BOTANICAL MUSEUM LEAFLETS HARVARD UNIVERSITY PUBLISHED AT THE BOTANICAL MUSEUM CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS BOTANICAL MUSEUM LEAFLETS HARVARD UNIVERSITY VOLUME XXX BOTANICAL MUSEUM CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS 1984-1986 DATES OF PUBLICATION — VOLUME 30 NONE saa ae un ueanas pies aad 165 eee ae eehe eaee es tose November 15, 1984 ING ate ee eae DAA ea nea Sok hed dates ae ne dea ea sacs eS April 15, 1985 NG. Oo oxi seas ewesinn epee Pe ORE Cee ela eae eee tee sus February 14, 1986 INO 524 age. 55 bso 8 55 Ss Geng ie Windies 6 bwiaaeN Pale wba Sb ob iwe aware Bene June 30, 1986 TABLE OF CONTENTS NUMBER |: Winter 1984 (November 15, 1984) The Botanical Museum of Harvard University in its 125th Year 1858-1983 by the Botanical Museum Staff.....................08. I NUMBER 2: Spring 1984 (April 15, 1985) Studies in Bark Cloth: I. Polynesia DY Dorothy Ramen Fave x ecsic cca esaeeiweseesanes 53 A New Species of Lepechinia Willd. (Lamiaceae) Dy OY PERE colon cacex as tesenwasdpaceresistavet 85 Frank W. Hankins (1897-1983): An Appreciation Dy el a I COE coos uracetveotncssasisetanssenns 89 A New Species of Prunus from Colombia by Richard Evans Schultes and Hernando Garcia- WMP oh ceasac an esac sa eset acewiecgaecsaeweceeae nd rex 9] Notes on the Orchid Flora of New Guinea I. MY Walter Ree oo cte in cupcttecannsehaeeseeannves 95 Anatomy of Noncostal Portions of Lamina in the Cyclanthaceae (Monocotyledoneae). V. Tables of Data by George J. Wier osccs cen daseccscks ciecesesaaendyses 103 NUMBER 3: Summer 1985 (February 14, 1986) The Indigenous Palm Flora of “Las Gaviotas,” Colombia, Including Observations on Local Names and Uses Py ites) RIOR a oo chan chs hese ewes eee eas 4 (1) 135 A Note on the Identity and Typification of Glossorhyncha Keys- seri Schltr. Oy Walter Kittiegee... = 2.5 0.5 - 2 A. rigida Lo= 3 0.5 - 1.25 A. tetragona ie ees PY | 0.75- 1.5 A. urophylla 3 8.75 1.5 - 4.75 A. aff. A. vaupesiana (coll. A) 1.5 - 3.25 0.5 - 2 A. aff. A. vaupesiana (coll. B) 1.5 - 2.5 0.5 - 1.5 A. (Asplundia) sp. nov. 1 - 3 | - 3.25 Ca. palmata 35° 35 i -4 Cy. bipartitus [tate 0.5 - 1.5 D. crinitum 1.5 - 3.5 1 - 2.5 D. dolichostemon 0.5 - 1.5 <0.5 - u.5 D. globosum i = 20 1 - 3 D. grandifolium 0.5 - | 0.5 - 2 D. harlingii <0.5 - 0.5 <0,5.= 0.5 D. macrophyllum 1.5 - 5.75 0.75- 3.25 D. mirabile 0.75- 1.5 0.5 - 1.5 D. sp. nov. aff. D. nanum 1.5 - 3 1 - 2.5 D. rheithrophilum 1.5 - 3.75 | - 3.75 D. schultesti 0.75- 2.5 0.5 - 3.25 D. wallisii 0.5 0.25- 0.5 D. sp. nov. (coll. A) 0.5 - 0.75 D. sp. nov. (coll. B) 0.5 - 1 0.5 105 TABLE 1 (continued) GENERAL RANGE IN COMBINED THICKNESS OF CUTICLE AND CUTINIZED REGION (rounded off to nearest quarter micrometer) Species Adaxial epidermis Abaxial epidermis E. funifer 2.0 - 3.5 1 - 3.5 L. bierhorstii | -3 0.5 - 1 L. integrifolia 3.75— 6.75 2.5 -— 5.25 L. lancifolia 3 -5§ 2.5 - 5 Sch. chorianthum 1 - 1.5 <0.5 - 0.5 Sph. acutitepala 3. - 4.75 1 - 7.25 Sph. crocea 3.25- 7.75 1.5 - 4.75 Sph. killipti 5 - 7.5 0.5 - 3 Sph. snidernii 6.25-13 1 - 3.75 Sph. woodsonii 5.25- 7.25 0.5 - 1 Sph. sp. nov. aff. Sph. woodsonii 3 - 5,25 13 -< 3.25 Sph. sp. nov. 3.25- 6.25 0.5 - 3 St. anomala 7.75-12 3.75-12 St. styvlaris 8.5 -12.5 4 -10.5 T. bissectus 1 - 6.5 1 -5 106 LOI TABLE 2 CONCENTRATION OF STOMATA AND LAMINA THICKNESS IN INTERRIDGE AREAS.* No. of stomata/mm? in the Lamina thickness - abaxial epidermis, adaxial Ratio of nos. of general range and Lamina thickness - epidermis, and both stomata/mm- - midpoint of range in nos. of cell epidermides abaxial:adaxial (mm) layers A. aff. A. antioquiae 213 4.0 217 53 0.18-0.29; 0.24 11-13 (coll. A) A. aff. A. antioquiae 267 2.8 270 95 0.23-0.34; 0.29 12-15 (coll. B) A. cabrerae 108 = 13 121 8.4 0.41-0.52: 0.46 17-20 A. cayapensis 135 3.1 158 50 0.31-0.45; 0.38 19-22 A. sp. nov. aff. A. cupulifera 131 0.31 132 421 0.16-0.20; 0.18 10-15 (coll. A) A. sp. nov. aff. A. cupulifera 169 0.31 169 542 0.20-0.29; 0.24 13-15 (coll. B) A. gamotepala 260 9.0 269 29 0.35-0.44; 0.40 16-19 A. hookeri 117 3.1 120 38 0.22-0.29; 0.26** 10-12** A. longitepala 138 y Be 140 ne) 0.25-0.36; 0.30 11-14 A. sp. nov. aff. A. longitepala 176 5.6 18] 31 0.31-0.39; 6.35 15-18 A. moritziana 118 4.7 122 25 0.23-0.29; 0.26 12-16 801 TABLE 2 (continued) CONCENTRATION OF STOMATA AND LAMINA THICKNESS IN INTERRIDGE AREAS.* No. of stomata/ mm? in the Lamina thickness - abaxial epidermis, adaxial Ratio of nos. of general range and Lamina thickness - epidermis, and both stomata/mm: - midpoint of range in nos. of cell epidermides abaxial:adaxial (mm) layers A. aff. A. moritziana 269 1.2 270 216 0.20-0.26; 0.23 11-14 A. sp. nov. aff. A. multistaminata 144 12 156 12 0.21-0.27; 0.24 11-13 A. peruviana 167 8.3 175 20 0.21-0.27; 0.24 11-12 A. pycnantha 166 4.0 170 4] 0.30-0.37; 0.33 16-20 A. quinindensis 0.19-0.26; 0.23 11-13 A. sp. nov. aff. A. rhodea 156 0.93 157 167 0.20-0.23; 0.22 11-12 A. rigida 132 5.6 138 24 0.28-0.37; 0.32 14-15 A. tetragona 140 5.6 145 25 0.19-0.24; 0.22 12-15 A. urophylla 207 8.1 215 26 0.24-0.32; 0.28 15-18** A. aff. A. vaupesiana 188 II 199 17 0.23-0.29; 0.26** 12-15** (coll. A) A. aff. A. vaupesiana 107 8.4 116 13 0.30-0.34; 0.32 13-15 (coll. B) A. (Asplundia) 104 3.4 107 30 0.32-0.41; 0.36 12-14 sp. nov. 601 Ca. palmata Cy. bipartitus D. crinitum D. dolichostemon D. globosum D. grandifolium D. harlingii D. macrophyllum D. mirabile D. sp. nov. aff. D. nanum D. rheithrophilum D. schultesii D. wallisii D. sp. nov. (coll. A) D. sp. nov. (coll. B) E. funifer L. bierhorstii L. integrifolia L. lancifolia Sch. chorianthum 269 311 234 142 261 107 108 255 165 270 189 15] 273 71 194 160 59 91 44 144 270 352 Ps 170 261 138 154 255 228 296 208 179 295 79 203 174 61 117 78 144 0.18-0.26; 0.22 0.26-0.41; 0.33 0.34-0.43; 0.39 0.23-0.31; 0.27 0.32-0.37; 0.35 0.19-0.26; 0.22 0.34-0.45; 0.40 0.23-0.32; 0.28 0.27-0.33; 0.30 0.41-0.48; 0.44 0.19-0.24; 0.22 0.25-0.28; 0.27 0.28-0.33; 0.30 0.28-0.36; 0.32 0.17-0.24; 0.20 0.26-0.32; 0.29** 0.37-0.46; 0.42 0.47-0.61; 0.54 0.12-0.16; 0.14 12-16 14-16 20-27 14-16 12-14** 9-12 19-21 11-14 12-14** 14-18 10-14 12-15** 9-11 14-16 10-13 10-12** 12-15 12-17 8-9 TABLE 2 (continued) CONCENTRATION OF STOMATA AND LAMINA THICKNESS IN INTERRIDGE AREAS.* No. of stomata; mm? in the abaxial epidermis, adaxial epidermis, and both Lamina thickness - general range and midpoint of range Lamina thickness - in nos. of cell Ratio of nos. of stomata) mm. - Ol epidermides abaxial:adaxial (mm) layers Sph . acutitepala 236 0 236 ca, © 0.32-0.38; 0.35 15-17 Sph. crocea 164 0.62 164 262 0.29-0.48; 0.39 16-18 Sph. killipti 309 5.6 315 a 0.33-0.38; 0.36 16-18 Sph. snidernii 273 «10 283 27 0.28-0.36; 0.32 15-17 Sph. woodsonii 188 0 188 ca, %© 0.36-0.42; 0.39 16-17 Sph. sp. nov. aff. Sph. woodsonii 123 ah 127 33 0.40-0.45; 0.43 22 Sph. sp. nov. 486 1.9 488 260 0.23-0.32; 0.27 12-14 St. anomala 105 0 105 ca, © 0.30-0.41; 0.36** 13-17** St. stylaris 176 1.9 178 94 0.47-0.61; 0.54 18-22 T. bissectus 227 ~=—-80 307 2.8 0.33-0.43; 0.38 17-20 *Stomatal frequencies were determined by studying mostly stained, but also unstained epidermal peels with the phase microscope at 100X. Stomata were counted on 3.21 mm of a peel from each of the abaxial and adaxial epidermides, with the following exceptions (the two figures between each pair of parentheses indicate areas studied [mm?] of the abaxial and adaxial epidermides, respectively): A. peruviana (1.81, 1.81), A. urophyila (3.01, 3.21), D. harlingii (2.01, 3.21), and D. mirabile (2.01, 1.61). As often as possible on a peel, fields were studied which were laterally rather than longitudinally adjacent to one another, to maximize randomness of sampling, i.e., to avoid including the same stomatal or interstomatal band(s) in all samples. For certain species the concentration indicated for both epidermides is slightly different from the total of the separate indicated concentrations, because the total was computed and rounded off, prior to rounding off of the separate values. Lamina thickness in mm was determined only for cross sections. Thickness in numbers of cell layers was ascertained, using portions of longitudinal sections containing only epidermal cells and ordinary parenchyma cells. **These values were obtained from study of unembedded material which was bleached in an aqueous solution of sodium hypochlorite, and mounted in glycerine. Remaining values were determined during study of stained, plastic-embedded material. 11 TABLE 3 STOMATAL RATIOS IN THE INTERRIDGE AREA* Percentage of species with low ratios (0-29) Percentage of species with moderate ratios (30-99) Percentage of species with high ratios (100 and higher) Asplundia (22, 94) Carludovica (1, 3) Cyclanthus (1, 1) Dicranopygium (13, 48) Evodianthus (1, 1) Ludovia (3, 3) Schultesiophytum (1, 1) Sphaeradenia (7, 42) Stelestylis (2, 4) Thoracocarpus (1, 1) 45.5 36.4 100 - 76.9 - 100 = 100 - 18.2 100 234 *In parentheses after the name of each genus are indicated the number of species considered, and the total number of species known, not including undescribed species collected by the writer. Cll TABLE 4 PERCENTAGES OF STOMATAL COMPLEXES IN THE ABAXIAL EPIDERMIS IN WHICH NEITHER, ONE, OR BOTH NONPOLAR SUBSIDIARY CELL(S) EXTEND(S) TO THE OUTER EDGE(S) OF THE ASSOCIATED CELL FILE(S).* Neither extends One extends to Both extend to One or both extend to outer edge(s) to outer edge outer edge outer edge (column 2 + column 3) A. aff. A. antioquiae 76.7 20.0 3.3 pi i (coll. A) A. aff. A. antioquiae 85.3 13.3 1.3 14.7 (coll. B) A. cabrerae 24.0 47.3 28.7 76.0 A. cavapensis 94.7 | 0.0 5.3 A. sp. nov. aff. A. cupulifera 85.3 14.7 0.0 14.7 (coll. A) A. sp. nov. aff. A. cupulifera 95.3 4.7 0.0 4.7 (coll. B) A. gamotepala 67.3 28.0 4.7 32.7 A. hookeri 96.7 Dun 0.0 33 A. longitepala 78.7 20.7 0.7 21.3 A. sp. nov. aff. A. longitepala 75.3 rae | 2.0 24.7 A. moritziana 86.0 13.3 0.7 14.0 tll hm a BR BR Db nh Rh BR A. A _ aff. A. moritziana . sp. nov. aff. A. multistaminata . peruviana . pycnantha (n=159) . quinindensis . sp. nov. aff. A. rhodea . rigida . fetragona _ urophylla aff. A. vaupesiana (coll. A) aff. A. vaupesiana (coll. B) . (Asplundia) sp. nov. Ca. palmata (n=107) Cy. bipartitus (n=130) D. crinitum (n=133) D. dolichostemon D. globosum D. grandifolium 3 76.7 313 70.4 80.0 97.3 60.0 86.0 66.7 68.7 79.3 89.3 12.1 53.8 90.2 96.7 89.3 99.3 25.3 Zh3 32.0 24.5 18.0 pas a3.3 12.7 29.3 26.7 20.0 8.0 50.5 38.5 9.0 a 10.0 0.7 37.4 26.7 pa Re 62.7 29.5 20.0 2.7 40.0 14.0 33.3 31.3 20.7 10.7 87.9 46.2 9.8 3.3 10.7 0.7 vil TABLE 4 (continued) PERCENTAGES OF STOMATAL COMPLEXES IN THE ABAXIAL EPIDERMIS IN WHICH NEITHER, ONE, OR BOTH NONPOLAR SUBSIDIARY CELL(S) EXTEND(S) TO THE OUTER EDGE(S) OF THE ASSOCIATED CELL FILE(S).* One or both extend Neither extends One extends to Both extend to to outer edge(s) to outer edge outer edge outer edge (column 2 + column 3) D. harlingii 100 0 0 0 D. macrophyllum 95.3 4.7 0.0 4.7 D. mirabile 96.7 3.3 0.0 3.3 D. sp. nov. aff. D. nanum 91.3 8.7 0.0 8.7 D. rheithrophilum 90.0 9.3 0.7 10.0 D. schultesii 93.3 6.7 0.0 6.7 D. wallisii 99.3 0.7 0.0 0.7 D. sp. nov. 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 (coll. A) D. sp. nov. 92.0 8.0 0.0 8.0 (coll. B) E. funifer (n=122) 45.1 39.3 15.6 54.9 L. bierhorstii 92.0 7.3 0.7 8.0 L. integrifolia 18.0 49.3 32.7 82.0 L. lancifolia (n=134) 28.4 43.3 28.4 71.7 Sch. chorianthum 96.0 4.0 0.0 4.0 SI Sph. acutitepala 20 26.0 72.0 98.0 Sph. crocea 1.3 31,3 67.3 98.7 Sph. killipii (n=151) 15.2 48.3 36.4 84.7 Sph. snidernii (n=151) 39.1 46.4 14.6 60.9 Sph. woodsonii 47.3 40.0 12.7 2 | Sph. sp. nov. aff. Sph. woodsonii 24.7 47.3 28.0 75.3 Sph. sp. nov. 53.3 40.0 6.7 46.7 St. anomala 8.0 37.3 54.7 92.0 St. stvlaris (n=131) 11.5 47.3 41.2 88.5 T. bissectus (n=129) 25.6 45.0 29.5 74.5 *For each species, one-hundred and fifty stomata were examined in an epidermal peel, except where another number is indicated in parentheses after the species name. As often as possible ina peel, fields were studied which were laterally rather than vertically adjacent to one another, to maximize randomness of sampling. Observations of Cy. bipartitus were subject to error because longitudinal files of ordinary epidermal cells tend to be difficult to identify in this species. 911 TABLE 5 PERCENTAGES OF SPECIES IN WHICH LOW, MODERATE, OR HIGH PERCENTAGES OF COMPLEXES EXHIBIT ONE OR TWO NONPOLAR SUBSIDIARY CELL(S) WHICH EXTEND TO THE OUTER EDGE(S) OF THE ASSOCIATED CELL FILE(S)* Percentage of species with Percentage of species with Percentage of species with low percentages of moderate percentages of high percentages of such complexes (1-11%) such complexes (12-44%) such complexes (45-99%) Asplundia (23, 94) 21.7% 69.6% 8.7% Carludovica (1, 3) - - 100% Cyclanthus (1, 1) - - 100% Dicranopygium (13, 48) 100% - - Evodianthus (1, 1) - - 100% Ludovia (3, 3) 33.3% - 66.6% Schultesiophytum (1, 1) 100% = - Sphaeradenia (7, 42) -_ - 100% Stelestylis (2, 4) - - 100% Thoracocarpus (1, 1) - - 100% *|n parentheses after the name of each genus are indicated the number of species considered, and the total number of species known, not including undescribed species collected by the writer. Lil TABLE 6 CONTACTS BETWEEN STOMATAL COMPLEXES Percentage of stomatal complexes in contact with one or more other Percentage of stomatal complexes which share subsidiary Percentage of contacts which entail sharing of subsidiary cells Types of sharing of subsidiary cells by two adjacent stomatal stomatal complexes cells (column 2/column 1) complexes* Asplundia pycnantha 50.3% (n=150 2% (n=200 4.0% Type 1: 100% (n=2 complexes) complexes) pairs of complexes) Carludovica palmata 64.2% (n=151) - - - Cyclanthus bipartitus 97.0% (n=131) 11% (n=200) 11.3% Type 1: 54.5% Type 2: 27.3% Type 3: 18.2% ; (n=11) Dicranopygium crinitum 49.1% (n=159) 2% (n=200) 4.1% Type |: 100% (n=2) Evodianthus funifer 47.7% (n=155) 0% (n=200) 0% 0% Ludovia lancifolia 4% (n=200) 0% (n=200) 0% 0% Schultesiophytum chorianthum 66.9% (n=154) 2% (n=200) 3.0% Type |: 50% Type 2: 50% Sphaeradenia ae killipii 65.4% (n=153) 7% (n=200) 10.7% Type 1: 100% =7 Stelestylis ie stylaris 70.9% (n=182) 7% (n=200) 9.9% Type 1: 85.7% (n=7) Thoracocarpus TPS aie bissectus 78.3% (n=143) 6% (n=200) 7.7% Type 1: 33.3% Type 3: 66.6% (n=6) *Types of sharing are defined by Wilder (in press a). INTRODUCTION TO TABLES 7, 9-11 (Wilder, in press b)* Within interridge areas and between boundary layers, portions of cyclanthaceous laminae exhibit either two (adaxial and abax- ial) or three main regions of mesophyll (adaxial, middle, and abaxial; Table 7). The adaxial region is only sometimes a palisade region, whereas, the middle and abaxial regions are spongy mesophyll. Regions of mesophyll are distinguished mostly ac- cording to features of ordinary parenchyma cells. These cells may exhibit various ergastic materials, including starch, tannin, and different kinds of crystals. In certain species some cells also contain star figures, i.e., small or large stellate inclusions tenta- tively interpreted as tannin. In most species ordinary parenchyma cells are essentially monomorphic, but in two species of Dicran- opygium these cells exhibit pronounced dimorphism (Table 8). Fibers occur in the mesophyll of all species studied, but differ quantitatively between various species (Tables 9-11). Paren- chyma-like dead cells were observed in several and all species of the Asplundia group and Sphaeradenia group, respectively, but only such cells of the Sphaeradenia group exhibited conspicuously birefringent cell walls. Those dead cells with birefringent walls, therefore, constitute an extremely important systematic- anatomical character within the Cyclanthaceae. *Table no. 8 is included in Wilder (in press b), where it is listed as Table 1. 118 TABLE 7 SPECIES WITH THREE MAIN REGIONS OF MESOPHYLL (ALL UNLISTED SPECIES HAVE TWO REGIONS). . cabrerae . cayapensis . gamotepala . moritziana . pyenantha . sp. nov. aff. A. rhodea . ftetragona A A A A A, aff. A. moritziana A A A A _ aff. A. vaupesiana (coll. A) Cy. bipartitus E. funifer L. lancifolia Sph. snidernii Sph. sp. nov. aff. Sph. woodsonii St. stylaris T. bissectus TABLE 9 DATA PERTAINING TO FIBER STRANDS OF THE MESOPHYLL Species No. of fiber strands/mm width of interridge area (in parentheses are indicated no. of strands counted and width of portion(s) of lamina considered in mm, respectively) Percentage of fiber strands on adaxial half of interridge area (in parentheses are indicated no. of strands counted on adaxial and both sides of lamina, respectively A. aff. A. antioquiae (coll. A) A. aff. A. antioquiae (coll. B) A. cabrerae A. cayapensis 29 28 83 49 (189, 6.64) (203, 7.24) (224, 2.72) (119, 2.45) 119 55.0 (104, 189) 64.5 (131, 203) 60.3 (135, 224) 59.7 ( 71, 119) TABLE 9 (continued) DATA PERTAINING TO FIBER STRANDS OF THE MESOPHYLL Species No. of fiber strands/mm width of interridge area (in parentheses are indicated no. of strands counted and width of portion(s) of lamina considered in mm, respectively) Percentage of fiber strands on adaxial half of interridge area (in parentheses are indicated no. of strands counted on adaxial and both sides of lamina, respectively A. sp. nov. aff. A. cupulifera (coll. A) A. sp. nov. aff. A. cupulifera (coll. B) A. gamotepala A. hookeri A. longitepala A. sp. nov. aff. A. longitepala A. moritziana A. aff. A. moritziana A. sp. nov. aff. A. multistaminata A, peruviana A. pycnantha A. quinindensis A. sp. nov. aff. A. rhodea . rigida . tetragona . urophylla a BR BR _ aff. A. vaupesiana (coll. A) A. aff. A. vaupesiana (coll. B) A. (Asplundia) sp. nov. Ca. palmata Cy. bipartitus D. crinitum 39 (311, 8.01) 78 (510, 6.54) 93 (210, 2.26) 17 ( 94, 5.58) 18 ( 78, 4.44) 48 (224, 4.70) 26 (196, 7.45) 20 (119, 5.93) 24 ( 91, 3.83) 46 (205, 4.41) 65 (327, 5.06) 49 (232, 4.73) 32 ( 99, 3.06) 28 (172, 6.13) 38 (158, 4.19) 19° (121, 6.55) 92 (366, 4.00) 24 (127, 5.23) 28 (127, 4.61) 66 (480, 7.26) 5.8 ( 46, 8.00) 40 (176, 4.41) 120 54.0 (168, 311) 55.5 (283, 510) 56.7 (119, 210) 48.9 ( 46, 94) 69.2 ( 54, 78) 55.8 (125, 224) 52.0 (102, 196) 58.0 ( 69, 119) 58.2( 53, 91) 61.5 (126, 205) 55.0 (180, 327) 56.5 (131, 232) 57.6 ( 57, 99) 57.6 ( 99, 172) 51.9 ( 82, 158) 61.2( 74, 121) 63.7 (233, 366) 70.1 ( 89, 127) 59.2 (109, 184) 61.7 (296, 480) 97.8 ( 45, 46) 55.1 ( 97, 176) TABLE 9 (continued) DATA PERTAINING TO FIBER STRANDS OF THE MESOPHYLL Species No. of fiber strands/mm Percentage of fiber strands width of interridge area on adaxial half of interridge (in parentheses are indicated area (in parentheses are no. of strands counted and indicated no. of strands width of portion(s) of counted on adaxial and lamina considered in mm, both sides of lamina, respectively) respectively D. dolichostemon 13 ( 48, 3.63) 58.3 ( 28, 48) D. globosum 13. ( 93, 7.27) 46.2 ( 43, 93) D. grandifolium 12 ( 55, 4.66) 58.2 ( 32, 55) D. harlingii 4.3( 23, 5.31) 100 ( 36, 36) D. macrophyvllum 27) (111, 4.12) 36.0 ( 40, 111) D. mirabile 5.7( 31, 5.46) 71.0( 22, 31) D. sp. nov. aff. D. nanum 9.5 ( 89, 9.05) 96.6 ( 86, 89) D. rheithrophilum 24 (153, 6.37) 56.2 ( 86, 153) D. schultesii 20 ( 99, 4.91) 59.6( 59, 99) Dz. wallisti 19 (139, 7.49) 64.7 ( 90, 139) D. sp. nov. (coll. A) 8.0 ( 79, 9.83) 50.6 ( 40, 79) D. sp. nov. (coll. B) 17 (132, 7.59) 44.7( 59, 132) E. funifer 46 (154, 3.39) 56.1 ( 83, 148) L. bierhorstii 13) ( 67, 5.25) 82.1 ( 55, 67) L. integrifolia 29 (101, 3.47) 53.5( 54, 101) L. lancifolia 75 (482, 6.41) 57.1 (275, 482) Sch. chorianthum 24 (110, 4.62) 64.9 ( 72, 111) Sph. acutitepala 56 (333, 5.91) 50.5 (168, 333) Sph. crocea 27 (276, 10.2) 56.5 (156, 276) Sph. killipii 73 (456, 6.25) $0.2 (229, 456) Sph. snidernii 30 (171, 5.65) $3.8 ( 92, 171) Sph. woodsonii 108 (209, 1.93) $8.9 (123, 209) Sph. sp. nov. aff. Sph. woodsonii 49 (308, 6.26) 66.2 (204, 308) Sph. sp. nov. 30 (188, 6.27) 41.0 ( 77, 188) St. anomala 41 (185, 4.48) 60.0 (111, 185) St. stylaris 38 (397, 10.4) 56.2 (223, 397) T. bissectus 86 (684, 7.95) 56.5 (375, 664) CCl TABLE 10 CONCENTRATION OF FIBER STRANDS IN INTERRIDGE AREAS* Genus Percentage of species with Percentage of species with Percentage of species with low concentration (0-19.9/mm moderate concentration high concentration (50-109.9/mm width) 20-49.9/ mm width) width) Asplundia (23, 94) 13.0% 65.2% 21.7% Carludovica (1, 3) 100% Cyclanthus (1, 1) 100% Dicranopygium (13, 48) 69.2% 30.8% Evodianthus (1, 1) 100% Ludovia (3, 3) 33.3% 33.3% 33.3% Schultesiophytum (1, 1) 100% Sphaeradenia (7, 42) 57.1% 42.9% Stelestylis (2, 4) 100% Thoracocarpus (1, 1) 100% *In parentheses after the name of each genus are indicated the number of species considered and the total number of species per genus, respectively (not including undescribed species presently studied). TABLE 11 DATA PERTAINING TO FIBER STRANDS OF THE MESOPHYLL Percentage of fiber Mean numbers of hypo- strands on both Percentage of adaxially Percentage of abaxially dermal parenchyma cells sides of lamina situated fiber strands in situated fiber strands in intervening between adjacent which are in sub- adaxial subepidermal abaxial subepidermal pairs of fiber strands in tcl epidermal layers* layer* layer* adaxial subepidermal layer** A, pycnantha 43.4 (334) 46.8 (190) 38.9 (144) 2.38 (50) Ca. palmata 43.8 (482) 53.8 (296) 28.0 (186) 1.70 (S50) Cy. bipartitus 53.1 (49) 54.2 (48) 0 (1) 10.4 (23) D. crinitum 31.9 (329) 34.2 (184) 29.0 (145) 4.72 (50) E. funifer 79.9 (289) 82.7 (173) 75.9 (116) 1.46 (50) L. lancifolia 48.5 (482) 48.4 (275) 48.8 (207) 1.40 (50) Sch. chorianthum 75.4 (187) 68.3 (123) 89.1 (64) 3.68 (40) Sph. killipii 83.1 (455) 79.9 (229) 86.3 (226) 1.06 (50) St. stylaris 86.4 (397) 88.3 (223) 83.9 (174) 1.06 (50) T. bissectus 29.1 (663) 38.0 (371) 17.8 (292) 2.14 (50) *In parentheses are indicated number of fiber strands observed. **In parentheses are indicated number of fiber strand pairs observed. INTRODUCTION TO TABLES 12-13 (Wilder, in press c) Within interridge areas and between boundary layers cyclan- thaceous laminae exhibit raphide sacs and, sometimes, also sty- loid sacs and/or sacs intermediate between raphide and styloid sacs (Tables 12, 13). These crystal sacs normally lack chloro- plasts, but at least sometimes contain leucoplasts and, appar- ently, normal nuclei. In raphide sacs the raphides usually comprise an orderly array, and are sometimes compound. Styloid sacs occur in Evodianthus funifer and all species studied of Sphae- radenia and Stelestylis, but are less common among remaining species of Carludovicoideae. In almost all species raphide and styloid sacs tend to be oriented along paradermal planes; how- ever, in E. funifer the styloid sacs normally lie in all directions within the mesophyll. Scattered regions of periderm occur in various species, apparently, because of wounding. I have devel- oped a concept of boundary layers. A boundary layer separates ordinary mesophyll tissue from another part of the plant. Cyclan- thaceous laminae exhibit four types of boundary layers, viz., hypodermis, bundle sheath, epithelium of mucilage cavities, and laticifer sheath. All boundary layers exhibit significant features in common, in addition to position, including aspects of intercellu- lar spaces between their constituent cells, and chloroplast posi- tion. In the adaxial hypodermis the shapes of hypodermal parenchyma cells in surface view are very predictable. 124 TABLE 12 KINDS OF CRYSTAL SACS PRESENT WITHIN INTERRIDGE AREAS OF CYCLANTHACEOUS LAMINAE. ay Ee 9°) os —= = Species = a ae 3 o he e256 S28 fa 35 2is F228 GF BF A. aff. A. antioquiae (coll. A) i A. aff A. antioquiae (coll. B) + + A. cabrerae a A. cayapensis +(1) +i) A. sp. nov. aff. A. cupulifera (coll. A) +{5) “— A. sp. nov. aff. A. cupulifera (coll. B) — 5 A. gamotepala + A. hookeri +(I) +(1) + A. longitepala + A. sp. nov. aff. A. longitepala a A, moritziana ai A. aff. A. moritziana + + A. sp. nov. aff. A. multistaminata + A. peruviana 9 a i A. pycnantha +(S) Sa A. quinindensis + A. sp. nov. aff. A. rhodea 2 + A. rigida + - A. tetragona + a A. urophylla - A. aff. A. vaupesiana (coll. A) + Sa A. aff. A. vaupesiana (coll. B) + . A. (Asplundia) sp. nov. + Ca. palmata +(1) +(1) + a Cy. bipartitus + +(Bu) = 125 TABLE 12 (Continued) KINDS OF CRYSTAL SACS PRESENT WITHIN INTERRIDGE AREAS OF CYCLANTHACEOUS LAMINAE. e i ag s 3 3 35 gs Eg Eg Species 2s be = Zo 35 a5 33g FE &§3 ef #88 GE aF D. crinitum a + D. dolichostemon +(1) Tl) + D. globosum v —- D. grandifolium + D. harlingii Ss - D. macrophyllum a + D. mirabile - D. sp. nov. aff. D. nanum +(S) — D. rheithrophilum 2 + D.. schultesii + D. wallisii + D. sp. nov. (coll. A) + D. sp. nov. (coll. B) a + E. funifer ~ a - L. bierhorstii i L. integrifolia sa + L. lancifolia Se 7 Sch. chorianthum 1g Sph. acutitepala a i + Sph. crocea + + + Sph. killipii 2 cis 7 Sph. snidernii 2 “Te Sph. woodsonii + F i Sph. sp. nov. aff. Sph. woodsonii ~ Ss Sph. sp. nov. + — sie St. anomala 5 2g + 126 TABLE 12 (Continued) KINDS OF CRYSTAL SACS PRESENT WITHIN INTERRIDGE AREAS OF CYCLANTHACEOUS LAMINAE. al > I - Ss 5 3 3 ag 36 BE & 6 Ew a a a =} uo - O 1 jo) an o on ona Species he D Oo uo" ‘ = | —_ a9 Sk w 1m Get ow av a Zon oo 8 O'S vo so a SO > =a, 33 wes neds ne Na St. stylaris _ 2 + T. bissectus + + = present and well-defined. +(I) = typical raphide sacs, styloid sacs, and all intermediates between these two cell types are present. +(S) = some sacs have small numbers of crystals which mostly tend to be intermediate between raphides and styloids, but well-defined styloids are generally absent. (Bu) = styloid sacs are mainly limited to bundle sheaths, where they occur together with raphide sacs and intermediate types of sacs. 127 8Cl TABLE 13 LENGTHS OF RAPHIDE BUNDLES AND STYLOIDS IN CLEARED LAMINAE (um, MEASURED USING CROSSED POLARS) Raphide bundles of Raphide bundles of Raphide bundles of Styloids of portions abaxial subepidermal adaxial subepidermal portions of mesophyll of mesophyll not be- layer* layer* not belonging to longing to boundary boundary layers** layers** BS zs TE zs ® ¢ 23 s|/ 2 « $2 #|] 2 « 3s #£] 3 | Fe ¢ s £ 88 &/ & $S§ &§3 E/ § 38 Es EF] 2@ § EFF E a = nd n m~ = nag a rd = nag 7) rd = na n Asplundia tetragona 23-50 36.7 7.11 25 | 23-48 35.4 4.95 25 | 52-407 229 94.0 20 Dicranopygium dolichostemon | 31-115 62.2 22 25 | 46-145 83.5 31.5 7 | 46-229 141 45.8 25 | 172-330 223 37.1 25 Dicranopygium harlingii 29-88 47.1 11.0 25 44-88 63.9 11.7 25 | 80-199 129 30.0 25 Dicranopygium sp. nov. (coll. B) 31-84 52.4 13.4 25 | 42-86 65.2 10.0 25 | 94-153 118 15.8 25 Ludovia bierhorstii 23-55 37.4 8.27 25 | 21-48 30.6 5.88 25 | 29-273 169 85.2 25 Sphaeradenia sp. nov. 15-40 26.8 4.87 25 27-65 41.2 7.32 25 74-107 86.7 7.75 25 57-191 148 33.6 25 *In D. sp. nov. bundles of the adaxial and abaxial hypodermides are commonly oriented anticlinally or nearly so; only bundles with essentially paradermal orientations were measured. **In D. dolichostemon with all intermediates between raphides and styloids, crystals were measured only if they were clearly raphides (very narrow crystals, generally many per bundle) or styloids (broad crystals, one to several per crystal sac). In Sph. sp. nov. some raphide bundles in the cell layer immediately beneath the adaxial hypodermis were oriented anticlinally or nearly so, and were not measured. INTRODUCTION TO TABLES 14-16 (Wilder, in press d) Interridge areas of cyclanthaceous laminae exhibit longitudi- nal veins and commissural veins which vary from transverse to oblique. In at least some species of the Asplundia group, but not all of the Sphaeradenia group, these longitudinal veins tend to be oriented nearest the abaxial surface of the lamina (Table 14). In many species longitudinal veins of interridge areas are of discrete orders, and up to a given order the number of veins of an order is twice, or nearly twice that of the next lower order (Table 15). Whereas, longitudinal veins of interridge areas are normally upright, commissures vary from upright to inverted. In ten spe- cies cleared portions of lamina each measuring 120 mm? exhibited from six to forty-seven commissures (Table 16). Expansion tissue and presumed expansion tissue develop in all species of Carludo- vicoideae and in Cyclanthus bipartitus, respectively. Adaxial and abaxial ridges are mostly associated with one or more longitudi- nal veins. The main vein of a ridge is normally upright, whereas, additional vein(s) may be upright or inverted to various degrees. In interridge areas and ridges longitudinal veins are normally collateral, but bicollateral, amphivasal, and amphicribal veins may also be present. 