1914

JANUARY,

sii PUBLISHED QUAR RLY bee nares :
BY THE BROOKLYN Ns ee oe ee ND , screNces Ane, os
AT 41 ae EN STREE *
Ee Sa ae ; LANG ASTER, PA. ;

Entered as Secor d Class Matter, ney 1914, : :
at oe Post wine Lancaster, Pa. laa

%
BOTANIC GARDEN STAFF -

Dr. C.‘ STUART GAGER, Director
Mr. NORMAN TAYLOR, Curator of Plants
‘Dr. EDGAR W. OLIVE, Curator of Public Instruction
Dr, WILLIAM MANSFIELD, Honorary Curator of Economic Plants
Dr. O. E. WHITE, Assistant Curator of Plant Breeding
Miss ELLEN EDDY SHAW, Instructor
Miss BERTHA. M. EVES, Secretary
Miss HELEN VIRGINIA STELLE, Librarian
Mr. GUY BISBY, Asean) in the Laboratory
Mr. HAROLD A. CAPARN, Consulting Landscape: Architect
Mr, JOHN. V. BORIN, Head Gardener
Mr. HERMAN KOLSH, Foreman

McKIM, MEAD & WHITE, Architects
OLMSTED BROS., Landscape Architects

BROOKLYN
BOTANIC GARDEN

RECORD

EDITED BY
C. STUART GAGER

OR TH
ADVANGEM ENT siRVice Por
OF BOTANY 4 CTY

VOLUME Ill
1914

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY
AT 4I ae ae QUEEN STREET
NCASTER, PA.

BY THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

PRESS OF
THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY
LANCASTER, PA.

DABBLED OF CONTENDS:

No. 1, JANUARY
PacE

Prospectus of Courses offered by the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1914 I

MmhemNecedionendditional wEndowment...4 cenit. eamene en ete eve tees

Mreepelantinosbyeenokessom Mneler 0. ve aa yee ein Reena 13
AMaN ea wats Ota Galen Otittia los Wet cecal clea dace lela Waeans os Ree td Bestia as 17
INO CSS a a perenne ee 2 i) us PRR, 4 aie ace, Salen tek RON Tepe CATS ae TaN 18

No. 2, APRIL

Third Annual Report of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, I913.......... 27
IR(efnrONe EOIN idaxs: ID INTEC Hoh Rin eke EL A RS I TTI 8, a ale ot 27
en onmomennen@unaton ot Plants .). . ccscs ols «clare ee ee 52
Nepomaormnes@urator or Publicinstriuction . vo aeen ees ee 57
IRF TE LON efioLe Ibs llave Wolke hd ae a LI Foe ce ad ky 62
BiiTtAarcralMScatenlents; LOT LOTS tes... ste sic sian eee 67

I (cipal Account Otel mayen ss cy, teat ae 67

Pralntivatconunds ACCOUtS OnRLOUa Ma min eee crn 56. t's ys ere 70
Appendix 1: Resolutions of the Board of Estimate and Apportion-

NGS Moi be ic creme ate n SRe ON Beckay ofpy bs photo CEEEA 0 0 1.0 0:0 4.0 HOLL OO TEPER EY eG eee 72
Appendix 2: Appropriations of Corporate Stock of the City of

ING Wii tea cere ee PopAucd onde bh ogong vd bdo hs ONG EE ACRE 73
Appendix 3: Agreement between the Botanical Society of America

andthe Brooklyn Botanic) Gardenwier peepee sc. : Aes. 74

No. 3, JULY

AGRaneisook- by daradescan ts seit a See ee rnin itis cote ere sie: 77

Back Yard Gardening in Toledo, ©.,‘and lebanon; Pa.\....../....... 87

First Annual High School Day at the Garden ....................5, 89

Opening tot the lropical Economichhouscmsmemmeretn tenia. si cece: . «- go

inauguration of Children’siGardenssereemmeer ae Clik eri ern a: QI

Garden, @Glubs in Brooklyn Public Schools es.c su.. scene eee oe 93

@hangessinvthe Garden Stati) sean see ee tne oe rene ne 94

(COUN SS): “BS epee ne ee aes oH YS tho Ck OO Bn OO OHO cd OOS oq hues Wolo Sire 95
No. 4, OCTOBER

PBhet Children’s! Work. 13.0. Fo age Ie TL ea eie ies eles abet oc 101

Wube Japanese Garden ...... tibet eae eee ier accel itite «4a 112

Insect and Fungous Pests in the Garden during I9T4 :............... 113

lll

1V

Conferences for the Better Understanding of Potato Diseases and

MIPTOVEMCTE pire y-scleincengie ws tes ai oo vee eR Rees eee
ANigaecin the dGanden BrOOk </., s.,cscsanihecrenties .s RMR ea eee 120
Doctorates Conferred in Botany by American Universities in 1914 123
OTS GAT Geter hast depo ticstace: shane are dee Tear or taba ote oaU edt | co EE ee RTO (etre en 126
ILLUSTRATIONS
i PAGE
‘bree Planting Group, October- 16, IOTS: . {41 as Oe eee ee Frontispiece

First sections of laboratory building and conservatories, looking west
PTOI VRAIS MIT OTOL ACE. oa aos acysestrim atenc AA eIER: Smee RE ere Opp. 27
Conservatories of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden
Second section under construction. November 14, IQ13..........006-
Grading operations between Mt. Prospect Reservoir and the Central
Miusetme Hirst contract. Novetiber 24, 1013. Sayama. 0 eee:
Brooklyn Botanic Garden and environs, showing assessed valuation, of
TRO DGD Yep O Ligurian edie heels gn 5 ae woogie BON ET Tene TCU aareRmee Teationl seaneen oa aanae amen
John Tradescant, son. By Hollar. From Musaeum Tradescantianum.
Terry Giiawel OG Ol pene eee ce bc ca elena eT a aca, ie a tlk La aR ET sapere Opp.
John Tradescant, son. By Hollar. From Museum Tradescantianum.
TBO TIC ONO S Oneness. cocoa as win Secs peeve & sieycaol ie een ne ec ee
Anagram, in Latin, on the name John Tradescant (the father). Fac
ete reproduction from the Musaewm Tradescantianum. London,
I

ON
UL
oO

J

ees in English, on the name John Tradescant (the son). Fac
simile reproduction from the Musaeum Tradescantianum. London,

Professor Franklin W. Hooper, after the miniature from life by py
Fe eincdy: ehotoubyaleous btlilems: ts s te cei ee ec ass Opp. Ior

“Victory,” by Villanis. School trophy for the Children’s Garden Ex.
BUMS ees Secs! cic ci egy ete Oe nae Nae wth, she Aros cer rot oc aot les,’ qaMaRs eaten toa axa ECO

Medal, awarded in silver and bronze at the Children’s Garden Exhibit.110

ERRATA
Page 27, line 5, for “second” read “ third.”

age 74, line 25, for “August” read “July;” for “ September” read
“ August.”

£
ff

< a (.
ERS i
ea

R. M. Harper G. Bisby E. W. Olive Miss Shaw J. Doll W.H. Fox
O.E.White N. Taylor Miss Eves Miss Stelle Miss Sabens’ C. Schaeffer
F. A. Lucas C. S. Gager Prof. Engler

Fic. 1. TREE PLANTING GROUP, OCTOBER 16, 1913.

THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN

Recon

Vo. III. Brooklyn, N. Y, January, 1914 No.1

PROSPECTUS OF COURSES
OFFERED BY THE

BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN, 1914

Children’s Gardens and Nature Study

I, GARDEN Practice: A course in outdoor work, open only to
those pupils who are recommended by their teachers for excel-
lence in nature study in their schools. The work includes the
raising of common vegetables, flowers, and fiber plants. 12 les-
sons on every Saturday morning, 10:30-11:30, from April 11-
June 27. Miss Shaw.

2. NaturE Stupy: Spring Course. The structure and germi-
nation of seeds; the parts of a plant and their uses; relation of the
plant to soil, air, water, and light. The course consists of actual
study of the plants themselves, with experiments and greenhouse
work done by the children; no book work, no home work, no ex-
aminations. Open to children from 8-12 years of age. A cer-
tificate will be given those who satisfactorily complete the course.
10 lessons on successive par day mornings, Jan. 1o-March 14,
from 9-10.

Fall Course. A similar course will be given in the fall from
Sept. 19-Nov. 21. Miss Shaw.

3. BAcK YARD GARDENS: Assistance in planning and planting
home gardens. Open to children whose names are sent in by
their principals, teachers, or parents. Appointments may be made
for such help for Wednesday afternoons beginning Feb. 18, and
Saturday afternoons during the late spring and summer. Address
Miss Ellen Eddy Shaw.

1

Household Botany and Horticulture

4. KircHEN GARDENING: A short course designed for those
women who desire to work in their own small gardens, and for
those interested in domestic science. Garden plans, preparation
of seed beds, tools, varieties of seed, seed sowing, and cultivation.
10 lectures and outdoor demonstrations. Every Tuesday from
3-4 p.m., March 17-May 19. Miss Shaw.

5. THE SMALL FLOWER GARDEN: Plans, color schemes, prep-
aration of garden beds, planting, transplanting, cultivation, the
wild flower garden. 6 lectures and outdoor demonstrations. Open
to adults interested in flower gardens. Friday afternoons from
3-4 p.m., April 1o-May 15. Miss Shaw.

6. InpooR PLant CuLture: A course for those who enjoy rais-
ing plants in their homes. Bulbs, house plants, window gardening,
methods of propagating plants in the house. 5 lectures and demon-
strations, every Wednesday from 4-5 p.m., Sept. 23-Oct. 21.

Miss Shaw.

7. Lanpscare Desicn: Three illustrated lectures on the prin-
ciples of landscape design for small areas; supplemented by three
field excursions. Wednesday afternoons from 4-5 p.m., March
4, II, and 18. Mr. Caparn; Mr. Taylor.

8. BACTERIA AND OTHER MICRO-ORGANISMS IN THE Home:
Eight periods devoted to lectures, laboratory work, and confer-
ences on the occurrence of bacteria, yeasts, molds and other micro-
organisms in the home, in water, sewage, etc. Wednesdays at 4
p.m., March 4—Apr, 22. Dr. Olive.

Note: Courses 4 to 8, inclusive, are open free to members of The
Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences on presentation of mem-
bership certificate ; to all others there is a nominal charge of fifty
cents for each course to cover incidental expenses.

9g. THE GARDEN WEEK By WEEK: A. Fall Course. Lessons on
the preparation for winter, outdoor planting of bulbs, winter cover
crops, taking up and storing of plants. On six consecutive Thurs-
day afternoons from 3:30-5 p.m., Sept. 24-Oct. 29. A fee of
$1.00 will be charged to cover material used.

3

B. Spring Course. Practical work, taking up garden opera-
tions, and those things which should be done each week in prepara-
tion for the outdoor season. Greenhouse and outdoor practice,
with a few explanatory lectures. On 15 consecutive Thursday
afternoons from 3:30-5 p.m., Feb. s-May 14. A fee of $2.50 will
be charged to cover laboratory and outdoor expenses.

Miss Shaw, Mr. Caparn, Mr. Taylor, Mr. Borin.

Short Course in Popular Botany

to. Locat Frora: The elements of systematic botany, prim-
arily for the purpose of getting acquainted with the native wild
flowers. Field collecting, the making of a herbarium (for those
who wish), lectures, and conferences. Specially valuable for
teachers of nature study. Eight Saturday mornings, at 9 o’clock,
beginning April 4. Free.

Course for Teachers of School Gardening

There is an increasing demand for persons adequately prepared
to become teachers or supervisors of children’s gardens, but op-
portunities to secure the necessary preparation are not numerous.
As in other cases where special problems are to be met and solved,
an interest in children, a mere liking for the work, or even native
teaching ability, while highly essential, are not, of themselves,
sufficient to insure success.

The following nine courses (11-19) are planned to acquaint the
prospective teacher with some of the main problems to be met
with in this work, and such effective solutions of them as have
been worked out in practice. The nine courses are considered as
a unit, and are not offered separately. Wherever possible it 1s
urged that the entire course be completed within two school years.
Special importance is attached to number 19.

The fee for the entire course is Fifteen Dollars, which must be
paid at the time of registration.

A certificate will be granted to those who satisfactorily com-
plete the work.

11. ELtemMentTArY Botany: A survey of general physiological
and morphological principles, illustrated by a few of the more im-

4

portant types of plants. 8 lectures and demonstrations in labora-
tory and greenhouse. A high school course in botany, extending
over at least one-half year, will be accepted in place of this course.
Wednesdays, at 4 p.m., Jan. 7-Feb. 25. Dr. Olive.
12, NATURE Stupby: Nature in relation to gardens and plant
life. Topics: plant structure; fruit and fruit formation; weeds;
weed dispersal ; insect pests ; birds in their relation to agriculture ;
garden friends; shrubs; shade and lawn trees. Credit will be
given for this course in Nature Study on presentation of a satis-
factory certificate of similar work done at any other accredited
institution. 12 lectures, Tuesdays, 4-5 p.m., March 17—June 2.
Miss Shaw.
. SOILS AND MSE PRINCIPLES: A study of soils;
ee natural and chemical; relation of water and air to soil;
liming soils; mixing of soils and tillage. 4 lectures and labora-
tory work. Mondays in January from 4-5 p.m. iss Shaw.
14. PLANT PROPAGATION AND GREENHOUSE Work: Methods of
plant propagation, care of plants, cuttings, raising of seedlings for
the outdoor garden. Work related to children’s gardens. Labor-
atory work. g lessons. Fridays, Feb, 6-April 3, from 3:30-
5 p.m. Miss Shaw.
15. uncous AND Insect Pests: 3 lectures and demonstrations
on the occurrence of, and methods of combating the commoner
fungous and insect pests of garden and greenhouse plants. Wed-
nesdays at 5 p.m., March 4—March 18. Dr. Olive.
16. CHILDREN’S GARDEN Practice: Practice work with a class
of children; including such topics as planning and making the
garden, laying out of grounds, preparation of soil, seed sowing,
transplanting, cropping, cultivation, school garden management,
improvement of school grounds, preparation of exhibits. 20 lec-
tures and outdoor practice work. Saturday mornings, 10-11 :30
from Jan. 24—June 6. iss Shaw.
17. FALL GARDEN Work: Practical work with the outdoor bulb
bed, harvesting of garden crops, indoor planting of bulbs, raising
of plants indoors, the window box. 6 lessons on Friday after-
noons from 4-5, Sept. 25—-Oct. 30. Miss Shaw.
18. PeEpacocy oF Borany: A brief discussion of the mental
processes involved in learning and teaching science, and the fun-

3)

damental principles which underlie and point the way to labora-
tory and field work. 5 successive Saturday mornings at 9 o'clock,
beginning Oct. 24. Dr. Gager.
19. PRACTICAL GARDEN Work: A summer’s work with children
in a garden under supervision. This work may be done at the
Brooklyn Botanic Garden, or its equivalent in some children’s
garden, the work of which is acceptable to the Botanic Garden.

Advanced Courses and Investigation

For the following advanced and research courses there is a
charge covering all expenses, including laboratory fee, of $30 for
a full course of 100 credit hours, and $20 for a half course of 50
credit hours.

ADVANCED COURSES

20. MycoLocy AND PLant PatHotocy: Morphology and path-
ology of the fungi and bacteria. Life histories of fungi; methods
of control of plant diseases, etc. Prerequisite, a satisfactory col-
lege course in general botany. i100 credit hours of work. This
course alternates with course 22. Offered in the spring of 1914.
Hours to be arranged. Dr. Olive and Mr. Bisby.

21, FReSH-WaATER MicropioLocy: A course of lectures, recita-
tions, and laboratory work on the various organisms found in
drinking water. Odors, colors, etc., of drinking water; methods
of microscopical and bacteriological examination. 50 credit hours
of work offered in the fall of 1914, beginning in September.
Hours to be arranged. Dr. Olive and Mr. Bisby.

22. CytoLocy: A course of lectures and laboratory work on cell
physiology and cell morphology. Methods of cytological tech-
nique, and practice in accurate interpretation of cell phenomena.
Prerequisite, satisfactory college courses in general botany and
plant physiology. 100 credit hours of work. This course alter-
nates with course 20. Offered in the fall of 1914, beginning in
September. Hours to be arranged. Dr. Olive and Mr. Bisby.

23. EXPERIMENTAL EvoLuTion: Detailed studies of the nature
and causes of variation and heredity. Some of the subjects con-
sidered are: Historical Resumé of the Evolution Theory, Physical
Basis of Inheritance, Inheritance of Acquired Characters, Kinds

6

and Causes of Variation, Mendelism, Biometry, Principles and
Technique of Plant Breeding. This course is open to college stu-
dents with a knowledge of the elements of physics, chemistry,
geology, botany, and zoology. The work is primarily intended
for students in pure science, and for agricultural or horticultural
students fitting themselves for various professional activities in
these particular fields. Three lectures and two laboratory periods
aweek. 100 credit hours of work. Hours to be arranged.
Dr. White.
24. PuytocrocrapHy. A course dealing with plant distribu-
tion over the earth. Prerequisites are courses in plant ecology,
geology, and a good general knowledge of climatology and sys-
tematic botany. 50 credit hours of work. Hours to be arranged.
Mr. Taylor.

Department of Graduate Study and Research

25. SEMINAR: A biweekly meeting of the Garden Staff and
advanced students for the discussion of fundamental problems of
botany, or of general biology. Open to others on invitation.
Topic for 1913-1914, Heredity and Plant Breeding. Alternate
Mondays at four o’clock.

26. JOURNAL CLuB: A biweekly meeting of the Garden Staff
and advanced students for the review and discussion of current
botanical literature. Open to others on invitation. Alternate
Mondays, on weeks alternating with the seminar, at four o’clock.

The following research courses are open only to properly ac-
credited college graduates.
27. RESEARCH IN PLANT PuysioLocy: Independent investiga-
tion of problems of plant metabolism and irritability. Thesis.
Dr. Gager.
28. RESEARCH IN Mycotocy AnD PLAnt Patuotocy: Indepen-
dent investigation of problems in fungi and fungous diseases of
plants. Dr. Olive.
29. RESEARCH IN PLANT GENETICS: Independent investigation
of problems of variation and heredity, including that phase of
cytology having a direct bearing on the subject matter of genetics.
Dr. White.

Cooperation with Local Schools

A. TaLxs at ScHoors: The principals of any schools, public
or private, may arrange with the Director to have lantern talks
given at the schools on various topics related to nature study, such
as garden work with children, tree planting, and Arbor Day. If
an illustrated lecture is desired, the lantern and operator must be |
provided by the school, but slides will be furnished by the Botanic
Garden. Principals may address the Director for appointments.

B. SCHOOL CLASSES AT THE GARDEN: Schools not provided with
lanterns may arrange for their classes, accompanied by their
teachers, to come to the Botanic Garden for such talks as are
mentioned above. At present, not more than 70 children can be
accommodated at any one time.

The Garden equipment, including greenhouse, plant material,
lecture room, lantern, and slides, is at the disposal of teachers who
desire to instruct their own classes at the Garden. This must be
arranged by appointment with the Director, so that such work will
not conflict with regular classes and lectures.

The principal of any secondary school in Brooklyn may arrange
also for a series of ten lessons on plant culture to be given during
the fall to a class. These lessons will be worked out for the most
part in the greenhouse. Such a course must be arranged for in
advance, and the class must be accompanied by its teacher.

ONSULTATIONS: Conferences may be arranged by teachers
and principals for discussion of problems in connection with gar-
dening and nature study. Monday and Saturday afternoons are
usually available for this purpose. Appointments must be made
in advance. Address Miss Shaw.

D. Srupy anp Loan MaTERIAL: On request, the Garden will
endeavor to provide living seedlings or plant parts for study, to
the extent of our present limited facilities. Teachers may arrange
to have various physiological experiments or demonstrations con-
ducted at the garden. Petri dishes, ready for exposure, will also
be loaned on request of teachers. Schools must arrange to call
for study or loan material, and must return the loan material
promptly in good condition.

8

Docentry

Classes, and other parties of several persons, wishing to view
the plantations under guidance, may arrange with the Curator of
Public Instruction for appointments with a docent to conduct them
through the Garden.

The Herbarium

The Garden herbarium consists at present of about 40,000 speci-
mens, including phanerogams, ferns, mosses, liverworts, lichens,
parasitic and other fungi, algae, and myxomycetes. This collec-
tion may be consulted by those interested, and specimens’ sub-
mitted will be gladly identified. Address the Curator of Plants.

The Library

The rapidly growing library of the Garden occupies temporary
quarters on the main floor of the laboratory building. This is not
a circulating library, but is open for consultation without charge,
to all persons, from 9 a.m, until 5 pm. Over 60 current peri-
odicals devoted to botany and related subjects are regularly re-
ceived.

Lectures
For CHILDREN

Srories Anour Userut Piants. (ILLustratep.) For chil-
dren of members of The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences.
Admission only by ticket, which may be had on application to Miss

April 25. The story of bread. (Wheat.)

May 2. Beverage plants. (Cocoa and chocolate.)

May 9. A plant serving a useful purpose. (Rubber.)

May 16. The food of half a billion people. (Rice.)

TALKS ON GARDENS. (ILLUSTRATED.) Open to all children
without charge. Tickets may be had on application to Miss Shaw.
Mondays at 4 p.m.

April 20. How to make a garden.

April 27. The seed—How plants start. (Illustrated by ex-
periments and pictures.)

May 4. Birds and their relation to gardens.

9

May 11. The garden’s friends and foes.

May 18. The wild flowers now in bloom.

It is necessary to limit the number of tickets for these talks to
children. This is due to the small size of the present lecture room.
Not more than 7o children can be accommodated at any one talk.
Tickets will be issued in the order of application until the number
of tickets is exhausted.

These talks will be repeated for school classes, if so desired,
either at the Garden or at the school. -Another series of talks will
be given during the fall and early winter. Further particulars will
be announced later.

For ADULTS

SPRING Course: Lectures on Civic Botany. Saturdays at
4 p.m.

May 2. Dangers to plants from the city’s smoke and gas.

Dr. C. STUART GAGER.
May 9. Conservation of forests. Dr. E. W. OLIvE.
May 16. Foreign fruits of our city markets. Mr. NorMAN
‘TAYLOR.
May 23. Economic importance of plant breeding. Dr. O. E.
HITE.
Fatt Course: A full announcement will be issued in the fall.

THE NEED FOR ADDITIONAL ENDOWMENT

In his “ The rise and early constitution of Universities,” Laurie
has well said that, “The enthusiasm of a few may initiate an insti-
tution ; but law, privilege, organization, and endowment can alone
make it endure.’ The Brooklyn Botanic Garden was initiated by
the enthusiasm of a few, and it has had the advantage of favorable
law, privilege, and organization. The few who initiated it have
continued their enthusiasm, and have given their constant and sub-
stantial support, but the rapid development of the Garden, and the
broad lines along which this development is projected, and is being
carried out, have increased our needs for private funds greatly
beyond our present income from endowment and special contri-
butions.

10

The present income from endowment amounts to about $2,650.
By the terms of our agreement with the City of New York, all
plants must be purchased from private funds. It is also the
adopted policy of the Garden that all books for the library, and
their binding, and all lantern slides for lectures shall be purchased
with private funds. These two demands, together with miscel-
laneous drafts on the fund, have, since the Garden was started,
consumed practically the entire amount, and generous special con-
tributions in addition.

Other purposes for: which the Garden urgently needs additional
annual income include the following:

T.dseatets ((printine. and mailing)! & .aias.eeuee ee: 51,000.00
2. Motion pictures (equipment for taking and projecting) 500,00
S..otudy collections to: loan to. schoalss......aeum «ne 200.00
4. Botanical illustrating (including lantern slides, pho-
fopraphv,-and pen artist) i+. «1nd cues. eee eeuennes 1,100.00
5. Prizes for botanical work of merit by school pupils... 50.00
OrRabiGoserentine lectures .ii.ae. vet ovaun a eee cemetes 200.00
$3,050.00

This sum ($3,050) represents the income on an endowment of
something over $60,000 at 5 per cent. The immediate need of
funds for the first four purposes named above is pressing, in order
to insure the largest returns from what has already been invested
in buildings, grounds, library, herbarium, and scientific staff.

1. Leaflets —Nothing, to date, undertaken by the Garden has
proved to be so popular, nor apparently so much wanted, as the
Leaflets, the publication of which was begun on April 10, 1913.
Our mailing list has nearly doubled since the first number was
issued, and requests for quantities of from 50 to 200 have been
received from teachers of all grades, from the grammar schools,
through high school and normal school to university classes.
These Leaflets are distributed free of charge, and since they ap-
pear almost weekly during the period of publication, the annual
expense for printing and mailing is considerable. A generous
gift of Mr. Alfred T. White, acknowledged in the preceding
Recorp, has enabled us to complete the first series, to issue several
double numbers (of 8 pages), and to include illustrations. But

11

the publication has demonstrated its usefulness and its success
sufficiently to justify an appeal for a permanent fund, producing
an annual income of from $800 to $1,000.

2. Motion Pictures—Little has yet been done in the application
of motion pictures to plant life. To be sure we have seen a few
flower buds open, and one or two seeds germinate, but the possibili-
ties have hardly yet been realized, not only of popularizing a phase
of plant life almost unknown outside of advanced laboratories, but
of making advanced teaching more effective, and even of adding
to the possibilities of research. Funds should be available at once
sufficient to enable the Garden to conduct experiments involving
the taking of negatives, and to enrich its public lectures with
motion films.

3. Study Collections—The Board of Education of New York
City has been more generous than the boards of many other cities
in providing living plant-material for the high school courses in
botany, but, as noted in the July, 1913, number of the Recorp,
there is no provision whatever made by the Board of Education
to enable the teachers of nature study in the elementary schools to
carry out the requirements of the nature study syllabus. It would
be unwise for the Garden to attempt to supply any, or even a large
share of this material; the enormous quantities of it which are
demanded make this impracticable; but there are certain things,
the preparation of which requires a knowledge of botany and of
class-room needs, and which, therefore, cannot, to good advantage,
be secured from a commercial florist. This material, together
with lantern slides for school lectures, the Garden could supply in
the form of loan collections. Their preparation, annual main-
tenance, and distribution would need a sum of about $200 a year.

4. Botanical Illustrating —The giving of popular and technical
lectures, and the issuing of popular and scientific publications,
together with the making of lantern slides to loan to schools,
demands the preparation of botanical illustrations in large quanti-
ties. This requires the purchase of considerable material and
equipment, and the services, on part time, of a photographer and a
pen artist. Eleven hundred dollars is a conservative estimate of
the amount that could be used to Exess for this purpose each
year.

12

5. Prizes for Botaucal Work of Merit—The Garden believes
that a healthy stimulus to the study of plant life would be afforded
by offering a number of prizes for botanical accomplishment of a
high order of merit both in local high schools and at the Garden
by school pupils. The prizes should not be of such a nature or
value as to be sought after from mercenary motives, and might
take the form of valuable books on botany or closely related sub-
jects. An annual sum of $50 would be sufficient for this purpose.

6. Public Scientific Lectures—Regular courses of free, popular,
and more or less elementary lectures will be given at the Garden,
by members of its staff, to young people and adults. In addition
to these, and as a real intellectual stimulus, a series of more ad-
vanced, semi-popular lectures by botanists of recognized ability,
ought to be given at the Garden each year, free of charge. With
a modest honorarium, two hundred dollars would enable the Gar-
den to offer an annual course of from four to five such lectures.
To establish a foundation for this purpose would be a service very
much worth rendering the community, and one that would at once
enhance the prestige of the Garden and the value of its public
service.

