of missions were 
established. Near the upper one in 
Keglsugl, an airstrip was constructed, 
which for a long time was the only 
means of access to this upper Chimbu 
valley with 20,000 inhabitants. In a 
chartered Cessna plane we flew from 
Lae to Keglsugl, where we met with 
another part of the expedition which 
had come by Landrover from Koroka, 
the district capital. At the airstrip we 
were met by dozens of natives, all 
eager to earn a few shillings by carry- 
ing our baggage to the base camp at 
Lake Aunde at 11,500 feet. Whereas 
some of the carriers were toting loads 
of 50 to 100 pounds, others came along 
just for the walk, carrying nothing 
more than a pair of shoes for some of 
our party. A young boy of about 
twelve years attached himself to me 
and carried my plastic bags in which 
I collected orchids. He also would 
give me a helping hand when the steep 
trail became too muddy and slippery to 


negotiate with my leather-soled shoes. 


14 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


By nine o’clock in the morning when 
we arrived at the Keglsugl airstrip, Mt. 
Wilhelm was already hidden by clouds, 
but the airstrip was still open. As we 
walked up, the clouds became more 
and more threatening and the last two 
hours we walked in a_ steady rain 
drizzle. At such high altitudes the 
clouds do not extend very high above 
you and therefore rains at those al- 
titudes are usually gentle but very 
penetrating. 

In addition to the expedition leader, 
the botanist John Womersley, another 
taxonomist, Dr. Peter van Royen, an 
agricultural officer, Graham Collett, 
and two agriculturists, Andrée Miller 
and Sue Osborn, were members of our 
party. We had brought two native 
plant collectors from Lae, Tomyang 
and Yakas, and half a dozen of the 
highland Papuans stayed with us in our 
camp, among which there were House- 
cook and Man-belong-Mountain, the 
official guide to the top of Mount Wil- 
helm. Our baggage carriers stayed 
overnight, and every day our camp 
was visited by a dozen or more natives, 
who made the 3-hour climb to see 
what we were doing, help in collecting 
plants, bring us fresh vegetables, or 
just simply to stand in our way. The 
vegetables were all brought by the 
women, who tend the fields, and con- 
sisted of potatoes, sweet potatoes, cab- 
bage, peas, broad beans, and a few 
tomatoes and ears of corn carried up 
from much farther away. 

For a whole week we collected in the 
Mt. Wilhelm area, largely in the area 
between our camp next to Lake Aunde 
and the highest altitude where trees 
were still growing. This altitude is 


approximately 13,000 feet and corres- 
ponds to what in the temperate regions 
is called timberline. Whereas in the 
Sierra Nevada in California and in the 
Rocky Mountains timberline is a very 
sharp transition from the forested area, 
with usually fairly large trees growing 
together in dense stands, to a com- 
pletely treeless area, with at most here 
and there a few prostrate weather- 
beaten trees, here in the tropics the 
transition from forests to grassy, tree- 
less alpine vegetation is very gradual. 
At 12,000 or 12,500 feet the forests 
are still dense but the number of trees 
in them decreases and most of the 
plants are shrubs of not more than 
fifteen feet in height. The only ex- 
ception is Podocarpus compacta, which 
forms trees up to fifty feet in height 
which emerge from the shrubby forest. 
As one gets higher, the number of 
Podocar pus trees decreases and finally 
at 13,000 feet they disappear alto- 
gether and the shrub vegetation be- 
comes more and more open and becomes 
easier and easier to penetrate. This 
same gradual disappearance of trees | 
found in the Andes near Cuzco, in 
Peru, where trees disappeared at ap- 
proximately 13,800 feet, somewhat 
higher than in New Guinea. The 
reason for this probably lies in the 
much higher elevation of the Andes. 
It will be interesting to find a logical 
explanation for the difference between 
a sharp timberline in temperate regions 
and the gradual one in the tropics. — 
The forest around our camp was a 
very peculiar one. There were many 
species of Rhododendron and Dimor- 
photheca with brilliantly red or pure 
white flowers. The flowers of the blue- 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 15 


berry (Vaccinium) could make the 
whole tree look pink. With the excep- 
tion of a few Araliaceae, the leaves of 
most of the trees and shrubs at this 
altitude were dark shiny green and 
light green underneath, and most of 
them were relatively small and round. 
This is quite different from the trees 
and shrubs in most other sub-alpine 
areas which do not specifically have 
At the 


altitude of our Camp there were not 


the small orbiculate leaves. 


many epiphytic orchids but the few 
that grew there, such as Dendrobium 
sophronites, were brilliantly colored 
and formed bright brick-red spots on 
the dark bark of the Podocarpus trees. 

When we returned from our sub- 
alpine camp, we were going to drive 
back from Keglsugl in a Landrover 
along a dangerous road winding from 
valley to valley along steep slopes. We 
waited for this car to arrive but we 
heard that it had been wrecked some- 
where along the road. Thus we had 


to wait a whole day for another Car 


which was dispatched from the district 
capital, Goroka. This trip gave us the 
opportunity to see much more of the 
rural life of these highland Papuans. 
They do not live in villages, but their 
huts are distributed singly or in small 
groups along the slopes where they 


have their fields. There are two types 


of houses—the larger ones where from 
six to twelve men live together, and 
smaller ones occupied by one or two 
women with their children. Most of 
these huts are low with thatched roofs 
and bark walls, with a small low open- 
ing for a door through which one has 
to crawl. Inside there is a fire going 
most of the time because of the very 
cool weather at the high altitudes. 
Since there is no opening for the smoke 
to escape, these people are almost con- 
tinuously sitting in smoke, at least as 
long as they are inside the hut, and 
smoke is the all-pervading smell of 
people and of the surroundings of the 
houses. 


Except for a loincloth no clothes are 


A reception committee of highland Papuans at Keglsugl airstrip. 


16 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


worn, although a certain number of 
both men and women may wear a shirt 
or trousers in response to western civ- 
ilization. Women and girls usually 
wear beads and if they are wealthy 
they also have a white pearl oyster shell 
hanging around their neck. Usually 
their ears are pierced to hold ornaments 
but I saw this hole also used to hold a 
cigarette. The men have their nasal 
septa pierced and may wear pigs’ teeth 
through the holes. For decoration the 
men often wear flowers and ferns in 
their hair and beards. 

In some of the larger settlements we 
saw schools. Only a very small pro- 
portion of the children can be accom. 
modated in the schools but there is an 
almost pathetic desire to learn. When 
a new school is opened, parents with 
their children will come from near and 
far and some of the children when ac- 
cepted may have to walk two or three 
hours to and from school each day, 
which they gladly do as a price for 
education. At present not more than 
10% of the children can be accommo- 
dated by the schools, and in one place 
(Gimbogl) I saw a school building 
together with a teacher’s house which 
had been built by the natives on their 
own initiative. After these were com- 
pleted they asked the Government to 
send them a teacher so that their chil- 
dren could be taught. As an addi- 
tional service the natives tended the 
school garden, which was bright with 
flowers such as impatiens, cosmos, 
zinnias and cleome. Unfortunately, 
the native society cannot use the skills 
which the children are being taught, 
since they do not have any need as yet 
for people who can write or calculate. 


This is perhaps the most pathetic part 
of the whole educational problem— 
that they desperately want education 
but do not know what to do with it. 

Later we made another trip into the 
mountains just south of Lae, where we 
stayed in Bulolo and traveled to Wau 
and Edie Creek, all areas of gold- 
mining fame. The magnificent forests 
covering the mountains everywhere are 
now being exploited and merciless log- 
ging supplies wood for sawmills and a 
large plywood factory. Yet there is a 
good deal of reforestation going on, 
almost all with Araucaria. The splen- 
did Araucaria cunninghamii and A. 
excelsa which I saw in Australia fade 
into insignificance when compared 
with the Araucaria hunsteinii of the 
forests above Bulolo. They grow in 
between the enormous trees of the rain 
forest which there reach a height of 
over 150 feet, but they tower high 
over all other forest trees, and many of 
them are 300 feet tall. This means 
that in future botany and forestry 
books they will have to be mentioned 
together with Sequoia and Eucalyptus 
as the tallest trees in the world. And 
the tallest and most magnificent of 
them should be protected in special 
preserves. It is true that these Arau- 
carias have an enormously fast growth 
rate and therefore they are not as wide 
as. Sequoias because they are much 
younger when they reach their phe- 
nomenal height. 

I was surprised that the number of 
epiphytic orchids in these forests was 
relatively small. Here and there one 
saw a tree densely covered with them 
and with large specimens of the stag- 
horn fern, Platycerium Wilhelminae 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL 


reginae. Even though I felt sorry to 
leave this botanist’s paradise, I was 


getting anxious to return to St. Louis, 


GARDEN BULLETIN 17 


the Garden, and the Climatron, which 
I found in fine shape with more 


growth than I had expected. 


ARCTIC ISLAND — A BOTANICAL TRIP TO ELLESMERE LAND 
HENRY N. ANDREWS 


considerable part of the land sur- 

face within the Arctic circle is a 
barren wilderness of rock and it was in 
part this very barrenness that attracted 
us to Ellesmere Land. We hoped to find 
evidence in the rocks of the plants 
that lived there in bygone ages, for the 
northern islands have not always been 
the forbidding ground that has drawn 
so many rugged explorers to their last 
journey. For long periods of time, in 
fact over a span of at least 300 million 
years, forests have flourished under 


conditions that were very different 


from those of today; plants preserved 
in the rocks as fossils reveal the Arctic, 
prior to the recent Ice Age, as having 
had a much milder climate than at 
present. But large areas remain unex- 
plored and more information is needed 
to fill out what is still a rather sketchy 
picture. As an introduction to our 
own venture it may be pertinent to 
mention a few of the fossil deposits 
that have shed light on the contrasting 
landscapes of the past and present. 
Spitsbergen has yielded up an abun- 


dance of information about the plants 


Impressions of the trunks of an ancient forest covered the sedimentary rocks in the foreground; 


only a few yards away is the wall of the icecap. 


18 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


that grew there in Tertiary times— 
dating back some 50 to 60 million 
years. Impressions of leaves and seeds 
indicate forests composed of maple, 
alder, birch, hazelnut, witch-hazel, 
Katsura-tree and the dawn-redwood 
(Metasequoia). An important source 
of information concerning the ancient 
forests now comes from studies of 
fossil pollens, and the Norwegian bot- 
anist Manum has recently added a 
notable chapter to the plant records 
for this Arctic archipelago; he has 
found pollen of several evergreens in- 
cluding fir, spruce, pine, larch and the 
umbrella pine (Sciadopitys). The pol- 
len record also indicates the former 
presence of numerous flowering plants, 
among them being members of the 
heath, sundew and cat-tail families as 
well as others that are not closely com- 
parable with any living plants. It 
seems quite clear that the early Ter- 
tiary climate of Spitsbergen was a 
temperate one. (Some liberty is taken 
here with the use of common names; 
they should be regarded as being close- 
ly related but not necessarily identical 
with the living species. ) 

From Disco Island, midway along 
the west coast of Greenland, a fairly 
rich fossil flora has been found in rocks 
of Chalk Age (Cretaceous) which are 
about twice as old as the Spitsbergen 
deposits mentioned above. It has not 
been possible to correlate all of the 
fossils from Disco Island with modern 
plants, as might be expected in view of 
the distant era in which they lived; 
however, the general relationships of 
many of them are evident. Ginkgo 
and several of its relatives occurred in 


some abundance. The conifers were 


rather well represented and it is of 
interest to find that the flora included 
both evergreen and deciduous trees. 
There were several ferns including the 
lovely gleichenias, which are widely 
distributed today in the tropics and 
near-tropics; among the flowering 
plants there are members of the oak, 
magnolia, laurel, sycamore and legume 
families. The most exciting of all, 
and perhaps the most discussed fossil 
plant ever to have come out of the 
Arctic, is a fine leaf and fruit that 
compares closely with the living trop- 
ical breadfruit. This is something of 
an enigma and has been the focal point 
of considerable discussion about the 
climate of that area during the Creta- 
ceous; the sum total of the evidence 
indicates that it quite certainly was 
more hospitable than it is now but was 
probably temperate rather than trop- 
ical. 

Going back even further in time, to 
the early part of the Jurassic period 
(about 150 million years ago), and 
over on the east side of Greenland, one 
of the most prolific fossil floras ever 
discovered anywhere has revealed a 
wealth of plant life. A few years ago 
Professor Harris of Reading University 
in England spent a year there, in the 
vicinity of Scoresby Sound which lies 
at about 70° north latitude, and his 
collections have added a great chapter 
to our understanding of Arctic forests 
of the past. The results of his studies 
appeared in five volumes and it is hard- 
ly possible to sum them up in a few 
lines, but a few of the highlights give 
some idea of the richness of the ancient 
flora. There were many cinnamon- 


fern relatives—so abundant today 


Camping gear, food and scientific equipment being unloaded at our first camp. 


along the roadsides of our eastern 
states—as well as gleichenias and trop- 
ical marattias, and several other fern 
families that are confined now to 
southeastern Asia. There were numer- 
ous cycads and cycad-like plants, an 
abundance of ginkgo relatives, and, 
most interesting of all, many fossils 
that cannot be compared closely with 
any living plants, If one could slip 
back 150 million years into the past 
and wander through these forests, of 
what is now the east Greenland coast, 
there would be both friends and 
strangers, but regardless of how many 
could be recognized it would be a very 
different landscape from the present 
one. 

Investigations such as those out- 
lined have given us the knowledge we 
have of the vegetation and climate of 
the Arctic in the past. But many 
of the collections of fossil plants that 
have been made to date have been ac- 


quired more or less incidentally to the 


main objectives of the particular expe- 
dition. In view of the vastness of the 
country there is a strong likelihood 
that a concerted search, or rather, 
many searches, would be apt to turn 
up new plants in previously unexplored 
deposits. Ellesmere Island is a large 
chunk of land and few palecbotanists 
have visited it. We thus set out with 
several objectives: We wanted to find 
out more about any and all plants that 
lived there in former ages. We were 
particularly hopeful of finding a par- 
ticular fern-like plant, Archacopteris, 
as a source of information bearing on 
the origin of early seed plants. One of 
our party, an expert on Canadian peat 
deposits, wished to investigate peat 
formation in high latitudes; and final- 
ly, it may be confessed we wanted to 
see the Arctic! 

Our small expedition of three left 
Winnepeg early one morning toward 
the latter part of June and landed a 
few hours later at Churchill, on the 


20 
west short of Hudson Bay. Several 
days later, with our three-quarters of 
a ton of baggage assembled, we took 
off in a Canadian Air Force plane for 
Resolute Bay another five hours to the 
north. We had arranged with a com- 
mercial company to meet us there with 
a DeHaviland “Otter,” capable of 
carrying about a ton including passen- 
gers and baggage. After a meal, and 
with our baggage transferred, we took 
off again on the final lap of our jour- 
ney, to the head of Goose Fiord. 


North central Canada and the Canadian 
Arctic. Ellesmere Island appears at the top in 
black with Greenland to the 

The southwest part of Ellesmere (area 


solid northern 
right. 
within square) is shown enlarged at the lower 


left. 


‘a 7 | 
| 
6" os” 


_ { 
| 
— — 
ae a BON op ee 
N\A ff | | | ALAR Soe SACS ON 
- Paw. F / | SOLAN 
/ / | \ s ™S 
4 / | \ Saat 
/ CL f J / / | \ eA * 
\ P J rae 7 \ \ x \ \ K 
a / / / eta ees ‘ 2 
JS X (GBF EN ee 
i o 
ff 12, a* y ee 


- TE B \ \ 
| \ 
4 : deits i ‘ \ 
“3 Qe ( os \ x A 
~ ra" r va 
Ree 2 i ‘ 
Ba ss $y) y 2 
fee ae. j\_--\ 
ao ed \ 
86° 6b" = ~4 ty s 
2g is 76 \ \ 
r iN ¢ ~ \ oe \ i” 7) 
= ( ate ? b Eo 2 
Nod i ys HUDSON * \ 
NaF g oa be BA r 
Fag d eee | e \ 
ah i yCH a \ e \ 
| i uA 
| | ; 
| — “i . \ 
" \ 
ay \ 
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oe 


cr 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Transportation in the Arctic is still 
a difhcult problem but today it is 
largely by air; with some luck and a 
good deal of money it is possible to get 
places in a few hours or days that re- 
quired months or years a few decades 
ago. I was delegated to ride in the 
cockpit with the pilot and select the 
landing site at our destination. During 
the two previous flights the vegetation 
had been gradually becoming more 
stunted until it disappeared almost 
completely. Aside from the change in 
the vegetation the most impressive fea- 
ture of the north country is the endless 
number of lakes; at almost any point 
from Winnipeg to Resolute there are 
thousands of them in view from the 
air, of all sizes and shapes. 

The 


country for the first hour out of Reso- 


complete barrenness of the 


| lute was depressing; the low-lying 


brown earth with hardly a vestige of 
plant life strikes no joy into the heart 
of a botanist. But as we approached 
the southwest coast of Ellesmere the 
abrupt headlands, and snow-caps on 
the plateau country, marked a scenic 
change for the better. Goose Fiord is 
a narrow band of water extending in- 
land for 20 miles with sides that are 
quite steep in places, and rising as high 
as about 1500 feet. At the head of the 
ford the land is comparatively level 
with, as we found later, a meager but 
lovely flora where dwelled a fine herd 
of caribou. I motioned to the pilot 
toward what appeared to be an accept- 


able 


exposures we wished to investigate. 


campsite central to the rock 


He swooped once over the area, picked 
out a stretch of 100 yards or so that 


was reasonably free of large rocks, 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 21 


and down we went—to a successful 
landing. 

After a day spent in establishing 
a camp and exploring its immediate 
surroundings we set to work in earnest 
to search for the ancient fern-like 
plants that had lived here some 300 
million years ago. Our “leads” were 
two-fold: we had some knowledge of 
the geologic age of the rocks and, in 
1902, a Norwegian expedition had 
spent some time on this part of Elles- 
mere and had found a few specimens. 
Aided by a rough sketch map of the 
north end of the ford we set about 
locating the spots where they had 
found fossils some 60 years before. 

This part of Ellesmere does not 
conform with the concept of the Arc- 
tic as a land of perpetual snow. We 
were, however, welcomed with a few 
days of weather that was something 
short of tropical. On the second day 
sleeting rain descended as we ate lunch 
on a high rocky slope, and the follow- 
ing day and a half we remained in the 
tents hoping that the extra weight 
would help keep them from blowing 
away in the gale that poured down 
from the snow field a few miles to the 
east. But for most of the next month 
the sky was cloudless with the sun 
making a great circle overhead every 
24 hours. The temperature ranged from 
45 to 55° F. most of the time and 
a few days were uncomfortably warm 
for us with heavy packs on our backs. 
In late June the fiord was still frozen, 
with great masses of sea ice piled up 
on the shore and a few seals sunning 
themselves on ice cakes a short distance 
out; but with two weeks of steady sun 
it was transformed into a sheet of 


brilliant blue water. Most of the coun- 
try within a radius of 7 or 8 miles of 
our camp was free of snow by mid 
July—a rocky, barren land with the 
exception of the valley immediately to 
the north, which was carpeted with a 
rather lush growth of grasses, sedges 
and moss. On the several trips we 
made in that direction we always en- 
countered the caribou and with some 
patience on our part they would come 
up to within 50 yards of our cameras. 
The lone musk ox that we found one 
day was less curious of the two-footed 
invaders and we followed him for an 
hour, finally using a low hillock as a 
shield to approach close enough for a 
photo. In a ravine near our camp 


lived a pair of magnificent Arctic 


Cotton-grass appears in the bogs in mid-July. 


bho 
bo 


today, and only a few yards away rose 
hares that seemed to accept us without 
question as a part of the landscape. On 
one occasion we were fortunate in en- 
countering a polar bear that was stalk- 
ing a seal asleep on an ice cake off 
shore; as he galloped away from one ice 
cake to the next, evidently more in 
surprise than in fear of the plane, it 
was clear that we were unwelcome 


intruders in his realm. 


Although we were in search of 
plants that lived in the Arctic long 
ago it is hardly possible to ignore the 
living. In late June the lower slopes 
were dotted with patches of a lavender 
saxifrage (Saxifraga oppositifolia), by 
far the most showy of the 30 odd 
flowering plants we collected, al- 
though a close competitor was a yellow 
poppy (Papaver radicatum) that came 
into bloom in mid July. Although less 
colorful than these two, the Arctic 
willow (Salix arctica) was most abun- 
dant, growing perfectly prostrate it 
formed rather dense mats over the 
rocky ground and developed a little 
more luxuriantly in the lee of banks, 
where it gained some protection from 
the wind. There were several other 
saxifrages, a few members of the mus- 
tard family, and one lone patch of a 
magnificent purple evening primrose 
(Epilobium  latifolium)—and_ occa- 


sional dandelions! 


Although less colorful, the grasses 
and sedges are fairly well represented 
and in late July cotton-grass (Eri- 
ophorum scheuchzeri) with its lovely 
white ball-like heads put on a welcome 
display in the boggy ground not far 


from the tent. Lichens are abundant 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


in this part of the island, and we gath- 
ered about a dozen different mosses. 

The long cold and dark winter with 
temperatures ranging down to 50° 
below zero offer a serious obstacle to 
plant life but an equally rigorous one 
is the very low rainfall. For the three 
year period 1959-61 the annual pre- 
cipitation (rain and snow) at Resolute 
Bay equaled about 6 inches, while at 
Eureka, a weather station on Ellesmere 
some 200 miles north of our camp, 
there was only a little over 2 inches 
per year, resulting in extreme desert 
conditions. 

As a result of a month’s search in 
the vicinity of our Goose Fiord camp 
and at another locality some 40 miles 
to the north, we were able to box up 
several hundred pounds of fossil plant 
specimens. A thin coal seam was 
located which we hope will yield 
spores, but most significant are speci- 
mens of Archacopteris, the fern-like 
plant that may have been a forerunner 
of the early seed-plants. At two local- 
ities we found reproductive structures 
and a few precious fragments that are 
petrified, showing well-preserved in- 
ternal structure. These were discov- 
ered somewhat accidentally. A few 
days after our arrival at Goose Fiord 
we set out to reach the icecap that 
covers the plateau some 7 or 8 miles to 
the east. Unable to follow our planned 
route due to streams pouring down 
from the melting ice field, we detoured 
far to the north and in so doing en- 
countered extensive ledges with a 
magnificent display of stem impres- 
sions. Some of these represented trees 
of 10 inches in diameter, quite in con- 


trast to the diminutive vegetation of 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 23 


the blue wall of ice as shown in one of 
the photos. We could readily visual- 
ize the forest of 300 million years ago 
where the icecap now covered the 
plateau. In order to study this spot 
more carefully we set out to reach it 
again about a week later; this time we 
followed what we hoped would be a 
more direct route that had been plot- 
ted roughly from a_ reconnaissance 
flight in the plane. It must be ad- 
mitted that my routing was not 
perfect and the distance covered was 
probably greater than on the first 
venture partly because we ascended the 


wrong spur out of the valley; but it 
was on this spur, only a few hundred 
feet above the valley floor that we 
found the petrified fragments of the 
leaf stalk and its branches. These are 
in an initial stage of laboratory study 
but clearly promise to reveal exciting 
new aspects of the plant. 

Thus a mistake in routing and frus- 
tration by a glacial stream led us to 
our most important find. We are now 
sure that future visits, with or with- 
out mistakes and frustrations, will 
yield much more about the ancient 
forests of the Arctic. 


A LOOK AT THE LAPPS 
MRS. WILLIAM EISENDRATH, wir Kari LINNAEUS 


y Arctic trip did not extend as 

far north as that of Dr. An- 
drews, nor was it to a completely unin- 
habited area, as his was. The travel ads 
described the trip my daughter and I 
took as the “7-Day Air-Sea Tour to 
Northern Norway.” We spent the 
first of our 7 days flying from Oslo to 
Bardufoss Airport, the end of sched- 
uled air service. As we flew north each 
airport was more primitive than the 
last, until at Bardufoss we debarked on 
a high meadow graced only with a 
shed and a few military jets. From 
there we took a 3-hour bus ride to 
Troms@, the largest town of the region 
(population 23,000). Troms has 
been the jumping-off place for several 
voyages of exploration to the Arctic, 
and is today the location of a northern 
lights observatory, an aquarium, a 
whaling station, an agricultural school, 


and an extraordinary museum which 


includes many Arctic exhibits and 
botanical displays. The curators of 
the Troms@ Museum have edited a 
most helpful book entitled Norway 
North of 65, published by the Oslo 
University Press in 1960. This book, 
printed in English, contains useful 
facts and descriptions about the life in 
northern Norway, including farming 
methods for that northern area, where 
fields are steep and small. 

We were 250 miles north of the 
Arctic Circle, but coastal Norway is 
blessed with the presence of the Gulf 
Stream, so that the lowest recorded 
temperature at Troms¢@ is only 4 de- 
grees F., and it has been known to get 
as high as 83 degrees. This relatively 
warm temperature permits the opera- 
tion of coastal steamers, the so-called 


“hurtigruta”—express mail steamers— 
all during the year. We took the boat 


from Troms@ to Kirkenes, then crossed 


24 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Finnemark by bus before getting on 
the boat again at Hammarfest for the 
trip home. It was on the bus trip that 
I knew firmly that, like Linnaeus 230 
years ago, I was in Lapland. For the 
rest of the description I am going to 
relate my experiences somewhat to his. 
From my own observations and from 
what I read in the Troms¢@ book, I’m 
convinced that the Lapp way of life 
has changed little since his day, al- 
though the concentration of the 
Lapps themselves is today more in the 
northern regions where I was, than in 
the areas through which Linnaeus 
traveled. 


The Lapps are regarded as the oldest 
race in northern Norway, their ances- 
tors possibly having inhabited some of 
the coastal areas as far back as 4000 
years. Most people to whom I talked 
seemed to think that they are of cen- 
tral European origin. At any rate, 
since historic time began they have in- 
habited the northern tips of the four 
northern countries of Europe—Nor- 
way, Sweden, Finland, and Russia— 
and their racial characteristics flow so 
continuously over national boundaries 
even today that a special Nordic Lapp 
Council (not including Russia) at- 
tempts to solve their common problems. 
Today the Lapps, always nomadic 
herdsmen, stay pretty much within 
national boundaries, however, to 
avoid paying taxes to more than one 
nation, and only about 1500 of them 
still engage in the reindeer herding in- 
dustry of their ancestors. In inner 
Finnemark, which we crossed by bus, 
the Troms¢ book says that “the Lapp- 


ish language and culture are still very 


much alive and set their seal on all 
aspects of social life.” 

When Linnaeus visited them in 1732 
he was 25 years old, and was already 
a distinguished student of medicine at 
the University of Uppsala. The great 
professor of medicine, Olaf Rudbeck, 
also had charge of the university’s 
botanical garden and had deputized 
Linnaeus as his assistant. 

Association with Rudbeck is un- 
doubtedly what inspired Linnaeus to 
travel among the Lapps. Rudbeck had 
visited them in 1695, but before he 
had a chance to publish his notes they 
were completely destroyed in a fire 
which in 1702 reduced most of Upp- 
sala to ashes. Consequently, the nat- 
ural sciences of northern Sweden as 
well as knowledge of Lapp culture 
were both closed files to the learned 
world. Linnaeus was given a small 
grant from the Royal Academy of 
Sciences when he promised to try to 
open them. 

Among the pathetically few items 
he took with him on the long journey 
he made on foot was the diary which, 
in manuscript, can be seen today at 
the Linnaean Society in London. His 
handwriting was then as always such a 
tiny, scratchy scrawl that it amazes 
me that anyone ever deciphered it. 
And nobody did successfully attempt 
to do so until just prior to 1811, when 
it first appeared in print. This first 
edition was in English (it was not pub- 
lished in Swedish until 1889) and it 
was in English for an interesting rea- 
son. At the time of Linnaeus’s death 
in 1783, the impoverished family of- 
fered all of the collections of the elder 
Linnaeus to Sir Joseph Banks, then 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 25 


President of London’s Royal Society, 
for £1,000. Banks referred the offer 
to a young and keen naturalist, James 
Edward Smith, whose father, a wealthy 
Norwich manufacturer, provided the 
money. In Sweden, a private effort 
was made, too late, to retain the col- 
lections and library. An appeal was 
made to the King to stop their export, 
but the brig loaded with the precious 
cargo had already passed the last Swed- 
ish customs post. The story of her 
pursuit by a Swedish naval vessel is 
now thought to be apocryphal. 

But the ‘“‘young and keen natural- 
ist,” Smith, made good use of his 
father’s investment, and became a 
founder and first president of the 
famous Linnaean Society in 1788. 
Presumably it was he who had Lin- 
naeus’ Lapland journal translated. 
The actual translation was by a Charles 
Troilius, a young man described only 
as “in the mercantile line,” but it was 
published under Smith’s name, and the 
plant identifications in it are his. 

Linnaeus left Uppsala on May 12th 
and on the 24th of that month reached 
Umoea, where he waited on the Gov- 
ernor of the Province of Westbothland, 
Baron Grundell. Linnaeus wrote about 
the garden there that “the red cab- 
bage thrived very well . . . potatoes 
are not larger than poppy heads . 
broad beans come to perfection but 
peas, though they form pods, never 
ripen . . . roses, apples, pears, and 
plums hardly grow at all, though cul- 
tivated with the greatest attention.” 

At Umoea he was still far south of 
the area I visited, so I don’t know what 
happened to Grundell’s potatoes. Up 
where I was they were by far the most 


important field crop, and you didn’t 
have to read the Tromsé Museum book 
to know it; they were served, cooked 
in two ways, at both lunch and dinner 
daily on the boat. Along with carrots, 
cabbages and cauliflower they account 
for 10% of all the agriculture of 
northern Norway, the other 90% 
being accounted for by the hay fields 
I saw all over. But this 90% is very 
little, since only 0.8% of the total area 
of northern Norway is under any kind 
of cultivation. 

This fact would not have been news 
to Linnaeus, who wrote that: 

“Hay is a very scarce article in these 
parts,” and when he arrived at Jamt- 
boht, near Umoea “...some women 
were sitting employed in cutting the 
bark of the aspen tree (Populus tremu- 
la) into small pieces . . . The bark is 
stripped from the tree just when the 
leaves begin to sprout forth, and laid 
up in a place under the roof of a house 
until the autumn or the following 
spring, when it is cut into these small 
pieces. ...In this state it serves as 
food for cows, goats, and sheep, in- 
stead of hay.” The reason for the 
shortage of hay Linnaeus gives as “ 
The fields consist principally of 
marshy tracts.” For this I can vouch, 
even in the part of Scandinavia which 
I visited. It is sometimes called the 
“land of the bog-cotton,” and when 
this plant is blooming it gives the 
marshy tracts a kind of fairy-like 
beauty I had never seen before. 

But of course it was not cows, goats, 
or sheep that Linnaeus saw when he 
went farther north, nor was it among 
the Lapps I saw. Their grazing herds 


were and are reindeer—and I must say 


26 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


that seeing an enormous herd of them 
at the North Cape was quite an ex- 
perience. Today it is said there are no 
wild reindeer left; reindeer have been 
the basis of the Lapps’ economy since 
at least the 16th century and all today 
are domesticated to some degree and 
are privately owned. It is hardly be- 
lievable that the statistics of this econ- 
omy have not changed at all. Lin- 
naeus wrote in 1732 that: ‘The 
riches of the Laplanders consists in the 
number of their reindeer, and in the 
extent of the ground in which they 
feed. The poorest people have from 
50 to 200 of these animals, the middle 
class from 300 to 700, and the rich 
possess about 1000.” 


In a chapter in the 1960 Troms¢ 
Museum book on the reindeer industry, 
it says: “It is usual to reckon the sub- 
sistence level for the average family of 
5 members lies around 200 animals 
before calving . . . and according to 
returns made by the Lapp Bailiff in 
Finnemark, about 43°) of the deer 
owners had over 200 head.” 


The Laplanders in Linnaeus’ day, as 
now, ate the reindeer’s meat (as I did, 
and found to be good), the reindeer’s 
milk, from which they also made a 
cheese mixed with the leaves of sorrel 
(Rumex acetosa). Reindeer skin with- 
out hair is used for gloves or in har- 
nesses; with the hair on it is used for 
blankets, jackets and shoes. The leg 
tendons can be used to make cord, and 
Linnaeus found that the thread made 
from the tendons of 6 month old 
fawns was very pliable ‘‘and peculiarly 
fit for embroidery.” In fact, he 
wrote, “I brought away a sample of it 


which I believe none of our ladies 
could match.” 

Linnaeus realized how all-important 
the reindeer were, and it disturbed him 
to see that: “The reindeer suffers 
great hardship in autumn when, the 
snow being all melted away during 
summer, a sudden frost freezes the 
Lichen rangiferinus (Cladonia, I 
think) which is his only winter food. 
When this fails, the animal has no 
other resource, for he never touches 
hay. His keepers fell the trees in order 
to supply him with the filamentous 
lichens that clothe their branches, but 
this kind of food does not supply the 
place of what is natural to him. It is 
astonishing how he can get at his 
proper food through the deep snow 
that covers it, and by which it is pro- 
tected from the severe frosts... . 
When the frost is so intense as to form 
an impenetrable crust on the surface 
of the snow, so that the animal cannot 
break it with his feet to get at the 
lichen on which he feeds, he is fre- 
. . The 


reindeer fed with evident avidity on 


quently starved to death. 


the great water horsetail (Equisetum 
fluviale ) 


state, and though they will not eat 


. though it was in a dry 


common hay.” 

Linnaeus remarked further: “How 
unaccountably negligent are the Lap- 
landers, not to collect in the course of 
summer a stock of this plant (Equi- 
setum fluviale), the great water horse- 
tail, and of the reindeer-moss for win- 
ter fodder! 


some winter provision for the herd... 


They could then have 


and not hazard the loss of all they are 
worth in the world.” 
It disturbed him, too, that he 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


found extensive pine forests growing 
in Lappmark (Lycksele Lapland), but 
the trees fell and rotted on the ground. 
He could not even sell the simple idea 
of extracting tar or pitch from them— 
in fact, the only use he found in 
practice was that the Lapps made the 
outer layer of their bows from the 
wood of Pinus sylvestria. 

These forests that disturbed Lin- 
naeus remind me of a botanical fact 
that I thought interesting; whereas in 
the mountainous areas I know, the tree 
line is formed mostly by conifers, in 
northern Scandinavia there is usually a 
birch belt between the conifer region 
and the treeless alpine region. During 
my boat trip around the northern coast 
I saw no conifers at all, but when we 
crossed Finnemark by bus, we did see 
what is said to be the world’s northern- 
most forest, in the Satbburdsdal Val- 
ley, just west of the base of Porsanger- 
fiord. Strangely, there are very few 
spruces in northern Norway, and no- 
body seems to know the reason why. 
This is not the case, of course, in 
Sweden, where Linnaeus found most 
interesting uses being made of this 
tree. 

In Pithoea he even found bread being 
made of spruce fir bark, because of a 
crop failure the preceding year. In 
Norway he obtained the recipe for 
such bread, and in Lulean Lapland he 
found that young bruised shoots of 
spruce fir, applied to the temple, were 
thought to relieve headache from “‘ex- 
cessive drinking or any other cause.” 
More generally useful, I should imag- 
ine, were the ropes made from the roots 


with full instructions 


of spruce fir 


given. 


ho 
N 


He also speaks of the agaric of the 
spruce fir, used by Laplanders to smoke 
off the insect pests of their reindeer 
and themselves. Linnaeus also writes 
of the agaric of the willow (defined by 
Smith as Boletus suaveolens) being 
used as a perfume by young gentlemen 
calling on their lady friends. 

Linnaeus lists innumerable other uses 
to which the Lapps put their plants: 
“... Birch bark is said to be used to 
make plates, boat scoops, shoes, bas- 
kets, and tubs in which to salt fish,” as 


ec 


well as for “making ropes which will 
not sink in water. ... When the Lap- 
landers expect any visitors, they are 
particularly careful to have plenty of 
branches of the Dwarf Birch spread on 
the floor under the reindeer skins on 
which they sit; otherwise they would 
be thought deficient in civility, and the 
mistress of the family would be cen- 
sured as a bad manager when the 
guests returned to their own homes.” 
Linnaeus found that the use of 
Polytrichum as both mattress and 
coverlet is an example of the “bounti- 
ful provision of Nature,” since “noth- 
ing can be more warm and comfort- 
able,” as well as practical—the bedding 
is light and easy to carry about, and 
when it becomes too dry and com- 
pressed it is reconditioned by the addi- 
tion of a little moisture. Lycopodium 
(Lycopodium complanatum) is useable 
for dyeing yarn. Sphagnum grows 
generously in the north, and I saw its 
peat, in Finnemark, used not only as 
fuel, but still visible in the construc- 
tion of some of the first buildings the 
Norwegians put up when they re- 
turned to their land after the war. 


(The Germans, in their retreat, had 


28 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


destroyed every single bridge and 
The uses 


Linnaeus reports for sphagnum are 


building in the province.) 


different indeed—as a lining for Lapp 
cradles, covered over with a soft layer 
of reindeer hair, in which the babies 
lay quite uncovered. Powdered sphag- 
num, he says, has the further use of 
being “applied to excoriations in the 
skin of young children, while Usnea is 
applied to excoriations of the feet.” 
Various herbaceous plants are used, 
of course, for seasonings or foods of 
many kinds. The one that particular- 
ly intrigued me was a gigantic umbel- 
liferous plant, Angelica archangelica, 
which grows wild in the area around 
and south of Troms@ and is so large 
one cannot miss it. The Laplanders 
scrape the young and tender stalks and 
eat them as a delicacy, according to 
Linnaeus, and they also mix its root 
with their chewing tobacco to give it 
flavor. I saw the plant growing in the 
fascinating economic garden at the 
University of Uppsala and was per- 
suaded by the director, Nils Hylander, 
to taste a “‘young and tender stalk.” 


For at least 12 hours thereafter my 
tongue burned so badly that I was 
convinced I’d been poisoned by this 
relative of the hemlock. 


In conclusion I want to say that not 
the least delight of my summer was 
the Linnaeana that it led to. The 
meeting with Dr. Hylander came about 
because I was hunting for Linnaeus’ 
summer home just outside Uppsala, at 
Hammerby. But ever since I came 
home it has been fun to read Linnaeus’ 
account of his journey and to realize 
the amazing breadth of the mind of 
this 25 year old man. He discusses the 
insects, birds, fish and animals of the 
area he traversed as learnedly, I’m sure, 
as he does the plants there. Perhaps 
you'll say this is perfectly natural for 
a student of medicine and natural sci- 
ence, but he writes pages, too, about 
the Lapp marriage ceremony, and 
about the rules of a couple of games 
called Spetto and Tablut. And even 
when he sticks to the plant world for 
which we know him best, there is a 


charm that enhances his style. 


FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN NOTES 


f hes Tower Grove Shop is still open 
every day. There have been dis- 
turbing rumors that it opened only for 
the Christmas season, and Mrs. Frank 
Vesser of the Historical Committee 
reports that she has received calls 
from people who were wondering 
if there was still a Tower Grove 
Shop. There is a Tower Grove Shop, 
tucked away in an upstairs room of 
the Tower Grove House. It is open 


every day from 10 A.M. to 4 P.M., 
and has supplies for home gardening 
and flower arranging, English garden- 
ing tools, gloves, and aprons, books on 
flower arranging and other garden 
subjects, herb seasonings and vinegars, 
plus maps and books about old St. 
Louis and the surrounding Missouri 
countryside. Plan to come in and look 
around; there’s no need to wait until 
next Christmas. 


BOARD OF TRUSTEES 


RoBert BROOKINGS SMITH, Sam’L. C. Davis 
President Henry HircHcock 
Leicester B, Faust, JOHN S. LEHMANN 
ice President Ropert W. Orro 
Henry B. PrLlacer, Warren McKINNEY SHAPLEIGH 
Second Vice President 
Howarp F, Barr 
Danie K. Catlin 


DupLey FrReNcH, 
Honorary Trustee 


EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS 


THomas H. Etror, 
Chancellor, Washington University 


DANIEL SCHLAPFLY, 
President, Board of Education of St. Louis 
RayMoND R. Tucker, 
Vayor, City of St. Louis 


Grorce L. Capican, 
Bishop, Diocese of Missouri 


STrRATPORD LEE MorRTON, 
President, Academy of Science of St. Louis 


FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN 
Harry E. Wuertenbaecher. Jr., President, Mrs. William R. Bascom, Itce President, Mrs. 
Curtis Ford, Vice President, Mrs. M. M. Jenks, Vice President, Mrs. Fristoe Mullins, 
Vice President, Mrs. Eli M. Strassner, lice President, Sears Lehmann, 7 recsurer, 
Kathleen M. Miller, Secretary. 


HORTICULTURAL COUNCIL 


Clifford W. Benson. Paul M. Bernard) Mrs. Paul H. Britt, EG. Cherbonnier, Carl F. 
Giebel, Robert FE. Goetz, Paul Hale. Earl Hath, Mrs. Hazel L. Knapp, F. R. MeMath, 
Dan O'Gorman, Gilbert Pennewilh, Ralph Rabenau, Mrs. Gilbert J. Samuelson, Philip A. 
Conrath, Chairmau. 


WOMEN’S ASSOCIATION 


Mrs. J. Bruce Butler. President, Mrs. James G. Alfring, First Vice President, Mrs, 
William Harrison, Second lice President, Mrs. Joseph Jannuzzo, Treasurer, Mrs. Paul 
Britt, Corresponding Secretary, Mrs. Edwin Stuessie, Recording Secretary. 


HISTORICAL COMMITTEE 


John S. Lehmann, Chairman, Mrs. Edwin R. Culver and Mrs, Neal S. Wood, Co-Chairmen 
for Restoration. 
GARDEN STAFF 

Frits W. Went, Director Brian Gorpon, Editorial Assistant 
Hucu C, Currier, Executive Director James Hampton, Assistant Engineer 
EpGar ANDERSON, Curator of Useful Plants aut A. None, Floriculturist 
Henry N. Anprews, Paleobotanist C. Rane Lincon, Assistant 
to the Director 


CLARENCE Barpre, Instructor Eprru S. Mason, Landscape Architect 


Ernest Biser, Horticulturist VIKTOR MUEHLENBACHS, Research 
Louis G. BRENNER, Grounds Associate 


Superintendent 


CrristopHer Crowns, Horticulturist 
of Tropical Plants 


_— 


LJADISLAUS CUTAK, Greenhouse 
Superintendent 


~ 


“ARROLL W. DopGe, Mycologist 


‘“aLaAWAY H. Dopson. Taxonomist and 
Curator of Living Plants 


~ 


Ropert L. Dresster, Taxonomist and 
Editor of the ANNALS 


James A. Duke, Assistant Curator 
of the Herbarium 


Joun D. Dwyer, Research Associate 
Watrtpo G. Fecu ner, Business Manager 
RAYMOND FREEBORG, Research Associate 


Ropert J. Gitvespre, In Charge of 
Orchids 


Norton If. NrckeERSON, Morphologist 
LitntaAN OverLAnpb, Research Assistant 
KENNETH O. Peck, Instructor 


GrorGE H. PRiING, Superintendent 
Emeritus 


WitiramM IF. Rerpe, Superintendent of 
Operations 


Owen J. Sexton, Research Ecologist 

KENNETH A. Smitu, Chief Engineer 

FRANK STEINBERG, Superintendent of 
Phe Arboretum, Gray Summit 

GEORGE B. Van Scuaack, Librarian and 
Curator of Grasses 


TRIFON VON SCHRENK, Associate Curator 


of the Museum 


RopertT EK. Woopson, Jr., Curator of the 
Herbarium 


SOME FACTS ABOUT SHAW’S GARDEN 


The Missouri Botanical (Shaw’s) Garden was established in 
1859 by Henry Shaw, a St. Louis businessman, to be controlled 
by a Board of Trustees for the public benefit. The Garden is 
a non-profit institution which receives no support from the city 
or state, depending on the income from the Shaw estate supple- 
mented by contributions from the public. 


The old stone walls and cast-iron fences, the Linnean House, 
the Museum Building, the part of the Administration Building 
which was Shaw’s Town House, relocated in the Garden in 1890, 
and the Tower Grove House, his country home, all date from 
Mr. Shaw’s time. The Main Gate, display and growing green- 
houses and most other facilities date from the period immediately 
following the turn of the century. The Climatron, opened in 
1960, is the first of several new buildings planned for the Gar- 
den’s redevelopment. It is the world’s first geodesic dome, fully 
climate-controlled greenhouse and contains the Garden’s tropical 
collections. 

The Garden—70 acres—is open every day of the year from 
9:00 A.M. until sundown; the greenhouses 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 
P.M.; the Climatron Monday through Thursday 9:00 A.M. to 
5:00 P.M., Friday through Sunday 9:00 A.M. to 9:00 P.M. 
Tower Grove House is open daily from 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 P. M. 
(April through November) ; 10:00 A. M. to 4:00 P. M. (Decem- 
ber through March). The Display House presents four seasonal 
displays: November, Chrysanthemums; December, Poinsettias; 
February, Orchids; Spring, Lilies and other flowers. During the 
year are other shows, competitions and festivals sponsored by 


various Garden Clubs and Flower Societies. 

Courses in Botany and Horticulture for adults are conducted 
by the Garden staff. Children’s nature studies are provided each 
Saturday of the year and a special nature program is held during 
the summer. Information on these activities is published in the 
BULLETIN or may be had by mail or phone. The Garden main- 
tains a research program through the Henry Shaw School of 
Botany, Washington University. 

In 1926 an Arboretum — 1600 acres — was established at 
Gray Summit, Missouri. Foot trails and roads pass through the 
Arboretum and are open to visitors in April and May. 


The Garden Administration Building is located at 2315 
Tower Grove Ave., and the Garden’s main entrance is at Tower 
Grove and Flora Place. The entrance at Tower Grove and 
Cleveland Avenue is also open to the public. The Garden is 
served by both the Sarah (No. 42) and the Park-Southampton 
(No. 80) city bus lines. 


Persons interested in helping to support the Garden and tak- 
ing part in Garden activities are urged to do so through the 
“Friends of the Garden”. Information may be obtained from 
the Main Gate or by mail or phone. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN 


: February 1963 
ee ae Volume LI 


Number 2 


GEORGE H. PRING RETIREMENT ISSUE 


Cover: George Harry Pring, the Garden’s superintendent retiring after 57 years 
at the Garden, answers one of the 50 calls a day he gets as St. Louis’ favorite garden 
“Answer Man.” During his retirement he will continue to be in the Main Gate office 


to answer garden questions every weekday morning from 9 to 12. 


PHOTO BY BRIAN GORDON 


Office of publication: 306 E. Simmons Street, Galesburg, Illinois. 


Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis 10, 


Missouri. 
Editor for this issue: BRIAN GORDON. 


Published monthly except July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri 
Botanical Garden. Subscription price: $3.50 a year. 


Entered as second-class matter January 26, 1942, at the post-office at Galesburg, Illinois, 
under Act of March 3, 1879. 


Missouri Botanical Garden 


Vol. LI No. 2 


Bulletin 


February 1963 


GEORGE H. PRING 


Slee newly appointed foreman in 
the orchid department at the Mis- 
souri Botanical Garden was being 
shown the Garden’s collection of about 
300 orchid plants. As they inspected 
the orchids the director said, ‘Tell me, 
what do you think of our orchid col- 
lection?” 

The new man quietly answered, 
“Well, you haven’t got much of a col- 
lection, have you?” 

“Coming from Kew,” the director 
replied, “I suppose you think we 
haven’t, but you should have a big 
future, and one day we may even have 
a better collection than Kew.” With 
that challenge, George Harry Pring 
began his career at Shaw’s Garden. It 
was 1906, and he was just 20 years 
old. 

Born in 1885 in Devonshire, he had 
just come from Kew, one of many 


’ 


“Kewites” whose training in horticul- 
ture had prepared them for careers all 
over the world. ‘‘Trained at Kew” 
meant the best possible education in 
horticulture in the early 1900’s, and 
George Pring had been well trained. 
At 20, he was the youngest person to 
graduate from the famous Queen’s 
School of the Royal Botanic Gardens 
at Kew. At the age of 14 he won a 
scholarship to work there as garden 
boy, sweeping walks and washing pots 
and waiting until the time when he 
could become a regular student. No 


one was allowed to enter Kew before 


the age of 21, but “Young George,” as 
he was called, took the hardest exam- 
inations given at the school—physics 
and chemistry—to show he could do 
the work even though he was only 19. 
No one had given him permission to 
take the tests; so he was worried when 
he was called up before the supervisor, 


who had been informed that the gar- 


“Young George,” the future superintendent, 
as a garden boy at Kew Gardens, London. Age 


14 years, 


i) 


den boy had not only taken the exams, 
but had passed them with good marks. 

Instead of the reprimand he was 
expecting, the boy was told that in his 
case an exception to the usual admit- 
tance rules was being made, that he 
was to be considered a regular student 
from that moment on. When he grad- 
uated from Kew the following year, 
he was still younger than any incom- 
ing student was supposed to be. 

Mr. Pring, as he was now called, 
wanted to work for the Missouri Botan- 
of 


St. Louis World’s Fair was becoming 


ical Garden, which because the 


known in London. He got the job as 
foreman in charge of orchids and 
exotic plants, and came to St. Louis. 
(The 300 orchids he found here in 
1906 grew in not very many years to 
of 


50,000 plants and 1200 varieties, sur- 


a world-famous collection over 
passing or at least equaling the collec- 
tion at Kew.) 

Dur- 


ing the trip across the Atlantic he met 


He returned to Kew in 1907. 


Fifth from left in the first row is George Pring, shown with his class at Kew Gardens. 


MISSOURI BOTANIC. 


= 


L 


GARDEN 


BULLETIN 


Isabelle McAdie, who was returning 
with her grandmother to England to 
visit relatives. The boat romance led 
to marriage in 1910, and Mr. and Mrs. 
Pring returned to St. Louis. Their 


four children are George, Charles, 


Bradford, and Isabelle. George and 
Charles both are horticulturists, and 
to Dr. Russel Sei- 


bert, director of Longwood Gardens. 


Isabelle is married 
All three sons saw service during the 


second world and Bradford was 


killed in 


1948, having 


war, 
of a bomber in 


32 


the crash 


flown missions over 


Germany. 
Mr. Pring began his work at the 


Garden as an orchid specialist, but 


around 1914 turned to breeding water 


lilies as well. He gives two reasons 


for his switch from orchids to lilies: 


First, to grow lilies from seed to 


bloom takes only a year, but an orchid 
takes seven years. Hybrid lilies can 


thus be produced sooner. Second, 


RIGHT: 


after they 


Mr. 


were married in 1910. 


and Mrs. Pring in St. Louis just 


He was 


admitted as a student even though he was not old enough after he took and passed the school’s 


ha rdest exams, 


The old St. Louis Cricket Club in Forest Park. 


Mr. Pring, at left in the first row, pitched for 


the team at Chicago and Philadelphia and was known as “The Fast Bowler.” He also played soccer 


with Garden employees during lunch hour, 


there were few if any horticulturists 
working with tropical lilies, and they 
provided a challenging field for experi- 
mentation. 

He introduced the day-blooming 
Whitaker Strain from Africa, for 
which he received the National Gar- 
deners Association Gold Medal in 1920. 
Other hybrids and more awards fol- 
lowed in quick succession. The first 
white hybrid day-blooming lily, “Mrs. 
George H. Pring,” and the pink lily 
“General Pershing” brought awards in 
1922 and 1923, but Pring’s greatest 
discovery was the introduction of the 
Lost Yellow Lily from Africa. The 
famous “St. Louis” lily, the first yellow 
day-blooming hybrid, was a cross be- 
tween the Lost Yellow Lily and the 
day-blooming ‘Mrs. G. H. Pring.” 
“St. Louis’ is the only lily of Garden 
creation that was granted a U. S. 


patent. 


Some gardeners kept asking Pring 
why he couldn’t develop lilies for 
small pools. After studying _ lilies 
from all over the world at the Kew 
Herbarium with an English collabora- 
tor, Mr. Bob Trickett, he obtained 
seeds of two pygmy lilies from Africa 
and began germinating hybrids. Two 
famous yellow lilies, “Aviator Pring” 
and “St. Louis Gold,” resulted from 
these experiments. The final introduc- 
tion which has satisfied home gardeners 
is the pigmy waterlily ‘Joanne Pring,” 
which can be grown in a half barrel. 

In. 1923, having been appointed 
floriculturist and then the Garden’s 
horticulturist, Pring went on an orchid 
collecting trip to Panama and _ the 
Andes of Colombia, returning after 
six months with more than 5000 
plants. A later development in the 
Garden’s history, the establishment of 


a tropical research station in the 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 5 


Canal Zone, was an outgrowth of 
Pring’s meetings with C. W. Powell, 
a collector of Panamanian orchids. 
Until it was sold, the Panama station 
was used for research in orchids and 
tropical plants. 

It was in 1928 that Mr. Pring was 
appointed to his present position of 
Superintendent of the Garden, but the 
addition of supervisory duties did not 
keep him from continuing research on 
orchids and lilies. Visitors to the 
Garden have no doubt wondered why 
at times a man in wading boots would 
be carefully poking around in a lily in 
the middle of one of the large ponds, 
and why another man _ would be 
waving his arms over the flower. The 
man waving his hands would be Joseph 
Cutak, Pring’s assistant, and the hand- 
waving would keep insects out of the 


Pring (second from right) and three other 
way smoke from an unusual pipe. The picture 


way while Pring was pollinating the 
lily by carefully adding pollen which 
had been removed previously from 
another parent lily. 

Superintendent Pring spends a lot of 
time answering gardening questions, 
most of them from St. Louis area gar- 
deners, but many from all over the 
world. Each year brings more than 
8000 requests for plant information, 
and Pring answers them with the ex- 
perience that only a career as gardener 


can bring. During the March-to- 


September St. Louis growing season he 
finds himself confronted with tele- 
phone calls from people who want to 


know what to plant and when to plant 


them—garden flowers, bulb trans- 
plants and lawn seeding. Winter ques- 
tions usually pertain to trimming 


shrubs and using mulch, but frequent- 


Garden employees enjoy a hand of cards and a four- 
was taken around 1910. 


by 
Oar 


in the 
brought back more than 


ABOVE: 


Horticulturist Pring (right) with ( yril Allen collecting Odontoglossum flavescens 
¢ é ¢ 5 & 
Andes ot Bogota in 1923, 


The collecting trip took 6 months and Pring 
5000 orchid plants. 


PAGES 6 AND Superintendent Pring in waders pollinates a hybrid water lily. 
by Pring at the Missouri Botanical Garden are now found all 


Lilies produced 
over the world. 


BELow: 


Che plants collected on the 1923 trip were carried down the Upper Magdalena River 
by raft. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 9 


ly there will be letters from school 
children preparing science projects and 
wanting information on plants Pring 
has done research on, or asking for 
information they cannot find in their 
textbooks. 

Some people send or bring in plants 
for Pring to identify. Once a man 
came in from Illinois, dragging a 
poison ivy plant! 

Each fall he expects to receive a 
number of calls from worried parents 
whose small children have eaten poison- 
ous berries, and he gives the informa- 
tion to the family doctor as soon as he 
Cale 

Mr. Pring also finds himself appear- 
ing on radio and television to answer 
garden questions. Once a week each 


spring and fall he conducts a panel 


discussion on radio station KFOU’s 
program ‘How Does Your Garden 
Grow,” and on the KMOX program 
“Ask the Gardener.” His first broad- 
cast in St. Louis was in 1923 after re- 
turning from Colombia. At that time 
the broadcast studio was in a sound- 
proofed room at Stix, Baer and Fuller 
downtown. When he returned to Eng- 
land again in 1950 as the first Amer- 
ican ever to be elected president of the 
Kew Guild, he made broadcasts from 
the BBC in London. 

He has become a popular judge at 
orchid exhibitions and is accredited by 
the American Orchid Society and the 
Men’s Garden Clubs of America. As 
such he is qualified to judge any orchid 
information. ‘“The Answer Man” and 


the ‘““Gardener’s Gardener” intends to 


The Lost Yellow Lily from Africa, Nymphae burtii, which Pring introduced. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL 


show in the country. He has also con- 
ducted two judging schools. 

In addition to judging orchid dis- 
plays, he has also organized many, in 
New York, Boston, Louisville, Kansas 
City and Washington, D. C. 

Lecturing and writing have kept Mr. 
Pring busy throughout his career, and 
his articles have appeared in Ladies 
Home Journal, Colliers, Life, Saturday 
Evening Post, as well as in garden 
magazines. He has lectured all over 
the country on plant explorations, 
water lilies, insectivorous plants, and 
orchids. Many of the hybrid orchids 
he lectures about can be seen in the 
bouquet of the Veiled Prophet Queen 
each year. 

There would not seem room for 
hobbies in such a busy life, but Mr. 


Pring has always had one or two. 


Lerr: Superintendent Pring inspects a “George T 


GARDEN BULLETIN 11 


Cricket was his favorite aside from 
gardening, and he was known as “The 
Fast Bowler” when he pitched for the 
old St. Louis Cricket Club. When he 
had to give up cricket he continued 
his “hobby” of gardening, making it 
impossible to tell when he is working 
and when he is relaxing. The simple 
fact remains that his job is his hobby, 
and it always has been. 

Mr. Pring will continue to be in his 
office at the Main Gate of the Garden 
weekday mornings from 9 to 12, for 
consultation, plant identifications and 
keep up a busy pace during retirement. 
He and Mrs. Pring will still live in 
their residence on Magnolia Avenue, 
and as Mr. Pring walks through the 
garden which has been his home for 
these 57 years, small children will no 
doubt continue to ask him, “Are you 


Mr. Shaw?” 


. Moore” water lily, a medium-sized hybrid. 


BeLow: The Prings celebrated their golden wedding anniversary in December, 1961, with a trip 
to Nassau given them by their children. 


fHlissouri Botanical Garde 


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In grateful 


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BOARD OF TRUSTEES 


RoBert BRooKINGs SMITH, 
President 


Leicester B. Faust, 
Vice President 
HENRY B. PFLAGER, 
Second Vice President 
Howarp F. BAeRr 
DaNIEL K. CATLIN 


Sam’L. C. DAvis 

Henry HircHcock 

JoHn S. LEHMANN 

Ropert W. OrTro 

WarreN McKINNEY SHAPLEIGH 


DupLeyY FRENCH, 
Honorary Trustee 


EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS 


DANIEL SCHLAFLY, 


President, Board of Education of St. Louis 


Georce L. CapDIGAN, 
Bishop, Diocese of Missouri 


STRATFORD LEE MorTON, 


Tuomas H. EL iorT, 
Chancellor, Washington University 


RayMOND R. TUCKER, 
Mayor, City of St. Louis 


President, Academy of Science of St. Louis 


FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN 


Harry E. Wuertenbaecher, Jr., President, Mrs. William R. Bascom, Vice President, Mrs. 
Curtis Ford, Vice President, Mrs. M. M. Jenks, Vice President, Mrs. Fristoe Mullins, 
Vice President, Mrs. Eli M. Strassner, Vice President, Sears Lehmann, Treasurer, 
Kathleen M. Miller, Secretary. 


HORTICULTURAL COUNCIL 


Clifford W. Benson. Paul M. Bernard, Mrs. Paul H. Britt, E. G. Cherbonnier, Carl F. 
Giebel, Robert E. Goetz, Paul Hale, Earl Hath, Mrs. Hazel L. Knapp, F. R. McMath, 
Dan O’Gorman, Gilbert Pennewill, Ralph Rabenau, Mrs. Gilbert J. Samuelson, Philip A. 
Conrath, Chairman, 


WOMEN’S ASSOCIATION 
Mrs. J. Bruce Butler, President, Mrs. James G. Alfring, First Vice President, Mrs. 


William Harrison, Second Vice President, Mrs. Joseph Jannuzzo, Treasurer, Mrs. Paul 
Britt, Corresponding Secretary, Mrs. Edwin Stuessie, Recording Secretary. 


HISTORICAL COMMITTEE 


Leicester B. Faust, Chairman, Mrs. Edwin R. Culver and Mrs. Neal S. Wood, Co- 
Chairmen for Restoration. 


GARDEN STAFF 


Frits W. Went, Director 


Hucu C. Curver, Executive Director 


Epcar ANDERSON, Curator of Useful Plants 


Henry N. Anprews, Paleobotanist 
CLARENCE Barpre, Instructor 
Ernest Biser, Horticulturist 


Louts G. BRENNER, Grounds 
Superintendent 


CHRISTOPHER CHowIns, Horticulturist 
of Tropical Plants 


LapiIsLaus CuTak, Greenhouse 
Superintendent 


CarrRoL_L W. Dopce, Mycologist 


CaLtaway H. Dopson, Taxonomist and 
Curator of Living Plants 


Ropert L. Dress_terR, Taxonomist and 
Editor of the ANNALS 


James A. Duke, Assistant Curator 
of the Herbarium 


Joun D. Dwyer, Research Associate 
Watpo G. FecHNer, Business Manager 
RayMonpD FREEBORG, Research Associate 


Rosert J. GILLespPie, In Charge of 
Orchids 


Brian Gorpon, Editorial Assistant 
James Hampton, Assistant Engineer 
Paut A. Kout, Floriculturist 


C. RanLet LiIncoitn, Assistant 
to the Director 


Epitu S. Mason, Landscape Architect 


Viktor MuUEHLENBACHS, Research 
Associate 


Norton H. Nickerson, Morphologist 
LILLIAN OVERLAND, Research Assistant 
KENNETH O. PEcK, Instructor 


GerorGE H. Princ, Superintendent 
Emeritus 


WILLIAM F. REBBE, Superintendent 
Owen J. Sexton, Research Ecologist 
Kennetu A. Smitn, Chief Engineer 


FRANK STEINBERG, Superintendent of 
The Arboretum, Gray Summit 


GeorGE B. Van Scuaack, Librarian and 
Curator of Grasses 


TRIFON VON SCHRENK, Associate Curator 
of the Museum 


Rosert E. Woopson, Jr., Curator of the 
Herbarium 


’ 
“ 


SOME FACTS ABOUT SHAW’S GARDEN 


The Missouri Botanical (Shaw’s) Garden was established in 
1859 by Henry Shaw, a St. Louis businessman, to be controlled 
by a Board of Trustees for the public benefit. The Garden is 
a non-profit institution which receives no support from the city 
or state, depending on the income from the Shaw estate supple- 
mented by contributions from the public. 


The old stone walls and cast-iron fences, the Linnean House, 
the Museum Building, the part of the Administration Building 
which was Shaw’s Town House, relocated in the Garden in 1890, 
and the Tower Grove House, his country home, all date from 
Mr. Shaw’s time. The Main Gate, display and growing green- 
houses and most other facilities date from the period immediately 
following the turn of the century. The Climatron, opened in 
1960, is the first of several new buildings planned for the Gar- 
den’s redevelopment. It is the world’s first geodesic dome, fully 
climate-controlled greenhouse and contains the Garden’s tropical 
collections. 


The Garden—70 acres—is open every day of the year from 
9:00 A.M. until sundown; the greenhouses 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 
P.M.; the Climatron Monday through Thursday 9:00 A.M. to 
5:00 P.M., Friday through Sunday 9:00 A.M. to 9:00 P.M. 
Tower Grove House is open daily from 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 P. M. 
(April through November) ; 10:00 A. M. to 4:00 P. M. (Decem- 
ber through March). The Display House presents four seasonal 
displays: November, Chrysanthemums; December, Poinsettias; 
February, Orchids; Spring, Lilies and other flowers. During the 
year are other shows, competitions and festivals sponsored by 
various Garden Clubs and Flower Societies. 

Courses in Botany and Horticulture for adults are conducted 
by the Garden staff. Children’s nature studies are provided each 
Saturday of the year and a special nature program is held during 
the summer. Information on these activities is published in the 
BULLETIN or may be had by mail or phone. The Garden main- 
tains a research program through the Henry Shaw School of 
Botany, Washington University. 

In 1926 an Arboretum — 1600 acres — was established at 
Gray Summit, Missouri. Foot trails and roads pass through the 
Arboretum and are open to visitors in April and May. 


The Garden Administration Building is located at 2315 
Tower Grove Ave., and the Garden’s main entrance is at Tower 
Grove and Flora Place. The entrance at Tower Grove and 
Cleveland Avenue is also open to the public. The Garden is 
served by both the Sarah (No. 42) and the Park-Southampton 
(No. 80) city bus lines. 

Persons interested in helping to support the Garden and tak- 
ing part in Garden activities are urged to do so through the 
“Friends of the Garden”. Information may be obtained from 
the Main Gate or by mail or phone. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN 


: March 1963 
allelin Volume LI 


Number 3 


Cover: A student plants cuttings during a Saturday morning class at the Garden. 


Educational programs for children age 7-16 are held every Saturday from 10 to 11:30. 


PHOTO BY BRIAN GORDON 


c= OD OH) 


CONTENTS 


Report of the Director for 1962 


Come) ° @o~_ 


Office of publication: 306 E. Simmons Street, Galesburg, Illinois. 


Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis 10, 


Missouri. 
Editor for this issue: BRIAN GORDON. 


Published monthly except July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri 
Botanical Garden. Subscription price: $3.50 a year. 