129 Ol TABLE 14 POSITIONS OF LONGITUDINAL VEINS IN INTERRIDGE AREAS (CARLUDOVICOIDEAE) OR NONCOSTAL PORTIONS OF LAMINA (CYCLANTHOIDEAE) RELATIVE TO THE ADAXIAL AND ABAXIAL SURFACES OF THE LAMINA.* Percentage of Percentage of veins situated Percentage of veins situated ca. equidistant veins situated nearest the between the two nearest the abaxial surface surfaces adaxial surface CYCLANTHOIDEAE Cyclanthus bipartitus (20) 100 7 7 CARLUDOVICOIDEAE ASPLUNDIA GROUP A. pycnantha (20) 100 7 Ca. palmata (20) 100 D. crinitum (20) 100 - = E. funifer (20) 95 5 : Sch. chorianthum (18) 100 _ T. bissectus (20) 100 - - SPHAERADENIA GROUP L. lancifolia (16) 31 3] 38 Sph. killipii (18) 39 - 61 St. stylaris (20) 80 5 15 , Le of ee i cr itl TABLE 15 MEAN PERCENTAGES OF THE EXPECTED NUMBERS OF LONGITUDINAL VEINS OF EACH ORDER PRESENT IN THE INTERRIDGE AREAS OF TWENTY-TWO SPECIES OF ASPLUNDIA, TEN OF DICRANOPYGIUM, AND FOUR OF SPHAERA DENIA, AND STANDARD DEVIATIONS.* ** First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh and Order Order Order Order Order Order Higher Orders Asplundia (29) 100, 0 100, 0 98.9, 5.33 71.9, 33.4 ee aE 0.43, 1.46 0,0 Dicranopygium 100, 0 98.3, 5.28 90, 19.2 48.3, 37.9 5.63, 9.41 0,0 0,0 (15.5) Sphaeradenia (4) 100, 0 100, 0 100, 0 68.8, 33.1 35.9, 35.5 1.56, 1.80 0,0 *The mean percentages for each genus were computed as follows. For every species the percentage of the expected number of veins present of each order was determined, based on a sample of one to several interridge areas. Then, the percentages for each order of vein were averaged for all species (the species being weighted equally, regardless of the number of interridge areas counted per species). **In parentheses after the name of each genus is indicated the number of interridge areas examined of all species. TABLE 16 NUMBERS OF COMMISSURES WITHIN 120 mm? OF LAMINA, AWAY FROM COSTAE* SPECIES NUMBER OF COMMISSURES A. pycnantha 10 Ca. palmata 31 Cy. bipartitus 31 D.. crinitum 47 FE. funifer 12 L. lancifolia 10 Sch. chorianthum 45 Sph. killipii 10 St. stylaris 14-15 T. bissectus 6 *Branches of commissures were counted as separate commissures. For example, in acase where a commissure became divided into two parts at one end, the undivided portion and its two products were interpreted to represent a total of two commissures. ACKNOWLEGMENTS Initial stages of this study were done under a postdoctoral fellowship provided by the Cabot Foundation, Harvard Univer- sity, and a concomitant appointment at the Fairchild Tropical Garden, Miami, Florida. Funds were also obtained from National Science Foundation grants BSR-82-10618, 78-04731, and GB31844X. Additional support for travel came from the Atkins Funds and Cabot Foundation of Harvard University and the Research Board of the University of Illinois at Chicago Circle. I am deeply grateful to Dr. P. B. TOMLINSON of Harvard University for his invaluable help, rendered on numerous occa- sions. I am indebted, too, to Dr. GUNNAR HARLING of the University of Goteborg for his encouragement and help in identi- fying virtually all of the species presently studied. I also express deep appreciation to the following individuals and institutions for their assistance during this investigation: Dr. JOHN POPENOE and the Fairchild Tropical Garden; Dr. ROBERT DRESSLER and the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Dr. R. A. 132 OWEN, Mr. RAMNARINE PERSAUD and the Forest Depart- ment of the Republic of Guyana; Dr. OMAWALE and the Uni- versity of Guyana; Dr. JAIRO CORREA, Dr. JAIME RIVERA CASTRO, and the Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellin; Dr. ALVARO FERNANDEZ-PEREZ, Dr. ENRIQUE FORERO, and the Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota; Dr. ENRIQUE HERNANDEZ and the Universidad de Narifio, Pasto, Colombia; Dr. CIRO A. VALOYES, sectional head of Inderena, Quibdo, Colombia; Dr. JULIAN STEYERMARCK, Dr. GILBERTO MORILLO, Dr. ANGIL GONZALES, and the Instituto Botanico, Caracas, Venezuela; Dr. BASSETT MAGUIRE and the New York Botanical Garden; Dr. RICHARD SCHULTES and the Gray Herbarium, Harvard University, Mr. TOMAS QUIONES, mayor of Puerto Narifio, Colombia; Dr. WILLIAM BURGER and the Field Museum of Natural History. In addition, the following individuals provided indispensable assistance: Mrs. REBECCA WILDER; Mr. JAIME MORENO; Mr. DENNIS MAGEE; Mr. EDUARDO CALDERON; MR. DANIEL HARRIS; Mrs. HELEN WOODEN; Mr. JEFFREY VINCENT; Ms. DOROTHY SMITH; and IGNACIO, AL- VARO, CAROLYN, and DIEGO VILLA. Mr. WILLIAM ORMEROD duplicated my color transparencies with black-and- white film, and prepared prints; he also made the original photo- graphs of specimens in figs. 1-4 in Wilder (in press d). LITERATURE CITED Tomlinson, P. B., and G. J. Wilder. 1984. Systematic anatomy of Cyclan- thaceae (Monocotyledoneae) — an overview. Bot. Gaz.: in press. Wilder, G. J. Anatomy of noncostal portions of lamina in the Cyclanthaceae (Monocotyledoneae). /. Epidermis. Bot. Gaz.: in press a. Anatomy of noncostal portions of lamina in the Cyclanthaceae (Monocotyledoneae). //. Regions of mesophyll, monomorphic and dimor- phic ordinary parenchyma cells, mesophyll fibers, and parenchyma-like dead cells. Bot. Gaz.: in press b. Anatomy of noncostal portions of lamina in the Cyclanthaceae (Monocotyledoneae). ///. Crystal sacs, periderm, and boundary layers of the mesophyll. Bot. Gaz.: in press c. Anatomy of noncostal portions of lamina in the Cyclanthaceae (Monocotyledoneae). /V. Veins of interridge areas, expansion tissue, and adaxial and abaxial ridges. Bot. Gaz.: in press d. 133 ae BOTANICAL MUSEUM LEAFLETS HARVARD UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS SUMMER 1985 VoL. 30 No. 3 THE INDIGENOUS PALM FLORA OF “LAS GAVIOTAS,” COLOMBIA, INCLUDING OBSERVATIONS ON LOCAL NAMES AND USES MICHAEL J. BALICK This flora describes the palms found in the gallery forests of “Tas Gaviotas,” Colombia, located in the Comisaria del Vichada. The region is of interest for three major reasons. Firstly, its plants are typical of the Orinoco drainage area of the Colombian Llanos, which serves as a bridge between the Amaz- onian and Orinoco floras. Secondly, the actual site of “Las Gaviotas” is an experimental center for, among other things, developing technologies for colonization of the Llanos. Lastly, the palms play an important role in the everyday lives of the Guahibo Indians inhabiting this territory. This ethnobotanical usage has been discussed in detail in another paper (Balick, 1980a). A number of other palm species are found in gallery forests and open savannas of the vast Llanos region of Colombia and Venezuela. The present work is, therefore, intended as a basis for comparative studies, as well as a foundation upon which further botanical studies may be carried out. Botanical Museum Leaflets (ISSN 0006-8098). Published quarterly by the Botanical Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138. Subscription: $40.00 a year, net, postpaid. Orders should be directed to Secretary of Publications at the above address. Second-Class Postage Paid at Boston, Massachusetts. Published February 14, 1986. ea amar f . me Say Vy ayy \ >» 3 7 2 Plate 22. Astrocaryum munbaca, alow growing but stemmed member of this genus. Reproduced from Wallace (1853) where it is referred to as A. gynacan- thum Mart. 25 aC Plate 23. Astrocaryum acaule, a stemless palm, found in drier areas of the gallery forest, also reproduced from Wallace (1853). PLATE 24 Plate 24. Socratea exhorriza growing in an open area of gallery forest. Z} PLATE 2) Plate 25. Jessenia bataua, here occuring as a solitary specimen having been protected near a stream, but usually found in dense stands in seasonally inun- dated areas. 28 PLALE 26 Plate 26. Oencocarpus bacaba, usually found in drier sites, here among young second-growth vegetation. PLATE 27 ~ 2 SS cs . Plate 27. Oencarpus mapora, occuring either in a caespitose or solitary habit. Here the caespitose form is shown, preserved in an agricultural field cleared of gallery forest for maize and cassava cultivation. 30 PLATE 28 Plate 28. Maximiliana maripa growing along the margins of the gallery forest. PLATE 29 Plate 29. Syagrus inajai, common in the transition zone between gallery forest and savanna, and frequently also seen scattered in areas of pure savanna close to the gallery forest. Solitary palm in the upper right hand corner is Euterpe precatoria. PLATE 30 "4 eS \ a om, a ba ge aN Plate 30. Euterpe precatoria, found scattered throughout the gallery forest, and forming small groups of individuals in moist areas. ‘ Ww w vt PLATE 31 Plate 31. Geonoma deversa, the smallest palm in the “Las Gaviotas” area. Shown here is 1. Cabrera R. no. 2406. BOTANICAL MUSEUM LEAFLETS VoL. 30, No. 3 SUMMER 1985 A NOTE ON THE IDENTITY AND TYPIFICATION OF GLOSSORHYNCHA KEYSSERI SCHLTR. WALTER KITTREDGE The purpose of this article is to clarify the identity of two closely related species of the genus Glossorhyncha which have been confused in recent literature. During the course of an investigation into the subgeneric lim- its of the genus Glossorhyncha s.1., it was necessary to examine the type specimens of the nomenclatural types of the genera belonging to the subtribe Glomerinae. While studying the type of one of these genera, Giulianettia tenuis Rolfe, it became apparent that there were two distinct species combined by van Royen within the circumscription of G. tenuis in his Alpine Flora of New Guinea. Through a study of the original descrip- tions in this group it became evident that the second species had already been described as Giulianettia Keysseri by Schlecter in 1919. This latter species was subsequently transferred to G/os- sorhyncha by van Royen and neotypified in his flora. His choice of Womersley NGF 24808 for the neotype of G. Keysseri is unfortunate because it does not agree with the details of Schlec- ter’s original description. The flowers of G. Keysseri were de- scribed as having recurved sepals 13 mm. long and a lip blade broadly rhombic, 3 X 3 mm. with a filiform spur. The clinan- drium was stated to be low and obtuse, while the bracts were noted as being equal in length. The plant was characterized as having a slender growth habit. van Royen’s neotype does not exhibit any of these characters. Womersley’s plant is very stout with much larger flowers. The sepals are not recurved, the lip blade is larger, 7 * 6 mm. with a stout spur, and the clinandrium is high and strongly crenulate. In addition, the inner bract is much longer than the outer one. Consequently, van Royen’s choice of a neotype for G. Keysseri must be rejected since it was 35 based on a misidentification. On the other hand, I find that Hartley 11235 from near the type locality agrees remarkably well with Schlecter’s original description; therefore I am selecting it as anew neotype. I have identified the Womersley specimen with G. subalpina van Royen extending its range eastward from the type station on Mt. Wilhelmina in Irian Java. 1d. Key To THE SPECIES Leaves subterete; outer bracts chartaceous, striate; flowers (5 Cac) | na eae ge ae ene ae ne Wee ae 1. G. tenuis Leaves flat; outer bracts thin, smooth; flowers flesh-colored re ee ee ee eee eer eee 2. G. Keysseri Glossorhyncha tenuis (Rolfe) van Royen, Fol. Geobot. Phy- totax. 9: 84, 1974. Basionym: Giulianettia tenuis Rolfe, Hook. Ic. Pl. 27: t. 2616, 1899. Holotype: Giulianetti s.n. (K). PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Central Prov.: Owen Stanley Range, Mt. Scratchley, 13200 ft., Giulianetti s.n. (K). Repeater Station, 11000 ft., Coode & Stevens NGF 46310 (AMES, E). Southwest slope of Mt. Albert-Edward, 3680 m., Brass 4331 (AMES, NY). West side, 3600 m., Brass 4250 (AMES, NY). Croft et al LAE 61391 (AMES, E). Nore: Fig. 208 of G. tenuis in The Alpine Flora of New Guinea is G. Keysseri. Glossorhyncha Keysseri (Schltr.) van Royen, Alp. Fl. New Guinea 2: 608, 1979. Basionym: Giulianettia Keysseri Schlitr., Fedde, Rep. 16: 216, 1919. Holotype: Keysser s.n. (B, destroyed). Neotype: Hartley 11235 (AMES) in hoc loco! PAPUA NEw Guinea. Central Prov.: Owen Stanley Range, above the Gap, 8000 ft., Carr 10471 (AMES, NY). Eastern Highlands Prov.: Chimbu Valley, Mt. Wilhelm, 8000 ft., Robbins 664 (AMES). Kombugomambuno, 3300 m., Bal- 36 gooy 503 (AMES). Vandenberg NGF 39635 (K). Morobe Prov.: Bakara, Mt. Sarawaket, 8500 ft., Hartley 12781 (AMES). 10000 ft., Hartley 11235 (AMES). Southern Highlands Prov.: South slope of Mt. Giluwe, 2550 m., Croft et al LAE 60735 (AMES). 11,500 ft., Vandenberg et al NGF 39764 (AMES, E). North slope of Mt. Kerewa, 3150 m., Kalkman 4803 (AMES). Note: Fig. 213 of van Royen’s neotype of G. Keysseri in The Alpine Flora of New Guinea is G. subalpina. 37 BOTANICAL MUSEUM LEAFLETS VoL. 30, No. 3 SUMMER 1985 ELSO STERRENBERG BARGHOORN 1915-1984 AN APPRECIATION REED C. ROLLINS Elso Sterrenberg Barghoorn, Fisher Professor of Natural His- tory, Harvard University, Cambridge, died of undetermined natural causes at his home in Carlyle, Massachusetts, January 22, 1984. He was born in New York City on June 30, 1915, and spent most of his early life in Dayton, Ohio. Barghoorn was a paleobotanist of considerable international stature who brought to the subject a multifaceted approach. He led away from the traditional field that had developed on the borderline between botany and geology, that concerned itself largely with the description of fossil plants and fossil floras, and too often oriented to aid geologists in the study of stratigraphic sequences and correlations. His interests and contributions ranged widely to include techniques of experimentation as well as historical and observational methods of research, and his subject matter was equally diverse. He treated paleobotany as an interdisciplinary field of science and in doing so stressed evolu- tionary theory, comparative morphology, organic geochemistry, historical geology, plant geography, and archeology. Elso Barghoorn was at the forefront of studies of the origin and antiquity of life on the earth. It was a bold move to recog- nize and point to evidence for the existence of structurally pre- served plants about one and a half billion years old in Precambrian rocks of the Canadian Shield which he did with Stanley Tyler in 1954. Just how bold can be judged by the fact that prior to this and subsequent evidence, most of the Precam- brian was regularly dismissed as being irrelevant as far as life on the earth was concerned. Since the first impact of the idea that life might have originated so far back in the earth’s history, research on Precambrian fossils has blossomed into a major 39 research effort and in a major way has been led by Barghoorn and his students. Now we hear dates of three and one half billion years and the suggestion of even older dates for the origin of life. At the same time he was looking for cells and microorganisms in those ancient rocks, Elso was also looking for evidence of organic compounds that might have had their origin from living organisms. In this he was following a natural spin-off from his earlier interest in the degradation of organic materials by living micro-organisms, a study in which he was engaged during World War II under the auspices of the Office of Scientific Research and Development and assigned to the Quartermaster Corps of the United States Army. Elso Barghoorn might very well have been a systematic bota- nist had his early inclinations been followed. During his under- graduate years, he worked as a student in the herbarium at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, where he received an A.B. with honor in 1937. In applying to Harvard University for grad- uate study, he corresponded with M. L. Fernald, expressing his desire to do his thesis in taxonomic botany. He wrote Fernald, “For some time I have been interested in the Ericaceae as a group, and in particular those of the north-eastern United States.” However, when he did come to Harvard in the fall of 1937, he at first elected to study developmental morphology under R. H. Wetmore who, upon learning of Elso’s deep interest in cell and wood structure, suggested the appropriate person to work with would be I. W. Bailey. Thus the sponsorship through his graduate years was influenced and Bailey became his major professor. From Harvard, he received an A.M. degree in 1938 and a Ph.D. in 1941. After a summer on a Sheldon Fellowship at Harvard’s Atkins Garden and Research Laboratory in Cienfuegos, Cuba, Elso accepted an instructorship at Amherst College, Amherst, Mas- sachusetts, beginning in the fall of 1941. One of his duties was to oversee the care of the college herbarium. He became an Assist- ant Professor in 1944, but was given a leave of absence to engage in war research almost immediately. After the war he became Assistant Professor at Harvard (1946-1949), Associate Profes- 40 sor (1949-1955) and Professor (1955-1973). In 1973, he was appointed to the famous professorship (Fisher Professor of Natural History) first held by Asa Gray and successively by M. L. Fernald, F. L. Hisaw, Paul C. Mangelsdorf, and Frank L. Carpenter. He served as Curator of the Paloebotanical Collec- tions of the Botanical Museum, beginning in 1948, and by invi- tation he was a member of the faculty of the Department of Geology of the University from 1946 onward. Tracing Barghoorn’s botanical career shows connections between a series of diverse disciplines that cannot but evoke admiration for the man who was able to encompass such a broad spectrum of scientific endeavor. His early studies on xylem rays in conifers and dicotyledons found an outlet in a fortuitous and innovative piece of work that helped to restore the early colonial Saugus Iron Works in Saugus, Massachusetts, which has now become a United States National Monument. The problem was how to restore half-decomposed wood which had been buried in muck and peat for several hundred years to a state where it could be safely used in the reconstruction. His ingenuity in cleaning the material with a mild acid and embed- ding the remaining tissue with parafin on a grand scale and over a relatively long period eventually allowed the restoration to proceed. Elso liked challenges brought from the work-a-day world. His analysis of wood fragments from an Indian fishweir uncovered by excavations for a tall building in Boston showed that the fishweir was in operation over 2,500 years ago. I will always remember the enthusiasm he showed when several husky students lugged to him a heavy rounded chunk of partially dete- riorated material that had been dug up during construction near the Charles River. It had the marks of a real mystery. But it wasn’t long before he had determined that the material had a high carbon content and other characteristics leading to an indi- cation that it was a latex of some sort. Further investigation proved it to be rubber and the object turned out to be a big ball of rubber latex still unrefined and probably in the mold it had been received from the Brazilian jungles by a rubber factory. In these instances, he was looking at recently buried materials but 4] he often became concerned with those of archeological age and older. He utilized these to examine the changes in sea level along the New England coast and later, after studying salt marshes, brought a wide range of data to bear on the problem of sea level changes on the coast of eastern North America. When fossil and archeological material of maize became available from explora- tion and deep core drilling for the Mexico City subway system, it was almost a given that Barghoorn would become involved to help evaluate the findings. With Paul Manglesdorf, the maize specialist, cheering on the sidelines, Elso and his students brought the evidence from ancient maize and its relatives to bear on the problem of the origins of maize itself. Interwoven with his work on archeological materials were studies linking recent fos- sils to climatic change and the nature of paleoclimates. The Brandon Lignite, an early tertiary coal, found on a site near Brandon, Vermont, was known for a long time as a rich source of fossil angiosperm fruits and seeds. But Elso felt that the deposit had not been adequately explored. The old quarry where the original discoveries were made was abandoned years ago and became grown over to a substantial degree. Relocating the deposit was a challenge that consumed a whole summer of drilling. When he was about to give up on the project, Elso and his assistants discovered they had been walking over the deposit much of the summer. Besides his own research on it, the material extracted from the Brandon site has provided the basis for sev- eral Ph.D. theses by Barghoorn’s students, and has contributed substantially to our knowledge of tertiary plants. The relation- ship of these to the present flora of southeastern North America is a truly remarkable story. The genius of Barghoorn’s insights in revealing the presence and nature of the earth’s most ancient life cannot be denied, but it is interesting to speculate as to whether such discoveries would have been made had he not had the special combination of talents he actually possessed. Here was a man trained under a superb microscopist and rigorous scientist, I. W. Bailey, who almost literally embodied the sentiments of inquiry, and was a strong influence on his student. Thus, Elso himself became an 42 excellent microscopist, and fortunately, at the same time he added many aspects of organic chemistry to his mastery of tech- nical procedures. Then early in his career, he became involved in microbial deterioration of organic substances during which he was forced to become intimately acquainted with a long list of diverse microorganisms. Incidentally, it was during this period that he proved, despite the sceptics, that certain marine microorganisms were involved in wood decay. At any rate, he was uniquely prepared to recognize evidence of organic substan- ces in very old Precambrian rocks and when he looked for orga- nisms that might have been responsible, he naturally was look- ing on the microscopic level. His laboratory prowess in produc- ing thin sections and handling other procedures connected with the preparation of suitable microscope slides were happily com- bined with his other talents to give the net results that are now evident. Barghoorn’s contributions to botany will stand on their own merits and I am in no position to give a critical evaluation of them. But looking at Elso as a colleague, I always viewed him as having a very original mind, and possessed of a great breadth of knowledge that was accurate to a degree where accuracy for its own sake was a noticeable component of his make-up. He had a tremendous enthusiasm for science and pursued his own area by ably planning research that often coordinated with related fields. His broad botanical interests and experience and an indefatiga- ble industry led to substantial accomplishments on a broad front. Although one of my colleagues lamented, “It has taken a long time for botanists and paleobotanists in particular to appreciate his ability and contributions, but he is now so highly regarded by geologists, chemists, and other scientists that they can no longer brush him aside,” I do not feel he has been seriously overlooked. After all, he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1967 and was awarded the Botanical Society of America Certificate of Merit in 1968. Jointly with his student, J. W. Schopf, he was presented the New York Botanical Garden Award in 1966, “.. .for outstanding contribu- tions to the fundamental aspects of botany.” In 1968 he was awarded the Hayden Memorial Geological Award of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and in 1972, the National Academy of Sciences awarded him the Charles Doolit- tle Wolcott Medal for research in Precambrian life. Of course, Elso’s most enduring memorial rests with his students and close associates whom he tutored in the rigors of scientific thought and methodology. Many of these are strategically placed in posi- tions where they have made or are making their own impact in the field that he had a large hand in rejuvinating. (Based on report in Taxon 33:557-560, 1984.) 44 PLATE 32 _% ae Plate 32. Elso Sterrenberg Barghoorn. Courtesy of Harvard University News Office. 45 BOTANICAL MUSEUM LEAFLETS VoL. 30, No. 3 SUMMER 1985 NOTES FROM THE AMES ORCHID HERBARIUM LESLIE A. GARAY AND WALTER KITTREDGE During the last five years in discharging curatorial duties, it has been the practice in the Ames Orchid Herbarium to accumu- late nomenclatorial notes about species which have been found wrongly classified, albeit the actual nomenclatorial transfers are still wanting publication. The following nomenclatorial transfers were mostly accumulated during the systematic reorganization of the whole Orchid Herbarium. The impetus to publish these findings is primarily derived from the publication of the genus Hapalochilus Senghas, in 1978, a segregate from Bulbophyllum Thou. The genus is, indeed, a well circumscribed one, but unfor- tunately only the type of the genus was originally transferred. In the meantime Hapalochilus was also treated as part of the Bulbophyllum-complex in the 3rd and revised edition of Schlech- ter, Die Orchideen, in 1983, without any further transfers or additions to the genus. Since Hapalochilus is a good genus, it appeared advisable to separate out the remaining 65 species in the herbarium which were scattered among the some 1,200 spe- cies in the genus Bulbophyllum. We wish to emphasize that these transfers are not routine rubber-stampings, but are the results of individual investigations of actual types or records of types. The genera and species are arranged alphabetically. Amitostigma keiskeoides (Gagnep.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Habernaria keiskeoides Gagnep. in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 78: 71, 1931. The genus Amitostigma is new to Vietnam Beadlea Pringlei (S. Wats.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Spiranthes Pinglei S. Wats. in Proc. Amer. Acad. 26: 153, 1891. 47 In the generic revision of the Spiranthinae by Garay, Spi- ranthes Pringlei was listed erroneously as being a synonym of Beadlea saccata (Rich. & Gal.) Garay. It is 8. Pringlei var. minor Greenm. which is the synonym rather than the species. Didymoplexis pachystomoides (F. Muell.) Garay & Kittr., comb, nov. Basionym: Pogonia pachystomoides F. Muell., Fragm. Phyt. Austr. 8: 174, 1874. Syn.: Nervilia pachystomoides (F. Muell.) Schltr. in Engl., Bot. Jahrb. 45: 404, 1911. Judging from the record of the type, this species, known only from the type, is unquestionably referable to Didymoplexis. The genus is new to Australia. Diplolabellum confluens (Hand.-Mazt.) Garay & Kittr., stat. nov. Basionym: Oreorchis patens var. confluens Hand.-Mazt., Symb. Sinic. 