Besides the above items, there ought ultimately to be established
at the Garden two or three research curatorships, each with an in-
come of at least $3,000, and several fellowships, with an income of
$500. The unsolved problems, the investigation of which would
be made possible and encouraged by such foundations, are im-
portant, not alone because their solution would help to advance
natural knowledge, and enlarge our understanding of life in gen-
eral and of plant life in particular, all of which is very much
worth while, but because many of these problems, in their bear-
ing upon right living, or their relation to large economic questions
and commercial enterprises, intimately touch our daily lives.
Agriculture is sorely in need of a better understanding of facts
and principles to be derived by a study of plant breeding and
genetics; the ground has hardly been scratched in the matter of
improving medicinal plants and growing them as a commercial
crop; by a better understanding of the causes of plant diseases and
their treatment, thousands of dollars might be saved every year
on each of several agricultural crops.

13

It is most appropriate that our equipment should be utilized and
increased for the purpose of carrying on investigations along some
of the lines above indicated, and it is equally fitting, even if it were
not (as it is) necessary, that the additional funds essential for this
work should be derived from private income. There are many
large industries and commercial enterprises, concerned wholly or
in large part with plants or plant products, and which ought to be
interested to encourage the investigations above noted. More
detailed information will be gladly supplied by the director of the
Garden to anyone who may be interested, or who might be willing
to become interested in any of these questions and their solution
at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.

GesieG,

TREE PLANTING BY PROFESSOR ENGLER

The second formal tree planting in the Brooklyn Botanic Gar-
den occurred on October 16, 1913, when the Garden was honored
by a visit from Geheimrat Prof. Dr. Adolph Engler, Director of
the Royal Botanic Garden at Dahlem-Steglitz, near Berlin, and
Professor of Botany in the University of Berlin. Professor Engler
was passing through New York on his way home, after a trip
around the world, beginning in Africa, and concluding in the
United States with the International Phytogeographical Excur-
sion, last summer and fall.

Ata dinner given to Professor Engler at the New York Botan-
ical Garden on Friday, October 17, he was introduced as “ the man
who has done more to advance systematic botany than any other
person now living.” By his “Das Pflanzenreich,” and UD
Vegetation der Erde,’ not to mention numerous other scholarly
publications, he has become known to botanists throughout the
world.

In keeping with a plan of the Garden, inaugurated on September
12, 1913, with the tree planting by Professor de Vries,* Professor
Engler was invited to plant a tree in commemoration of his visit.

* Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 2: I-7. 1913.

14

After an inspection of the first section of the new labor atory build-
ing and conservatories, the members of the Garden staff and other
officials of The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, accom-
panied Professor Engler to the local flora section, where eveqy tine
was in readiness for the planting. The tulip tree chosen was pre-
sented by the curator of plants to the director of the Garden, who
introduced the guest of honor. After the planting appropriate
remarks were made by Professor Engler. The addresses follow:

By THE CURATOR OF PLANTS
Mr. Director:

As Curator of Plants, I take pleasure in announcing that the
tree chosen to be planted by Professor Engler is a specimen of the
tulip tree, Liriodendron tulipifera.

When it was announced that Professor Engler was to plant a
tree for the Garden, we were at some pains to find a tree named
for Professor Engler. Among the score or more of plants that
have been named for him, there seemed to be only one tree.
Fagus Engleri, from China, that is hardy in this region. We were
unable to get a specimen of this tree. The tulip tree is repre-
sented in this country by only a single species, native in the eastern
United States, and by one species, a native of China.

The tree makes a magnificent growth in the region just to the
south of us, attaining a height of 180 feet and a diameter of about
eight feet. During May or June, the tree produces a profusion
of large tulip-like flowers, of a greenish-yellow color, followed
subsequently by a cone-like fruit, parts of which remain on the
tree during the following winter. The tree is interesting not only
for its great beauty and size, but also on account of us commercial
importance, it being the chief source of the common “ white wood a
of the lumbermen.

The geological history of the tree is extensive, as ancestors of
this Liriodendron have been found in the rocks of the Lower
Cretaceous, but there is some doubt as to whether this tulip tree of
the Cretaceous period is the same as ours; the leaves have the
same characteristic notched appearance that our modern tree
displays.

15

By THE DIRECTOR OF THE GARDEN
Friends of the Garden:

One of the pleasant features of scholarship is that it oat no
international boundaries, but stands for a democracy that is world
wide. In this respect it differs from both politics and commerce,
having neither foreign courts nor custom house duties.

One of the latest expressions of this happy situation was the
organization of the International Phytogeographical Excursion.
This association of plant geographers met for the first time about
two years ago in Great Britain. The second meeting was held this
summer in the United States, the first excursion being on July 27,
at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden in the morning, and at the unique
Hempstead Plains region in the afternoon. This Excursion has
spent the entire summer visiting places of botanic interest from
New York to California, and now, on the eve of his departure for
the Vaterland, we enjoy the pleasure and honor of having one of
the most distinguished members of this party as our guest. I
need not speak hig name, for every botanist, amateur as well as
professional, knows of the Engler and Prantl system of classifica-
tion—the system now in general use in Germany and America,
and in other countries.

It is common for American scientific men, who are called to
administrative positions, to complain that excessive executive
duties leave neither time nor strength for a continuation of their
scientific investigations. Of Professor Engler, it may be said
that, in addition to a prodigious amount of scientific work, he
finds both time and strength to administer with marked ability one
of the largest and most important botanic gardens in the world,
the Royal Botanic Garden at Berlin. We have most of us met
Professor Engler this afternoon, and he therefore needs no intro-
duction.

By Proressor Dr. ENGLER*
Mr. Director, Ladies and Gentlemen:

It has given me very great pleasure to plant this North Ameri-
can tree here in this new Garden.

I am a systematic botanist, but I have always enjoyed, not only
working in the herbarium, but also studying nature out of doors,

* Edited from stenographic notes.

16

and walking in the botanic garden. My interest has not been con-
fined to European plants alone, but to their relatives as well, in
Asia, Africa, and America; and of the plants which I have come
to know, I have always been greatly interested in Liriodendron
tulipifera,

In the old botanic garden in Breslau there was a very fine speci-
men of this tree which aroused my interest while I was still a
student in that university; for one rarely finds in Europe a tree
as interesting as Liriodendron in form of foliage and in flower.

here was also in the old botanic garden at Berlin a wonderful
specimen of this tree which blossomed profusely each year. I
regret that this specimen will no doubt be destroyed, now that the
old garden has been abandoned.f Possibly it is gone now; I have
not visited the locality in some years, but you see I have always
had considerable interest in Liriodendron.

Doubtless some of youmay know that in the new Berlin garden,
I have arranged phytogeographical sections, and have devoted
considerable space to the flora of North America, represented in
characteristic formations; and here, among other species, we have
included the Liriodendron.

It had never occurred to me that I might some day be invited to
plant a specimen of this tree in North America, and to do this has
been a source of very great pleasure. It is my wish that this
Liriodendron may grow well; and not the tree only, for I wish
for a vigorous growth and evolution for the Garden as a whole.

The fact that botanic gardens are becoming more numerous
than formerly is a good sign of increasing interest in botany. In
Europe, and especially in Germany, we have botanic gardens in
university towns, and more recently they have begun to be devel-
oped in other cities also. It is well for every large town to have
parks for the refreshment of the public, and such parks can often
be given a botanical character. It is not always necessary to have
greenhouses, which are expensive, for one can do much in the way
of a natural arrangement with good scenic effects out of doors.
In many of the large cities, and also in the smaller towns of

yIt will be recalled that the site of the Berlin garden was transferred
about three years ago to a new and more favorable location at Dahlem,
a suburb of Berlin.

17

Europe, we have botanic gardens of various extensions, and I am.
very glad to see that you are beginning to develop more botanic
gardens here in America.

You already have one large botanical garden in New York, and
possibly some persons may think that on this account it is not nec-
essary to develop another garden here in Brooklyn. But New
York City is a complex of ten or more towns, and the trip from
Brooklyn to the Bronx is not easily made. It seems to me very
fitting that you should have another garden here in Brooklyn, and
I hope that its director will have great success with his planting,
and that the Botanic Garden of the Brooklyn Institute, like the
tree we have planted, may have a good vigorous growth.

A NEW BOTANICAL JOURNAL

With the authority of the Committee on Botanic Garden of the
Board of Trustees, the Garden has entered into an agreement with
the Botanical Society of America, whereby the two organizations
will cooperate in the issuing of a botanical magazine, called the
American Journal of Botany. The new publication, edited by a
committee appointed by the Botanical Society, and published by
the Garden, will be the official organ of the Society. For the
present, each volume will comprise ten numbers of approximately
forty-eight pages each, issued monthly except during July and

ugust.

By this cooperation there will be accomplished what could not
well be done successfully by either party, acting alone. From the
Society will come an efficient board of editors, representing a wide
geographical range, and a wide range of botanical interests, an
assured list of subscribers at the outset, a certain amount of finan-
cial backing in addition to subscriptions, and all the very necessary
advantages of a friendly, enthusiastic constituency.

The Garden, for its part, affords the advantages of a fixed office
of publication widely known to the botanical world, and equipped
to care for the business end of the magazine with a minimum of
expense; a place for the receipt and proper library care of all ex-

13°

changes, where they will be placed at the disposal of the botanical
public in a large center of population; a permanent place to store
and properly care for back numbers; and the cooperation and sup-
port of a scientific staff. Most essential of all, the Garden has
assumed sufficient financial responsibility, in addition to the sup-
port of the Society, to assure the monetary success of the venture,
and the agreement, entered into for a period of three years, will,
it is believed, prove to be of mutual advantage.

- The need of additional facilities for publishing the results of
botanical research has been felt in the United States for some
time. During the past few years the amount of research has
increased much faster than the facilities for publication, so that
papers have frequently to lie in the editorial office from twelve to
eighteen months before publication. On this account many papers
lose their timeliness or importance before they can be issued.

The Garden bespeaks the support of all its friends in the form
of papers for publication, and of advertisements and subscrip-
tions. The subscription price to all persons not members of the
Botanical Society of America is four dollars a year; to members
of the Botanical Society, three dollars.

A sample copy of the first number may be had on application.
Communications concerning editorial matters should be addressed
to Prof. F. C. Newcombe, 9 Geddes Heights, Ann Arbor, Mich. ;
business communications to American Journal of Botany, Brook-
lyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, N.Y.

Cosine:

NOTES

On September 17-20, 1913, the Botanic Garden staff moved
from the temporary quarters occupied since the fall of I910, in
the Central Museum, to the first section of the new laboratory
building in the Garden. During the past three years, the work of
developing the Garden has assumed such proportions that this
first section was entirely outgrown before it was occupied, and
the need for the second section is urgent. Application has been
made for an appropriation for the construction of the next section.

19

In accordance with action taken by the Executive Committee of
the Board of Trustees on October 14, 1913, the herbarium of the
Brooklyn Institute, comprising approximately 30,000 specimens,
formerly housed in the Museum building, has been transferred to
the Botanic Garden building, and forms the nucleus of the Garden
herbarium. In addition to this, between 45,000 and 50,000 speci-
mens have been added to the herbarium by the Garden during the
past year.

The Garden is indebted to Mr. Dick S. Ramsay for the gift
of four large century plants (Agave Americana), which were
received from Easton, Pa., on November 109.

Recent additions to the herbarium include 2,200 specimens of
the Fungi Columbiani, and 800 North American Uredinales, of
FE. Bartholomew, making a total of 3,000 specimens.

Mr. Alfred T. White, chairman of the committee on botanic
garden of the board of trustees, has presented the Garden library
with two rare and interesting volumes. The first is a copy of
“The American Physitian; or, a Treatise of the Roots, Plants,
Trees, Shrubs, Fruits, Herbs, etc., Growing in the English Plan-
tations in America. Describing the Place, Time, Names, Kindes,
Temperature, Vertues and uses of them, either for Diet, Physick,
etc., Whereunto is added a Discourse of the Cacao-Nut-Tree, and
the Use of its Fruit; with all the ways of making Chocolate. The
like never extant before. By W. Hughes. London, Printed by
J.C. for William Crook, at the Green Dragon without Temple-
Bar, 1672.” The volume is a perfect copy of the very rare first
edition, bound in Russia extra, gilt edge, by C. Lewis. The second
volume is a copy of the “ Musaeum Tradescantianum: or, A Col-
lection of Rarities. Preserved at South Lambeth neer London.
By John Tradescant, London, 1656.”

On Saturday, October 18th, the senior class of the Yale School
of Forestry, accompanied by their instructor, Mr. J. J. Levison,
made their second annual visit to the Garden. The class this year
numbers sixteen.

During the past semester an arrangement was entered into be-
tween the trustees of The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sci-
ences and the trustees of the Brooklyn Public Library, through the

20

librarian, Mr. Frank P. Hill, whereby the Brooklyn Public Library
has completed its set of Curtis’s Botanical Magazine, comprising
138 volumes, from volume 1 (1793) to volume 138 (1912), and
two volumes of index, and has placed the entire set on deposit in
the library of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. The Brooklyn
Public Library will also continue its subscription to this valuable
work. The books were received on October 25.

A beautifully mounted collection of slime molds (Myxomy-
cetes) has been presented to the Garden by Mr. Harold Wingate,
of Brooklyn. The collection consists of 155 specimens, distrib-
uted among about 130 different species. They were gathered for
the most part in the vicinity of Philadelphia, in the region where
Dr. Rex, the famous collector of Myxomycetes, gathered most of
his material.

The Science Room Conference on November 15th, under the
auspices of the Department of Botany of the Brooklyn Institute,
was conducted by Dr. Olive, the subject being “A Comparison of
the Physiological Processes of Plants and Animals.” The con-
ference was well attended and the discussion was interesting and
lively. |

Meetings of the Seminar of the Botanic Garden staff and in-
vited members were resumed on Thursday, November 6, at 4
pn. As heretofore, the meetings will be held fortnightly through-
out the academic year. During the present year, the subject of
heredity will continue to form the basis of discussion.

A Journal Club has been organized by the Garden staff to meet
bi-weekly, alternating with the Seminar, for the purpose of review-
ing current botanical literature. The first meeting was held on
December 1, at 4 p.m. Teachers of botany in local schools have
been invited to join the club.

The Garden is pleased to acknowledge the receipt, from James
McCutcheon and Company, of New York City, of an attractive
case containing an exhibit of the economic uses of flax, including
dried specimens of the plant which supplies the raw fiber out of
which linen is made, flax seed, and samples of different kinds of
linen goods manufactured from this fiber. An endeavor is being
made by the Garden to secure numerous exhibits of this sort, to be

21

used in illustrating lectures on the economic uses of plants and
plant products.

At the meeting of the New York Chapter of the National
Nature Study Association, held at Teachers College, Columbia
University, on Saturday, November 15, 1913, Miss Ellen Eddy
Shaw, of the Garden staff, was elected President for the ensuing
year. Other officers elected were Vice President, Miss Grace G.
Lyman; Secretary and Treasurer, Miss Charlotte Lee.

The popularity of the Garden Leaflets, to which we have
already called attention in a previous number of the REcorpD, has
greatly increased since we have been enabled to illustrate them
and enlarge them by the generous gift of Mr. Alfred T. White.
Fifty copies of numbers 12 and 13 were sent by request for use of
the pupils at the City Training School, Jamaica, L. I., and fifty
copies of number 12 were requested for use with a local company
of Boy Scouts. Almost daily requests continue to be received by
the Garden for the regular receipt of the Leaflets as issued.

On August 23, 1913, Miss Helen J. Aitken, assistant curator,
department of mollusks, at the Central Museum, placed in the
Garden brook several snails of the species Goniobasis virgimicum
Gmelin and Campeloma decisum Say. These specimens were
collected in the Morris Canal at Great Notch, New Jersey, on
August 21, 1913. It is a wish of the Garden to make the brook
as interesting for its fauna as for its flora, and we will be glad
to have it stocked with specimens of small aquatic animals, which
might be of zoological interest.

The first course of instruction offered to the public in the new
building was for adults, on Indoor Plant Culture, with five ses-
sions, conducted by Miss Shaw on successive Wednesday after-
noons, beginning October 22. The topics covered were bulbs,
house plants, window boxes, methods of propagation, and green-
house work. A syllabus of the topic to be discussed was distrib-
uted at each session. Forty-six persons registered for the course.

Cooperation with local high schools began last October, when
four lessons on the planting of bulbs were given by Miss Shaw to
two different classes from the Girls’ High School. One class was
composed of fourteen pupils in the botany course for commercial

22

students, and the other of seventeen pupils in the regular botany
course. On November 11 a third class of thirteen from the same
school made use of the greenhouse to study methods of plant
propagation. The pupils worked in groups, each group taking up
some one means of propagation, stich as seeds, bulbs, stems, or
leaves. Each group later explained its own work to the class as
a whole.

Prof. William Bray, of Syracuse University, accompanied by
Mrs. Bray, visited the Garden on November 15.

On November 5, 1913, Dr. R. M. Harper, of College Point,
L. L., presented to the Garden his mounted collection of Georgia
plants, made during the years 1895-1897, comprising 653 sheets,
and representing about 650 species. Among them is the type
specimen of Scirpus Georgianus Harper, a species stated by Rob-
inson and Fernald to range from Quebec to Michigan, Georgia,
and Arkansas.

Mr. Charles M. Dow, of Jamestown, N. Y., chairman of the
Letchworth Park Committee of the American Scenic and Historic
Preservation Society, and director of the State Reservation at
Niagara Falls, N. Y., visited the Garden on November 23, accom-
panied by Mr. James O. Howard, superintendent of Letchworth
Park, and Mr. Henry K. Elruh, superintendent Gi the. iReser=
vation.

On account of the remarkably late continuation of mild weather
during the past fall, it was possible to do outside work in the
Garden to advantage up to November 22, on which date the day
laborers were dismissed. The laying of sod was continued up to
November 20, and this was a great advantage, as the new grading
along the upper part of the brook made it very desirable to sod
the steep banks before winter set in, so as to protect them from.
serious erosion.

Work on the second (central) section of the conservatories was
completed on December 10, 1913, but it will not be feasible to:
install the plants in this house until next spring. The grading
contractor, Mr. John Connor, completed the grading on December
1. This work includes the esplanade approach to the Museum:
building and the removal of a portion of the embankment adjacent.

23

to Mt. Prospect reservoir on the east, giving a means of approach
to the Garden from Eastern Parkway.

On the basis of “information recently received at the United
States Bureau of Education,” School Science and Mathematics
states that a well-known philanthropist has recently donated two
fully equipped moving picture machines to the schools of Berlin.
‘One is to be used in the Continuation Institute for Higher Teach-
ers, and the other in the high schools of greater Berlin. Moving-
‘picture films are now available in Germany for anatomical, bio-
logical, and bacteriological courses.

The meeting of the International Phytogeographical Excursion,
for 1913, was held in the United States, under the leadership of
Prof. Henry C. Cowles, of the University of Chicago, and Prof.
F, E. Clements, of the University of Minnesota. The first excur-
sion was on July 27, including the Brooklyn Botanic Garden in
the morning and the Hempstead Plains of Long Island in the
afternoon. Following the visit to the Garden, the members of the
‘party were the guests of the Garden at an informal luncheon.
For the afternoon trip the party was met at the Westbury station
of the Long Island R. R., by Mr. Henry Hicks, of Isaac Hicks &
Son, who generously provided autos and acted as guide over the
plains. The three following days were spent in the pine barrens
of New Jersey, and on July 30, the party visited the New York
Botanical Garden, being entertained at luncheon at the home of the
‘director, and at dinner in the evening at the Hermitage Hotel, near
the garden. The entire summer was spent visiting places of botan-
ical and scenic interest throughout the United States, including the
Yellowstone National Park, the big-tree groves of California, and
the Desert Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution, at Tucson,
Arizona. Foreign members of the excursion who visited the
Garden included Prof. Dr. A. Engler, of Berlin, Dr. Ove Paulsen,
of Copenhagen, Dr. T. J. Stomps, of Amsterdam, and Prof. Carl
Schroter, of Zurich. On the afternoon of October 8, Professor
Schroter delivered an illustrated lecture, under the joint auspices
of the Garden and the Department of Botany of the Institute, on
Alpine Flora. (By a printer’s error this paragraph was omitted
from the October number of the REcorp.

24

On Saturday afternoon, December 13, 1913, the President and
Trustees of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, the Com-
mittee on Botanic Garden, and the Director and Staff of the
Garden received the members of the Department of Botany of the
Institute and their friends, at the opening of the first section of
the new laboratory building, and conservatories. The interior
was decorated with palms and a color scheme of red and green in
anticipation of the Christmas season. In the lecture room light
refreshments were served, Mrs. L. H. Pounds, wife of the Borough
President of Brooklyn, presiding at the coffee urn and Mrs. F. A.
Lucas, wife of the Director of the American Museum of Natural
History, at the tea urn. About two hundred guests were present,
including President A. Augustus Healy, Vice-President Col.
Robert T. Woodward, Mr. Alfred T. White, Chairman of the
Committee on Botanic Garden, Mrs. White, Mr. Gates D. Fahne-
stock, Mr. W. H. Fox, Director of the Central Museum,
Mrs. Fox, Dr. F. A. Lucas, director of the American Museum of
Natural History, Mrs. Lucas, Dr. W. A. Murrill, assistant director
of the New York Botanical Garden, Mrs. Murrill, Dr. Arthur
Hollick, director elect of the Museum of the Staten Island Associ-
ation of Arts and Sciences, Mrs. Hollick, Borough President
Lewis H. Pounds, Mrs. Pounds, the Misses White, Mrs. C. Stuart
Gager, Mr. J. Adolph Mullenhauer, Mr. Thos. H. Coates, Mr. John
Mickleborough, Mrs. Mary Van Norden, Mrs. Clayton A. Peters,
Miss Peters, Dr. and Mrs. Fred. J. Seaver, Mr. and Mrs. Percy
Wilson, Mr. John McCallum, Miss Jean Broadhurst, Miss E. M.
Kittredge, Mrs. Helen B. Schoonhoven, Mrs. Annie Morrill Smith,
Mrs, Norman Taylor, Mrs. E. W. Olive, Mrs. O. E. White,
Miss Agnes Eaton Bowen, Dr. and Mrs. C.G. Purdy, Miss Purdy,
Mr. and Mrs. Edward F. Stevens, Miss Susan A. Hutchinson, Mr.
J. M. Johnson, Mr. and Mrs. Thomas F. Casey, Dr. and Mrs. C. A.
King, Miss Anna B. Gallup, Miss Miriam S. Draper, Miss Mar-
garet W. Carmichael, Mr. and Mrs. Geo. P. Engelhardt, Miss Mary
D. Lee, Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Judy, Miss Ridenour, Mr. Seamens,
Mr. and Mrs. Robert Cushman Murphy, Prof. D. S. Martin, Miss
Helen J. Aitken, Miss Lena M. Telfer, Miss Grace Parsons Hart,
Miss Hart.

25

The unusually mild autumn has prolonged the flowering season
of a number of species of herbaceous plants in the garden. During
the last week in November and the first week in December, the
common tansy and Rosa rugosa were both in flower, also some
shrubs of Forsythia. The first killing frost was on the night of
December 7 and 8.

During November the Garden received from the New York
Botanical Garden a gift of about 123 potted plants. These repre-
sent a large number of families and genera, and make a very
desirable nucleus for the conservatory collections. Among the
more rare and interesting plants are Schizocarpa and Tacca, of
the Taccaceae. There is also a general collection illustrating the
- palms, some relatives of the arrow-root, the pineapple family, and
some of the epiphytic cacti.

The Musewm Bulletin of the Staten Island Association of Arts
and Sciences, for December, 1913, records the resignation of Mr.
Charles Louis Pollard as curator-in-chief of the Museum, and the
election of Dr. Arthur Hollick, now curator of fossil plants at
the New York Botanical Garden, to succeed him. Mr. Pollard will
devote himself to work with the Boy Scouts of America, as
Deputy Scout Commissioner for Staten Island.

. *

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GEORGE D. PRATT
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Third Ann
Repor e Di footer: Hg oa Hd Re in a ED
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“-BOTANIC GARDEN STAFF ,

Dr, C, STUART GAGER, Director
Mr. NORMAN TAYLOR, Curator of Plants
he EDGAR W. OLIVE, Curator of Public Instruction
Dr. WILLIAM MANSFIELD, Honorary Curator of Economic Plants
Dr. O. E. WHITE, Assistant Curator of Plant Breeding
Miss ELLEN EDDY SHAW, Jnstructor
Miss BERTHA M. EVES, Secretary
Miss HELEN VIRGINIA STELLE, Librarian
Mr. HAROLD A. CAPARN, Consulting Landscape Architect
Mr. MONTAGUE FREE, Head Cardeney

Mr. CULLEN ADLERBLUM, Garden Atd
Mr. GUY R. BISBY, Laboratory Assistant
Mr. HERMAN KOLSH, Foreman

McKIM, MEAD & WHITE, Architects
OLMSTED BROS., Landscape Architects

July 27, 1913.

Fic. 2. First sections of laboratory building and conservatories, looking west from Washington Avenue.

THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN

RECORD

Vor. i — April, sauces 39 No. 2

THIRD ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BROOKLYN
BOTANIC GARDEN, 1913

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR

To THE COMMITTEE ON Boranic GARDEN.

Gentlemen: I have the honor to submit herewith the second
annual report of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden of The Brooklyn
Institute of Arts and Sciences for the year ending December 31,
1913.

Building Operations

Work on the first section of the laboratory buildings and con-
servatories was in progress from January 1 to February 17, when
a delay began on account of the non-delivery of Spanish tile for
the roof. On April 1, the weather having become favorable, the
contractors began to lay the stucco on the exterior of the labora-
tory building, and this work, including the placing of the name
tablets on the frieze and under the windows, was completed dur-
ing April.

On May 1 all work was again suspended, but was resumed on
June 15, after a temporary covering of tar paper was laid on the
roof. The tile were delivered during the last week in August,
but the laying of them did not begin until the second week in Sep-
tember.

New Building Occupied

On Wednesday, September 24, we began to move into the first
section of the new building, from the temporary quarters which
were occupied for three years in the Central Museum building.

27

28

The new building became the center of all Garden business on
Friday, September 26, one year after the date on which the build-
ing ought, by terms of the contract, to have been completed.

The progress of the Garden was materially retarded by this
long and enforced sojourn in cramped temporary quarters, but
nevertheless much was accomplished in the way of preliminary
organization, in the acquisition of books, herbarium specimens,
lantern slides and negatives, in the starting of four Garden publi-
cations, viz., the REcorD, Contributions, Leaflets, and Guides, in
planning and planting the grounds, in organizing the scientific
staff, and the gardening and laboring forces, and in giving lec-
tures and addresses before schools, and other organizations, and
at the Museum building.

Second Section of the Conservatories

The plans, contract form, and specifications for the second
(central) part of the conservatories were transmitted by the Park
Commissioner to the Board of Estimate and Apportionment for
approval on March 11, 1913, and on June 19, contracts were
awarded to the lowest bidders as follows: the general contract
(covering foundations and superstructure) to John R. Sheehan
& Co., Inc., for $25,380; the contract for heating, to Blake & Wil-
liams, for $2,847; the contract for plumbing to the Altman Plumb-
ing Co., for $585. A statement of the bids received was published
on page 107 of the Garden Recorp for July, 1913.

On July 8 the Commissioner of Parks directed John R. Shee-
han & Co., Inc., to begin work on their contract, covering the
foundation and superstructure of the second (central) section of
the conservatories, on or before July 14, 1913. The work had
actually begun on June 30, and the foundation was completed on
August 9. Work on the superstructure began on September 2,
and the entire work was completed early in December.

Final Inspection and Payments

On December 26, 1913, was held the final inspection of the first
sections of the laboratory building and conservatories, and the
second section of the conservatories. At this inspection, there
was present Mr. H. W. Martin and Mr. Walter, representing the

29

architects (McKim, Mead & White) ; Mr. Lincoln Pierson and
Mr. Sefton, of the Pierson U-Bar Co.; Mr. Ohmes, of Nygren,
Tenny & Ohmes (consulting engineers for the heating plant) ; Mr.
Cockerill, of the contractors for the first section (Cockerill &
Little Co.); Mr. J. F. Johnston, of the Johnston Heating Co.
(subcontractors for the heating plant of the first sections) ; and
the director of the Botanic Garden. The director of the Garden
called attention to several features not yet satisfactory to the
Garden, and was assured that these would receive prompt atten-
tion and be adjusted to the entire satisfaction of the Garden.