Entered as second-class matter January 26, 1942, at the post-ofhce at Galesburg, Illinois, 
under Act of March 3, 1879. 


Missour1 Botanical Garden 


Vol. LI No. 3 


Bulletin 


March 1963 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN 
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR FOR 1962 


FRITS W. WENT, Direcror 


OC ii last year has been preg- 
\ lh / nant with anticipation for 
S © the Garden. Further pre- 
ee liminary plans were made 
for the construction of the Research 
Building, and very serious attention 
was given to the development of a 
cultural center at the Garden. Since 
both of these projects are of such great 
importance for the future growth of 
Shaw’s Garden, it seems appropriate to 
analyze the rationale behind their con- 
struction. 

If we try to see Shaw’s original con- 
cept of creating a botanical garden in 
its true perspective, and in relation to 
the prevalent concepts of 80-100 years 
ago, then we have to admit that he was 
far ahead of his time. Most botanical 
gardens were parks planted with mem- 
bers of the different plant families; 
they were purely collections for the 
teaching of taxonomy. But from the 
beginning the Missouri Botanical Gar- 
den was not just a park (Henry Shaw 
created Tower Grove Park for the rec- 
reational needs of the citizens of St. 
Louis.) Nor was it a typically taxo- 
nomic collection; the herbarium served 
that purpose. 

From the early days of the Missouri 
Botanical Garden there were a number 
of different types of gardens which are 
still perpetuated in the Linnean Garden, 


the Rose Garden, and the water lily 
pools. These special gardens were used 
for the demonstration of plant mate- 
rials which could be used in home gar- 
dens. At an early stage greenhouses 
were built and collections of exotic 
plants played an important role then as 
now. A completely new aspect of the 
Garden was its tie with Washington 
University. Until then the great major- 
ity of botanical gardens were adjuncts 
to botany departments of universities. 
This relationship tended to make them 
very one-sided and as mentioned above 
they were largely taxonomical collec- 
tions, and their horticultural, floricul- 
tural, and general educational aspects 
were neglected. The relationship with 
Washington University was to be dif- 
ferent inasmuch as the director and top 
personnel were supposed to have sci- 
entific interests and therefore would 
want to have a formal connection with 
a university. This connection with 
Washington University also stressed 
another aspect of activities at the Gar- 
den, namely the research. ‘This is an 
equally significant aspect of Garden 
activities. If we realize that only dur- 
ing the last decennia a general aware- 
ness has become established that re- 
search is essential for human progress 
and well-being, and that such a reali- 
zation of the significance of research 


(1) 


2 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


was practically entirely lacking a cen- 
tury ago, then its inclusion in the major 
activities of the Garden certainly was 
a far-seeing policy which afterwards 
was accepted by many other botanical 
gardens founded since. A further as- 
pect of the development of the Garden 
was the teaching both of students and 
of practical gardeners. It is significant 
that in the years immediately after 
Henry Shaw’s death when the first 
annual reports of the Garden were 
being published, as much as 25% of 
the Garden income went to research 
activities. This is significant because 
even in universities where research first 
achieved standing, certainly a much 
lower percentage of income went into 
research at that time. Big industrial 
concerns which today spend 10% or 
more of their income on research had 
in those days no research departments 
at all. This all tends to indicate to 
what extent Henry Shaw and the newly 
founded Missouri Botanical Garden 
were ahead of their times. 

When reading the reports on the 
Herbarium and Library, one will see 
how desperately they need improve- 
ment and more space. This need is 
even more pronounced for experimental 
research. The director feels frustrated 
because of the almost complete lack of 
laboratory facilities, which were envis- 
aged in the master plan for Garden 
development, and the construction of 
which received number one priority 
after completion of the Climatron. 
Actually the delay in construction of 
the Research Building is jeopardizing 
obtaining the $438,281 which the Na- 
tional Science Foundation and_ the 
National Institutes of Health have 


made available for its construction. 

Hopefully, new preliminary plans for 
the Research Building have been made 
by our architects, Murphy and Mackey. 
For this building a site just north of 
the present Floral Display House has 
been selected. This location would 
bring herbarium, library and research 
laboratories in close proximity to the 
most intensely developed parts of the 
Garden and to the greenhouses, where 
most of the plant materials needed for 
research would be found. It would 
bring together the taxonomists, ex- 
perimental biologists, administrative, 
teaching and maintenance staff, allow- 
ing a much closer collaboration be- 
tween all different parts of the Garden. 
The contemplated laboratory facilities 
would make it possible to start again 
the orchid breeding work for which 
the Garden has been famous for a long 
period, but which had to be discontin- 
ued during recent years because of lack 
of facilities. The need for more her- 
barium and library space becomes more 
pressing with each passing year, and we 
are passing up many research pos- 
sibilities and potential research grants 
through lack of laboratory space. The 
present “Experimental Greenhouse” has 
become entirely inadequate for modern 
research, 

The upkeep of a botanical garden is 
very expensive, largely because the 
maintenance of good plant collections 
requires many well-trained gardeners. 
In most other botanical gardens this 
maintenance work is paid for by city, 
county, or some other government. 
With the large number of paying visi- 
tors to the Climatron it became clear 
that if Garden facilities were of suf- 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL 


ficient general interest, the public was 
quite willing to contribute to its cost 
through admission fees. This is true 
for the Tower Grove House as well, 
which at present is being maintained 
almost exclusively from income derived 
from admission fees. With these ex- 
amples in mind, the future develop- 
ment of the Garden was considered in 
terms of income-producing activities 
which would bring sufhcient income 
to provide maintenance funds for those 
facilities and the Garden in general. 
Such facilities would have to include 
exhibition spaces in addition to our 
general flower display, restaurant facil- 
ities and parking space. For a botan- 
ical garden with its major attendance 
during the day, parking lot and res- 
taurant would be used mainly during 
daylight hours. To make them fully 
effective, night activities should be 
considered. Since this conclusion was so 


obvious, the concept ot having a CON- 


The Climatron is now a familiar 


GARDEN BULEETIN 3 


cert hall and other cultural activities 
became a logical sequel. In such a way 
the parking lot and restaurant and 
exhibit spaces would do double duty, 
during the day mainly for the Garden, 
and at night mainly for the other cul- 
tural activities. However, it was not 
entirely, or even primarily, utilitarian 
considerations which suggested Shaw’s 
Garden as a general cultural center. It 
became immediately apparent that the 
surroundings which Shaw’s Garden had 
to offer would be an invaluable asset to 
a cultural center. Conversely, the 
patrons of such a cultural center would 
become more acutely aware of the Mis- 
souri Botanical Garden and its possibil- 
ities, and thus a mutual stimulation 
seemed inevitable. 

Of equal importance in considering 
a cultural center is a further study of 
Henry Shaw’s will. He considered the 
possibility that at some time the income 


from his endowment would be insuf- 


- but still exciting St. Louis landmark. 


4 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


ficient to maintain the Garden the way 
he had conceived it. Therefore in the 
third paragraph of the uses to which 
the Trustees can put the Garden prop- 
erty it says: ““3rd—The residue of the 
real estate not required for the imme- 
diate purpose of the said Botanical 
Garden... shall from time to time... 
be leased by said Trustees as follows’; 
(then come some sentences on the leas- 
ing of land for building purposes). “It 
is my design and object not only that 
the lands so leased shall afford an 
income or revenue for the support of 
the said Botanical Garden, but that it 
may in the future be so leased as by 
its improvement its contiguity may be 
pleasant and attractive to the visitors 
and students of the Botanical Gardens.” 

It is quite obvious that Shaw was 
contemplating income-producing ac- 
tivities on land not immediately needed 
for garden purposes, and that these 
activities should provide an added at- 
traction to Garden visitors. The Cul- 
tural Center, which would require 
only a small amount of space in addi- 
tion to the facilities which we have to 
develop anyway for the Garden, seems 
therefore a completely logical develop- 
ment in view of Henry Shaw’s wishes. 

The further economic development 
of the Garden requires that we com- 
bine with compatible evening activ- 
ities. If we do not join with the 
Symphony Association or a_ theater 
group, we will have to develop our 
own evening shows and music. It all 
would have to be of a cultural quality. 
We could think of activities like those 
of the Art Museum, but then we 
would be in competition with it. Or 


we could try to go back two centuries 


and develop science demonstration lec- 
tures, which might bring us into com- 
petition with the St. Louis Academy of 
Sciences. So then we arrive at music 
programs which, if properly arranged, 
would not compete with any existing 
organization if we emphasized folk 
music, band and chamber music. In 
this way we might attract both South 
St. Louis and the Italian population. 
There always will be music. If the 
Symphony Association wants to take 
the initiative, so much the better. If 
not, Washington University, the Little 
Symphony (only during summer), the 
Civic Opera Association and any other 
groups will take over; the Garden cer- 
tainly will, in conjunction with The 
Hill and South St. Louis. Thus the 
prediction of Alfred North Whitehead, 
the noted philosopher of Harvard Uni- 
versity, will become a reality: ‘‘The 
only place I know where European 
man can still create civilization on the 
grand scale is in the American Mid- 
west.’ For he says of the Midwest: 
“Tt has a human soil further favorable 
to a new civilization: not only is it a 
self-selected stock; the people in small 
towns still hold a favorably large pro- 
portion, as compared with the popula- 
tion of cities. Man’s best thinking is 
done either by persons living in the 
country or in small communities, or 
else by those who, having had such 
environment in early life, enrich their 
experience by life in cities; for what is 
wanted is contact with the elemental 
processes of nature during those years 
of youth when the mind is being 
formed.” Earlier Whitehead said: “We 
educated people have our esthetic 


sense too highly cultivated and do not 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 5 


come to beauty simply enough... The 
only place I see where another great 
flowering of European culture might 
come is in the American Middle West, 
where the start could be fresh and 
from the ground up.”... “Americans 
must not copy Europe. They must be 
themselves, must create de novo. These 
American imitations of Europe will 
always lack interest and vitality, as all 
derivations do. Let Americans study 
Europe and see what has been done. 
But when it comes to creation, God 
bless my soul! then forget everything 
that has ever been done before, and 
create!” ... “Once learning solidifies, 
all is over with it.” 

We definitely believe that the fur- 
ther development of the Missouri 
Botanical Garden is one of those new 
creations which will renew culture in 
its broadest sense. It will be involved 
in all activities in which the senses 
are involved: ear, eye, touch, tongue, 
nose, and mind, such as are not in 
existence anywhere in the world. 

Among the most important happen- 
ings of the year was the retirement of 
Mr. George Pring, who completed 57 
years of loyal and devoted service to 
the Garden, first as foreman in the 
greenhouses, and later as floriculturist 
and horticulturist, until in 1928 he 
became superintendent, a new position 
created specifically for him. Mr. 
Pring has retired with the title “Super- 
intendent Emeritus’ and everyone 
hopes that for many years more he will 
continue to help the Garden, especially 
through its information service. 

In August, Mr. William Rebbe was 
appointed Superintendent of Opera- 
tions and during his first half-year 


with the Garden has familiarized him- 
self with its general operations—he is 
now providing overall directions of 
operation. At the same time Miss 
Edith Mason and her draftsman, Mr. 
William Steavenson, also became con- 
nected with the Garden. Miss Mason, 
who is a graduate of the Garden, has 
been very busy with new developments 
which will be installed as soon as plans 
are completed and funds are released 
by the Trustees. Through generous 
gifts of Mr. John Lehmann such funds 
for further developments are actually 
available. Another important activity 
of Miss Mason was to develop a general 
survey map of the Garden, which 
makes it possible to establish for the 
first time the location of all trees and 
other plantings. 

Last autumn the Garden was ofh- 
cially made one of the test gardens of 
the All-American Rose Selections, Inc. 
A variety test garden is being laid out 
where commercial growers can have 
their new and unnamed roses tested 
and compared. From these _ tests 
throughout the country, the All- 
America Rose Selections are made. It is 
believed that this rose testing program 
under the direction of Mr. McMath is 
a significant activity because roses are 
probably the most important garden 
flowers in this part of the country. 

Mr. Ray Freeborg has been employed 
by the Garden as a grass specialist 
through the cooperation of the St. 
Louis Turf Research, Inc. He has been 
laying out test plots for lawn grasses 
of many varieties. In this way the 
public will be able to evaluate the rela- 
tive merits of the various grasses before 
planting them in their own yards. Un- 


6 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


fortunately, the connection between 
the Garden and St. Louis Turf Re- 
search had to be discontinued by the 
end of the year, although we expect 
that in some way Mr. Freeborg will 
retain his connection with the Garden. 

During the year important progress 
was made in our music reproduction 
program under the leadership of Mr. S. 
Shure. In addition to the gift of over 
one thousand records, much music was 
transferred on tape and thus an exten- 
sive music library is in the making. 
One-hour-long Climatron concerts are 
played twice daily; the selections are 
changed every week. A set of four 
large speaker systems has been con- 
structed; an amplifier and tape-repro- 
duction system which produces music 
of the highest quality could not be 
purchased as yet. But the try-outs with 
this system were highly successful. 

In January the Garden received a 
special citation from the Horticultural 
Society of New York, namely: ‘Dis- 
tinguished Service Award to The 
Missouri Botanical Garden for out- 
standing contributions to the advance- 
ment of Horticulture.” 

The ninth annual Symposium on 
Systematics, “Quantitative Systemat- 
ics,” reviewing recent developments in 
the use of electronic computers to 
anaylze the many and complex factors 
of plant relationships, was held at the 
Garden October 18 and 19. Dr. Robert 
Dressler was in charge of arrangements 
and more than 350 botanists and zoolo- 
gists from educational and_ research 
institutions attended. Many of these 
were teachers who each year bring 
groups of their graduate students. The 
Symposium has been supported by 


grants from the National Science 
Foundation for the past nine years. 
The Women’s Association, under the 
able leadership of Mrs. Bruce Butler, 
continued its invaluable support of 
the Garden. As in the recent past, this 
year its principle activity was the Gar- 
den Gate Sale, held in the spring at the 
Famous-Barr Clayton store. The ex- 
traordinary competence which these 
ladies bring to the complex logistics of 
this sale is always impressive, and this 
year, by extending the sale from three 
to five days, they added to their prob- 
lems and to their profits. Even if the 
net profit from the Garden Gate were 
zero, it would still be of great benefit 
to the Garden as a result of all the 
interest it attracts, and the fact that it 
enables the Women’s Association to 
make a substantial gift to the Garden 
each year even further emphasizes the 
importance of the women’s work. 
The Historical Committee regret- 
fully accepted the resignation of its 
first chairman, John S. Lehmann, who 
was, happily, replaced by Leicester B. 
Faust. The high point of the year for 
the Committee was probably the open- 
ing of the new Garden Shop on the 
second floor of the Tower Grove 
House. Attractively designed and 
decorated, the shop offers unusual and 
interesting garden accessories and im- 
plements, and contributes to the char- 
acteristic charm of the House. Evi- 
dence of even further stirrings of 
imagination and enterprise among the 
Committee members is the prospect 
that early 1963 will see the appearance 
of the Shaw’s Garden Cookbook, spon- 
sored by the Committee. Its prospectus 
sounds most attractive and it may be 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN vf 


anticipated that it will be another solid 
contribution to the Garden’s good 
name and fame. 

Early in the year the Garden Clubs 
of St. Louis and Ladue entered the 
Founder’s Fund Award competition of 
the Garden Club of America with a 
proposal to construct a Mist Forest in 
the Climatron. So persuasive and en- 
thusiastic were the members of these 
two clubs, and especially Henry Hitch- 
cock, who made the final presentation 
in behalf of the project, that it won 
the Award against stiff national com- 
petition. Funds to match the Award 
have already been pledged, and it is 
hoped that in the first part of 1963 
construction on this important new 
attraction in the Climatron will be 
underway. 

Another significant gift received 
during the year was from Mrs. Owen 
J. Sullivan, designated for construction 
of a drinking fountain in the Garden 
in memory of her late husband. The 
Landscape Architect has selected a 
location and completed design work 
on the fountain and its setting, and 
construction will be completed in the 
spring of next year. 

During the year the Director gave 
many lectures, some in the St. Louis 
area and others in Pullman, Washing- 
ton; Eugene, Oregon; Camden, New 
Jersey; Urbana, Illinois; New Haven, 
Connecticut; Miami, Florida; Terre 
Haute, Indiana; Sydney, Canberra and 
Perth in Australia; and Elsa, [linois. 
He gave a special lecture series at Van- 
derbilt University in Nashville, and at 
the State University of North Carolina 
in Raleigh. Both in New Orleans 


and in Honolulu the Director was a 


member of committees to evaluate the 
possibility of developing a botanical 
garden and in making specific recom- 
mendations. As a member of a com- 
mittee for the University of Alaska to 
make recommendations on the need for 
biological research on arctic problems, 
twice he spent a week in Alaska. 

In connection with the possibility of 
developing research and teaching in 
the tropics, he attended two confer- 
ences, one in Costa Rica and one in 
Trinidad. 


used to bring many local orchids back 


These opportunities were 


to the Garden to increase our green- 
house collections. This was also done 
with orchids from New Guinea. In 
August and September the Director 
and Mrs. Went visited Australia, first 
to attend the ANZAAS meetings in 
Sydney, and afterwards a Phytotron 
Conference in Canberra, where the 
new Australian phytotron named 
CERES was officially opened. It was 
a very rewarding experience to see how 
the work started in Pasadena in the 
Earhart Plant Research Laboratory was 
coming to fruition in other parts of 
the world. Immediately after the con- 
ference in Canberra, the Director spent 
2'%4 weeks in western Australia, where 
he studied the remarkable sclerophyll 
scrub vegetation and brought back a 
large herbarium collection. Afterward 
he spent 2'% weeks in New Guinea, 
where the Director of the Botanical 
Garden in Lae, Mr. J. Womersley, had 
arranged for several expeditions in the 
mountain areas of central New Guinea. 
Again he collected a considerable num- 
ber plants for the herbarium. 

During the year the Director was 
President of the American Institute of 


8 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Biological Sciences. Because of the 
critical financial situation of this or- 
ganization this office took considerable 
time. 

In addition to his administrative 
duties, Hugh Cutler, Executive Direc- 
tor, continued his research on useful 
plants, supported by a National Science 
Foundation Grant. In February and 
July he visited Utah as part of studies 
being done with the Museum of 
Northern Arizona and the University 
of Utah on resources of the Glen Can- 
yon area of the Colorado River. 
Michael Wynne continued as technical 
He began his 


training in the first children’s educa- 


assistant until June. 


tion programs at the Garden, studied 
and worked at the Garden while a 


high school student, then won a four 
year scholarship to Washington Uni- 
versity. He is now doing graduate 
work in botany at the University of 
California. Marcia Eickmeier, another 
graduate of the Garden’s children’s 
programs, was appointed to the posi- 
tion of technical assistant in Septem- 
ber. 

During February and March, Dr. 
Cutler and Dr. Thomas Whitaker of 
the Department of Agriculture were 
in Tehuacan, Mexico, at the invitation 
of the R. S. Peabody Foundation to 
study plants of the squash family. Dr. 
Cutler took part in late March in the 
conference of Directors of Systematic 
Collections in Washington. 


THE HERBARIUM 


ROBERT E. WOODSON, Curaror 


HE herbarium of the Missouri 

Botanical Garden—the fourth 
largest in size in the United States and 
one of the major botanical museums of 
the world—is continuing its alarming 
decline of the past twenty years or 
more. Its facilities are crowded to the 
point of sheer desperation; it has not a 
single full-time employee charged with 
its administration and maintenance. 
Despite this, the herbarium, together 
with the library, is the basis of the 
Garden’s claim as a scientific institu- 
tion and a major contributor to grad- 


uate and staff research of the Henry 
Shaw School of Botany of Washington 
University. The herbarium’s situation 
has now reached a point where a real- 
istic program for its solution must be 
undertaken within the next year if it 
is to be preserved as a substantial asset. 

During the current year the her- 
barium accessioned 2,863 specimens, 
bringing the estimated total to 1,779,- 
273. 6,309 specimens were issued on 
exchange to similar institutions in the 
US and abroad; 5,646 specimens be- 


longing to us were lent to sister in- 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 9 


stitutions, and we borrowed 4,552 
specimens for study by our students 
and staff. 

Research topics of staff and students 
were essentially the same as during 
1961: Dr. Robert E. Woodson, Jr.— 
flora of Panama and Ascle pias tuberosa; 
Dr. James A. Duke—flora of Panama; 
Dr. Carroll W. Dodge—Antarctic and 
African lichens; Dr7Robert L. Dress- 
ler—Orchidaceae; Dr. Calaway Dod- 
son—Orchidaceae; Dr. John D. Dwyer 
—Leguminosae, chiefly of Panama; 


Mr. Gordon Hunter—Saurauia; Mr. 
Howard Pfeifer— Aristolochia; Mr. 
Phung Trung Ngan—Wrightia; Mr. 
Leonard Thien—Barkeria; Mr. Michael 
Wirth—Oncidium. Dr. Duke has 


been in Panama since late May in the 


service of the U. S. Army Ordnance 
program. Dr. André Robyns of Brus- 
sels arrived in November to spend nine 
months in the herbarium assisting with 
the flora of Panama (Bombacaceae, 
Tilliaceae, Sterculiaceae). 


THE LIBRARY 


GEORGE VAN SCHAACK, Liprarian 


HE library report for 1961 was 

largely devoted to describing the 
conditions of overcrowding in the li- 
brary and the lack of sufficient staff to 
deal adequately with acquisition of 
new material and care of the older. 
Since in these matters there has been no 
improvement during the past year, the 
report for 1962 must bring them back 
into focus even more clearly. Stated 
rather bluntly, if a scientific tool such 
as an electron microscope or a museum 
piece such as a Cézanne painting were 
to be given treatment comparable to 
that now received by the library’s 
collections, the informed community 
would be disturbed. But certainly the 
Garden’s library is a comparable scien- 
tific tool and at the same time contains 
a significant number of items of a 
museum character, not art objects per- 
haps, but objects of equal cultural 


importance. 


The classification of plants is funda- 
mental to all other plant studies and it 
is one in which the Garden has been 
prominent ever since its founding a 
hundred years ago. In this study it is 
necessary to make direct reference to 
the original descriptions of all the 
plants under review. In classifying a 
genus of a hundred species, it may be 
necessary to consult several hundred 
such references scattered throughout 
scientific publications of the past two 
or three hundred years. Taxonomists 
working at the Garden have regularly 
been able to find 95 to 100 percent of 
these references in its library—in brief, 
the library has been a sharp scientific 
tool. But it is going to be blunted 
unless there is more space for new 
material, more staff to handle new 
material, and more time and money 
available for rehabilitating the perhaps 
20,000 volumes in bad physical condi- 
tion. 


10 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Of the items which contribute to 
the museum aspect of the library the 
more important groups are the pre- 
Linnean collection of botanical books 
printed from 1474 to 1753, the collec- 
tion of Linnaeus’ own works, the col- 
lection of illustrated flower books of 
the 18th and 19th centuries, the Engel- 
mann notebooks and correspondence, 
and the Sturtevant notebooks and in- 
dex. To some extent nearly all of 
these are still scientifically significant; 
all of them are important for the his- 
tory of science. Many are also note- 
worthy for other culturally important 
reasons such as printing, illustration, 
and exploration. Nearly any one of 
these items has value in itself, but here 
the whole is greater than the sum 
of its parts. Any single edition of 
Miller’s Gardeners Dictionary can give 
a fairly good idea of what plants were 
being grown in England during the 
18th century and what their culture 
was. But there were some 25 editions 
(including translations) of this popu- 
lar work which appeared from 1731 to 
1807, and the history of gardening in 
England for that period must have 
reference to at least several of them. 
The Garden’s collection contains 19 
editions, each of them increased in use- 
fulness by the presence of the others— 
in the original English or in German, 
Dutch or French translations, all of 
Miller’s work under this title is here. 
The Linnean collection contains not 
only some edition of each of his major 
titles, but for practically all of the 
titles, one or more issues of nearly 
every edition. 

Solely for scientific reference many 
of the works such as those just men- 


tioned might be almost as useful in 
some micro-reproduced form, since 
they are largely without illustration 
and the text is equally meaningful 
whether read from the printed page or 
from a projected image. But at least 
for the older works, especially those 
with important associations, no copy 
can substitute for the original if any- 
thing more than a mere piece of in- 
formation is being sought. This is 
universally true for the hundreds of 
works illustrated with hand-colored 
engravings. No process of reproduc- 
tion now known or contemplated can 
provide copies of these suitable for 
anything beyond mere reference. The 
special qualities of the engravings and 
the special hues and textures of the 
colors would be lost entirely in 
machine reproduction. The museum 
character of these books must not be 
forgotten. Many of these volumes can 
not be consulted without damage— 
their bindings are weakened, their 
covers loose or even detached, and their 
backs broken. They often weigh up 
to 15 pounds or more; to consult them, 
one must pull them from the shelf 
against the pressure of adjacent heavy 
volumes and carry them through a 
too narrow corridor to an inadequately 
lighted table too small to accommodate 
them. Truly responsible curatorial 
conduct here would require locking 
the doors until conditions are bettered. 

Search for a new trained staff mem- 
ber was no more successful than last 
year, apparently for the same reasons. 
Competition for knowledgeable per- 
sonnel is not getting less keen and our 
chances of attracting good assistance 
are considerably lessened by the really 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL 


dificult working conditions and by the 
lack of a pension system and regular 
schedule of advancement. 

The backlog of uncatalogued mate- 
rial markedly increased during the year 
and only 141 new non-periodical titles 
were catalogued. The decrease here is 
partly counterbalanced by a reclassifi- 
cation of the horticultural section. 
This ‘little’ job proved much more 
extensive than contemplated, but as 
things stood the classification had be- 
come so amorphous it was not possible 
rationally to assign a class to any new 
title in the horticultural area. The 
new scheme is largely ad hoc and leaves 
much to be desired, but it is usable for 
both librarians and patrons; the other 
was not. 

Books bound totaled only 246, less 


CLIMATRON AND 


LADISLAUS CUTAK, 


N the world’s jungles, hundreds of 
plants grow in companionship with 
each other and nowhere else will one 
see such a concentration of plant life. 
In the conventional greenhouses of 
botanical gardens most specimens are 
grown side by side in level beds or 
borders, thus minimizing the beauty 
of such plants under artificial plant- 
ings. In the Climatron, with its split- 
level contours, the landscaping has 
been done on more natural lines. Thus, 
visitors to the Climatron can see prac- 
tically the same conditions that would 


be found in a natural jungle in Ma- 


GARDEN BULLETIN 11 


than 40 percent of last year’s number. 
Lack of good working space makes the 
preparation of books for binding 
doubly dificult, an operation expensive 
in time under the best of conditions. 
Time to prepare several hundred more 
journal volumes for sending to the 
bindery was not available. Repair of 
books on the premises continued on a 
part-time basis, as in the past, still 
under the care of the young man who 
has worked for us for several years. 
He has become quite skilled and has 
put hundreds of our volumes back 
into sound shape; unfortunately we 
can not keep him for much longer, for 
he has finished his training in com- 
mercial art and will soon take full 
time employment in that field. It will 


not be easy to replace him. 


GREENHOUSES 


SUPERINTENDENT 


laya, the Amazon valley, or equatorial 
Africa. 

The plants in the Climatron have 
grown so rapidly that their magnifi- 
cent growth has greatly diminished the 
intensity of the perimeter lighting 
system, although it was never intended 
to brighten up the interior with this 
illumination alone but rather to dram- 
atize the exterior look of the plastic 
and aluminum dome. However, the 
perimeter lights originally did produce 
a great deal of light for the interior 
when the plants were small and first 


set out. In the future, as the plants 


12 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


reach maximum heights and density, 
more spotlighting of areas will have to 
be arranged. 

A year ago, photographs taken in 
the interior of the Climatron always 
showed the intricate lacy framework 
of the geodesic structural dome but 
now this is almost absent from the 
pictures unless the camera is pointed 
directly upward. Photographers have 
found the Climatron highly photo- 
genic and many striking pictures were 
published in both St. Louis newspapers, 
as well as in national magazines. Fre- 
quently the manufacturers of dinner- 
ware, ladies fashions and other goods 
used the settings in the Climatron as 
attractive backgrounds for advertise- 
ments. 

New plants have been added to the 
collection in the Climatron from time 
to time, many of these gathered by 
members of the staff on collecting 
trips, or as exchanges from botanical 
institutions. Friends of the Garden 
also donate plants when these grow too 
large for home space available. The 
Clayton Inn, for example, gave the 
Garden five fair-sized Piccabeen palms 
(Archontophoenix  cunninghamiana ) 
when they grew too large for the lobby. 
The Piccabean is a tall unbranched 
palm native to forest regions of 
Queensland in Australia, where it often 
reaches a height of 80 feet. Several 
marcots (cuttings made by air layer- 
ing) of the interesting chocolate tree 
(Theobroma cacao) as well as the 
mother plant were set out in the beds 
after it was severely pruned for trans- 
planting. The mother tree ought to 
be producing flowers and_ possibly 
cacao beans in 1963. Two small plants 


of the breadfruit (Arfocarpus incisa) 
were shipped from the Foster Botanical 
Gardens of Honolulu, and when fully 
grown should add elegant beauty to 
the Climatron scenery. This is one of 
the ultra-tropical trees introduced by 
Captain Bligh of Bounty fame into 
Jamaica to help feed the slaves (al- 
though they refused to accept it, 
preferring the banana instead). 

The akee (Blighia sapida) is still 
another important tree in the Clima- 
tron. It was named for Captain Bligh 
although he had nothing to do with 
bringing it from Africa. Visitors will 
find it growing on the miniature 
mountainside just across from the 
tropical bog in the northeast section 
near the tumbling stream which forms 
the waterfall. This tree is about ten 
feet high and eventually it will pro- 
duce brilliant lacquer-red fruits. 

The banana grove, which once took 
up one-third of the Hawaiian area, was 
reduced after the plants bore fruit. 
During the summer and into winter, 
visitors were treated to the sight of 
ripening bananas on the giant plants— 
a sight very seldom seen even in com- 
mercial plantations, since the fruiting 
stalks must be cut off green and rip- 
ened artificially for foreign markets. 
Small papaya trees near the entrance 
made a display of orange-colored fruits 
in the months of June and July. The 
papein of commerce (for tenderizing 
meat) is secured from the juice of the 
papayas. Many other commercial 
plants can be found in the Climatron’s 
collection, including the sugarcane, 
pineapple, tapioca, mahogany, and 


rubber. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 13 


Probably the most significant plant 
received during the year was Wel- 
witschia mirabilis from the deserts of 
tropical Africa. Several seeds of this 
remarkable plant were donated by the 
Los Angeles State and County Arbo- 
retum, which got them directly from 
southwest Africa. The seeds were 
first soaked in water for three days and 
then sown directly into the 3-ft.-long 
sewer tiles filled with Meramec sand. 
Germination occurred in less than two 
weeks, when three seedlings made their 
appearance. Two of these are now 
growing nicely, but one died during 
transplanting when the pipe was acci- 
dentally broken. The Welwstschia is 
perhaps the most unusual member of 
the entire Gymnosperm class (plants 
producing naked seeds), and is re- 
stricted to the deserts of southwest 
Africa. It is a slow grower; from 
germination and for many years after- 
ward the plant develops a large under- 
ground taproot which stores water and 
food for the plant’s subsistence. The 
crown of the root is just above the 
sand surface and produces two narrow 
strap-shaped opposite leaves, which are 
the only ones produced by the plant in 
its lifetime. These two leaves will con- 
tinue to grow at their base and even- 
tually will become elongated and 
twisted. In nature the tips become 
torn and shredded by desert storms. 

Another rarity, this one on public 
view on one of the artificial trees in 
the Climatron, is Myrmecodia armata, 
a small subshrub native to Malaya. It 
is a far cry from the coffee tree to 
which it is related, but can be readily 
spotted by its greatly swollen basal 
stem or tuber, which is dull gray, 


tuberculate and spiny. In nature it 
grows as an epiphyte on trees and is 
considered myrmecophilous (ant lov- 
ing), since certain kinds of ants nest 
in excavations that they make in the 
great tubers. What relation really 
exists between the animal and plant 
has never been satisfactorily deter- 
mined although many theories have 
been expressed. 

Still another interesting plant put 
on exhibition is Dischidia rafflesiana or 
ear vine. It is a succulent climbing 
milkweed from Malaya producing two 
types of leaves, the most noticeable 
being pouchlike inflated organs which 
attract insects. 

As the Climatron was being built 
and planted, the two desert houses had 
to be temporarily given only the barest 
attention. During the past year an 
attempt was made to clean up, prune, 
and replant the houses, as well as cata- 
logue the plants. Most of this work 
has been completed and both the 
cactus house and South African house 
present a satisfactory appearance. The 
aroid house was cleared of most of its 
plant material, some of it being incor- 
porated in the Climatron and others 
planted in tubs. 

The exotic growing ranges have re- 
ceived their share of improvements 
also. For a number of years, plants 
were distributed haphazardly wherever 
space was available because of existing 
conditions at the time. Now a con- 
certed effort has been made to localize 
the important plant groups, and thus 
aroids, bromels, cacti and succulents, 
ferns and new introductions are more 


readily available for study, discussion 


14 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


and final placement in permanent 
plantings. 

The waterlily pools were plowed and 
fertilized as usual prior to their plant- 
ing in the first week of May, and they 
again gave a gorgeous display of 
blooms throughout the summer and 


fall seasons. Tubers of our famed 
hybrids were sent to East Pakistan, 
Indonesia and New Guinea to stock 
outdoor pools, while surplus plants 
were given to the state fair in Sedalia, 


and the State Capitol at Jefferson City. 


EDUCATION PROGRAMS 


| apne and research are the two 
activities which more than any- 
thing else distinguish a real botanical 
garden from a park. Both of these 
activities are seriously limited at the 
Garden by the lack of facilities and 
adequate staff. In spite of these limi- 
tations the educational activities have 
continued to improve and to grow. 
Careful scheduling for classes, meet- 
ings, work sessions and lectures in the 
Museum and the Research Greenhouse 
and the addition of more outdoor areas 
for the Pitzman Summer Nature Pro- 
gram have made it possible for more 
groups to find space. Trained volun- 
teers are becoming more and more 
adept at leading special classes and 
tours, and more children who have 
taken part in past programs are able to 
help children who are beginning their 


participation in Garden programs. 


CHILDREN’S ACTIVITIES 
KENNETH PECK, Instructor 


More than 500 children registered 
for the fifth year of the Pitzman Sum- 


mer Nature Program. Over two-thirds 


of the children attended most of the 
classes and did the work required for 
certificates. The classes in bird-study 
were conducted by Mrs. Eva Kirk- 
patrick, Mrs. Cecil Criger and Miss 
Kay Stewart for the St. Louis Audubon 
Society. One of the class projects was 
the construction of a simple battery- 
operated bird identification board. The 
other classes were conducted by Ken- 
neth Peck, Pat McCue, Jerome Arter, 
Jean Bardenheier, Marcia Eickmeier 
and James Wuenscher. The hard work 
of preparing materials was done by 
Fred Bardenheier, Stanley Ulrich and 
Wesley Ulrich. Many of the children 
who came this year attended the pro- 
grams last year and some have been 
This year 
more children participated on Junior 


coming for three years. 


Research Teams, groups which worked 
together to study problems such as 
vertical distribution of seeds and or- 
ganisms in an open field, the effects of 
environment on_ seed germination, 
identification and control of lawn 
weeds, the anatomy of fish, collection 
and preparation of edible wild plants, 
and methods of land management. 
Most of the staff members showed the 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 1B 


work their groups were doing on nine 
television appearances with the Char- 
lotte Peters Show on KSD-TV. 
Saturday morning activities for 
children have grown in the five years 
since their inception. These programs 
are held every Saturday morning from 
10 to 11:30 and no advance registra- 
tion is required. Our aim is to stimu- 
late an interest in natural science by 
having children do things which usu- 
ally are related to basic ideas in natural 
science. Some of the most popular 
subjects are propagation of plants 
from seeds or from cuttings, making 
Christmas decorations from wild plant 
materials, and identifying trees. The 
Research Greenhouse has room for only 
a few more than 100 children to work, 
so the 275 children who came to plant 
miniature gardens had to be divided 
into groups and take their turns. 
Thirty-two children planted vege- 
tables last summer in a trial run of a 


Each of 


sixteen plots was planted, weeded, and 


vegetable garden program. 
harvested by two children. Tomatoes 
(Burpee’s Big Boy and Marglobe) were 
the best crop and the average yield was 
about 32 pounds from each plot. Pep- 
pers, onions, string beans, lima beans 
and a few flowers were also grown. 
The Plant Science Program, now in 
its second year, was used by most of 
the schools within walking distance of 
the Garden, and by schools which 
Children 
in fifth through eighth grades are 


could obtain transportation. 


given lectures and demonstrations in 


i ed) 


botany at a level suited to their grade. 
Programs range from simple identifi- 
cation of plants for the fifth grade to 
studies of plant communities and plant 
eighth 


Teachers who want to bring their 


geography for the grade. 
classes may call Mrs. Florence Guth 
(TOwnsend 5-0440) to make ap- 
In October about 200 
children from neighborhood schools 


pointments. 


visited the Garden to plant narcissus 
bulbs which they took home. 

Tours were conducted for many 
classes, Scout groups, and adult groups 
by our own staff and by a _ well- 
informed group of volunteers working 
with Mrs. Paul Britt. Mrs. Britt has 
been in charge of the tour guides since 
this service was begun nearly ten years 
ago. The Climatron continues to be 
the biggest attraction. 

Adult courses were conducted by 
Clarence Barbre, Raymond Freeborg, 
Robert Gillespie and Kenneth Peck. 
Preparation and Care of Lawns, given 
by Raymond Freeborg, the Garden’s 
turf specialist, was so popular that 
additional sessions had to be arranged. 
Mr. Freeborg and Dr. Edgar Anderson 
also conducted the annual Grass Walk 


in June. 
Attendance at the First Monday 
Lecture Series increased. Six free 


public lectures were given by staff 
members. 

Over 20,000 self-guiding Tree Trail 
leaflets were used by children and 
adults to find their way to 40 kinds 
of trees. 


16 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


ACTIVITIES IN THE FLORAL DISPLAY HOUSE 


PAUL A. KOHL, 


M ETROPOLITAN Opera district au- 
dition winners were announced 
at a reception of the St. Louis Grand 
Opera Guild in the floral display house 
on January 14. 

The preview of the annual orchid 
show for the Friends of the Garden 
was held on the evening of February 
1. The show continued through the 
month of February, and on Wednes- 
day, February 21, it provided a fine 
setting for the first of a series of 
Indonesian dinners prepared by Henry 
Falkenberg. 

Five thousand tulips in ten colorful 
varieties were on display from March 
11 to 18. On the weekend of March 
24 and 25 the African Violet Society 
staged its annual show. 

During April the spring flower show 
drew more visitors than any of the 


other shows of the year. A total of 


FLORICULTURIS1 


43,772 visitors came to see the azaleas 
and the great variety of colorful 
cinerarias, calceolarias, cyclamen, gen- 
istas, lilies, nasturtiums, hyacinths and 
tulips. 

May 5 and 6 a joint show was 
staged by the Missouri and St. Louis 
Aquarium Societies. Lady Washington 
geraniums were displayed for a week 
and then were followed by the spring 
flower show of the St. Louis Horticul- 
tural Society, on May 19 and 20. The 
Rose Society of Greater St. Louis held 
its spring show May 26 and 27. 

Hydrangeas were shown’ during 
June, and in the summer months foli- 
age plants and caladiums occupied the 
flower house. June 30 the Greater St. 
Louis Hemerocallis Society had a one- 
day show in the north end of the 


display house. 


The Chrysanthemum Show was designed around a Japanese motif. 


p| 


a Pe i 


of 
ra | 
fi 

t 


4 


wot 


r= 

:s 

oh 
A Pee 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 7 


The Illinois Gladiolus Society held 
its show on Sunday, July 22. 


From September 1 to 9 the Henry 
Shaw Cactus Society displayed cacti 
and succulents. The harvest show of 
the Regional Council of Men’s Garden 
Clubs of Greater St. Louis was held 
September 15 and 16, and a week later 
the Rose Society held a fall rose show. 
On September 26 a women’s commit- 
tee and Stix, Baer & Fuller presented 
“Fashions Under Glass” in the flower 
house for the benefit of the Family 
Life Center at Pevely, Missouri. On 
September 29 and 30 the 24th Anni- 
versary Exhibition of The Greater St. 
Louis Dahlia Society was held in the 
flower house. 

The Veiled Prophet queen’s bouquet 
was on view October 3. October 20 
and 21 the Allied Florists of St. Louis 
exhibited 21 tables of various bouquets 
and flower arrangements. 

The annual chrysanthemum show 
opened with a preview for the Friends 
of the Garden on November 1 and 
continued until December 2. 


Poinsettias, ardisias and late-bloom- 


ing chrysanthemums were shown from 


December 9 to January 13. 


MISCELLANEOUS ACTIVITIES 


The annual Flower Sermon, a pro- 
vision of Henry Shaw’s will, was given 
in Christ Church Cathedral on April 
29. For this occasion the Garden sup- 
plied 225 flowering and foliage plants. 

From May 8 to 12 the Women’s 
Association of the Garden conducted 
their annual sale of plants and garden 
supplies on the parking lot of Famous- 
Barr’s Clayton store. Plants for the 
annual-perennial, herb, Climatron, and 
V.LP. booths were all grown at the 
Garden. The women of the association 
helped in the growing, packing, trans- 
porting and selling of the plants. 

Palms were loaned to the Chase 
Hotel October 2 for decorating the 
Khorassan ballroom for the Veiled 
Prophet Queen’s supper. 

Eighty foliage plants were loaned to 
Famous-Barr for the week of October 
8 for the dedication of their new 
downtown garage at 7th and Olive 
Streets. 


ORCHID DEPARTMENT 


R. J. GILLESPIE, OrcnipoLocisr 


af Ricaiy events stand out as being 
particularly significant in the 
Orchid Department during 1962. 
First: the flowering of a newly col- 
lected orchid, Oncidinm sanderae, 
proved to be a species which heretofore 
was believed to be lost. This plant 
was received from Peru by a collector 
working for the Garden in a very 


remote region known as the “Tingo 
Maria” area. As far as is known the 
Garden’s plant is the only specimen in 
cultivation. 

Second: the arrival of over three 
hundred plants from Dr. Went’s ex- 
pedition to New Guinea. This is one 
of the largest and most comprehensive 
orchid collections ever brought out of 


18 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


New Guinea to the United States, and 
as such is a valuable addition from an 
area where previously the Garden had 
only a few representative species. Un- 
doubtedly many unusual and interest- 
ing types can be expected from this 
group of plants, including some new 
species. 

The third event of importance was 
the erection of a revolutionary new 
“Film-Plastic’? greenhouse on _ the 
foundation of an older greenhouse. 
This structure is composed of a series 
of pipe arches covered with hexagonal 
chicken wire and polyethylene plastic. 
Ventilation is achieved by using a 36 


inch fan which inflates a perforated 


plastic sleeve. This system distributes 
fresh air evenly throughout the house, 
avoiding hot and cold spots so fre- 
quently encountered in the conven- 
tional greenhouse structure. In sum- 
mer, a plastic shade net will replace 
the polyethylene film, and_ orchid 
species which require high light in- 
tensity will be grown in this area. 

Winterizing Activities: The stove 
house was once again covered com- 
pletely with polyethylene film. De- 
spite the work involved, this iS the 
only method by which optimum tem- 
peratures can be maintained during 
the winter in an area where heat-loving 


plants are kept. The 1961-1962 win- 


Che new plastic greenhouse with the polyethylene ventilating sleeve inflated. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 19 


ter was particularly hard on the orchid 
collection. Several dozen plants were 
frozen and many other plants suffered 
defoliation from exposure to prolonged 
cold. In order to avoid a recurrence 
of these conditions in the 1962-1963 
winter, it was decided to cover the 
side walls of each greenhouse exter- 
nally, from the gutter to the ground, 
with a layer of polyethylene, and also 
to attach a layer of Mylar plastic to 
the gable ends of each greenhouse so 
as to create a dead-air zone in these 
areas and thus prevent excessively cold 
conditions. These measures, all of 
which are only temporary and involve 
considerable expense in materials and 
labor, emphasize in a dramatic way the 
pressing need for new growing facil- 
ities at the Garden. 

Orchid Show: The annual Orchid 
Show was held during the last week of 
January and during the entire month 
of February. The show consisted of a 
series of circular beds containing 
tropical foliage plants enhanced by 
hybrid orchids. Several display tables 
were erected at the back of the exhibit, 
and these were staged with numerous 
brightly colored hybrids including 
Cattleyas, Cymbidiums, and Dendro- 
biums. 

Displays: Displays were maintained 
throughout the year in the two orchid 
exhibition areas of the Climatron as 
well as a display in the botanical orchid 
house. Flowering orchid plants were 
also furnished for the Garden Gate 
event, Friends of the Garden office, and 
the Shaw House. 


tradition, cut orchids were also donated 


In keeping with 


by the Garden for the Veiled Prophet 
Queen’s bouquet. 


Accessions: The valuable collection 
of New Guinea orchids from Dr. 
Went’s expedition in that area has al- 
ready been mentioned and it is the 
most outstanding orchid accession of 
the year. Numerous other noteworthy 
accessions were also received; they in- 
clude collections by the Garden’s staff 
from Ecuador (Dr. Dodson), Panama 
(Dr. Nickerson), Costa Rica (Dr. 
Went), Trinidad (Dr. Went), Costa 
Rica (Dr. Dodson), and Mexico (Dr. 
Dressler). Orchid plants of impor- 
tance were also received from Aus- 
tralia, Peru, Guatemala, Montreal 
Botanical Garden, and the University 
of California Botanical Garden. 


Instruction: Two orchid courses 
were given by the Garden during the 
year and these were well attended and 
enthusiastically received. The Garden 
staff also co-sponsored a successful all- 
day course with the Orchid Society of 
Greater St. Louis. Members of the 
Garden staff presented orchid lectures 
at Indianapolis, Nashville, Chicago, 
Atlanta, Tulsa, and Detroit. 


In October, the Garden was host to 
the annual meeting of the Trustees of 
the American Orchid Society. This 
event afforded these men an oppor- 
tunity to visit the Garden and to 
observe the Garden’s orchid collection 
first-hand. They were also able to 
meet with the Garden’s orchid staff, 
thereby acquainting themselves inti- 
mately with the purposes and objec- 
tives of the orchid work at the Garden. 


20 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


GROUNDS AND SERVICE 


LOUIS G. BRENNER, GrouNps SUPERINTENDENT 


GROUNDS 
TT growing season of 1962 got oft 
to a poor start with drought con- 
ditions prevailing during the spring 
months. Effects of the drought were 
most noticeable in the lawn areas; 
spring and early summer growth of 
bluegrass was curtailed at a season 
when this grass is normally at the peak 
of its growth. Slowed in growth by 
drought and unable to fill out a dense 
sward, the bluegrass was then vulner- 
able to many summer lawn weeds, and 
the lawns were left in general poor 
condition for summer despite the use 
of herbicides and fertilizer. In Octo- 
ber a vertical-cutter, a specialized 
machine for renovating lawns by re- 
moving the thatch of dry stems and 
foliage with a vertical cutting action, 
was added to the lawn equipment. 
Most of the important lawn areas were 
renewed using this machine, which 
eliminates the long hours of raking 
otherwise necessary. 

Development of the marsh in the 
knoll area has continued with addition 
of important native iris species, Iris 
fulva (Red iris), I. brevicaulis (La- 
mance Iris), > I fulva (Louisiana 
Iris), from the collection of Mr. 
Edgar Denison of Kirkwood. — Iris 
virginica (Southern Blue Flag) was 
brought from a planting naturalized 
at the Arboretum. Royal Ferns (Os- 
munda regalis) were collected in Mas- 
sachusetts by Dr. Norton Nickerson 
of the Garden staff for addition to the 
area. The lower portion of the marsh 
has been set aside for horticultural 


marsh plants. Here dwarf New 
England aster, rosana (Aster novae- 
angliac), \oosestrife, Robert and L. 
Mordens pink (Lythrum sp.) were 
added to existing Japanese iris and 
mallows. 

As in past years the knolls area 
bloomed forth the results of many 
long devoted hours by volunteers of 
the Men’s Garden Clubs of St. Louis 
under the leadership of Mr. Gil 
Pennewill. Large plantings of dahlias 
edged with cushion mums were made 
and despite summer drought made a 
fair showing. Lack of adequate water 
system in the knoll area makes it im- 
practical to attempt mass floral display 
with plants other than the most rugged 
perennials. 

The Rose Garden, always a great at- 
traction from late May to killing frost, 
had an especially fine season and made 
an outstanding display in early June. 
As in past years the new varieties ob- 
tained from major rose growers of the 
country were received with great in- 
terest by visitors who seemingly find 
annual fascination in viewing the new 
varieties blooming here a full season 
before becoming available on the mar- 
ket. Pranksters caused more than 
usual annoyance by shuffling the plant 
labels in the Rose Garden. Resetting 
the labels became a weekly chore added 
to an otherwise full schedule of the 
grounds department. 

Home gardeners and breeders will 
find new interest in the notable expan- 
sion of the day-lily collection. Through 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 21 


the efforts of Mr. and Mrs. George 
Pettus and Mr. and Mrs. L. E. Stone, 
hemerocallis enthusiasts, 92 named 
varieties of day-lilies were added to an 
already extensive inventory. Plants 
were donated to the Garden by mem- 
bers of the St. Louis Hemerocallis Soci- 
ety and other day-lily fanciers. All of 
the new varieties were planted in the 
knoll area and may be moved later to 
an area in which they can be given 
more systematic treatment. Extensive 
plantings of day-lilies, representing 
collections assembled by Mr. Paul Kohl, 
Floriculturist, can also be seen in the 
Linnean Garden from early summer to 
midsummer. 

In early November two vacuum 
machines for picking up and loading 
leaves were added to the grounds 
equipment. The smaller machine has 
been effectively used in cleaning 
leaves from the base of shrubs and 
from ivy and myrtle beds. It is also 
easily converted into a blower unit for 
drifting leaves on large lawn areas into 
piles convenient for loading with the 
large vacuum machine. Use of the 
blower unit has eliminated many hours 
of raking otherwise necessary. The 
large vacuum loader is mounted on a 
tractor-drawn trailer with a van-like 
bed to catch and haul the fragmented 
leaves as they are picked up by the 
loader. Both machines fragment dry 


leaves to a condition good for mulch- 
ing and even better for compost 
material. Such fragmentation also 
enables crews to operate machines for 
a considerable time before unloading 
the hopper. 

The efficiency of this equipment is 
somewhat dramatic. Cleaning up 
leaves that drift against the fences 
bounding the Garden formerly re- 
quired a crew of 3 men for more than 
a week, a job so expensive that it was 
undertaken not more than twice dur- 
ing the winter. With the new vacuum 
equipment the same task is accom- 
plished by 2 men in a little more than 


one day. 


SERVICE 


In addition to the multitude of tasks 
required in maintenance of buildings, 
the maintenance crew also built the 
Indonesian snack bar, popularly known 
as the Rumahsahtay, constructed the 
Arctic chamber for growing Arctic 
plants and carrying out temperature 
research, and reconditioned the roof of 
the aroid greenhouse. Work on such 
projects was done almost entirely by 
Garden workmen making use of the 
skilled hands of Jess Mayhan, painter- 
glazer, and Elzie Moss, carpenter. Ad- 
ditional labor was drawn from the 


grounds crew as required. 


ENGINEERING OPERATIONS 
KENNETH A. SMITH, ENGINEER 


p | SHE usual routine maintenance and 
operation of heating plant equip- 
ment as well as that of mechanical 


equipment and control systems in other 


locations has been carried on. As new 
mechanical installations are put into 
operation, a larger volume of our work 
falls into this category each year. 


22 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Changes of existing equipment and 
new installations require closer atten- 
tion as time goes on. In 1962 some of 
the major work items on the Climatron 
included the installation of lights and 
wiring for the Climatron lily pool, re- 
location of the concert tape machines 
and jungle sound recorders, and chang- 
ing of the entrance arrangements. New 
counters were built, and circulating 
fans were installed to keep the entrance 
area free of condensation and frost. 

The Engineering Department in- 
stalled wiring and_ plumbing for 
Rumahsahtay, the Garden’s Indonesian 
snack bar. 

Work continued in the Floral Dis- 
play House, where an electric line and 


panel were installed to supply experi- 
mental growing boxes. Some electrical 
work was done on the boxes. Lights, 
mechanical equipment and wiring were 
put in for the experimental cold room 
at the Experimental Greenhouse, and 
new room coolers with the necessary 
wiring were installed in the Adminis- 
tration Building and Tower Grove 


House basement. 


More artificial trees used for grow- 
ing orchids were made, using pipes 


welded together. 


Other duties of the Engineering De- 
partment included maintenance of 
grounds equipment and small jobs for 


other departments. 


ARBORETUM 


FRANK L. STEINBERG, SuperRINTENDENT 


T HE Arboretum at Gray Summit is 
open to the public every day and 
cars are permitted to drive around the 
Pinetum Lake throughout the year. 
The longer drive past the dogwoods, 
redbuds, and naturalized daffodils to 
the trailhouse and wildflower trails was 
kept open in April and May, then 
was opened again for the highly suc- 
cessful Friends of the Garden picnic 
which was held September 23. 

The biggest job in maintaining the 
Arboretum is mowing, which in 1962 
required 631 tractor hours. This 
figure is 159 hours less than in 1961 
and the difference reflects the greater 
efficiency of the new tractor and 
mower purchased in June. Mowing 
begins in June and, weather permit- 


ting, is finished by the first of Novem- 
ber. The Pinetum was mowed three 
times in 1962, one more time than in 
1961. 

The two tool sheds were cleaned and 
given two coats of paint, and guard 
rails of all the bridges were also 
painted. Work at the Main Gate in- 
cluded cleaning and painting of the 
gates, iron work, and vases. 

Seventy-two dead pines were re- 
moved from the Pinetum, and pruning 
and brush cutting continued as time 
permitted. 

Road grading was done as necessary 
and the reservoir for the greenhouse 
reservoir was filled in August and 


again in November. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 23 


SPRING COURSES 


ihe as a reminder, here are some notes and dates on courses previously 


announced: 


HOW £O PROPAGATE FROM SEED 

Fundamental facts and procedures for producing annuals, biennials and some 
perennials from seed for use in your garden. The Garden supplies seed, germinating 
media and soil for four metal flats of seedlings which may be taken home. Persons 
wishing to supply their own seed must bring it to the first session. 


5 Sessions — Fee $12.00 Experimental Greenhouse 
Tuesday afternoons — | to 2:30 P. M. March 12, 19, April 2, 9, 16 
Thursday evenings — 8 to 9:30 P.M. March 14, 21, April 4, 11, 18 


Instructors: Mr. Clarence Barbre 


Mr. Kenneth Peck 


PREPARATION AND CARE OF LAWNS 

Instruction on kinds of grasses and weeds and how to identify and control 
them. Preparation of ground for lawn establishment, soil conditioning, fertilizers 
and their application, rebuilding old lawns, maintenance and equipment will be 
discussed. Special attention will be given to individual problems. 


3 Sessions — Fee $6.00 Museum Building 
Section #1 Thursday evenings —7 to 9 P.M. March 28, April 11, 18 
Section #2 ‘Tuesday evenings—7to9 P.M. April 9,16, 23 


Instructor: Mr. Raymond Freeborg 


HOME ORCHID CULTURE 

Orchids suitable for home culture and best ways of growing them. Potting 
demonstrations and practice. Students may take home the plant they pot. 
1 Session — Fee $10.00 Orchid Greenhouse 
Saturday — 10 A. M. to 3 P. M. April 6 
Instructor: Mr. Robert J. Gillespie 


FIRST MONDAY LECTURE 

Miss Edith S$. Mason, Landscape Architect, will present an illustrated lecture 
on “IDEAS FoR ST. Louts GARDENS” at 8 P. M., Monday, April 1, in the Museum 
Building of Shaw’s Garden, Tower Grove and Cleveland Avenues. The lecture is 
open to the public without charge. 


24 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN ACTIVITIES 
HARRY WUERTENBAECHER, Jr. 


Nese past year has been a successful 
one for the Friends of the Garden. 
We appreciate tremendously the mem- 
berships that have been maintained and 
those that have been added during the 
year. The income from these member- 
ships is extremely important to the 
operation of the Garden. 

In addition to knowing that you 
Friends have been instrumental in help- 
ing to maintain the Missouri Botanical 
Garden as one of the most outstanding 
gardens in the world, we hope you have 
enjoyed your membership during the 
past year. Many of you attended the 
Indonesian Dinners last spring in the 
Floral Display House and, I am sure, 
had a delightful time. 

The superb turn-out for the Friends 
picnic at the Arboretum in September 
exceeded any of our wildest expecta- 
tions, thanks to Mrs. Curtis Ford. We 
hope to continue similar Friends pic- 
nics at the Arboretum in the future. 

As many of you know, a group of 
dedicated Friends planned an intensive 


telephone campaign for new member- 


ships that was to take place during Jan- 
uary and February. Just prior to the 
launching of this campaign the Greater 
St. Louis Arts Council fund raising 
campaign was announced and we de- 
cided that it would not be advisable for 
us to conduct our own campaign prior 
to the launching of this all-out cultural 
drive. We are indebted to the indi- 
viduals who planned this campaign, 
Mrs. M. M. Jenks and Mrs. C. C. John- 
son Spink, and to those who had volun- 
teered to work on it. When the new 
cultural campaign is completed for 
1963 we will have a membership drive 
of our own and we hope we can count 
on the same enthusiastic support that 
was shown for our proposed drive 
earlier. 

As always, we urge everyone to re- 
tain his own membership in the Friends 
and to obtain new memberships when- 
ever possible. A contribution to the 
Friends is an excellent way to handle 
a memorial tribute, a get-well wish, or 
a gift of any kind. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 2 


ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ALL MEMBERS OF THE 
FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN 


LIFE MEMBERS Mrs. Demitrius Andrews Mr. and Mrs. 
Mrs. Lewis T. Apple Thomas C. Barton, Jr. 
RL ado pan PReriaan oo ae Mr. and Mrs. William Arbeiter Mrs. Carvin P. Bascom 
Me ree 3 oe rapecimacit ie Bee Mr. and Mrs. Edward F. Arkes Mrs. Charles E. Bascom 
We EME Dankel K. Catli Mr. John H. Armbruster Mr. Joseph H. Bascom 
Mr. and Mrs. Daniel K. Catlin Mr. and Mrs. Harris Armstrong Mrs. Joseph H. Bascom 
edge eae KE. Catlin Fe arenes Dr. and Mrs. A. N. Arneson Miss Mary Elizabeth Bascom 
a aces eee G. Clodius Mr. Sanford M. Arnold Mr. and Mrs. Wm. R. Bascom 
eek Joseph So 0S Mr. H. N. Arnstein Mr. and Mrs. Charles R. Bates 
Ve Lede nae mich Mr. and Mrs. S. M. Aronson Mrs. W. M. Bates 
ae iM rar ial 1 M. Hoe Mrs. Walter W. Arpe Mr. R. H. Batts 
Beet ec pe ae eens Mr. and aa Robert N. Arthur Mrs. Roland Bauer 
Mr. and Mrs. Arthur C. Hoskins Vere oe Recie Ni eeara NT EE 
Mr. and Mrs. John V. Janes Mr. and te Herman O. Bauermeister 
es see Ne Boe ae aul Frank P. Aschemeyer Mr. Albert H. Baum 
ae Le ld” Th meres sna Mr. and Mrs. William C. Ashby Mr. Carl S. Bauman 
ve i Mr J ree “S. L haan ce Mr. Ralph Astorian Mr. and Mrs. G. Duncan Bauman 
M ane M Soi O0m settee Mr. and Mrs. Peter Astrack Dr. Walter Baumgarten, Jr. 
pag : Mr. and Mrs. Harry W. Astroth Mr. and Mrs. Harry Baumstark 
Stratford Lee Morton Mr. Artl me Atkins tice Bates He ae 
Ae ane Mice) Bieiatae Mullins Mr. Arthur kK, Atkinson Mrs. Andrew H. Baur 
Wicca Tort Watkine Mr. Newell A. Augur Miss Dorothy Beach 
ae pea Mrs. Floyd Augustine Mrs. Helen F. Bear 
Mr. and Mrs. Howard G. Ault Mr. Ronald Beasley 
Mr. and Mrs. John R. Averill Mr. and Mrs. Morton Bearman 
Mrs. T. R. Ayars Mr. and Mrs. David J. Beaver 
A Azalea Garden Club Mrs. Helen Bebie 
Dr. and Mrs. Philip L. Azar Mrs. Frieda ets 
Mr. and Mrs. Lee Abraham, IT Georgia H. Beck 
Dr. and Mrs. Morris Abrams Mr. Sirah ae eae 
Mrs. Elmer D. Abramson Dr. and Mrs. Bernard Becker 
Mr. and Mrs. Frank Ackerman B Mrs. John H. Becker 
Mrs. Lester Ackerman, Jr. ear. by a ee 
Mr. and Mrs. Mr. R. Clark Becker 
Philip G. Ackermann Mr. and Mrs. Frank Bach Mr. Wm. C. E. Becker 
Mr. Fred B. Adam Dr. Otto Bachman Dr. and Mrs. D. E. Beckman 
Mr. Claude C. Adams Mr. and Mrs. W. W. Bachman Mr. Fred W. Beckman 
Mr. Wilbur C. Adams Mrs. Oscar W. Bachmann Leona J. Beckman 
Mr. and Mrs. Walter Adderton Mr. and Mrs. Blythe Baebler Mr. William S. Bedal 
Mrs. Anna Aderholt Mr. Arthur B. Baer Bedford Oaks Garden Club 
Mr. and Mrs. John C. Adolf, Jr. Mr. F. Bert Baer Mr. and Mrs. Ray H. Bedwell 
Mr. and Mrs. Henry Adolph Mrs. H. M. Baer vee L. Mees ery ‘ 
Aeolian Co. of Missouri Mrs. Julius A. Baer, II Mr. Stephen eer 
Dr. Helen M. Aff Mrs. Mary E. Baer Mr. and Mrs. L. N. Beeson 
Mr. Samuel Aftergut Mrs. Roland C. Baer Mr. and Mrs. Norman Begeman 
Mrs. Paul B. Akin Miss Rita Bain Mr. Roland C. Behrens 
Mrs. William M. Akin Mr. John C. Baine Beiderwieden Funeral Home, Inc. 
Mr. and Mrs. Gabriel Alberici Mr. Donald J. Baker Mrs. Charles Belknap 
Mr. and Mrs. Mack A. Aldrich Mr. J. Eugene Baker Mr. and Mrs. Ivan F. Belknap 
Alexander & Sons, Ine. Mrs. Kenneth C, Baker Bellerive Acres Garden Club 
Mrs. Campbell P. Alexander Mrs. Paul Bakewell, Jr. Miss Rosemary Bellers 
Dr. H. L. Alexander Mr. and Mrs. John Ballak Mrs. Henry Belz 
Mrs. R. G. Alexander Mr. and Mrs. John F. Ballak Henry Belz, III 
Mr. and Mrs. Mr. Thomas E. Ballowe Mr. and Mrs. J. Herman Belz 
Sterling J. Alexander Mrs. H. H. Balsiger Mr. and Mrs. Oliver J. Belzer 
Mr. and Mrs. James G. Alfring Mr. Loren W. Bannister Mr. and Mrs. FE. J. Bender 
Mrs. Ben Allen Mr. Gustave E. Bantel Mr. and Mrs. Russell H. Bender 
Mrs. Clifford B. Allen Mr. and Mrs. F. A. Barada Mr. and Mrs. W. H. Benert 
Mr. Edmund T. Allen Mr. Cecil E. Barber Mrs. Richard W. Bennet 
Miss Gertrude E. Allen Mr. Clarence Barbre Mrs. R. af he sik 
Dr. and Mrs. Henry C. Allen Mrs. B. A. Bard Mr. and Mrs. Mike Berezin 
Leonora Allen : Mrs. Carl C. Bardenheier Dr. and Mrs. Leonard Berg 
Mr. and Mrs. Norris H. Allen Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. Nathan C. Berger 
All States Garden Club John E, Bardenheier Mr. W. C. Berkimeyer 
Mr. and Mrs. C. H. Allwardt Mr. A. J. Bardol Prof. Matthew Bernatsky 
Dr. and Mrs. J. P. Altheide Mrs. Clarence M. Barksdale Miss Nina K. Bernd 
Mr. A. W. Altvater Mr. and Mrs. Henry C. Barksdale Mrs. Gertrude Bernoudy 
Mrs. Donald H. Altvater Mr. and Mrs. T. Ellis Barnes I] Mr. Fred F. Berry, Sr. 
Mrs. John M. Alvey, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Mrs. Wendell Berry 
Mrs. Vern Ambach Charles C. Barnett, Jr. Mrs. Arnim C. Beste 
Miss Jaecquelin Ambler Mr. Francis Barnidge Ge Gardens Club of Greater 
Mr. and Mrs. Thomas J. Anders Mrs. David Baron Louis 
Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. Morton D. Baron Mr and Mrs. William TJ, Beukema 
Clarence B. Anderson Barrett Garden Club Mr. Henry S. Bieniecki 
Mrs. M. Conway Anderson Mr. and Mrs. Daniel Bartlett, Sr. Mr. and Mrs. Lonnie Bierman 
Mrs. W. F. Anderson Dr. and Mrs. Robert W. Bartlett Mr. and Mrs. Norman Bierman 
Miss Laura Andreas Mr. and Mrs. Mrs. David C. Biggs 


Mrs. D. C. Andrews Harmon J. Barton, Jr. Mrs. William H. Biggs 


26 


Mr. and Mrs. 