7(2): 1353, 1936. The convergent, V-shaped callus on the lip clearly refers this species to the genus Diplolabellum Maekawa. Epicranthes BI. The unique branching habit of the rhizome which is covered with silvery grayish sheaths and the very dactylate petals with movable ornaments readily separates this genus from Bulbo- phyllum. The following species comprise this old genus estab- lished in 1825. Epicranthes abbrevilabia (Carr) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum abbrevilabium Carr in Gard. Bull. S. S. 7: 18, 1932. Epicranthes adangensis (Seidenf.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum adangense Seidenf. in Dansk Bot. Ark. 33(3): 37, 1979. Epicranthes annamensis Guillaum. in Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. Paris, ser. 2, 28: 486, 1956. 48 Epicranthes cheiropetalum (Ridl.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum cheiropetalum Ridl. in Kew Bull. 477, 1926. Syn.: Bulbophyllum manipetalum J. J. Sm. in Fedde, Rep. 36: 117, 1934. Epicranthes chlororhopalon (Schitr.) Garay & Kittr., comb. noy. Basionym: Bulbophyllum chlororhopalon Schltr. in Fedde, Rep. Beih. 1: 881, 1913. Epicranthes cimicina (J. J. Verm.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum cimicinum J. J. Verm. in Selbyana 7: 20, 1982. Epicranthes conchophylla (J. J. Sm.) Garay & Kittr., comb, nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum conchophyllum J. J. Sm. in Fedde, Rep. 11: 133, 1912. Epicranthes Corneri (Carr) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum Corneri Carr in Gard. Bull. S.S. 7: 16, 1932. Epicranthes decarhopalon (Schitr.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum decarhopalon Schltr. in Fedde, Rep. Beih. 1: 880, 1913. Epicranthes javanica BI., Bijdr. pt. 7: 307, Tab. fig. 9, 1825. Syn: Bulbophyllum Epicrianthes Hook. f., Fl. Br. Ind. 5: 753, 1890. Bulbophyllum javanicum var. sumatranum J. J. Sm. in Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 2: 85, 1920. Bulbophyllum Epicrianthes var. sumatranum (J. J. ho 21 ee ae Verm. in Selbyana 7: 20, 1982. Epicranthes flavofimbriata (J. J. Sm.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum flavofimbriatum J. J. Sm. in Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 11: 143, 1931. 49 Epicranthes Haniffii (Carr) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum Haniffii Carr in Gard. Bull. S. S. 7: 20, 1932. Epicranthes heterorhopalon (Schitr.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum heterorhopalon Schltr. in Fedde, Rep. Beith. 1: 882, 1913. Epicranthes hexarhopalon (Schitr.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum hexarhopalon Schltr. in Engl., Bot. Jahrb. 39: 83, 1906. Epicranthes hirudinifera (J. J. Verm.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum hiridiniferum J. J. Verm. in Sel- byana 7: 24, 1982. Epicranthes Johannulii (J. J. Verm.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum Johannulii J. J. Verm. in Selbyana 7: 22, 1982. Epicranthes macrorhopalon (Schitr.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum macrorhopalon Schltr. in Fedde, Rep. Beih. 1: 882, 1913. Epicranthes mobilifilum (Carr) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum mobilifilum Carr in Gard. Bull. S. S. 5: 7, 1929, Epicranthes octorhopalon (Seidenf.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum octorhopalon Seidenf. in Bot. Tidsskr. 70(1): 88, 1975. Epicranthes papillosofilum (Carr) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum papillosofilum Carr in Gard. Bull. S.S. 5:9, 1929. Epicranthes phymatum (J. J. Verm.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum phymatum J. J. Verm. in Selbyana 7222, 1982, 50 Epicranthes psilorhopalon (Schitr.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum psilorhopalon Schltr. in Fedde, Rep. Beih. 1: 881, 1913. Epicranthes rigidifilum (J. J. Sm.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum rigidifilum J. J. Sm. in Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 2: 85, 1920. Epicranthes stenorhopalon (Schitr.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum stenorhopalon (as stenorhopalos) Schltr. in Fedde, Rep. 17: 380, 1921. Epicranthes trirhopalon (Schitr.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum trirhopalon Schltr. in Fedde, Rep. Beih. 1: 883, 1913. Epicranthes undecifila (J. J. Sm.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum undecifilum J. J. Sm. in Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 9: 51, 1927. Epicranthes vesiculosa (J. J. Sm.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum vesiculosum J.J. Sm. in Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 2, 25: 63, 1917. Hapalochilus (Schltr.) Senghas The characters of this genus are very distinct from those found in Bulbophyllum. The long, arcuate column is footless, tumid at base and the lip is adnate to it immovably; the clinandrium has lacerate ears. None of these characters are present in the genus Bulbophyllum. All of the Hapalochilus species are native to New Guinea with the exception of H. Jensenii which is described from the island of Ambon in the Indonesian Moluccas. Hapalochilus acanthoglossus (Schitr.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum acanthoglossum Schltr. in Fedde, Rep, Bein. 1: 727, 1913. Hapalochilus algidus (Ridl.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum algidum Ridl. in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. 9: 181, 1916. eo Hapalochilus alkmaarense (J. J. Sm.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum alkmaarense J. J. Sm. in Bull. Dept. Agric. Ind. Neerl. 45: 7, 1911. Hapalochilus alticola (Schitr.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum alticola Schltr. in Fedde, Rep. Beih. 7 t.. l2: Hapalochilus aristilabris (J. J. Sm.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum aristilabre J. J. Sm., in Fedde, Rep. 11: 278, 1912. Hapalochilus arfakense (J. J. Sm.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum arfakense J. J. Sm. in Gibbs, Contr., Phytog. & Fl. Arfak Mts. 122, 1917. Hapalochilus aureoapex (Schitr.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum aureoapex Schltr. in Fedde, Rep. Beih. 1: 723, 1913. Hapalochilus brevis (Schitr.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum breve Schltr. in Fedde, Rep. Beih. 1: 730, 1913. Hapalochilus callipes (J. J. Sm.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum callipes J. J. Sm. in Bull. Dept. Agric. Ind. Neerl. 19: 5, 1908. Hapalochilus caudatipetalum (J. J. Sm.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum caudatipetalum J. J. Sm. in Fedde, Rep. 12: 401, 1913. Hapalochilus chrysochilus (Schltr.) Garay & Kittr., comb. noy. Basionym: Bulbophyllum chrysochilum Schltr. in Fedde, Rep. Beih. I: 718, 1912. Hapalochilus chrysoglossus (Schltr.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum chrysoglossum Schltr. in Schum. & Lauterb, Nachtr. Fl. Deutsch. Schutzg. 198, 1905. Hapalochilus collinus (Schitr.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum collinum Schltr. in Fedde, Rep. Beih. 1: 73;, 1913. 52 Hapalochilus coloratus (J. J. Sm.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum coloratum J. J. Sm. in Bull. Dept. Agric. Ind. Neerl. 39: 2, 1911. Hapalochilus concavibasalis (van Royen) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum concavibasalis van Royen, Alp. Fl. N. Guinea 2: 167, 1979. Hapalochilus concolor (J. J. Sm.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum concolor J. J. Sm. in Bull. Sard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 2, 13: 66, 1914. Hapalochilus cruciatus (J. J. Sm.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum cruciatum J. J. Sm. in Bull. Dept. Agric Ind. Neerl. 45: 8, 1911. Syn.: Bulbophyllum immobile Schltr. in Fedde, Rep. Beih. I: 724, 1913. Hapalochilus cucullatus (Schltr.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum cucullatum Schltr. in Fedde, Rep. Beih. 1: 708, 1912. Hapalochilus cuniculiformis (J. J. Sm.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum cuniculiforme J. J. Sm. in Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser 2, 2: 16, 1911. Hapalochilus decurvulus (Schltr.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum decurvulum Schltr. in Fedde, Rep. Beit. 1: 716, 2912. Hapalochilus dolichoglottis (Schitr.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum dolichoglottis Schltr.in Fedde, Rep. Beih,. i: 715, 1912. Hapalochilus fasciatus (Schltr.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum fasciatum Schltr. in Fedde, Rep. Beih. 1: 713, 1912. Hapalochilus fibrinus (J. J. Sm.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum fibrinum J. J. Sm. in Fedde, Rep. 12: 402, 1913. 53 Hapalochilus formosus (Schltr.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum formosum Schltr. in Fedde, Rep. Beith. 1: 712, 1912. Hapalochilus frustrans (J. J. Sm.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum frustrans J. J. Sm. in Bull. Dept. Agric. Ind. Neerl. 45: 8, 1911. Hapalochilus geniculifer (J. J. Sm.) Garay & Kittr., comb. noy. Basionym: Bulbophyllum geniculiferum J. J. Sm. in Fedde, Rep. 11: 276, 1912. Hapalochilus gobiensis (Schlitr.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum gobiense Schltr. in Fedde, Rep. Beth. 1: 717, 1912 Hapalochilus holochilus (J. J. Sm.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum holochilum J. J. Sm. in Fedde, Rep. 11: 139, 1912. Hapalochilus humilis (Schltr.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum humile Schltr. in Fedde, Rep. Beih. 1: 730, 1913. Hapalochilus inclinatus (J. J. Sm.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum inclinatum J. J. Sm. in Nova Guin. 18: 57, 1934. Hapalochilus jadunae (Schitr.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum jadunae Schltr. in Fedde, Rep. Beth. 1: 720, 1912. Hapalochilus Jensenii (J. J. Sm.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum Jensenii J. J. Sm. in Bull. Jard, Buitenz, ser. 3, 8: 57, 1926. Hapalochilus kelelensis (Schltr.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum kelelense Schltr. in Fedde, Rep. Beith. 1: 722, 1913. Hapalochilus kermesinus (Ridl.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum kermesinum Ridl. in Journ. Bot. 24: 325, 1899. 54 Hapalochilus leontoglossus (Schitr.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum leontoglossum Schltr. in Fedde, Rep. Beih, 12 722, 1913. Hapalochilus leucorhodus (Schitr.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum leucorhodum Schltr. in Fedde, Rep. I: 724, 1913. Hapalochilus longilabris (Schltr.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum longilabre Schltr. in Fedde, Rep. Beih. 1: 714, 1912. Hapalochilus melinoglossus (Schltr.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum melinoglossum Schltr. in Fedde, Rep. Beih. 1: 721, 1913. Hapalochilus microrhombos (Schltr.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum microrhombos Schltr. in Fedde, Rep. Beih. 1: 719, 1912. Hapalochilus monosema (Schltr.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum monosema Schltr. in Fedde, Rep. Beih. 1: 727, 1913. Hapalochilus mutatus (J. J. Sm.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum mutatum J. J. Sm. in Nova Guin. 12: 368: 1916. Hapalochilus mystrochilus (Schltr.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum mystrochilum Schltr. in Fedde, Rep. Beith. 1: 721, 1913. Hapalochilus novae-hiberniae (Schltr.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum novae-hiberniae Schltr. in Schum. Lauterb., Nachtr. Fl. Deutsch. Schutzg. 211, 1905. Hapalochilus olorinus (J. J. Sm.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum olorinum J. J. Sm. in Fedde, Rep. [ie 27 7, F902. >) Hapalochilus oxyanthus (Schltr.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum oxyanthum Schltr. in Schum. & Lauterb., Nachtr. Fl. Deutsch. Schutzg. 213, 1905. Hapalochilus pemae (Schltr.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum pemae Schltr. in Fedde, Rep. Beih. 1: 725, 1913. Hapalochilus quadricaudatus (J. J. Sm.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum quadricaudatum J. J. Sm. in Bull. Dept. Agric. Ind. Neerl. 45: 10, 1911. Hapalochilus rectilabris (J. J. Sm.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum rectilabre J. J. Sm. in Fedde, Rep. 11: 277, 1912. Hapalochilus reflexus Garay & Kittr., nom. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum rhynchoglossum Schitr. in Fedde, Rep. Beth. 1: 716, 1912, not Schltr. 1910. Hapalochilus Scaphosepalum (Ridl.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum Scaphosepalum Ridl. in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. 9(1): 180, 1916. Hapalochilus schizopetalum (L. O. Wms.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum schizopetalum L. O. Wms. in Bot. Mus. Leafl. 12: 164, 1946. Hapalochilus scitulus (Ridl.) Garay & Kittr., comb. noy. Basionym: Bulbophyllum scitulum Ridl. in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. 9(1): 181, 1916. Hapalochilus scyphochilus (Schltr.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum scyphochilum Schitr. in Fedde, Rep. Beih. 1: 708, 1912. Hapalochilus speciosus (Schltr.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum speciosum Schltr. in Fedde, Rep. Beth. 1: 712, 1912. 56 Hapalochilus stabilis (J. J. Sm.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum stabile J. J. Sm. in Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 2, 2: 16, 1911. Hapalochilus stellula (Ridl.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum stellula Ridl. in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. 9(1): 182, 1916. Hapalochilus stenophyton Garay & Kittr., nom. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum stenophyllum Schltr. in Fedde, Rep. Beth. 1: 719, 1912, not Ridl. 1907. Hapalochilus stictanthus (Schltr.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum stictanthum Schltr. in Fedde, Rep. Beih. 1: 726, 1913. Hapalochilus striatus Garay & Kittr., nom. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum pulchrum Schltr. in Fedde, Rep. Beih. 1: 710, Dec. 1912, not J. J. Sm. Oct. 1912. Hapalochilus torricellensis (Schlitr.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum torricellense Schltr. in Fedde, Rep. Beih. |: 728, 1913. Hapalochilus trachyglossus (Schltr.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum trachyglossum Schltr. in Schum. & Lauterb., Nachtr. Fl. Deutsch. Schutzg. 217, 1905. Hapalochilus trigonocarpus (Schltr.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum trigonocarpum Schltr. in Schum. & Lauterb., Nachtr. Fl. Deutsch. Schutzg. 218, 1905. Hapalochilus warianus (Schitr.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum warianum Schltr. in Fedde, Rep. Bei, 12 726, 1913. Hapalochilus xanthoacron (J. J. Sm.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum xanthoacron J. J. Sm. in Bull. Dept. Agric. Ind. Neerl. 45: 10, 1911. a7 Hapalochilus xanthophaeus (Schitr.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Bulbophyllum xanthophaeum Schltr. in Fedde, Rep. Beith. 1: 729, 1913. Hymenorchis serrulata (Hallé) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Saccolabium serrulatum Hallé in Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. Paris ser. 3, Sect. B, Adans. 4: 410, 1981. The excellent illustrations by Dr. Hallé leaves no doubt that it is anew member of the genus Hymenorchis Schltr. The serrate leaves, the structure of the pollinia and the delicate white flowers among others are the characters upon which Schlechter based his genus. The species are basically native to New Guinea with the exception of H. javanica (T. & B.) Schltr. and H. Vanover- berghii (Ames) Garay from the Philippines. Hymenorchis serru- fata is surprisingly very close to H. javanica, rather than to any of the New Guinea species. Pleurothallis jalapensis (Krzl.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Masdevallia jalapensis Krz\. in Fedde, Rep. Beih. 34: 117, 1925. It is a mystery why Kraenzlin called this species a Masdeval- lia. It belongs to a small group of closely related species, but readily identifiable by the long acuminate, appressed bracts. The following species comprise this natural group: P. Liebmanniana Krzl., P. cobanensis Schltr., P. multirostris Rchb.f. and P. racemiflora (Sw.) Lindl. Sarcoglyphys potamophila (Schltr.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Sarcanthus potamophilus Schltr. in Fedde, Rep. 3: 279, 1907. Syn.: Cleisostoma potamophilum (Schltr.) Garay in Bot. Mus. Leafl. 23: 173, 1972. At the time when the genus Sarcoglyphys was established, the highly elevated anther bed has been overlooked in Schlechter’s drawing. The genus is new to Borneo. 58 Tainia ovalifolia (Ames & Schwenf.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Eulophia ovalifolia Ames & Schweinf. in Ames, Orchid. 6: 208, 1920. It is difficult to understand why this plant has been referred to the genus Eulophia. In floral details it approaches 7. hastata (Lindl.) Hook. f. from India which, however, is proportionately a much larger plant. Zeuxine ovata (Gaud.) Garay & Kittr., comb. nov. Basionym: Nervilia ovata Gaud. in Voy. Aut. Monde, Bot. 422, 1829. An examination of the type kept in Paris and a photographic record of it confirms Schlecter’s contention that this plant is a member of the Physurinae-complex. 59 BOTANICAL MUSEUM LEAFLETS VoL. 30, No. 3 SUMMER 1985 DE PLANTIS TOXICARIIS E MUNDO NOVO TROPICAL COMMENTATIONES XXXVI. A NOVEL METHOD OF UTILIZING THE HALLUCINOGENIC BANISTERIOPSIS. RICHARD EVANS SCHULTES The hallucinogen so widely employed in the western Amazon and along the Pacific coastal region of Colombia—-variously known as ayahuasca, caapi, natema, pindé or yajé—is almost exclusively prepared as a drink (Schultes: Bot. Mus. Leafl., Harvard Univ. 18 (1957) 1 —56). The basic ingredient is the bark of either Banisteriopsis Caapi or B. inebrians, two forest lianas of the Malpighiaceae which have psychoactive B-carboline alka- loids: harmine, harmaline and tetrahydoharmine. Frequently other plants are used as additives—a number of species in sundry families, some of which are known to contain various psychoactive principles (Rivier, L. et J.-E Lindgren: Econ. Bot. 26 (1972) 101-129). There are two plants, however, that are added to the drink over a wide area to increase and lengthen the intoxication: the leaves of Diplopteris Cabrerana (formerly known as Banisteriopsis Rusbyana) of the Malpighiaceae and the leaves of the rubiaceous Psychotria viridis (Schultes et Hof- mann: The Botany and Chemistry of Hallucinogens (Ed. 2, 1979) 163 -185; der Marderosian, A., H. V. Pinkley et M. F. Dobbins; Am. Journ. Pharm. 140 (1968) 137 -147). This malpighiaceous narcotic preparation has been studied by scores of botanists, ethnobotanists, anthropologists, pharma- cologists and phytochemists and its use reported by many tra- vellers and explorers for more than a century since the identification by the British plant explorer Richard Spruce who collected the type material of Banisteriopsis Caapi in 1851 61 (Spruce R. [Ed. A. R. Wallace] Notes of a Botanist on the Amazon and Andes 2 (1908) 413 -425). All reports have indi- cated that the bark is prepared as either a decoction or infusion and is ceremonially drunk. During a recent brief visit to Araracuara on the Rio Caqueta in the Comisaria del Amazonas of Colombia, it was discovered that the Witoto Indians, who cultivate Banisteriopsis Caapi, do not employ it as a drink but smoke the dried and crushed leaves and young bark. Although the Andoques, who live in the same area, apparently use Banisteriopsis as a drink, there is evidence not yet fully substantiated that they likewise smoke the drug; but their usual employment of it is as a drink (La Rotta: Univ. Nac., Colombia, Dept. Biologia, Corporacién de Araracuara, Ob- servaciones Etnobotanicas sobre Algunas Especies Utilizadas por la Comunidad Indigena Andoque (1983) 58 —59). Several juvenile, cultivated plants of Banisteriopsis Caapi were noted in the locality. Conversation with a knowledgeable Witoto medicine man indicated that leaves are dried, broken into small pieces and prepared in cigarette-form in pieces of the leaves of the Heliconia plant. It is smoked in ceremonies by medicine men for its vision-producing properties. It is never smoked with tobacco for, according to the Indians, the intoxica- tion produced would be extremely strong and long-lasting and would induce very unpleasant after-effects. The Witotos call Banisteriopsis Caapi oo’-na-oo. The An- doques recognize several “kinds” of the yajé liana, “according to the spirit of the animal that possesses the person who has initiated the taking of the drink: with ifiotaino ’, the person is transformed into a jaguar; with hapataino ’, into a boa: and with kadanytaino ’, into a hawk” (La Rotta: loc. cit.). The Witoto Indians are noteworthy in using biodynamic plants in ways that differ markedly from those of other neigh- bouring tribes in the northwestern Amazonia. Instead of preparing a psychoactive snuff from species of the myristicaceous Virola, for example, they—together with their neighbours, the Boras—prepare pellets or “pills” from the resin- like exudate of the bark of several species of Virola for halluci- 62 nogenic purposes (Schultes: Bot. Mus. Leafl., Harvard Univ. 22 (1969) 229-240; Schultes, Swain et Plowman: loc. cit. 25 (1977) 259-272).; Aboriginally, instead of smoking tobacco commu- nally, they consume it, together with coca, as a thick liquid called ambil which they smear on the upper gums (Schultes: Agric. Trop. No. 9 (1945) 19-22). Many other aspects of the ethnopharmacological use of plants amongst the Witotos sug- gest that their pharmacopeal knowledge is extensive and distinct. Banisteriopsis Caapi (Spr. ex Griseb.) Morton in Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci 21 (1931) 486. CoLomBIA: Comisaria del Amazonas, Rio Caqueta, Araracuara, “Cultivated by Witoto Indians. Leaves pulverized and smoked as hallucinogen. July 1985. R. E. Schultes sine num. Sterile voucher specimens were collected. They were deter- mined by Schultes as representing Banisteriopsis Caapi, an identification confirmed by William Anderson. Voucher speci- mens have been deposited in the Herbario Nacional de Colom- bia, in the Economic Herbarium of Oakes Ames, Harvard University and in the Herbarium of the University of Michigan. BOTANICAL MUSEUM LEAFLETS HARVARD UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS FALL 1986 VoL. 30 No. 4 THE GENUS DIMERANDRA EMLY S. SIEGERIST For many years the genus Epidendrum was regarded as an enigmatic one, because of the excessively large numbers of heterogenous elements which have been indiscriminately assigned to it. It was not until the early years of the twentieth century that systematists gave a closer look at the various structures found within this great complex of some 1200 species. It was during such an examination in 1922 when Schlechter realized that the very old Epidendrum stenopetalum together with a few similar plants, indeed, do represent such a divergence in salient features from the type species of Epidendrum that they warrant their own recognition at the generic level. Thus, the genus Dimeran- dra was proposed in conjunction with a new species from Panama. Dimerandra initially had a very short span of life, because the American botanists quickly labeled Schlechter as a bona fide splitter. Perhaps, it is understandable that such an attitude should have developed. In a closely knit group of plants, even though the individuals may represent different species, to a casual onlooker they easily appear to be mere variants of one another. The basic principle of design of similarity in dissimilar- ity manifested in nature, however, does not depend upon whether one is being a splitter or lumper, but rather upon one’s Botanical Museum Leaflets (ISSN 0006-8098). Published quarterly by the Botanical Museum, Har- vard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138. Subscription: $40.00 a year, net, postpaid. Orders should be directed to Secretary of Publications at the above address. Second-Class Postage Paid at Boston, Massachusetts. Published June 30, 1986. 