On December 27, 1913, the architects issued to the Commis-
sioner of Parks, Borough of Brooklyn, a certificate for final pay-
ment on the contract for the first part. The amount of this
payntfent was $6,806.30.

The certificate for final payment ($5,252.40) on the contract for
the second section of the conservatories was issued on December
15, 1913.

The following are the items charged against the original author-
ization of $100,000 for the construction of the first and second
sections of the buildings:

Cockerill & Little Co. (first SECtION)) Maemo ee $58,132.99
John R. Sheehan & Co. (palm honse)\eee en eee 25,486.00
Blake & Williams (heating plant, palm house) :.....2.. 2,847.00
Altman Plumbing Co. (plumbing, palm house) ....... 614.00
Wahle Phillips (lighting fixtures, laboratory building) 284.90
Hlatbush=Gas Go. (lamps) 59.4. 23.80
Lord Electric Co. (first SECHON)) see eeamern ts oF. 197.00

Lieberman & Sandford Co. (screens for heating coils,
palmshouse: entrance) .:....... 9 eee ee 125.00
$87,710.69
Architects’ fees, based upon cost of the entire building. 6,500.00
$94,210.69

This leaves an unexpended balance of ($100,000-94,210.69)
$5,789.31.
Conservatories Installed and Opened
During November, 1913, the Garden received from the New

York Botanical Garden a gift of 198 potted plants, representing
about 123 species.

30

This gift forms the nucleus of our conservatory collection,
which now numbers about 250 specimens, representing 140 spe-
cies. It was not our original intention to open the conservatories
to the public until these plants could be properly labeled, but the
demand became too large and too insistent to be disregarded, and
st was therefore decided to admit the public without further
delay. Nearly two hundred persons visited the collection on the
first day, although no attempt had been made to advertise the
fact that it was open.

Opening Reception—The members of the Board of Trustees
and of the Council of the Institute, and the members of the De-
partment of Botany and their friends, were invited to inspect the
first sections of the building and conservatories, on Saturday
afternoon, December 13, 1913. Full accounts of this function
have appeared in the city papers, and will also appear in the
Garden Recorp for January, 1914.

The Grounds

Resetting of Reservoir Fence Completed—On March 24 the
Mott Iron Works men resumed work on the resetting of the iron
fence which was moved the preceding fall to the new boundary
between the Mt. Prospect reservoir property and that of the
Garden. The work was accepted by the Garden about May 15,
and the invoice of $957, the contract price for the work, was ap-
proyed and forwarded to the treasurer for payment on June 24,

IQT3.

Painting the Street 'ence—Attention may be called to the fact
that the repainting of 3,600 linear feet of iron fence, along Flat-
bush and Washington Aves., was accomplished during the winter
months of 1912-13, by four of our own men, without any extra
appropriation for labor or materials.

Out of Doors Work Resumed.—Spring work out of doors was
resumed on March 17, most of the employees of last year having
applied for reappointment. The season was unusually forward
(about four weeks in advance of 1912), and good weather con-
tinued until unusually late in the fall, so that out of doors opera-
tions were not brought to a close until November 21, one week
later than in 1912.

31

Grading Operations —The first contract for grading was let
on June 12, to John Connor, the lowest bidder.* On July 8 the
Commissioner of Parks directed the contractor to begin work on
his contract on or before July 14, 1913. Operations were actu-
ally begun on June 30. The work was specified to be completed
within 75 working days, and by these terms it should have been
completed on October 16. It was not, however, completed until
December 3, 1913, 143 days from the time of beginning. After
allowing 25 days for extension of time granted, and after deduct-
ing 36 days for bad weather, Sundays, and holidays, there re-
mained (143-1360) seven days over time.

This work has made about two-thirds of the Garden unfit for
pedestrians, and has made it impossible to walk with comfort
from the Local Flora section, in the northwest corner of the
Garden, to the plantations at the southern end. On this account
the number of classes and other organizations visiting the Garden
has been noticeably reduced.

Boulder Wall—In order to save a valuable tree (Pseudolarix
Kaempferi) which was in danger of being smothered by the fill
along the top of the embankment northwest of the lake, our own
laborers constructed a retaining wall of boulders for a distance
of about 60 feet, and with a maximum height near the center of
about 7 feet.

Work in Prospect Park.—It was agreed between the Institute
and the Park authorities that the Garden laboring force would at-
tend to all stripping of top-soil, and all tree cutting necessary on
the embankment at the site of the fill in the park. This work has
been cared for, and in addition some 18~-20 trees have been pro-
tected by the building of boulder walls around the bases of the
trunks.

All of this work, not of course anticipated when the appropria-
tion for maintenance for 1913 was asked for, has been a serious
drain on our laboring force, as it has kept an average of 3-4 men,
out of a total of only 8-10 laborers (besides a large part of the
time of the foreman), busy nearly every day during August and
September. As a result, much of the Garden work proper has
suffered.

* A detailed statement of the bids and payments for this work is given
on page 73 infra,

32

The Brook.—The report of the curator of plants calls attention
to the reconstruction of the upper portion of the brook, near the
lake, necessitated by the grading operations. In addition to this
work, the swamp and most of the pools were enlarged during the
spring and summer.

Plans for New Grading—During the fall and winter of 1913
the preparation of plans was under way for completing the grad-
ing of the area between Mt. Prospect reservoir and the Museum
building. To complete this work, and to secure a good lawn on
the portion graded during 1913, will require an additional appro-
priation by the City from corporate stock.

Walks.—During December the preparation of Olmsted Bros.
of plans and specifications for new walks throughout the Garden
was well under way.

Value of the Land Comprising the Garden

The cost value of the land comprising the Garden, as recorded
on page 98 of the Garden Recorp for July, 1913, on the authority
of the Comptroller’s report, as published on page 4159 of the
City Record for May 6, 1913, was subsequently found to be
erroneous, since the figures there given refer to only a portion of
the Garden property. Since part of the land included in the Gar-
den was acquired with the original Prospect Park lands, and part
with the site of Mt. Prospect reservoir, it is not possible now to
determine the cost of the particular portions of these acquisitions
now devoted to the use of the Garden.

However, by correspondence with the office of the Comptroller,
it has been ascertained that the present value of the Garden land
is placed at $2,400,000, of which $2,200,000 refers to the original
area assigned by the Department of Parks for Garden purposes
on December 28, 1909; and $200,000 to the addition between Mt.
Prospect reservoir and the Museum building, assigned to the In-
stitute for the use of the Garden on September 9, 1912. These
figures do not include the site of the Central Museum, nor the
improvements to our property since it was acquired. These fig-
ures, and those for property adjacent to the Garden, are shown on
the map, figure 5.

33
Plantations

Classification Revised.—The classification of the plantations, as
given in the First Annual Report,* has been slightly revised by
including the arboretum and fruticetum as subdivisions under the
systematic section, and thus reducing the number of sections from
ten to eight.

W ork Done.—The work done on sections I-IV and VI is noted
in the appended report of the curator of plants. The installation
of Sections V, VII, and VIII has not yet been begun.

Method of Accessioning—When a plant of a given species (or
several specimens of the same species from the same locality) is
added to the systematic collection of living plants it is assigned an
accession number, which serves to designate this plant (or plants)
as long as it remains a part of the systematic collection. If, sub-
sequently, another specimen (or several specimens) of the same
species is received, from the same or another locality, it is ac-
cessioned and designated by another accession number, the next
unassigned in the series. Thus the number of accession numbers
assigned may exceed the number of species represented, while the
number of individual plants is always much larger than the num-
ber of species.

Number of Plants under Cultivation.—Attention is here called
to the statement of the curator of plants (p. 55), showing that
1347 accession numbers were assigned to living plants during the
year, giving a total of 3,859 accessions to date. The living plants
now under cultivation represent 804 genera and 3,105 species.
This includes only the plants in the Local Flora, and the general —
systematic section, and in the conservatories.

nr

Library

Permanent Quarters——The permanent quarters planned for the
Garden library are in portions of the building not yet constructed.
For the present the steel stacks and other library equipment have
been installed in the elementary laboratory (west room) on the
main floor.

Growth.—The appended report of the librarian shows a total of
1,630 bound volumes and approximately 1,100 bound pamphlets,
while the number of periodicals being received, having to do with
botany or closely related subjects, is sixty-three.

* Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 1: 31-32. Ap IgI2.

34

Cooperation with Brooklyn Public Library—During the past
year negotiations were carried on with Mr. Frank P. Hill, libra-
rian of the Brooklyn Public Library, resulting in an arrangement
being effected whereby that library was to complete its set of
Curtis's Botanical Magazine, renew its subscription, and deposit
with the Garden library the complete set, and the subsequent vol-
umes as completed. The set complete, from volume I (1793) to
volume 138 (1912), and two volumes of index, was received at
the Garden on October 25. This is a very valuable set of books,
and is a very substantial addition to our library.

Transfer from the Museum Library.—At the meeting of the
Committee on Botanic Garden, on November 11, 1913, I reported
the transfer from the library of the Ceneral Museum to the Gar-
den library, of the botanical books and pamphlets, together with
catalog cards and the Torrey Botanical Club card index of Amer-
ican botanical literature. This transfer was made in accordance
with a motion of the Executive Committee of the Board of
Trustees on October 14, 1913, adopting a recommendation by Mr.
Alfred T. White, as follows

“Mr. White recommends that the herbarium and botanical library now
in the museum be removed to the Botanic Garden building, except where
this would involve taking parts of sets of books; these to be left in the
museum; it being understood that any part of the ee or library
removed may be recalled at any time if needed.”

A tabular statement of the library items transferred is given in
the report of the librarian, page

The librarian of the Museum nae filed with the Garden the
following :

MEMORANDUM OF VALUATION OF MusEuM LIBRARY PROPERTY
‘TRANSFERRED TO THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN*

ey spent by Museum Library
for

Uyafoy se Piegl ov6 (1A tbat cals) Kc ear nea nro RAR Rr eS eee ts $1,215.75
a LSpoeees tet Renta eaten ec ete I aa ae 1.65
orrey botanical Wlib cards ox, ee cse yaks ee eae 132.64

Estimated cost of books, etc., received previous to reor-
ganization, by gift, chenee CLC ee icee ee eee 289.50
fay iol Fa hee fg eee ce en ear eR ee perenne, ea Mh et $1,639.54

* Exclusive of work on catalog cards, expense of filing Torrey cards, etc,

30

Use of the Library.—As stated in the report of the librarian,
the library is not, and cannot very well be, a circulating library.
Its greatest usefulness, all things considered, depends upon its
being administered as a reference library. It is a pleasure to
note that it is being consulted in increasing numbers by others
than members of the Garden staff.

Herbarium

Administration.—As is frequently done in herbarium adminis-
tration, curatorial duties have been divided, and the spermato-
phytes (seed-bearing plants) and pteridophytes (ferns and fern-
allies) have been assigned to the curator of plants, with whose
other duties and interests this part of the herbarium is most
closely related; and, for a like reason, the lower cryptogams
(mosses, liverworts, lichens, fungi, algae, and slime-moulds)
have been assigned to the curator of public instruction. For con-
venience, these two sections will hereafter be referred to as the
phanerogamic and the cryptogamic herbaria respectively.

Growth—During the past year the phanerogamic herbarium
has been increased by over 47,000 specimens, in addition to the
herbarium of the Department of Botany, comprising about 30,-
ooo specimens, which was transferred to the Garden, in accord-
ance with the resolution of the Executive Committee of the
Trustees, as recorded above on page 34. The total number of
specimens in this section of the herbarium is now nearly 80,000,
which represents a growth of nearly 50,000 during the three
years since the Garden was established.

The cryptogamic division of the herbarium of the Department
of Botany, when transferred to the Garden, contained a total of
8,750 specimens, as itemized in the appended report of the curator
of public instruction, page 61. Previous to this transfer we had
acquired about 2,200 specimens, chiefly of parasitic fungi, but
during the past year this collection has been increased, largely by
generous gifts, to 24,492 specimens, or nearly three times the
total acquisitions previous to the establishment of the Garden.

The total number of specimens in both herbaria on December
31 was over 104,000. ‘

New Cases —The cumbersome wooden cases which held the

36

herbarium specimens in the Museum were transferred to the Gar-
den for temporary use, but they had long since ceased to be suit-
able, either in size or type, and the phanerogamic collections are
now being transferred as rapidly as possible to new steel cases,
made according to our own specifications. The maximum capa-
city of the new cases is about 21,000 sheets, or only one fifth
of the number now on hand. The cryptogamic collections have
also reached the full capacity of the cases available.

Investigations

Local Flora.—At the time of the appointment of Mr. Taylor
as curator of plants, in the spring of 1911, he was at work ona
phytogeographical study of the local flora. The limits of the area
included in the term local flora are roughly delimited by a circle
having a radius of one hundred miles from New York City as a
center. The area was defined several years ago by a committee
of the Torrey Botanical Club, and comprises certain arbitrary in-
clusions, including the entire states of New Jersey and Connecti-
cut. In harmony with the terms of an agreement between our
Garden and the New York Botanical Garden, at the time of Mr.
Taylor's appointment, the results of this study, covering five
consecttive years, will be published as a Memoir of the New York
Garden, and is expected to appear during 1914.

Plant Diseases—During the year Dr. Olive has continued his
studies on two diseases of the potato caused by a parasitic fungus
(Fusarium), and popularly known respectively as the “ potato
wilt” and “dry rot.” He is also making a study of a disease of
the sugar beet, of unknown origin, and causing great damage in
some of the Western States, amounting in some cases to a loss of
nine-tenths of the entire crop. The discovery of the nature and
catise of this disease would point the way to treatment and prophy-
laxis, and would obviously be of great economic as well as scien-
tific importance. Dr. Olive’s studies of the wheat rust, and of
other plant rusts, have also been continued, and partial results of
these studies were embodied in his paper on “ Intermingling of
perennial sporophytic and gametophytic generations in Puccinia
Podophylli, P. obtegens and Uromyces Glycyrrhizae,’ which ap-
peared in August as No. 6 of the Garden Contributions.

pan

t

37

Mycology.—Under Dr. Olive’s direction Mr. Bisby has made a
study of certain problems in connection with plant rusts, has col-
lected and carried along numerous cultures of the Myxomycetes
(slime-moulds), for the purpose of securing material for study of
the life history of these lowly organisms, and has made progress in
a study of certain phases in the life history of Cyathus, one of
the bird’s-nest fungi. A preliminary report on this latter work
was presented for Mr. Bisby by Dr. Olive, at the 1913-1914 At-
lanta meeting of the Botanical Society of America.

Plant Breeding.—Dr. White has carried through pedigreed cul-
tures of a number of different plants as material for his studies in
experimental evolution and plant breeding, and of fundamental
principles which underlie heredity. Studies which he began in the
Bussey Institution, before his appointment to the Garden staff,
have been partly prepared for publication. This work will appear
under the general title, “ Studies of teratological phenomena in
their relation to evolution and the problems of heredity,” and the
first paper, with the sub-title, “ A study of certain floral abnormal-
ities in Nicotiana, and their bearing on theories of dominance,”
will appear in the first (January, 1914) number of the new
American Journal of Botany.

Plant Physiology—In connection with his graduate work at
Columbia University, Mr. Adlerblum has begun, under the super-
vision of the director of the Garden, a study of certain problems
of digestion in the potato tuber.

A brief investigation has been made by the director of the Gar-
den, of the value of a certain commercial compound purported to
be radioactive, as a stimulus to the growth of crops. If the addi-
tion of a radioactive substance to the soil would substantially in-
crease the yield of crops, and could be accomplished at a cost that
was not prohibitive, the discovery of this fact and of such a com-
pound would be of very great economic importance. The brief
experiments here alluded to have, so far, yielded only negative
results.

Publications of Members of Staff during 1913
Gager, C. Stuart. School gardens in Ceylon. Brooklyn Bot.

Gard. Record 2: 18-20. Ja 1913.

Second annual report of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden,
1912. dbid. 2: 25-45. Ap 1913.

38

—— Nature study in the public schools of Greater New York.
Ibid. 2: 85-90. Jl 1913.

Foundation and organization of the Brooklyn Botanic

Garden. Jbid. 2: 109-114. O I9Q13.

Botany. Univ. of Missouri Bull. Sci. Ser. Ser. 1. Math-

ematical and Physical Sciences. 1: 149-173. Jl 1913.

Ganong’s The Living Plant. (Review.) Torreya 13:

259-263. N 1913. .

The opening of buds. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Leaflets 1?

16 Ap 1913.

The pollination of pines. Jbid. 1°. 7 My 1913.

— Leaf-fall. Jbid. 1**. 29 O 1913.

Olive, Edgar W. Conference with high school teachers. Brook-
lyn Bot. Gard. Record 2: 11-12. Ja 1913.

Report of a trip to botanical institutions. Ibid, 2: 12

‘Ja: 1912,

Kinds and positions of buds. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Leaf-

Ists 2°. 22 Ap 2913.

The leaves of pines and other conifers. bid. 17. 21 My

ce

The work of green leaves. Jbid. 1%. 4 Je 1913.

—— Respiration in plants. Jbid. 1°. 18 Je 1913.

Intermingling of perennial sporophytic and gametophytic

generations in Puccinia Podophylli, P. obtegens and Uromyces

Glycyrrhizae. Annales Mycologici 11: 297-311. Plates XV.

Au 1913. Reissued as Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Contrib. No. 6.

Botany in relation to agriculture and other applied sci-
ences. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 2: 115-119. LOLs:

Shaw, Ellen Eddy. Window gardening. Sch. Gard. Assoc.
Aimer. second Ann. Rept, 9p..42. “Ap 1OGe:

Bulb culture. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Leaflets 17%. 8 O

Tore:
—— Kinds and characteristics of bulbs. Jbid. 118. 22 O 1913.
Nine short articles in the Young Folks’ Department. The
Garden Mag. Jan—June, Sept—Nov. 10913.
Four editorials. The Nat. Plant, Flower and Fruit Guild
Mag. Nos. 1-4, Jan., Mch., June, Sept., 1913.
—— Twelve reviews of books. Country Life in Amer. Jan—
Wecs 1912,

39

Taylor, N. Report of a trip to Rochester and the Arnold Arbor-
etum. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 2: 15-18. Ja 1913.

Two popular Handbooks. (Review.) ‘Torreya 13: 17-19.

Ja oy

Some plants flowering early in April. Brooklyn Bot.

Gard. Leaflets 17. 10 Ap 1913.

Some native wild flowers now in bloom. Loc. cit. 1°. 22

Ap On3:

A plant new to the state of New York and the local flora

fanccemmlankeya 13% 76. Ap TOs.

Blakeslee and Jarvis. “Trees in Winter.” (Review.) The

Nation, 24 Ap I913.

Francis, M. E. The Book of Grasses. (Review.) The

Nation, 24 Ap 1913.

Report of the Curator of Plants (for 1912). Brooklyn

Bot. Gard. Record 2: 46-60. Ap I913.

Some plants flowering early in May. Brooklyn Bot. Gard.

Leaflets 1*. 30 Ap 1913.

Plants now in bloom. Jbid. 1°. 7 My 1913.

— Plants flowering in the last half of May. Ibid. 1°. 14
My 1913.

— Shrubs now blooming. Jbid. 1°. 18 Je 1913.

Britton & Brown’s Illustrated Flora, second edition. (Re-

view.) Torreya 13: 186-192. Au 1913.

Dykes, G. H. The genus Iris. (Review.) The Nation,
Te tN MOMS,

—— Our Native Shrubs and what may be done with them.
(Reprinted from Garden Magazine. April 1912.) Brooklyn
Bot. Gard. Leaflets 14%. 24 S 1913

Sargent, F. L. Plants and nine uses. (Review.) The
Nation, 30 O 1913

White, O. E. The Wane of teratological development in Nico-
tiana on theories of heredity. American Naturalist 47: 206-
228. 10913.

Some interesting varieties of corn growing in the garden.

Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Leaflets 17°: Figs. 1-4. Sept. 1913.

40

Public Lectures, Addresses, and Papers

Public lectures, addresses, and papers have been delivered by
members of staff as follows:

By the director of the Garden:

April 1. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Before the Mothers’
Club of Public School 47.

April 30. The Botanic Garden and its use to the schools and
people of Brooklyn. Before two assemblies at the Boys’
High School, Brooklyn.

May 2. Spring flowers and trees of Greater New York.
Arbor Day talk before the Training School for Teachers,
Jamaica, L. I.

By the curator of public instruction:

Jan. 2. Intermingling of perennial sporophytic and gameto-
phytic mycelium in rusts. Before the Botanical Society of
America, at Cleveland, O.

Jan. 24. Forestry. Before classes in biology from the Girls’
High School. At the Central Museum, Brooklyn.

Jan, 27. Forestry. Before the Biology Club of Erasmus Hall
High School, Brooklyn.

Feb. 24. The life histories of rusts. Before the Torrey
Botanical Club, at the New York Botanical Garden.

Apr. 22. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Before the Men’s
Club of the Mt. Olivet Presbyterian Church, Brooklyn.

May 9. The educational work of the Brooklyn Botanic Gar-
den. Before the Commercial High School, Brooklyn.

May 20. Camp hygiene. Before the senior class in engineer-
ing, at New York University.

Noy. 15. A comparison of plant and animal physiological proc-
esses. Before the Science room conference of the Brook-
lyn Institute, Academy of Music.

_

By the curator of plants:
eb. 6. The Hempstead Plains and the preservation of the
local flora. Shedowa Garden Club, Garden City Casino.
July 5. The Hempstead Plains, a natural eastern prairie.
N. Y. Botanical Garden.

4]

Sept. 5. Preservation of our native flora and its use for wild-
gardening Lake Mahopak Protective Association, Lake
Mahopak, N. Y.

By the assistant curator of plant breeding:

Dec. 30. Studies of teratological phenomena in their relation
to evolution and the problems of heredity. Before the
Botanical Society of America, at Atlanta, Ga.

By the instructor:

Oct. 14. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden—What it means to the
people of Brooklyn. At the Bethany Settlement, Brook-
iat INT Wee

Nov. 17. The education of today. Before the Mothers’ Club
of Woodmere Academy, Woodmere, L. I.

Nov. 18. Botanic Gardens. Woodmere Academy, Woodmere,
i.

Nov. 20. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden. At the Ethical Cul-
ture School.

Nov. 26. Nature’s Thanksgiving. At the Ethical Culture
School.

Dec. 11. Nature Study in the Elementary Schools. Before
the public school teachers of Hackensack, Hackensack,

By the laboratory assistant:
Dec. 31. A preliminary note on spore-formation in Cyathus.
Before the Botanical Society of America, at Atlanta, Ga.

—y

Field Meetings

The following field meetings were conducted during the year:

May 29-June 2. The Department of Botany of the Institute,
at Amagansett and Montauk, L. I., by the curator of plants.

Aug. 24. The Pharmaceutical Society of New York, at the
Garden, by the curator of public instruction.

Oct. 29. Botany Class from the Girls’ High School (Brook-
lyn). At the Garden, by the instructor.

Nov. 1. The Department of Botany of the Institute, at Queens,
L. L., by the curator of public mstruction.

42

Publications of the Garden

Record.—The four quarterly issues, comprising volume two,
contained 140 pages, or 24 pages more than during 1912. By
another year this publication should be issued bi-monthly.

Contributions —Only one number (No. 7) of the Contributions
appeared during 1913.

Leaflets —This publication was inaugurated by the appearance
on April 10, of Series 1, No. 1, and the first series terminated
with No. 14, on October 29. The period of issue extends, at
present, from April to October. The great popularity of this
little leaflet, far surpassing all expectation, has been previously
noted in the Recorp.

Announcements—A plan has been adopted of sending out
notices of courses of instruction, lectures, and other similar events
by means of a series of Announcements, numbered consecutively.
‘Two numbers have been issued.

Booklet of Information.—In December was issued a small
booklet of “Information concerning the Brooklyn Botanic Gar-
den,’ comprising eight pages and cover, of convenient size to be
carried in the pocket, and containing a diagram showing the loca-
tion of the Garden with reference to all lines of rapid transit by
which it may be reached.

American Journal of Botany—The Recorp for January, 1914,
will contain a full statement of the inauguration of this new
botanical journal, to be published by the Garden, in cooperation
with the Botanical Society of America, and to be edited by a
committee of that society, including two members of the Garden
staff. At present it is planned to issue ten numbers a year, omit-
ting the issues of August and September. The full text of the
agreement between the Botanical Society of America and the
Garden, touching this publication, will be found on pages 74 and
76, infra.

Tree Planting by Professor Engler
The planting of a Liriodendron tulipifera, on October 16, 1913,
by Professor Adolph Engler, Director of the Royal Botanic Gar-
den, at Dahlem-Steglitz, near Berlin, and the exercises connected
therewith, will be recorded in full in the Garden Recorp for Janu-
ary, IQT4.

43
Department of Public Instruction

First Course of Instruction —The first course of instruction to
be offered at the Garden by a member of the staff was on Indoor
Plant Culture, given on five successive Wednesdays, beginning
October 22.

Prospectus for 1914.—A prospectus of courses of instruction
and public lectures to be offered during 1914 is in the hands of
the printer, and will appear in the Garden Recorp for January,
1914. ‘Twenty-nine different courses are offered, covering work
from the most elementary nature study to that of independent
research.

Children’s Gardens —Broadly stated, the aim of a botanic gar-
den is the increase and diffusion of a knowledge and love of
plants. Every activity, therefore, which will contribute to this
end is appropriate and desirable. It is in harmony with this aim
that a botanic garden should not only be well equipped for scien-
tific investigations, but should be made as attractive and beautiful
as possible. It is in the interests of the same ideal that children’s
gardens have been planned as a regular part of our work, to begin
in the spring of 1914

No educational development of recent times has done more to
enlist the sympathetic interest of children in plant life than this
movement, variously designated as school gardens, school farms,
farm gardens, and children’s gardens. The appeal is made at the
most impressionable age, the ground covered embraces the ele-
ments of many phases of botanical science, including ecology,
physiology, plant structure, and horticulture, the educational re-
sults to be secured are not surpassed by those obtainable by any
other discipline, and the indirect value of the work, especially for
the city boy or girl, who is deprived of most of the peculiar
advantages of out-of-door life and intimate contact with nature
which the village or country child enjoys, is incalculable. A person
who has been brought up from childhood to regard a botanic gar-
den as a place of interest, of pleasure, and of profit, and to regard
its activities as having a direct and intimate relation to his own
life and to the life of the city as a whole, is not as liable as he
otherwise might be, and as many otherwise intelligent and broad-
minded persons now are, to question the advantages of such insti-

—

44

tutions, and the desirability of their general establishment in Ameri-
can cities, and their maintenance by municipal appropriations.

Course for Teachers——One of the chief obstacles to the gen-
eral inauguration of children’s gardens is the lack of adequately
trained teachers. A beginning has been made in this work in one
or two places, but adequate preparation demands a course that
will extend over the entire period of garden work, so that all
phases of it may be covered and properly illustrated. Moreover,
it is desirable to have the course given at a center where there is
ample ground to cultivate, a full equipment of gardening appli-
ances and accessories, and where there is a staff of teachers and
expert gardeners, competent to give thorough instruction, not only
in actual garden operations, but in the fundamental principals of
plant life, in nature study, and in such related subjects as the care
of house plants, the construction and management of cold frames
and hot beds, and in the educational theory underlying the work.
It is also essential to have actual classes of children available, one
as a practice school, and another as a model school. In other
words, the aim should be, not merely the training, but the educa-
tion of teachers, so that their work may be pursued, not as a trade,
but as a profession; that they may be able, not merely to carry
through, more or less blindly or mechanically, a series of opera-
tions and processes according to a program or schedule drawn up
for them by someone else, but that they may understand in a
broad, scholarly way the educational significance and bearing of
their work, that they may have an intelligent grasp of the funda-
mental problems connected with it, and may be able to make sub-
stantial and helpful contributions toward the working out of satis-
factory solutions of these problems.