Wayne H. Bigler, Jr. 
Mr. David J. Biller 
Mr. and Mrs. E. N. Binder 
Mrs. E. Julian Birk 
Mr. and Mrs. Paul Bingaman 
Mrs. L. J. Bircher 
Mr. and Mrs. Edward G. Bischoft 
Mr. Harry S. Bischoff 
Miss Beulah V. Bishop 
Dr. and Mrs. G. H. Bishop 
Miss Martha Bishop 


Mrs. Kenneth H. Bitting 
Mrs. W. H. Bixby 
Mr. and Mrs. Wm. H. Bixby, Jr. 


Mrs. Gurdon G. Black 

Miss Bonnie R. Blackburn 
Jasper Blackburn Corporation 
Mrs. Oliver Blackinton 

Black Jack Oaks Garden Club 
Mrs. L. Guy Blackmer 

Mr. and Mrs. Paul Blackwelder 
Mr. Russell K. Blaine 
Mr. and Mrs. Charles E. 
Mr. Charles M. Blair 
Mrs. Vilray Blair, Jr. 
Mr. C. D. Blake 

Dr. and Mrs. C. J. Blake 
Mr. and Mrs. Leonard W. Blake 
Mrs. R. E. Blake 

Mr. and Mrs. Charles H. Bland 
Mrs. Adela Blank 

Mrs. Albert G. Blanke, Jr. 

Mrs. Harry E. Blanke 
Robert Blanke 

Mrs, W. F. Blanke 
Mrs. Oliver Blase 

Mr. and Mrs. Harold G. 
Miss Evelyn Blattner 
Mr. and Mrs. Robert C. Bleikamp 
Mr. and Mrs. Wyllys K. Bliss 
Blitz World-Wide Travel Service, 


Blair 


Blatt 


Inc. 
Mr. Richard H. Blocher 
Dr. and Mrs. Arnold S. Block 
Mrs. Alden 5S. Blodget, Jr. 
Mr. and Mrs. Frank Block 
Mrs. Marion C. Blossom 
Blue Bell Garden Club 
Mr. and Mrs. Fred J. Blum 
Mr. and Mrs. John A. Blumenfeld 
Mrs. H. T. Blumenthal 
Mr. Frank C, Blumeyer 
Miss Emma J. Bobb 
Dr. and Mrs. L. H. Bock 
Mr. Walter Bode 
Mr. and Mrs. Warren Boecklen 
Mr. Frank J. Boehm 
Miss Sue Wanda Boehnken 
George J. Boesch 
Paula K. Boesch 
Miss Caroline Boeschenstein 
Mr. and Mrs. C. K. Boeschenstein 
Mr. and Mrs. A. F. Boettcher, Jr. 
Mr. Arthur F. Boettcher 
Mrs. Lucile E. Boettcher 
. and Mrs. Herbert F. 
. John M. Bogianor 
. and Mrs. Wilferd Bohley 
. and Mrs. Chas. W. Bolan 
. and Mrs. Albert W. Bolay 
. and Mrs. Arthur D. Bond 
. and Mrs. Russell Bond 
Miss Dorothy Borgers 
Mrs. John Bormann 
Mrs. Edwin H. Bosse, Sr. 
Mrs. D. S. Bottom 
Miss Marjorie H. Boulton 
Miss Helena Bounk 
Mrs. Oliver K. Bovard 
Dr. and Mrs. W. A. Bowersox 
Mrs. John M. Bowlin 
Mrs. Wm. Glasgow Bowling 


Boettler 


Mrs. Elmer F. Bowman 
Miss Helen O. Bowman 
Mr. and Mrs. W. G. Bowman 
Mrs. Helen W. Boyd 
Mr. and Mrs. Ingram F. Boyd, Jr. 
Mrs. John C. Boyd 
Mr. Robert Webb Boyd, Jr. 
Mr. Robert W. Boyd, Sr. 
Miss Rose ps Dao Boyland 
Mr. George R. Boyle 
Mrs. Hiram Boyles 
Mrs. Lloyd C. Brackman 
Miss Evelyn M. Braden 
Dr. F. R. Bradley 
Mr. Harry E. Bradley 
Mr. G. C. Bradshaw 
Mrs. K. K. Brady 
Miss Mary M. Brady 
Mrs. O. W. Brandhorst 
Mr. and Mrs. C. A. Brandon 
Dr. and Mrs. E. R. Brandt 
Mrs. Pete Brandt 
Mrs. Oliver Branneky 
Mr. and Mrs. Ernest Brauner 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Buford L. Brauninger 
Mr. Len J. Bray 
Mr. and Mrs. John E. 
Mrs. Sam Breadon 
Miss Ruth A. Breckenridge 
Mr. and Mrs. John F. Bredehoeft 
Brentwood Garden Club 1 
Brentwood Garden Club 2 
Brentwood Garden Club 4 
Mrs. B. M. Brewster 
Mr. James C. Brice 
Dr. and Mrs. E. M. Bricker 
Dr. and Mrs. Kenneth G. Brill 
Mr. and Mrs. Charles E. Briner 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Albert G. Brinkmann 
Mrs. Harry Brinkop 
Mrs. J. W. Bristow 
Mr. and Mrs. Paul H. Britt 
Dr. and Mrs. Thomas Brittingham 
Miss Dorothy Brockhoft 
Mr. and Mrs. Harry C. Brockhoff 
Mrs. Loren T. Brockman 
Mr. John Brodhead, Jr. 
Mrs. Saul Brodsky 
Miss Harriet A. Broeker 
Mrs. E. W. Broemmelsiek 
Mr. Tad W. Broesel 
Mr. A. V. L. Brokaw 
Miss Clara Bromeyer 
Mr. E. W. Bromwich 
H. S. Brookes, M.D. 
Miss Bernice Brookman 
Miss Dorothy Brookman 
Brookview Garden Club 
Mrs. C. M. Brouster 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Alexander M. Brown 
Mrs. Alfred W. Brown 
Miss Constance Brown 


Brazee 


Dr. and Mrs. David H. Brown 
Mr. and Mrs. Ellis L. Brown 
Mrs. G. W. Brown 


Mrs. Howard Brown 
Dr. and Mrs. 
James Barrett Brown 
Mrs. James O. Brown 
Mrs. Joy L. Brown 
Mr. and Mrs. W. C. Brown, Jr. 
Dr. and Mrs. W. W. Brown 
Mr. and Mrs. T. James Brownlee 
Mr. and Mrs. D. R. Bruce 
Mrs. R. I. Brumbaugh 
Miss Lillian Brune 
Mrs. Harold T. Brunette 
Mrs. Erwin Bry 
Mrs. Henry Bry 
Mrs. Herbert E. Bryant 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


.and Mrs. s, Buchan 
. and Mrs. W. Buchanan 
. and Mrs. & H. Buchanan 
. and Mrs. W. E. Buck, Jr. 
. and Mrs. Charles H. Budde 
. and Mrs. Say H. Buder 
. and Mrs. G. A. Buder, Jr. 
Miss Lily ee 
Mr. W. E. Buder 
Miss Norma Buehler 
Mrs. Wm. Buenger 
Mr. and Mrs. Charles E, Buettner 
Mrs. John Buettner 
Mr. and Mrs. F. R. Buhrmaster 
Dr. Harold A. Bulger 
Mrs. Richard A. Bullock 
Mr. and Mrs. Earl Bumiller 
Mrs. Elsie Bunevac 
Mr. Robert A. Burdett 
Mr. Stephen A. Burhenne 
Mrs. Robert Burkham 
Dr. and Mrs. Edward F. Burkhart 
Martha L. Burkhart 
Mr. and Mrs. 
Raymond E. Burlew, Sr. 
Mrs. Louis Burlingham 
Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. 
Mrs. Wm. E. Burr 
Dr. Harry C. Burrus, Jr. 
Dr. and Mrs. Robert Burstein 
Mrs. Bertha B. Burton 
Mrs. John G. Burton 
Mrs. Adolphus Busch 
Mr. and Mrs. August Busch, Jr. 
Mrs. Harold J. Busch 
Mr. Arthur J. Busse 
Mrs. J. Bruce Butler 
Mr. Jack G. Butler 
Mr. John P. Butler 
Mrs. L. W. Butler 
Mrs. Wachter Butterworth 
Mr. and Mrs. James I. Byerly 


Burns 


Cc 


Rev. George L. Cadigan 
Mr. Chester J. Cadle 
Mr. and Mrs. Philip B. Cady 
Mr. and Mrs. 

William R. Cady, Jr. 
Mrs. E. L. Caldwell 
Mrs. John W. Calhoun 
Dr. and Mrs. Delevan Calkins 
Mrs. W. V. Campbell 
Mr. James M. Canavan 
Mr. W. L. Canfield 
Mr. and Mrs. William Cann 
Dr. and Mrs. Edward M. Cannon 
Mr. and Mrs. Nick Carapella 
Mrs. Louis A. Cardosi 
Mr. and Mrs. G. Stephen Carew 
Mrs. Louis Cariffe 
Mr. and Mrs. E. N. Carlson 
Mrs. R. G. Carlson 
Mr. and Mrs. Jean-Jacques Carnal 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Clarkson Carpenter, Jr. 
Mrs. Fred Green Carpenter 
Mr. Claude FE. Carr 
Miss Louise Carr 
Miss Margaret Carr 
Mrs. Peyton T. Carr, Jr. 
Mr. and Mrs. Wm. G. B. Carson 
Mr. and Mrs. T. L. Casey 
Mr. and Mrs. B. Houston Caskie 
Mrs. John R. Caulk, Jr. 
Mrs. Eloise Cella 
Century Garden Club 
Miss Janet B. Cerf 
Dr. Peter Chacharonis 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Mrs. Gerome Chambers 
Mr. and Mrs. 
Norman B. Champ, Jr. 
Mr. and Mrs. Albert Chandler 
Mrs. Warren T. Chandler 
Mrs. John N. Chapin 
Mr. and Mrs. J. B. Charak 
Dr. Ben H. Charles, III 
Mr. William Charles 
Mr. and Mrs. William H. Charles 
Charm Song African Violet Club 
Dr. Raymond M. Charnas 
Mrs. Jacob Chasnott 
Mr. Edward G. Cherbonnier 
Mr. and Mrs. 
Harry W. Chesley, Jr. 
Mr. Charles F. Chevillion 
Mrs. F. T. Childress 
Mrs. L. Wade Childress 
Mrs. Leland Chivvis 
Mr. aes Chouteau, Jr. 
Mrs. L. J. Christen 
Mrs. V. F. Chee 
Mr. and Mrs. J. L. Christian 
Mrs. W. T. Christmas 
Mrs. C. Calvin Christy 
Mr. and Mrs. R. Walston Chubb 
Mr. and Mrs. Joseph A. Clacker 
Mrs. Charles E. Claggett 
Mr. James W. Clark 
Mr. Robert B. Clark 
Dr. and Mrs. Sam L. Clark, Jr. 
Mrs. Chauncey H. Clarke 
Rowena Clarke Garden Club 
Kirkwood 1 
Mr. and Mrs. G. W. Clarkson, III 
Mrs. J. Turner Clarkson 
Mrs. J. T. Clarkson, Jr. 
Miss Catherine Clayes 
Mrs. Edward H. Clayton 
Clayton Garden Club 1 
Clayton Garden Club 2 
Clayton Garden Club 3 
Clayton Garden Club 4 
Clayton Garden Club 6 
Mr. and Mrs. Oliver C 
Mrs. Berthoud Clifford 
Mr. Oliver M. Clifford 
Clifton Heights Garden Club 
Mr. O. J. Cloughly 
Cloyse Kenty Garden Club 
Mr. and Mrs. Elmer E. Cocke 
. and Mrs. James W. Coe 
. and Mrs. Robert L. Coe 
_E. W. Coffey 
. and Mrs. E. A. Cogho 
. and Mrs. Ben Cohen 
.and Mrs. Sidney S. Cohen 
ae Julian B. Cohn 
Mr. and Mrs. Harold R. Colbert 
Mrs. Dorothy O. Cole 
Mr. and Mrs. John J. Cole 
Mr. and Mrs. George W. Coleman 
Mrs. Thomas Colfer 
Mr. and Mrs. G. I. Collett 
Mrs. Richard J. Collins 
Mr. and Mrs. T. R. Collins, Jr. 
Columbia Garden Club 
Mr. William H. Combs 
Dr. and Mrs. F. Comte 
Mrs. G. Kk. Conant, Jr. 
Mr. and Mrs. S. D. Conant 
Concord Garden Club 
Mr. Martin E. Connelly 
Mr. and Mrs. Burton F. 
Dr. and Mrs. 
Adolph H. Conrad, Jr. 
Miss Lillian C. Conrad 
. Paul E. Conrades 
.and Mrs. Joseph J. Conradi 
. Philip A. Conrath 
.and Mrs. J. C. Conreux 
rand Mrs. R alph G. Contrael 


. Clerc 


Connolly 


Mr. and Mrs. Harold S. Cook 
Mr. and Mrs. James F. Cook, Jr. 
Dr. and Mrs. Jerome E. Cook 


Mrs. T. K. Cooper, Jr. 
Mr. and Mrs. Willis M. Cooper 
Coral Belles Garden Club 
Coral-Biscayne Garden Club 
Mrs. C. H. Corbett 
Miss Barbara A. Cordes 
Mrs. Justin Cordonnier 
Dr. and Mrs. Carl Cori 
Mrs. John C. Corley 
Mrs. Robert Corley 
Mr. and Mrs. Clifford Corneli 
Mrs. Vern N. Cornelius 
Miss Lucille Cornet 
Mr. and Mrs. Dave L. 
Mrs. B. S. Cornwell 
Mr. and Mrs. 
Franklin J. Cornwell 
Mrs. Frederick J. Cornwell 
Mr. and Mrs. James A. Corrigan 
Mrs. Frances L. Corte 
Mrs. J. B. Costen 
Mr. and Mrs. Edward J. Costigan 
Mr. and Mrs. Carl H. Cotterill 
Mrs. George Cottrill 
Mr. and Mrs. 
Dwight W. Coultas, Jr. 
Countryside Gardens 
Dr. and Mrs. R. M. Courtney 
Dr. and Mrs. Walter P. Covell 
Mr. Clarence Cowdery 
Dr. and Mrs. E. V. Cowdry 
ae eA COX 
Newton Cox 
Mire Harvey B. Cox, Sr. 
Mrs. John Craib Cox 
Mrs. John H. Crago 
Mr. and Mrs. 
Wilbur H. Cramblet 
Mr. and Mrs. L. A. Crancer 
Mr. James E. Crawford 
Mr. and Mrs. — 
Vincent E. Creamer 
Miss Cora Creimeyer 
Mr. and Mrs. 
William I. Crissman 
Mr. James Arthur Crouch, Jr. 
Mr. O. Ruffin Crow 
Mr. A. B. Crowder 
Mrs. Edward Crowe 
Mr. Paul Croyle 
Crystal City Garden Club 
Stacy and June Culberson 
Mrs. A. B. Cull 
Mr. and Mrs. : _R. Culling 
Mr. and Mrs. S Culver ITI 


Cornfeld 


Mrs. Edwin R c ulver, Jr. 
Mrs. H. Harrison Culver 
Mr. and Mrs. 


Merrimon Cuninggim 
Mr. Wm. H. Cunliff 
Mr. and Mrs. 
James L. Cunningham 
Mrs. John E. Curby 
Arthur Curlee 
Mr. and Mrs. Shelby H. Curlee 
Mr. George W. Curran 
Mr. Ralph F. Curry 
Mrs. Rollin L. Curtis 
Miss Betty Lou Custer 
Dr. and Mrs. Harold M. Cutler 
Mr. and Mrs. A. L. Cutter 


D 


Mr. James A. Dacey 
Mr. and Mrs. Irvin Dagen 


af 


Mr. Don L. Daggitt 
Mr. and Mrs. John R. D’ Agostino 
Mr. and Mrs. 
Edward L. Dahlkamp 
Mr. W. J. Dahm 
Mr. A. F. Dalton 
Mrs. Leslie Dana 
Mr. and Mrs. Donald Danforth 
Mrs. C. Peyton Daniel 
Mr. and Mrs. Ronald Danzer 
Mr. and Mrs. Arthur R. Darr 
Mrs. P. A. Dates 
Mrs. A. J. Daves 
Mrs. E. Gary Davidson 
Mr. and Mrs. 
John L. Davidson, Jr. 
Mrs. M. Davidson 
Dr. and Mrs. Jack Davies 
Mrs. Kenneth M. Davis 
Mr. and Mrs. 
J. Lionberger Davis, Jr. 
Mr. and Mrs. Robert S. Davis 
Mr. and Mrs. Harold P. Davison 
Mr. and Mrs. W. Z. Davison 
Dr. Anthony B. Day 
Mr. Charles M. Day 
Mrs. H. D. Day 


Mr. and Mrs. Henry P. Day 
Mr. and Mrs. Morgan C. Day 
Mr. and Mrs. Wm. H. Deal 
Mr. H. F. Dean 

Lee W. Dean, Jr., M. D. 
Mrs. Marie J. Dean 


Miss Rosalind M. Dean 
Mrs. Richard De Charms 
Mrs. J. A. Deeble 
Mr. and Mrs. Eric Defty 
Mr. Oliver De Garmo 
Mr. Melvin DeGroote 
Mrs. Frederick H. Deibel 
Mrs. E. L. Deicke 
Dr. and Mrs. 

Robert B. Deitchman 
Mrs. W. V. Delahunt 
Mrs. Glenn A. Delf 
Mrs. William E. Delicate 
Delmar Garden Club 
Mrs. C. P. DeLore 
Dr. and Mrs. William Demko 
Mr. Robert H. Denckhoff 
Mr. Edgar W. Denison 
Mr. Charles Denny and Company 
Mr. Eugene dePenaloza 
Mr. William Peter de Penaloza 
Mr. and Mrs. 


Eugene W. Dependahl 
Mr. and Mrs. Harlan A. Depew 
Mr. Thos. N. De Pew 
Mr. and Mrs. Wallene R. Derby 
Mrs. Bernard F. Desloge 
Mr. Marcel Desloge 
Mr. and Mrs. Taylor S. Desloge 
Mr. and Mrs. 


Theodore P. Desloge 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Mart E. De Tienne 
Mrs. Paul A. Dewald 
Mrs. Charles W. DeWitt 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Irvin S. De Woskin 
Mrs. Edward C. Dicke 
Miss Gladys Dickinson 
Dr. and Mrs. Donald Dickler 
Dr. and Mrs. A. H. Diehr 
Mrs. Dirk Diephuis 
Mr. and Mrs. William J. Dill 
Mr. and Mrs. Irving Dilliard 
Mr. T B. Dinkmeier 
Mrs. L. Dinsmore 
Rae Tree Service 
Mr. and Mrs. Albert Di Prospere 
Mrs. F. H. Disbrow 
Mrs. H. Dischinger 
Mrs. Walter Dittrich 


28 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Mrs. George Dobler 
Mr. and Mrs. Dunean C, 
Mrs. Douglas W. Dodds 
Mrs. Aneta B. Dodson 
Dr. and Mrs. C. Gene D’Oench 
Mr. and Mrs. Ralph D’Oench 
WF pewoud Garden Club 
Mrs. Doisy 
Dr. a Mrs. James L. Donahoe 
Mr. and Mrs. Matt Donnigan 
Mr. and Mrs. Carroll J. Donohue 
Mr. _ John a Donovan, Jr. 
Wm. T. Dooley 
Mr W m. mrs Jr. 
Mr. and Mrs. E. O. Dorsch 
Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Doss 
Leo F. Dougherty 
en and Mrs. 
James M. Douglas 
Mr. and Mrs. Victor Douglas 
Mr. Matthew L. Dow 
Lt. Col. and Mrs. 
Edward Dowling 
Mrs. Charles Doyle 
Dr. and Mrs. Truman G., 
Dr. and Mrs. 
William L. 
Mr. and Mrs. 
Drescher, Sr. 
Mr. John M. Drescher, Jr. 
Mrs. Donald Dressler 
Miss Margaret L. Dressor 
Miss Isabelle Drewett 
Mrs. Leo A. Drey 
Mr. and Mrs. James M. Dreyer 
Mr. and Mrs. 
Clark M. Driemeyer 
Mr. C. Fred Driemeyer 
Mr. and Mrs. 
Kenneth Drummond 
Mrs. Neil Drury 
Mr. W. Donald Dubail 
Mr. Melvin Dubinsky 
. and Mrs. Edward N. Dubois 
Mr. and Mrs. ae Fk, Dubois 
. and Mrs. C. Duchesne 
H. Richard Duhee Jr. 
Mes. Marsh P. Duke 
Miss Hazel Dunean 
Mrs. Henry P. Duncker 
Mr. and Mrs. 
Francis M, Dunford 
Mrs. Robert B. Dunford 
Mrs. Gilbert H. Durston 
Mr. Raymond Dyreks 


Dobson 


Drake 
Drake, Jr. 


E 


Dr. and Mrs. Dee W. Eades 
Mrs. Mark D. Eagleton 

Mrs. C. W. Eames 

Eastern Missouri Bee Keepers 
Miss Emily P. Eaton 

Mrs. Wm. F. Ebert 

Mr. and Mrs. Alec W. Ebsworth 
Mrs. Albert O. Eck, Sr. 

Mr. and Mrs. John R. Eck 
Mrs. Ernest A. Eddy 

Mr. and Mrs. Charles B. Edison 
Mr. and Mrs. Irving Edison 
Mr. and Mrs. Simon Edison 
Mr. and Mrs. Henry Edmonds 
Miss E. V. Edwards 

Miss Mary R. Edwards 


Dr. and Mrs. Joseph C. Edwards 


Mrs. Louis H. Egan 
Mrs. Theodore C. Eggers 
Mr. and Mrs. Willis G. Ehrhardt 


Mr. Frederick H. Eickhoff 

Dr. and Mrs. Jack Eidelman 

Eighth Dist. Mo. Fed. of 
Women’s Clubs 


Mrs. Fred B. Eiseman 
Mrs. Wm. N. Eisendrath, Jr. 
Mrs. Albert Eisenstein 
Mr. and Mrs. Linnel B. Elam 
Mrs. Charles B. Elder 
Mrs. Edwin S. Elder 
Mrs. Ernest John Elgie 
Chancellor and Mrs. 

Thomas H. Eliot 
Mr. Davis Elkin 
Mr. and Mrs. Donovan Eller 
Miss Georgie Elliott 
Miss Lucy C. Elliott 
Mr. and Mrs. Frank Ellis 


Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth Kk. Ellis 

Elsberry Pg tia Club 

Mr. £ Elsperman 

Mr. and tare William H. Elston 
Mr. bd illiam H. Emig 

Mr. Donald Emigh 

Mr. ni Mrs. Robert A. Emnett 
Mr. Edgar H. Enslin 

Mrs. Maurice S. Epstein 

Mr. and Mrs. Charles S. Erber 


Mr. and Mrs. 

Le Roy A. Erickson 
Dr. and Mrs. R. F. Erickson 
Mr. and Mrs. Eugene S. Erwin 
Mrs. Henry L. Eskridge 
Mr. and Mrs 

—e ay an _Etherton 
Mrs. L. 

Hs ok B. 


Mr. a reas Evans 


Mr. and Mrs. J. C. Evans 
Mr. O. D. Evans 
Mr. Oliver M. Evans 


Mrs. D. L. Evertz 

Mr. and Mrs. Fred Evertz 
Miss Rose L. Evertz 

Dr. C. H. Eyermann 

Mr. E. E, Ezell 


F 


Mrs. Eugene H. Fahrenkrog 
Mr. Hank Falkenberg 
Mr. and Mrs. August L. Fantilli 
Mr. and Mrs. Robert S. Farmer 
Mr. and Mrs. Benedict Farrar 
Mr. and Mrs. Leicester Faust 
-v. and Mrs. J. Maver Feehan 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Echeal T. Feinstein 
Dr. and Mrs. L. A. Feinstein 
Miss Devora Lee Feir 
Dr. and Mrs. David Feldman 
Mr. and Mrs. M. H. Feldman 
Mr. and Mrs. William A. Feldt 
Felicia Garden Club 
Mr. and Mrs. Carl T. Felker 
Mr. and Mrs. John O. Felker 
Mrs. E. C. Felt 
Mr. George Z. Fencil 
Fenton Garden Club 
Ferguson Hills Garden Club 3 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Gary W. Ferguson 
Mrs. David P. Ferriss 
Mr. Henry T. Ferriss 
Mr. and Mrs. Son Fesler 
Mr. and Mrs. W. W. Fetner, Jr. 
Mr. and Mrs. Russell Fette 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Arthur H. Feuerbacher, Jr. 
Mr. Russell R. Feverston 
Mr. Boleslaw J. Figorski 
Mr. Frank G,. Fillmore 
Herbert I. Finch, Jr. 
Dr. and Mrs. Max Fink 
Mrs. Pauline Finn 
Mrs. Walter Fischel 


Mrs. Aaron Fischer 
Miss Elvira Fischer 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Bernard Fischlowitz 
Mr. and Mrs. Wm. Morgan Fish 
Mrs. Alice Fisher 
Mrs. Emil Fisher 
Mrs. Rollin B. Fisher 
Miss Edna Fisse 
Mrs. Helen E. Fitzroy 
Miss Bertha M. Flach 
Mrs. John H. Flachmann 
Dr. and Mrs. I. J. Flance 
Mrs. Moyer S. Fleisher 
Mr. and Mrs. Roy V. Flesh 
Fleur De Lis Garden Club 
Mr. and Mrs. Jerome Flexner 
Mr. and Mrs. Richard Flink 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Richard Kk, Fliteraft 
Flora Place Garden Club 
Flora Place Protective 

Association 
Mrs. Jos. Floret 
Mrs. Clara M. Flori 
Mloribunda Garden Club 


of Dittmer 
Mr. and Mrs. Frank D. Flotken 


Mr. and Mrs. F. W. Floyd 

Mr. and Mrs. Peter Fogertey 
Mr. and Mrs. John R. Fogg 
Mr. and Mrs. John J. Fojtik 


Mrs. E. Flynn Ford 
Mr. and Mrs. J. Curtis Ford 
Mr. John H. Ford 
Mrs. John S. Ford 
Mrs. W. S. Ford, Sr. 
Mr. —_ Mrs. William S. Ford 
Mrs. S. W. Forder 
Forest Haven Garden Club 2 
Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Forshaw 
Mrs. James G. Forsyth 
Mr. and Mrs. 

W. OM. Forsythe. Jr. 
Forsythia Garden Club 
Mr. George C, Foster 
Mrs. Jane Freund Foster 
Mr. John Henry Foster 
Mr. and Mrs. Randall Foster 
Mrs. T. Foster 
Founders’ Circle Rosemary 

Garden Club 
Four Seasons Garden Club 


Mrs. Ralph A. Fournier 
Mrs. Lorraine - owler 
Mrs. Alex P. Fox 

Mrs. and Mis. John Fox 


Dr. and Mrs. Fox 
Mr. and Mrs. 

James M. Franciscus 
Mr. Harry A. Frank 
Mr. and Mrs. Milton Frank 
Simon M. Frank 
Mr. ‘and Mrs. William A. Frank 
Mr. and Mrs. William H. Frank 
Arthur Franke 
rs. : Jane Frankenthal 
Mrs. C. E. Freeborg 
Mr. and Mrs. Raymond Freed 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Donald Liggett Freeman 
Mr. and Mrs. M. J. Freeman 
Mr. Vincent E. Freeman 
Miss Grace L. Freiberg 
Dr. and Mrs. H. J. Freiheit 
Mrs. W. J. Frein 
Miss Ruby Freivogel 
Mr. Dudley French 
Molly French Garden Club 
Mr. and Mrs. Eugene Z. Frerichs 
Mr. and Mrs. Arthur J. Freund 
Mr. and Mrs. Felix Freund 
Mr. Milton E, Freund 
Mr. and Mrs. M. W. 


Leon J. 


Freund 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 29 


Mrs. H. A. Friedman Miss Nancy L. Gerber Dr. Harry N. Glick 
Mr. Wm. Stix Friedman Gladys M. Gerdel Glendale Garden Club 
Mr. and Mrs. James A. Friend Mr. and Mrs. R. F. Gerdelman Mrs. Morris Glik 
Dr. Armand D. Fries Mr. and Mrs. Leigh Gerdine Mr. and Mrs. Gene A. Globig 
Mr. and Mrs. A. W. Fritz Mrs. E. F. Gereke Mrs. Warren Goddard 
Mrs. Ewald Froese Mrs. Eugene Gerhard Mrs. Frank A. Goetz 
Frontenac Garden Club Mrs. William B. Gerhart Mr. O. E. Goetz 
Frostwood Garden Club Mrs. F. Gerlach Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Goetz 
Mr. and Mrs. Irwin E. Fuchs Mr. and Mrs. Max German a and Mrs. Stanley Goldblatt 
Mr. W. E. Fuetterer Gern Nursery Inc. olden Bell Garden Club 
Dr. Harry J. Fuller Mr. and Mrs. Bernard Gers Mr Edward M. Golden 
Mr. and Mrs. Mr. I. Gers Mr. and Mrs. 
James W. Fullerton Mr. Julius A. Gewinner Robert S. Goldenhersh 
Mr. and Mrs. L. D. Fullington Mrs. G. Donald Gibbins Mrs. Alfred Goldman 
Fulton Garden Club Mrs. S. E. Gibbon Mrs. Alvin D. Goldman 
Mrs. Clara F. Funck Mrs. J. Gibbs Mrs. Kennard Goldsmith 
Mr. and Mrs. Oliver C. Funsch Mr. George Gibson Mrs. Jay Goldstein 
Mr. and Mrs. Richard O. Funseh) Dr. and Mrs. Marvin H. Gibstine Mrs. Max A. Goldstein 
Mrs. Edward Funsten Dr. and Mrs. George C. Giessing Dr. and Mrs. S. W. Gollub 
Mrs. R. Fairfax Funsten Miss Adie Giessow Mr. and Mrs. Sam Golman 
Mr. and Mrs. J. F. Furrer Mr. and Mrs. Wallace Gilbert Mr. and Mrs. Sam I. Golman 
Mr. and Mrs. Schell L. Furry Mrs. E. J. Gildehaus Mr. and Mrs. Fermin Gonzales 
Mr. and Mrs. Edwin J. Fusch Mr. Robert A. Giles Mr. and Mrs. Arthur S. Goodall 
Mrs. Eva A. Gilliam Good Earth Garden Club 
Mr. and Mrs. V. T. Gilliam Mr. and Mrs. 
Mrs. Henry Giovanni Allan McD. Goodloe 
Mr. Adolph Glaser Mrs. Stanley Goodman 
GC Mr. Carl Glaser, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. McVeigh Goodson 
Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Glaser, Jr. Mrs. Mildred Goodwin 
Mrs. Milton Glaser Miss Nancy Gorder 
Mr. and Mrs. Roy Gaertner Mrs. Morris Glase1 Mr. and Mrs. Lindell Gordon, Jt 
Mr. Harry D. Gaines 
Mr. L. C. Gale, Jr. 
Mrs. T. L. Gallaway 
Mr. and Mrs. Charles F. Galt 
Mrs. Martin E. Galt 
Mrs. Clark R. Gamble ; : 
Mr. D. bien Gamble Mrs. Dan Sakahara offered her popular course in Japanese 


Miss Leonelle C. Gamble 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Theodore R. Gamble 
Mr. W. Guy Gamble i 
Miss Gretchen Ganschinietz ; 

u 


flower arranging for Friends of the Garden twice in 1962 


Mrs. Helen Gantehett 

Dr. and Mrs. George E. Gantnet 
Garden Club of St. Louis 

Mrs. David L. Gardner 

Mrs. Dozier Gardner 

Mrs. Fred W. Gardner 

Mr. and Mrs. 

Martin EF. Gardner, Jr. 
Mrs. Prince A. Gardner, Jr. 
Mr. and Mrs. Russell Gardnet 
Mrs. A. R. A. Garesche 
Mr. and Mrs. 

F. Mark Garlinghouse 
Mr. and Mrs. Claude M. Garner 
Miss Louise Garttiser 
Mrs. Richard W. Gaskins 
Mr. Ferd E. Gast 
Mrs. Calvin Gatch 
Mrs. Hayward H. Gatch 
Mrs. Nelson B. Gatch 
Mr. and Mrs. Leshe H. Gauci 
Mr. Lloyd Gaus 
Mrs. L. P. Gay 
Gay Bouquet Garden Club 
Mrs. Clitford W. Gaylord 
Mrs. H. E. Gebhardt 
Mr. George P. Gebhart 
Mr. F. H. Gehlhausen 
Mr. and Mrs. D. S. Geddis 
Miss Adele J. Gehner 
Miss Pearl E. Gehner 
Mrs. Roland Geiger 
Mr. and Mrs. Leo M. Getssal 
Miss Bess Geitz 
Mrs. George Gellhorn 
Mr. and Mrs. Paul M. Gelnet 
Geneseo Hills eal ( Tb 
Mrs. Paul M. George 
Mr. Walter A. George 
Mr. George C,. Gephart 
Mrs. William A. Gerard 
Mr. Albert J. Gerber 


‘iit sacs 


ee 


30 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Mr. and Mrs. eich ird S. Gordon 


Mr. Edward W. Gore 
Mrs. J. S. Gould 
Mrs. Stephen G. Gould 


Dr. Gene H. Grabau 
Mr. Leo M. Grace 


Mrs. Helen ey i Gr af 
Miss Mary E. va af 

Mrs. Harry KE. afe 

Mr. and Mrs. Prien L. Graff 


Mrs. FE. A. Graham 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Evarts A. Graham, Jr. 
Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Grand 
Dr. Adele Lewis Grant 
Mr. and Mrs. FE. R. Grant 
Grantview Garden Club 
Grantwood Garden Club 


Mrs. Jos. J. Gravely 

Mr. Byron A. Gray 

Mrs. W. Ashley Gray, Jr. 

Greater St. Louis Aquarium 
Society 

Greater St. Louis Archaeological 
Society 


Greater St. Louis Dahlia Society 
Mr. and Mrs. Arthur W. Green 
Mr. and Mrs. John R. Green 
Mr. and Mrs. 

John Raeburn Green, Il 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Lawrence H. Greenberg 
Mr. and Mrs. 

John Julius Greenberg 
Greenbriar Hills Garden Club 
Mr. M. B. Greene 
Mr. and Mrs. Roy W. Greenlee 
Mr. Milton T. Greenman 
Mrs. Edward B. Greensfelder 
Mrs. Harry Greensfelder, Jr. 
Mr. and Mrs. K. Gregory 
. Clitford Greve 
rs. Dustin H. Griffin 
Mr. and Mrs. Wesley Griffith 
Mr. and Mrs. H. C. Grigg 
-s. Francis Gross 
Mr. and Mrs. ee A. Gross 
Mr. and Mrs. Edwin pp oerteoee 
Mr. and Mrs. Theo. FE. Guhman 
Mr. Ralph A. foneete 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Louis H. Gummersbach 
Mr. and Mrs. Adolph J. Guth 
Mr. and Mrs. E. FF. Guth, Jr. 
Mrs. D. B. Guthrie 
Mr. and Mrs. Louis V. Gutman 


Dr. and Mrs. Samuel FE. Guyer 
Mr. and Mrs. Albert Guze 

H 
Mr. and Mrs. A. J. Haack 


Mr. and Mrs. 
Frank H. Haarstick 
Mrs. R. C. Haas 
Mr. F. J. Haberthier 
Miss Carolyn Hackman 
Miss Carol Hackmann 
Mrs. John M. Hadley 
Mr. Willis D. Hadley 
Mr. R. E. Haefer 
Miss Ella Haeseler 
Dr. Heinz E. ee ie? 
Dr. and Mrs. IE. Hagebusch 
Mrs. H. F. ert 
Dr. Paul O. Hagemann 
Mr. Archer L. Hager 
Mr. Frank S. Hager 
Mr. Christian H. Hahn 
Mrs. Hilbert Wm. Hagnauer 
Mr. and Mrs. 
Robert N. Hagnauer 


Mr. and Mrs. 
Mr. and Mrs. 
Mrs. L. P. Ha 
Bethune Hall 
Dr. Lee A. Hall 

Dr. and Mrs. hie aa ts 
Mr. and Mrs. R.N. 
Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Gite Hall 


Lewis E. Hahn 
preset Halamicek 


. Hall 
ull 


Dr. and Mrs. Thomas S. Hall 
Mrs. John F. Hallett 
Mrs. Virginia Hallett 
Mrs. Helen Halloran 
Mr. and Mrs. A. B. Hallowell 


. and Mrs. Norman Halls 
Mr. Viktor Hamburger 

Mrs. Ellis H. Hamel 
Mr. and Mrs. C. P. 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Z y B. Hamilton 
Mr. and Mrs. 


Hamill 


Charles F. Hamilton 
Mr. and Mrs. James Hamilton 
Mr. and Mrs. M. C. S. Hamilton 


Mr. and Mrs. R, I 
Mr. and Mrs. 

R. W. Hammerstein 
Mr. Fred R. Hammond 
Dr. Stanley P. Hampton 


. Hamilton 


Mr. and Mrs. F. J. Hamtil 
Mr. H. H. Hane 

Mr. and Mrs. Stanley Hanks 
Miss Lucy E. Hanley 


Mr. and Mrs. 

Kenneth B. Hannigan 
Dr. T. H. Hanser 
Miss Dorothy Hardcastle 
Mrs. Richard Hardcastle 
Mr. Hord Hardin 
Mr. and Mrs. eb A. Hardy 
Mr. and Mrs. Edwin M. Harford 
Harmony Garden Club 


Mrs. Erwin C. Harms 
Mrs. Oliver R, Harms 
Mr. H. M. Harned 

Mrs, Frank L. Harney 


Mr. Joseph H. Harper 


Mrs. Roy W. Harper 
Mr. Hz a F. Harrington 
Mr. M. Harrington 


Mr. and fries 
Patrick D. Harrington 
Mr. and Mrs. — Harris 
Mr. and Mrs. L. Harris 
Mr. and Mrs. Harold H. Harris 
Mrs. John C. Harris 
Mr. and Mrs. R. C. Harris 
Mr. T. Ben Harris 
Mrs. Charles L. Harrison 


Mrs. John W. Harrison 

Mr. and Mrs. Lloyd Harrison 
Mr. and Mrs. John T. Hart 
Mr. H. C. Hartkopf 


Mrs. FE, C. Hartman 

Mr. and Mrs. L. S. Hartman 
Mr. and Mrs. T. J. Hartrich 
Mr. and Mrs. G. H. Hartwein 
Miss Flora Hartwig 

Miss Elaine Harvey 

Mr. Montague Harvey 

Mr. and Mrs. Robert M. Harvey 
Mr. and Mrs. J. Harvie 

Mrs. Lewis S. Haslam 

Mr. and Mrs. L. H. Haslip 

Dr. H. A. Hassett 

Mr. and Mrs. Earl Hath 
Hathaway Manor Garden Club 
Mrs. Richard D. Hatton, Jr. 
Miss Helen Hauhart 

Mrs. Mabel S. Sa haat ee 

Mr. and Mrs. Haverstick 
H: awbrook ee Cc lub 

Mrs. R 


Mr. and Mrs. John L. Hawn 
Mrs. George F. Hayden 


Mrs. Mildred M. Hayes 
Mrs. W. Alfred Hayes 
Mr. and Mrs. John H. Hayward 


Mrs. Harry B. Hazelton 
Mrs. George F. Heath 
Mrs. Amy M. Hecht 


Miss Eleanor B. Hecht 

Mrs. and Mrs. William J. Hedley 
Mr. W. F. Hehman 

Mr. and Mrs. 

Henry J. Heideman 
Dr. and Mrs. Carl J. Heifetz 
Mrs. Walter A. Heimbuecher 
Miss Lucille Heimburger 
Mr. and Mrs. Robert Heimsch 
Mr. and Mrs. C. L. Hein 
Mr. and Mrs. R. A. Heinicke 
Mr. M. Heinrichsmeyer 
Dr. Charles Heiser 
Mr. and Mrs. Don L. Heitman 
Mr. and Mrs. Lindsay Helmholz 
Mrs. W. H. Henby 
Mr. and Mrs. Ewald Hencke 
Mr. and Mrs. J. Gordon Henges 
Miss Eugenia Henke 
Miss Rose M. Henke 
Dr. R. E. Hennessy 
Mrs. Thomas A. Hennigan, Sr. 
Mr. and Mrs. C. G. Henry 
Mr. H. W. Henry 
Miss Jane Henry 
Dr. and Mrs. Paul R. Hensel 
Miss Ruth Hensley 
Mr. and Mrs. Geo. Herbst 
Dr. and Mrs. Morris Herman 
Mr. R. S. Herman 
Dr. and Mrs. M. Hermann 
Mr. and Mrs. Donald G. Herries 
Mr. and Mrs. Henry Hess 
rs. John Hessing 
Mr. and Mrs. George C. 
Mr. Pat Heuer 
Mr. and Mrs. J. F. Hickey 
Mr. and Mrs. K. Myron Hickey 
Mrs. Pauline G. Hickey 
Miss Ethel Mae Hicks 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Arthur Hiemenz, Jr. 
Mr. and Mrs. Arthur C. 
Miss Hilda E. Hiemenz 
Dr. H. Rommel Hildreth 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Adolph B. Tall, Jr. 
Mrs. A. M. Hill 
Mr. and Mrs. C. FE. Hill 
Mr. and Mrs. Jim Hill 
Mr. and Mrs. J. Boyd Hill 
Mr. and Mrs. R. E. Hillard 
Hillbilly Garden Club 

Dr. Mildred Hiller 

Mr. and Mrs. Frank Hilliker 
Mr. and Mrs. John G. Hilmer 
Paul Hines. M.D. 

Mrs. Ruth C. Hinsman 

Mr. and Mrs. 

Mare A. ae Jr. 

Prof. and Mrs. |. Hirschman 
Mr. George W. i shee 

Mr. and Mrs. Henry Hitchcok 
Mrs. George K. Hoblitzelle 
Mr. and Mrs. Haworth F. Hoch 
Mr. A. G. Hochmeister 

Mr. and Mrs. Peter Hochschild 
Mr. and Mrs. lion Hocker, Jr. 
Mr. and Mrs. Fred Hoefel, Jr. 
Mr. and Mrs. Arthur C, Hoehn 
Mr. and Mrs. Alan J. Hoener 
Mrs. P. John Hoener 

Mrs. H. R. Hoffman 

Mr. and Mrs. Philip M. Hoffman 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Richard M. Hoffman 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Robert J. Hoffmann 


Hetlage 


Hiemenz 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 3] 


Mr. and Mrs. 


ogy We Hoffmeister 
Mrs. E. Hoffsten 
Mr. and Sirs, 

Harvey A. Hofmeister 
Mr. Fred W. Holder 
Mrs. Malcolm Lee Holekamp 
Mr. and Mrs. Norman Holen 


Mr. and Mrs. 

Leonard J. Holland 
Miss Mary E. Holliway 
Mrs. Joseph P. Holloran 
Dr. and Mrs. H. Frank Holman 
Mr. and Mrs. Foster W. Holmes 
Mrs. J. Howard Holmes 
Mr. and Mrs. William S. Holmes 
Mr. and Mrs, E. A. Holscher 
Dr. and Mrs. Edw. C. Holscher 
Mrs. James Holsen 
Mr. and Mrs. 

s N. Holsen; Jr: 

. and Mrs. 

Ivan Lee Holt, Jr. 
Mr. and Mrs. 

George H. Holtmann 
Mrs. James O. Holton, Sr. 
Mrs. Fred J. Holzapfel 
Mrs. G. Erwin Homer 
Dr. Thomas T. Hoopes 
Mr. and Mrs. 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Russell R. Hopmann 
Mrs. Louis A. Hoppe 
Mr. and Mrs. J. F. Hornback 
Mr. and Mrs. Leonard Hornbein 
Mr. Richard W. Horner 
Mr. and Mrs. 

William W. Horstman 
Horticultural Study Club 
Mr. Alton E. Horton 
Mr. Don W. Horton 


Mr. and Mrs. Richard I’. Hosch 
Mrs. C. J. Hosek 

Houlihan Nursery Co. 

Mr. and Mrs. James G. Houser 


Dr. Frances N. Howard 
Mrs. James H. Howe, III 
Mr. and Mrs. Nelson Howe 
Mr. Arthur Howell 
Mrs. Howard H. Hubbell 
Mr. and Mrs. 
Edward W. 
Mr. and Mrs. 
Edwin G. Hudspeth 
Mr. and Mrs. 
Edwin ANE 
Mr. and Mrs. 


Hudson 


Hudspeth 


_ George C. Hudspeth 
Dr. and Mrs. Bernard Hulbert 
Mr. Jack H. Humes 


Mr. August H. Hummert 

Mr. and Mrs. ae L. Hunt 
Dr. and aes E. Hunter, Jr. 
Mir He Vv. eaters 

Mr. Jack Hart 

Mrs. Herman Husch 

Mr. Peter H. Husch 

Mr. Robert F. Husted 

Mr. and Mrs. Robert Hyland 


Mrs. Edgar S. Idol 

Mrs. Jeanne W. Igleheart 

The Illinois Gladiolus Society 
Indian Hills Garden Club 1 

Mr. and Mrs. James S. Inghram 
Miss Maurine Inghram 
Inspiration Garden Club 


Richard M. Hoover 


Iris Garden Club 


Mrs. S. R. Irish 

Dr. F. G. Irwin 

Mrs. Laura M: ay Isaacson 

Mrs. Jerome W. Israel 

Mr. Scott Ittner 

Miss Caroline E. L. Ives 
J 

Mrs. Phoenix B. Jablonsky 


Mr. and Mrs. Calvin A. Jack 
Mr. and Mrs. Charles Jacks 
Mrs. Katherine Jacobs 

Miss E. M. Jacoby 

Mr. and Mrs. Myron Jaffe 

Dr. and Mrs. Norman A. James 
Mr. and Mrs. Rudy James 

Mr. and Mrs. 

T. Frank James, Jr. 

Mr. and Mrs. Wm. F. James 
Dr. and Mrs. William M. James 
Dr. and Mrs. James G. Janney 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Reinold W. Janning 
Mr. and Mrs. Joseph J. Janosky 
Mr. and Mrs. Greg W. Janson 
Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Jarvis 
Mr. and Mrs. Ernest G. Jaworski 
Mr. and Mrs. John H. Jenkins 
Mrs. M. M. Jenks 
Mr. W. H. Jenner 
Mr. and Mrs. Stifel W. 
Richard P. Jensen 
Mr. Adolph J. Jeude 
Mr. Edwin W. Joern 
Mr. and Mrs. 

William P. Johannes 
Mr. E. H. Johanning 
Mrs. Walter C. Johanning 
Mrs. J. Eugene Johanson 
Mrs. Andrew W. Johnson 
Mr. and Mrs. Cecil E. Johnson 
Mrs. Hjalmar N. Johnson 
Mrs. James L. Johnson 
Mr. Milton H. Johnson 
Mr. and Mrs. Paul A. Johnson 
Mr. Robert Lee Johnson 
Mr. and Mrs. Soulard Johnson 
Mr. and Mrs. T. Carter Johnson 
Mrs. E. C. Johnston 
Mrs. Earl M. Johnston 


Jens 


Mrs. Edwin M. Johnston 

Mrs. Paul FE. Johnston 

Mrs. R. P. Johnston 

Mr. and Mrs. Ralph E. Johnston 


Dr. and Mrs. 
John Johnstone, Jr. 


Mr. Harold T. Jolley 
Mr. and nee R. G. Jonas 
Dr: Dorothy J. Jones 


. Hugh McKittrick Jones 
oe ‘and Mrs. 

James Hudson Jones 
Mr. and Mrs. Leslie D. Jones 


Mrs. M. Alexander Jones 
Mr. and Mrs. Meredith C. Jones 
Mr. Richard S. Jones 
Mr. and Mrs. 
Robert Mckittrick Jones, II] 


Mr. and Mrs. W. I 
Mr. and Mrs. 

W. Boardman Jones, Jr. 
Jonesburg Garden Club 
Mrs. Roy W. Jordan 
Miss Ruth Jordan 
Mrs. Alfred A. Jost 
Mr. Louis H. Jostes 
Mrs. John W. Joynt 


3. Jones 


K 


Miss Gertrude M. Kable 
Mrs. Milton Kahle 
Dr. Lawrence Kahn 
Mr. and Mrs. Arthur M. Kaiser 
Mr. and Mrs. Francis Waiser 
Martha Voyce Naltwasser 
Mrs. Louis Kay poe 
Mr. and Mrs. F. M. 
Mr. and Mrs. 
Charles E. 
Mr. Louis FE. 
Mr. and Mrs. 
Herman M. 


Iwarches 


Kassebaum 
Kassing 


watcher 


Mr. W. J. Katt ; 
Mr. and Mrs. Leonard M. Katz 
Mrs. Harold M. Kauttman 


Mr. and Mrs. Jason Kawin 
Mr. and Mrs. J. W. Kaysing 
Miss Margaret R. Kealty 

Mr. and Mrs. J. Louis Keel 
Kehrs Mill View Garden Club 


Mrs. M. C. Kelce 
Mr. Arthur W. Keller 
Mrs. Edward J. Keller 


Mr. Gus V. Keller 

Mr. Milton Keller, Jr. 

Mrs. Dennis J. Kelley, Jr. 

Dr. and Mrs. Robert Ww. Kelley 
Mr. and Mrs. Donald D. Kelly 
Miss Katherine G. Kelly 
Dr. R. Emmet Kelly 
Miss Anita P. Kemper 
Mrs. Henry Kemper 
Mr. and Mrs. Arthur S. 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Sam M. Kennard, III 
Mrs. Joseph W. Kennedy 
Mrs. J. King Kent 
Mr. and Mrs. Richard Kent 


Kendall 


Mr. Charles J. Kern 
Mr. Russell W. Kerls 
Mrs. Helwig C. Kern 
Mr. R. D. Kerr 

Mrs. M. Kerwin 

Dr. Harold J. Kidd 


Adele Kieckers ; 
a ‘and Mrs. Lawrence Kiefer 
Mr. G. F. Kiesel 
Mr. and Mrs. Bernard Kilcullen 
Mr. and Mrs. 

George A. Killenberg 
Dr. and Mrs. Gilbert R. Killian 
Miss Lulu Evelyn Kilpatrick 


Dr. and Mrs. Virgil A. Kimmey 
Mr. Dudley Kincade 

Mr. and Mrs. Hugh L. King 
Mrs. Philo R. King 

Mr. and Mrs. Peter Kintzele 
Mr. and Mrs. H. D. Kipling 


Herbert J. Kipp 
John B. Kirchner 
Walter C. Kirk 


Mr. and Mrs. 

Mr. and Mrs. 

Mr. and Mrs. 

Mr. and Mrs. 
W. Warren Kirkbride 

Kirkwood Garden Club 5 

Mrs. Alexander Kitun 

Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Klarmann 

Mr. and Mrs. .Anson H. Nlauber 

Mr. and Mrs. Lester Klauber 


Mr. and Mrs. Fred W. Kleeburg 
Mr. and Mrs. Adrian L. Klein 
Bert H. Klein, M.D. 

Mrs. Elsie B. Klein 

Mr. and Mrs. Jay Klein 

Miss Katherine FE. Klein 


Miss L. Louise Klein 

Mr. Melville Kleinschmidt 
Mrs. E. M. Kleinsorge 
Gus H. Kliethermes 
Mr. Lee Kling 


Mr. and Mrs. Norman Kling 


32 


Mrs. Bernhardt W. Klippel 
Mr. Carl H. Klug 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Churchill W. Knapp 
Mrs. Hazel L. Knapp 
Mrs. Robert S. Knapp 


Mr. Newell S. Knight 
Mrs. W. Ben Knight, Jr. 
Mrs. W. J. Knight 


Miss Erna Knoernschild 

Mrs. Cornelia S. Knowles 

Mr. and Mrs. Wm. S. Knowles 
Mr. and Mrs. 


Russell H. Knudson 


Mr. Richard B. Kobusch 

Mrs. Walter H. Kobusch 

Mr. Erwin T. Koch 

Mr. H. H. Koch 

Mrs. Robert E. Koch 

Mrs. Carl J. Koehler 

Mr. and Mrs. Arthur E. Koelle 


Miss Evelyn R. Koenig 

Mr. and Mrs. R. Koenig 

Mrs. Harry G. Koerber 

Mrs. W. C. Kohl 

Mr. and Mrs. R. G. Kohler 

Mr. and Mrs. Nathan Kohn, Jr. 

Mr. W. T. Koken, III 

Mrs. Wallace Kolbrener 

Mr. and Mrs. Joseph G. Koncen 

Mr. and Mrs. Harold M. Koplar 

Dr. and Mrs. Jules H. Kopp 

Mr. Chester W. Kotstrean 

Mrs. W. B. Kountz 

Mrs. E. P. Kramer 

Mr. Harry S. Kramer, Jr. 

Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Kraus 

Mr. and Mrs. Robert L. Kraus 

Mrs. W. C. Krautheim 

Mr. Harry W. Kroeger 

Mrs. Ruth F. Krone 

Mr. Karl G. Kropf 

Mr. and Mrs. E. R. Kropp 

Mr. and Mrs. Arthur J. Krueger 

Marguerite Krueger 
Conservation Club 

Mr. August Kruescheck 

Mrs. Sam Krupnick 

Mr. Ollie Kuberski 

Miss Stella Kuhn 


Mr. and Mrs. Will A. Kuhn 
Mr. Edward L. Kuhs 
Mr. and Mrs. W. P. Kunderman 


Mrs. Charles Kunkel 

Mrs. Henry Kunkel 

Mr. W. F. Kuntemeier 

Mr. and Mrs. Albert G. Kunz 
Mr. and Mrs. E. Kunzelmann 
Mr. A. B. Kurrus 

Mrs. Mabel S. Kurtz 


L 


Mr. and Mrs. Walter La Bee 
Mrs. Frank P. La Belle 
Mr. and Mrs. Bernard La Blance 
Dr. and Mrs. Paul Lacy 
Lady Slippers Garden Club 
Mr. and Mrs. Wm. A. Lahrmann 
Lakeshire Garden Club 2 
Lakeshire Garden Club 3 
Mrs. Nicholas Lamb 
Mr. and Mrs. 
Albert Bond Lambert, Jr. 
Mrs. Marion L. J. Lambert 
Mrs. Martin Lammert, Jr. 
Mrs. Martin Lammert, II] 
Mr. and Mrs. 
Warren B. Lammert 
Mrs. Charles Lamy 


Mr. and Mrs. Argo FE. “Landau 

Landscape & Nursery Men’s 
Association 

Mrs. Charles D. Lane 

Dr. and Mrs. Clinton W. Lane 

Mrs. George W. Lane 


Mr. W. B. Lane 

Mr. and Mrs. Irvin S. Lang 

Mr. and Mrs. Robert M. lang 
Mr. and Mrs. Sylvester T. Lang 
Miss Anna Lange 

Miss Hedwig Lange 

Mrs. Harold T. Lange 

Mr. and Mrs. Raymond FE. Lange 


Dr. and Mrs. 

Alfred M. Langenbach 
Mrs. Harry H. Langenberg 
Mr. Oliver M. Langenberg 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Francis H. Langenfeld 
Miss Mary Lansing 
Mrs. F. M. Lanz, Sr. 

Mrs. John J. Larkin 

Mr. and Mrs. A. H. Laroche 
Mr. Jacob M. Lashly 

Mr. and Mrs. J. E. Latta 
Mr. and Mrs. John B. Latzer 
Mr. and Mrs. R. L. Latzer 
Mr. and Mrs. Thomas F. 
Mr. John L. Laufer 

Mrs. Ella Peters Lauman 
Miss Mary Laun 

Mr. and Mrs. Edwin H. Lauth 
Jerome Joseph Lavesty, Jr. 
Mrs. Preston D. Law 

Mr. and Mrs. Nelson Lawnin 
Mr. Kenneth C, Lawrence 


Latzer 


Dr. Thomas P. Lawton 

Mr. and Mrs. Emmet J. Layton 
Mrs. Charles FE, Lazier 

Mrs. John H. Leach 


Lead Belt Garden Club 
Mrs. Robert C. Le Clair 


Mr. Clitford Lecoutour 
Mr. and Mrs. Loy W. Ledbetter 
Mrs. E. Desmond Lee 
Mr. and Mrs. Hugh B. Lee, Jr. 


Mrs. Otto F. Leffler 
Sears Lehmann 
7 ‘and Mrs. 
Sears Lehmann, Jr. 
Mr. Webster M. Lehmann 
Mrs. Austin P. Leland 
Mr. and Mrs. Henry B. Lenhardt 
Mr. and Mrs. 
Robert A. Lennertson 
Mr. and Mrs. Albert H. Leonard 
Mr. and Mrs. R. B. Leonard 
Mrs. FE. R. Lerwick 
Miss Florence Leschen 


Mr. and Mrs. John A. Leschen 
Mr. Harry Lesser, Jr. 
Mrs. Harry Lesser 


Mrs. Jessie May Lesser 
Mr. and Mrs. Clyde W. Lester 
Miss Marie Leuenberg 
Mr. and Mrs. Leonard Levin 
Mr. and Mrs. Lester Levin 
Mr. and Mrs. Edwin Levis 
Mrs. Robert Levis 
Mr. and Mrs. Herbert S. Levy 
Mr. and Mrs. Major Levy 
Mr. and Mrs. Meyer Levy 
Mrs. Alfred Lewald 
Mr. and Mrs. Harold Lewin 
Mrs. Tobias Lewin 
Mr. C. Carter Lewis 
Mr. and Mrs. Joseph W. 
Mrs. Mildred Lewis 
Mrs. Preston W. Lewis 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Thomas FE. Lewis, Jr. 
Mr. Wilson Lewis 
Mr. and Mrs. Lee M. Liberman 


Lewis 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Mr. and Mrs. 

Samuel H. Liberman 
Mrs. David Lichtenstein 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Louis J. Lichtenstein 
Mrs. Philip F. Lichtenstein 
Mrs. Arthur Lieber 
Mr. Abe Lieberman 
Mrs. A. Lienemann 
Mr. and Mrs. W. E. Liggett 
Mrs. Charles Limberg 
Mrs. Robert M. Linberg 
Mr. and Mrs. J. H. Lincoln 
Lindenwood College 
Professor P. Linehan 
Mr. Salvadore P. Lio 
Miss Ruth Lionberger 
Mr. and Mrs. Emil Lipic 
Mr. Joseph G. Lipic, Jr. 
Mr. Sylvester G. Lipic 
Dr. O. L. Lippard 


Mr. Richard A. Lippman 
Mrs. H. G. Lipscomb 
Mrs. B. E. Lischer 


Dr. and Mrs. Carl E. Lischer 
Mrs. A. C. Lishen 
Dr. and Mrs. Kenneth Lissant 
Little Gardens Garden Club 
Mrs. Edgar Littmann 
Mr. and Mrs. Ellis C. 
Mrs. O. L. Livesay 
Mrs. William M. Livingston 
Mr. and Mrs. F. V. Lloyd, Jr. 
Mr. Arthur L. Locatell 
Mr. Bradford Locke 
Miss A. P. Lockwood 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Charles B. Lockwood 
Mr. R. J. Lockwood 
Mrs. W. A. Lockwood 
Mr. and Mrs. Benj. M. Loeb 
Mr. and Mrs. Harry W. Loeb 
Mrs. Stephen H. Loeb 
Dr. and Mrs. Virgil Loeb, Jr. 
Mrs. Si pee Loeblein 


Littmann 


Dr. E. Loeff 
Mrs. Geo. B. een 
Mr. and Mrs. Carl P. Lohr 


Dr. Albert E. Lombard, Jr. 
Mr. and Mrs. Paul Londe 
Mrs. Irving Londy 
Mr. Charles D. Long 
Miss Dorothy A. Long 
Miss Ernestine M. J. Long 
Mrs. Wilfred F. Long 
Mrs. John R. Longmire 
Dr. and Mrs. 
Maurice J. 
Dr. and Mrs. 
Maurice J. 
Mrs. Stanley 
Mr. and Mrs. 
Mr. and Mrs. 
Mr. and Mrs. 
Edward K. Love, Jr. 
Mr. and Mrs. J. A. Love 
Miss Martha I. Love 
Mr. E. H. Lovelace 
Mrs. Abraham Lowenhaupt 
Mrs. Henry C. Lowenhaupt 
Dr. and Mrs. Oliver Lowry 


Lonsway 


Lonsway, Jr. 

.. Lopata 

Charles W. Lorenz 
Russell E. Lortz 


_ 


Mr. and Mrs. S. kK. Loy 

Mr. and Mrs. A. W. Lucas 
Mr. C. Y. Lucas 

Mr. and Mrs. Fred A. Ludwig 


Miss Lillian A. Luebben 

Mr. and Mrs. James H. Lum 
Mr. and Mrs. Joel Y. Lund 

Mrs. Clayton R. Lupton, Jr. 

Mr. Wm. R. Lustkandl 

Fred M. Luth & Sons 

Mrs. Ruby H. Lyerly 


Mr. and Mrs. Bert A. Lynch 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 33 


Mc 


Mrs. Charles M. McAbee, Jr. 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Henry H. McAdams 
Mr. J. Wesley McAfee 
Mr. and Mrs. Glenn M. McCain 
Dr. Raymond McCallister 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Lansden McCandless 
Dr. and Mrs. H. R. McCarroll 
Mrs. Eugene Ross McCarthy 
Miss June McCarthy 
Mrs. M. L. McCaskill 
Mr. and Mrs. Edgar McCleery 
Mr. and Mrs 

Russell J. McClellan 
Mr. and Mrs. Tex McClintock 
Mrs. Henry McCluney 
Mr. and Mrs. 

S. C. McCluney, Jr. 
Mrs. Florence Mae McCormack 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Jamerson C. McCormack 
Mr. L. Dean McCoy 
Mr. Robin McCoy 
McCully Nursery 
Mr. and Mrs. 
Miss Gertrude McDonald 
Mrs. G. N. McDonald 
Mr. and Mrs. Glenroy McDonald 
Mrs. John D. McDonald 
Mr. and Mrs. 

James S. McDonnell, Jr. 
Mrs. William me McDonnell 
Mr. and Mrs. R. S. McDorman 
Rev. and Mrs. oe S. McElroy 
Mr. W. Finley McElroy 
Dr. and Mrs. 

Ronald K. McGregor 
Mrs. J. S. McIntyre 
. and Mrs. Rex D. McIntire 
Mrs. John A. McKay 
Mr. B. E. McKechnie 
Mr. and Mrs. FE. S. McKelvey 
Mr. and Mrs. Lee C. McKinley 
Mr. Silas B. McKinley 


Mrs. Floyd L. McKenney 
Mr. Edward B. McLean 
Mr. Bernard F. McMahon 


Mr. and Mrs. F. R. McMath 
Mrs. W. Benton McMillan 


Mr. G. F. McMillen 
Mrs. F. P. McNalley 
Mr. and Mrs. George McNutt 


Miss Phyllis McPheeters 


Mrs. Samuel B. McPheeters 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Thomas S. McPheeters, Jr. 
Mrs. Thomas S. McPheeters 
Mr. and Mrs. D. L. McVea 

M 
Mrs. Albert C. Maack 
Mrs. J. D. MacCarthy 
Mrs. Minard T. MacCarthy 
Mrs. 


Marcella Wiget MacDermott 
Mrs. Wm. R. MacGreevy 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Herbert Allen Mack 
Mackenzie Garden Club 


Mr. and Mrs. Eugene Mackey 
Mrs. L. Bryant Mackey 
Mrs. J. M. Macnish 


Dr. and Mrs. 

William L. Macon, Jr. 
Dr. and Mrs. Kenneth H. Maddy 
Mr. and Mrs. B. Maechling 


James R. McCurdy 


Dr. and Mrs. Jos. Magidson 

. J. Marshall Magner 

. Paul E. Magoon, Jr. 