199 ability to recognize the very elements of diversity within a uni- fied complex. Schlechter must have been aware of the problem of this diver- sity within unity, but he fell short in giving the actual details as he perceived them to be present within the whole Epidendrum complex. Indeed, the general structure of the column, the pecu- liar, externally keeled, erect columnar ears or lobes which are the extension of the clinandrium, the totally hidden, persistent anther, are all characters not duplicated within the genus Epi- dendrum. Perhaps plants of Oerstedella can be considered to be somewhat analogous to Dimerandra in columnar structures in as much as both have a cryptic anther. An examination of the constituent species of Dimerandra brought several interesting points to the foreground. Epiden- drum stenopetalum, one of the original species assigned by Schlechter to the genus, is described from Jamaica, but the spe- cies is unknown in the West Indies. Unfortunately, the type specimen is no longer extant. Therefore, our information has to come from the published plate, t.3410, of the Botanical Maga- zine, which is part of the original protologue. This drawing, originally made from a living specimen grown in the Glasgow Botanic Garden, shows a perfectly rhombic lip; yet none of the collections which I have examined correspond to that configura- tion. Reichenbach, however, had seen the type before it disap- peared and, as was his practice, he made a drawing of the flower. This drawing also shows a lip which I have not encountered among the numerous specimens examined. There is a remote possibility that my new D. Jatipetala from Nicaragua may represent the missing D. stenopetala, because vegetatively the plants are identical. The discrepancies, however, found in the morphology of the petals, lip and of the columnar ears, as far as the available informations are concerned, do not permit their union. Dimerandra buenaventurae had a remarkable beginning. While Kraenzlin was monographing the genus Telipogon, in 1919, he found a single unattached flower in the Reichenbach Herbarium, which he, in spite of the unusual characters for a Telipogon, described as a new member of that genus. Garay in 200 1964 noted that it was an Epidendrum of the E. stenopetalum complex. This flower turned out to be not only distinct, but unique in the sense that the lip is completely free from the base of the column. Perhaps one of the most intriguing puzzles comes from the pen of Reichenbach, when, in 1862, he listed Jsochilus elegans Focke for the first time as a straight synonym of Epidendrum stenopetalum. Focke’s material is kept at Utrecht, but all of their orchid specimens were on loan to Berlin during World War II, where they all succumbed during the fatal bombing when most of the Berlin herbarium was destroyed. Isochilus elegans, how- ever, was not on loan because no one knew of its existence. Cogniaux did not cite it in his treatise on Brazilian orchids and Pulle did not in his Flora of Surinam, the country of origin of the species. The only person who must have seen the type beside Focke was Reichenbach. Incidentally, it should be mentioned here that Reichenbach had a very good rapport with Focke, having received from him either drawings or specimens or both of most of his species. [sochilus elegans, however, was not among them. Reichenbach’s well-established practice of search- ing out types described by other botanists must have led him to Focke’s collections in Utrecht. When I borrowed the holdings of the Epidendrum stenopetalum complex from Utrecht, there was only a single old sheet among them with the original old mount- ing due to the above-mentioned loss. This particular sheet has a label with Epidendrum stenopetalum written in Reichenbach’s hand. This was attested by Dr. Garay, one of the few who can read Reichenbach’s handwriting. An examination of this sheet, which fortunately still had a flower in perfect condition, has shown the characters completely matching and agreeing, includ- ing the measurements, with Focke’s original description of [so- chilus elegans! Therefore, it seems reasonable to consider it to be the long unrecognized holotype of [sochilus elegans. In as much as none of Focke’s original material at Utrecht bears annotation labels in Focke’s handwriting, this specimen, because of lack of an original annotation, did escape the fire at Berlin. Due to the recent practices among botanists who fail to rec- ognize the principle of diversity in similarity, every specimen in 201 the Dimerandra complex came to be called Dimerandra emargi- nata, since the oldest basionym, published in 1818, was Onci- dium emarginatum. As was stated above, the plants of Dimerandra look quite different from the genus Epidendrum from which they were segregated. Vegetatively they are similar in appearance to another small group of plants originally described by Lindley as a dis- tinct genus under the name of Gastropodium. Both groups have the more or less thickened stems which, especially in dried con- dition, become prominently sulcate or furrowed longitudinally. The flower structure of these two groups is, however, quite dif- ferent. Ames, Schweinfurth and Hubbard in their monographic study of the genus Epidendrum in Central America placed Epi- dendrum stenopetalum together with those species which now comprise the genus Barkeria. Such a choice obviously served some practical solution in preparing a key for identification rather than expressing actual relationships. Attention must be called to one of the remarkable aspects of Dimerandra flowers, the random lobation occuring in the petals and the lip. This must be emphasized because I have seen lips of individual flow- ers where lobation may occur so symmetrically that the actual blade appears to be three-lobed, yet such a character may not be present on the second flower of the same plant. Members of the genus occupy a considerable area of the American tropics, ranging from Mexico through Central Amer- ica to northern and western South America, including the Ori- noco and Amazonian basins. They are conspicuously absent from the West Indian Islands. Two species, D. elegans and D. emar- ginata, have the widest distribution; their pattern of variability in both vegetative and floral structures appear to be directly proportional to the geographic area they inhabit. The remaining species are rather restricted either in area or in frequency or both. Dimerandra emarginata, although described originally from Guayana, is most common in Central America, from Mex- ico to Chiriqui, in Panama. One of the most interesting charac- ter separations in the shape of the petals occurs on both sides of the isthmus of Panama. Plants with lanceolate-elliptic petals 202 (i.e., widest in the middle) occur in the Central American part of the range (formerly called Epidendrum lamellatum Lindl.), while those with obovate-oblanceolate petals (i.e., widest in the upper third) are known from the South American mainland. This same character separation in the shape of the petals is manifested also in D. elegans, albeit the Central American range does not seem to extend beyond the Chiriqui mountains. For these restricted Panamaniam plants with obovate-oblanceolate petals, the name D. isthmii Schltr. was once proposed. It is quite probable that we are dealing here with a group of plants which currently undergo incipient divergence or speciation on both sides of the isthmus of Panama. Unfortunately the information so far available does not afford a more decisive conclusion. Another species closely related to this complex is D. buenaven- turae which appears to be limited in distribution almost entirely to the Cauca and Magdalena valleys. Dimerandra Rimbachii and D. tenuicaulis are both endemics in western Ecuador, espe- cially along the coastal lowlands. Dimerandra carnosiflora here described is the southernmost in distribution, known only from Peru and the adjacent Brazilian border areas. Dimerandra latipetala is unique in floral characters and is essentially limited to Nicaragua and Panama west of the isthmus. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am ever so grateful for the cooperation shown by the cura- tors of the many herbaria who have so very kindly loaned the materials necessary for this study. My thanks also to the many institutions whose directors have given freely of their considera- ble knowledge to assist me in this endeavor. An especial note of appreciation is due to Dr. Leslie A. Garay, Curator of the Oakes Ames Orchid Herbarium, for his many hours of patient assistance and his generous sharing of the her- barium’s specimens as well as giving free access to his own pri- vate files. Without his expertise and unfailingly excellent advice, this paper would not have been possible. 203 Dimerandra Schltr. in Fedde, Rep. Beih. 17: 43, 1922. Sepals similar, spreading; lateral sepals oblique; all more or less linear-lanceolate, acuminate. Petals spreading, more or less rhombic to elliptic, often along one side the margin lobulate; lip either free to base or laterally adnate basally to column, then with a cuneate-flabellate blade; disc under column with a callus of imbricating lamellae in three rows; on each side there is an additional callose ridge. Column short, somewhat arcuate, with two prominent lobes to the clinandrium, both of which are externally keeled. Anther incumbent, small, completely hidden within the lobes of the clinandrium, longitudinally septate. Pol- linia four, compressed, inappendiculate. Ovary slender, pedi- cellate. Epiphytic plants; roots flexuous, glabrous; stems caespitose, erect, fleshy, leafy throughout, completely covered with thin, imbricating leafsheaths, dry or old canes striate-sulcate; leaves subcoriaceous, oblong-linear to ligulate, sessile, articulate with leaf-sheaths; inflorescence terminal, 1-3, very short, l-, 2-flow- ered; flowers showy. LectTotyPe: Epidendrum Rimbachii Schltr., in hoc loco! Eight species distributed in Central America, from Mexico to Panama, in northern and western tropical South America, from the Guayanas to Peru, and along the edges of the Amazonian Hyalea. KEY TO SPECIES 1. Flowers fleshy; petals broadly elliptic; fleshy ridges flanking calli forked; column-ears ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ..... eee er eee ee ree re re erate D. carnosiflora la. Flowers delicate in texture; petals rhombic to lanceolate; fleshy ridges flanking calli undivided; column-ears rectangu- laf 10 (aNsSVersely OUIONS . acsc5 ck odvees eeeesedKndeeeas 2 2. Lip from a broad base abruptly rhombic to obtrapeziform in outline, widest at or below the base .................. 3 2a. Lip from a narrowly cuneate-unguiculate base obverse in outline, widest above the middle ....................05- 4 204 3a. 4a. oa: 6a. Ta. Petals obovate-oblanceolate; lip rhombic to obscurely 3- lobed, lateral lobes rounded, midlobe terminal, transversely quadrate-oblong, truncate in front ......... D. stenopetala Petals broadly rhombic; lip obtrapeziform, sinuously bilobed in front with a small apicule ................. D. latipetala Lip free to base, bilobed to retuse; callus without a central row Of lamellae; anther with three horn-like protuberances TT ere ee eee er eee ree D. buenaventurae Lip laterally adnate to base of column; entire or subtrun- cate to somewhat retuse; callus with a central row of lamel- 1aG: GENET WILKOULNOENS «56 s.en ceed aeerdecndeseead bx ck pS Lateral rows of callus fleshy, entire, keel-like, terminating in afew IM Orica MMelAe i) conv venensavecscasiewexx ds 6 Lateral rows of callus not keel-like, but composed of numerous imbricating lamellae almost to base .......... 7 Leaves linear-oblong, grass-like, 3-4 mm. wide; flowers thin, diaphanous; floral segments more than 10 mm. long; lateral sepals with a prominent, horn-like mucro; anterior margin of lip serrate-denticulate ............ D. Rimbachii Leaves linear-lanceolate, 6-7 mm. wide; flowers thin but firm in texture, not diaphanous; floral segments less than 10 mm. long; lateral sepals without a mucro; anterior margin of Ni CQUNG occa ected dua decantewesasweaneeas D. tenuicaulis Three rows of callus united into transverse plates at apex in front of which there are a few, free-standing lamellae; columnar ears transversely oblong, acute to obtuse........ UTE LT OT ETE Te CCE TCC RT Tere D. elegans Three rows of callus free from one another at apex, although they may be convergent at tip without accessory lamellae; columnar ears subquadrate to rounded, often with GY RS oo sas eee oe nae cee D. emarginata Dimerandra buenaventurae (Krzl.) Siegerist, comb. nov. Basionym: Telipogon buenaventurae Krzl. in Ann. Naturhist. Hofmus. Wien 33: 35, 1919. Type: Colombia. Dept. Valle, near Buenaventura. Klaboch s.n. (W!) 205 Epiphytic, erect plants up to 40 cm. tall; roots fleshy, rather coarse, branch- ing, flexuous, glabrous; stems from a bulbous base suberect to arcuate, some- what flexuous, leafy; leaves alternate, linear-lanceolate, obtuse or somewhat unequally bilobate apex, up to 10 cm. long, 1.2 cm. wide, usually smaller; inflorescences fasciculate, produced in succession, short, few-flowered; bracts ovate-cucullate, acute, up to 4 mm. long; flowers large; dorsal sepal ovate- lanceolate, acuminate, up to 1.8 cm. long, 5 mm. wide; lateral sepals obliquely ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, up to 1.8 cm. long, 6 mm. wide; petals from a cuneate base, subrhombic, obovate-oblanceolate in outline, acute to acumi- nate, up to 2cm. long, 1.2 cm. wide; lip from a cuneate base, obovate, subtrun- cate to retuse at apex, rarely obcordate; callus 3-parted, lamellate, without a central row of lamellae, basally united into a fleshy ridge; whole lip up to 2 cm. long, 1.3 cm. wide; column short, 4 mm. long, with a pair of obliquely and transversely quadrate-oblong ears; pedicellate ovary cylindric, up to 4 cm. long. DISTRIBUTION: Colombia. DEPT. VALLE; Zarzal. Pennell, Killip & Hagen 8400 (AMES!, NY!, US!); Cuatrecasas 22094 (AMES!, F!). Cali. Lehmann 880 (G!); Lehmann s.n. (W!). La Paila. Hol- ton s.n. (NY!) Las Juntas. Lehmann 129 (W!). Timbe. von Sneidern 1114 (F! NY!) Victoria. André s.n. (NY!) Pance. Navarette 12 (AMES!). — DEPT. TOLIMA; Dolores forests. Leh- mann 7603 (AMES!, L!, NY!). — DEPT. NORTE DE SANTANDER; Ocafia. Bruchmueller s.n. (W!). — DEPT. MAGDELENA; Que- brada Sororia. Haught 3617 (AMES!). Santander. Gentry & Renteria 19991 (SEL!). — DEPT. SUR DE SANTANDER; Magdalena Valley, Sogamoso. Haught 1393 (AMES!). — DEPT. CESAR; Rin- con Hondo. C, Allen 548 (MO!). FIELD CHECK: Lip free from column; callus without a central row of imbricating lamellae. Dimerandra carnosiflora Siegerist, sp. nov. Type: Peru. Prov. Bagua; Dept. Amazonas. Hutchinson 1542 (AMES!) Holotype. (F!, UC!) Isotypes. Plantae epiphyticae, erectae; caulibus suberectis, arcuatis, flexuosis; foliis linearibus, apice paululo inaequaliter rotundatis; inflorescentiis fasciculatis, ad 5, paucifloris; bracteis ovato-lanceolatis, acuminatis, cymbiformibus; floribus carnosis; sepalo postico lanceolato-elliptico, acuminato; sepalis lateralibus ovato-lanceolatis, subfalcatis, acuminatis; petalis late ellipticis, acutis; labello e cuneata basi subquadrato-spathulato, truncato, disco multilamellato in 3 lin- eas, utrinque callo bicruri donato; columnae alis ovato-lanceoloatis, acuminatis. Epiphytic, erect plants, up to 25 cm. tall; roots rather slender, glabrous; stems suberect, arcuate, flexuous, completely enclosed in tightfitting, imbricat- ing sheaths; leaves linear, rounded at the somewhat unequally lobulate apex, 206 up to 8 cm. long, 6 mm. wide; inflorescences fasciculate, 3 to 5, short, up to 1.5 cm. long, few flowered; bracts ovate-lanceolate, cymbiform, acuminate, up to 3 mm. long; flowers fleshy with spreading segments; dorsal sepal narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, 17 mm. long, 5 mm. wide; lateral sepals obliquely ovate-lanceolate, subfalcate, acuminate, up to 17 mm. long, 5 mm. wide; petals from a somewhat cuneate base broadly elliptic, acute, up to 18 mm. long, 10 mm. wide; lip from a cuneate base subquadrate-spathulate, truncate, occasionally lobulate; callus multilamellate in 3 rows, with an addi- tional forked ridge on each side, up to 18 mm. long, 12 mm. wide; column 7 mm. high with ovate-lanceolate, acuminate lobes to the clinandrium; pedicel- late ovary up to 4cm. long. DISTRIBUTION: Peru. See above. — Brazil. AMAZONAS; Boca do Acre, Rios Purus & Acre. Prance et al. 2581 (US!). FIELD CHECK: Flowers fleshy; lateral sepals falcate; petals broadly elliptic; lateral ridges forked. Dimerandra elegans (Focke) Siegerist, comb. nov. Basionym: Jsochilus elegans Focke in Tidjdschr. Naturk. Vetschr. 4: 68, 1851. Type: Surinam. Paramaribo. Focke s.n. (U!) Teste Reichen- bach. Synonym: Dimerandra isthmi Schltr. in Fedde, Rep. Beih. 17: 44, 1922. Type: Panama. Canal Zone. Hills near Panama City. Powell 17 (AMES!) Holotype. (MO!) Isotype. Dimerandra major Schltr. in Fedde, Rep. Beih. 27: 136, 1924. Type. Colombia. Dept. Cundinamarca. Rio Pescado, Cordil- lera Oriental. A. Schultze 29 (+B). Plants epiphytic, up to 40 cm. tall; roots fleshy, flexuous, glabrous; stems approximate, erect, flexuous, leafy; leaves subcoriaceous, alternate, linear- oblong to oblong-ligulate, obtusely bilobed at apex, articulate with leaf sheaths, up to 11 cm. long, | cm. wide, commonly smaller; inflorescences short, few-flowered; bracts ovate-cucullate, subacuminate, up to 3 mm. long; flowers showy, with spreading segments; dorsal sepal narrowly ovate-lanceolate to oblong-elliptic, acute to subacuminate, up to 19 mm. long, 6 mm. wide; lateral sepals obliquely ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, up to 19 mm. long, 6 mm. wide; petals from a cuneate base, obovate-oblanceolate to obliquely lanceolate- elliptic, acute to subacuminate, up to 20 mm. long, 8 mm. wide; lip from a cuneate base obovate-spathulate to suborbicular, subtruncate to retuse in front or rarely more or less bilobed with a mucro; disc callose with 3 rows of lamellae united into transverse plates at apex, and in front of it with a few free-standing, 207 transverse additional lamellae; whole lip up to 20 mm. long, 12 mm. wide; column short, up to 6 mm. long, with large, transversely oblong acute to obtuse ears; pedicellate ovary cylindric, up to 4 cm. long. DISTRIBUTION: Panama. BOCAS DEL TORO; Water Valley. von Wedel 765 (AMES!, MO!). — PROV. CHIRIQUI; near David. Maxon 4915 (AMES!, US!). — PROV. VERAGUAS; Liesner 840 (MO!); Gentry 3037 (MO!); Powell 3419 (AMES!). — CANAL ZONE; Near Summit. Standley 29694 (US!). — BARROW COLO- RADO ISLAND; Croat 8156 (MO!, NY!), 4682 (MO!, NY!), 7054 (MO!), 7369 (MO!), 8183 (MO!), 14970 (MO!); Standley 31498 (US!); Shattuck 221 (MO!, US!). Gamboa. Pittier 2605 (US!). Sabanas. N. of Panama City. Bro. Paul 554 (US!). Hills E. of city. Powell 3437 (AMES!). Las Cruces Trail between Ft. Clay- ton & Corozal. Standley 29101 (AMES!, US!); Duke 4783 (MO!). — PROV. PANAMA; Chepo. Pittier 4562 (US!). E. of Rio Tecumen. Standley 26610 (US!). — PROV. DARIEN; Rio Tuira. Duke 6521 (MO!), 6524 (MO!), 14588 (MO!). Near Santa Fe. Duke 8820 (MO!). Rio Paya. Duke & Kirkbride 14072 (MO!) Colombia. DEPT. MAGDALENA; Manaure. Foster & Smith 1595 (AMES!). — DEPT. ANTIOQUIA; Atrato & Truando 8 (NY!) — DEPT. META; Salta Angustora. Garcia-Barriga & Mejia 17014 (AMES!); Cabuyaro. Cuatrecasas 3607 (US!); Quebrada Cana- brava. Killip 34465 (AMES!, US!). Los Llanos, Rio Meta, La Perra. Cuatrecasas 4305 (US!). Trinidad. Agua Santa. Broad- way 2347 (AMES!); St. Clair Experiment Station. Broadway s.n. (AMES!). Venezuela. PROV. YARACUY; near Guama. Pittier 11172 (AMES!, US!). — prov. MERIDA; La Azulita. Humbert 26663 (P!); Linden 184 (G!): 710 (K!, W!). — PROV. ZULIA; Perija. Bruijn 1243 (US!); Jangous 10200 (F!); Steyermark & Fernandez 99654 (AMES!): — DIST. FEDERAL; Caracas. Wagener 60 (W!). — EDO. BOLIVAR; 55 km. N.E. Ciudad Piar. Liesner & Gonzales 11235 (MO!). — DELTA AMACURO; Aristeguieta 4038 (NY!); Steyermark 87714 (NY!). Brazil. AMAZONAS; Kuhlmann s.n. (AMES!). — BAHIA; Blanchet 1735 (F!, G!). Surinam. Paramaribo. Samuels 83 (AMES!, UC!); Samuels s.n. (US!); Splitgerger 48 (W!), 372 (L!, W!); Wullschlaegel 569 (US!). 12 km. E. of Paramaribo. Lelydorp & Hekking 793 (NY!, US!). Lobinsavanna inter Zanderij I & Hannover. van Donselaar 242 208 (U!); Lanjouw & Lindemann 136 (U!). — DIST. MAROWIJNE; seashore. Tenuissen 1072 (U!). — DIST. BROKOPONDO; Sara Creek. van Donselaar 2132 (U!), 3249 (U!). Surinam River. van Donselaar 2877 (U!); Schulz 7240 (U!). Raleigh Falls; upper Coppename River. Mannega 356 (U!). French Guiana. Cayenne. Broadway 227 (AMES!, NY!); Richard s.n. (W!). British Gui- ana. POMEROON DIST.; Moruka River. de la Cruz 1154 (NY!, US!). Essequibo River. Gleason 892 (NY!). FIELD CHECK: 3 rows of lamellae united into transverse plates at apex with a few free-standing plates in front of it. Columnar lobes are transversely oblong, acute to obtuse. OBSERVATION: The following illustrations belong to this spe- cies: Venezuelan Orchids Illustrated 3: 116, 1965; Orchids of Venezuela, Field Guide, Pl. 167, 1979; Foldats in Lasser, FI. Venez. 15(3): 403, 1970; Orquidea (Mex.) 8(2): 97, 1978. Dimerandra emarginata (Meyer) Hoehne in Bolet. Agric. S. Paulo 34a: 618, 1933. Basionym: Oncidium emarginatum Meyer in Prim. FI. Essequ. 259, 1818. TYPE: British Guiana. Along the River Essequebo. Meyer 2631 (GOET!). Synonym: Epidendrum lamellatum Westc. ex Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 29: misc. 46, 1843. Dimerandra lamellata (Westc. ex Lind.) Siegerist ex Hamer in Icon. Pl. Trop. pt. 13: t. 1213, 1985. TyPE: Country of origin unknown, presumed to be Honduras. Barker s.n. (K-Lind1.!) Epiphytic, caespitose plants up to 40 cm. tall; roots flexuous, branching, glabrous; Stems cylindrical from a bulbous base, suberect to arcuate, moder- ately fractiflex, loosely leafy, especially towards the apex; leaves alternate, articulate with leaf sheaths, linear-oblong, obtuse, obliquely retuse at apex, up to 11 cm. long, | cm. wide; inflorescences short, produced in succession, few- flowered; bracts ovate-cucullate, acute, much shorter than the subtending flowers, up to 5 mm. long; flowers conspicuous with spreading segments; dorsal sepal ovate-lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, acute to acuminate, up to 18 mm. long, 6 mm. wide; lateral sepals obliquely ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, up to 18 mm. long, 6 mm. wide; petals from a cuneate base, obovate-oblanceolate to subrhombic-elliptic, acute, up to 18 mm. long, 10 mm. wide; lip basally adnate to column, from a cuneate base obovate-spathulate, apiculate in front; disc with 3 free rows of imbricating lamellae without accessory tubercules, central ridge half as long and entire, whole lip up to 20 mm. long, 15 mm. wide; 209 column cylindric, slightly arcuate, terminated by 2 subquadrate ears with rounded angles, often with prominent cellular margins, up to 6 mm. long; pedicellate ovary cylindric, up to 4 cm. long. DISTRIBUTION: Mexico. PROV. OAXACA; Mogoné. Nagel 5718 (AMES!). — PROV. VERA CRUZ; region of Minatitlan. Richards 3828 (AMES!); Sessé & Mocifio s.n. (W!). Guate- mala. PROV. PETEN; La Libertad. Lundell 2323 (AMES!). Belize. Spanish Creek. Lundell 3902 (AMES!). Punta Gorda. Catling & Brownell 19.2 (AMES!). — STANN CREEK DIST.; Stann Creek Valley. Gentle 2743 (AMES!). — EL CAyYo DIST.; Vaca. Gentle 2541 (AMES!). — TOLEDO DIST.; near San Antonio. Gentle 5485 (AMES!, US!). Honduras, DEPT. ATLANTIDA; La Fragua. Ames s.n. (AMES!); Standley 55725 (AMES!). Tela. Standley 55246 (AMES!); Erskine s.n. (AMES!). El Salvador. Near Sihuapilapa. Avila 304 (SEL!). Nicaragua. DEPT. ZELAYA; near Rio Prinzapolka, Stevens 8267 (AMES!, MO!). San José del Hormiguero. Stevens 7126 (SEL!), 18727 (SEL!). Cerro Wayla- was. Pipoly 4500 (SEL!); Stevens 8768 (MO!). Road between Siuna & Matagalpa. Stevens 7473 (MO!). — DEPT. ULI ABAJO; Vincelli 352 (MO!). — DEPT. NUEVA SEGOVIA; El Jicaro. Moreno 6943 (MO!). — DEPT. CHONTALES; between Acoyapa & Rio Oyate. Stevens 19119 (SEL!). Rio Micca. Heller 7824A (speci- men) (SEL!). — DEPT. DE RIVAS; Sandino 533 (MO!). — DEPT. JINOTEGA; Araquistain & Castro 1973 (MO!); Araquistain & Moreno 1567 MO!). — DEPT. DE BOACO; Stevens 5847 (SEL!). Costa Rica. Without locality. Pittier & Tonduz 18 (US!), Endres 633 (W!). British Guiana. See above. Surinam. Cottica River near Moengo. Lanjouw 479 (U!). Trinidad. Sta. Cruz. Broad- way 2925 (AMES!). Without locality. Broadway s.n. (AMES!, G!, NY!, US!). Venezuela. DELTA AMACURE; Meyer 3558 (U!). Rio Torre, N. of El Palmar. Steyermark 87842 (NY!). FIELD CHECK: 3 rows of lamellae are free from one another at the tips and without accessory tubercles in front. Columnar lobes often with cellular margins. OBSERVATION: The following illustrations represent this spe- cies: Hamer, Orch. El. Salvador 1: 263, 1974. Hamer in Icon. PI. Trop. pt. I1: t.1013, 1984, only the dissected floral details. Hamer in Icon. Pl. Trop. pt. 3, t.1213, 1985. 210 Dimerandra latipetala Siegerist, sp. nov. Type: Nicaragua. Prov. Chontales; Santo Tomas. Atwood & Neill 7030 (AMES!) Holotype. (SEL!, UC!) Isotypes. Plantae epiphyticae, erectae; radicibus filiformibus, flexuosis, glabris; cauli- bus erectis, cylindraceis, fractiflexis, foliosis; foliis lanceolatis, rigidis, apice oblique bilobis; inflorescentiis succedaneis, abbreviatis, paucifloris; floribus speciosis, patentibus; sepalo postico ovato-lanceolato, acuto; sepalis laterali- bus ovato-lanceolatis, acutis vel acuminatis; petalis e cuneata basi late rhom- beis, acutis; labello e cuneata basi obtrapezoideo, antice bilobo, disco multilamellato, in lineis ternis valde approximatis producto; columna cylin- drica, apice bialata; ovario cylindrico, longe pedicellato. Epiphytic, caespitose plants, up to 20 cm. tall: roots filiform, flexuous, glabrous; stems approximate, cylindrical, from a bulbous base erect, sinuously fractiflex, leafy; leaves articulate with the tightly appressed sheaths, lanceolate, rigid, conduplicate at base, obliquely bilobed at apex with rounded lobes, up to 8 cm. long, | cm. wide; inflorescences produced in succession, very short, few-flowered; bracts ovate-cucullate, concave, acute, up to 3 mm. long; flowers produced in succession, 1-3, showy with spreading segments, rose-magenta in color; dorsal sepal ovate-lanceolate, acute to acuminate, up to 13 mm. long, 5.2 mm. wide; lateral sepals obliquely ovate-lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, acute to subacuminate, up to 14 mm. long, 5 mm. wide; petals from a cuneate base broadly rhombic, acute with rounded angles on each side, up to 13 mm. long, 9 mm. wide; lip slightly adnate to base of column, from a cuneate base obtrape- zoid with rounded angles, distinctly bilobed in front provided with a short central apicule; disc before the callus prominently cochleate; callus consists of 3 rows of tightly approximate lamellae confluent in front, on each side with an additional tuberculate ridge; whole lip up to 13 mm. long, 13 mm. wide; column cylindric terminated by 2 erect, quadrate ears pointed in front, rounded dorsally, up to 6 mm. long; pedicellate ovary cylindric, up to 3.5 cm. long. DISTRIBUTION: Guatemala. DEPT. IZABEL; Rio Dulce. Hamer A305! Photograph. Nicaragua. PROV. CHONTALES; Rio Micca. Heller 7824B (drawing) (SEL!). Costa Rica. PROV. SAN JOSE; Puriscal. Alfaro 221 (US!). — prov. GUANACASTE; Tilaran. Standley & Valerio 44214 (AMES!). Panama. PROV. DE HER- RERA; Las Minas. Stern, Eyde & Ayensu 1791 (MO!, US!). Between Canal Zone & Colon. Standley 30302 (AMES!, US!). — PROV. PANAMA; E. of Rio Tecumen. Standley 30448 (AMES!, US!). Chagres. Fendler 332 (AMES!, MO!). — CANAL ZONE; near Summit. Standley 29501 (US!). — prov. vVERAGUAS; near Bigis and San Juan. Dodge, Steyermark & Allen 16586 (AMES!). Colombia, DEPT. ANTIOQUIA. Escobar s.n.! Photo- graph. 211 FIELD CHECK: Lip obtrapeziform, i.e. wider near base than towards apex. Petals broadly rhombic. OBSERVATION: Color illustration in American Orchid Society Bulletin 38: 67, 1969, published as Epidendrum stenopetalum Hook. belongs here. Hamer in Icon. Pl. Trop. pt. 13: t. 1O13A, 1985. Dimerandra Rimbachii (Schltr.) Schltr. in Fedde, Rep. Beih. 17: 44, 1922. Basionym: Epidendrum Rimbachii Schltr. in Fedde, Rep. Beih. 8: 167, 1921. Type: Ecuador. prov. Guayas; near Ventamas. Rimbach 2 (AMES!). Epiphytic, slender plants up to 35 cm. tall; roots filiform, flexuous, glabrous; stems erect, slightly flexuous, leafy above; leaves alternate, oblong-linear, grass-like, obtuse at the obscurely bilobed or retuse at apex, basally articulate with leaf sheaths, up to 11-13 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide; inflorescence terminal, very short, 1-, 2-flowered; bracts ovate-cucullate, acute, up to 2 mm. long; flowers small, thin, diaphanous, pale rose to lavender, with spreading seg- ments; dorsal sepal narrowly elliptic, acute, up to 11 mm. long, 3.5 mm. wide; lateral sepals obliquely elliptic with a conduplicate, recurved apex, dorsally provided with a prominent, horn-like mucro, up to 11 mm. long, 4 mm. wide; petals oblanceolate-elliptic to subrhombic, acute, up to 13 mm. long, 5 mm. wide; lip from a cuneate base, obovate-flabellate, subserrate-denticulate in front, shallowly emarginate at the apiculate apex; callus at base consists of 3 rows of fleshy keel-like ridges free from one another, terminated by a few transverse lamellae; whole lip up to 13 mm. long, 11 mm. wide; column cylin- dric, up to 3 mm. long, prominently winged in front, terminated by subrotund apiculate ears which are | mm. long, | mm. wide; pedicellate ovary cylindric, up to 2 cm. long. DISTRIBUTION: Ecuador. PROV. GUAYAS; 12 km. from Guaya- quil. Gilmartin 686 (US!), 715 (US!). — PRov. Los Rios; Mon- talvo. Holm-Neilsen et al. 2597 (AMES!). Nuevo Zapotal. Mac- Bryde 418 (AMES!, MO!, SEL!). FIELD CHECK: Leaves linear, grass-like. Flowers thin, dia- phanous. Lateral sepals with a prominent, horn-like mucro. Lip serrate-denticulate along anterior margins. Dimerandra stenopetala (Hook.) Schltr. in Fedde, Rep. Beih. 17: 44, 1922. Basionym: Epidendrum stenopetalum Hook. in Bot. Mag 62: t.3410, 1835. 22 Synonym: Caularthron umbellatum Raf., Fl. Tellur. 