The Garden has, at present, an admirable beginning of equip-
ment for this work. What we need is a larger financial support
so that it may be expanded. The children’s garden movement is
more than a fad; it is a permanent contribution to elementary
education, meeting an actual need which cannot well be met in
any other way, and the demand for adequately prepared super-
visors and teachers is constantly increasing. To endow this work
at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden would be to render a lasting and
valuable service to elementary education,

45

Classes from Public Schools—Under the general supervision
of the department of public instruction, arrangements are being
made for regular classes of pupils from the public grammar
schools and high schools. Classes from the high schools began
to hold regular sessions at the Garden during the fall and winter
of 1913, and work on a similar basis with grammar school pupils
will begin in January, 1914.

Neighborhood Work.—Several classes have been organized with
children who live near the Garden, though in several instances the
interest in this work has spread to boys and girls living far enough
away to necessitate a trolley ride in order to reach the Garden.
This work is, of course, in the very early stages of its develop-
ment, but there is every evidence that it will soon assume as large
proportions as we can care for advantageously.

Seminar and Journal Club—A seminar and a journal club are
among the most stimulating of all influences to any body of
workers engaged in scientific or other scholarly research. These
meetings serve as a clearing house for new ideas, as a medium
for the discussion of new problems, and as a means of keeping
alive to new work that is being accomplished elsewhere. The
value of these meetings does not lie in the number who attend,
but in their motive and purpose. Such conferences are essential
to the maintenance of a good tonus, and of a lively esprit de corps.
Our seminar and journal club meet on alternate weeks from
October to June, and we have been pleased, as also during 1912,
to welcome at the meetings a number of biology teachers from
various Brooklyn high schools.

Miscellaneous Matters

Meetings at the Garden.—The meeting of the Japan society on
May 21, as the guests of the Central Museum and the Garden
jointly; the meeting of the Sullivant Moss Society on May 24;
the first meeting of the International Phytogeographical Excur-
sion at the Garden and at the Hempstead Plains, under the
auspices of the Garden, on July 27; and the opening reception
and inspection of the new buildings for the trustees and members
of the Council of the Institute, and the members of the Depart-
ment of Botany, and their friends, on December 13, have all been
recorded in various issues of the REcorp.

46

The Public and the Garden

Attendance.—Under the present simple organization of the
Garden there are no guards at the various gates, and we have no
means of ascertaining the number of visitors, except by rough
estimate. In general it may be said that the attendance is increas-
ing. Since plants were placed in the northeast wing of the con-
servatory there have been daily visitors there, amounting, on
pleasant Sundays, to between 100 and 200. The library is con-
sulted almost daily by persons outside the Garden staff, and calls
for the identification of plants, or for other botanical information,
are becoming increasingly frequent.

—

Acknowledgments

The office accommodations and innumerable other courtesies so
freely extended by the director and members of staff of the Cen-
tral Museum since September, 1910, were continued until Sep-
tember, 1913, when the Garden offices were transferred to our
new building. It is a pleasure to record here renewed expressions
of appreciation of these courtesies.

The gift, by Mrs. Annie Morrill Smith, of her valuable her-
barium of mosses, hepatics, and lichens, together with miscel-
laneous botanical publications and pieces of apparatus, is the
largest single gift, with one exception, ever received by the
Garden. For this, and also for other gifts of herbarium material
by Mr. Harold Wingate (Myxomycetes), Mr. D. G. Banks
(Algae), Mrs. C. Strieff (Phanerogams),and Dr, R. M. Harper
(Georgia plants), as recorded in detail in the appended reports of
the curator of plants and the curator of public instruction (pp.
56 and 6r), the Garden expresses its best thanks.

Grateful acknowledgment is also made of the gift to the
library, by Prof. Dr. Julius von Wiesner, professor of botany in
the Imperial University at Vienna, of separate reprints of all of
his published papers now available, together with his portrait, and
of books presented by Mr. Alfred T. White, Mr. George De:
Pratt, and others as recorded in the appended report of the
libfarian (p. 05).

The thanks of the Garden are due to Mr. Dick S. Ramsey for
the gift of four large century plants (Agave americana), said to

47

be about 35 years old; to James McCutcheon & Co., for an ex-
hibition of flax and linen products; to the O. N. T. Thread Co.,
for an exhibit of cotton and cotton thread; and to the Inter-
national Harvester Co., for a set of photographs of manila and
sisal fiber and operations in rope making.

The generous gift, by Mr. Alfred T. White, of one thousand
dollars, hereby gratefully acknowledged, has made possible the
continuation of the Leaflets in a much improved form.

Financial Matters

Municipal Appropriation for Maintenance —I append hereto a
financial statement for the fiscal year 1913. The city appropria-
tion, out of the tax budget, for maintenance for the year was
$29,460, an increase of $3,629.43 over the amount appropriated
for the preceding year. Most of this increase was owing to the
appointment of new members of staff, including an assistant,
curator of plant breeding, a librarian, and a laboratory assistant,
and of several employees, including an engineer, a janitor, and a
night watchman; made necessary by taking possession of our new
building in September, and by the natural expansion of our work.
So large an addition to our force at one time is not anticipated
for the future. The total increase for salaries and wages over
IQI2 was $7,181.32, but there were decreases in other items,
making the net increase as stated above.

Attention may be called to the fact that the entire furnishing of
our building, including steel library stacks and steel herbarium
cases, has been done without necessitating any special issue of
corporate stock or of revenue bonds for this purpose.

Building Fund.—As shown in the appended financial statement
(p. 73), there remains from the original authorization of cor-
porate stock to the amount of $100,000 for buildings, an unex-
pended balance of $5,780.31.

Grading Fund—The corporate stock appropriation of July,
Igri, for grading, was $40,000, and the payments to John Connor,
contractor for the first part of the grading, amounted to a total of
$24,615.54, leaving an tunexpended balance of $13,004.06. The

completion of the grading of the area adjacent to Mt. Prospect
reservoir will require a sum in excess of this balance.

48

Private Funds.—Income from the George C. Brackett memorial
fund, amounting to $25 annually, became available this year for
the first time, and $17.17 has been expended for botanical books
in English, in accordance with the expressed preference of the
donors. In addition to endowment incomes, the Garden has re-
ceived the sum of One Thousand Dollars by special contribution.
The total income for the year from endowment and gifts amounted
to $3,569.90, most of which, together with a balance of $1,817.52
from 1912, was expended for the library, the herbarium, lantern
slides and negatives, the publication of the Leaflets, and other
purposes directly related to the scientific and educational work of
the Garden.

The Needs of the Garden

Children’s Garden Space.—In connection with our course for
teachers of children’s gardens, it is essential to have about one
acre of eround to be used for experimental and for d tration
purposes, but it would be very difficult to assign for this purpose
so large an area from our present territory. If park lands ad-
jacent to the Botanic Garden shall become available for Garden
purposes, a portion of it should be devoted to this work.

Three types of gardens are proposed:

1. A pupil-teacher’s garden, where those who are preparing
themselves to teach in children’s gardens may secure
practical experience in the gardening operations to be
later taught to others.

2. A practice garden, where pupil-teachers may obtain their
first experience in conducting garden classes, under the
supervision of a competent critic.

3. A model garden, conducted by those in charge of the
normal course, with children chosen for their demon-
strated ability and aptitude in gardening work.

By this arrangement, three essential ends will be secured: (1)
Actual experience by the prospective teacher in carrying through
all the operations and solving all the problems that will later con-
front the pupils; (2) An opportunity for practice work with
classes, under expert supervision; (3) An opportunity to observe

49

the work and results of a garden conducted by teachers of ex-
perience with pupils of ability, and which will serve not only as
a model of what may be accomplished, but also as an inspiration
to the highest practicable attainment in one’s own work.

So far as the writer knows, there is offered nowhere in the
United States an opportunity for so thorough and practical a
preparation for teachers of children’s gardening as is implied in
the plan here outlined. The work, however, is of vital impor-
tance, educationally and socially, and is worthy of the most
thorough preparation.

Experimental Grounds.—Experimental work in plant breeding
and along various other lines makes very urgent the setting aside
of an area of about one acre for this purpose. In addition to
being essential in research work, the cultures of pedigreed plants,
and other plantings within this area, would be of great educational
value to visitors interested in problems of heredity, evolution, plant
disease, and the improvement of commercial plants.

Propagating House and Nursery—In the First Annual Report
of the Garden* attention was called to the fact that, as soon as
our conservatories were completed, their entire space will be
needed for exhibition collections, and the work of instruction and
investigation. I beg to quote here, as still pertinent, the last two
sentences of the paragraph cited:

“Tt is already clearly evident that, within a very short time after the
completion of our plant houses, their entire space will be needed for our
exhibition collections, os the work of instruction and investigation to
which two of the hot are now assigned. This will necessitate the
erection of a ae house where the collections may be suitably
prepared and cared for, and it will also become increasingly urgent that
we have a garden area EaIEISey to the propagating house for nursery and
experimental purposes.”

Urgent Need of Additional Building—As stated in my quar-
terly report for the period ending September 30, 1913, the organi-
zation and equipment of the Garden, and the acquisition of scien-
tific and teaching equipment had proceeded to such an extent that
we had quite outgrown the capacity of the first section of the new
building before we took possession of it. The need for the second

* Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 1: 44. Ap 1912.

50

section is already very pressing. The five private research rooms
contained in the first section are being occupied for offices; the
room intended for an elementary laboratory is occupied by the
library; and the physiological laboratory room, largely by the
herbarium, There is no auditorium available for the giving of
public lectures or the holding of public assemblies of any consider-
able size. The only room available for an audience will not seat
more than about 60 persons. For this reason, we are unable to
inaugurate certain lines of public instruction for which we are
fully equipped in the matter of staff and in all other ways. The
need of additional storage room in the basement is very pressing,
as is also the need of at least one more class room, and a labo-
ratory room. ‘

The importance of completing the conservatories may also be
urged at this time. The acquisition and proper installation of our
conservatory collections will be delayed and hampered until our
conservatories are completed. The need of the service basement
underneath the two south wings of the conservatories is also be-
coming increasingly urgent.

Municipal Appropriation for Maintenance.—The City of New
York has been most liberal with the Garden in the matter of
annual appropriations for maintenance, yet for a new institution,
projected along broad lines, and growing vigorously, the appro-
priations have not been large. In fact, it is only by an economy
so rigid as to imperil efficiency that the Garden can now be run
with the sum annually appropriated by the city, and this is made
possible only by the devotion of a loyal and enthusiastic, as well
as efficient, staff. In the matter of salaries, it may be noted that
the salaries paid to members of the Garden staff are not high for
the class and character of the services rendered. The salaries of
our highest paid positions, the curatorships, are less than the
salaries paid in our best colleges and universities, less, even, than
the salaries of assistant teachers in the high schools of New York
City, and very much less than the salaries of first assistants (heads
of departments) in the high schools. This is neither appropriate
nor commensurate with the preparation, experience, and reputa-
tion demanded of the incumbents, and should be regarded only as
a temporary condition, to be improved at the earliest possible date.

dl

Private Funds ——To anyone in close touch with the situation, it
is self evident that we shall not be able to expand at all, beyond
their present proportion, the educational and scientific work for
which the Garden was primarily established, but that on the con-
trary, we shall be obliged to retrench, unless some plan is devised
and put into early operation for substantially increasing our regu-
lar annual income, in addition to the income from our present
endowment.

I have, heretofore, at various times in quarterly reports and
elsewhere, set forth the present needs of the Garden for addi-
tional income from private funds. A restatement of this informa-
tion is given below in tabulated form:

EstrmatepD ANNUAL NEEDS OF THE GARDEN FROM PRIVATE FUNDS

Urgent:
Annually after 1915 19% 4-1915
1 ee MENS. Gosouannongousvooogecaduc poo econ de $ 500 800
. The nen (including binding) ......-..+.++-- 800 1,500
3, The Herbarium (specimens, matetialy Gabe) ase 800 1,000
4. Scientific PUDicationS ...2-++ ose sess s cess eerme 800 1,000
Illustrating :
5. Lantern slides, Slag pi, CES AadGoopouae 300 300
6. Photographer at $25 a month (part time)....... 300 300
7. Pen artist at $25 a et ran Tine hee een ee 300 300
8. Leaflets (printing and mailing).........-.-..+5 350 300
9. Motion picture camera sca apparatus, and rental
One dllanse (irom LOLS Only ec. ac. oe. i cle 100 300

10. Botanical ee for American plants for the
living collections and trips in connection with

investigatiOnNS ....... cee cece eee eee eee teens 750 T,000
Total estimated annual needs ........... ce eee eee ee 5,000 6,800
Present income from endowment ........+...eeeees 2,500 2,500
Balan cena uspromided LOt reste s« sae ye eae sion 2,500 4,300

Very desirable:

Tr study collection to loan to schools ......-..2.... 200 200
12. Prizes for botanical work of merit by school pupils 50 50
13. Public scientific lectures oe noted botanists...... 200 200

14. Research fellowships at $50
15. Research curatorships at ea

52

Accompanying Papers

The annual reports of the curator of plants, the curator of
public instruction, and the librarian, and the agreement between
the Botanical Society of America and the Garden concerning
cooperation in the publication of the American Journal of Botany,
are appended as parts of this report.

Respectfully submitted,
C. Stuart GAGER,
Director of the Garden.

REPORT OF THE CURATOR OF PLANTS FOR 1013
Dr. C. Stuart GAGER, Director.

Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith my report as Curator
of Plants for the year ending December 31, 1913.

1. General Maintenance and Construction Force

As in the past, this force has carried on all laboring work such
as grading, rockwork, mowing, cleaning, et cetera. The force
worked from March 17 to November 21 inclusive, averaging 9
men for most of the season, but in the spring and autumn averag-
ing 15-18. The average number for the season actually working
on the force was 11. Counting foremen and gardeners, the aver-
age total of men to care for the grounds and plants is 15, which
is very small compared to the ideal of 1 man per acre that it
would be desirable to maintain. To the gardening force there
were transferred 2 men for 150 working days during the busy
seasons.

The chief work carried on by this force during the year was
the painting of the fence on the Washington Avenue and Flatbush
Avenue sides of the Garden, about 3,600 ft.; construction of small
brook, spring and bog in Section VI.; the building of a retaining
wall near the northwest end of the lake; excavating the beds for
the herbaceous garden on the central meadow; excavating for new
water connection in Washington Avenue, and along the fence near
it; building and sodding the banks along the upper end of the
brook, when the latter area was turned over to us by the grading

pwen

Fic. 3. Conservatories of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Second section under construction. November 14, 1913.

o4

contractor ; cutting of trees in Prospect Park, incident to grading
operations there; enlargement of the bog in Section II; handling
of hundreds of boulders which have been hauled to the site of the
proposed rockery; and remaking the lawn in the center of the
Local Flora Section. Besides this the force has continued in such
general maintenance work as occasion demanded. This force has
been in immediate charge of Mr. Herman Kolsh, foreman.

Gardening Force

—

During the season, this has consisted of two gardeners under
the supervision of Mr. J. V. Borin, head gardener. It has been
augmented during the busy season by 2 men for 150 working
days from the laboring force. To the department of public in-
struction, to the curator of plant breeding, and various activities
not under my supervision, there has been assigned an average of
one gardener for 46 working days. As this extra work began in
the former case only on October 23, and in the latter case in the
middle of June, we must count on a much increased amount of
such work during the coming year. This, with the ordinary
growth of our collections, will necessitate another gardener dur-
ing 1914.

Additions have been made to Sections IT, the Pinetum, and the
Nursery collections, and some shrub planting for Section VI,
although most of this section could not be planted on account of
grading operations.

The ecologic section (IV) was partially installed on the west
side of the brook, in the central meadow, 21 beds having been
made and partially planted from outlines prepared by you.

The largest single collection to be started during the year was
the herbaceous planting of the general systematic collection. The
layout of these beds was planned by the consulting landscape
architect, Mr. Caparn, from specifications prepared by me, and of
the total of 31,474 sq. ft., estimated for the completed collection,
12,764 sq. ft. of beds were made and partially planted during the
year. As yet no woody plants, except willows, have been added
to this collection.

During October the first section of the greenhouses was turned
over for use, and the beginning of a general systematic collection

55

has been installed. Of the four houses, two are available for this,
the other two being used for experimental work and for the de-
partment of public instruction. There are now about 250 plants
in the collection, representing about 140 species, mostly the gift of
the New York Botanical Garden.

In the autumn an addition of 132 species from the E. H. Wil-
son collections from China was purchased from the Arnold
Arboretum. These, with the collection mentioned in my last
annual report, will, it is hoped, be permanently planted in the
spring of 1914.

Labelling and Other Clerical Work

During the year about 600 show labels have been made and
about 30 signs painted. This work has been done by our own
force and the very unsatisfactory scheme of letting such work by
outside contract avoided. During the coming year, as the collec-
tions enlarge and become verified as to name, it is anticipated that
a large number of labels will be made.

During the year I have had as assistant Mr. Cullen Adlerblum,
who has attended to the details of accessioning, the collection of
herbarium specimens on the grounds, and the clerical work inci-
dent to the proper maintenance of the records. The following
table indicates the number of accessions of living plants added
during the year, and the total number of accessions to date.

Bh IEGRONEINS no nnge ous AD on ERE Ge co ano noon ona D i g2
Bhs TONG ILI! Gua ghouodondadsmoen aan enondapoutonn 18
iy mentite cece Wetemente eee c= chee eee 308
Bye olllksteinteyal Ges nacoagoosesesooddodr sen o aca my: 07
No tulle svokead Nk an diay Keer eo ee OS Greco 1,347
Previously accessioned ........-eee eee eee e eee 2,512
(Creyavel suotlt aonounocen eames omeuecooocHEnob ogo 3,859

Accession numbers 2,513-3,859 were assigned during the year.
There are now in the general systematic collections of the garden
804 genera and 3,105 species.

56

Phanerogamic Herbarium

During the year the Garden has made many additions to its
her Shin As this is the first report of this collection, it seems
desirable to record its chief sources, and the estimated number of
specimens now on hand.

ACCESSIONS OF PTERIDOPHYTA AND SPERMATOPHYTA, IQII-1913, INCLUSIVE

IQII
Local Herbarium of Norman Taylor, presented ......... 1,000 1,000
IgIi2
Rol SGRMC MIVatIOURtATE eta get than Cia ye en ee ee 100
Collected on grounds and added to eeu Herbarium 350
Herbarium or 1, W, Olive, presented: <,¢....5074.-s48e0 1,000
1,450
I9T3
Gry ieYeju Ve Wiel sya + Gee en a ee 2 50
Collected on grounds and added to Cultivated Herbarium 734
Herbari ie antin. otrchased ..sc.2e cuca ,000
Herbarium of A. A. Hel DUTCNASEC ais neo idn eer 10,000
Transferred from the Museum (Herbarium, Dept. of
"ro id Ue? ORS) aa OO EAI, ck 30,000
Herbarium of W. M. VanSickle, purchased ............ 4,000
Local Ferns collected by P. Dowell, purchased .......... 60
Local Oaks collected by P. Wilson, purchased .......... 20
Collections from herbarium of A. S. Hitchcock, purchased 1,450
Herbarium of R. M. Harper, presented .............0s6 653
European collections of Mrs. C. Strieff, presented ....... 250 77,217
79,607

About one half of this material is mounted, and the rest is
being mounted as rapidly as possible. The herbarium is being
arranged in alphabetical sequence so far as genera and species are
concerned, the sequence of families being, of course, that of Iengler
and Prantl.

Personal Activities

During the first week in May, I visited the serpentine barrens
of Chester Co., Pa., for the purpose of study and the collection
of specimens. Four days, from May se taee 2, were spent in

57

similar work at Montauk and Amagansett, L. I.; on this occasion
I acted as guide for a field trip planned by the Department of
Botany of the Institute. The Arnold Arboretum was visited on
November ro and 11, and from there I went to Pen Yan, N. Y.,
to inspect the herbarium of S. Hart Wright, offered for sale, re-
turning on November 15.

I have continued the editing of Torreya, and my studies on the
local flora are now practically ready for printing. They will
appear as a Memoir of the New York Botanical Garden, where
the work was started in January, 1909. Since my appointment
here I have completed the work, much of which has been done at
the New York Garden. For the many courtesies of the director
and staff of that institution I here gratefully express my apprecia-
tion.
Outside activities, carried on in other than Garden time, include
botanical reviewing for the Nation and the Evening Post, and the
preparation of over three hundred articles for Bailey’s Standard
Cyclopedia of Horticulture.

Respectfully ae
N TAYLOR,
ates of Plants.

REPORT OF THE CURATOR OF PUBLIC INSTRUC-
TION FOR 1913

Dr. C. STUART GAGER, DIRECTOR.

Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith my report as curator
of public instruction for the year ending December 31, 1913.
ne of the most popular features of the educational activities
undertaken during the past year has been the Leaflets, issued
weekly or bi-weekly during the months of April, May, June, Sep-
tember and October. In the first series, there were issued in all
fourteen numbers, eleven of which were four-page bulletins, three
were eight-page. The many requests for extra copies and the
consequent rapid exhaustion of the greater part of our supply
of Leaflets shortly after they were published, testifies to the suc-
cess of this means of presenting popular and elementary informa-
tion on botanical subjects and on nature study to the friends of
the Garden, and to the teachers and pupils of our local schools.

58

The department of public instruction has been particularly for-
tunate in having had added to the staff during the past fall Miss
Ellen Eddy Shaw, who has had large experience with the organ-
izing of the school garden and nature study movements in the
east. To her experience as a writer on garden topics and nature
study, and to that gained by some years of enthusiastic and sym-

pathetic teaching of these subjects, Miss Shaw adds the prestige
gained from her official connection with the School Garden Asso-
ciation of America, the New York City Chapter of the National
Nature Study Association, and the National Plant, Flower, and
Fruit Guild.

Since September, when Miss Shaw assumed her duties at the
Garden, the work of active cooperation with local schools has
made most promising progress. Moving into our unfinished labo-
ratory building in late September, we were enabled almost imme-
diately to start this educational work in a modest way. The first
work began in October, when Miss Shaw, in response to a request
from the Girls’ High School, started a course on the planting of
bulbs, with two classes from that school. In November another
class from the same school, under the supervision of Miss Shaw,
began to use the greenhouse and laboratory facilities at the Gar-
den to study methods of plant propagation. This work will con-
tinue until February, 1914. Still another class, taught by their
teacher, Miss Goodrich, came to the Garden at regular intervals
for lessons on the propagation of plants by seeds and cuttings.
At irregular intervals, the teachers of the Girls’ High School and
other schools have taken field trips to the Garden for the purpose
of studying methods of pollination, seed dispersal, and other
topics.

Classes were also organized by Miss Shaw during the fall for
children from neighboring elementary schools: one for small boys
and girls on Tuesday afternoons, two for older girls on Saturday
mornings and afternoons, and another for boys on Saturday
mornings.

A course of five lectures on Indoor Plant Culture, primarily for
adults, was inaugurated by Miss Shaw on October 22. Forty-six
persons registered in this course.

Also during the fall there was worked out a prospectus of
courses to be offered by the department of public instruction and

59

by other members of the staff of the Garden.* These courses
include three for children in children’s gardens and nature study ;
six in household botany and horticulture; one in elementary sys-
tematic botany; nine in a course for the training of teachers of
school gardening; and ten in advanced botany and investigation,
making twenty-nine courses in all.

With a view to ascertaining the best methods of serving the
local schools, Miss Shaw made a number of visits to neighboring
schools for conferences with the principals and others on methods
of cooperation; while various members of the staff have been
often called in consultation with high school teachers, boy scouts
and their officers, the local officers of the National Plant, Flower
and Fruit Guild, and others. We have been called upon a number
of times to serve as judges in Children’s Farm Garden contests,
in flower and vegetable exhibits and as examiners in Boy Scout
examinations.

On September 16 and 24, at the request of Mr. Willis B.
Holcombe, executive secretary and commissioner of the Brooklyn
Council of the Boy Scouts of America, conferences were held at
the Garden between Mr. Holcombe, the curator of public instruc-
tion, the curator of plants, the instructor, and the director of the
Garden, on the requirements in forestry, botany, and gardening
for various scout badges. The conference was in preparation
for a revision of the requirements in these subjects in the scout
manual.

Miss Shaw has spent much time in securing gifts of material
from dealers, manufacturers and others, to be used later to illus-
trate public lectures to school children and to adults, on useful
plants and allied topics.

mong the public lectures given by Miss Shaw have been
those to parents’ clubs at Woodmere, L. I., at Bethany settlement
house, to the public school teachers at Hackensack, N. J., and to
the pupils of the Ethical Culture School of New York, and of
Woodmere Academy. Her writings on botanical, garden, and
nature study topics, since she assumed her position at the Gar-
den, have been written largely in connection with her work as
editor and contributor of the “ Young Folks’ Garden” depart-
ment of the Garden Magazine, of the “ Nature” department of

* See Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record 3: 1-9. Ja 1914.

60

Country Life it America, and as managing editor of the National
Plant, Flower and Fruit Guild Magazine. The curator of public
instruction has given eight public lectures and addresses before
high schools, scientific societies and various other organizations
during the past year; besides conducting field meetings and ex-
cursions for the Department of Botany of the Brooklyn Institute
at Queens, L. I., and for pharmacists of New York City at the
Brooklyn Botanic Garden. The week from December 28 till
January 2, 1914, I spent in Atlanta, Ga., in company with the
director, attending the meetings of the American Association for
the Advancement of Science and those of the affiliated Botanical
Society of America and the American Phytopathological Society.
Two papers by members of the staff of the Garden, Dr. White
and Mr. Bisby, were read at these meetings.

The meetings of the seminar of the Garden staff and invited
members were resumed on November 6 and continued fortnightly
throughout the year. A Journal Club, founded for the purpose
of reviewing and keeping in touch with current botanical litera-
ture was also organized late in the fall, meeting biweekly, on
Mondays, alternating with the seminar. Teachers of botany in
local schools, and others who might be interested, were invited
to join in this stimulating activity.

The Cryptogamic Herbarium

That part of the herbarium embracing the mosses, hepatics,
lichens, fungi and algae having been placed in charge of this de-
partment, I include in this report a tabular list of acquisitions of
these plants so far received, together with data concerning their
numbers, and source. This herbarium, as well as the larger her-
barium of ferns and seed-bearing plants, have, during the short
time since they have been accessible in our new building, been
consulted by a number of teachers and others. It is anticipated
that they will be much utilized outside of our own staff, as soon
as we complete their arrangement into a permanent, usable sys-
tem. A special point in this connection, perhaps worthy of note,
is our use of a vertical filing system for the fungous herbarium.
There can be no doubt of the greater convenience and greater
ease of consultation with this vertical system, which also seems to
afford much greater economy of space.

—

61

‘As will be seen from the tabular list below, we are indebted to
various friends of the Garden for generous gifts of herbarium
material, which have thus rendered our collections, at the very
outset, of considerable value for consultation and use in scientific
investigation. .In particular, the valuable gift, by Mrs. Annie
Morrill Smith, of her collection of mosses, hepatics and lichens,
has given us an admirable foundation on which to build; in addi-
tion, the fungous collection of the Department of Botany of the
Brooklyn Institute, as well as the gifts of Mr. Harold Wingate
and Mr. D. G. Banks have helped form a valuable nucleus for our
cryptogamic herbarium.

