BOTANICAL MUSEUM LEAFLETS HARVARD UNIVERSITY PUBLISHED AT THE BOTANICAL MUSEUM CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS BOTANICAL MUSEUM | sy .4 ol oe he HARVARD UNIVERSITY VOLUME XXVIII BOTANICAL MUSEUM CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS 1980-1982 DATES OF PUBLICATION — VOLUME 28 NG Deca shceeccnnowaedeiesa een een euene es May 20, 1981 NGF caked pik aaoah udataie ee eee ea oeD neste ee Ores March 26, 1982 Rd. Faun acertaaeunuwisntseteveisskad meee roedexeeas April 5, 1982 ING Breas c cas ase is he Garde ecaaes 6 oie ow Gis eae ees June 25, 1982 TABLE OF CONTENTS NUMBER | (March 1980) De Plantis Toxicariis e Mundo Novo Tropicale Commentationes XX VI. Ethnopharmacological Notes on the Flora of Northwestern South America Dy Michatd Evans Schulies..c.d¢ssesee sav esesewasas l Coca in the Northwest Amazon Dy RICNALd EVAUS SCUMIES is bcc 05 56 G5ka ee we Rae 47 Leaf Variation among Cannabis Species from a controlled Garden BY Pom. ANGcion: cx 60024 svd0450eo dea awonues 61 Biochemical Residues as Ethnobotanical Indicators by Elizabeth A. Coughlin and Jonathan E. Ericson... 71 Ibapichuna: an Edible Dacryodes (Burseraceae) from the Northwest Amazon Dy ames b. 2aTCC 64544 4440s ocud cox Vandeedieus 81 Ruiz as an Ethnopharmacologist in Peru and Chile by Richard: Evans Schultes ioc sexesekaweevee se sulexs 87 NUMBER 2 (June 1980) Ethnomedical, Botanical and Phytochemical Aspects of Natural Hallucinogens by Richard Evans Schultes and Norman R. Farnsworth eee Tee e TTT eee eee Tee ETE CeCe eT ee 124 NUMBER 3 (September 1980) Indole Alkaloids in Amazonian Myristicaceae: Field and Labo- ratory Research by B. Holmstedt, J.E. Lindgren, T. Plowman, L. Rivier, mbes and: OO: Over. ce ci eed eeace seca scenes 215 The Ethnobotany of Sweet Flag among North American Indians by George K. MOPan ii d550c4ccenn exo av ddncdwress 235 De Plantis Toxicariis e Mundo Novo Tropicale Commentationes XX VII. Folk Uses of Colombian Species of Brunellia and Weinmannia BY Ricnare EVANS SCHUIMES «4 4.5%.5-0s500 eos ehbanewe es 247 [v] Chamairo: Mussatia Hyacintha — An Admixture to Coca from Amazonian Peru and Bolivia by Timothy Plowman ..........ceeeeeee ccc eceeees 253 Wallace, Spruce and Palm Trees of the Amazon: an Historical Perspective by Michael. J. Balick «454s nesses esau ses weasinwes 263 De Plantis Toxicariis e Mundo Novo Tropicale Commentationes XXIX. A Suspected New Amazonian Hallucinogen by Richard Evans Schultes..........es eee eeecenees ZT NuMBER 4 (December 1980) A Generic Revision of the Spiranthinae by Leshe A. Ganey oscctresaranesatsecesiseres tees ZiT [vi] INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS PLATE PN OsePa i NemiChWiCAs <6 si. v4 He a Oe oada Ree vewssions 10 Ppse na Ui PaMCUCACcUI:: 6 w.c4<4le xeraawe dee eSewuee ees. 10 PAUOSe a lBOD TNE OTWI. 6.050 5-« this wwe doves aoe 8Gedsees 10 Tee OUR ck ain wes. e eek eae aiAw ee aR eRae eee Ss 12 Belen CaO NOM fis concise iadak er eeeedcesuanoetanerd I] PA Ch ie) 3 NG. | Ps a" i, My fy mal i is: | ‘ | | 5 Z A ; os . e “4 , . Me sh i il - ». 3 \ 4 ii ol Ming | 4 ES ly, a y SS | By we ff 60 BOTANTICAL MUSEUM LEAFLETS VoL. 28, No. | Marcu 1980 LEAF VARIATION AMONG CANNABIS SPECIES FROM A CONTROLLED GARDEN LoRAN C. ANDERSON’ The genus Cannabis has had a long association with man and contains considerable variation in growth form, achene size, and chemical content. The variation has taxonomically been variously interpreted. Some maintain the genus is polytypic with at least three species (Emboden, 1974; Schultes et al., 1974). Others (Small and Cronquist, 1976) believe that it is properly viewed as monotypic: i.e. limited to C. sativa L. They do, however, recognize several infraspecific varieties. Historical aspects and rationale for the different treatments are amply covered in these papers. My work on wood anatomy (Anderson, 1974) supported the polytypic generic concept. A controlled garden (2.6 acres) is maintained at the University of Mississippi by the School of Pharmacy for the National Institute on Drug Abuse where collections from throughout the world are propagated. In 1976, I visited the facility several times to obtain additional vouchered wood samples from plants grown in a uniform garden. While gathering the Cannabis samples, I became aware of differences in leaf morphology. Variation in garden-grown plants has already been noted by Quimby er a/. (1973), but they did not quantify their data. This report analyzes leaf form in Cannabis and compares the variation in relation to the alternative taxonomic treatments. METHODS AND MATERIALS Measurements were made from the largest leaf on each voucher specimen. Dimensional] data were taken from the central (longest) leaflet. Measurements as illustrated in Fig. | included leaflet ‘Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida and Associate in Economic Plant Morphology in the Botanical Museum, Harvard University. 6] length (L), leaflet width and length to the widest point. Ratios of width to length (W/L) and length to widest point to total length (WP/L) were determined. Leaflet number, plant height and sex of the sample were also recorded. Statistical analyses were made with assistance from Dr. David Schrader; these analyses of all materials are on file at Florida State University. Ken Womble and Melanie Darst helped with graphics. A total of 377 samples were measured. Most materials came from the Mississippi garden. The University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy and Dr. C. E. Turner are thanked for making their facilities and the plants available. Some garden plantings were maintained for several generations: therefore, samples were taken only from original seed sources to prevent possibility of garden hybridizations. I collected sixty specimens representing thirty-nine different seed sources. That somewhat extensive population sample was augmented by the intensive sampling from the garden in 1972 by Dr. R. E. Schultes and his colleagues (with 237 specimens from thirty-two seed sources). Vouchers are preseved at the Florida State University and the Botanical Museum of Harvard University, respectively. An additional eighty specimens from different wild or naturalized populations were studied at the Gray Herbarium and Arnold Arboretum. RESULTS Samples were placed in four categories based mainly on growth form. The three major forms are illustrated in Fig. 2. Those classed as C. sativa were taken from tall, laxly branched plants (S, in the tables). Relatively tall plants with very narrow leaflets and small achenes were classed as C. sativa, small-seeded (SS); short, compact plants that were densely branched were classed as C. indica Lam. (1); and those mature plants that were two feet tall or less and unbranched, as C. ruderalis Janisch. (R). Mean data for leaf morphology for the four categories and three collection sets are given in Table |. The four categories in my 1976 sampling were all significantly different for W/L and 62 WP/L at the 99.9% level of confidence, as determined by a Student’s f-test. Statistical analyses were not made on the other sets, due partly to absence of garden material of C. ruderalis in 12. Garden plants maintained their relative growth patterns: /.e., height and branching; but leaves were noticeably larger under cultivation (compare 1976 and 1972 versus “wild” in Table 1). Although leaves were larger, dimensional ratios of the central leaflet (W/L and WP/L) did not vary significantly between garden-grown and wild samples. Massed data for all three collection groupings are given for the four categories in Table 2. None of these categories is significantly distinct for leaflet length, although C. ruderalis consistantly has small leaves. The small-seeded, narrow leaved C. sativa (SS) from India and Pakistan is not so significantly distinct from C. sativa (S) as is C. indica. No formal infraspecific status is proposed for those small-seeded plants, but further study is warranted. The three species, C. sativa, C. indica, and C. ruderalis, are well defined in leaflet width/length ratios, and the latter two are also distinguished from C. sativa in their oblanceolate leaflets (WP/L). Leaf morphology groupings reported here are compatible for those of the holotypes of C. sativa and C. indica; the type specimen of C. ruderalis was not available for measurement. Modal leaflet number for C. sativa was 7 with a mean of 6.35. Leaves of C. indica had a mode of 9 (mean, 8.20), and C. ruderalis had a modal leaflet number of 5 (mean, 4.59). No significant differences were found in leaf morphology between sexes of a given species, but in a few populations the female plants had wider leaflets than did the males. Leaf character sets were generally reinforcing: i.e., leaves of C. indica that were unusually narrow and thereby somewhat like those of C. sativa were also very oblanceolate. The most nearly intermediate leaf morphology was found in a stout Japanese cultivar of C. sativa with W/L = .143 and WP/L = .524. It was unique in having smooth stalks (few if any trichomes) and no THC content. Multivariate analysis would have dramatized the distinctness of the foliar characteristics of the species more completely, but f-tests were considered ample. 63 Table 1. Mean measurements for leaf morphology in Cannabis.* Collection Leaf Features Group set L (mm) W/L WP/L C. sativa (S) 1976 131.7 .133 .460 1972 128.5 .108 .420 wild 114.2 110 .423 C. sativa (SS) 1976 93.0 101 505 1972 90.9 .094 .422 wild 65.4 .097 .402 C. ruderalis (R) 1976 67.1 .163 536 1972 — = _ wild 59.5 .214 517 C. indica (1) 1976 143.3 .207 .578 1972 118.3 .172 .560 wild 83.6 .214 .579 *See text and Fig. | for key to leaf features; C. ruderalis was not grown in the garden in 1972. Table 2. Combined set mean data* for leaf morphology in Cannabis Leaf Feature C. sativa (S) C. sativa (SS) C. ruderalis (R) C. indica (1) L 125.9 78.8 61.8 117.0 Wit 105 — 094 .203 182 WPL .436 426 Pe Ye, 565 * Means connected with are not significantly different (p = >.1) Means connected with are significantly different at p = .1—.05 Means not connected are very significantly different at p = <.01 64 WP Fig. 1. Tracing of leaf of C. indica from plant grown in garden from seed from Afghanistan (Anderson 4390; garden accession AF-G), showing measurements made on central leaflet. L = leaflet length, W = width, and WP = length to widest point of leaflet. The ratios of W/L and WP/L for the various sets of plants are given in Tables | and 2. 65 Fig. 2. Growth patterns in Cannabis species; S = C. sativa, | = C. indica, and R = C. ruderalis. Plants drawn with representative heights of eight, four, and two feet, respectively. 66 DISCUSSION Differing views on the taxonomy of Cannabis have generated much interest—perhaps more so in forensic circles than in scientific settings. Still, species delimitations should be deter- mined on the plant biology rather than on legal implications or societal needs (c.f., Small, 1975). Leaflet morphology and number do correlate well with the distinctive growth forms of the species (Fig. 2). Three major groupings of features are found, and each represents a named species. They are as follows: 1. Cannabis sativa: Plants relatively tall, 5—18 feet tall or more, laxly branched; leaves usually palmately compound with (3) 5-7 (11) leaflets, central leaflet lanceolate with W/L ratio (.05) .09-.12 (.15). Environmentally induced unifoliate (simple) leaves of garden plants from Thailand were also narrowly lanceolate. 2. Cannabis indica: Plants short, 2-4 feet tall, pyramidal, compactly branched; leaflets (5) 7-11 (13), central leaflet oblanceolate with W/L ratios (.14) .17-.21 (.35). 3. Cannabis ruderalis: Plants (female) very short, 0.5—2 feet tall, usually unbranched; leaflets 3-5 (7), central leaflet elliptic with W/L ratio (.10) .16-.21 (.45). Plant heights given are those under normal conditions; C. sativa can be photo-induced to flower in the seedling stage. These three complements of characteristics are found in wild or weedy settings and are maintained in the uniform garden. None of the features appear to be simply environmental variants. Features of wood anatomy also distinguished C. sativa and C. indica (Anderson, 1974). Study of the woods of garden samples is nearly complete. The additional samples are corroborative for those two species, and C. ruderalis wood is intermediate to that of the other two species but distinctive. Other features such as plant odor, leaf color and leaflet serration pattern may prove to be of taxonomic value, but they were not quantified in this study. Similarly, seed (achene) features may be helpful, but I did not collect seeds. Earlier taxonomic 67 applications of achene data are contradictory (Emboden, 1974; Small and Cronquist, 1976). Recent proponents of the monotypic view of Cannabis (Small and Conquist, 1976) emphasize chemical data and interfertility of the plants. Data from hybridization experiments are sometimes over-emphasized. Those which can be achieved through artificial hybridization in the garden or greenhouse often give an exaggerated view of biological interactions among natural populations. In general, interspecific hybridization is a relatively frequent phenomenon (Knoblock, 1959), especially so in wind- pollinated species such as Cannabis. The ability to hybridize or not is not recommended as a sole or major species criterion, because the degree of fertility among interspecific hybrids varies widely (Stace, 1975). This is particularly true for many weedy plants (like Cannabis); Baker (1972) states: “A full spectrum of interspecific hybridization can be seen in the world’s weed flora, from the formation of sterile F; hybrids to the production of vigorous, fertile amphidiploids or significant introgression.” Species of Cannabis are not mutually exclusive in their cannabinoid content, and cannabinoids are known to fluctuate in quantity and composition during the life cycle of the plant. Consequently, a study group sponsored by the United Nations Narcotics Laboratory (1976) stated that “cannabinoid composi- tion can serve only as a limited chemotaxonomic tool.” Turner ef al. (1973) demonstrated that cannabinoid composition is not stable in stored plant material, and Turner (pers. comm.) has noted daily fluctuations in cannabinoid content in living plants. Therefore, a single plant might be classified with Small and Cronquist’s key (1976) as C. sativa ssp. sativa at one time of day and as C. sativa ssp. indica at another time of day! Clearly the use of chemical data as primary taxonomic criteria (Small and Cronquist, 1976) is neither practical nor natural and has been duly criticized by Emboden (1977). Judging from Small’s annotations on herbarium sheets, his predilection to classify plants by intoxicant ability and/or geographical distribution has resulted in placing many plants of C. sativa in with C. indica. Consequently, the two groups would then not represent distinctive morphological forms (perhaps this contributed to his recognition of the groups as subspecies rather 68 than species). My circumscription of C. indica is narrower than that which constitutes C. sativa ssp. indica (Lam.) Small & Cronquist. Thus, it should be noted that studies based on material supplied by Small (such as Clark and Bohm, 1979) would reflect his wider interpretation of C. indica as a subspecies of C. sativa. The genus Cannabis might best be described on morphology rather than chemical composition as having three closely related but distinct species: C. sativa, C. indica, and C. ruderalis. One species, C. sativa, itself is extremely variable, having been domesticated by early man for use as food, fibre, oil, medicine, and hallucinogen. LITERATURE CITED Anderson, L. C. 1974. A study of systematic wood anatomy in Cannabis. Harvard Univ. Bot. Mus. Leafl. 24: 29-36. Baker, H. G. 1972. Migration of weeds, /n Taxonomy, Phytogeography, and Evolution (D. H. Valentine, ed.), Academic Press, New York. Clark, M. N. and B. A. Bohm. 1979. Flavonoid variation in Cannabis L. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 79: 249-257. Emboden, W. A. 1974. Cannabis — a polytypic genus. Econ. Bot. 28: 304-310. Emboden, W. A. 1977. A taxonomy of Cannabis. Taxon 26: 110. Knoblock, I. W. 1959. A preliminary estimate of the importance of hybridization in speciation. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 86: 296-299. Quimby, M. W., N. J. Doorenbos, C. E. Turner, and A. Masoud. 1973. Mississippi-grown marihuana-Cannabis sativa. Cultivation and observed morphological variations. Econ. Bot. 27: 117-127. Schultes, R. E., W. M. Klein, T. Plowman, and T. E. Lockwood. 1974. Cannabis: an example of taxonomic neglect. Harvard Univ. Bot. Mus. Leafl. 23: 337-367. Small, E. 1975. On toadstool soup and legal species of Cannabis. Pl. Sci. Bull. 21: 34-39. Small, E. and A. Cronquist. 1976. A practical and natural taxonomy for Cannabis. Taxon 25: 405-435. Stace, C. A. 1975. Hybridization and the Flora of the British Isles. Academic Press, New York. Turner, C. E., K. W. Hadley, P. S. Fetterman, N. J. Doorenbos, M. W. Quimby, and C. Walter. 1973. Constituents of Cannabis sativa L. 1V: Stability of cannabinoids in stored plant material. J. Pharm. Sci. 62: 1601-1605. United Nations. 1976. The botany and chemotaxonomy of Cannabis. United Nations document MNAR/ 15/1976, Geneva. 69 BOTANTICAL MUSEUM LEAFLETS VoL. 28, No. | MARCH 1980 BIOGEOCHEMICAL RESIDUES AS ETHNOBOTANICAL INDICATORS’ ELIZABETH A. COUGHLIN * and JONATHAN E. ERICSON * In America, the archaeological application of chemical residue analysis of the soil is really in its initial stages. Soil phosphate analysis has been the dominant method used to date, although there is occasional use of other parameters, suchas pH by Weide, (1966) and the now classical C, N, Pand Ca analysis of Cook and Heizer (1965). Sjoberg (1976) has said: “Phosphate analysis is not only suitable for locating and delimiting sites, but can also serve as a useful tool in the interpretation of intrasites relationships. Experimentally, the P content has been used in estimating population size and the duration or intensity of settlements; to determine subsistence base and describe general diets; and to establish relative or even absolute chronology.” This paper proposes to expand the data base of soil residue analysis, particularly with respect to plant residue, by suggesting a new method of Trace Typing which utilizes a measurement of Trace Element Concentration (T.E.C.) and an associated new parameter of Enrichment Ratio which employs dendrochrono- logic data and contemporary botanicals. The development of this Trace Typing has been motivated by the concern that much evidence has been screened out on the back dirt of the archaeological site. Increasingly we see the need to verify specific functional attributes to sites, features, tools and other items. Although macroscopic evidence is usually employed to test the validity ofa 1. Center for Archeological Research and Development Publication No. 4 Paper presented at the Forty-fifth Annual Meeting, Society for American Archeo- logy, Philadelphia, Pa., May 1-3, 1980. Botanical Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. Peabody Museum of Archeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. 71 proposed attribute, soil residue analysis potentially can be used to gain clearer or more complex additional data. Recent works on organic residues are very promising. Rottlander and Schlichterle (1979) have successfully used gas chromatography and thin layer chromatography to identify residues of plants and animals on a series of sites including an open air Aurignacian loess site some 34,000 years old. Pollack, Chang, and Cronin (1977) have reported on the determination of D and L isomers of some protein amino acids present in soils. It does appear that organic residue analysis offers promising possibilities in approaching the archaeological site. We are concerned with focusing on the examination of inorganic elemental components of site residues. Our preliminary findings suggest the potential of using elemental analysis to iden- tify vegetal remains. If we are to expand the data base to include inorganic components of residues, there are three major questions to be asked. 1) What elements will be useful to examine? 2) What is the significance of elemental concentrations? 3) What type of strategy can be applied to implement this research? 1) WHAT ELEMENTS SHOULD BE EXAMINED? Obviously, we would like to examine elements which have low mobility within the soil profile under a variety of conditions. The field of geochemistry has been concerned with the mobility of elements in biogeochemical prospecting. The mobility of elements determines their creation of a dispersion halo around an ore body. For our purposes, this information can be used to select suites of elements having low mobility. Andrew-Jones (1968) described the relative mobilities of elements in a low temperature and pressure environment. In Table One, we have listed the elements which have low mobility (barred) and those having very low mobility to being immobile (stippled). These elements should remain in the soil as residues under oxidizing and reducing conditions, and under acid, neutral to 72 alkaline soil conditions. Table One indicates that there are 40 elements which should be retained with the soil profile. Mobilization of elements is strongly influenced by Eh (ionization potential), pH and the stability of minerals within the soil. Brooks (1972) described four main factors responsible for mobilization and distribution of the elements. 1) Mobilization due to breakdown of soil by weathering and leaching. 2) Adsorption of ions on clay minerals and humus. Clay has an ion exchange capacity of up to 100 meq/100g; humus has a 500 meq/ 100g capacity. 3) Surface enrichment of elements by plant material. Here plants cycle particular elements by absorping from the soil, incorporating into their tissue, and enriching the surface by littering. The humus layers will be enriched relative to the stability of metal complexes with organic matter. 4) Mobilization or fixation by soil micro-organisms, particularly bacteria. Although insignificant in weight, their metabolic processes effectively handle large quantities of material. Given these four factors, we may immediately realize that there will be chemical partitioning between the mobile and immobile elements and the efficiency of chemical traps. Notwithstanding the problems of mobility, there are 40 elements which may be useful in interpreting plant residue. 2) WHAT IS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ELEMENTAL CONCENTRATIONS? As a plant seeks to establish itself, it employs the following methods with respect to the elemental composition of the soil. —First, it demonstrates an exclusion mechanism through which qualitative and quantitative regulation of absorbed elements is accomplished. This mechanism occurs primarily at the roots, although it may occur somewhat in the canopy. —Secondly, this action of elemental uptake is related to function, and that function is the production of compounds. These compounds range from metabolic intermediates, various vitamins and catalysts through pigments such as chlorophyll to particular enzymes such as those associated with respiration and membrane repair. Some additional compounds produced demonstrated a “social” function, like those that promote mutualism, such as insect 73 attractants for pollination purposes, for transmittance of seeds through edible fruits, or by cultivation for economic purposes that is food, medicinal, or industrial use. Other compounds socially “protect” by repelling insects, fungus, herbivorous animals and man. —Thirdly, in the event that the exclusion mechanism fails, or is overloaded, extraneous elements are translocated to the canopy, where exfoliation effectively provides elimination. Hyper-accumulation has a number of promoters: e.g., overwhelming of the exclusion mechanism by very high concentrations demonstrates itself in geochemical prospecting indicators of ore deposits. Metabolic disorders brought about about the first notice of hyper-accumulators by Agricola in 1467 in DE RE METAL- LICA. Agricola described the hyper-accumulators as “sick- looking plants”. Pathologies of respiration, insect or fungus infestation, and tissue degeneration demand the heightened production of the necessary remedial compounds. In the event that the remedial agent cannot keep up with the disease, we are likely to see, in fact, actual deposition of the element at the site of the pathology. Stress is also a promoter of hyper-accumulation. Plants have been shown to hyper-accumulate as a result of stress induced by alternately subjecting the plants to nutrient-rich and nutrient- poor growth solutions. This factor of environmental stress occurring to all plants ina particular ecosystem may display an overall pattern of hyper- accumulation as the community seeks to establish itself, In response to a reduction in soil pH, and thus increased availability of elements for uptake, one would expect a corresponding increase in uptake by plants. Whatever the elemental accumulation, it becomes a factor in the identification of residues and in linking them to their source. 3) WHAT TYPE OF STRATEGY CAN BE APPLIED TO COMPLEMENT THIS RESEARCH? Wood and other plant materials such as gums, resins, reeds, grasses having use in construction and deposits of foods, 74 medicinals, or cosmetics found at domestic, agricultural, religious or other types of archaeological sites could be identified by elemental pattern; with the residue being related to a source (ancient or modern) displaying the same pattern of elements similar to the matching of a blood or tissue type. This Trace Typing of archaeological residues within the perimeter of a site can be accomplished by the following method. TRACE TYPE METHODOLOGY 1. Establish perimeter of the site utilizing: a. Direct observation b. LAND SAT c. Infrared spectrometry or photometry. d. Search for anomolous concentrations in the leaf canopy such as that used in biogeochemical prospecting. 2 Feature location utilizing a larger rectangular grid of 5 x 5 meters or a relative size appropriate to the site and testing for: a. Magnetic anomalies (magnetometer) b. pH (probe:meter) c. Conductivity (probe:meter) d. Phosphates (chemical field kit) e. Total Organic Carbon (laboratory or field lab) Plot these results and produce contour maps. 3. Where anomalies occur, such as: a. Low pH b. High magnetic anomaly c. High phosphate d. High conductivity e. High total organic carbon (TOC) Take additional samples in these areas of anomaly. At this point, the grid size and the sampling strategy can be changed, as well as using 1 3-D sampling array. This will give the structure of tie features through chemical detection. 4. The Trace Typing of organic residues or soils from features should be done with particular reference to the major essential biogenic elements with Jow mobility namely P, 75 Mn, K, Fe. This is a necessary voluntary restriction to provide a pool of elements that demonstrated the most stability in a dynamic and evolving mutualism between the inorganic and organic, the non-living and living interface. Elemental analysis of non-anthropogenic soil samples off- site will provide a background with which to compare the ASH and organic residue samples. If ash or residue element levels are greater than that of the soil background levels, then the following calculation can be made: ~~ Soi) TRACE ELEMENT Soil CONCENTRATION (T.E.C.) Where X=ASH, or organic residue concentration level. We propose the idea of Trace Type. That is, then, a series of 5 T.E.C. measurements typifying a given feature. They are: a. PO, b. Mn c. K d. Fe e. Hyper-accumulating variable(s) It is the Total Trace Type that must be utilized in standardization and comparison to residues within the site and to other reference materials. Once the structure of the feature is established, one can potentially interpret or ascribe function(s) to the feature, relative to plant use. This is particularly feasible in cases where there was low plant diversity and use of hyper- accumulating plants. The soil background samples and those of the feature are analyzed by neutron activation analysis, using the 40 low mobility elements, if detectable. In turn, ancient and modern species are analyzed, utilizing available ethnobotanical evidence of species identified within the feature or site. A comparison of the results will allow one to specify the nature of plant utilization. If there are primary trees that appear to have been in residence during site occupation, they should be cored and 76 submitted for dendrochronological analysis and then further analyzed by neutron autoradiography. This may show details of occupational chronology by _hyper- accumulation of trace elements in the tree through time. High levels suggest site occupation, low or diminishing levels unoccupied periods of time. 9. Additional calculations can be made from dendrochrono- logical data (Tree Rings) and from the Trace Type of the contemporary canopy. TOTAL TEC, DEND. DATA [ Enrichment Ratio D TOTAL FEC. SOM. (Dendro) TOTAL T.E.C. CANOPY , : { Enrichment Ratio C TOTAL T.E.C. SOIL (Canopy) This Enrichment Ratio is indicative of the flow rate of the cycling process between elemental uptake and elemental return. A comparison of modern enrichment processes Enrichment Ratio C compared to past ancient enrichment levels Enrichment Ratio D should bring greater understanding of the ecological conditions and of site occupations at particular locations. We introduce these measurements of Trace Element Concentration (T.E.C.), of TRACE TYPING and of the Enrichment Ratios to stimulate the building of a data base that draws on both ancient and modern materials and that promises to give rise to not only ethnobotanical identifications but to a greater and deeper understanding of plant utilization and transport with respect to archaeological sites. We look forward to examining the evidence for plant utilization on occupation sites, resulting in biogeochemical residues in the soil. If there are specific patterns of accumulation of elements in plant materials, then these patterns will be useful in interpretation. a ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study and the development of this new analytical method has been a collaborative effort between the Ethnobotanical Laboratory of the Botanical Museum of Harvard University and the Center for Research and Development of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology. We wish to thank Professor Richard Evans Schultes, Director of the Botanical Museum, and Professor C. C. Lamberg-Karlovsky, Director of the Peabody Museum for their encouragement and support. We also thank K. Harris for assistance in compiling bibliographical data. BIBLIOGRAPHY Agricola 1467 DE RE METALLICA Andrews-Jones, D. A. 1968 The Application of Geochemical Techniques to Mineral Exploration, Mineral Ind. Bull. 11(6) 31p. Briver, F.L. 1976 New Clues to Stone Tool Function: Plant and Animal Residues, Amer. Antiquity 41(4) 478-484. Broderick, M. 1977 Ascending Paper Chromatographic Technique in Archaeology, Lithic Use-Wear Analysis (ed., B. Hayden) N.Y., Academic Press, 375-384. Brooks, R. R. 1972 Geobotany and Biogeochemistry in Mineral Exploration, Harper and Row, New York. Cook, S. F. and R. F. Heizer 1965 Studies on the Chemical Analysis of Archaeological Sites, University of California Publications in Anthropology, Berkeley, 2, 1-102. Pollock, G. E., C. -N Chang and S. E. Cronin 1977 Determination of the D and L isomers of some protein amino acids, Analytical Chemistry 49 (1) 2-7. Rottlander and Schlichter 1979 Food identification of samples from archaeological sites, Archaeophysiko, 10, 260-267. Shafer, H. J. and R. G. Holloway 1977 Organic Residue Analysis Determining Stone Tool Function, Lithic Use-Wear Analysis (ed., B. Hayden) N.Y., Academic Pres, 385-399. Sjoberg, A. 1976 Phosphate Analysis of Anthropic Soils, J. Field Archaeology, 3 (4) 447-454. 78 Weide, D. L. 1966 Soil pH as a guide to archaeological investigation, UCLA Archaeological Survey, Annual Report, Los Angeles, 155-163. a 08 — PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS VINA 1 2 H He HA WA IVA VA VIA~ VIIA 7 6 7 8 9 10 Bi C|N/|O|FINe N 12 Is 16 17 18 GROUP AT a Mg lB IVB~ VB”) VIB- VIB vill iB 1B A S {Cl} Ar 20 21 eR 123 tee 27 28 [29 30 3) 33 34 35 RY Ca/Sc' Ti V | Cr: Co} Ni|Cu|Zn/Ga As/ Se) Br} Kr 38 —‘|39 [a fs | ts be ‘lar le te a Ey Ysa [Sa Sr/ Y Tc | Ru| Rh} Pd | Ag/Cd/ In | Sn 351 Te | | Xe TABLE 1. ELEMENTS WITH VERY LOW MOBILITY OR IMMOBILE: STIPPLED ELEMENTS WITH LOW MOBILITY: BARRED ELEMENTS WITH LOW MOBILITY WHICH ARE BIOGENIC: DIAGONALLY BARRED BOTANTICAL MUSEUM LEAFLETS VoL. 28, No. 1 MARCH 1980 IBAPICHUNA: AN EDIBLE DACRYODES (BURSERACEAE) FROM fHE NORTHWEST AMAZON JAMES L. ZARUCCHI* It has recently been found that the fruits of Dacryodes belemensis Cuatr. (Burseraceae) are of use to the Kubeo Indians of the Colombian Vaupées. The fruits of this tree, known locally as “Ibapichuna,” are employed to make a beverage. Utilization of this species came to light during recent field work in Colombia and Brazil (1979) while I was studying several apocynaceous genera which yield edible fruits. The principal observations were made during a short stay on the Rio Kubiyu, an affluent of the Rio Vaupés about 50 km. upriver from the town of Mitu (capital of the Comisaria del Vaupés), at approximately 1°03’ N. Lat., 70°16’ W. Long.’ This part of the Colombian Amazonia is adjacent to the Brazilian State of Amazonas. Prior to the present century, this portion of the Vaupés, below the Raudal de Yurupari (“Devil’s Cataract” —0° 50’ N. Lat., 70°34’ W. Long.) on the Rio Vaupés, was claimed by Brazil. During my stay on the Rio Kubiyu, the inhabitants prepared several fruits which supplemented the usual diet of tapioca (from Manihot esculenta), game, and fish. For the most part, these fruits included those of the palms Jessenia Bataua and either Oenocarpus or Euterpe. A fruit unfamiliar to me was collected which the natives know as “Ibapichuna.” The name comes from Tupi-Guarani (Lengoa Géral or Nhengatu) meaning black fruit: iba-fruit; pichi-black (Ruiz, 1876). The fruits were similar in appearance to those of the palms, but they had a green resinous pulp covering a hard endocarp, rather than the pink- to-purple oily pulp characteristic of the palms. It was possible to *Botanical Museum and Department of Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138. ' Previous studies in 1975 and 1976 were carried out in the same region, primarily on mem- bers of the Apocynaceae and other plants of economic interest. 8] gather specimens from a nearby tree which had been felled that very day for its ripe fruit. A duplicate of that collection (Zarucchi 2487) was sent to the Smithsonian Instititution, where it was determined as the second known collection of Dacryodes belemensis Cuatr.2 Dr. José Cuatrecasas, who made the identifi- cation, has said that my voucher collection “coincides perfectly with the type specimen [Pires s.n. holotype US] in outlines, texture, size and color” (Cuatrecasas, pers. comm.). He also mentioned that the use of the fruits by indigenous peoples “indicates that the species is less rare than the scarcity of botanical specimens might suggest.” Conversations with several botanists (R.E. Schultes, J. Cuatrecasas, and H. Garcia-Barriga), familiar with the Rio Kubiyt and/or adjacent areas of the Colombian Vaupés, have failed to turn up specimens or additional observations regarding the food use or occurrence of Dacryodes. Dacryodes is a pantropical, dioecious member of the Burseraceae which was first described by Vahl in 1810, based upon a collection from Puerto Rico (Cuatrecasas, 1957; Lam, 1932). The majority of the species, as the genus is presently accepted, occur in Africa and Asia (sections Pachylobus and Tenuipyrena). The twenty neotropical species are assigned to the wholly American section Dacryodes. The most recent revision of this section by Cuatrecasas (1957) comprises fifteen species and two varieties; five additional species have been described since Cuatrecasas’ publication (fide: Gray Herbarium Cards). Species of sect. Dacryodes are known from widespread areas in tropical America: from the Caribbean Islands to scattered localities in northern South America. Most species are known from only a few collections; some are represented solely by fruiting specimens. My collection (2487) appears to represent the second one of Dacryodes belemensis and was found some 2450 km. from the type locality: “Brazil: Belém em terras do Inst. Agron. de Norte (Reserva de floresta nativa), Horto Mucambo, arvore no. /0-/8, 2 Specimens of Zarucchi 2487 have been deposited in the herbarium of the Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogoté (COL); the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University (GH); and the United States National Herbarium (US). Additional duplicates will be distributed from COL and GH. 82 J. M. Pires (holotype, US).” No flowering material is yet available for this species. The voucher collection for this study was made on July 16, 1979, near the end of the rainy season. The specimens were collected from a tree 15 m. tall; the trunk was clear of branches for about two-thirds of its height. The tree has alternate imparipinnate (usually 2- to 3-jugate) compound leaves with axillary inflorescences. The mature fruits are oblong- ellipsoid, about 20-25 mm. long and 13 mm. in diameter. Natives of the Rio Kubiyu, with whom I spent several weeks, provided the following information regarding “Ibapichuna.” It is a medium-sized tree of the forest understory, said to be relatively rare in mature forests, found growing on non-inundated sandy soil. Furthermore, it is reported that not all of the trees produce fruit, suggesting that the species is dioecious. The local inhabitants claim that it flowers in February or March. The manner of fruit collection is destructive. Trees are felled, and all of the mature fruits (deep violet to black) are gathered and carried back to the habitation in a woven palm leaf basket. The trees that are felled are visited repeatedly over several weeks as additional fruits become mature.’ A normal tree yields 3 to 4 kg. of fruit in the initial gathering. No use is made of the wood, but it was pointed out that the trees produce a resin which can be used for torches. After the fruits are washed thoroughly, they are put into a large vessel, covered with water, and placed over a fire to heat slowly to near the boiling point; this takes approximately 30 minutes. The fruits can now be eaten, but they are usually crushed and extracted to prepare an after-dinner beverage. To make this drink, the warm fruits are placed upon a loosely woven sieve basket, with an appropriate container below to catch the extracted pulp. The fruits are then crushed by hand, and warm water is repeatedly added to the mass of pericarp, pulp, and bony endocarp to extract the green pulp. The kneading process continues until most of the pulp has passed through the sieve. The resulting liquid is a resinous, bright green beverage with an appearance similar to thin spinach purée. > This repeated gathering of fruits from a felled tree has previously been observed by the author in the case of Couma macrocarpa Barb. Rodr. (Apocynaceae), known in the Colombian Amazon as “Juansoco” and as “Sorva” in Brazil. 83 I found the drink difficult to imbibe. My informant, Sr. Miguel Triana, stated that not everyone partakes of the beverage; the resinous quality is not universally enjoyed. The heated fruits are more palatable, although they have a sharp, tangy taste. The fruit is crushed between the tongue and the roof of the mouth, and the creamy-smooth, slightly fibrous pulp is extracted by the tongue from between the crisp exocarp and the bony endocarp. These latter parts are then expelled from the mouth. Much practice is necessary to accomplish this maneuver with ease. A collection by Cardona (Cardona 2364— Dacryodes peruviana var.caroniensis) reports that the fruits are eaten by the Arekuna Indians of Venezuela: “... arbol 30 m. cuyo fruto llamado ‘ura’ es comido por los Arekunas” (Cuatrecasas, 1957). Lam (1932), in his study of the Burseraceae for southeast Asia, mentions in the discussion of Darcyodes rostrata that “the fruits are said to be very bitter to the taste, although a Luzon specimen mentions that they are eatable.” Uphof (1968) states that Dacryvodes edulis from tropical West Africa has edible fruits that are consumed by the natives. Additional uses of Dacryodes described by Uphof include the utilization of woods in construction and the extraction of resins. In 1965, Sandwith described Dacryvodes trinitensis from Trinidad. This species which he compared with Dacryodes excelsa (a widespread West Indian species) and Dacryodes belemensis, was observed by Dr. D. W. Snow as being one of the most important sources of food for the Oilbird (Sreatornis caripensis). A discussion of the fruits and their food value, as well as the role that the Oilbirds might play in the dispersal of the Dacryodes fruits is presented by Sandwith (1965). The observation of the role of Dacryodes belemensis as a food source therefore complements previous studies of other members of the genus and suggests directions for future study of this little- known tropical species. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank the Director and Staff of the Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia (Bogota) through which my field work was conducted, with the permission of INDERENA. Funding for field studies in 1979 (Colombia and 84 Brazil) was provided by the Atkins Garden Fund of Harvard University and the National Science Foundation (NSF Grant INT78-23341: G. T. Prance, Principal Investigator). Special thanks are due to Dr. Roberto Jaramillo M. of the Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Sr. Miguel Triana of the Rio Kubiyu, and Dr. José Cuatrecasas of the Smithsonian Institution. PRINCIPAL WORKS CONSULTED Cuatrecasas, J. 1957. The American Species of Dacryodes. Trop. Woods 106: 46-65. Kalkman, C. 1954. Revision of the Burseraceae of the Malaysian Area ina Wider Sense Vla, VII-IX. Blumea 7(3): 498-552. Lam,H.J. 1932. The Burseraceae of the Malay Archipelago and Peninsula. Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, sér. 3, 12(3-4): 281-560. Leenhouts, P. W., C. Kalkman, and H.J.Lam. 1955. Burseraceae. Flora Malesiana, ser. |, 5(2): 209-296. Ruiz de Montoya, P. A. 1876. Arte de la Lengua Guarani, 6 mas bien Tupi (Gramatica y Diccionarios). Faesy & Frick, Vienna. Sandwith, N.Y. 1965. Contributions to the Flora of Tropical America; LXXV — A New Dacryodes in Trinidad. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 52(3): 434-437. Uphof, J.C. Th. 1968. Dictionary of Economic Plants. Second edition. Ver- lag von J. Cramer, Lehre. 85 BOTANTICAL MUSEUM LEAFLETS VoL. 28, No. | MARCH 1980 RUIZ AS AN ETHNOPHARMACOLOGIST IN PERU AND CHILE RICHARD EVANS SCHULTES One of the regrettable situations in modern botanical research is the frequent lack of interest on the part of systematists and floristic specialists in native uses of plants. This neglect, some- times even disdain, of indigenous knowledge and utilization of plants appears to be on the increase at a time when much of the world’s native lore hovers on the verge of extinction. Field botanists of periods past usually gave more attention to the relationship of peoples in primitive societies to their ambient vegetation. Yet even these earlier investigators were often so engrossed in the study of the general flora that they passed up opportunities of outstanding potentialities in tapping native understanding of the properties of plants. Don Hipolito Ruiz, the Spanish botanist who directed a plant collecting expedition to Peru and Chile from 1777 to 1788, represents a notable exception to the rule. Ruiz is commonly regarded — and quite correctly so — as a systematic and floristic botanist, yet his writings indicate that he should be considered also as a major ethnobotanist of his period. Ruiz was deeply interested in the uses of plants and in classification of economic plants. He devoted special attention to Cinchona, source of quinine, and wrote extensively on this genus. He published monographic studies on specific native medicinal plants. Indigenous use of plants is often noted in his descriptions of new species. The various published works of Ruiz and his colleague, Don José Pavoén, contain many references to native uses of the plants of Peru and Chile. This is true especially of their Systema Vegetabilium Florae Peruvianae et Chilesis (1798) and their Flora Peruviana et Chilensis (1798-1802). It is, however, in Ruiz’ Relacion Historica del Viage que Hizoa los Reynos del Peru y Chile el Botanico Hipolito Ruiz en el Afio de 1777 hasta el de 1788 ..., a kind of diary, that one finds the 87 greatest wealth of ethnobotanical data. With the exception of an ethnobotanical index in the Jaramillo Spanish edition of the Relacion (see below), these original notes apparently have not hitherto been gathered together for publication. In 1940, the Field Museum of Natural History published an English translation of the Spanish edition of Ruiz’ Relacion published by Padre Agustin Jesus Barreiro in 1931. This edi tion represents only a part of the Re/acion. During the Second World War, whilst he was serving as Colombian Ambassador to the Court of St. James, the late Dr. Jaime Jaramillo Arango discovered in the British Museum (Natural History) the manuscript of the entire Re/acion of Ruiz. This complete document was edited by Dr. Jaramillo and elegantly published in Spain in 1952. At the request of Dr. Jaramillo, I translated the Spanish text into English with his wife, Dona Maria José de Jaramillo. Our translation is now ready for publication. It is from this original and complete edition that the following notes on the ethnopharmacological uses of Peruvian and Chilean plants have been culled. In view of the current interest in biodynamic plants, I have decided in this paper to report only those uses that depend apparently on the presence of active secondary organic chemical constituents: medicines, poisons, perfumes, dyes, etc. The Rela- cion contains many other ethnobotanical references to plants valued in construction, as foods, as sources of wood, as material for clothing and for other purposes — uses obviously based on the carbohydrates, proteins and fats and oils content of the plants. Ruiz’ ethnobotanical reports should be unusually significant and important to modern students. They are the result of direct observation in the field; they were gathered by a botanist and are based on voucher specimens; they outline plant uses of two hundred years ago by natives in a relatively primitive society which has long since passed from existence. It has seemed most useful to present the following data under the plant name used by Ruiz in his Re/acion. I have found that an appreciable number of the Latin binomials have apparently never been validly published. However, since they have all appeared in Jaramillo’s Spanish edition of the Re/acion and since 88 some were published in Barreiro’s earlier incomplete edition, they may be considered as nomina nuda. Amongst the names used in the Relacidn, a few are synonyms; it has been possible in some cases to indicate in brackets under the original binomial the currently accepted name. The genera are arranged alphabetically under families. The families are enumerated in accord with the system of Engler and Prantl. POLY PODIACEAE Polypodium Incapcocam nom. nud. (cucacuca; incapcocam; coca del Inca) According to the Indians, the Incas used the leaf in place of real coca. In the form of a powder, it was taken instead of tobacco “to clear the head.” PTERIDACEAE Achrostichum Cuacsaro Bert. Opusc. Sci. Bol. 1 (1817) 241, t.8. (cuacsaro) The roots are sold commercially as genuine calaguala (Polypo- dium sp.), but they lack the medicinal virtues. ARAUCARIACEAE Pinus chilensis nom. nud. [Araucaria araucana (Mcl.) C. Koch Dendrol. 2, 11 (1873) 206. | (pino de Chile) When the natives engaged in felling this tree gash themselves severely, they apply the resin of the tree to the wound. “There is no doubt that it produces the effect that they want. It is also found to be very helpful as a calmative in cases of ruptures and bruises.” ARACEAE Calla nuda nom. nud. The root is thought to have properties making it effective in the treatment of snake bites. BROMELIACEAE Pourretia coarctata R. et P. Fl. Peruv. 3 (1802) 34. [Puya chilensis Mol. Sagg. Chil. (1782) 160, 351.] (card6n; puya) 89 An excellent extract for setting fractures is got from the raceme or long stalk of the inflorescence of this plant. The nectar of the flowers is fragrant and tasty; when applied to an aching ear, it is said to lessen the pain and to cure the ailment. Tillandsia usneoides L. Sp. Pl., Ed. 2 (1762) 411. (salvagina, saccropa, millmahina, cotataura) In warm baths, this plant is valued as an antinervine to rebuild physical strength and to aid in inducing sleep. The Indians fill mattresses with it to repell flies. It is likewise appreciably valued by those with back-ache and kidney trouble. Crushed and mixed with fat, it is applied to treat hemorrhoids. SMILACACEAE Smilax China L. Sp. Pl. (1753) 1029. (purampsil) An infusion of the roots is frequently used by the Indians to relieve rheumatic pains and as an excellent sudorific. Ruiz published more extensively on native uses of this plant in his Memoria sobre la Raiz de China, Real Academia Médica de Madrid, vol. | (1797). AMARYLLIDACEAE Agave americana L. Sp. Pl. (1753) 323. (pita; ancaschampascera; maguey mexicana) The Indians employ an infusion and decoction of the roots to cure rheumatic and venereal pains. It is drunk in large quantities. The leaves yield a “honey” or extract which is believed to be excellent for cleansing and healing ulcers. The leaves are roasted, and the juice is squeezed out whilst they are still hot. The extract is then boiled down to the thickness of soft honey, in which state it is applied with no other agent to cure not only ulcers in man but also sores on beasts of burden and the wounds which they often suffer on the head and feet. Alstroemia Ligtu L. Sp. Pl., Ed. 2 (1762) 462. (liutu) The Chileans extract a white starch from the roots which provides a soft food for babies and the elderly and those suffering from stomach ailments. This flour is very easily digested. 90 Polianthes tuberosa L. Sp. Pl. (1753) 316. (Cited in the Relacidn as Polyanthes tuberosa.) (margaritas blancas; vara de Jesse) Emollient plasters are prepared from the roots. IRIDACEAE Sisyrinchium anceps Cav. Diss. 6 (1788) 345, t.190, fig. 2. S. Ocsapurga nom. nud. (palma—palma; pajapurgante) A decoction of the roots is laxative. A slight tasting of these roots leaves a pungency and acrimony in the mouth for more than six hours and may cause much discomfort. “I judge from this that its purgative properties are too drastic and ought to be used more cautiously than the Indians are wont to do.” Sisyrinchium luteum Bert. ex Steud. Nom., Ed. 2 (1841) 596. [Sisyrinchium tinctorium HBK. Nov. Gen. et Sp. | (1816) 324.] Sysyrinchium convolutum Nocca PI. Select. Ticin. (1800) 128, i,t. Sisyrinchium purgans nom. nud. (ossapurga; pajapurgante) The natives employ the roots as a purgative, controlling the strong laxative effects with draughts of cold water. Since it is a potent laxative, it must be used with caution. Sisyrinchium multiflorum Steud. Nom., Ed. 2, 2. (1841) 596. [Orthrosanthus multiflorus (Steud.) Sweet Fl. Austr. (1827 —1828) t.11.] (tekel; huilmo blanco) The Chilean natives use this plant as a strong laxative, making an infusion of the roots in water. Sisyrinchium quadriflorum nom. nud. (huilmo) A decoction or warm infusion of the roots is taken as a purgative and to expel “venereal humours.” ZINGIBERACEAE Amomum racemosum R. et. P. Fl. Peruv. 1(1798) 2. [Renealmia Ruiziana Horan. Prod. Scitam. (1862) 33.] (achira de monte) 9] The seeds are “not less oily and useful for medicinal purposes than the seeds of Amomum thyrsoideum, which is plentiful...” PIPERACEAE Piper Carpunya R. et. P. Fl. Peruv. | (1798) 37, t. 63. (carpunya) The aromatic leaves become more fragrant when dried. The natives drink one or two cups of an infusion as an aid to digestion. They prefer it to real tea. Piper dichotomum R. et P. Fl. Peruv. | (1798) 35, t. 60. (Cited in the Relacién as Piper dichotoma) The leaves of this species can be used as a substitute for P. Carpunya, for they are almost equally as fragrant and tasty. CHLORANTHACEAE Tafalla glauca R. et. P. Syst. (1798) 271. [Hedyosmum glaucum (R. et P.) Cordem. in Adansonia 3 (1863) 303. ] (aitacupi) These bushes give off tears of resin, very similar in shape, colour, and smell to mastic, for which reason the plant is frequently called almaciga. The resin is used to alleviate headaches, applied to the temples as a plaster. Tafalla triflora nom. nud. (aitacup1) The resin, called almaciga (“mastic”), is collected in some regions of Peru and used as a comforting plaster. JUGLANDACEAE Juglans nigra L. Sp. Pl. (1753) 997. (nogal del pais) “Take equal parts of the native walnut, soot and colophony and boil them together with wool previously soaked in alum solution. The resulting dye is resin-colour.” M YRICACEAE Myrica stornatatoria nom. nud. (ssayre; tuppassayre; laurel) The entire shrub is useful for dyeing leather black. The powdered bark causes repeated sneezing and is extensively used to clear the head and to relieve headaches. 92 BETULACEAE Betula nigra L. Sp. Pl. (1753) 982. (ramra) The bark soaked in urine gives colour to sole leather; it can also dye cottons and woollens a cinnamon hue. The bark serves also as a tannin. Pounded up and mixed with lard, the leaves are applied as a poultice to cleanse and heal ulcers. Without lard, they are valued in treating inflammations. When applied to fresh wounds, they staunch the flow of blood. F AGACEAE Fagus oblongifolia nom. nud. (pellin) Chileans empluy the bark to dye woollens a dark purple. Fagus Pellin nom. nud. (pellin) Crushed up and mixed with lime or bran, the bark is employed as a tanning material, dyeing sole leather a red colour. URTICACEAE Urtica spiralis Domb. ex Wedd. in Ann. ser. 3, 18 (1852) 232. A gum resembling gum arabic weeps from the wounds inflicted on the branches. The yield is small. PROTEACEAE Embothrium dentatum R. et. P. Fl. Peruv. | (1798) 62, t. 94. (raral) The bark and leaves are the source of a black dye. Embothrium emarginatum R. et P. Fl. Peruv. | (1798) 62. [Embothrium grandiflorum Lam. Encycl. 2 (1786) 354.] t. 95. (catas; machinparrani) The leaves are crushed and applied to contusions by the Indians; powdered, they are said to dry up ulcers and help the growth of new flesh. Embothrium monospermum R. et P. Fl. Peruv. | (1798) 63, t. 98. [ Roupala monosperma (R. et P.) 1. M. Johnston in Contrib. Gray Herb. 73 (1924) 42.] 93 Embothrium pinnatum R. et P. Fl. Peruv. | (1798) 63, t. 97. [Roupala pinnata (R. et P.) Diels ex Macbride in Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 13, pt. 2, no. 2 (1937) 374.] (catas; picahuai) According to native belief, a powder prepared from the leaves of these two species, when applied to ulcers, hastens healing and the growth of clean new flesh. LORANTHACEAE Loranthus semicalyculatus nom. nud. Loranthus verticillatus R. et P. Fl. Peruv. 3 (1802) 47. [ Phrygilanthus verticillatus (R. et P.) Eichl. in Martius FI. Bras. 5, pt. 2 (1868) 47.] (ictricgo; michtrin; quintral) Both species yield a black dye. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE Aristolochia fragrans nom. nud. [This name may represent the same species—concept as Aristolochia fragrantissima Ruiz in Mem. Virt. Bejuco Estrella (1805) 46.] (bejuco de la estrella; contrayerba) The Cholone Indians use the root to cure rheumatic and venereal pains, drinking a decoction of it at night. “A few hours after taking such a draught, the patient breaks out in a profuse sweat that continues for three days. On the fourth day, he is fully recovered and can leave his sick bed without any ill effects to hinder his work. I have used this root in Peru for killing toothache, upon the recommendation of Father Francisco Gonzalez Laguna. One might expect that in time this root will find an important use in medicine, for its aroma and taste bespeak excellent properties, making it valuable for a number of therapeutic applications, surpassing those of Serpentaria virgi- niana. POLYGONACEAE Coccoloba carinata Ruiz ex Meissn. in DC. Prodr. 14(1856) 150. [Muehlenbeckia tamnifolia (HBK.) Meissn. Comm. 2 (1840) 221.1 Coccoloba nitida HBK. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 2 (1817) 176. (muyaca) 94 The Indians consider this shrub to be an excellent diuretic for ailments of the urinary tract. Rumex Patentia L. Sp. Pl. (1753) 333. (hualtata) The purplish leaves are used in Chile as a supperative agent, whereas the green leaves are employed as a resolutive. Both kinds of leaves, applied to the back, “reduce the heat of the blood.” CHENOPODIACEAE Chenopodium amarum nom. nud. C. dulce nom. nud. (payco) A warm infusion is considered in Chile to be an excellent digestive and is used in place of tea. AMARANTHACEAE Achyranthes obovata Pav. ex Mog. in DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 2. (1849) 359. [Alternanthera Achyrantha R. Br. Prodr. | (1810) 417.] Achyranthes rigida nom. nud. (yerba del moro hembra and yerba del moro macho, respectively) Both specimens are employed in decoction to lessen bleeding. Crushed with salt, they are applied to lessen bloody hemorrhages and heal ulcers; the poultice is changed every 24 hours. The natives heal bruises and cuts of the feet caused by the calyces of these species that enter as splinters when shoes are not worn. Celosia conferta nom. nud. (yerba de la sangre) The juice and a decoction of its tuberous root are considered to be hemostatic — whence the vernacular name. PORTULACCACEAE Talinum monandrum R. et P. Syst. (1798) 118. Talinum nitidum R. et P. Syst. (1798) 117. Talinum umbellatum R. et P. Syst. (1798) 117. (yerba de la mistela) The flowers impart a crimson colour to mistela (a liquid made of urine, sugar and cinnamon). The country women tint their a5 cheeks with the juice of this herb, and it gives them a “bright and attractive blush.” NYCTAGINACEAE Boerhaavia scandens L. Sp. Pl. (1753) 3. (yerba de la purgacion) The infusion or decoction is thought to be effective against gonorrhoea. Neea verticillata R. et P. Syst. (1798) 90. The fruits are used by Indians to stain feet, hands and face purple; they are also a source of a dye for cotton. PHYTOLACCACEAE Phytolacca icosandra L. Sp. Pl. (1753) 631. The Indian women value the ripe fruits to make a dye for cotton. AIZOACEAE Sesuvium Portulacastrum L. Syst. Ed. 10 (1759) 1058. (litho) In Ica and other parts of Peru, the aborigines collect this species of glasswort for use in manufacturing glass and soap. BASELLACEAE Chenopodium tuberosum nom. nud. [Ullucus tuberosus Lozano in Caldas Sem. Nueva Granada (1809) 185. ] (ulluco) The roots are a common carbohydrate food. An infusion of the whole plant is taken as an expectorant and aid in childbirth. BERBERIDACEAE Berberis lutea R. et P. Fl. Peruv. 3 (1802) 51, t. 280. (ccarhuascassa; palo amarillo) Indian women utilize the wood of this species to dye their cottons and course textiles a beautiful and fast canary yellow. Berberis mucronata nom. nud. Berberis tortuosa Domb. ex DC. Syst. 2 (1821) 11, in syn. [B. flexuosa R. et P. Fl. Peruv. 3 (1802) 52, t. 281.] The wood yields an excellent yellow dye. 96 MONIMIACEAE Pavonia sempervirens R. et P. Syst. (1798) 253. [ Laurelia sempervirens (R. et P.) Tul. in Arch. Mus. Paris 8 (1855 ~56) 416.] (laurel de Chile) Warm baths of this plant are believed to “strengthen the nerves” and, because of this virtue, the plant is used in treating convulsions, paralysis and rheumatic spasms. When drunk at each meal time, an infusion of the leaves is said to calm rheumatic pains. GOMORTEGACEAE Gomortega nitida R. et P. Syst. (1798) 108. [Gomortega Keule(Mol.) 1. M. Johnston in Contrib. Gray Herb., n.s. no. 70 (1924) 92.] (keule) The leaves have an acid—astringent taste and stick to the teeth when they are chewed because of their resin content. If crushed between the fingers, they give off a fragrance suggestive of rosemary and spirits of turpentine; judging from its aromatic qualities, we might infer that the plant possesses healing properties. “The beautiful fruits are as large as small hen’s eggs and are lustrous, of a yellow colour that invites one to eat them. When eaten in excess, however, they bring on headaches.” LAURACEAE Laurus fragrans Salisb. Prodr. (1796) 344. [Lindera Bensoin Meissn. in DC. Prodr. 15 (1864) 244.] (mucamuca) The seeds are aromatic and have stomachic properties. Laurus Peumo Domb. ex Lam. Encycl. 3 (1789) 455. (peumo) The bark has astringent properties and yields an orange -coloured dye for leathers. The Chileans assert that the fruits possess virtues valuable in treating dropsy. Ruizia fragrans R. et. P. Syst. (1798) 267. [Peumus Boldus Mol. Sagg. Chil. (1782) 185.] (boldu; boldo) 97 Chileans employ the crushed leaves extensively “to strengthen the stomach” and relieve pains. They cure earaches with the sap of the leaves extracted with water. To treat running sores and colds in the head, they apply the leaves, half roasted, bruised and sprayed with wine. Warm baths prepared with the leaves are taken as unsurpassed cures for rheumatism and dropsy. An infusion of the leaves can be taken daily in place of tea. PAPAVERACEAE Bocconia frutescens L. Sp. Pl. (1753) 505. (palo amarillo) This vernacular name refers to the colour of the sap, which can be employed to dye cottons, woollens and course hempen cloth yellow. CRUCIFERAE. Lepidium foetidum nom. nud. [This name may refer to the species—concept Coronopus didymus (L.) Smith Fl. Brit. 2 (1800-1804) 691.] (chichiccara; huanuccara; mastuerzo silvestre) Frequently, this herb is used to cure “valley sickness.” The plant is rubbed vigourously in water which is then administered as an enema. Crushed and slightly warm, it is poulticed to cleanse and cure cancerous ulcers. Crushed and mixed with lard, it is applied to the abdomen to relieve swelling brought on by retarded menstruation. Sisymbrium Sophia Barnh. in C. Gay FI. Chil. | (1845) 127. (Cited in the Relacion as Sisymbrium sophiae.) (ucuspatallan) In the Provinces of Tarma and Huamalies, this plant is used as a diuretic. Some believe it to be a stronger diuretic than it is, “for they prepare the infusion with the dried plant, in which state it lacks ammonium and is, therefore, nearly inert.” CRASSULACEAE Sedum Ccallu nom. nud. (ccallu) The juice is used to dissolve films and the beginnings of cataracts of the eyes. 98 S AXIFRAGACEAE Stereoxylon resinosum R. et P. Prodr. (1794) 14, t. 6. [ Escallonia resinosa (R. et P.) Pers. Syn. 1 (1805) 235.] (tiri encarnado; puca tiri; chachacoma) The women esteem the tips of the branchlets to prepare a purple and red dye. ROSACEAE Acaena anserinaefolia nom. nud. This plant is used to treat gonorrhoea, the infusion or decoction being drunk in the morning and afternoon. Acaena pinnatifida R. et P. Syst. (1798) 413. This plant is reputedly an excellent diuretic and refrigerant. Geum urbanum L. Sp. Pl. (1753) 501. (quellgon; canelilla) The epithet canelilla (“little cinnamon”) alludes to the aroma of the roots, which are used in infusion or decoction as an apperative and resolutive. Some people keep pieces of the root in the mouth to counteract the unpleasant smell often engendered by decaying teeth. Kageneckia lanceolata R. et P. Syst. (1798) 290. The bark and leaves are bitter and are employed in infusion for treating fevers. Kageneckia oblonga R. et P. Syst. (1798) 289. (guayo colorado) The bark is employed in tanning skins, and the natives in Chile value the seeds as a purgative. Nespilus uniflora C. Kock in Wochenschr. 5 (1862) 383. An infusion is considered a cure for the sickness known as verrugas (Carrion’s disease). Smegmadermas emarginata R. et P. Syst. (1798) 288. [Quillaja Saponaria Mol. Sagg. Chile (1802) 175, 354.] (quilley) A decoction of the bark is applied in clysters for treating hysterics. ee LEGUMINOSAE Astragalus canescens Bunge, Astrag. 2 (1879) 174. (garbancillo) When eaten in excess, this legume causes severe pains and constant trembling in animals. It may lead to death. Caesalpinia Tara R. et P. Fl. Peruv. 4 (1802) t. 374. [ Caesalpinia spinosa (Mol.) Kuntze Rev. Gen. 3, pt. 2 (1898) 54.] (tara) Sticks of tara are split up finely; urine is poured over the pieces of wood, which are then set out in the sun. Urine is repeatedly poured over them, until they are well soaked. After airing, the sticks are boiled in water, together with red tiri (Stereoxylon resinosum) and woollen or cotton fabrics. The dye is a purplish red. The dried fruit of tara and a bit of soot are boiled together with woollens soaked in iron sulphate or vitriol without acid. The fabric will be dyed a beautiful clove—colour. Cassia mimosoides L. Sp. PI. (1753) 379. (huaranhillo) [This vernacular name applies to Cassia glandulosa L. Sp. PI. (1753) 542.] Cassia Tora L. Sp. Pl. (1753) 376. An infusion of the leaves of both species acts as a purgative. Cassia procera nom. nud. (canafistula) The bittersweet pulp of the pod is taken as a laxative by Peruvian Indians. Cassia reflexa Salisb. Prodr. (1796) 326. (mayo; mayu) The bark yields a yellow dyestuff. Cassia setacea nom. nud. Cassia undecimjuga nom. nud. (pachapacte; hatumpacte) The natives use the leaves in infusion as a purgative. Indigofera Anil L. Mant. 2 (1771) 272. (anil) Indigo for ink and paint is extracted from this plant in Peru. 100 Mimosa sp. (espina) In Chile, the rind of the pod is used to make a black ink. Mimosa punctata L. Syst. Ed. 10 (1759) 1311. (tapateputilla) A powder made of the leaves is esteemed in Lurin as the best remedy for healing ulcers. Myroxylon peruiferum L. f. Suppl. (1781) 233. (quinoquino) A pomade of the fruits prepared in powder form together with the bark mixed with tallow or resins is applied as a poultice to reduce headaches. The crushed fresh leaves are said to heal new wounds; the same properties are claimed for the resin and the bark, for both are renowned as admirable balsamic and vulnerary agents. An oil called quinaquina is prepared from the fruits. A balm, reputedly very effective for ulcers of the chest, is prepared from four ounces of the fruit bruised and infused ina pint of wine for twenty-four hours; this is then cooked over a slow heat witha pound and a half of ordinary oil, until it is dry. Then one pound of turpentine and one ounce and a half of incense and an equal amount of myrrh are added. This preparation is said to agglutinate and heal open sores. Negretia elliptica R. et P. Syst. (1798) 176. [Mucuna elliptica (R. et P.) DC. Prodr. 2 (1825) 405. ] Negretia inflexa R. et P. Syst. (1798) 176. [Mucuna inflexa (R. et P.) DC. Prodr. 2 (1825) 405. ] (llamapanaui) The seeds are believed to be antidotal to the stings of small insects. They are taken in the form of a powder in two doses, and the powder is dusted over the bites of the toxic animal. Negretia spinosa nom. nud. [This name refers probably to the species-concept Mucuna elliptica (R. et P.) DC. Prodr. 2 (1825) 405.] (llamapanaul) The Indians consider the seed an effective antidote for snake bites and insect stings. It is powdered and applied directly to the bite, and about one drachma of the seed swollen in water is taken 101 internally. Some take half a scruple of the prickles or bristles ina cup of chocolate, milk or sugared water as an anthelmintic. Psoralea capitata L. f. Suppl. (1781) 339. (yerba de San Agustin; yerba de la Trinidad, yerba del Carnera, huallicaya) The natives often utilize the leaves to cleanse ulcers of pus and to aid in regeneration of flesh; later, leaves of the same plant are applied in powdered form to hasten healing. K RAMERIACEAE Krameria triandra R. et P. Fl. Peruv. 4 (1803) 61, t. 93. (ratanhia; pumacuchu; mapato) The roots have excellent styptic properties that can staunch the flow of blood, according to native belief. The dose for a decoction is half an ounce of dry root or one drachma of its water extract weakened with two or three ounces of ordinary water. This root is good for “cleansing and strengthening the teeth.” According to Ruiz, the root “surpasses in efficiency all other herbs which are employed at the present time to staunch the flow of blood and lacks the evil after-effects that other astringents cause. Experi- ments with more than one thousand persons who have taken the extract under the care of the best physicians bear out the statement.” Ruiz published more extensively on the styptic uses of this plant in his Memoria sobre la Ratanhia in Memoirs of the Medical Academy of Madrid, vol. | (1797). OXALIDACEAE Oxalis Ockas nom. nud. [ Oxalis tuberosa Mol. Sagg. Chile 3 (1782) 109.] (chullco—chullco; occas) The stems and leaves are called chullco (“sorrel”) and are said to be used “as a cooling agent in high fevers and typhoid,” in treating painful urination, choking, sore throat and jaundice. The roots are crushed and applied as a cataplasm to reduce the swelling of goitre and mumps. TROPAEOLACEAE Tropaeolum majus L. Sp. PI. (1753) 345. (masteurzo; capuchinas) 102 The Peruvian natives frequently employ this plant to treat scurvy and mouth sores. LINACEAE Linum confertum nom. nud. (merulagueén) An infusion and decoction are frequently prescribed in treating catarrhal coughs and lung ailments. When crushed and mixed with urine, the plant can be applied as a poultice to dissolve various kinds of tumours. MELIACEAE Guarea purpurea C. DC. in DC. Monogr. Phan. | (1878) 564. (chenior) Indian women in Peru dye their cotton goods and baize a purplish hue with this plant. MALPIGHIACEAE Malpighia nitida Jacq. Enum. (1760) 21. [ Bunchosia nitida (Jacq.) Juss. in Ann. Mus. Par. 18 (1811) 481.] (ciruela del pais; ciruela del fraile) The seeds, in flavour rather like fresh almonds, have purgative properties and bring on nausea. POLYGALACEAE Polygala aff. discolor nom. nud. (mascca) Indian women use the bark of the root to prepare a wash to cleanse and stimulate hair. Intensely bitter, the bark forms a lather like that of soap. Polygala vulgaris L. Sp. Pl. (1753) 702. (clinclin) In Chile, a warm infusion of this plant is valued as an excellent diuretic. Monnina polystachya R. et P. Syst. (1798) 171. According to Ruiz, the bark has been shown to be effective in treating dysentery and asthmatic ailments. Three grains of its powder are taken in the morning and evening at the beginning of the treatment, and the dose continues to increase for several months. Monnina salicifolia R. et P. Syst. (1798) 172. (hacchiquies; pahuata-huinac, which means “growing at night”) Women prepare from this plant a hair wash and believe that it stimulates exuberant growth of the hair. The saponaceous constituents free the scalp from dandruff and the hair from oils. The roots are very bitter and have a much higher saponine content that the rest of the plant. “Excellent medicinal virtues, especially for treating dysenteries, reside in these roots, which have virtues not inferior to those of simarouba or Quassia divica or even those of Quassia Amara.” EUPHORBIACEAE Croton ciliatum nom. nud. (huanarpo macho; higos del duende) The natives assert that an infusion of the root of this milky plant is a strong aphrodisiac. They also claim that an infusion of the huanarpo hembra is its antidote. There is no difference between these two plants, except that the former has red flowers, the latter white ones. Croton gummiferus A. Cunn. ex PI. in Hooker, Lond. Journ. Bot. 4 (1845) 473. (Cited in the Relacion as Croton gummiferum.) (sangre de drago) “The taste, colour and astringency of the gum-resin are such as would recommend its use in medicine.” Jatropha aphrodisiaca nom. nud. [This plant is probably Jatropha ciliata Muell.—Arg. in Linnaea 34 (1865) 209.] (simayuca) The Indians believe that the root has aphriodisiac properties. Euphorbia Peplus L. Sp. Pl. (1753) 455. [Cited in the Relacion as “Euphorbia Peplis? Linn.?”] (yerba de la golondrina) The latex is used in the belief that it cures cataracts of the eye. Euphorbia tuberosa L. Sp. PI. (1753) 456. [The plant is probably Euphorbia Huanchahana (KI. et Gke.) Boiss. in DC. Prodr. 15, pt. 2 (1862) 103.] (huachanccana) 104 The Indians take the root to Lima to sell as a purgative, but it must be used cautiously because of its drastic properties. Although the effects can be strong, the natives moderate its action simply by drinking one glass of cold water. Euphorbia tricuspidata Lapeyr. Hist. Abr. Pl. Pyr. | (1818) 271. Euphorbia portulacoides L. Sp. Pl. (1753) 456. [Euphorbia chilensis Gay Fl. Chile 5 (1849) 335.] (pichoa) The Chilean natives take an infusion as a laxative. The drastic purging can be held in check by drinking cold water. Ricinus communis L. Sp. PI. (1753) 1007. Ricinus ruber nom. nud. (higuerella del pais; higuerilla mexicana, respectively) The natives employ these plants as a superative for external swellings. Sapium fragrans nom. nud. (collihuay) When the roots are burned, they give off a fragrance which is pleasant but which causes headaches. The milky latex is so caustic that it has caused woodcutters the loss of their sight. CORIARIACEAE Coriaria nervosa nom. nud. [C. ruscifolia L. Sp. Pl. (1753) 1037.] (deu) The whole plant serves as a good tanning material. Coriaria pinnata nom. nud. Indian women utilize the fruits to dye woollens and cottons a bright purple. ANACARDIACEAE Rhus atrum nom. nud. The sap in the bark and stems yields an ink as lustrous and black as printer’s ink. It is weak in colour when freshly written but becomes blacker upon drying. Schinus aurantiodora Ruiz ex Endl. in DC. Monogr. Phan. 4 (1883) 326. Schinus oblongifolia nom. nud. (mayco) 105 The shade of both species causes a stinging and painful rash that develops into infected sores accompanied by fevers. The Indians maintain that the shade of the latter species is more harmful that that of the former. Schinus dependens Orteg. Hort. matr. Dec. (1798) 102. (huighan; huighnan) The trunk exudes a resin which, applied to the temples and behind the ears, lessens toothache and pains in the chest. Chileans prepare from the fruit an excellent chicha with diuretic properties which is thought to be effective against dropsy. “Recently, three persons in Concepcién have been cured of dropsy by frequent use of this chicha.” Even though the drink is not agreeable, the Indians take it at all meals. Its taste and smell suggest black pepper. Schinus frondosus nom. nud. (lithre; lithi) The shade of this tree is so harmful that many people find that purulent sores are produced after they rest under the branches. These sores are accompanied by a high fever and attack expecially those parts of the body which have been exposed. Smoke from the burning wood and the vapours given off when woodchoppers fell it are equally noxious. The antidote is maytén (Celastrus sp.). Maize grains masticated and applied to the sores likewise act as a cure. Schinus Molle L. Sp. Pl. (1753) 380. (molle) One treatment for dropsy and gout consists of a bath of a salty infusion of the leaves and bark of molle. The Indians employ a fermented drink of the fruits in treating dropsy. The white, fragrant resin from molle is an excellent bone-set if applied in the form of a plaster, and it can be used to heal ulcers. Schinus procerus (HBK.) March. Rev. Anacard. (1869) 164. (Cited in the Relacidn as Schinus procera) [Cyrtocarpa procera HBK. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 7 (1825) 20, t. 609.] (molle de Chile) 106 When applied to the temples, the resin is said to alleviate headaches. CELASTRACEAE Celastrus dependens nom. nud. (maytén; magthun) This showy bush is considered a remedy for the affection produced by lithre (a species of Schinus) which grows in the same region as maytén. “The Divine Wisdom surely put lithre and mayten together so that the ravages of the one could be cured by the antidotal action of the other.” A poultice of the crushed leaves is applied to the purulent sores caused by the shade, smoke or effluvium of lithre and, at the same time, a purgative infusion of mayten leaves is imbibed. ICACINACEAE Villaresia mucronata R. et P. Fl. Peruv. 3 (1802) 9, t. 231. [Villaresia emarginata R. et P. Syst. (1798) 64.] (huillipatagus) The bark and fresh leaves have strong emetic properties and are taken in infusion to induce vomiting; in larger doses, the infusion acts as a purgative. SAPINDACEAE Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. Enum. (1790) 19. (chamisa; chamana) Crushed and applied as cataplasms on contusions, this plant has very fast and excellent healing properties, according to native informants. RHAMNACEAE Rhamnus canescens nom. nud. R. dependens nom. nud. (tréebol; travul) The bark is utilized in washing and cleansing the head. It 1s also substituted for calaguala as a resolutive and dissolutive agent in the treatment of blows. Rhamnus verticillatus nom. nud. (chacay) In Chile, an infusion of the bark is valued in treating internal tumours and abscesses. 107 ELAOCARPACEAE Aristotelia glandulosa R. et P. syst. (1798) 125. [Aristotelia Maqui L’Herit. Stirp. Nov. (1784) 31, t. 16.] (maque) According to the natives, the fresh shoots, crushed and applied to the back and the area of the kidneys, lessen “excessive heat” in these parts of the body during fevers; when chewed, they cleanse and heal sores of the mouth. MALVACEAE Urena villosa nom. nud. Urena hamata nom. nud. (lausahacha) Womenfolk wash their hair with the mucilaginous material extracted from these two plants with cold water. It is used to lessen dandruff, to cleanse the hair of excess oil and to stimulate growth. OCHNACEAE Sauvagesia ciliata nom. nud. (yerba de San Martin) The Indians employ this plant medicinally for many purposes, especially to treat fatigue and chest ailments. Sauvagesia subtriflora nom. nud. [This plant is probably Sauvagesia erecta L. Sp. Pl. (1753) 203.] (yerba de San Martin) The natives value a decoction in treating chest pains. GUTTIFERAE Clusia rosea Jacq. Enum. (1760) 34. Clusia trioecia nom. nud. (matapalo) This strangler yields a resin, also called metapalo, which is highly esteemed in Peru for curing ruptures and fractures. Clusia radicans Pav. ex Pl. et Tr. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 4, 13 (1860) 374. (pullapullquelpuan) The resin is employed as a bone-set. Hypericum sp. (chinchanho) 108 Equal parts of yellow tiri (Melastoma tomentosa) and of chinchanho, a bit of alum and some wine are boiled together in water with cottons and woollens until the fabric is dyed yellow. Hypericum corymbosum Muhl. ex Willd. Sp. Pl. 3 (1802) 1457. (chinchanho) These plants provide a yellow dye for woollens and cotton goods. Hypericum subulatum nom. nud. (chinchancco) This plant is very abundant in Peru and is employed by the natives to dye woollens and cotton fabrics a beautiful yellow. BIXACEAE Bixa muricata “9m. nud. (maxpachin) Peruvian natives colour their foods and dye a variety of objects with the seeds, as they do also with the seeds of Bixa Orellana. Bixa Orellana L. sp. Pl. (1753) 512. (achote; achiote; huantura) The seeds are reputedly an excellent diuretic. They are used to colour spiced foods and serve also as a dyestuff. LOASACEAE Loasa punicea Phil. In An. Univ. Chile (1884) reimpr. 4. (pomaysancca) Women in rural areas take an infusion or decoction to induce menstruation. LYTHRACEAE Cuphea ciliata R. et P. syst. (1798) 120. (yerba de la culebra) The natives employ a decoction and infusion of this plant to relieve weariness and fatigue. UMBELLIFERAE Hydrocotyle umbellata L. Sp. Pl. (1753) 234. Hydrocotyle vulgaris L. Sp. Pl. (1753) 234. (oreja de abad, petacones) The juices of both species are said to cure ulcers of the mouth. When applied to an infected pimple, they bring it to a head and heal it. 109 MYRTACEAE Psidium nitidum Wright in Sauv. Fl. Cuba (1873) 44. [This plant perhaps represents a species of Acca. ] (aka, acka) The leaves are aromatic and are employed in warm baths for the relief of rheumatic and “nervous pains.” Psidium pyriferum L. Sp. Pl., Ed. 2 (1762) 672. (Cited in the Relacion as Psydium pyriferum.) [Psidium Guajava L. Sp. Pl. (1753) 470.] (sahuintu, huayabo) The leaves and fruits possess styptic properties. Some people chew the leaves “to comfort and strengthen the teeth.” MELASTOMACEAE Melastoma repens Desr. in Lam. Encycl. 4 (1796) 54. (clacla) This plant, mixed with sundry others, provides a yellow dye. Melastoma tomentosa Rich. in Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris | (1792) 109. [ Miconia tomentosa (Rich.) D. Don in Mem. Wern. Soc. 4 (1823) 516.1 (tiriblanco) Womenfolk make a yellow dye from this shrub, varying the shade by adding other plants. Rhexia hispida Rich. in Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris | (1792) 108. (chachiquis) This species of Rhexia is the source of a yellow dyestuff. Rhexia repens nom. nud. (olaola) Mixed with other plants, this species provides a yellow dye. OENOTHERACEAE Fuchsia violacea nom. nud. (th’ilco) The wood yields a black dye. An infusion or decoction is believed to soothe the fevers of typhoid. GUNNERACEAE Gunnera thyrsiflora nom. nud. (panke; panque) 110 The root is employed in tanning and to dye leather black. The mucilage from the tender stems and fresh shoots is applied to the kidneys “to lower the temperature of the blood” in severe fevers. The decoction and powder of the root are believed to be good astringents and have various therapeutic uses. CyYNOMORIACEAE Cynomorium placentoeforme nom. nud. (hatun pufuchrin) Indians eat the large red aments to restore energies spent on long walks and from hard physical labour. The cold infusion is drunk for the same purpose. UMBELLIFERAE Anethum parvum nom. nud. (eneldo cimarron) The natives employ this plant medicinally in place of dill. Apium graveolens L. Sp. PI. (1753) 264. (panul; apio silvestre) The natives of Chile eat the leaves green to stop hemorrhages of the mouth and to cure pulmonary troubles. ERICACEAE Arbutus parviflora nom. nud. (macha) The ripe fruits, though tasty and sweet, are intoxicating when eaten in excessive amounts. Thibaudia (?) (machamacha) The fruits bring on a drunkenness, if too many be eaten. The inebriation is especially severe in children. SAPOTACEAE Sideroxylon pendulum nom. nud. (pumachilca) The leaves and especially the young shoots are covered witha resin which has soothing properties. The crushed leaves and shoots are applied to bruises and contusions for relief of pain. 111 LOGANIACEAE Buddleia incana R. et P. Fl. Peruv. | (1798) 52, t. 80, fig. b. (Cited in the Relacidn as Buddeja incana.) (quisoar, quishuara, colle) Indians use an infusion of the terminal branches “to expel viscose and cold humours.” Crushed, mixed with urine and heated over a fire, the same part of the plant is used as a cataplasm to relieve aching molars; it is applied internally and externally. Some people employ the buds to colour food. GENTIANACEAE Hoppea tinctoria nom. nud. The leaves dye woollen, cotton and linen goods a beautiful canary yellows. ASCLEPIADACEAE Cynanchum leucanthum Jacq. ex. J. F. Gmel. syst. (1796) 442. [Sarcostemma Jacquinii Decne. in DC. Prodr. 8 (1844) 542.] (piochas) The latex is said to have strong laxative properties. CONVOLVULACEAE Convolvulus secundus R. et P. Fl. Peruv. 2 (1799) 10, t. 117. [Jacquemontia unilateralis (Roem. et Schult.) O’Donnell in Lilloa 23 (1950) 470. ] Convolvulus sepium L. Sp. PI. (1753) 153. [ Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br. Prodr. (1810) 483.] (campanillas de lomas) The roots of both species, in infusion, are employed by the Indians as a purgative. Evolvulus stipulatus nom. nud. (tina; membrillo) An infusion of the leaves is valued in treating jaundice. Ipomoea Papiru R. et. P. Fl. Peruv. 2 (1799) 11, t. 120, fig. a. [Ipomoea pubescens Lam. Illustr. 1 (1791) 465, no. 2123.] Ipomoea subtriloba R. et. P. Fl. Peruv. 2 (1799) 12. [[pomoea pubescens Lam. Illustr. 1 (1791) 465, no. 2123.] (papyru) 112 The tuberous root is highly prized as a purgative, administered as an infusion. Only from one quarter to two drachmas (fresh) or forty-eight drachmas (dry) need be employed. Mirabilis Jalapa L. Sp. Pl. (1753) 177. (trompetillas; flor de Panama) A decoction of the roots has mild laxative properties. POLEMONIACEAE Periphragmos foetidus R. et P. Fl. Peruv. 