. Joseph T. Mahaney 

. and Mrs. Robert B. Mahley 
. and Mrs. R. W. Malick 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Edward Mallinckrodt, Jr. 
Mrs. Laurence E. Mallinckrodt 
Mrs. Morton L. Mallory 
Mrs. C. E. Malone 
Miss Clara A. Mangelsdorf 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Edward Mangelsdorf 
Mrs, Carmel W. Mann 
Mrs. W. A. Mann 
Maple Leaf Garden Club 
Mrs. William Marbury 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Chas. T. Marcrander 
Mrs. E. A. Marquard 
Mrs. Walter E. Marriott 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Kenneth A. Marshall 


Mrs. Kenneth C, Marshall 

Mrs. John N. M arshall 

Mrs. C. H. Marten 

Mrs. Claude B. Martin 

Mr. and Mrs. Leonard C. Martin 
Mr. Malcolm W. Martin 

Mr. and Mrs. Roy M. Martin 


Dr. and Mrs. John C. Martz 
Mr. Elmer E. Marx 
Mr. John L. Masek 


Miss Edith S. Mason 

Mr. and Mrs. Jean W. Mason 
Mr. and Mrs. Max Mason 
Mrs. George P. Massengale 
Mr. and Mrs. Joel Massie 
Mrs. William H. Masters 


Mr. and Mrs. Carroll S. Mastin 


Mr. and Mrs. Frank Mastin 
Mr. and Mrs. William Mateka 
Mrs. A. B. Mattei 
Mrs. Charles Mattes 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Claude L. Matthews 
Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth Mauder 
Mr. John M. Max 
Mr. and Mrs. Howard L. May 
Mr. and Mrs. Morton D. May 
Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Mayer 


Mrs. Frank M. Mayfield, S1 
Mrs. Walter R. Mayne 
Mrs. R. W. Meckfessel 


Mr. and Mrs. 
James Speed Medart 
Mr. and Mrs. 
ie ss padi Medart 
Mrs. aoues F. Meenen 
Mrs. W. Mefterd 
Mr. a Mrs. Arch Megel 
Mehlville Garden Club 1 
Miss Thelma E. Mehrhotf 
Mr. and Mrs. ene L. Meier 
Mr. and Mrs. W. I . Meier 
Dr. and Mrs. 
Theodore M. 
Mrs. Edwin B. 
Mr. and Mrs. 
Edwin B. Meissner. Jr. 
Mrs. George E. Mellow 
Mr. and Mrs. R. Wesley Mellow 
Mr. and Mrs. Maurice Mendle 
Mr. and Mrs. R. E. Meredith 
Mr. and Mrs. 
Mr. E. G. Mernagh 
Mr. and Mrs. Stuart M. Mertz 
Mrs. William Mertz 
Mr. and Mrs. David W. Mesker 
Mr. Francis A. Mesker 
Mr. and Mrs. Richard C. 
Mr. Gustav Mesmer 
Mr. George S. Metcalfe 


Meiners 


Meissner 


Mesker 


Richard W. Merkle 


Met. St. Louis 
Society 


African Violet 


Mr. and Mrs. Elliott W. Metz 
Mrs. Carl F. G. Meyer 
Mr. and Mrs. Donald J. Meyer 
Mrs. Eugene J. Meyer 
Mr. and Mrs. E. W. Meyer 
Mrs. Garret Meyer 
Mr. and Mrs. Louis T. Meyer 
Mr. Oliver D. Meyer 
Mrs. Ridgely Meyer 
Mrs. Robert E. Meyer 
Mr. Roderick M. Meyer 
Miss Viola Meyer 
Mr. and Mrs. 
Russell G. Meyerand 
Mr. Wm. Michalski 
Mr. and Mrs. Fred W. Michel 


Mrs. Lawrence M. Michelson 
Mr. and Mrs. 
Charles W. Middleton 
Mr. Jerry Mihm 
Mrs. Howard Mild 
Mr. and Mrs. Milton A. Mild 
Mrs. William S. Milius 
Mrs. Walter Millan 


Mrs. Aurelia B. Mille 
Mr. Duz Be Ei Maller 
Mrs. E. Miller 
Mrs. a ‘T. Miller 


Mr. Elliott S. Miller 

Mrs. Hortense M. Miller 

Dr. and Mrs. James FE. Miller 
Mr. and Mrs. Jefferson L. Miller 
rs. Mildred G. Miller 

Mr. and Mrs. Robert Ivan Miller 


Mrs. Andrew S. Miils 
Mr. and Mrs. Ray G. Mills 
Mr. and Mrs. I. E. Millstone 


Mr. and Mrs. Robert Millstone 

-s. Harry Milton 

Mr. and Mrs. Milton P. 

Mrs. John W. Minton 

Miriam Garden Club 

Missouri Rolling Mill Corp. 

Missouri State Florists’ 
Assoc., Inc 

Mr. and "Mrs. 

Mr. Samuel A. Mitchell 

Dr. and Mrs. Arnold S. Moe 

Mr. H. W. Mohrman 

Dr. and Mrs. Charles 

Mr. and Mrs. 
William F. Moll, Jr. 

Mr. Frank A. Molumby 

Monark Petroleum Co. 

Monday Club 

Monday Garden Club 

Mr. and Mrs. Joseph T. Monnig 

Mr. and Mrs. H. C. Moog 

Dr. and Mrs. Carl V. Moore 

Charles W. Moore 

Miss Elizabeth Moore 

Mrs. George H. Moore 

Dr. and Mrs. Gordon KF. Moore 

Mrs. Harry G. Moore, Sr. 

Mr. John G. Moore 

Mrs. Ray S. Moore 

Mrs. W. Gillespie Moore 

Mr. and Mrs. 
William G. 

Mr. and Mrs. 

Mrs. John C. 

Mr. and Mrs. 
Lawrence A. Morgan 

Mr. and Mrs. William N. Moris 


Mindel 


John B. Mitchell 


A. Molden 


Moore, Jr. 
David H. 
Morfit 


Morey 


Mrs. H. L. Morrill 
Mrs. Nancy J. Morris 
Mr. R. M. Morris 


Mr. and Mrs. Morris 
Mrs. Walter E. Morris 

Mrs. Hugh B. Morrison 

Mr. R. M. Morriss 

Mr. Ralph A. Morriss, II 


Robert M. 


34 

Mrs. W. Edwin Moser 

Mr. and Mrs. Robert C. Moss 
Mr. E. L. Mott 


Dr, Albert J. Motzel 
Mr. John R. Moulton 
Mr. and Mrs, 

Edward B. Mower, Jr. 
Mr. John C. Muckerman, IT 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Peter D. Muckerman 
Dr. and Mrs. 

Richard Muckerman 
Mrs. J. Gerard Mudd 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Albert Muehlenbrook 
Mrs. Arthur Mueller 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Edwin Charles Mueller 
Dr. and Mrs. M. A. Mueller 
Dr. Robert Mueller 
Dr. Robert J. Mueller 
and Mrs. R. O. Muether 
Mr. C. A. Mulholland 
Mr. and Mrs. Arden J. 
Miss Edith Munday 


Mummert 


Miss Alma ©. Mundt 

Mr. Burnaby Munson 

Mr. and Mrs. Arch E. Murphy 
Mr. and Mrs. Forrest Murphy 

Mr. and Mrs. James J. Murphy 


Dr. Be ey P. Murphy 

Tom Murphy 

~and Mrs. C. Edwin Murray 
Max Myer 

gee Mrs. James Myles 

and Mrs. Louis A. Mylius 


Mr. 
Mr. 


N 


Miss Bernice Naeher 
Mr. and Mrs. Charles Nagel 
Dr. Lillian Nagel 


Mr. and Mrs. Richard Nance 
Mr. and Mrs. W. D. Nansen 
Mrs. Maryeva Naslund 

Mr. H. K. Nason 

Mr. and Mrs. David J. Nax 
Mr. Eugenne V. Nay 

Mr. and Mrs. John C. Naylor 
Mr. and Mrs. Paul Neel 

Mr. and Mrs. Carroll E. Nelson 
Mrs. Earl F. Nelson 

Mrs. James M. Nelson, Jr. 
Mr. Lewis C. Nelson 


Dr. and Mrs. Stanley Nemec 

Nettie’s Flower Garden 

Mr. C. Sidney Neuhoftt 

. and Mrs. Frank A. Neun 

Mrs. E. J. Neuner 

r, _ and Mrs. James D. Nevins 

Ruth Nevins 

and Mrs. C. S. Newhard 

Mr. G. F. Newh: ard, Jr. 

s. John S. Newhouse 

Mr. and Mrs. 
Douglas F. 

Mr. and Mrs. 


Newman 


Eric P. Newman 


Mr. and Mrs. Ernest K. Newman 
Mrs. Jane Newman 

Mrs. C. A. Newton 

Dr. and Mrs. James F. Nickel 


Dr. Frank Nickl 
Mr. and Mrs. 
Lambert Niedringhaus 
Mrs. Lee I. Niedringhaus 
Mrs. Marion Niedringhaus 
Mr. and Mrs. Harry F. Niehaus 
Miss Lillie Niehaus 


Mr. and Mrs. 
Charles A. Niekamp 
Mrs. Eugene D. Nims 


Miss Mercedes E., 
Mrs. Roy J. Nobel 
Mrs. R. J. Noland 
Hiram Norcross 
BW. Nordman 
Alfred H. Norrish 
Nor thi: and Snowflakes 
Garden Club 
Northwoods Garden Club 
Miss Virginia E. Nottbusch 


Nitzschmann 


Mr. and Mrs. George Novak 
Mr. William J. Nuelle 


Frederick Nussbaum 
Dr. Robert S. Nye 


O 


Old Orchard Gardens 

Oak Valley Garden Club 

Mrs. Albert J. O’Brien 

Mrs. Ruth M. O’Donnell 

Mrs. Elmer Oehier 

Mr. Fred J. Oertli 

Mr. and Mrs. Dan O’Gorman 
Mrs. and Miss Emma Oldendorph 
Old Trail Garden Club 


Mr. John M. Olin 

Mr. Guy W. Oliver 

Mr. and Mrs. Lester E. Olmstead 
Mrs. Fred Olsen 

Mr. and Mrs. John O’Meara 
Mrs. Paul A. O'Neill 


M. Norman Orgel 
Orr 


Dr. and Mrs. 
Mr. Isaac C. 
. and Mrs. 
W. R. Orthwein, Jr. 
rand Mrs. Preston G. 
Mrs. N. M. Osborne 
Mrs. Peg Oster 

Mr. and Mrs. Wm. F. Ott 
Mr. and Mrs. Carl Otto 
Mrs. John H. Overall 
Mrs. C. Sprewell Owen 


Orwig 


P 


Vv ictor Packman 

. Anna M. Page 

Earl M. Page 

r. and Mrs. Jack W. Page 
r, William Pagenstecher 

r. Fred O. Pahmeyer 
rand Mrs. aad og E. Pake 
Mr. and Mrs. W. Palm 
Miss Juanita P Peace 
Mr. and Mrs. Ray C. 
Palmyra Garden Club 


Palmer 


Mrs. Raoul Panteloni 
Mrs. Q. J. Papi Eau 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Edwin Andrew Paradoski 
Mr. Frank C. M. Parisel 
Mrs. Emelie Partell 
Col. and Mrs. W. D. Paschall 


Mr. Russell Patton 

fr. and Mrs. Donald E, Paul 

r. and Mrs. Gerald F. Pauley 
rs. Ella Pavelka 

and Mrs. John — Payne, Jr. 


Mrs. William J. Peach 

Mr. and eee Arthur R. Peat 
Mr. A. G. eck 

Mr. and Are 


Arthur H. Pedersen 
Mr. and Mrs. Frederic M. Pierce 
Mr. Frank Pellegrino 


Mr. and Mrs. Paul E. Peltason 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Mrs. Frank E. 
Mrs. Jane kK. 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Gilbert W. 


Pelton, Jr. 
Pelton 


Pennewill 


Mr. Elmer C. Peper 

Mr. and Mrs. James L. Perabo 
Mr. and Mrs. A. Perlmutter 
Mrs. G. H. Perrine 


Dr. and Mrs. 

H. Mitchell Perry, Jr. 
Mrs. E. E. Pershall 
Mrs. Edgar F. Peters 
Mrs. A. F. Peterson 
Miss Alice M. Peterson 
Mrs. Cora Peterson 
Miss Dorothy E. Peterson 


Mrs. L. W. Peterson 
Mr. M. F. Peterson 
Mr. and Mrs. Robert L. Petry 


Mrs. Charles Pettus, Jr. 
Mr. and Mrs. Eugene Pettus, Jr. 


Mrs. Eugene Pettus, Sr. 

Mr. and Mrs. George T. Pettus 
Mr. J. Harold Pettus 

Mr. and Mrs. Thurston Pettus 
Mr. William G. Pettus, Jr, 


Mrs. Carl E. Pfeifer 


Mr. Howard Wm. Pfeifer 
Mr. and Mrs. Henry Pflager 
Mr. and Mrs. 


Robert I. Phemister 
Miss Alice Pickel 
Mrs. Clifford G. Pickel 
Mrs. William A. Pickett 
Mrs. Bessie Pilsbury 
Mrs. S. J. Pingree 
Mr. and Mrs. Vernon W. Piper 
Mr. and Mrs. Charles Pistrut 
Mr. and Mrs. Philip H. Plack 
Mrs. Samuel Plant 
Mildred Planthold Associates 
Mr. and Mrs. 


Maurice L. Plumer 


Mrs. Charles B. Podmaniczky 
Mrs. Charles M. Polk 

Mrs. Sarah C. Polk 

Mr. and Mrs. William L. Polk 
Mr. W. J. Polk, 


Jr. 
H. Pollak 
H. Pollak 


Mr. and Mrs. J. 
Mr. and Mrs. R. 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Charles F. Pollnow 
Mr. F. J. Pollnow, Jr. 

Mr. F. J. Pollnow, Sr. 

Mrs. T. Hartley Pollock 

Mr. and Mrs. C. Robert Pommer 
Mr. Nelson Moody Pope 

Miss Hilda Porbeck 

Poplar Bluff Garden Club 

Mrs. Claude T. Porter 

Mrs. Joyce Portnoy 

Mrs. Lawrence T. Post 

Dr. and Mrs. M. Hayward Post 
Potosi Garden Club 

Mrs. E. O. Potter 

Mrs. T. Randolph Potter 

Mr. Elmer W. Pounds 

Mrs. Earl A. Powell 

Mrs. Raymond F. Powell 

Mrs. Walter S. Powell 

Dr. and Mrs. Pierce Powers 
Mr. C. F. Prehn 


Mr. Paul W. Preisler 

Mr. and Mrs. H. C. Prevallet 
Mr. and Mrs. H. R. Price, Jr. 
Mrs. J. B. Price 


Mrs. Milton Price 

Mrs. Henry W. Priep 
Primrose G — Club 

Mr. and Mrs. E. A. Proctor 
Mr. and Mrs. Frank E. Proctor 
Miss Ruth P. Proctor 
Dr. and Mrs. Arthur W. 
Mr. William S. Propper 
Dr. and Mrs. Hubert S. Pruett 


Proetz 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Sia 


Mr. and Mrs. Fred J. Pruetzel Mr. and Mrs. Simon Rapopott Mr. and Mrs. Henry M. Reitz 
Mr. and Mrs. B. A. Purcell, Ji Mr. James E. Rarick Miss Jane E. Rellman 
Miss Emma Purnell Mr. and Mrs. Otway Rash, ITI Mr. and Mrs. 
Mrs. C. H. Puterbaugh Mr. and Mrs. Douglas B. Remmers 
Mrs. D. J. Putnam Frank Rassieur, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. 
Mr. H. V. Putzel Mr. and Mrs. Charles Ratcliff William FE. Remmert 
Mr. Louis R. Putzel Mr. and Mrs. H. H. Ratcliff Miss Annabel Remnitz 
Mr. and Mrs. Paul Putzel Mr. and Mrs. William Alan Ratz Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Renard 
Mr. and Mrs. Mrs. Aaron S. Rauh Mr. J. P. Reuter, Jr. 
Edwin J. Putzell, Jr Mr. Joseph Ravarino Brother Thaddeus Revers, M.M 
Mr. and Mrs. H. D. Rawls Mr. and Mrs. Oscar W. Rexford 
Mrs. Earl S. Rayfield Mrs. William E. Reyburn 
Mr. and Mrs. Percy L. Read Mrs. Mildred M. Rhoades 
Dr. and Mrs. James HH. Ready Mr. Maxwell C. Rhodes 
O Mr. and Mrs. Isham Reavis Dr. Carl E. Rice 
< Redbud Garden Club Mrs. Albert Rich 
Mrs. Rose E. Redmond Mr. and Mrs 
Mr. Edgar M. Queeny Mr. and Mrs. B. E. Reed Roland W. Richards 
Mrs. F. J. Quinn Mr. James D. Reeder Mr. Walter C. Richards 
Miss Stella G. Reess Mr. Charles E. Richardson 
Mr. J. L. Reeves Miss Ruth Richardson 
Mr. and Mrs. Paul H. Reeves Mrs. Ellen E. Richman 
Regional Council Men’s Garden Mrs. Edna E. Richter 
A Clubs of Greater St. Louis Col. and Mrs. F. A. Rickly 
R Mr. Walter L. Rehfeld Mr. and Mrs. 
Mr. and Mrs. R. M. Reichman Howard E. Ridgway 
Mr. and Mrs. Ralph H. Rabenau = Mrs. Edward E. Reilly Mrs. Caroline H. Riehl 
Mr. and Mrs. William Rabenberg Mr. F. H. Rein Dr. G. G. Riefling 
Dr. and Mrs. Maxwell Rachlin Mr. atic Mrs. Victor fe Reinke Mr. A, H. Riley 
Mr. Herman Radlotf Mr. and Mrs. P. H. Reis Mr. and Mrs. Russell H. Riley 
Mrs. Lillian Raftery Dr. and Mrs. Eric Reiss Mrs. Gertie Rill 
Mr. and Mrs. Herbert J. Ralston Mr. and Mrs. Homer C. Reiss Mr. R. L. Rinehart 
Mr. Norfleet H. Rand Dr. and Mrs. Edward A. Reisse Mr. and Mrs. Paul FE. Ring 


Dr. L. M. Riordan 
Dr. and Mrs. Martin T. Rippe 
Miss Beatrice Risch 


Mrs. Harold A. Risch 


The Tower Grove Shop, a project of the Historical Com- Mrs. Mathilda Risch 
mittee, is open every day in the Shaw House Mr. W. Ron Rish 
is a Te mea = Miss Nellie Rives 


Dr. and Mrs. 
Harold D. K. Roberts 
Mr. and Mrs. Hervey Roberts 
Mrs. Odile L. Robertson 
Mrs. G. Kenneth Robins 
Mr. and Mrs. Seth A. Robins 
Mrs. Bernard L. Robinson 
Mrs. F. M. Robinson, Jr. 
Mrs. F. M. Robinson 
Mr. and Mrs. John R. Robinson 
Mrs. Meta V. Robinson 
Mr. and Mrs. P. C. Robinson 
Mrs. S. Carl Robinson 
Mr. and Mrs. 
Spencer H. Robinson 
Mrs. Wm. M. Robinson 
Robinwood Garden Club 
Mr. and Mrs. Robert S. Robison 
Rock Community Garden Club 
Rock Hill Garden Club 1 
Mrs. M. H. Rodemeyet 
Mr. and Mrs 
H. S. Taylor Rodgers 
Mr. J. A. Rodgers 
Mrs. Grover F. Roennfeldt 
Mrs A. i; Roepe 
Mr. and Mrs. Marvin C. Rogan 
Mr. and Mrs. Boyd Rogers 
Mr. and Mrs. 
Charlton B. Rogers, Sr. 
Mr. David J. Rogers 
Mrs. Edmund C. Rogers 
Mrs. Joel A. Rogers 
Mrs. J. Virgil Rohan 
Mrs. Gladys M. Rolwing 
Dr. and Mrs. Daniel P. Rowan 
Mrs. John J. Roos 
Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence Roos 
Mrs. Hugh Rosaaen 
Mr. and Mrs. 
G. S. Rosborough, Jt 
Dr. D. K. Rose 
Rose Gate Garden Club 
Rose Hills Garden Club 
Rose Society of Greater St. Louis 


36 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Mr. and Mrs. Jerome D. Rosen 
Dr. Warren L. Rosen 
Mrs. Herbert E. Rosenbaum 
Mrs. A. H. Rosenberg 
Mrs. Adam Rosenthal 
H. Harold Ross 
Mr. and Mrs. Robert Ross 
Mr. and Mrs. Ben Roth 
Mr. and Mrs. Carl F. Roth 
Mr. Louis L. Roth 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Jm. B. Roth-Roffy 
Mabel Rottach 
Dr. and Mrs. George E. 
Mr. M. Edward Rowan 
Mr. Vernon Rowe 
Mrs. Ray E. Rowland 
Dr. and ia M. Rubenstein 
Mrs. S. Rubenstein 
Mr. Sine E. Rubin 
Dr. and Mrs. Leroy W. Rubright 
Mr. Charles J. Rudolph, Jr. 
Mr. and Mrs. Carl Rueck 
Mrs. Lohrer Ruemeli 
Mr. Ben J. Ruhl 
Mrs. John Ruhoff 
Mrs. C. H. 
Mr. L. M. 
Mr. and Mrs. Erwin J. 
Mrs. C. M. Ruprecht 
Amelia Russell 


Mrs. Charles L. 


Roulhac 


Rung 


Russell 


Mr. and Mrs. Nelson Russell 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Thomas G. Rutledge 
Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Ruwitch 
Miss Helen C. Ryrie 


S 


Mr. and Mrs. 

Mr. and Mrs. 
Charles M. 

Mr. and Mrs. 

Mr. and Mrs. 

Mr. and es Louis S. Sachs 

Mr. S. C. Sachs 

Miss Gertrude R. Sachse 

st. Clair County Garden Club 

St. Louis Horticultural Society 

St. Louis Nature Study Society 

Mr. and Mrs. Dan Sakahara 

Mrs. Llewellyn Sale, Jr. 

Mrs. Betty T. Salisbury 

Mr. and Mrs. M. F. Salniker 


Stephen J. Sabo 


Sacamano 
Byron D. Sachar 
Louis Sachs 


Mr. R. FE. Salveter 

Mrs. C. H. Sample 

Mrs. Julian G. Samuels 

Mr. and Mrs. G. J. Samuelson 
Dr. Robert D. Sanders 

Mrs. Gertrude Sandusky 

Mr. and Mrs. W m. W. Sant 


Dr. and Mrs. L. R. Sante 
Sappington Acres Garden Club 
Mr. and Mrs. George N. Sardi 
Mr. and Mrs. Warren M. Sarff 
Mrs. Val B. Satterfield 

Dr. and Mrs. Dean Sauer 

Dr. and Mrs. W. Nicholas Sauer 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Robert C. Saunders 
Mr. and Mrs. William C. 
Mrs. Frank E. Sawyer 
Dr. and Mrs. James Sawyer 
Mr. and Mrs. Clifford Saxton 
Mrs. E. C. ee 
Mr. Homer 2 Sayad 
Mrs. T. M. Sayman 
Mr. and Mrs. R. E. Scearce 
Mrs. Arthur H. Schaefer 
Mr. William Schaettler 


Sausele 


Miss Virginia Schaper 
Mr. and Mrs 

Norman Schaumburg 
Mr. Russell E. Schaumburg 
Dr. and Mrs. 

Samuel E. Schecter 
Mr. and Mrs. W. H. 
Mrs. C. W. Schemm 
Mr. and Mrs. H. C. Schenler 
Mrs. Gordon Scherck 
Mr. Stanley O. Schermer 
Mr. A. H. Schettler 
William Henry Schield 
ee W. ie Schierholz 
Mrs. W. G. Schierman 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Edward J. Schilling 
Mr. and Mrs. Dan Schlafly 
Mr. and Mrs. Paul A. Schlafly 


Scheer 


Mr. and Mrs. Robert F. Schlafly 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Darwin W. Schlag, Jr. 
Mr. and Mrs. George H. Schlapp 


Mr. and Mrs. Frank H. Schleicher 


Mr. Fred A. Schlossstein 
Mr. C. C. Schmid 

Mr. August R. Schmidt 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Erwin Carl Schmidt 
Mr. George R. Schmidt 
Miss Julia B. Schmidt 
Mr. and Mrs. Oskar Schmidt 
Mr. and Mrs. Robert L. Schmidt 
Miss Irmgard Schnaedelbach 
Mr. F. J. Schnakenberg 
Mr. Leroy Schneeberger 
Mr. Ervin Schnelle 
Mr. M. A. Schneller 
re and Mrs. Donald O. Schnuck 
Mr. and Mrs. 

H. L. Schnure, Jr. 

. William C. Schock 
William O. Schock 

Mr. ad James Schoen 
Mrs. Conrad L. Schopp 

Mrs. Henriette Schotten 

Mrs. Gertrude S. Schreiber 
Mrs. J. Glennon Schreiber 
Schroeder & Curry, Inc. 

Mrs. John Schroeder 

Mr. and Mrs. Wilson Schroeder 
Mr. H. A. Schulenburg 

Mr. and Mrs. Russell Schulte 
Mr. and Mrs. W. B. Schulte 
Rev. Harold P. Schultz 

Mr. F. Carl Schumacher 

Mr. Robert Leroy Schumann 
Mrs. J. L. Schwab 

Mr. and Mrs. William Schwab 
Mr. Frank H. Schwaiger 

Miss Edna Schwaner 

Mrs. Edward Kk. Schwartz 

Dr. and Mrs. Henry G. Schwartz 
Mrs. A. F. Schwarz 

Mr. and Mrs. 

Armin Schwarz, Jr. 

Mr. Max D. Schwarz 
Mr. Otto E. Schwarz 
Mr. and Mrs. W. C. 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Edward F. 
Mr. and Mrs. 

J. H. Schweich, Jr. 

Mr. and Mrs. J. Henry Schweich 
Mr. and Mrs. Julius S. Schweich 
Mrs. Martin Schweig 
Mrs. Ray Schweinfurth 
Mr. and Mrs. Ralph L. 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Louis T. Schwieder 
Miss Mathilda Schwink 
Mrs. George D. Scott 
Miss Mary P. Scott 
Mr. and Mrs. Milton J. Scott 
Dr. and Mrs. Wendell G. Scott 


Schweer 


Schweich 


Schwenk 


Mr. and Mrs. W. F. 
Mrs. W. W. Scott, ay 
Mr. and Mrs. Mason Scudder 
Mrs. J. Searcy, Jr. 
Mr. and Mrs. James R. Searles 
Mrs. William H. Sears 
Mrs. Edw. B. Seaton 
Mrs. A. Forest Seay, Jr. 
Dr. and Mrs. John Seddon 
Seeders and Weeders 
Garden Club 
Mrs. Adele B. Seele 
Mr. Harry V. Seevers 
Miss Helen E. Seevers 
Mrs. Marshall Seibel 
Mr. and Mrs. Jerome J. 
Mr. M. E. Seidel 
Mrs. Richard Seifert 
Mr. and Mrs. H. C. 
Mrs. Oliver Selle 
Miss Alice Sellinger 
Mr. and Mrs. Marvin B. Seltzer 
Mr. and Mrs. Richard Semple 
Mr. W. H. Semsrott 
Mr. and Mrs. James H. Senger 
Dr. and Mrs. Ben H. Senturia 
Mr. and Mrs. Edward Senturia 
Service Blue Print Co. 
Mr. and Mrs. Philip M. 
Bertha Setzer 
Mr. Francis D. Seward, Jr. 
Mrs. M. L. Seytfert 
Mrs. Fred Seymour 
Mr. and Mrs. Tracy Shade 
Mr. and Mrs. Connor B. Shanley 
Mrs. Leo M. Shanley 
Mr. and Mrs. A. Lee Shapleigh 
Mr. and Mrs. 
A. Wessel Shapleigh 
Dr. and Mrs. John Shapleigh 
Miss Margaret Shapleigh 
Mr. and Mrs. 
Warren McKinley Shapleigh 
Mr. and Mrs. 
Kenneth E. 
Mr. and Mrs. Stanley Shapiro 
Mrs. George H. Share 
Mr. Russell A. Sharp 
Mrs. W. P. Sharpe 
Henry Shaw Cactus Society 
Mr. and Mrs. H. J. Shaw 
Shaw Improvement Association 
Mrs. Frank R. Sheldon 
Mr. H. K. Sheldon 
Mr. and Mrs. Richard D. Shelton 
Mr. and Mrs. Sam J. Shelton 
Mrs. Earl E. Shepard 
Mr. and Mrs. Irving 


Seidel 


Seldin 


Sestric 


Shapiro 


A. Shepard 


Mr. and Mrs. John C. Shepherd 
Mr. and Mrs. Tom L. Shepherd 
Mr. and ake 

Ethan A. H. Shepley 


Mrs. Ethan A. H. Shepley, Jr. 
Mrs. David S. Sherman, Sr. 
Mr. and Mrs. kK. F. Sherman 
Mrs. Ida J. Bonide i 
Mrs. L. C. Sherriil 
Mrs. Sol Sherry 
Mrs. Arthur Sherwood 
Mr. and Mrs. 
Richard D. Shewmaker 

Mr. Vance I. Shield 
Mr. John A. Shiell 
Mr. and Mrs. Jackson J. Shinkle 
Mrs. Sydney Shoenberg, Jr. 
Dr. and Mrs. 

Allen B. a ee 
Me “ig Mrs. D. Shueart 


Mrs. S. J. Shure 
Mr. Grover C. Sibley 
Dr. J. G. Siceluff 


Mr. and Mrs. oe W. Sidel 
. and Mrs. W. G. Sieber 
Mrs. Frances R. Siegel 

Mrs. F. W. Siegert 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 37 


Miss Rachel Silberman 
Mrs. M. T. Silverblatt 
Dr. and Mrs. 

Ss. pee Silverman 
Dr. and Mrs. 

Sas D. Silvermintz 
Mrs. Kk. C. Simmons 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Theodore M. Simmons 
Mr. Julian Simon 
Mrs. Octavia B. Simon 
Dr. and Mrs. 

William A. Sims, Jr. 

Mr. James A. Singer 
Mr. and Mrs. 

James W. Singer, Jr. 
Mrs. J. A. Singmaster, Jr. 
Dr. and Mrs. James C. Sisk 
Mrs. Alvin Siteman 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Lemoine Skinner, Jr. 

Mr. and Mrs. 

Mrs. Douglas Smiley 

Miss Agnes G. Smith 

Mr. and Mrs. Arthur G. Smith 
Mr. and Mrs. Carroll Smith 
Mrs. Earl G. Smith 

Mr. and Mrs. Elwin R. Smith 


Mrs. Fred V. L. Smith 
Mrs. George M. Smith 
Miss Gladys M. Smith 


Mr. and Mrs. H. Parker Smith 
Mrs. Phillip Smith 
Mr. and Mrs. R. A. K. Smith 
Mr. and Mrs. Ralph L. Smith 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Robert Brookings Smith 
Mrs. Robert M. Smith 
Mr. and Mrs. Shea Smith, IIT 
Mr. and Mrs. Spencer D. Smith 
Mr. Tom k. Smith 
Mr. and Mrs. 
Mr. and Mrs. Wallace H. Smith 
Mr. and Mrs. Glenn Smock 
Mr. S. Watts Smyth 
at KK. Soebbing 
Mr. Carl L. Soeker 
Mrs. J. A. Sohm 
. Charles H. Sommer, Jr. 
Mrs. Conrad Sommer 
Mr. and Mrs. Erwin G. Somogyi 
Mr. and Mrs. Donald Sontag 
Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Sontag 
Mr. and Mrs. J. J. Sophir 
Sorosis Garden Club 
Adm. and Mrs. 

Sidney W. Souers 


Mrs. Samuel D. Soule 

Mrs. Dudley Southward 

Mrs. Clarence F. Spaethe 

Mr. and Mrs. T. M. Sparks 
Mr. and Mrs. Geo. A. Speckert 
Mr. and Mrs. Alfred A. Speer 
Mrs. G. E. Speer 


rs. Ernest Speh 
Mr. H. N. Spencer 
Mr. and Mrs. H 
Mr. Erwin J. Speth 

Mr. Armyn Spies 

rs. Charles C. Spink 

Mr. George F. Spink 

Dr. Edgar W. Spinzig 

Mr. and Mrs. William W. Spivy 
rs. Charles H. Spoehrer 

Mr. H. F. Spoehrer 


Mr. and Mrs. F. E. Springer 


Mrs. James L. Sprunt 

Mr. and Mrs. Norman Stack 
Mr. and Mrs. Larry G. Stamm 
Mr. and Mrs. Edwin T. Stanard 


Miss Evelyn M. Stanger 
Mr. and Mrs. 
Eugene F. Stanglein 


Miss Lois Stanley 


Walter R. Skinner 


Tom Kk. Smith, Jr. 


. N. Spencer, Jr. 


Mrs. Robert Starbird 

Mr. A. F. Stark 

Mr. and Mrs. Lloyd C. Stark 
Mr. Hugh Steavenson 

Mr. and Mrs. Chester A. Steiner 
Mr. and Mrs. Louis D. Steiner 
-s. Simon P. Steiner 

Miss Irene Steinman 
Mr. and Mrs. Wm. 
Mrs. K. Stenzhorn 
Mr. Albert Edward Stephens 
Mrs. Howard V. Stephens 
Mrs. Louis Stephens 
Mr. and Mrs. B. L. 
Mrs. Jess Stern 

Mr. and Mrs. Melvin Stern 
Mr. Walter G. Stern 

Mr. E. F. Stevens 

Miss Eleanor D. Stevens 
Mr. and Mrs. I. A. Stevens 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Thomas M. Stevens 
Dr. and Mrs. Paul H. 
Mrs. Philo Stevenson 
Mr. George W. Stewart 
Mrs. J. Bruce Stewart 
Mrs. L. M. Stewart 
Mrs. Charles T. Stickel 
Mr. Arnold G. Stifel 
Mr. and Mrs. Eugene H. 
Miss Janet Harper Stine 
Mrs. Albert Stix, Jr. 
Mrs. Ernest W. Stix 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Ernest W. 
Mr. and Mrs. 
Mr. and Mrs. Rolla H. Stocke 
Mr. and Mrs. A. S. Stockstrom 
Mr. and Mrs. R. A. Stoddart 
Mr. and Mrs. John Stodieck 
Mr. and Mrs. H. M. Stolar 
Mr. and Mrs. Robert G. Stolz 
Mr. and Mrs. John J. Stolze 
Mr. Clem F. Storckman 
Mr. Eric A. Storz 
Mrs. K. Storz 
Mr. and Mrs. George D. Stout 
Mr. and Mrs. Eli M. Strassner 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Melvin S. Strassner 
Dr. Arthur E. Strauss 
Mr. and Mrs. L. Strauss 
Mr. and Mrs. Henry M. 
Mrs. J. Clark Streett 
Mr. G. Carroll Stribling 
Mr. and Mrs. L. K. Stringham 
Miss Elsie Stroebel 


A. Stengel 


Sterbenz 


Stevenson 


Stifel 


Stis;. J: 
William Stix 


Stray 


Mrs. Oscar Stroh 

Dr. and Mrs. Vern L. Stromberg 
Mrs. C. Malone Stroud 

Mr. E. C. Stuart 

Mrs. Lewis B. Stuart 

Mrs. Edna S. Stueck 


Mr. and Mrs. E. IF. Stuessie 
Mr. Otto J. Stumpf 
Mr. and Mrs. Roy Stumpf 
Stupp Bros. Bridge and Iron Co. 
Mr. and Mrs. John P. Stupp 
Mr. Norman J. Stupp 
Dr. and Mrs. A. C. Stutsman 
Suburbia Gardens Nursery 
Mr. and Mrs. Kingsley Suits 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Edward P. Sullivan 
Sullivan Garden Club 
Mr. and Mrs. W. T. Sumerlin 
Mr. and Mrs. Chester A. Sunder 
Mrs. Joseph Sunnen 
Mrs. Newton Susman 
Mr. John H. Sutherland 
Mrs. Orval Sutter 
Dr. and Mrs. Richard 
Mrs. L. J. Sverdrup 
General Leif J. Sverdrup 


A. Sutter 


Mrs. FE. R. Swanson 

. Frederick M. Switzer, Jr. 
Mr. Jerome A. Switzer 

Mr. and Mrs. John K. Switzer 
Mr. and Mrs. Joseph I. Switzer 


Mrs. Arthur Swoboda 

Mrs. Stuart Symington, Jr. 
ae 

Mrs. John T. Tabor 

Mr. and Mrs. Benj. H. Taft 

Mr. Roscoe S. Tallman 


Mr. and Mrs. George B. 
Miss Ella Tappmeyer 
Mrs. Thomas O. Tarrant 
Miss Harriet Tatman 
Mr. and Mrs. Fred Taussig 
Mrs. Eugene Tavenner 
Mr. and Mrs. Delmar J. 
Mr. and Mrs. 


Tapner 


Taylor 


Edward Lee Taylor 
Mr. and Mrs. Delwin L. Taylor 
Mrs. Edgar C. Taylor 
Mr. and Mrs. Edwin S. Taylor 
Mrs. G. Chadbourne Taylor 
Mrs. James C. Taylor 
Mrs. James H. Taylor 
Mrs. Julia K. Taylor 


Miss Violet Taylor 
Tealwood Garden Club 
Mr. and Mrs. 
Thomas M. Tebbetts 
Dr. and Mrs. R. L. Teich 
Mr. and Mrs. Harry Tenenbaum 
Mr. and Mrs. 
Richard G. Tennant 
Miss Anna E. Tensfeld 
Mrs. Charles S. Terry 
Dr. Robert J. Terry 
Mrs. Whitelaw Todd Terry, Jr. 
Mr. and Mrs. Eugene Teter 
Mrs. Royal Tharp 
Mr. Harold E. Thayer 
Mrs. Percy A. Thias 
Miss ee E. Thoensing 
Mrs. C. L. Thomas 
Mrs. Edwin R. Thomas 
Mrs. Madeline M. Thomas 
Mr. and Mrs. - G. Thomas, Jr. 
Mrs. Spence : Thomas 
Miss Zara Thomasson 
Mr. and Mrs 


Charles L. ba as yson, I 
Mrs. Ford W. hompson 
Mrs. Frank A. Tac 
Mrs. Lewis W. Thompson 


Mr. and Mrs. 

Robert W. Thompson 
Mr. William M. Thompson 
Mr. William Thomson 
Miss Alwilda Thornton 
Mr. M Throdahl 
Dr. Don L. Thurston 
Mr. Otto Tietjens 
Mr. and Mrs. Louis Tiger 
Mr. and Mrs. Dort F. Tikker 
Dr. Paul am Titterington 
Mrs. E. C. Tittmann 
Dr. Btn baer Tobias 


Mr. Maurice J. Tobin 

Mr. and Mrs. 
Thom: is ip Tobin, II 

Mrs. J. Todd 

Mrs. W ylie t ‘odd 

Mr. and Mrs. Ralf Toensfeldt 

Mrs. Louis R. Tomey 

Mrs. C. W. Tooker 

Mrs. Jane C. Torno 

Town and Country Garden Club 
No. 1 


38 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Town ae Country Garden Club 
Mrs. F. M. Townsend 
Transit Service Corp. 
Mr. and Mrs. Carl Trauernicht 
Mrs. James C. Travilla 
Mr. Glen J. Travis 
Mr. and Mrs. 
Donald E. Treaster 
Dr. and Mrs. Irl Tremain 
Mrs. A. N. Trembley 
Mr. and Mrs. Fred Tretter 
-s. Paul Treuman 
Mr. John F. Truhlar, Jr. 
Mr. Simon T. L. Tsang 
Miss Isabel Tucker 


Mr. and Mrs. Milton H. Tucker 
Mrs. Perey Tucker 
Hon. and Mrs. 


Raymond R. Tucker 
Mr. and Mrs. H. 
Mrs. T. C. Tupper, Jr. 
Mrs. ag ia M. Turley 
Mrs s. W. Turman 
: Dewitt Turner 
Pelham Turner 
Mr. and Mrs. Wallace Tuttle 
Mr. and Mrs. 

David M. Twachtman 


U 


Mr. and Mrs. Alfred F. 
Mr. and Mrs. James F. 
Mrs. Daniel Upthegrove 
Mrs. Daniel Upthegrove, Jr. 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Wiliam Upthegrove 


Ulrich 
Upham 


V 


Mr. and Mrs. H. Kenneth Vance 
Mrs. M. H. Vander Pearl 
Mr. and Mrs. Jacob Van Dyke 
Mr. Jacob R. Van Dyke 
Mrs. Henry Van Hook 
Mrs. W. A. Van Rhein 
Mr. and Mrs. 
James A. Van Sant 
Miss Marie L. Van Valkenburg 
Mrs. Anna \V assier 
Mrs. Joseph H. Vatterott 
Mr. Nicholas P. Veeder 
Mr. and Mrs. 


Waiter H. Vesper, Jr. 


Mr. and Mrs. Frank Vesser 
Mr. and Mrs. William E. Vesser 
Mr. and Mrs. 

R. C. H. Vickery 


Viking Atrican Violet Club 
Vitlage Garden Club 
Mr. and Mrs. Fred Vincel 
Dr. John A. Virant 
Mr. John C. Vogel 
Mr. and Mrs. Leo J. Vogt 
Vollmar Bros. Construction Co. 
Mrs. Joseph E. Vollmar 
Mrs. R. Lewis Volimar 
Mr. Corwin H. Von Brecht 
Mr. Oscar C. Von Burg 
Mrs. David VonHahn 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Trifon Von Schrenk 
Mr. and Mrs, A. F. Voss 
Mr. and Mrs. Fred Voss 
Dr. and Mrs. John S. Voyles 


Lister Tuholske 


W 


Mr. Albert Wagenfuehr 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Edwin H. Wagner, Jr. 

Mr. and Mrs. Howard Wagner 
Mrs. Thomas H. Wagner 

Mr. and Mrs. Wm. A. Wagner 
Mrs. A. C. Wahl 

Miss Jennie Wahlert 

Miriam R. Waite 

Mr. Edwin R. Waldemer 

Miss Sylvia Walden 

Mr. and Mrs. Millard Waldheim 
Mr. G. H. Walker, III 

Mr. Truman EF. Walker 

Dr. and Mrs. 

bi bien) - Walker 
Mr. and 

W and W. Walker 
Mrs. Harry B. Wallace 
Mr. John K. Wallace 
Mr. and Mrs. M. B. Wallace, Jr. 
Mr. and Mrs. Victor Wallace 
Mrs. Jacob Wallach 
Miss Elizabeth D. Waller 
Mr. and Mrs. W. 
Mr. Robert L. Waln 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Edward J. Walsh, Jr. 
Mrs. John J. Walsh 
Mr. and Mrs. Robert F, 
Dr. and Mrs. 

Theodore E. Walsh 
Mrs. William J. Walters 
Mr. and Mrs. F. D. Walther 
Mrs. Richard H. Waltke 
Mrs. J. H. Walton 
Mr. Hermann F. Walz 
Mr. John F. Wanamaker 
Mr. Elmer F. Wander 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Herbert K. Wannen 
Mrs. G. A. Ward 
Mrs. Erie H. Warmber 
Dr. and Mrs. George K. Warner 
Mr. Donald B. Warren 
Mr. and Mrs. 

L. D. Warren, Jr. 

Warson View Garden Club 
Warson Woods Garden Club 2 
Mr. and Mrs. Jackson Waterbury 
Mrs. Marvin D. Waters 

Miss Martha Frances Watson 
Mr. and Mrs. Lynn A. Watt 

Dr. and Mrs. Carl Wattenberg 
Mr. William B. Weakley 

Mr. and Mrs, C. Stacy Weaks 
Mr. and Mrs. D. C. Webber 

Mr. and Mrs. A. Carl Weber 
Mr. Arthur R. Weber 

Miss Della Weber 

Mr. and Mrs. Fred J. Weber 
Miss Jane A. Weber 

Mr. L. Barrett Weber 
Mr. and Mrs. Gerhard F. 
Mr. R. C. Weber 
Webster Groves Garden Club 


Walsh 


Weber 


No. 1 
Webster Groves Garden Club 
No. 2 


Webster Groves Garden Club 
No. 3 
Webster Groves Garden 
No. 5 
Webster 
No. 6 
W ebster 
vO. 7 
W ebster 
No. 8 
Webster Groves Garden Club 
No. 10 


Club 
Groves Garden Club 
Groves Garden Club 


Groves Garden Club 


Edmond Waller 


Webster Groves Garden Club 
o. 12 
Webster Groves Garden Club 


No. 1; 
Webster Groves Garden Club 
No. 17 


Webster Groves Garden Club 


18 
. Kathryn O. Wedemeyer 
. Faith P. Weed 
Mr. ‘Paul K. Wehmiller 
Mr. Bert Wehmueller 
Mr. Leroy A. Weidle 
Mrs. Eugene S. Weil 
Mr. and Mrs. Elmer Weilbacher 
Mrs. Oliver J. Weinkauft 
Mr. and Mrs. J. L. Weiner 
Miss Patria C. Weinert 
Mrs. S. A. Weintraub 
Mrs. Hazel Hull Weis 
Mr. and Mrs. Richard Weisert 
Dr. Sol Weisman 
Mr. and Mrs. J. Garneau Weld 
Mr. and Mrs. William Weld 
Mrs. G. W. Weldin 
Mr. Charles F. Welek, Jr. 
Miss Laura A. Weller 
Mrs. Ben H. Wells 
Mr. and Mrs. E. H. Wendel 
Dr. and Mrs. Frits W. Went 
Mr. A. W. Wenthe 
Mr. and Mrs. Herman Wenzel 
Mr. William H. Wenzel 
Mr. and Mrs. D. S. Wenzlick 
Mr. and Mrs. Joseph G. Werner 
Mrs. Joseph L. Werner 
Mrs. Allen T. West 
Westover Farms Landscaping Co. 
Mrs. FE. A. Westrup 
Mr. John C. Wetterer 
Miss Claralyn Wetzel 
Mrs. Fern K. Wetzel 
Mr. and Mrs. Albert V. Wheeler 
Dr. and Mrs. Russell C. Wheeler 
Miss Virginia Wheeling 
Mr. ie Mrs. E. Whitaker 
Dr. W. Whit: iker 
Mr. David B. White 
Mr. R. C. W a 
Mr. and Mrs. R. Dale White 
Thomas Ww. White 
Dr. and Mrs. Wiliam H. 
Mrs. T. C. Whitmarsh 
Mr. and Mrs. John D. Whitney 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Clinton L. Whittemore, Jr. 
Mrs. H. H. Whittemore 
Mr. Henry J. Wichman 


White 


Mr. and Mrs. John F. Wickey 
Mrs. Lawrence C. Widdoes 
Mrs. Carol E. W idell 

Mr. and Mrs. James C, Wieboldt 
Mr. Edgar Wiekhorst 

Mrs. Otto Wiekhorst 

Mr. Francis H. Wielandy 


Mr. Edward L. Wiese 
Mr. and Mrs. Harold W. Wiese 
rs. Ira Wight 
Mrs. O. S. Wightman 
Mr. and Mrs. Thomas J. Wilhite 
Mr. and Mrs. Gene Wilkey 
Mr. and Mrs. 
Lupton A. Wilkinson 
Mr. A. W. Willert 
Mrs. Barnes Williams 
Mr. and Mrs. Douglas Williams 
Mrs. Eugene F. Williams, Jr. 
Mrs. Felix N. Williams 
Mrs. Geneva S. Williams 
Mrs. George Dee Williams 
Mrs. John Gates Williams 
Kay Williams 
Mrs. W. Grant Williams 
Mrs. W. P. Williams 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 39 


Mrs. G. V. Williamson 

Mrs. S. M. Willingham 

Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Willis 
Miss Nancy C. Wills 

Dr. and Mrs. Clyde L. Wilson 
Mrs. Eugene Wilson 

Mr. Herbert M. Wilson, Jr. 
Dr. and Mrs. H. M. Wilson 
Mrs. Howard U. Wilson 

Mrs. Louis J. Wilson 

Dr. and Mrs. Keith S. Wilson 
Mr. and Mrs. William T. Wilson 
Miss Celia E. Wilton 

Miss Edna Wilton 

Mr. and Mrs. Preslyn A. Wind 
Mrs. Estelle L. Windhorst 

Mr. Frank Windler 

Windsor Acres Garden Club 
Mrs. E. J. Winkelmeyer 

Mrs. E. L. Winkelmeyer 
Mr. and Mrs. Paul E. Winter 
Mr. Earl J. Wipfler 

Mr. and Mrs. 

Kenneth E. Wischmeyer 
Wisteria Garden Club 
Mrs. Joseph Witek 
Miss Mary Witherow 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Benedict P. Witkus 
Mr. and Mrs. Arthur L. 
Miss Mathilde A. Witt 
Mr. and Mrs. Walter Wittenberg 
Miss Alice Wittkopf 
Mr. Joseph E. Wodicka 


Witman 


Mr. and Mrs. 

Arthur E. Woerheide 
Mr. Robert P. Woerner 
Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Wolf 
Dr. and Mrs. Samuel Wolff 
Mr. and Mrs. Stephen J. Wolff 
Mr. and Mrs. Jesse Wolfort 
Robert L. Wolfson Foundation 
Mr. John EF. Woltemade 
Miss Dorothy M. Wood 
Mrs. Neal S. Wood 
Mr. and Mrs. Neal S. Wood, Jr. 
Woodbine Garden Club 
Mr. Lyle S. Woodcock 
Mr. and Mrs. James H. Woods 
Mrs. Robert E. Woods 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Robert FE. Woods, Jr. 
Harriet S. Worstell 
Mr. and Mrs. Vernon R. Wren 
Mrs. Donald T. Wright 
Mr. and Mrs. Charles L. Wright 
Mr. Gardner Wright 
Mr. John W. Wright 
Mr. Hugo Wurdack 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Harry E. Wuertenbaecher 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Harry W. Wuertenbaecher, Jr. 
Miss Melba Wulfemeyer 
Mrs. Hildegarde Wunderlich 
Mrs. Walter Wurdack 
Mrs. Marie L. Wyrick 


26 


Mr. Richard L. Yalem 

Dr. and Mrs. Mitchell Yanow 
Mrs. Louis F. Yeckel 

Mrs. Elizabeth N. Young 

Mr. and Mrs. Marshall Young 
Mrs. R. A. Young 

Mr. Seth L. Young 

Mrs. Walter A. Younge 

Mrs. J. A. Youngman 


Z 


Dr. and Mrs. T. S. Zahorsky 
Mrs. Willard P. Zehner 
Mr. and Mrs. 

William D. Zeltmann 
Mr. and Mrs. Paul Zempel 
Mr. and Mrs. Wm. W. Zieger 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Herbert C. Zierenberg 
Mr. and Mrs. Ferdinand B. Zienty 
Mr. Charles J. Zimpfer 
Mrs. Frank Zinke 
Mr. Edward J. Zoellner 
Mrs. Louis I. Zorensky 
Dr. and Mrs. Jack Zuckner 


+0 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


SPRING GARDEN TOUR 


TT" Garden Club of St. Louis is 
sponsoring showings of seven 
beautiful private gardens this spring 
for the benefit of the Missouri Botan- 
ical Garden. May 3rd through Sth are 
the dates to remember for these tours. 
This year for the first time, the 
houses of Garden Club members as 
well as the gardens will be open for 
visitors. Architecture and garden de- 
sign range from the classic to contem- 
porary and include a variety of period 
styles, Colonial Williamsburg and 
English Tudor to Early Missouri. 
Special displays of gardening equip- 
ment will be shown in the gardens, 
many of which are the work of the 
best landscape artists in the Midwest. 
Gardening experts from the Missouri 
Botanical Garden will be on hand to 
answer garden questions for visitors, 
and in addition to the garden exhibits, 


the homes will offer fine collections of 


antiques and paintings. 


The homes and gardens on this year’s 
tour are those of Mr. and Mrs. I. A. 
Stevens, #2 High Downs, Ladue; Mrs. 
Joseph L. Werner, 9625 Ladue road, 
Ladue; Mr. and Mrs. Robert Brook- 
ings Smith, 3 Glenview road, Ladue; 
Mr and Mrs. Henry Hitchcock, Woods 
Mill road, Chesterfield; Mr. and Mrs. 
Albert G. Blanke, 10 Hortense place, 
Mr. and Mrs. Meredith C. Jones, 6419 
Ellenwood avenue, and Mrs. Theron E. 
Catlin, 34 West Brentmoor Park. 

Information and advance tickets 
($3.50 each) are available from Mrs. 
Warren McK. Shapleigh, Box 1606, 
R. R. 13, Kirkwood, Mo., and tickets 
will also be available at the gardens on 
the days of the tour. Here is an op- 
portunity to see outstanding examples 
of garden and home design while con- 
tributing materially to the Missouri 


Botanical Garden’s activities. 


BOARD OF TRUSTEES 


RoBert BROOKINGS SMITH, 
President 

LeIcesTER B. Faust, 
Vice President 

Henry B. PFLacer, 
Second Vice President 


Howarp F. Baer 
DanieL K. CATLIN 


EX-OFFICIO 


DANIEL SCHLAFLY, 


President, Board of Education of St. Louis 


GeorGe L. CADIGAN, 
Bishop, Diocese of Missouri 


STRATFORD LEE MorTON, 


President, Academy of Science of St. Louis 


Sam’L. C. Davis 

Henry Hircucock 

JOHN S. LEHMANN 

Rosert W. Orto 

WarRREN MCKINNEY SHAPLEIGH 


DupLey FRENCH, 
Honorary Trustee 


MEMBERS 


Tuomas H. Error, 
Chancellor, Washington University 


RayMonp R. TucKErR, 
Mayor, City of St. Louis 


FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN 


Harry E. Wuertenbaecher, Jr., President, Mrs. William R. Bascom, Vice President, Mrs. 
Curtis Ford, Vice President, Mrs. M. M. Jenks, Vice President, Mrs. Fristoe Mullins, 


Vice President, Mrs. Eli M. Strassner, 


Kathleen M. Miller, Secretary. 


Vice President, Sears Lehmann, Treasurer, 


HORTICULTURAL COUNCIL 


Clifford W. Benson. Paul M. Bernard. Mrs. Paul H. Britt, E. G. Cherbonnier, Carl F. 
Giebel, Robert E. Goetz, Paul Hale, Earl Hath, Mrs. Hazel L. Knapp, F. R. McMath, 
Dan O’Gorman, Gilbert Pennewill, Ralph Rabenau, Mrs. Gilbert J. Samuelson, Philip A. 


Conrath, Chairman. 


WOMEN’S ASSOCIATION 


Mrs. George T. Pettus, President, Mrs. W. W. Spivy, First Vice President, Mrs. Wm. HH. 
Harrison, Second Vice President, Mrs. Joseph J. Jannuzzo, Treasurer, Mrs. Arthur J. 


Krueger, Secretary. 


HISTORICAL COMMITTEE 


Leicester B. Faust, Chairman, Mrs. Edwin 


Chairmen for Restoration 


Culver and Mrs. Neal S. Wood, Co- 


GARDEN STAFF 


Frits W. Went, Director 


Hucu C. Cuter, Executive Director 


Epcar ANperson, Curator of Useful Plants 


Henry N. Anprews, Paleobotanist 
CLARENCE Barpre, Instructor 
Ernest Breer, Horticulturist 


Louts G. BRENNER, Grounds 
Superintendent 


CHRISTOPHER CHowrtns, Horticulturist 
of Tropical Plants 


LaptsLaus CuTAK, Greenhouse 
Superintendent 


Carro_t W. DonGce, Mycologist 


Caraway HH. Dopson. Taxonomist and 
Curator of Living Plants 


Rospert L. Dress_er, Taxonomist and 
Editor of the ANNALS 


James A. Duke, Assistant Curator 
of the Herbarium 


Joun D. Dwyer, Research Associate 
Watpo G. FecHner, Business Manager 
RAYMOND FREEBORG, Research Associate 


Rorert J. Giivespte, In Charge of 
Orchids 


Brian Gorvon, Editorial Assistant 
James Hampton, Assistant Engineer 
Paut A. Kout, Floriculturist 
C. RANLET LIncoLn, Assistant 

to the Director 
Fk. R. McMaru, Rosarian 
Epitn S. Mason, Landscape Architect 


VIKTOR MUEHLENBACHS, Research 
Associate 


Norton H. Nickerson, Morphologist 
LILLIAN OveRLAND, Research Assistant 


KENNETH QO. Peck, Instructor 


GrorGE H. Prine, Superintendent 
Emeritus 


WitritaM F. Resse, Superintendent 
of Operations 


OweEN J. Sexton, Research Ecologist 

KENNETH A. SmitH, Chief Engineer 

FRANK STEINBERG, Superintendent of 
The Arboretum, Gray Summit 

GeorcE B. Van ScHAAck, Librarian and 
Curator of Grasses 

TRIFON VON ScHRENK, Associate Curator 
of the Museum 


Rosert E. Woopson, Jr., Curator of the 
Herbarium 


SOME FACTS ABOUT SHAW’S GARDEN 


The Missouri Botanical (Shaw’s) Garden was established in 
1859 by Henry Shaw, a St. Louis businessman, to be controlled 
by a Board of Trustees for the public benefit. The Garden is 
a non-profit institution which receives no support from the city 
or state, depending on the income from the Shaw estate supple- 
mented by contributions from the public. 


The old stone walls and cast-iron fences, the Linnean House, 
the Museum Building, the part of the Administration Building 
which was Shaw’s Town House, relocated in the Garden in 1890, 
and the Tower Grove House, his country home, all date from 
Mr. Shaw’s time. The Main Gate, display and growing green- 
houses and most other facilities date from the period immediately 
following the turn of the century. The Climatron, opened in 
1960, is the first of several new buildings planned for the Gar- 
den’s redevelopment. It is the world’s first geodesic dome, fully 
climate-controlled greenhouse and contains the Garden’s tropical 
collections. 

The Garden—70 acres—is open every day of the year from 
9:00 A.M. until sundown; the greenhouses 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 
P.M.; the Climatron Monday through Thursday 9:00 A.M. to 
5:00 P.M., Friday through Sunday 9:00 A.M. to 9:00 P.M. 
Tower Grove House is open daily from 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 P. M. 
(April through November) ; 10:00 A. M. to 4:00 P. M. (Decem- 
ber through March). The Display House presents four seasonal 
displays: November, Chrysanthemums; December, Poinsettias; 
February, Orchids; Spring, Lilies and other flowers. During the 
year are other shows, competitions and festivals sponsored by 
various Garden Clubs and Flower Societies. 

Courses in Botany and Horticulture for adults are conducted 
by the Garden staff. Children’s nature studies are provided each 
Saturday of the year and a special nature program is held during 
the summer. Information on these activities is published in the 
BULLETIN or may be had by mail or phone. The Garden main- 
tains a research program through the Henry Shaw School of 
Botany, Washington University. 

In 1926 an Arboretum — 1600 acres — was established at 
Gray Summit, Missouri. Foot trails and roads pass through the 
Arboretum and are open to visitors in April and May. 

The Garden Administration Building is located at 2315 
Tower Grove Ave., and the Garden’s main entrance is at Tower 
Grove and Flora Place. The entrance at Tower Grove and 
Cleveland Avenue is also open to the public. The Garden is 
served by both the Sarah (No. 42) and the Park-Southampton 
(No. 80) city bus lines. 

Persons interested in helping to support the Garden and tak- 
ing part in Garden activities are urged to do so through the 
“Friends of the Garden”. Information may be obtained from 
the Main Gate or by mail or phone. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN 


April 1963 


lige: Volume LI 


Number 4 


Cover: Edgar Anderson, Curator of Useful Plants at the Garden, with a Boxwood 
The tree was brought from Yugoslavia 25 


(Buxus sempervirens) at the Arboretum. 
years ago and has been successfully grown here ever since. 


PHOTO BY BRIAN GORDON 


aie 
CONTENTS 


Thirty-One Broad-Leaved Evergreens for the Central Midwest 


Office of publication: 306 E. Simmons Street, Galesburg, Illinois. 

Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis 10, 

Missouri. 

Editor for this issue: BrRraN Gorpon. 

Published monthly except July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri 
Botanical Garden. Subscription price: $3.50 a year. 

Entered as second-class matter January 26, 1942, at the post-office at Galesburg, Illinois, 


under Act of March 3, 1879. 


Missouri Botanical Garden 


Vol. LI No. 4 


Bulletin 


April 1963 


THIRTY-ONE BROAD-LEAVED EVERGREENS FOR THE 
CENTRAL MIDWEST! 


FREDERICK G. MEYER ann EDGAR DENISON 
Second edition prepared by EpGar ANDERSON, CLARENCE Barsre, and EpGArR DENISON 


un 


MME Se 
AVAGO ODAY, more and more ever- 


Pris 


ee 


eerie 
4, 


; greens are being grown 


suet 


for their year-round ap- 
peal. In the Midwest, 


vee 


subse 


ny 
Ett Ye 1d bed bid Ld btn 
aaa aa Lt 


were rere 


where few evergreens are indigenous, 


mye 
Me 


this trend is all the more understand- 
able. There is an increasing demand 
for dwarf shrubs and small trees that 
will fit into the scheme of small mod- 
ern gardens and harmonize with today’s 
small homes and low ranch-houses. The 
broad-leaved evergreen trees, shrubs 
and ground-covers are well adapted to 
these needs. Their use can also greatly 
improve old gardens as replacements 
for overgrown deciduous shrubs, which 
are not only difficult to maintain but 
frequently are out of proportion to the 
many architectural embellishments of 
older houses. 

Woody evergreen plants fall into two 
groups: the conifers, cone-bearing 
plants with needle-like leaves (pines, 
spruces, junipers), and the broad- 
leaved evergreens, an extremely diverse 
group of woody flowering plants, re- 
lated in most instances only by having 
leaves that remain green throughout 


1 An extensive treatment of the broad-leaved 
evergreens for the entire country is found in 
the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Handbook No. 
22, Broad-leaved Evergreens, which can be pur- 
chased for $1.00 from the Brooklyn Botanic 
Garden. 


the year—American Holly, Mahonia, 
and Boxwood, for example. For con- 
venience, the broad-leaved evergreens 
will be referred to subsequently as 
“broadleafs.” 

For their esthetic appeal, the broad- 
leafs are unexcelled among ornamental 
plants. Some kinds, such as Holly, 
Mahonia, and Pyracantha, produce 
colorful berries; the Southern Mag- 
nolia, Pieris, and Mountain Laurel are 
noted for their attractive flowers. 
Leaves of the various kinds differ 
widely in size, shape, and color. The 
broadleafs are tidy of habit, dropping 
few leaves at any one time, and they 
never become overgrown and weedy as 
do many hardy deciduous shrubs. In 
addition they remain relatively free 
from insect attack and disease. 

According to a leading St. Louis 
nurseryman, evergreens were little 
grown in our area thirty years ago. 
Now perhaps a hundred kinds, most of 
which are obtainable from local nur- 
series, may be grown here; and of 
these, thirty to forty are broadleafs. 
All broad-leaved evergreens are truly 
aristocrats and require careful atten- 
tion to their needs if the owner wishes 
to see them in his garden as truly at- 
tractive plants. If this consideration 


and observant care for their well-being 


(1) 


2 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


are not feasible it would be better to 
use Pfitzer Juniper and other needle 


evergreen plants. 


CLIMATE IN THE CENTRAL 


MIDWEST 


The central Midwest as defined for 
this paper includes an area extending 
fifty miles north, one hundred fifty 
miles east, and one hundred miles south 
of St. Louis and west to Kansas City. 

General: Sudden change character- 
izes the climate of mid-continental 
United States. Wide fluctuations in 
temperature, long drought periods, 
drying winds, and bright sun may 
occur at any season of the year. These 


freezing temperatures the next, ac- 
companied by bright sunny weather 
and freezing winds, are the chief limit- 
ing factors in growing broadleafs in 
the central Midwest. Particularly dif- 
ficult for the gardener without ex- 
perience in the Middle West is the way 
the winter climate may vary not only 
from year to year but from decade to 
decade. Some of the most attractive 
hollies are not to be generally recom- 
mended because they cannot with- 
stand the low temperatures we may get 
in St. Louis once every twenty or 
thirty years. 

Winter: Our winters normally are 


characterized by long intervals of 


Broadleafs not sun-resistant can be placed on north side of house for half shade during 


summer and full shade in winter when sun is low. 


climatic factors which account for the 
weather patterns in the Midwest are 
all too well-known to residents within 
our area. Maximum temperatures in 
summer, minimum winter tempera- 
tures, precipitation and atmospheric 
humidity are not limiting factors in 
themselves in growing broadleafed 
evergreens in our area. It is the tim- 
ing of the climatic factors—tempera- 
ture, precipitation, wind, solar radia- 
tion—which matter to the plant and 
Relatively high 
temperatures one day followed by 


to the plantsman. 


From Brooklyn Botanic Garden. 


bright sun, especially during January 
and February, with periods of drying- 
freezing winds while there is little 
snow protection. Sudden temperature 
changes, sometimes with a 30—40° 
differential from one day to the next 
during the period from November to 
April, are common. Alternate freezing 
and thawing, especially towards the 
end of February or March just as the 
plants begin to grow, inflict consider- 
able damage some years. Likewise, an 
early freeze in November often does 
more damage to broadleafs than 20° 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 3 


below zero in January. In fact, many 
plants may be relatively unharmed by 
continuous freezing yet will succumb 
to sudden temperature changes. It is 
largely due to alternate freezing and 
thawing that camellias and some other 
kinds of broadleafs may not be suc- 
cessfully grown in our area. Sun-scald 
may inflict much damage by causing 
the leaves to turn brown and the plants 
to defoliate. Broadleafs which are 
exposed to sun while the ground is 


frozen or when the humidity remains 


frequently around 20 


relatively low 


SHELTER 


WIRE FENCING 


per cent in January and February— 
will sun-scald if the water intake from 
the soil is insufficient to offset tran- 
spiration. This condition is accelerated 
by dry north and west winds. Most 
broadleafs considered to be hardy here 
will not tolerate full sun but require 
protection of some sort. One should 
know whether the kinds in question 
tolerate full sun, or require partial or 
full shade. 

Providing the correct microclimate 
should be the initial consideration be- 


fore attempting to plant broadleafs. 