ACCESSIONS TO THE CRYPTOGAMIC HERBARIUM TO DECEMBER 31, IQI4

By Transfer

From the Herbarium of the Mosses ........... 5,000 specimens.
Department of Botany of MHepatics ......... 50 a
the Brooklyn Institute of Lichens .......... 400 2
Arts and Sciences: IMIENS “So bogadd0 OD 1,800 e
IRNeIS “Gop o cco dooGS 1,500 i S750
By Gift
From Mrs. Ann Morrill Mosses .......... 10,124 as
Smith, Brooklyn, 'N. ie Elepaticsia: eens i
Wichense essa ener 1,019 “11,792
From Mr. Harold Wingate,
Brooklyn, N. Y.: Myxomycetes .... 150
From miscellaneous sources: Myxomycetes .... 200 z
From Mr. D. G. Banks, Sea
(Cikbig IES Mek Long Island Algae 100 fe 450

By Purchase

From Mr. Elam Bartholomew, Fungi Columbiani. 2,200

Stockton, Kansas: .Amer. Uredinales 800 re
From Mr. A. O. Garrett, Salt Fungi Utahenses.. 200 ie
Lake City, Utah:
Brom srr i. fee -Brenckle,
Kulm, N. Dak. Fungi Dakotenses. 250 “
From Miss Gertrude S. Bur- Lactarieae of North
lingham, Brooklyn, N. Y.: AIMED CA eines 50 SFY 60)

OG talee © fee Pe eel a ce ch nee oes sc ee, BA OD

62

Among the lantern slides added to our educational equipment
during the past year are some illustrating tea culture, bought from
the U. S. Department of Agriculture; some on cotton manufac-
ture donated by the O. N. T. Spool Cotton Company; others
illustrating twine manufacture, donated by the International Har-
vester Company. 506 lantern slides were accessioned during the
past year, of which 245 were colored, the coloring being done in
arge part by Miss E. M. Kittredge.

It is quite obvious that we cannot undertake a very ambitious
program of botanical or nature study education in our present
cramped quarters, and it is hoped that an extension of our pres-
ent building may soon be provided for, as well as more gardening
space for the important work projected along the line of school

—

gardens.
Respectfully submitted,
Epcar W. OLIvE,
Curator of Public Instruction.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN FOR 1913

Dr. ‘C. Stuart GAGeR, DrrEcTOoR.

Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith my report as Librarian
from the date when my appointment took effect, September 1,
LO13; to December 31, 1913

On September 26 the library was installed in the large west
room on the main floor of the laboratory building. This room,
which is to be used ultimately as an elementary laboratory, makes
a very convenient library. It has been furnished with six open
end Library Bureau book stacks, an accession shelf, a twenty tray
Library Bureau standard cabinet, for catalog purposes, and nine
“elastic” book units. Additional shelves have been put in the
Library Bureau unit wood stack, thus making a very convenient
periodical case. Four tables, twelve chairs, and a librarian’s desk
and chair complete the equipment.

The books were broadly classified and placed at once upon the
shelves in order to make them available for immediate use. The
unbound material was sorted, tied in bundles, roughly classified,
and arranged in alphabetic order. A list of all duplicates was
made on library cards. The duplicates number 446 pieces.

Fic. 4. Grading operations between Mt. Prospect Reservoir and the Central Museum. First contract. November 14, 1913.

64

Ninety-five volumes of periodicals have been collated and made
ready for the binder. Eighty-seven pamphlets have been put into
pamphlet binders.

The collection of photographic negatives and lantern slides has
been cataloged. The collection numbers 1059 negatives and 946
lantern slides, colored and uncolored. The entries have been
made on cards printed with a special form designed at the Garden
for this purpose. Twelve hundred (1,200) cards have.been
written and are ready to be filed.

The set of index cards of Agricultural Experiment Station lit-
erature numbers 5,693, and the filing of these cards has been
started. The books most in demand for the work of the herbar-
ium have been deposited in that room, in order to facilitate the
work, and the classification and cataloging have been started.

During the summer, I visited the New York Botanical Garden
Library and spent some time at the Missouri Botanical Garden
Library, with a view of devising a scheme for the classification of
our library. I also consulted the various classifications of botanic
literature that have been published and several that were sub-
mitted to us in manuscript.

Feeling convinced that the important factor in the arrange-
ment of such a library is simplicity, and that the classification of
the books need not be an index to the science, I drew up a classi-
fication and submitted a copy to each member of the Garden staff.
Some time afterward, we met to discuss the classification and
after altering a few details, it was adopted.

The following is an outline of the main topics on which the
classification is based:

—_—

OUTLINE OF CLASSIFICATION FOR THE LIBRARY

000 Miscellaneous works of botanic interest.

100 Paleobotany. .

200 Distribution of plants. Publications arranged geograph-
ically.

300 Nomenclature, classification, systematic botany, families,
genera and species, arranged alphabetically.

400 Morphology and organography.

500 Physiology.

65

600 Economic botany.

700 Horticulture, and gardening.

800 Forestry.

goo Variation and heredity.

Society publications in one alphabet.
Periodicals in one alphabet.
pee

The income from the Brackett fund for the purchase of books
in English became available for the first time. It was expended
for books to be used in connection with the elementary instruction.
These books are most attractive, and form the nucleus of what
will in time become a very necessary collection, in connection with
our elementary instruction.

Among the most valuable additions to the library during 1913
are the complete set of Curtis’s Botanical Magazine, 139 volumes,
deposited with us by the Brooklyn Public Library, and the Index
Kewensis, presented by Mr. George D. Pratt.

The library also appreciates the gift of two rare and historically
interesting volumes presented by Mr. Alfred T. White. The first
is a copy of Musaeum Tradescantianum,; or, A collection of Rari-
ties preserved at South-Lambeth near London by John Trades-
cant. Lond. 1656. The second volume is a copy of The Amer-
ican Physitian; or, A Treatise of the roots, plants, trees, shrubs,
fruit, herbs, etc., growing in the English Plantations in America.
Describing the Place, Time, Names, Kindes, Temperature, Ver-
tues and Uses of them, either for Diet, Physick, etc., Whereunto
is added a Discourse of the cacao-nut-tree, and the use of its
Fruits; with all the ways of making Chocolate, The like never
extant before. By W. Hughes. Lond. 1672.

Further acknowledgment is hereby made of the following gifts:

Mr. Alfred T. White .......... 56 Volumes.

Wit chal emiemVicGays 0. nas eas. 31 Volumes.

Mr. George D. Pratt .......... 4 Volumes.

Mrs. Annie Morrill Smith ..... 158 Unbound periodicals and pamphlets.
Dre NeeleaSrittom |... ..6 aces I Volume

Mit en Pair BOLUM ey ese sac sew ees 1 Volume.

Amer. Scen, & Hist. Pres. Soc.. 2 Volumes

Ibe, Wave Na \WWAnbtieY Wes sane songee 1 Volum

IDNe (C3 Sh (GERI ph aopeasesoouor I vase and numerous pamphlets.
(Dive We Olive Has mee cee 1 Volum

Prof. Dr. Julius von Wiesner . > See and I portrait.

66

The following library material was transferred from the Brook-
lyn Institute Museum Library:
BOM VOUUMICS estes iien ccc tire aha REG e anche ae Rnictc, eee ae 442
Unbound books, numbers and parts, exclusive of “Pamphlets” 447
PAID IUSS «e.g e te eas bala ets tae eee kp on 6

Total
Meri ea teen MeL st pete eis wigs ets he gop ea irk Ace nee Goce eaters 978
Torrey Botanical Club cards:

STRiel inl he wnitpk eed iter gti ood asscoss sie poeRen uty oN aes

We are at present receiving 63 periodicals,—43 by subscription ;
7 by gift; 9 by exchange; 4 by transfer from Brooklyn Institute
Museum Library.

Our library is not a circulating library, but it is open free for
consultation to all persons, from 9 A. M. to 5 P. M. daily, except
Sundays and holidays. This privilege has been used by an in-
creasing number of persons not officially connected with the Gar-
den. It is hoped that as the Garden and Library become better
known, the Library will become an active center for botanical
reference work in the Borough of Brooklyn.

The following summary of publications and cards now pos-
sessed by the Library may be made:

SUMMARY
Total number of bound volumes, December 31, I9I2 ....... 519
Paaedmpnuiechase MUL TOL « oc.c casas ste jes ates ne 372
JNcekakstaledays; Seri aes cranieteces Gert ee Renn en 4 OAc 116
ENCal(d (fe OB opine. dali no cheat flan aren etD WEN Pear PURPENSS arth on 42
Added by transfer from Brooklyn Institute Museum
LaDy gies aa deepen MO ae CPD are eerie srr 6 Lh AC 442
enositede by. brooklyn Public Library 4.2 is... ave ees 180. er
Total number of bound volumes, December 31, 1913 ....... 1,630
Current Saag regularly received:
y (C6 ee es rae ee RPE ne ERE A RCS 43
PIB ahd atic acl Sevstlnys sac wave caus Verges aus ccsyoes. 00 wy avo ag rotate SPASMS noe 5
BVOC ATI O Os fe Nagees Scere ato sie Sonlchaus photacseeveca’s nov eaees CSP Rpvate cise 9
Byitransrer trom Museum Library .35 sss css ob nahn 4 63

63

67

Index cards of Agricultural Experiment Station literature,
December sive LOM asc cieen he ose ieee eee nents 5,434
IbymDUTCHaAseCULin OalOl Gummer tieires sire orale eeeeenere tyes 250 5,603
Torrey Botanical Club cards: vs
By transfer from Museum Library:

1 EY Ket Le Perens rate era pa are ry errata tree PP rrr ec Fa 17,726
Ui) Cd eeosemrrcr yet cteg tat teen cr rerenias cea ster ates. ey er o 18,566
18,566
Negative and lantern slide catalog cards:
ED) Urs 17 eek G) 16S) Meare ree cvcy cess caceer sche on etayel ey cee teechcs set ce eamrapemees en 1,200 1,200

Previous to September 1, 1913, the office of librarian was com-
bined with that of secretary of the Garden. I take pleasure in
acknowledging the excellent work done in the initial organization
of the library, and wish to thank the former librarian, Miss Eves,
for generous assistance and council at the inception of my work.

Respectfully submitted,
HELEN VIRGINIA STELLE,
Librarian.

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR 1913
1. MunicipAL ACCOUNT FOR I9QI3
Code
No.

1846 Personal Service:

XD DLO DilaclOne eeu a eer eke en $22,060.00
1Dordnyeralake(ah \oueene meee eigen arene ris Mere arch Renn 22,059.89
IB all ITC Opmertts oe ark nines Peeuede racic shes cea crease derces ahs II

1847. Fuel Supplies:

A\pyroiMARNKeN GaoqodocGoonnoco00G00G0DU0D0G 300.00

XI EIT CC mace penta siete va setae eatin aie ce nveieae estate $ 295.71
ALE MAGIENERIGl Wo) UES GooadasoododonadGoodKacs 4.29 300.00

1848 Office Supplies:

PADD LOD GlatlOllegeem eee eaenye tana. ey etree eer 750.00

Transterreds trom TedOueacse ees ce eee 135.51
Contributed from Surplus Fund ........... 11.00 146.51
896.51
devo nes aKa Leta Caley yea ce eae eee in to 8096.32

TBRe ee walk stesso ce eereesoe re he eae ag ee aa ae 19

68

1849 Botanical and Agricultural Supplies:

ANPDLOPlAatlOde sautanhosee antes 2 ee
Contribution from Surplus Fund .s..4.4..
AU CUE Clialgeyeds aye NSIS Sasa ie Sverre ets ere ees Sa 1,100.91
Transferred to
Pee Srey Buti cia eu th Sek anes renin $135.51
PGE He enen R i anh ln tents Wve tei rea Sats 659.00
TSS SO LU nee Stree Ger ty hed est at a, 9.60 804.20
SAUL AIT O Gimecrrce setters ates e qe view yi ee aie anniek see rai etal
1850 General Plant Supplies:
EADNTODMAUION Ss Arregui sock yaar ee ieee oe
Contributed from Surplus Fund ...........
SRI ee ek ae ea ea asf ee ee 74.70
Mirani Stenroce tO stake. s 25 scan sca ceases eee 175.68
TONNE te REE PS aig 514 oe ole ae caer ae Ha sl
1851 Office Equipment, Purchase of:
PANN lactase bias ¢ o} <b eivaute sis das eas Oe
PMOMSbeURCnetON Took cage assis o4 06 -dhe ein eo
1852 General Plant Equipment:
AAO RENO te yk ke eet rete) ge Ren ee
‘Lransternred: from) T8400 ...sk acca. ae cce eaten 659.09
Contributed from erat: Buns : Sew ae 14.20
JEP pein yehaNa Kola 1 Bear eee ee eee a ee a
eerie Cece or eh cta tear svc sven c csi est ataees tes a
1853 Repairs and Plumbing:
PND OOD Eaton ke se oes 5 Pees ss sie rote
Transferred from
Htc LA cn 8 aa lO le ere PERS ones 4.2
PRU wage Whey artis fens fa fae eee Rae 175.68
TUL St Fa RMP Aiea ee oe Ee, Ticket 200.00
Tes HAH Meat We ak cea ne Ol eee aman re O1.75
DSi ae te reste eeye oder ar out oa is oon Saute guees prospav ernst cna a 81.32
ICS}: Mey Pits ORE RO en ar ae Ser 50.45
LOO ects eH ret LRA En sa eat Bas at 50.00
IEVSg vei nka cia Lae em eter reas Re ree er Ree
IE UNMIS: = ene Eee era Sr ae pee ra treet

1,900.00
5.20

1,908.20

1,905.11

653.49

1,153.49
1,153.36

a1

69

1854 Lighting Public Buildings:

PNP DLOPtlatl Ole sot sen ce eiree woos a crue weve ewes
Contributed from Surplus Fund ............
lDprjaycinKileal a Aesgeen tin Ac re OT AAA mea ao eine 14.71
sBranisterned to 1853 ..........-.+.-...-.5- 66 O1.75

1855 Hire of Horse and Wagon with Driver:
ANDYINTOPBENT. GoooasbonsocadoncouqeoouGduat
lS p'qa yes akele mee AN AA ri ries Maree Te

1856 Carfare:

Appropriation ...........- is dareloancetonreutecuiceeuera
Mbranstenred from O40) ss. siaeeue cee 9.60
Contributed from Surplus IENBVOKG) Gagoasadou06 2.30
FESS IV EITC CCl Maen eye Ea eee Mees Nay trSyev wean ne stan Ais
SL aT CCM es es Rann eee ose ers IEAM DE or 9.0 i ear

1857 ies wae! DEER Es

rop BYE ap ae EE eee aa se
Gane a8 SUFOWS Inbal Soocseasscec
GD ON GC CC ters stances Mey aitle lveviacdea ulster: 299.07
HlkraTiSheEnedatOmloss eer acini eeeree 81.32
Ball ant Cem earn cna ea ene eaten ee eee

Grediteonmset vice for Olea qancmn 6 see
Contributed from ce JENGA Seaauasocood
IBS Solserakelal “ayes nrraam da cn Soon ree een ee 86.36
Mransrenned tO. [G53 meee stein certs 50.45,

1859 Traveling Expenses:
Apypirovinenno) SkonguaquocduoanaocuadoduKnoe
Hise) Ol eC tesoa cy ewe pe tear mya oe ae a
TERE Re aXe eh, ee Reet are Aor eon
1860 Insurance:

SMO LOD i atl Of lames Vai reeiicie rian eile cee
“AL eHAGHIeN BIEL: ey THEIRS Go accoanuancedcdooonods

Appropriated by City for maintenance
Contributed from Surplus Fund
Credit on telephone service, IQ12 .........45

Cr

Private FUNDS ACCOUNTS FOR 1913

Endowment Fund, Income Account:

Cie RC eC Waa ee Jeet Ve Set Pet fee a Ye pet er Ge ee dar eer eer der ar er ee ier er ee ny hy

Special Contribution of 1912 for Library:
George C. Brackett Library Fund:

Sb o,f 8 Be 8 6 ek 6 he 8 te be ee 8 bk ke 8 ek ke ene

Incidental Fund—Garden Office:

fim elie a tipie sce» ip fees ep else inne 0) os gale sta ee a

Membership Fund (B. I, A. S.):

Pier er ee See er ea Sa Se Ye Se Sa ee SY eer

29,460.00
53.32
28.45

29,541.77

29,540.99

78

1,817.52
3,569.90
5,387.42
4,911.51

475.91

MT PROS

ra
TT

PET
AN

Ad
he OF CENTRAL

SERYONM
ro)

F800.
Lane #joo.coo

Fic. 5

14te - 3%

FLAT RUSH

‘

&
ne

AYE

te PARK OLAT PROPERTY
Mv bF.
Q
»
PROSPECT
Brooklyn Botanic Garden and environs, showing assessed valuation of property, 1913.

LN
PARK

ey.) tan

/] t

72

APPENDIX 1

RESOLUTIONS OF THE BOARD OF ESTIMATE AND
APPORTIONMENT APPROVING TRANSFERS OF
FUNDS TO THE AMOUNT OF $1,487.69, AP-
PROPRIATED IN THE TAX BUDGET.OF
THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN
FOR. 1019

Resolved, That the Board of Estimate and Apportionment, pur-
suant to the provisions of section 237 of the Greater New York
Charter, hereby approves transfer of funds appropriated to the
Department of Parks, Borough of Brooklyn, for the year 1913,
as follows:

From
Supplies
Pe HArge mele EUS} U's) hey 04 bicker Ae a a ae eI AP eS $ 4.20
1849 Botanical and agricultural supplies .........2........ese- 804.20
PS5Ome General splaniecH MNEs, 5. -o.s vs occu ca ee 175.68

Purchase of Equipment
Teel MMC er UCU TUBTI Ge ies ¥en gs oa aise ne etek 200.00

Contract or Open Order Service, Light, Heat and Power

POs4 a rmitanwenibiic PMUdingS «:, <<: +seesces bs See Eek O1.75
Transportation
Tony ee becpnessage and Deliveries ..', oi... ianaean teenage a 81.32

TS yee eLeU MONG OLVICS wpe, s' eas osc a's s pekabo oo MER eee ee ee 50.45

TOOO @atish tHnGe Ne ses. nent. rn serene DAN arn 2c en een! 50.00
: $1,457.69
To
Supplies
TOA em CNGGe Cit PIRES. so cigars aaals oasis. ba ginled Gated. oe 135.51

Purchase of Equipment
Mase wGeerel plane couipment i. +. s<s00 soos 4 oe See 659.09

73

Contract or Open Order Service

1853 General repairs ........cceecer sees eens ener nce seceerees 653.49

: Transportation
OR OMeOATHATC ae ceive rinlels alesse sieceistel eile io clicks sie ciegnte nis ernie 9.60
$1,457.69

Which was adopted at the meeting of the Board held on Jan-
uary 16, 1914. (City Record 42: 976. 29 Ja 14.)

APPENDIX 2

APPROPRIATIONS OF CORPORATE STOCK OF THE
CITY OF NEW YORK FOR PERMANENT IM-—
PROVEMENTS, AND EXPENDITURES
THEREFROM DURING 1913

BumtpiInG ACCOUNT
Appropuated ..a..cssr+7e senses $100,000.00
Expended:
First Section (laboratory building and
conservatories) :
Cockerill & Little Co.............. $58,132.90
Wahle Phillips (lighting fixtures). 284.90
Flatbush Gas Co. (lamps)......... 23.80
Lord Electric Co. ete and con-
iOS). AS GaeoooudodndsmaucHer 197.00 $58,638.69
Second Section (palm house) :
John R. Sheehan & Co. (general).. 25,486.00
Blake & Williams (heating plant).. 2,847.00

Altman Plumbing Co. (plumbing). 614.00
Lieberman & Sandford Co. (metal
GEIS. | ean enmanoncn ooo oud os 125.00 20,072.00

McKim, Mead & White (architects’
fees, based on cost of entire
STN CLIT) Oe) ame ceeeerey cetera tates ert een ieee 6,500.00 94,210.69

Balancel nee eee ee $ 5,789.31

74

GRADING ACCOUNT

/SNIDYD DULG) PINT HTC kul Mien Nn A AAR ee $ 40,000.00
Contract bid—first part:
T7220 yogr (a) AO Cts. <2. sss $ 6,888.00
Gage Vilde (a GOMNtS sao. < s 12,708.72
Taio Vas, (@) 30 Cts... 42. 4,928.82
ol Ho) iY Age Appa rE $24,615.54
Expended:
Grading contractor (John Connor) :
AEDcW ule tab ofeey ac ngh ain SRD aerate ame am ee een $24,265.76
Deducted for delay, 7 days @ $25.00 175.00 $24,090.76
Olmsted Bros. (landscape architects),
per cent. of $24,265.76 .......... 2,426.58
Prints for Speciticatios -. sc... 1s ss 3.60
Services of engineer of Dept. of Parks 475.00 26,995.94
Barrer ee eee te nag te $ 13,004.06
APPENDIX 3

AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE BOTANICAL SOCIETY
OF AMERICA AND THE BROOKLYN 2O TAN IG
GARDEN CONCERNING THE PUBLICA-

TION OF A JOURNAL OF BOTANY

1. In order to help finance the launching of a new journal of
botany, the Brooklyn Botanic Garden guarantees to become re-
sponsible to the extent of not more than one hundred dollars
($100) an issue, for ten issues a year, and suggests that for the
present, ten monthly issues (omitting August and September)
constitute one volume.

2. The Botanical Society of America, as soon as the publication
of the new journal is decided upon, agrees to advance a sum of
not less than three hundred dollars ($300), to meet the necessary
initial expense, and to contribute toward the maintenance of the
journal, annually thereafter, and until notice to the contrary is
served one year in advance, or until mutual agreement to the con-
trary, the income from its accumulated funds toward the cost of

75

publishing the journal; and the Botanical Society of America
further agrees to assign annually a portion of the annual member-
ship dues of each member, to an amount of not less than three
dollars per member, as a subscription for the proposed journal, to
be paid by the treasurer of the Botanical Society to the business
manager of the journal.

3. It is further mutually agreed as follows:

(a) That, during the tenure of this agreement, the business
manager of the journal shall be a member of the scientific staff
of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, that the undistributed copies of
each number, and all the exchanges shall be deposited in the
library of the Garden; and that the exchanges shall become the
permanent property of the Garden. If, and whenever, at any
time, the gross income of the journal, from all sources (including
subscriptions, advertisements, the sale of back numbers and sets,
and any subsidies or endowments), shall exceed the necessary ex-
penses of publication, postage, euonear etc., the surplus, either
as principal or as interest on the same, shall be applied to improv-
ing the journal, either by increasing the number of pages, or the
number or quality of the illustrations, or the quality of the paper,
one or all, or in any other way, according as the editors and man-
agement may jointly agree; and the payment of an honorarium to
contributors should be kept in mind as an end to be attained at the
earliest possible date consistent with maintaining the magazine at
a reasonable degree of excellence.

(b) That underneath the official name of the journal on the
front page of the cover, and on ihe editorial or business page,
there be printed the statement: “ Official Publication of the
Botanical Society of America”; and that the statement of publi-
cation, wherever printed, shall read: “ Published in cooperation
with the Botanical Society of America, by the Brooklyn Botanic
Garden, at (address of printers ).”

(c) That the editorial board, which shall control the general
editorial policy, shall (with the exception of one member to be
appointed by the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, in addition to the
business manager ) be elected by the Botanical Society of America
under such terms and conditions, and at such periods as said
Sociefy may formally determine.

—

76

(d) That the agreement, to be entered into as above, shall re-
main in force for not less than three years; and that it may be
terminated by either party only after written notice of intention
to terminate shall have been given to the proper official, at least
one year in advance.

(e) That in case, and when, the agreement shall terminate, the
Botanical Society of America shall have possession of the re-
served copies of the journal and shall have the right to the name
of the journal; but the Brooklyn Botanic Garden shall retain
ownership of the exchanges already received, and of such num-
bers of incomplete volumes of exchanges as are necessary to
complete the current volumes.

For Botanical Society of America:

(Signed) F.C, NEwcompe,
GEORGE T. Moore,
Duncan S. JOHNSON,
L. R. Jones,
R. A. HARPER,

Committee on New Journal.
For Brooklyn Botanic Garden:
(Signed) -C. Sruart GaAGER,*
Director of the Botanic Garden.

* The director of the Garden was authorized to execute the above
agreement on behalf of the Garden at the meeting of*the Committee on
Botanic Garden of the Board of Trustees of The Brooklyn Institute of
Arts and Sciences, held on November 11, 1913.

The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences

OFFICERS OF THE BOARD

OF TRUSTEES
PresipENT—A. AUGUSTUS HEALY
First Vice-Preswent—HON. CHARLES A, SCHIEREN
Seconp VicE-PresiwENT—COL. ROBERT B. WOODWARD
Turrp Vice-PreswentT—GEORGE D. PRATT
TREASURER—DANIEL V. B. HEGEMAN
SECRETARY—HERMAN STUTZER

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
A. AUGUSTUS HEALY

“BE. LE GRAND BEERS - GATES D. FAHNESTOCK

DR. GEORGE W. BRUSH DANIEL V, B. HEGEMAN
HON. WILLIAM J. COOMBS DICK. S. RAMSAY
GEORGE D. PRATT HERMAN STUTZER

WALTER H. CRITTENDEN ALFRED T. WHITE
COL. ROBERT B, WOODWARD

COMMITTEE ON BOTANIC GARDEN
ALFRED T. WHIT see
GATES D. FAHNESTOCK ~ cence D. PRATT
ALBERT DESILVER WILLIAM A. PUTNAM

Ex OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE BOARD
THE MAYOR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK
THE PRESIDENT OF THE BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN

THE COMMISSIONER OF PARKS, BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN

PROF. FRANKLIN W. HOOPER, Director

PUBLICATIONS

OF THE

BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN

RECORD. Established January, 1912. An administrative periodical,
issued quarterly. Contains, among other things, the annual report of the
Director and heads of departments, special reports, announcements of courses
of instruction, miscellaneous papers, and notes concerning Garden progress
and events. Free to members of the Department of Botany of the Institute.
To others one dollar a year; 25 cents a copy.

CONTRIBUTIONS. Papers originally published in botanical or other
periodicals; reissued as “ separates,” without change of paging, and numbered
consecutively. This series includes occasional papers, as well as those em-

odying the results of research done at the Garden, or’ by members of its staff
or students. Twenty-five numbers constitute one volume. Price 25 cents
each, $5.00 a volume. |

1. The Educational Work of Botanic Gardens. 13 pages. I9QIT.

2. The Purpose of an Introductory Course in Botany. 8 pages. I9I11.

3. Cryptomeric Inheritance in Onagra. 11 pages, figs. 2; plates 2. 1911.

4. On the Origin and Present. Distribution of the Pine-Barrens of New
Jersey. 15 pages, figs. 2.

5. Ingrowing Sprouts of Solanum tuberosum. 10 pages, figs. 6; plate 1.
IQI2.

6. Intermingling of perennial sporophytic and gametophytic generations im
Puccinia, P. obtegens and Uromyces Glycyrrhizae. 15 pages, 1 plate. 1913.

7. Studies of Teratological Phenomena in their Relation to Evolution and
the Problems of Heredity. 1. A Study of Certain Floral Abnormalities in
Nicotiana, etc. 14 pages, figs. 4.: 1914.

GUIDES to the collections, buildings, and grounds. Price based upon cost
of publication. ~

1. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Price, 5 cents.

LEAFLETS. Established April 10, 1913, and published weekly or bi-
weekly during April, May, June, September, and October... The purpose of
the Leaflets is primarily to give announcements.-concerning flowering and
other plant activities to be seen in the Garden near the date of issue, and:to
give popular, elementary information about plant life for teachers and others.
Current numbers free to all who wish them. Back series complete, 50 cts. :
each; back numbers, 5 cts. each.

AMERICAN: JOURNAL OF BOTANY. Established, January, 1914.
Published, in’ cooperation with the BorANicaL Socrery oF AMERICA,
monthly, except during August and September. Subsctiption rates: to mem-
bers of the Botanical Society. of America, $3.00 a year; to all others $4.00
a year.

in

No, 3

JULY, 1914

A Rare Book by Tradescant............
Back Yard Gardening in Toledo, O., and Lebanon, P Pa.
‘First Annual High School Day at the Garden...
Opening of the Tropical Economic House..
Inauguration of Children’s Gardens. . bie
Garden. Clubs i in Brooklyn Public Schools. . .
"Changes i in ihe Garden Staff.............