2 (1799) 17. [Cantua pyrifolia Juss. in Ann. Mus. Paris 3 (1804) 117.] (huevill—huevill) The Chileans use an infusion in clysters as a laxative. Periphragmos uniflorus R. et P. Fl. Peruv. 2 (1799) 18. [Cantua ovata Cav. Icon. 4 (1797) 43.] (ccantu) The uncivilized Indians esteem this shrub as a magical plant in their superstitious practices. VERBENACEAE Lantana salvifolia Jacq. Hort. Schoenb. 3 (1798) 18, t. 285. (mastrante) Peruvian natives employ an infusion or a boiled potage to cure jaundice, drinking one or the other preparation in large amounts. Verbena corymbosa R. et P. Fl. Peruv. | (1798) 22, t. 33. Verbena multifida R. et P. Fl. Peruv. | (1798) 21. (sandialaguen) A decoction is taken in Chile to stimulate menstruation and to alleviate a condition which causes a burning sensation during urination. BORAGINACEAE Lithospermum tinctorium R. et P. Fl. Peruv. 2 (1799) 4, t. 114. [ Plagiobothrys myosotoides (Lehm.) Brand. in Pflanzenr. iv. 252 (1931) 108.] The specific epithet refers to the custom of having horses tread upon the plant in order to prepare from it a blue dye. LABIATAE Gardoquia canescens nom. nud. 113 Gardoquia conferta nom. nud. (socconche, suyumpay, chinchi) An infusion of this highly fragrant plant is frequently used to “relieve melancholies”, for pains in the side and for nervous breakdowns. It is taken mixed with wine or with water or spirits. Nepeta sp. (muna; ccoa) The natives utilize a salt water decoction to treat dropsical and gouty swellings and for liver complaints. it is valued also to assuage headaches. The warm infusion is taken as an apperitive and diuretic, to cure severe cholera and “melancholy”, to cleanse the spleen and reduce oppilations. Salvia fragrantissima nom. nud. Salvia plumosa R. et P. Fl. peruv. | (1798) 26, t. 37. (chenchelcoma; salvia real) Indians occasionally eat the leaves as a vermifuge and attribute to them pectoral and antiasthmatic properties. They believe that they are capable of making sterile women fecund. The plant is frequently employed as an apperative, diuretic, vulnerary, deter- sive and tonic to build up the appetite. NOLANACEAE Nolana acutangula nom. nud. (chaves) This plant is considered an excellent feed for chickens. SOLANACEAE Cestrum virgatum R. et P. Fl. Peruv. 2 (1799) 27. [Cestrum Parqui L’Herit. Stirp. Nov. (1784) 73.] (palqui; parqui) Chilean natives employ a decoction or infusion in treating intertmittent fevers; an infusion of the inner bark is drunk in fast periods to cure stomach ills. The berries yield a purplish blue dye. Datura sanguinea R. et P. Fl. Peruv. 2 (1799) 15. [ Brugmansia sanguinea (R. et P.) D. Donin Sweet Brit. Fl. Gard. 2 (1835) 272.] (puca—-campanilla; floripondio encarnado) The leaves are used as emollients and anodynes either in the form of cataplasms or when simply applied single and entire. The 114 seeds are narcotic, dulling the senses and understanding, and they are occasionally administered with evil intent as a powder in food. Some natives assert that there are those who have gone mad merely by lying down to sleep in the shade of these trees. Datura Stramonium L. Sp. Pl. (1753) 179. (tonco-tonco; chamico) This plant is known in Peru as chamico because of the criminal use that the Indians are accustomed to make of it: to intoxicate each other when they feel that they have been wronged or when they are overtaken by jealousy in their love affairs. This practice has given rise to the common Peruvian adage: “Esta chamicado fulano o fulana.” (So—and- is under the influence of chamico.) —applied whenever a person is either pensive, taciturn, absent- minded or else too tipsy from drink or from other causes. Whilst Ruiz and his group were in Hudnuco, a boy of ten gave a schoolmate of his own age powdered seeds of chamico in bread. Within a few hours, it began to exercise its narcotic effects, as though the boy had taken wine. Dombey (the French botanist accompanying Ruiz) was called in by the boy’s parents to administer a remedy; but, notwithstanding the emetics and other medicines that Dombey prescribed, the boy was rendered perma- nently stupid and silly. Before the poisoning, he had been intelligent, keen, mischievous and full of fun in boyhood games, but his former personality was lost forever. The natives apply the crushed leaves and seeds in a poultice to treat piles, and the effects are excellent. Some people are accustomed to drink an infusion of a few leaves to relieve pains in urinating and irritations of the skin caused by bitter and strong purgatives. The use of the crushed leaves, mixed with vinegar, is frequently made as a poultice for the spine or kidneys, in order to lower fevers and to lessen rheumatic pains and reduce the swelling of hernias. Fabiana imbricata R. et P. Fl. Peruv. 2 (1799) 12, t. 122. (pichi) Plentiful on sandy banks of estuaries and rivers, this plant is believed to possess wondrous anthelmintic properties for curing sheeps and goats of pirguin, an ailment that wipes out whole flocks. This is why farmers take affected animals to pastures 115 where pichi abounds. With this fodder, the animals recover and fatten up in a few days. Solanum crispum R. et P. Fl. Peruv. 2 (1799) 31, t. 158. (natre) According to the natives, an infusion can be used successfully in treating chavalongo, a kind of typhoid fever. Solanum nitidum R. et P. Fl. Peruv. 2 (1799) 33, t. 163. Solanum nutans R. et P. Fl. Peruv. 2 (1799) 34, t. 166. Solanum oblongum R. et P. Fl. Peruv. 2 (1799) 24, t. 165, fig. b. Solanum stellatum R. et P. Fl. Peruv. 2 (1799) 40, t. 176, fig. b. [Solanum hispidum Pers. Syn. | (1815) 228.] (campucassa; huircacassa) The partially toasted leaves have the property of drawing out splinters from any part of the flesh and of helping to suppurate infected ulcers, according to native belief. Another folk —lore belief holds that the spines of Solanum stellatum produce blisters full of lymph, if they penetrate the flesh. This lymph turns to pus, but the blisters break open and are cured by applying the partially roasted leaves of the same plant to the affected areas. Solanum pubescens R. et P. Fl. Peruv. 2 (1799) 36. S. incanum R. et P. Fl. Peruv. 2 (1799) 40. (yuruhuacta) The natives of Peru apply the leaves upside down to bring ulcers and sores to a head. When applied under side down, the leaves are believed also to heal sores. Solanum variegatum R. et P. Fl. Peruv. 2 (1799) 32, t. 162a. [Solanum muricatum Ait. Hort. Kew, ed. 1, 1 (1789) 250.] (pepino de la tierra; pepino del pais) When eaten in excess, the fruits cause tertian fevers and bloody stools and are harmful to those suffering from amoebas and dysentery. BIGNONIACEAE Jacaranda caerulea (Juss.) Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 1 (1861) 446. (yarabisco) The natives often use the bark of this tree to prepare anti- venereal and anti-rheumatic decoctions. The wood is employed in the preparation of cups for holding water which they are wont to 116 drink in great quantities; they are persuaded that this water has the same virtues as a decoction and infusion of the bark. The powdered leaves are excellent for healing ulcers, once the ulcers have been cleansed. COLUMELLIACEAE Columellia corymbosa nom. nud. The leaves are intensely bitter and are “wonderfully efficacious” in treating intermittent fevers, according to Indian belief. Columellia ovalis nom. nud. (ollus; ulux) This excessively bitter shrub serves as an admirable febrifuge when taken in either a cold or warm infusion. V ALERIANACEAE Valeriana connata R. et P. Fl. Peruv. | (1798) 39, t. 67. Valeriana globiflora R. et P. Fl. Peruv. | (1798) 43, t. 65. Valeriana interrupta R. et P. Fl. Peruv. | (1798) 42, t. 67. Valeriana lanceolata nom. nud. Valeriana pilosa R. et P. Fl. Peruv. 1 (1798) 39, t. 66. Valeriana oblongifolia R. et R. Fl. Peruv. 1 (1798) 40, t. 65. Valeriana rigida R. et R. LF. Peruv. | (1798) 39, t. 65. Valeriana thyrsiflora nom. nud. (huarituru) The natives apply the crushed roots of all of these species of Valeriana in the form of a cataplasm to set bones. Valeriana decussata Bonp. ex Wedd. Chlor. And. 2 (1857) 19. Valeriana paniculata R. et P. Fl. Peruv. | (1798) 41, t. 70. fig. a. (macae) The root may be employed medicinally in place of official Valeriana. Valeriana pinnatifida R. et P. Fl. Peruv. | (1798) 40, t. 69. (albergilla) Mal de maico — stinging sores and rashes on the legs and other exposed parts of the body — is caused, according to the natives, by species of Schinus, even by the shade of the trees. It can be cured with albergilla of Spain. The albergilla is roasted in handfuls in the embers and applied as hot as can be stood to the 117 sores. This treatment is said to affect a cure within eight or ten days. CAMPANULACEAE Lobelia decurrens Cav. Icon. 6 (1801) 13, t. 521. (contoya) The natives use an infusion of this plant as a strong laxative. To halt its drastic action, they drink two cups of cold water. COMPOSITAE Achillea urens nom. nud. Achillea lutea nom. nud. (botoncillo) This plant is poisonous to guinea pigs. Anthemis pallescens (Boiss) Heldr. ex Nym. Consp. 2 (1879) 359, in synon. (Cited in the Relacién as Anthemis palescens.) [Anthemis tinctoria L. Sp. Pl. (1753) 896.] The roots are peppery and promote salivation. “The stimulation and acrimony of the tongue last for more than six hours.” Coreopsis sp. Cosmos sp. (pahuan) “In six pints of water, cook four ounces of pahuan until the dye is well extracted. Then put in the wool soaked in alum solution and boil it together again. The dye will be orange.” Eupatorium sp. (chilca macho) “Take twigs of chilca macho and boil them in water together with indigo and urine. Woollens and cottons take on a greenish hue.” Eupatorium aromaticum L. Sp. Pl. (1753) 839. (chilca) This plant is the source of a green and a yellow dye. The crushed leaves are used to clean and heal ulcers. They are also applied to alleviate pains due to sprains and contusions. Gnaphalium trinerve DC. Prodr. 6 (1838) 236. 118 Gnaphalium Viravira Mol. Sagg. Chil. (1782) 149. 354. (viravira) When crushed and applied as a cataplasm to contusions or ruptures, these plants are said to be very effective in “strengthening and curing the sore parts of the body.” Molina caespitosa R. et P. Syst. (1798) 206. [Baccharis caespitosa (R. et. P.) pers. Syn. 2 (1807) 425.] Molina obovata R. et P. Syst. (1798) 206. [Baccharis obovata (R. et P.) DC. Prodr. 5 (1836) 408.] Molina uniflora R. et P. Syst. (1798) 207. [Baccharis glutinosa Pers. Syn. 2 (1807) 425.] (taya hembra) The crushed leaves are applied to sprains and contusions. Molina concava R. et P. Syst. (1798) 203. [Baccharis concava Pers. Syn. 2 (1807) 425.] Molina linearis Less. in Linnaea 6 (1831) 139, 505. [Baccharis serrulata Pers. Syn. 2 (1807) 423.] (romerillo) “When crushed and applied to ruptures and bruises, the leaves strengthen and aid the wounded parts.” Molina corymbosa R. et P. Syst. (1798) 210. [Baccharis corymbosa (R. et P.) Pers. Syn. 2 (1807) 424.] Molina incana R. et P. Syst. (1798) 211. [Baccharis thyoides (R. et P.) Pers. Syn. 2 (1807) 425.] Molina nitida R. et P. Syst. (1798) 204. [Baccharis nitida (R. et P.) Pers. Syn. 2 (1807) 425.] Molina prostrata R. et P. Syst. (1798) 204. [Baccharis prostrata (R. et P.) Pers. Syn. 2 (1807) 424.] Molina salicifolia R. et P. Syst. (1798) 210. [Baccharis salicifolia (R. et P.) Pers. Syn. 2 (1807) 425.] All of these species are resinous shrubs, balsamic, aromatic and tonic. Molina emarginata R. et P. Syst. (1798) 202. [Baccharis emarginata (R. et P.) Pers. Syn. 2 (1807) 424.] (tayo macho) Sprains and contusions are treated with this plant. 119 Molina scabra R. et P. Syst. (1798) 210. [Baccharis scabra (R. et P.) Pers. Syn. 2 (1807) 424.] (taya) Women apply this plant crushed as one of the best remedies to strengthen sprains and contusions. Molina scandens R. et P. Syst. (1798) 205. [Baccharis scandens (R. et P.) Pers. Syn. 2 (1807) 424.] (chilca) The abundant resin of this scandent shrub is balsamic and corroborative. Pectis trifida nom. nud. (asccapichana; escoba amarga; escoba cimarrona; canchalagua cimarrona) This plant is an excellent febrifuge and stomachic, according to native belief. The natives use an infusion of it to cure malarial fevers. Polymnia resinifera nom. nud. (puhe; taraca) The natives employ the resin extensively to set broken bones and for neuralgias. It is applied in the form of plasters. Santolina tinctoria Mol. Sagg. Chil. (1782) 142. [Cephalophora glauca Cav. Icon. 6 (1801) 80, t. 599.] (poquil) This plant is the source of a beautiful and fast yellow dye. Scorzonera ciliata Forsk. Fl. Aegypt. Arab. (1775) 143. [Picridium tingitanum Desf. Fl. Atlant. 2 (1799) 220.] Scorzonera peruviana nom. nud. These are the species of “viper grass” officially named in the Peruvian pharmacopoeia of the 18th Century. Solidago secunda Sessé et Mog. Fl. Mex., Ed. 2 (1894) 188. (bullel) Solidago secunda yields a yellow dye. Triptilion spinosum R. et P. Syst. (1798)k 185. (Cited in the Relacion as Triptilion spinosa) (siempre viva) With a reputation of excellent diuretic properties, this species is extensively used in treating urinary ailments. 120 Vermifuga corymbosa R. et P. Syst. (1798) 216. [Flaveria Contrayerba Pers. syn. 2 (1807) 489.] (chenapoya; contrayerba; matagusanos) Employed extensively in Peru, this plant is applied as a poultice to maggot-infested sores and to wounds of beasts. When pounded up with salt, it is more efficaceous in killing maggots in animals than when used alone. 121 PLATE 4 HIPOLITO RUIZ 1754-1816 BOTANICAL MUSEUM LEAFLETS HARVARD UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS, JUNE 1980 VoL. 28, No. 2 ETHNOMEDICAL, BOTANICAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL ASPECTS OF NATURAL HALLUCINOGENS RICHARD EVANS SCHULTES AND NORMAN R. FARNSWORTH* ABSTRACT More than 200 species and/or varieties of higher plants, as well as numerous species of basidiomycetes, are reported in the literature to have been used for their hallucinatory and/or euphoriant effects. Due to a paucity of research, only a few of these have been confirmed as definitely hallucinogenic in man or animals. This article reviews all of those plants now known to have a scientific basis for producing hallucinogenic effects in man or for which reliable ethnobotanical data are available to indicate that they could be hallucinogenic. Those plants alleged to be hallucinatory, but where substantive proof of this effect may be lacking, are summarily included for completeness and in the hope of stimulating investigation. The hallucinogens of higher plant origin alone are found in 146 genera in more than 50 families. In virtually every instance in which the active constituents are known, their chemical skeletons are unique to a specific genus or to a very closely related genus. It is interesting to note that of more than 200 species of hallucinogenic plants only two are legally prohibited from use in the United States by Federal law: Cannabis sativa and Tabernanthe Iboga. Two or three others are illegal in a few states. *Research Associate in Ethnomedicine, Botanical Museum of Harvard University. Present address: Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmacology, College of Phar- macy, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois. Botanical Museum Leaflets (ISSN 0006-8098). Published quarterly by the Botanical Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138. Subscription: $30.000 a year, net, postpaid. Orders should be directed to Secretary of Publications at the above address. Second-Ciass Postage Paid at Boston, Massachusetts. INTRODUCTION Many reviews covering the broad subject of hallucinogenic plants have been published in recent years (Agurell 1969; Brown 1972; Der Marderosian 1966, 1967a, 1967b; Emboden, Jr., 1972, 1979: Farnsworth 1968, 1969; Furst 1972; Heim 1963b; Heim et al. 1967; Hoffer and Osmund 1967; Holmstedt and Kline 1967; Ott 1976a; Pelt 1971; Schultes 196la and b, 1963, 1965, 1966a, 1969a, b, c, and d, 1970a, b, c, and d, 1972a and b, 1976a, b, and c, 1981; Schultes and Hofmann 1973, 1979, 1980; Stafford 1977; Wagner 1969). In addition, many reviews on various aspects of Cannabis and the cannabinoids have recently appeared (Abel 1976; Bailey 1974; Bech et al. 1974; Bhargava 1978; Bloch et al. 1978; Braude and Szara 1976a, 1976b; Carr et al. 1970; Goode 1970; Graham 1976; Grinspoon 1971; Hanus and Krejci 1974; Joyce and Curry 1970; Kurzman and Fullerton 1975; Lemberger and Rubin 1975; Lewis 1972; Mechoulam 1970, 1973; Mechou- lam et al. 1976; Mendelson et al. 1974; Merlin 1972; Miller and Drew 1974; Morris and Farnsworth 1973; Nahas 1976; Neu- meyer and Shagoury 1971; Pagel and Sanders 1976; Paxton and Crown 1970; Quimby 1974; Razdan 1973; Rubin 1975; Rubin and Comitas 1975; Saulle 1973; Schoénhofea 1973; Schultes 1973; Schultes et al. 1974; Small 1976; Small and Cronquist 1976; Small 1979; Stefanis, Dornbush and Fink 1977; Turner at al. 1980; and Waller et al. 1976). The chemistry, synthesis and pharmacology of these cannabinoids have been of major con- cern in most of the foregoing reviews. Although the current literature of hallucinogens is voluminous (for example from 300 to 400 original research papers are being published annually on various aspects of Cannabis alone), our fundamental knowledge in the field of these drugs has probably not increased in proportion to the amount of research in progress. From the vast array of species in the Plant Kingdom— variously estimated at from 200,000 to 800,000—a few have been employed in primitive societies for millennia to induce visual, auditory, tactile, and other hallucinations. Because of their unearthly effects that often defy description, they have usually been considered sacred and have played central roles as sacra- 124 ments in aboriginal religions (Schultes 1969a; Schultes and Hofmann, 1979). Scientific interest in hallucinogenic agents remains high in the hope of finding potentially valuable drugs for use in experi- mental or even therapeutic psychiatry and also because they might prove useful as tools to study biochemical origins of mental abnormalities. While psychoactive species are widely scattered throughout the plant world, they appear to be more or less concentrated amongst the fungi and the angiosperms. The bacteria, algae, lichens, bryophytes, ferns and gymnosperms seem to be notably poor or lacking in species with hallucinogenic properties (Schultes 1969c, 1969d, 1970a, 1981: Schultes and Hofmann 1980). These hallucinogenic properties can be ascribed, likewise, to only a few kinds of organic constituents, which may be conve- niently divided into two broad groups: nitrogenous and non- nitrogenous compounds (Der Marderosian 1967a; Farnsworth 1968, 1969; Schultes 1970c; Schultes and Hofmann 1973 and 1980). See Figure | for the basic chemical skeletons of these compounds. The nitrogenous compounds play by far the greater role and comprise, for the most part, alkaloids or related substances, the majority of which are or may be biogenetically derived from the indolic amino acid tryptophan. They may be classified into the following groups: 1. B-carbolines; 2. ergolines; 3. indoles; 4. isoxazoles; 5. B-phenylethylamines; 6. quinolizidines; 7. tro- panes; and 8. tryptamines. Non-nitrogenous compounds, which are the active principles in at least two well known hallucino- gens, include monoterpenoid chromenes and phenylpropenes. In the study of hallucinogenic plants, two considerations must be borne in mind. One consideration reminds us that, although some of these psychoactive plants are used in primitive societies, their active chemical principles are as yet not known. The other emphasizes that man undoubtedly has utilized only a few of the species that actually do possess hallucinogenic principles. We are, as yet, far from knowing how many plants are endowed with psychotomimetic constituents, but there are certainly many more than the few purposefully employed by man as hallu- cinogens. 125 NON-NITROGENOUS HALLUCINOGENS on Saal Phenylpropenes Monoterpenoid Chromenes (Cannabinoids) NITROGENOUS HALLUCINOGENS OH | ( | = R R oO PGs 7. Isoxazoles Tropanes Quinolizidines CT) OL | r/

it. Ark “0 ee 3 ; wo Z yaaa ae A Cte Paagpte i ve reve 0 sana A Seb rece ser Fh saroy F* eeu <* porgnongy fOtorria 4 th, Lager Y PR PF se " ped inate Gackt fi Peel As dee We anal ee” eras A i ‘ ah 4 2 ee at mn helg f wrth the hah of & ‘i gua? doen Or 0 ' ee ras Uh aconent s pe foes ry eae ee) mn fe : ‘ Soa: Ketaor? 2 ae er LN pee = . 4 wae | tial = ’ i a yn % pr SHiagente fo ig ee és Fed v. Ball. Paaud ada 7 7 St pL", wh ag. aoe puck vA th. forper article ” Concent? Uh prfior tims “a Arrovted sect full J SoG - pow Jers - ‘ bie Ay. Siar slotting 7 faethe: ft ete Cert. prrnwed Trace, Plate 7. A portion of Spruce’s letter to Hooker, from the Archives of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Reproduced by courtesy of the Director. ‘L ALW Id 697 Plate 8. Wallace’s drawing of Oenocarpus bacaba compared with a photograph of the same on the Colombian Amazon. The disparity in scale between leaves and trunk and the too small number of pinnae per leaf shown inthe drawing are just as mentioned in Spruce’s letter. Photograph from the Botanical Museum of Harvard University; drawing courtesy of The New York Botanical Garden. ‘8 ALW 1d BOTANICAL MUSEUM LEAFLETS VoL. 28, No. 3 SEPTEMBER 1980 DE PLANTIS TOXICARIIS E MUNDO NOVO TROPICALE COMMENTATIONES XXIX. A SUSPECTED NEW AMAZONIAN HALLUCINOGEN RICHARD EVANS SCHULTES I During my ethnobotanical studies in the northwestern Ama- zon of Colombia, I gathered ethnopharmacological data on many plants employed by the numerous tribes of the area. It was not always possible to investigate thoroughly certain reports— especially an occasional report of a medicine man or practitioner of curing through the use of mind-altering agents. In previous publications, I have indicated that further work of an ethnobotanical nature in the northwest Amazon is urgently needed before acculturation obliterates much of the local and traditional folk lore and the practices of medicine men. I have also stated my belief that there are minor hallucinogenic plants left to identify and study which are still in use in the remote fastnesses of this jungle area. One such problem, for example, concerns the identification of a forest liana with a milky latex—probably a member of the Apocynaceae—utilized in Amazonian Colombia in special cere- monies as a kind of caapi which is the name of the widely used hallucinogenic drink prepared from Banisteriopsis Caapi. (Spr. ex Griseb.) Morton. II There are, however, other fascinating leads which the ethno- botanist must follow while there is yet time. These leads concern members of the rubiaceous genus Pagamea, especially the shrub P. macrophylla Spruce ex Bentham. This plant, found growing in the white sand caatinga vegeta- tion which is very common in the basin of the Rios Apaporis and Vaupés and their tributaries, is esteemed by medicine men 271 of the Barasana and Makuna tribes of the Rio Piraparana of Colombia. I did not witness its use during my field research amongst these Indians, but I did obtain what may be valuable reports concerning the plant. The Barasana are heavily habituated to the use of coca. Aged men of this tribe frequently suffer from stomach or intestinal bleeding, a condition which, although it might have sundry causes, they attribute—and probably quite correctly—to the long and excessive use of coca powder. In an effort to alleviate this trouble, they recommend a hot tea of the leaves and bark of Pagamea macrophylla, which they call ma-nu-su-ka-ta ( Schultes et Cabrera 17581). This use represents a popular and probably frequent medicinal application of the plant. The nomadic Makus of the Rio Piraparana, who know this species as ma-na-shu-ke- ma, recognize that the plant has toxic properties but do not use it. There is, however, another—and perhaps much more impor- tant—use of Pagamea macrophylla. The leaves are pulverized and aspirated in the form of a snuff by medicine men during ceremonies of divination. Does this plant product have hallu- cinogenic properties? Does it merely tranquilize the medicine man? Is it a stimulant? Or is it simply a ceremonially significant use with no biochemical basis? Pagamea macrophylla Spruce ex Bentham in Journ. Linn. Soc. 1 (1857) 110. Tree, usually 10-20 feet tall. Branches thick. Leaves sub- coriaceous, ovate to oblong-elliptic, short-acuminate, mostly 16-22 cm. long. Stipules membranaceous, acuminate, up to 3.5 cm. long, deciduous. Panicle thrysoid, trichotomous, densely flowered. Flowers rather large, sessile: calyx cupuliform, up to 4 mm. long; corolla greenish, 4-fid, lobes densely villose within; anthers linear, stipitate; style filiform, semi-2-fid. CoLomsiA: Comisaria del Vaupés Rio Piraparana Cafio Paca, “Small treelet.” September 19, 1952 Richard Evans Schultes et Isidora Cabrera 17581. The only genus of the Rubiaceae known to be hallucino- genically used in Psychotria, the leaves of several species of which contain tryptamines and are used as additives to the narcotic drink caapi or ayahuasca. This ethnobotanical reference 212 —that Barasana medicine men snuff Pagamea macrophylla in ceremonies—is certainly not proof that the plant has hallucino- genic properties. It is, however, sufficient indication that a member of this alkaloid-rich family may represent an hitherto undected psychoactive agent and to warrant phytochemical study of the species. III Pagamea is a genus of rubiaceous trees and shrubs with 20 to 23 species of tropical northern South America. It has been suggested that Pagamea belongs more properly in the Logani- aceae (Standley in Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Bot. 13 (1936) 144). It was described in 1775 by Aublet from French Guiana. The leaves are opposite, with deciduous stipules connate in a kind of Sheath. The axillary or terminal inflorescences are borne in the form of small heads, spikes, racemes or panicles. The herma- phroditic flowers are usually 4- to 5-merous. The dentate or lobate calyx, sometimes truncated, is persistent. The corolla lobes in bud are valvate. The stamens number four to five. The Ovary is superior, 2- to 5-locular, with one ovule per locule. The fruit is a drupe. In Venezuela, the species of Pagamea are known as ajo de paloma (“garlic of the dove”). For Colombia and Brazil, no common names of Pagamea are reported in Spanish or Portu- guese. Species of this genus are restricted to the northwestern part of the Amazon, the adjacent areas of the upper Orinoco and the Guianas. They appear to be in general associated with the Venezuelan-Guianan land mass. In the Colombian Amazonia, they occur on the flat quartzitic mountains of Cretaceous age in the Vaupés and Apaporis River basins or with the sandy remnants of these eroded mountains. IV The Kubeo Indians living on affluents of the Rio Vaupés in Colombia have an interesting use for Pagamea coriacea Spruce ex Bentham, a species related closely to P. macrophylla. They heat the blue-black fruits in oil from the palm Jessenia Bataua 273 (Mart.) Burret to prepare a medicine which is dropped into the ears for what appears to be a fungal infection of the ear-drum (Schultes et Cabrera 19169: Rio Karuru, Mesa de Yambi, Savannah Goo-ran-hoo-da, Comisaria del Vaupes: Schultes 22611: Rio Kuduyari, Savannah Yapoboda, Comisaria del Vaupes. The Taiwanos of the region of the Raudal de Jirijirimo on the Rio Apaporis in Amazonian Colombia value the plant as an efficaceous remedy for reestablishment of the ability to walk following attacks which, in age, appear to deprive Indians of the free use of the legs. The cause of this curious but not uncommon condition is not known. The bark of the young branches is scraped and, in fresh condition, is boiled into a decoction which must be drunk over a period of two or three weeks. Administra- tion of this tea is reported to result in strong stimulation of the afflicted patient and frequently in his ability to regain muscular use of the legs (Schultes et Cabrera 12467, 14933, 14953: Rio Apaporis, Raudal de Jirijirimo, Comisaria del Vaupés). Vv In view of these several interesting ethnopharmacological reports, a phytochemical study of the genus Pagamea would appear to be fully warrented. Little is known of the chemistry of Pagamea. Da Rocha et al. (in Inst. Nac. Pesquisas Amaz. Quimica, no. 12 (1968) 42) reported that the stems and leaves of P. coriacea are alkaloid- negative, yet a spot-test which | made on fresh leaves with Dragendorff reagent was positive (Schultes et Cabera 19921). 274 PLATES: 275 BOTANICAL MUSEUM LEAFLETS HARVARD UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS, DECEMBER 1980 VoL. 28, No. 4 A GENERIC REVISION OF THE SPIRANTHINAE LESLIE A. GARAY DEDICATED TO THE MEMORY OF GUIDO FREDERICO JOAO PABST 1914 — 1980 FRIEND AND COLLEAGUE, FORMER RESEARCH FELLOW IN ORCHIDOLOGY IN THE BOTANICAL MUSEUM, HARVARD UNIVERSITY AND FOUNDER-DIRECTOR OF HERBARIUM BRADEANUM, RIO DE JANEIRO, WHO WAS ASSOCIATED WITH THE EARLY PHASE OF THE INVESTIGA- TIONS OF THE SPIRANTHINAE COMPLEX. Botanical Museum Leaflets (ISSN 0006-8098). Published quarterly by the Botanical Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138. Subscription: $30.00 a year, net, postpaid. Orders should be directed to Secretary of Publications at the above address. Second-Class Postage Paid at Boston, Massachusetts. Published June 25, 1982. INTRODUCTION The last review of the Spiranthinae at the generic level was published by Schlechter in 1920 (Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 37, pt. 2: 317-454). At that time Schlechter gave an extensive historical background of the development of the various generic bound- aries, including those which he himself set up as new. Conse- quently these details are not repeated here. Schlechter summarized his findings in a key accounting for 24 genera which he grouped on the basis of the structure of the rostellum and viscidium into four separate alliances. His new treatment, at first, was well received, but the enthusiasm it generated soon started to wither, especially along the American frontier, as the assignment of the various species underwent scrutinous evaluations. Perhaps the most convincing effort to discredit Schlecter’s work was pub- lished by Ames in 1922 (Orchid.7: 127-129) where he argued a seemingly contradicting evidence found in Spiranthes novaeze- landiae. The flowers in this latter species do not exhibit a well- defined rostellum, yet Schlechter included it in the genus Spiran- thes, which is characterized, among others, by a bifid or bidentate, sharp-pointed rostellum. Of course, in 1922, the taxonomists were not used to thinking in terms of autogamous populations of which §. novaezelandiae is a clear-cut repre- sentative. As a matter of fact, autogamy is a very common phenomenon in the entire Spiranthes-related complex. The recently described S. hongkongensis is another typical example. Admittedly I was also supporting Ames’ approach, until I had a chance to investigate the whole complex on my own. What truly disturbed me, however, was the fact that Schlechter did not account for a number of described species, including some of his own, on the one hand, while on the other hand due to erroneous observations he assigned a number of species to the wrong genera. One of these species was Spiranthes obliqua J. J. Sm. from Java. It was discovered in the Bogor Botanical Garden associated with Carludovica sp. J. J. Smith published excellent drawings of the floral details, all of which clearly have shown that this particular binomial is not referable to the genus Spiranthes in the strict sense. Until recently nothing more was 278 known about that species. In 1976, it was described as Manniella hongkongensis and again in 1978 as Pelexia Hameri. Since that time I have seen additional material from Ceylon and from Guadeloupe in the West Indies. In all instances the plants were gathered in Botanical Gardens. Obviously a Pelexia from Java was too much for Schlechter in 1920! Stenorrhynchus cinnabarinus, a common Mexican plant, is another case based on wrong observations. The genus Stenor- rhynchos (correct spelling) was always characterized among others by the rigid, sharp-pointed rostellum. Yet, S. cinna- barinus has a soft, pliable, linear-oblong, blunt rostellum. Today this particular character, together with other associated criteria, as will be shown later, marks S. cinnabarinus as being amply distinct from Stenorrhynchos. In 1920, when Schlechter published his revision, he accounted for 280 species in 24 genera. Of these genera 16 were new and 7 monotypic. The revision here accounts for 390 species in 44 genera. Of these genera 14 are new and 13 monotypic. It has been said many times that a genus is not good, unless one can separate it from other genera through satisfactory key characters. At the beginning | did attempt to expand the key published by Schlechter, but after a third attempt I had to abandon the idea. The key to the genera published here is based on an entirely new approach which underwent no less than nine revisions. The structure of the rostellum is, of course, still a very important character, but no longer is used here to separate groups of genera. Perhaps one of the most unique divisional characters, which until now was totally overlooked, is the “terminal” versus “anterior” stigmata. Incidentally, both types of stigmata were included formerly in the genus Stenorrhynchos. The fusion of the dorsal sepal with the lateral sepals to form a sepaline tube or nectary is another important character; so are the presence or absence of a distinct column-foot and the pliable or rigid texture of the rostellum. In line with the requirements of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, every generic name, whether accepted or in synonymy, has been typified either for the first time or the previous typifications are cited. This method, as it were, 2g automatically sets the limits of the diversity which logistically can be expected to occur within a genus. When Schlechter described the limits of his subtribe Spiran- thinae, he characterized the group as having fasciculate roots, basal leaves, vaginate scape and resupinate flowers. It is true that most of the species fall within this broad outline. A decumbent or a short rhizome Is present, however, in the genera Helonoma and Hapalorchis, as well as in a number of species of the genera Pelexia and Sarcoglottis. Non-resupinate flowers are known to occur randomly in the genera Beadlea, Hapalorchis, Pseudocranichis and Nothostele. This last mentioned generic name stands for an unusual and rare plant from Brazil. The column is represented by an incomplete fusion of the filament of the stamen and the style with the terminal, confluent stigmata. The pollinia with distinct caudicles are attached to a small, round viscidium. Among the genera with terminal stigmata, Sacoila must be singled out. This genus originally was established by Rafinesque in 1837, as one of his many routine segregates of the then all- encompassing Neottia. It is noteworthy that not even Schlechter noticed the remarkable structural differences between the plants of Sacoila and Stenorrhynchos. In the former genus the flowers have terminal stigmata, long, decurrent column-foot with free tips and the lateral sepals are spur-like; in the latter genus the flowers, however, are noted for their anterior stigmata, for the oblique base of the column is without a distinct foot, and the lateral sepals are never spur-like. For a long time I was aware of the bizarre structure of the flowers which were described as Cranichis thysanochila. It has been assigned to Cranichis most probably because of the non- resupinate flowers. The resemblance, however, ends here. The peculiar tear-drop-like column has a substipitate, oblique base rapidly expanding upwards, truncate at the top. The two stig- mata are separate, saddle-shaped on the sides of the truncate rostellum. In that particular aspect, the column is reminiscent of the genus Altensteinia. The rest of the floral structures as well as the entire plant is clearly that of the Spiranthinae. Hence, I propose the name Pseudocranichis. Plants of this unusual genus 280 were already known to Reichenbach, who also regarded them as a representative of a new genus. I consider the position of the genus Manniella to be among the Spiranthinae. Reichenbach’s original statement that the column has two auricles at the apex is based on a wrong obser- vation. The clinandrium, /.e., the anther bed, in Maniella con- sists of a square, basket-like structure with the erect sides free from one another and from the sides of the stigmatic cavity; the bottom of the clinandrium is flat, not infundibuliform as in the rest of the Spiranthinae. Apart from this unique feature, Maniella agrees with the remainder of the Spiranthinae. When I described Manniella americana in 1962, I did it on account of the great similarity in the structure of the sepaline tube found in this species and in M. Gustavi, the type of the genus from West Africa. Since that time I have received good material of both species which has enabled me to clarify the status of M. americana. The plants are native to the Guyana Highlands, and commonly autogamous. They have a short, decumbent rhizome, and an infundibuliform clinandrium. Spiran- thes bifida, also having the same distribution, appears to be congeneric. These two species together comprise now the genus Helonoma. Incidentally Spiranthes bifida is based on specimens with true peloric flowers in addition to its being autogamous. Because of the manner in which Schlechter circumscribed his genus Deiregyne, it must be typified by D. chloreaeformis. The other species included in it by him are now transferred either to Aulosepalum or to Gularia. Pamela Balogh’s contention that they are all referable to Schiedeella (Orquidea, Mex. 8: 37-40, 1981), presumably because they all have translucent, charta- ceous sheaths covering the scapes, suggests her strong preference for gross appearances over diagnostic floral details. Deiregyne at a future time may be divided into two genera on account of the nature of the rostellum. The group containing the type of the genus has a blunt rostellum with revolute sides; the other group is characterized by an acuminate rostellum without revolute sides. Since Stenorrhynchos is typified by the widespread S. specio- sum, a number of south Brazilian elements no longer can be 281 retained in the genus. For those plants with a dense, sceptre-like inflorescence, more or less sigmoid lip and laterally toothed ros- tellum the name Skeptrostachys is proposed here. Monotypic genera are always frowned upon by botanists, and are often regarded as by-products of extreme splittings. Person- ally I look upon them in the orchids as inevitable, peripheral products of anagenesis, i.e., the evolutionary refinements within a main phylogenetic branch of the family, in this case, the Neot- tioideae. Dressler recently elevated the whole Spiranthes com- plex to a separate subfamily, Spiranthoideae (Selbyana 5: 197-206, Dec. 1979). His new system of classification—so aptly summed up by Schultes in his review in The American Orchid Society Bulletin—is remarkable, among others, in combining heterogeneous, diverse elements into NEW SUBFAMILIES, often with old names, such as Neottia and Orchis into Orchidol- deae, to mention but one. Dressler summarized his new system in a diagrammatic presentation (p. 203, fig. 3), which, indeed, is reminescent of a supernova, where the fragments of the original components are thrown out and randomly combined to give birth toa NEW CREATION. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS With sincere thanks and appreciation I wish to acknowledge the patient kindness of my friends and colleagues in the Ames Orchid Herbarium, Herman R. Sweet and Walter Kittredge, for their ever helpful criticisms as I burdened them step by step throughout the preparation of this study. Admittedly the time and effort spent on the preparation of this generic revision is hardly apparent from a casual perusal of these pages. The financial help in the form of a grant from the American Orchid Society’s Fund for Education and Research to defray in part publication costs is here gratefully acknowledged. Similar support has also been received from an anonymous donor whose generosity is greatly appreciated. 282 DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES Deiregyne confusa Garay, sp. nov. Plantae terrestres, elatae, usque ad 50 cm. altae; radicibus fasciculatis, tuberosis, breviter stipitatis, pubescentibus, crassis; foliis sub anthesin vulgo absentibus, anguste lanceolatis, acutis vel subacuminatis, basi cuneatis, subsessilibus vulgo plurimis, usque ad 20 cm. longis, 2 cm. latis, scapo erecto, valido, plurivaginato; vaginis lanceolatis, acuminatis, remotis, sursum descrescentibus et in bracteas abeuntibus; inflorescentia secunda vel subsecunda, laxe pluriflora; bracteis ovato-lanceolatis, longe acuminatis, ovarlis vulgo superantibus, usque ad 2 cm. longis; floribus satis magnis, pubescentibus; sepalo postico lanceolato- oblongo, acuto, valde cucullato, apice reflexo, extus glanduloso vel glanduloso-pubescenti, usque ad 14 mm. longo, 4 mm. lato; sepalis lateralibus porrectis, lineari-oblongis, acutis, extus glanduloso-pubescentibus, usque ad 14 mm. longis, 2.5 mm. latis; petalis sigmoideo-linearibus, acutis, glabris, usque ad 14 mm. longis, 2.5 mm. latis; labello e conduplicato-excavato basi pandurato, in medio valde constricto, parte apicali plano, carnoso, ovato, acuto vel subrotundo, margine subcrenulato, parte mediano subrotundo, conduplicato-cochleato, parte basali margine calloso incrassato, pubescenti, in medio excavationis callo lineari, longitudinali, pubescenti ornato; toto labello usque ad 17 mm. longo, 8 mm. lato; columna generis; rostello anguste triangulari, subacuminato; ovario cylindrico, leviter torto, subcylin- drico, pubescenti. Mexico: Hildalgo, Lagoon of Metztitlan, 1600 m. alt. Coll. Juan Gonzales s.n., sub Nagel 2194! Type! (AMES). It differs from D. durangensis (A. & S.) Garay in having glandular-pubescent sepals, a differently proportioned lip with a different callus at its base and the shape of the rostellum. All specimens, with the exception of the holotype collection which I have seen named as “Spiranthes durangensis” including those from Texas, U.S.A., are all referable to this new species. 