2: 41, 1837. Type: Cultivated in Glasgow Botanical Garden. No preserved specimen known to exist today. Plants epiphytic, erect, up to 30 cm. tall; roots fleshy, flexuous, glabrous; stems approximate, from a bulbous base suberect, slightly flexuous, leafy above; leaves alternate, linear-oblong, obtuse at the obliquely bilobed apex, up to 7 cm. long, | cm. wide; inflorescences fasciculate, very short, few-flowered;: bracts ovate-cucullate, very much shorter than the subtending pedicels; flowers rose-colored, showy with spreading segments; dorsal sepal ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, up to 14 mm. long, 4 mm. wide; lateral sepals obliquely ovate- lanceolate, acuminate, up to 15 mm. long, 5 mm. wide; lip from a cuneate base, trapeziform-elliptic in living condition, obtuse to rounded in front, widest near middle; in dry condition from a cuneate base, obtrapeziform, 3-lobed, lateral lobes rounded, terminal lobe transversely quadrate-oblong, subtruncate in front; disc at base with a few transverse lamellae, whole lip up to 15 mm. long, 10 mm. wide; column short, terminated by 2, rounded, apiculate ears, up to 4 mm. long; pedicellate ovary cylindrical, arcuate, up to 2.5 cm. long. DISTRIBUTION: Native country unknown; originally reported from Jamaica, but the species is not known on any of the West Indian islands. FIELD CHECK: Lip rhombic to obtrapeziform in outline, i.e., wider near the base than near the apex. Petals obovate- oblanceolate. OBSERVATION: Since the type specimen cannot be located, the description is drawn from the original publication and plate in the Botanical Magazine as well as a drawing of the whole flower (reproduced here) in the Reichenbach Herbarium. This latter drawing had been prepared by Reichenbach from the type. Dimerandra tenuicaulis Rchb.f.) Siegerist, comb. nov. et stat. nov. Basionym: Epidendrum stenopetalum var. tenuicaule Rchb.f. in Otia Bot. Hamb. 1: 12, 1878. Type: Ecuador. Prov. Guayas; Sabanella near Guayaquil. Lehmann 82 (W!). Epiphytic, erect or ascending plants, up to 40 cm. tall; roots fleshy, some- what flexuous, glabrous. Stems slightly flexuous, sulcate, the upper two-thirds laxly leaved; leaves distichous, linear-lanceolate, somewhat unequally rounded at bilobed apex, basally articulate with tightly appressed leaf-sheaths, up to 8-12 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide; inflorescence terminal, 1-3, very short, rarely 213 more than one-flowered; bracts ovate-lanceolate, acute, rather concave, up to 3 mm. long; flowers small, similar to D. Rimbachii, but coarser in texture and not diaphanous, deep rose to kermesine in color; dorsal sepal narrowly elliptic, acute to subacuminate, up to 9 mm. long, 3.5 mm. wide; lateral sepals similar to dorsal sepal, but oblique, obscurely keeled, without a mucro; petals from a cuneate base obovate-oblanceolate, acute to subacuminate, up to 9.5 mm. long, 4 mm. wide; lip from a cuneate base suborbicular-spathulate, rounded in front with entire margins; callus at base formed by 3 approximate fleshy ridges terminating in a few fleshy lamellae; whole lip up to 10 mm. long, 7-8 mm. wide; column cylindric with subrotund ears to the clinandrium, up to 5 mm. long; pedicellate ovary up to 2 cm. long. DISTRIBUTION: Ecuador. PROV. GUAYAS; Km. 28 on road Guayaquil-Quevedo, alt. 30 m. Dodson 52 (SEL!). Near Guaya- quil. Strobel s.n. Introduced and cultivated in Montreal Botanic Garden 2822-54! — prov. Los Rfos; Km. 20 on road Babahoyo- Guaranda. Dodson 55 (MO!, SEL!). Jauneche Forest, Canton Vinces. Dodson, Gentry & Valverde 8737 (MO!, SEL!). Santo Domingo. Dodson 5630 (SEL!) — PROV. ESMERALDAS; Santo Domingo-Esmeraldas. Dodson et al. 10421 (SEL!). 18 km SW. of Esmeralda on Muisne-Esmeralda Road. Sauleda et al. 3831 (SEL!). FIELD CHECK: Leaves linear-lanceolate, not grass-like. Flow- ers not diaphanous. Lateral sepals without a mucronate tip. Lip with an entire margin in front. 214 PLATE 33 3410 Plate 33. Dimerandra stenopetala (Hook.) Schltr. 215 PLATE 34 Plate 34. A. Dimerandra carnosiflora Siegerist. Type. B. D. stenopetala (Hook.) Schltr. Type, drawn by Reichenbach fil. C. D. latipetala Siegerist. Type. 216 PEATE 35 f = — Plate 35. Dimerandra buenaventurae (Krzl.) Siegerist Zi} PLATE 36 Plate 36. A. Dimerandra Rimbachii (Schltr.) Schltr. Type. B. D. tenuicaulis (Rchb. f.) Siegerist, drawings are based on Dodson 52. 218 PLATE 37 < Plate 37. A. Epidendrum stenopetalum var. tenuicaule Rchb. f. Type. B. E. lamellatum Westc. ex Lindl. Type. 219 PLATE 38 Plate 38. Dimerandra elegans (Focke) Siegerist. 220 PLATE 39 Plate 39. A. Dimerandra elegans (Focke) Siegerist. Type. B. D. emarginata (Meyer) Hoehne. Type. C. D. emarginata (Meyer) Hoehne. Type of Epiden- drum lamellatum Westc. ex Lindl. 221 PLATE 40 Plate 40. Dimerandra emarginata (Meyer) Hoehne. Drawing by Endres. 222 BOTANICAL MUSEUM LEAFLETS VoL. 30, No. 4 FALL 1986 OLIM VANILLACEAE LESLIE A. GARAY During the last 25 to 30 years much has been written about the evolution, phylogeny and the systematics of the orchid family. To comment here on all of those papers and books in detail surely would exceed the number of their printed pages. Some of those papers dealing with these subjects are exceptionally good in providing important new data, the majority of them, however, fall rather short in their purported goals. Admittedly, during the past quarter of a century I myself did find it almost irresistible at times not to board some of the popular eclipsing trains of the then prevailing trends and techniques in evolutionary biology, such as cytology, cytogenetics, numerical and/or chemotaxon- omy, scanning electron microscopy, not to mention the most recent promises of cladistics. While they all made, or are still making, their respective contributions within their own disci- pline, none by themselves have provided the satisfactory answer or answers for which we are still searching, namely the under- standing of the present-day complexity of the orchid family. The present contribution is no exception. In the following pages I merely propose to share some of the insights that I have gained during my studies of a small group of interrelated plants together with pertinent data published about them by others elsewhere. OH THOSE SEEDS! Already in 1960 I was much intrigued during my studies of the evolution and systematics of orchids by the occurrence of certain unique seed types in a few, totally unrelated genera. In these seeds all layers of the outer integument and most of the inner integument together form the seed coat which tightly surrounds the embryo; moreover, the outermost layer of the outer integu- PD ment becomes sclerotic and completely opaque due to the accumulation of infiltrating materials inside the cells and their walls (Swamy 1947, 1949). As opposed to this condition, in the remaining orchid genera, the plants have seeds in which during development the cells of the outermost layer of the integument lose their protoplasts, thus, the seed coat becomes transparent, hence, tunicate. Both Swamy (1949) and Netolitzky (1926) have emphasized that multilayered, opaque and highly sclerotic seed coats are found usually in the relatively primitive orchids. Since at that time Apostasia, Adactylus, Neuwiedia, Selemipedium and Vanilla were the only genera known to me with sclerotic seeds, in agreement with Swamy and Netolitzky, I brought into focus this fact stating that “It is remarkable that the presence of a primitive type of seed in the Apostasioideae, Cypripedioideae and Neottioideae corresponds to the respective status of these groups.” This latter statement has been interpreted recently as a circu- lar reasoning by Burns-Balogh and Funk (1986) in their cladisti- cal analysis of the orchid family. They are quite emphatic that “A character is not primitive because it is found in a primitive group. Our results agree with those of Rasmussen (1983 sic!): the sclerotic seed coat is more likely secondarily derived.” Although the authors do not demonstrate how they obtained their results, it is refreshing to know that the loss of protoplasts of the cells in the seed coat is a primitive condition in the Orchidaceae. If their claim is a fact, then the former MICROSPERMAE must be regarded as the most primitive group of the Monocotyledons. What a revolutionary idea! Of course, Rasmussen (1982) said “I can see no morphological obstacles against regarding the seeds of Vanilla and Galeola as derived from ordinary orchid seeds.” Where Rasmussen appears to have no visionary problems in his own assumptions in refilling the cells, then multiplying the lay- ers, Burns-Balogh and Funk treat them as proven evidence. And this is how some of the cladistic trees in phylogeny grow! Indeed, I myself can see no morphological obstacles to derive the origin of tunicate seeds from such winged-type, sclerotic 224 seeds as found in Eriaxis, Epistephium and Clematepistephium, or even from such as are found in Neuwiedia Griffithii and N. veratrifolia through the reduction in the number of layers of the integument. Future investigators may find it rewarding to study those seeds which still exhibit the remnants of some possible steps in an ancient ontogeny which are pointing to that direc- tion, and which have remained unaltered in the cul-de-sac of saprophytism. Such possible steps may be changing from ovoid seeds (Vanilla) to lenticular ones with a cellular edge (Cyrtosia javanica) to several-layered keels (Galeola septentrionalis), to truly alate seeds (Eriaxis, Epistephium, Clematepistephium). The step (from here ?) to the one-layered, tunicate testa is, how- ever, a major one which remains yet to be demonstrated. As a matter of fact, the recently published new information about certain orchids with sclerotic seeds stimulated me to review here the group once called by Lindley the Vanilla family. For the first time good photographs of the fruits and seeds of Rhizanthella, a subterranean orchid from Australia, were pro- vided by George and Cook in 1981. Although differently sculp- tured, the seeds are those of the Vanilla type, and so are also the fleshy, indehiscent fruits with parietal placentation; these fruits also have a scent like Vanilla (Anonymous 1982). Both Veyret (1981) and Dressler (1983) have published excellent photographs of the cross sections of ovaries of various Palmorchis species revealing an axile placentation similar to that of Apostasia, while the sclerotic seeds are also of the Vanilla type. These bits of new information shed more light on their actual phylogenetic affinities than the various speculations already offered in print. These papers also prompted me to survey all the genera and species which have been attributed in the broadest sense to the relationship of Vanilla, Palmorchis and Rhizanthella in the past. It must be emphasized that in any reliable systematic, evolu- tionary or phylogenetic study the examination of every species in every genus is crucial, because not every one of them provides important information. All of the so-called systems, including the recently published cladistic surveys, are based only on what- 225 ever material was available to the researchers, as evidenced by their long list of exsiccatae, the usefulness of which, impressive as they appear, all add up to the value of a hay stack. REMARKS ON THE TRIBE VANILLEAE. When Lindley established the family VANILLACEAE in 1835, as a separate group next to the ORCHIDACEAE, he characterized it with one sentence: “Seeds with tight skin” versus “Seeds in a loose skin”. The following year he gave a full description of this plant family with emphasis on the uniqueness of its associate characters (Lindley, 1836). “I separate Vanilla and Epistephium from Orchidaceae because of their succulent valveless fruit, of their seeds not having the loose testa which exists in all true Orchidaceae, and of their peculiar habit; to which may be added their aromatic properties. The winged seeds of Vanilla ? ptero- sperma [now = Galeola] form no exception to the character of the order [now = family], for their nucleus is as tightly coated by the testa as in common Vanilla”. —Of course Vanillaceae as a family was abandoned by Lindley himself in 1840. The succulent, indehiscent fruits with sclerotic seeds found in all Vanilla species are the essential characters of the founda- tion upon which the vanilla line must rest, regardless at what level above the genus it is studied. One of the early rewards of the above mentioned systematic review of genera and species is the recognition of these foundation characters in Cyrtosia plants. The genus itself was described by Blume in 1825, but since 1883 it was successfully buried in Galeola by Bentham and Hooker notwithstanding Blume’s additional observation made in 1837. The fruits and seeds of Rhizanthella, as already men- tioned above, are also fully in line with the original circumscrip- tion set forth by Lindley. While the fruits of Vanilla, Cyrtosia and Rhizanthella are unilocular with parietal placentation—contrary to the claims of Burns-Balogh and Funk that Vanilla has a “three chambered ovary”—Palmorchis is now known to have a three locular ovary with axile placentation, while the seeds are those of the Vanilla type. These crucial details of Palmorchis were not known to me 226 in 1960, when I proposed the five subfamilies or distinct phyletic lines in the Orchidaceae. These phyletic lines were shown to have evolved in a parallel manner, a conclusion reached through the discussed disparities in their respective endomorphic and exo- morphic features. In that phyletic spectrum Apostasioideae, Cypripedioideae and Neottioideae occupy the lesser evolved or primitive end, while Orchidoideae and Epidendroideae were shown to be advanced or derived. With the new data on Palmor- chis the position of the subfamily Neottioideae is considerably strengthened with respect to the possible common ancestry of these subfamilies. The plants of Apostasia/Neuwiedia, Sele- nipedium and Palmorchis are all terrestrial with fibrous roots, plicate leaves, and have three-locular ovaries and apterous, scle- rotic seeds. Moreover, Palmorchis shares with Vanilla, in addi- tion to the sclerotic seed coat, other important characters, such as the incumbent anther with the pollinia unattached to the rostellum and the prominent stigma. Neobartlettia, commonly included in Palmorchis, needs to be reinstated because of the lack of fusion between the column and the lip. These are the only genera which I now regard to comprise the subtribe Vanillinae sensu stricto. It must be mentioned here that, while reviewing every species in the genus Vanilla, V. Dietschiana Edwall had to be removed into a genus of its own, because of the sympodial growth habit of the plants, their undifferentiated leaves and bracts and the completely free floral segments. Another species, Vanilla calyculata, known to me only from the original descrip- tion and illustration, needs further elucidations. The presence of the epicalyx (hypocalyx of Rasmussen) i.e., the calyculate ovary is indeed unique in the genus, but I consider that this structure has evolved more than once independently in the Neottioideae. Because of the presence of the calyculus in the plants of Leca- norchis, this latter genus has always been assigned to the sub- tribe VANILLINAE notwithstanding the very disharmonious colunmar structures and the tunicate seeds. The remaining genera directly or indirectly mentioned by Lindley and commonly followed even today, i.e., Epistephium, Galeola and also Eriaxis, I consider to form a new subtribe, GALEOLINAE beside VANILLINAE. The plants of these genera 227 always have dry, dehiscent fruits with prominently winged, scle- rotic seeds. Epistephium smilacifolium Rchb.f. from New Cale- donia has justly been elevated to a genus of its own by Halle (1977) because of the scandent habit of the plants and their unique, three-locular ovary with axile placentation in addition to its geographical separation. I have personally studied plants of this species in the field in New Caledonia together with those of Eriaxis. The plants of this latter genus, however, contrary to the statements of Burns-Balogh and Funk, have a unilocular capsule with parietal placentation. The genus Galeola itself in its present status is an assemblage of strikingly discordant elements. Having removed Cyrtosia, I also find it necessary to reinstate from synonymy the genus Erythrorchis on account of the plants being saprophytic, the long and slender column of the flowers provided with a short but distinct foot, and the nature of the adnation of the lip to the column-foot. Also widely different from the original characters of Galeola is a third group of plants with large foliaceous bracts; the long, slender footless column of the flowers is basally fused with the lip to form a small, saccate to subtubular nectary. For these plants I propose a new genus based on their twining habit and Vanilla-like flowers in addition to the above mentioned characters. SYSTEMATIC CONSIDERATIONS. In reassessing the genera here grouped around Vanilla as was originally perceived by Lindley, we find that some of the com- ponent parts in the past were quite distantly removed from one another. Both Rhizanthella and Palmorchis are currently regarded as representatives of their own subtribes. Their actual positions have been shifted from one subfamily to another, they have even been allocated to separate subfamilies concurrently, thus, expressing not even a most tenuous relationship between them. Indeed, the position of the VANILLEAE or rather VANILLINAE has always been problematic, especially so when practical appli- cations were considered. A review of the various individual approaches not attempted here, because in principle such an 228 undertaking would not provide any new information. Yet, with a fleeting comment one must mention the latest effort by Burns- Balogh and Funk (1986) in their Phylogenetic Analysis of the Orchidaceae. This treatise is heavily dependent on another recently published phylogenetic or cladistic study by Rasmussen (1982). Whereas Rasmussen’s discourses, in order to present a seemingly coherent picture in outlining hypothetical lineages, are liberally saturated with such factual words and phrases as “imagined”, “probably”, “may be derived”, “possibly” or even “I believe” to mention a few, Burns-Balogh and Funk accept all such assumptions as facts. Although Rasmussen emphasizes that the study of phylogeny or cladistics is basicly independent of classificatory problems, Burns-Balogh and Funk base their new system of orchid classification on cladistics. In reality their “New System” is a mere half-digested mish-mash made unique by their lack of comprehension of the distinction between facts and hypotheses offered by other investigators. Finally this “New System” is brought to perfections through their lack of familiar- ity with the requirements of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. With respect to this latter phenomenon we are presented with two new tribal names, PRASOPHYLLEAE and PTER- OSTYLIDEAE, aS nomenclatorial transfers without supporting basionyms. As a matter of fact, future students will find in the genera and species commonly assigned to the subtribes PRASOPHYLLINAE, DIURIDINAE, GASTRODIINAE and EPIPOGONINAE, the latter of which also includes the genus Sylvorchis J. J. Sm., another well- defined evolutionary line in the Neottioideae, which is not only comparable in advancement to, but which has also evolved ina parallel manner with the line of the Orchidoideae. The purpose of this paper, however, is to bring together and interpret as well the known facts and sundry details pertaining to the Vanilla tribe for future students of orchid systematics, or even possibly for those of cladistical phylogenetics, rather than to propose new hypotheses. These facts and details are presented here in the form of a key to genera, which in turn is a summary of the current make-up of the VANILLEAE as I understand it. 229 6a. 7H, 10. SUBFAMILY NEOTTIOIDEAE, THE TRIBE VANILLEAE. Seeds sclerotic - TRIBE VANILLEAE.... eee eee reer erence 2 Seeds tunicale sc ccc shee eaa eves eae es TRIBE NEOTTIEAE Fruits succulent, indehiscent; seeds exalate - SUBTRIBE VANIL- LINAG 6 cu Gob CESK TEES EE EEE ES SSR YER ER ESEEOS 3 Fruits dry, dehiscent; seeds winged - SUBTRIBE GALEOLINAE ee ee ee eee eee eee 8 Plants autotrophic... ... 6... eee eee eee eee teen ee eeee 4 Plants saprophytic... .... ee eee ee eee cree rere eee eeeees 7 Leaves plicate; ovary three-locular, hence placentation axile KN WHE EG EEA EEA EPES EASES AE HERES COR PEEREEES 2 Leaves conduplicate; ovary unilocular, hence placentation parietal PN ee I ee eee Ce Tee eee ee ee 6 Lip bassally fused with column ........-++++e+5: Palmorchis Lip free from column to base ......--+++eeees Neobartlettia Growth habit sympodial; plants rhizomatous; leaves and bracts undifferentiated, reticulately veined; lip free from column ..... sg GE DRERE LES RASREEEEANR ERO EO PAVERS S Dictyophyllaria Growth habit monopodial; plants scandent; leaves and bracts differentiated, none reticulately veined; lip basally united with CONIA «445.6555 boos 05 eee SO RET ARNO Es Vanilla Plants terrestrial; inflorescnece with small bracts and fully exposed flowers produced in succession, racemose to paniculate; lip fused with base of footless column........+.++-- Cyrtosia Plants subterranean; inflorescence with large, imbricating bracts completely hiding the flowers and forming a capitulum; lip articu- late with column-foot, mobile ...........--e06. Rhizanthella Wings of seeds oval to elliptic in outline, entire; plants foliaceous er Oe ee re ree ee ee eee 9 Wings of seeds often deeply cleft, biparted; plants aphyllous. . . | 1 Leaves rather thin when dry, prominently reticulate; ovary gla- brous, variously calyculate; flowers glabrous ........-++.+-- 10 Leaves rigid when dry, obscurely reticualte; ovary tomentose, without a calyculus; flowers tomentose . Tere ee Eriaxis Plants twining, vine-like; ovary with axile placentation, three- locular [New Caledonia] ...........+--- Clematepistephium 230 10a. Plants erect, caespitose; ovary with parietal placentation, uniloc- Wlay (Er Opice! AMeEiCe 64 ices 5-04 s nese ena rs Epistephium 11. Plants with slender stems; rachis glabrous; flowers thin, glabrous; column slender, erect; lip easily flattened, explanate........ 12 lla. Plants with stout stems; rachis pubescent-furfuraceous; flowers fleshy, furfuraceous to pubescent; column stout, arcuate-clavate; lip cup-shaped to saccate, cannot be flattened........ Galeola 12. Bracts at base of branches small, non-foliaceous; column-with a short, descending foot, tapering into the thick, median ridge of lip; pollinia solid; lip with numerous transversely parallel ridges on both sides of median ridge ..:. 5-546 sceeu ant Erythrorchis 12a. Bracts at base of branches foliaceous; column footless; pollinia granular-farinaceous; lip basally fused with column forming a short, saccate nectary; disc of lip densely verrucose .......... SO eee eer ee re ee ee eee ee ee Pseudovanilla NOMENCLATORIAL MATTERS. Dictyophyllaria Garay, Gen. nov. Etymology: dictyon = net, mesh and phyllarion = small leaf; in reference to the appearance of the leaves and bracts. Sepala petalaque subsimilia, libera, plus minusve patentia; labellum convolu- tum, liberum; columna libera, gracilis, subclavata, facie glaberrima; clinan- drium cucullatum; anthera incumbens, bilocularis; pollinia 2, exappendiculata, pulvereogranulosa, rostello haud affixa, sessilia; stigma sub rostello tranver- sum, subreniforme. Plantae terrestres, ut videtur semper ramosae, basi radicantes, rhizomatis interdum ramosis; caules erecti, ramosi, foliati, foliis sursum decrescentibus exeuntibusque, laminis supra distincte reticulato-plurinervulosis; flores satis parvi, subsessiles, segmentis plus minusve patulis; ovarium gracile; fructus cylindricus, indehiscens, niger; semina sclerotica, exalata, nitida. Typus: Vanilla Dietschiana Edwall. ENUMERATION OF SPECIES. Dictyophyllaria Dietschiana (Edwall) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Vanilla Dietschiana Edwall in Revist. do Centr. Sci. Letr.e Art. de Campin. No. 4: extr. p.1, t.2, July 1903. REPORTED FROM: Brazil. 2 OBSERVATION: The sympodial growth habit, the reticulately veined leaves and bracts and the free lip are characters which are not present in Vanilla. The reticulate venation of the undifferen- tiated leaves and bracts are reminiscent of those found in Epistephium. Cyrtosia Bl., Bijdr. pt. 8: 396, 1825. “Perigonium pentaphyllum, erecto-connivens. Labellum ecalcaratum, con- cavum, ima basi ungui gynostemii continuum; limbo erecto, integerrimo. Gynostemium brevissime unguiculatum, subincurvum, apice subfornicatum. Anthera terminalis, opercularis, bilocularis. Pollinia duo, tereti-falcata, farinoso-pulposa, libera. Bacca siliquaeformis, carnosa. Semina in pulpa nidu- lantia, aptera. — Herba terrestris, caulescens. Caules erecti, continui, foliis nanis squamaeformibus instructi. Flores laxe spicati, mediocres.” Blume in Rumphia |: 199, 1837. LecTotyPus: Cyrtosia javanica Bl. [Rumph. 1:199,1837]. ENUMERATION OF SPECIES. Cyrtosia integra (Rolfe ex Downie) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Galeola integra Rolfe ex Downie in Kew Bull. 409, 1925. REPORTED FROM: Thailand, Laos. Cyrtosia javanica Bl., Bijdr. pt. 8: 396, Tabellen f.6, 1825. Syn: Galeola javanica (Bl.) Benth. & Hook., Gen. Pl. 3: 590, 1883. REPORTED FROM: Ceylon, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaya, Suma- tra, Java, Borneo. OBSERVATION: The identification of the plants described by J. J. Smith under this name in Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, ser 2, 9: 12, 1913, and illustrated in Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg ser. 3, 5(3): t.25, f.3, 1922, because of the floral details, especially the glabrous lip, is highly questionable, so is the material reported and illustrated by G. Seidenfaden from Thailand in Dansk Bot. Arkiv 32(2): 130, 1978. ye #3 Cyrtosia minahassae (Schltr.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Galeola minahassae Schltr. in Fedde, Rep. 10: 6, 1911. REPORTED FROM: Celebes. OBSERVATION: Although the details of the lip are almost iden- tical with those of found in C. javanica, the columnar structure is very different in both species. Cyrtosia nana (Rolfe ex Downie) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Galeola nana Rolfe ex Downie in Kew Bull. 409, 1925. REPORTED FROM: Thailand. Cyrtosia septentrionalis (Rchb.f.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Galeola septentrionalis Rchb.f., Xenia Orch. 2: 78, 1865. REPORTED FROM: Japan. Subtribus Galeolinae Garay, subt. nov. Plantae sympodiales, erectae vel scandentes, interdum volubiles; capsulae siliquaeformes, dehiscentes; semina membranaceo-marginata vel valde alata. Typus: Galeola Lour. Erythrorchis Bl. in Rumphia 1: 200, 1837. “Perigonium pentaphyllum, erecto-connivens. Labellum ecalcaratum, ima basi ungui gynostemii concretum: limbo erecto, sublobato. Gynostemium brevissime unguiculatum, subincurvum, clavatum [basi in pedem brevem productum]. Anthera terminalis, opercularis, bilocularis. Pollinia duo, condu- plicata, solidiuscula, libera. Capsulae siliquaeformes, inanes, rimis 2-3 longi- tudinalibus dehiscentes. Semina membranaceo-marginata [potius alata]. Herba terrestris, aphylla. Caules sarmentosi, nodoso-articulati, ad nodos radi- cantes squamis solitariis, pro foliis, instructi. Flores laxe spicati.” Syn.: Hae- matorchis Bl. in Rumph. 4: t.200B, 1848. Ledgeria F. Muell., Fragm. 1: 238, 1859. Typus: Cyrtosia altissima BI. 232 ENUMERATION OF SPECIES. Erythrorchis altissima (Bl.) Bl. in Rumph. 1: 200, 1837. Basionym: Cyrtosia altissima Bl., Bijdr. pt. 8: 396, 1825. Syn.: Haematorchis altimssima (Bl.) Bl. in Rumph. 4: t.200B, 1848. Galeola altissima (Bl.) Rchb.f., Xenia Orch. 2: 77, 1865. REPORTED FROM: Malaya, Java, Borneo, Philippines. Erythrorchis cassythoides (A. Cunn. ex Lindl.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Dendrobium cassythoides A. Cunn. ex Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 21: sub t. 1828, 1836. Syn.: Ledgeria aphylla F. Muell., Fragm. 1: 239, 1859. Erythrorchis aphylla (F. Muell.) F. Muell., Fragm. 2: 167, 1861. Galeola cassythoides (A. Cunn. ex Lindl.) Rchb.f., Xenia Orch. 2: 77, 1865. REPORTED FROM: Australia. Erythrorchis ochobiensis (Hayata) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Galeola ochobiensis Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formos. 