Notes .

_ EDITED BY
_C. STUART GAGER-

FOR TH
ADVANCEMENT
- BOTA: NY:

CONTENTS:

;
E
eee ee ee .

© bee ee

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AT a NORTH QUEEN 1
TER, PASS

BY ‘THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF

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PUBLISH ED QUARTERLY
’STREE

se ee wee

at Teueidte. Pa.,

"Entered as seconds class matte
noes ‘Act oe Ast 24, 1982.

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Coe ae ce)

ARTS ae SCIENCES |

BOTANIC GARDEN STAFF

Dr. C. STUART GAGER, Director e
Mr. NORMAN TAYLOR, Curator of Plants
Dr. EDGAR W. OLIVE, Curator of Public Instruction
Dr. WILLIAM MANSFIELD, Honorary Curator of Economic Plants
Dr, O. E, WHITE, Assistant Curator of Plant Breeding
Miss ELLEN EDDY SHAW, Instructor
Miss BERTHA M. EVES, Secretary

, Librarian
3 Mr. HAROLD A. CAPARN, Consulting Landscape Architect -
Mr. MONTAGUE FREE, Head Gardener
Mr. CULLEN ADLERBLUM, Garden Aid
Mr, GUY R. BISBY, Laboratory Assistant
Dr. ALFRED L. GUNDERSON, Herbarium Assistant
Mr. HERMAN KOLSH, Foreman

McKIM, MEAD & WHITE, Architects
OLMSTED BROS., Landscape Architects

= oil ie a

ar nine
Pek cman i
- :

Tohanunes igs ae arbi Pater, im selecta
a em sicpelle Boe im Reconditore 2 tambelbasno
ee ehammum vile adam pr
Peevey ac doctplete vik,

lic. ¢

O

John Tradeseant, father. By Hollar. From MWusaeum Trade-
scantianum, London, 1656.

THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN

RECORD

Vou. III ; July, 1914 No. 3

A RARE BOOK BY TRADESCANT

In the January, 1914, number of the Recorp, was recorded the
gift, by Mr. Alfred T. White, of a copy of the “ Musaewm Trades-
cantianum: or, a Collection of Rarities. Preserved at South-
Lambeth neer London by John Tradescant. London, Printed by
John Grismond, and are to be sold by Nathanael Brooke at the
Angel in Corniull, M.DC.LVI”

At the time of the publication of this book, Tradescant’s
museum was considered to be the most extensive one in Europe,
but, on account of its poor arrangement, its scientific value was
greatly diminished. In this respect, it was, of course, not unlike
other contemporary collections. Murray* states that exhibits of
that period were “often badly placed, and were nearly always
arranged in relation to their accidental and not to their distin-
guishing features. Things were disposed according to size, like
pipes in an organ, and the two sides of a room had to balance, so
that most incongruous objects were often placed alongside of each
other.” As interpreted by Murray, this condition was a reflection
of the fact that the scientific ideas of that time “ were too vague
and ill-defined to lead to useful results.” The scientific and
artistic efficiency of modern museums has been a gradual growth,
contingent upon the development of clearer and more accurate
scientific thinking, the advancement of learning in general, and
upon the application to museums of the modern ideas of organiza-
tion and administrative efficiency.

* Museums: their history and use. Glasgow, 1904, pp. 206, 207.
lad
17

78

Tradescant’s museum was one of those heterogeneous collec-
tions of “ rarities,” reflecting the encyclopedic interests of scientific
men of that period. This old type of naturalist is now rarely met
with, being supplanted by the modern specialist, who is charac-
terized rather by the depth than by the breadth of his interests
and knowledge.

The table of contents, called “A view of the whole,” includes
such unrelated objects as birds with their eggs, four-footed beasts,
divers sorts of strange fishes, shell-creatures, insects, mae’
“petrified things’? and “choice stones,” outlandish fruits from
both the Indies, mechanicks, carvings, turnings, and paintings,
“other variety of rarities,” warlike intsruments, garments, “ uten-
sils and householdstuffe,” numismata, and medalls—a veritable
museum of science and art; concluding with the “ Hortus Trades-
cantianus, an enumeration of his Plants, Shrubs, and Trees both
m English and Latine” ; and concluding (pp. 179-183) with “A
Catalogue of his Benefactors.” The benefactors included King
Charles and Queen Mary, George, Duke of Buckingham, William
Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury, the Earl of Salisbury, and other
royal and prominent persons.

Among the objects cataloged (p. 43) are, “A piece of the
Stone of Sarringe-Castle where Hellen of Greece was born; A
piece of the Stone of the Oracle of Apollo; A piece of the Stone
of Diana's Tomb; An Orange gathered from the Tree that grew
over Zebulon’s Tombe.” These objects indicate, not alone the
non-scientific character of the early museums, but the contempo-
rary credulity, and un-scientific habits of thought. This notion of
the nature and purpose of a museum, as a cabinet of oddities, of
the curious, the unusual, and the amazing or amusing, rather than
of the fundamentally instructive, has had great vitality and inertia.
During the preparation of this article, the writer was interviewed
by a reporter of one of the largest and most widely known daily
papers of New York. The reporter appeared genuinely surprised
and even somewhat disappointed to learn, in response to his query,
that the purpose of a Botanic Garden is not primarily to exhibit
botanical curiosities, “ the wonders of plant life.

On page 41 of the volume under review, we learn that the
author's collection contained, “A Book of Mr. Tradescant’s

ve

tS)

choicest Flowers and Plants. exquisitely bound in vellum, by Mr.
Alex; Marshall.”

It is interesting to note that the catalog of Tradescant’s garden,
occupying pages 73-178 of the book, and written one hundred
years before the publication of Linnaeus’s Species Plantarum,
contains numerous binomial names. This is only another of the
numerous instances showing that, while the method of binomial
nomenclature was systematized and brought into general use by
Linnaeus, it did not originate with him. As is well known, the
binomial names of plants developed gradually by a progressive
abbreviation of descriptive Latin phrases following the name of
the genus. Illustrations of this, showing various degrees of abbre-
viation, are found in the Musaeum. Thus, for example, we find
(p. 136) “Lupinus caeruleus latifolius, medius angustifol: luteus”
(yellow lupine) ; “ Lupinus albus sativus”? (white garden lupine) ;
and the straight binomial, Lupinus Indicus (Indian lupine) ; again
(p. 117), Geranium Indicum nocte odoratum (sweet Indian
cranesbill), and the binomial Geranium Virginianum (Virginian
cranesbill), and so on throughout the catalog.

We are pleased to be able to reproduce herewith from this
volume two portraits, and facsimiles of two pages.

The first portrait (fig. 6) is that of John Tradescant, the
father, engraved from the miniature by Hollar. The original
copper plate is said by Boulger to be still preserved in the Bod-
leian library, at Oxford University. In 1793 this portrait was
copied by N. Smith and issued as a plate with Lysons’s Surrey,
with Ducarel’s Appendix to the History of Lambeth, and with the
third edition of Pennant’s London. Thomas Allen’s History of
Lambeth (1827) contains an outline copy, and von Hamel’s Trad-
escant der altere, published in 1847 in Russia, contains a litho-
graphic reproduction by Malenski,

In the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford there are three unsigned
and undated portraits in oil of Tradescant the father; one a three
quarter length medallion, ornamented with flowers, roots, and
fruits; a second taken after death; and the third the miniature
here reproduced from the Musaeum, by Wenceslaus Hollar. Ac-
cording to Boulger, there appears to be no foundation in fact for
the inscription on all three of these portraits, and on one of the

80

son, in gilt letters over the varnish, ascribing them to “S" John
Tradescant.”

The portrait of Tradescant the son, here reproduced as figure 7,
is also from the original in the Ashmolean collection. According
to the inscription underneath the legend, it was drawn from life
and engraved by Hollar. As might be imagined, portraits of the
son are more numerous than those of the father. In a Letter to

*
fats hannes Tradefca ans, ge
patern verus ee eee Gbixerium
congefiaxim. ieqereen ipfe plurimnn.
ee im . Maveo Ee amicis ¥ vend oon cls,

ay bodies vs

ey es

Fic. 7. John Tradescant, son. By Hollar. From Musaewm Tradescanti-
anum. London, 1656.

81

Wilham Watson upon the early cultivation of botany in England ;
and some particulars about John Tradescant, etc., published in
1773, in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society,
Ducarel gives a list of the portraits of the father and son, and of
the latter’s wife, in the Ashmolean Museum.

In the National Portrait Gallery, London, is an excellent like-
ness of the son by an unknown artist, showing a skull at his side.
Of the three originals in the Ashmolean collection, one is attributed
to William Dobson (1610-1645), and portrays the subject half
length in his garden, with his hand resting on a spade; in a second
he is shown in his “cabinet” at Lambeth, surrounded by beauti-
fully wrought shells and with his friend the quaker brewer of
Lambeth, bearing the fictitious name, Zythepsa. This is also
attributed to Dobson. A third portrait of Tradescant in his fiftieth
year, accompanied by his wife, in her forty-eight year, is dated
1656, and must, therefore, be by some other artist, unknown.
Three other portraits in the same collection are all believed to be
by Dobson.

In his Historical and biographical sketches of the progress of
botany in England, etc., London, 1790, Pultney states that most of
the known copies of the Musaeum Tradescantianum have been
plundered of Hollar’s portraits by collectors of prints. The
volume in the Garden library is one of the few perfect copies.

The frontispiece of the book is an unsigned engraving of the
escutcheon of Tradescant’s arms, from the original, also in the
Ashmolean collection, azure on a blend or, three fleurs-de-lys.

The facsimiles of the two pages (figs. 8 and 9) illustrate the
curious custom, not uncommon in the seventeenth century, of
endeavoring to wrest from the names of great men some laudatory
and supposedly significant anagram, and of working this anagram
into a complimentary stanza of verse. If the letters of the name
would not yield a suitable anagram in Latin, English was tried, or
vice versa. Thus, from the name of the father we have (fig. 8)
“Arte notus annis cedas. Natura, instans es: cedo”’ (Renowned
in art, thou declinest in years. Nature, thou endurest: I pass
away), followed by a dialog in Latin between Nature and an
Old Man (Sener), praising the virtues of the learned one. The
anagram and stanza (fig. 9) based upon the same name, borne

—"

82

by the son, are in English: “Cannot hide arts.” All of this is
very amusing from the present day point of view, and it is difficult
to realize that it was all taken seriously two hundred and fifty
years ago by men who were among the intellectual leaders of
their time.

The history of the collection catalogued in the volume, and
of the collectors, father and son, is both interesting and valuable

GSI SSLIGERLLERES
@ Anagr:

Joannes Trapgscantus.

Arte notus, annis cedas.
Natura, inftanses: cedo.

Natura,——Senex,
Drarocus, : y

Nat rigue NOTUS. ARTE j am atés ob
U Utrinfque deliciss (atur | z: ts
| Favore masimi beatus Principe ER
eAmore cults omninnts :
Quid quaris ultra, pers quod donee, Send.
Famam quod ernet infuper ?
ae molefii ne fi, ‘anivis bent;

Linqnefg, :
SeaNATURA, ROINGT AR TANS .CBDO. Nise vera
_ Stator fapremi Naming; (+i poteft
‘Sed: net timeri debet, immenf f beans %
© Brevem delorem gandirs.

ereererss: seceeeis

Fic. 8. Anagram, in Latin, on the name John Tradescant (the father).
Fac simile reproduction from the WMusaeum Tradescantianum, London,

10506.

83

in its relation not only to botany, but also to the early development
of natural history museums and of botanic gardens.

The year of the elder Tradescant’s birth is not positively known.
From the fact that his will was proved in 1638 (May 2), it is
believed that he died in 1637, and certainly not later than the first
half of 1638. He was a traveller, an extensive collector of all
manner of natural history objects, and a gardener. In the Pari-
disus Terrestris (ed. 1629, p. 152), Parkinson describes him as
“that painfull industrious searcher and louer of all nature’s
varieties.”

In 1625 he wrote to Edward Nicholas, in Virginia, that it was
the pleasure of the Duke of Buckingham (George Villiers), in
whose service he then was, for him “to deal with all merchants
from all places, but especially from Virginia, Bermudas, New-
foundland, Guinea, Binney, the Amazon, and the East Indies, for
all manner of rare beasts, fowls and birds, shells and stones.”
Thus was the opportunity given for enlarging his at that time
wonderful collection of natural history objects.

The man’s local reputation, and a fine sense of humor in his
neighbors, are reflected in the name “ Tradescant’s Ark,’ which
they applied to his dwelling, where the collections were housed.
The building was torn down in 1881,

On the duke’s death, Tradescant became gardener to the King
and Queen, Charles I and Henrietta Maria, “the rose and lily
queen,” and this event is believed to have offered the opportunity
for the beginning of his physic garden and the further develop-
ment of the museum connected with it at South Lambeth. The
garden was located nearly opposite “ Spring Lane,’ on the east
side of the South Lambeth road between Stockwell and Vauxhall.

Lysons (Environs of London, 1:330) credits this physic
garden as “one of the first established in this kingdom.” Pultney
(Sketches of the Progress of Botany, 1:177) states that Trades-
cant was the first person in England to make “any considerable
collection of the subjects of natural history.” In 1749 the site of
Tradescant’s garden was visited by Sir William Watson, who gives
an account of his visit in the Philosophical Transactions of the
Royal Society (46: 160),and there states that Tradescant’s garden
is, except that of Mr. John Gerard, the author of the ‘ Herbal,’

84

probably the first botanical garden in England.” Watson gives a
list of a few plants still surviving in 1749. While Gerard’s
garden may have antedated that of Tradescant, the statement of
Singer (Notes and Querries, 5: 387. 1852) that “it was to the
Tradescants we owe the foundation of the first Museum of Curi-
osities of Nature and Art” is doubtless correct. The collection

To Fobn Tradefcant the youn-

ger, furviving.

cAnagr: :
Toun TRrapescant-

(Cannot hide Arts.

_ HEire of thy Fathers goods, and his good parts,
Which both preferveft, & augment ft his ftore,
Tracing th’ ingenvous fteps he trod before: _
Proceed as thou begin’ft, and win thofe hearts,
With gentle curt’fie, which admir'd his Arts.
Whilft thou conceal’ ft thine own, & do'ft deplore
Thy want, compar’d with his, thou fhew’ft them
_.Modefty clouds not worth;but hate diverts, (more.
a dae thal ae envy, ARTS he CANNOT.

H oe
That has then, Light through every chink is

Nagas has ogo, peffimns Potta,

Plantarum tamen, optimique amics
——« Nufquam peffinsus aftimater, cgi.
Theolegus fervss natus.

Fic. 9. Anagram, in English, on the name John Tradescant (the son).
Fac simile reproduction from the Musaeum Tradescantianum, London,
1656.

85

must therefore be regarded as the forerunner of our modern
natural history and art museums.

The common spiderwort or “ Wandering Jew” (Tradescantia
virginiana) of our gardens, is named from the elder Tradescant,
the name having been adopted by Linnaeus from the Flora
Jenensis of Ruppins, published in 1718. The former name of the
plant was Ephemerum virgimanum.

John Tradescant, the son, author of the Musaeum, was born at
Meopham, Kent, in 1608, and died in 1662. Like his father, he
was a traveller, and succeeded his parent as gardener to the king
and queen. In 1637, he visited that portion of America then
known as Virginia, collecting plants, shells, and other specimens
for the enrichment of the collection left to him by the will of his
father.

He became an intimate friend of Elias Ashmole, whose col-
lections, presented to Oxford University, became known as the
Ashmolean Museum. Ashmole’s dairy for 12 Dec., 1659 contains
this entry:

“Mr, Tredescant and his wife told me they had been long
considering upon whom to bestow their closet of curiosities when
they died, and at last had resolved to give it unto me.” ‘This is
followed by the entry under date 14 Dec.: “ This Afternoon they
gave their Scrivener Instructions to draw a Deed of Gift of the
said Closet to me;” and, under the 16th, “5 Hor 30 Minutes past
merid, Mr. Tredescant and His Wife sealed and delivered to me
the Deed of Gift of all his Rarieties.”’

Tradescant’s will, however, taking no cognizance of this ‘ deed
of gift,’ contains the following provision:

“Item, I give, devize and bequeath my closet of Rarieties to
my dearly beloued wife Hester Tredescant during her natural life,
and after her decease I giue and bequeath the same to the Uni-
versities of Oxford or Cambridge, to which of them shee shall
think fitt at her decease.”’

Tradition states that after the deed of gift had been signed by
both Tradescant and his wife at Tradescant’s home, whither Ash-
mole had been invited to dine, and as he was departing with it,
Mrs. Tredescant called him back and asked for the deed to make
some slight change in it. Ashmole alleged that he never saw it
again, and held that Mrs. Tredescant destroyed it.

—"

86

However that may be, in 1664, two years after Tradescant’s
death, Ashmole preferred a bill in Chancery against Mrs. Tredes-
cant* for (as stated in his diary) “the Rarieties her Husband
had settled on me.” The Lord Chancellor rendered a verdict in
favor of Ashmole, adjudging him to “ have and enjoy,” the rarie-
ties which are catalogued in the Musaeum Tradescantianum, ex-
cept that Mrs. Tredescant was to hold them in trust during her life.

Ashmole built a large brick house closely adjoining Trades-
cant’s, and his diary contains this entry for November 26, 1674:
“Mrs. Tredescant being willing to deliver up the rarieties to me,
I carried several of them to my house.” The remainder were
transferred a few days later. It is interesting to note that, froma
statement in the Compleat Angler (1: 62. London, 1836) Isaac
Walton probably visited them at this time. ;

In 1677 Ashmole offered to present the entire collection to
Oxford University on condition that the university would provide
a suitable building for it. The condition was met, the building
being designed by Sir Christopher Wren, and the collection was
installed there in 1683, being known from that day to this as the
Ashmolean museum. ‘Thus, as Pultney says (Sketches, 1: 179),
“the name of Tradescant was unjustly sunk in that of Ashmole.”

While Tradescant’s collection appears to have been the first of
its kind, assembled by a private individual, the Ashmolean museum
was not the first public museum, for Sir William Henry Flower

(Essays on Museums, London, 1898) is authority for the state-
ment that the earliest known museum formed by a society of
individuals was that of the Royal Society in Crane Court, of which
an illustrated catalog was published by Dr. Grew in 1681.

It has been asserted that the Musaeum Tradescantianum was
printed before 1664, the date of its publication. The basis of this
assertion is the following statement in the preface: “ About three
years agoe, (by the perswasion of some friends) I was resolved to
take a Catalogue of those Rarities and Curtosities which my
Father had scedulously collected, and my self with continued dili-
gence have augmented, & hitherto preserved together.”

It seems clear, however, that this statment refers only to the
time when the author began the preparation of his manuscript,

—

* The name has a variant spelling.

87

and there is no good evidence that the publication of the book
was delayed after it left the press.

(Og Se

BAC O VAR D GARDENING IN TOLEDO] Os ANp
LEBANON, PA.

The Toledo Museum of Art “is conducting an active campaign
that will lead to a more wholesome and attractive city. One branch
of the work will be the beautifying of the home grounds, and for
that purpose the museum has engaged an expert gardener who will
be pleased to furnish anyone with free advice on flower and shrub
planting.”

The above quotation is from an article on “ Landscape garden-
ing—its relation to the back yard,” in the April, 1914, number
of the Museum News, published by the Toledo Museum of Art.

Gardening would not, at first thought, be considered as an
activity in which an art museum would be deeply interested. But
art museums might very properly be expected to be greatly inter-
ested in the beauty of the cities where they are located, and it is
from this point of view, as a means to a “city beautiful,” that the
Toledo museum has become interested in gardening.

A letter to the writer from Mr. George W. Stevens, director
of the Toledo museum, contains the following information about
this phase of their work:

“We have the services of an expert landscape gardener, Mr.
W. H. Steffens, who goes to the schools for daily talks. Some
of the older children come to the museum for these talks, which
are illustrated with colored slides. Last month 8,000 children
came to the museum talks. ie street car companies carried them
free—running special cars, which was most generous. We give
250 cash prizes, $1,000 in all, for the best house garden, the best
back yard, the best vacant lot, best school garden, etc. A certain
number of prizes are allotted to each school district. There are
general prizes as well. We help the factories beautify, sending
our expert to lay out schemes, and concern ourselves in such other
ways as from day to day are suggested.

“ Seeds are sold at cost, one cent a package, at the schools, at

88

the newspaper offices, and at the museum. About 300,000 pack-
ages have been sold to date.

“Later in the season we will have a flower show at the museum,
at which time judges will award the various prizes.

In connection with its “city beautiful” campaign, the museum
has issued a four page illustrated leaflet on “ The making and care
of home gardens, containing full directions for preparing the seed
and planting in back yards, along sheds, fences, and porches, along
paths, and in window boxes.”

he People’s Saving Association, of Toledo, being primarily
interested in encouraging thrift and home owning, has donated
the sum of $900, to be distributed as cash prizes for the most
creditable results under the following nine heads: vacant lot
gardens, home flower gardens, home vegetable gardens, home
flower and vegetable gardens, home gardens of ward and parochial
school children, individual varieties of flowers, individual varieties
of vegetables, best collection of five bunches of flowers of any
variety whatever, and the best collection of five varieties of vege-
tables of any varieties whatever. The prizes are of three grades,
first, second, and third, and range in value from $25 for the first
prize under each of the first four classes, to $1 for the third prize
under the sixth and seventh classes.

In connection with this work the People’s Saving Association
has issued an attractive Garden Book, illustrated in color, and
giving information about the vacant lot and home garden
movement.
his admirable campaign in the Toledo museum is only one
of the illustrations, happily becoming increasingly common in
this country, that museums and botanic gardens, especially when
supported in whole or in part at public expense, are justified only
by the service which they render, not merely to professional and
amateur artists and scientists, but to the entire community. It
.1s in recognition of this fact that the Brooklyn Botanic Garden
has adopted the phrase, ‘ For the advancement of botany and the
service of the city,’ as best expressing the nature and range of
its activities and interests.

Lebanon, Pa., furnishes an example of what may be done in
smaller cities. The population of Lebanon is only about 20,000.

4

89

The following account of the work there is taken from School
Science and Mathematics, for December, 1913.

“Under the direction of Mr. F. W. Robbins, superintendent of
schools of Lebanon, Pa., a movement is on foot to transform
the vacant lots in and about that city into flourishing gardens
during the summer months through the aid of school boys. Suit-
able lots throughout the city will be selected. A competent super-
visor will be appointed to have charge of the work, and the
parents of the boys will be requested to cooperate with the board
in having the children attend regularly to their gardening as
directed by the supervisor. Before the children can be enrolled it
is required that they secure the consent of their parents. One
hundred and eighty-nine boys between the ages of eight and four-
teen years have expressed a desire to become gardeners during the
summer.”

HiRes EiG iE Ss CE@ Ol WANs

On May 23 the members of the New York Association of
Biology Teachers, and their friends, were invited to meet at the
Garden for a conference and an inspection of the collections and
other facilities available at the Garden for teachers in local
schools. The following was the program for the afternoon:

2-3. Conference.
What the Garden can Offer the Schools.
The Director of the Garden.
The Curator of the Public Instruction.
The Instructor.
High School Classes at the Garden.
The Teachers of Classes that have used the Garden.
Saag from Teachers.
Open Discussion—led by the President of the New York As-
ae ee of eee Teachers.
3-4. Inspection of Buildin
The Laboratory Building.
Library.
Herbarium.
Lantern Slide Collection.
The Conservatories.

4-5: 30. Inspection of Plantations.
hildren’s Gardens,
Systematic Section.
Morphological Section,
Ecological Section and Sw
Native Wild Flower oat a Bog.
The Lake.

In the open discussion during the conference the Garden
received many welcome suggestions as to how it may become of
greatest usefulness to local schools in connection with their botan-
ical instruction. It is hoped that this meeting will prove to be the
first of an annual series of similar gatherings at the Garden.

OPENING OF THE TROPICAL ECONOMIC HOUSE

The inspection of the Garden buildings on May 23, 1914, by
the members of the New York Association of Biology Teachers,
and their friends, included the second (central) section of the
conservatories, which was opened to visitors for the first time on
that occasion, This house measures 1o4 feet in length, 44 feet in
width, and has a maximum height at the lantern of 36 feet above
mean ground level. Plans for its interior treatment, were pre-
pared by the Pierson U-Bar Co., and approved by the Committee
on Botanic Garden of the trustees at its meeting of December 26,
IOT3.

These plans included a circular water basin near the east end
of the house, 18 feet in diameter (outside dimensions) and 2 feet
deep. The overflow from the basin is carried to the outlet near
the west end of the house by a small meandering stream, flowing
in a valley, and interupted by three diminutive waterfalls. To one
standing near the outlet of the stream the water basin is concealed
by a boulder bridge seven feet high above the surface of the
stream. |

The overflow of water from the basin finds its way to the
stream from between the boulders in the wall of the bridge. In
the crevices between the boulders are planted Ficus repens,
Helxine Soleirolit, various ferns, and other plants, while vines of
Sechium edule and Monstera deliciosa are becoming established

91

for climbing over the east wall. Two small “fields” of rice are
thriving, one on either side of the stream near its outlet. The
borders of the paths are planted with Cyrtomium falcatum, a
hardy decorative fern.

The plants in this house, except those used for purely decora-
tive purposes, are to be confined to tropical economic species,
and already comprise numerous, though not large, specimens of
considerable popular interest, including the new tangelo, a cross
between the tangerine and the grapefruit (pomelo). This inter-
esting citrus novelty, together with most of the other plants now
installed, were obtained by the director of the Garden during a
recent trip to Florida. The tangelo has not yet made its appear-
ance in northern markets but may be looked for in the near future.
The fruit is intermediate in size between the tangerine and
the grapefruit, having the flavor of the latter, but in a milder
degree, and separating easily, after the manner of its other an-
cestor, the tangerine.

If treated according to most precedents, this house would be
developed like the familiar “palm house,” but that treatment is
more apt to be met with elsewhere, outside of a botanic garden.
For this reason, and more especially because it is believed that a
collection of tropical economic plants will be of much greater
educational value, and of quite as much, if not more, popular
interest, it was decided to depart from the more usual treatment.
There are, of-course, cultural difficulties to be met with in making
this plan a success, but it is believed that these difficulties can be
largely overcome.

INAUGURATION OF CHILDREN’S GARDENS

On May second was started the outdoor work for children at
the Garden. One hundred and eighty children applied for gardens
and one hunred and fifty received them, leaving a waiting list of
thirty names. Seventeen schools were represented by these chil-
dren. These schools are Nos. 39, 92, 42, 139, 66, 12, 9, 111, 83, 3,
45, St. Theresea’s, Holy Cross, Girl’s High, Commercial High,
Adelphi Academy, and Erasmus Hall High School.

92

The gardens are in two sections. One, a garden of ninety
beds, was laid out and is supervised by the young women in the
course for the preparation of school-garden teachers. This is one
of the courses offered for the first time last fall by the Botanic
Garden. The other is made up of sixty gardens. This garden
was laid off and is supervised by the senior kindergarten class
from Pratt Institute.

The individual garden beds, 5X 7 ft. in size, are planted to
vegetables, including beans, kohlrabi, onion seed, onion sets, car-
rots, beets, radishes, and lettuce. Flower beds were planted by the
children about the boundaries of these sections. Then there are
some larger sections planted to grains, peanuts, melon, corn, and
other things unsuited to planting in small areas. These again
are study spots, where the children learn about the growth and
culture of other plants than the very few which it is possible to
raise in small individual garden beds. Another area is to be
planted with plant families, a few of the more common families
having been chosen for study.

The young women in the normal class have their own gardens,
larger in size than those of the children, and some of the older boys
have sections in which they are carrying on experimental work.