283 Deiregyne pandurata Garay, sp. nov. Plantae terrestres, erectae, usque ad 40 cm. altae; radicibus fasciculatis, crassiusculis, breviter tomentosis; scapo stricto, supra basin 2-foliato, sursum bracteis hyalinis, decrescentibus transeunti; inflorescentia laxe pauciflora; bracteis ovato-lanceola- tis, acuminatis, hyalinis, ovariis superantibus, usque ad 2 cm. longis; floribus satis magnis, glabris, niveis, nervis discoloribus; sepalo postico ligulato, acuto, usque ad 12 mm. longo, 2.5 mm. lato; sepalis lateralibus oblongo-linearibus, obtusis, usque ad 13 mm. longis, 2 mm. latis; petalis lineari-oblanceolatis, paululo sinuosis, basin versus angustatis, usque ad 10.5 mm. longis, 2 mm. latis; labello e cuneata basi anguste pandurato, parte basali angulato-rhombeo, parte apicali ovato, carnoso, leviter crenu- lato, margine supra basin utrinque caloso-incrassato, in medio isthmifero; toto labello usque ad 14 mm. longo, 5 mm. lato; columna gracili; 7 mm. longa; rostello oblongo-ligulato, acuto; ovario clavato, leviter torto. Mexico: Durango, between Guanacevi and Guadalupe. Coll. Juan Gonzales no. 5810! Type! (AMES). This specimen was included by Williams in the type descrip- tion of his Spiranthes falcata L.O.Wms. It differs from the later in the shape and proportions of the petals and lip and the construction of the column, especially in the shape of the rostellum. Deiregyne rhombilabia Garay, sp. nov. Plantae terrestres, erectae, supra metrales; radicibus fascicu- latis, carnosis, stipitato-tuberosis; foliis caulinis, satis tenuls, anguste ellipticis, acutis, basi longe vaginantibus imbricatisque, sub anthesin satis emarcidis, usque ad 15 cm. longis, 4cm. latis; calibus érectis, validis, strictis, dimidio inferiore usque ad 5- foliatis, dimidio superiore vaginis, hyalinis imbricatisque om- nino obtectis; spica terminali, spiraliter quaquaversa, dense multiflora, usque ad 25 cm. longa; bracteis hyalinis, lanceolatis, acuminatis, usque ad 25 mm. longis; floribus inter mediocres, griseo-viridibus; sepalo postico oblongo-ligulato, obtuso, extus pubescenti, usque ad 10 mm. longo, 4 mm. lato; sepalis 284 lateralibus obliquis, lineari-oblongis, obtusis, usque ad 11 mm. longis, 2.3 mm. latis; petalis e cuneata basi dolabriformibus, obtusis, usque ad 9 mm. longis, 2.8 mm. latis; labello carnoso, rhombeo, angulis rotundatis, antice obtuso, supra basin margine incrassato, pubescenti, usque ad 10 mm. longo, 5 mm. lato; columna cylindrica, 4 mm. longa; ovario ovoideo, pubescenti, sessili, torto, usque ad 5 mm. longo. Mexico: Morelos, near Tlayacapan. Coll. Juan Gonzales 2163! Type! (AMES). This new species is well represented in herbaria under the name of Spiranthes Arseniana Krz\. This confusion is due prim- arily to the material originally distributed under Arsene, 6671, the type number of S. Arseniana. | have examined the holotype which is in Montpellier, and it represents Pelexia Schaffneri (Rchb.f.) Schltr. A duplicate of the holotype number however, in the United States National Herbarium, Washington, D.C., is a specimen identical with the present new species. Obviously the Washington material is responsible for the previous misap- plication of the binomial, Spiranthes Arseniana. Mesadenella angustisegmenta Garay, sp. nov. Plantae terrestres, elatae, usque ad 30 cm. alta; radicibus fasciculatis, carnosis, pubescentibus; foliis basilaribus, plurimis, distincte petiolatis, petiolis canaliculatis, usque ad 6 cm. longis; lamina oblique ovato-elliptica, acuta vel subacuminata, usque ad 11 cm. longa, 5 cm. lata; scapo erecto, dimidio inferiori vaginato, dimidio superiori satis laxe spicato; bracteis lanceo- latis, acuminatis, usque ad 15 mm. longis, sursum decrescenti- bus; floribus virescentibus, parvulis, extus pubescentibus; sepalo postico anguste ovato, acuto, usque ad 5 mm. longo, 1.2 mm. lato; sepalis lateralibus oblique lineari-oblongis, obtusis, usque ad 7 mm. longis, 1.5 mm. latis; petalis lineari-oblanceolatis, acutis, usque ad 4.5 mm. longis, | mm. latis; labello anguste pandurato, parte superiori elliptico, subcrenulato, carnosulo- tuberculato, parte inferiori sagittato, disco in medio pubescenti; toto labello usque ad 6 mm. longo, 2 mm. lato; columna gracill, facie pubescenti, usque ad 3 mm. longa, basi in pedem 285 aequilongam producta; ovario hirsuto, clavato, usque ad 8 mm. longo. Venezuela: Edo. Zulia, in forests of Rio Lora. Coll. Pittier 10985! Type! (AMES). Mesadenella peruviana Garay, sp. nov. Plantae terrestres, usque ad 35 cm. altae; radicibus carnosis, elongatis, pubescentibus; foliis basilaribus, plurimis, e cuneata basi obovato-oblanceolatis, acutis, usque ad 24 cm. longis, 5 cm. latis; scapo erecto, plurivaginato, supra laxe plurifloro; bracteis lanceolatis, acuminatis, usque ad 15 mm. longis; floribus parvulis, flavidobrunneis, extus pubescentibus; sepalo postico lanceolato-oblongo, acuto, usque ad 6 mm. longo, |.8 mm. lato; sepalis lateralibus obliquis, arcuatim lineari-oblongis, obtusis, usque ad 8 mm. longis, 2 mm. latis; petalis obscure lineari- oblanceolatis, acutis, usque ad 5 mm. longis, | mm. latis; labello panduriformi, utrinque parte ovato-ellipticis, antice rotundatis, basin bicornutis, usque ad 7 mm. longis, 2 mm. latis; columna cylindrica, paululo arcuata, 2.5 mm. longa; ovario cylindrico, haud torto, dense piloso, usque ad 8 mm. longo. Peru: Depto. Huanuco, Quebrada Las Pavas, 5 km. s. of Tingo Maria on road to Las Palmas, 720 m. above sea level. Coll. Plowman & Kennedy 5713! Type! (AMES). Odontorhynchus alticola Garay, sp. nov. Plantae terrestres, sub anthesin aphyllae, usque ad 30 cm. altae; radicibus fasciculatis, carnosis, pubescentibus; scapo erecto, pubescenti, dimidio inferior vaginis bracteiformibus, acuminatis obtecti, dimidio superiori laxe spicato, multifloro; bracteis ovato-lanceolatis, longe acuminatis, Ovarils superanti- bus, usque ad 15 mm. longis, sursum decrescentibus; floribus virescentibus, extus pubescentibus; sepalo postico ovato, con- cavo, obtuso, usque ad 8 mm. longo, 3.5 mm. lato; sepalis lateralibus obliquis, lineari-oblongis, obtusis, usque ad 9 mm. longis, 2 mm. latis; petalis lineari-subfalcatis, obtusis, usque ad 8 mm. longis, 1.2 mm. latis; labello sessili, basi cochleato, intus bicornuto, deinde in ambitu obovato, valde concavo, carnosulo, 286 apicem versus constricto, lobo terminali undulato, reflexo, membranaceo, apice ipse truncato, toto labello usque ad 8 mm. longo, 4 mm. lato; columna crassa, facie pubescenti, usque ad 3 mm. longa; ovario plus minusve clavato, puberulo, haud torto. Peru: Depto. Puno, Prov. Carabaya, Machea, 2800 m. alt. Coll. Vargas 6965! Type! (AMES). This new species is known also from Argentina, and is illustrated as Brachystele chlorops (Rchb.f.) Schltr. in Bol. Soc. Argentina Bot. 16(4): 356, 1975. Odontorhynchus variabilis Garay, sp. nov. Plantae terrestres, elatae, usque ad 40 cm. altae; radicibus fasciculatis, carnosis, pubescentibus; folius plerumque basali- bus, paucis, lanceolatis vel lanceolato-ovatis, acutis, basi condup- licato-subpetiolatis, deinde vaginantibus, usque ad 12 cm. longis, 2.5 cm. latis, vulgo minoribus; caulibus strictis vel paululo arcuatis, multivaginatis, apice dense spicatis; bracteis lanceolatis, acuminatis, usque ad 2 cm. longis; floribus semi- apertis, extus pubescentibus, vulgo viridis, interdum labello sucineo colorato; sepalo postico lineari-oblongo, obtuso, usque ad 9 mm. longo, 3 mm. lato; sepalis lateralibus obliquis, lineari- oblongis, obtusis, usque ad 9 mm. longis, 2 mm latis; petalis lineari-spathulatis, dimidio superior! subrhombeis, margine integris vel subcrenulatis, usque ad 9 mm. longis, 2 mm. latis; labello varie reflexo, basi excavato, sub spice constricto, 3-lobo, lobis lateralibus erectis, subparallelis, explanato late ellipticis, lobo intermedio subquadrato vel transverso, margine crenulato ad grosse eroso denticulato, disco incrassato, in medio callis subparallelis, pubescentibus donato, toto labello usque ad 7 mm. longo, 5 mm. lato; columna brevi, sursum leviter dilatata, usque ad 2.5 mm. longa; ovario clavato, apicem versus pubescenti, usque ad 8 mm. longo. Chile: Prov. Chiloe, Cucao, ca. 50 m. alt. Coll. Werdermann 303! Type! (AMES). The specimens of this new species are commonly found in herbaria under Spiranthes or Brachystele unilateralis. Brachy- stele unilateralis, chosen as lectotype for the genus, however, is 287 very distinct in the columnar structure, especially in the rostellum, from those found in Odontorhynchus. Moreover, in B. unilateralis the leaves are linear, fasciculate, whereas in O. variabilis they are always lanceolate to lanceolate-ovate and petiolate. The material available to me suggests that there are perhaps two or three different, closely related species hiding under O. variabilis, judging from the different terminal lobes of the lips and the coloration of the flowers. More field observations than are currently available are needed for the understanding of this complex. In herbarium material | was able to ascertain already that plants described as Spiranthes chilensis A. Rich. are indeed distinct from O. variabilis in the shape of the lip which 1s quite apparent also on Richard’s original drawing preserved in Paris. Pteroglossa luteola Garay, sp. nov. Plantae terrestres, elatae, usque ad 28 cm. altae; radicibus fasciculatis, stipitato-fusiformibus, elongatis pubescentibus; foliis basilaribus, e cuneata basi obovato-oblanceolatis, subpeti- olatis, obtusis, glabris, usque ad 23 cm. longis, 5.5 cm latis; scapo erecto, laxe plurivaginato, supra laxe paucifloro, usque ad 28 cm. longo; bracteis foliaceis, ovato-lanceolatis, subacumi- natis, usque ad 2.5 cm. longis, 0.7 cm. latis; floribus conspicuis, pallide luteolis; sepalo postico lanceolato-oblongo, acuto, con- cavo, extus pubescenti, usque ad 18 mm. longo, 5 mm. lato; sepalis lateralibus oblique ellipticis, acutis, basi decurrentibus, extus breviter pubescentibus, usque ad 32 mm. longis, 7 mm. latis; petalis e cuneata basi oblique rhombeis, acutis, basi decur- rentibus, usque ad 23 mm. longis, 6 mm. latis; labello e cuneata basi obovato-oblanceolato, supra apicem sublobato, apice ipso reflexo, crenulato, basin margine calloso, usque ad 28 mm. longo, 10 mm. lato; columna plus minusque arcuata, facie puberula, basi longe decurrentia, usque ad 25 mm. longa: ovario fusiformi, subsessili, usque ad 25 mm. longo. Argentina: Estancia “Santa Teresa”, Depto. Mburucuya, Prov. Corrientes. Coll. Pedersen 8336! Type! (AMES). 288 Duplicates of the type collection were identified by Dr. Maevia Correa as Centrogenium roseoalbum (Rchb.f.) Schltr. and distributed under this name by Botanical Museum of the Univeristy, Copenhagen. Pteroglossa rhombipetala Garay, sp. nov. Plantae terrestres, usque ad 40 cm. altae; radicibus fascicu- latis, crassiusculis, pubescentibus; foliis basalibus, 3-nis, e cuneata basi ellipticis vel obovato-ellipiticis, obtusis, usque ad 20 cm. longis, 7 cm. latis; scapo erecto, dimidio inferiori vagi- nato, dimidio superiori laxe paucifloro; bracteis ovato-cucullatis, acutis, usque ad 3 cm. longis; floribus satis magnis, viridialbis, extus breviter pubescentibus; sepalo postico oblongo-lanceo- lato, acuto, concavo, usque ad 18 mm. longo, 4 mm. lato; sepalis lateralibus oblique oblongo-ligulatis, basi longe decurrentibus, acutis vel obtusis, usque ad 30 mm. longis, 5 mm. latis; petalis rhombeis, basi oblique longeque decurrentibus, apice obtusis, usque ad 22 mm. longis, 4 mm. latis; labello e cuneata basi obovato-oblanceolato, ad tertiam partem apicalem obscure lobulato, apice ipso obtuso, margine juxta basin crasso incras- sato, usque ad 35 mm. longo, 8 mm. lato; columna leviter arcuata, facie puberula, usque ad 10 mm. longa; ovario arcuato- clavato, haud torto, usque ad 20 mm. longo. Paraguay: Itape. Coll. Schade s.n.! Type! (AMES). Also Argentina: Prov. Santa Fe, Villa Guillermina. Coll. Meyer 2624! (AMES). Sauroglossum Schweinfurthianum Garay, sp. nov. Plantae terrestres, elatae, usque ad 45 cm. altae; radicibus fasciculatis, crasse tuberosis, pubescentibus: foliis sub anthesin absentibus; scapo erecto, laxe paucivaginato, apice dense multi- floro, spica ovoidea vel subcylindrica, usque ad 6 cm. longa: bracteis lanceolatis, acuminatis, | cm. longis, sursum decrescen- tibus; floribus aurantiacis, satis parvis; sepalo postico oblongo- ligulato, acuto vel obtuso, extus sparse puberulo, usque ad 7 mm. longo, 2.5 mm. lato; sepalis lateralibus obliquis, lineari- oblongis, supra basin leviter constrictis, obtusis, usque ad 8 mm. 289 longis, 2 mm. latis; petalis oblique spathulato-obovatis, obtusis, usque ad 7 mm. longis, 2mm. latis; labello e canaliculata basi subquadrato-ovato, apice undulato-crispato, usque ad 7 mm. longo, 4 mm. lato; columna brevi, 3 mm. alta; ovario cylindrico, puberulo, usque ad 6 mm. longo. Peru: Depto. Huanuco, Llata. Coll. Macbride & Featherstone no. 2273! Type! (AMES); Chinchapalca, 5 miles above Mito. Coll. Macbride & Featherstone no. 1589! (AMES); Depto Junin, Huariaca. Coll. Asplund no. 11963! (S). The above cited specimens have been cited as Spiranthes Lech- leri (Schitr.) Schweinf. in Orchids of Peru by Charles Schwein- furth. KEY TO GENERA 1. Stigmata terminal, on top of a truncate or subtruncate column and at right angle to rostellum; hence, they appear HONZOMIAL 5c ccveuvur eats 4 oksiears aera ns Reeser eee oes 2 la. Stigmata anterior, either beneath the rostellum or on both sides of it; hence, they appear vertical ............... 8 2. | Flowers not resupinate, hence, lip uppermost; dorsal sepal connate with lateral sepals for a neglibible distance at base and adnate to filament of anther; clinandrium formed by a narrow, hyaline margin, free from filament of anther; pol- linia with distinct caudicles ............-. 1. Nothostele 2a. Flowers resupinate, hence, lip lowermost, dorsal sepal free from lateral sepals; clinandrium well-developed, fused with filament of anther; pollinia without caudicles ......... 3 3. Petals free from dorsal sepal; rostellum deeply bifid to bicuspidate; plants with a single, sessile, cordate-sub- rotund leaf enveloping the stem ........... 2. Discyphus 3a. Petals agglutinate with dorsal sepal; rostellum not divided; plants either aphyllous at flowering time or with well- developed, cuneate to petiolate leaves .............++. 4 4. Rostellum soft, short, broadly triangular with an apical fovea; lip fleshy, cochleate in front .... 3. Sauroglossum 4a. Rostellum rigid, more or less cartilaginous, sharply pointed; lip membranaceous, never cochleate in front ... a: 6a. i 8a. 9a. 10. 10a. Lateral sepals with column-foot do not form an observable mentum; column-foot very short, subequal in length to COMIN? HP PandUrate: 240064544400 vne dels 4. Lyroglossa Lateral sepals with free part of column-foot form either a mentum or a tubular, spur-like extension; column-foot much longer than column; lip never pandurate ....... 6 Stigmata bilobed, more or less separated from one another by terminal edge of a distinct fold running full length on PACS OP COMIN ie eyes tea wa bean es ene Rea ee 7 Stigmata confluent, semicircular on top of terete column P Seeetininb tard cea nls peewee na ew eee ie ee 5. Sacoila Lateral sepals with column-foot form a short, protruding CHIN: NEVEr SPUL-IKE 2.2 d6ssseececwewawes 6. Pteroglossa Lateral sepals with free part of column-foot form a pendu- lous, spur-like process .................. 7. Eltroplectris Stigmata 2, lateral on both sides of rostellum, large saddle- shaped, surpassing the foveate-truncate rostellum in height; petals free from dorsal sepal; lip with a deeply biparted, coarsely lacerate, terminal lobe; flowers always resupinate, i.e., the lip is uppermost in position ..................0. patee dai aeian ved ee bar hexsn eee aae en 8. Pseudocranichis Stigmata 2, always beneath the terminal rostellum; petals agglutinate with dorsal sepal; lip always without a coarsely lacerate terminal lobe; flowers resupinate, i.e., the lip is in lowermost position; this position may be obtained either through twisting of the ovary, arching of the inflorescence, or through the pendulous habit of the plant .......... 9 All three sepals connate basally, forming a distinct tube- like, often cylindrical nectary ..............c0.c eee. 10 Dorsal sepal free from, or rarely connate a negligible dis- tance with lateral sepals, never forming a cylindrical nec- tary, in exceptional cases, it may be likened to a shallow OP ican aee ener ter sslece cece hr asdoer head aw aw iees 17 Column free from sepaline tube; rostellum elongate, oblong-linear; claw of lip short, free from sepaline tube Se et ere eee a ere Fee eee ern eS 9. Cyclopogon Column partially adnate to dorsal sepal; rostellum short, triangular in outline; lip either sessile or with a long claw which is adnate to sepaline tube .................... 1] 291 12a. 12; 13a. 14. 14a. 15. |Sa. 16. l6a. Free portion of column inclined; clinandrium basket-like with free, lacerate-dentate sides not fused with sides of stigmatic CaVIty ....... cece eee eee eens 10. Manniella _ Free portion of column suberect; clinandrium infundi- buliform with entire sides adnate to column ......... 12 Flowers very large; rostellum acicular in center of a large, deeply bilobed, blunt plate; stigmata confluent ......... OEE eee rrr Tee eee en 11. Cybebus Flowers never very large, mostly medium to small; rostel- lum laminar, without a deeply bilobed plate ......... 13 Plants miniature with ciliate to hairy leaves, growing on branches of trees; lateral sepals didymous to ventricose at base; median nerve of sepals always cristate-carinate dor- SOU seesaw sevaheaeceetedciapereren eine 12. Eurystyles Plants large, aphyllous or with glabrous leaves, terrestrial; lateral sepals never didymous at base; median nerve of sepals always ecristate dorsally ..........+e+eeeeeeee 14 Rostellum emarginate; base of lip with marginal thicken- ings; plants stout; inflorescence more or less densely many- TG WOTERD. ctaccyesvsnnce ces ebereean exe 13. Aulosepalum Rostellum entire, triangular; base of lip auriculate to sagit- LOAG ecdewdisecndaneaees er seae eee tae RIO eee es ERhes 15 Plants stout; eaves, rarely absent during flowering time, “with tubular, adpressed, imbricating, vaginate sheaths forming a prominent, pillar-like base below spreading petioles or blades; rostellum short, triangular with an api- cal fovea, easily ruptured; stigmata free to approximate; Claw OL 1) SROL ...éscscsevasserioenes 14. Kionophyton Plants small, slender; leaves when present, basal without a pillar-like base; rostellum without an apical fovea; claw of lin rather 1ONe yi seca ne ceaicor sawn as sees aisenys 16 Plants autogamous with inconspicuous, decumbent rhi- zome; leaves basal, present during anthesis; column-foot short, oblique on top of ovary; rostellum short, obtuse; stigmata free to approximate ...........-. 15. Helonoma Plants allogamous with fasciculate, tuberous roots; leaves absent during anthesis; column-foot elongate, long-decur- rent on side of ovary; rostellum elongate, acute to sub- 292 17. 17a. 18. 18a. 19. 19a. 20. 20a. 21. 21a. Ba 2228. £5; 23548. acuminate; stigmata confluent ............. 16. Gularia Anther bivalvate, often deeply cordate, emarginate at apex, much surpassing the rostellum, during anthesis becomes flattened and arcuately curved backwards; stig- mata always confluent; rostellum emarginate, hardly dif- ferentiated, with a dorsal median toothlet which often is very much reduced in size or obscure altogether ........ ere eT eT ee Tee eer ee ee 17. Mesadenus Anther entire, rather deeply concave to umbonate, as long as, or somewhat surpassing rostellum, as a rule never curved backwards; stigmata free to approximate or trans- versely confluent; rostellum variously developed, always SUAS pix vndsn ena een eaaeeee ae howe epee ees 18 Column ballooned out in front due to inflated clinandrium A i nish wins WR ews ne ees BR eee 19 Column never ballooned out in front ............... 20 Rostellum short, bilobed; lip sagittate at base; stigmata Ca) i168), 0 113! | aaa te an arn ae ae are re 18. Beloglottis Rostellum elongate, entire; lip more or less auriculate at base; stigmata confluent ................ 19. Physogyne Stigmata situated on a deeply cleft, biparted cartilaginous plate; rostellum narrowly triangular, dorsal to plate, in center behind dividing cleft ............ 20. Thelyschista Stigmata always on same plane with rostellum ...... 21 Rostellum divided into two distinct segments ........ 22 Rostellum undivided with an entire, pointed, truncate, SmaAlcinaie OF CENUCHIAIC ADER. 6 sc.se a hwnd arden 23 Inflorescence arranged in a single or double spiral; dorsal sepal free from column; lateral sepals free; rostellum bifid or bidentate with sharply pointed or filiform segments eer err Tee re Teer Tere T Terre ere Ce 21. Spiranthes Inflorescence quaquaversal or subsecund; dorsal sepal halfway adnate to column; lateral sepals connate at base; rostellum bilobed with broad, obtuse lobules ........... ee ee eee Te eC ee rere ee ree 22. Galeottiella Rostellum rigid, more or less cartilaginous........... 24 Rostellum soft, always pliable, laminar to filiform ... 31 293 24. 24a. 2. 25a. 26. 26a. og 27a. 28. 28a. 29. 29a. Rostellum broadly triangular, acute at the more or less obscurely 3-lobulate or 3-dentate apex .............000- MAAN RAMS ARS RES EVE RK RRR ROD 23. Odontorrhynchus Rostellum linear-lanceolate to almost acicular, sharply- pointed or with a small, lateral tooth at base on each 5 (| i a re ere rere ee ee re ee Tere a eer eee Pie) Column footless, at most with an oblique base on top of 0) 5 Se ee eer eee ee re ne ery San re err eee 26 Column with a distinct, decurrent foot on side of ovary OPT PET eee rer eT Creer ee eer Trot pre 29 Flowers basally enlarged, urnlike; sepals at base on both sides become separated and form an opening like small windows; lateral sepals adnate to claw of lip and together display a prominent mentum ....... 24. Dithyridanthus Flowers neither enlarged basally, nor do sepals form win- dows; mentum at best rudimentary, obscure ......... 27 Column footless, its base arcuately confluent with claw of lip which is without any calli or marginal thickenings; lip segmented into a short, cup-shaped hypochile and an elongte, conduplicate, apically recurved epichile ........ eT ee er ere ree Tee rey 25. Cotylolabium Column with a distinct, oblique base on top of ovary, sharply parallel with calliferous base of lip; lip not seg- GUC ncaa cec sereapecea eens ti easnew sed eeerankes 28 Inflorescence subcorymbose, cernuous; lip unguiculate with large, thickened auricles; column elongate, slender hii aehaG ROLE R RRR REWER EAR as eS 26. Coccineorchis Inflorescence spicate, erect; lip sessile, calliferous along margins at base; column short, stout ................... Ee eT ee ee ere eC eee rere 27. Stenorrhynchos Plants miniature with few-flowered inflorescences; facul- tative epiphytes; rostellum unequally 3-dentate, the median tooth always longer; lip broadly concave to gibbose at base eT ToT eT eee TT Or re Tee Tere 28. Lankesterella Plants large with an elongate, cylindrical, many-flowered inflorescence; facultative geophytes; rostellum entire or obscurely 3-dentate, always linear; lip sagittate or con- CeCAte BT OARS 6 cc vexerijaeaxriesoneseneneees 30 30. 30a. on 31a. J: 32a. Rey 33a. 34. 34a. a> Sd: Flowers small in a rather loosely-flowered, often spirally twisted rachis; stigmata approximate; lip sagittate at base; rostellum linear-subulate .............. 29. Mesadenella Flowers medium in an allsided, densely-flowered rachis; stigmata confluent or V-shaped; lip conduplicate at base, more or less sigmoid; rostellum on each side at base witha small lateral tooth ................. 30. Skeptrostachys Rostellum very short, discernible only as a thin, trans- verse line above the edges of the stigmata, with a distinct membranaceous fovea at the tip; if membrane breaks or disintegrates in drying, rostellum appears to be emarginate SG ee te Lak hae cee 32 Rostellum as long as, or longer than wide, prominent, va- PIOUS RCE i Gh wade vcw au sntaw glass beet 33 Dorsal sepal free to base of column; petals at most with a somewhat oblique base; stigmata approximate to free; fovea of truncate rostellum always breaks during drying Se OY ee reer ee eee ere er ee 31. Brachystele Dorsal sepal partially adnate to column; petals decurrent on column-foot; stigmata confluent, subquadrate; fovea of rostellum commonly persistent upon drying ............ a site een ollie as bse fone epee Lda a oa esdaeinee 32. Microthelys Column with an obliquely extended base on top of ovary Se ics hn dh at es a os ote eee ecu ace TM 34 Column with a distinct foot decurrent on side of ovary, either manifested externally or completely hidden inter- Mito aes ee ack Sees eegaee eee 39 Lip unguiculate with a sagittate, auriculate or cordate base Ieee Lee PEE Se heen Ter eee Te ee ee Te 35 We eh ENG Seek Kus ba es eA ee eT a OIE 36 Flowers subglobose; lip cordate, cochleate with a trans- verse ridge above base; rostellum trapezoid, emarginate; stigmata confluent, reniform ....... 33. Pseudogoodyera Flowers elongate; lip never cochleate and without basal transverse ridge; rostellum linear-oblong to variously tri- angular; stigmata free to approximate ...... 34. Beadlea 2o5 36. 36a. 37. 2/0: 38. 38a. oo. 39a. 40. 40a. Stem ascending from a rhizomatous or subrhizomatous base with fleshy tuber-like roots originating from distant to more or less approximate nodes; Stigmata confluent; rostellum oblong to ligulate, excised at apex ........... Ra cMe Raia ce seeas OnE ead wea wees seers 35. Hapalorchis Stem caespitose with fasciculate roots or tubers; stigmata either confluent or separate; rostellum never oblong or ligulate,-OT EXCISED AUADEX. oc4s5c0s< yas eeeene races 37 Plants delicate; sepals connivent, subparallel; dorsal sepal free from column; lateral sepals oblique, sessile; column Te ass ee ee nee tees 38 Plants robust; sepals divaricately spreading; dorsal sepal adnate basally to back of column; lateral sepals with a short, didymous base; rostellum arrect, obovate to angular ELT e Te SOLE T ee Tee Ee eT ee 36. Buchtienia Stigmata 2, separate; rostellum subquadrate-flabellate, truncate, sulcate in middle; roots fleshy, fasciculate, geo- VUES. soins ee ses essere ney eka es 37. Stigmatosema Stigmata 2, confluent; rostellum narrowly triangular, esul- cate in middle; base of plants with a single tuber; growing among mosses on tree trunks .............. 38. Stalkya Column-foot embedded full length internally in ovarian tissue and with it the more or less connate lateral sepals form a prominent, internal nectary or cuniculus without any externally observable line of adnation ............. eT eee eC Te ee ee eee re ee rere 39. Sarcoglottis Column-foot decurrent on ovarian wall and with it the free or partially connate lateral sepals form an externally observable line of adnation ................00000 008s 40 Dorsal sepal free from back of column; lateral sepals basally connate into a ventricose, saccate or spur-like vesi- cle which is manifested often in a pronounced mentum; stigmata 2, separate to variously approximate; lip com- monly sagittate at base, rarely auriculate ....40. Pelexia Dorsal sepal partially adnate to back of column; lateral sepals never form a ventricose or saccate base, nor a mentum; stigmata 2, confluent; lip either unguiculate with auriculate to cordate base, but never sagittate or com- 296 41. 4la. 42. 42a. 43. 43a. monly conduplicate to excavate ..................0.. 4] Lip with a distinct, flat claw without thickened margins and with a calliferous or thickened, auriculate to cordate base; petals straight with an oblique, but never decurrent base; rostellum from a narrowly cuneate base arcuately linear-triangular, acuminate ............ 41. Schiedeella Lip conduplicate to excavate at base with more or less thickened margins; petals sinuous with a decurrent base; rostellum without arcuate sides .................0000. 42 Plants completely invested with diaphanous sheaths; rostellum from a broad base variously triangular, obtuse BOP ACUININ AOD 25 to ous eh wn as.eyxnsncee 42. Deiregyne Plants without diaphanous sheaths; rostellum either linear- DINO Cr HOON yc duhaheecivcieeve aeons wb easne ens 43 Inflorescence few-flowered, secund; flowers horizontal; lip gibbose-excavate at base; rostellum filiform ............ ey ae ee ee ee eS ee eee ee ee ere 43. Funckiella Inflorescence many-flowered, quaquaversal, conical-thyr- soid; flowers erect; lip navicular with channelled base; rostellum linear-oblong ............ 44. Dichromanthus INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES Acraea Lindl. Widgreni Rchb.f. = Brachystele Widgreni (Rchb.f.) Schltr. Adnula Raf. petiolaris Raf. = Pelexia adnata (Sw.) Spreng. Aetheria BI. ex Endl. caespitosa Lind]. = Lankesterella caespitosa (Lindl.) Hoehne Arethusa L. picta Anders. = Sarcoglottis acaulis (J.E.Sm.) Schltr. Aristotelea Lour. spiralis Lour. = Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames 297 Aulosepalum Garay, gen. nom. nov. Basionym: Gamosepalum Schltr. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 37(2): 429, 1920, not Hausskn. 1897. Etymology: Au/os = tube and sepalum = sepal, in reference to the sepaline tube. Sepals subequal, connate to middle, forming a distinct, more or less cylindrical tube which is suberect to perpendicular on top of ovary. Petals connivent with dorsal sepal, basally decurrent. Lip with a long claw, adnate to tube, lamina with marginal thickenings at base. Column half-way adnate to dorsal sepal, free portion suberect, basally produced in a distinct foot; stigmata 2, confluent or closely approximate; rostellum short, triangular in outline, emarginate, soft; clinandrium funnel- shaped. Anther ovate-cucullate, obtuse; pollinia with a round viscidium. Ovary cylindric, somewhat twisted. Plants stout, erect, xerophytic. Roots fasciculate, fusiform. Leaves, when present, basal, long-petiolate. Stem completely enclosed by more or less chartaceous, hyaline sheaths. Inflo- rescence many-flowered. Flowers of medium size, erect on top of ovary. TYPE: Spiranthes tenuiflora Greenm. Four species native to Mexico and Guatemala. Index to species Aulosepalum hemichrea (Lindl.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes hemichrea Lindl., Gen. and Sp. Orch. PI. 473, 1840. Aulosepalum Nelsonii (Greenm.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes Nelsonii Greenm. in Proc. Amer. Acad. Sci. 35: 307, 1900. Aulosepalum ramentaceum (Lind!.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes ramentacea Lindl. in Ann. Nat. Hist. 4: 384, 1840. Aulosepalum tenuiflorum (Greenm.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes tenuiflora Greenm. in Proc. Amer. Acad. Sci. 35: 308, 1900. Beadlea Small, Flora SE United States 219, 1903. Etymology: In honor of Chauncey Delos Beadle (1866-— 1950), an American botanist. 298 Sepals free, subparallel; lateral sepals oblique, with base of column forming a short but obscure mentum. Petals connivent with dorsal sepal. Lip unguiculate, sagittate, auriculate or cordate at base, lateral margins agglutinate with sides of column. Column erect, free from dorsal sepal, more or less elongate, with a short, oblique base on top of ovary; stigmata 2, free to approximate; rostellum undivided, soft, pliable, longer than wide, linear-oblong to variously triangular. Anther con- cave-cucullate; pollinia clavate, with a small viscidium. Ovary cylindric to fusiform, slightly twisted, sessile. Terrestrial, slender plants with fasciculate, fusiform roots, Leaves basal, rosulate, commonly petiolate. Stem erect, vari- ously bracteolate, terminated by a loosely- to densely-flowered spike. Flowers small. TYPE: Spiranthes Storeri Chapm. 54 species native to the tropical and subtropical regions of the New World. Index to species Beadlea alexandrae (Krzl.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes alexandrae Krzl. in Svensk Vet. Akad. Hand. 46(10): 33, 1911. Beadlea aprica (Lindl.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes aprica Lindl., Gen. and Sp. Orch. Pl. 469, 1840. Beadlea argyrifolia (Barb.Rodr.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes argyrifolia Barb.Rodr., Gen. et Sp. Orch. Nov. I: 183, 1877. argyrotaenia (Schltr.) Garay Beadlea bicolor (Ker-Gawl.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Neottia bicolor Ker-Gawl. in Bot. Reg. 10: t. 794, 1824. Beadlea bidentata (Barb.Rodr.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Cyclopogon alpestris var. bidentata Barb.Rodr., Gen. et Sp. Orch. Nov. 2: 283, 1881. bifida (Ridl.) Garay & Dunsterv. = Helonoma bifida (Ridl.) Garay Beadlea calophylla (Barb.Rodr.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes calophylla Barb. Rodr., Gen. et Sp. Orch. Nov. I: 182, 1877. Beadlea casanaensis (Schltr. ex Mansf.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Cyclopogon casanaensis Schltr. ex Mansf. in Fedde, Rep. 27: 32, 1929. 299 Beadlea cearensis (Barb.Rodr.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Cyclopogon cearensis Barb. Rodr., Gen. et Sp. Orch. Nov. 2: 283, 1881. comosa (Rchb.f.) Hamer & Garay Beadlea congesta (Vell.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Serapias congesta Vell., Fl. Flum. Ic. 9: t.54, 1831. cranichoides (Griseb.) Small Beadlea diversifolia (Cogn.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes diversifolia Cogn. in Mart., Fl. Bras. 3(6): 543, 1906. Beadlea Dusenii (Schltr.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Cyclopogon Dusenii Schltr. in Fedde, Rep. 16: 323, 1920. Beadlea Dutraei (Schltr.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Cyclopogon Dutraei Schltr. in Fedde, Rep. Beih. 35: 30, 1925. elata (Sw.) Small Beadlea eldorado (Linden & Rchb.f.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes eldorado Linden & Rchb.f. in Bot. Zeit. 15: 157, 1857. Beadlea elegans (Hoehne) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Cyclopogon elegans Hoehne in Arq. Bot. Est.S.Paulo n.s. 1(6): 132, 1944. elliptica Garay epiphytica Dodson Beadlea Eugenii (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes Eugenii Rchb.f., Otia Bot. Hamb. 2: 84, 1881. Beadlea glabrescens (Hashimoto) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes glabrescens Hashimoto in Journ. Jap. Bot. 46: 175, 1971. Beadlea goodyeroides (Schltr.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes goodyeroides Schltr. in Fedde, Rep. 10: 448, 1911. gracilis (Schltr.) Garay Beadlea graciliscapa (Schltr.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Cyclopogon graciliscapus Schltr. in Anex. Mem. Inst. Butan- tan 1(4): 23, 1922. Beadlea Hatschbachii (Schltr.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Cyclopogon Hatschbachii Schltr. in Fedde, Rep. 23: 34. 1926. Hennisiana (Sandt) Garay Beadlea iguapensis (Schltr.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Cyclopogon iguapensis Schltr. in Anex. Mem. Inst. Butantan 1(4): 25, 1922. inaequilatera (Poepp. & Endl.) Garay Beadlea itatiaiensis (Krzl.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes itatiaiensis Krzl. in Svensk Vet. Akad. Handl. 46(10): 36, 1911. Beadlea laxiflora (Ekman & Mansf.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Cyclopogon laxiflorus Ekman & Mansf. in Arkiv f. Bot. 22A: 11, 1929. Lindleyana (Link,K]. & Otto) Garay & Dunsterv. 300 Beadlea longibracteata (Barb.Rodr.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes longibracteata Barb. Rodr., Gen. et Sp. Orch. Nov. 1: 185, 1877. Beadlea luteo-alba (Rich. & Gal.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes luteo-alba Rich. & Gal. in Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 3, 3: 32, 1845. Millei (Schltr.) Garay miradorensis (Schltr.) Garay & Dunsterv. Beadlea multiflora (Schltr.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Cyclopogon multiflorus Schltr. in Anex. Mem. Inst. Butantan 1(4): 27, 1922. Beadlea oligantha (Hoehne) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes oligantha Hoehne in Rev. Mus. Paulist. 10: 442, 1919. olivacea (Rolfe) Garay organensis Pabst peruviana (Presl) Garay plantaginea Garay Beadlea prasophylloides Garay, nom. et stat. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes Prasophyllum var. cleistogama Ames & Correll in Bot. Mus. Leafl. 10: 65, 1942. Prasophyllum (Rchb.f.) Hamer & Garay Rimbachii (Schltr.) Garay Beadlea saccata (Rich. & Gal.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes saccata Rich. & Gal. in Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 3, 3: 32, 1845. Storeri (Chapm.) Small = Beadlea cranichoides (Griseb.) Small Beadlea subalpestris (Schltr.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Cyclopogon subalpestris Schltr. in Fedde, Rep. Beih. 35: 32, 1925. Beadlea taquaremboéensis (Barb.Rodr.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Stenorrhynchus taquaremboénsis Barb.Rodr. in Contr. Jard. Bot. Rio I: 68, 1902. Beadlea trifasciata (Schltr.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Cyclopogon trifasciatus Schltr. in Fedde, Rep. Beih. 35: 33, 1925. Beadlea truncata (Lind].) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes truncata Lindl., Gen. and Sp. Orch. Pl. 470, 1840. Beadlea variegata (Barb.Rodr.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Cyclopogon variegatus Barb. Rodr., Gen. et Sp. Orch. Nov. 2: 282, 1881. Beadlea venusta (Barb.Rodr.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Stenorrhynchus venustus Barb.Rodr. in Contr.Jard. Bot. Rio 1: 49, 1901. Beadlea vittata (Dutra ex Pabst) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Cyclopogon vittatus Dutra ex Pabst in Sellowia 10: 128, 1959. Beadlea Warmingii (Rchb.f.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes Warmingii Rchb.f., Otia Bot. Hamb. 2: 84, 1881. 301 Beloglottis Schltr. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 37(2): 364, 1920. Etymology: Bel/os = dart and glotta = tongue, in reference to the shape of the lip of the type species. Sepals subparallel, essentially free, occasionally connate to a negligible distance akin to a shallow cap, the apices arcuately spreading; lateral sepals with an oblique, subdecurrent base. Petals parallel and agglutinate with dorsal sepal, short-decurrent at base. Lip distinctly unguiculate, the claw adnate to base of lateral sepals, lamina canaliculate with sagittate base, lateral margins in middle agglutinate with sides of column. Column rather short, due to inflated clinandrium basally ballooned out, partly adnate to dorsal sepal, basally produced into a short, oblique foot without forming an ovarian spur or mentum, stig- mata 2, anterior, touching each other in middle; rostellum short, erect, bilobed, bifid or distinctly bidentate. Anther more or less ovate, concave, acute, slightly cordate at base; pollinia clavate with narrowly elliptic viscidium tightly inserted between rostel- lar lobes. Ovary slender, cylindric, sessile. Terrestrial plants with fasciculate, puberulent roots. Leaves several, basal, petiolate. Scape slender, erect, bracteolate, termi- nated by a loosely to densely many-flowered spike. Flowers small to almost inconspicuous. TYPE: Spiranthes costaricensis Rchb.f. Seven species native to tropical and subtropical regions of the New World. Index to species bicaudata (Ames) Garay boliviensis Schltr. costaricensis (Rchb.f.) Schltr. ecallosa (A. & S.) Hamer & Garay Hameri Garay mexicana Garay Beloglottis subpandurata (A. & S.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes subpandurata A. & S., Sched. Orch. 8: 4, 1925. Brachystele Schltr. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 37(2): 370, 1920. Etymology: Brachys = short and stele = pillar, column, in reference to the short column. 302 Sepals free to base, subparallel; lateral sepals with an oblique base, together with short, incurved column-foot form a small, obtuse mentum. Petals agglutinate to dorsal sepal, at most with an oblique base. Lip sessile, arcuately conduplicate with a recurved apex, basally with thickened margins; lamina aggluti- nate in middle to sides of column. Column short, widened toward apex, basally produced in a short, incurved foot: stigmata 2, approximate to free, rostellum soft, undivided, very short, discernible only as a thin, truncate line above the edges of stigmata, with a distinct, membranaceous fovea of a thin membrane in the center which always breaks during drying, hence rostellum appears to be emarginate or incised in middle. Anther short, concave, rotund; pollinia short, clavate with a small, roundish viscidium tightly fitting into rostellar fovea. Ovary more or less arcuately cylindric, somewhat twisted. Terrestrial plants, commonly leafless during anthesis. Roots fasciculate, fleshy, fusiform, often stipitately fusiform. Leaves commonly absent during anthesis, when present, basal, petio- late. Stem erect, vaginate, terminated by a cylindric, densely many-flowered spike, rarely loosely secund. Flowers small to minute. LECTOTYPE: Ophrys unilateralis Poir. [Cabrera in DAGI 1(6): 16, 1942] 13 species native mainly to South America, especially Brazil and adjacent countries, with one species in Central America and the West Indies. Index to species aguacatensis (Rchb.f.) Schltr. = Brachystele guayanensis (Lind].) Schltr. Arechavaletae (Krzl.) Schltr. atramentaria (Krzl.) Schltr. = Brachystele Widgrenii (Rchb.f.) Schltr. bracteosa (Lindl.) Schltr. Brenesii (Schitr.) Schltr. = Brachystele guayanensis (Lind].) Schltr, Burkartii Correa camporum (Lindl.) Schltr. chlorops (Rchb.f.) Schltr. =Odontorrhynchus chlorops (Rchb.f.) Garay cyclochila (Krzl.) Schltr. cycloglossa (Krzl.) Schltr., sphalm. = Brachystele cyclochila (Krzl.) Schltr. delicatula (Krzl.) Schltr. 303 dilatata (Lind1.) Schltr. guayanensis (Lind1.) Schltr. Hatschbachii Pabst = Stigmatosema Hatschbachii (Pabst) Garay Hoehnei Pabst = Brachystele Ulaei (Cogn.) Schltr. icmadophila (Barb.Rodr.) Schltr. ex Pabst, nomen = Spiranthes icmado- phila Barb. Rodr. Lechleri Schltr. = Brachystele unilateralis (Poir.) Schltr. longiflora Schltr. = Sauroglossum longiflorum (Schltr.) Garay Nuil (L.C.Rich.) Schltr. = Brachystele unilateralis (Poir.) Schltr. Brachystele pedicellata (Cogn.