PLASTIC 
BAG 


LIOONONTL 


DUUOUU OU 


LATH 


Various methods for protecting young broad-leaved evergreens from winter sunscald. 


Upper left drawing after Brooklyn Botanic Garden. 


4 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Most kinds grown here require protec- 
tion of hedges, trees, buildings, walls 
and shelter sheds, especially in winter. 
The shade of a tree would provide the 
correct microclimate for growing ivy, 
or the shady north side of a building 
would provide the required micro- 
climate for Leucothoé, Pachysandra, 
and other kinds requiring full shade. 

Well-established plants may be ex- 
pected to withstand the rigors of our 
climate more satisfactorily than young 
or newly planted ones. Aids for pre- 
venting winter damage to young 
plants, especially if it is difficult to 
provide natural protection, include: 
(1) the use of polyethylene bags, pro- 
vided with airholes, to completely en- 
velope the young plants, (2) plastic 
wax sprayed on the foliage in late 
autumn to prevent excessive water loss 
during freezing weather (obtainable 
from nurserymen under several com- 
mercial names). For other protection 
methods see illustration. 

Summer: The greatest damage to 
broadleafs in summer occurs during 
periods of drought with temperatures 
above 90° F. and with a relative hu- 
midity of less than 30 percent, often 
accompanied by hot desiccating winds 
from the Great Plains. However, these 
conditions are easier to control and 
cause less damage to broadleafs than 
wintertime conditions. 

We have learned through experience 
which plants grown in our latitude 
respond favorably or unfavorably to 
the prevailing climatic patterns. The 
common Boxwood (Buxus semper- 
virens), Magnolia grandiflora, Nandina 
and some of the hollies probably would 
not thrive more than 100 miles north 


of St. Louis even with maximum pro- 
tection, On the other hand, 60 miles 
south of St. Louis, these same plants 
grow with almost complete abandon. 

Most of the broadleafs are immi- 
grants to our gardens from China, 
Japan or parts of Europe, although 
several kinds are indigenous to the 
southeastern United States. The Amer- 
ican Holly occurs in southeastern Mis- 
souri and is the only indigenous broad- 
leaf shrub of the state. For this reason 
it thrives in most parts of the central 
Midwest in full sun. 


CULTURAL METHODS 


Soil: Soil conditions for growing 
broadleafs in our area range from bad 
to excellent. In some areas with 
poorly drained clay soil, considerable 
improvement in tilth would be essen- 
tial. Most kinds require a well-drained 
soil with a relatively high (40-50 
percent) organic component for most 
vigorous growth. Leaf mold and peat 
moss are easily obtained sources of or- 
ganic material. Broadleafs especially 
like nitrogen, since these plants are 
grown principally for their leaves. The 
yellowing of hollies and other broad- 
leafs may be overcome by adding to 
the soil additional quantities of organic 
matter and a relatively high nitrogen 
fertilizer. Use any commercial fer- 
tilizer with N-—P-K ratio around 6- 
10-4 or 8-8-8 at a rate of 34 of a 
pound or 34 of a pint per 100 square 
feet of bed. This may be repeated 
twice at monthly intervals but none 
should be added after July 1 since it 
is necessary to let the plant stop grow- 
ing to protect it against freezes. If the 


leaf veins are green and _ interveinal 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 5 


space is light yellow, a deficiency of 
iron in the soil is indicated. To rem- 
edy, add 3 teaspoonsful of Sequestrene 
in a gallon of water to each plant. 
Repeat weekly until normal green 
color results. It may be more con- 
venient, though probably more expen- 
sive, to use a general spray fertilizer 
like Miracid, which contains both the 
nitrogen and the necessary iron. In 
using these sprays, spray directly on 
the foliage and let it drop down onto 
the soil. It will go in both through 
the leaf and the root. 

Broadleaf shrubs may be planted 
near deep-rooted hardwoods such as 
oaks, hard maples, hickories, and sweet 
gums; they should not be planted near 
soft-maples, elms, sycamores, poplars, 
willows, or other trees with masses of 
surface roots which will compete for 
water. A few of the ground-covers, 
especially ivy and Vinca, may be 
planted under soft-maples or elms with 
complete success. 

Planting Broadleafs: Set the plant 
at the same level it was in the nursery 
on firm but well-drained soil. First 
excavate to two feet deep and three 
times the width of the plant (discard 
all heavy clay). To refill the hole, mix 
equal parts of sand, brown peat and 
good garden soil. After planting, 
cover over with mulch. Add '% cup 
of 6—10-—6 or 8—8—8 fertilizer and 14 
cup of ferrous sulphate for 100 square 
feet of bed area. 

Mulching: Broadleafs usually require 
more water than deciduous shrubs. 
Mulches act as insulators. They help 
to maintain lower soil temperatures in 
summer, prevent deep freezing of the 
soil in winter, and greatly reduce 


evaporation of water from the soil sur- 
face. An organic mulch, 3—4 inches 
deep, of sawdust, wood chips, buck- 
wheat hulls or leafmold may be used. 
All of these recommended materials, 
with the exception of leafmold, are 
low in cellulose and will require 2 
pounds of ammonium sulfate to each 
bushel of mulch to prevent nitrogen 
starvation of the plant during decay 
of the mulch. 

Propagation: The accelerated in- 
terest in broad-leaved evergreens may 
be attributed, partly at least, to several 
recent advances in propagating tech- 
niques. The use of mist propagation 
and improved methods of grafting 
have been largely responsible for the 
increased popularity in growing the 
named forms of American Holly. 
Other broadleafs, formerly uncommon 
and difhcult to propagate, now have 
become common. Propagation under 
polyethylene plastic tents has also 
become a highly successful method. 

Maintenance and Disease: Home 
gardeners today favor kinds of orna- 
mental shrubs which require less main- 
tenance than do most deciduous shrubs 
such as privet, forsythia, and mock- 
orange. The broadleafs possess all 
their virtues and few of their undesir- 
able traits. Some of the hollies develop 
into more shapely plants when given a 
yearly pruning, cutting back four to 
five inches of tip growth; but hardly 
ever is it necessary to keep broadleafs 
within bounds in the same way as for 
most deciduous shrubs. 

The broadleafs in general are re- 
markably free from insect pests and 
fungus attacks. The American Holly, 


Japanese Pieris, Vinca, and Ivy are the 


6 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


only broadleafs grown in our area 
known to be occasionally attacked by 


insects or fungus infections. 
GROUND-COVERS 


1. Bignonia capreolata (Trumpet Vine 
Family). 5-6 inches. Cross Vine. 
Introduced to Gardens, 1864. South- 


eastern United States. 


A climbing evergeen with orange- 
red trumpet flowers 1-2” long and 
lustrous paired leaves that are oriented 
on the stem in the form of a cross. 
(There is also a cross in the wood when 
the stem is cut.) It is completely 
hardy in either sun or shade, although 
the leaves may turn bronze-green in 
winter. Vigorous plants may grow a 
foot a year, yet they maintain a neat 
attractive habit without becoming ex- 


cessively rampant. It grows in well- 


drained neutral soil and is useful on 


J 


‘a A 4 ) yp < 
( | BIGNONIA CAPREOIATA | 


steep slopes as well as on trellises and 
trees. A little known plant in cultiva- 


tion. Slow to flower in the North. 


2. Euonymus fortunei (Spindle-Tree 
Family). 12 inches. Purple-Leaf 
Winter-Creeper. Introduced to 
Gardens, ca. 1865. China. 


This common evergreen ground- 
cover grows vigorously in a wide vari- 
ety of soil types in either sun or shade. 
It will thrive even with neglect, al- 
though after several years a mass 
planting takes on a disheveled appear- 
ance due to the scraggly growth habit. 
In winter sunlight the leaves turn 
bronze-green. Good for sunny banks. 
Scale insects attack this plant but they 


can be controlled with Malathion. 


3. Hedera helix (Ginseng Family). 
4—5 inches. Common Ivy. Culti- 


vated since ancient times. Europe. 


The common Ivy ranks first among 
the useful, reliable, and rapid-growing 
broadleaf ground-covers for our area. 
Its habit of climbing over walls and 
on trees gives it a special place in our 
gardens. Cuttings 4-6 inches long, 
taken in May and inserted directly into 
the soil for half their length and a foot 
apart, will root rapidly and develop 
considerable growth the first season. 
Keep constantly damp until roots are 
established. 

Varieties— MBG Bulgaria.’—Leaves 
4—5 inches wide, shallow lobed, not 
prominently veined. A vigorous grow- 
er that is drought hardy and _ resists 
winter injury; it thrives best in full 
shade but will grow in partial to full 
sun. Introduced by the Missouri Bo- 


tanical Garden in 1936. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 7 


‘Baltic. —Leaves 3-4 inches wide, are not recommended for permanent 
deeply lobed, prominently — veined. plantings in our area.) 
Growth less vigorous than ‘MBG Bul- 
varia.’ 4. Pachysandra terminalis (Boxwood 
(The various strains of English Ivy, Family). 6-8 inches. Japanese 
although widely used, are not com- Spurge. Introduced to Gardens, 
pletely hardy in severe winters and 1882. Japan. 


Bulgarian Ivy at Missouri Botanical Garden 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Variability in leaf shape of the Common Ivy 


A highly esteemed low-growing car- 
peting plant with light green serrated 
leaves disposed in whorls near the tips 
of greenish succulent stems. Small 
yellow-green flowers aggregated in 
small heads appear in the spring. A 
long-lived plant that spreads by rhi- 
zomes and grows more slowly than ivy 
or periwinkle. It should be grown in 
full or partial shade and in perfectly 
drained acid soil with a 50 percent 


humus content. 


5. Vinca minor (Oleander Family). 
4—5 inches. Myrtle, Periwinkle. 


Cultivated since ancient times. Eu- 


rope. 


A very reliable old-favorite ground- 
cover which will grow under a wide 
variety of conditions. The dark green 
glossy leaves about an inch long are 
borne on weak reclining stems which 
quickly take root in contact with the 
soil, spreading the plant in all direc- 
tions. In April or May the erect new 
growth and small blue-violet flowers 
about one-half inch in diameter con 
tribute a vernal freshness not asso- 


ciated with some other broadleaf 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 9 


ground-covers. Iron-clad for hardiness 
throughout our area, the Myrtle does 
best in full shade in well-drained neu- 
tral soil with a relatively high organic 
content. The leaves often burn rather 
severely in full sun during hot, dry 
summers. 

Varicties.—‘Bowles’ produces blue 
flowers larger than those of the com- 
mon type. White-flowered and purple- 


flowers forms sometimes are grown. 


6. Berberis chenaultii (Barberry 
Family). 3—4 feet. Chenault Bar- 


berry. Known in cultivation, 1928. 


Garden hybrid. 


7. Berberis julianae (Barberry Fam- 


ily). 6-8 feet. Juliana Barberry. 


Introduced to Gardens, 1900. China. 


Highly prized for the leathery, shiny, 
spine-tipped leaves and the attractive, 
gently arching lateral branches. Clus- 
ters of chartreuse flowers about one- 
quarter of an inch in diameter appear 


among the leaves during April, fol- 


lowed by bluish berries in late summer. 


x = 
Growth is rapid—plants 15-18 inches 


PACHYSANDRA \\ 
TERMINALIS | em I high will produce a three-foot hedge 


in three years. Well established hedges 


A highly ornamental hybrid bar- may require heavy and repeated prun- 
berry (B. gagnepainii * B. varrucu- ing. It is almost fully hardy, although 
losa) of a semi-dwarf spreading habit some of the leaves turn red at the 
with narrow leaves. It does not object approach of cold weather and may 

| to full sun in summer, but needs become tarnished after the first hard 
partial shade in winter to prevent sun- freeze. Some freezing back after 


scald. below-zero winters. Drought-resistant 


10 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Berberis julianae 


once established, it develops best in 
full sun; shade-grown plants become 
leggy. An excellent hedge or screen- 
ing plant. 

Varieties —Nana, a dwarf form. 
‘Pyramidalis, an upright form with 


ascending branches. 


8. Berberis sargentiana (Barberry Fam- 
ily). 4-5 feet. Sargent’s Bar- 
berry. Introduced to Gardens, 
1904. China. 


Similar to the Juliana Barberry but 
with narrower leaves. At the Missouri 
Botanical Garden, specimens of the 
Sargent’s Barberry are as hardy as the 
Juliana Barberry, though less attrac- 
tive. It may be grown like the latter 


species. 


9. Berberis tricanthophora (Barberry 
Family). 4-5 feet. Three-Spined 
Barberry. Introduced to Gardens, 
1907. China. 


A densely branched dwarf shrub 
having spiny leaves with waxy bloom 
beneath and lustrous green above. 
Hardy here but rarely grown. A 
handsome plant requiring full sun to 
half shade in mid-summer with some- 
what more shade in winter. Does best 


in a well-drained, slightly acid soil. 


10. Buxus microphylla var. koreana 
(Boxwood Family). 4-5 feet. Ko- 
rean Boxwood. Introduced to 
Gardens, 1919. Korea. 


Reputed to be the hardiest boxwood 
for our area. ‘Temperatures of 20° 
below zero within the past twenty-five 
years have not seriously injured the 
specimens at the Missouri Botanical 
Garden Arboretum. Vigorous young 
individuals will grow about 3 inches a 
year. Plants 20 years old should stand 
5 feet high. Forms a dense, much- 


branched globose or pyramidal shrub, 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 11 


Buxus microphylla var. koreana 


hardly distinguishable from the com- 
mon Boxwood (Buxus sempervirens). 
However, unlike the common Box- 
wood, the leaves of the Korean species 
are dull and become a bronzy brown- 
green, especially in the winter sun. 
Shade-grown plants remain greener. 
May be grown in full sun without 
protection. Prefers a well-drained soil 
with a 50 percent organic content, 
pH 6.0-8.0. 

Variety—sinica, from China. Of 
more upright growth habit, the leaves 
are larger and more bronze in winter 


than var. horeana. 


11. Buxus sempervirens (Boxwood 
Family). 10-12 feet. Common 
Boxwood. Known in gardens since 


ancient times. Europe. 


Highly esteemed for the small, fra- 
grant glossy leaves and the dense 
globose growth habit. Pyramidal and 


columnar types are also grown. De- 


spite the slow growth—about two to 
three inches per year—few plants we 
grow can offer more in reward for the 
patience required to produce a mature 
boxwood specimen. The common box- 
wood is less hardy in youth than older 
well-established plants and should be 
protected from sun and freezing winds 
in winter. Plant in well-drained soil; 
boxwood loathes wet feet, especially in 
winter. An occasional sprinkling of 
agricultural lime once a year is recom- 
mended to maintain a slightly alkaline 
soil. 

Varicties—Some of the hardiest 
forms come from Washington, Mis- 
souri, where boxwood has been grown 
for 100 years. A form more recently 
introduced by the Missouri Botanical 
Gardens from Yugoslavia has been suc- 
cessfully grown in the St. Louis area 
over the past twenty-five years. Other 


kinds of unknown origin are grown 


here. 


| 
| 


12 MISSOURI BOTANICAL 


12. Eleagnus pungens (Russian Olive 
Family). 10-15 feet. Evergreen 
Elaeagnus. Introduced to Gar- 


dens, 1830. Japan. 


GARDEN BULLETIN 


A much-prized, densely branched 
round-headed shrub known for its at- 
tractive silvery evergreen leaves 1-2 


inches long and the fragrant white 


Buxus sempervirens 


flowers borne from September to De- 
cember. Golden-brown stellate hairs 
are dispersed like small polka-dots over 
the silvery ovate leaves and branches. 
Well-established 


hardy if given the protection of sur- 


plants are fully 


rounding trees from freezing winds 


and winter sun. Does not object to 


full sun in summer. Young plants 
given additional protection will grow 
8-10” a year. 


neutral soil. This is a good hedge 


Prefers a well-drained 


plant. 
Varieties.—Fruitlandu; Reflexa; Si- 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL 


M7 UNDERSIDE 


GARDEN BULLETIN 13 


4 OF LEAF * 
Een 
[ELAEAGNUS PUNGENS | 


monii. These forms differ in the size 
and shape of the leaves and in the habit 


of growth. 


13. Hedera helix ‘Arborescens’ (Gin- 
seng Family). 6-8 feet. Shrub Ivy. 
Ivy may produce two kinds of leaves, 

juvenile and adult, on the same vine. 

As a 


plants produce only juvenile type 


creeping ground-cover, the 
leaves year after year, seldom branch, 
and never flower. Yet as the juvenile 
vine becomes older it will climb on a 
wall or a tree if given a chance, and 


will produce woody branches with 


mature leaves and eventually flowers. 
Changes from juvenility to adulthood 
are evidenced by a transition from 
lobed to almost unlobed leaves, and by 
the development of woody flowering 
branches. 

Shrub Ivy plants are produced by 
cuttings taken directly from the ma- 
ture branches. A rooted scion even- 
tually develops into an erect ivy bush, 
though without careful pruning it may 
revert to a semi-juvenile vine-like 
growth. Cuttings from the mature 
branches are much more difficult to 


make than from the juvenile growth. 


14 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Cuttings taken in July during the peak 
of the growing season can be rooted 
very successfully by the method of 


mist propagation. In autumn and in 


winter, cuttings may be rooted under 
a plastic tent indoors. This ivy grows 


well in any good garden soil. 


Hotties 


Sex in Hollies: With a few excep- 
tions hollies are dioecious; that is, their 
flowers are of two kinds, male (stami- 
nate) and female (pistillate), which 
are borne on separate plants. The 
more common conditions among flow- 
ering plants is the bisexual flower, with 
the male and female parts together in 
a single flower. In most hollies, both 
male and female plants are required 
for the production of berries, especially 
berries with viable seeds. But quite 
commonly, a small percentage of bi- 
sexual or perfect flowers occurs on 
female plants, giving rise to berries, 
but with inviable seeds. A male 
branch may be grafted on a female 
specimen in lieu of having a separate 


male plant, although this method has 


met with varying degrees of success. 


14. Ilex aquifolium ‘Balkan’ (Holly 
Family). 20 feet. Balkan Holly. 
Missour: Botanical Garden Intro- 
duction, 1936. Southeastern Europe. 


Ilex aquifolium, commonly known 
as the English Holly, is an extremely 
variable species with a wide geograph- 
ical distribution, extending from Great 
Britain southeastward across Europe to 
Asia Minor. The form occurring on 
the Balkan Peninsula may be consid- 
ered a geographical variant of the 
English Holly. It differs from the 
English form by its greater hardiness 
and dull leaves. In our climate, the 
Balkan Holly is the hardiest form of 


I. aquifolium known. Except for 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 15 


frost damage to late autumn-grown 
shoots, the specimens at the Missouri 
Botanical Garden have thrived for the 
past twenty years with only slight pro- 
tection. The soil requirements are the 


same as for other hollies. 


organic content. A well established 
plant can withstand full sun if pro- 
tected from north and west winds. 
Newly planted ones require shading to 
prevent sun-scald during January and 


February. 


Flowers of American Holly: left, female; right, male 


15. Ilex cornuta (Holly Family). 8— 
10 feet. Chinese Horned Holly. 


Introduced to Gardens, 1846. China. 


The Bull-horn Holly, one of our 
most interesting introductions. Some- 
what damaged in exceptionally cold 
winters. Densely branching, lustrous 
3-5 spined leaves about 3 inches long. 
The dark red berries are borne in clus- 
ters which persist throughout the 
winter. Young vigorous specimens 
produce 8-12 inches of new growth a 


vear in well-drained soil high in 


nail 


[TLE [J CORNUTA] 


16 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


16. Ilex cornuta Burfordii (Holly 
Family). 10 feet. Burford Holly. 
Known in cultivation, 1895. Garden 


Origin. 


Similar in growth habit to the 


[LEX CORNUTABURFORDI | 


Chinese Horned Holly but with a 
short-spined or spineless leaf. A hand- 
some holly where it is perfectly hardy 
and one which sets seeds regularly 
since both sexes are represented in the 
one flower. Unfortunately, recent 
experience has shown that in very 
sever winters it is badly damaged in 
the St. Louis area, much more so than 


the species itself. 


17. Ilex crenata (Holly Family). 2- 
8 feet. Japanese Holly. Intro- 
duced to gardens, 1864. Japan. 
Known for the wide diversity in 

growth habit and leaf shape. Numer- 

ous varieties are known, all of which 


make good hedge or specimen plants. 


Should be watched as carefully as box- 
wood to prevent discoloration and loss 
of leaves by red spider. Weekly dous- 
ings of forcefully sprayed water will 
help but if infestation gets bad, spray 
every third day with Malathion until 
under control. 

Varieties. —‘Rotundifolia.’ Leaves 
ovate pointed, 114 inches long, flat. 
Plants 6-8 feet, largest of the culti- 
vated forms. Tolerates nearly full sun 
in summer but requires winter shade. 

‘Convexa.’ Leaves ovate without a 
point, about '2—1 inch long, convex on 
the upper surface; plants 3-4 feet high 
with a spreading top. Needs more 
shade in summer than ‘Rotundifolia.’ 
Excellent for a low hedge. 

‘Microphylla.’ Leaves a little small- 
er than ‘Crenata,’ narrower and flatter. 
Has done very well at the north en- 
trance of the Museum Building at the 


Garden, where it has partial shade and 


ILEX CRENATA 
VAR: 
JROTUNDIFOLIA 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 17 


CRENATA 
ROTUNDIFOLIA 
/ 


a 
= = own 
CRENATA 
CRENATA 


CONVEXA 
Me 


— 


~ Vomitorid 


Size relationships of holly leaves 


is well shielded from drying winds out 
of the southwest. 
Several other named forms are avail- 


able from nurserymen. 


18. Ilex glabra (Holly Family). 4-6 
feet. Inkberry. Introduced to 
Gardens, 1759. Southeastern United 


States. 


One of the black-berried native 


American hollies, known for the dense 
bushy habit, reminiscent of the Japa- 
nese Holly (Ilex crenata). The leaves 
are about 2 inches long, blue-green and 
dull. Relatively unknown in gardens 
here, probably because the dull foliage 
is less attractive than the Japanese 
Holly and other broad-leaved ever- 
greens with small lustrous leaves. For 
hardiness the Inkberry ranks near the 
top of the list. Furthermore, plants 
are easy to establish and growth up to 
6 inches a year may be expected in 
young plants. Does best in a fairly 
acid soil. Drought-resistant and does 
not sun-scald in winter; excellent for 


hedges. 


19. Ilex opaca (Holly Family). 20- 
30 feet. American Holly. Intro- 
duced to Gardens, 1744. Eastern 
United States. 

Known for the evergreen, spine- 
tipped leaves and red berries. It is the 
hardiest of the broad leaved trees 
grown in our area. The finest speci- 


mens are produced in full sun. Fewer 


18 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


leaves and berries result when speci- 
mens are grown in shade, and the 
plants tend to become somewhat leggy. 
In full sun the American Holly re- 
mains green and does not sun-scald or 
discolor in summer or winter. It may 
be planted as a lawn specimen, but is 
also ideal as a hedge plant. Young 
seedlings grow 6-8 inches a_ year. 
Does best in acid soil. The American 
Holly is native to southeastern Mis- 
sour. 

Varieties—Many named _ varieties. 
‘Clark,’ 


‘Croonenberg,’ ‘Griscom,’ ‘Hedgeholly,’ 


Outstanding are ‘Arden,’ 


‘Hookstraw,’ ‘Howardii,’ ‘Manig,’ 
“Merry Christmas,’ ‘Old Heavy Berry.’ 


x opaca 


Many others available from specialists. 

Insect Pests.—The_ leaf-miner is 
often rather bad. It disfigures and in- 
jures leaves. The eggs are deposited 
by winged insects on lower leaf sur- 
faces; then the worm-like larvae hatch 
and tunnel between the upper and 
lower leaf surfaces. The following 
spring when new leaves are about 4 
inch long, a winged form emerges, 
breeds, and deposits eggs on the under- 
side of a new leaf. A second brood 
frequently flies early in July. The 
winged form lives only a few days. To 
prevent damage, spray with DDT and 
a spreader-sticker to hold it in place 


during showers and wind or give sprays 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 19 


of Malathion each third day during 
the time that eggs are hatching. It is 
also recommended to burn infested 


leaves which fall from the plant. 


20. Ilex pernyi (Holly Family). 8-10 
feet. Pernyi Holly. Introduced 
to Gardens, 1900. China. 


Similar to the American Holly in 
leaf shape, but much smaller. Leaves 
about 1-1! inches long, lustrous and 


spine tipped. Not quite hardy in our 


| ILEX PERNY! 


area. Demands full shade in winter 
and half sun in summer. A site on 
the south side of a wall near a high 
hedge or in the shadow of a dwelling 
with further protection by high trees 
will aid in preventing sun-scald to the 
leaves in winter. ‘Aquapern,’ a hybrid 
with English Holly, shows promise of 
being a little hardier than ‘Pernyi.’ 
An acid well-drained soil high in or- 


ganic matter is recommended. 


21. Kalmia latifolia (Heath Family). 
5-6 feet. Mountain Laurel. In- 
troduced to Gardens, 1734. Eastern 
United States. 


When well-grown, the Mountain 
Laurel is one of the finest of flowering 
shrubs. Although hardy throughout 
our area, this plant never develops the 
vigor here that it does farther east. It 
objects to drought and will sun-scald 
in winter sun; grow it in complete 
shade with protection from strong 
winds at all times. If cultural require- 
ments can be met, quite respectable 
plants of the Mountain Laurel can be 
grown in our climate. The clusters of 
cup-like light to deep pink flowers in 
May are the most distinctive feature 
of this plant. It prefers a well-drained 
acid soil. 

22. Leucothoé catesbaei (Heath Fam- 
ily). 2-4 feet. Drooping Leu- 
cothoé. Introduced to Gardens, 


1793. Southeastern United States. 


Well-established plants develop an 


e-D 


LEUCOTHOE 


CATESBAEI 


20 MISSOURI BOTANIC 


interesting mound-like habit of 
growth. In May, the pendant trusses 
of creamy-white Pieris-like flowers are 
borne at the ends of the arching 
smooth green branches, and contrast 
with the sage-green willowy leaves, 2— 
4 inches long. It is rather slow to 
establish, but the maximum height 
should be attained in less than ten 
years. Sun will burn the leaves, sum- 
mer or winter, but it is completely 
hardy throughout our area if planted 
in full shade. It can be grown with 
considerable effect in a woodland land- 
scape or as a low hedge along a shaded 
border; a bank or slope would suit the 
natural arching habit of this species. 


Spreads by underground runners. 


23. Magnolia grandiflora (Magnolia 
Family). 20-30 feet. Southern 
Magnolia. Introduced to Gardens, 
1734. Southeastern United States. 


A small tree in our area, highly es- 
teemed for the handsome leathery 
leaves and waxy-white fragrant flow- 
ers, six to eight inches across. Leaves 
from 6—12 inches long and 4—5 inches 
wide are most common, but forms 
with leaves 2-3 and up to 6 inches 
wide sometimes occur. Brownish felt- 
like tomentum on the underneath sur- 
face of the leaves lends considerable 
beauty to some variants, but in other 
forms the leaves are completely gla- 
brous on the lower surface. Flowering 
occurs mostly in June, but may con- 
tinue sporadically all summer. In late 
summer and autumn, the seeds with 
their bright red arils further enhance 
the plants as they protrude from the 
brownish, felted cone-like seed pods. 


Plants less than ten years old are rela- 


(AL GARDEN BULLETIN 


MAGNOLIA 
GRANDIFLORA 


tively tender and may freeze to the 
ground, but the roots are rarely killed. 
In winter, protection should be pro- 
vided in the form of a burlap-covered 
frame. Older specimens rarely freeze 
back, although the leaves may turn 
brown during severe winters. An acid 
well-drained soil suits this magnolia. 
It should be planted in full or partial 
shade, since flowering is prevented in 
full shade. 

24. Mahonia aquifolium (Barberry 
Family). 4-8 feet. Oregon Grape 
Holly. Introduced to Gardens 1823. 
Western United States. 


A stiffly erect shrub spreading from 
rhizomes and suckering to form a 
dense bushy specimen or colony. 
Known for the lustrous, pinnately 


divided spine-tipped leaves, the plant 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 2H 


is extremely variable as to leaf shape 
and habit of growth. Racemes of 
chartreuse flowers are produced in 
early spring, followed in June by clus- 
ters of succulent blue berries which are 
useful for making a mild-flavored jelly. 
Mature plants may be grown in about 
ten years. One of the few broadleafs 
fully hardy in either full sun or shade. 
Throughout our area the largest plants 
develop in semi-shade. In full sun the 
leaves turn maroon to brick-red in 
winter. Very adaptable in most well- 
drained slightly acid to alkaline soils. 


25. Mahonia bealei (Barberry Fam- 
ily. 4-5 feet. Japanese or Leath- 
erleaf Mahonia. Introduced to 
Gardens, ca. 1660. China, Japan. 


Similar in aspect to the Oregon 
Grape Holly, but with stiffer, larger, 
thicker leaves, larger flowers and 
fruit. The handsome waxy leaves are 


about 12 inches long, somewhat droop- 


MAHONIA | 
BEALE! |. 


ing, whitish blue-green underneath and 
dull green above. Racemes of yellow 


flowers are borne at the summit of the 


/é DOMESTICA 


plant in April. Grape-like clusters of 
blue berries follow in early June. In 
rich soil a growth of 6 inches a year 
may be expected. Completely hardy 
if planted in shade; but winter sun 
burns the leaves. Grows superbly on 
the north side of a dwelling or in a 
woodland beneath deep-rooted trees 
such as oaks and hickories, in well- 


drained soil high in organic matter. 


26. Nandina domestica (Barberry Fam- 
ily). 4-5 feet. Nandina. Intro- 
duced to Gardens, 1804. China, 


Japan. 


Known for the much-divided, al- 
most fern-like leaves which radiate in 
densely tufted whorls mostly at the 
summit of the plant. Sometimes 
called “Heavenly Bamboo.” Tiny, 
yellowish-white flowers bloom in May. 


During the autumn and winter, heavy 


ho 
he 


pyramids of striking orange-red berries 
rise from the central tuft of leaves. 
This shrub is slow to establish in our 
area and young plants normally drop 
their leaves and may freeze back, but 
hardier after a few 


they become 


years in a permanent location. Plant 
on the north or east side of a building 
if nearby trees provide shade. It does 
best in well-drained soil with about 50 
per cent organic matter. A much- 
prized and ubiquitous dooryard plant 
farther south; a yellowish-fruited form 


exists. 


27. Pieris japonica (Heath Family). 
3—6 feet. Japanese Pieris. Known 
in Gardens, 1870. Japan. 

This flowering evergreen, although 
one of the most difficult to grow here, 
is highly prized for its foliage, cream- 
colored flowers, and graceful arching 
branches. In spring the new terminal 
shoots appear, pink-tinged and erect 
like flaming candles in contrast with 
the pendulous racemes of creamy white 
flowers that resemble _ lilies-of-the- 
Young vigorous plants may 


A well- 


grown plant may reach 6 feet after 


valley. 
grow 5-6 inches a_ year. 
10-12 years. Early fall and late spring 
freezes ordinarily damage Pieris more 
than minimum temperatures of mid- 
winter. Shade to prevent sun-scald is 
required at all times. A location on 
the south side of a wall, near a board 
fence, high hedge or by a dwelling 
with further protection on the west 
and north by trees is recommended. 
Grows best in well-drained, acid soil. 


Dislikes drought. 


28. Prunus caroliniana Fam- 


(Rose 


ily). 8-10 feet. Carolina or Amer- 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


PRUNUS 
CAROLINIANA 


ican Cherry-Laurel. Introduced 


to Gardens, 1800. Southeastern 


United States. 


A large round-headed spreading 
shrub with lustrous green, leathery, 
cherry-like leaves, 2—3 inches long and 
nearly 1 inch wide. Sprays of pinkish 


white flowers appear on the branch 


ends during May. Fairly hardy, al- 
though young plants require protec- 
tion from winter sun and freezing 
winds. Hardiness increases with age as 
plants acquire more bark and_ hard 
wood. Plant on the north side of a 
wall or stockade fence or near a high 
hedge. On the south side of a dwell- 
ing it should have shade to prevent 
Needs 


sun-scald. perfectly drained 


neutral soil. 


29. Prunus laurocerasus ‘Sckipkaensis’ 


and ‘Zabeliana’ (Rose Family). 4-6 
feet. 
Introduced to Gardens, 1898. South- 


eastern Europe. 


Bulgarian Cherry-Laurel. 


ED 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL 


Cultivated for the lustrous leathery, 
evergreen laurel-like leaves 3—4 inches 
long. The ‘Schipkaensis’ differs from 
‘Zabeliana’ in leaf width, two to three 
inches wide in the former and usually 
about an inch wide in the latter. Well- 
developed specimens of both varieties 
form an irregularly shaped, often flat- 
topped plant nearly as wide as high and 
not unlike Pfitzer Juniper in aspect. 
Fairly rapid growing (3-6 inches a 


year) it should be grown like the 


GARDEN BULLETIN 23 
Carolina Cherry Laurel. These are 
very desirable plants with considerable 


promise in our area. 


30. Pyracantha coccinea (Rose Fam- 
ily). 8-10 feet. Fire Thorn. In- 
troduced to Gardens, 1629. South- 


eastern Europe. 


The typical form develops as a 
round-headed, sprawling shrub with 
widely spreading branches. Clusters 


of small white flowers cover the plant 


PYRACANTHA |} COCCINEA 


E-p: 


24 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


in May. Masses of orange to reddish 
berries which appear on the short spurs 
decorate the plant from early autumn 
throughout the winter. It is fast 
growing; a foot a year may be expect- 
ed from a young plant in fertile, well- 
drained soil, pH 6.0-8.0. Fully hardy 
throughout our area, it thrives best in 
full sun and is hardly worth planting 
in shade. Extremely useful for a fast- 
growing clipped hedge, as a dense, un- 
clipped screen, or as a specimen plant 
on the south side of a building where 
it is difhcult to grow other plants in 
full sun. Highly drought-resistant. 
Can be successfully espaliered against 
a wall. It is perhaps the finest berried 
evergreen shrub for our area, but is 
susceptible to fire blight. 

Variety.—'Lalandii, more upright 
and the branching habit less divergent 
than in the typical form. 


31. Viburnum rhytidophyllum (Hon- 
eysuckle Family). 6-8 feet. Leath- 
erleaf Viburnum. Introduced to 
Gardens, 1900. China. 


An interesting shrub with unusually 
large deeply veined leathery drooping 
leaves, sometimes 8—10 inches long. 
Forms a dense, round-headed bush. 
The twigs and underside of the leaves 
are covered with a felt-like tomentum. 
The upper leaf surface is dark green 
with deep-set veins. During the grow- 
ing period the leaves are attractive, 
but during the winter the leaves hang 
down unattractively and during severe 
cold can appear almost as if dead. The 
small trusses of white flowers in May 
are not especially attractive, but the 
masses of red berries that develop in 


late summer contrasts strikingly with 


the dark green leaves. Fast growing; 

the maximum height may be reached 

in 6-8 years. Fully hardy, growing 
best at the edge of a woodland, on the 
north or east side of a dwelling or near 

a hedge. Should have protection from 

sun at all seasons. One of the tough- 

est broadleafs grown here, it does best 
in slightly acid soil. 

Broap-LeaveD EVERGREENS IN SOUTH- 
EASTERN KANSAS—A FRINGE AREA 
As compared to the St. Louis area, 

the climate of Kansas City is drier, and 

the frequency of of strong west winds 
makes growing of introduced trees and 
shrubs considerably more perilous than 

250 miles east. It is interesting to re- 

cord below a few kinds of broadleafs 

that are being grown successfully at 

Ottawa, Kansas, about 60 miles south- 

west of Kansas City, in a climate where 

all but the most adventuresome of 
plantsmen would say it couldn’t be 
done. 

1. Ilex crenata ‘Rotundifolia’ and 
‘Helleri’—both very desirable. 

2. Ilex cornuta—needs heavy pro- 
tection, 

3. Ilex opaca ‘Bountiful,’ ‘Cardi- 
nal,’ ‘Clarke,’ ‘Hookstraw,’ ‘Merry 
Christmas’—withstands full sun with- 
out burning. 

4. Kalmia latifolia 
protection. 


requires much 


5. Leucothoé  catesbaei — requires 
full shade where it does well. 

6. Magnolia grandiflora—needs pro- 
tection when young. 

7. Mehonia aquifolium—does well. 

8. Rhododendrons and Azaleas—old 
iron-clads and some of the Kuremes do 
well with adequate sun and wind pro- 
tection. 


BOARD OF TRUSTEES 


Sam’L. C. Davis 

Henry Hircncock 

JOHN S. LEHMANN 

Ropert W. Ortro 

WARREN MCKINNEY SHAPLEIGH 


RoBERT BROOKINGS SMITH, 
President 


Leicester B. Faust, 
Vice President 
Henry B. PFLAGER, 
Second Vice President 
Howarp F. BAER 
DanteL K. CaTLIN 


DupLEY FRENCH, 
Honorary Trustee 


EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS 


THomMas H. Error, 


DANIEL SCHLAFLY, 
Chancellor, Washington University 


President, Board of Education of St. Louis 


GeorGE L. Capican, 
Bishop, Diocese of Missouri 
STRATFORD Lee Morton, 
President, Academy of Science of St. Louis 


RAYMOND R. TUCKER, 
Mayor, City of St. Louis 


FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN 


Harry E. Wuertenbaccher, Jr., President, Mrs. William R. Bascom, Vice President, Mrs. 
Curtis Ford, Vice President, Mrs. M. M. Jenks, Vice President, Mrs. Fristoe, Mullins, 
Vice President, Mrs. Eli M. Strassner, Vice President, Sears Lehmann, Treasurer, 
Kathleen M. Miller, Secretary. 


HORTICULTURAL COUNCIL 


Clifford W. Benson. Paul M. Bernard, Mrs. Paul H. Britt, E. G. Cherbonnier, Carl F. 
Giebel, Robert E. Goetz, Paul Hale, Earl Hath, Mrs. Hazel L. Knapp, F. R. McMath, 
Dan O’Gorman, Gilbert Pennewill, Ralph Rabenau, Mrs. Gilbert J. Samuelson, Philip A. 
Conrath, Chairman. 


WOMEN’S ASSOCIATION 


Mrs. George T. Pettus, President, Mrs. W. W. Spivy, First Vice President, Mrs. Wm. H. 
Harrison, Second Vice President, Mrs. Joseph J. Jannuzzo, Treasurer, Mrs. Arthur J. 


Krueger, Secretary. 


HISTORICAL COMMITTEE 


Leicester B. Faust, Chairman, Mrs. Edwin R. Culver and Mrs. Neal S. Wood, Co- 
Chairmen for Restoration 


GARDEN STAFF 


Frits W. Went, Director 


Hucu C. Cutter, Executive Director 


Epcar ANpeERsoN, Curator of Useful Plants 


Henry N. Anprews, Paleobotanist 
CLARENCE Barsre, Instructor 
Ernest Briser, Horticulturist 


Louts G. BRENNER, Grounds 
Superintendent 


CHRISTOPHER CHowins, Horticulturist 
of Tropical Plants 


Lapistaus CuTak, Greenhouse 
Superintendent 


CarroL_t W. Donce, Mycologist 


CaLtaway H. Dopson, Taxonomist and 
Curator of Living Plants 


Ropert L. Dress_er, Taxonomist and 
Editor of the ANNALS 


James A. Duke, Assistant Curator 
of the Herbarium 


Joun D. Dwyer, Research Associate 
Watpo G. FecHNer, Business Manager 
RayMOND FreeEBorG, Research Associate 


Ropert J. Grivtespte, In Charge of 
Orchids 


Brian Gorpon, Editorial Assistant 
James Hampton, Assistant Engineer 
Paut A. Kout, Floriculturist 
C. Ranuet Lincoun, Assistant 

to the Director 
F. R. McMaru, Rosarian 
Epitu S. Mason, Landscape Architect 


Viktor MuUEHLENBACHS, Research 
Associate 


Norton H. Nickerson, Morphologist 
LILLraAN Over LAanp, Research Assistant 


KENNETH O, Peck, Instructor 


GEORGE H. Princ, Superintendent 
Emeritus 


Wititam F. Resse, Superintendent 
of Operations 

OweEN J. Sexton, Research Ecologist 

KENNETH A. SmitH, Chief Engineer 

FRANK STEINBERG, Superintendent of 
The Arboretum, Gray Summit 

GeorGE B. Van ScuHaack, Librarian and 
Curator of Grasses 

TRIFON VON SCHRENK, Associate Curator 
of the Museum 


Rosert EF. Woopson, Jr., Curator of the 
Herbarium 


SOME FACTS ABOUT SHAW’S GARDEN 


The Missouri Botanical (Shaw’s) Garden was established in 
1859 by Henry Shaw, a St. Louis businessman, to be controlled 
by a Board of Trustees for the public benefit. The Garden is 
a non-profit institution which receives no support from the city 
or state, depending on the income from the Shaw estate supple- 
mented by contributions from the public. 


The old stone walls and cast-iron fences, the Linnean House, 
the Museum Building, the part of the Administration Building 
which was Shaw’s Town House, relocated in the Garden in 1890, 
and the Tower Grove House, his country home, all date from 
Mr. Shaw’s time. The Main Gate, display and growing green- 
houses and most other facilities date from the period immediately 
following the turn of the century. The Climatron, opened in 
1960, is the first of several new buildings planned for the Gar- 
den’s redevelopment. It is the world’s first geodesic dome, fully 
climate-controlled greenhouse and contains the Garden’s tropical 
collections. 

The Garden—70 acres—is open every day of the year from 
9:00 A.M. until sundown; the greenhouses 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 
P.M.; the Climatron Monday through Thursday 9:00 A.M. to 
5:00 P.M., Friday through Sunday 9:00 A.M. to 9:00 P.M. 
Tower Grove House is open daily from 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 P. M. 
(April through November) ; 10:00 A. M. to 4:00 P. M. (Decem- 
ber through March). The Display House presents four seasonal 
displays: November, Chrysanthemums; December, Poinsettias; 
February, Orchids; Spring, Lilies and other flowers. During the 
year are other shows, competitions and festivals sponsored by 
various Garden Clubs and Flower Societies. 

Courses in Botany and Horticulture for adults are conducted 
by the Garden staff. Children’s nature studies are provided each 
Saturday of the year and a special nature program is held during 
the summer. Information on these activities is published in the 
BULLETIN or may be had by mail or phone. The Garden main- 
tains a research program through the Henry Shaw School of 
Botany, Washington University. 

In 1926 an Arboretum — 1600 acres — was established at 
Gray Summit, Missouri. Foot trails and roads pass through the 
Arboretum and are open to visitors in April and May. 

The Garden Administration Building is located at 2315 
Tower Grove Ave., and the Garden’s main entrance is at Tower 
Grove and Flora Place. The entrance at Tower Grove and 
Cleveland Avenue is also open to the public. The Garden is 
served by both the Sarah (No. 42) and the Park-Southampton 
(No. 80) city bus lines. 

Persons interested in helping to support the Garden and tak- 
ing part in Garden activities are urged to do so through the 
“Friends of the Garden”. Information may be obtained from 
the Main Gate or by mail or phone. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN 
Bulletin i’ 


THROUGH THE GARDEN GATE 


Cover: THROUGH THE GARDEN Garter. The garden gate near the Tower Grove 
House at Shaw’s Garden is a reminder that the annual Through the Garden Gate sale 
opens Wednesday, May 8, and runs through the 11th, on the east parking lot of the 
Famous-Barr Clayton store. Members of the Women’s Association have been working 
since last July on this sale, which will include plants of every description, herbs and 
herb preparations, handicrafts, garden supplies and equipment as well as a cafe and 
gardening information. The hours of the sale are 9:30 A.M. to 9:30 P.M. except for 


Saturday, when the booths will close at 5:30. PHOTO BY BRIAN GORDON 
Lh 4 
CONTENTS 


Biological Clocks 
Summer Educational Programs For Children 
Feather Geranium—Jerusalem Oak 


Friends of the Garden Notes 


Office of publication: 306 E. Simmons Street, Galesburg, Illinois. 


Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis 10, 


Missouri. 
Editor for this issue: BRIAN GORDON. 


Published monthly except July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri 
Botanical Garden. Subscription price: $3.50 a year. 


Entered as second-class matter January 26, 1942, at the post-office at Galesburg, Illinois, 
under Act of March 3, 1879. 


Missour1 Botanical Garden 


Vol. LI No. 5 


Bulletin 


May 1963 


BIOLOGICAL CLOCKS 


LILLIAN OVERLAND 


| Oeil and animals are able to tell 
time; not only can they distinguish 
the time of day but also the seasons. 
For instance, many birds migrate sea- 
sonally, some animals hibernate, while 
others display a variety of rhythmic 
daily activity, such as the crowing of 
the cock. Among plants, the onset of 
dormancy in many deciduous species 
coincides with the shortening of day- 
length toward the end of summer. 
Leafing out and flowering follow spe- 
cific seasonal patterns, and daily peri- 
odic responses such as leaf movement 
and flower opening and closing are 
common. ‘These are but a few of the 
many known cases which indicate the 
ability of living organisms to perceive 
the passage of time. Unlike man, who 
in his frequently artificially created 
environment has come to depend 
largely on clocks and calendars as an 
aid to recording time, other living or- 
ganisms seem to possess a mechanism 
whose accuracy rivals that of the most 
intricate man-made machine. In fact, 
were it not for the high degree of 
artificial complexity of man’s social 
structure, he too could readily dispense 
with his mechanical clocks and rely on 
his innate one without any harm. Thus, 
most people can awaken at a precise 
time without the help of an alarm 
clock; they become hungry and sleepy 
at the same time of day, and this tim- 


ing is upset when they travel from one 
time zone to another. 

What is the nature of this hypo- 
thetical biological clock which enables 
living organisms to tell time? Does 
the same mechanism that controls the 
vitally important yearly migrations of 
birds to warmer climates also coordi- 
nate the apparently biological non- 
significant daily leaf movements of 
certain plants? Are the various func- 
tions of an organism controlled by a 
single master clock or by a number of 
independent ones? Such questions 
cannot as yet be answered conclusively. 
But with increasing knowledge, it is 
becoming clearer that the biological 
clock is a fundamental property of all 
living organisms and it seems to be in- 
timately related to the innate rhythms 
found in all of them. The exact 
nature of the clock remains one of the 
most intriguing and significant prob- 
lems of biological research today. 

Since the natural environment is fun- 
damentally cyclical as a consequence 
of the earth’s rotation and revolution, 
it is not surprising that living organ- 
isms in the course of evolution should 
have developed compatible rhythmic 
responses. Indeed, it would be much 
more surprising if this were not so, for 
the response of organisms to the en- 
vironment is now known to be of vital 
importance. Nonrhythmic organisms 


(1) 


2 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


trying to exist in a rhythmic environ- 
ment would be much like a swimmer 
trying to avoid the impact of a strong 
wave by bracing himself rigidly. The 
result can be readily visualized. The 
living organism must also learn to 
“ride the waves” in order to survive 
in a rhythmic environment. 
Although man has long been aware 
of the rhythmic nature of life, it is 
not until relatively recently that sci- 
entists have begun to realize its great 
degree of significance in the search for 
a fuller understanding of nature. In 
1932, Professor E. Binning of Ger- 
many performed some simple but 
highly significant experiments which 
proved that the rhythms in question 
are innate to the organism and not 
simply responses to environmental con- 
ditions. He germinated and grew 
beans in total darkness and constant 
temperature, and after the first two 
leaves had developed, connected them 
by fine wires to a rotating drum and 
pen which could record any leaf move- 
ment. Under these cueless conditions 
of darkness and constant temperature, 
the leaves were found to go through 
the same daily cyclical movements that 
beans normally do in the natural en- 
vironment. Now, whereas in nature 
such leaf movement might conceiv- 
ably be of biological significance in 
terms of capturing the maximum 
amount of light for photosynthesis, 
there could be no such benefit to the 
plant in darkness. Such a biologically 
meaningless response must thus be a 
manifestation of a fundamental rhythm 
within the organism. Or, as Professor 
Binning explains it, this response 
should be looked upon as the “hands 


of the clock”? which, like hands of a 
mechanical man-made clock, demon- 
strate the workings of a more intricate 
mechanism within. 

Following this classical experiment, 
countless other observations have been 
made on a large variety of living or- 
ganisms, both plants as well as animals. 
There is no longer any doubt about the 
existence of such innate rhythms, 
which are referred to variously as the 
Biinning cycle, endogenous rhythm or, 
more recently and more accurately, as 
the circadian rhythm, indicating an 
approximately 24-hour cycle. Just a 
few of the many known examples are 
luminescence in the alga, Gonyaulax, 
growth and sporulation of the fungi, 
Pilobolus and Neurospora, mating ac- 
tivity in Paramecium, changes in pig- 
ment of the fiddler crab, transpiration 
of lemon cuttings, photosynthesis in 
Gonyaulax, cell division in Chorella, 
opening and odor production in flow- 
ers of Cestrum nocturnum, and many 
others. As in the case of the leaf 
movement of beans, all of these show 
a circadian rhythm under constant 
cueless conditions. 

Even more convincing evidence of 
the existence of circadian rhythms, 
and of special significance with respect 
to heredity and evolution, is an experi- 
ment in which fruit flies (Drosophila) 
raised in constant environment for 
fifteen generations still continued to 
show a rhythm under such conditions. 
Finally, the recent discovery of a 24- 
hour rhythm in cave crayfish (Orco- 
nectes  pellucidus), generations of 
which have lived for millions of years 
in the total darkness and essentially 
constant temperature of caves, very 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 3 


strongly supports the theory of the uni- 
versal presence of circadian rhythms. 

In man, evidence for circadian 
rhythms is perhaps less precise because 
of a lack of controlled experiments. 
As mentioned earlier, however, the 
rhythmic nature of daily biological 
processes such as wakefulness and hun- 
ger are beyond dispute, and to this 
might be added such intangibles as 
memory (for instance recalling a con- 
cert heard one or more days previous- 
ly). Corresponding specific rhythms 
in such physiological indicators as body 
temperature, blood sugar content, etc., 
are also now well known in medicine, 
and will doubtlessly become more 
useful in diagnosis and treatment as 
a greater overall understanding is 
achieved. 

Thus, both through scientific dem- 
onstration as well as through intuitive 
awareness, there remains little doubt as 
to the existence of the function of 
rhythm in life. The next question, of 
course, is ust what is this rhythm and 
specifically how it is related to bio- 
logical clocks. 

At present we can only speculate as 
to the answers to these questions, but 
by studying the manifestations of the 
clock in various organisms it is possible 
to gain a great deal of valuable in- 
sight into such fundamental problems 
as the adaptation of the organism to 
its environment or the ability of or- 
ganisms to migrate from one location 
to another, and consequently, a clearer 
view of evolution. By learning more 
about how the clock operates, eventu- 
ally the solution to its actual mechan- 
ism might also become much clearer. 


Several models have been proposed, the 


general idea of which involves a phase 
of tension followed by one of relaxa- 
tion, but we are still far from a clearer 
understanding. All that is certain at 
present is that we are dealing with 
something that is highly complex, and 
by comparison, the most delicate and 
intricate Swiss watch is but a child’s 
toy. 

Although it is not yet possible to say 
what the biological clock is, it is pos- 
sible to some extent to say what it is 
not. Thus it is not controlled by a 
simple chemical reaction. According 
to Van’t Hoff’s rule, a rise of 10° in 
temperature doubles the rate of a 
chemical reaction (expressed as Qj, 
—= 2). Among the observed circadian 
rhythms in various organisms, how- 
ever, the Qj is close to or only slight- 
ly higher than 1, which indicates that 
the controlling process is not chemical 
but rather physical, such as diffusion. 
In other words, before the various 
chemical reactions of metabolism may 
occur, the reactant substances must 
first reach the site of reaction and this 
is either permitted or prevented by the 
particular stage of the rhythm. Thus, 
although the ultimate manifestation of 
the rhythm might be a specific chem- 
ical reaction, the rhythm itself is not 
a chemical process. As an illustration, 
we may take night blooming Jasmin 
(Cestrum nocturnum). In nature the 
flower opens normally at night and 
this opening is accompanied by a very 
strong fragrance. The fragrance 1s 
probably the result of a chemical reac- 
tion which produces the volatile com- 
pounds. For a long time it was thought 
that light is necessary in order to pro- 


duce an intermediate chemical which 


4 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


in darkness is then converted to the 
odorous ones. However, when kept 
under constant conditions of temper- 
ature and either light or darkness, the 
fragrance is produced on a 24 hour 
cycle just as it is in nature. The con- 
trolling factor clearly then is the cir- 
cadian rhythm which in turn controls 
the production and/or diffusion of the 
chemicals involved in the odor produc- 
tion. This illustrates how the ultimate 
understanding of biological processes 
cannot successfully be approached 
simply by a study of the resultant 
chemical reactions. It is of vital im- 
portance, rather, to study the organism 
as a whole in relation to the environ- 
ment. 

It was also found in Cestrum that, 
although the odor production generally 
coincided with the flower opening, 
under certain controlled conditions 
the two followed cycles of different 
periods. This further indicates that 
one organism may have several separate 
clocks which can be synchronized by 
one “master clock.” 

We now know that innate rhythms 
are fundamental to all living organ- 
isms. How do such rhythms relate to 
the natural rhythm imposed upon them 
by the environment? We have seen 
that the endogenous rhythm (by defi- 
nition) persists under totally cueless 
constant conditions. In nature, how- 
ever, it is subject to a constantly 
changing natural rhythm of light— 
dark, temperature fluctuations, etc. 
If, according to our assumption, the 
endogenous rhythm of the organism 
is able to record the passage of time or, 
in other words, the changes in environ- 
ment such as light and temperature, 


then there must be some synchroniza- 
tion or relationship between the two. 
This has been found to be true in the 
many cases studied. As long as the 
endogenous rhythm of the organism is 
synchronized with that of the environ- 
ment it will continue to perform a 
particular physiological function, for 
example, vegetative growth in the case 
of plants. When the rhythm of the 
environment begins to change, such as 
the daylength at end of summer, the 
plant then is out of phase with it. 
This interruption of synchronization 
of rhythms consequently somehow 
changes the resultant physiological 
reactions and the plant responds by 
flowering, becoming dormant, and so 
on, as the case may be. What actually 
happens, of course, is much more com- 
plex and as yet largely unknown, but 
conceivably a disruption of the natural 
rhythm of the organism imposed by 
the environment is the means whereby 
the organism tells time and adjusts its 
activity accordingly. In other words, 
the circadian rhythm of the plant or 
animal is not simply a clock which 
tells the time, but it is a clock which 
at the appropriate time can initiate 
changes and reactions necessary for its 
well being. It may be compared with 
a clock which in the morning sets off 
an alarm to awaken the sound sleeper, 
turns on the radio to ease the waking 
process, and starts the coffee to make 
sure that he will be fully awake in 
time. In the case of the former, how- 
ever, the clock is even more important 
since it assures its Owner’s very sur- 
vival—for a deciduous plant which 
did not become dormant in winter 


would be killed by frost. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 5 


It appears that circadian rhythms 
existed early in the evolution of living 
organisms and probably such rhythms 
were considerably different from those 
of succeeding ones, which adjusted to 
changing environments. If, as seems 
to be the case, the circadian rhythm is 
a vital biological clock, such adaptibil- 
ity would be essential to survival as 
the environment changed in the course 
of evolution. On the other hand, a 
clock which altered itself readily with 
temperature or other environmental 
factor would be very inaccurate and 
probably useless. The solution to this 
apparent enigma lies in the fact that 
although the circadian rhythm is rela- 
tively independent of temperature (as 
shown by a Qj close to 1) it has a 
slight margin of flexibility which is 
potentially very important in adapta- 
tion. For it enables an organism to 
adjust its internal rhythm, within 
reasonable limits, to a new environ- 
ment. 

Such a change-over of circadian 
rhythm is possible after a short period 
of adjustment, provided the new en- 
vironmental conditions are not ex- 
tremely different. In general it has 
been found in such cases as leaf move- 
ment of beans or flower opening of 
Cestrum that the total length of the 
endogenous rhythm increases as_ the 
temperature is decreased and decreases 
as the temperature is increased. This 
means that an organism adjusted to the 
24 hour daily environmental cycle in 
one climate might be so much out of 
phase in another that it could no 
longer exist. In between the extremes, 
however, may be a considerable range 


of climates which permit a readjust- 


ment of the circadian rhythm within 
a normal 24-hour day, thereby per- 
mitting successful migration or trans- 
plantation. 

Beyond a certain limit, however, the 
organism can continue to exist only if 
the external environmental rhythm is 
correspondingly changed. This very 
important relationship of environ- 
mental and internal rhythms was 
clearly demonstrated by Dr. Went in 
some experiments performed in the 
controlled-environment Earhart Lab- 
oratory at Caltech. By changing the 
environmental cycles of light and 
darkness to either greater or less than 
the normal 24-hour one, he succeeded 
in growing plants of cold regions in 
warm temperatures, and vice-versa. 
In each case it was found that there 
was an optimal cycle length at each 
temperature, but also a tolerable range 
at which the plants could exist. Such 
information provides a valuable clue 
as to why certain plants are restricted 
to given climatic regions, confirming 
the importance of synchronization of 
internal and external rhythms. Thus 
the African violet, which normally 
grows only in warm climates, dies 
when one attempts to grow it at 10° 
C at a normal 24 hour daily cycle. 
However, by subjecting it to an arti- 
ficial day of 30 hours (15 hours light 
plus 15 hours darkness) it does very 
well at 10° C. The conclusion is that 
the African violet has a circadian 
rhythm which normally is synchro- 
nized with a 24 hour environmental 
cycle but only at the higher tempera- 
ture where it naturally grows. Ata 
lower temperature its circadian rhythm 
is so much out of phase with that of 


6 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


the natural environment that it can- 
not adjust successfully, but by arti- 
ficially lengthening the environmental 
cycle to adjust to the African violet’s 
endogenous rhythm at the new tem- 
perature, the plant can continue to 
thrive. This indicates that plants 
growing in different climates have cir- 
cadian rhythms which are adapted to 
24 hour day at the particular climatic 
range in which they are growing. This 
was further illustrated by Dr. Went in 
a similar but opposite experiment to 
that of the African violet. By expos- 
ing Baeria chrysostoma, which nor- 
mally grows in a cool climate, to a 20 
hour instead of the normal 24 hour 
environmental light-dark cycle, it 
thrived at a high temperature of 
30° C, whereas on a 24 hour cycle it 
died. 

From a practical viewpoint, probab- 
ly any known plant could be success- 
fully raised under drastically alien 
climates provided the circadian rhythm 
was properly synchronized by artificial 
means. In the present natural envi- 
ronment of a 24 hour cycle, however, 
organisms are confined within the 
limits of their ability to synchronize 
their internal rhythms with the exter- 
nal ones imposed upon them. Should 
the earth’s motion ever change sufh- 
ciently to create a non-24-hour cycle 
we could expect a change of distribu- 
tion of existing life and probably the 
origin of new and better adapted 
organisms. 

The environment, then, may be re- 
garded as the key which winds the 
biological clock. When the internal 
rhythm, or clock, is synchronized with 
that of the environment, it is. self- 


winding and the organism thrives. 
But, as seen above, an extreme change 
in environmental rhythm such as that 
which occurs from season to season is 
just enough to set the clock slightly 
off course or, in other words, to warn 
the organism to prepare for a change. 
Just how such a transformation ac- 
tually occurs remains another of the 
unsolved big problems of biology. For 
instance, just what causes a bud to 
change from vegetative to flowering? 
So far the suspected “flowering hor- 
mone” has not been isolated and identi- 
fied and it seems unlikely that one 
simple substance is the cause. The 
actual function of the biological 
clock is still not known in terms of 
how it directs the drastic change-over 
in metabolism which results in flower- 
ing, but that somehow it is involved, 
is highly probable. 

It has further been found that the 
circadian rhythm can be entrained or 
reset to any given time merely by 
shifting the environmental rhythm 
with which it is synchronized. For 
example, by reversing the natural 
light-dark cycle under artificial con- 
ditions, a night blooming water lily 
can be made to bloom in daytime, or 
the usual night fragrance of flowers of 
Cestrum can be produced by day. 

As a greater understanding of the 
function of environmental rhythms is 
reached, it is becoming increasingly 
clear that these rhythms are related to 
many responses formerly attributed to 
a more specific cause or single factor. 

A good example is photoperiodism. 
As implied by its name, it refers to 
the response of plants (usually, but 
not necessarily, the flowering process) 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 7 


to the length of day. Significantly, its 
discovery was accidental and serves to 
stress the importance of understanding 
the effects of environment on living 
organisms in interpreting their behav- 
ior. Working in Washington, D. C., 
in the summer of 1920, Garner and 
Allard found that, whereas certain 
varieties of tobacco flowered outdoors, 
one particular one, Maryland Mam- 
moth, remained vegetative. When 
grown in the greenhouse in winter, 
however, it did flower. Since the 
greenhouse temperature was approxi- 
mately equivalent to that of the nat- 
ural summer, they began to suspect 
that the length of day might be in- 
volved, and by further experiments 
found that this was indeed so. It was 
soon discovered that plants fall rough- 
ly into three general classes with re- 
spect to flowering: short-day plants, 
which require fewer than a critical 
number of hours of light; long-day 
plants, which require more than a crit- 
ical number of hours of light; and 
day-neutral plants, which apparently 
are not sensitive to daylength. With 
this knowledge it became possible to 
control flowering, and today this tech- 
nique is a widely employed practice of 
commercial growers. Not only can 
they produce flowers at the desired 
time, but by deliberately keeping plants 
in the vegetative state for a prolonged 
period before treating for flowering, 
they can produce larger, more attrac- 
tive blooms. 

In view of such tangible evidence, it 
appears that the external cause at least 
of flowering was a simple response to 


light. The receptive phase during 


which light is believed to be beneficial 
is referred to as the photophil phase, 
while the dark-requiring phase is 
named the skotophil phase. 

But, as so very often occurs in 
studying the complexities of biology, 
just as a problem appears to be solved, 
additional discoveries reveal that it is 
far from being solved after all. In the 
case of photoperiodism, some surpris- 
ing discoveries made with respect to 
internal and external rhythms have 
pointed the way to a broader interpre- 
tation. For example, many short-day 
plants such as Pharbitis, which nor- 
mally require a short daylength in 
order to flower, were found to pro- 
duce flowers in continuous light 
provided they received an alternating 
temperature cycle. A slight interrup- 
ation of short-day plants by only a 
small amount of light during the dark 
period prevented flowering. Day- 
neutral plants, like the tomato, grew 
very poorly in continuous light but 
even worse if given a non-24-hour 
cycle of either light or temperature 
fluctuation (e.g., 6 hours light plus 6 
hours dark, and so forth), whereas a 
cycle based on a more natural 24 hour 
one caused them to thrive. 

From such observations it is clear 
that it is not light alone which is the 
prime factor causing flowering, but 
rather it is merely one of many stimuli 
and can readily be substituted for by 
another, such as temperature. The 
important factor actually is the opera- 
tion of the biological clock through 
synchronization of the internal and 
external rhythms. In other words, 
although the effect of light through 


8 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


photoperiodism is definite in nature, it 
is the “‘periodism” aspect of it which 
should be stressed. 

The practical applications resulting 
from a better understanding of bio- 
logical clocks are tremendous in scope. 
In addition to such luxuries as being 
able to grow exotic plants out of their 
natural habitat or enjoying night 
blooming flowers by day, there are 
some potentially fundamental applica- 
tions in medicine and sociology. For 
example, it is now known that not 
only are there daily cycles in body 
temperature, hormonal activity, excre- 
tion, etc., but that metabolism of fats, 
sugars, and some hormonal secretions 
vary considerably from season to season 
even if factors such as food and tem- 
perature remain constant. The exact 
relationship of disease to such rhythms 
is still not understood, but there are 
many indications that it may play an 
important role. This is evidenced in 
the recurrence of many chronic dis- 
eases or, more directly, in experiments 
with plants in which the number of 
lesions produced by injecting a virus 
infection varied with the status of the 
endogenous rhythm. With respect to 
diagnosis and treatment, it is becoming 
evident that the time of analysis of 
body fluids or administration of medi- 
cine might be very significant to the 
results. Consequently, rigid standards 
of normalcy must be re-examined and 
a greater emphasis placed on individual 
variation and life history. Even in 
a controlled-environment phytotron 
where all environmental factors can be 


maintained as desired the state of the 


rhythm must be taken into account in 
an experiment if duplication is desired. 
In other words, the important effect 
of the internal cycle must be given 
greater consideration in all cases. 
When this control is achieved we 
can possibly expect revolutionary ad- 
vances in many aspects of human life. 
For we now know that there is a sci- 
entific basis for a long known fact that 
some people are “morning people” and 
others “night people.” Just as we 
have learned to control plants by 
photoperiodism, perhaps someday an 
intelligent application of knowledge of 
internal rhythms may be made to 
human problems. For man as a prod- 
uct of evolution in a rhythmic envi- 
ronment doubtlessly has innate rhyth- 
mic responses at least as complicated 
as those of other organisms. Even 
though he has learned largely to con- 
trol the natural environment and to 
depend on mechanical rather than bio- 
logical clocks, his innate rhythms can- 
not be ignored. Trying to subject 
“long-day people” and ‘short-day peo- 


ple’—to say nothing of “‘day-neutral 
people’’—to one generally synchronized 
activity regime might be not only very 
wasteful of human energy, but actu- 
ally deleterious to the individual. 
Until a major reorganization of man’s 
habits and society becomes feasible, 
however, perhaps in the meantime he 
may at least throw out his loud alarm 
clocks which so rudely interrupt his 
circadian rhythm, and by resetting the 
biological clock of a strongly fragrant 
flower such as Cestrum be wakened by 


more gentle means. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 9 


SUMMER EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS FOR CHILDREN 


Vee gardens, nature study 
outdoors, programs and films on 
plants and animals—these are just some 
of the activities the Missouri Botanical 
Garden offers to St. Louis children 
throughout the year. Summer is es- 
pecially a time for the action programs 
the Garden offers, and since the pro- 
grams are popular, it is good planning 
to register early for the programs 


which require advance registration. 