Back Yard Gardens.—During March the principals of the public
schools of Brooklyn were notified that the Botanic Garden would
supply penny packets of seeds to pupils who applied through their
principals. Large manilla envelopes were prepared, with a list of
seeds available printed on one side, and gardening directions on
the other. Seeds were offered of eight different kinds of vege-
tables and ten different flowering plants. On the smaller seed
envelopes were printed brief directions for planting, One thous-
and envelopes were prepared, with the anticipation that that would
be ample for this season. Our surprise and dismay may well be
imagined when it was found that requests were received for over
26,000 penny packets. Over twenty-five thousand packets were
supplied by the Garden direct, and the remainder, a very late
order, indirectly through a local seed house. There was an aver-
age of about five packets per child, so that over five thousand
Brooklyn children are planting their own gardens this spring,
either at home or at their school. A school garden exhibit is being

93

planned for September 24-26, at which pupils will be invited to
exhibit the products raised in their gardens, and prizes will be
awarded to individual children and to schools for the best exhibits.
Fuller information will be found in the Garden Leaflet, No. 6, for
June 3, 1914.

GARDEN CLUBS IN BROOKLYN PUBLIC SCHOOLS

On April 30, fifty delegates, pupils from the seventh and eighth
grades of Public School No. 3, met at the Botanic Garden to dis-
cuss ways of promoting garden interest in their school. These
delegates were given a lesson, by the instructor of the Garden
staff, on laying out a small garden. This lesson was repeated by
the delegates to successive groups of other pupils in all grades of
the school.

On Arbor Day the instructor from the Botanic Garden met the
delegates again, at Public School No. 3, for a planting lesson.
This lesson also was repeated to the whole school by the same
group method. Students of the history of education will recognize
in this procedure the old Lancastrian method of teaching—a
method that never became permanently established. The dele-
gates have formed themselves into a Garden ‘Club and, among
other things, are taking charge of providing their school with
penny packets of seeds. All detail work is left to the club. Dur-
ing the past spring 2,500 penny packets of seeds have been sup-
plied to this one school through the activities of its own Garden
Club.

Public School No. 66 held its annual exhibit on May 14, when
the Garden Club of the school made its first exhibit. This Club is
made up of twenty-five girls from the fifth and sixth grades. The
girls have met for ten consecutive Wednesday afternoons in the
children’s greenhouse at the Botanic Garden for lessons in plant
propagation. This is an afternoon class with a membership purely
voluntary, and the exhibit was entirely the work of these children.
Vegetable seedlings, flowering nasturtiums, marigolds, sweet-peas,
young canna, begonia, and gladioli were arranged on one large
table. Over this were two charts, one showing the written work
of the class, directions for planting, et cetera; the other, a blue-
print of seedlings in different stages of development. E. E.S

—

94

CHANGES IN THE GARDEN STARE

Head Gardener: On January 22, 1914, Mr. John V. Borin,
head gardener since March 15, 1911, presented his resignation to
take effect not later than March 1, 1914. The resignation was
accepted to take effect on the date named.

On February 25, the appointment as head gardener was ac-
cepted by Mr. Montague Free, to take effect on March 16, 1914.
For, the seven years from April, 1899, to March, 1906, Mr. Free
was at the University Botanic Garden, Cambridge, England, where
he gained practical experience in all departments of that garden,
and studied botany in the Cambridge Technical School. From
March, 1906, to May, 1908, he was propagator in the outdoor
department of Marley Place Gardens, Essex. The collection of
hardy plants at Marley Place is one of the largest, if not the
largest, of any private place in England.

From May, 1908, to March, 1912, Mr. Free was a member of
the gardening staff at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England,
serving first as gardener in the tropical and herbaceous depart-
ments, and then for three years as sub-foreman in the Alpine
department. During this period he was for a time secretary of
the Kew British Botany Club, and received from Kew certificates
in the following subjects: physics and chemistry, systematic
botany, economic botany, geographic botany, and plant pathology.
THe also obtained the certificate of the Royal Horticultural So-
ciety in the Public Parks examination.

Mr. Free came to the United States in March, 1912, and was
assistant gardener at the New York State College of Agriculture,
at Cornell University, until February, 1913, when he became in-
structor in floriculture and superintendent of the greenhouses and
garden at the School of Horticulture for Women, Ambler, Pa.
From October, 1913, until his present appointment, he was en-
gaged in commercial work and landscape gardening in New York
City.

Librarian: During the forepart of April, the librarian, Miss
Helen Virginia Stelle, was obliged to leave for her home in Upper
Alton, Illinois, on account of illness, and later presented her
resignation, to take effect on April 21. On May 20, Miss Anna

95

K. Fossler, supervisor of the serial department of the library of
Columbia University, was appointed acting librarian for the month
of June.

Laboratory Assistant: Mr. Guy Bisby, laboratory assistant, has
been granted leave of absence from April 4 to October 15, in
order to undertake important investigations on the potato scab,
a disease of great economic importance, imported into this country
from Europe, and threatening to become very disastrous to our
home crop.

Herbarium Assistant: On April first, Dr. Alfred L. Gundersen
Was appointed temporary assistant in the herbarium. Dr. Gund-
ersen received the degree of Docteur de l'Universite de Paris
(sciences naturelles) in 1910.

—

NOTES
On account of grading operations and the construction of new
paths throughout the Garden, it has been necessary to close all
gates except the one at the entrance to the laboratory building and
conservatories, on Washington Ave., opposite Montgomery St.
Adults, classes with teachers, and children accompanied by adults
may enter the grounds at regular hours by applying at the labora-

——

tory building. The conservatories remain open as usual.

The University of Cincinatti, Department of Biology, has issued
a circular under date of March 6, 1914, announcing the creation of
a position as supervisor of school gardens. ‘The circular states
that the university cooperates with the school garden work in the
public schools of the city. “ A course in school gardening is given
by a member of the botanical staff of teachers in the city schools
and to students in the college for teachers. This man also acts as
manager of the school gardens of “the city during the summer
months.” The circular calls attention to the fact that, “‘ There
in no line of applied botany which offers greater opportunities for
a man to make a reputation in creative work than the field of
municipal home and school gardening.” The supervisor to be
appointed will rank as instructor in the University, and the maxi-

roa

96

mum salary to be paid is $3,000. The position became open about
the middle of June, 1914.

On May 15 were held the opening exercises of the new forestry
building of New York State College of Agriculture, at Cornell
University, Ithaca, N. Y. An elaborate program was carried out,
occupying the entire day and evening. On the day following, the
Society of American Foresters held in the new building an open
meeting devoted to a discussion of the topic, “ Lines of principal
effort in American foresty for the next decade.”

——

The May, 1914, number of Art and Progress was a special
garden number, with articles on old world gardens, New England
gardens, formal gardens, garden sculpture, gardens of California,
Charleston gardens, and an editorial on outdoor art and the
modernists movement.

On May 6, a class of forty pupils from the Commercial High
School (Annex), accompanied by their instructors in botany, Dr.
Micael Levin, and Dr. Wallace A. Manheimer, visited the garden
under the guidance of a member of staff.

Visitors to the Garden since January 1, 1914, included Dr.
Edmund W. Sinnott, of the Bussey Institution of Harvard Uni-
versity, Dr. W. A. Orton, of the U. S. Department of Agricul-
ture, Washington, Dr. Jean Broadhurst, of Columbia University,
and a class of young ladies, Prof. E. M. East, of the Bussey Insti-
tution of Harvard University, Prof. Manahu Miyoshi, of the
botanic garden of the Imperial University, Tokyo, Dr. Harry B.
Shaw, of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, Prof. Chas. W.
Hargitt, of Syracuse University, Dr. Charles Brooks, U. S. De-
partment of Agriculture, Prof. John W. Harshberger, University
of Pennsylvania, Prof. Fred. D. Fromme, of Purdue University,
and Professor R. A. Harper, of Columbia University.

On May 16, Dr. H. A. Gleason, assistant professor of botany
in the University of Michigan, visited the Garden. Dr. Gleason
was passing through New York en route for Ann Arbor, after a
year’s trip westward around the world. During the trip he visited
the principal botanic gardens of the countries passed through, in-
cluding those at Tokyo, Buitenzorg, Paradeniya, Paris, and Kew.

—

97

Beginning with volume XVIII the business management of the
Journal of Biological Chemistry will be conducted for the directors
of the Journal by the publication department of the Rockefeller
Institute for Medical Research.

The Garden library has received volume I, number 1, of the new
Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, issued in March, 1914,
and comprising 155 pages. This is a quarterly publication con-
taining scientific contributions from the Missouri Botanical Gar-
den, and from the Graduate Laboratory and Faculty of the Henry
Shaw School of Botany of Washington University, which is affili-
ated with the Missouri Botanical Garden, The Introduction to the
first number states that “The Annals will be maintained upon a
strict subscription basis, using it in exchange only when its equiva-
lent can be obtained.” This publication and the Bulletin of the
garden together take the place of the Annual Report, familiar to
botanists since 1890. The Twenty-third Annual Report (1912)
marks the close of that series.

At the meeting of the Council of the American Association for
the Advancement of Science, on April 21, 1914, the first of the
Jane M. Smith life memberships in the association was awarded
to Professor Charles Horton Peck, Albany, N. Y. for thirty-seven
years state botanist of New York.

On March 4 the director of the Garden addressed the National
Arts Club at their club house, on the subject of The Botanic
Garden Idea for American Cities; and on April 30, the National
Plant, Flower, and Fruit Guild, at their annual meeting in the
American Museum of Natural History, on the Brooklyn Botanic
Garden.

Science, for April 3, 1914, contains the following item: “ The
House Committee has favorably reported the bill providing that
the historic botanic garden [in Washington, D. C.], located for
many years at the foot of Capitol Hill, be removed to Rock Creek
Park, in the far northwest section of the city. The bill also pro-
vides that the garden is to pass from the direct control of congress
to that of the department of agriculture.”

98

The contract for the construction of new walks, and allied work
in the Garden, was awarded during April to the lowest bidders,
Messrs. Di Menna & De Paola, 2336 Cambrelling Ave., Bronx,
New York City. The contractors were notified to begin work on
this contract on or before May 4, 1914, and the specifications call
for the completion of the work in ninety working days. The work
actually began on Wednesday, May 6.

On May 21, bids were opened for the completion of the grading

between Mt. Prospect reservoir and the Central Museum grounds,

and on the area of esplanade. Norton & Gorman were the lowest
of five bidders, with a total bid of $9,979.20. The contract was
awarded to this firm on May 21, and the contractors were in-
structed to begin work on or before June 25. The work began on
June 23, and the time allowed for its completion is 45 consecutive
working days.

On January 21, Dr. Olive gave a lecture on “Forestry,” in
the auditorium of the Central Museum, before about 500 pupils of
the Girls High School, Brooklyn.

On Friday, February 13, the botany class of Erasmus Hall
Fligh School, accompanied by Dr. C. A. King, head of the depart-
ment of biology of the school, made their first visit to the Garden,
in order to take advantage of our greenhouse facilities in their
study of the germination of seeds

font

aan
.

On the afteroon of May 26, two local organizations, the Chiro-
pean Woman’s Club, of Flatbush, and the Kezhikone Camp Fire
Girls, of the Y. W. C. A,, visited the conservatories and planta-
tions, with a Garden guide. Miss Van Nostrand, Y. W
Secretary for Girl’s Work, accompanied the Camp Fire girls.

At the annual meeting of the Nassau County Teacher’s Asso-
ciation, held at the Mineola (L. I.) High School, on Friday, May
15, 1914, Miss Shaw addressed the intermediate section at 10
a.m., and the primary section at 11 a. m., on the subject ‘“ School
gardens and gardening.’ On Thursday morning, May 28, Miss
Shaw addressed the elementary department of the Montclair
Academy on the general subject of nature study, with special
reference to observations during the summer vacation,

99

The following item appeared in Science for May 1, 1914: “A
series of water-color plant studies painted by the late traveller
and artist, Miss Adelia Gates, and presented to the Smithsonian
Institute by her niece, Miss Eleanor Lewis, of Yellow Springs,
Ohio, is now exhibited in the new building of the U. S. National
Museum. The subjects treated embrace a wide range of foreign
and domestic plants painted by the artist in this country and
abroad. Some additions have recently been made to the original
deposit by the donor who has endeavored to bring together all the
flower studies made by Miss Gates, many of which were widely
distributed prior to her death. With these additions, the collection

now numbers some 600 paintings.

A circular letter of May 8, 1914, from the president of the
Torrey Botanical Club, addressed to members of the club, con-
tains the following two paragraphs which will be of interest to all
persons interested in the local flora:

“The Club proposes to undertake special work during the com-
ing year on the cryptogramic flora of the region. The completion
and provision for publication of Mr. Taylor’s list of the flowering
plants suggest the extension of the Club’s activities to this further
field as the next large undertaking necessary to complete our
knowledge of the plant life of the local flora district.

“Notable work on various groups of the cryptograms has
already been accomplished and it is hoped to publish at once in
the club’s journals preliminary lists, so far as they are available.
It is the desire of the Club to enlist the assistance in this under-
taking of as many collectors and field workers as possible. It has
been decided to create a considerable number of special committees
with chairmen, who, as far as possible, are interested in particular
groups and to invite the members of the Club and others to enroll
themselves on one or more of these committees. The chairmen
will organize field excursions either for their special work or in
conjunction with other committees and the effort will be made to
arrange the dates for the trips to the different regions so as to
visit each locality at a time most favorable for collecting its special
flora. It is desired that the data obtained should include records
as to abundance, perfection of development, etc., at the various

—

100

stations for each species and that stich records be continued in
succeeding years so that in the case of the fleshy fungi and algae
especially more reliable information as to their occurrence and
distribution than is now available may be accumulated.”

Science for April 24, 1914, contains the following news item:
“The seventieth birthday, on March 25, of Professor Adolf
Engler, the director of the Royal Botanic Garden and Museum at
Dahlem, near Berlin, was celebrated in the presence of many emi-
nent German and foreign botanists, by several functions. Accord-
ing to the account in Nature, on the day itself, Professor Pax,
rector of the University of Breslau, with Professors Diels and
Gilg, as its editors, presented to Professor Engler a copy of the
Fest-Band of Engler’s “Botanische Jahrbitcher.”” The volume
forms a supplement to the fiftieth volume of this publication, and
consists of more than forty illustrated contributions, largely from
his pupils. Professor Haberlandt presented Professor Engler, on
behalf of hundreds of subscribers, with his life-size marble bust,
‘the work of the sculptor, A. Manthe. On March 26 there was a
banquet at which the official world was represented, and on March
27 the monthly meeting of the Deutsche Botanische Gesellschaft
was converted into an “Engler” meeting, and Professor von
Wettstein gave, by special invitation, a lecture on the phylogenetic
evolution of the Angiosperm flower. It will be recalled that Pro-
fessor Engler planted a tulip tree in the native wild flower section
of the Garden on October 16, 1913.

Professor Philippe Edouard Leon Van Tieghem, Member of
the Institute, for many years professor of botany at the Museum
d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, and eminent for his contributions to
plant anatomy, plant physiology, and systematic botany, died in
Paris on April 28, at the age of seventy-five years.

Prof. IH. M. Hall, of the University of California, department
of botany, visited the Garden on June 16. In the Recorp for
January, 1913, attention was called to the plans, now being devel-
oped, for a new botanic garden at the University.

OF P RUSTE ES

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‘Secneaa y HERMAN STUTZER

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ode uaa - OCTOBER, 1914 No. 4

EDITED BY
C. STUART GAGER

| Wee
clTy
ele CONTENTS
ma : Fae : 3 Se See a PAGE
The Children’s Work fe ee 1or
The ‘Japanese Gardeny . Pas ns Dace i et Nad I12
Insect and Fungous Pests in the Garten during 3 1914 ie RE ee OnE EE As 113
Conferences for the Better Unsere of Potato Diseases : aaa Pau Im-
: provement... genes ne Aiea eect arn CEPA RE SRG Souter e 116
Algae in the Garden Brook . Scehe chee ae De ern can) Ls 120
Doctorates Conferred in Bethy by enone Universities in 1914. foe se E23
Notes’ SO en a Pee BAO a Ry seal aK ta alee Pan oR rae r26
Index to Volume Ml. Ree RN le AA eer a een ae 133.

PUBLISHED - QUART ERLY
AT oat NORTH ee a STREET ;
LAN ICASTER, P.
BY THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF. ARTS. AND: SCIENCES

: Baecred de d P ffi Lancaster, Pa.;
under Act of jae 24, 19t2..

BOTANIC GARDEN STAFF

Dr. C, STUART GAGER, Director
Mz. NORMAN TAYLOR, Curator of Plants
Dr, EDGAR W. OLIVE, Curator if Public Instruction
Dr. WILLIAM MANSFIELD, Honorary Curator of Economic Plants
Dr, O..E.. WHITE, Assistant Curair of Plant Breeding
Miss ELLEN EDDY SHAW, Instructor
Miss. BERTHA M. EVES, Secretary

} , Librarian
Ma: HAROLD A. CAPARN, Consulting Landscape Architect
Mr, MONTAGUE FREE, Head Gardener
Mr. CULLEN ADLERBLUM, Garden Aid
Mr, GUY .R; BISBY,. Laboratory Assistant
Dr, ALFRED L. GUNDERSEN, Herbarium Assistant
| Mr, HERMAN KOLSH) Foreman

é

McKIM, MEAD & WHITE, Architects
OLMSTED BROS,, Landscape Architects

BROOKLYN
BOTANIC GARDEN

RECORD

EDITED BY

C. STUART GAGER

ae ANDTHE
ADVANSEMENT

SERVICE OF

OF BOTANY THE CITY

VOLUME III
1914

Seen QUARTERLY
AT 4I N H QUEEN STREET
eens

BY THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

q

PRESS OF
THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY
LANCASTER, PA.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

No. 1, JANUARY
PAGE

Prospectus of Courses offered by the Broolien Botanic Garden, 1914 1

dhes Need ion Additional Pndowment...5) 05). 0,. eee 9
direemhlantingabyserotessor Mngler ..4......0), Meee ee 13
va News oanicaleiournalwertei aint aek. hele, 0 eee ae 17
INGLES Veanienatyte pe Nee Ae has Re Sear eateon cca Weck: fe ARN tits Rapa g etiira 18

No. 2, APRIL

Third Annual Report of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden ols enee aes 27
Gn ari@G abl cmb) TeCLO rts een nce Ue i 27
epontarmilen@urator ofsblanismeeMeneene 0 ot wen oe 52
Report of the Curator of ub ltoamlinstnnetonge yee oe ee 57
Reportar she lbibranian. ee. irre amen eee oro ete gay 62
IUNAncialmotatements fOr Lol mean uray) eee 67

PeMunicipal Account torioige eee ten en) cee. 0 ae 67

2. Private Funds Accounts for 1 TS ever ae or eset ck ae ER 70
aes I: Resolutions of the Board of Estimate and Apportion-

nat eT acl Or a rm eA ech cl oc oe Cdn Se Oe 72
ante Pe iE Ee of Corporate Stock of the City of

New sa Le yee cihcv eiecu oh hn Sen reer Seen eo ete gy 7G
Appendix 3: Agreement between the Botanical Society of America

and ae Brooklyn Botanic Gatdente.tar meee: en... 74

No. 3, JULY

meRare Book: by Tradescantt..\.... se eeeeeeeaes orl. ae 77

Back Yard Gardening in Toledo, O., and Hee atongelareur, «2 87

First Annual High School Day at the Garden ...................... 89

Opening of the Tropical Economic House ..........0-00-0--0-0-005, go

Tnausuration of Children’s, Gardens meme © ee... QI

Garden Clubs in Brooklyn Public Schools ........... eT ae ener Re 93

Rae in the’ Garden’ Stafivs.;.. 0 ey eer eee E ee) | SN ee 94

INOLES 205 8c cd vale in ola ene ode a ee meee | Sy 95

dhe: Children’s’ Work......!.. saw eae eee ee el IOI
phe Japanese Garden . x. «1/10, eee Gnd 112
Insect and Fungous Pests in the Garden during TR OUAC ME ko. We ht, 113

iil

.

1V

Conferences for the Better Understanding of Potato Diseases and
a

© DMPPOVGMICNE. 6.55.52 2 sense oid ee coe sett g a mers Conia 116
Algae in the Gatden Brook ........+--seseessssnuaseenegtnes ce snaas 120
eae Conferred in Botany by American Universities in 1914 .. 123
Ne ASR le og 2 ona bok PRD Gros 5 RUS ee Ee hence 126
ILLUSTRATIONS
ea oe PAGE
Tree Planting Group, October 16, 1913........ssseeeseeeeeee Frontispiece
First sections of laboratory building and conservatories, looking west
PROM. WESMINetON AMCs ccc eee ce nen es anne rece aie ae Va Pie es 8 Pp. 27
Conservatories of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden
Second section under construction. November 14, I1913....-.---++++5 53
Grading ie a between Mt. Prospect Reservoir and the Central
Museum. Firs ntract. November I4, IQ13.......---sseeseeeeres
Brooklyn Botanic Gardce and environs, showing assessed valuation of
Ro oLclays MONIC Sear RAS Mniguanigany AoC OO Sinnrea iter nA OR AO G a.o oy 7I
John Tradescant, son. By Hollar. From Musaeum Tradescantianum.
| Broretalont ts 2 ceils Oey ch cea a aaa ann mE Ee Cerne tc ones = octet O
John Teen son. By Hollar. From Museum Teadeccan stevie:
80

agram, in Latin, on the name John Tradescant (the father). Fac
simile reproduction from the Musaewm Tradescantianum, London,
1656 Bd Ro ey typ) Op EP) Pe MICE CICHPIO TT REMae: MDeR OL Ot CPG ret) O Sie ay OI
Anagram, in English, on the name John Tradescant (the son). Fac
simile reproduction from the Musaeum Tradescantianum. London,
TORU, 5, etic Rey Let Roe la a. Sealine rice, er Soke aaa Peete gian teeta =
Professor Franklin W. Hooper, after the miniature from life by Maud
H. Purdy. Photo by Louis Buhle .........-.-.seeeeeeeee eres Opp.101
“Victory,” by Villanis. School trophy for the Children’ s Garden Ex-
erty ibe bec Rove eae owas tac ia a era cota tea es eich sR ony = ne eas
Medal, awarded in silver and bronze at the Children’s Garden Exhibit. 110

ERRATA
eh 27, line 5, for “second” read “ third.”
Al = 7: line 25, for “ August” read “July;” for “September” read
“ August

= hia tae

as 7 : 2 oe
z — ae ; re - aad
pe ae io ae :

i

7) : gee

PE oy ~
7 es ay eet, :

me

eo

ae
_

oe.
2S

= See
ae

7
a =.

ae

a

After

the

miniature

from life b

Louis Buhle.

Vv

Maud H. Purdy.

Photo

|

DN

THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN

THE CHILDREN’S WORK

In harmony with the aim to make the Brooklyn-Botanic Garden
of the utmost value and service to the general public, definite plans
were early made to interest one body of citizens, the children. It
appears, on the very face of it, plausible and practical that, if
children are trained in the knowledge of a subject or an institu-
tion, a foundation is laid for the future. But to take a highly
specialized and scientific institution, like a botanic garden, and
make it a place of real interest and pleasure to children, not only
without interfering with its scientific work and standing, but
thereby adding strength to the institution asa whole, required defi-
nite, well considered plans. Whatever work was to be done, if it
was to be of permanent value, could not be casual and haphazard.
The first thing to consider was this: how to make the Botanic
Garden a center of botanical interest, an interest which should
lead to and not away from the Garden. Now the elements to
link to the Garden are the home and the school. For through
these two agencies are children reached. And to be of service to
the children, the schools must understand all that the Botanic
Garden had to offer, how it could help, where it might cooperate.
Again, whatever interest was awakened must strike back home if
the greatest service was rendered.

Our initial work was small indeed, but based upon lines which
will continue. Invitations were sent to four neighborhood public
schools, stating that certain classes in plant culture were to be
started in the greenhouse, beginning in December and January,

Oo

102

and lasting for ten consecutive weeks, It was requested that chil-
dren ranking well in their general school work, and especially in
their nature study, be sent as delegates. It was hoped that these
children might be held responsible by their schools for making
short reports of their work to their grades, or in assemblies. The
four schools involved in this work were P. S. Nos. 9, 93, TJ;
and 167.

Three classes were formed: a Saturday morning class for boys
from 9 to 10, January ro to March 14; one at 10:30 for girls from
January 3 to April 4; and another for boys of the graduating year,
from 2 to 3:30 in the afternoon, from March 7 to May 9.

The morning classes took up different ways of propagating
plants; i. e., from seeds, cuttings, bulbs and roots. They learned
to mix soils and to understand in a linited way the needs of plants.
The results of their labors belonged to the children, and as plants
became strong and mature they were carried home, or to school,
or kept in the greenhouse for the outdoor garden. For these
children started seedlings of flowers and vegetables such as lobelia,
aster, salvia, hollyhock, pansy, lettuce, tomato, and onions. When-
ever there was a birthday among the families at home, plants
raised by the children for this purpose were sent to the one cele-
brating. An unusual number of birthdays fell in the spring
months this year. If no absence occurred, or if an abscence was
made up for, the children received certificates. Ten certificates
were granted to boys, and eleven to girls.

The class of older boys worked along experimental lines in
botany, a course acting as preparation for better understanding
of high school botany. Seven boys completed this course.

In these classes were members who were entered either at their
mothers’ request or their own, filling in the places left vacant for
some good and sufficient reason. Membership in these classes
represented an honor and privilege. Many requests have been
made to join the fall classes. We could fill our children’s green-
house every afternoon after school, and all day Saturday, if it
were possible for us to handle the instruction, and if we had
another house for the children’s plants. Last spring our green-
house was full to overflowing with the work of these classes and
the adult classes.

1038

Twenty-five girls from the fifth and sixth grades of P. S. 66
started work in the greenhouse, March 11. Nineteen of these
girls received certificates. To gain a certificate ten lessons must
be covered, the attendance must be perfect as well as the behavior.
These children came, rain or shine, and it rained very often. Miss
Howe, one of the kindergarten teachers from P. S. 66, came with
the girls. No more satisfactory work was done this year than
that done by this class. In June at the regular school exhibit,
their garden products took a prominent place. It might be well
to add that this class was held after school hours and that the
children had two car lines to use on their way to the Garden.

n outgrowth from this class was one of the prize home gar-
dens, planted and cared for by three members of the class. These
gitls borrowed a backyard, and had a garden in spite of the fact
that not one of them owned a back yard.

During April and May a series of lantern slide talks was given,
to introduce the Botanic Garden to children in still another way.
These talks, “ Stories about useful plants,” were on various sub-
jects pertaining to economic plants, as follows:

April 18. Rope and how it is made (manila and sisal fibers),

April 25. The story of bread (wheat).

May 2. Beverage plants (cocoa and chocolate).

May 9. A plant serving a useful purpose (rubber).

May 16. The food of a billion people (rice).

Certain firms cooperated with the Garden by sending illustrative
material for the talks, pictures from which lantern slides could be
made, and even sets of slides. These firms were the Shredded
Wheat Company, International Harvester Company, Waterman
Pen Company, Seeman Brothers (wholesale grocers), FHuyler’s,
and the Walter S. Baker Chocolate Co.. These fitms have our
heartiest thanks for making it possible adequately to illustrate
these talks.

When the talks were planned the question arose of how to touch
as many children as possible. These little lectures were to be
given on Saturdays, a day when the schools have no jurisdiction
over the children. Our lecture room holds but fifty, with any
degree of comfort, when the lantern is used. So the following

104

plan was adopted. Five tickets were sent to each of ten different
schools, with the request that they be given to children who would
use them. Tickets were sent to a different set of schools for each
talk. Those who came reported to their respective schools on the
subject taken up that special Saturday. Boys from one of the
older classes operated the lantern. This class, drawn from Poe
g and P. S. 168, with a number from the preparatory department
of the Polytechnic Institute, stands ready always to assist in the
work for the younger boys and girls. .