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes pedicellata Cogn. in Mart., Fl. Bras. 3(4): 210, 1895. spiranthoides Schltr. = Brachystele cyclochila (Krzl.) Schltr. subfiliformis (Cogn.) Schltr. Ulaei (Cogn.) Schltr. unilateralis (Poir.) Schltr. Widgrenii (Rchb.f.) Schltr. Buchtienia Schltr. in Fedde, Rep. 27: 33, 1929. Etymology: In honor of Otto Buchtien (1859 — 19..), a Ger- man plant collector and Director of Museo National in La Paz, Bolivia. Dorsal sepal erect, free, partially adnate to back of column; lateral sepals divaricate, connate at base and forming a more or less didymous sac with a short column-foot. Petals shorter than dorsal sepal to which the inner margins agglutinate, base decur- rent on column-foot. Lip sessile, inarticulate, smaller than other perianths; the broadly subquadrate claw with thickened mar- gins, more or less subsaccate, firmly fused with column-foot and enclosed in the sac-like base of the lateral sepals; blade 3-lobed, lateral lobes erect, midlobe reflexed. Column short, glabrous, terete, somewhat sigmoid, form a narrow pedicellate base abruptly expanding upwards into an urceolate clinandrium, basally produced in an oblique foot on top of ovary; stigmata 2, approximate to confluent, transversely elliptic, marginate; ros- tellum undivided, soft, laminar, arrect, obovate to angular, esul- cate in middle (never 3-lobed as originally reported). Anther erect to somewhat incumbent, umbonate; pollinia obovoid with a small viscidium. Ovary sessile. Terrestrial, large plants. Roots fasciculate, tuberous. Leaves basal, several, long-petiolate. Scape much surpassing the leaves, 304 remotely sheathed, terminated by a long, loosely many-flowered spike. Flowers small, resupinate. TYPE: Buchtienia boliviensis Schltr. Three species native to Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and Brazil. Index to species boliviensis Schltr. ecuadorensis Garay rosea Garay Centrogenium Schltr. acianthiforme (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Hoehne = Nothostele acianthiformis (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Garay calcaratum (Sw.) Schltr. = Eltroplectris calcarata (Sw.) Garay & Sweet Cogniauxianum Schltr. = Eltroplectris Cogniauxiana (Schltr.) Pabst janeirense Porto & Brade = Eltroplectris janeirensis (Porto & Brade) Pabst KuhImannianum Hoehne = Eltroplectris Kuhlmanniana (Hoehne) Pabst longicornu (Cogn.) Schltr. = Eltroplectris longicornu (Cogn.) Pabst luridum Correa = Pteroglossa lurida (Correa) Garay macrophyllum Schltr. = Eltroplectris macrophylla (Schltr.) Pabst olivaceum (Rolfe) Schltr. = Pelexia olivacea Rolfe Radmakeri Ruschi & LaGasa = Eltroplectris calcarata (Sw.) Garay & Sweet roseoalbum (Rchb.f.) Schltr. = Eltroplectris roseoalba (Rchb.f.) Hamer & Garay Schlechteranum Porto & Brade = Eltroplectris Schlechterana (Porto & Brade) Pabst setaceum (Lindl.) Schltr. = Eltroplectris calcarata (Sw.) Garay & Sweet trilobum (Lindl.) Schltr. = Eltroplectris triloba (Lindl.) Pabst Cladobium Schltr., not Lindl. ceracifolium (Barb. Rodr.) Schltr. = Lankesterella ceracifolia (Barb.Rodr.) Mansf. costaricense Schltr. = Lankesterella orthantha (Krzl.) Garay epiphytum (Barb.Rodr.) Schltr. = Lankesterella caespitosa (Lindl.) Hoehne gnomus (Krzl.) Schltr. = Lankesterella gnomus (Krzl.) Hoehne longicolle (Cogn.) Schltr. = Lankesterella longicollis (Cogn.) Hoehne majus Hoehne & Schltr. = Lankesterella ceracifolia (Barb.Rodr.) Mansf. oliganthum Hoehne & Schltr. = Lankesterella cercacifolia (Barb.Rodr.) Mansf. pilosum (Cogn.) Schltr. = Lankesterella pilosa (Cogn.) Hoehne Spannagelianum Hoehne & Brade = Lankesterella Spannageliana (Hoehne & Brade) Hoehne 305 Coccineorchis Schltr. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 37(2): 434, 1920. Etymology: Kokkinos = scarlet and orchis = orchid, in refer- ence to color of the flowers, especially of the type species. Sepals free, similar, subparallel; lateral sepals with an obli- quely inserted base on top of the ovary without forming an observable mentum. Petals agglutinate with dorsal sepal. Lip distinctly unguiculate, conduplicate with an arcuate apex, bas- ally prominently auriculate; margins of lamina in middle agglu- tinate with sides of column. Column slender, elongate, pubes- cent in front, free from dorsal sepal, with a distinct, oblique base on top of the ovary; stigmata 2, anterior, approximate, touching one another in the middle; rostellum rigid, more or less carti- laginous, linear-lanceolate to subulate, sharply pointed. Anther ovate-lanceolate, acute, umbonate; pollinia clavate with a large, narrowly oblong viscidium. Ovary fusiform, sessile. Terrestrial, large plants with fasciculate, fleshy, fusiform roots. Leaves basal, rosulate, distinctly petiolate. Scape erect, vaginate, terminated by a short, subcorymbose, cernuous, sub- dense spike. Flowers conspicuous, brightly colored. TYPE: Spiranthes corymbosa Krzl. Four species native to higher elevations of Central and South America. Index to Species Coccineorchis bracteosa (A. & S.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Stenorrhynchus bracteosus A. & S., Sched.Orch. 8: 6, 1925. cernua (Lindl.) Garay corymbosa (Krzl.) Schltr.= Coccineorchis cernua (Lind].) Garay Coccineorchis navarrensis (Ames) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Stenorrhynchus navarrensis Ames, Sched.Orch. 9: 13, 1925. Coccineorchis Standleyi (Ames) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Stenorrhynchus Standleyi Ames, Sched.Orch. 9: 14, 1925. Cogniauxiocharis (Schltr.) Hoehne euphlebius (Oliver ex Rchb.f.) Hoehne = Pteroglossa euphlebia (Rchb.f.) Garay Glazioviana (Cogn.) Hoehne = Pteroglossa Glazioviana (Cogn.) Garay 306 Collea Lindl. adnata Lind]. = Pelexia adnata (Sw.) Spreng. calcarata Lindl. = Eltroplectris calcarata (Sw.) Garay & Sweet Cotylolabium Garay, gen. nov. Etymology: Kotyla = cup-shaped cavity and /abios = lip, in reference to the hypochile of the lip. Sepala similia, libera, subparallela. Petala cum sepalo postico conniventia, cucullam formantia. Labellum cuneato-unguicula- tum, bipartitum: hypochilium cupulatum, epichilium condu- plicatum, apice recurvo. Columna elongata, gracilis, basi obli- qua, apoda, ungue labelli confluentia; stigmata 2, valde ap- proximata; rostellum rigidum, plus minusve cartilagineum, aciculare, acuminatissimum. Anthera ovato-lanceolata, acuta, umbonata; pollinia clavata, viscidio anguste oblongo. Ovarium cylindraceum, sessile, leviter tortum. Herbae terrestres, foliosae; radicibus fasciculatis, carnosis. Folia caulina, pauca. Inflorescentia terminalis, pauciflora, rha- chidi spiraliter torta. Flores satis magnae, speciosae. Sepals similar, free, subparallel. Petals with dorsal sepal con- nivent to form a hood over the column. Lip cuneate-unguiculate, segmented: hypochile cup-shaped, epichile conduplicate, re- curved at apex. Column elongate, slender with a short oblique base, confluent with claw of lip, completely footless; stigmata 2, anterior tightly approximate; rostellum rigid, more or less carti- laginous, acicular, sharp-pointed. Anther ovate-lanceolate, acute, umbonate; pollinia clavate with narrowly oblong viscidium. Ovary cylindric, sessile, slightly twisted. Terrestrial, leafy plants with fasiculate, fleshy roots. Leaves few, cauline. Inflorescence terminal, few-flowered with spirally twisted rachis. Flowers large, showy. TYPE: Stenorrhynchus Lutzii Pabst One species native to Brazil. Index to species Cotylolabium Lutzii (Pabst) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Stenorrhynchus Lutzii Pabst in Rev.Bras. Biol. 15: 194, 1955. 307 Cranichis Sw. thysanochila Robins. & Greenm. = Pseudocranichis thysanochila (Ro- bins. & Greenm.) Garay Cybebus Garay in Bot. Mus. Leafl. 26: 15, 1978. Etymology: Kybebos = stooping with head bent, in reference to the rectangularly bent flowers. Sepals similar, divaricate, arcuately spreading, basally con- nate into a cylindrical tube which is rectangularly attached to ovary; dorsal sepal partially adnate to back of column. Petals tightly connivent with dorsal sepal, forming a hood over column. Lip horizontal, navicular, auriculate-sagittate at base. Column rectangularly bent, expanded upwards, basally ex- tended into a long, arcuate foot; stigmata 2, tightly approximate to almost confluent; rostellum acicular in center of deeply bilobed, blunt plate. Anther umbonate; pollinia clavate with large, elliptic viscidium in between large rostellar lobes. Ovary cylindric to fusiform, sessile, twisted. Terrestrial, large plants with thick, tuberous roots. Leaves basal, large, prominently petiolate. Scape erect, loosely vagi- nate, terminated by a loosely few-flowered, secund spike. Flow- ers large, showy. TYPE: Cybebus grandis Garay One species, so far known only from Colombia. Index to species grandis Garay Cyclopogon Presl, Rel. Haenk. I: 93, 1827. Etymology: Kyklos = circle and pogon = tail of fire with divided ends, in reference to the (reddish in dry condition) sepals which emerge from the circular sepaline tube resembling tails of fire with divided ends. Sepals similar, basally connate into a cylindric tube which is perpendicular on top of ovary, free above with spreading seg- ments. Petals connivent with dorsal sepal, at base for a short 308 distance adnate to sides of column. Lip broadly unguiculate, sagittate-auriculate, the claw free from sepaline tube. Column free, elongate, slender, cylindric, pubescent in front, basally produced into a short, oblique base; stigmata 2, anterior, approximate; rostellum elongate, oblong-linear, truncate or obscurely excised. Anther in the descending clinandrium erect, umbonate, 2-celled. Ovary cylindric, sessile. Terrestrial plants with fleshy, fasciculate, villose roots. Leaves basal, rosulate, prominently petiolate. Scape slender, several- sheathed, spicate above. Flowers small, membranaceous. TYPE: Cyclopogon ovalifolium Pres] One species native to the Andes of Colombia, Ecuador and Fer. Index to species albopunctata Barb.Rodr. = Mesadenella cuspidata (Lindl.) Garay alexandrae (Krzl.) Schltr. = Beadlea alexandrae (Krzl.) Garay alpestris Barb.Rodr. = Beadlea congesta (Vell.) Garay amabilis (Ames) J. Acuna = Hapalorchis lineatus (Lindl.) Schltr. aphyllus Schltr. = Pelexia goyazensis (Cogn.) Garay apricus (LindI.) Schltr. = Beadlea aprica (Lindl.) Garay argyrifolius Barb.Rodr. = Beadlea argyrifolia (Barb.Rodr.) Garay argyrotaenius Schltr. = Beadlea argyrotaenia (Schitr.) Garay atroviridis Barb.Rodr. = Mesadenella atroviridis (Barb.Rodr.) Garay Bangii (Rolfe) Schltr. = Odontorrhynchus chlorops (Rchb.f.) Garay bicolor (Ker-Gawl.) Schltr.= Beadlea bicolor (Ker-Gawl.) Garay bifidus (Ridl.) Schltr. = Helonoma bifida (Ridl.) Garay Bradei Schltr. = Beadlea variegata (Barb.Rodr.) Garay calophyllus Barb.Rodr. = Beadlea calophylla (Barb.Rodr.) Garay candidus (Krzl.) Pabst = Hapalorchis candidus (Krzl.) Schltr. casanaénsis Schltr. ex Mansf. = Beadlea casanaénsis (Schltr. ex Mansf.) Garay cearensis Barb.Rodr. = Beadlea cearensis (Barb.Rodr.) Garay chloroleucus (Barb.Rodr.) Schltr. = Stigmatosema polyaden (Vell.) Garay congestus (Vell.) Hoehne = Beadlea congesta (Vell.) Garay cranichoides (Griseb.) Schltr. 1920 = Beadlea cranichoides (Griseb.) Small cranichoides Schltr. 1921 = Beadlea peruviana (Presl) Garay cuspidatus (Lindl.) Schltr. = Mesadenella cuspidata (Lind]l.) Garay densiflorus Schltr. = Beadlea Lindleyana (Link, Kl. & Otto) Garay & Dunsterv. diversifolius (Cogn.) Schltr. = Beadlea diversifolia (Cogn.) Garay Doeringit Schltr. ex Hoehne, nomen = Beadlea variegata (Barb.Rodr.) Garay 309 Dusenii Schltr. = Beadlea Dusenii (Schltr.) Garay Dutraei Schltr. = Beadlea Dutraei (Schltr.) Garay elatus (Sw.) Schltr. = Beadlea elata (Sw.) Small eldorado (Linden & Rchb.f.) Schltr. = Beadlea eldorado (Linden & Rchb.f.) Garay elegans Hoehne = Beadlea elegans (Hoehne) Garay Eugenii (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Schltr. = Beadlea Eugenii (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Garay goodyeroides Schltr. = Beadlea goodyeroides (Schltr.) Garay goyazensis (Cogn.) Schltr. = Pelexia goyazensis (Cogn.) Garay gracilis Schltr. = Beadlea gracilis (Schltr.) Garay graciliscapus Schltr. = Beadlea graciliscapa (Schltr.) Garay Hatschbachii Schltr. = Beadlea Hatschbachii (Schltr.) Garay icmadophilus (Barb.Rodr.) Schltr. = Spiranthes icmadophila Barb. Rodr. iguapensis Schltr. = Beadlea iguapensis (Schltr.) Garay inaequilaterus (Poepp. & Endl.) Schltr. = Beadlea inaequilatera (Poepp. & Endl.) Garay itatiaiensis (Krzl.) Hoehne = Beadlea itatiaiensis (Krzl.) Garay Langei Schltr. = Beadlea congesta (Vell.) Garay laxiflorus Ekman & Mansf. = Beadlea laxiflora (Ekman & Mansf.) Garay lineatus (Lind]l.) Pabst = Hapalorchis lineata (Lindl.) Schltr. Lindleyanus (Link, Kl. & Otto) Schltr. = Beadlea Lindleyana (Link, Kl. & Otto) Garay & Dunsterv. longibracteatus (Barb.Rodr.) Schltr. = Beadlea longibracteata (Barb.Rodr.) Garay luteo-albus (Rich. & Gal.) Schltr. = Beadlea luteo-alba (Rich. & Gal.) Garay macer Schltr. = Beadlea peruviana (Presl) Garay Maderoi Schltr. = Beadlea peruviana (Presl) Garay micranthus (Barb.Rodr.) Schltr. = Hapalorchis micrantha (Barb.Rodr.) Hoehne Millei (Schltr.) Schltr. = Beadlea Millei (Schltr.) Garay minutiflorus (Rchb.f.) Schltr. = Beadlea peruviana (Presl) Garay miradorensis Schltr. = Beadlea miradorensis (Schltr.) Garay & Dunsterv. monophyllus (Lindl.) Schltr. = Cranichis diplhylla Sw. moyobambae Schltr. = Beadlea inaequilatera (Poepp. & Endl.) Garay multiflorus Schltr. = Beadlea multiflora (Schltr.) Garay nigricans (Schltr.) Schltr. = Beadlea cranichoides (Griseb.) Small nutantiflorus (Schltr.) Schltr. = Microthelys nutantiflora (Schltr.) Garay oliganthus (Hoehne) Hoehne & Schltr. = Beadlea oligantha (Hoehne) Garay olivaceus (Rolfe) Schltr. = Beadlea olivacea (Rolfe) Garay ovalifolium Pres} paludosus (Cogn.) Schltr. = Beadlea aprica (Lind|.) Garay Pamii (Braid) Mansf. & Herter = Beadlea Lindleyana (Link, Kl. & Otto) Garay & Dunsterv. pauciflorus (Porto & Brade) Pabst = Hapalorchis pauciflora Porto & Brade paulensis Schltr. = Beadlea itatiaiensis (Krzl.) Garay peruvianus (Presl) Schltr. = Beadlea peruviana (Presl) Garay plantagineus (Lindl.) Schltr. = Beadlea plantaginea Garay platyunguis Schltr. = Beadlea aprica (Lind].) Garay 310 Prasophyllum (Rchb.f.) Schltr. = Beadlea Prasophyllum (Rchb.f.) Hamer & Garay procera Regnell ex Barb.Rodr. = Sauroglossum elatum Lindl. pubescens Barb.Rodr. ex Hoehne = Beadlea bicolor (Ker-Gawl.) Garay Rimbachii Schltr. = Beadlea Rimbachii (Schltr.) Garay rotundifolius (Cogn.) Schltr. = Discyphus scopulariae (Rehb.f.) Schltr. saccatus (Rich. & Gal.) Schltr. = Beadlea saccata (Rich. & Gal.) Garay saxicolus Schltr. = Beadlea congesta (Vell.) Garay spiranthoides Schltr. = Beadlea peruviana (Presl) Garay stenoglossus Pabst = Hapalorchis lineatus (Lindl.) Schltr. stictophyllus Schltr. = Beadlea olivacea (Rolfe) Garay subalpestris Schltr. = Beadlea subalpestris (Schltr.) Garay taquaremboénsis (Barb.Rodr.) Schltr. = Beadlea taquaremboénsis (Barb. Rodr.) Garay trifasciatus Schltr. = Beadlea trifasciata (Schltr.) Garay trilineatus Barb.Rodr. = Beadlea longibracteata (Barb.Rodr.) Garay truncatus (Lindl.) Schltr. = Beadlea truncata (Lindl.) Garay Tuerckheimii (Schltr.) Schltr. = Schiedeella Llaveana (Lindl.) Schltr. variegatus Barb.Rodr. = Beadlea variegata (Barb.Rodr.) Garay venustus (Barb.Rodr.) Schltr. = Beadlea venusta (Barb.Rodr.) Garay violaceus (Rich. & Gal.) Schltr. = Schiedeella violacea (Rich. & Gal.) Garay vittatus Dutra ex Pabst = Beadlea vittata (Dutra ex Pabst) Garay Warmingii (Rchb.f.) Schltr. = Beadlea Warmingii (Rchb.f.) Garay Deiregyne Schltr. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 37(2): 426, 1920. Etymology: Deire = neck and gyne = pistil, woman, in refer- ence to the position of the sepals which sit per- pendicularly on top of ovary as if it were a neck- like extension. Sepals subsimilar, connivent with spreading apices; dorsal sepal partially adnate to column; lateral sepals decurrent on column-foot, together form a gibbous nectary. Petals agglu- tinate with dorsal sepal, sinuous, more or less decurrent at base. Lip arcuate, conduplicate at base with more or less thickened margins; margins of blade in middle agglutinate with sides of column, apex recurved. Column arcuate, partially adnate to dorsal sepal, basally with a decurrent, somewhat incurved foot, more or less sulcate in front; stigmata 2, confluent bilobed at apex; rostellum soft, laminar, longer than wide, from a broad base variously triangular, obtuse to subacuminate. Anther ovate, cucullate to umbonate, acute or obtuse; pollinia clavate with a small, round viscidium. Ovary more or less cylindrical to fusiform, sometimes twisted. 311 Plants variable, all faculatative geophytes, commonly leafless during anthesis. Roots fasciculate, fleshy, tuberous. Leaves, when present, either basal or cauline, with a cuneate base. Stem erect, slender to robust, vaginate, terminated by a few- to many- flowered spike; sheath chartaceous, diaphanous. Flowers small to medium. LECTOTYPE: Spiranthes chloreaeformis Rich. & Gal., in hoc loco. 14 species native to Mexico and Guatemala. Index to species Deiregyne albovaginata (C. Schweinf.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes albovaginata C. Schweinf. in Bot. Mus. Leafl. 4: 103, 1937 Deiregyne chartacea (L.O.Wms.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes chartacea L.O.Wms. in Bot. Mus. Leaf. 12: 226, 1946 chloreaeformis (Rich. & Gal.) Schltr. = Deiregyne diaphana (Lindl.) Garay confusa Garay Deiregyne dendroneura (Sheviak & Bye) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes dendroneura Sheviak & Bye in Brittonia 32: 368, 1980 Deiregyne diaphana (Lindl.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes diaphana Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 30: Misc. 12, 1844 Deiregyne durangensis (A. & S.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes durangensis A. & S. in Bot. Mus. Leafl. 3: 128, 1935 Deiregyne eriophora (Robins. & Greenm.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes eriophora Robins. & Greenm. in Amer. Journ. Sci. 50: 165, 1895 Deiregyne falcata (L.O.Wms.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes falcata L.O.Wms. in Bot. Mus. Leaf]. 12: 228, 1946 hemichrea (Lindl.) Schltr. = Aulosepalum hemichrea (Lind]l.) Garay hondurensis (Schltr.) Schltr. = Gularia trilineata (Lindl.) Garay Deiregyne obtecta (C. Schweinf.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes obtecta C. Schweinf. in Bot. Mus. Leafl. 4: 106, 1937 obtusa (Schltr.) Schltr. = Aulosepalum Nelsoniu (Greenm.) Garay pandurata Garay Deiregyne pseudopyramidalis (L.O.Wms.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes pseudopyramidalis L.O.Wms. in Bot. Mus. Leafl. 12: 232, 1946 pulchra (Schltr.) Schltr. = Aulosepalum hemichrea (Lind1.) Garay ramentacea (Lindl.) Schltr. = Aulosepalum ramentaceum (Lindl.) Garay 312 rhombilabia Garay Deiregyne tenella (L.O.Wms.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes tenella L.O.Wms. in Bot. Mus. Leafl. 12: 253; 1946 Thelymitra (Rchb.f.) Schltr. = Gularia trilineata (Lindl.) Garay trilineata (Lindl.) Schltr. = Gularia trilineata (Lindl.) Garay Deiregyne velata (Robins. & Fern.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes velata Robins. & Fern. in Proc. Amer. Acad. Sci. 30: 122, 1894 Dichromanthus Garay, gen. nov. Etymology: Prefix di- = two, chroma = color and anthos = flower, signifying the nature of the flowers. Sepala similia, conniventia, apicibus patentibus; sepalum pos- ticum columna dorsaliter adnatum, basi decurrenti: sepala late- ralia tantum pedem columnae adnata. Petala margine interiore sepalo intermedio agglutinata, sinuosa, basi decurrentia. Label- lum sessile, basi canaliculato-conduplicatum, marginibus cal- loso-incrassatis, naviculare, laminae margines in medio utrinque lateribus columnae agglutinatae. Columna brevis, erecta, pede decurrenti, facie puberula; stigmata 2, confluentia, apice biloba; rostellum tenue, erectum, lineari-oblongum, apice rotunda. Anthera ovato-cucullata, acuta; pollinia clavata, viscidio elon- gato, oblongo-lineari affixa. Ovarium subcylindrico-fusiforme, paululum tortum. Plantae terrestres, validae, erectae, sub anthesin vulgo folio- sae; radicibus fasciculatis, stipitato-fusiformibus, carnosis: foliis paucis, vaginatis, precipue caulinis in parte inferiori caulium: caulibus erectis, supra vaginato-bracteolatis, spicis conicis vel cylindraeceis, dense multifloris; floribus magnis, speciosis bico- loribus, erectis, quaquaversalis. Sepals similar, connivent, with flared apices; dorsal sepal adnate to column dorsally and decurrent on ovary; lateral sepals adnate only to column-foot. Petals sinuous, decurrent on column-foot. Lip sessile, conduplicate-channelled at base with thickened margins, lamina navicular with the sides in middle agglutinate with column. Column rather short, erect with a de- current foot, pubescent in front; stigmata 2, confluent, bilobed at apex; rostellum soft, erect, linear-oblong, rounded at apex. 313 Anther ovate-cucullate, acute; pollinia clavate with an elongate, oblong-linear viscidium. Ovary subcylindric-fusiform, some- what twisted. Plants terrestrial, erect, commonly leafy during flowering time. Roots fasciculate, stipitately fusiform, fleshy. Leaves sev- eral, mostly cauline on lower part of stem, vaginate. Stem erect, vaginate-bracteate above, terminating in a conical to cylindric, densely many-flowered spike. Flowers large, showy, bicolored, erect, quaquaversal. TYPE: Neottia cinnabarina Llave & Lex. One species native to Mexico and Guatemala. Index to species Dichromanthus cinnabarinus (Llave & Lex.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Neottia cinnabarina Llave & Lex., Nov. Veg. Desc. 2, Orch. Op: 3, 1825, Dikylikostigma Kral. Preussii Krzl. = Discyphus scopulariae (Rchb.f.) Schltr. Discyphus Schltr. in Fedde, Rep. 15: 417, 1919. Etymology: Prefix Di= two and skyphos = cup, in reference to the nature of the stigmata, which are terminal and in dry condition form distinct cup-like cavities. Syn.: Dikylikostigma Krzl. in Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 7: 321, 1919. Type: Dikylikostigma Preussii Krzl. Sepals subsimilar, ringent; dorsal sepal deeply concave, bas- ally fuse with lateral sepals for a short distance; lateral sepals connate at base, long-decurrent on column-foot, together form an internal, cyathiform nectary. Petals somewhat sinuous, free from dorsal sepal, with a decurrent base. Lip long-clawed, the claw fully adnate to connate part of lateral sepals, fleshy sagit- tate at base. Column short, conduplicate-furrowed in front, basally produced in a long-decurrent, incurved foot; stigmata Z. terminal on top of truncate column, cupuliform, well separated by the frontal furrow of column, rostellum arrect, deeply bifid to 314 bicuspidate. Anther ovate, acute; pollinia clavate with narrowly elliptic viscidium. Ovary arcuately cylindric, twisted. Terrestrial, small plants with fasciculate, fusiform roots. Leaf cordate, basal, horizontal on soil. Stem erect, pilose, terminated by a subdensely many-flowered spike. Flowers small, glandulose- pilose. TYPE: Spiranthes scopulariae Rchb.f. One species, native to Panama, Venezuela, Trinidad and Brazil. Index to species scopulariae (Rchb.f.) Schltr. Dithyridanthus Garay, gen. nov. Etymology: Di- = prefix, two, thyridos = small windows and anthos = flower, describing the two lateral open- ings formed by the dorsal and lateral sepals at the base of the flower. Sepala subsimilia, conniventia, leviter arcuata, ad basin urceolatim extensa, utrinque aperturam quasi fenestram basa- lem formantia; sepala lateralia inter se breviter connata, ungue labelli dorsaliter adnata, et cum eo saccum didymum satis con- spicuum formantia. Petala margine interiore sepalo intermedio agglutinata, linearia. Labellum carnosum, satis longe unguicula- tum, ungue ad basin columnae arcuatim decurvo, sepalis latera- libus adnato et cum ils mentum prominens ostendenti; lamina labelli unguem rectangulariter inserta, conduplicata, apice re- curva, basi excavato-gibbosa, margine in medio utrinque lateri- bus columnae modice agglutinata. Columna apici ovarii rec- tangulariter inserta, satis brevis, arcuata, basi obliqua sed apoda, dorsaliter sepalo intermedio adnata, facie puberula; stigmata 2, longitudinaliter elliptica, confluentia, apice biloba; rostellum satis rigidum, oblongo-lineare acuminatum, satis elongatum. Anthera ovata, umbonata, acuta; pollinia clavata, glandula lineari-oblonga affixa. Ovarium cylindricum, paululo tortum, apice arcuato-colliforme. 315 Plantae terrestres, elatae; radicibus fasciculatis, stipitato- fusiformibus, carnosis: foliis caulinis, sursum in vaginis trans- euntibus; inflorescentia cylindrica, spicata, dense multiflora; floribus quaquaversis, in bracteas chartaceas, pulchre venosas omnino absconditis. Sepals subsimilar, connivent, somewhat arcuate, basally en- larged like an urn, on both sides of the flower at base becoming separated and form an opening like small windows, lateral sepals connate at base and adnate dorsally to claw of lip, together they form a rather prominent didymous sac. Petals linear, with the interior margins agglutinate with dorsal sepal. Lip fleshy, rather long clawed; claw arcuately recurved from base of column, fused with lateral sepals, together they display a prominent mentum; blade of lip inserted rectangularly to claw, conduplicate with a recurved apex, basally excavate-gibbose, the margins in the middle somewhat agglutinate with sides of column. Column rectangularly inserted on top of ovary, rather short, arcuate, with an oblique base, footless!, dorsally adnate to dorsal sepal, pubescent in front; stigmata 2, longitudinally ellip- tic, confluent, with a bilobed apex; rostellum rather rigid, oblong-linear, acuminate, quite elongate. Anther ovate, umbo- nate, acute; pollinia clavate, affixed to linear-oblong viscidium. Ovary cylindric, somewhat twisted, with an arcuate neck-like extension, Plants terrestrial, rather robust, tall, with fasciculate, stipi- tate-fusiform roots; leaves cauline, becoming bract-like upwards; inflorescence cylindric, spicate, densely many-flowered; flowers allsided, completely hidden in large, rather attractively veined, chartaceous bracts. TYPE: Spiranthes densiflora C. Schweinf. One species native to Mexico Index to species Dithyridanthus densiflorus (C. Schweint.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes densiflora C. Schweinf. in Bot. Mus. Leaftl. 4: 104, 1937. 316 Eltroplectris Raf., Fl. Tellur. 2:51, 1837. Etymology: Eltro, a corrupt form of e/eutheros = free and plectron = spur, in reference to the spur-like process formed by the lateral sepals with the free- projecting column-foot. Syn.: Centrogenium Schltr. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 37(2): 451, 1920. Lectotype: Neottia calcarata Sw. [Correa in Dar- winiana I1: 81, 1955] Sepals free, unequal in size, somewhat spreading; lateral sepals longer than dorsal sepal, decurrent on column-foot and with free part of column-foot form a pendulous, spur-like pro- cess. Petals agglutinate with dorsal sepal, basally decurrent on column. Lip membranaceous, with a distinct claw, arcuately recurved, towards base with marginal thickenings, somewhat shorter than sepals. Column slender, rather short, erect, basally extended into a long column-foot which at first adnate to ovary then freely protruding from ovarian tissue; stigmata 2, free to approximate, but never confluent, terminal, horizontal, often appear bilobed, more or less separated from one another by terminal edge of a distinct fold running full length on face of column; rostellum rigid, more or less cartilaginous, subulate to linear, sharply pointed. Anther ovate-cucullate, persistent; pol- linia clavate with an oblong viscidium. Ovary cylindric, sessile or subsessile. Terrestrial, erect herbs with fleshy, fasciculate roots. Leaves one to several, basal, petiolate, occasionally withering during anthesis. Stem slender, erect, vaginate, terminated by a few- to many-flowered, lax raceme or spike. Flowers variable in size. TYPE: Neottia calcarata Sw. Ten species native to the American tropics and subtropics. Index to species. acuminata Raf. = Eltroplectris calcarata (Sw.) Garay & Sweet calcarata (Sw.) Garay & Sweet Cogniauxiana (Schltr.) Pabst janeirensis (Porto & Brade) Pabst 317 Kuhlmanniana (Hoehne) Pabst longicornu (Cogn.) Pabst lurida (Correa) Pabst = Pteroglossa lurida (Correa) Garay macrophylla (Schitr.) Pabst pauciflora (Poepp. & Endl.) Garay roseoalba (Rchb.f.) Hamer & Garay Schlechterana (Porto & Brade) Pabst Eltroplectris Travassosii (Rolfe) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Pelexia Travassosii Rolfe in Gard. Chron. ser. 3, 11: 330, 1892. triloba (Lindl.) Pabst Epidendrum L. Aristotelia Raeusch. = Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames Epipactis Zinn diuretica (Willd.) Stokes = Brachystele unilateralis (Poir.) Schltr. spiralis (L.) Crantz = Spiranthes spiralis (L.) Chevall. Erythrodes BI. pauciflora (Poepp. & Endl.) Ames = Eltroplectris pauciflora (Poepp. & Endl.) Garay Eurystyles Wawra in Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 13: 223, 1863. Etymology: Eurys = broad and sry lis = pillar, column, de- scribing the shape of the column which in the original material unfortunately was deformed. Syn.: Trachelosiphon Schltr. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 37(2): 423, 1920. Lectotype: Spiranthes actinosophila Barb.Rodr. [Acuna in Bol. Tec. 60: 43, 1939] Pseudoeurystyvles Hoehne in Arqu. Est. S. Paulo, n.s.form.m. 1: 129, 1944. Lectotype: Srenoptera Lorenzii Cogn. [Angely, FI. Analit. S. Paulo 6: 1273, 1973] Sepals dissimilar, basally connate into a tube, always cristate- carinate along midvein externally; dorsal sepal with a decurrent base, partially adnate to column; lateral sepals connate at base forming a ventricose to didymous sac to which the claw of lip is adnate internally. Petals internally agglutinate with dorsal sepal, decurrent at base. Lip canaliculate, parallel with column, broad- ly unguiculate, saggitate-auriculate at base, claw fused with inflated part of lateral sepals, together they form an internal nectary. Column slender, elongate, with a long, decurrent, 318 incurved foot; stigmata 2, approximate to confluent; rostellum laminar, erect, membranaceous, acute to obtuse. Anther ovate- cucullate, acute; pollinia clavate with a small, roundish visci- dium. Ovary sessile, very slightly twisted, sometimes colliferous at apex. Plants small to miniature, facultative epiphytes, growing on branches of trees, with slender, fleshy roots. Leaves basal, rosu- late, with ciliate to hairy blades. Scape short, erect to arcuately pendent, few-sheathed, terminated by a densely compact, capi- tate spike. Flowers small to minute, mostly hidden by large, ciliolate bracts. TYPE: Eurystyles cotyledon Wawra 13 species native to regions of New World tropics. Index to species actinosophila (Barb.Rodr.) Schltr. alticola Dod = Eurystyles auriculata Schltr. ananassocomus (Rchb.f.) Schltr. auriculata Schltr. borealis A.H. Heller Cogniauxii (Krzl.) Schltr. colombiana (Schlitr.) Schltr. Cotyledon Wawra cristata (Schltr.) Schltr. domingensis Dod = Eurystyles Gardneri (Lindl. ex Gardn.) Garay Gardneri (Lindl. ex Gardn.) Garay Eurystyles Guentherana (Krzl.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Stenoptera Guentherana Krzl. in Fedde, Rep. 25: 19, 1928. Lorenzii (Cogn.) Schltr. paranaensis (Schltr.) Schltr. Standleyi Ames Funckiella Schltr. in Beith. Bot. Centralb. 37(2): 430, 1920, orthogr. correct. Etymology: In honor of Nicolas Funck (1816-1896), a Bel- gian explorer and avid orchid collector who in commercial circles was known by the affection- ate name, “l’Oncle Funck”. Sepals dissimilar, horizontal, subparallel to ringent; dorsal sepal partially adnate to back of column; lateral sepals oblique 319 at base, somewhat enlarged, together with gibbose-saccate base of lip form an obtuse mentum. Petals agglutinate with dorsal sepal, at most oblique at base. Lip conduplicate, arcuate, lower half rather fleshy, excavate-gibbose at base with marginal thick- enings and continuous with the incurved column-foot. Column rather slender, horizontal to suberect, with a short, incurved foot; stigmata 2, confluent; rostellum filiform, thin, pliable. Anther ovate-cordate, acute; pollinia clavate with a linear- oblong viscidium. Ovary cylindric, barely twisted. Terrestrial, large plants with fasciculate, fleshy roots or tu- bers. Leaves, when present, basal, few. Scape erect, vaginate, terminated by a loosely few-flowered, commonly secund spike. Flowers large, horizontal. TYPE: Spiranthes hyemalis Rich. & Gal. Three species native to Mexico and Guatemala. Index to species Funckiella congestiflora (L.O. Wms.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes congestiflora L.O. Wms. in Bot. Mus. Leafl. 12: 227, 1946. hyemalis (Rich. & Gal.) Schltr. Funckiella stolonifera (Ames & Correll) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes stolonifera Ames & Correll in Bot. Mus. Leafl. 10: 63, 1942. Galeottiella Schltr. in Beth. Bot. Centralbl. 37 (2): 360, 1920. Etymology: In honor of Henri-Guillaume Galeotti (1814 1858) who collected extensively in Mexico, espe- cially orchids, between December 1835 and June 1840. Sepals dissimilar, erect; dorsal sepal deeply concave, halfway adnate to back of column; lateral sepals long-decurrent on column-foot, basally somewhat connate, together with incurved tip of column-foot form an internal nectary, apices spreadingly revolute. Petals narrow, interior margins agglutinate with dorsal sepal, anterior margin thickened, ciliolate. Lip spathulate- cochleate, very fleshy with thin margins, sessile, parallel with column, somewhat gibbose at base. Column slender with a rec- tangularly bent apex and an incurved foot; stigmata 2, approxi- 320 mate; rostellum distinctly bilobed, with broad, obtuse lobules. Anther ovate-quadrate, blunt; pollinia clavate with a small, elliptic, fleshy viscidium which tightly fits between the rostellar lobes. Ovary cylindric, sessile, somewhat twisted. Terrestrial, erect plants with fasciculate, fleshy roots. Leaves cauline, decreasing in size upwards. Stem erect, terminated by loosely many-flowered, allsided or subsecund spike. Flowers small. TYPE: Spiranthes sarcoglossa Rich. & Gal. One species native to Mexico and Guatemala. Index to species sarcoglossa (Rich. & Gal.) Schltr. Gamosepalum Schltr. tenuiflorum (Greenm.) Schltr. = Aulosepalum tenuiflorum (Greenm.) Garay Goodyera R. Br. erythrosticta Griseb. = Pseudogoodyera Wrightii (Rchb.f.) Schltr. guayanensis Lindl. = Brachystele guayanensis (Lindl.) Schltr. Wrightii Rchb.f. = Pseudogoodyera Wrightii (Rchb.f.) Schltr. Gularia Garay, gen. nov. Etymology: Gu/a = gullet, throat, in reference to the appear- ance of the tubular flower. Sepala dissimilia, basin inter se connata, tubum formantia; sepalum posticum columnae dorsaliter adnatum, concavum; sepala lateralia decurrentia, cum pede columnae nectarium oblique cylindricum formantia, apicibus paululo divergentibus. Petala sepalo postico conniventia et cum eo margine interiore agglutinata, basi decurrentia. Labellum longe unguiculatum, ungue basi sepalorum lateralium adnatum, deinde auriculatum vel sagittatum, apice carnosum, paululo recurvum, in medio laminae margines lateribus columnae arcte agglutinatum. Col- umna elongata, gracilis, apicem versus sensim dilatata, facie puberula, basi in pedem longam, decurrentem producta; stig- mata 2, confluentia, apice obscure biloba; rostellum erectum, tenue, triangulare, acutum. Anthera ovata, cucullata, acuta; pol- linia clavata, viscidio ovato. Ovarium cylindricum, tortum. 321 Plantae terrestres, spithameae, sub anthesin aphyllae; radici- bus fasciculatis, tuberoso-fusiformibus; foliis ut videtur basilari- bus: caulibus erectis, chartaceo-vaginatis, supra laxe spicatis, paucifloris; floribus erectis, quaquaversis. Sepals dissimilar, basally connate into a tube; dorsal sepal concave, adnate to back of column; lateral sepals decurrent on column-foot, and together form an obliquely cylindric nectary, the apices somewhat divergent. Petals connivent with dorsal sepal, the inner margins agglutinate with it, decurrent at base. Lip with a long claw which is adnate to the connate base of lateral sepals, blade auriculate or sagittate at base, fleshy at the slightly recurved apex, the margins in the middle agglutinate with sides of column. Column elongate, slender, somewhat expanding upwards, with a puberulent front, basally produced in a long, decurrent foot; stigmata 2, confluent, obscurely bilobed at apex; rostellum erect, pliable, triangular, acute. Anther ovate, cucullate, acute; pollinia clavate with an ovate viscidium. Ovary cylindric, twisted. Terrestrial, small plant, aphyllous during anthesis. Roots fas- ciculate, tuberous-fusiform; Leaves absent during flowering time, appear to be rosulate from remnants. Stem erect, slender, heavily chartaceous-vaginate, terminated by a loosely few-flow- ered spike. Flowers of medium size, allsided, erect on top of ovary. TYPE: Spiranthes trilineata Lindl. Two species native to Mexico and Guatemala. Index to species Gularia crenulata (L.O. Wms.) Garay, comb. et stat. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes trilineata var. crenulata L.O. Wms. in Bot. Mus. Leafl. 12:36, 1946. Gularia trilineata (Lindl.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes trilineata Lindl. in Benth., Pl. Hartweg. 94, 1842. Gyrostachys Pers. ex BI. acutata (Rchb.f. & Warm.) O. Ktze. = Sarcoglottis acutata (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Garay aestivalis (Poir.) Dumort. = Spiranthes aestivalis (Poir.) L.C. Rich. aguacatensis (Rchb.f.) O. Ktze. = Brachystele guayanensis (Lindl.) Schltr. 322 amoena (Bieb.) BI. = Spiranthes amoena (Bieb.) Spreng. aphylla (Hook.) O. Ktze. = Sacoila lanceolata (Aubl.) Garay apiculata (Lindl.) O. Ktze. = Spiranthes torta (Thunb.) Garay & Sweet aprica (Lindl.) O. Ktze. = Beadlea aprica (Lindl.) Garay Arrabidae (Rchb.f.) O. Ktze. = Pelexia Arrabidae (Rchb.f.) Garay assurgens (Rchb.f.) O. Ktze. = Sarcoglottis assurgens (Rchb.f.) Schltr. aurantiaca (Llave & Lex.) O. Ktze. = Stenorrhynchos aurantiacum (Llave & Lex.) Lindl. australis (R. Br.) Bl. = Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames auctumnalis BI. = Spiranthes spiralis (L.) Chevall. autumnalis (Balb.) Dumort. = Spiranthes spiralis (L.) Chevall. balanophorostachya (Rchb.f.) O. Ktze. = Skeptrostachys balanophorostachya (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Garay Becki (Lindl.) Stone = Spiranthes lacera (Raf.) Raf. bicolor (Ker-Gawl.) O. Ktze. = Beadlea bicolor (Ker-Gawl.) Garay bonariensis (Lindl.) O. Ktze. = Pelexia bonariensis (Lindl.) Schltr. bracteosa (Lind].) O. Ktze. = Brachystele bracteosa (Lindl.) Schltr. brevifolia (Chapm.) O. Ktze. = Spiranthes longilabris Lindl. brevilabris (Lindl.) O. Ktze. = Spiranthes brevilabris Lindl. camporum (Lindl.) O. Ktze. = Brachystele camporum (Lindl.) Schltr. cernua (L.) O. Ktze. = Spiranthes cernua (L.) L.C. Rich. chilensis (A. Rich.) O. Ktze. = Odontorrhynchus chilensis (A. Rich.) Garay chloreaeformis (Rich. & Gal.) O. Ktze. = Deiregyne diaphana (Lindl.) Garay chlorops (Rchb.f.) O. Ktze. = Odontorrhynchus chlorops (Rchb.f.) Garay cinnabarina (Llave & Lex.) O. Ktze. = Dichromanthus cinnabarinus (Llave & Lex.) Garay Cogniauxii O. Ktze. = Pelexia comosa (Cogn.) Schltr. comosa (Rchb.f.) O. Ktze. = Beadlea comosa (Rchb.f.) Hamer & Garay congesta (Lind].) O. Ktze. = Spiranthes congesta Lindl. constricta Small = Spiranthes odorata (Nutt.) Lindl. costaricensis (Rchb.f.) O. Ktze. = Beloglottis costaricensis (Rchb.f.) Schltr. cuculligera (Rchb.f. & Warm.) O. Ktze. = Pelexia cuculligera (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Schltr. cuspidata (Lindl.) O. Ktze. = Mesadenella cuspidata (Lindl.) Garay dilatata (Lindl.) O. Ktze. = Brachystele dilatata (Lindl.) Schltr. ensifolia (Rchb.f.) O. Ktze. = Spiranthes vernalis Engelm. & Gray Eugeni (Rchb.f. & Warm.) O. Ktze. = Beadlea Eugenii (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Garay Funckiana (Rich. & Gal.) O. Ktze. = Pelexia Funckiana (Rich. & Gal.) Schltr. gemmipara (J.E.Sm.) O. Ktze. = Spiranthes Romanzoffiana Cham. gracilis (Bigel.) O. Ktze. = Spiranthes lacera (Raf.) Raf. graminea (Lindl.) O. Ktze. = Spiranthes graminea Lindl. grandiflora (Lindl.) O. Ktze. = Sarcoglottis grandiflora (Lindl.) KI. Grayi (Ames) Britton = Spiranthes tuberosa Raf, gutturosa (Rchb.f.) O. Ktze. = Pelexia gutturosa (Rchb.f.) Garay Haenkeana O. Ktze.= Beadlea peruviana (Presl) Garay hemichrea (Lindl.) O. Ktze. = Aulosepalum hemichrea (LindI.) Garay hirta (Lindl.) O. Ktze. = Pelexia hirta (Lindl.) Schltr. homalogastra (Rchb.f. & Warm.) O. Ktze. = Sarcoglottis homalogastra (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Schltr. on Hostmannii (Rchb.f.) O. Ktze. = Brachystele guayanensis (Lind].) Schltr. inaequilatera (Poepp. & Endl.) O. Ktze. = Beadlea inaequilatera (Poepp. & Endl.) Garay laciniata Small = Spiranthes laciniata (Small) Ames lanceolata (Aubl.) O. Ktze. = Sacoila lanceolata (Aubl.) Garay latifolia (Torr.) O. Ktze. = Spiranthes lucida (H.H.Eaton) Ames linearis Rydb. = Spiranthes vernalis Engelm. & Gray lineata (Lindl.) O. Ktze. = Hapalorchis lineatus (Lindl.) Schltr. Lindleyana (Link, K1., & Otto) O. Ktze. = Beadlea Lindleyana (Link, KI. & Otto) Garay & Dunstervy. longilabris (Lindl.) O. Ktze. = Spiranthes longilabris Lindl. longipetiolata (Rchb.f.) O. Ktze. = Pelexia laxa (Poepp. & Endl.) Lindl. lupulina (Lindl.) O. Ktze. = Stenorrhynchos aurantiacum (Llave & Lex.) Lindl. macrantha (Rchb.f.) O. Ktze. = Pteroglossa macrantha (Rehb.f.) Schltr. macrostachya (Poepp. & Endl.) O. Ktze. = Stenoptera macrostachya (Poepp. & Endl.) Rchb.f. madrensis (Rchb.f.) O. Ktze. = Stenorrhynchos michuacanum (Llave & Lex.) Lindl. Mandonii (Rchb.f.) O. Ktze. = Pelexia Mandonii (Rchb.f.) Schltr. michuacana (Llave & Lex.) O. Ktze. = Stenorrhynchos michuacanum (Llave & Lex.) Lindl. minor (Jacq.) O. Ktze. = Beadlea elata (Sw.) Small minutiflora (Rchb.f.) O. Ktze. = Beadlea peruviana (Presl) Garay montana (Lindl.) O. Ktze. = Dichromanthus cinnabarinus (Llave & Lex.) Garay nesophila (Rchb.f.) O. Ktze. = Basionym unknown! neuroptera (Rchb.f. & Warm.) O. Ktze. = Sarcoglottis neuroptera (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Schltr. novofriburgensis (Rchb.f.) O. Ktze. = Pelexia novofriburgensis (Rchb.f.) Garay ochroleuca Rydb. = Spiranthes ochroleuca (Rydb.) Rydb. odorata (Nutt.) O. Ktze. = Spiranthes odorata (Nutt.) Lindl. oestrifera (Rchb.f. & Warm.) O. Ktze. = Pelexia oestrifera (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Schltr. orchioides (Sw.) O. Ktze. = Sacoila lanceolata (Aubl.) Garay orthosepala (Rchb.f. & Warm.) O. Ktze. = Pelexia orthosepala (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Schltr. ovalifolia (Presl) O. Ktze. = Cyclopogon ovalifolium Pres] ovalis (Lindl.) O. Ktze. = Spiranthes ovalis Lindl. papulosa (Lindl.) O. Ktze. = Stenorrhynchos papulosum (Llave & Lex.) Lindl. parviflora (Chapm.) Small = Spiranthes ovalis Lind]. pauciflora (Rchb.f.) O. Ktze. = Funckiella hyemalis (Rich. & Gal.) Schltr. peruviana (Aubl.) O. Ktze. = Spiranthes torta (Thunb.) Garay & Sweet picta (Anders.) O. Ktze. = Sarcoglottis acaulis (J.E.Sm.) Schltr. plantaginea (Don) O. Ktze. = Malaxis latifolia J.E.Sm. plantaginea (Torr.) Britt. & Br. = Spiranthes lucida (H.H. Eaton) Ames polyantha (Rchb.f.) O. Ktze. = Mesadenus polyanthus (Rchb.f.) Schltr. 