6: 87, 1916. REPORTED FROM: Assam, Tenasserim, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Malaya?, Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Observation: Previously this species has been considered to be synonymous with E. altissima. The rather slender to almost fil- iform fruits, in addition to the mutually exclusive distribution pattern, readily separate the two from one another. Pseudovanilla Garay, Gen. nov. Etymology: Pseudo = false and Vanilla = a generic name; in reference to the casual similarity of the plants in both genera. Sepala petalaque plus minusve similia, patentia, nisi petala angustiora; label- lum convolutum basi columnae adnatum et cum ea nectarium sacculatum formantium, disco multipapilloso; columna apoda, elongata, paululo arcuata, gracilis, apice subclavata, facie glaberrima; clinandrium humile; anthera 234 majuscula, cucullata, quadrangularis, plus minusve incumbens, imperfecte bilocularis; pollinia 2, bipartita, exappendiculata, pulvereo-granulosa, libera; stigma sub rostello haud bene evolutum, suborbiculere. Plantae terrestres, alte scendentes, aphyllae vel foliis bracteiformibus ad basin ramorum satis magnis, sursum descrescentibus; inflorescentiae ramosae, pluriflorae; flores conspicui, segmentis patulis; ovarium cylindricum; fructus cylindricus, dehiscens; semina prominenter alata. Typus: Ledgeria foliata F. Muell. ENUMERATION OF SPECIES. Pseudovanilla affinis (J. J. Sm.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Galeola affinis J. J. Sm. in Bull. Jard. Bot. Bui- tenz. ser. 2, 9; 7, 1913. REPORTED FROM: Java. Pseudovanilla anomala (Ames & L. O. Wms.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Vanilla anomala Ames & L. O. Wms. in Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 5: 108, 1938. REPORTED FROM: Fiji Islands. Pseudovanilla foliata (F. Muell.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Ledgeria foliata F. Muell., Fragm. 2: 167, 1861. Syn.: Erythrorchis foliata F. Muell.. Fragm. 2: 167, 1861, nom. alter. Galeola foliata (F. Muell.) F. Muell., Fragm. 8: 31, 1873. Galeola Ledgeri Fitzger., Austr. Orch. 2(2): t., 1885. Galeola montigena Schltr. in Fedde, Rep. Beih. 1: 29, 1911. REPORTED FROM: Australia, New Guinea. Pseudovanilla gracilis (Schltr.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Galeola gracilis Schltr. in Fedde, Rep. Beih. 1: 28, 1911. REPORTED FROM: New Guinea. 235 Pseudovanilla philippinensis (Ames) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Galeola philippinensis Ames, Sched. Orch. 6: 5, 1923. REPORTED FROM: Philippines. Pseudovanilla ponapensis (Kaneh. & Yamam.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Vanilla ponapensis Kaneh. & Yamam, in Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Form. 23: 21. 1933. Syn.: Galeola ponapensis (Kaneh. & Yamam.) Tuyama in Journ. Jap. Bot. 16: 632, 1940. REPORTED FROM: Ponape Island. Pseudovanila ternatensis (J. J. Sm.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Galeola ternatensis J. J. Sm. in Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 5: 16, 1922. REPORTED FROM: Moluccas, Ternate Island. Pseudovanilla vanilloides (Schltr.) Garay, comb. nov. Basionym: Galeola vanilloides Schltr. in Fedde, Rep. Beih. I: 29, 1911. REPORTED FROM: New Guinea. ACKNOWLEDGMENT. The critical assistance extended by my colleague Dr. Richard A. Howard during the preparation of this paper is much appre- ciated and gratefully acknowledged. SELECTED LITERATURE. Anonymous. 1982. Satelite Finds Rhizanthella gardeneri. Austr. Orch. Rev. 47: 208. Blume, C. L. 1837. Rumphia |: 199-200. Burns-Balogh, P. & V. A. Funk. 1986. A Phylogenetic Analysis of the Orchidaceae. Smithson. Contr. Bot. 61: 80 pp. Dressler, R. 1983. Palmorchis in Panama mit einer neuen Art. Palmorchis nitida, an einem unerwarteten Standort. Die Orchidee 34: 25-31. George, A. S. & J. Cook. 1981. Rhizanthella: the Underground Orchid of Western Australia. Proc. Orch. Symp., 135th Int. Bot. Congr. Sydney, Austr. pp. 77-78, figs. 236 Hallé, N. 1977. Orchidacées in Aubreville, A. & J. F. Leroy, Fl. Nouv. Calédonie et Dépend. 8: 566 pp. Lindley, J. 1835. Key to Structural, Physiological and Systematic Botany. London. Longman et al. p. 73. Lindley, J. 1836. Natural System of Botany, Ed. 2. London. Longman et al. pp. 341-342. Netolitzky, F. 1926. Anatomie der Angiospermen-Samen. Edit. Linsbauer, Handb. d. Pflanzenanatomie, II Abteil., 2 Teil. pp. 92-94. Rasmussen, F.N. 1982. The gynostemium of the neottioid orchids. Opera Botanica 65: 96 pp. Swamy, B.G. L. 1947. On the life history of Vanilla planifolia. Bot. Gaz. 108: pp. 449-456. Swamy, B. G. L. 1949. Embryological Studies in the Orchidaceae. II. Embryogeny. Amer. Midland Natur. 4: pp. 202-232. Veyret, Y. 1981. Quelques aspects du pistil et de son devenir chez quelques Sobraliinae (Orchidaceae) de Guyane. Bull. Mus. Nat. Paris, sect. B., Adansonia No. |: pp. 75-83. ast BOTANICAL MUSEUM LEAFLETS VoL. 30, No. 4 FALL 1986 DE PLANTIS TOXICARIIS E MUNDO NOVO TROPICALE COMMENTATIONES XXVIII ETHNOBOTANICAL NOTES ON CUCURBITS OF THE NORTHWEST AMAZON RICHARD EVANS SCHULTES Recent ethnobotanical field studies in the northwestern Amazon, especially in Colombia, have revealed a series of inter- esting uses of cucurbitaceous species, especially as medicines. These uses serve to support the growing belief that the Cucurbi- taceae deserves more intensive phytochemical investigation for biodynamic secondary organic constituents. Many of the following notes on uses of Amazonian cucurbits were made during my 14 years of ethnobotanical studies in the northwest Amazon from 1941 to 1954 or on subsequent annual trips to the region. I have drawn upon the field observations of my former student, Dr. H. V. Pinkley, and upon notes published by P. Le Cointe in his A Amazénia Brasilerira III. Arvores e Plantas Uteis (Livraria Classica, Belém do Para, 1934) and upon the collections of several other botanists who have worked in the area. I am indebted to Dr. C. Jeffrey of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, for identification of most of the collections cited below. Most of the specimens are preserved in one or more of the following institutions: the Economic Herbarium of Oakes Ames and the Gray Herbarium, both of Harvard University, and the Herbario Nacional de Colombia in Bogota. Cayaponia glandulosa (P. et E.) Cogniaux in A. et C. DeCan- dolle, Monogr. Phan. 3 (1881) 755. CoLoMBIA: Comisaria del Amazonas, Rio Loretoyacu, “Vine up to 20 m long, forming great tangles along river bank. Calyx tube green; petals fleshy, green. 239 Fruit ellipsoidal, 3.7 X 23 cm, ripening red. Monoecious”, January 28- February 7, 1969. Plowman, Lockwood, Kennedy et Schultes 2369. Peru: Departamento del Amazonas, Rio Cenepa, Quebrada Huampami. May 1973. Kayap 819. The local name of Cayaponia glandulosa is reported to be yuwish in the Rio Cenepa region of Peru. The Tikunas of the Rio Loretoyacu chop up the fruits and boil them into a tea which is taken to relieve “liver complaints.” They also dry and powder the leaves and young stems of this vine to prepare an insect repellent dust for use in hammocks and clothes. Cayaponia kathematophora R. E. Schultes in Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 20 (1964) 339. This extensive vine is cultivated by the Indians in the middle course of the Rio Apaporis of Colombia for its unusually large, shining, brown seeds which, when hollowed out, are employed in the manufacture of anklets and necklaces. The Makunas know the plant as ka’-moo-ka. The Taiwanos call it pa-moo’-pa. In the Kabuyari language, it is wa’-cha; in Puinave way-yot’; and in Matapie wa’yaw. Cayaponia ophthalmica R. E. Schultes in Bot. Mus. Leafl. Har- vard Univ. 20 (1964) 321. The soft green bark of Cayaponia ophthalmica is employed in preparing a soothing wash for treating conjunctivitis, without a doubt the most widespread disease amongst the Indians of the northwest Amazon. The vine, a strong heliophile, is frequently cultivated by Indians in the basin of the Rio Apaporis of Colombia. Like so many cultivated plants of these Indians, it grows almost without care along the edge of agricultural plots, where Manihot and Erythroxylon are set out, but it is definitely planted and cared for for its medicinal use. A spot test for alkaloids with Dragendorff reagent indicates that the plant from which this collection came is negative. Cayaponia Ruizii Cogniaux in A. et C. DeCandolle, Monogr. Phan. 3 (1881) 794. CoLomBIA: Comisaria del Putumayo, Rio Guamués, Santa Rosa. November 28, 1966. Pinkley 564. 240 Ecuapor: Provincia del Napo, Rio Aguarico, Dureno. “Fruit orange when ripe, one-seeded.” October 9, 1966. Pinkley 506. According to the collector, the seed is edible when roasted for five minutes. The Kofans call this plant sauw-ra’-kit-sa and kan-bi’-fa-cho. Cayaponia triangularis Cogniaux in A. et C. DeCandolle, Monogr. Phan. 3 (1881) 784. In the Brazilian Amazon, the fruits and roots of this plant, known as purga de gentio, are valued as a strong purgative (Le Cointe, loc. cit.). Cayaponia sp. EcuADoR: Provincia del Napo, Rio Aguarico, Dureno. Pinkley 222 (Cited in H. V. Pinkley: The Ethnoecology of the Kofan Indians [Ph.D. thesis, ined.] Harvard University (1973). Stems of this species of Cayaponia are reportedly burned and, amongst the Kofans, the ashes are applied to external sores on the ankles. The Kofan name of this vine is cho-rok-o-pee-sé’- hé-pa. Cyclanthera explodens Naudin in Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 4, 12 (1859) 160. C. brachystachya (Ser.) Cogniaux, Diagn. Cucurb. 2 (1877) 64. CoLomBIA: Comisaria del Putumayo, Valle de Sibundoy, ca. 2200 m. “Vine, 4 m; flowers and fruit green. Common in borders.” March 17, 1963. Bristol 640. The Kamsa Indians of Sibundoy call this species semarrén- shajush and consider it a medicine, but the precise medicinal use is not indicated by the collector. Fevillea amazonica (Cogn.) C. Jeffrey in Kew Bull. 16 (1962) 199, CoLomBiA: Comisaria del Amazonas, Rio Loretoyacu. August-September 19, 1945. Schultes 6732. Amongst the Tikunas, the oil from the seeds of Fevillea ama- zonica is reputed to hasten the healing of serious burns when applied three or four times a day over a period of ten days. 241 Fevillea cordifolia Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. (1753) 1013. Ecuapor: Provincia del Napo, Rio Aguarico, Dureno. February 7, 1966. Pinkley 103. The Kofans call this vine ata’-cho and extract an oil from the seeds to polish necklaces made of various kinds of seeds. At one time, according to the collector, the seed was burned for light. Gurania acuminata Cogniaux, Diagn. Cucurb. | (1877) 31. Co_omsia: Comisaria del Amazonas, Rio Caqueta, La Pedrera, “Vine, flow- ers orange”, April 1944. Schultes 4880;—Same locality and date. Schultes 5887. In the region of La Pedrera, the natives believe that a tea of the leaves of Gurania acuminata is one of the most effective vermifuges. Gurania bignoniacea (P. et E.) C. Jeffrey in Kew Bull. 33 (1978) 354. CoLomsia: Comisaria del Amazonas, Rio Putumayo, road between Caucaya and La Tagua. May 17, 1942. Schultes 3750.—Rio Amazonas, Leticia. November 1948. Schultes et Lopez 10401. Comisaria del Vaupés, Rio Apaporis, mouth of Rio Pacoa. “Vine. Flowers orange. Fruit with light and dark green patches.” July 17, 1951. Schultes et Cabrera 13045.—Jinogojé, at mouth of Rio Piraparana. “Flowers orange.” February 27, 1952. Schultes et Cabrera 15657.—Soratama. “Climber. Flowers red and yellow.” March 26, 1952. Schultes et Cabrera 16084. Extensive medicinal use is made of this vine. The Makuna Indians of the Rio Piraparana crush the leaves and flowers and apply the vegetal material to infected cuts and sores that refuse to heal; the Makuna name is hé’-né-gaw. The Tukanos, living in the same general region, prepare the leaves and roots in a tea which is taken as a vermifuge; the Tukanos know the plant as mee’-chee. It is interesting that Colonos—people from the interior regions of Colombia who have settled in the town of Caucaya— rub the leaves of Gurania bignoniacea on areas of the skin affected by fungal infections. This use may have been adopted from the Indians. 242 Gurania eriantha (P. et E.) Cogniaux, Diagn. Cucurb. | (1877) 16. CoLomBIA: Comisaria del Amazonas, Rio Putumayo, Florida. May-June 1931. Klug 2267. The name of this vine amongst the Witotos of the Rio Putu- mayo is reported to be usiya-o. Gurania Guentheri Harms in Notizbl. 9 (1926) 990. CoLomBiA: Comisaria del Putumayo, Rio Sucumbios, Conejo and vicinity. April 2-5, 1942. Schultes 3514. The Kofans of the Rio Sucumbios call this vine ya-ma-cho’- ro and take an infusion of the leaves as a strong vermifuge. Gurania insolita Cogniaux in Engler, Pflanzenr. 66, iv, 275, | (1916) 209. CoLomBiA: Comisaria del Amazonas, interior regions of Trapecio Amaz6- nico. “Vine. Flowers scarlet; petals yellow.” September 1946. Schultes 8235. The Tikuna Indians prepare the crushed flowers as a poultice applied cold to boils and similar infected sores. According to Jeffrey, this collection is mixed: the flowers belong to Gurania insolita, the leaves to Cayaponia ophthalmica. Gurania pachypoda Harms in Notizbl. 9: 991, 1926. CoLomBIA: Comisaria del Amazonas, Trapecio Amazoénico, near Puerto Narifio, “Herbaceous vine growing in secondary growth among tree tops. Corolla fleshy, bright orange; anthers yellow.” January 28-February 7, 1969. Plowman, Lockwood, Kennedy et Schultes 2329. Peru: Departamento del Loreto, Rio Amazonas, Iquitos and vicinity, Moyuy, “Corolla yellow, calyx orange. Vine climbing to 6 m in secondary growth”, July 14, 1967. Martin, Plowman et Lau-Cam 1618. In the region of Puerto Narifio at the mouth of the Rio Loretoyacu, the Tikuna Indians employ the crushed leaves as a poultice to relieve headache. In the Iquitos region, the vernacular name of this vine is reported to be mashu-mikuna. Gurania rhizantha (P. et E.) C. Jeffrey in Kew Bull. 33 (1978) 357. 243 Dieudonnaea rhizantha (P. et E.) Cogniaux in Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 14 (1875) 239. CoLomBIA: Comisaria del Amazonas, Rio Loretoyacu. September-November 1944. Schultes 6064.—Interior regions of Trapecio Amazonico. “Woody vine, 3 inches in diameter. Flowers vermillion.” October 1945. Schultes 6753—Rio Loretoyacu. September 1946. Schultes et Black 8392. ECUADOR: Provincia del Napo, Rio Aguarico, Dureno. January 3, 1966. Pink- ley 67.—Same locality. February 22, 1966. Pinkley 135. Tikuna women in the Rio Loretoyacu area prepare a tea of the roots and woody stems of this common vine for a condition which, according to description, seems to be extremely irregular menstruation. Amongst the Kofans, the plant has two names: akie-ka-kie-sé’-hé-pa and cho-rok-o-pi’; the leaves are dried and reduced to ashes which are spread on sores of the skin. Gurania rufipila Cogniaux, Diagn. Cucurb. | (1877) 30. CoLomBiA; Comisaria del Amazonas, Rio Miritiparana, Cano Guacaya. “Vine. Flowers vermillion. On flood banks.” March 4, 1952. Schultes et Cabrera 15809. The Tanimuka Indians known this vine as mee-ree-fee’-ka-no- ma-ka. The stem and roots are reputedly toxic, and care must be taken not to confound it with similar species of Gurania which are being collected for medicinal purposes. Gurania speciosa (P. et E.) Cogniaux, Diagn. Cucurb. 1 (1877) 16. CotomsiA: Comisaria del Amazonas, Rio Loretoyacu, near Puerto Narino, on trail to Rio Putumayo. August 1964. Raffauf 106. This collection gave a questionably positive alkaloid reaction to a Dragendorff spot-test on fresh material. Gurania spinulosa (P. et E.) Cogniaux, Diagn. Cucurb. | (1877) 17. CoLomBIA: Comisaria del Putumayo, Rio Sucumbios, Santa Rosa.” Flowers red, yellow within. Vine.” April 7-8, 1942. Schultes 3565.—Rio Caqueta, Puerto Limon. “Vine. Flowers orange; petals yellow.” March 17, 1955. Schultes et Cabrera 18718. Comisaria del Amazonas, Rio Loretoyacu. “Vine. Flowers orange.” Sep- tember-November 1944. Schultes 6020; 6333.—Rio Amazonas, Leticia. Sep- 244 tember 1946. Schultes 8218.—Rio Loretoyacu. October 1946. Schultes et Black 8559. In the region of the Rio Loretoyacu, a tea of the roots is employed for the same condition (faulty menstruation) as Gura- nia rhizantha. Gurania Ulei Cogniaux in Engler, Pflanzenr. 66, iv, 275, 1 (1916) 205. COLOMBIA: Comisaria del Amazonas, Rio Putumayo, Florida. May-July 1931. Klug 2120. The Witoto Indians call this vine maruchao. Lagenaria siceraria (Mol. ) Standley in Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 3: 435, 1930). In the Brazilian Amazon, the pulp of the fruit in the ripened Stage is considered to be emollient. It is also employed as a laxative. A tea of the seeds is considered efficaceous against nephritis (Le Cointe, loc. cit.). 245 BOTANICAL MUSEUM LEAFLETS VoL. 30, No. 4 FALL 1986 THE CARYOCARACEAE AS A SOURCE OF FISH POISONS IN THE NORTHWEST AMAZON KAZUKO KAWANISHI', ROBERT F. RAFFAUF2 AND RICHARD EVANS SCHULTES? The Caryocaraceae is a family of tropical American trees. The family has two genera—Anthodiscus and Caryocar—with some 25 species. It is believed to be allied to the Theaceae. The family has recently been revised by Prance and Freitas da Silva (1). Caryocar Allamand ex Linnaeus The fifteen species of Caryocar, trees or rarely shrubs or suf- fruitices (herbaceous with a woody stem base), occur in the humid tropics from Costa Rica and Colombia throughout low- land South America; the genus is particularly well represented in the Amazon and the Guianas. The fruit and seeds of several species are valued by local popu- lations as food, and some interest in the group has been in evidence as undeveloped plants of potential commercial value (2). Perhaps the best known is Caryocar brasiliense Camb. of central Brazil, the seeds of which yield an oil said to be an excellent cooking oil, a butter substitute and a source of fat for home soap-making; the fruits are used to prepare a native liqueur (3). In other parts of northern South America, the sauri trees Or Sauri-nut trees—C. amygdaliferum Mutis and C. nucife- rum L.—are likewise the sources of edible fat, and C. nuciferum 'Present address: Kobe Women’s College of Pharmacy, Motoyamakita-Machi, Higashinada-Ku, Kobe 658, Japan. *Medicinal Chemistry Section, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, Northeastern University, Boston, MA; Research Associate, Botanical Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. 3Charles Edward Jeffrey Professor of Biology and Director, Botanical Museum, Har- vard University, Emeritus, Cambridge, MA. 247 is cultivated in the West Indies for its “butter nuts” or “sauri nuts” (4). In the Guianas, C. glabrum (Aubl.) Pers. is known as soapwood and is used for washing hair and clothing (4). Cary- ocar villosum (Aubl.) Pers. likewise yields a fat similar to and used as butter and in soap-making in Brazil, where its product is called manteiga de pequia (“pequia butter”); in French Guiana, the tree is called arbre a beurre (“butter tree”) (3); it was intro- duced into Malaysia in the 1920’s (5), and the analysis of its fruits was reported (6). There is some evidence from our own ethnobotanical studies in the Colombian Vaupés that Caryocar may have biodynamic or even toxic constituents. The Tukano Indians, for example, pre- pare a paste of the crushed leaves of Caryocar gracile Wittm. which, when fed to dogs, causes slow death within a week. Cary- ocar microcarpum Ducke appears to have insecticidal proper- ties. The botanical explorer von Martius suggested that the root bark of a species of Caryocar may enter into the preparation of an Amazonian curare (7). During the course of a plant-collecting trip to the northwest- ern Amazon, two of the authors (RFR and RES) observed that the leaves of Caryocar microcarpum are repellent, if not toxic, to leaf-cutting ants; relatively few of the insects, having attempt- ed (and usually succeeded) in cutting pieces of leaf from a fresh collection, exhibited random, disoriented behavior and dropped leaf bits along a trail but a few yards from the site where the collection of leaves had been set out to dry; scores of the ants appeared to be dead or paralyzed and dying. These insects are responsible for enormous crop losses throughout tropical Amer- ica (8). In earlier literature, Caryocar is frequently cited under its local names, especially those species employed in Brazil (piqui, piqui’-a, piquiarana, pequi, pekéa, etc.) without reference to species identification; and the chemical studies that have been given the genus have been concerned primarily with fats and oils (9). These constitutents have often been compared to olive and palm oils. The physical properties of the oils and their glyceride compo- sitions have been determined (10). The oil of Caryocar villosum 248 is rich in phytosterols and iron but has a bitter taste; that of C. microcarpum (syn. C. butyrosum sensu Staehl) is marked (11). Carotenoids and significant amounts of provitamin A have been reported in piqué oils (12). Recently, de Oliveira and his co- workers found extracts of C. brasiliense to have some activity against Sarcoma 180, due mainly to their content of oleanolic acid; friedelin, friedelinol, B-sitosterol, stigmasterol and ellagic acid were also isolated (13). With the exception of these brief notes, we are unaware of basic studies of either the chemistry or the pharmacology of this small New World plant family. The use of Caryocar as a fish poison in the northwest Amazon of Brazil and Colombia is interestingly unique. A hole is dug in the ground— approximately two feet in depth. It is filled repeat- edly with water, until the loose earth remaining at the base of the hole is a semi-liquid mud; it may on occasion be stirred vigor- ously by pounding with a piece of wood or section of a tree trunk as a pestle. Fruits of the Caryocar are then dumped into the hole. Pounding to mix the fruits with the mud and to crush the pericarp of the fruit is then carried on for twenty minutes or more, after which the mixture is cast into still water. The effects are rapid; the water becomes muddy or cloudy, and fish come to the surface for air and are caught by hand. During the pounding of the fruit-mud mixture and when it is thrown into the water, extensive foaming is evident, indicating a high saponin content. Several species of Caryocar are employed as fish poisons by all Indian tribes in the Comisaria del Vaupés of Colombia and adjacent areas of Brazil. It is noteworthy that this method of fishing, relatively laborious in comparison with the use of the many other icthyotoxic plants of the region, is so widespread and clearly one of the preferred procedures amongst the numer- ous Tukanoan tribes of the Vaupés. The Colombian voucher specimens cited are preserved in the Economic Herbarium of Oakes Ames and/or in the Gray Her- barium (both of Harvard University) and in the Herbario Nacional de Colombia; the Brazilian specimens cited are in the collection of the New York Botanical Garden. The identifica- tions have been checked or made by Dr. Ghillean T. Prance; 249 most of the collections have been cited in the monograph by Prance and Freitas da Silva (1). Caryocar glabrum (Awb/.) Persoon, Syn. P|. 2 (1806) 84. BRAZIL: Estado do Amazonas, basin of Rio Negro, Unciuxi, Maku Indian village 300 km. above mouth. October 1971, Prance et al. 15576.—Same local- ity. “Forest on terra firme. Tree 20 ml. X 30 cm. diam. Corolla yellow, fila- ments purple. Fruit ground up for potent fish poison.” October 24, 1971, Prance et al. 15583. CoLomBiaA: Comisaria del Vaupés, Rio Apaporis, Soratama. “Large tree, 75 feet. Stamens red, petals yellow. Fruit used as a fish poison.” August 20, 1961, Schultes et Cabrera 13600.—Soratama. “Enormous tree. Flowers yellow; stamens bright red. Seeds uncooked used as foods.” September 26, 1951, Schultes et Cabrera 14139.—Soratama. “Rind of fruit used as fish poison. Fruit light brown. Seeds eaten by natives. Wood very hard.” January 28, 1932, Schultes et Cabrera 14999.—Portage between Rios Vaupés and Apaporis. “Tree 15 m. In forest. Flower buds pale green. Flowers with calyx pale green; corolla pale yellow; stamens bright red, showy. Pulp of fruit used as fish poison. The seed is edible.” September 17, 1976, Zarucchi 2090.—Rio Vau- pés, Between Rio Parana Pichuna and Rapids of Mandi. “Tree 13 m.; in primary forest. Fruits orange-brown, immature. Fruit pulp used as fish poi- son.” November 12, 1976, Zarucchi 2223.—Rio Vaupés, Raudal Tutu. “A tree. 20 m. Fruit globose, rusty brown. Seed white, edible. Rind of fruit and pulp crushed in mud holes to prepare a fish poison—it foams up.” March 29, 1975, Zarucchi, Schultes et McElroy 1121.—A\to Rio Papuri, Cafio Yapu. March 31, 1977, Patmore et Dufour 60. Caryocar glabrum is widespread in the Amazon valley and the Guianas. In the Colombian Vaupés, this tree is known in Span- ish as barbasco de monte and barbasco propio. The Puinvave Indians call it ho’-shoo or haw. The Kubeos refer to the tree as kon. In Barasana, the name is e-ho’. The Maku Indians on the Brazilian Rio Unciuxi know it as pursh. Prance reported the use of this species as fish poison amongst the Maku (14). Caryocar gracile Wittmack in Martius, Fl. Bras. 12, Pt. | (1886) 350. CoLomBIA: Comisaria del Vaupés, Rio Kananari, near mouth. “Tree in high savannah forest. Flowers pink. Barbasco.” June 1952, Cabrera sine num. C. gracile is not so widely distributed as many of the other species; it is known only from the northwest Amazon in the Vaupés in Colombia, in the Estado do Amazonas in Brazil and 250 in adjacent parts of southern Venezuela. It is known locally in Spanish as barbasco and is one of several species employed as a fish poison. Caryocar microcarpum Ducke in Arch. Jard. Bot. Rio Jan. 4 (1925) 133. CoLoMBIA: Comisaria del Vaupés, Rio Vaupés, Miraflores. February 1944, Gutiérrez et Schultes 828.—Cafio Guaraci. February 21, 1944, Gutiérrez et Schultes 867.—Rio Apaporis, Soratama. “Small tree along inun- dated bank.” June 17, 1951, Schultes et Cabrera 12646.—Rio Kuduyari, lowermost rapids. “Tree 60 feet. Flowers white; stamens pink. Leaves will paralyze leaf-cutting ants.” October 10, 1966, Schultes et Raffauf 24390.—Rio Kuduyari. “Tree 10 m. tall, overhanging river. Inundated terrain. Fruit green in a terminal cluster. Seed coat spiny, imbedded in a white pulp.” January 26, 1975, Zarucchi 1328.—Same locality . “Tree 12 m. tall, along river, inundated. Barbasco.” August 4, 1975, Zarucchi 1469.—Same locality. “Tree 12 m. tall along river. Specimens collected at 10 p.m. (flowers open after dark and fall before morning). Flowers with calyx and corolla pale greenish white; stamens bright pink, fragrant. Barbasco del rio.” November 10, 1946, Zarucchi 2207. The distribution of C. microcarpum is very extensive and probably as a result of its wide range, the species is unusually variable. It occurs in the Amazon and in Venezuela and the Guianas. However, we have been unable to find reference to its ichthyotoxic use except in the northwestern sectors of Brazil and Colombia. The Kubeo Indians of the Vaupés call this tree kun’- kuj and ku’. The Spanish names of the species are barbasco and barbasco del rio, referring undoubtedly to the riparian distribu- tion of the species. Preliminary chemical studies have been carried out on the leaves of C. microcarpum (Schultes et Raffauf 24390). The results are summarized briefly here; experimental details will be published elsewhere. The collection gave a negative spot test for alkaloids on fresh material using Dragendorff’s reagent. Hexane extraction yielded a complex mixture of triterpenes and a soft cuticular wax. Subsequent extraction with alcohol and appro- priate partition of the extract followed by lyophilization gave about 40% of a powder rich in tannins of the ellagic/ gallic acid type and triterpene saponins with the basic oleanane skeleton. This chemistry is certainly consonant with the native use of the leaves; saponins are known to be insecticidal and ichthyotoxic 251 (15); tannins are important inhibitors of the grazing of plants by herbivores of many types (16). Indeed, triterpenes of the olea- nane type have been found to be toxic to termites (17) and attine ants (18). In our opinion, an assessment of Caryocar as a com- mercial crop should include further study of the non-edible por- tions of the plants as sources of compounds or their derivatives potentially toxic to insects. Anthodiscus C. F. W. Meyer The ten species of Anthodiscus are trees or shrubs ranging in tropical parts of northern South America in the Guianas, Vene- zuela and the westernmost Amazon of Brazil, Colombia and Peru. It is of pertinent interest that our ethnobotanical field studies indicate that several species of Anthodiscus are similarly employed by Indians in the Colombian Vaupés. The ichthyotoxic use of two species was reported earlier (19). Unfortunately, material of the three species known to be sources of fish poisons in the Vaupés have not been available for phytochemical study. Apparently little or nothing is known about the chemical com- position of the genus (9). Anthodiscus obvatus Bentham ex Wittmack in Martius, FI. Bras. 12, Pt. 1 (1886) 358. CoLUMBIA: Comisaria del Vaupés, Rio Apaporis, Raudal de Jerijerimo. “Small tree. Flowers yellow.” November 27, 1951, Schultes et Cabrera 14660.