This will be the sixth summer of the 
Pitzman Summer Nature Program, 
which begins June 18. The nature 
study programs offered in Pitzman in- 
clude birds, trees (with leaf collections 
and identification) , insects, projects on 
soils and gardening, and a general sur- 
vey of the plant kingdom. For chil- 
dren who are interested in pursuing a 
research project, there will be Junior 


Research teams, and this year there will 


Children at a spring Saturday program learning how to pot plants. 


10 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


be special activities for children who 
have been in Pitzman before. 

Pitzman classes are held outdoors at 
the Garden and meet four days of the 
week beginning Tuesday. Children en- 
rolled in all of the classes meet at the 
Garden from 10 A.M. to 3 P.M. 
Those who stay all day may bring 
their lunches and purchase soft drinks 
at the Garden. 

As in past years, there will be two 
five-week sessions of Pitzman. The 
program is open to children ages 7 to 
16, and there is no fee. Registration 
begins June 3 and may be done in 
person at the Main Gate, or by tele- 
phone (TO 5-0440). 

A second summer activity is the new 
vegetable garden project, which began 


in April. Lettuce, radishes and beets 


Collecting insects is part of the summer 


Pitzman program. 


have already been planted, but there 
are still a few openings for children 
interested in learning how to grow 
their own vegetables. The Garden 
provides all tools, seeds, and other 
materials for good gardening. Chil- 
dren who have registered for this pro- 
gram meet at the Experimental Green- 
house each Saturday at 1 P.M. until 
school is out, then at 10 A. M. Wed- 
nesdays and Fridays during summer 
vacation. There is a $1.00 registration 
fee for participants in the vegetable 
garden program, and it is returned in 
the fall to the children who have 
stayed with the program to its com- 
pletion. 

In addition to the summer programs, 
the Garden offers Saturday morning 
activities for children throughout the 
year. These programs are free and re- 
quire no registration. Programs start 
in the Museum at 10 and last until 
11:30 each Saturday morning of the 
year. The schedule of Saturday activ- 
ities until the end of June is as follows: 

May 11—‘Plants with Wet Feet.” 
Demonstrations of aquatic plants. 
Children will go through the under- 
water tunnel in Climatron. 

May 18—‘Prehistoric Plants.”’ The 
record and development of plants dur- 
ing the last 550 million years. Actual 
plant fossils are used. 

May 2)—“From Dust to Seed.” 
How flowers are pollinated and fruits 
and seeds are developed. Emphasis is 
placed on insect pollinators. 

June 1—Bees and Flowers.’ Ac- 
tual observations of bees seeking nectar 
in flowers with special markings 
(honey-guides). 


June 8—‘Tags for Trees.’ Chil- 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL 


dren will make plaster casts of leaves. 


June 15—‘The Queen of Flowers.” 
Children will sample rose family fruits 
in a study of the many different mem- 
bers of the Rose Family. 

June 22—“Tree_ Trail 
Hunt.” A treasure hunt in the wild 


part of the Garden for leaves and seeds. 


Nature 


Prizes given for participation. 


June 29 


Nature Films. A selec- 


GARDEN BULLETIN Tal 


tion of the newest and best color sound 
films. 

Summer is a busy time at the Gar- 
den, and children who are enrolled in 
any of the Garden’s programs are not 
likely to find themselves bored for lack 
of things to do. Best of all, they are 
not just busy; they are busy learning 
more about the world in which they 
live. For more information on any 
Garden program, call TO 5-0440. 


FEATHER GERANIUM — JERUSALEM OAK 
EDGAR ANDERSON 


, SHE curious aromatic plant known 
’ “Feather 


Geranium,” or ‘Jerusalem Oak’’ has 


variously as ““Ambrosia,’ 


recently been grown in several St. 
Louis gardens, and inquiries about it 
have come to the Garden from several 
sources. It is a species of Chenopo- 
dium, C. botrys, and as such is closely 
related to the common, weedy Lamb’s 
Quarter or Smooth Pigweed. The en- 
tire plant is strongly (and most agree- 


It has deeply lobed 


basal leaves, something like those of a 


ably) aromatic. 


geranium or an oak (hence the two 
common names) from which rise long 
panicles of small flowers followed by 
attractive small seed pods. It is now 
grown as a curiosity or for the use of 
its fragrance and dainty panicles in 
either fresh or dried flower arrange- 
ments. 

Chenopodium botrys has had a long 
history of association with man. It 
was grown in medieval gardens for its 
fragrance and its supposed medicinal 
qualities. It was hung in bunches in 


the kitchen to sweeten the air or used 


like lavendar to give a fresh smell to 
bed linens. It is sometimes confused 
with the closely related vegetable, 
Good King Henry (Chenopodium 
Bonus-Henricus), a lower and non- 
aromatic perennial with spinach-like 
leaves and dense flower clusters, which 
since the Middle Ages has been grown 
in European gardens for use, like spin- 
ach, as a pot herb. 

Chenopodium botrys is native to the 
Near East and Africa and rather gen- 
erally to central Eurasia. The name 
Jerusalem Oak may possibly refer to 
the plant’s having been brought back 
by the Crusaders or other visitors to 
the Near East. Its original home is a 
little hard to determine since it has 
the capacity of sowing itself spon- 
taneously in places to which it has 
been carried, though it never becomes 
weedy and troublesome. There are 
specimens in the Garden’s herbarium 
which were collected in St. Louis a 
century ago, though so far as we know 
it has never become established here. 
Palmer and Steyermark in their Flora 


12 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


of Missouri list it as occasionally turn- 
ing up in waste ground in St. Louis, 
Shannon, Ozark, Stone and Jackson 
counties. It has been collected at vari- 
ous places throughout the West includ- 
ing several remote mining camps, and 
it has become fairly common in parts 
of California. 

It is one of those plants whose size 
varies a great deal with the fertility of 
the soil and the amount of water it has 
had. I have seen it coming up between 
the bricks in the pathways of an old 
New England garden near Worchester, 
Massachusetts, where in early summer 


it was only a few inches high. Its 
leaves there reminded me of a small 
oak-leaved geranium, and a pleasant 
aroma arose when they were stepped 
on. At the other extreme were the big 
plumes of seeding panicles used by Mrs. 
Mary Baer in the attractive Victorian 
arrangement of dried flowers displayed 
in the Tower Grove House, Henry 
Shaw’s country home. These had been 
grown in the rich soil of an excellent 
garden in Ferguson; for that reason 
the branching panicles were well over 
two feet in length. 


FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN NOTES 


EW Friends officers were recently elected for the coming year. 


Harry E. 


Wuertenbaecher, Jr., was re-elected President of the Friends, with Mrs. Curtis 
Ford, Mrs. M. M. Jenks, Raoul Panteleoni, Mrs. C. Johnson Spink and Mrs. Tom K. 


Smith, Jr., as vice presidents. 


The following new Friends of the Garden have joined since February 20, when 
the list for the March BULLETIN was prepared: 


Dr. Walter E. Abell 
Mr. and Mrs. William S. Beggs 
Mr. A. Berry 
Mr. and Mrs. Clarence W. Cherry 
Miss Marion Lydia Clark 
Miss Mary Frances Clifford 
Mr. Philip Cotton, Jr. 
Mr. and Mrs. Dana Cowell 
Mr. Donald J. Day 
Mr. and Mrs. F. A. Dunnagan 
Mr. and Mrs. Rodman H. Durfee 
Mr. and Mrs. James W. Durham 
Mr. and Mrs. 

Oscar W. Earickson, Jr. 
Mr. Charles J. Eckrich 


Mr. and Mrs. Donald H. Free 
Mr. and Mrs. Thomas W. Graham 
Mr. and Mrs. Walter S. Green 
Mr. and Mrs. John C, Guhman 
Mrs. Virginia Hay 
Mr. and Mrs. Roger R. Jones 
Mr. and Mrs. H. N. Lee 
Mr. and Mrs. Roy W. Lenck 
Mr. L. M. Lippman, Jr. 
Mr. and Mrs. 

S. Carson McCormack 
Mrs. Mac H. Mandel 
Mr. and Mrs. Michael P. Miklas 
Mr. and Mrs. Paul D. Morgan 
Mr. and Mrs. John J. Noble 


Miss Carmelita O’Connor 

Mr. Quintin Papineau, Jr. 

Mr. and Mrs. R. W. Payne 

Mr. and Mrs. Edward Prinz 
Mrs. Taylor Schake 

Miss Dorothy Schneider 

Mr. and Mrs. W. W. Seat 

Mr. and Mrs. Donald J. Sher 
Mrs. Mathilda Siems 

Mr. and Mrs. John Tremaine 
Dorothea A. Vogel 

Washington Heights Garden Club 
Mrs. W. O. Wheeler 

Mr. and Mrs. William E. Weise 


BOARD OF TRUSTEES 


Henry Hirceucock, 
President 

Leicester B. Faust, 
Vice President 

Henry B. PFLAGER, 
Second Vice President 

Howarp F. BAER 

DanieLt K. CATLIN 


Sam’L. C, Davis 

Henry HircHcock 

Joun S, LEHMANN 

Ropert W. Orro 

WarrREN McKINNEY SHAPLEIGH 
RoBeRT BROOKINGS SMITH 


DupLeY FRENCH, 
Honorary Trustee 


EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS 


DANIEL SCHLAFLY, 


President, Board of Education of St. Louis 


GEORGE L, CADIGAN, 
Bishop, Diocese of Missouri 


STRATFORD LEE MorTON, 


President, Academy of Science of St. Louis 


THomas H. Etror, 
Chancellor, Washington University 


RAYMOND R. TUCKER, 
Mayor, City of St. Louis 


FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN 
Harry E. Wuertenbaecher, Jr., President, Mrs. Curtis Ford, Vice President, Mrs. M. M. 


Tenks, Vice President, Raoul Panteleoni, I’tce 


President, Mrs. C. Johnson Spink, Vice 


President, Mrs. Tom K. Smith, Jr., [ice President, Kathleen M. Miller, Secretary 


HORTICULTURAL COUNCIL 


Clifford W. Benson. Paul M. Bernard, Mrs. Paul H. Britt, FE. G. Cherbonnier, Carl F. 
Giebel, Robert E. Goetz, Paul Hale, Earl Hath, Mrs. Hazel L. Knapp, F. R. McMath, 
Dan O'Gorman, Gilbert Pennewill, Ralph Rabenau, Mrs. Gilbert J. Samuelson, Philip A. 


Conrath, Chairman. 


WOMEN’S ASSOCIATION 


Mrs. George T. Pettus, President, Mrs. W. W. Spivy, First Vice President, Mrs. Wm. H. 
Harrison, Second Vice President, Mrs. Joseph J. Jannuzzo, Treasurer, Mrs. Arthur J. 


Krueger, Secretary. 


HISTORICAL COMMITTEE 


Leicester B. Faust, Chairman, Mrs. Edwin 


Chairmen for Restoration 


R. Culver and Mrs. Neal S. Wood, Co- 


GARDEN STAFF 


Frits W. Went, Director 


Hucu C. Cutter, Executive Director 


Epcar ANnperson, Curator of Useful Plants 


Henry N. Anprews, Paleobotanist 
CLARENCE Barre, Instructor 
Ernest Brser, Horticulturist 


Louis G. BRENNER, Grounds 
Superintendent 


CHRISTOPHER CHowiINns, Horticulturist 
of Tropical Plants 


LApIsLAus CuTAK, Greenhouse 
Superintendent 


Carrott W. Dopce. Mycologist 


Cataway H. Dopson. Taxonomist and 
Curator of Living Plants 


Rosert L. Dresster, Taxonomist and 
Editor of the ANNALS 


James A. Duke, Assistant Curator 
of the Herbarium 


Joun D. Dwyer, Research Associate 
Watpo G. FecHNeEr, Business Manager 
RayMOND FRrReEBORG, Research Associate 


Rosert J. Grivespie, In Charge of 
Orchids 


Brian Gorpon, Editorial Assistant 
James Hampton, Assistant Engineer 
Paut A. Kout, Floriculturist 
C. Ranitet LIncoLin, Assistant 
to the Director 
F. R. McMartu, Rosarian 
Epitu S. Mason, Landscape Architect 
ViKToR MUEHLENBACHS, Research 
Associate 
Norton H. Nickerson, Morphologist 
LIL“LrAN OvEeRLAND, Research Assistant 


KENNETH QO. Peck, Instructor 

GrEorGE H. Princ, Superintendent 
Emeritus 

WiriramM F. Resse, Superintendent 
of Operations 

Owen J. Sexton, Research Ecologist 

Kennetu A. SmirnH. Chief Engineer 

FRANK STEINBERG, Superintendent of 
The Arboretum, Gray Summit 

Georce B. Van Scuaack, Librarian and 
Curator of Grasses 

TRIFON VON ScHRENK, Associate Curator 
of the Museum 

Rozert E. Woopson, Jr., Curator of the 
Herbarium 


SOME FACTS ABOUT SHAW’S GARDEN 


The Missouri Botanical (Shaw’s) Garden was established in 
1859 by Henry Shaw, a St. Louis businessman, to be controlled 
by a Board of Trustees for the public benefit. The Garden is 
a non-profit institution which receives no support from the city 
or state, depending on the income from the Shaw estate supple- 
mented by contributions from the public. 


The old stone walls and cast-iron fences, the Linnean House, 
the Museum Building, the part of the Administration Building 
which was Shaw’s Town House, relocated in the Garden in 1890, 
and the Tower Grove House, his country home, all date from 
Mr. Shaw’s time. The Main Gate, display and growing green- 
houses and most other facilities date from the period immediately 
following the turn of the century. The Climatron, opened in 
1960, is the first of several new buildings planned for the Gar- 
den’s redevelopment. It is the world’s first geodesic dome, fully 
climate-controlled greenhouse and contains the Garden’s tropical 
collections. 

The Garden—70 acres—is open every day of the year from 
9:00 A.M. until sundown; the greenhouses 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 
P.M.; the Climatron Monday through Thursday 9:00 A.M. to 
5:00 P.M., Friday through Sunday 9:00 A.M. to 9:00 P.M. 
Tower Grove House is open daily from 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 P. M. 
(April through November) ; 10:00 A. M. to 4:00 P. M. (Decem- 
ber through March). The Display House presents four seasonal 


displays: November, Chrysanthemums; December, Poinsettias; 
February, Orchids; Spring, Lilies and other flowers. During the 
year are other shows, competitions and festivals sponsored by 
various Garden Clubs and Flower Societies. 

Courses in Botany and Horticulture for adults are conducted 
by the Garden staff. Children’s nature studies are provided each 
Saturday of the year and a special nature program is held during 
the summer. Information on these activities is published in the 
BULLETIN or may be had by mail or phone. The Garden main- 
tains a research program through the Henry Shaw School of 
Botany, Washington University. 

In 1926 an Arboretum — 1600 acres— was established at 
Gray Summit, Missouri. Foot trails and roads pass through the 
Arboretum and are open to visitors in April and May. 

The Garden Administration Building is located at 2315 
Tower Grove Ave., and the Garden’s main entrance is at Tower 
Grove and Flora Place. The entrance at Tower Grove and 
Cleveland Avenue is also open to the public. The Garden is 
served by both the Sarah (No. 42) and the Park-Southampton 
(No. 80) city bus lines. 

Persons interested in helping to support the Garden and tak- 
ing part in Garden activities are urged to do so through the 
“Friends of the Garden’. Information may be obtained from 
the Main Gate or by mail or phone. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN 


/ / June 1963 
u elt Ww Volume LI 


Number | 


Cover: American Pillar roses in bloom at the Garden on Memorial Day. These are 


small, brilliant pink flowers. 
PHOTO BY BRIAN GORDON 


CONTENTS 
“Winter's Pleasant Ornaments 


How to Identify Common Larvae 


Book Review 


Friends of the Garden Notes 


Editor's Note 


Office of publication: 306 E. Simmons Street, Galesburg, Illinois. 


Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis 10, 


Missouri. 

Editor for this issue: BRIAN Gorvon. 

Published monthly except July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri 
Botanical Garden. Subscription price: $3.50 a year. 


Entered as second-class matter January 26, 1942, at the post-office at Galesburg, Illinois, 


under Act of March 3, 1879. 


Missour1 Botanical Garden 


Volidcl Nov cé 


Bulletin 


June 1963 


“WINTER’S PLEASANT ORNAMENTS” 
IN THE TOWER GROVE HOUSE 


MARY E. BAER 


Wo Pleasant Ornaments” 
are the blossoms of summer 
flowers dried when nature is at its 
prime. During the long gray days of 
winter they will enliven their sur- 
roundings with color and cheer. For 
the re-creation of the lost art of flower 
drying which the eighteenth century 
housewife knew so well, we should pay 
homage to Mrs. Louise Fisher. For 


€ 


twenty-three years she created ‘“‘win- 
ter’s pleasant ornaments,” as she refers 
to them, for the rooms of the Restora- 
tion at Colonial Williamsburg. All of 
the flowers arranged by her hands ex- 
pressed a living naturalness and a 
beauty of form always to be remem- 
bered. Her book Eighteenth Century 
Garland is out of print now, but if 
you are fortunate enough to own a 
copy, then you too can appreciate how 
humble the novice feels in the pres- 
ence of the master. 

Last winter it was my pleasure to 
bring the summer harvest into the 
lovely rooms of the Tower Grove 
House at Shaw’s Garden. The His- 
torical Committee have restored this 
beautiful old country place of the late 
Henry Shaw to its original 1850’s ele- 
gance. The Victorian influence is 
present along with the early twentieth 
century England which Mr. Shaw 
brought to America. 


With this these period styles in mind 
we allowed color to run rampant. 
Red, pink, yellow, orange and laven- 
der in buxom arrangements were in 
keeping with the house and its furni- 
ture. Our containers for the dried 
blossoms were of fine antique porce- 
lain, early stoneware, pewter and brass. 
A few of the arrangements are illus- 
trated here, but black and white can- 
not capture the fresh appeal of the 


dried blossom. 


THe Suppty oF DrieED MATERIAL 


The best source of flower material is 
of course in your own garden. Many 
annuals, perennials, grasses, seed pods, 
herbs, trees, and shrubs will add to 
your collection. 

Abundant bounty is yours for the 
picking along country roads, in woods 
and fields, and by streams. This 
bounty of the wild is twofold; your 
communion with nature will enhance 
the value and enjoyment of your 
handiwork. A field of Queen Anne’s 
Lace in its pristine whiteness on a day 
in June is something that has to be 
experienced. Unless you are acquaint- 
ed with the rich store of Missouri’s 
wild flowers you would profit by the 
description and lavishly colored illus- 
trations in Wild Flowers, by Homer 


House. The Public Library should 


(1) 


tN 


have the 1961 revised edition. Mr. 
House stresses one admonition that 
bears repeating: “Care should be ex- 
ercised not to injure the roots and 
leaves that are scarce and easily de- 
stroyed.” 

Flower shops are another source of 
supply. Leaves of eucalyptus, lemon 
and magnolia, ferns of all kinds 
and other exotic foliage can be dried or 
preserved in glycerin. The everlast- 
ings of strawflowers, Sea-lavender, 
Immortelles and Statice, Grains, Sea- 
oats, and yellow Yarrow, most of 
which are available in the fall, are also 
good to use. 

An antique Wedgwood pitcher holds an 
arrangement predominating in rich Autumn 
colors of orange and yellow. Copper Beech 
leaves, Iris leaves, goldenrod, brown tone Hy- 


drangea, brown dock, grasses, yellow Immor- 


telles, and yellow and orange Strawflowers. 


WN 
¥ 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


The time to harvest is difficult to 
state exactly, but any time from 
spring until frost, when the material is 
at its peak, will do. For most bloom- 
ing things the best time to harvest is 
when the buds are not too far open, 
since the drying process tends to force 
blooming. The best guide is of course 


experience and experimentation. 
How To PREPARE THE DRIED MATERIAI 


Start with a very warm dry room, 
as dark as possible. Cellars are too 
moist, but an attic is perfect. (The 
colors of the blossoms will fade in the 


drying process if the blooms are ex- 


An eighteenth Century porcelain vase con- 
tining Saltbush, White Hydrangea, White 
Allium, white garlic seed heads, Queen Anne’s 
Lace, and White Milfoil or yarrow. This is an 


all white arrangement. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 3 


posed to light; hence the dark room. 
Once the plants are dried the colors 
will not fade even in bright sunlight. ) 
Store the blossoms in the drying room 
until time to arrange them. 

Most wild flowers dry best when 
tied in small bunches and hung on 
wire or twine which has been  sus- 
pended from wall to wall. They 
should be tied with the heads down to 
preserve their natural state. The stems 
will thus be dried straight and firm. 
Other plants such as goldenrod, yar- 
row, boneset dock or similar plants 
dry best upright in large-mouth jars, 
cartons, or peach baskets. Grasses dry 
best in this way also, as does any plant 
which requires a graceful curve to its 
stem. Queen Anne’s Lace, Black-eyed 
Susans and sunflowers should be dried 
by placing the blossom head up, stem 
down in a wire mesh (chicken wire or 
hardware cloth is good) laid over the 
top of a cardboard box. In this way, 
shrinkage of the blossom is prevented. 

Most annuals and perennials dry best 
in fine white sand. It is used for a 
children’s sandbox and can be pur- 
chased at a department store in fifty- 
pound bags for a nominal sum. Borax, 
cornmeal and silica are other useful 
drying agents. My personal preference 
is white sand, which I have been using 
for over 20 years. 

The sand must be dry. Take a 
shallow cardboard box and put a gen- 
erous layer of sand on the bottom. If 
you are going to dry a flower like a 
zinnia, hold the stems in your left 
hand, flower head down on the sand, 
and with your right hand slowly 
dribble more sand under and around 
the blossom until it is completely— 


though lightly—covered. Sometimes 
a little hill of sand is best for certain 


blossoms. 


For delphinium a trench works best 
because each blossom has to have the 
sand dribbled under and over it sep- 
arately. Stems will generally become 
anchored along with the blossom as it 
becomes covered with sand. If not, 
then stand your box next to a support 
and tilt the stem toward it. 

The sand method of drying is a 
painstaking, arduous one, and requires 


patience for good results. Zinnias, 


Bachelor Buttons, Delphinium—even 
some roses—come out of the sand dry- 


ing process in full color and form. 


An early stoneware crock filled with seed- 
pods, grains, brown dock, okra pods, grasses, 


red Sumac, Artichokes, and brown oak leaves. 


4 MISSOURI BOTANICAL 


There is an if, however. The form 
and color will remain true if the 
blooms are not exposed to drafts and 
moisture in the atmosphere after they 
are arranged. I have had this happen 
so many times to blossoms that now | 
dry practically everything by using 
the upright, or hanging method. 
There is so much humidity in our at- 
mosphere that blossoms often shrivel 
up and wilt unless carefully dried. 
Whatever process you use, be sure to 
strip all leaves that are not needed and 
any unsightly bloom, before proceed- 
ing to dry the flowers. 

Branches of trees and shrubs are 
best preserved in glycerin. One part 
glycerin to two parts warm water is 
the proper mixture to use. The stems 
to be preserved should be immersed in 
SIX to eight inches of solution, or even 
a little more. The stems should never 
be longer than 18 inches, otherwise 
they become too long for proper ab- 
sorption to take place. Pound the 
bottom three to four inches of the 
stem with a hammer to aid in the 
process. Several cuts in the bark will 
aid further. Wipe each leaf free of 
dust and remove all other unsightly 
ones. For best results use about four 
branches to a jar. 

The time you should leave the 
branches in the solution depends on 
your material. Magnolia grandiflora 
requires the longest time, about four 
weeks. 

Copper Beech leaves, purple Plum, 
alba Poplar and others preserve with 
great success. Ferns and flat leaves 
will press beautifully. To press these 
leaves, take thick newspaper and lay 


your material on top. Do not allow 


GARDEN BULLETIN 


the leaves to overlap. Cover the 
leaves with another layer of newspaper 
and continue adding leaves, layer by 
layer in the same manner. When you 
are finished, put a weight on top. The 
weight must be left on until the ma- 
terial is completely dry. 

To give ferns a lustre and to aid in 
their preservation, paint them before 
pressing with a little cooking oil. A 
soft water color brush is good for 
this step. 

MAKING AN ARRANGEMENT 

Making an arrangement of dried 


plant material is similar in many re- 


A brass container with a light airy arrange- 
ment of Ambrosia (feather geranium), gray 


Silver King Artemisia, Sea Lavender, pink 
Allium, purple Statice, pink, yellow, orange 
Strawflowers, yellow Immortelles, and Minia- 
ture spikes of pink Cockscomb. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL 


spects to making one of fresh material. 
The arrangement must harmonize with 
its surroundings in color, balance, and 
design. It takes much more of the 
dried material to make an arrange- 
ment, and greater care must be exer- 
cised in its handling. 

Fill your container to within sev- 
eral inches of the top with the same 
fine white sand used in the original 
drying process. Moisten it so that it 
is just damp. This dampening makes 
it easier to work with and when it 
dries, it holds the stems more firmly. 
Now you are ready to take the con- 


GARDEN BULLETIN 5 


tainer to the plants in the drying room. 

For a mass arrangement fill in the 
background of your container with 
outline material. For a sturdy type of 
arrangement, large fern leaves, golden- 
rod, or saltbush are good. For a light 
airy effect, use Sea-Lavender, Artemi- 
sia, Ambrosia or any other graceful 
material. Start filling in with your 
blossoms, working from the top with 
the light colors to the bottom with the 
Goldenrod, Saltbush 
or Hydrangea are all excellent for 
fillers. 


dark blossoms. 


PLANTS TO USE FOR DRIED ARRANGEMENTS 


The following plants dry well, but 
the list is not complete. [I am giving 
only the ones I have had success with. 
For a more complete list see one of the 
books on dried material. Plants which 
can be dried by hanging are followed 
by an H; those which should be dried 
upright are followed by a U. 


ANNUALS 


Celosia—Cockscomb: Crested and 


plumed, in crimson, red and_yel- 


low | H 
Baby’s-breath (Gypsophilia) white or 
pink H 


Bachelor-Button or Cornflower (Cen- 
taurea cyanus) Blue, red, white H 
Globe-Amaranth (Gom phrena globosa) 
Clover-like blossoms which dry like 
an everlasting. Purple, pink, white, 
lavender H 
Grasses, ornamental H 
Job’s Tears (Coix lacryma-jobi) Foli- 


age-like ornamental grass eee =| 


Honesty (Lunaria biennis) or money 

plant, flat silver seed pods ae «| 
Larkspur (Delphinium) White, pink, 
H or U 
Salvia (Farinacea) or Mealy Cap Sage. 


blue, lavender uae 


A true blue flower, excellent for 
drying. H—for straight stem. Very 
graceful if U. 

Strawflower (Helichrysum monostro- 
sum) Pink, rose, salmon, white. 
Pick before flower opens H 

Sunflower (Helianthus) Golden yellow 


—six inches across HH 
PERENNIALS 


Feathery gray 
spikes H or U 
Chinese Lantern (Physalis franchetii) 
Lantern shaped orange-red fruits H 
Delphinium: Blue etal 
Dusty Miller (Cineraria maritima) 
Silver gray foliage Hor U 
Globe Thistle (Echinops rito) Large 
Can_ be 


Artemisia: silver king. 


globes of blue flowers. 


6 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


picked when the globes are green, 
or immediately as they turn blue. 
Otherwise they tend to shatter. 
— ; - H or U 
Grasses: Ornamental Hor U 
Lambs Ears (Sfachys lanata) For sil- 


ver gray foliage Hor U 
Lavender (Lavandula) For flower 
spikes a _H 


Onions ornamental (Alinm) Pale pink, 
blue, white or violet a 8 
Poppy Oriental (Papaver orientale) 
Pick the seed pods when dry U 
Sea Lavender or Statice (Limonium) 
A delicate lacy, many branched 
plant U 
Yarrow (Achillea) Clusters of yellow, 
white or rose pink U 


TREES, SHRUBS 


Bamboo (Polygonum cuspidatum) For 
line arrangements. Cut in fall. 
H or U 

Beauty-Bush (Kolkwitzia amabilis) 
Pink cascade of blossoms in June. 
H or U 


Beech (Fagus sylvatica) Tree, glycer- 


Seed pods later 


in or press methods. Can be used for 
years by freshening up each season. 

Dogwood (Cornus) Tree. Glycerin or 
pressed—green in summer or as they 
turn red in fall. 

Hydrangea (H. domotoi) Large globe 
shaped clusters of flowers, white in 
early summer, turning pink around 
September. Sometimes beige or 
brown U 

Magnolia (M. grandiflora) Glycerin 
method. 

Okra. Pick the seeds which have 
turned into striped beige and brown 


in fall. 


BOUNTY OF THE WILD 


Boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum) Flat 
clusters of small white flowers. Pick 
before buds open. Dries a lovely 
green in June ore 

Cattail (Typha latifolia) Pick when 
pencil size in June. Then they will 
not shatter. They grow in marshy 
and swampy ground = mel | 

Dock (Rumex) Long spikes are green 
in June, rosy beige in summer and 
chocolate-brown in fall. ee Ui 

Ferns: All kinds __ Press 

Goldenrod (Solidago) All varieties 
from the earliest in July till frost in 
the fall. Pick in bud stage. Opens 
into bloom when drying. If picked 
when the bloom is too far gone it is 
apt to shatter. U 
Pick quantities of Goldenrod—the 
stems are useful too for blossoms 
that have stems too frail to hold 
them. 

Hor U 

Joe-Pye-Weed (Eupatorium pur pure- 
um) Pick before clusters of buds 


Heather: Rose or lavender 


open in order for it to retain the 
rosy-purple hue. U 
Milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) Dry the 
spikes with the pods on, remove all 
leaves, open the pods and remove 
the silky seeds. The open pods will 
dry a pale yellow inside, if exposed. 
Mullein (Verbascum thapsus) Pick the 
velvety gray green leaves early when 
they are in rosettes. Then later 
pick the tall spikes when they 
are green; late summer, tan; fall, 
brown. U 
Pearly Everlasting (Anaphalis marga- 
ritacea) Produces clusters of tiny 


white blossoms on gray green stems. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN ve 


They grow wild in the woods, but I 
have only seen them on the moors in 
Nantucket. 

Queen Anne’s Lace or Wild Carrot 
(Dancus carota) The fields are 
white with their large lacy flower 
heads in late June. Cut some of the 


curled green flower buds too. U 
Sumac (Rhus) Pick green early in 
summer or red in fall U 
Teasel (Dipsacus fullonum) Prickly 
cone shaped heads E U 


Thistle Canada (Cirsium arvense) 
Small lavender flowers. 

Bull Thistle (C. lanceolatum) Large 
lavender flowers. 
They both bloom much of the sum- 
mer; they dry beautifully with their 


CR CER 


leaves intact. Wear gloves to pick 
Chemie cseees Hor U) 
Grains of millet, rye, wheat, oats and 


barley. Green or dried in the fields. 


There are scores of others for your 
experimentation, just as there are dif- 
ferent materials for use in drying. The 
best way to learn about them is to try 
drying them yourself. 


RECOMMENDED REFERENCE Books 
For FurTHER STUDY 


“New Ways with Dried Flowers” 

By Ruth Gannon 

The Crowell Co. 1958 
“The Flower World of Williamsburg” 

By Joan Parry Dutton 

Colonial Williamsburg, Williamsburg,Va. 1962 
“Wild Flowers” 

Homer House 

Macmillan 1961 (Revised) 


Slo a SI 


HOW TO IDENTIFY COMMON LARVAE 


CHRISTOPHER 


| a let it be made clear exactly 
what a larva is. The larva is the 
immature stage in the life cycle of a 
true insect (Hexapoda), a six-legged 
creature whose body in the mature 
stage is divided into three segments— 
head, thorax, and abdomen. These 
true insects have a complete life cycle 
or metamorphosis of egg to larval to 
pupal to adult stages. 

It is the larval stage of the life cycle 
which we are most likely to see and 
which involves damage to our garden 
plants. Insect eggs are usually too 
small to be seen and the pupal stage is 


also difficult to find, while the adult 


stage, though visible enough, is often 


CHOWINS 


winged and therefore passes unnoticed 
as far as gardeners are concerned. 
Larvae are known by a number of 
vastly misleading terms; e.g., bugs, 
worms and maggots. What will be de- 
scribed here are the true larvae, repre- 
senting a definite stage in a definite 
class of the insect world. 
Identification of any stages in the 
life cycle of an insect will tell us what 
sort of mature adult insect has laid the 
eggs, and possibly how many broods or 
families are produced annually. In 
many cases, once the family of an in- 
sect is known, we will then know per- 
haps where the resting or pupal stage is 


spent, and perhaps where the eggs may 


8 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


be laid. With this knowledge, the 
control measures necessary to kill 
harmful garden pests can be greatly 
facilitated. 

The caterpillar: This is the term 
given to the immature or larval stage 
of the Lepidoptera, the order of butter- 
flies and moths. The caterpillar is 
characterized by a well defined head, 


biting mouthparts, 3 pairs of thoracic 


Diagram 1. Cabbage butterfly (Pieris rapae) 


© 


legs and 5 pairs of abdominal legs. 
Another type of larva or caterpillar 
often seen in this order is the Geo- 
metridae; these are sometimes called 


inchworms or earth measurers. 


Diagram 2. Corn earworm (Heliothis um- 
brosus ) 


Fall canker worm (Alsophila pome- 
taria) (Diagram 3). It is character- 
ized by a well defined head, biting 
mouth parts, 3 pairs of thoracic legs 


and 2 pairs of abdominal legs. 


3 


Sawfly larva: This is often mistak- 
enly identified as a caterpillar; i.e., of 
the order Lepidoptera, but this larva 
actually belongs to the same family as 
bees and wasps, the Hymenoptera. 

Apple sawfly (Holocampa_ testudi- 
nea) (Diagram 4). The sawfly is 
recognized by its well defined head, 


biting mouthparts, 3 pairs of thoracic 


legs and 6, 7, or 8 pairs of abdominal 


legs. (Larvae of bees and wasps have 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL 


merely a vestigial head and no legs at 
all.) 

Larvae of the beetle order 
(Coleoptera): 

Potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decem- 
lineata) (Diagram 5). It is charac- 
terized by: Prominent head, biting 


mouthparts, 3 pairs of thoracic legs 


and no abdominal legs. The weevil 
family is found in this order, Cucur- 
lionidae, and is characterized in the 
same way. 

Plum curculio (Conotrachelus nen- 
uphar) (Diagram 6). 

The fly order (Diptera): 


This is a large order, containing 


Z 


f 


many harmful pests of plants and 
animals. Included in this order are the 
Muscidae, the common bluebottle flies. 


Maggots, found in the dead carcasses 


GARDEN BULLETIN 9 


of animals and in rotting food, are 
larvae of flies. 

Common housefly (Musca domestica ) 
(Diagram 7). Characteristics: Biting 


mouthparts, no thoracic legs and no 


abdominal legs. The head is vestigial; 
i.e., not defined. 

There are two main ways by which 
an insect feeds. One way is by biting 
and digesting its food; insects which 
eat plant foliage are of this type. To 
control chemically this type of insect 
pest, a stomach poison such as lead ar- 
senate may be applied to cover all the 
foliage of a susceptible plant. A con- 
tact insecticide such as nicotine sul- 
phate, which will enter the breathing 
pores of the insect and cause asphyxia- 
tion, may also be used with success. 

The other main type of feeding is by 
sucking. The insect of this type sucks 
the cell sap of the plant into its own 
system by means of a pair of tubes 
called stylets. This type of insect 
cannot be controlled by stomach poi- 
sons, sO a contact spray must be used. 
There are insecticides which act both 
as contact and stomach poisons; DDT 
is a popular example of such a spray 


poison. 


ce CBR 


Se Se 


5 


10 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


BOOK REVIEW 


Michael Haworth-Booth F.L.S.. The 
Moutan or Tree Peony. pp. 106 + 
11 photographic plates. St. Martin’s 
Press, N. Y. 1963. $3.95, 


i lio short and highly readable ac- 
count of the tree peonies has quite 
a different tone from many English 
books on horticultural subjects. The 
author is an English landscape gardener 
and nurseryman, but he has traveled 
in the United States and is familiar 
with American work on the subject. 
He dedicates his book to Miss Silvia 
Saunders of Clinton, N. Y., who is 
carrying on the work started by her 
father, Professor A. P. Saunders of 
Hamilton College, and the American 
Peony Society. Of the 35 references 
in the bibliography, 40° are from 
American sources, including one under 
the joint authorship of Dr. John C. 
Wister of Swarthmore College and 
Harold Wolfe of St. Louis. 

Tree peonies, low shrubs with grace- 
ful leaves and flowers up to the size of 
cabbages, trace back to four rare Asi- 
atic species. One of these was domes- 
ticated so early that its origin was 
already being discussed by a Chinese 
author in 536 A.D, It reached Japan 
as early as 734 A. D. and both Chinese 
and Japanese varieties have traveled in 
quantity to Europe and America since 
the great Sir Joseph Banks began the 
importation by successfully establish- 
ing a double magenta variety at Kew 
in 1789, The rare wild species from 
which these cultivated kinds had been 


developed were not found until 


much later. Reginald Farrer, the rock 
gardener and plant explorer, has given 
a dramatic account of his discovery of 
the wild white variety of Paconia suf- 
fruticosa on his trip to the Tibetan 
border in 1914. 

“Through the foaming shallows of 
the copse I plunged, and soon was 
holding my breath with growing ex- 
citement as I neared my goal, and it 
became more and more certain that I 
was setting eyes on Paconia moutan as 
a wild plant. The event itself justified 
enthusiasm, but all considerations of 
botanical geography vanish from one’s 
mind in the first contemplation of that 
amazing flower, the most overpower- 
ingly superb of hardy shrubs. Here in 
the brushwood it grew up tall and 
slender and straight, in two or three 
unbranching shoots, each of which car- 
ried at the top elegantly balancing, 
that single enormous blossom, waved 
and crimped into the boldest grace of 
line, of absolute pure white, with 
featherings of deepest maroon radiat- 
ing at the base of the petals from the 
boss of golden fluff at the flower’s 
heart. Above the sere and thorny 
scrub the snowy beauties poise and 
hover, and the breath of them went 
out upon the twilight as sweet as any 
rose. For a long time I remained in 
worship, and returned downwards at 
last in the dusk in high contentment.”’! 

Farrer collected no seeds or living 
plants, and it was not until Dr. J. F. 
Rock found transplanted plants grow- 


'In “On the Eaves of the World,” 1926, be- 
ginning on page 110. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 11 


ing in a lamasery garden and _ seeds 
were widely distributed by the Arnold 
Arboretum of Harvard University 
that this plant became known to 
western collectors. 

Haworth-Booth has chapters on the 
species of Tree Peony, a check list of 


garden varieties in England, on the 
landscape uses of the Moutan as a gar- 
den shrub, and on propagation and 
culture (including pests and diseases) . 
There is a bibliography of 40 titles, but 
no index. 

EDGAR ANDERSON 


eK sz XX 


FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN NOTES 


| Pee month the St. Louis Chapter 
of the League of Women Voters 
held a contest in which St. Louisans 
were asked to rank the top ten assets 
of St. Louis. It is most gratifying to 
us that out of the almost 600 contest- 
ants, Shaw’s Garden received the larg- 
est number of votes. Not only the 
Garden staff are pleased that their ef- 
forts to make the Garden as good as 
possible are being so well recognized, 
but it must also be a satisfaction to 
every Friend of the Garden that, 
through his membership, he is con- 
tributing to the upkeep and effective- 
ness of the Garden. 

In this connection it is appropriate 
to clarify a misunderstanding which 
has come up as a result of the estab- 
lishment of the new Greater St. Louis 
Arts Council, of which the Garden is 
a member. Many Friends have called 
in to ask whether they should continue 
to contribute to the Garden through 
the Friends of the Garden, and others 
have simply returned their membership 
reminders with the note that they had 
contributed to the Arts Council as a 
means of helping the Garden. The 


impression among many Friends has 
been that it is no longer necessary to 
contribute to the Friends of the 
Garden. 

Quite the opposite is true. Contri- 
butions directly to the Friends of the 
Garden are always necessary if the Gar- 
den is to maintain itself and grow. 
Henry Hitchcock, President of the 
Board of Trustees, recently sent a let- 
ter to members of the Friends in which 
he explained the relationship between 
the Garden and the new Arts Council. 
For the benefit of Friends who did 
not see the letter, the following para- 


graphs are reprinted here: 


“At our hearing before the Budget 
Committee of the Greater St. Louis 
Arts Council, its members emphasized 
the importance of the continuance and 
expansion of the Friends of the Gar- 
den. They urged us both to enlarge 
our membership and to strengthen it. 
As you know, the Council finances 
deficits only, and the deficit we pre- 
sented in our budget was predicated on 
even greater support from our Friends 


than in the past. 


12 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


“Please assist your Officers in every 
way possible and encourage them with 
your continued support. Your finan- 
cial aid to the Garden has been of tre- 
mendous help in making it the joy it 


is to the thousands who visit it every 
year. 

“Many, many thanks for your in- 
terest,” 


NEW MEMBERS OF FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN 
April 19 through May 20 


Mrs. Donald S. Babcock 


Mrs. Margaret Groh 


Mr. and Mrs. Oscar J. Rotty 


Mr. and Mrs, Stanley H. Barriger Mr. and Mrs. Creston C. Lynn Mr. and Mrs. A. Y. Schultz 
Dr. and Mrs. Charles Bennett Miss Virginia McMath Mr. and Mrs. L. C. Sizemore 
Mrs. Ben Phillips Donnell Mr. Elmer Oltman Mrs. J. G. Taylor Spink 
Mrs. J. P. Frein Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. L. J. Vogler 
Reverend and Mrs. Manning M. Pattillo 


Alfred O. Fuerbringer 


NAME OMITTED FROM THE ROSTER OF THE MARCH BULLETIN 


Mrs. George H. Pring 


eR XX we MD 


EDITOR'S NOTE 


ANLET LINCOLN, assistant to the 
Director at the Garden since 
1960, resigned from the Garden staff 
June 1 and has accepted an appoint- 
ment as assistant to Francis V. Lloyd, 
Jr., newly appointed Director of Pre- 
Collegiate Education at the University 
of Chicago. Lloyd is currently Super- 
intendent of the Clayton Public 
Schools and Lincoln was a member of 
the Clayton School Board until April 
of this year. 

Both Lloyd and Lincoln will assume 
their new duties in Chicago on July 1. 
Lincoln also expects to pursue gradu- 
ate studies at the University’s Gradu- 
ate School of Education. In addition, 
he will serve as editorial consultant 
for Science Research Associates, Inc., 
Chicago publishers of curriculum 
materials. 

Before coming to the Garden, Lin- 


coln was vice president of the Lemoine 
Skinner, Jr., public relations agency of 
St. Louis. He came to St. Louis in 
1954 as director of public affairs at 
KETC, Channel 9. 

He was graduated in 1950 from St. 
John’s College, Annapolis, Maryland. 
From 1957 to 1960 he served on the 
board of the Department of Christian 
Education of the Episcopal Diocese of 


CBR 


This issue is the last BULLETIN until 
September. At that time the Editor’s 
duties will be assumed by Dr. Edgar 
Anderson, Curator of Useful Plants at 
the Garden and a frequent contributor 
to these pages. The present editor will 
enter the Graduate School of the Uni- 
versity of Missouri in September to 


Missouri. 


continue study of American history 
and journalism. 


BOARD OF TRUSTEES 


Sam’L. C. Davis 

JoHN S, LEHMANN 

Robert W. Orro 

WaRREN MCKINNEY SHAPLEIGH 
RoBertT BROOKINGS SMITH 


Henry Hircencock, 
President 


LeicesTeR B. Faust, 
Vice President 
Henry B. PFLAGER, 
Second Vice President 
Howarp F. BAER 
Daniet K. CaTLiIn 


DupLey FRENCH, 
Honorary Trustee 


EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS 


THomas H. Enior, 


DANIEL SCHLAFLY, 
Chancellor, Washington University 


President, Board of Education of St. Louis 
RAYMOND R. Tucker, 
Mayor, City of St. Louis 


Georce L. Capican, 
Bishop, Diocese of Missouri 


SrratTFoRD LEE Morton, 
President, Academy of Science of St. Louis 


FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN 
Harry E. Wuertenbaecher, Jr... President, Mrs. Curtis Ford, Vice President, Mrs. M. M. 
Jenks, Vice President, Raoul Panteleoni, |"tce President, Mrs. C. Johnson Spink, lice 
President, Mrs. Tom K. Smith, Jv., ice President, Kathleen M. Miller, Secretary 
HORTICULTURAL COUNCIL 


Clifford W. Benson, Paul M. Bernard, Mrs. Paul H. Britt, E. G. Cherbonnier, Carl F. 
Giebel, Robert E. Goetz, Paul Hale, Earl Hath, Mrs. Hazel L. Knapp, F. R. McMath, 
Dan O’Gorman, Gilbert Pennewill, Ralph Rabenau, Mrs. Gilbert J. Samuelson, Philip A. 
Conrath, Chairman. 


WOMEN'S ASSOCIATION 
Mrs. George T. Pettus, President, Mrs. W. W. Spivy, First Vice President, Mrs. Wm. 
H. Harrison, Second lice President, Mrs. Joseph J. Jannuzzo, Treasurer, Mrs. Paul 
Britt, Corresponding Secretary, Mrs. Arthur J. Krueger, Recording Secretary. 
HISTORICAL COMMITTEE 


Leicester B. Faust, Chairman, Mrs. Edwin R. Culver and Mrs. Neal S. Wood, Co- 
Chairmen for Restoration. 


GARDEN STAFF 


Frits W, Went, Director 


Hucu C, Cutter, Executive Director 


Epcar ANpeErRSON, Curator of Useful Plants 


Henry N. Anprews, Paleobotanist 
CLARENCE Barsre, Instructor 
Ernest Biser, Horticulturist 


Louts G. BRENNER, Grounds 
Superintendent 


CHRISTOPHER CHOWINS, Horticulturist 
of Tropical Plants 


LapisLaus CuTak, Greenhouse 
Superintendent 


CarroL_t W. Donce, Mycologist 


Cataway H. Dopson, Taxonomist and 
Curator of Living Plants 


Ropert L. Dressier, Taxonomist and 
Editor of the ANNALS 


James A. Duke, Assistant Curator 
of the Herbarium 


Joun D. Dwyer, Research Associate 
Watpo G. FecHNeErR, Business Manager 
RayMOND FREEBORG, Research Associate 


Ropert J. Giit_rspir, In Charge of 
Orchids 


Brian Gorpon, Editorial Assistant 
James Hameton, Assistant Engineer 
Paut A. Kout, Floriculturist 

F. R. McMartnu, Rosarian 

Epitu S. Mason, Landscape Architect 


ViIkToR MUEHLENBACHS, Research 
Associate 


Norton H. Nickerson, Morphologist 
LiIttt1AN Over LAND, Research Assistant 
KENNETH O, Peck, Instructor 


GeEorRGE H. Princ, Superintendent 
Emeritus 


WitiiaM F. Resse, Superintendent 
Owen J. Sexton, Research Ecologist 
KENNETH A, SmitH, Chief Engineer 


FRANK STEINBERG, Superintendent of 
The Arboretum, Gray Summit 


Georce B. Van Scuaack, Librarian and 
Curator of Grasses 


TRIFON VON SCHRENK, Associate Curator 
of the Museum 


Rosert FE. Woopson, Jr., Curator of the 
Herbarium 


SOME FACTS ABOUT SHAW’S GARDEN 


The Missouri Botanical (Shaw’s) Garden was established in 
1859 by Henry Shaw, a St. Louis businessman, to be controlled 
by a Board of Trustees for the public benefit. The Garden is 
a non-profit institution which receives no support from the city 
or state, depending on the income from the Shaw estate supple- 
mented by contributions from the public, 


The old stone walls and cast-iron fences, the Linnean House, 
the Museum Building, the part of the Administration Building 
which was Shaw’s Town House, relocated in the Garden in 1890, 
and the Tower Grove House, his country home, all date from 
Mr. Shaw’s time. The Main Gate, display and growing green- 
houses and most other facilities date from the period immediately 
following the turn of the century. The Climatron, opened in 
1960, is the first of several new buildings planned for the Gar- 
den’s redevelopment. It is the world’s first geodesic dome, fully 
climate-controlled greenhouse and contains the Garden’s tropical 
collections. 

The Garden—70 acres—is open every day of the year from 
9:00 A.M. until sundown; the greenhouses 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 
P.M.; the Climatron Monday through Thursday 9:00 A.M. to 
5:00 P.M., Friday through Sunday 9:00 A.M. to 9:00 P.M. 
Tower Grove House is open daily from 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 P. M. 
(April through November) ; 10:00 A. M. to 4:00 P. M. (Decem- 
ber through March). The Display House presents four seasonal 
displays: November, Chrysanthemums; December, Poinsettias; 
February, Orchids; Spring, Lilies and other flowers. During the 
year are other shows, competitions and festivals sponsored by 
various Garden Clubs and Flower Societies. 

Courses in Botany and Horticulture for adults are conducted 
by the Garden staff. Children’s nature studies are provided each 
Saturday of the year and a special nature program is held during 
the summer. Information on these activities is published in the 
BULLETIN or may be had by mail or phone. The Garden main- 
tains a research program through the Henry Shaw School of 
Botany, Washington University. 

In 1926 an Arboretum — 1600 acres— was established at 
Gray Summit, Missouri. Foot trails and roads pass through the 
Arboretum and are open to visitors in April and May. 

The Garden Administration Building’ is located at 2315 
Tower Grove Ave., and the Garden’s main entrance is at Tower 
Grove and Flora Place. The entrance at Tower Grove and 
Cleveland Avenue is also open to the public. The Garden is 
served by both the Sarah (No. 42) and the Park-Southampton 
(No. 80) city bus lines. 

Persons interested in helping to support the Garden and tak- 
ing part in Garden activities are urged to do so through the 
“Friends of the Garden”. Information may be obtained from 
the Main Gate or by mail or phone. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN 
Bulletin are ™ 


Cover: Looking directly into one of the Passion-flowers (Passiflora quadrangularis) 
in the Climatron. Several of the supposed symbols of Christ’s Passion show up well in 
this Photograph. Radiating from the center of the flower are the three white stigmas 
which represent the three nails in the cross. Peeking out behind them are the five 
stamens (for the five wounds). The long filaments of the corona dominate the flower 
and typify the halo. Beyond it can be seen the ten perianth parts (five petals and five 
sepals) which were thought to represent the ten disciples present at the crucifixion. 
Further details in the text. 

PHOTO COURTESY OF THE ST. LOUIS POST-DISPATCH 


CONTENTS 

Passion-flowers at the Garden Friends of the Garden Picnic 
The Band Concert for Friends of the ©The New Snack Bar 

Garden Saturday Morning Programs 
Our Worst Weed Becomes a Triple (Coming Flower Shows 

Problem . ae 

_. . Life Memberships 
The Chinese Parasol-tree in 1963 New Members of the Friends of the 
Moth-Mullein in a Suburban Lawn Garden 
We Answer the Visitors 
ae 


Office of publication: 306 E. Simmons Street, Galesburg, Illinois. 


Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis 10, 


Missouri. 
Editor for this issue: EpGar ANDERSON 


Published monthly except July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri 
Botanical Garden. Subscription price: $3.50 a year. 


Entered as second-class matter January 26, 1942, at the post-office at Galesburg, Illinois, 


under Act of March 3, 1879. 


Missouri Botanical Garden 


Vol. LI No. 7 


Bulletin 


September 1963 


PASSION-FLOWERS AT THE GARDEN 


| ae many other tropical plants, 
passion-flowers have grown super- 
latively well in the Climatron, flower- 
ing abundantly and over long periods. 
They have the reputation of not set- 
ting fruit under greenhouse conditions, 
but one of them, Passiflora quadrangu- 
laris, the granadilla, has set fruit freely 
for months. Many of these suffered 
from the curiosity of visitors and the 
immature fruits, like small green 
plums, have turned up here and there 
along the walks in various parts of the 
Garden. Enough survived, however, 
to make a continuous display. They 
quickly swelled up into smooth light- 
green melons nearly a foot long, grad- 
ually brightening to a brassy green- 
gold as they ripened. 

Passifloras are a feature of the Amer- 
ican tropics and sub-tropics. Some 400 
species of them are native there, only 
two reaching the temperate zone. A 
very few species hail from the Orient 
but Passifloras are easy to grow from 
cuttings or from seeds and the best of 
the American fruits and those most 
effective as flowering vines are widely 
cultivated around the world. 

A few species are shrubs, most of 
them are climbers with attractively 
coiling tendrils which have the look of 
Until they 
blossom, many Passifloras do not look 


precision-made springs. 


greatly unlike squash or cucumber 
vines, except that the foliage, the ten- 
drils, and the vine itself have a neater 
and more permanent look, as if they 
had been made out of better materials 
and more care had been taken in put- 
ting them together. 

The flowers are distinctive. They 
are enough different from other kinds 
of flowers to be intriguing to anyone 
who has previously looked carefully at 
a flower of any other sort, be he a 
professional botanist, an artist, a gar- 
dener, or an amateur naturalist. They 
are usually dominated by a fleshy out- 
growth, technically a crown or corona, 
which may be variously cut and divid- 
ed. Frequently, as in the four species 
which have been flowering in the 
Climatron, the most conspicuous part 
of the crown is a radiating cluster of 
several dozen long graceful filaments 
which may be variously curved, col- 
ored and patterned depending upon the 
species and variety of passion-flower. 
These filaments emerge above the 
petals and sepals and may extend be- 
yond them. 

A further air of complexity is given 
these beautiful flowers by the fact 
that the remainder of the flower parts, 
the stamens and the pistil, are carried 
by a special stalk which rises from the 
center of the blossom. 


(1) 


2 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Given this fundamental pattern it is 
interesting to see how widely it varies 
in color and size and proportion from 
one species to another. The filaments 
of the crown may be white or banded 
or even speckled. The sepals and the 
petals may be of the same or different 
colors or the flower may be without 
petals. The chief color of the flower 
may be yellow, green, blue, or red. The 
red itself may be pink or rose or terra- 
cotta colored or a brilliant scarlet. 
The flower may be an intricate pattern 
of two or more colors in various shades, 
or it may be one shade of one color 
throughout. The blossom may be 
flat, more or less like a large-flowered 
clematis, or it may be drawn out at the 
base into a long narrow tube. 

The fragrances of the flowers are 
In those which have 
bloomed in the Climatron there seem 


also. varied. 


to be two fundamental variables, a 
sweet flower-like fragrance and a 
musky, animal odor. The four kinds 
which bloomed struck different bal- 
ances of these basic two.  Passiflora 
alata had the most intriguing of the 
mixtures, varying somewhat with the 
time of day and greatly with the reac- 
tion of the person who did the smell- 
ing. Some thought it was a strong 
odor; others could scarcely detect it. 
To a very few it was attractive, just 
musky enough to be interesting. To 
many it was a disagreeable combina- 
tion of odors, to some downright dis- 
gusting and most unpleasant. 

If the passion-flowers intrigue us 
now with their beauty and their strange 
shapes, imagine their effect upon the 
early Spanish and Italian naturalists 
who came upon them in Latin Amer- 


ica. In those days much more of 
magic was bound up with medicine. 
Students of plants believed that by ex- 
amining a plant carefully you could 
determine its significance and even 
learn in just what way it might be 
used in healing. The symbolism of 
newly discovered plants was of serious 
concern. In such an atmosphere it 
was not long before tales began to 
circulate (and in circulation were 
enlarged upon) of miraculous vines 
whose flowers were a record of Christ’s 
suffering (His “passion’’) on the way 
to the cross. 

Hence the flowers were ‘‘passion- 
flowers” and are still universally 
known by that name, though in later 
years the advertising for one of the 
drinks which is made from the fruits, 
hints at other meanings of the word 
“passion.” 

Details of the interpretation of the 
flower varied between one account and 
another, as they might well have to, 
there being such variation between 
different species and varieties of 
passion-flower. The following account 
will serve for the accompanying pic- 
tures of Passiflora quadrangularis and 
can be adapted to other species. 

The outer conspicuous parts of the 
corona represent the radiating glory 
which streamed from Christ’s head; 
one of the lower cycles deeper within 
the flower is the crown of thorns. The 
three big stigmas at the very apex of 
the flower are the three nails in the 
cross; the five strange sidewise stamens 
just below them are the five wounds 
of Christ. 
sepals and the five petals which alter- 


In this species the five 


nate with them look practically the 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 3 


same, seen from above when the flower 
is open. The ten of them represent 
the ten disciples who were present at 
the crucifixion, Peter and Judas being 
absent. The tendrils closest to the 
flower, being in the rapidly developing 
part of the plant, are frequently 
uncoiled and their long menacing 
branches are taken to represent the 
whips with which Christ was scourged. 

The most widely grown of the ed- 
ible passion-flowers, Passiflora quad- 
rangularis; the granadilla (pronounced 
granah-deeyah in Spanish), is the one 
which has made itself most rampantly 
at home in the Climatron. From the 
lower ground level it quickly grew up 
to the gallery walk where it spread out 
sidewxys along the railing and on up 
towards the roof when further sup- 
port was offered it. Though it is the 
coarsest of the four passion-flowers we 
have been growing, it is a fine looking 
vine. As the name “quadrangularis” 
implies, it has four flanges coming out 
stiffly at right angles from the stem 
and extending from one leaf to the 
next, frequently so well-developed as 
to form a green web or wing. The 
leaves are unlobed, as large as your 
hand or larger, heart-shaped at the 
base and narrowed at the tip to a 
sharp point. 

The flowers were produced abun- 
dantly over a period of some months, 
some of the branches of the vine al- 
most flowering themselves to death at 
times. In addition to major periods of 
bloom there were marked cycles from 
day today. After several days of only 
one blossom, or none, or perhaps two 
or three, there would be a day with 


twenty or more al] in bloom at once, 


to be followed by another period of 
scarcity. These cycles were the more 
noticeable because like all the passion- 
flowers known to me, each blossom 
stayed in bloom for only a day and 
with this species not even a full day. 
It sort of half way opened up in the 
morning, showing the beautiful purple 
and white filaments of the corona 
practically wadded within the bright 
green sepals, for in P. quadrangularis 
the corona has the air of being too 
large for the flower which bears it. 
The flower would reluctantly crack 
open a little wider, give off its scent 
and attract insects and then start to 


wither and close up again. 


The fruits set freely, grew to the 
size of muskmelons, much larger than 
those of most other species, then 
slowly turned from green to gold and 
when you shook them you could hear 
the large hard seeds sloshing around in 
the semi-liquid pulp. At this point 
they are just right to use. With mod- 
ern equipment it is simple to prepare 
them for the table or for serving from 
a tray. Open one into a large basin, 
straining off the big hard seeds with a 
colander or coarse sieve. Scoop out all 
the soft and semi-liquid pulp as well as 
the juice. Add ice cubes and just a 
touch of sugar and whip it all up in an 
electric blender until everything, ice 
cubes, flesh, and juice, are one homo- 
geneous whole. Pour into glasses and 
sip it as slowly as possible through a 
straw. Served in this way, it is an 
effective remedy for the discomforts of 
hot weather and will be relished even 
by those who found the granadilla too 
insipid when tried in other ways. If 


you wish you may put additional fla- 


4 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


vorings in the blender, alcoholic and 
otherwise, but the granadilla pulp and 
ice beaten together produce a smooth, 
fragrant, faintly gelatinous perfection 
of which one becomes increasingly 
fond, which is hard to improve upon 
for hot weather sipping. 

Its size, its productiveness, its beau- 
ty and interest as a vine, have made 
the granadilla a favorite in tropical 
Latin America and it is widely grown 
under a variety of names, while its 
own name gets more or less bandied 
about for the other cultivated species. 
In Costa Rica it becomes the granadilla 
real (which is to say “royal’”), in the 
French Islands it is the barbadine, in 
Cuba pasionaria. In Brazil one of its 
names is maracuyd melao. In Colombia 
it is badea. 


Passiflora alata 
This species is so similar to the pre- 


vious one that the two of them are 


Section showing the ripening pulp in the 
center of a Passion-fruit. Each seed is sur- 
rounded by a juicy outgrowth, technically an 
aril, which gets juicier and jucier as the fruit 


matures, 


sometimes treated as two varieties of 
one species. It is a smaller, neater 
plant with more open flowers, of a 
strange color pattern. The petals and 
sepals are strongly colored with an 
almost terra-cotta purple on the inside 
which contrasts with the deep purple 
and white of the filaments. Instead of 
spreading outward like a halo, they 
arch gracefully upward and then in- 
ward, forming a deep cup around the 


innermost parts of the flower. 


Passiflora edulis. Passion-fruit. Purple 
Granadilla. 

This is a very different looking vine 
from the previous two, though still 
distinctly a passion-flower to one who 
has seen any of the other species. The 
broad leaves are a shiny dark green on 
their top sides. Their margins are 
finely cut and so deeply lobed at either 
side that they are almost three parted. 
The petals are pure white and are held 
way back when they open. The deli- 
cate filaments of the corona are pure 
white but deep purple blue at the base. 
The stigmas, stamens, and other parts 
of the flower are of moderate size and 
finely formed and the various parts 
are nicely spaced from each other, 
serving almost as a living diagram of 
how a passion-flower is put together. 

In the Climatron Passiflora edulis 
has grown well and flowered abun- 
dantly, though it has much _ longer 
waits between flowering periods than 
the previous two species. It has not 
fruited with us which is a pity since 
the bright purple fruits, about the size 
and shape of a hen’s egg, are orna- 
mental and interesting. Their rind is 


hard and they have much more acid 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 5 


fruits than the ordinary granadilla’s 
and a fruitade made from them tastes 
and looks like a mixture of grapejuice 
and lemonade except that it is fre- 
quently so richly perfumed as to taste 
artificial the first time you try it. 
Passiflora edulis comes from Brazil 
but has been widely grown throughout 
the tropics and sub-tropics. It has for 
years been a popular fruit in parts of 
Australia. In Ethiopia I saw a long 
arbor covered with it which was used 
to supply the mess hall of a junior col- 
lege. Big pitchers of its fruitade were 
set on the tables and it was popular 


with the young men. 


Passiflora allardii (P. quadrangularis 
< P. caerulea CONSTANCE ELLIOTT), 
the other passion-flower in the Clima- 
tron, was planted beside the pillars 
which were left over from the old 
palmhouse which once stood on this 
site and it is the chief one of several 
kinds of flowering vines which mantle 
them effectively. 

Passiflora allardii is a hybrid named 
for the Mr. Allard of the Cambridge 
Botanic Garden in Cambridge, Eng- 
land, who produced it years ago by 
pollinating Passiflora quadrangularis 
with pollen from a beautiful big white 
variety named CONSTANCE ELLIOTT. 
It is a vigorous, attractive free-flower- 
ing vine and has been very widely 
cultivated as an ornamental, particu- 
larly in Botany and Horticultural De- 
partment greenhouses and other public 
and semi-public greenhouses. The big 
vine in the Climatron is in flower a 
good part of the year but most of the 
flowers are up on top of the portico 
and can be seen only from some such 


vantage point as the gallery walk 


around the west side of the Climatron. 
The flowers are large, beautifully pro- 
portioned, and blue and white. They 
are effective and attractive even in the 
distance. From time to time buds 
form on one of the branches hanging 
down from above and then blossoms 
are borne almost at eye level for a few 
weeks. Even then the attractive leaf- 
age of the vine as a whole creates the 
impression of a permanent backdrop to 
be more or less ignored. Not expecting 
the flowers, the eyes of most visitors do 
not spot them here and there against 
the curtain of foliage and they remain 
unnoticed unless a big sign calls atten- 
tion to them. 

The Missouri Botanical Garden has 
two other species of passion-flower in 
its Arboretum at Gray Summit, Mis- 
souri, 35 miles west of the Garden. 
They are the two species in the entire 
family which have evolved enough 
hardiness so that they can survive 


out-of-doors outside the sub-tropics. 


The superintendent, Ladislaus Cutak, climbs 
a stepladder to harvest a ripening fruit of the 
GRANADILLA, Passiflora quadrangularis, for the 
photographer. 