324 porrifolia (Lindl.) O. Ktze. = Spiranthes porrifolia Lindl. praecox (Walt.) O. Ktze. = Spiranthes praecox (Walt.) Wats. prasophylla (Rchb.f.) O. Ktze. = Beadlea Prasophyllum (Rchb.f.) Hamer & Garay pterygantha (Rchb.f. & Warm.) O. Ktze. = Pelexia pterygantha (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Schltr. pyramidalis (Lindl.) O. Ktze. = Kionophyton pyramidalis (Lindl.) Garay ramentacea (Lindl.) O. Ktze. = Aulosepalum ramentaceum (Lindl.) Garay Reverchonii Small = Spiranthes vernalis Engelm. & Gray Romanzoffiana (Cham.) MacMill. = Spiranthes Romanzoffiana Cham. rupestris (Lindl.) O. Ktze. = Skeptrostachys rupestris (LindI.) Garay saccata (Rich. & Gal.) O. Ktze. = Beadlea saccata (Rich. & Gal.) Garay sagittata (Rchb.f. & Warm.) O. Ktze. = Sarcoglottis sagittata (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Schltr. sancta (Rchb.f. & Warm.) O. Ktze. = Pelexia sancta (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Garay sarcoglossa (Rich. & Gal.) O. Ktze. = Galeottiella sarcoglossa (Rich. & Gal.) Schltr. Sarcoglottis O. Ktze. = Sarcoglottis acaulis (J.E.Sm.) Schltr. sceptrodes (Rchb.f.) O. Ktze. = Sarcoglottis sceptrodes (Rchb.f.) Schltr. Schaffneri (Rchb.f.) O. Ktze. = Pelexia Schaffneri (Rchb.f.) Schltr. scopulariae (Rchb.f.) O. Ktze. = Discyphus scopulariae (Rchb.f.) Schltr. simplex (A. Gray) O. Ktze. = Spiranthes tuberosa Raf. Smithi (Rchb.f.) O. Ktze. = Pelexia Smithii (Rchb.f.) Garay speciosa (Jacq.) O. Ktze. = Stenorrhynchos speciosum (Jacg.) L.C. Rich ex Spreng. spiralis (L.) O. Ktze. = Spiranthes spiralis (L.) Chevall. Stenorrhynchos O. Ktze. = Sacoila lanceolata (Aubl.) Garay stricta Rydb. = Spiranthes Romanzoffiana Cham. stylites (Lindl.) O. Ktze. = Spiranthes stylites Lindl. sulfurea (Llave & Lex.) O. Ktze. = Stenorrhynchos michuacanum (Llave & Lex.) Lindl. tenuis (Lindl.) O. Ktze. = Spiranthes tenuis Lindl. Thelymitra (Rehb.f.) O. Ktze. = Gularia trilineata (Lindl.) Garay trilineata (Lindl.) O. Ktze. = Gularia trilineata (Lindl.) Garay triloba Small = Spiranthes odorata (Nutt.) Lindl. truncata (Lindl.) O. Ktze. = Beadlea truncata (Lindl.) Garay unilateralis (Poir.) O. Ktze. = Brachystele unilateralis (Poir.) Schltr. vaginata (H.B.K.) O. Ktze. = Stenorrhynchos vaginatum (H.B.K.) Spreng. vernalis (Engelm. & Gray) O. Ktze. = Spiranthes vernalis Engelm. & Gray villosa (Poepp. & Endl.) O. Ktze. = Sarcoglottis villosa (Poepp. & Endl.) Schltr. Warmingii (Rchb.f.) O. Ktze. = Beadlea Warmingii (Rchb.f.) Garay Wightiana (Lindl.) O. Ktze. = Spiranthes Wightiana Lindl. xyridifolia Small = Spiranthes vernalis Engelm. & Gray 325 Hapalorchis Schltr. in Fedde, Rep, Beih. 6: 30, 1919. Etymology: Hapalos = delicate, soft and orchis = orchid, in reference to the delicate texture of the entire plant. Sepals free, similar, parallel to subparallel, ringent; lateral sepals somewhat oblique, more or less gibbose at base, together with the base of the lip form a short, rounded mentum. Petals connivent with dorsal sepal and the interior margin firmly agglutinate to it. Lip sessile with a concave, excavate base which is often obscurely didymous, and marginally thickened without forming free calli; blade conduplicate-canaliculate with a termi- nal lobe. Column slender, papillose to pubescent in front, obliq- uely extended at base on top of ovary; stigmata 2, confluent, bilobed at apex; rostellum suberect, oblong-subtriangular to lig- ulate, pliable, longer than wide, excised at apex, clinandrium lobulate, infundibuliform. Anther erect, deeply concave to cu- cullate, with a cordate base, acuminate towards apex; pollinia clavate with an ovate to oblanceolate viscidium. Ovary sessile to subsessile. Terrestrial, delicate plants. Roots fleshy, tuber-like, originat- ing from distant to more or less approximate nodes. Leaves mostly congested at base, petiolate, vaginate at base. Stem ascending from a rhizomatous or subrhizomatous base, slender, terminated by a few-flowered, secund spike. Flowers delicate in texture, commonly outcrossing, rarely autogamous. TYPE: Hapalorchis cheirostyloides Schltr. 9 species native to American tropics and subtropics. Index to species candidus (Krz!.) Schltr. cheirostyloides Schltr. Lindleyanus Garay lineatus (Lind].) Schltr. longirostris Schltr. micranthus (Barb. Rodr.) Hoehne pauciflorus Porto & Brade pumilus (C. Schweinf.) Garay rhombiglossus Pabst = Mesadenus rhombiglossus (Pabst) Garay 326 tenuis (Lindl.) Schltr. = Hapalorchis lineatus (Lindl.) Schltr. trilobata Schltr. Helonoma Garay, gen. nov. Etymology: Helonomos = living in a marsh or bog, describ- ing the habitat of the plants. Sepala similia, inter se satis alte connata, nectarium vel tubum amplum formantia, apicibus patentibus; sepalo postico colum- nae dorsaliter adnato; sepalis lateralibus obliquis, antice paululo ampliatis. Petala sepalo postico partim agglutinata, basi leviter decurrentia. Labellum longe unguiculatum, ungue tubo sepalino omnino adnato, deinde sagittatum, marginibus in medio utrinque columnae lateribus agglutinatis. Columna erecta vel suberecta, dorsaliter sepalo postico satis alte adnata, apice libera, basi in pedem brevem apici ovari oblique producta; stigmata 2, vulgo separata, sese haud tigentia; rostellum breve, obtusum, ple- rumque in floribus autogamis dissolutum. Anthera ovato- lanceolata, cucullata, acuminata; pollinia lineari-clavata, viscidio parvulo, rotundo affixa. Ovarium fusiforme, sessile, haud tortum. Plantae terrestres, vulgo autogamae, graciles, spithameae vel ultra; radicibus cylindraceis, carnosis, pubescentibus; foliis basa- libus, petiolatis; caulibus e rhizomate brevi decumbenti erectis vel suberectis, remote pauci-bracteatis, apice laxe denseque spi- catis; floribus parvulis. Sepals similar, basal half connate into a more or less broadly tubular nectary, apical half with spreading segments; dorsal sepal adnate to back of column; lateral sepals somewhat oblique and extended basally. Petals for the most part, especially the inner margins agglutinate with dorsal sepal, basally somewhat decurrent. Lip with a long claw which is fully adnate to fused part of lateral sepals, then expanded into a sagittate blade, the sides of which agglutinate with column. Column erect to sub- erect, to base of clinandrium adnate to dorsal sepal, basally produced ina short, oblique foot on top of ovary, in front witha longitudinal groove; stigmata 2, commonly free with sides hardly touching one another; rostellum short, triangular, obtuse, mostly ruptured or dissolved in autogamous flowers. Anther ovate-lanceolate, cucullate, acuminate at apex; pollinia linear- 327 clavate, with a small, round viscidium. Ovary fusiform, sessile, hardly twisted. Terrestrial, slender plants, commonly autogamous. Roots cylindric, slender, fleshy, pubescent. Leaves basal, petiolate. Stem from a decumbent, short rhizome, erect or suberect, remotely few-bracteate, terminated by a loosely to densely flo- wered spike. Flowers small. TYPE: Manniella americana C. Schweinf. & Garay Two species native to South America, in the Venezuela- Guayana Massif. Index to species Helonoma americana (C. Schweinf. & Garay) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Manniella americana C. Schweinf. & Garay in Bot. Mus. Leafl. 20:5, 1962. Helonoma bifida (Rid!.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes bifida Ridl. in Thimeri 5: 105, 1886. Ibidium Salisb. ex Small Becki (Lind|.) House = Spiranthes lacera (Raf.) Raf. cernuum (L.) House = Spiranthes cernua (L.) L.C. Rich. coloratum(N.E.Br.) House = Stenorrhynchos speciosum (Jacq.) L.C. Rich. ex Spreng. crystalligerum Salisb. = Sacoila lanceolata (Aubl.) Garay elatum (Sw.) Salisb. = Beadlea elata (Sw.) Small floridanum Wherry = Spiranthes floridana (Wherry) Cory gracile (Bigel.) House = Spiranthes lacera (Raf.) Rat. incurvum Jennings = Spiranthes cernua (L.) L.C. Rich. X intermedium (Ames) House = Spiranthes X intermedia Ames laciniatum (Small) House = Spiranthes laciniata (Small) Ames longilabre (Lind1.) House = Spiranthes longlabris Lindl. lucayanum Britt. = Mesadenus lucayanus (Britt.) Schltr. ochroleucum (Rydb.) House = Spiranthes ochroleuca (Rydb.) Rydb. odoratum (Nutt.) House = Spiranthes odorata (Nutt.) Lindl. ovale (Lindl.) House = Spiranthes ovalis Lindl. parviflorum (Chapm.) Jennings = Spiranthes ovalis Lindl. plantagineum (Raf.) House = Spiranthes lucida (H.H. Eaton) Ames porrifolium (Lindl.) Rydb. = Spiranthes porrifolia Lindl. praecox (Walt.) House = Spiranthes praecox (Walt.) Wats. quinquelobatum (Poir.) J. Acuna = Spiranthes torta (Thunb.) Garay & Sweet Romanzoffianum (Cham.) House = Spiranthes Romanzoffiana Cham. speciosum (Jacq.) Salisb. = Stenorrhynchos speciosum (Jacq.) L.C.Rich. ex Spreng. 328 spirale (Lour.) Makino = Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames spirale (L.) Salisb. = Spiranthes spiralis (L.) Chevall. strictum (Rydb.) House = Spiranthes Romanzoffiana Cham. tortile (Sw.) House = Spiranthes torta (Thunb.) Garay & Sweet trilobum Small = Spiranthes odorata (Nutt.) Lindl. vernalis (Engelm. & Gray) House = Spiranthes vernalis Engelm. & Gray viridiflorum (Makino) Makino = Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames xyridifolium (Small) Small = Spiranthes vernalis Engelm. & Gray Kionophyton Garay, gen. nov. Etymology: Kion = pillar, column and Phyton = plant, in allusion to the pillar-like base of stem below the spreading leaves. Sepala plus minusve similia, basi connata. nectarium amplum, interdum quasi inflatum formantia. apicibus patentibus; sepalo postico columnae dorsaliter leviter adnato: sepalis lateralibus, obliquis basi connatis ampliatisque, mentum rotundum forman- tibus. Petala sinuosa, sepalo postico agglutinata, basi obliqua. Labellum breviter unguiculatum, ungue basibus sepalorum lat- eralium connatorum adnato, deinde anguste auriculatum, auri- culis incrassatis; laminae margines in medio utringue lateribus columnae agglutinatae. Columna arcuata, apicem versus dila- tata, dorsaliter columnae adnata, basi in pedem obliquum pro- ducta, antice sub stigmatibus pubescens: stigmata 2, separata, in forma littera “V” inserta, in medio sese tingentia: rostellum tri- angulum, breve, apice foveato. Anthera Ovato-cucullata, acuta vel obtusa; pollinia clavata viscidio parvo, ovato affixa. Ova- rium cylindricum, sessile, tortum. Plantae terrestres elatae: radicibus fasciculatis. tuberosis, crassis; foliis petiolatis, basi Vaginantibus imbricatisque, supra basin rosulatis; caulibus erectis. Vaginatis, supra plus minusve dense spicatis; floribus medianis, arcuatis. Sepals more or less similar, connate at base. at times almost inflated, with divergent, spreading apices; dorsal sepal adnate to back of column for a short distance: lateral sepals oblique at the connate, enlarged base, forming a roundish mentum. Petals sin- uous, the internal margins agglutinate with dorsal sepal, oblique at base. Lip with a short claw which is adnate to the fused base of lateral sepals, then narrowly auriculate, auricles fleshy with 329 thickenings which may be extended along external margins; the margins of the blade in the middle agglutinate with sides of column. Column arcuate, expanded upwards, dorsally fused with median sepal, basally extended into an oblique foot, in front under stigmata pubescent; stigmata 2, separate, touching each other in center and inserted in the form of the letter “V" rostellum short, triangular with an apical fovea which is easily ruptured. Anther ovate-cucullate, acute to obtuse: pollinia cla- vate with a small, ovate viscidium. Ovary cylindric, sessile, twisted. Terrentrial, more or less tall plants. Roots fasciculate, thick, tuberous. Leaves petiolate with tightly imbricating, vaginate bases forming a prominent, pillar-like base below the spreading, rosulate blades. Stem erect, vaginate terminated by a more or less densely, many-flowered spike. Flowers medium-sized, arcuate. TYPE: Spiranthes seminuda Schltr. Three species native to Mexico and Guatemala. Index to species Kionophyton pyramidalis (Lindl.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes pyramidalis Lindl., Gen. and Sp. Orch. Pl. 473, 1840. Kionophyton Sawyeri (Stand!. & b.O. Wms.) Garay, comb. nov, Basionym: Spiranthes Sawyeri Standl. & L.O.Wms. in Ceiba 3: 194, 1953. Kionophyton seminuda (Schitr.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes seminuda Schltr. in Fedde, Rep. 3: 18, 1906. Lankesterella Ames, Sched. Orch. 4: 3, 1923. Etymology: In honor of Charles H. Lankester (1879-1969), an English naturalist and orchidophile who made his home in Costa Rica. Syn.: Cladobium Schltr. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 37 (2): 431, 1920, not Lindl. 1836. Lectotype: Spiranthes ceracifolia Barb.Rodr. in hoc loco. 330 Sepals dissimilar, free to base, subparallel, with spreading apices; dorsal sepal concave. partially adnate to back of column: lateral sepals oblique, with column-foot form either a gibbose mentum or spur-like. Petals agglutinate with dorsal sepal except at spreading apices, sessile or somewhat oblique at base, not truly decurrent. Lip sessile, fused with incurved base of column, broadly concave to gibbose at base, the lateral Margins in mid- dle, lightly agglutinate with sides of column, arcuate to recurved at apex. Column moderately short, somewhat arcuate. with a distinct, decurrent incurved foot; stigmata 2, commonly conflu- ent or closely approximate with a bilobed apex: rostellum rigid, more or less unequally 3-dentate, the median tooth always longer, acuminate. Anther ovate-cucullate, acuminate: pollinia narrowly clavate with a prominent, more or less ovate-elliptic viscidium. Ovary subcylindric-fusiform, sessile or subsessile. Plants small, caespitose, facultative epiphytes. growing among mosses On tree branches. Roots rather slender, fasciculate. Leaves basal, several, sessile, or with a cuneate base. the margins commonly ciliolate. Scape erect, slender, pubescent to villose. loosely few-flowered above. Flowers membranaceous. small to medium in size, TYPE: Lankesterella costaricensis Ames Eight species native to the American tropics. Index to species caespitosa (Lindl.) Hoehne ceracifolia (Barb.Rodr.) Mansf. costaricensis Ames = Lankesterella orthantha (Krzl.) Garay epiphyta (Barb.Rodr.) Mansf. = Lankesterella caespitosa (Lindl.) Hoehne gnoma (Krzl.) Hoehne Hoehnei Leite = Lankesterella gnoma. (Krzl.) Hoehne. longicollis (Cogn.) Hoehne majus (Hoehne & Schltr.) Hoehne = Lankesterella ceracifolia (Barb. Rodr.) Mansf. mantiens Hoehne = Lankesterella ceracifolia (Barb.Rodr.) Mansf. oligantha (Hoehne & Schltr.) Mansf. = Lankesterella ceracifolia (Barb. Rodr.) Mansf. orthantha (Krzl.) Garay parvula (Krzl.) Pabst 331 pilosa (Cogn.) Hoehne Salehi Pabst = Lankesterella caespitosa (Lindl.) Hoehne Spannageliana (Hoehne & Brade) Manst. Limodorum L.C. Rich. lanceolatum Aubl. = Sacoila lanceolata (Aubl.) Garay praecox Walt. = Spiranthes praecox (Walt.) Wats. Lyroglossa Schltr. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 37(2): 448, 1920. Etymology: Lyra = lyre and glossa = tongue, describing the shape of the lip characteristic for all species. Sepals subsimilar, from a subparallel base, divergent; dorsal sepal ovate-lanceolate, deeply concave, lateral sepals spreading with more or less reflexed apex, basally decurrent on short column-foot, without forming a true mentum. Petals variable, the internal margins firmly agglutinate with dorsal sepal, with an oblique, non-decurrent base. Lip membranaccous, panduriform, subsessile, with a very short claw, the margins of which linear, callose-thickened; the margins of the blade above base aggluti- nate with column on both sides. Column short, dilated above, sulcate and pubescent in front, basally produced in a short foot of same length; stigmata 2, terminal, approximate, touching each other in the middle, more or less cleft by median furrow in front of column; rostellum rigid, acuminate. Anther ovate- cucullate, acute; pollinia clavate with a small, narrowly oblong viscidium. Ovary subsessile, arcuately fusiform to cylindric, more or less lightly twisted. Terrestrial, small plants, commonly aphyllous during anthe- sis. Roots fleshy, fusiform-tuberous, pubescent. Leaves when present small, basal, few. Stem slender, erect, remotely many- sheathed, terminated by a rather loosely, several-flowered, more or less spirally twisted spike. Flowers small. Lectotype: Spiranthes Grisebachii Cogn. [Angely, Fl. Analit. S. Paulo 6:1277, 1973] Three species native to Mexico, Trinidad, Venezuela, Bolivia and Brazil. 332 Index to species bicolor (Griseb.) Schltr. = Lyroglossa Grisebachii (Cogn.) Schltr. Bradei Schltr. ex Mansf. = Pteroglossa Hilariana (Cogn.) Garay euglossa (Krzl.) Hoehne & Schltr. = Lyroglossa Grisebachii (Cogn.) Schltr. Grisebachii (Cogn.) Schltr. pubescens (Barb.Rodr.) Schltr. = Beadlea bicolor (Ker-Gawl.) Garay Lyroglossa pubicaulis (L.O.Wms.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes pubicaulis L.O. Wms. in Bot. Mus. Leafl. 12:234, 1946. Rodriguesii Schltr. ex Hoehne, nomen = Lyroglossa Grisebachii (Cogn.) Schltr. Lyroglossa spirata (Hoehne) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes spirata Hoehne in Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio 22: 71, 1919. Manniella Rchb.f., Otia Bot. Hamburg. 2: 79, Aug. 10, 1881. Reprinted from Verzeichniss der Vorlesungen, welche am Hamburgisches Akademischen Gymnasium von Ostern 1881 bis Ostern 1882 gehalten werden sollen. Etymology: In honor of Gustav Mann (1836-1916) a German collector and explorer of Cameroon Mountains and of Assam. All three sepals connate into a cylindrical tube with free, spreading apices; dorsal sepal concave, galeate, lateral sepals oblique, spreading with recurved apices. Petals connivent with dorsal sepal, not agglutinate with it, ovate-elliptic with a long, linear claw which are fully adnate to sepaline tube. Lip unguicu- late, the claw fully adnate to front wall of sepaline tube, then sagittate at base with a subquadrate to trapezoid blade; disc very fleshy, heavily papillose-pilose with membranaceous margin, not agglutinate with sides of column. Column elongate, dorsally adnate full length to sepaline tube, apical free portion inclined, basally extended into a short, oblique foot on top of ovary; clinandrium subquadrate with a flat bottom, basket-like, the side walls free, (erroneously described as wings!) serrulate, not connected with sides of stigmatic cavity; stigmata 2, completely confluent; rostellum low, hardly discernible, transverse, emargi- nate with a small fovea beneath. Anther broad, umbonate, com- pletely hidden in the basket-like clinandrium, subincumbent; 333 pollinia obovate-clavate with a small, round viscidium. Ovary cylindric, sessile, slightly twisted. Terrestrial, tall plants. Roots fasciculate, rather slender, vil- lose. Leaves basal, distichous, petiolate with imbricating vagi- nate base. Stem erect, remotely several bracteolate which decreases upwards in size, terminated by a long loosely many- flowered spike. Flowers small. TYPE: Manniella Gustavi Rchb.f. One species native to western tropical Africa. Index to species americana C. Schweinf. & Garay = Helonoma americana (C. Schweinf. & Garay) Garay Gustavi Rchb.f. hongkongensis Hu & Barretto = Pelexia obliqua (J.J.Sm.) Garay Mesadenella Pabst & Garay in Arquiv. Jard. Bot. Rio 12: 205, 1952. Etymology: Mesadenus = a genus of orchids and -e/la =a diminutive suffix, suggestive of systematic posi- tion in Schlecter’s classification of the subtribe Spiranthinae. Sepals free, dissimilar, subparallel, somewhat diverging to- wards apex; lateral sepals obliquely decurrent on column-foot forming an obtuse mentum. Petals connivent with dorsal sepal, inner margins agglutinate with dorsal sepal, but apices free. Lip with a distinct claw, saggitate at base; blade conduplicate. Column short, puberulent in front, basally extended into a dec- urrent, incurved foot, together with lateral sepals forming a dis- tinct mentum; stigmata 2, anterior, approximate, touching each other in middle; rostellum rigid, more or less cartilaginous, linear-subulate, acuminate. Anther entire, concave; pollinia cla- vate. Anther ovate-lanceolate, acute to subacuminate; pollinia clavate with small, roundish viscidium. Ovary sessile, barely twisted. Terrestrial plants, very variable in size with fasciculate, fleshy, 334 fusiform roots. Leaves basal, rosulate, petiolate to cuneate at base. Scape erect, vaginate, terminated by a many-flowered, more or less spirally twisted spike. Flowers small, inconspicuous. LECTOTYPE: Spiranthes esmeralda Linden & Rchb.f. [Cor- rea in Darwiniana 11:68, 1955] Seven species native to tropical and subtropical America, ranging from Guatemala to Brazil. Index to species angustisegmenta Garay Mesadenella atroviridis (Barb.Rodr.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Cyclopogon atroviridis Barb. Rodr., Gen. et Sp. Orch, Nov. 2: 284, 1881. cuspidata (Lindl.) Garay esmeralda (Linden & Rchbhf.) Pabst & Garay = Mesadenella cuspidata (Lindl.) Garay Mesadenella margaritifera (Linden & Rchb.f.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes margaritifera Linden & Rchb.f. in Gard. Chron. 219, 1866. peruviana Garay Mesadenella petenensis (L.O. Wms.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spirantheses petenensis L.O. Wms. in Phytologia 25: 460, 1973. Tonduzii (Schltr.) Pabst & Garay Mesadenus Schltr. in Beih. Bot. Centralb. 37 (2): 367, 1920. Etymology: Mesos = middle and aden = gland, describing the manner how the pollinia are attached to the rostellum. Sepals more or less similar, subparallel, somewhat diverging towards the arcuately spreading apices, often insignificantly connate basally; dorsal sepal slightly concave and adnate to a short distance to back of column; lateral sepals with an oblique base, adnate to column-foot. Petals agglutinate with dorsal sepal, more or less falcate with a decurrent base. Lip condupli- cate to navicular, subsessile with thickened, auriculate base, arcuately recurved in front. Column arcuate, dorsally united with median sepal, basally produced in a decurrent foot; stig- mata 2. confluent, sometimes obscurely 2-lobed at apex; rostel- lum very narrow, emarginate with a small, sometimes rather obscure. dorsal toothlette in middle. Anther bivalvate, rather 335 deeply cordate at apex, much surpassing the rostellum, during anthesis becomes flattened and arcuately curved backwards: pol- linia clavate with an ovate to roundish viscidium. Ovary obli- quely fusiform, sessile. Terrestrial plants with fasciculate, fleshy, tuberous roots. Leaves, when present, basal, petiolate, rosulate. Scape erect, slender, remotely several-vaginate which decrease in size up- wards, terminated by a more or less densely many-flowered, commonly secund spike. Flowers small to minute in size. LECTOTYPE: Spiranthes Galeottiana A. Rich. [Britton & Wilson, Sci., Surv. Porto Rico 5(2): 186, 1924] Eight species native to the American tropics and subtropics. Index to species Mesadenus affinis (C. Schweinf.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes affinis C. Schweinf. in Bot. Mus. Leaf. 4: 101. 1937. Mesadenus Chiangii (Johnst.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes Chiangii Johnst. in Phytologia 45: 449, 1980. Galeottianus Schltr. = Mesadenus polyanthus (Rchb.f.) Schltr. Glaziovii (Cogn.) Schltr. lucayanus (Britt.) Schltr. minutiflorus (Rich. & Gal.) Schltr. = Microthelys minutiflora (Rich, & Gal.) Garay polyanthus (Rchb.f.) Schltr. Mesadenus rhombiglossus (Pabst) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Hapalorchis rhombiglossus Pabst in Bradea |: 468. 1975. Mesadenus Stahlii (Cogn. ) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes Stahlii Cogn. in Urb. Symb. Antill. 6: 341. 1910. Mesadenus tenuissimus (1..0.Wms.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes tenuissima L.O.Wms. in Bot. Mus. Leafl. 12:235, 1946. Microthelys Garay, gen. nov. Etymology: Micros =smalland the/ys = female. describing the nature of the rostellum. Sepala subsimilia, parallela, apicibus leviter divergentibus;: sepalo postico concavo, columnae dorsaliter adnato: sepalis lateralibus obliquis, mentum non formantibus. Petala sepalo postico agglutinata, basi oblique decurrentia. Labellum late bre- 336 viterque unguiculatum, conduplicato-canaliculatum, margine supra basin utrinque lateris columnae agglutinato; disco car- noso, vulgo discolori. Columna arcuata, sursum leviter dilatata, basi in pedem decurrentem, apice paululo incurva producta: stigmata 2, omnino confluentia, subquadrata; rostellum humile, haud productum, transversum, obtusum, apice vulgo persisten- ter foveato. Anthera ovato-elliptica acuta vel obtusa; pollinia anguste clavata, viscidio parvulo, rotundo. Ovarium cylindri- cum, vel fusiforme, sessile, leviter tortum. Herbae terrestres, spithameae, graciles; radicibus tuberosis, villosis; foliis basilaribus vel subbasilaribus, suboppositis, petio- latis; caulibus erectis, vulgo vaginis imbricatis obtectis, supra laxe multifloris; floribus minutis. Sepals subsimilar, parallel, with somewhat diverging apices; dorsal sepal concave, adnate to back of column: lateral sepals oblique at base without forming a mentum. Petals agglutinate with dorsal sepal, obliquely decurrent at base. Lip with a broad short claw, conduplicate-canaliculate, the margins above the base agglutinate with sides of column; disc fleshy, commonly discolored. Column arcuate, somewhat expanded upwards, bas- ally produced in a decurrent, incurved foot; stigmata 2, com- pletely confluent, subquadrate; rostellum low, hardly noticeable, transverse, commonly with a persistent fovea. Anther ovate- elliptic, obtuse or acute; pollinia narrowly clavate, with a small, round viscidium. Ovary cylindric to fusiform, sessile, somewhat twisted. Terrestrial, small, slender herbs. Roots tuberous, villose. Leaves basal or subbasal, subopposite, petiolate. Stem erect, commonly enclosed by imbricating sheaths, loosely many- flowered above. Flowers small. TYPE: Spiranthes minutiflora Rich. & Gal. Three species native to Mexico, Guatemala and Costa Rica. Index to species Microthelys minutiflora (Rich. & Gal.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes minutiflora Rich. & Gal. in Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 3,3:32, 1845. ooF Microthelys nutantiflora (Schltr.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes nutantiflora Schltr. in Fedde, Rep. 2: 131, 1906. Microthelys rubrocallosa (Robins. & Greenm.) Garay, comb. nov, Basionym: Spiranthes rubrocallosa Robins. & Greenm. in Amer. Journ. Sci. 50: 165, 1895. Monustes Raf. australis (R.Br.) Raf. = Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames Narica Raf. moschata Raf. = Sarcoglottis acaulis (J.E.Sm.) Schltr. Neottia Erhart acaulis J.E.Sm. = Sarcoglottis acaulis (J.E.Sm.) Schltr. Adnaria Raf. = Pelexia adnata (Sw.) Spreng. adnata Sw. = Pelexia adnata (Sw.) Spreng. aestivalis (Poir.) Pers. = Spiranthes aestivalis (Poir.) L.C. Rich. amoena Bieb. = Spiranthes amoena (Bieb.) Spreng. aphylla Hook. = Sacoila lanceolata (Aubl.) Garay aurantiaca Llave & Lex. = Stenorrhynchos aurantiacum (Llave & Lex.) Lindl. australis R. Br. = Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames autumnalis (Balb.) Pers. = Spiranthes spiralis (L.) Chevall. bicolor Ker-Gawl. = Beadlea bicolor (Ker-Gaw].) Garay bracteosa (Lindl.) Steud. = Brachystele bracteosa (Lindl.) Schltr. calcarata Sw. = Eltroplectris calcarata (Sw.) Garay & Sweet cernua (L.) Willd. = Spiranthes cernua (L.) L.C. Rich. cinnabarina Llave & Lex. = Dichromanthus cinnabarinus (Llave & Lex.) Garay crispata Bl. = Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames diuretica Willd. = Brachystele unilateralis (Poir). Schltr. elata (Sw.) Sw. = Beadlea elata (Sw.) Small flexuosa J.E.Sm. = Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames gemmipara J.E.Sm. = Spiranthes Romanzoffiana Cham. gracilis Bigel. = Spiranthes lacera (Raf.) Raf. grandiflora (Lindl.) Hook. = Sarcoglottis grandiflora (Lindl.) KI. lanceolata (Aubl.) Willd. = Sacoila lanceolata (Aubl.) Garay lucida H.H.Eaton = Spiranthes lucida (H.H.Eaton) Ames michuacana Llave & Lex. = Stenorrhynchos michuacanum (Llave & Lex.) Lindl. micrantha Llave & Lex. = incerta sedis. minor Jacq. = Beadlea elata (Sw.) Small odorata Nutt. = Spiranthes odorata (Nutt.) Lindl. orchioides (Sw.) Willd. = Sacoila lanceolata (Aubl.) Garay papulosa Llave & Lex. = Stenorrhynchos papulosum (Llave & Lex.) Lindl. parviflora J.E.Sm. = Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames picta R.Br. = Sarcoglottis acaulis (J.E.Sm.) Schltr. plantaginea Raf. = Spiranthes lucida (H.H.Eaton) Ames 338 plantaginea Hook. = Sacoila lanceolata (Aubl.) Garay pudica (Lindl.) Sweet = Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames quadridentata Willd. = Spiranthes torta (Thunb.) Garay & Sweet sinensis Pers. = Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames speciosa Jacq. = Stenorrhynchos speciosum (Jacq.) L.C. Rich ex Spreng. spiralis (L.) Pers. = Spiranthes spiralis (L.) Chevall. spiralis Sw. = Spiranthes torta (Thunb.) Garay & Sweet squamulosa H.B.K. = Sacoila squamulosa (H.B.K.) Garay sulphurea Llave & Lex. = Stenorrhynchos michuacanum (Llave & Lex.) Lindl. tortilis Muhl. = Spiranthes vernalis Engelm. & Gray tortilis Sw. = Spiranthes torta (Thunb.) Garay & Sweet vaginata H.B.K. = Stenorrhynchos vaginatum (J.B.K.) Spreng. Nothostele Garay, gen. nov. Etymology: Nothos = false and stele = column, pillar, des- cribing the nature of gynandrium which lacks fusion between the filament and style. Sepala inequalia, patentissima, basi minutiuscule inter se connata; sepalo postico concavo, basi filamentum antherae libe- rum adnato; sepalis lateralibus divaricatis, plus minusve arcua- tis, lateraliter pedem columnae adnatis et cum eo sacculum brevem, ovarium adpressum formantibus. Petala obliqua, ar- cuata, sepalo postico agglutinata, basi obliqua. Labellum su- perum, sessile, in ambitu rhombeum, basi cuneatum, margine incrassatum. Columna horizontalis, gracilis, facie puberula, api- cem versus paululo dilatata, basi in pedem longum, apici ovaril oblique extensa; stigmata 2, terminalia, omnino confluentia vel sese arcte adpressa; rostellum longe triangulare acuminatum; clinandrium hyalino-marginatum, haud evolutum. Anthera ovato-ligulata, apice recurva, basi et filamentum eius libera; pol- linia clavata, distincte caudiculata, viscidio rotundo, parvo affixa. Ovarium, breviter pedicellatum, cylindricum, non tortum. Plantae terrestres, sub anthesin aphyllae, radicibus non ob- servatis; caulibus erectis, gracilibus, hyalino-vaginatis, supra laxe paucifloris; racemis quaquaversis; floribus non resupinatis, parvulis, patentibus. Sepals unequal in size, spreading, rather insignificantly con- nate at base; dorsal sepal concave, basally adnate to back of free 339 filament of anther; lateral sepals divaricate, more or less arcuate, adnate to sides of column-foot and with it form a short sac which is adpressed to the ovary. Petals oblique, arcuate, aggluti- nate with dorsal sepal, oblique at base. Lip uppermost, sessile, rhombic in outline, cuneate at base with thickened margins. Column horizontal, slender, puberulent in front, somewhat dilated upwards, basally extended into a long foot, obliquely inserted on top of ovary; stigmata 2, terminal, completely con- fluent or tightly adpressed to one another; rostellum long, trian- gular, acuminate, laminar with revolute margins; clinandrium formed by a narrow, hyaline margin, free from filament of anther. Anther ovate-ligulate, with a recurved apex, and witha free filament; pollinia clavate with distinct caudicles and a small, round viscidium. Ovary pedicellate, cylindric, not twisted. Terrestrial plants, completely leafless during flowering time. Roots so far unknown. Stem erect, slender with several hyaline sheaths, terminated by a loosely few-flowered, allsided raceme. Flowers not resupinate, small, with spreading segments. TYPE: Pelexia acianthiformis Rchb.f. & Warm. One species native to Brazil. Index to species Nothostele acianthiformis (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Pelexia acianthiformis Rchb.f. & Warm., Otia Bot. Hamb. 2:53, 1881. Odontorrhynchus Correa in Darwiniana 10: 157, 1953. Etymology: Odontos = tooth and rhynchos = snout, in ref- erence to the dentate rostellum (which is not snout-like) in the type specimen. Sepals rather dissimilar, free, subparallel with more or less spreading apices; dorsal sepal concave to cucullate, free from column; lateral sepals adnate laterally to column-foot and with it form an obliquely descending, somewhat enlarged, rounded base, not representing a true mentum. Petals linear, agglutinate along inner margins with dorsal sepal. Lip sessile to subun- 340 guiculate with free, falcate, callose processes at base, not truly sagittate; blade conduplicate-arcuate with the lateral margins agglutinate to sides of column. Column rather short, stout, with an obliquely descending foot; stigmata 2, tightly approximate to confluent, bilobed (not free and separated as stated); rostellum cartilaginous, broadly triangular, acute at the more or less ob- scurely 3-lobulate to 3-dentate apex, with a large, V-shaped groove in front to accomodate the conspicuous viscidium. Anther ovate-cucullate, acute, cordate at base; pollinia clavate with a conspicuous, more or less elliptic viscidium. Ovary cylin- dric to obliquely fusiform, subsessile, more or less twisted. Terrestrial herbs, commonly leafless during anthesis. Roots fasciculate, fusiform, tuberous. Stem erect, completely enclosed by imbricating, sometimes almost foliaceous sheaths, terminated by a densely many-flowered, more or less cylindrical spike. Flowers small. TYPE: Stenorrhynchus Castillonii Haum. Five species native to Bolivia, Peru, Argentina and Chile. Index to species alticola Garay Castillonii (Haum.) Correa Odontorrhynchus chilensis (A. Rich.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes chilensis A. Rich. in Gay, Hist. Nat. Chile, Bot. 5: 475, 1852. Odontorrhynchus chlorops (Rchb.f.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes chlorops Rchb.f., Xenia Orch. 3:20, 1878. Ghillanyi Pabst = Thelyschista Ghillanyi (Pabst) Garay variabilis Garay Ophrys L. aestiva Balb. = Spiranthes aestivalis (Poir.) L.C. Rich aestivalis Poir. = Spiranthes aestivalis (Poir.) L.C. Rich. aestivalis Michx. = Spiranthes vernalis Engelm. & Gray autumnalis Balb. = Spiranthes spiralis (L.) Chevall. cernua L. = Spiranthes cernua (L.) L.C. Rich. peregrina Sessé & Moc. = Dichromanthus cinnabarinus (Llave & Lex.) Garay peruviana Aubl. = Spiranthes torta (Thunb.) Garay & Sweet pubescens Sess¢ & Moc. = Stenorrhynchos aurantiacum (Llave & Lex.) Lindl. 341 quinquelobata Poir. = Spiranthes torta (Thunb.) Garay & Sweet spiralis L. = Spiranthes spiralis (L.) Chevall. torta Thunb. = Spiranthes torta (Thunb.) Garay & Sweet unilateralis Poir. = Brachystele unilateralis (Poir.) Schltr. Orchiastrum Seguier porrifolium (Lindl.) Greene = Spiranthes porrifolia Lindl. Romanzoffianum (Cham.) Greene = Spiranthes Romanzoffiana Cham. Orchis L. ventricosa (Vell.) Steud. = Sarcoglottis ventricosa (Vell.) Hoehne Pelexia Poit. ex Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 12: sub t. 985, 1826, nom. CONS. Etymology: Pe/ex = helmet, in reference to the appearance of the dorsal sepal which together with the petals form a helmet-like structure. Syn.: Collea Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 9: sub t. 760, 1823, nom. reject. Type: Satyvrium adnatum Sw. Adnulla Raf., Fl. Tellur. 2: 87, 1837. Type: Satyvrium adnatum Sw. Sepals unequal, ringent; dorsal sepal concave to cucullate, together with petals form a distinct helmet-like structure; lateral sepals more or less porrect, decurrent on the protruding column- foot, basally connate into a ventricose, saccate or spur-like vesi- cle which is often manifested in a pronounced mentum. Petals connivent with dorsal sepal, decurrent or variously oblique at base. Lip fleshy, prominently unguiculate, fleshy-sagittate at base, rarely auriculate, lateral margins agglutinate with sides of column. Column rather stout, elongate, puberulent or pilose in front, basally produced in a decurrent foot which often pro- trudes from the wall of the ovary; stigmata 2, separate to va- riously approximate; rostellum rather soft, pliable, laminar, linear-oblong to ligulate, obtuse or truncate. Anther ovate- cordate, obtuse; pollinia clavate with a thick, ovate to suborbi- cular viscidium. Ovary cylindric to more or less fusiform, sessile or subsessile, somewhat twisted. Terrestrial herbs, rarely subaquatic or hydrophilous. Roots fasciculate, fleshy, stipitate to fusiform. Leaves when present 342 basal, petiolate, rarely withered during anthesis. Scape erect, vaginate to bracteate, terminated by a loosely to densely, many- flowered spike. Flowers commonly medium to large in size. TYPE: Satyrium adnatum Sw. 67 species native to the tropics and subtropics of the New World. Index to species acianthiformis Rchb.f. & Warm. = Nothostele acianthiformis (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Garay adnata (Sw.) Spreng. albicans (Cogn.) Schltr. aphylla Ridl. 1886 = Sarcoglottis aphylla (Ridl.) Schltr. aphylla (Vell.) Schltr. 1920 = Pelexia Arrabidae (Rchb.f.) Garay Pelexia Arrabidae (Rchb.f.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Stenorrhynchus Arrabidae Rchb.f. in Linnaea 22: 815, 1850. Berroana (Krzl.) Schltr. = Skeptrostachys Berroana (Krzl.) Garay bonariensis (Lind1.) Schltr. Bradei Schltr. ex Mansf. Burgeri Schltr. bursaria Lindl. = Erythrodes plantaginea (L.) Fawc. & Rend. calcarata (Sw.) Cogn. = Eltroplectris calcarata (Sw.) Garay & Sweet callifera (C. Schweinf.) Garay callosa Ames 1924 = Pelexia Funckiana (Rich. & Gal.) Schltr. callosa Correa 1953 = Pelexia bonariensis (Lindl.) Schltr. calophylla (Porsch) Schltr. = Pelexia novofriburgensis (Rchb.f.) Garay Caucae Schltr. Pelexia cerina (Lindl.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes cerina Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 28: Misc. p. 20, 1842. comosa (Cogn.) Schltr. congesta A. & S. = Pelexia Funckiana (Rich. & Gal.) Schltr. corymbosa (Lindl.) Lindl. = Sauroglossum corymbosum (Lind].) Garay cranichoides Griseb. = Beadlea cranichoides (Griseb.) Small cuculligera (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Schltr. Pelexia decora (Garay) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes decora Garay in Can. Journ. Bot. 34: 248, 1956. dolichorhiza Schltr. domingensis Lind]. = Eletroplectris calcarata (Sw.) Garay & Sweet ecuadorensis Schltr. Ekmanii (Krzl.) Schltr. falcata (Thunb.) Spreng. = Cephalanthera falcata (Thunb.) Bl. Fiebrigii Schltr. = Pelexia Mandonii (Rchb.f.) Schltr. foliosa Poepp. & Endl. = Aspidogyne foliosa (Poepp. & Endl.) Garay Funckiana (Rich. & Gal.) Schltr. 343 Glazioviana Cogn. = Pteroglossa Glazioviana (Cogn.) Garay goninensis (Pulle) Schltr. Pelexia goyazensis (Cogn.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes goyazensis Cogn. in Mart.,Fl. Bras. 3(6): 542.1906. gracilis Schltr. guatemalensis Schltr. = Pelexia Funckiana (Rich. & Gal.) Schltr. Pelexia gutturosa (Rchb.f.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes gutturosa Rchb.f., Beitr. Orch. Centr. Amer. 67, 1866. hamata Schltr. Hameri Garay = Pelexia obliqua (J.J.Sm.) Garay Hilariana (Cogn.) Schltr. = Pteroglossa Hilariana (Cogn.) Garay hirta (Lindl.) Schltr. Hoffmannii Rchb.f. = Pseudocentrum Hoffmannii (Rchb.f.) Rchb.f. hondurensis Ames = Pelexia Funckiana (Rich. & Gal.) Schltr. hypnophila (Barb.Rodr.) Schltr. = Pelexia novofriburgensis (Rchb.f.) Garay hysterantha (Barb.Rodr.) Schltr. incurvidens Schltr. itatiaiae Schltr. japonica Spreng. = Cephalanthera erecta (Thunb.) BI. laminata Schltr. laxa (Poepp. & Endl.) Lindl. Lehmanniana Krzl. = Pelexia olivacea Rolfe leucosticta (Rchb.f.) Garay & Dunsterv. = Pelexia novofriburgensis (Rchb.f.) Garay Lindmaniana (Krz!.) Schltr. Lindmanii K rz]. Pelexia lobata (Lind|.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes lobata Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 30: Misc. p. 11, 1844. Loefgrenii (Porsch) Schltr. longibracteata Pabst longicornu Cogn. = Eltroplectris longicornu (Cogn.) Pabst longifolia (Cogn.) Hoehne longipetiolata (Rchb.f.) Schltr. = Pelexia laxa (Poepp. & Endl.) Lindl. Leutzenburgii Schltr. macropoda (Barb.Rodr.) Schltr. maculata Rolfe = Pelexia laxa (Poepp. & Endl.) Lindl. magdalensis Brade & Pabst = Pelexia sancta (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Garay Madonii (Rchb.f.) Schltr. mattogrossensis (Hoehne) Hoehne = Pelexia cuculligera (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Schltr. matucanensis (Krzl.) Schltr. Maxonii Ames minarum (Krzl.) Schltr. Mouraei Schltr. neottiorhiza (Krz!.) Pabst Pelexia novofriburgensis (Rchb.f.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Stenorrhynchus novofriburgensis Rchb.f. in Linnaea 22: 815. 1850. 344 Pelexia obliqua (J.J.Sm.