—Rio Apaporis, Raudal Yayacopi. “Bush. Flowers yellow.” August 18, 1952, Schultes et Cabrera 16924.—Rio Vaupés, Raudal de Yurupari. “Small bush by falls. Sandy soil. Fish poison.” August 1960, Cabrera sine num. The Tukano Indians of the Colombian Vaupés, besides using this plant as a fish poison, employ it as an ingredient, together with Strychnos, in preparing a type of curare. The Tanimuka name of Anthodiscus obovatus is tee-fe -roo’- ka. In the Makuna language, it is ko-men’-tan-go or gaw’-we. The Makus call it chee-aw’. Anthodiscus peruanus Bai//on in Adansonia 10 (1872) 241. CoLoMBIA: Comisaria del Vaupés, Rio Negro, Cafio Ducuruapo. “Tall tree, 34-40 feet; diameter 18 inches. Wood hard, white. Bark shaggy, dark 252 brown. Flowers bright yellow. Leaves very glossy, light green. In caatinga.” December 13-17, 1947, Schultes et Lopez. 9387. The Kuripako Indians use this tree as a fish poison. Anthodiscus pilosus Ducke in Trop. Woods 90 (1947) 23. CoLoMBIA: Comisaria del Vaupés, Rio Apaporis, Soratama. August 16, 1951, Schultes et Cabrera 13561.—Rio Apaporis, Jinogojé. “On high knoll. Tree 90 feet. Flowers yellow.” June 8, 1952, Schultes et Cabrera 16623.— Rio Popeyaca, June 10, 1952, Schultes et Cabrera 16623. LITERATURE CITED Prance, G. T. and Freitas da Silva, M. Flora Neotropica, Monogr. No. 12 (1973). Underexploited Tropical Plants with Promising Economic Value. Nat. Acad. Sci., Washington, DC (1975). . Mors, W. B. and Rizzini, C. T. Useful Plants of Brazil. Holden-Day, Inc., San Francisco, CA (1966). Uphof, J. C. Th. Dictionary of Economic Plants (Ed. 2). J. Cramer, Weinheim, Germany (1968). Burkill, I. H. A Dictionary of the Economic Products of the Malay Peninsula, Vol. 1. Crown Agents for the Colonies, London (1935). . Georgi,C.D.V. Mal. Agri. Journ. 17, 166 (1929). Perrot, E. and Vogt. Trav. Lab. Mat. Med. Paris. 9, 270 (1912). Cherret, J. M. and Sims, D.G. Journ. Agr. Soc., Trinidad and Tobago 68(3), 313 (1968). . Hegnauer,R. Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Vol. 3. Birkhauser Verlag, Basle (1964). Meara, M. Journ. Chem. Soc. (1947), 773. . Osorio de Cerqueria, P. Rev. Alimenta (Rio de Janeiro) 7(40), 16 (1943). Pechnik, E. and Ribeiro, L. Univ. Brasil Inst. Nutr., Trabal. Pesquisas 6, 65 (1962). De Oliveira, M. M., Gilbert, B. and Mors., W. B. An. Acad. Brasil. Cienc. 40(4), 451 (1968). Prance,G. Econ. Bot. 29, 243 (1972). Vickery, M. L. and Vickery, B. Secondary Plant Metabolism. University Park Press, Baltimore MD (1981). . Swain, T. in Rosenthal, G. A. and Janzen, D. H. (Eds.). Herbivores, Their Interaction with Secondary Metabolites. Academic Press, NY (1979). . Hart, N. K., Lamberton, J. A. and Triffet, A.C. K. Aust. Jounr. Chem. 26, 1827 (1973). . Chen, T. K., Ales, D. C., Baenziger, N. C. and Wiemer, D. F. Journ. Org. Chem. 48(20), 3525 (1983). See also Okunade, A. L. and Wiemer, D. F. Phytochemistry 24(6), 1203 (1985). Schultes, R. E. Bot. Mus. Leaflets, Harvard Univ. 25, 119 (1977). 253 BOTANICAL MUSEUM LEAFLETS VoL. 30, No. 4 FALL 1986 DE PLANTIS TOXICARIIS E MUNDO NOVO TROPICALE COMMENTATIONES XXXVII MISCELLANEOUS NOTES ON MEDICINAL AND TOXIC PLANTS OF THE NORTHWEST AMAZON RICHARD EVANS SCHULTES AND ROBERT F. RAFFAUF Research on the biodynamic plants of the northwest Amazon, especially that part lying within the borders of Colombia, has continued to add to the large number of plants with biological activity—plants deserving of scientific study for the benefit of mankind. This series has continued to note the uses of plants as medi- cines, poisons or narcotics that the Indians of the northwest Amazon have, through millennia of trial and error, discovered to possess some activity on the human or animal body. It is on these plants—rather perhaps than on a random sampling of the 80,000 species in the Amazon Valley—that modern phytochem- ists and pharmacologists should focus their attention. With the rapid encroachment and success of acculturation, the folk-knowledge acquired through hundreds of years by abo- riginal peoples is rapidly being lost. There is little time to lose, and scientists must come to realize the practical value to us of Indians’ knowledge of the properties of their ambient vegetation. It is probable that this region of the northwest Amazon has one of the richest ethnopharmacopoeias in tropical America. The region may also be the richest in species of plants of the Amazon Valley, an area slightly larger than the United States. An amazingly large number of different tribes inhabit this region, all of therm—at least until the last few years—more or less dependent on their local flora for “medicinally” useful plants for treatment of their ills. Their knowledge of the properties of 255 plants is extraordinarily extensive. This knowledge has, until now, been preserved primarily because the area—rivers clogged with endless rapids and waterfalls—has by nature been pro- tected from penetration by “civilized” influences from Brazil, bringing with them the availability of efficient and inexpensive western medicine. With such a rich flora and indigenous population and since most of the species have never been phytochemically investi- gated, the northwest Amazonian forests offer an unexplored emporium of new chemicals, some of which may be of potential value in our own pharmacopoeias. Most of the material cited in this paper was gathered during my 40 or more years of field work in the northwest Amazon. An appreciable number of the ethnopharmacological notes are taken from field notes of my students, many of whom have carried out field work in the region. A few of the data have been gleaned from the literature or from annotations on herbarium specimens. The literature sources in the following pages are the following: Glenboski— The Ethnobotany of the Takuna Indians of Ama- zonas, Colombia (Instituto Ciencias Nat., Biblioteca J. J. Triana, Univ. Nac. Col., Bogota, 1983); von Reis Altschul— Foods from Little-Known Plants: Notes in the Harvard University Herbaria (Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1973); von Reis and Lipp: New Plant Sources for Drugs and Foods from the New York Botanical Garden Herbarium (1982); La Rotta: Observa- ciones Ethnoboténicas sobre algunas Especies Utilizadas por la Comunidad Indigena Andoque (Amazonas, Colombia), Corpo- racion de Araracuara (1983). T. Uphop—Dictionary of Eco- nomic Plants, Verlag J. Cramer, Lehre, Germany, (1968). The families in the following pages are arranged in accord with the Engler-Prantl system. The genera are listed alphabeti- cally under the family. Most of the voucher herbarium speci- mens are preserved in the Economic Herbarium of Oakes Ames or in the Gray Herbarium (both of Harvard University) and/or in the Herbario Nacional de Colombia in Bogota. 256 The preceding contributions in this series have been pub- lished in the Botanical Museum Leaflets of Harvard University, the Journal of Ethnopharmacology, the Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, Rhodora and Lloydia. PIPERACEAE Peperomia macrostachya (Vah) A. Dietrich var. nematostachya (Link) Trelease et Yunker, Piperaceae N.S. Am. 2 (1950) 661. CoLoMBIA: Comisaria del Vaupés, Mitu. “Hanging epiphyte.” September 27-October 20, 1966. Schultes et Raffauf 24178. A Dragendorff alkaloid spot-test gives a negative result for this epiphyte. Peperomia obtusifolia (L.) A. Dietrich, Sp. Pl. 1 (1831) 154, fig. 574. CoLoMBIA: Comisaria del Vaupés, Rio Kuduyari, Yapoboda. Ocotober 4-6, 1951. Schultes et Cabrera 14270. The Kubeo Indians rub the crushed leaves of this piperaceous plant vigorously on rheumatic joints to reduce the pain. Peperomia pellucida (L.) Humboldt, Bonpland et Kunth, Nov. Gen. et Sp. | (1815) 64. COLOMBIA: Comisaria del Amazonas, Rio Loretoyacu. October 20-30, 1945. Schultes 6622. Amongst the Tikuna Indians, leaves of this epiphytic plant are crushed and, after soaking in warm water, are poulticed on ulcers and wounds. Peperomia victoriana C. DeCandolle in DC. Prodr. 16 (1869) 449. CoLomBIA: Comisaria del Vaupés, Rio Vaupés, Lagos de Pasos. February 19, 1944. Gutiérrez et Schultes 857. The natives living in the upper Rio Vaupés rub the crushed leaves on the forehead to relieve headaches. 27 MORACEAE Ficus caballina Standley in Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Bot. 13 (1936) 301. CoLoMBIA: Comisaria del Amazonas, Rio Boiauasu. November 1945. Schultes 6817. Comisaria del Vaupés, Rio Naquieni, Cerro Monachi, June 1948. Schultes et Lopez 10065. This tall tree has thick white latex which the Tikunas employ as a bone-set. The latex “sets” rapidly to a rather hard mass. Ficus gemina Ruiz ex Miquel in Martius, Fl. Bras. 4, Pt. 1 (1853) 98. Cotomsia: Comisaria del Amazonas, Leticia. “Fruit yellow, red spotted. Latex white. Tree.” September 1946. Schultes 8177. Comisaria del Vaupés Rio Macaya, Cachivera del Diablo. “Extensive strangler. Bark rough, mottled grey and ashy white or brown with red-brown areas. Latex abundant, thin, white, or cream-coloured, rapidly oxidizing to a brownish orange on contact with air. Fruit green-yellow with red spots before ripening, later a pink with darker red spots. Leaves inhabited and eaten by an insect perfectly camouflaged to blend with the dark, glossy upper surface. Grows on sandy, well-drained soil but near water.” May 1943. Schultes 5393. The Tikunas of the Rio Loretoyacu call this wild fig pai’-n and value the latex as a vermifuge. In the Vaupés, the tree is known as chivecha. The latex is spread on the skin to relieve itching due probably to fungal infections. Ficus glabrata Humboldt, Bonpland et Kunth var. obtusula Dugand in Caldasia 3 (1944) 136. CoLomBiA: Comisaria del Amazonas, Rio Loretoyacu. “Enormous tree, 120 feet. Buttress roots. Latex white, October 1946. Schultes et Black 8443.—Rio Putumayo, between Rios Igaraparana and Yaguas, Isla Arica. June 20, 1942. Schultes 3499. Comisaria del Putumayo, Rio Caucaya. May 18, 1942. Schultes 3788. The Tikuna Indians of the Rio Loretoyacu employ the latex as a vermifuge; they call the tree po-ta’. It is known locally in Spanish as higueron. Ficus Mathewsii Mige/ in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bot. 3 (1867) 298. 258 CoLomBiA: Comisaria del Amazonas, Rio Loretoyacu. September 13-15, 1966. Schultes et Raffauf 24112. This wild fig gave an alkaloid-negative result with a Dragen- dorff reagent spot-test. ANNONACEAE Guatteria Duckeana R. E. Fries in Acta Hort. Berg. 12 (1939) 468. COLoMBIA: Comisaria del Vaupés, Rio Vaupés, Cachivera de Tatu. “Tree, 45 feet. Flowers green.” October 10, 1966. Schultes, Raffauf et Soejarto 24377. The Indians living near this rapids report that bathing or rubbing with a warm decoction of the leaves is efficaceous in relieving rheumatic pains. The fresh leaves are alkaloid-positive with a Dragendorff spot-test. Duguetia odorata (Diels) Macbride in Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ. Bot. 4 (1929) 172. CoLomBIA: Comisaria del Vaupés, Rio Kuduyari. “Tree 12 feet. Flowers green-yellow.” October 10, 1966. Schultes, Raffauf et Soejarto 24382. The flowers are dried and mixed with chicha to impart an aromatic flavour. A Dragendorff spot-test on fresh leaves and bark indicates that both are very strongly alkaloid-positive. M yYRISTICACEAE Compsoneura capitellata (A.DC.) Warburg in Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. 68 (1897) 146. CoLoMBIA: Comisaria del Vaupés, Rio Apaporis, Soratama. January 31, 1952. Schultes et Cabrera 15107. The Indians in the region of Soratama assert that the roots of this small tree are very poisonous but that no use is being made of them. Compsoneura debilis (4.DC.) Warburg in Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. 68 (1897) 144. CoLomsia: Comisaria del Vaupés, Rio Negro, San Felipe, October £0, 1952. 259 Schultes, Baker et Cabrera 18018.—Rio Vaupés, Yutica. May 14-17, 1953. Schultes et Cabrera 19374. The Desano Indians, who know this small tree as bee-a’-poo- nee, state that the root is highly toxic. No known use is made of it. Virola calophylla (Spr.) Warburg in Nov. Act. Acad. Leop.- Carol. 68 (1897) 231. Co_omBia: Comisaria del Amazonas, Rio Loretoyacu, October 1946. Schultes et Black 8463.—Rio Caqueta, La Pedrera, May 2, 1952. Schultes et Cabrera 16381. Comisaria del Vaupés, Rio Apaporis, Soratama. August 16, 1951. Schultes et Cabrera 13587.—Same locality. March 26, 1952. Schultes et Cabrera 16040. The Yucuna name for this tree is a-ré’-dje.It is one of the several species of Virola, the bark exudate of which is widely appreciated in the Colobian Amazonia in the treatment of fun- gal infections of the skin. Virola flexuosa A. C. Smith in Brittonia 2 (1936) I51. Cotomsia: Comisaria del Vaupés, Rio Apaporis, Soratama. September 28, 1951. Schultes et Cabrera 14166. The Taiwano Indians of the Rio Kananari call this tree e-ta’- pa-ma and report that the dried and pulverized leaves are an excellent insect repellent. Virola loretensis A. C. Smith in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 58 (1931) 95. Co.LomBIA: Comisaria del Amazon, Rio Loretoyacu. November 1945. Schultes 6947. The Tikuna Indians of the Rio Loretoyacu apparently do not employ any species of Virola in the preparation of an intoxicat- ing snuff or orally ingested “pill.” They point out, however, that this is one of the trees employed by the neighboring Witotos as a source of a narcotic “pill.” Virola Melinonii (Ben.) A. C. Smith in Brittonia 2 (1938) 502. BRAZIL: Estado do Amazonas, Rio Negro basin, Rio Cauaburi. “Small tree. Flowers brownish yellow. No bark resin seen.” July 15, 1967. Schultes 24569. 260 A Dragendorff spot-test for alkaloids gave a negative result. Virola multinervia Ducke in Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 24 (1936) 261. BRAZIL: Estado do Amazonas, Manaos and vicinity. Reserva Ducke. “Tree 45 feet; diameter 8-10 inches. Abundant red resin-like exudate in bark. Leaves beneath and fruits golden-hairy.” July 30, 1967. Schultes 24614. This tree gave a negative result with a Dragendorff spot-test for alkaloids. The twigs, root and fruit, however, were positive with an Ehrlich test. Virola peruviana (A. DC.) Warburg in Nov. Acta Acad. Leop.- Carol. 68 (1897) 188. CoLomBIA: Comisaria del Amazon, Rio Loretoyacu. September-November 1944. Schultes 6031. The Tikunas of the Rio Loretoyacu employ the resin-like liq- uid in the inner bark to treat fungus attacks on the skin. LAURACEAE Nectandra acutifolia (R. et P.) Mez in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. 5 (1889) 409. CoLoMBIA: Comisaria del Vaupés, Rio Vaupés, Cachivera de Tatu. 7 tee, 40 feet. Flowers yellow.” October 10, 1966. Schultes, Raffauf et Soejarto 24373. The Kubeos drink warm a tea prepared from the bark to relieve “excessive fatigue.” With a Dragendorff spot-test, the fresh bark is alkaloid- positive. Ocotea opifera Martius, Reise Bras. 3 (1831) 1128. CoLomBIA: Comisaria del Vaupés, Rio Vaupés, Urania. “Tree, 30 feet. Fruits green.” October 12, 1966. Schultes, Raffauf et Soejarto 24421. The fruit of this tree is dried and crushed, and the powder is mixed with coca by the Kubeos. The plant is alkaloid-negative with a Dragendorff spot-test. 261 Phoebe sp. CoLomBiA: Comisaria del Vaupés, Rio Vaupés, Cachivera de Tatu. “Small tree. Fruit green.” October 10, 1966. Schultes, Raffauf et Soejarto 24374. The Kubeos of the Mitt region sprinkle powdered bark in their ceremonial featherwork to preserve it from insect damage. A Dragendorff alkaloid spot-test on this collection gave a positive reaction. MONIMIACEAE Siparuna ternata Perkins in Engler, Jahrb. 28 (1901) 691. CoLtomsia: Comisaria del Vaupés, Rio Vaupés, Cachivera de Tatu. “Small tree.” October 10, 1966. Schultes, Raffauf et Soejarto 24375. This plant is alkaloid-negative with a Dragendorff spot-test on fresh material of the leaves. Amongst the Kubeos, a decoction of the leaves and fruits is ingested to relieve chest congestion due to colds. LEGUMINOSAE Elizabetha princeps Schomburgk ex Bentham in Hooker, Journ. Bot. 2 (1840) 92. BRAZIL: Estado do Amazonas, Rio Negro basin, Rio Cauaburi. “Bark burnt for ashes to mix with Virola snuff. Tree 40 feet. In forest.” July 17, 1967. Schultes 24578. The bark and petioles of this tree gave a negative test for alkaloids with Dragendorff reagent. The Waika Indians call this tree a-ma’. The ashes of its bark are mixed with their hallucinogenic snuff known as nyakwana or epena (Schultes et Holmstedt: Rhodora 70 (1968) 113-160). Inga nobilis Willdenow, Enum. Hort. Berol. (1809) 1047. CoLomBIA: Comisaria del Vaupés, Rio Apaporis, Jinogojé. “Bush. Flowers white.” June 5, 1952. Schultes et Cabrera 16004.—Same locality. June 20, 1952. Schultes et Cabrera 16767. The Makunas call this bush mé-fé-ra’. Inga setifera DeCandolle, Prodr. 2 (1825) 432, 615. CoLomBiA: Comisaria del Amazonas, Leticia. “Flowers yellow. Fruit pulp 262 edible. Leaves very glossy above.” September 20, 1945. Schultes 6543. Comisaria del Vaupés, Rio Apaporis, Raudal de Jerijerimo. “Small tree. Flowers bright yellow.” September 16, 1951. Schultes et Cabrera 14024.—Rio Kuduyari, lower part. “Cultivated. Flowers yellow.” October 16, 1952. Schultes et Cabrera 17860. This small tree is locally known in the Leticia area as chim- billo. Its name in Tikuna is kau-ré, and the Kubeos of the Rio Kuduyari call it koo-mé’-né. Inga stenoptera Bentham in Hooker Journ. Bot. 2 (1840) 143. COLOMBIA: Comisaria del Amazonas, Rio Loretoyacu. March 1946. Schultes 7136. Comisaria del Vaupés, Rio Apaporis, Jinogojé. “Flowers white. Bush.” August 28, 1952. Schultes et Cabrera 17029.—Rio Vaupés, Mita. November 13, 1952. Schultes et Cabrera 18419. The Maku Indians of the Rio Piraparana know this plant as meen. Stylosanthes guianensis (Aub/.) Swartz in Vet. Acad. Handl. Stockh. (1789) 296. COLOMBIA: Comisaria del Vaupés, Rio Kubiyi, Savannah Kafienda. “Herb. Flowers orange; stem covered with hairs. Profusely glandular.” Sep- tember 27-October 20, 1966. Schultes, Raffauf et Soejarto 24293. This leguminous herb is alkaloid-negative with a spot test on fresh material with Dragendorff reagent. Swartzia conferta Spruce ex Bentham in Martius, Fl. Bras. 15, pt. 2 (1870) 20. COLOMBIA: Comisaria del Vaupés, Rio Vaupés, Cachivera de Tatu. “Small treelet. Fruit red.” October 10, 1966. Schultes, Raffauf et Soejarto 24371. Fresh leaves are alkaloid-positive when subjected to a Dra- gendorff spot-test. BURSERACEAE Hemicrepidospermum cuneifolium Cuatrecasas in Webbia 12 (1957) 417. COLOMBIA: Comisaria del Vaupés, Rio Apaporis, Soratama. “Small tree. Flowers greenish yellow. Leaves stiff.” August 16, 1951. Schultes et Cabrera 13592. 263 The aroma of the dried leaves of this plant is presumed amongst the Tawaino Indians to relieve severe catarrhal condi- tions. These Indians know the plant as ké-ké’-ta-me-té. MELIACEAE Guarea gomma Pulle in Rec. Trav. Bot. Néerl. 6 (1909) 271. CoLomBIA: Comisaria del Amazonas, Interior of Trapécio Amazonica October 1945. Schultes 6763.—Rio Boiauasst. “Small tree. Flowers white.” November 1945. Schultes 6791.—Rio Loretoyacu. November 3, 1946. Schultes et Black 46-303. The leaves of Guarea gomma are considered by the Tikunas to be very astringent and are employed in the form of a tea to arrest diarrhoea. The roots are said to be toxic. Guarea macrophylla Vahl, Eclog. Am. 3 (1807) 8. CoLomBIA: Comisaria del Caqueta, Rio Caqueta, Tres Esquinas. Little et Little 9653. The bark of Guarea macrophylla is employed locally as a purgative. MALPIGHIACEAE Burdachia prismatocarpa Martius ex Jussieu var. argutivenosa Cuatrecasas in Webbia 13 (1958) 636. CoLoMBIA: Comisaria del Vaupés, Rio Vaupés, Mitt. November 17, 1939. Cuatrecasas 7248. The Kubeo name of this plant is reported to be va-da-kee’-ma- mae. The leaves are said to be “medicinal”, but their specific use is not known. Byrsonima ciliata Cuatrecasas in Webbia 13 (1958) 623. CoLomsiA: Comisaria del Vaupés, Rio Kuduyari, Yapoboda. “Bush 18 feet. Flowers white. Leaves coriaceous, obovate, apically indented. Calyx green, petals white; stamens red.” October 5, 1951. Schultes et Cabrera 14217. The Kubeo Indians of the Rio Vaupés consider a tea of the dried leaves of Byrsonima ciliata to be effective as a diarrhoetic. 264 EUPHORBIACEAE Alchornea castaneifolia A. Jussieu, Tent. Euphorb. (1824) 42. Cotomsia: Comisaria del Amazonas, Rio Loretoyacu. October 1946. Schultes et Black 8439.—Same locality. November 1946. Schultes et Black 8635.— Same locality. January 8, 1973. Glenboski C-202. The Tikuna Indians make a decoction of the scrapings of the bark to treat diarrhoeia. According to the collector (Glenboski C-202), one tablespoonful of the tea should be taken before meals. The name of this species amongst the Spanish-speaking inhabitants of the region is pdjaro arbol. Alchornea triplinervia (Spreng.) Mueller-Argoviensis in De Candolle, Prodr. 15, pt. 2 (1862) 909. CoLoMBIA: Comisaria del Amazonas, Rio Karaparana, El Encanto. May 22-28, 1942. Schultes 3830. The Witotos claim that this plant has anti-diarrhoeic proper- ties. The leaves are occasionally employed for this medicinal purpose. Mabea nitida Spruce ex Bentham in Hooker, Kew Journ. 6 (1854) 367. CoLomBiA: Comisaria del Vaupés, Mitu. “Tree 20 feet. Fruit rust-coloured.” September 27-October 30, 1966. Schultes et Raffauf 24170. Material of this tree is alkaloid-negative with a Dragendorff spot-test. Micrandra minor Bentham in Hooker, Kew Journ. 6 (1854) 372. BRAZIL: Estado do Amazonas, Rio Negro basin, Rio Cauaburi, Carangreijo. “Medium sized tree, by flood bank. Flowers yellow. Latex white. Common name: arara-seringa.” July 14, 1967. Schultes 24564. With a Dragendorff spot-test for alkaloids, the petioles are positive (questionably so, since latex may interfere with the reac- tion); the inner bark is weakly positive. 265 ANACARDIACEAE Anacardium occidentale Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. (1753) 383. CoLomBia: Comisaria del Amazonas, Leticia. August 29-31, 1966. Schultes, Raffauf, Forero et Soejarto 24037. The leave of this common cultivated treelet tested positive with Dragendorff reagent. BOMBACACEAE Matisia cordata Humboldt et Bonpland, P|. Aequin. | (1808) 9, os Co.LomBIA: Comisaria del Amazonas, Rio Loretoyacu. “Tree 60 feet. Flowers yellow. Pulp of fruit edible.” September 13-15, 1966. Schultes et Raffauf 24111. A Dragendorff spot-test indicates that this collection is very strongly alkaloid-positive. STERCULIACEAE Theobroma grandiflorum K. Schumann in Martius, Fl. Bras. 12, pt. 3 (1886) 76. CoLomsia: Comisaria del Amazonas, Rio Loretoyacu. September 13-15, 1966. Schultes et Raffauf 24165. A Dragendorff alkaloid spot-test on the leaves gave a negative reaction. Herrania Camargoana R. E. Schultes in Bot. Mus. Leafl., Har- vard Univ. 14 (1950) 120, t. 29, 32. BRAZIL: Estado do Amazonas, Rio Negro basin, Rio Cauaburi. “One slender trunk. Height 20 feet. In flood forest. Fruit brownish red with fleshy pseudo- spines at junction of ribs and cross ribs.” July 16, 1967. Schultes 24571. A Dragendorff reagent spot-test for alkaloids is negative for the stems and petioles. 266 DILLENIACEAE Davilla densiflora Triana et Planchon in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, 17 (1862) 18. CoLomBiA: Comisaria del Amazonas, Rio Karaparana, El Encanto. May 22-28, 1942. Schultes 3853. The “juice” of this plant is said to be very caustic. It is note- worthy that the “juice” of Davilla rugosa of Brazil is said to “burn the skin and for this reason is called ‘fire vine’ or cipo de fogo” (von Reis et Lipp, 1982). Davilla nitida (Vahl) Kubitzaki in Mitt. Bot. Staatssaml. Miin- chen 6 (1971) 95. CoLomBIA: Comisaria del Amazonas, Rio Loretoyacu. October 1946. Schultes et Black 8540.—Rio Apaporis, Soratama. “Fruit orange. Shrub.” January 26, 1951. Schultes et Cabrera 12835. The Tikuna Indians of the Rio Loretoyacu use a decoction of the leaves of this abundant shrub to cautarize bleeding wounds. In the Rio Apaporis, the natives burn the leaves and put the ashes into gashes made by machetes to help staunch the flow of blood and, they say, to hasten the healing process. Doliocarpus dentatus (Aub/.) Standley in Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 15 (1925) 286, in obs. CoLomsia: Comisaria del Amazonas, Rio Igaraparand, La Chorrera. June 18, 1974. Sastre 3396. Comisaria del Vaupés, Rio Kuduyari, Yapoboda. “Low bush. Fruit red. Flowers white.” October 5-6, 1951. Schultes et Cabrera 14361; 14393. This is the famous bejuco de agua (“watervine”). The Kubeo Indians of the Rio Kuduyari report that the water from this vine will arrest the after-effects of malaria. The Witotos of the Rio Igaraparana call this plant jo-be’-o. 267 CARYOCARACEAE Anthodiscus obovatus Bentham ex Wittmack in Martius, FI. Bras. 12, pt. 1 (1886) 358. BRAZIL: Estado do Amazonas, Rio Xié. “Small tree. Flowers yellow. Leaves coriaceous.” November 29-December 7, 1947. Schultes et Lopez 9226. CoLomBIA: Comisaria del Vaupés, Rio Apaporis, Raudal de Jerijerimo. November 27, 1951. Schultes et Cabrera 14660. The bitter bark of this tree is considered by the Indians of these Brazilian and Colombian localities to be a febrifuge when used in a decoction. The plant is also valued for its ichthyotoxic properties. QUIINACEAE Quiina amazonica A. C. Smith in Trop. Woods No. 58 (1939) 30. CoLoMBIA: Comisaria del Amazonas, Rio Loretoyacu. October 1946. Schultes 6676. The Tikuna Indians of the Rio Loretoyacu drink a tea of the leaves to “cure” sores of the mouth. BIXACEAE Bixa Orellana Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. (1753) 512. CoLoMBIA: Comisaria del Amazonas, Rio Caqueta, Cafio Aduche. October 6, 1981. La Rotta 26. Comisaria del Putumayo, Mocoa. December 3-7, 1942. Schultes et Smith 3002. According to La Rotta 26, the Andoke Indians call this culti- vated tree acési, apparently a variant of the Spanish achiote. FLACOURTIACEAE Ryania pyrifera (L. C. Rich.) Uitten et Sleumer in Pulle, FI. Surinam 3 (1935) 296. CoLomBIA: Comisaria del Vaupés, Raudal de Tatu. “Small tree. Flowers white.” October 10, 1966. Schultes, Raffauf et Soejartv 24387. 268 This plant, reported to be an excellent fish-poison, is alkaloid- negative when tested on fresh material with a Dragendorff spot-test. PASSIFLORACEAE Passiflora laurifolia Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. (1753) 956. CoLomBIA: Comisaria del Vaupés, Rio Vaupés, Mitt. Savannah at base of Cerro Mitu. “Extensive vine. Flowers white; staminodes tan; anthers bright yellow.” September 27-October 20, 1966. Schultes, Raffauf et Soejarto 24207. The Kubeo Indians state that a decoction of the leaves of this vine can be taken to induce sleep. MYRTACEAE Calyptranthes multiflora Poeppig ex Berg in Martius, Fl. Bras. 14, pt. 1 (1857) 42. COLOMBIA: Comisaria del Vaupés, Rio Apaporis, Soratama. “Small tree. Fruit purple-brown. On flood bank.” June 12, 1951. Schultes et Cabrera 12642. The fruits are gathered and prepared in the form of a tea to treat a condition leading to abnormally swollen breasts. The tea is administered orally every few hours for two days. This treat- ment is recommended by the Taiwano Indians, who know the plant as 6-k6-ta’-pa. Calyptranthes paniculata Ruiz et Pavon, Fl. Peruv. 