COURTESY OF THE POST-DISPATCH 


6 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


One of these, Passiflora incarnata, is 
not native to the Arboretum but has 
been transplanted from southern Mis- 
souri, where it is close to the limit of 
its range. Country children in the 
South are said to eat its fragrant fruits 
(like little yellow-green eggs) and 
they are referred to as “Maypops” 
though they do not ripen until late in 
the summer, It is one of the weediest 
and least attractive of the passion- 
flowers. The blooms are mostly a 
washed out pink, shading into blue. 
The vines scramble about over each 
other and over other weeds and climb 
up a little way on fences. Farther 
south (it goes all the way to Florida) 
it is said to be more robust. It dies 
down to the ground in the fall and not 
only comes up the following spring 
but can spread under ground. At one 
of the places where it was planted at 
Gray Summit it has persisted with 
little or no attention for nearly twen- 
ty years. It has spread a little on the 
whole but is not an aggressive weed. 

Country children in the South make 
little dolls out of the unopened flower 
buds of maypops. The petals and 
sepals are removed with a knife or a 
thumb nail. Two of the stigmas be- 
come feet, the style branches which 
lead to them serving as legs; the third 
one is pinched off. A little of the 
corona is left to form the hair for the 
girl dolls; it is all taken off for the boy 
dolls. The resulting objects, about an 
inch or so long, with their short crook- 
ed legs and protruding green bellies, are 
horrible little green miniatures of some 
of the primitive black sculptures from 
Africa. They are so very similar that 
I have wondered if this bit of folk art 


might have spread up from the tropics 
in the times of slavery. 

The Ozark passion-flower, Passiflora 
lutea, is native to the Arboretum 
and has increased slightly during the 
years the Garden has protected the 
cedar ridges where it grows, from fire 
and pasturing. It is very close to the 
northern limit of its range with us, 
which may explain the fact that not 
one vine in three bears flowers and 
that ripened fruits have been seen only 
a few times. 

The authoritative “New Britton and 
Brown, Illustrated Flora of the Eastern 
United States and Adjacent Canada,” 
says that Passiflora lutea grows in 
“moist soil.” During most of the 
growing season the ridges where Passi- 
flora lutea grows at the Arboretum are 
almost as hot and dry as a desert. The 
rock is frequently within a few inches 
of the surface, or actually exposed as 
outcrops. If there is much precipita- 
tion in winter and spring the water 
will ooze out along the joints in the 
rocks, though not as actively as on the 
nearby glades of thin bedded dolomite. 
In summer except immediately after a 
rain these ridges are hot and dry; on a 
muggy day they are pleasanter to 
walk through than the moister wood- 
lands down below with heavy shade, 
no breeze, and lots of mosquitoes. 
Whatever they may do farther east 
and south, here the delicate little vines 
of Passiflora lutea climb up red cedars, 
Indian Currants, or Bumelias. Many 
of the vines are only about shoulder 
high and do not fruit. They are never 
really plentiful. A dozen or so can be 
found on one ridge by those who know 
where to look for them. Occasionally 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 7 


one finds a vine in bloom, a flat little 
flower, exquisitely formed, smaller 
than a twenty-five cent piece and all 
of it, including the visible parts of the 
corona, a slightly greenish yellow. 
Finding Passiflora lutea in bloom in 
the Ozarks is a strange experience for 
a naturalist who has some knowledge 
of the group of plants from which it 
springs. It is the final link in an evo- 
lutionary series tracing back to scores 
and even hundreds of tropical species 
brilliant in color, exotic in design, 


many of them in the hot, wet tropics. 


This dry rocky ridge along which we 
have come upon the flowering vine 
seems like another world; there is little 
of tropical magnificence about the 
blossom itself. Yet with a second 
look (or perhaps with a second visit) 
one percieves that the three-lobed 
leaves are nicely proportioned, the 
climbing tendrils are evenly coiled, the 
central coronas, though practically the 
same shade as the rest of the flower, 
are beautifully formed. 
EpGark ANDERSON 


eK sw XR MMS 


THE BANDZzGCONCERT FOR FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN 
ON JULY 23RpD 


N THE evening of July 23rd the 
Garden expressed its thanks to 

the “Friends” with an informal old- 
fashioned band concert. Not since 
Henry Shaw was seranaded here with a 
St. Louis band on one of his later 
birthdays has there been a remotely 
comparable occasion. A St. Louis 
bandmaster, August Ponstingl, and 
his “‘Viennese Serenaders”’ provided the 
music from the terrace between the 
Desert House and the Climatron. Sev- 
eral hundred seats had been provided 
in among the trees at the west edge of 
the Knolls and there was a bar close 
by with beer and a soft drink on tap. 
It was a family affair and a good 
many of the visitors brought rugs and 
cushions for the children or grand- 
children to sprawl out on. The music 


was just right for the occasion, a good 


deal of it old German tunes and songs 
in some of which the audience joined. 
If you felt like leaning back and lis- 
tening, the music fitted into the out- 
door setting. If you wanted to talk 
quietly to your neighbor on the right 
or left, the atmosphere was just right 
for that too. 

Much friendly visiting went on dur- 
ing the intermission and the Climatron 
had a capacity crowd at that time. 
During short pauses between selections 
Mr. Harry Wuertenbaecher, Jr., and 
Mr. Henry Hitchcock spoke briefly, 
presenting the Garden’s thanks and 
calling attention to the Garden’s 
needs. The weatherman cooperated 
with a handsome (and lingering) sun- 
set as well as a pleasant breeze. For 
the crowd of around 650 people it was 


an evening to be remembered. 


8 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


OUR WORST WEED BECOMES A TRIPLE PROBLEM 


GOOD many years ago Mr. Paul 

Kohl wrote an article for the 
BULLETIN about the worst weed in the 
Garden, a climbing vine in the Milk- 
weed Family. Since that time it has 
become increasingly serious in St. Louis 
and in the southern Middle-West gen- 
erally. Summer mulching, in many 
ways so beneficial for flower and vege- 
table gardens, tends to encourage it. 
Chemical weed sprays are less help 
than hand-weeding. Every year more 
and more mature old vines become es- 
tablished as infective centers from 
which seeds are spread far and wide by 
their horribly effective parachutes. 
When they get going in a big clump 
of thorny bushes then the problem of 
getting rid of them reaches epic pro- 
portions. 


As if this were not trouble enough, 
there is the problem of what to call 
them; it is really two problems. They 
seem to have no genuine common 
name and at the moment every au- 
thority you consult gives you a com- 
pletely different scientific name. There 
is a sound basis for this lack of agree- 
ment among the scientists. The little 
greenish white flowers which occur in 
tight flat-topped bunches where the 
leaf stalks leave the stem, do not look 
very complicated. Study of them and 
all the other climbing milkweeds, 
using a good dissecting microscope, 
shows that they are almost as intri- 
cately put together as orchids and that 
the relationships between the different 
sorts are complex. Careful studies 
such as those made by Dr. Robert 
Woodson of the Garden Staff have not 


yet brought general agreement. The 
late Professor Fernald of Harvard de- 
cided that Gonolobus laevis, which he 
had previously used in the 7th edition 
of Gray’s Manual, was a mistake and 
that the proper name to use was Am- 
pelamus albidus. The equally eminent 
Dr. Gleason of the New York Botan- 
ical Garden continued to hold out for 
Gonolobus laevis. Dr. Woodson, whose 
studies of this group focused on the 
entire family, throughout the world, 
has come out for Cynanchum laeve. 
Because his studies are the most in- 
clusive, his judgments are most likely 
to prevail—in the end. But this will 
take time. The most practical thing 
for the present is probably to follow 
Professor Fernald since his edition of 
the Manual is widely looked up to. 
For one thing, though scarcely really 
a “manual,” it is all in one volume, 
and gets into a great many libraries, 
private and public. 

There is a third problem, the lack of 
any generally accepted common name 
for Ampelamus albidus. This is not 
easily remedied. Common names be- 
long to the common people. When 
they finally hit upon one they gener- 
ally do a good job. The best, such as 
“Jack-in-the-Pulpit,” add to the po- 
etry of common speech. “Red Top” 
gets accepted for one of our common 
grasses and “Blue Grass” for another 
though it is usually only after years of 
experience that one sees either of 
these at just the time of year and in 
the proper light to make them look red 
or blue. 


Fernald cites ‘“Honeyvine”’ as a com- 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 9 


mon name for our weed. This would 
not be a bad name if people would use 
it. I personally have never heard it 
called that or met anyone, amateur or 
professional, who knew of the name. 
The flowers are indeed sweetly and 
strongly scented, though I have never 
noticed the distinctive aroma of honey 
in smelling them. If any readers of 
the BULLETIN know of common names 


which are really current for this weed, 
I should be glad to hear from them. 

In the St. Louis area the honeyvine 
is easily told from the other climbing 
milkweeds or from the bindweeds 
which it somewhat resembles in its 
habit of growth. Its little bunches of 
small white flowers coming out at 
joint after joint along the stem are like 


nothing else in our flora. Its leaves are 


eR fw XX MS 


The Ponstingl “Viennese Serenaders” perform for the Friends of the Garden in front of 
the Climatron. The high trees of Cecropia and Balsa which show up inside the Climatron 
were just nicely started as potted plants when the Climatron was first opened, three years ago. 


Photo by Dorsie Ryther. 


COURTESY OF GLOBE-DEMOCRAT 


10 


shiny, heart-shaped with a distinct 
point at the end and facing each other 
When they 


first come out the leaves are narrow 


in pairs along the stem. 
and small. It is not until the vine 
begins to get going in the heat of July 
and August that they broaden out, 
becoming a darker and darker green 
and as big as a morning glory leaf. 
They are easily distinguished from 
other weeds when they come up in the 


shade. 


stem elongates, so there can be several 


The leaves stay tiny and the 


inches from one leaf pair to the next. 
This is the time to pull up the honey- 
vines if you can only learn how to 
spot them coming up under big bushes 
or down in under smaller ones. 

When I moved 
some years ago I had just succeeded in 


into the Garden 


getting under control the bindweed 
with which our grounds on Flora Place 
had been heavily infested. I had 
learned to start every time on the out- 
side of each patch and to work in to- 
ward the center and to eliminate it if 
possible twice a week throughout the 
growing season. I did not anticipate a 
much more difficult time with the 
honeyvine. I soon learned better. From 
an old root it not only sprouts up vig- 
orously but it can come to the surface 
The 
original vines were big ones; they had 
got going in a line of shrubs which 


at a point several feet away. 


were no one person’s responsibility. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Eleven years later there are still big 
up this 
though not so many nor as big as they 


sprouts coming in area, 


were at first. And every year there 
has been the problem of this year’s or 
last year’s seedlings which had got 
started from seeds which floated in on 
the wind. 

The honey vine is of interest to 
naturalists because unlike most of our 
weeds it came from the native flora 
and not from ancient centers of civili- 
zation, Ampelamus albidus is native 
from here to Pennsylvania and western 
Alabama and as far west as Kansas and 


Nebraska. 


in our herbarium come from sandy 


Nearly all the specimens 


thickets in the flood plains of rivers or 


creeks. Its marked increase in St. 
Louis in the last half century suggests 
that weedier strains of it have been 
selected since the country was first 
settled and that it may be these spe- 
cialized strains which are so difficult to 
combat. Dr. Engelmann, for instance, 
collected it in St. Louis nearly a cen- 
tury ago but in the immediate valley 
of Mill Creek, near Chouteau’s Pond, 
in other words close to the present 
Union Station. One early collection is 
along a railroad track but it is at 
Jefferson Barracks where the railroad 
is practically in the flood plain of the 
Mississippi. 
EpGAR ANDERSON 


exe eK eK K&R Ns NS Ms 


CR CER 


Cex 


SS ND 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 11 


THE CHINESE PARASOL-TREE IN 1963 


eer year we figured and described 
the flower-like fruits of this curi- 
ous tree, Firmiana simplex. For many 
plants last winter with its extreme 
cold spells and rapid changes from hot 
to cold, was the most difficult for 
tender plants we have had in many 
years. It was not surprising to find 
our good-sized tree of Firmiana killed 
to the ground this spring as it has been 
many times before. With hot weather 
and good rains its stump sprouts were 
higher than your head by late July and 


have been an interesting feature of the 


MOTH MULLEIN IN A 


QUERY which came to the Gar- 
A den about “a pretty little white 
flower on stems a few inches high, 
coming up in the lawn” didn’t quite 
fit any plant that we could imagine 
and so a specimen was asked for. It 
proved to be the variety albiflora 
(white-flowered) of the common 
Moth-Mullein, Verbascum  blattaria, 
somewhat dwarfed by having been 
mowed back and by having to compete 
with the lawn grasses. With this 
treatment it had made quite charming 
little plants. Our inquirer moved sev- 
eral of them from the lawn into the 
garden where they looked attractive, 
continuing to bloom up the stalk but 
not becoming shoulder high as they 
usually do. 
The flowers of this variety are really 


planting on the south side of the 
lunching area between the Climatron 
and the Floral Display House. The 
leaves on the stump sprouts are large, 
even by tropical standards, much larg- 
er than those on the tree when it 
flowered last year. The largest were 
over two feet across and there were 
many others which approached that 
size. In their attractive lobing, as well 
as in their size they resemble the close- 
ly related Sterculias in the Climatron, 
near the southwest end of the bog. 


EA: 


SUBURBAN LAWN 


an off-white rather than a pure white, 
being a purplish pink at the base, fad- 
ing off to a barely perceptible tint in 
the rest of the flower. Moth-Mulleins 
are seen here and there every year in 
the St. Louis area. From a springtime 
rosette of bright green leaves they 
shoot up into narrow branching wands 
of gracefully spaced yellow or pinky- 
white flowers, followed by neat little 
spherical seed boxes the size of a large 
pea. They never look really weedy, 
even when they go to seed, and might 
be worth bringing into the flower gar- 
den except that they are biennials, re- 
quiring two growing seasons to flower 
and not fitting readily into the sched- 
ule of an ordinary garden. 


Bea 


12 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


WE ANSWER THE VISITORS 


‘Cua through the Main Gate is an 
exciting and new experience for 
Mr. and Mrs. Visitor and satisfying 
their curiosity is a gratifying one for 
those at the Main Gate Office. A bar- 
rage of questions usually follows the 
spin of the turnstiles and we enjoy 
answering them. Following are typ- 
ical questions and remarks we diplo- 
matically endeavor to cover with added 
information. 


Is this Shaw’s Garden? Is it the same 
as Missouri Botanical Garden? 

Yes, it is. You will notice the in- 
scription outside overhead reads: ‘‘The 
Missouri Botanical Garden 1858.” This 
was Henry Shaw’s original lettering 
which was removed from his entrance 
and replaced when this one was built 
in 1921. It is a duplicate of his orig- 
inal entrance. May we interest you in 
one of our Tour Bulletins? 


Is that the (Cyclatron, Climatorian, 
Dome, Glass House) written up in 
Life Magazine? 

Yes, right ahead of you is the Cli- 
matron. It will be three years old in 
October. You may obtain literature 
at the entrance. We have brochures 
and postcards here. 


What are those pretty shaped ever- 
greens all in a row on each side of the 
Lily Pools? 

They are the Bald Cypress (Taxo- 
dium distichum). They are deciduous 
(they lose their leaves). These are the 
same trees you probably are familiar 
with in Florida and Louisiana which 
throw up knees. In the North Amer- 
ican Tract of the Garden near the 


Lake we have some showing knees. 
The oldest specimen in the Garden can 
be seen near the Alfred Avenue and 
Castleman entrance, originally planted 
by Henry Shaw in his arboretum. 


Can I grow some of these beautiful 
Water-lilies?, Where can I buy them? 

Yes, you can grow them in your 
garden. They are our hybrids de- 
veloped by Mr. George Pring through 
years of research. They may be pur- 
chased at leading Water-lily concerns 
throughout the U.S. If you like we 
can give you the address nearest you. 
The best time to see these and for 
making pictures is in the middle of 
August when they have matured, on a 
sunny day between 10:00 and 12:00 
in the morning when the night bloom- 
ers and day bloomers are both open. 
You ask why there are proper names 
on these plants. They are all named 
by their originator. For instance, the 
first yellow hybrid, a day bloomer, was 
originated at the Garden by Mr. Pring 
and named “St. Louis” by him. Two 
outstanding night bloomers are ‘‘Mis- 
souri,” pure white, and “Mrs. George 
Hitchcock,” a deep rose named after 
the mother of the President of the 
Board of Trustees. 


What is the name of those big floating 
pads? Can children really stand on 
them? 


Yes, when they are mature with 
leaves four to six feet across. The 
weight must be equalized by placing 
on it a piece of plywood cut the shape 
of the leaf. We have postcards show- 
ing this. The name is Victoria cru- 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 13 


ziana. A new hybrid was originated 
at Longwood Gardens in Pennsylvania 
by Patrick Nutt, intercrossing V. cri- 
ziana and V. amazonica. One of 
those is at the front of the pool nearest 
to the entrance. 


Can I grow these lovely plants (trop- 
ical bedding) in my garden? 

Yes, but they are all tropical and 
must be obtained from the florist. The 
favorite is Copper Leaf (Acalypha). 
The dwarf borders are Santolina, gray 
or green, and Alternanthera, yellow or 
purple. 


Are all of these grown here? 

Yes, cuttings are taken in early Sep- 
tember, rooted in our Progagating 
House, later potted and placed in the 
growing houses through the winter, 
then planted out the first week in 
May. All floral displays are supervised 
by our floriculturist, Mr. Paul Kohl. 


What do you do with these plants after 


the first frost? 

They are dug up and the beds are 
all rototilled in preparation for the 
planting of tulips for the spring dis- 
play. 


The above are only a few of the 
usual questions made by Mr. and Mrs. 
Visitor. A good many start out with: 
“Who was Mr. Shaw?” and “How did 
he make all his money?’’; ‘‘How many 
acres are here?”’; “How long does it 


take to go around the Garden?”; ‘Do 
you have guides?” “Where is there a 
nice place to eat?”; ‘““Why do you not 
advertise more?” “If you had markers 
along the highways and _ streets it 
would be much easier to find you”; “Is 
there someone here who can help me 
with my garden problem?” 

Answering the first one of course 
opens the way for a short history of 
Henry Shaw’s life leading up to his 
lovely old home situated in the Garden 
where he retired and his city home 
which was removed from its down- 
town site to the Garden according to 
his will. Many are so fascinated by 
this after touring the Garden that they 
purchase Henry Shaw’s Biography and 
pictures of the Garden, leaving with 
such remarks as the following: 

“I’ve never seen so much beauty be- 
fore in all my life.” 

“This is the best thing that has hap- 
pened to me since I came to St. Louis.” 

“T only wish I had more time to 
spend here.” 

“This bus tour isn’t long enough. 
Tomorrow I’m returning by myself to 
enjoy it.” 

And so our visitors leave with a 
flower in their hearts, promising to 
return some day soon, but the stories 
they tell when going home adds Shaw’s 
Garden to a list of “musts” on many a 
vacation plan. 

MaBEL SHEPHERD 


FRIENDS OF ‘THE GARDEN PICNIC 


s a result of the many demands 
for another picnic at the Mis- 
souri Botanical Arboretum, Gray Sum- 
mit, plans are well under way for a 


second picnic for members of the 
Friends of the Garden and their chil- 
dren. The date is set for Sunday, 
October 6, from 11 A.M. to 5 P. M., 


14 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


so be sure to mark your calendar now. 
Plan to bring your own lunch and 
picnic wherever you please in the lovely 
1600 acre setting of the Arboretum. 
Because of the danger of fire we regret 
that cooking will not be possible— 
either by camp-fires or portable grills. 
Also, we are sorry but dogs are not 
allowed in the grounds due to the wild 
life there. 

Throughout the day, nature walks 
starting and ending at the Trail House, 
will be conducted by members of the 
Garden Staff. There are four lakes 
from which to fish, for any who wish 


THE NEW SNACK BAR IN 


arious difficulties having arisen in 
Vo ction with the restaurant in 
the south end of the Floral Display 
House, it has been discontinued, and a 
Snack Bar has been installed. For the 
present it will be open from 9 to 5 on 
Mondays through Thursdays, later 
than that over the week-ends. Coffee, 
soup, sandwiches, quality frankfurters 
and ice creams are now the extent of 
the menu. Other foods will be added 
if it proves possible to forecast attend- 
ance, 

Only someone who sees the Garden 
day-by-day, winter and summer, can 
imagine the way the attendance varies. 
May brings busloads of young people 
from the schools of Greater St. Louis 
and beyond, as far away as Iowa. June 
and July bring carfuls of the modern 
American family, children and parents 
seeing the country. They have read 
about the Climatron and they are eager 


to do so—be sure to bring your own 
equipment and license. 

Cars will be parked immediately 
outside the main gate for personal 
safety and preservation of the Arbore- 
tum. We will provide buses which 
will make continuous round trips in 
the Arboretum throughout the day, 
picking up and discharging passengers 
wherever they desire. 

Invitations and further details will 
be mailed to Friends of the Garden 
later this month—meanwhile, reserve 
the day—Sunday, October 6. 


THE FLORAL DISPLAY HOUSE 


to see it. When the weather gets 
much above 80, however, many fam- 
ilies apparently don’t even stop in the 
city. With the first cool day, little 
groups of them will again be seen in 
the Garden all day long. With good 
weather there are heavy crowds on 
Sundays while some of the special 
flower shows bring mobs of visitors. 
All of these people differ in the kind of 
food they would like and how much 
they would be willing to pay. Food 
Service Management, Inc., which is 
operating the Snack Bar, has had ex- 
tensive experience with such problems. 
They are now feeling their way into 
the new experience here. One of their 
aims is to work out effective ways, 
when arrangements are made in ad- 
vance, of serving light luncheons to 
organizations who come here for a 
group meeting or tour. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 15 


SATURDAY MORNING NATURAL SCIENCE FOR CHILDREN 


Time: 10:00 to 11:30 A. M. 
Place Shaw’s Garden—Museum Building or Research Greenhouse. 


September 7 — “The Mighty Oaks.’? Children will make collections to take 


home. 

September 14 — “The Hundred-in-One Flower.”’ A study of early Fall flowers. 

September 21 — “Dangerous and Useful Mushrooms and Fungi.’”’ Natural Science 
study. 

September 28 — ‘Plants with Split Personalities.” Children will take home 
samples. 

October 5— “Planting Bulbs.” Children will bring a one-pound coffee can 
and plant Narcissus bulbs to take home. 

October 12 — “Fall Treasurer Hunt.’’ A contest in solving riddles and trail 
finding. Prizes for all. 

October 19— ‘‘Fall Colors.’’ Children will paint or draw scenes. The Garden 
will provide all materials. 

October 26— “The Forests of the Rocky Mountains.” A travelogue through 


the Rocky Mountains. 


COMING SHOWS IN THE FLORAL DISPLAY HOUSE 


August 31 through September 8 — Henry Shaw Cactus Society Show 

September 14 and 15 — Nothing scheduled for this week-end 

September 21 and 22 — Harvest Show of the Regional Council 
of Men’s Garden Clubs 

September 28, 29 and 30 — Dahlia Show 

October 5 and 6 — Allied Florists Show 

October 31 — Chrysanthemum Show Preview for 
Friends of the Garden 

November 3 through December 1 — Chrysanthemum Show 


December 8 through January 12, 1964 — Poinsettia Show 


LIFE. MEMBERSHIPS 


Mr. and Mrs. Howard F. Baer 
Mr. and Mrs. Henry Hitchcock 


NEW MEMBERS OF THE FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN 
May 21 through July 31 


Mr. and Mrs. Don Blackburn Mr. and Mrs. Frank Menniges Mr. and Mrs. 

Dr. and Mrs. Neal S. Bricker Mr. and Mrs. William J. O’Herin John L. Tomasoviec, Sr. 

Cavalier African Violet Club Mr. and Mrs. Robert R. Page Margaret Vallo 

Engler Acres Garden Club Mr. and Mrs. Wallace R. Persons Mr. and Mrs. William J. Vestal 

Mr. K. C. Hartwell Mr. and Mrs. Robert C. Pettus Mrs. C. Corwith Wagner 

Mr. and Mrs. Edward L. Hotze Miss Sandy Sandberg Miss Flora Walther 

Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth H. Hunt Mr. and Mrs. Alfred Saxdal Mr. and Mrs. Ben T. Winn 

Mr. and Mrs. Mr. Frank C. Scheuermann Mr. William J. Woltering 
Clarence H. King, Jr. Mrs. E. Oscar Thalinger 


Mrs. Edith K. Layton Tishamingo Garden Club 


16 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


FALL COURSES 


ye as a reminder, here are some notes and dates on courses and children’s classes 
previously announced for this fall: 


BULBS, INDOOR — OUTDOOR 


Instruction on bulb forcing and outdoor bulb culture. The Garden will supply 
each student with 24 top quality bulbs in 7-inch clay pans which may be taken 
home. The Garden will also provide space for cool treatment which the forced 
bulbs require. A practical and timely course for October. 


2 Sessions — Fee $8.00 Experimental Greenhouse 
Tuesday evenings —8 to 9:30 P.M. October 1, 8 
Thursday afternoons —1 to 2:30 P.M. October 3, 10 


Instructors: Mr. Clarence Barbre 


Mr. Kenneth Peck 


HOW TO PROPAGATE FROM CUTTINGS 


Fundamental facts and procedures of producing trees, shrubs and perennials 
from cuttings (asexual reproduction). The Garden will supply a plastic covered 
metal propagating flat, media and plant materials for 40 to 50 kinds of plants. 
Student practice will emphasize propagation of house plants such as begonias, 
dieffenbachias, and philodendrons. Some attention will also be given to hardwood 
cuttings. The following methods of vegetative propagation will be used: root 
cuttings, suckers, divisions, hard and softwood stem divisions, hard and softwood 
stem cuttings, leaf, bud and scale cuttings. 


5 Sessions — Fee $12.00 Experimental Greenhouse 
Tuesday evenings —8 to 9:30 P.M. October 15, 22, 29, 
November 5, 12 
Thursday afternoons —1 to 2:30 P.M. October 17, 24, 31, 
November 7, 14 
Instructors: Mr. Clarence Barbre 


Mr. Kenneth Peck 


PLANTS UNDER ARTIFICIAL LIGHT 


Latest up-to-date thoughts and practices on the use of artificial light for 
plant propagation and culture, illustrated with practical equipment for the amateur 
or professional grower. 


2 Sessions — Fee $5.00 Orchid Greenhouse 
Thursday evenings —8 to 9:30 P.M. October 17, 24 


Instructor: Mr. Robert J. Gillespie 


BOARD OF TRUSTEES 


Henry HircHcock, 
President 


Leicester B. FAustT, 
Vice President 


Henry B. PFiLacer, 
Second Vice President 


Howarp F. BAER 


DaNIEL K. CATLIN 

Sam’L. C. Davis 

JoHN S. LEHMANN 

WarREN MCKINNEY SHAPLEIGH 
RoBert BrRookiINGcs SMITH 


DupLey FRENCH, 
Honorary Trustee 


EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS 


DANIEL SCHLAFLY, 


President, Board of Education of St. Louis 


GrorGE L. CADIGAN, 
Bishop, Diocese of Missouri 


STRATFORD LEE MortTOoN, 


Tuomas H. Error, 
Chancellor, Washington University 


RAYMOND R. TUCKER, 
Mayor, City of St. Louis 


President, Academy of Science of St. Louis 


FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN 
Harry E. Wuertenbaecher, Jr., President, Mrs. Curtis Ford, Vice President, Mrs. M. M. 
Jenks, Vice President, Mrs. C. Johnson Spink, Vice President, Mrs. Tom K. Smith, Jr., 
Vice President, Kathleen M. Miller, Secretary. 


HORTICULTURAL COUNCIL 
Clifford W. Benson, Paul M. Bernard, Mrs. Paul H. Britt, E. G. Cherbonnier, Carl F. 
Giebel, Robert E. Goetz, Paul Hale, Earl Hath, Mrs. Hazel L. Knapp, F. R. McMath, 
Dan O’Gorman, Gilbert Pennewill, Ralph Rabenau, Mrs. Gilbert J. Samuelson, Philip A. 
Conrath, Chairman, 
WOMEN’S ASSOCIATION 
Mrs. George T. Pettus, President, Mrs. W. W. Spivy, First Vice President, Mrs. Wm. 


H. Harrison, Second Vice President, Mrs. Joseph J. Jannuzzo, Treasurer, Mrs, Paul 
Britt, Corresponding Secretary, Mrs. Arthur J. Krueger, Recording Secretary. 


HISTORICAL COMMITTEE 


Leicester B. Faust, Chairman, Mrs. Edwin R. Culver and Mrs. Neal S. Wood, Co- 
Chairmen for Restoration. 


GARDEN STAFF 


Frits W. Went, Director 


Hucu C. Cutter, Executive Director 


Epcar ANDERSON, Curator of Useful Plants 


Henry N. AnpbreEws, Paleobotanist 
CLARENCE Barsre, Instructor 
Ernest Bripee, Horticulturist 


Louts G. BRENNER, Grounds 
Superintendent 


CHRISTOPHER CHuowlins, Horticulturist 
of Tropical Plants 


LapisLaus CuTaAK, Greenhouse 
Superintendent 


Caraway H. Dopson. Taxonomist and 
Curator of Living Plants 


Joun D. Dwyer, Research Associate 
Watpo G. FecHNER, Business Manager 
RAYMOND FREEBORG, Research Associate 
James Hampton, Assistant Engineer 


Pau A. Konut, Floriculturist 


F. R. McMatu, Rosarian 
EpitH S. Mason, Landscape Architect 


VIKTOR MUEHLENBACHS, Research 
Associate 


LILLIAN OVERLAND, Research Assistant 
KENNETH Q, Peck, Instructor 


GeorceE H. Princ, Superintendent 
Emeritus 


WicuiiaM F, Resse, Superintendent 
Owen J. Sexton, Research Ecologist 
KENNETH A, SmitH, Chief Engineer 


FRANK STEINBERG, Superintendent of 
The Arboretum, Gray Summit 


GEorGE B. Van ScuHAAack, Librarian and 
Curator of Grasses 


TRIFON VON SCHRENK, Associate Curator 
of the Museum 


Rosert E. Woopson, Jr., Curator of the 
Herbarium 


SOME FACTS ABOUT SHAW’S GARDEN 


The Missouri Botanical (Shaw’s) Garden was established in 
1859 by Henry Shaw, a St. Louis businessman, to be controlled 
by a Board of Trustees for the public benefit. The Garden is 
a non-profit institution which receives no support from the city 
or state, depending on the income from the Shaw estate supple- 
mented by contributions from the public. 


The old stone walls and cast-iron fences, the Linnean House, 
the Museum Building, the part of the Administration Building 
which was Shaw’s Town House, relocated in the Garden in 1890, 
and the Tower Grove House, his country home, all date from 
Mr. Shaw’s time. The Main Gate, display and growing green- 
houses and most other facilities date from the period immediately 
following the turn of the century. The Climatron, opened in 
1960, is the first of several new buildings planned for the Gar- 
den’s redevelopment. It is the world’s first geodesic dome, fully 
climate-controlled greenhouse and contains the Garden’s tropical 
collections. 


The Garden—70 acres—is open every day of the year from 
9:00 A.M. until sundown; the greenhouses 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 
P.M.; the Climatron Monday through Thursday 9:00 A.M. to 
5:00 P.M., Friday through Sunday 9:00 A.M. to 9:00 P.M. 
Tower Grove House is open daily from 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 P. M. 
(April through November) ; 10:00 A. M. to 4:00 P. M. (Decem- 
ber through March). The Display House presents four seasonal 
displays: November, Chrysanthemums; December, Poinsettias; 
February, Orchids; Spring, Lilies and other flowers. During the 
year are other shows, competitions and festivals sponsored by 
various Garden Clubs and Flower Societies. 

Courses in Botany and Horticulture for adults are conducted 
by the Garden staff. Children’s nature studies are provided each 
Saturday of the year and a special nature program is held during 
the summer. Information on these activities is published in the 
BULLETIN or may be had by mail or phone. The Garden main- 
tains a research program through the Henry Shaw School of 
Botany, Washington University. 

In 1926 an Arboretum — 1600 acres— was established at 
Gray Summit, Missouri. Foot trails and roads pass through the 
Arboretum and are open to visitors in April and May. 

The Garden Administration Building is located at 2315 
Tower Grove Ave., and the Garden’s main entrance is at Tower 
Grove and Flora Place. The entrance at Tower Grove and 
Cleveland Avenue is also open to the public. The Garden is 
served by both the Sarah (No. 42) and the Park-Southampton 
(No. 80) city bus lines. 


Persons interested in helping to support the Garden and tak- 
ing part in Garden activities are urged to do so through the 
“Friends of the Garden”. Information may be obtained from 
the Main Gate or by mail or phone. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN 


October 1963 
Volume LI 


Number 8 


Cover: Red Cedar, Pine (left foreground) and Oak in an old pasture reverting to 
woodland in Canaan, northern Connecticut, in 1957. Note how similar it is in the 
general elements of the landscape to many places in southern Missouri. 

COURTESY OF CONNECTICUT AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION 


CONTENTS 


The Connecticut Forests and What To Do About Them 
First Monday Lecture 

Early Fall Color as a Danger Sign 

Tower Grove House 

The Nutmeg Trees and the Colonial Administrator 

The “Girasole”: If You Insist, “Jerusalem Artichoke” 
Members’ Preview, Chrysanthemum Exhibition 

New Members of the Friends of the Garden 

Saturday Morning Natural Science Programs for Children 


Othce of publication: 306 E,. Simmons Street, Galesburg, Illinois. 


Editorial Othce: Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis 10 


’ 


Missouri. 

Editor for this issue: EnGarR ANDERSON 

Published monthly except July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri 
Botanical Garden. Subscription price: $3.50 a year. 


Entered as second-class matter January 26, 1942, at the post-office at Galesburg, Hlinois, 


under Act of March 3, 1879. 


Missouri Botanical Garden 


Vol Li] Nos 8 


Bulletin 


October 1963 


THE CONNECTICUT FORESTS 
AND WHAT TO DO ABOUT THEM 


REFLECTIONS FROM A FASCINATING CONFERENCE 


EDGAR 


ie the early spring of 1962, our di- 
rector, Dr. Went, and nine other 
scholars from the United States and 
England met by the invitation of the 
Connecticut Agricultural Experiment 
Station of New Haven for three days 
of lecture and discussion. The prob- 
lem which brought them together is 
one so broad and far reaching that in 
1957. the New Haven Experiment 
Station proposed the name ‘Suburban 
Forest” for the two million of Con- 
necticut’s three million acres which are 
now covered by trees, though half this 


area had once been cleared and cropped. 


While the Suburban Forest has be- 
come a major problem only in the 
East, similar situations are developing 
in other states. The New Haven Sta- 
tion accordingly drew upon its en- 
dowed “Lockwood Fund” to bring 
these distinguished men together in the 
presence of sixteen members of its 
staff and to publish the seven formal 
lectures as well as lively selections 
from the informal discussions which 


accompanied them: 


ANDERSON 


(Bulletin 652 of the Connecticut 
Agricultural Experiment Station, New 
Haven, Connecticut; Proceedings of 
the Lockwood Conference on the 
Suburban Forest and Ecology.) 


Though it does include some highly 
technical material, much of this 102 
page bulletin is of general interest. 
Several of these conferees are gifted 
writers and effective speakers; parts of 
the discussions are downright enter- 
taining. They are of more general im- 
portance than that, however, in these 
days when Science plays an increasing 
role in public affairs. They paint a 
faithful as well as interesting picture 
of what able modern scientists are like, 
of the give and take between them, of 
how as a group they can approach a 
general problem of which no one 
of them is the master and see new 
ways to interpret it and new ways to 


study it. 


The Bulletin begins with a forceful 
presentation of the problem of the 
Suburban Forest by Dr. Paul Waggoner 
of the New Haven staff, a student of 


plant diseases whose field of view has 


(1) 


2 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


widened as he has lived with this 
problem: 

“The release of land, and of people 
from the land,” says Dr. Waggoner, 
“in our time has not come with the 
terror of pestilence. But it has left 
fields untilled and farmsteads un- 
wanted, Our clothes of productivity, 
so generously fashioned, hang loose 
upon us despite our growing numbers. 
We are two small for our breeches. 
... Farmers are abandoning land faster 
than it is demanded by cities. Coons 
and skunks multiply, having discov- 
ered their affluence in the garbage pails 
of the anxious exurbanite now living 
on forsaken farm land in the suburb. 

“It is these haunts of the coon and 
the skunk, these lands of the carpool 
and the PTA, that with their greenery 
comprise the suburban forest that con- 
cerns us here. . . . ‘Open space’ is the 
l-acre that busies the suburbanite’s 
weekends, the matrix of the turnpike 
exchange, the handsome grounds of 
the new power plant. It is the aban- 
doned pasture invaded by red cedars or 
the second-growth oak invaded by 
gypsy moths. 

“This is the suburban forest we 
want to understand, perhaps improve. 
We needn’t spend our time here specu- 
lating whether it will be, whether it 
should be, or whether it need be pro- 
moted. It already is; it is increasing, 
and it will last for many years. We 
need spend our time learning how to 
live comfortably with it.” 

At this point he identifies the prob- 
lem as an ecological problem and 
ecology he defines as “the study of 
how plants and animals live together, 


how they are ruled by their environ- 


ment and how they modify the en- 
vironment.” This is a pointed remark 
aimed at the seven guest lecturers for 
they are all either professional ecolo- 
gists, or scientists like Dr. Went who 
by basic studies have brought illumina- 
tion to ecological problems. 


Dr. Waggoner’s paper is followed by 
three full pages of discussion which 
is not only interesting to read but 
gives a good working example of a 
bunch of scientists trying to agree 
more precisely on a term they are 
using. A few excerpts will give the 
general flavor of the discussion; but 
first to introduce briefly these men 
from whom we are quoting below: 

H. A. McKusick, Park and Forest 
Commission, State of Connecticut. 

Dr. Marston Bates, Professor in 
the Department of Zoology, Univer- 
sity of Michigan, Ann Arbor. In- 
creasingly well known as an author. 
Several of his books, as for example, 
The Forest and the Sea, sell well at the 
book shop maintained at the Garden’s 
Main Gate. 

A. British 
ecologist who demonstrated that the 


F. Fraser DARLING. 


ecology of the animals in some of the 
wilder parts of Great Britain was 
closely tied up with the behavior of 
the people who lived in those same 
areas. He is now with the Conserva- 
tion Foundation of New York City. 
Dr. S. H. Spurr. Professor of For- 
estry, University of Michigan. Earlier 
in his professional career he worked at 
the Harvard Forest in Central Massa- 
chusetts where he became aware of the 
kinds of problems which have devel- 


oped in Connecticut. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL 


J. D. Ovincton, The Nature Con- 
servancy. St. Ives, Huntingdon, Eng- 
land. 

Dr. M. B. RussELL. 
Agronomy, University of Illinois. A 


Professor of 


soil physicist. 
Dr. G. R. STEPHENS, JR., Station 
Staff, New Haven. 


Now for a few highlights from the 
discussion: 

McKusick. “I think it would be 
helpful if we could identify the sub- 
urban forest. Does forest become 
suburban when the cost of land and 
the carrying charges of land exceed its 
productivity in timber, in wheat, or 
corn or whatever? Is this what we are 
talking about?” 

Bates. ‘To me, the suburban forest 
is an area which has a considerable tree 
growth and is primarily residential in 
purpose, e.g., New Haven, Green- 
wich and Middletown. A reservoir, a 
park, a reservation, or a wildlife refuge 
are presumably something else.” 

Darling. “Il think Bates is rather 
trying to limit the suburban forest 
and to define it rather heavily, more 
than we should. The suburban forest, 
wouldn’t you say, it that forest which 
is used by a certain number of people. 
I know that it will vary in the amount 
of treading it gets, but at the same 
time the degree of treading is probably 
a very good criterion of forest use, of 
suburban forest use. 

“We have to realize that with the 
suburban forest what we want more 
than anything else is amenity.” 

Spurr. 


British word which we don’t use. 


“Darling has brought out a 


‘Amenity’ is a very nice summing up 


GARDEN BULLETIN 3 


in one word of what some of our de- 
sires are. 1 can see an ownership 
pattern in how it is going to be man- 
aged. A watershed forest has got to 
be managed differently from a woodlot 
that is in private ownership. A wood- 
lot that is owned by a lawyer in New 
York will be managed differently from 
a woodlot that it attached to a farm. 
To me, however, all this is part and 
parcel of the same biological com- 
munity.” 


Russell. 


mantic difficulties. . 


“We are in the usual se- 
.. If we are really 
going to get out of the area of philos- 
ophy and semantics and come to grips 
with some of the more specific prob- 
lems we must ask the Station staff to 
define this forest.” 

Stephens. 


Connecticut is that part of our forest 


“The suburban forest in 
land which is man-oriented. It is the 
land surrounding and permeating the 
clearings for cities, farms, homes, and 
highways. This land contains sufh- 
cient trees to give a wooded appearance 
and is generally excluded from horti- 
culture and agriculture. A suburban 
forest provides privacy, varied scenery, 
recreation, and a backdrop against 
which man carries out his daily activ- 
ities.” 

The next section of Bulletin 652 is 
given over to Dr. Went’s lecture: 
The Forest: What It Does and How It 
Is Established. 
reading: “I would like to suggest 
What 


I would like to stress especially is the 


Much of it is easy 
specific functions of a forest. 
climate control which a forest gives. 


Actually forests, street trees, and parks 


act more or less as air conditioners for 


4 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


a city....A forest acts as an air con- 
ditioner, keeping temperatures much 
more even and preventing excessive 
heating during the day. This is in 
sharp contrast with what is measured 
in the desert where there are big ex- 
tremes in temperature from day to 
night. 

“There is the possibility that oaks 
from an abandoned oak forest remain 
alive for a long time in areas which 
are regularly grazed, for instance in 
Australia and Israel. Here it was 
shown that originally the oak popula- 
tion was very high in the Judean hills. 
But 10 years ago there were no oaks 
growing anywhere at all anymore. 
When the goats disappeared with the 
Arabs, then suddenly oaks came up 
everywhere and there were definitely 
no acorns about. When they dug up 
these oaks, it turned out that each low 
oak tree was attached to a very heavy 
root which had been there for cen- 
turies probably, so that the oaks re- 
mained alive because each year a few 
more shoots came up which were, of 
course, regularly grazed off.” 


“There must be proper sources of 
seed and that is again exceedingly in- 
teresting in the case of oaks or horse- 
chestnuts. Those seeds have to go 
through the winter but you cannot 
store the seed. If you collect horse- 
chestnuts or acorns and keep them 
over winter and put them out next 
year, you have lost all of them. They 
just don’t germinate. What happens 
in nature? In the first place, the 
optimum water content of these seeds 
can be maintained by storing them at 
a humidity of about 80 per cent, 


where they maintain their viability. 
When they are kept at 100 per cent 
they rot, and when you keep them at 
60 per cent they lose their viability 
completely, so you must store them at 
a rather high humidity, which, of 
course, is done if they are stored in the 
soil. This of course happens when they 
have been buried by squirrels or birds. 
These seeds usually also need stratifica- 
tion, such as the horsechestnut. This 
does not germinate in spring if it has 
been stored in the laboratory because it 
needs a cold period. Again, if we had 
these buried in the soil then they get 
that also, and that is the reason why 
you find horsechestnuts germinating in 
many places if there are areas where 
squirrels can bury them. So for this 
we need also an animal population.” 


“After a good seed year in maple 
forests, you will find seedlings by the 
millions, but in the tropical forest, 
germination is a rare phenomenon. 
One of the most remarkable things 
about that is that you never find a 
seedling of the old tree, under this tree. 
You find them only away from the 
tree. So apparently there is a specific 
inhibition as it is shown in so many 
desert plants, an inhibition of germina- 
tion by the mother plant. This is one 
of the major factors why you do not 
get pure stands in the tropical rain 
forest but why there are several hun- 
dred different species forming the 
mature forest. 


“Once established, the old trees pre- 
vent the germination of new ones. In 
recent years I have visited several rain 
forests and found relatively few seed- 


WN 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


A Connecticut pasture (Mianus area) on its way back to forest. Note the older woodland in the 
background. Photographed late in the summer. Similar to many scenes in southern Missouri except 
that the more columnar variety of the Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana var. crebra) becomes more 


marked in the North. 
COURTESY OF CONNECTICUT AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION 


6 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


lings. This was true also in Java where 
I worked more than 30 years ago. Of 
the few seedlings which do develop 
most will continue to grow and de- 
... A consid- 


erable number of trees had been 


velop into small trees. 


measured by Koorders in 1890. When 
I remeasured these same trees, which 
fortunately were numbered and could 
be located, it turned out that the large 
trees had either grown considerably in 
diameter or they had died. The small 
trees, on the other hand, which were 
growing in the shade of the old jungle 
giants, had not grown at all in most 
cases and had just marked time to be 
able to start growing the moment the 
shading tree had disappeared. This is 
a normal pattern of rain forest growth 
which we are reproducing at present 
in the Climatron, the new greenhouse 
at the Missouri Botanical Garden. We 
hope to establish there an actual Ama- 
zonian rain forest, but this has to be 
done by first planting a number of 
fast-growing secondary forest trees 
and underplanting them with young 
slow-growing trees of the primary 
forest.” 


“Thus the first ecological interest | 
see in the forest of the suburb is its 
effect on the suburban microclimate, 
ameliorating the concrete deserts of the 
cities. The second is the establishment 
of a new forest on forsaken farms. 
My experience tells me this may be a 
problem of seed germination.” 


Dr. Went was followed by Dr. 
Spurr, who talked about what kinds of 
needs the Suburban Forest would have 
to fill: ‘Not only does the forest 


buffer us from the elements, but it 
also buffers us from all mankind. I 
might preface this point by drawing 
on my own experience. For a number 
of years, I collaborated in studies on 
the gypsy moth, and those studies in- 
cluded one sample plot which repre- 
sented for that locality the worst of all 
possible gypsy moth hazard conditions. 
When I myself came to buy a farm in 
New England, it just so happened that 
I bought the farm that contained this 
particular sample plot. In other words, 
the fact of poor forest site quality did 
not influence my judgment in buying 
the land. I wanted the land because I 
wanted 90 acres of space around me. 
This was the value that I purchased.” 


“Living in close contact with our 
compatriots, we have the urge to get 
apart from them, at least sometimes. 
When we are in the middle of the for- 
est, we are protected because the forest 
is a great insulating blanket—a layer 
that not 


of balsam wool as it were 
only protects us from the elements, 
but also protects us from the sounds, 
the smells, and the sights of the urban 
civilization which surrounds us. It is 
a protective cover which filters sound, 
filters smell, blocks our vision, and 
perhaps helps to filter radioactive fall- 
out. I submit that the suburban forest 
is of prime importance to us in provid- 
ing a feeling of space and a feeling of 
privacy. 

“Just as it is important to us that 
we be buffered from civilization, it is 
equally important that the filtering 
structure which buffers us is also 
attractive. Here we must come to 
human values and judgments; for 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


what is attractive to one of us is not 
necessarily attractive to another, and 
what is attractive in one age may not 
remain so in another. Without being 
an expert on esthetics, I may, never- 
theless, list attributes that are gener- 
ally desired in the suburban forest. 
One is greenness. There is a restfulness 
in greenness, particularly in the muted 
light within a vigorous forest. For 
another, we wish our forest to be as 
varied as possible. There is a monot- 
ony in numbers. We don’t like too 
many goats on the mountain sides, too 
many gypsy moth larve in the trees, 
or even too many trees all of one kind 
and of one size. There must not be 
too much disease, or too many of any 
insect or other animal predators. We 
desire a healthy balance of plants and 
animals, varied in kind, size, and 


locality.” 


“When we speak of preserving the 
native fauna and flora, perhaps we 
really wish to preserve our own child- 
hood picture of the locality. If a 
plant or animal is part of our pre- 
conceived notion of how the forest 
should look, we approve of its being 
there. If not, its presence adds a note 
of incongruity. Consider the pheasant. 
I am sure that many people in my part 
of Michigan think of the pheasant as a 
native bird, and that there are few 
who, knowing that it is introduced, 
would like to eradicate it.... My point 
is that we don’t really care whether a 
plant or animal is introduced or native. 
What we do care about is whether it 
seems to us to be a normal part of the 
environment and whether it is an at- 


tractive and esthetic part in accord- 


N 


ance with our own preconceived no- 
tion of how the environment should 
look.” 


Professor Marston Bates then lec- 
tured on the changing ways in which 
man fits into biological communities, 
in part because of his changing ideas. 
In the course of his discussion he made 


several interesting points: 


“We must have been social for a 
long time because solitary man is a 
pretty puny and helpless creature. We 
have also been carnivorous for a long 
time. Our physiology is adapted to 
the digestion of raw meat, from 
oysters to beefsteak—and I at least 
prefer my meat that way. Our ability 
to handle vegetables without fire for 
cooking is much more limited; our 
physiology is not adapted to the 
digestion of raw potatoes.” 


“Furthermore we do not tolerate 
competition. We don’t want to share 
our sheep with wolves, our chickens 
with hawks—we won’t even share our 
apples with worms, even though the 
worms might add to the nutritional 
value. This man-altered, simplified 
system, of course is more efhcient than 
Charles 
Elton in his lovely little book on “The 


the natural complexity. 


Ecology of Invasions” has shown that 
the danger of this simplification is the 
liability of catastrophe. It seems to me 
that this is fairly well documented.” 


“T lived for a while on an atoll in 
Micronesia, where the spirits that goy- 
erned typhoons were just as real, just 
as important to cope with, as the 
sharks in the lagoon. The suffering 


from the violation of a taboo can be as 


8 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


painful as the wound inflicted by an 
animal; in both cases sometimes fatal. 

“From my exalted position as a sci- 
entist in the tradition of Western 
civilization, I could see that this fuss 
about spirits was a lot of nonsense. 
The people had made the spirits them- 
selves, and then were reacting to them. 
But on thinking further, we have little 
reason to be holier than thou toward 
the Micronesians or any other culture 
about their ideas. We Westerners, too, 
live in a world of ideas, a world that 
we (or our ancestors) have created 
and that yet influences our every 
action.” 


“Our attitude toward the suburban 
forest is an example. Yesterday Spurr 
started out by talking about our need 
for space, how the residential forest 
served as a buffer between man and 
man, family and family; a buffer also, 
as has been pointed out against noise, 
dirt, perhaps even fallout, and a mod- 
erating influence on climate. [| think 
probably everyone here feels the same 
way that Spurr does—wants trees in 
his yard because we share a value sys- 
tem. But I remember one summer in 
Sardinia being struck by the way the 
towns abruptly gave way to open 
fields with no trailing out into suburbs 
and isolated houses. The same thing is 
true of Rome, Florence, and many 
other Mediterranean cities and towns. 
There will be big apartment houses 
right up to the beginning of the agri- 
cultural land. 

“This puzzled me, and I remember 
asking why people should live all 
crowded together with all of this 
space about. But I was told they liked 


it that way—they didn’t want sep- 
arate, independent lives; on a holiday 
even, they all crowd together again on 
some beach. Perhaps it has something 
to do with the feeling of belonging- 
ness, of reassurance from close inter- 
This poses the 
problem of who is right—we who 


personal association, 


want some measure of protection from 
each other, or they who want to 
crowd together. . . . How is my need 
or convenience to be reconciled with 
yours? I rapidly get lost when I try 
to think about this, and everyone I 
know seems to be about equally lost.” 


“Often when I start talking about 
our civilization I sound as though I 
wish I were living back in the Neo- 
lithic. But this isn’t true. Some 
aspects of the Neolithic may have been 
fun, but I would want to have my 
dentist with me, and modern equip- 
ment for coping with lions and dis- 
eases. Our civilization does have 
values, and among the greatest of 
these is diversity. In a Neolithic cul- 
ture, a village culture—Micronesian 
society is a good example—there is no 
possibility of being different.” 


“| have wandered from the sub- 
urban forest. But not really. How 
we deal with this, what we make of it, 
depends on our ideas—and I suspect 
we shall have to study the ideas as well 
as the trees.” 


Further points of interest came up 
in the discussions: 

Spurr. “A few years back at the 
Harvard Forest in central Massachu- 
setts, we made a survey of why people 
bought and owned these lands. The 


results were surprising; many offered 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 9 


their land to the University so that the 
land would be taken off the tax list if 
a guarantee was given that it would 
be left as it was. In other words, 
almost everybody was owning it to 
maintain the status quo. Instead of 
getting back the questionnaire, we 
were offered thousands of acres of 
land.” 

Darling. ‘In England, there is an 
ancient forest called the New Forest 
where, believe it or not, Mesolithic 
man continues. He is a forest edge 
exploiter, bodging about, keeping a 
pig and an odd cow or two. These 
people are there yet. They don’t farm 
well, and they have no intention of 
farming well.” 

Darling. “Lumber is not the pri- 
mary crop, it is the secondary crop 
now. The primary crop is amenity. 
This is what the people in Connecticut 
are going to enjoy more than anything 
else in these forests. You have a 
secondary crop of lumber and a ter- 
tiary crop of game. Managing this 
floral and faunal complex comes down 
to just sheer planning.” 

Darling. “Corn yields have gone up 
because the agronomist knew he was 
to get more bushels per acre, and he 
did not worry about growing some 
rabbits and pheasants too. This might 
be a clue to the success of their 
method.” 

Darling. ‘We tend to think far too 
much of the visible flora and the vis- 
ible fauna. The whole field of so- 
called wildlife management is crazy to 
neglect the invisible. They don’t 
realize what they are dealing with. 
The inconsiderable, often unidentified 
creatures in the soil—the tyroglyphid 


mites that are running along the root 
systems of forest trees and things like 
that are important. Their job is 
the conversion of organic materials, 
and the fate of these inconsiderable 
creatures is important in managing 
forests.” 

Waggoner. “Of the 2 million acres 
of suburban forest in Connecticut, old 
fields represent an important part, 1 
million acres, a third of Connecticut. 
These old fields have been out of culti- 
vation for different periods of time. 
Let us consider a specific area of 100 
acres made up of old fields last tilled 
20 years ago. It grows red cedars, 
briars, and honeysuckle. You cannot 
walk across it as you will, but must 
follow rabbit paths. In one corner it 
is occasionally pastured or a farmer 
comes in August, mows some hay to 
take home. This is not a building lot. 
It seems impossible that there is so 
much of it, but there is. Someone is 
going to plan a use for this land. They 
are going to carry the plans out, or at 
least, they are going to start.” 

Went. “A great amount of the or- 
ganic matter produced by forests 1s 
not harvested and it should be possible 
to harvest more material by developing 
an ecosystem clipper.” 

Waggoner. “Mr. Hicock and Mr. 
Olsen of this Station spent a great deal 
of time from 1940 to 1950 trying to 
find some marketable use for low-grade 
wood. They developed a charcoal kiln 
and a means of treating poles econom- 
ically. If a large market for this could 
be found, the situation would be 
changed greatly.” 

Spurr. ‘We agree amenity values 


are important in Connecticut. But 


10 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


hardwood pulp also has real meaning 
for New England. I might illustrate 
this by what has happened over the 
last 10 years in Michigan. The re- 
gional pulp industry in Michigan, as in 
southern New England, had disap- 
peared except for a few mills using im- 
ported pulp from Canada. With the 
development of new chemical processes 
and the need for insulating board, the 
hardwoods of Michigan are being used 
in new pulp facilities. The owners of 
the pulp mills moving into Michigan 
discovered immediately that they 
could not afford to buy any land 
because lawyers, doctors and auto 
mechanics like to own 40 acres and 
will pay $40 an acre for barren sand 
plain. Foresters were trained to help 
landowners prepare management plans 
for the land along the lines the land- 
owners wanted. The forester’s services 
are contributed free and the lumber is 
bought at the going market price to 
help pay taxes. This has been highly 
successful and it is a booming business 
in what is basically amenity forest.” 
Hicock. “Something similar could 
easily happen in Connecticut and per- 
haps in the not-too-distant future. 
Amenity may be uppermost now but 
the potential to produce 2 million tons 


of fiber annually, in perpetuity, and 
still have the amenities, should not be 
dismissed lightly.” 

The Lockwood Conference was very 
evidently a success! Seven months 
after it was over the New Haven Ex- 
periment Station published Bulletin 
652 from which these brief excerpts 
have been taken. For it, the distin- 
guished director of the Station, Dr. 
J. G. Horsfall, wrote a short foreword 
which among other things bore witness 
to some of the effects upon the station 
itself. In his final paragraphs were the 
following sentences: “The papers and 
discussions brought together in this 
volume suggest that there are no pat 
answers, no panaceas, applicable to the 
suburban forest, that there is a vast 
diversity of interests among those who 
live within the suburban forest. 

“There seems to be, however, a pre- 
ponderant opinion that experiments 
must be laid down to try a great 
variety of things. . . . Such work was 
in progress at this station. The Lock- 
wood Conference, however, has already 
caused our scientists to begin even 
more studies of the ecology of the sub- 
urban forest. We expect it will open 
further vistas of research both here 


” 


and elsewhere. 


FIRST MONDAY LECTURE 


R. Caraway H. Dobson, Tax- 
D onomist and Curator of Living 
Plants at Missouri Botanical Garden, 
will present an illustrated lecture on 
“Explorations for Orchids in Ecuador” 
at 8 P.M. Monday, November 4, in 
the Museum of Shaw’s Garden, Tower 


Grove and Cleveland Avenues. This 
program, the only First Monday Lec- 
ture scheduled for fall and winter, is 
open to the public without charge. 
Coffee will be served at 7:30 and there 
will be opportunity to ask questions 
after the program. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 11 


EARLY FALL COLOR AS A DANGER SIGN 


M y boyhood was all spent in sugar 
maple country and from my 
earliest days I was accustomed to an 
eccasional bright red or orange branch 
showing up in late summer on sugar 
maple trees. The colors were hand- 
some and I took joy in them, little 
knowing what they meant. It was not 
until | was a graduate student that | 
learned that many of them, particu- 
larly in areas where sugar maples on 
the whole grow very well indeed, are 
the outward sign of a borer at work 
in the branch. Death is on the way 
and producing bright colors, just as in 
the autumn. 

It is strange how quickly this 
knowledge altered my emotional re- 
sponse to these early splashes of au- 
tumnal color. No longer were they 


forerunners of our annual Eastern- 


American fall pageant. Without my 
thinking about it at all consciously, 
they had become symptoms of infec- 
tion and disability. They were un- 
sightly and unpleasant; they made the 
landscape less attractive. It was not 
until I got into an unexpected argu- 
ment with an uninformed person that 
I realized how completely my own re- 
actions to the sight of these branches 
had unconsciously reversed themselves. 

In Saint Louis we are much more 
apt to notice general changes in the 
foliage affecting the whole tree, due to 
drought and heat. They, too, are 
danger signals and mean that a good 
long soaking is called for, one that will 
get down to the roots. By the time 
that most trees begin to look as if they 
were really drying up, it is too late to 
save them. 


EpGaR ANDERSON 


TOWER GROVE HOUSE 


NELL 


HE charm of Tower Grove House, 

built in 1849 by Henry Shaw for 
his country home, is in the elegant 
simplicity of the early Victorian 
period. 

Since this was the heart of Mr. 
Shaw’s estate where he planned and 
developed the Missouri Botanical Gar- 
den, it is fitting that Tower Grove 
should be preserved in a way that is a 
lasting tribute to him. 

In the period from 1889, the year of 
Mr. Shaw’s death, to 1912, Tower 


Grove was the residence of the Direc- 


RIVES 


tor of the Garden. During the next 
forty years it was used successively as 
headquarters for the Henry Shaw 
School of Gardening, classes for vet- 
erans following World War I, and as 
othces for the Garden staff. 

In the meantime thought was being 
given to the restoration of the man- 
sion, as it was frequently called. It 
was not however until 1953 that plans 
actually began to take shape under the 
leadership of Mrs. George H. Pring 
and Mrs. Arthur J. Krueger. Civic 


groups then became interested and 


12 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


were helpful in many ways. Days and 
weeks of hard work were put into the 
project. Layers of wall paper were re- 
moved, the first layer being carefully 
preserved as a sample for finding a 
reproduction. Plastering and other 
needed repairs were made. Windows 
were washed and floors cleaned. Fur- 
niture was polished, much of it Mr. 
Shaw’s own, supplemented by gifts of 
the same period. Finally in November 
of that same year three rooms of the 
first floor were opened to visitors from 
1 to 4 P.M. daily. Members of the 
Eighth District of the Missouri Fed- 
eration of Women’s Clubs served as 
hostesses. 

One by one other rooms in this his- 
toric home were made ready to open. 
The task eventually grew to mammoth 
proportions and the project was turned 
over to the Historical Committee of 
the Garden for completion. More and 
more visitors were coming to Tower 
It seemed advisable to hold 
the house open for the full day rather 


Grove. 


than just a half day, and a paid hostess 
was in attendance each week day. The 
Federated Clubs continued to provide 
volunteers for the week ends, and to 
this day fifty-two clubs participate 
each year in this important hostessing 
project. 

On November 16, 1959, the sixth 
anniversary of the opening of the 
Henry Shaw home, the Historical 
Committee gave a tea honoring Mrs. 
Pring and Mrs. Krueger, and the vol- 
unteers who had graced the Shaw 
House during the six year period. It 
was a gala affair. 

The Historical Committee, with 
Mrs. Edwin R. Culver, Jr., and Mrs. 


Neal S. Wood as co-chairmen, have 
spent many long hours laboring over 
the restoration. The kitchen, the final 
room of this large house to be restored, 
was opened the spring of 1961. The 
interest of visitors runs high as they 
see the kitchen stove with herbs hang- 
ing behind it to dry, and the old 
fashioned cooking utensils, most of 
which are easily identified. The fluting 
irons bring forth more questions than 
any other one item in the kitchen. 
The maintenance problem is always 
something to be reckoned with, with 
the modest admission charge to the 
mansion as the only source of revenue. 
As attendance to the Garden in- 
creased following the opening of the 
Climatron, the attendance to Tower 
Grove House also increased. To take 
adequate care of the large number of 
visitors—more than 3,000 per month 
during the summer period—a new pro- 
gram for volunteers was inaugurated 
in May 1962. Two seminars were held 
for training hostess-guides with a total 
registration of 84 in attendance. These 
civic minded women from various or- 
ganizations represented the Panhellenic 
Association of St. Louis, Women’s 
Clubs, Teachers organizations, and 
other women interested in Shaw’s Gar- 
den and the program of this historic 
home. These volunteers are on regu- 
lar schedule, two or more each day to 
work with a paid hostess. Some come 
one day each week, others one day 
every two weeks. No one is scheduled 
who cannot serve at least once every 
four weeks. If a volunteer finds she 
cannot come on a regular schedule her 
name may go on a list of substitutes to 
be called on to serve for a vacationist, 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL 


or in case of illness. The program is 


highly successful. 


GIFT SHOP. Mrs. Culver and Mrs. 
Wood did not stop with the restora- 
tion of the Shaw House. In Novem- 
ber 1962 with the cooperation of the 
Women’s Committee of the Garden, 
the Tower Grove Gift Shop was 
opened on the second floor of the 
home. Under the skillful management 
of Mrs. Frank Vesser it is a successful 
venture. The Gift Shop is operated 


entirely by volunteers. 


GARDEN BULLETIN ibs) 


SHAW HOUSE COOKBOOK. An- 
other major project launched March 
1963 is the Shaw House Cookbook, 
edited by Marion O’Brien, food editor 
of the Sf. Louis Globe Democrat, and 
author of the Bible Cookbook and 
others. Food editors from coast to 
coast are reviewing this fascinating 
book in their columns. It is stocked 
in leading book stores in St. Louis, and 
mail orders are filled daily from the 
office maintained in Tower Grove 
House by the Historical Committee. 
The price is $3.50. 


THE NUTMEG TREES AND THE COLONIAL ADMINISTRATOR 


dhs nutmeg seed is a_ botanical 
curiosity. The pulpy fruit splits 
open when it is ripe, revealing the 
large seed (the nutmeg of commerce) 
loosely wrapped in an_ attractive, 
bright grayish red, papery covering. 
This is what is technically known as 
an aril, an outgrowth from the point 
at which the seed is attached to the 
mother plant. Arils may in certain 
kinds of plants serve various purposes 
or apparently sometimes none at all. 
They may be fleshy and attractive to 
ants, so that the seeds get carried 
about and planted over a wide area. 
They may, as in sorrels, turn violently 
inside out as they dry, expelling the 
seed for a considerable distance from 
the seed pod. 

Of all arils that of the nutmeg 1s 
one of the largest, brightest, and 
strangest. It is irregularly divided 
into narrow sinuous fingers which look 
almost as if they were clutching the 


seed. It is fragrant and very pungent 


to the taste, so much so, that it enters 
world trade as “mace” and one can 
buy it in the ground form at most 
supermarkets as well as at spice shops. 
Old-fashioned cooks prefer to have it 
freshly ground, though the unground 
arils are becoming increasingly dithcult 
to come by. 

Nuts and arils too imperfect for the 
spice trade are expressed under heat 
and the resulting oily mixture, “nut- 
meg butter,” has been in the trade for 
centuries, being widely used in oriental 
medicines, in perfumery (particularly 
for perfuming high class soaps), and 
to a lesser extent in the production of 
liqueurs. 

The Flora of Panama, published in 
parts by the Garden, in its most recent 
fascicle, included Dr. J. A. Duke’s 
summary of the Nutmeg Family in 
Panama. Though neither the nutmeg, 
nor any of its closest relatives, are 
native to Panama, specimens had been 


collected from a genuine nutmeg tree 


14 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


(Myristica fragrans) in the back coun- 
try, growing as if wild. Dealing with 
this collection gave Dr. Duke the occa- 
sion to pass on the story of the colonial 
administrator in an area of commercial 


production of nutmeg and mace, who 


was ignorant of the basic botany of 
these products. He sent out a direc- 
tive ordering “a speedup in the culture 
of nutmeg trees and a cutback in pro- 
duction for mace trees.” 