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes obliqua J.J.Sm. in Bull. Dept. Agric. Ind. Neer. 43: 74, 1910. oestrifera (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Schltr. olivacea Rolfe orobanchoides (Krzl.) Schltr. orthosepala (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Schltr. ovatifolia Correa paludosa Correa Pelexia paraguayensis Garay, nom. nov. Basionym: Stenorrhynchus vaginatus Cogn. in Bull. Soc. Roy. Belg. 43:290, 1906, not Spreng. 1826. parva (Cogn.) Schltr. pauciflora Poepp. & Endl. = Eltroplectris pauciflora (Poepp. & Endl.) Garay Pelexia Pavonii (Rchb.f.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes Pavonii Rchb.f. in Bonpl. 4: 211, 1856. polyantha Schltr. ex Manst. = Pelexia novofriburgensis (Rchb.f.) Garay Pringlei Fern. = Pelexia Funckiana (Rich. & Gal.) Schltr. pterygantha (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Schltr. repens Poepp. & Endl. = Aspidogyne repens (Poepp. & Endl.) Garay Pelexia Richardiana (Schltr.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes Richardiana Schltr. in Beih. Bot. Centralb. 36(2): 435, 1918. robusta (Krzl.) Schltr. roseoalba Rchb.f. = Eltroplectris roseoalba (Rchb.f.) Hamer & Garay saccata Rolfe = Pelexia Schaffneri (Rchb.f.) Schltr. saltensis (Griseb.) Schltr. Pelexia sancta (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes sancta Rchb.f. & Warm. Otia Bot. Hamb. 2:85 1881. sceptrum Schltr. Schaffneri (Rchb.f.) Schltr. setacea Lindl. = Eltroplectris calcarata (Sw.) Garay & Sweet Pelexia Smithii (Rchb.f.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes Smithii Rchb.f. in Gard. Chron. 842, 1868. Sodiroi Schltr. = Pelexia hirta (Lindl.) Schltr. spiranthoides Lindl. = Pelexia adnata (Sw.) Spreng. stenantha (Cogn.) Schltr. stenorrhynchoides Griseb. = Pelexia adnata (Sw.) Spreng. stictophylla Schltr. = Pelexia Lindmanii Kral. subaequalis Ames = Pelexia Funckiana (Rich. & Gal.) Schltr. tamanduensis (Krz].) Schltr. tenuior Schltr. tomentosa (Vell.) Schltr. = Sacoila lanceolata (Aubl.) Garay tovarensis (Garay & Dunsterv.) Garay & Dunsterv. trachyglossa (Krzl.) Pabst = Pelexia cuculligera (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Schltr. Travassosii Rolfe = Eltroplectris Travassosii (Rolfe) Garay triloba Lindl. = Eltroplectris triloba (Lindl.) Pabst vaginata (Cogn.) Schltr. = Pelexia paraguayensis Garay 345 ventricosa (Cogn.) Schltr. viridis (Cogn.) Schltr. Weberbaueri (Krzl.) Schltr. Weberbauerana (Krzl.) Schltr. Sphalm. = Pelexia Weberbaueri (Krzl.) Schltr. Weirii (Rchb.f.) Schltr. = Pelexia laxa (Poepp. & Endl.) Lindl. Wendlandiana Krzl. = Pelexia olivacea Rolfe yungasensis (Rolfe) Schltr. Physogyne Garay, gen. nov. Etymology: Physao = distend, inflate and gyne = female, in reference to the column which is ballooned out in front. Sepala similia, conniventia, subparallela; sepalo postico con- cavo, usque ad basin libero; sepalis lateralibus inter se breviter connatis, gibbum minutum, rotundatum formantibus. Petala obliqua vel subfalcata, margine interiori sepalo postico aggluti- nata. Labellum breviter unguiculatum, ungue basi sepalorum lateralium adnato, deinde cordatum, apicem versus attenuatum, disco juxta unguem utrinque cornu carnoso, falcato ornato. Columna erecta, arcuatim convexa, basi obliqua, facie pubes- cens; stigmata 2, confluentia, apice biloba; rostellum elongatum, lineare. Anthera ovato-lanceolata, acuminata, valde concava, basi cordata; pollinia clavata, viscidio parvo, elliptico affixa. Ovarium cylindricum vel fusiforme, sessile, vix tortum. Plantae terrestres, pedales; radicibus fasciculatis, tuberosis, pubescentibus; foliis plurimis, basalibus, cuneatis, sub anthesin persistentibus vel emarcidis; caulibus erectis, vaginatis, sursum laxe spicatis, multifloris; floribus minutis. Sepals similar, connivent, subparallel; dorsal sepal concave, free to base; lateral sepals basally connate for a short distance, forming a small, round, gibbose base. Petals oblique or subfal- cate, the inner margin agglutinate with dorsal sepal. Lip with a short claw which is fused with the connate gibbose part of lateral sepals, cordate at base, attenuate toward apex; disc with a pair of fleshy, falcate horns on both sides of the claw. Column erect, arcuately convex in front, ballooned out, due to inflated clinan- drium, pubescent below stigmata, oblique at base; stigmata 2, confluent, with a bilobed apex; rostellum elongate, linear. Anther ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, deeply concave, with a cor- 346 date base; pollinia clavate with a small, elliptic viscidium. Ovary cylindric or fusiform, sessile, hardly if ever twisted. Terrestrial plants. Roots fasciculate, tuberous, pubescent. Leaves several, basal, cuneate, commonly present during flower- ing time, but may also be in the process of withering. Stem erect, completely covered with approximate sheaths, terminated by a long, loosely many-flowered spike. Flowers small to minute. TYPE: Spiranthes Gonzalesii L.O.Wms. Two species native to Mexico. Index to species. Physogyne Gonzalesii (L.O.Wms.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes Gonzalesii L.O.Wms. in Bot. Mus. Leafl. 12:229, 1946. Physogyne sparsiflora (C. Schweinf.) Garay comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes sparsiflora C. Schweinf. in Bot. Mus. Leafl. 4:108, 1937. Physurus L.C.Rich. ex Lindl. pauciflorus (Poepp. & Endl.) Lindl. = Eltroplectris pauciflora (Poepp. & Endl.) Garay Pseudocranichis Garay, gen. nov. Etymology: Pseudo = false and Cranichis = generic name, signifying the mistaken assignment of the type species to the genus Cranichis. Sepala similia, ringentia; sepalo postico infero, concavo, columnae basin dorsaliter adnato; sepalis lateralibus praecipue basin breviter connatis, superis, leviter divaricatis, cum ungue labelli gibbum parvulum, rotundum vel subbilobum formanti- bus. Petala libera, apice erosula. Labellum superum unguicula- tum, conduplicatum, margine in medio lateribus columnae agglutinatum, basi sagittatum, apice grosse lacerato-bilobum; disco in medio 3-calloso, distincte pubescenti. Columna crassa, humilis, basi oblique extensa, sursum sensim dilatata, apice truncata, antice in medio costata, facie omnino puberula; stig- mata 2, lateralia, ephippioidea, quam rostellum longiora; rostel- lum truncatum, foveatum. Anthera erecta, ovato-oblonga, ob- 347 tusa, basi subcordata; pollinia clavata, viscidio parvulo, truncato affixa. Ovarium cylindricum, sessile, non tortum. Plantae terrestres; radicibus fasculatis crassis, fusiformibus; foliis 2-3, basilaribus cuneatis, sessilibus; scapo suberecto vel arcuato, gracili, remote pauci vaginato, supra spicato, laxe multi- floro; floribus parvis, non resupinatis. Sepals similar, ringent; dorsal sepal lowermost, concave, at base adnate to back of column; lateral sepals shortly connate at base, uppermost, somewhat divaricate, fused with the claw of lip and together form a small, round, or bilobed gibbosity. Petals free with erose apex. Lip uppermost, unguiculate, the margins In the middle agglutinate with sides of column, saggitate at base, coarsely lacerate, bilobed at apex; disc with 3 callose-thickened veins in middle, distinctly pubescent. Column fleshy, short with an obliquely extended base, gradually expanded upwards, trun- cate at apex, with a median costa in front which extends into the claw of the lip; whole of front puberulent; stigmata 2, lateral, saddle-shaped, longer than the rostellum; rostellum truncate, foveate. Anther erect, ovate-oblong, obtuse, subcordate at base; pollinia clavate with a small, truncate viscidium. Ovary cylin- dric, sessile, not twisted. Terrestrial plants. Roots fleshy, fusiform, fasciculate. Leaves 2 to 3, basal, cuneate, sessile. Scape suberect to arcuate, rather slender, remotely few-sheathed, terminated by a laxly many- flowered spike. Flowers small, not resupinate. TYPE: Cranichis thysanochila Robins. & Greenm. One species native to Mexico, State of Oaxaca. Index to species Pseudocranichis thysanochila (Robins. & Greenm.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Cranichis thysanochila Robins. & Greenm. in Proc. Amer. Acad. Sci. 32: 35, 1896. Pseudoeurystyles Hoehne Cogniauxii (Krzl.) Hoehne = Eurystyles Cogniauxii (Krzl.) Schltr. Gardneri (Lindl.) Hoehne = Eurystyles Gardneri (Lindl. ex Gardn.) Garay Lorenzii (Cogn.) Hoehne = Eurystyles Lorenzii (Cogn.) Schltr. Schwackeana Hoehne = Eurystyles Lorenzii (Cogn.) Schltr. 348 Pseudogoodyera Schltr. in Beith. Bot. Centralbl. 37(2): 369, 1920. Etymology: Pseudo = false and Goodyera = generic name, signifying the mistaken assignment of the type species to the genus Goodyera. Sepals similar, free to base; dorsal sepal concave; lateral sepals oblique at base. Petals for the most part with inner mar- gins agglutinate to dorsal sepal, the apex free, basally not decur- rent. Lip from a broadly cuneate-unguiculate base cordate- cochleate, rather fleshy with thin margins and with a transverse ridge above the base on the disc. Column very short, arcuate, minutely puberulent in front, basally produced in a short, somewhat incurved foot on top of ovary; stigmata 2, confluent, transversely reniform; rostellum rather short, trapezoid, emar- ginate. Anther broadly ovate-elliptic, obtuse to rounded at apex; pollinia clavate with a small, oval to subrotund viscidium. Ovary sessile, fusiform, slightly twisted. Terrestrial, delicate plants with caespitose, fleshy, more or less fusiform roots. Leaves basal, petiolate, rosulate. Stem erect, rather slender, heavy bracteolate throughout, terminated by a rather densely, many-flowered, quaquaversal spike. Flowers minute, subglobose. TYPE: Goodvera Wrightii Rchb.f. One species native to Mexico, Guatemala and the West Indies. Index to species Wrightii (Rchb.f.) Schltr. Pterichis Lind]. Widgrenii (Rchb.f.) Cogn. = Brachystele Widgrenti (Rehb.f.) Schltr. Pteroglossa Schltr. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 37(2): 450, 1920. Etymology: Preron = wing and glossa = tongue, in refer- ence to the prominent lateral lobes of the lip in the plants originally assigned to the genus. Syn.: Cogniauxiocharis (Schlitr.) Hoehne in Arq. Bot. Estad. S. Paulo, ser. 2, 1: 132, 1944. 349 Type: Pelexia Glazioviana Cogn. Sepals very unequal, spreading; dorsal sepal concave, together with the petals form a semiopen hood; lateral sepals decurrent on column-foot, for the most part adnate to ovary, except at basal free tip, never spur-like. Petals obliquely cuneate, aggluti- nate with dorsal sepal, with a decurrent base. Lip sessile or subsessile with thickened basal margins, then long-ligulate to cuneate towards apex. Column short, erect, sulcate in front, basally produced in a long foot which is adnate to ovary wall for the most part, except at the free tip; stigmata terminal, 2 or deeply bilobed, more or less separated from one another by the terminal edge of a distinct fold running full length on face of column; rostellum rigid, sharp-pointed, more or less triangular. Anther ovate, obtuse, deeply concave; pollinia clavate with oblong to subrotund viscidium. Ovary sessile, cylindric to fusi- form, hardly twisted. Terrestrial, tall plants. Roots fasciculate, fleshy, stipitate- fusiform. Leaves basal in a rosette, either synanthus or hysteran- thus, with a cuneate base. Scape erect, vaginate or bracteolate, terminated by a many-flowered spike. Flowers conspicuous. LECTOTYPE: Spiranthes macrantha Rchb.f. [Angely, FI. Analit. S. Paulo 6: 1277, 1973] Eight species native to South America. Index to species Pteroglossa euphlebia (Rchb.f.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes euphlebia Rchb.f. in Gartenfl. 32: 3, 1883. Pteroglossa Glazioviana (Cogn.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Pelexia Glazioviana Cogn. in Mart., Fl. Bras. 3(4): 157, 1895. Pteroglossa Hilariana (Cogn.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Stenorrhynchus Hilarianus Cogn. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 3(6): 541, 1906. Pteroglossa lurida (Correa) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Centrogenium luridum Correa in Bol. Soc. Arg. Bot. 14: 319, 1972. luteola Garay macrantha (Rchb.f.) Schltr. regia (Krzl.) Schltr. rhombipetala Garay 350 Sacoila Raf., Fl. Tellur. 2: 86, 1837. Etymology: Saccos = bag and koilos = hollow, describing the spur-like extension formed by the bases of the lateral sepals. Sepals free, subsimilar connivent; dorsal sepal concave; lateral sepals decurrent on column-foot, and together form a more or less free-projecting, spur-like extension. Petals agglutinate with dorsal sepal, basally decurrent on column-foot. Lip sessile, from a cuneate base conduplicate, somewhat arcuate, margins in middle agglutinate with sides of column, at base with linear thickenings. Column short, stout, basally extended in a long foot which is decurrent on sides of ovary with the end protrud- ing into a free tip; stigmata terminal, 2, confluent; rostellum rigid, linear-acicular, sharp-pointed. Anther ovate, acute or acuminate, concave, much shorter than the rostellum; pollinia narrowly clavate with a linear viscidium. Ovary clavate to fusi- form, with a short pedicel, somewhat twisted. Terrestrial plants. Roots fasciculate, tuberous. Leaves com- monly hysteranthus, when synanthus either basal or cauline, cuneate, sessile. Stem erect, vaginate or bracteolate, terminated by subdense, many-flowered raceme. Flowers large, often showy. TYPE: Neottia aphylla Hook. Ten species native to the tropics and subtropics of the New World. Index to species Sacoila apetala (Krzl.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Stenorrhynchus apetalus Krzl. in Fedde, Rep. 6: 23, 1908. Sacoila argentina (Griseb.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Stenorrhynchus argentinus Griseb., Symb. Fl. Argent. 339, 1879. Sacoila Duseniana (Krzl.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Stenorrhynchus Dusenianus Krzl. in Svensk Vet. Akad. Hand]. 46(10): 28: 1911. Sacoila foliosa (Schltr.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Stenorrhynchus foliosus Schltr. in Fedde, Rep. 17: 12, 1920. Sacoila Hassleri (Cogn.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Stenorrhynchus Hassleri Cogn. in Mart., Fl. Bras. 3(6): 534, 1906. 5o1 Sacoila lanceolata (Aubl.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Limodorum lanceolatum Aubl., Hist. Pl. Guiane Fr. 2: 821, 1775. lurida Raf. = Sacoila lanceolata (Aubl.) Garay Sacoila pedicellata (Cogn.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Stenorrhynchus pedicellatus Cogn. in Mart., Fl. Bras. 3 (6): 539, 1906. Sacoila riograndensis (Krzl.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Stenorrhynchus riograndensis Krzl. in Svensk Vet. Akad. Handl. 46 (10): 28, 1911. Sacoila secundiflora (Lillo & Haum.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Stenorrhynchus secundiflorus Lillo & Haum. in Anal. Soc. Cienc. Argent. 90: 134, 1921. Sacoila squamulosa (H.B.K.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Neottia squamulosa H.B.K., Nov. Gen. et Sp. PI. 1: 332, 1816. Sarcoglottis Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 95, 1827. Etymology: Sarc = flesh and g/otta = tongue, describing the texture of the lip in the type specimen. Syn.: Narcia Raf., Fl. Tellur 2: 87, 1827. Type: Neottia acaulis J.E.Sm. Synoplectris Raf., Fl. Tellur. 2: 89, 1837. Lectotype: Neottia grandiflora Hook., in hoc loco. Sepals very unequal, subparallel with spreading apices; dorsal sepal erect, concave; lateral sepals long-decurrent on ovarian wall without any observable line of adnation, the free apices more or less falcate. Petals agglutinate with dorsal sepal, decur- rent at base. Lip unguiculate, distinctly sagittate at base, mar- gins near middle agglutinate with sides of column, usually with a reflexed terminal lobe. Column rather short with a long foot which is embedded full length internally in ovarian tissue and with it the more or less connate lateral sepals form a prominent, internal nectary or cuniculus, not discernible externally; stig- mata 2, free to approximate, more or less touching each other in middle; rostellum laminar, soft, ligulate, more or less truncate. Anther ovate, cordate, obtuse; pollinia clavate with large, thick viscidium. Ovary sessile, more or less fusiform, hardly twisted. Terrestrial plants, very variable in habit. Roots fasciculate, fleshy, tuberous. Leaves, when present, basal, rosulate, sub- sessile. Scape erect, slender to stout, vaginate, terminated by a few- to many-flowered spike. Flowers fleshy, mostly showy. TYPE: Sarcoglottis speciosa Presl. an2 35 species native to the New World tropics and subtropics. Index to species. acaulis (J.E.Sm.) Schltr. Sarcoglottis acutata (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes acutata Rchb.f. & Warm., Otia Bot. Hamb. 2: 84, 1881. albiflos Schltr. ex Hoehne, Nomen = Sarcoglottis rupicola Garay Alexanderi Schltr. ex Mansf. Allemanii (Barb.Rodr.) Schltr. = Sarcoglottis acaulis (J.E.Sm.) Schltr. amazonica Pabst aphylla (Ridl.) Schltr. Arrabidae (Rchb.f.) Rchb.f. = Pelexia Arabidae (Rchb.f.) Garay assurgens (Rchb.f.) Schltr. biflora (Vell.) Schltr. Bradei Schltr. = Pelexia Smithii (Rchb.f.) Garay butantanensis (Hoehne) Hoehne & Schltr. = Sarcoglottis neuroptera (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Schltr. camposnovensis (Hoehne) Hoehne = Sarcoglottis simplex (Griseb.) Schltr. cerina (Lind].) P.N.Don = Pelexia cerina (Lindl.) Garay Cogniauxiana (Barb.Rodr.) Schltr. Sarcoglottis corymbosa Garay, nom. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes pauciflora Rich. & Gal. in Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 3. 3: 32 1845, not Raf. 1833. diaphana (Lindl.) P.N.Don = Deiregyne diaphana (Lindl.) Garay diuretica (Lindl.) P.N.Don = Brachystele unilateralis (Poir.) Schltr. elata (Sw.) P.N.Don = Beadlea elata (Sw.) Small eriophora (Robins. & Greenm.) Conzatti = Deiregyne eriophora (Robins. & Greenm.) Garay fasciculata (Vell.) Schltr. glaucescens Schltr. Glazioviana (Cogn.) Schltr. ex Pabst = Pelexia goyazensis (Cogn.) Garay grandiflora (Lindl.) KI. gutturosa (Rchb.f.) Ames = Pelexia gutturosa (Rchb.f.) Garay Hassleri (Cogn.) Schltr. hemichrea (Lindl.) Ames = Aulosepalum hemichrea (Lindl.) Garay Heringeri Pabst Herzogii Schltr. homalogastra (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Schltr. hondurensis (Schltr.) Ames ex Standley & Calderon = Gularia trilineata (Lindl.) Garay Hunterana Schltr. = Sarcoglottis acaulis (J.E.Sm.) Schltr. imitans Schltr. ex Hoehne, Nomen = Sarcoglottis simplex (Griseb.) Schltr. itararensis (Krzl.) Hoehne Juergensii Schltr. latifolia (Rich. & Gal.) Schltr. = Pelexia Richardiana (Schltr.) Garay Lehmannii Garay lithophila Barb.Rodr. = Sarcoglottis biflora (Vell.) Schltr. 353 lobata (Lindl.) P.N.Don = Pelexia lobata (Lind].) Garay Maasorum Pabst magdalensis (Brade & Pabst) Pabst = Pelexia sancta (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Garay metallica (Rolfe) Schltr. misera (Krzl.) Pabst multiflora Barb.Rodr. = Skeptrostachys balanophorostachya (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Garay Nelsonii (Greenm.) Conzatti = Aulosepalum Nelsonii (Greenm.) Garay neuroptera (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Schltr. novofriburgensis (Rchb.f.) Schltr. = Pelexia novofriburgensis (Rchb.f.) Garay oaxacana (Robins. & Greenm.) Conzatti = Deiregyne diaphana (Lindl.) Garay ochracea (Rich. & Gal.) Schltr. = Sarcoglottis rosulata (Lindl.) P.N.Don olivacea (Rolfe) Schltr. = Beadlea olivacea (Rolfe) Garay orbiculata Ames = Sarcoglottis rosulata (Lind].) P.N.Don ornithocephala Barb.Rodr. = Sarcoglottis fasciculata (Vell.) Schltr. pauciflora (Rich. & Gal.) Schltr. = Sarcoglottis corymbosa Garay Pavonii (Rchb.f.) Schltr. = Pelexia Pavoni (Rchb.f.) Garay picta (R.Br.) KI. = Sarcoglottis acaulis (J.E.Sm.) Schltr. Powellii Schltr. = Sarcoglottis acaulis (J.E.Sm.) Schltr. pubilabia Ames = Pelexia Schaffneri (Rehb.f.) Schltr. pudica (Lindl.) P.N.Don = Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames Purpusiorum Schltr. = Sarcoglottis acaulis (J.E.Sm.) Schltr. rosulata (Lindl.) P.N.Don rufescens KI. = Sarcoglottis ventricosa (Vell.) Hoehne rupestris Barb.Rodr. = Sarcoglottis rupicola Garay Sarcoglottis rupicola Garay, nom. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes rupestris Barb.Rodr., Gen. et Sp. Orch. Nov. 1: 189, 1877, not Lindl. 1840. sagittata (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Schltr. sancta (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Schltr. = Pelexia sancta (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Garay sceptrodes (Rchb.f.) Schltr. Schaffneri (Rchb.f.) Ames = Pelexia Schaffneri (Rehb.f.) Schltr. Schwackei (Cogn.) Schltr. simplex (Griseb.) Schltr. sincorensis (Schltr.) Schltr. Smithii (Rchb.f.) Schltr. = Pelexia Smithu (Rchb.f.) Garay speciosa Presl = Sarcoglottis acaulis (J.E.Sm.) Schltr. tenuiflora (Greenm.) Conzatti= Aulosepalum tenuiflorum (Greenm.) Garay tenuis Schltr. = Sarcoglottis neuroptera (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Schltr. Thelymitra (Rchb.f.) Ames = Gularia trilineata (Lindl.) Garay uliginosa Barb.Rodr. umbrosa (Barb.Rodr.) Schltr. valida Ames = Pelexia Smithii (Rchb.f.) Garay velata (Robins. & Fern.) Conzatti = Deiregyne velata (Robins. & Fern.) Garay 354 ventricosa ( Vell.) Hoehne villosa (Poepp. & Endl.) Schltr. Sarcoglottis Woodsonii (L.O.Wms.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes Woodsonii L.O.Wms. in Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 29: 337, 1942. zamororae Ames = Pelexia Schaffneri (Rchb.f.) Schltr. Satyrium Sw. adnatum Sw. = Pelexia adnata (Sw.) Spreng. elatum Sw. = Beadlea elata (Sw.) Small orchioides Sw. = Sacoila lanceolata (Aubl.) Garay spirale Sw. = Spiranthes torta (Thunb.) Garay & Sweet Sauroglossum Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 19: t. 1618, 1833. Etymology: Saura = lizard and glossa = tongue. According to Lindley “the leaves may be compared to the tongue of antedeluvian Saurians, and the sepals to those of modern species.” Syn.: Synassa Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 19: sub t. 1618, 1833. Type: Synassa corymbosa Lindl. Sepals subsimilar, unequal, rather fleshy, free; dorsal sepal erect, concave; lateral sepals decurrent on column-foot, and with it form a short, rounded chin. Petals thinner in texture, aggluti- nate with dorsal sepal. Lip sessile, rather fleshy, with a long, channelled base, cochleate in front, at base with linear, fleshy, marginal or intramarginal thickenings or calli. Column slender, elongate, somewhat dilated above, and with a short, but distinct, obliquely decurrent foot; stigmata 2, lateral on sides of rostel- lum, separated by a median groove on face of column; rostellum membranaceous, short, broadly triangular which is extended into a thin clinandrium, and with an apical fovea. Anther ovate- umbonate; pollinia clavate with a small, round viscidium. Ovary arcuate, more or less cylindric, subsessile, somewhat twisted. Terrestrial, tall plants. Roots fasciculate, fleshy, fusiform. Leaves either synanthous or hysteranthous, basal, cuneate petio- late. Stem erect, vaginate, terminated by a loosely to densely many-flowered spike. Flowers small to medium in size, com- monly quaquaversal. TYPE: Sauroglossum elatum Lindl. Nine species native to South America. Bes Index to species. andinum (Haum.) Garay aurantiacum (C. Schweinf.) Garay candidum Krzl. = Hapalorchis candidus (Krzl.) Schltr. corymbosum (Lindl.) Garay cranichoides (Griseb.) Ames = Beadlea cranichoides (Griseb.) Small distans Lindl. ex Garay elatum (Rich.) Ames = Beadlea elata (Sw.) Small elatum Lindl. longiflorum (Schltr.) Garay monophyllum (Lindl.) Griseb. 1866 = Cranichis diphylla Sw. monophyllum Griseb. 1879 = Hapalorchis lineatus (Lindl.) Schltr. nigricans Schltr. = Beadlea cranichoides (Griseb.) Small nitidum ( Vell.) Schltr. Richardi Ames = Beadlea elata (Sw.) Small Schweinfurthianum Garay sellilabre (Griseb.) Schltr. tenue Lind]. = Hapalorchis lineatus (Lind1.) Schltr. Schiedeella Schltr. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 37(2): 379, 1920. Etymology: In honor of Christian Julius Wilhelm Schiede (1798-1836), a German naturalist and plant col- lector in Mexico. Sepals similar, subequal, connivent, subcampanulate, paral- lel, with more or less arcuately spreading apices; dorsal sepal concave, adnate to back of column above base; lateral sepals with an oblique base adnate to short, decurrent column-foot. Petals linear, agglutinate with dorsal sepal. Lip with a distinct, flat claw without thickened margins and with a calliferous or incrassate, auriculate to cordate base and a fleshy, more or less papillose apical part. Column slender, arcuate, somewhat widened towards apex, at base produced in a sharply curved, decurrent foot; stigmata 2, confluent; rostellum from a narrowly cuneate base sinuously linear-triangular, acuminate. Anther ovate-cordate, acute; pollinia clavate with a short, linear-oblong viscidium. Ovary cylindric to fusiform, somewhat twisted. Terrestrial, slender plants. Roots fasciculate, fleshy tuberous. Leaves either synanthous or hysteranthous, distinctly petiolate. Stem erect, vaginate, terminated by a loosely few- to many- flowered spike. Flowers small to medium, spirally arranged or quaquaversal. 356 TYPE: Spiranthes transversalis Rich. & Gal. [Schlecter in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 37(2): 382, 1920.] Six species native to Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Costa Rica, and the Greater Antilles. Index to species albovaginata (C. Schweinf.) Balogh = Deiregyne albovaginata (C. Schweinf.) Garay Schiedeella Amesiana Garay, nom. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes Wrightii Ames, Orchid. 7: 131, 1922, not Schltr. 1913. chartacea L.O.Wms. ex Balogh = Deiregyne chartacea (L.O.Wms.) Garay chloreaeformis (Rich. & Gal.) Balogh = Deiregyne diaphana (Lindl.) Garay congestiflora (L.O.Wms.) Balogh = Funckiella congestiflora (L.O.Wms.) Garay cobanensis (Schltr.) Schltr. = Kionophyton pyramidalis (Lindl.) Garay densiflora (C. Schweinf.) Balogh = Dithyridanthus densiflorus (C. Schweinf.) Garay eriophora (Robins. & Greenm.) Schltr. = Deiregyne eriophora (Robins. & Greenm.) Garay falcata (L.O.Wms.) Balogh = Deiregyne falcata (L.O.Wms.) Garay hyemalis (Rich. & Gal.) Balogh = Funckiella hyemalis (Rich. & Gal.) Schltr. Llaveana (LindI.) Schltr. michuacana (Llave & Lex.) Balogh = Stenorrhynchos michuacanum (Llave & Lex.) Lindl. muscicola (Garay & Dunsterv.) Garay & Dunsterv. = Stalkya muscicola (Garay & Dunsterv.) Garay Schiedeella Nagelii (L.O.Wms.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes Nagelii L.O.Wms. in Bot. Mus. Leafl. 12: 230, 1946. obtecta (C.Schweinf.) Balogh = Deiregyne obtecta (C.Schweintf.) Garay parasitica (Rich. & Gal.) Schltr. petiolata Schltr. = Schiedeella Llaveana (Lindl.) Schltr. pseudopyramidalis (L.O.Wms.) Balogh = Deiregyne pseudopyramidalis (L.O.Wms.) Garay pubicaulis (L.O.Wms.) Balogh = Lyroglossa pubicaulis (L.O.Wms.) Garay pyramidalis (Lindl.) Schltr. = Kionophyton pyramidalis (Lindl.) Garay rubrocallosa (Robins. & Greenm.) Balogh = Microthelys rubrocallosum (Robins. & Greenm.) Garay saltensis (Ames) Schltr. = Deiregyne durangensis (A. & S.) Garay sparsiflora (C.Schweinf.) Balogh = Physogyne sparsiflora (C. Schweinf.) Garay stolonifera (Ames & Correll) Balogh = Funckiella stolonifera (Ames & Correll) Garay tenella (L.O.Wms.) Balogh = Deiregyne tenella (L.O.Wms.) Garay 357 trilineata (Lindl.) Balogh = Gularia trilineata (Lind]l.) Garay transversalis (Rich. & Gal.) Schltr. = Schiedeella Llaveana (Lindl.) Schltr. velata (Robins. & Fern.) Schltr. = Deiregyne velata (Robins. & Fern.) Garay Schiedeella violacea (Rich. & Gal.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes violacea Rich. & Gal. in Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 3, 3: 32, 1845. Schiedeella Wercklei (Schltr.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes Wercklei Schltr. in Fedde, Rep. 10: 482, 1911. Serapias L. aphylla Vell. = Pelexia Arrabidae (Rchb.f.) Garay biflora Vell. = Sarcoglottis biflora (Vell.) Schltr. coccinea Vell. = Sacoila lanceolata (Aubl.) Garay congesta Vell. = Beadlea congesta (Vell.) Garay fasciculata Vell. = Sarcoglottis fasciculata (Vell.) Schltr. Neottia Gmel. = Sacoila lanceolata (Aubl.) Garay nitida Vell. = Sauroglossum nitidum (Vell.) Schltr. polyaden Vell. = Stigmatosema polyaden (Vell.) Garay speciosa (Jacq.) Gmel. = Stenorrhynchos speciosum (Jacq.) L.C.Rich. ex Spreng. spiralis (L.) Scop. = Spiranthes spiralis (L.) Chevall. tomentosa Vell. = Sacoila lanceolata (Aubl.) Garay ventricosa Vell. = Sarcoglottis ventricosa (Vell.) Hoehne Skeptrostachys Garay, gen. nov. Etymology: Skeptron = baton and stachys = spike, in allu- sion of appearance of the inflorescence in most species. Sepala dissimilia, conniventia, subparallela, apicibus leviter arcuato-patentibus; sepalo postico valde cucullato, libero; se- palis lateralibus obliquis, pedi columnae decurrentibus. Petala Margine interiore sepalo intermedio agglutinata, plus minusve sinuosa, basi decurrentia. Labellum plus minusve sigmoideum, basi conduplicatum, marginibus calloso-incrassatis; lamina re- curva, Margines in medio utrinque lateribus columnae aggluti- natae. Columna brevis, cylindrica, basi in pedem longum, decur- rentem producta; stigmata 2, confluentia vel V-formia; rostellum rigidum, acuminatissimum, basi utrinque obscure unidentatum. Anthera cucullata vel umbonata; pollinia clavata, viscidio line- ari affixa. Ovarium oblique ovoideum vel fusiforme. Plantae terrestres, elatae; radicibus fasciculatis, crassiusculis, stipitatis; foliis plerumque basilaribus; sursum in bracteas tran- seuntibus; caulibus erectis, supra multifloris; rhachide cylindrica, satis densiflora; floribus inter mediocres, haud ringentibus. 358 Sepals dissimilar, connivent, subparallel, with somewhat arcuately spreading apices; dorsal sepal deeply cucullate, free from column; lateral sepals oblique and decurrent on column- foot. Petals agglutinate with dorsal sepal, more or less sinuous, with a decurrent base. Lip more or less sigmoid with a condupli- cate base of which the margins callose-thickened; the main blade is recurved and in middle the margins agglutinate with sides of column. Column short, cylindric, basally produced in a long, decurrent foot; stigmata 2, confluent or V-shaped; rostellum rigid, very sharply pointed and at base on both sides provided rather obscurely with a tooth. Anther cucullate or umbonate; pollinia clavate with a linear viscidium. Ovary obliquely ovoid or fusiform. Terrestrial, tall plants. Roots fasciculate, fleshy-thickened, stipitate. Leaves mostly basal or near base, decreasing upward into bracts. Stem erect, terminated by a many-flowered, cylin- drical, rather densely-flowered spike. Flowers medium in size with hardly ringent sepals. TYPE: Spiranthes rupestris Lindl. 12 species native to Brazil and adjacent countries to south and southeast. Index to species. Skeptrostachys Arechavaletanii (Barb.Rodr.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Stenorrhynchus Arechavaletanii Barb.Rodr. in Contr. Jard.Bot. Rio 4: 99, 1907. Skeptrostachys balanophorostachya (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes balanophorostachya Rchb.f. & Warm., Otia Bot. Hamb. 2: 54, 1881. Skeptrostachys Berroana (Krzl.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Stenorrhynchus Berroanus Krzl. in Svensk Vet. Akad. Handl. 46(10): 26, 1911. Skeptrostachys congestiflora (Cogn.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Stenorrhynchus congestiflorus Cogn. in Mart., Fl. Bras. 3(4): 539, 1895. Skeptrostachys disoides (Krzl.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes disoides Krzl. in Svensk Vet. Akad. Handl. 46(10): a3, tent, Skeptrostachys gigantea (Cogn.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Stenorrhynchus giganteus Cogn. in Mart., Fl. Bras. 3(6): 533, 1906. 359 Skeptrostachys latipetala (Cogn.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Stenorrhynchus latipetalus Cogn. in Bull. Soc. Roy. Belg. 43: 286, 1907. Skeptrostachys montevidensis (Barb.Rodr.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Stenorrhynchus montevidensis Barb. Rodr. in Contr. Jard. Bot. Rio 4: 98, 1907. Skeptrostachys paraguayensis (Rchb.f.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes paraguayensis Rchb.f. in Linnaea 25: 230, 1852. Skeptrostachys paranahybae (Krzl.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes paranahybae Krzl. in Ann. Nat. Hist. Mus. Wien 27: 110, 1913. Skeptrostachys rupestris (Lind|.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes rupestris Lindl., Gen and Sp. Orch. Pl. 474, 1840. Skeptrostachys Sancti-Jacobi (Krzl.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Stenorrhynchus Sancti-Jacobi Krzl. in Fedde, Rep. 6: 22, 1908. Spiranthes L.C.Rich., Orch. Europ. Annot. 20, 1817, nom. cons. Etymology: Speira= coil and anthos = flower, in reference to the spirally twisted inflorescence of the plants originally assigned to the genus. Syn.: Orchiastrum Seguier, Pl. Veron. Suppl. 252, 1754. Type: Ophrys spiralis L. Aristotelea Lour., Fl. Cochinch. 2: 522, 1790, not L’Herit. 1784. Type: Aristotelea spiralis Lour. Tussacia Raf. ex Desv., Obs. Pl. Environ. Angers 91, 1818, not Tussaca Raf. Lectotype: Ophrys spiralis L. in hoc loco. Monustes Raf., Fl. Tellur 2: 87, 1837. Type: Neottia australis R. Br. Gyrostachys Pers. ex Bl., Coll. Orch. 127, 1859. Lectotype: Ophrys spiralis L. in hoc loco Ibidium Salisb. ex Small, Fl. SE United States, ed. 2, 318, 1913. Lectotype: Ophrys spiralis L. [House in Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. 32: 380, 1905] Triorchis Petiver ex Nieuwl. in Amer. Midl. Nat. 3: 122, 1913. Type: Ophrys spiralis L. [Petiver, Opera 2: Ray’s Eng- lish Herb. and Cat., t. 68, f.7, 1764] 360 Sepals rather similar, free, connivent, with somewhat arcu- ately spreading apices; dorsal sepal concave to cucullate; lateral sepals oblique, but without a decurrent base. Petals agglutinate with dorsal sepal, oblique at base. Lip fleshy, broadly unguicu- late, concave to conduplicate, recurved at more or less undulate- crispate apex, basally provided on each side of the claw with a marginal or intramarginal, more or less conical, falcate callus, the sides agglutinate with sides of column. Column relatively short, cylindric, arcuately expanded upwards, basally produced in a short, incurved foot; stigmata 2, confluent, bilobed; rostel- lum divided into two distinct, sharply pointed or filiform seg- ments. Anther cordate, acute to obtuse, rather deeply concave: pollinia clavate with linear-oblong viscidium. Ovary sessile, cylindric to fusiform, twisted. Terrestrial, slender plants. Roots fasciculate, tuberous or fusi- form, fleshy. Leaves synanthous or proteranthous, commonly basal or near to base, rarely cauline. Scape slender, erect, vagi- nate, terminated by a loosely- to densely-flowered inflorescence which is arranged in a single or double spiral. Flowers rather small. LECTOTYPE: Ophrys spiralis L. [Greene, Prop. Brit. Bot. 100, 1929] 42 species native mostly to the temperate regions of North America and Eurasia with representatives in Australia, New Caledonia and New Zealand; a few species are native to the tropical and subtropical regions of Central America, West Indies, northern part of South America, as well as various regions of Malaysia, from Malaya to New Guinea. Index to species abyssinica Hochst. ex A. Rich. = Deroemera squamata Rchb.f. acaulis (J.E.Sm.) Cogn, = Sarcoglottis acaulis (J.E.Sm.) Schltr. actinosophila Barb.Rodr. = Eurystyles actinosophila (Barb.Rodr.) Schltr. acutata Rchb.f. & Warm. = Sarcoglottis acutata (Rchb.f, & Warm.) Garay adnata (Sw.) Benth. ex Fawc. = Pelexia adnata (Sw.) Spreng. aestivalis Oakes = Spiranthes lucida (H.H. Eaton) Ames aestivalis (Poir.) L.C.Rich. affinis C. Schweinf. = Mesadenus affinis (C. Schweinf.) Garay africana Lindl. = Benthamia spiralis (Thou.) A. Rich. 361 aguacatensis Rchb.f. = Brachystele guayanensis (Lindl.) Schltr. albescens Barb.Rodr. = Pteroglossa macrantha (Rchb.f.) Schltr. albovaginata C. Schweinf. = Deiregyne albovaginata (C. Schweinf.) Garay alexandrae Krzl. = Beadlea alexandrae (Krzl.) Garay Allemanii (Barb.Rodr.) Cogn. = Sarcoglottis acaulis (J.E.Sm.) Schltr. alpestris Barb.Rodr. = Beadlea congesta (Vell.) Garay amabilis Ames = Hapalorchis lineatus (Lind1.) Schltr. amblysepala Krzl. = Beadlea diversifolia (Cogn.) Garay Amesiana Schltr. = Spiranthes torta (Thunb.) Garay & Sweet amoena (Bieb.) Spreng. angustilabris J.J.Sm. annua Lesq. = Spiranthes cernua (L.) L.C.Rich. aphylla (Ridl.) Cogn. 1895 = Sarcoglottis aphylla (Ridl.) Schltr. aphyllus (Hook.) Krzl. = Sacoila lanceolata (Aubl.) Garay apiculata Lindl. = Spiranthes torta (Thunb.) Garay & Sweet aprica Lindl. = Beadlea aprica (Lind1.) Garay Arechavaletae Krzl. = Brachystele Arechavaletae (Krzl.) Schltr. argyrifolia Barb.Rodr. = Beadlea argyrifolia (Barb.Rodr.) Garay Aristotelia (Raeusch) Merrill = Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames Arrabidae Warm. = Pelexia Arrabidae (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Garay Arseniana Krzl. = Pelexia Schaffneri (Rchb.f.) Schltr. assurgens Rchb.f. = Sarcoglottis assurgens (Rehb.f.) Schltr. atramentaria Krzl. = Brachystele Widgrenti (Rchb.f.) Schltr. atroviridis (Barb.Rodr.) Cogn. = Mesadenella atroviridis (Barb.Rodr.) Garay aurantiaca (Llave & Lex.) Hemsl. = Stenorrhynchos aurantiacum (Llave & Lex.) Lindl. australis (R.Br.) Lindl. = Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames australis Wight = Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames autumnalis (Balb.) L.C.Rich = Spiranthes spiralis (L.) Chevall. balanophorostachya Rchb.f. & Warm. = Skeptrostachys balanophoro- stachya (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Garay Bangii Rolfe = Odontorrhynchus chlorops (Rchb.f.) Garay Barrancae Esposto = Pelexia Pavonii (Rchb.f.) Garay Beckii Lindl. = Spiranthes lacera (Raf.) Raf. bicaudata Ames = Beloglottis bicaudata (Ames) Garay bicolor Griseb. = Lyroglossa Grisebachii (Cogn.) Schltr. bicolor (Ker-Gawl.) Lindl. = Beadlea bicolor (Ker-Gawl.) Garay bicolor Raf. = Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames bifida Ridl. = Helonoma bifida (Ridl.) Garay biflora (Vell.) Cogn. = Sarcoglottis biflora (Vell.) Schltr. bonariensis Lindl. = Pelexia bonariensis (Lind].) Schltr. bracteolaris Krzl. = Stenorrhynchos michuacanum (Llave & Lex.) Lindl. bracteosa Lindl. = Brachystele bracteosa (Lindl.) Schltr. bracteosa (A. & S.) L.O.Wms. = Coccineorchis bracteosa (A. & S.) Garay Brenesii Schltr. = Brachystele guayanensis (Lind1.) Schltr. brevicaulis Raf. = incerta sedis brevifolia Chapm. = Spiranthes longilabris Lindl. brevilabris Lindl. butantanensis Hoehne = Sarcoglottis neuroptera (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Schltr. 362 calcarata (Sw.) Jiménez = Eltroplectris calcarata (Sw.) Garay & Sweet callifera C. Schweinf. = Pelexia callifera (C. Schweinf.) Garay calophylla Barb.Rodr. = Beadlea calophylla (Barb.Rodr.) Garay camporum Lindl. = Brachystele camporum (Lindl.) Schltr. camposnovensis Hoehne = Sarcoglottis simplex (Griseb.) Schltr. Canterae Barb.Rodr. = Skeptrostachys balanophorostachya (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Garay Casei Catling & Cruise Castillonii (Haum.) L.O.Wms. = Odontorrhynchus Castillonii (Haum.) Correa ceracifolia Barb.Rodr. = Lankesterella ceracifolia (Barb.Rodr.) Mansf. cerina Lindl. = Pelexia cerina (Lindl.) Garay cernua (L.) L.C.Rich. chartacea L.O.Wms. = Deiregyne chartacea (L.O.Wms.) Garay cheirostyloides (Schltr.) C. Schweinf. = Hapalorchis cheirostyloides Schltr. Chiangii Johnst. = Mesadenus Chiangii (Johnst.) Garay chilensis A. Rich = Odontorrhynchus chilensis (A.Rich.) Garay chloreaeformis Rich. & Gal. = Deiregyne diaphana (Lindl.) Garay chloroleuca Barb. Rodr. = Stigmatosema polyaden (Vell.) Garay chlorops Rchb.f. = Odontorrhynchus chlorops (Rchb.f.) Garay cinnabarina (Llave & Lex.) Hemsl. = Dichromanthus cinnabarinus (Llave & Lex.) Garay cobanensis Schltr. = Kionophyton pyramidalis (Lindl.) Garay coccinea Garay = Coccineorchis cernua (Lindl.) Garay Cogniauxiana_ Barb.Rodr. = Sarcoglottis Cogniauxiana (Barb.Rodr.) Schltr. colorans N.E.Br. ex Hemsl. = Stenorrhynchos speciosum (Jacq.) L.C.Rich. ex Spreng. colorata N.E.Br. = Stenorrhynchos speciosum (Jacq.) L.C. Rich ex Spreng. colorata (Bl.) Hassk. = Goodyera colorata BI. comosa Rchb.f. = Beadlea comosa (Rchb.f.) Hamer & Garay congesta Lindl. congestiflora L.O.Wms. = Funckiella congestiflora (L.O.Wms.) Garay constricta (Small) Schumann = Spiranthes odorata (Nutt.) Lindl. cordatiloba C. Schweinf. = Sarcoglottis neuroptera (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Schltr. corymbosa Krzl. = Coccineorchis cernua (Lindl.) Garay costaricensis Rchb.f. = Beloglottis costaricensis (Rchb.f.) Schltr. cranichoides (Griseb.) Cogn. = Beadlea cranichoides (Griseb.) Small crispata (BI.) Zoll. & Morr. = Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames cuculligera Rchb.f. & Warm. = Pelexia cuculligera (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Schltr. curvicalcarata C. Schweinf. = Pelexia laxa (Poepp. & Endl.) Lindl. cuspidata Lindl. = Mesadenella cuspidata (Lindl.) Garay cyclochila Krzl. = Brachystele cyclochila (Krzl.) Schltr. cylindrica Lind]. apud Schltr. = Kionophyton pyramidalis (Lindl.) Garay decipiens Hook. = Goodyera oblongifolia Raf. decora Garay = Pelexia decora (Garay) Garay delicatula Krzl. = Brachystele delicatula (Krzl.) Schltr. 363 dendroneura Sheviak & Bye = Deiregyne dendroneura (Sheviak & Bye) Garay densa A. Rich. = Spiranthes Wightiana Lindl. densiflora C. Schweinf. = Dithyridanthus densiflorus (C. Schweinf.) Garay diaphana Lindl. = Deiregyne diaphana (Lind1.) Garay dilatata Lindl. = Brachystele dilatata (Lind1.) Schltr. disoides Krzl. = Skeptrostachys disoides (Krzl.) Garay diuretica (Willd.) Lindl. = Brachystele unilateralis (Poir.) Schltr. diversifolia Cogn. = Beadlea diversifolia (Cogn.) Garay durangensis A. & S. = Deiregyne durangensis (A. & S.) Garay ecallosa A. & S. = Beloglottis ecallosa (A. & S.) Hamer & Garay Ekmanii (Krzl.) Haum. = Pelexia Ekman (Krzl.) Schltr. elata (Sw.) L.C.Rich. = Beadlea elata (Sw.) Small eldorado Linden & Rchb.f. = Beadlea eldorado (Linden & Rchb.f.) Garay Emiliae Johnst. = Pelexia Schaffneri (Rchb.f.) Schltr. ensifolia Rchb.f. = Spiranthes vernalis Engelm. & Gray epiphyta Barb.Rodr. = Lankesterella caespitosa (Lind1.) Hoehne epiphytica Schltr. = Beadlea Prasophyllum (Rchb.f.) Hamer & Garay eriophora Robins. & Greenm. = Funckiella eriophora (Robins. & Greenm.) Garay esmeralda Linden & Rchb.f. = Mesadenella cuspidata (Lindl.) Garay Eugenii Rchb.f. & Warm. = Beadlea Eugenii (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Garay euglossa Krzl. = Lyroglossa Grisebachii (Cogn.) Schltr. euphlebia Rchb.f. = Pteroglossa euphlebia (Rchb.f.) Garay excelsa Krzl. = Sauroglossum nitidum (Vell.) Schltr. exigua Rolfe = Hetaeria exigua (Rolfe) Schltr. falcata L.O.Wms. = Deiregyne falcata (L.O.Wms.) Garay fasciculata (Vell.) Cogn. = Sarcoglottis fasciculata (Vell.) Schltr. fauci-sanguinea Dod = Schiedeella parasitica (Rich. & Gal.) Schltr. Fawcettii Cogn. = Hapalorchis lineatus (Lindl.) Schltr. flexuosa (J.E.Sm.) Lindl. 