4 (1799) t. 424. CoLoMBIA: Comisaria del Vaupés, Rio Apaporis, Soratama. August 16, 1951. Schultes et Cabrera 13553.—Same locality. “Small treelet. Fruit red. Common on flood banks.” June 17, 1951. Schultes et Cabrera 12613. A tea of the red berries of this treelet is given to women of the Barasana tribe of the Rio Apaporis to increase the flow of milk from swollen breasts. The native informants say that the tea must be administered with care and in small doses. 269 Eugenia aff. biflora (L.) DeCandolle, Prodr. 3 (1828) 276. CoLoMBIA: Comisaria del Vaupés, Rio Kuduyari, Yapoboda. “Low bush, common on savannah.” October 5, 1951. Schultes et Cabrera 14236. The Kubeos report that a wash prepared from the leaves of this plant and introduced into the ear can relieve “pain and throbbing in the ear.” Eugenia aff. cuspidiflora DeCandolle, Prodr. 3 (1828) 279. CoLomBiA: Comisaria del Vaupés, Rio Apaporis, Soratma. June 21, 1951. Schultes et Cabrera 12760. The Taiwano Indians living on the Rio Kananari call this plant er-ké-te’-pa, meaning “ear-medicine.” It is used in the form of an infusion to relieve pressure from accumulated ear-wax. Eugenia florida DeCandolle, Prodr. 3 (1828) 283. CoLomBIA: Comisaria del Amazonas, Rio Guacaya. “Bush. Flowers white, fragrant.” April 24, 1952. Schultes et Cabrera 16236. —Rio Apaporis, Jino- gojé. June 5, 1952. Schultes et Cabrera 16595. The Makuna Indians call this bush oo-koo’. They drink an infusion of the leaves to relieve pains in the chest. Eugenia Patrisii Vah/, Eclog. Am. 2 (1807) 35. CoLomBiA: Comisaria del Vaupés, Rio Apaporis, Raudal de Jerijerimo. Jan- uary 21, 1952. Schultes et Cabrera 14922a. A tea of the leaves, twigs and fruits of Eugenia Patrisii is reputed by the Barasana Indians to be a valuable remedy for persistent coughs and other respiratory problems. Marlierea insignis Mc Vaugh in Fieldiana Bot. 29 (1956) 177. CoLomBIA: Comisaria del Vaupés, Rio Apaporis, Soratama. “Small tree, 35 feet. Fruit golden brown. In flood forest.” August 24, 1951. Schultes et Cabrera 13722. The edible fruit of Marlierea insignis is valuable in the form of a tea taken as hot as possible for treatment of what appears to be the results of a sinus condition. The tea is said to be snuffed into the nostrils to clear their congestion. 270 Marlierea Spruceana Berg in Martius, Fl. Bras. 14, pt. 1 (1857) 34. CoLoMBIA: Comisaria del Vaupés, Rio Apaporis, Soratama. “Small tree. Fruit green, black when ripe, edible. On flood bank. July 18, 1951. Schultes et Cabrera 12652—Rio Kananari, Cerro Isabukuri, Schultes et Cabrera 14697— Rio Vaupés, near Mit. November 13, 1952. Schultes et Cabrera 18414. The Puinaves have two names for this small tree: de’-der (“tree of the lapa”) and ha’-shan. The Taiwanos of the Rio Kananari consider that a hot decoction can “clear the throat of conges- tion”; their name for the plant is er-ké-la-te’-pa. Myrcia salicifolia DeCandolle, Prodr. 3 (1828) 246. CoLomBIA: Comisaria del Vaupés, Rio Apaporis, Raudal de Jerijerimo. “Tree 25-35 feet tall. Fruit red.” September 16, 1951. Schultes et Cabrera 14019. The leaves of Myrcia salicifolia are considered by the Taiwano Indians to be efficaceous against diarrhoea when taken dry and mixed with farina (flour of Manihot esculenta) The leaves are said to be astringent and often emetic when used in excess. Myrcia splendens (Sw.) DeCandolle, Prodr. 3 (1828) 244. CoLomBIA: Comisaria del Vaupés, Rio Kananari, Cachivera del Palito. “Small tree. Flowers white.” July 25, 1951. Schultes et Cabrera 13147.—Rio Apaporis, Jinogojé. June 5, 1952. Schultes et Cabrera 16592. The bark of this small tree is widely employed to paint cuyas (gourds) black. The Puinaves call the plant ta-we-ka’. Psidium acutangulum DeCandolle, Prodr. 3 (1828) 233. CoLomBIA: Comisaria del Amazonas, Rio Loretoyacu. November 1946. Schultes et Black 8630. The leaves appear to be very astringent and are valued by the Tikuna Indians to prepare a wash to relieve the pains of hemorrhoids. Psidium densicomum Martius ex DeCandolle, Prodr. 3 (1828) Zan; CoLomBiA: Comisaria del Vaupés, Rio Apaporis, Raudal de Jeryerimo. Jan- uary 21, 1952. Schultes et Cabrera 14947a. 271 The fruit of this plant is frequently dried and kept for chewing to relieve “sores of the mouth” amongst Indians in the Rio Apa- poris. It apparently has astringent properties. Psidium guianense Persoon, Syn. 2 (1807) 27. CoLoMBIA: Comisaria del Amazonas, Rio Loretoyacu. Glenboski C-241. The mature fruit is esteemed by the Tikunas when eaten raw “to lessen diarrhea” (Glenboski, loc. cit 50). Trichilia Cipo C. DeCandolle in Martius, Fl. Bras. I1, pt. 1 (1878) 214. Venezuela: Territorio del Amazonas, Rio Negro, San Carlos. “Tree 45 feet, 6 inches in diameter. Flowers green-white. Bark fissured; hard inner bark red.” December 15, 1947. Schultes et Lopez 9365a. The Kuripako Indians of the Rio Guainia esteem a decoction of the bark as a cure for malaria and other fevers. Trichilia micrantha Bentham in Hooker, Kew Journ. 3 (1851) 369. CoLomBiA: Comisaria del Vaupés, Rio Kananari, Cerro Isibukuri. “Tree up to 50 feet. Flowers white. Fruit dark green.” August 4, 1951. Schultes et Cabrera 13317.—Rio Apaporis, Jinogojé. June 20, 1952. Schultes et Cabrera 16782. The Barasana Indians, who know this tree as yd-k0-nee, employ the smoke of the burning leaves as a treatment for a variety of pulmonary ailments. It is reputedly extremely pungent. Trichilia Pleeana (A. Juss.) C. DeCandolle in Martius, Fl. Bras. 11, pt. 1 (1870) 215. CoLomBIA: Comisaria del Amazonas, Rio Atacuari. “Tree 20 ft. Flowers white.” October 24, 1946. Schultes et Black 8592. Comisaria del Vaupés, Rio Apaporis, Raudal de Jerijerimo. August 12, 1951. Schultes et Cabrera 13527. The Taiwano Indians of the region near the Raudal de Jerije- rimo maintain that the bark of this tree is astringent and can be used as a febrifuge in the form of a tea. Zi2 Trichilia septentrionalis C. DeCandolle in Martius, Fl. Bras. 11, pt. 1 (1870) 220. CoLomBIA: Comisaria del Putumayo, Rio Uchupayacu. “Tree 30 ft., 20 cm.” February 22-23, 1942. Schultes 3303. The Ingano Indians consider that a tea of the leaves of this species is effective against fevers. Trichilia singularis C. DeCandolle in Martius, Fl. Bras. 11, pt. | (1878) 217. CoLomBiA: Comisaria del Amazonas, Rio Loretoyacu. November 1945. Schultes 6946. The Tikuna Indians employ a tea of the leaves of this tree as a febrifuge. MELASTOMACEAE Graffenrieda rupestris Ducke in Arch. Inst. Bio. Veg. Rio Janeiro 2 (1935) 66. COLOMBIA: Comisaria del Vaupés, Rio Apaporis, Raudal de Jerijerimo. November 25, 1951. Schultes et Cabrera 14560.—Rio Vaupés, Cachivera de Tatu. “Tree, 40 feet. Flowers white, fragrant.” October 10, 1966. Schultes, Raffauf et Soejarto 24381. The leaves of Graffenrieda rupestris are rubbed on the hands to relieve blisters caused by long paddling. A Dragendorff spot- test on living material indicates that these leaves are alkaloid- negative. These two collections, the first from Colombia, are the west- ernmost localities for the species; the type of which is from the Cerro Curicuriari on the upper Rio Negro of Brazil. Macairea Schultesii Wurdack in Bot. Mus. Leafl., Harvard Univ. 18 (1958) 164. CoLomBIA: Comisaria del Vaupés, Rio Kubiyu, Savannah of Kajfienda. “Bush, 2-3 feet. Flowers white.” September 27-October 20, 1966. Schultes, Raffauf et Soejarto 24285. Fresh material of this bush gives an alkaloid-negative result from a spot-test with Dragendorff reagent. 273 Loreya acutifolia O. Berg ex Triana in Trans. Linn. Soc. 28 (1871) 142. CoLomBIA: Comisaria del Vaupés, Rio Vaupés, Urania. “Tree, 60 feet. Flower buds yellow with deep pink top; stamens yellow; flowers showy.” October 12, 1966. Schultes, Raffauf et Soejarto 24417. A spot-test for alkaloids with Dragendorff reagent indicates that this collection is negative. Miconia tomentosa (L. C. Rich.) D. Don, Mem. Wern. Soc. 4 (1823) 316, 750. CoLoMBIA: Comisaria del Amazonas, Leticia. “Tree 25 feet. Fruits red.” August 29-31, 1966. Schultes, Raffauf, Forero et Soejarto 24092. This collection was alkaloid-negative with a Dragendorff spot-test. SAPOTACEAE Chrysophyllum Cainito Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. (1753) 192. CoLomBIA: Comisaria del Amazonas, Rio Atacuari. “Small tree, diameter 6 inches. Bark rough. Flower buds open, pink. Latex only in leaves, white.” October 24, 1946. Schultes et Black 8578.—Rio Miritiparana. “Small tree. Fruit brown. Latex white. Leaves rusty beneath.” August 5, 1952. Schultes et Cabrera 16414.—Cafio Aduche, near Araracuara, Rio Caqueta. “Fruit edi- ble.” Februrary 27, 1982. LaRotta 125. The Yukunas call this plant ké-sé-wee’-ree; in the Andoque language of the Rio Caqueta, the name is reported to be so-da- di. The fruit of numerous species is edible. The Yukunas, how- ever, value the latex of the plant as a cure for what appears to be a fungal infection of the crotch. The plant is commonly culti- vated and is, consequently, easily available for treating this common complaint. The latex is applied over a period of several days to the infected area and allowed to dry. Chrysophyllum sanguinolentum (Pierre) Baehni in Boissiera 11 (1965) 74. CoLomsiA: Comisaria del Vaupés, Rio Apaporis, Jinogojé. “Enormous tree. Latex white. Flowers cauline, yellow-green. June 15, 1952. Schultes et Cabrera 16738. 274 The latex of Chrysophyllum sanguinolentum is said to be efficaceous in hastening the heeling of open wounds. It is applied and allowed to dry, forming a kind of protective “skin.” The Makuna name of the tree is boo-a’-tee-go; the nomadic Maku Indians of the Rio Piraparana known it as werg-han’. Pouteria Caimito (R. et P.) Radlkofer in Sitzb. Math-Phys. Akad. Muench. 12 (1882) 333. CoLomBiA: Comisaria del Amazonas, Rio Caqueté, Los Monos. September 24, 1978. Paboén 575. The Witoto Indians, who know this plant as jifi-icona, macer- ate and toast the young leaves and apply the material to wounds as a disinfectant. Pouteria Melinonii (Eng/.) Baehni in Candollea 9 (1942) 200. CoLomBIA: Comisaria del Amazonas, Rio Loretoyacu. October 1946. Schultes et Black 8560. Amongst the Tikunas, a tea made from the bark is considered to be a strong purgative. GENTIANACEAE Chelonanthus alatus (Aub/.) Pulle, Enum. Pl. Surinam (1906) 376. BRAZIL: Estado do Amazonas, Rio Curicuriari. March 12, 1978. Damido 2962. The local name of this herb is tabaco bravo, suggesting its possible use as a substitute for Nicotiana Tabacum. Chelonanthus chelonoides (Linn. f.) Gilg in Engler et Prantl, Natiirl. Pflanzenfam. 4, 2 (1895) 98. CoLomBIA: Comisaria del Vaupés, Rio Macaya, Cerro Chiribiquete. July 24, 1943. Schultes 5614. The powdered leaves are reputed to be an excellent insect repellent amongst the Indians of the upper Rio Vaupés. PH ie Chelonanthus uliginosus (Griseb.) Gilg in Engler et Prantl, Natiirl. Pflanzenfam. 4, 2 (1895) 98. CoLomBIA: Comisaria del Amazonas, Rio Igaraparana, La Chorrera. June 4-10, 1942. Schultes 3928. The root of this herb is valued in the form of a tea amongst the Witotos as a cure for stomach discomfort. Coutoubea ramosa Aublet, Hist. Pl. Guian. Frang. 1 (1775) 74, t. 28. CoLomBIA: Comisaria del Caqueta. La Tagua. January 20, 1965. Melandro Sn. According to popular belief in the Caqueta, “it is poisonous and kills animals that eat it in the pastures.” Pagaea recurva (Benth.) Bentham et Hooker fil., Gen. Pl. 2 (1876) 814. CoLoMBIA: Comisaria del Amazonas, Rio Caqueta, Cerro de La Pedrera (Cupati). April 1944. Schultes 5863. This is a rare plant, the first report of the species from Colom- bia. The genus has only six species in tropical South America. The natives of La Pedrera collect it on the historically impor- tant Cerro Cupati for use in preparing a tea for the treatment of “debilitating forgetfulness” in the elderly (Altsheimer’s disease?). The tea, prepared from the whole plant, is extremely bitter; it is called locally in Spanish simply hierba amarga. Tachia guianensis Aub/et, Hist. Pl. Guian. Frang. | (1775) 75, t. 29. COLOMBIA: Comisaria del Amazonas, Rio Karaparana, path between El Encanto and La Chorrera. May 31-June 2, 1942. Schultes 3876. Comisaria del Vaupés, Rio Apaporis, Jinogojé. June 13, 1951. Schultes et Cabrera 12476; November 27, 1951, Schultes et Cabrera 14670; May 1952, Schultes et Cabrera 19883. This is the first report of Tachia guianensis from Colombia. The Witoto Indians of the Rio Karaparana add the pow- dered leaves to the coca preparation “to make it taste better.” In the Rio Apaporis, the natives state that there is no better remedy for “sore stomach” than a tea of the root of Tachia guianensis. 276 STYRACACEAE Styrax Tessmannii Perkins in Notizbl. 10 (1928) 459. CoLomsia: Comisaria del Amazonas, Rio Loretoyacu. March 1946. Schultes 7144. Comisaria del Vaupés, Miraflores, Rio Vaupés. February 7, 1944. Gutiér- rez et Schultes 765.—Cafio Guaract, Rio Vaupés. February 21, 1944. Gutiérrez et Schultes 868. The fragrant balsam from this tree is valued by medicine men of the Rio Vaupés in their magical practices. The Tikunas of the Rio Loretoyacu employ the resin to calm painful dental caries, packing the resin, softened by gentle heating, firmly into the decaying portion of the tooth. APOCYNACEAE Bonafousia tetrastachya(H BK.) Markgraf in Pulle, Fl. Surinam 4 (1937) 454. CoLomBIA: Comisaria del Amazonas, Rio Loretoyacu. October 1945. Schultes 6594.—Same locality. September 1946. Schultes et Black 8346.—Mouth of Rio Loretoyacu. October 8, 1961. Jdrobo 4692.—Same locality. August 19, 1964. Fernandez- Pérez 6867. Locally known as sanango and aji de monte, this bush has numerous medicinal applications in the region, notwithstanding the caustic character of its latex. The collection Fernandez-Pérez 6867 is very strongly alkaloid-positive with a Dragendorff spot-test on fresh material. Malouetia furfuracea Bentham ex Mueller-Argoviensis in Mar- tius, Fl. Bras. 6, pt. 1 (1860) 93. CoLomBiA: Comisaria del Vaupés, Mitt. “Small tree in water at river’s edge. Flowers white. Latex white, abundant.” September 27-October 20, 1966. Schultes et Raffauf 24167. A Dragendorff reagent spot-test on fresh material gave the following results: bark strongly alkaloid-positive; leaves weakly positive. Malouetia Tamaquarina A. DeCandolle in DeCandolle, Prodr. 8 (1844) 378. COLOMBIA: Comisaria del Amazonas, Rio Loretoyacu. September-November, 277 1944. Schultes 6034; 6083; 6112.—Same locality. August 19, 1964. Fernandez- Pérez 6865. Comisaria del Vaupés, Rio Kuduyari, Yapoboda. October 1951. Schultes et Cabrera 14170.—Rio Vaupés, near Mitu. November 13, 1952. Schultes et Cabrera 18417. The Indians of both of these Comisarias consider Malouetia Tamaquarina to be poisonous. The collection Fernandez- Pérez 6865 is very strongly alkaloid-positive when fresh mate- rial is spot-tested with Dragendorff reagent. The common name of this tree in the Rio Loretoyacu region is cuchara-caspi. In the Vaupés, the Kubeos call it yau-wa-hau'- ka-kee. The Puinaves know it as pom-ka’. For a discussion of the curious belief in the Leticia area of the toxicity of this species (Schultes 6034, 6083, 6112) to dogs through the meat or bones of the pajuil bird (Nothocrax urumu- tum (Spix)), see Schultes: Bot. Mus. Leafl., Harvard Univ. 19 (1960) 123-124. Mandevilla Steyermarkii R. E. Woodson in Fieldiana, Bot. 28, No. 3 (1953) 502. CoLomBIA: Comisaria del Vaupés, Rio Vaupés, Urania. “Extensive vine. Fruits brownish to black. Latex abundant.” March 20, 1970. Schultes et Cabrera 26045. According to Indian informants, this vine is considered to be poisonous. Mesechites trifida (Jacg.) Mueller-Argoviensis in Martius, Fl. Bras. 6, pt. 1 (1860) ISI. CoLomBIA: Comisaria del Vaupés Rio Apaporis, Raudal de Jerijerimo. Feb- ruary 27, 1952. Schultes et Cabrera 15687. The Makunas, who call this plant mee-see’-man-gaw, utilize the latex to cauterize and hasten the healing of recalcitrant sores and ulcers. LOGANIACEAE Spigelia anthelminia Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. (1753) 149. CoLomBIA: Comisaria del Amazonas, Rio Caqueta, Cafio Anduche. Febru- ary 25, 1982. La Rotta 113. 278 An infusion of the root is used by the Andoque Indians as a tranquilizer for children. The Andoques call this plant to-je-de’ (La Rotta: loc. cit. 55). Strychnos guianensis Thonning ex Didricksen in Kjoeb. Vi- densk. Meddel. (1854) 190. CoLomsiA: Comisaria del Putumayo, Rio Putumayo, Nuevo Granada. July 29, 1957. Idrobo 2633. The Siona call this species ya-hi’-ae-o and employ it in prepar- ing one of their curares. Strychnos Mitscherlichii Richard Schomburgk, Fauna FI. Brit. Gui. CoLomBiA: Comisaria del Putumayo, Rio Putumayo, Nuevo Granada. June 29, 1957. Idrobo 2632. According to the collector’s notes, the bark of this vine is rasped to prepare a poison that will “kill all animals.” It is very bitter and exudes a “red resin.” The Siona Indians call the plant ya-yu’-ae-o (“strong poison”). Strychnos panurensis Sprague et Sandwith in Kew Bull. (1927) 132. CoLoMBIA: Comisaria del Vaupés, Mitu. “Extensive vine on river’s edge. Flowers fragrant, white. Fruit green. September 27—October 20, 1966. Schultes et Raffauf 24166. A Dragendorff spot-test for alkaloids gave the following results on fresh material: fruit—strongly positive; bark and leaves—weakly positive. SOLANACEAE Cestrum ochraceum Francey var. macrophyllum Francey in Candollea 6 (1935) 344. CoLomBIA: Comisaria del Putumayo, Sibundoy. May 29, 1946. Schultes et Villarreal 7658.—Same locality, April 12, 1963. Bristol 750.—Same locality. “Tree 5 m. Strong narcotic odour. Corolla cream to purplish brown. Fruit black, 8 mm. long. November 11, 1968. Plowman 2006. 279 In Sibundoy, the natives state that the whole plant is poison- ous. The vernacular name is sauco blanco. Solanum apaporanum R. FE. Schultes in Bot. Mus. Leafl., Har- vard Univ. 13 (1949) 292. CoLomBIA: Comisaria del Vaupés, Rio Vaupés, Mitu, near mouth of Rio Kuduyari. “Vine with spines. Flowers white. Fruit orange.” October 6, 1966. Schultes, Raffauf et Soejarto 24300. With a Dragendorff spot-test, this vine is alkaloid-positive. Solanum jamaicense Miller, Gard. Dict., ed. 8, Solanum No. 17 No. 17 (1768). CoLomBIA: Comisaria del Amazonas, Loretoyacu. “Shrub. Flowers white.” August 29-31, 1966. Schultes et Raffauf 24098. A Dragendorff spot-test on the leaves of this plant gave a doubtfully positive alkaloid reaction. Solanum mammosum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. (1753) 187. CoLomsiaA: Comisaria del Amazonas, Rio Karaparana, El Encanto. May 22-28, 1942. Schultes 3808. Comisaria del Putumayo, Rio Putumayo, Puerto Ospina. 3-25, 1942. Schultes 3450.—Rio Sucumbios, Conejo. “Flowers purple; anthers yel- low.” April 2-5, 1942. Schultes 3651. This plant is cultivated widely in the Putumayo, where it is called tetilla in Spanish, koo-koo’-na in Kofan. The bright yel- low or orange fruits are placed in the rafters of the houses to alienate cockroaches. BIGNONIACEAE Distictella pulverulenta Sandwith in Brittonia 3 (1938) 91. CoLomBIA: Comisaria del Amazonas, Rio Popeyaca. “Vine. Flowers purp- lish, near base; calyx purple. February 22-26, 1952. Schultes et Cabrera 15545. The Makuna Indians burn the leaves and mix the ashes with powdered coca (Erythroxylon Coca var. Ipadu). The Makuna name ka-hee-ee-ko-mee-see’-ma means “vine for ashes of coca.” GESNERIACEAE 280 Alloplectus semicordatus Poeppig et Endlicher, Nov. Gen. et Sp. 3 (1845) 5. CoLomBiA: Comisaria del Amazonas, Rio Karaparana, El Encanto. “Bracts bright red. Flowers yellow.” May 22-28, 1942. Schultes 3855,—Rio Caqueta, La Pedrera. “Epiphyte. Bracts rec.” April 1944. Schultes 5872.—Rio Lore- toyacu. Glenboski /. Comisaria del Vaupés, Cerro Chiribiquete. May 15-16, 1943. Schultes 5490. The Tikunas in the Rio Loretoyacu crush the leaves and rub the juice on rheumatic joints to ease the pain. In La Pedrera, the natives drink an infusion of the leaves to “purify the blood.” Besleria ignea Fritsch in Notitzbl. 11 (1934) 966. CoLomBIA: Comisaria del Amazonas, Rio Caqueta, La Pedrera. “Flowers brick-red.” April 1944. Schultes 5885. The natives of La Pedrera consider that the leaves of this epiphyte when ingested are a strong purgative. Besleria leucostoma (Hook.) Hanstein in Linnaea 34 (1865-66) 226: CoLomsia: Comisaria del Amazonas, Rio Loretoyacu. Glenboski 249. The common name of this epiphyte indicates its use amongst the Tikunas: mata de conga; leaves are crushed and applied as a plaster to the painful bites of the conga ant (Glenboski, loc. cit., 43). Codonanthe Uleana Fritsch in Karsten et Schenck, Vegetationis - bilder 3 (1905) sub tt. 3-4. COLOMBIA: Comisaria del Amazonas, Rio Boiauasst. “Flower pink. Epi- phyte.” November 1945. Schultes 6861. A plaster of the leaves of Codonanthe Uleana is applied to recalcitrant wounds and infections by the Tikunas who know this epiphyte as ke-na’-té-pa. It is interesting that the Waika Indians of Venezuela employ the root of Codonanthe calcarata Hanstein to “cure wounds” (von Reis et Lipp, p. 277). 281 Columnea villosissima Mansfield in Fedde Repert. 38 (1935) 26. CoLoMBIA: Comisaria del Putumayo, Mocoa. December 3-7, 1942. Schultes et Smith 2063. A plaster of the fleshy leaves of Columnes villosissima 1s valued by the residents of Mocoa as a “sure cure” for the bite of the deadly bushmaster snake; the leaves are crushed and applied to the area of the bite. ACANTHACEAE Aphelandra pilosa Leonard, Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. 31 (1953) 200, t. 74. CoLomsiA: Comisaria del Vaupés, Rio Kuduyari, Yapoboda. October 4-6, 1951. Schultes et Cabrera 14268.—Rio Vaupés, Circasia. November 1951. Schultes et Cabrera 19633. The local inhabitants of the Vaupés make a refreshing, stim- ulating tea from the leaves of Aphelandra pilosa. Justicia chlorostachya Leonard in Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. 31 (1958) 498. CoLomsiA: Comisaria del Vaupés, Rio Apaporis, Soratama. June 20, 1951. Schultes et Cabrera 12703. Amongst the Taiwanos of the Rio Kananari, the powdered aromatic leaves of Justicia chlorostachya are valued as an insect repellent. The powdered leaves are employed also to apply to rashes of fungal origin in the crotch. Justicia comata (L.) Lamarck, Encycl. 3 (1789) 632. Co.omsia: Comisaria del Amazonas, Rio Amacayacu. “Flowers white, purple spotted.” September 1946. Schultes 8248. The leaves of Justicia comata are dried, powdered and employed amongst the Tikunas as an insecticide or insect repellent. Justicia peliantha Leonard in Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. 31 (1958) 591, t. 220. CoLomBIA: Comisaria del Putumayo, Rio Guamués, San Antonio. December 6, 1968. Plowman 2109. 282 This plant is known in the Putumayo as cola de monte. It is reputedly “medicinal”, but no specific use could be elucidated. Justicia stenophylla Urban et Britton in Urban, Symb. Ant. 7 (1912) 389. CoLoMBIA: Comisaria del Vaupés, Rio Pacoa. February 7, 1952. Schultes et Cabrera 15244. The Puinave name for this plant is ya-ko-yoo’. Justicia sp. CoLomBIA: Comisaria del Guainia, alto Rio Inirida. October 11, 1978. Espina BF Be According to the collector, this collection is known as “flor de la culebra”, suggesting that it may be employed in treating snake-bites. Mendoncia pedunculata Leonard in Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. 31 (1951) 16. CoLomBIA: Comisaria del Vaupés, Rio Vaupés, Miraflores. February 12, 1944. Gutriérrez et Schultes 789. The root of this plant, common in the uppermost Vaupés, is said to have been a favourite fish poison in former years. Sanchezia Pennellii Leonard in Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 16 (1926) 488. CoLomBIA: Comisaria del Amazonas, Rio Amazonas, Leticia. September-No- vember 1944. Schultes 6164. The leaves of Sanchezia Pennellii are reported in Leticia to have excellent hemostatic properties. It is perhaps significant that another species of Sanchezia—S. thinophila—is employed in the same region in the form of a wash to bathe the heads of girls who undergo the ritual adoles- cent initiating ceremony. (Schultes: Bot. Mus. Leafl., Harvard Univ. 26 (1978) 272). Sanchezia thinophila Leonard ex R. E. Schultes in Bot. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 16 (1953) 94. 283 Cotomsia: Comisaria del Amazonas, Rio Loretoyacu. October 20-30, 1945. Schultes 6607.—Puerto Narifio, near mouth of Rio Loretoyacu. September 13-15, 1966. Schultes, Raffauf et Soejarto 24121. The Tikunas of the Rio Loretoyacu prepare a decoction of the inflorescences of Sanchezia thinophila to be used as a wash to bathe the heads of girls who undergo the tribal adolescent initia- tory ceremony characteristic of these Indians. The hair is force- fully pulled out, leading to profuse bleeding. It is possible that this use is related to a kind of “Doctrine of Signature” connec- tion with the large, showy, blood-red bracts of the plant. Little is known of the chemistry of Sanchezia. The leaves of Schultes, Raffauf et Soejarto 24121 proved to be alkaloid- negative with a Dragendorff reagent spot-test on fresh material. RUBIACEAE Isertia hypoleuca Bentham in Hooker, Journ. Bot. 3 (1841) 220. CoLoMBIA: Comisaria del Amazonas, Leticia. August 29-31, 1966. Schultes, Raffauf, Forero et Soejarto 24002; 24041. Both of these collections produced positive alkaloid reactions with Dragendorff spot-tests. The local inhabitants report that a decoction of the leaves is rubbed on the chest to relieve pains. Palicourea condensata Standley in Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Bot. Publ. 8 (1930) 224. CoLomBiA: Comisaria del Amazonas, Leticia. “Tree 30 feet. Fruit green-black. Receptacle and axes purplish. August 29-31, 1966. Schultes, Raffauf, Forero et Soejarto 24020. An alkaloid-positive reading was given by a Dragendorff spot-test on the leaves of this plant. Palicourea crocea (Sw.) Roemer et Schultes, Syst. Veg. 5 (1819) 193. CoLomBiA: Comisaria del Amazonas, Leticia. “Flowers bright yellow; axes orange. Fruit green. Scandent shrub.” August 29-31, 1966. Schultes, Raffauf, Forero et Soejarto 24023. The leaves of this shrub give an alkaloid-positive spot-test with Dragendorff reagent on fresh material. 284 Palicourea guianensis Aublet, Hist. Pl. Guian. Frang. | (1775) 173, t. 66. CoLomsiA: Comisaria del Vaupés, Mitu. “Tree 25 feet. Flowers deep yellow; axes pale yellow.” September 27—October 20, 1966. Schultes et Raffauf 24195. Fresh leaf and stem material are strongly alkaloid-positive with a Dragendorff spot-test on fresh material. Palicourea macrophylla (HBK.) Standley in Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Bot. Publ. 7 (1931) 321. CoLomsiA: Comisaria del Amazonas, Leticia. “Tree 30 feet. Flowers violet to purple, very fleshy. On secondary growth.” August 29-31, 1966. Schultes, Raffauf, Forero et Soejarto 2401/1. Palicourea macrophylla is alkaloid-positive with a Dragen- dorff spot-test on fresh material. Warscewiczia coccinea (Vahl) Klotzsch in Monatsb. Akad. Ber- lin. 1853 (1853) 497. CoLomBiA: Comisaria del Amazonas, Leticia. “Small tree 15 feet. Flowers yellow. Bracts red.” August 29-31, 1966. Schultes, Raffauf, Forero et Soejarto 24096. This common and beautiful rubiaceous plant gives an alkaloid-negative response to a Dragendorff spot-test. CAPRIFOLIACEAE Sambucus mexicana Pres/ ex DeCandolle, Prodr. 4 (1830) 322. CoLomBiA: Comisaria del Amazonas, Rio Loretoyacu. September 2, 1972. Glenboski 46. This cultivated plant is employed medicinally by the local people in the Rio Loretoyacu: the leaves are boiled for half an hour, and the liquid is administered warm thrice daily in one- cup doses to treat measles and to “cool fevers” (Glenboski: loc. cit. 38). The local name of this plant in Spanish is sauco or sabuguera. 285 - ma. _— a —_— vy ot end ite 2 - : - 7 : 7