EpGAR ANDERSON 


THE “GIRASOLE”: IF YOU INSIST, “JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE” 


6 he early French Traders in Amer- 
ica found the natives cultivating 
and using for food a small tuber, 
reddish in color and somewhat resem- 
bling a peanut. They took it back to 
France more than 300 years ago from 
whence it spread to England and to 
Italy. The Italians, as in the case of 
the Irish and the potato, named this 
plant. They called it a “Girasole” from 
the characteristic habit of all sun- 
flowers, of which this is one, meaning 
“Turning to the Sun.” This name 
was later corrupted to Jerusalem Arti- 
choke—a name which has no connec- 
tion with either the city of Jerusalem 
or the true globe artichoke with the 
exception that globe artichokes and 
girasoles belong to the same botanical 
family, the Compositae. 

The girasole, Helianthus tuberosus 
L. is a native throughout eastern 
North America from Nova Scotia to 
Florida and as far west as Texas. It is 
now extensively cultivated in many 
places and specially on our west coast. 
This is tall, growing 6-12 feet, and a 
rather coarse typical sunflower. It 
may tend to become a weed if al- 
lowed to take over. The tuber of the 
native plant is small and warty and 


suitable mainly as hog or stock food. 


The French immediately set about 
improving this plant and came up 
with the Improved Mammoth French 
White Jerusalem Artichoke. 

The girasole is completely without 
starch. It stores its carbohydrates in 
the form of inulin rather than starch 
and its sugar as levulose, much in the 
manner as found in fruits. The 
caloric value is very low. Thus it is 
recommended in diets which restrict 
their starch and caloric intake. It is 
highly nutritional and a rather long 
neglected source of food. 

The girasole or Jerusalem artichoke, 
if you must call it so, has a pleasant 
flavor and makes an interesting change 
from potatoes. The texture is more 
firm and the taste a bit sweeter. The 
tuber resembles a potato but is warty 
and knobby. It is a bit difficult to 
peel unless washed, scrubbed and 
cooked with the “jackets on.” They 
can be prepared and used much in the 
same ways as potatoes even to a style 
of “potato chips.” An ingenious cook 
will no doubt find a variety of ways 
to make this a new taste thrill and a 
welcome change on the menu. 


E. L. Evincer 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 15 


9 


Ae TEVLEW 


heysanthenum C hibition 
Shaw s (Jarden 


Sponsored by the Women’s Association 
for Friends of the Garden 

Thursday evening 

October 31, 1963 

7 40.10 clock 

Refreshments 


Enter Main Gate 


CK RX Be MMO 


NEW MEMBERS OF THE FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN 


AuGUST 1 THROUGH AUGUST 31 


Mr. and Mrs. George Alles Capitol Hill Garden Club Miss Carol Jayne Schlattmann 
Mr. Edward W. Ambo Mr. and Mrs. Samuel C. Davis Mr. and Mrs. Eugene B. Schmid 
Mr. and Mrs. Rene J. Blaes Mrs. J. U. Gohn Miss Emma Setzer 

Mr. and Mrs. William F. Blecha Dr. and Mrs. Marcy Goldstein Mr. Herbert G. Smith 

Mr. and Mrs. W. L. Burton Mrs. R. Kuhn Miss Audrae Stevens 


Mr. and Mrs. R. W. Scheuermann 


CR LX KB RO 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


eK  &  &O 


SATURDAY MORNING NATURAL SCIENCE PROGRAMS 


Time: 


Place: 


November 


November 


November 


16 


November 23 


November 


December 


December 


December 


December 


30 


14 


21 


28 


FOR CHILDREN 


10:00 to 11:30 A. M. 


Shaw’s Garden—Museum Building or Research Greenhouse. 


“Nature Movies.” Three color-sound movie films will be shown. 


“Bird Feeders.” Children will make simple bird feeders. Each 
child is to bring an empty half-gallon milk carton. 


“Soil and Water Conservation.” A study of soils and erosion, 
watersheds and forests, and the dangers of water pollution. 


“Fun with Fruit.” An interesting session in identifying a variety 
of fruits. Simple prizes for those identifying the most. 


“Deserts.” A study of the deserts of North America and the 


plants that live in them. 


“Insectivorous Plants.’ Demonstrations and study of the weird 


plants that digest insects. 


“Christmas Program.” Children will make decorations to take 
home for the Christmas tree from seeds, seed pods, cones, etc. 


“Christmas Decorations.” Children will make Christmas wreaths. 
Each child will take home a wreath. 


“Nature Films.’’ <A selection of the newest and best color sound 
films. 


eK XX & BM 


BOARD OF TRUSTEES 


Henry HitrcHcockr. 
President 

Leicester B. Faust, 
Vice President 

Henry B. PFLAGER. 
Second Vice President 


Howarp F. BAER 


DanicL K. CATLIN 

Sam’L. C. Davis 

JOHN S. LEHMANN 

WaRREN MCKINNEY SHAPLEIGH 
RoBeERT BROOKINGS SMITH 


DupLeY FRENCH. 
Honorary Trustee 


EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS 


DANIEL SCHLAFLY, 
President, Board of Education of St. Louis 


GeEorGE L. CADIGAN, 
Bishop, Diocese of Missouri 


STRATFORD LEE Morton, 


President, Academy of Science of St. Louis 


THomas H. Etior, 


Chancellor, Washington University 


RAYMOND R, Tucker, 
Mayor, City of St. Louis 


FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN 
Harry FE. Wuertenbaecher, Jr., President, Mrs. Curtis Ford, Vice President, Mrs. M. M. 


Jenks, Vice President, Mrs. ic. 


Vice President, Kathleen M. Miller, Secretary. 


Johnson Spink, Vice President, Mrs. Tom kK. Smith, Jr., 


HORTICULTURAL COUNCIL 


Paul M. Bernard, Mrs. Paul H. Britt, E. 


Giebel, Paul Hale, Earl Hath, Mrs. Hazel L. 


Cherbonnier, Philip A. Conrath, Carl F. 
Knapp, F. R. MeMath, Dan O'Gorman, 


Gilbert Pennewill, Ralph Rabenau, Mrs. Gilbert J. Samuelson, Robert E. Goetz, ¢ hatriman. 


WOMEN’S ASSOCIATION 


Mrs. George T. Pettus, President, Mrs. W. W. Spivy, First Vice President, Mrs. Wm. 
H. Harrison, Second Vice President, Mrs. Joseph J. Jannuzzo, Treasurer, Mrs. Paul 
Britt, Corresponding Secretary, Mrs. Arthur J. Krueger, Recording Secretary. 


HISTORICAL COMMITTEE 


Leicester B. Faust, Chairman, Mrs. Edwin 


Chairmen for Restoration 


R. Culver and Mrs. Neal S. Wood, Co- 


GARDEN STAFF 


Frits W. Went, Director 

Hucu C. Cutter. Executive Director 
Epcar ANpERSON, Curator of Useful Plants 
IIenry N. Anprews, Paleobotanist 
CLARENCE Barsre, Instructor 

Ernest Brpee, Horticulturist 


Louts G. Brenner, Grounds 
Superintendent 


CiristopHer Crowns, Horticulturist 
of Tropical Plants 


Laprstaus CutTak, Greenhouse 
Superintendent 


Cataway H. Dopson. Taxonomist and 
Curator of Living Plants 


Joun D. Dwyer, Research Associate 
Watpo G. FeEcHNER, Business Manager 
RAYMOND FREEBORG, Research Associate 
James Hampton, Assistant Engineer 


Paut A. Kout, Floriculturist 


F. R. McMatnu, Rosarian 
Epitu S. Mason, Landscape Architect 


VIKTOR MUEHLENBACHS. Research 
Associate 


LILLIAN OVERLAND, Research Assistant 
KENNETH QO. Peck, Instructor 


GeEorGE H. Princ, Superintendent 
Emeritus 


WititamM IF. Resse, Superintendent 

Owen J. Sexton, Research Ecologist 

KENNETH A. Smitu, Chief Engineer 

FRANK STEINBERG, Superintendent of 
The Arboretum, Gray Summit 

GeorGE B. Van Scuaack, Librarian and 
Curator of Grasses 

TRIFON VON SCHRENK, Associate Curator 
of the Museum 


Ropert E. Woopson, JrR., Curator of the 
Herbarium 


SOME FACTS ABOUT SHAW’S GARDEN 


The Missouri Botanical (Shaw’s) Garden was established in 
1859 by Henry Shaw, a St. Louis businessman, to be controlled 
by a Board of Trustees for the public benefit. The Garden is 
a non-profit institution which receives no support from the city 
or state, depending on the income from the Shaw estate supple- 
mented by contributions from the public. 


The old stone walls and cast-iron fences, the Linnean House, 
the Museum Building, the part of the Administration Building 
which was Shaw’s Town House, relocated in the Garden in 1890, 
and the Tower Grove House, his country home, all date from 
Mr. Shaw’s time. The Main Gate, display and growing green- 
houses and most other facilities date from the period immediately 
following the turn of the century. The Climatron, opened in 
1960, is the first of several new buildings planned for the Gar- 
den’s redevelopment. It is the world’s first geodesic dome, fully 
climate-controlled greenhouse and contains the Garden’s tropical 
collections. 


The Garden—70 acres—is open every day of the year from 
9:00 A.M. until sundown; the greenhouses 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 
P.M.; the Climatron Monday through Thursday 9:00 A.M. to 
5:00 P.M., Friday through Sunday 9:00 A.M. to 9:00 P.M. 
Tower Grove House is open daily from 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 P. M. 
(April through November) ; 10:00 A. M. to 4:00 P. M. (Decem- 
ber through March). The Display House presents four seasonal 
displays: November, Chrysanthemums; December, Poinsettias; 
February, Orchids; Spring, Lilies and other flowers. During the 
year are other shows, competitions and festivals sponsored by 
various Garden Clubs and Flower Societies. 

Courses in Botany and Horticulture for adults are conducted 
by the Garden staff. Children’s nature studies are provided each 
Saturday of the year and a special nature program is held during 
the summer. Information on these activities is published in the 
BULLETIN or may be had by mail or phone. The Garden main- 
tains a research program through the Henry Shaw School of 
Botany, Washington University. 

In 1926 an Arboretum — 1600 acres— was established at 
Gray Summit, Missouri. Foot trails and roads pass through the 
Arboretum and are open to visitors in April and May. 

The Garden Administration Building is located at 2315 
Tower Grove Ave., and the Garden’s main entrance is at Tower 
Grove and Flora Place. The entrance at Tower Grove and 
Cleveland Avenue is also open to the public. The Garden is 
served by both the Sarah (No. 42) and the Park-Southampton 
(No. 80) city bus lines. 


Persons interested in helping to support the Garden and tak- 
ing part in Garden activities are urged to do so through the 
“Friends of the Garden”. Information may be obtained from 
the Main Gate or by mail or phone. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN 


IK | . November 1963 
( ul tin Volume LI 


Number 9 


Cover: A Missouri clump of Indian Pipe in full flower. Note the dense mass at 
the base where the branching roots, the well-rotted leaf-mould and the fungi which 
sheathe the rootlets are all interwoven. 

PHOTOGRAPH BY PAUL A. KOHI 


CONTENTS 


Indian Pipes 
A Trip to Tulcan 


Why Should Victoria Leaves Be Stiff? 


Office of publication: 306 E. Simmons Street, Galesburg, Illinois. 


Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis 10 


Missouri, 
Editor for this issue: EpGAR ANDERSON 


Published monthly except July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri 
Botanical Garden. Subscription price: $3.50 a year. 


Entered as second-class matter January 26, 1942, at the post-office at Galesburg, Illinois, 
under Act of March 3, 1879. 


Missour1 Botanical Garden 


Vole “Mg 


Bulletin 


November 1963 


INDIAN PIPES 


i aes the third week in August, 
a fine specimen of the beautiful 
INDIAN PIPE, Monotropa uniflora, was 
brought to the Garden for identifica- 
tion. This ghostly plant, which looks 
precisely as if it were made out of 
white candle wax, comes from _ the 
woodlands with rich deposits of leaf 
mould in which the plant gets started 
and from which is drawn its nourish- 
ment. It is a true flowering plant; 
each stem is tipped with a flower some- 
what the shape of an old-fashioned 
clay pipe but a good deal smaller and 
whiter. By looking closely we can see 
the yellow of the stamens glowing 
through the delicate tissues of the 
flower. If it flowers at all there is 
usually a clump of these blossoms 
coming up from the same root to the 
height of six inches or so. Their 
leaves and the petals of the flowers are 
white translucent scales, unless they 
are bruised, when they darken to jet 
black in a few hours. They are so 
different in substance from anything 
else one finds in the woods that coun- 
try children are sometimes afraid even 
to touch them. 

Unlike some other colorless flower- 
ing plants, they are not parasites. If 
the mass of branching roots from 
which the flowers arise is carefully ex- 
amined each root will be found to be 
tightly sheathed with fungi. It is the 


delicate filaments of these fungi which 
digest food out of the surrounding leaf 
mould and pass much of it on to the 
plant. Many fungi are very special- 
ized chemists. This union of root and 
fungi is called a mycorrhiza, merely a 
distinguished way of saying ‘“‘fungus- 
root” in Greek. It was in a European 
species of Monotropa that such fungi 
were first discovered in 1832. Some- 
times, as in Indian Pipe, the fungal 
zone is on the outside of the root, a 
thickly interwoven sheath of filaments. 
Sometimes it is deep within the tissues 
of the root. 

In mycorrhizae the root and the 
fungus have gone into partnership; it 
it true symbiosis. They are very dif- 
ferent kinds of organisms but each 
needs the other. Mycorrhizae are com- 
mon in forest trees. They reach the 
peak of their evolutionary development 
in Indian Pipe where they take over 
the entire nourishment of the plant. 

The gentleman who brought in the 
specimen was hoping to transplant the 
clump to his garden. We had to tell 
him that this was apparently impos- 
sible. In the North where Indian 
Pipes are far more common than they 
are here, this has often been attempted 
but never successfully as far as we 
know. It may well be that having to 
transplant both the living root and the 


living fungus is what makes the oper- 


(1) 


Ne 


ation so difficult. Few gardeners have 
ever attempted to make a_ fungus 
happy in a new situation. 

As it ages, the Indian Pipe darkens. 
In cool weather this takes place slowly 
enough so that one can watch it 
change from white to pale buff pink, 
which deepens into jet black. In the 
summertime in Missouri these pink 
stages are rare; one finds the blacken- 
ing edges of the scale-like leaves on a 
pure white plant. There is a Mexican 
variety however in which the color is 
red. 

As they go to seed the Indian Pipes 
change rapidly. The flowers point 
straight up in the air. The plants dry 
up, losing all their waxy texture. The 
color, becomes a dirty, nondescript 
brown. Even when there are good 
seeds in the terminal capsules the 
plants soon look like something weath- 
ered and dead; as if they had been left 
over from last year. 


Nearly a half century ago Professor 
W. J. V. Osterhout of Harvard used 
the darkening tissues of Indian Pipes 
to find out how this change was pro- 
ceeding in the tissues of the plant. He 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


took a fragment of leaf and studied 
the cells, mounted in water, under the 
microscope. The cytoplasm of the 
cells was transparent and nearly color- 
less with a few visible granules here 
and there; the cell nuclei were a little 
more granular looking but practically 
without color. It is protoplasm, the 
essence of living matter, one is exam- 
ining at such times but there is seldom 
much to be learned by direct observa- 
tion. In the Indian Pipe the plant 
itself could tell us a little. Osterhout 
cut or crushed leaves and placed them 
under the microscope. Within five or 
ten minutes the nuclei of the cells 
were more densely granular and began 
to darken. The darkening did not be- 
gin just at the edge but all through the 
Not until the 
nucleus had become very dark, some- 


whole nuclear mass. 


times a matter of hours, did any 
change of color appear in the cyto- 
plasm. He tied these observations up 
with chemical experiments on the dye 
itself. In his hands these charming 
plants became a new avenue for find- 
ing out a little something more definite 
about the action of living cells. 


Batiss Waku. 


INTRODUCTION 


NE of the most important prod- 
O ucts of the Missouri Botanical 
Garden is the young people who work 
and study here. Such are the Student 
Apprentices who help Mr. Kenneth 
Peck with the Summer Program of 
Nature Study. Such are the under- 
graduate and graduate students from 
Washington University who assist in 


the Herbarium and the Library and 
carry on graduate work. Two decades 
ago, outstanding among these young 
people was Charles B. Heiser, Jr., of 
St. Louis and Belleville. He received 
his Master’s degree from the Henry 
Shaw School of Botany and went to 
the University of California at Berke- 
ley for his Doctorate. Now Professor 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL 


of Botany at Indiana University, he 
last year worked in Ecuador, continu- 
ing some of the studies of wild and 
cultivated plants which he began at 


GARDEN BULLETIN 3 


the Garden and at Berkeley. In the 
accompanying article he gives us an 
informal account of an excursion to a 


border town in the highlands. E.A. 


A TRIP FO “TULCAN 


CHARLES B. HEISER, JR. 


Indiana University 


YEAR ago when I visited Ecuador 
A my friend Ing.* Jaime Diaz went 
out of his way to show me as much of 
his country as possible, and he felt 
that my trip would not be complete 
without seeing the frailejon which 
grows only in the high, cold pdramos 
of northern Ecuador. The fraiejon, 
Espeletia hartwegiana, a member of the 
composite family, reaches heights of 
five to eight feet. The flower is not 
particularly colorful but the large 
crown of grayish-white leaves is strik- 
ing. The sight of thousands upon 
thousands of plants was certainly one 
of the most remarkable ones that | 
saw in the entire country. The crushed 
leaves of the plant have a strong 
camphor-like odor, and it was not 
surprising to learn that the natives 
employ them as a cure for rheumatism. 
Espeletia hartwegiana also occurs in 
Colombia, and other species of the 
genus are found there and in Vene- 
zuela. My pictures do not do justice 
to the plants for two reasons—I had 
lost the camera which I used for black 
and white photographs and had to take 
kodachromes, and it was raining the 
entire time we were in the pdramos. 
Leaving the pdramos of El Angel, 
*In Latin America those with training in 


Applied Science bear the title of Pngineer 
(Ingeniero). 


we drove on to Tulcan to spend the 
night. Tulcan is located on the bor- 
der with Colombia and Jaime told me 
that it wasn’t one of the more beauti- 
ful cities in Ecuador since the people 
there spend all their time in smug- 
gling. 
at times, but he was certainly right as 


Jaime is known to exaggerate 


to the appearance of the place. Not 
only was the atmosphere rather de- 
pressing but it was cold as well. Al- 
though it is situated at an altitude of 
9100 feet, slightly lower than Quito, 
I never found the latter city quite so 
cold. The best hotel was fully occu- 
pied so we had to spend the night at 
the second best which only added to 
our discomfort. 

The next morning, Jaime said that 


there was one place in Tulcan worth 


seeing—the graveyard. This sounded 
strange but it was true, for the topi- 
ary work with the cypress at the 
cemetery was indeed impressive. I 
didn’t learn the name of the species 
but it is an introduced one since none 
occurs naturally in Ecuador. Nor do 
I recall the name of the artist, al- 
though I understand that he had never 
received any special training and that 
with his crew of Indians he managed 
to keep the shrubs in beautiful shape 


the year around. 


4 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


¢ 


Mee at ise 


Fig. 1. Ing. Jaime Diaz and his assistant examining a frailején in the pdramo of El] Angel. 


OME of the world’s weirdest land- 
S scapes are known in the northern 
Andes as paramos. There they form 
vast rolling plateaus above treeline at 
roughly 10,000 feet in Venezuela, 
Colombia, and Ecuador. They are wet 
grasslands, mostly big bunch grasses, 
and in between them, low wooly 
rosette plants, cushion-like plants, and 
an occasional shrub. Fog and rain are 
to be expected pretty much through- 
out the year. You start a picnic lunch 
in warm sunshine and before you have 


half way finished eating, the fog has 


blown in and your teeth are chatter- 
ing. What is essentially the same type 
of vegetation is found as far south 
as central Peru, though known there 
by other names. Still farther south 
grassy plateaus continue along the 
mountains but they are drier and differ 
in the character of the landscape. 

In the paramo vegetation, evolution 
has gone off on a side track and pro- 
duced some of the world’s most curi- 
ous plants. One whole genus, Espele- 
tia, is limited to this region and some 


of the species are variable and hard to 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 5 


Many of them look like a 


rosette of wooly leaves on a tall post; 


classify. 
it is hard to believe that they are 
closely related to sunflowers. If, how- 
ever, you examine the terminal top- 
knot as Senor Diaz and his assistant are 
doing in figure 1, you will find that it 
looks like a beautifully arranged bou- 
quet of little branching stems of small 
sunflowers and large decorative leaves 
of some celestial mullein. 

Many of the Espeletias are taller 
than they look until you start to study 


them. Dr. Heiser is over six feet tall 


author. 


and in the center of figure 2 you will 
note that he is having to reach way up 
to pick a flower. In shifting fog and 
mist these stands of Espeletias seem 
like strange beings from another world. 
As you walk along and the fog comes 
and goes, your own movement of 
course changes their positions relative 
to each other. At such times it seems 
as if they too were moving; to one 
who is lost on the paramo they must 
be terrifying. 


ee 


6 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


2 


Fig. 3. The artist and two of his creations. 


Dr. Heiser’s pictures of the ceme- 
tery at Tulcan, Ecuador, are the most 
extreme example of topiary work (the 
clipping of shrubs and trees into 
other shapes for decorative purposes) 
that I have seen from anywhere in the 
New World. The scale of the work is 


evident only in figure 3. Note that 


the same two figures (smiling like the 
mask of comedy at the left, frowning 
at the right) are in the center of figure 
4. The arches in figures 5 and 6 are 
high gateways. All of the rows of 
darkish objects in the four figures are 
clipped cypress; only a few in figures 


5 and 6 are in need of shearing. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL 


GARDEN BULLETIN 


N 


Fig. 4. The masterpieces of fig. 3 are in the center. 


Topiary work, which we see so little 
of in this country, started apparently 
with the Romans; the younger Pliny 
described examples of it at great 
length. It passed on into Italian gar- 
dening and spread to Portugal, Spain, 
Holland and England. There were 


bursts of it, with landscape experts 


both for and against it, in Elizabethan 
and in Victorian England. In _ the 
United States, with labor so expensive, 
even simple hedges are relatively rare 
and are greatly missed by homesick 
Europeans. 


ark 


8 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Though topiary work as extreme as 


this has flourished at times in the 
English-speaking world, the standards 
of public taste have always set in 
against it. A few great English writ- 
ers scoffed, just a little, and their 
words keep turning up from century 
to century. Bacon wrote in his essay 


on gardens: “For the ordering of the 


ground within the great hedge, I leave 
it to the variety of device; advising 
nevertheless, that whatever form you 
cast it into, first it be not too busy or 
full of work. Wherein I, for my part, 
do not like images cut out in juniper, 
or other garden stuff—they be for 
children. Little low hedges, round like 


welts, with some pretty pyramids, | 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 9 


like well, and in some places fair 
columns upon frames of carpenters’ 
work.” 

Long after Bacon’s time, Addison 
wrote in the Spectator: “Our British 
gardeners instead of humoring Nature, 
love to deviate from it as much as pos- 
sible. Our trees rise in cones, globes, 


and Pyramids. We see the marks of 


the scissars upon every Plant and Bush. 
I do not know whether I am singular 
in my Opinion, but, for my own part, 
I would rather look upon a tree in 
all its Luxuriancy and Diffusion of 
Boughs and Branches, than when it is 
thus cut and trimmed into a Mathe- 
matical figure.” 


ys 


10 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


WHY SHOULD VICTORIA LEAVES BE STIFF? 


RF most of our summer visitors one 
of the outstanding sights at the 
Garden is the big flat leaves of our 
Victoria water lilies* with their prom- 
inent up-turned edges. Particularly 
fortunate are those visitors who arrive 
when the old leaves are being removed 
and there is a chance to examine the 
strange architectural design of their 
lower surfaces. The framework of 
the veins is not quite circular, as it 
seemed before we turned it over. 
There is one main axis. Viewed along 
it, the right and left sides are like 
mirror images. The main veins radiate 
from a point a little off of center, 
along this axis, where the leaf stalk 
joins the lily pad. In a moderate-sized 


leaf there will be something like six or 


eight veins in the center and_ they 
stretch out toward the margin, forking 
as they go, in a fairly regular pattern. 
By the time the leaf’s erect rim is 
reached there will be around ninety, 
each tapering gently from the center 
to the rim. 

In contrast, the side veins make a 
pattern all their own. They are thin 
webbings passing from one vein to the 
next, nearly as thick at the edge of the 
leaf as near the center, but only a 
fraction of the height. They occur 
regularly enough so that the whole leaf 
becomes a pattern of radiating spokes 
and delicate concentric circles, at right 


angles to them. 


Victoria cruziana, and Victoria regia hybrids 


Central portion of a Victoria leaf cut out and seen from below. Note the high narrow veins 


which have been sliced through (just beyond their point of branching) along the upper edge of the 
picture. Note also the side vein at the lower left, like a thin web between the main veins. 


PHOTOGRAPH BY PAUL A. KOHI 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 11 


A large leaf of Victoria cruziana seen from the lower side. The stem enters from the left. 


The strangest feature of the veins 
shows immediately to the naked eye 
but is difficult to catch with the 
camera. The veins are flat, strikingly 
so, and meet the surface of the leaf mot 
along their sides but their edges. On 
the leaf in the photograph, toward the 
center they were two inches deep but 
only half an inch wide. That is, they 
were flat narrow ridges four times as 


high as wide, standing out at right 


PHOTOGRAPH BY PAUL A. KOHI 


angles to the leaf’s surfaces. The side 
veins in that same area were as thin 
as a maple leaf but nearly as high off 
the leaf as the main veins. 

The leaves are known to be strong. 
Careful tests made with sand have 
shown that a mature leaf can carry 
over 300 pounds of sand before col- 
lapsing. Some years ago I became in- 
trigued with the design and carried 


photographs and samples to Dr. Alex- 


12 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


ander F. Langsdorf of the Engineering 
School at Washington University. He 
had great respect for the design. It 
was “an almost perfect solution for 
the problem of stiffening a circular flat 
plate supported near the middle.” The 
veins, said he, were more efficient if 
flat, since the end-to-end stiffness of a 
supporting vein would be proportional 
to the cube of the vein’s height but 
only directly proportional to its width. 
In other words a vein three times as 
wide would give merely three times 
the stiffening but if it were three times 
as high off the leaf it would stiffen 
twenty-seven times as much. 

Dr. Langsdorf then proceeded to 1l- 
lustrate these and other principles of 
the design from illustrations of various 
kinds of machinery; I remember in 
particular a series of boilers with cir- 
cular plates at their ends. Between 
one machine and another he could 
show mechanical parallels of most of 
the water lily design. All except the 
defenses against hungry animal-life. 
No boilers had ever been equipped 
with spines to prevent their being 
eaten. 

Immediately however he had a ques- 
tion for me: “Why should water lily 
leaves be stiff? How is it, in any 
important way, advantageous to the 
plant?”’ I had no answer for him that 
day. The question puzzled me a great 
deal. It still does. 

There are other kinds of water lilies 
with large leaves. They are all moder- 


ately flexible though they lie flat on 
the water. A successful water lily 
does not have to be shaped like a 
Victoria. 

Has it perhaps anything to do with 
that other peculiar feature of the Vic- 
toria, the rim which stands up around 
the edge of the leaf? The Victoria 
leaf is not only stiff; it is essentially a 
stiff flat basin. Is there any way in 
which a stiff basin-like leaf might 
serve a plant in tropical waters, serve 
it well enough so that the course of 
evolution would be pushed in that 
direction? 

Watching the Victorias in the pools 
at the Garden, they seem to serve as 
more efhcient landing platforms for 
birds, than do the other water lilies. 
In what ways might the lilies be helped 
by bird visitors? One can mention a 
couple possibilities but neither is very 
convincing. It might be that some 
serious pest of the lilies such as insects 
or snails is kept under control by cer- 
tain birds and these are attracted. It 
might even be that the Victorias, 
which are heavy feeders, can even 
profit from the bird droppings in some 
way. 

The question has been put to a good 
many naturalists and none have come 
up with even this much of an answer. 
Yet the leaves of Victoria are so exag- 
geratedly specialized, the dynamics of 
their strange veination points so direct- 
ed at efficient stiffening that one keeps 
feeling there must be an answer. 

EpGAR ANDERSON 


BOARD OF TRUSTEES 


Henry Hircucock, DaNIEL K. CATLIN 


President F 
SaM’L. C. Davis 
LEICESTER B. Faust, 
Vice President 
Henry B. PFLAGER, 
Second Vice President DupLEY FRENCH, 


Howarp F, Baer Honorary Trustee 


JOHN S. LEHMANN 
WaRREN MCKINNEY SHAPLEIGH 


EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS 


JouHN J. Hicks, Tuomas H. Etiot, 

President, Board of Education of St. Louis Chancellor, Washington University 
GeorGE L. CADIGAN, RayMOND R. TUCKER, 

Bishop, Diocese of Missouri Mavyor, City of St. Louis 


STRATFORD LEE Morton, 
President, Academy of Science of St. Louis 


FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN 
Harry E. Wuertenbaecher, Jr.. President, Mrs. Curtis Ford, Vice President, Mrs. M. M. 
Jenks, Vice President, Mrs. C. Johnson Spink, Vice President, Mrs. Tom K. Smith, Nicea 
Vice President, Kathleen M. Miller, Secretary. 


HORTICULTURAL COUNCIL 
Paul M. Bernard, Mrs. Paul H. Britt, E. G. Cherbonnier, Philip A. Conrath, Carl F. 


Giebel, Paul Hale, Earl Hath, Mrs. Hazel L. Knapp, F. R. MeMath, Dan O’Gorman, 
Gilbert Pennewill, Ralph Rabenau, Mrs. Gilbert J. Samuelson, Robert E. Goetz, Chairman. 


WOMEN’S ASSOCIATION 
Mrs. George T. Pettus, President, Mrs. W. W. Spivy, First Vice President, Mrs. Wm. 


H. Harrison, Second Vice President, Mrs. Joseph J. Jannuzzo, Treasurer, Mrs. Paul 
Britt, Corresponding Secretary, Mrs. Arthur J. Krueger, Recording Secretary. 


HISTORICAL COMMITTEE 


Leicester B. Faust, Chairman, Mrs. Edwin R. Culver and Mrs. Neal S. Wood, Co- 
Chairmen for Restoration. 


GARDEN STAFF 


Frits W. Went, Director F. R. McMaru, Rosarian 

Huen C, Cutter, Executive Director Epitu S. Mason, Landscape Architect 

Epcar ANpERSON, Curator of Useful Plants VIKTOR MUEHLENBACHS, Research 
Associate 


Henry N. AnprREwsS, Paleobotanist 
: LILLtraAN Overtanp, Research Assistant 
CLARENCE BARRE, Instructor 


5 F ‘ KENNETE i c str r 
Ernest Briere, Horticulturist tO. Peck, Instructor 


GrorGE H. Princ, Superintendent 


Louris G. Brenner, Grounds é 
Emeritus 


Superintendent 


CuristorHer Cuowrns, Horticulturist Wiriiam F. Resse, Superintendent 


of Tropical Plants Owen J. Sexton, Research Ecologist 


JADISLAUS CuTAK, Greenhouse - “he : 
I : Greer Kennetu A. Smirnu, Chief Engineer 
Superintendent 

FRANK STEINBERG, Superintendent of 


Cataway H. Dopson. Taxonomist and 
the Arboretum, Gray Summit 


Curator of Living Plants 

loun D. Dwyer. Research Associate Grorce B. Van Scwaack, Librarian and 
: Curator of Grasses 
Watpo G. FecHNER, Business Manager 

7 . TRIFON VON SCHRENK, Associate Curator 
RayMOND FREEBORG, Research Associate of the Museum 
Tames Hampton, Assistant Engineer = - ‘ 
. , a Rosert FE. Woopson, Jr., Curator of the 
Paut A. Kout, Floriculturist Herbarium 


SOME FACTS ABOUT SHAW’S GARDEN 


The Missouri Botanical (Shaw’s) Garden was established in 
1859 by Henry Shaw, a St. Louis businessman, to be controlled 
by a Board of Trustees for the public benefit. The Garden is 
a non-profit institution which receives no support from the city 
or state, depending on the income from the Shaw estate supple- 
mented by contributions from the public. 


The old stone walls and cast-iron fences, the Linnean House, 
the Museum Building, the part of the Administration Building 
which was Shaw’s Town House, relocated in the Garden in 1890, 
and the Tower Grove House, his country home, all date from 
Mr. Shaw’s time. The Main Gate, display and growing green- 
houses and most other facilities date from the period immediately 
following the turn of the century. The Climatron, opened in 
1960, is the first of several new buildings planned for the Gar- 
den’s redevelopment. It is the world’s first geodesic dome, fully 
climate-controlled greenhouse and contains the Garden’s tropical 
collections. 


The Garden—70 acres—is open every day of the year from 
9:00 A.M. until sundown; the greenhouses 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 
P.M.; the Climatron Monday through Thursday 9:00 A.M. to 
5:00 P.M., Friday through Sunday 9:00 A.M. to 9:00 P.M 
Tower Grove House is open daily from 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 P. M 
(April through November) ; 10:00 A. M. to 4:00 P. M. (Decem- 
ber through March). The Display House presents four seasonal 
displays: November, Chrysanthemums; December, Poinsettias; 
February, Orchids; Spring, Lilies and other flowers. During the 
year are other shows, competitions and festivals sponsored by 
varicus Garden Clubs and Flower Societies. 

Courses in Botany and Horticulture for adults are conducted 
by the Garden staff. Children’s nature studies are provided each 
Saturday of the year and a special nature program is held during 
the summer. Information on these activities is published in the 
BULLETIN or may be had by mail or phone. The Garden main- 
tains a research program through the Henry Shaw School of 
Botany, Washington University. 

In 1926 an Arboretum — 1600 acres — was established at 
Gray Summit, Missouri. Foot trails and roads pass through the 
Arboretum and are open to visitors in April and May. 

The Garden Administration Building is located at 2315 
Tower Grove Ave., and the Garden’s main entrance is at Tower 
Grove and Flora Place. The entrance at Tower Grove and 
Cleveland Avenue is also open to the public. The Garden is 
served by both the Sarah (No. 42) and the Park-Southampton 
(No. 80) city bus lines. 

Persons interested in helping to support the Garden and tak- 
ing part in Garden activities are urged to do so through the 
“Friends of the Garden”. Information may be obtained from 
the Main Gate or by mail or phone. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN 


er IC 


December 1963 
Volume LI 


Numb 


Kulletin 


Cover: Close-up of a flowering branch from a Scholars’ Tree (Sophora japonica) 
in late summer. Note how all the branches have shed their blossoms at the base and 
have new buds still coming at the tip. This tree is not only a summer bloomer but 
stays in flower for some weeks. 

PHOTO BY SHAW CAMERA SHOP 


CONTENTS 


Sophora japonica, Japanese Pagoda-Tree, Chinese Scholar-Tree 
A Jujube Tree in the Older Part of St. Louis 

The True Salvia coccinea, Indian Fire 

How to Reach the Garden by Auto 

Pitzman Summer Nature Program 

Friends of the Garden Picnic 


New Members of the Friends of the Garden 


Office of publication: 306 E. Simmons Street, Galesburg, Illinois. 


Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden. 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis 10, 
Missouri. 

Editor for this issue: EoGar ANDERSON 

Published monthly except July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri 


Botanical Garden. Subscription price: $3.50 a year. 


Entered as second-class matter January 26, 1942, at the post-office at Galesburg, Illinois, 
under Act of March 3, 1879. 


Missour1 Botanical Garden 


Wo len le lepe NOsae lO 


Bulletin 


December 1963 


SOPHORA JAPONICA 
JAPANESE PAGODA-TREE, CHINESE SCHOLAR-TREE 


\ \ Y 1TH many exotic trees we have 

the problem that there is no 
good common name which has become 
current in English. For this oriental 
Sophora either of these names would 
serve and yet neither one has really 
caught on and become in truth “com- 
mon.” No visitor to the Garden has 
ever come up to me asking for “‘the 
Japanese Pagoda-Tree”’ or the ‘“Chinese 
Scholar-Tree” and wanting to be di- 
rected thereto. Either name would 
answer the purpose, though neither is 
completely appropriate. Though So- 
phora japonica is very common in 
Japan it is mot native there and a very 
different kind of tree (Terminalia) is 
widely known in the tropics as “pagoda 
tree.” According to Li it was not this 
tree which was recommended for the 
graves of Chinese scholars but the 
Goldenrain-Tree, Koelreuteria  pani- 
culata. According to him Sophora 
japonica had through long tradition 
become established as the official me- 
morial tree for Higher officials, with 
pines for kings, arborvitae for princes 
and poplars for the common people. 
All of this, mind you, as early as the 
Chou dynasty (1122-340 B.C.). As 
a result it has been very widely planted 
all across China and is common from 


Peiping in the North to Hong Kong in 
the South. 

The Garden’s largest specimen is 
immediately upon Tower Grove Ave- 
nue just north of the Administration 
Building. It did well there for many 
years though it leaned out almost too 
picturesquely over the street. In the 
last two decades it has become increas- 
ingly hampered by other nearby trees, 
particularly the vigorous Pin Oaks 
planted along Tower Grove Avenue. 
In the spring of 1963 several dead 
branches appeared in the crown, prob- 
ably more the result of this competition 
than of the difficult weather of the 
previous winter with its sudden ex- 
tremes of heat and cold. Other speci- 
mens of this species in the Garden’s 
collections were not injured, though 
they too are somewhat crowded. 

There is a fine tree justwnorth of the 
Experimental Greenhouse; a pair of 
vigorous young ones are north of the 
Mausoleum Grove where Henry Shaw 
is buried. As you come out of the 
Grove one leans out at the left just 
reaching the edge of the curving walk 
which leads to the Climatron; the 
other is farther to the right, close to 
the walk and flanked north and south 
by large Ginkgo trees. 


(1) 


2 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


The foliage of Sophora japonica is 
outstanding. The ultimate leaflets are 
one to two inches long, a smooth dark 
green above, a dark gray-green below. 
They are rounded at the base and taper 
gently to an acute point terminated 
with a minute bristle. In the hand or 
on the tree they have a formal look. 
This is enhanced by their being of good 
substance, slightly shiny above, and 
nicely spaced over the whole crown of 
the tree. 

The leaflets are aggregated in com- 
pound leaves of nine to fifteen leaflets. 
They are set in pairs along the central 
rachis, opposite each other, or nearly 
so, with a single terminal leaflet at the 
very apex. 

At the base of each leaflet and of 
the rachis itself are the curious little 
organs known as pulvini (singular, 
pulvinus) which indicate that the 
Japanese Pagoda-Tree belongs to the 
Leguminosae, the same family of 
plants as do beans, clovers, and wis- 
terias. The pulvini show most clearly 
on the under sides of the leaves. They 
are little shiny, dark green, slightly 
swollen cylinders, sensitive valves reg- 
ulating the drooping and expansion of 
the leaflets. Sophora leaflets fold up 
every night, just as clover leaves do, 
and if you have never observed it, 
seeing it for the first time, brightly 
illuminated by the headlights of your 
car, it can be quite a shock. It looks 
almost as if the whole tree had sud- 
denly wilted. The first reference to 
the phenomenon in any plant is in an 
old Chinese book of the 12th century 
B.C. in its discussion of Sophora 
japonica. 


To a casual glance the mature leaf- 


lets appear to be without hairs, either 
above or below. With a hand lens or 
reading glass they can nearly always be 
found on the underside, particularly 
where the pulvinus joins the leaflet. 
Once you know they are there and just 
how they are arranged, your mind or- 
ganizes what your eyes took in and you 
begin to wonder how you missed them 
before. You then see them quite dis- 
tinctly. 

In making sure of the identity of 
small trees it may be helpful to know 
that Sophora japonica does not ordi- 
narily have a true terminal bud. When 
growth starts in the spring it comes 
out from a lateral bud leaving a short 
dead stub which falls off after a few 
years. After you have noticed them 
a few times these little gray stubs 
become characteristic of twigs of 
Sophora japonica. 

The outstanding feature of the 
Japanese Pagoda-Tree is its flowers. 
They occur in showy creamy-white 
clusters all over the tops and the sides 
of the tree. The individual flowers are 
small, about the size of the end of 
your little finger, but they are pro- 
fusely borne in upright bunches over 
a foot across, whose slender _ stiff 
branches are bright green. The flow- 
ers are something like small, less ruffled 
sweet peas. Though I have kept no 
precise notes, they apparently stay in 
bloom longer when, as in the summer 
of 1963, their blooming period is some- 
what interrupted by weeks without 
rain. Under these conditions they had 
flowers from July well into September. 

In China the dried flowers have been 
used extensively as a dye, particularly 
to produce a green color on_ blue 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


ww 


Scholars’ Tree in full bloom in midsummer. 


cloth. As late as the early nineteenth 
century they were still being exported 
to Europe for such purposes. If the 
flowers fall on a cement sidewalk and 
are rained on and tread upon they pro- 
duce an unsightly and persistent dark 
stain. 

Bright yellow flowers are said to be 
characteristic of trees in Peiping and 
varieties whose flowers are marked with 


purple have been described. 


PHOTO BY E. L. EVINGER 


Towards the end of their flowering 
period, the flowers set seed and develop 
rapidly into narrow little pods about 
five inches long. The pods swell only 
immediately around each bean and are 
very narrow in between the beans so 
that as they ripen they look like short 
strings of green beads. They are not 
particularly unsightly when they fall 
on the grass but on a sidewalk or pave- 


ment they can be quite messy looking. 


+ MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


In this country Sophora japonica is 
not attacked by insect pests or plant 
diseases and its foliage stays a clean 
dark green in spite of hot suns and 
high winds. There seems to be no 
reason why it should not be more fre- 
quently planted in and around St. 
Louis. 

The genus Sophora is made up of 
around twenty species of trees and 
shrubs mostly native to warm temper- 
ate and sub-tropical regions. Of those 
native to the United States, the mescal 
bean, Sophora secundiflora, is the most 
widely known. It extends from New 
Mexico and Mexico, eastward and 
northward to central Texas. There, in 
defiance of eastern usage of the same 
name, it is known as ‘‘Mountain 


Laurel.” It is a shrub or tree with 


handsome evergreen leaves and violet- 
blue flowers. On first meeting with 
this other Sophora it is something of a 
surprise to find them both in the same 
genus but a little reflection shows that 
they have much in common. They 
have the same fundamental leaf pat- 
tern. Sophora japonica does contain a 
dye even if the blue color only shows 
in certain rare varieties. The mescal 
bean looks like beads on a string when 
it goes to seed, though not such ele- 
gant spherical beads as in the pod of 
the Japanese Pagoda Tree. And while 
the mescal bean does have truly ever- 
green leaves those of the other species 
are of heavy substance and hold their 
green late in the autumn as if they too 
were trying to be evergreen. 


EDGAR ANDERSON 


A young Scholars’ Tree in midsummer, just north of the Mausoleum. 


PHOTO BY F. L. EVINGER 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 5 


A JUJUBE TREE IN THE OLDER PART OF ST. LOUIS 


B’ bringing in a specimen for iden- 
tification, Mr. William A. Mc- 
Cluskey has called our attention to a 
hardy jujube (pronounced jew’-jewb) 
tree in the older part of St. Louis. It 
is at the Little Flower Convalescent 
Home, 2500 South 18th Street, on the 
south side of the building and is over 
thirty feet tall. 

Most varieties of the jujube (Z/z/- 
phus jujuba) are not hardy outside the 
sub-tropics but it is grown over a vast 
area from the eastern Mediterranean to 
China and some varieties are much 
hardier than others. Even those who 
have attempted to plant hardy vari- 
eties in St. Louis have usually lost them 
after a few winters. The Home was 
formerly a convent; the wide contacts 
of the Order would have made it pos- 
sible to have introduced this tree from 
a variety of places. 

The specimen at the Home seems to 
be in good health and bore a few 


fruits this year. The one which was 
brought to the Garden looked very 
much like a tough-skinned date. Be- 
tween the skin and the heavy central 
seed there was not very much edible 
flesh but what there was tasted some- 
thing like a high quality dried apple 
and something like a baked apple. It 
was similar to the jujubes raised in 
Clarksville, Missouri, by a former trus- 
tee of the Garden, the late Eugene 
Pettus, about ten years ago. In the 
Orient there are other species of ju- 
jubes; both sour and sweet varieties 
are known and the best of them are 
high quality dessert fruits. 

This particular tree has a somewhat 
exotic look in the edge of downtown 
St. Louis. It has the general appear- 
ance of something from the hot-dry 
Tropics. The shiny little leaves are 
borne on clustered branches, from 
stout arching twigs. 

BAs, Gee: 


THE TRUE SALVIA COCCINEA, INDIAN FIRE 


EFORE sending it in to the Fall 

Harvest show for exhibit, Mrs. 
Charles Marcrander of Kirkwood 
brought this brilliant and charming 
Salvia in to the Garden for identifica- 
tion. The Marcranders became ac- 
quainted with this species about five 
years ago when visiting friends in 
Clearwater, Florida, and brought home 
seeds from which they have success- 


fully grown it ever since. It has long 


been known to science and was named 
by Linnaeus two hundred years ago but 
in the trade it has been extensively 
confused with the common Scarlet 
Sage. According to L. H. Bailey much 
of what has been sold and raised under 
the name of Salvia coccinea rightly be- 
longed under Salvia splendens. 

It is not at all strange that the Mar- 
cranders should have met with Salvia 


coccinea in Florida. It is wild there as 


6 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


well as cultivated in gardens. It ex- 
tends from South Carolina to Texas 
and then southwards into Latin Amer- 
ica. According to Caroline Dorman 
in her Flowers Native to the Deep 
South (Claitor’s Book Store, Baton 
Rouge 2, Louisiana. 1958), it is one 
of those treasured plants which can be 
found in flower from spring until fall. 
In addition to a short note about it 
she has an effective color plate of a 
young spray of it in bloom. She gives 
“Indian Fire” as a common name. The 
Marcranders, never having heard one, 
have fallen into the habit of calling it 
“Florida Salvia.” 


that common names get started. 


It is by such means 


Compared to the common scarlet 
sage, Salvia coccinea is more graceful, 
with slightly smaller, more openly 
spaced blossoms on slender branching 
wands. The leaves and flowers have a 
faint but pleasant odor. The attractive 
leaves are borne on long slender stalks; 
the leaf blade itself is sharply triangu- 
lar to a slender heart shape with neat 
inconspicuous scallops all the way 
around the edge. According to the 
books the flowers are three-quarters of 
an inch to an inch in length. The 
Marcranders must have a particularly 
fine strain since a good many of their 
flowers are up to an inch and a quarter 
long. It has a long narrow tube and 
the lower lip is twice as long as the 
upper. In color it is a pure, glowing 
scarlet; in bright sunshine the flower 
seems to glow as if some of the light 
were originating within the blossom 
itself. The color is enhanced by hairs 
of the same color on the outside of the 
corolla, too small to be seen as hairs by 


any but the sharpest eyes. 


The hairs of the stems and leaves 
vary somewhat with different strains; 
in this one from Florida the upper 
stems and the lower sides of the leaves 
are clothed with almost invisible short 
hairs which curve downwards; the 
lower stem has long delicate hairs 
which stand out away from the stem. 

Salvia coccinea seems to have been 
designed for enjoying in one’s own 
garden. Sprays of it picked and car- 
ried elsewhere lose all their flowers on 
the way. Yet the buds remain and if 
the branches are put in water they will 
come into bloom very satisfactorily 
and keep on blossoming almost as if 
they were on the original plant. 
Sharp rains, strong winds, and spraying 
with the garden hose will also bring 
down a shower of scarlet blossoms, but 
recovery is rapid. 

In Kirkwood the Marcranders save 
their own seed and start it on the 
window sill, setting plants outdoors 
when danger of frost is past. Some 
plants are potted up and kept in cold 
frames and then set out in order to get 
earlier blooms. They begin to flower 
when they are 6 to 8 inches high and 
blossom all summer and up to frost. 
Plants protected by the house and gar- 
age will withstand the “first white 
frost” and keep on blooming. 

By the end of the season the oldest 
plants will be three to four feet high. 
The original central wands will have 
gone to seed, turned brown and been 
either pinched off or allowed to wither 
and drop off. Self-sown seedlings of 
the same year will be up to one and a 
half to two feet high by September, 
and will have increased the display 


since late summer. Branches come out 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 7 


from farther down the plant and re- 
branch so that bloom is continuous 
and increases as the season goes on. 

In Kirkwood Salvia coccinea has 
been outstandingly attractive to hum- 
ming birds. By early September as 
many as seven or eight of them would 
be around the flowers almost continu- 


CR ER 


ously, gathering the nectar and fight- 
ing off each other. 

While Salvia coccinea is not as easy 
to raise in the St. Louis area as it is in 
Florida (nor in bloom here for as many 
months) it undoubtedly will be of in- 
terest to other gardeners. 

EpGarR ANDERSON 


5 ND 


HOW TO REACH THE GARDEN BY AUTO 


6 OMING in from the West, North, 
or South most routes will bring 
you sooner or later to Kingshighway. 
The most direct route to the Garden is 
then via Shaw and Tower Grove Ave- 
nues. From the South this is a simple 
right turn at a stop-light. If one is 
coming down Kingshighway from the 
North this requires a left turn onto 
Shaw which is forbidden during rush 
hour trafic in the morning and the 
evening. HOWEVER IT IS POSSIBLE TO 
GET FROM KINGSHIGHWAY TO SHAW 
QUITE EASILY even during these times. 
Coming from the North keep to the 
right edge of the highway while cross- 
ing Shaw (which jogs to the South at 
this intersection). This will conduct 
you into a one-way lane between Sala’s 
Restaurant on the right and the Via- 
duct, rising steeply at your left. Im- 
mediately in front of Sala’s Restaurant, 
at what is theoretically the corner of 
Kingshighway and Daggett, turn left 
under the Viaduct to a similar lane on 
the other side. 


There is plenty of room for this 
manuver but there are enough tall 
concrete pillars to steer between so 
that one has the impression of driving 
under a gate-leg table. A stop-and-go 
light on the right regulates one’s re- 
entry into Kingshighway headed 
North. Almost immediately one turns 
right onto Shaw. Though this seems 
complicated the first time one tries it, 
it is safe, simple and expeditious. On 
the average it takes less time than 
waiting for the green-arrow-left-turn 
which is available at other times of 
day. 

As one approaches Tower Grove 
Avenue (the second stop-and-go light) 
the old stone wall built in Mr. Shaw’s 
time, becomes apparent at the right. 
The Garden’s long frontage on this 
avenue usually permits of parking 
somewhere along it and one may enter 
either by the Main Gate at Flora Place, 
or the small Cleveland Avenue Gate 


opposite the end of Cleveland Avenue. 


8 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


PITZMAN SUMMER NATURE PROGRAM — 1963 


din 1963 Pitzman Nature Pro- 
gram for children was the largest 
since the program was first offered in 
1958. A record number of 438 chil- 
dren received certificates for attending 
a specified number of classes. Such a 
program has been made _ possible 
through six yearly grants from the 
Pitzman Foundation. 

A major change in the program this 
year was the offering of classes on two 
extra days each week in both 5-week 
The new Wednesday and 
Friday classes were identical to those 


sessions. 


given on Tuesdays and Thursdays with 
the exception of the new course in 
plant families. 

Some of the group activities offered 
in the program are worth mentioning. 
In Trailfinders, the class on trees, plas- 
ter casts of leaves were made by the 
children. Supervising this activity was 
something akin to umpiring a_pie- 
throwing contest, but the results were 
gratifying. We also taught the chil- 
dren how to measure the heights of 
trees using only a yard stick. In addi- 
tion to leaf collections and making leaf 
prints, lessons in forest community 
structure and geography were given. 
The Plant Families class introduced 
children to the notion that living 
things bore certain relationships to one 
another. Take the Pink Family for 
example. There was enough flowering 
material in this group so that every 
child could be given fresh blossoms of 
a number of genera such as Dianthus, 
Silene, and Lychnis. The salient fea- 
tures of the family were discussed, as 


well as the distinction of one genus 
from another, and the flowers were 
pressed by children for their collec- 
tions. Whenever possible, the children 
were allowed to collect their own 
flowers. Classes in Plants and Man 
dealt with botanical subjects such as 
pollination (a vastly more interesting 
subject than the category to which it 
is usually relegated), cell structure and 
division, and life histories and habits of 
various plant groups such as mosses, 
ferns and fungi. Activities included 
making terraria, mounting plant speci- 
mens to take home, and a trip to the 
Climatron. In Man’s Enemies, insect 
collecting was the main activity after 
the nets were made. Some of the 7 
and 8 year olds can really make a 
tangle with a darning needle, a few 
feet of thread, and a piece of cheese- 
cloth. Some 360 yards of material was 
used for the nets. Another feature of 
Man’s Enemies was that poisonous 
plants such as poison ivy and oleander 
were pointed out and discussed. 

The activities in all the summer 
programs each year are basically the 
same but are improved upon and vary 
in manner of presentation because of 
the interesting young people who join 
the summer teaching staff each year. 
Teaching the first time this year were 
Fred Bardenheier, a high school stu- 
dent, who has participated in the 
Garden’s nature program for 6 years; 
Doris Forst, a student at Washington 
University; and Nancy Keller, a stu- 
dent at the University of Missouri. 
Teaching from previous years were 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 9 


Jean Bardenheier and Isabella Powell. 
Since classes were given on 4 out of 5 
week days, the Junior Research Teams 
were limited in number. Marcia Eick- 
meier, a student of the University 
of Missouri, directed these activities 
which covered subjects ranging from 
pollination and seed dispersal to exact- 
ing identification of all the species of 
oaks in the Garden. 

Teaching is only part of the work 
involved in giving a program such as 
this. Although much of the prepara- 
tion for these classes can be accom- 
plished beforehand, a sizable amount 
of work is necessary behind and on the 
scene during the program to make it 
successful. Much of this work was 
performed by a number of willing 
young people, most of whom have par- 
ticipated in the Garden’s classes for 
several years. They were Bill Eick- 
meier, Alan Meyers, Barney O’Meara, 
and Veronica Friel. 

Informative sessions of bird study 
were generously provided by enthusi- 
astic members of the St. Louis Audu- 
bon Society. In close cooperation with 
the Garden, Mr. Earl Hath, president 
of the St. Louis group, outlined the 
class on Birds with the people who had 
offered to give the course. These peo- 
ple were Mr. Michael Flieg, Mrs. Cecil 


Criger and Mrs. R. K. Kirkpatrick, 
and Misses Lois Wamhoff, Sarah Owen, 
Mariam Dryden, and Jeanne Mull- 
gardt. The bird classes featured bird 
identification walks, illustrated talks, 
guest speakers, and many fine pointers 
on how to house and feed birds. 

Each five-week session was ended by 
a rigorous treasure hunt in_ which 
the children were to find things, the 
knowledge of which was acquired dur- 
ing their activities in the program. 
Competition was keen among the 
youngest children. The winning teams 
received various potted plants as prizes. 
Prizes were also given to youngsters 
who had assembled the best nature 
notebooks and insect collections. Quite 
a number of children entered their in- 
sect collections in the Fall Harvest 
Show competition and were awarded 
ribbons of various degrees for their 
efforts. 

Each year, the Pitzman Nature Pro- 
gram becomes a more elaborate affair. 
The number of people needed to man- 
age a growing number of children in- 
creases almost every year. This, it is 
hoped, is a sign of successful dealing 
with hundreds of children to whom we 
strive to impart an early concept of 
the biological aspects of life. 

KENNETH PECK 


Dr. and Mrs. John W. Seddon, Dr. 


and Mrs. Robert W. Kelley, and their families 


p:cnicking beneath the bald cypresses at the Friends of the Garden Picnic. 


PHOTO COURTESY OF THE POST-DISPATCH. 


eK & RX 


FRIENDS OF THE 


(es picnic for members of Friends 
of the Garden and their families 
at the Garden’s Arboretum at Gray 
Summit, Missouri, took place accord- 
ing to schedule on Sunday, October 
6th. Just a few short of five hundred 
took part, many of them whole fam- 
ilies with children or grandchildren. 
It was a bright clear day, cool in the 


early morning and late afternoon, hot 


GARDEN PICNIC 


but not at all muggy in the middle of 
the day. There was a pleasant, but 
dry, breeze and an almost complete 
absence of ticks, chiggers, mosquitoes 
and flies. 

Members parked their cars at the 
Main Gate of the Arboretum and then 
took shuttle buses, which ran every 
few minutes, making a circuit of the 


main road around the Arboretum. 


MISSOURI BOT ANICAI 


Quite a number went fishing, and fish 
were caught including at least one 
large one. 

In spite of the severe drought and 
the lateness of the season, the native 
vegetation was surprisingly attractive. 
Several kinds of Asters were still flow- 
ering and on one of the nature walks, 
a native orchid, Ladies’ Tresses, was 
found in bloom. The morning bird 
walk conducted by Earl Hath of the 
Audubon Society turned up several in- 
teresting things including the Red- 
breasted Nuthatch. Generally speak- 
ing the Nature Walks taken before 


lunch while it was somewhat coolish 


. GARDEN BULLETIN 11 


were quite extensive rambles, while 
those in the afternoon included in- 
formal lectures to small groups sitting 
in the shade and the breeze and out of 
the sun. 

Members were free to picnic or 
wander wherever they wished; most of 
them gathered either in the breezy trail 
house at the upper end of the wild 
flower reservation or in the shade of 
the Bald Cypresses near the Pinetum 
Lake, where beverages were provided 
to accompany the picnic lunches which 
had been brought along. 

It was a day for renewing old 


friendships and making new ones. 


Kevin Blase and Peter McPheeters fishing in the Pinetum Lake at the Friends of the 


Garden Picnic. 


PHOTO COURTESY OF THE POST-DISPATCH. 


> or 


4 


~ 
A botany lesson in the field from Dr, Anderson at the Friends of the Garden Picnic. 


PHOTO COURTESY OF THI POST-DISPATCH. 


NEW MEMBERS OF THE FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN 


SEPTEMBER 1 THROUGH Oc TOBER 31 


Miss Elizabeth Alle Mr. Edward L. Heger Mr. Kenneth O’Connor 

Nelle Carroll Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. David S. Plumb 

County Belles African Violet Club Samuel E. Hoffman, Jt Mr. and Mrs, Cletus Pope 

Miss Isabelle Drewett Mr. and Mrs. Henry O. Johnston Miss Susan S. Ryan 

Mr. and Mrs. Carl Giebel Mr. and Mrs. William B, Kelly Mrs. Edward J. Sheridan 

Dr. and Mrs. Miss Mary Louise Logan Dr. and Mrs. Sterling H. Schoen 
William J. Harrington Dr. and Mrs. B. S. Loitman Mr. George A. Talbot, III 

Mr. and Mrs. Francis P. Healy Mrs. John C. McEwen Colonel and Mrs. Jack T. Young 


BOARD OF TRUSTEES 


Henry HircHcock, SAM’L. C. Davis 

President . 

JOHN S. LEHMANN 

LEICESTER B. Faust, . : 

rep baciiont WarREN MCKINNEY SHAPLEIGH 
Henry B. PFLAGER, Tom K. Smirii, Jr. 

Second Vice President Harry E. WurrerensBarcHer, JR. 
Howarp F. Barr 
a DupLEY FRENCH, 
Danie. K. Catlin Honorary Trustee 


EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS 


JOHN J. Hicks, THomas H. Error, 

President, Board of Education of St. Louis Chancellor, Washington University 
GForce L. CADIGAN, RAYMOND R. TuckKER, 

Bishop, Diocese of Missouri Mayor, City of St. Louis 


STRATFORD LEE Morton, 
President. Academy of Science of St. Louis 


FRIENDS OF THE GARDEN 
Harry E. Wuertenbaccher, Jr.. President, Mrs. Curtis Ford, Vice President, Mrs. M. M. 
Tenks, Vice President, Mrs. C. Johnson Spink, Vice President, Mrs. Tom NW. Smith, Jr., 
Vice President, Kathleen M. Miller, Secretary. 


HORTICULTURAL COUNCIL 
Paul M. Bernard, Mrs. Paul H. Britt, E. G. Cherbonnier, Philip A, Conrath, Carl F. 


Giebel, Paul Hale, Earl Hath, Mrs. Hazel L. Knapp, F. R. McMath, Dan O'Gorman, 
Gilbert Pennewill, Ralph Rabenau, Mrs. Gilbert J. Samuelson, Robert FE. Goetz, Chairman. 


WOMEN’S ASSOCIATION 
Mrs. George T. Pettus, President, Mrs. W. W. Spivy, First Vice President, Mrs. Wm. 


Harrison, Second Vice President, Mrs. Joseph J. Jannuzzo, Treasurer, Mrs. Paul 
Britt, Corresponding Secretary, Mrs. Arthur J. Krueger, Recording Secretary. 


HISTORICAL COMMITTEE 


Leicester B. Faust, Chairman, Mrs. Edwin R. Culver and Mrs. Neal S. Wood, Co- 
Chairmen for Restoration 


GARDEN STAFF 


Hucu C. Cutter. Executive Director James Hampton, Assistant Engineer 
Epcar ANnpErson, Curator of Useful Plants Paut A. Kout, Floriculturist 

Henry N. Anprews, Paleobotanist F. R. McMaru, Rosarian 

CLARENCE Barpre, Instructor EpvitH S. Mason, Landscape Architect 
Ernest Brspee, Horticulturist Viktor MuEnLeNBACHS. Research 


Associate 
Lours G. BRENNER, Grounds 


Superintendent KENNETH O. Peck, Instructor 
CuRISTOPHER CHOWINS, Horticulturist GeorceE H. Princ, Superintendent 
of Tropical Plants Emeritus 
LaptsLaus CutTak, Greenhouse Owen J. Sexton, Research Ecologist 


Superintendent e ‘ ; 
Kennetu A. Smitn, Chief Engineer 


Caraway H. Dopson. Taxonomist and 


Curator of Living Plants FRANK STEINBERG, Superintendent of 


the Arboretum, Gray Summit 


Joun D. Dwyer, Research Associate 
’ GrorceE B. Van Scnaack, Librarian and 


Watpo G. FECHNER, Secretary of Board Curator of Grasses 
and Controller . . . 
TRIFON VON SCHRENK, Associate Curator 


RayMOND FreeBorc. Research Associate of the Museum 


SOME FACTS ABOUT SHAW’S GARDEN 


The Missouri Botanical (Shaw’s) Garden was established in 
1859 by Henry Shaw, a St. Louis businessman, to be controlled 
by a Board of Trustees for the public benefit. The Garden is 
a non-profit institution which receives no support from the city 
or state, depending on the income from the Shaw estate supple- 
mented by contributions from the public. 


The old stone walls and cast-iron fences, the Linnean House, 
the Museum Building, the part of the Administration Building 
which was Shaw’s Town House, relocated in the Garden in 1890, 
and the Tower Grove House, his country home, all date from 
Mr. Shaw’s time. The Main Gate, display and growing green- 
houses and most other facilities date from the period immediately 
following the turn of the century. The Climatron, opened in 
1960, is the first of several new buildings planned for the Gar- 
den’s redevelopment. It is the world’s first geodesic dome, fully 
climate-controlled greenhouse and contains the Garden’s tropical 
collections. 


The Garden—70 acres—is open every day of the year from 
9:00 A.M. until sundown; the greenhouses 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 
P.M.; the Climatron Monday through Thursday 9:00 A.M. to 
5:00 P.M., Friday through Sunday 9:00 A.M. to 9:00 P.M 
Tower Grove House is open daily from 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 P. M. 
(April through November) ; 10:00 A. M. to 4:00 P. M. (Decem- 
ber through March). The Display House presents four seasonal 
displays: November, Chrysanthemums; December, Poinsettias; 
February, Orchids; Spring, Lilies and other flowers. During the 
year are other shows, competitions and festivals sponsored by 
various Garden Clubs and Flower Societies. 

Courses in Botany and Horticulture for adults are conducted 
by the Garden staff. Children’s nature studies are provided each 
Saturday of the year and a special nature program is held during 
the summer. Information on these activities is published in the 
BULLETIN or may be had by mail or phone. The Garden main- 
tains a research program through the Henry Shaw School of 
Botany, Washington University. 

In 1926 an Arboretum — 1600 acres— was established at 
Gray Summit, Missouri. Foot trails and roads pass through the 
Arboretum and are open to visitors in April and May. 


The Garden Administration Building is located at 2315 
Tower Grove Ave., and the Garden’s main entrance is at Tower 
Grove and Flora Place. The entrance at Tower Grove and 
Cleveland Avenue is also open to the public. The Garden is 
served by both the Sarah (No. 42) and the Park-Southampton 
(No. 80) city bus lines. 

Persons interested in helping to support the Garden and tak- 
ing part in Garden activities are urged to do so through the 
“Friends of the Garden”. Information may be obtained from 
the Main Gate or by mail or phone.