1824 = Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames flexuosa (J.E.Sm.) Raf. 1837 = Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames flexuosa Raf. 1833 = incerta sedis floridana (Wherry) Cory Funckiana Rich. & Gal. = Pelexia Funckiana (Rich. & Gal.) Schltr. Galeottiana Rich. & Gal. = Mesadenus polyanthus (Rchb.f.) Schltr. Gardneri Lindl. ex Gardn. = Eurystyles Gardneri (Lindl. ex Gardn.) Garay gemmipara (J.E.Sm.) Lind]. = Spiranthes Romanzoffiana Cham. glabrescens Hashimoto = Beadlea glabrescens (Hashimoto) Garay glauca Raf. = Spiranthes spiralis (L.) Chevall. goninensis (Pulle) C. Schweinf. = Pelexia goninensis (Pulle) Schltr. Gonzalesii L.O.Wms. = Physogyne Gonzalesii (L.O.Wms) Garay goodyeroides Schltr. = Beadlea goodyeroides (Schltr.) Garay goyazensis Cogn. = Pelexia goyazensis (Cogn.) Garay gracilis (Bigel.) Beck = Spiranthes lacera (Rat.) Raf. gracilis (BI.) Hassk. 1844 = Chlorosa gracilis BI. graminea Lindl. grandiflora Lindl. = Sarcoglottis grandiflora (Lindl.) KI. grandis (BI.) Hassk. = Goodyera grandis (BI.) BI. 364 Grayi Ames = Spiranthes tuberosa Raf. Grisebachii Cogn. = Lyroglossa Grisebachii (Cogn.) Schltr. gutturosa Rchb.f. = Pelexia gutturosa (Rchb.f.) Garay guayanensis (Lindl.) Cogn. = Brachystele guayanensis (Lindl.) Schltr. hamata (Schltr.) C. Schweinf. = Pelexia hamata Schltr. Hassleri Cogn. = Sarcoglottis Hassleri (Cogn.) Schltr. hemichrea Lindl. = Aulosepalum hemichrea (Lind].) Garay hirta Lindl. = Pelexia hirta (Lindl.) Schltr. homalogastra Rchb.f. & Warm. = Sarcoglottis homalogastra (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Schltr. hondurensis Schltr. = Gularia trilineata (Lindl.) Garay hongkongensis S.Y.Hu & Barretta Hostmannii Rchb.f. ex Griseb. = Brachystele guayanensis (Lindl.) Schltr. hyemalis Rich & Gal. = Funckiella hyemalis (Rich. & Gal.) Schltr. hypnophila Barb.Rodr. = Pelexia novofriburgensis (Rchb.f.) Garay hysterantha Barb.Rodr. = Pelexia hysterantha (Barb.Rodr.) Schltr. icmadophila Barb.Rodr. = incerta sedis inaequilatera Poepp. & Endl. = Beadlea inaequilatera (Poepp. & Endl.) Garay indica Lindl. ex Steud. = Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames X intermedia Ames itararensis Krzl. = Sarcoglottis itararensis (Krzl.) Hoehne itatiaiensis Krzl. = Beadlea itatiaiensis (Krzl.) Garay jaliscana Watson = Sacoila lanceolata (Aubl.) Garay lacera (Raf.) Raf. laciniata (Small) Ames lancea (Thunb.) Back., Bakh. & van Steen. = Herminium lanceum (Thunb.) Vuijk lanceolata (Aubl.) Leon = Sacoila lanceolata (Aubl.) © Garay Lankesteri Standl. & L.O.Wms. = Hapalorchis pumilis (C. Schweinf.) Garay lanuginosa Rich. & Gal. = Stenorrhynchos aurantiacum (Llave & Lex.) Lindl. latifolia Rich. & Gal. 1845 = Pelexia Richardiana (Schltr.) Garay latifolia Torr. ex Lindl. 1840 = Spiranthes lucida (H.H.Eaton) Ames laxa (Poepp. & Endl.) C. Schweinf. = Pelexia laxa (Poepp. & Endl.) Lindl. laxiflora (Ekman & Mansf.) Jiménez = Beadlea laxiflora (Ekman & Mansf.) Garay laxiflora Raf. 1837 = Spiranthes torta (Thunb.) Garay & Sweet Lechleri (Schlitr.) C. Schweinf. = Brachystele unilateralis (Poir.) Schltr. leucosticta Rchb.f. = Pelexia novofriburgensis (Rchb.f.) Garay Lindleyana Link, Kl. & Otto = Beadlea Lindleyana (Link, Kl. & Otto) Garay & Dunsterv. Lindmaniana Krzl. = Sarcoglottis neuroptera (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Schltr. lineata Lindl. = Hapalorchis lineatus (Lind].) Schltr. lithophila Barb.Rodr. = Sarcoglottis biflora (Vell.) Schltr. Llaveana Lindl. = Schiedeella Llaveana (Lindl.) Schltr. lobata Lindl. = Pelexia lobata (Lindl.) Garay longiauriculata C. Schweinf. = Sarcoglottis simplex (Griseb.) Schltr. 365 longibracteata Barb.Rodr. = Beadlea longibracteata (Barb.Rodr.) Garay longifolia (Bl.) Hassk. = Lepidogyne longifolia (BI.) BI. longilabris Lindl. longipetiolata Rchb.f. = Pelexia laxa (Poepp. & Endl.) Lindl. longispicata A. Rich. = Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames lucayana (Britt.) Cogn. = Mesadenus lucayanus (Britt.) Schltr. lucida (H.H.Eaton) Ames lupulina (Lindl.) Hemsl. = Stenorrhynchos aurantiacum (Llave & Lex.) Lindl. luteo-alba Rich. & Gal. = Beadlea luteo-alba (Rich. & Gal.) Garay Lutzii (Pabst) Jones = Cotylolabium Lutzii (Pabst) Garay macrantha Rchb.f. = Pteroglossa macrantha (Rchb.f.) Schltr. macrophylla (Don) Spreng. = Herminium macrophyllum (Don) Dandy macropoda Barb.Rodr. = Pelexia macropoda (Barb.Rodr.) Schltr. marcostachya Poepp. & Endl. = Stenoptera macrostachya (Poepp. & Endl.) Rchb.f. maculata (Rolfe) C. Schweinf. = Pelexia laxa (Poepp. & Endl.) Lindl. madrensis (Rchb.f.) Hemsl. = Stenorrhynchos michuacanum (Llave & Lex.) Lindl. magnicamporum Sheviak Madonii Rchb.f. = Pelexia Mandoni (Rchb.f.) Schltr. margaritifera Linden & Rchb.f. = Mesadenella margaritifera (Linden & Rchb.f.) Garay matucanensis Krzl. = Pelexia matucanensis (Krzl.) Schltr. metallica Rolfe = Sarcoglottis metallica (Rolfe) Schltr. michuacana (Llave & Lex.) Hemsl. = Stenorrhynchos michuacanum (Llave & Lex.) Lindl. micrantha Barb.Rodr. = Hapalorchis micranthus (Barb.Rodr.) Hoehne Mille: Schltr. = Beadlea Millet (Schlitr.) Garay minutiflora Rchb.f. = Beadlea peruviana (Pres!) Garay minutiflora Rich. & Gal. = Microthelys minutiflora (Rich. & Gal.) Garay misera Krzl. = Sarcoglottis misera (Krzl.) Pabst monophylla (Lindl.) Cogn. = Cranichis diphylla Sw. monophylla (Don) Spreng. = Herminium monophyllum (Don) Hunt & Summerh. montana Raf. 1833 = ?Spiranthes ovalis Lindl. montana Rich. & Gal. 1845 = Dichromanthus cinnabarinus (Llave & Lex.) Garay montana (Lindl.) Hemsl. 1884 = Dichromanthus cinnabarinus (Llave & Lex.) Garay multiflora Barb.Rodr. ex Jackson = Skeptrostachys balanophorostachya (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Garay muscicola Garay & Dunsterv. = Stalkya muscicola (Garay & Dunsterv.) Garay Nagelit L.O.Wms. = Schiedeella Nagelii (L.O.Wms.) Garay navarrensis (Ames) L.O.Wms. = Coccineorchis navarrensis (Ames) Garay neglecta Ames = Spiranthes vernalis Engelm. & Gray Nelsoni Greenm. = Aulosepalum Nelson (Greenm.) Garay neo-caledonica Schltr. 366 neottiorhiza Krzl. = Pelexia neottiorhiza (Krzl.) Pabst neuroptera Rchb.f. & Warm. = Sarcoglottis neuroptera (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Schltr. nitida (Vell.) Cogn. = Sauroglossum nitidum (Vell.) Schltr. Novae-Zelandiae Hook.f. = Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames novofriburgensis (Rchb.f.) Rchb.f. = Pelexia novofriburgensis (Rchb.f.) Garay Nuil L.C.Rich. = Brachystele unilateralis (Poir.) Schltr. nutans (Kunth & Bouche) Garay & Dunsterv. = Stenorrhynchos nutans Kunth & Bouche nutantiflora Schltr. = Microthelys nutantiflora (Schltr.) Garay oaxacana Robins. & Greenm. = Deiregyne diaphana (Lindl.) Garay obliqua J.J.Sm. = Pelexia obliqua (J.J.Sm.) Garay obtecta C. Schweinf. = Deiregyne obtecta (C. Schweinf.) Garay obtusa Schltr. = Aulosepalum Nelsonii (Greenm.) Garay ochracea Rich. & Gal. = Sarcoglottis rosulata (Lindl.) P.N.Don ochroleuca (Rydb.) Rydb. odorata (Nutt.) Lindl. oestivalis Boiss. Sphalm. = Spiranthes aestivalis (Poir.) L.C.Rich. oestrifera Rchb.f. & Warm. = Pelexia oestrifera (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Schltr. oligantha Hoehne = Beadlea oligantha (Hoehne) Garay olivacea Rolfe = Beadlea olivacea (Rolfe) Garay orchioides (Sw.) A. Rich. = Sacoila lanceolata (Aubl.) Garay ornithocephala (Barb.Rodr.) Jackson = Sarcoglottis fasciculata (Vell.) Schltr. orthantha Krzl. = Lankesterella orthantha (Krzl.) Garay orthosepala Rchb.f. & Warm. = Pelexia orthosepala (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Schltr. ovalis Lindl. pachychila Krzl. = Sauroglossum nitidum (Vell.) Schltr. pachyrhiza Krzl. = Pelexia matucanensis (Krzl.) Schltr. paludosa Cogn. = Beadlea aprica (Lindl.) Garay Pamii Braid = Beadlea Lindleyana (Link, KI. & Otto) Garay & Dunsterv. papuana Schltr. paraguayensis Rchb.f. = Skeptrostachys paraguayensis (Rchb.f.) Garay paranahybae Krzl. = Skeptrostachys paranahybae (Krzl.) Garay parasitica Rich. & Gal. = Schiedeella parasitica (Rich. & Gal.) Schltr. Parksii Correll parviflora (Chapm.) Ames = Spiranthes ovalis Lindl. parviflora (Bl.) Hassk. 1844 = Goodyera parviflora (BI.) BI. parviflora (J.E.Sm.) Lindl. 1824 = Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames parviflora (J.E.Sm.) Raf. 1837 = Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames pauciflora Raf. 1833 = incerta sedis pauciflora Rich. & Gal. 1845 = Sarcoglottis corymbosa Garay pauciflora (Rchb.f.) Hemsl. 1884 = Funckiella hyemalis (Rich. & Gal.) Schltr. Pavonii Rchb.f. = Pelexia Pavoni (Rchb.f.) Garay pedicellata Cogn. = Brachystele pedicellata (Cogn. ) Garay peruviana Pres! = Beadlea peruviana (Pres!) Garay 367 petenensis L.O.Wms. = Mesadenella petenensis (L.O.Wms.) Garay petiolaris Raf. = incerta sedis Petola (BI.) Hassk. = Macodes Petola (BI.) Lindl. picta (R.Br.) Lindl. = Sarcoglottis acaulis (J.E.Sm.) Schltr. plantaginea (Raf.) Raf. = Spiralis lucida (H.H.Eaton) Ames plantaginea Lindl. 1840 = Beadlea plantaginea Garay plantaginea (Don) Spreng. 1826 = Malaxis latifolia J.E.Sm. plantaginea Torr. 1843 = Spiranthes lucida (H.H.Eaton) Ames polyantha Rchb.f. = Mesadenus polyanthus (Rchb.f.) Schltr. porphyricola Schltr. = Microthelys rubrocallosa (Robins. & Greenm.) Garay porrifolia Lindl. praecox (Walt.) Wats. Prasophyllum Rchb.f. = Beadlea Prasophyllum (Rchb.f.) Hamer & Garay Preslii Lindl. = Cyclopogon ovalifolium Pres! Pringlei Wats. = Beadlea saccata (Rich. & Gal.) Garay pseudogoodyerioides L.O.Wms. = Pseudogoodyera Wrightii (Rchb.f.) Schltr. pseudopyramidalis L.O.Wms. = Deiregyne pseudopyramidalis (L.O.Wms.) Garay pterygantha Rchb.f. & Warm. = Pelexia pterygantha (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Schltr. pubens Rich. & Gal. = Stenorrhynchos pubens (Rich. & Gal.) Schltr. pubescens Barb.Rodr. = Beadlea bicolor (Ker-Gawl.) Garay pubicaulis L.O.Wms. = Lyroglossa pubicaulis (L.O.Wms.) Garay pudica Lindl. = Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames pulchra Schltr. = Aulosepalum hemichrea (Lindl.) Garay pumila C. Schweinf. = Hapalorchis pumilus (C. Schweinf.) Garay pusilla Mig. pyramidalis Lindl. = Kionophyton pyramidalis (Lindl.) Garay quadridentata (Willd.) Lindl. = Spiranthes torta (Thunb.) Garay & Sweet quinquelobata (Poir) Urb. = Spiranthes torta (Thunb.) Garay & Sweet ramentacea Lindl. = Aulosepalum ramentaceum (Lindl.) Garay Reichenbachiana Garay & Dunsterv. = Beadlea peruviana (Presl) Garay Reverchoni (Small) Schumann = Spiranthes vernalis Engelm. & Gray Richardi Autr. & Durand = Stenorrhynchos speciosum (Jacq.) L.C.Rich. ex Spreng. Richardiana Schltr. = Pelexia Richardiana (Schltr.) Garay Rimbachii (Schltr.) C. Schweinf. = Beadlea Rimbachii (Schltr.) Garay Rodriguesii Cogn. = Beadlea longibracteata (Barb.Rodr.) Garay Romanzoffiana Cham. rosulata Lindl. = Sarcoglottis rosulata (Lindl.) P.N.Don rotundifolia Cogn. = Discyphus scopulariae (Rchb.f.) Schltr. rubrocallosa Robins. & Greenm. = Microthelys rubrocallosa (Robins. & Greenm.) Garay rufescens Fisch. ex KI. = Sarcoglottis ventricosa (Vell.) Hoehne rupestris Lind]. 1840 = Skeptrostachys rupestris (Lindl.) Garay rupestris Barb.Rodr. 1877 = Sarcoglottis rupicola Garay saccata Rich. & Gal. = Beadlea saccata (Rich. & Gal.) Garay 368 sagittata Rchb.f. & Warm. = Sarcoglottis sagittata (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Schltr. saltensis Ames = Deiregyne durangensis (A. & S.) Garay saltensis Griseb. = Pelexia saltensis (Griseb.) Schltr. sancta Rchb.f. & Warm. = Pelexia sancta (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Garay sarcoglossa Rich. & Gal. = Galeottiella sarcoglossa (Rich. & Gal.) Schltr. Sauroglossum Nichols = Sauroglossum elatum Lindl. Sawyeri Standl. & L.O.Wms. = Kionophyton Sawyeri (Standl. & L.O. Wms.) Garay sceptrodes Rchb.f. = Sarcoglottis sceptrodes (Rchb.f.) Schltr. Schaffneri Rchb.f. = Pelexia Schaffneri (Rchb.f.) Schltr. Schwackei Cogn. = Sarcoglottis Schwackei (Cogn.) Schltr. scopulariae Rchb.f. = Discyphus scopulariae (Rchb.f.) Schltr. sellilabris Griseb. = Sauroglossum sellilabre (Griseb.) Schltr. seminuda Schltr. = Kionophyton seminuda (Schltr.) Garay sibirica Raf. = Spiranthes aestivalis (Poir.) L.C.Rich. simplex Gray 1867 = Spiranthes tuberosa Raf. simplex Griseb. 1864 = Sarcoglottis simplex (Griseb.) Schltr. sincorensis Schltr. = Sarcoglottis sincorensis (Schltr.) Schltr. sinensis (Pers.) Ames Smalli Schltr. = Spiranthes ovalis Lindl. Smithii Rchb.f. = Pelexia Smithii (Rchb.f.) Garay sparsiflora C. Schweinf. = Physogyne sparsiflora (C. Schweinf.) Garay speciosa (Presl) Lindl. = Sarcoglottis acaulis (J.E.Sm.) Schltr. speciosa (Jacq.) A.Rich. = Stenorrhynchos speciosum (Jacq.) L.C.Rich. ex Spreng. spiralis (L.) Chevall. spiralis (Lour.) Makino = Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames spiranthoides (Schltr.) Garay & Dunsterv. = Beadlea peruviana (Presl) Garay spirata Hoehne = Lyroglossa spirata (Hoehne) Garay squamulosa (H.B.K.) Leon = Sacoila squamulosa (H.B.K.) Garay Stahlii Cogn. = Mesadenus Stahlii (Cogn.) Garay Standleyi (Ames) L.O.Wms. = Coccineorchis Standleyi (Ames) Garay X Steigeri Correll stenorrhynchoides (Griseb.) Leon = Pelexia adnata (Sw.) Spreng. stolonifera Ames & Correll = Funckiella stolonifera (Ames & Correll) Garay Storeri Chapm. = Beadlea cranichoides (Griseb.) Small strateumatica (L.) Lindl. = Zeuxine strateumatica (L.) Schltr. stricta (Rydb.) A. Nels. = Spiranthes Romanzoffiana Cham. stricta (Rydb.) Wilm. = Spiranthes Romanzoffiana Cham. stylites Lindl. subfiliformis Cogn. = Brachystele subfiliformis (Cogn.) Schltr. subpandurata A. & S. = Beloglottis subpandurata (A. & S.) Garay subumbellata C. Schweinf. = Sauroglossum corymbosum (Lindl.) Garay suishanensis (Hayata) Schltr. sulphurea (Llave & Lex.) Hemsl. = Stenorrhynchos michuacanum (Llave & Lex.) Lindl. 369 Swartzii Krause = Spiranthes torta (Thunb.) Garay & Sweet tenella L.O.Wms. = Deiregyne tenella (L.O.Wms.) Garay tenuiflora Greenm. = Aulosepalum tenuiflorum (Greenm.) Garay tenuis Lindl. tenuis (Lindl.) Benth. ex Fawe. = Hapalorchis lineatus (Lindl.) Schltr. tenuissima L.O.Wms. = Mesadenus tenuissimus (L.O.Wms.) Garay Thelymitra Rchb.f. = Gularis trilineata (Lindl.) Garay Tonduzii Schltr. = Mesadenella Tonduzii (Schltr.) Pabst & Garay torta (Thunb.) Garay & Sweet tortilis (Sw.) L.C.Rich. = Spiranthes torta (Thunb.) Garay & Sweet tortilis Beck = Spiranthes lacera (Raf.) Raf. tortilis Chapm. = Spiranthes praecox (Walt.) Wats. tortilis Darlington = Spiranthes vernalis Engelm. & Gray tortilis Torr. = Spiranthes vernalis Engelm. & Gray tovarensis Garay & Dunsterv. = Pelexia tovarensis (Garay & Dunsterv.) Garay & Dunsterv. trachyglossa Krzl. = Pelexia cuculligera (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Schltr. transversalis Rich. & Gal. = Schiedeella Llaveana (Lindl.) Schltr. trilineata Lind]. = Gularia trilineata (Lindl.) Garay trilineata var. crenulata L.O.Wms. = Gularia crenulata (L.O.Wms.) Garay triloba (Small) Schumann = Spiranthes odorata (Nutt.) Lindl. truncata Lind]. = Beadlea truncata (Lindl.) Garay tuberosa Raf. Tuerckheimii Schltr. = Schiedeella Llaveana (Lind].) Schltr. Ulaei Cogn. = Brachystele Ulaei (Cogn.) Schltr. uliginosa Barb.Rodr. = Sarcoglottis uliginosa Barb.Rodr. umbraticola L.O.Wms. = Mesadenella petenensis (L.O.Wms.) Garay umbrossa Barb.Rodr. = Sarcoglottis umbrosa (Barb.Rodr.) Schltr. unalascensis Spreng. = Piperia unalascensis (Spreng.) Rydb. vaginata (H.B.K.) Lindl. ex Jackson = Stenorrhynchos vaginatum ( H.B.K.) Spreng. Valerioi A. & S. = Schiedeella parasitica (Rich. & Gal.) Schitr. valida (Ames) L.O.Wms. = Pelexia Smithi (Rehb.f.) Garay variegata (Barb.Rodr.) Cogn. = Beadlea variegata (Barb.Rodr.) Garay variegata Krzl. = Beadlea olivacea (Rolfe) Garay velata Robins. & Fern. = Deiregyne velata (Robins. & Fern.) Garay vernalis Engelm. & Gray villosa Poepp. & Endl. = Sarcoglottis villosa (Poepp. & Endl.) Schltr. violacea Rich. & Gal. = Schiedeella violacea (Rich. & Gal.) Garay viridiflora (Makino) Makino = Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames Warmingii Rchb.f. = Beadlea Warmingii (Rehb.f.) Garay Weberbaueri Krzl. = Pelexia Weberbaueri (Krzl.) Schltr. Weirii Rchb.f. = Pelexia laxa (Poepp. & Endl.) Lindl. Wendlandiana (Krzl.) Garay = Pelexia olivacea Rolfe Wercklei Schltr. = Schiedeella Wercklei (Schltr.) Garay Wightiana Lindl. Woodsonii L.O.Wms. = Sarcoglottis Woodsonii (L.O.Wms.) Garay Wrightii Ames 1922 = Schiedeella Amesiana Garay 370 Wrightii (Rehb.f.) Schltr. 1913 = Pseudogoodyera Wrightii (Rchb.f.) Schltr. yungasensis Rolfe = Pelexia yungasensis (Rolfe) Schltr. X Zahlbruckneri Fleischm. Stalkya Garay, gen nov. Etymology: In honor of Galfrid Clement Keyworth Dunster- ville (1905-__), friend and colleague, formerly a British career businessman, but also an avid stu- dent of Venezuelan orchids, who by his friends and orchidophiles alike is affectionately called “Stalky”, a name coined by his former class- mates in college. Sepala similia, parallela, conniventia, libera; sepalo postico concavo; sepalis lateralibus paululo obliquis. Petala sepalo pos- tico agglutinata, apice libera, basi truncata. Labellum sessile, carnosum, margine supra basin utrinque lateris columnae agglu- tinatum, apice recurvum. Columna erecta, cylindrica, facie puberula, basi in pedem brevem, obliquum producta; stigmata 2, confluentia, biloba; rostellum anguste triangulare, acumina- tum. Anthera umbonata, acuta; pollinia clavata, viscidio par- vulo, subrotundo. Ovarium cylindricum, sessile, leviter tortum. Planta muscicola, tubera ellipsoidea, pubescenti; foliis hyster- anthis, basilaribus, petiolatis; scapo erecto, gracili, plurivagi- nato, supra laxe paucifloro; floribus parvulis. Sepals similar, parallel, connivent, free to base; dorsal sepal concave; lateral sepals somewhat oblique at base, but not didymous. Petals agglutinate with dorsal sepal, free at apex, with truncate, non-decurrent base. Lip sessile, fleshy, concave, lateral margins agglutinate with sides of column, recurved at apex. Column erect, cylindric, with a puberulent front, basally produced in a short oblique foot on top of ovary; stigmata 2, confluent, bilobed; rostellum narrowly triangular, acuminate with sinuous sides. Anther umbonate, acute; pollinia clavate with a small, subrotund viscidium. Ovary cylindric, sessile, slightly twisted. Plants growing among mosses on tree trunks with a single ellipsoid, pubescent tuber at base. Leaves hysteranthous, basal, 371 petiolate. Scape erect, slender, several-sheathed, terminated bya loosely few-flowered spike. Flowers small. TYPE: Spiranthes muscicola Garay & Dunsterv. One species native to the high Andes of Venezuela. Index to species. Stalkya muscicola (Garay & Dunsterv.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes muscicola Garay & Dunsterv., Venez. Orch. Ill. 4: 280, 1966. Stenoptera Pres| actinosophila (Barb.Rodr.) Cogn. = Eurystyles actinosophila (Barb.Rodr.) Schltr. ananassocomos Rchb.f. = Eurystyles ananassocomos (Rchb.f.) Schltr. Guentherana Krzl. = Eurystyles Guentherana (Krzl.) Garay Lorenzii Cogn. = Eurystyles Lorenzii (Cogn.) Schitr. Roehlii Schnee = Eurystyles Cotyledon Wawra Stenorrhynchos L.C.Rich. ex Spreng., Syst. Veg. 3: 677, 1826. Etymology: Srenos = narrow and rhynchos = snout, in refer- ence to the slender rostellum. Sepals similar, free, parallel, rather tightly connivent, with flaring apices; dorsal sepal concave, free from column; lateral sepals oblique, slightly gibbose at base, but not decurrent. Petals agglutinate with dorsal sepal, without free apices, at most slightly oblique at base. Lip sessile at conduplicate, to gibbose base with the margins callose-thickened; blade conduplicate, arcuate with recurved apex; lateral margins agglutinate with sides of column. Column short, stout, with a distinct oblique base on top of the ovary; stigmata 2, approximate to confluent; rostellum rigid, linear-lanceolate to almost acicular, sharp- pointed. Anther narrowly ovate-lanceolate, cordate at base, acute above; pollinia linear-clavate with rather long, linear- laceolate viscidium. Ovary obliquely clavate to obovate, sessile, somewhat twisted. Terrestrial, erect, often robust plants. Roots fleshy, fascicu- late, tuberous, commonly stipitate. Leaves commonly synan- thous, rarely hysteranthous, usually basal, occasionally cauline 372 with cuneate bases. Stem erect, prominently vaginate, termi- nated by a many-flowered spike. Flowers large, showy. LECTOTYPE: Neottia speciosa Jacq. [Britton & Millsp., Bahama FI. 86, 1920] Nine species native to the American tropics. Index to species. acianthiforme (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Cogn. = Nothostele acianthiformis (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Garay actinosophilum Barb.Rodr. = Eurystyles actinosophila (Barb.Rodr.) Schltr. albescens Barb.Rodr. = Pteroglossa macrantha (Rchb.f.) Schltr. albicans Cogn. = Pelexia albicans (Cogn.) Schltr. apetalum Krzl. = Sacoila apetala (Krzl.) Garay aphyllum (Hook.) Lindl. = Sacoila lanceolata (Aubl.) Garay Arechavaletani Barb.Rodr. = Skeptrostachys Arechavaletani (Barb. Rodr.) Garay argenteum Griseb. Sphalm. = Sacoila argentina (Griseb.) Garay argentinum Griseb. = Sacoila argentina (Griseb.) Garay Arrabidae Rchb.f. = Pelexia Arrabidae (Rchb.f.) Garay aurantiacum (Llave & Lex.) Lindl. australe Lindl. = Sacoila lanceolata (Aubl.) Garay balanophorostachyum (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Cogn. = Skeptrostachys balano- phorostachya (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Garay Berroanum Krzl. = Skeptrostachys Berroana (Krzl.) Garay bicolor (Griseb.) Schltr. = Lyroglossa Grisebachii (Cogn.) Schltr. bonariense (Lindl.) Braid 1924 = Pelexia bonariensis (Lind].) Schltr. bonariense (Lindl.) Cogn. 1895 = Pelexia bonariensis (Lindl.) Schltr. bracteosum A. & S. = Coccineorchis bracteosa (A. & S.) Garay Bradei Schltr. = Sacoila Duseniana (Krzl.) Garay calcaratum (Sw.) L.C.Rich. = Eltroplectris calearata (Sw.) Garay & Sweet calophyllum Porsch = Pelexia novofriburgensis (Rchb.f.) Garay Canterae Barb.Rodr. = Skeptrostachys balanophorostachya (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Garay Castillonii Haum. = Odontorrhynchus Castillonit (Haum.) Correa ceracifolium Barb.Rodr. = Lankesterella ceracifolia (Barb.Rodr.) Mansf. cerinum (Lindl.) Kl. = Pelexia cerina (Lindl.) Garay cernuum Lindl. = Coccineorchis cernua (Lindl.) Garay cinnabarinum (Llave & Lex.) Lindl. = Dichromanthus cinnabarinus (Llave & Lex.) Garay coccineum (Vell.) Hoehne = Sacoila lanceolata (Aubl.) Garay Cogniauxii Krzl. = Eurystyles Cogniauxiu (Krzl.) Schltr. comosum Cogn. = Pelexia comosa (Cogn.) Schltr. congestiflorum Cogn. = Skeptrostachys congestiflora (Cogn.) Garay cuculliger (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Cogn. = Pelexia cuculligera (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Schltr. 373 densum Haum. = Skeptrostachys disoides (Krzl.) Garay Duckeanum Barb.Rodr. ex Hoehne, Nomen = Pelexia laxa (Poepp. & Endl.) Lindl. Dusenianum Krzl. = Sacoila Duseniana (Krzl.) Garay Ekmanii Krzl. = Pelexia Ekmanii (Krzl.) Schltr. epiphytum Barb.Rodr. = Lankesterella caespitosa (Lindl.) Hoehne esmeralda (Linden & Rchb.f.) Cogn. = Mesadenella cuspidata (Lindl.) Garay euphlebium Oliver ex Rchb.f. = Pteroglossa euphlebia (Rchb.f.) Garay exaltatum Krzl. = Skeptrostachys Arechavaletani (Barb.Rodr.) Garay flavum (Sw.) Spreng. = Corymborkis flava (Sw.) O. Ktze. foliosum Schltr. = Sacoila foliosa (Schltr.) Garay Galeottianum Schltr. = Dichromanthus cinnabarinus (Llave & Lex.) Garay giganteum Cogn. = Skeptrostachys gigantea (Cogn.) Garay Glaziovii Cogn. = Mesadenus Glaziovii (Cogn.) Schltr. gnomus Krz]. = Lankesterella gnoma (Krzl.) Hoehne goninense Pulle = Pelexia goninensis (Pulle) Schltr. guatemalense Schltr. = Sacoila lanceolata (Aubl.) Garay Hassleri Cogn. = Sacoila Hassleri (Cogn.) Garay Hennisianum Sandt = Beadlea Hennisiana (Sandt) Garay Hilarianum Cogn. = Pteroglossa Hillariana (Cogn.) Garay holosericeum Krzl. = Pelexia tamanduensis (Krzl.) Schltr. hypnophilum Barb.Rodr. = Pelexia novofriburgensis (Rchb.f.) Garay hysteranthum Barb.Rodr. = Pelexia hysterantha (Barb.Rodr.) Schltr. icmadophilum Barb.Rodr. = incerta sedis jaliscanum (Wats.) Nash = Sacoila lanceolata (Aubl.) Garay lanceolatum (Aubl.) L.C.Rich. ex Spreng. = Sacoila lanceolata (Aubl.) Garay lanuginosum (Rich. & Gal.) Schltr. = Stenorrhynchos aurantiacum (Llave & Lex.) Lindl. lateritium Krzl. = Skeptrostachys Arechavaletani (Barb.Rodr.) Garay latipetalum Cogn. = Skeptrostachys latipetala (Cogn.) Garay latisepalum Cogn. ex Schltr. = Skeptrostachys latipetala (Cogn.) Garay laxum Poepp. & Endl. = Pelexia laxa (Poepp. & Endl.) Lindl. Lindmanianum Krzl.= Pelexia Lindmaniana (Krzl.) Schltr. Loefgrenii Porsch = Pelexia Loefgrenii (Porsch) Schltr. longicolle Cogn. = Lanktesterella longicollis (Cogn.) Hoehne longifolium Cogn. = Pelexia longifolia (Cogn.) Hoehne lupulinum Lindl. = Stenorrhynchos aurantiacum (Llave & Lex.) Lindl. Lutzii Pabst = Cotylolabium Lutzii (Pabst) Garay macranthum (Rchb.f.) Cogn. = Pteroglossa macrantha (Rchb.f.) Schltr. macropodum Barb.Rodr. = Pelexia macropoda (Barb.Rodr.) Schltr. madrense Rchb.f. = Stenorrhynchos michuacanum (Llave & Lex.) Lindl. mattogrossense Hoehne = Pelexia cuculligera (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Schltr. michuacanum (Llave & Lex.) Lindl. Millei Schltr. = Stenorrhynchos speciosum (Jacq.) L.C.Rich. ex Spreng. minarum Krzl. = Pelexia minarum (Krzl.) Schltr. montanum Lind]. = Dichromanthus cinnabarinus (Llave & Lex.) Garay montevidense Barb.Rodr. = Skeptrostachys montevidensis (Barb.Rodr.) Garay 374 navarrense Ames = Coccineorchis navarrensis (Ames) Garay novofriburgense Rchb.f. = Pelexia novofriburgensis (Rchb.f.) Garay nutans Kunth & Bouche oestrifer (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Cogn. = Pelexia oestrifera (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Schltr. orchioides (Sw.) L.C.Rich. = Sacoila lanceolata (Aubl.) Garay orobanchoides Krzl. = Pelexia orobanchoides (Krzl.) Schltr. pachystachyum Krzl. = Skeptrostachys disoides (Krzl.) Garay papulosum (Llave & Lex.) Lindl. = incerta sedis paraguayense (Rchb.f.) Cogn. = Skeptrostachys paraguayensis (Rchb.f.) Garay paranahybae (Krzl.) Pabst = Skeptrostachys paranahybae (Krzl.) Garay parvulum Krzl. = Lankesterella parvula (Krzl.) Pabst parvum Cogn. = Pelexia parva (Cogn.) Schltr. pauciflorum Rchb.f. = Funckiella hyemalis (Rich. & Gal.) Schltr. pedicellatum Cogn. = Sacoila pedicellata (Cogn.) Garay pilosum Cogn. = Lankesterella pilosa (Cogn.) Hoehne polyanthum Krzl. = Skeptrostachys montevidensis (Barb.Rodr.) Garay polystachyon (Sw.) Spreng. = Tropidia polystachya (Sw.) Ames pteryganthum Rchb.f. & Warm. = Pelexia pterygantha (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Schltr. pubens (Rich. & Gal.) Schltr. regium Krzl. = Pteroglossa regia (Krzl.) Schltr. Lorenzii (Cogn.) Schltr. = Eurystyles Lorenzii (Cogn.) Schltr. paranaénse Schltr. = Eurystyles paranaénsis (Schltr.) Schltr. riograndense Krzl. = Sacoila riograndensis (Krzl.) Garay robustum Krzl. = Pelexia robusta (Krzl.) Schltr. rupestre (Lind|.) Cogn. = Skeptrostachys rupestris (Lindl.) Garay saltense (Griseb.) Cogn. = Pelexia saltensis (Griseb.) Schltr. Sancti-Antonil Krzl. = Sacoila lanceolata (Aubl.) Garay Sancti-Jacobi Krzl. = Skeptrostachys Sancti-Jacobi (Krzl.) Garay secundiflorum Lillo & Haum. = Sacoila secundiflora (Lillo & Haum.) Garay Sodiroi Schltr. = Pelexia hirta (Lindl.) Schltr. speciosum (Jacq.) L.C.Rich. ex Spreng. squamulosum (H.B.K.) Spreng. = Sacoila squamulosa (H.B.K.) Garay Standleyi Ames = Coccineorchis Standleyi (Ames) Garay stenanthum Cogn. = Pelexia stenantha (Cogn.) Schltr. stenophyllum Cogn. = Skeptrostachys balanophorostachya (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Garay sulphureum (Llave & Lex.) Lindl. = Stenorrhynchos michuacanum (Llave & Lex.) Lindl. tamanduénse Krzl. = Pelexia tamanduénsis (Krzl.) Schltr. taquaremboénse Barb.Rodr. = Beadlea taquaremboénsis (Barb.Rodr.) Garay Tonduzii (Schltr.) Schltr. = Mesadenella Tonduzii (Schlitr.) Pabst & Garay umbrosum Barb.Rodr. = Sarcoglottis umbrosa (Barb.Rodr.) Schltr. vaginatum Cogn. 1906 = Pelexia paraguayensis Garay vaginatum (H.B.K.) Spreng. 1826 ventricosum Cogn. = Pelexia ventricosa (Cogn.) Schltr. a70 venustum Barb.Rodr. = Beadlea venusta (Barb.Rodr.) Garay viride Cogn. = Pelexia viridis (Cogn.) Schltr. vulnerarium Rojas = incerta sedis Weirii (Rchb.f.) Cogn. = Pelexia laxa (Poepp. & Endl.) Lindl. Stigmatosema Garay, gen. nov. Etymology: Stigma = mark and sema = sign, in reference to the large, flared rostellum. Sepala subsimilia, subparallela, libera; sepalo postico con- cavo, sepalis lateralibus minore angusteque; sepalis lateralibus obliquis, mentum non formantibus. Petala sepalo postico agglutinata, apice libera, basi truncata. Labellum sessile, tenue, conduplicato-excavatum, basin versus obscure bicallosum, apice recurvum. Columna brevis, cylindrica, facie puberula, basi obli- qua; stigmata 2, distincta; rostellum subquadrato-flabellatum, truncatum, in medio sulcatum, tenue. Anthera ovata, concava, obtusa; pollinia clavata, viscidio ovato, satis magno. Ovarium oblique fusiforme, sessile, paululo tortum. Plantae terrestres, graciles; radicibus fasciculatis, tuberosis, stipitato-fusiformibus; foliis basilaribus, petiolatis; scapo gracill, suberecto, plurivaginato, apice laxe paucifloro; floribus parvu- lis, spicatis. Sepals subsimilar, subparallel, free; dorsal sepal concave, smaller and narrower than the lateral sepals; lateral sepals oblique without forming a mentum. Petals agglutinate with dor- sal sepal, free at apex and truncate at base. Lip sessile, thin, conduplicate-excavate, obscurely bicallose near base, the apex recurved. Column short, cylindric, with a puberulent front, oblique at base, not truly forming a distinct foot on top of ovary: stigmata 2, distinctly separate; rostellum subquadrate-flabellate, truncate, sulcate in middle, thin, pliable. Anther ovate, concave, obtuse; pollinia clavate with a rather large viscidium. Ovary obliquely fusiform, sessile, somewhat twisted. Terrestrial, slender plants. Roots fasciculate, tuberous, stipi- tate-fusiform. Leaves basal, petiolate. Scape slender, suberect, several-sheathed, terminated by a loosely few-flowered spike. Flowers small. TYPE: Brachystele Hatschbachii Pabst. 376 Two species native to Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina. Index to species. Stigmatosema Hatschbachii (Pabst) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Brachystele Hatschbachii Pabst in Bradea 2: 80, 1976. Stigmatosema polyaden (Vell.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Serapias polyaden Vell., Fl. Flumin. 9: t.56, 1831. Synassa Lindl. corymbosa Lindl. = Sauroglossum corymbosum (Lindl.) Garay dilatata Lindl. ex Krzl. = Sauroglossum corymbosum (Lindl.) Garay Synoplectris Raf. picta (R. Br.) Raf. = Sarcoglottis acaulis (J.E.Sm.) Schltr. viridis Raf. = Sarcoglottis grandiflora (Lindl.) KI. Thelyschista Garay, gen. nov. Etymology: Thelys = female and schistos = split, divided, in reference to the nature of the cleft stigmata. Sepala plus minusve similia, leviter divergentia, ringentia, usque ad basin libera; sepalo postico concavo; sepalis lateralibus obliquis, basi leviter dilatatis, mentum obscurum cum pede columnae formantibus. Petala margine interiore sepalo postico valde agglutinata, basi paululo obliqua. Labellum e cuneato- canaliculata basi conduplicatum, sessile, margine basin incras- satum, in medio columnae lateraliter agglutinatum. Columna satis crassa, basi in pedem brevem, obliquum producta; stigmata 2, patelliformia, bipartita, valde separata: rostellum anguste- triangulare, acuminatum, satis tenue. Anthera anguste-elliptica, obtusa; pollinia lineari-clavata, separata, viscidio oblanceolato- obovato, valde conspicuo affixa. Ovarium sessile, oblique fusi- forme, leviter tortum. Herbae terrestres, elatae; radicibus fasciculatis; foliis basilari- bus, rosulatis, basi cuneato-subpetiolatis; scapo erecto, vagi- nato, apice subdense spicato, sursum plus minusve cernuo; flo- ribus satis magnis, suberectis. Sepals more or less similar, somewhat divergent, ringent, completely free to base; dorsal sepal concave; lateral sepals oblique at the dilated base, with column-foot forming an obs- 377 cure mentum. Petals agglutinate with dorsal sepals, with an oblique base. Lip sessile, from a cuneate-canaliculate base con- duplicate. The margins at base incrassate, in middle agglutinate with sides of column. Column rather fleshy, heavy, basally pro- duced ina short, oblique foot; stigmata 2, situated on a deeply cleft, biparted, well-separated, more or less cartilaginous plate; rostellum narrowly triangular, acuminate, pliable. Anther nar- rowly elliptic, obtuse; pollinia linear-clavate, separate, with a large, conspicuous, oblanceolate-obovate viscidium. Ovary ses- sile, obliquely fusiform, somewhat twisted. Terrestrial, tall plants. Roots fasciculate, fleshy. Leaves basal, rosulate, with cuneate-subpetiolate bases. Scape erect, vaginate, terminated by a subdensely many-flowered spike which is more or less cernuous at apex. Flowers rather large, suberect. TYPE: Odontorrhynchus Ghillanyi Pabst One species, so far known only from Brazil. Index to species Thelyschista Ghillanyi (Pabst) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Odontorrhynchus Ghillanyi Pabst in Bradea 2: 166, 1977. Trachelosiphon Schltr. actinosophila (Barb.Rodr.) Schltr. = Eurystyles actinosophila (Barb.Rodr.) Schltr. ananassocomos (Rchb.f.) Schltr. = Eurystyles ananassocomos (Rchb.f.) Schltr. Cogniauxii (Krzl.) Schltr. = Eurystyles Cogniauxii (Krzl.) Schltr. colombianum Schltr. = Eurystyles colombiana (Schltr.) Schltr. cristatum Schltr. = Eurystyles cristata (Schltr.) Schltr. Lorenzii (Cogn.) Schltr. = Eurystyles Lorenzii (Cogn.) Schltr. paranaénse Schltr. = Eurystyles paranaénsis (Schltr.) Schltr. Triorchis Petiver ex Nieuwl. Beckii (Lindl.) House = Spiranthes lacera (Raf.) Raf. cernua (L.) Nieuwl. = Spiranthes cernua (L.) L.C.Rich. gracilis (Bigel.) Nieuwl. = Spiranthes lacera (Raf.) Raf. Grayi (Ames) Nieuwl. = Spiranthes tuberosa Raf. laciniata (Small) House = Spiranthes laciniata (Small) Ames linearis (Rydb.) Nieuwl. = Spiranthes vernalis Engelm. & Gray longilabris (Lind|.) House = Spiranthes longilabris Lindl. ochroleuca (Rydb.) Nieuwl.= Spiranthes ochroleuca (Rydb.) Rydb. odorata (Nutt.) Nieuwl. = Spiranthes odorata (Nutt.) Lindl. 378 ovalis (Lind1.) House = Spiranthes ovalis Lindl. ovalis (LindI.) Nieuwl. = Spiranthes ovalis Lindl. plantaginea (Raf.) Nieuwl. = Spiranthes lucida (H.H.Eaton) Ames praecox (Walt.) Nieuwl. = Spiranthes praecox (Walt.) Wats. Romanzoffiana (Cham.) Nieuwl. = Spiranthes Romanzoffiana Cham. spiralis (Sw.) House = Spiranthes torta (Thunb.) Garay & Sweet stricta (Rydb.) Lunell = Spiranthes Romanzoffiana Cham. stricta (Rydb.) Nieuwl. = Spiranthes Romanzoffiana Cham. triloba (Small) House = Spiranthes odorata (Nutt.) Lindl, vernalis (Engelm. & Gray) House = Spiranthes vernalis Engelm. & Gray xyridifolia (Small) House = Spiranthes vernalis Engelm. & Gray Tussacia Raf. ex Desv., not Tussaca Raf. aestivalis (Poir.) Desv. = Spiranthes aestivalis (Poir.) L.C.Rich. autumnalis (Balb.) Desv. = Spiranthes spiralis (L.) Chevall. 379 PLATE Plate 10. A. Aulosepalum hemichrea (Lind]l.) Garay. Type. B. Aulosepalum ramentaceum (Lindl.) Garay. Type. C. Aulosepalum tenuiflorum (Greenm.) Garay. Type. 380 PLATE Vi TTT SSS Ma i, Seti hy chi ~ \ y s) Plate 11. Beadlea cranichoides (Griseb.) Small. 381 PLATE 12 Plate 12. Beadlea peruviana (Presl) Garay. Type. Beadlea elata (Sw.) Small. (Type of Neottia minor Jacq.) Beadlea aprica (Lindl.) Garay. Type. Beadlea saccata (Rich. & Gal.) Garay. Beadlea organensis Pabst. Type. Beadlea Prasophyllum (Rchb.f.) Hamer & Garay. Type. 382 PLATE (3 Plate: 13: A. Beloglottis costaricensis (Rchb.f) Schltr. B. Brachystele bracteosa (Lind].) Schltr. Type. C. Buchtienia boliviensis Schltr. Type. 383 PLATE 14 14. Plate. Type. Type. A. Coccineorchis navarrensis (Ames) Garay. Coccineorchis Standleyi (Ames) Garay. B. 384 PLATE 15 Plate 15. A. Cotylolabium Lutzii (Pabst) Garay. Type. B. Coccineorchis cernua (Lindl.) Garay. Type. 385 PLATE 16 Plate 16. A. Cybebus grandis Garay. Type. B. Cyclopogon ovalifolium Presl. Type. 386 PLATE 17 Plate 17. A. Deiregyne chartacea (L.O.Wms.) Garay. Type. B. Deiregyne velata (Robins. & Fern.) Garay. Type. C. Deiregyne diaphana (Lindl.) Garay. Type. 387 PLATE 18 Plate 18. A. Deiregyne albovaginata (C. Schweinf.) Garay. Type. B. Deiregyne durangensis (A. & S.) Garay. (Type of Spiranthes saltensis Ames) . Deiregyne confusa Garay. lype. D. Deiregyne dendroneura (Sheviak & Bye) Garay. Type. 388 PLATE 19 Plate 19. A. Deiregyne falcata (L.O.Wms.) Garay. Type. B. Deiregyne rhombilabia Garay. Type. B. Deiregyne obtecta (C. Schweinf.) Garay. Type. 389 PLATE 20 Plate 20. A. Deiregyne tenella (L.O.Wms.) Garay. Type. B. Deiregyne pseudopyramidalis (L.O.Wms.) Garay. Type. C. Deiregyne falcata (L.O.Wms.) Garay. Type. 390 PLATE 21 Plate 21. A. Deiregyne pandurata Garay. lype. B. Deiregyne pseudopyramidalis (L.O.Wms.) Garay. Type. C. Deiregyne tenella (L.O.Wms.) Garay. Type. D. Deiregyne eriophora (Robins. & Greenm.) Garay. Type. 391 PLATE 22 Plate 22. Dichromanthus cinnabarinus (lLlave & Lex.) Garay. 392 PLATE 23 Plate 23. A. Dichromanthus cinnabarinus (llave & lex.) Garay. B. Diseyphus scopulariae (Rchb.f.) Schltr. C. Dithyridanthus densiflorus (C. Schweint.) Garay. Type. 393 PLATE 24 Plate 24. A. Dithyridanthus densiflorus (C. Schweinf.) Garay. Type. B. Eltroplectris roseoalba (Rchb.f.) Hamer & Garay. 394 PLATE 2) Plate 25. Eltroplectris roseoalba (Rchb.f.) Hamer & Garay. 395 PLATE 26 Plate 26. A. Eltroplectris Travassosii (Rolfe) Garay. B. Eurystyles Standleyi Ames. Type. 396 PLATE 27 Plate 27. A. Funckiella congestiflora (L.O.Wms.) Garay. Type. B. Funckiella hyemalis (Rich. & Gal.) Schltr. Type. Oe Funckiella stolonifera (Ames & Correll) Garay. Type. 397 PLATE 28 Plate 28. A. Galeottiella sarcoglossa (Rich. & Gal.) Schltr. B. Gularia trilineata (Lindl.) Garay. Type. C. Gularia crenulata (L.O.Wms.) Garay. Type. 398 PLATE 29 Plate 29. A. Hapalorchis cheirostyloides Schltr. B. Hapalorchis trilobata Schltr. 399 PLATE 30 Plate 30. A. Helonoma americana (C. Schweint. & Garay) Garay. Type. B. Helonoma bifida (Rid!.) Garay. 400 PLATE 31 Plate 31. A. Kionophyton seminuda (Schltr.) Garay. Type. B. Kionophyton pyramidalis (Lindl.) Garay. C. Kionophyton Sawyeri (Standl. & L.O.Wms.) Garay. 401 PLATE 32 A Plate 32. A. Lyroglossa Grisebachii (Cogn.) Schltr. (Type of Spiranthes euglossa Krzl.) B. Lyroglossa pubicaulis (L.O.Wms.) Garay. Type. C. Lankesterella caespitosa (Lindl.) Hoehne. Type. 402 PLATE 33 Plate 33. Lankesterella ceracifolia (Barb.Rodr.) Mansf. 403 PLATE 34 Plate 34. A. Manniella Gustavii Rchb.f. Type. B. Mesadenella peruviana Garay. Type. C. Mesadenella cuspidata (Lindl.) Garay. Type. D. Mesadenella angustisegmenta Garay. Type. 404 PLATE 35 Plate 35. A. Mesadenus affinis (C. Schweinf.) Garay. Type. B. Mesadenus lucayanus (Britt.) Schltr. Type. C. Mesadenus rhomboglossus (Pabst) Garay. Type. 405 PLATE 36 C Plate 36. A. Mesadenus Chiangii (Johnst.) Garay. Type. B. Mesadenus Glaziovii (Cogn.) Schltr. C. Mesadenus Stahlii (Cogn.) Garay. Type. D. Mesadenus tenuissimus (L.O.Wms.) Garay. Type. 406 PLATE 37 a7, Microthelys minutiflora (Rich. & Gal.) Garay. Microthelys nutantiflora (Schltr.) Garay. Microthelys rubrocallosa (Robins. & Greenm.) Garay. Type. 407 PLATE 38 Plate 38. A. Nothostele acianthiformis (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Garay. B. Odontorhynchus chlorops (Rchb.f.) Garay. (Type of Spiranthes Bangii Rolfe.) C. Odontorhynchus alticola Garay. Type. 408 PLATE 39 Plate 39. A. Odontorhynchus Castillonii (Haum.) Correa. Type. B. Odontorhynchus chilensis (A. Rich.) Garay. C. Odontorhynchus variabilis Garay. Type. 409 PLATE 40 Plate 40. Pelexia novofriburgensis (Rchb.f.) Garay. 410 PLATE 41 Plate 41. A. Physogyne Gonzalesii (L.O.Wms.) Garay. Type. B. Physogyne sparsiflora (C. Schweinf.) Garay. Type. 41] PLATE 42 Plate 42. Pseudocranichis thysanochila (Robins. & Greenm.) Garay. Type. 412 PLATE 43 Plate 43. A. Pseudogoodyera Wrightii (Rchb.f.) Schltr. Type. B. Pteroglossa luteola Garay. Type. 413 PLATE 44 A Plate 44. A. Pteroglossa macrantha (Rchb.f.) Schltr. B. Pteroglossa rhombipetala Garay. Type. 414 PLATE 45 Plate 45. Sacoila lanceolata (Aubl.) Garay. 415 PLATE 46 Plate 46. Sarcoglottis acaulis (J.E.Sm.) Schltr. 416 PLATE 47 Plate 47. A. Sarcoglottis simplex (Griseb.) Schltr. (Type of Spiranthes longiauriculata C. Schweinf.) B. Sarcoglottis homalogastra (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Schltr. C. Sarcoglottis Woodsonii_ (1.O.Wms.) Garay. Type. 417 PLATE 48 Plate 48. A. Sauroglossum elatum Lindl. Type. B. Sauroglossum andinum (Haum.) Garay. Type C. Sauroglossum Schweinfurthianum Garay. Ty 418 PLATE 49 Plate 49. A. Sauroglossum aurantiacum (C.Schweinf.) Garay. Type. B. Sauroglossum corymbosum (Lindl.) Garay. Type. C. Sauroglossum sellilabre (Griseb.) Schltr. Type. 419 PLATE 50 Plate 50. A. Schiedeella Amesiana Garay. Type. B. Schiedeella parasitica (Rich. & Gal.) Schltr. C. Schiedeella Llaveana (Lindl.) Schltr. Type. 420 PLATE 51 Plate 51. A. Schiedeella Nagelii (L.O.Wms.) Garay. Type. B. Schiedeella violacea (Rich. & Gal.) Garay 421 PLATE 52 Plate 52. A. Skeptrostachys rupestris (Lindl.) Garay. Type. B. Spiranthes spiralis (L.) Chevall. 422 PLATE S3 Plate 53. Stalkya muscicola (Garay & Dunsterv.) Garay. Type. 423 PLATE 54 Plate 54. Stenorrhynchos nutans Kunth & Bouché 424 PLATE 55 Plate 55. A. Stigmatosema Hatschbachii (Pabst) Garay. Type. B. Thelyschista Ghillanyi (Pabst) Garay. Type. 425