The outdoor work in the Botanic Garden is an outgrowth from
the indoor greenhouse classes, and a part of the teachers’ course
in the preparation of school garden teachers. One of the sepa-
rate courses for teachers is a summer’s experience with children
in a garden, and so our children’s garden this year has represented
a training ground for these young women.

The children’s garden, as before stated in the RecorpD (January,
1914), was divided into two parts, one an area 75 ft. x 50 ft., with
thirty plots, each approximately 714 ft. x 5 ft.; the other, 84 ft.
26 ft., with 60 plots, each 4x6 ft. This division into two sepa-
rate gardens is by no means ideal, but the present site of the
children’s garden is temporary. The division was made because
the senior kindergarten students from Pratt Institute took a
course in gardening at the Botanic Garden, and needed a portion
of the available space for their practice garden.

Sixty children, two to each plot, were allotted places in this
practice garden. Through the center of each plot was planted a
row of bush beans, and in each half there were beets, onion sets,
carrots, lettuce and radish. This garden was managed and the
lessons given, until June 15, by the Pratt students. At that time
the children had taken out of their plots radishes, lettuce, young
carrots, thinnings of beets, and string beans. About the garden,

groups of children planted broom-corn, sunflowers, and three
ornamental flower beds from seedlings started by the Pratt seniors
in the greenhouse prior to their outdoor work. So the children
received lessons in laying out a garden, planting, transplanting,
cultivation, second crops, and ornamental flower beds.

At the time the seniors left, a number of children left for their
vacations, and so the number of pupils in the garden was reduced

tu

105

from sixty to forty-one. But the general scheme was continued,
since in most cases only one partner withdrew, and the partner left
behind took over the entire plot. The management of this garden,
then, would naturally have fallen into the hands of the regular
students. But two Pratt seniors desired further practice, so they
took into their hands half of the periods when this garden was
open to the children. The garden was open all day on Tuesdays
and all day on Fridays, making four sessions in a

As the season advanced, a second crop was planted and the
garden was mulched to protect it from the midsummer heat.
Lessons were given in the garden on such subjects as succession
crops, insect pests, transplanting, thinning, hill planting, mulching,
picking of flowers, special crops (as grains), and staking of plants.

This same type of work was carried on in the other gardens.
Here the children fell into two groups, the older children, in the
rear and side of the garden, having larger plots, and the younger
children having the smaller plots. The older children planted the
observation beds of cotton, flax, hemp, tobacco, corn, millet, buck-
wheat, peanuts, and certain vegetables, which, for lack of space,
could not be planted in the individual plots. Among these vege-
tables were squash, cabbage, tomato, chicory, cucumber, melons,
parsley, celery, okra, and sweet potato. The care of these beds
fell upon the older boys and girls, while the flower borders were
under the care of the younger children.

The total amount of the various crops from both gardens was
as follows:

ISQCUS Sy aes Qr70l Radishes ...... 12,051
GaROUSs ate oats 5,968 @iiongyan es 1,156
eohilnabt ....... 1,066 Tomatoesi2 =... 188
(Coyne See eee 142 ears ettucegter ca. 3 1,036 heads
Beanicwed nn. 4 6... 106 quarts Swiss chard ... 123 quarts

Various experiments have been carried on in addition to the
regular work. One lad has planted an area to beans treated with
“farmogerm,” a soil preparation for leguminous crops; several
boys have a definite piece of work in inheritance with castor oil
beans, started with beans of known hereditary characteristics
This same experiment is being carried on by one member of this

Fic. 11. Trophy, awarded to the school having the best exhibit at the
annual Children’s Garden Exhibits of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.

107

class at his summer home on Long Island, and by some members
of the Montclair (N. J.) Academy.

The method of instruction in our gardens is not a group method,
except in the first lessons, or when the gardens are planted. After
that the instruction is individual. Fach child advances as fast as
his ability and the condition of his crop permits. The older chil-
dren assist in teaching new ones or those backward in work.

On the firsteof August, when the regular garden was running
easily, classes were started in nature subjects which were related
to gardens. These classes were taught by the young women in
training. The subjects taken up included work on trees, wild-
flowers, weeds, the mounting of botanical specimens, birds, and
first aid in case of simple accidents which might occur in the
garden. The older boys made a study of economic plants. After
their study they were assigned a special topic, such as cotton, how
linen is made from a flax plant, rice as food, etc. ‘Then the boys
gave talks on their special subjects to the younger children. The
stereopticon was at their disposal, and whatever illustrative mate-
rial they had raised themselves or the Botanic Garden could offer.

The members of these gardens were debarred from exhibiting
in the regular fall exhibit ; but medals were offered for this garden
alone, so that all the season the children worked with this in view.
First and second prizes were offered for the best kept garden,
irrespective of amount of produce.

The children’s greenhouse classes represented a starting in our
work. During the spring, letters were sent to every public ele-
mentary school in the city of Brooklyn, offering help and advice in
garden work. We went to these schools largely to interest the
children in their own home gardens, and incidentally to acquaint
them with a source of help, the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
Twenty-one schools out of the total of 167, sent in requests for
help. In most cases, the help rendered has been in the form of
talks to the children on their own home gardens, how to plant in
boxes or little backyards. The response and interest has been
greater than was anticipated. At the same time, the children and
their teachers and parents have become somewhat acquainted with
the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, and with its significance to the City
of Brooklyn. After these talks invariably some of the children

108

from a given school, with parents or with children friends, would
come to visit the Garden. One of our objects is to make this a
place, not of casual curiosity, but of actual, helpful, everyday
interest. So we have felt that the children of the city must use
it regularly and with intelligence.

During the past season, the Garden put up and delivered over
25,000 penny packets of seeds for the school children. The list
of seeds included the following: beans, beets, carrots, corn, kohl-
rabi, lettuce, radish, tomato, cornflower, marigold, nasturtium,
salvia, sunflower, sweet alyssum, verbena, and zinnia.

These were put up in envelopes with cultural directions printed
on the outside, as follows:

E BROOKLYN D SCIENCES

TH INSTITUTE OF ARTS AN
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN
PENNY PACKETS OF SEED FOR SCHOOL CHILDREN

MARIGOLD

Directions for Planting
Date: May I to June 1.
Place: Garden beds or boxes. Marigolds like sun.
Manner: Scatter the seed in the drill (row), and when
the plants are 3 inches high, transplant so plants are 6
inches apart.
Depth: Y% inch.

The demand was so much greater than we expected that the
envelopes and seeds initially prepared were soon exhausted.

After helping stir up a greater interest than ever before in home
gardens, it seemed as if some follow-up system should be em-
ployed. In many cases, the school influence covers this, some-
times it does not, so a card was prepared reading as follows:

BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN
HOME GARDEN RECORD
Name
School No, Grade Principal

Garden in yard or box?

Class of exhibit: Date:

109

These cards were sent to the schools, and an offer was made
to follow up gardens during the summer in those cases where
the principals felt that help was needed. One hundred of these
cards were returned to us. Many more pupils signed cards,
merely to show that they intended to work their gardens during
the summer, but did not feel the need of special supervision.

The gardens were visited and the following card used to help
in the final award of prizes.

DATA FOR PRIZE AWARDS

Dimensions of Garden in feet:
Soil character : F
Fertilizer used:

Date of Visit | Inspector | Condition Care Crop | Arrangem’t Rating
| 25% 25% | 25% 25%

|
| | | |
| | | |

Final rating:

Judges

In many cases, these gardens were very poor, but this was due
usually to lack of intelligence, or to little understanding on the
part of parents as to how they could help their children. But on
the other hand, there were many encouraging sides to the work.
There were homes where the fathers took time from their own
work to make a box for the child’s garden, or to spade up a back-
yard, or to be at home when the garden was visited to hear the
criticism of the work.

The prizes offered merely stand for success over difficulties.
In order that the children might work with added zeal all summer,

110
a special Leaflet was issued, June 3, explaining carefully the
classes and sub-classes of the Children’s Garden Exhibit, Sep-
tember 24-20.
It was hoped in this way to gather up the work which has
been carried on for a long time, but which has never been centered
as aunit. To raise a plant from seed seems as important educa-

Fic. 12. Medal, awarded at Children’s Garden Exhibit, 1914, for excel-
lence of individual exhibits. First prize in silver; second prize in bronze.

tionally, as to run a foot race. In such an open city as Brooklyn,
it is easy to teach the children the possibilities in their own back
yards, and the resources of the parks, and to create thus a feeling
of civic pride in the general appearance of their city. So this
garden exhibit has been planned, not merely to encourage chil-

111

dren to raise flowers and vegetables, but because of those broader

underlying lessons of life.
exhibits :

The following are the classes of

CLASSES OF EXHIBITS

All classes are open to any boy or girl residing in the city of Brooklyn,
although the garden may be either in Brooklyn or at a summer place.

Class A. Vegetables—First and second prizes will be awarded.

No. 1. Beans, Bush.

Best quart of beans in the

pod.
No. 2. Beans, Bush.

Best pint of beans,

shelled.
No. 3. Beets.

Best bunch of six beets.
No. 4. Carrots.

Best bunch of five car-

rots.
No. 5. Cabbage.

Best head of cabbage.
No. 6. Corn.

Best six ears of corn.
Class
No. 1. Agera

oat eter (potted).
No. 2. Asters, White

Best itecnon of twelve.
No. 3. Asters, Pink.

Best collection of twelve.
No. 4. Asters, Purple.

Best eo lee noe of twelve.
No. 5. Cornflow

Best picenee of twelve.
No. 6. Marigold.

Best collection of eight.
No. 7

. Nasturtium
Best BSilecton of twelve,
one or more varieties.

No. 7. Cel
a sate plants of
celery.
No. 8. Kohlrabi.
Best four.
No. 9. Lettuce:
3est two heads (roots
and all).
No. 10. Radish.
Best eight.
No. 11. Squash.
Best one.
No. 12. Tomatoes, Red.
est six.
No. 13. Tomatoes, Yellow.
est six

B. Flowers—First and second prizes will be given, as in Class A.

No. 8. Nasturtium.
est single potted plant
or dwarf variety.
No. 9. Scabiosa.

3est collection of eight
No. 10. Sunflower.
Largest specimen of sun-

ower.
o. It. Verbena.
Best collection of twelve.
No, 12. Zinnia.
est collection of eight,
one color

dil ees

Class C. School Display—One prize, a trophy, to the school making the
st display

Class D. Individual Garden Display—First and second prizes will be
awarded for the greatest variety of flowers raised by one child.

The prizes offered are first and second individual prizes, and
a trophy for the best school display. The individual prizes are
medals; the first, a silver one; the second, bronze. The design,
(fig. 12) is the same on both. The center is a representation of
the Brooklyn Botanic Garden emblem, used on the front page of
the cover of the Recorp. Upon the back of each medal is en-
graved the name of the winner, the class, and date. The trophy
(fig. 11) is a bronze figure, bir Villanis, of Victory, trumpet in
hand, bearing a branch of the victor’s laurel. This trophy is to
be competed for each year until one school has won it three times ;
then it will become the property of that school, and a new trophy
will be offered.

Ellen Eddy Shaw

THE JAPANESE GARDEN

In an address before the Brooklyn Woman’s Club, January 26,
1914, the director of the Garden mentioned that, among other
things, the Garden hoped some day to have a Japanese garden.
As a result of this statement, and through the good offices of Mrs.
William P. Hamilton, the Garden authorities were placed in com-
Spgs ain with the then Japanese Consul-General at New York,

Tr. J. Iijima. Mr. lijima at once became very much interested
in the plan, and put the Garden in touch with Mr. T. Shiota, the
foremost Japanese landscape architect now in America. Mr.
Shiota prepared two plans for gardens at different locations on
the shore of the Garden lake. One of these plans was adopted,
and through the very generous offer of the chairman of the com-
mittee on Botanic Garden to finance the undertaking, the Garden
was enabled to enter into a contract with Mr. Shiota.

Work on the garden began on May 17, and has progressed
rapidly all summer, involving the construction, by Japanese work-
men, of a tea house, a summer house, a temple, a torii, a series of

113

cascades, and several bridges. Two stone lanterns and two stone
foxes were imported for the garden from Japan, being personally
selected by Mr. Ushikubo, of Yamanaka & Company, Fifth Ave.
They arrived during the last week in August. One of the lanterns
is of the shape known to the Japanese as Okuno-in, the other as
Yukimi. The Okuno-in lantern was presented to the Garden by
Messrs. Yamanaka & Co.

During the summer, pine trees that were growing in the
Botanic Garden have been trimmed, bent, and fastened into a
shape fitting them to occupy definite positions in the Japanese
garden. A more extended and illustrated account of the garden
will appear later.

There are several Japanese gardens on private estates in various
parts of the country, but so far as the writer is informed, there
does not now exist, in any public park east of the Rocky Moun-
tains, a real Japanese garden, planned and constructed by
Japanese, and open free to the public.

GasuG:

INSECT AND FUNGOUS PESTS IN THE GARDEN
DURING 1914

Constant vigilance has been necessary during 1914 in order to
keep in check pestiferous insects which have infested the plants
in the Garden. This has been particularly the case in regard to
aphids, which appeared in enormous numbers; consisting mainly
of the green and black varieties. Frequent spraying with a con-
tact spray was necessary in order to keep them in check; the
spray used being a solution of nicotine, combined with soap, which
gives the mixture greater penetrative power, and helps to prevent
the formation of globules of spray solution. In the conserva-
tories spraying, fumigation with tobacco stems, and dusting the
affected plants with tobacco dust, have been the methods of con-
trol adopted.

Another pest that belongs to the sucking insect group is the
white fly. This was probably introduced to the conservatories
with a shipment of plants received from Florida. The white
fly is not harmed by nicotine fumigation, but succumbs to hydro-

Ou.

114

cyanic acid gas. However, owing to the dangerous nature of the
last named remedy, it was thought inadvisable to make use of
this method of extermination. Owing to the active movements of
this pest when in the adult stage, it is rather difficult to exterminate
it by means of spraying, since it is necessary for the spray actually
to hit the insect; but by spraying two or three times at intervals
of a day or two, the pest may, for the most part, be overcome.
Other sucking insects that are almost invariably present in plant
houses (and the conservatories of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden
are not exceptional in this respect) are the mealy bug (Dactylopius
destructor), several species of scale insects belonging to the
Coccidae, and the red spider (Tetranychus telarius). Mealy bug
and scale insects can be destroyed by constant spraying with a
contact spray of some kind, the most effective preparation being
kerosene emulsion. The spraying, however, has to be repeated
often, and the more efficacious method is, where the nature of the
plants permit, to wash off the insects with a sponge and soapy

-water. Red spider flourishes in a dry atmosphere, and the best

methods of control are the maintenance of humidity and spray-
ing with clear water, which must be applied to the underside of
the leaves, where the red spider has his habitation, with a suff-
cient force to break the webs. Potassitm sulphide, at the rate
of one or two ounces to three gallons of water, applied in the
same way, is also helpful, but has the disadvantage of discoloring
any paint with which it comes in contact.

A sucking insect, which amongst horticulturists goes by the
name of the white tailed mealy bug, lantane bug, and white fly,
has been observed on: plants of Coleus. Te ee (Orthezia
insignis) belongs to the Coccidae and is extremely difficult to
control. The most effective preparation to use against these in-
sects is kerosene emulsion.

Plants out of doors have been attacked by other sucking insects,
in addition to aphids; namely, the leaf hopper, and one of the
lace bugs (rhododendron fly) which have attacked the rhodo-
dendrons.

Of biting insects, those which have caused the most trouble
are the larvae (caterpillars) of various kinds of moths and butter-
flies. The principal objects of attack have been the willows, which

115

are planted along the brook, but owing to timely spraying little

damage has been done. Grasshoppers, rose-bugs, and striped
cucumber beetle have also appeared but not in any quantity as
yet. One of the best methods of control for biting insects is to
dust, or spray, the leaves of the plant attacked, or likely to be at-
tacked, with an arsenical poison—either paris green or arsenate
of lead.

Cut-worms, which have attacked tobacco plants, have fortu-
nately not been very numerous. A poisoned bait of some kind is
perhaps the best method of combating these pests.

Although rabbits can hardly be classed as “insect pests,” yet
some trouble has been experienced on account of their habit of
using the Garden as a feeding and breeding ground. Fortunately,
in the early summer, a nest was discovered containing six young
rabbits which were disposed of in a way that will prevent them
from doing any damage in the garden.

A few borers, probably the apple tree borer, were discovered on
two or three specimens of Crataegus. These feed upon the inner
bark of the tree, causing the death of the branch attacked. There
is really no effective known way of preventing the attacks of
these insects, as the application of a wash sufficiently strong to
prevent the insects from gaining an entrance to the hole would
injure the tree. All that can be done is to kill the borers by the
insertion of a wire into their burrows as soon as their presence is
evident.

A disease which seems likely to cause more trouble in the
Garden than any other is a rot, possibly of bacterial origin, which
attacks the roots of herbaceous plants and, unfortunately, has
appeared in many parts of the Garden. The disease usually shows
its presence just as the plant reaches the blossoming or fruiting
stage. It causes the plant to wither, and death usually occurs
within two or three weeks. The treatment, up to the present, has
been to thoroughly soak the soil around the roots with a solution
of potassium permanganate in cases where the plants have not
been actually killed by the disease, or to sterilize the soil with
a solution of formaldehyde if the death of the plant has actually
taken place.

Another disease, also probably of bacterial nature, has been dis-
covered on the trilliums, causing the death of the plants attacked.

116

A species of Aspidium and one of Diplazium have been attacked
by the fern eel-worm. This causes deep brown blotches on the
fronds of the plant, completely spoiling its appearance. The eggs
of the pest are deposited in the soil, and when hatched out mi-
grate to the leaves. Treatment consists of fumigating the soil
with carbon bisulphide, or drenching it with a solution of potas-
sium permanganate. he leaves are dusted with a mixture of
tobacco dust and flowers of sulphur, and this prevents the insects
from entering the leaves.

No very serious fungous disease has made itself known during
the year.

Plants of Prunus serotina have been attacked by a “ shot-hole”
fungus, probably a species of Cylindrosporium. The fungus
causes small circular pieces of the leaves to die and fall to the
ground, giving the leaves the appearance of having been riddled
and shot. The remedy for this disease is to till the soil thoroughly
in the autumn, thus burying the pieces of leaves which contain the
fungus, and to spray the trees in spring with Bordeaux mixture
to prevent the germination of pores and subsequent growth on
the leaves.

Leaf-spot on garden peas has occurred and occasioned some
annoyance. The fungi concerned in this case are believed to be
Septoria Pisi and Ascochyta Pisi.

Other fungous diseases, which are apparently not greatly to be
feared, are a “rust” (Puccinia Thalictri), which has appeared on
a plant of Thalictrum in the local flora section, and a “smut hs
(Urocystis Anemones) attacking the hepaticas, also in the local
flora section.

A leaf spot of unknown origin has been noticed on the water
lilies in the lake, but it does not appear to cause any serious
damage.

Montague Free

CONFERENCES FOR THE BETTER UNDERSTANDING
OF POTATO DISEASES AND POTATO
IMPROVEMENT

On the invitation of Dr. I. E. Melhus, in charge of the labora-
tory for the study of potato diseases, maintained by the United

JMe7/

States Department of Agriculture at Caribou, in northern Maine,
and of Dr. W, A. Orton, plant pathologist of the Bureau of
Plant Industry, the writer recently had the pleasure of joining in
a potato study trip through New England. The party consisted
of a group of plant pathologists and others interested in potato
culture, headed by Dr. Orton and by the acting chief of the
Bureau, Professor Corbett. As a special guest of the United
States Department of Agriculture, the party was accompanied by
Geheimrat Dr. O. Appel, of the Imperial Biological Institute for
Agriculture and Forestry, at Berlin-Dahlem, the leading authority
on potato diseases in Europe; and also by Dr. H. T. Gttssow, the
Dominion botanist of Canada, whose discovery of a serious potato
disease in Canada precipitated the recent quarantine activities
against the entry of dangerous insect and fungous pests into the
United States.

The itinerary of the main party, beginning with visits to the
truck growing districts in New Jersey on July 28-29, was planned
to extend through the larger potato growing regions ia Rhode
Island, Maine, New York, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Colo-
rado, Utah, Idaho, Washington, Oregon, and California, lasting
until about October 1. This party was to be joined at intervals
by specialists, from State Experiment Stations and elsewhere,
who were primarily interested in investigations of the disease,
breeding, culture, or related phases of the potato industry.

The writer joined the party, then including only half a dozen,
at the State Experiment Station at Kingston, Rhode Island, on
the morning of July 30. Here, besides inspecting under the
guidance of Professors Damon and Pember, the varietal tests of
potatoes, and studying the diseases present in the plots, I accom-
panied Mr. F. V. Coville, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, in his
inspection of blue-berry culture experiments, being carried on at
the station farm in cooperation with the Bureau.

On arrival at Caribou, Maine, on the morning of July 31, the
party was augmented by a considerable number of plant patholo-
gists, inspectors and others interested in potato culture, about ten
of whom were connected with the government laboratory at
Caribou, and others from the Maine and Vermont State De-
partments of Agriculture, from the Maine Agricultural Experi-

118

ment Station, from the Truck Experiment Station at Norfolk,
Va., and elsewhere. The scientific men of the party at this point
numbered about twenty. Guided by Dr. Melhus, who had the
enthusiastic and appreciative assistance of a number of the local
potato growers, bankers, and other business men, the party was
taken, on the afternoon of their arrival, to visit the tuber unit,
varietal and potato disease plots maintained by the government on
the hills overlooking Caribou, and to various nearby localities
where hundreds of acres of beautifully blooming potato fields were
inspected. Under the instruction of Dr. Orton, Geheimrat Appel.
Dr, Giissow, and others, the members of the party thus became
more familiar with the characteristics and field conditions of cer-
tain obscure potato diseases, new or unfamiliar to many, such as
leaf roll, curly dwarf, mosaic, black leg, rhizoctonia, streak, etc.
Some of these diseases, rhizoctonia and black leg, for example,
were seen to be of a very serious nature, materially threatening
the season’s yield of tubers; others, such as mosaic and leaf roll,
while not apparently at present decreasing the number and size of
tubers, promise trouble for the future if allowed to persist and
spread without hindrance. On a later day, some of the party
were privileged to examine the experimental disease plots of the
government station, where problems of the growth, dissemination,
control, etc., of potato blight, powdery scab, silver scurf and other
diseases, were being carefully studied.

On the following day, August 1, the whole group of thirty and
more were taken in automobiles on a long and strenuous inspection
trip of hundreds of acres of potato fields, covering nearly a hun-
dred miles, and ending at night at the prosperous city of Houlton,
in the southern end of Aroostook County. The next day, the
return to Caribou was made by automobile and train; and on
Monday, another long journey was made toward the north to
Ft. Kent, and other districts and towns along the St. John river
and the Canadian border.

The hospitality and enthusiastic appreciation of the citizens and
potato growers were clearly evidenced in all the localities visited,
as well as at the banquets and receptions given by commercial
clubs to the visiting scientists at the towns of Caribou, Presque.
Isle, and Houlton. In the talks and speeches made at these more

119

or less formal meetings, and perhaps even more convincingly in
the informal conferences held in the field and elsewhere, the
supreme importance of pure and healthy seed potatoes, not only to
Maine, but also to a large section of the country to the south,
which is dependent upon Maine for seed, was made exceedingly
manifest to all present.

The officials of the United States Department of Agriculture in
charge of this study trip certainly have a very clear, broad con-
ception of the fundamental importance, to the agricultural interests
at large, of properly conserving the pure seed supply of potatoes.
The northern sections, of which Aroostook County, Maine, is a
notable example, raise the bulk of the seed potatoes for the
potato districts lying to the south. Therefore, if disease is kept
out of the Maine supply of seed tubers, it is quite likely that the
potato fields of Long Island, New Jersey, Virginia and the South
will be kept freer from the ravages of disease; and, consequently,
better crops in general will be raised. The State Department of
Agriculture of Maine, in fact, plans to issue certificates that cer-
tain crops of potatoes are true to name, and are free from dan-
gerous diseases. Both state and national inspectors are now
working in close cooperation on this work. The method of pro-
cedure involves a rigid inspection of the fields of applicants for
such certification, at blooming time as well as at harvest time.

One promising met

—"

10d of attack of this pure seed problem, in-
augurated by Dr. Melhus and Dr. Orton, and one in which the
Brooklyn Botanic Garden has been especially interested, is that of
placing young men, experts in potato diseases, in the field, in the
service of the grower for the season, whose duty it is to keep close
watch of all the details of selection, the proper methods of cutting

treating, and planting seed tubers, the very first appearance, con-
trol, and final eradication of diseases which may appear, the
“roguing ” for disease or for stray intruders in an otherwise pure
variety, as well as the final harvesting, inspection, and storage of
the crop. There are only three of these “consulting plant
pathologists’? employed during the present season, salaried by
some of the larger growers, but under the direct supervision of
the government officials. One, Mr. Bisby, is from the Brooklyn

120

Botanic Garden; another, Mr. Faulwetter, is recently from Cornell
University ; while the third, Mr. Hartman, comes from Pennsyl-
vania State College.

Edgar W. Olive

ALGAE IN THE GARDEN BROOK

During the present season, the algae have been especially abun-
dant in the pools of the Garden brook. Scums have covered the
quieter pools; the rocks forming the water-falls have been covered
with a dark, slimy growth; accumulations of greenish material
have gathered on the rocks below the cascades; while the outlet
at the lower end of the brook has become at times choked.
From one point of view, these pond scums (called “ frog spittle”
by some) form unsightly accumulations of greenish, slimy ma-
terial, and hence are unwelcome as residents of the Garden
brook. To such as do not appreciate the beauty and interest of
these plant growths from a microscopic point of view, they ap-
pear as unattractive and undesirable intruders.

From another point of view, these green, aquatic growths are
exceedingly interesting and attractive plants and the Botanic
Garden should, at least to a limited extent, permit and even en-
courage their presence. To those interested in microscopic life,
to the teacher of botany, as well as to the student of the varying
forms of plant and animal life, such organisms as we find growing
in the brook are indispensable. When the brook was first made,
its rocks were bare and unattractive; and the whole stream re-
tained for a time its artificial look. Now, after two years, the
rocks, except those that are yet too smooth from the glacial polish-
ing, are taking on mossy or algal growths, and the bed of the
stream is becoming brownish with diatoms or tinged with green
from microscopic plant growths. It is indeed fast losing its arti-
ficial appearance and has taken on much of the beauty of unaided
nature.

For the greater part of the present growing season, the greenish
sctms of the pools have been composed almost exclusively of
water-net, or Hydrodictyon. During the summer of 1913, this
water-net, if present at all, was at least inconspicuous, as none was

observed until late in the fall. A single plant of water-net, when
viewed closely, is composed of a net as delicate as that of a lady’s
veil; and each complete mature plant, as can readily be seen in
young specimens, has the shape of a slender, hollow cylinder, or
sac, sometimes six or eight inches long, and closed and rounded at
both ends. Mixed with the Hydrodictyon, there has developed in
the brook during the past season a small amount of Spirogyra, and
a few other filamentous algea. The rocks forming the dams at
the water-falls have been covered largely with a slimy, dark-
green coating, mainly of Phormidium and other species of blue-
green algae.

Under favorable conditions of growth, the Hydrodictyon repro-
duces very rapidly, by means of a complicated, yet fascinating,
process called “swarming” of the millions of zoospores, or
animal-like reproducing cells.

The rapidity of reproduction of the water-net and the astound-
ing increase, may be readily explained by the fact that each of the
7,000 to 20,000 cells which compose the sac-like plant may in turn,
by the swarming of its contents, produce a new cylindrical net-
work, composed, like the parent plant, of thousands of cells.
Thus, every three or four weeks there would result a new crop of
perhaps 20,000 new plants from each old water-net sac. Starting
with but a single plant, the increase by geometrical ratio would
thus, in but a single season, result in unthinkable billions of
progeny.

The extraordinary increase of the water-net in the lower pools
of the brook has given some concern to the Garden authorities,
who have tried to devise some means of adequate control. Two
methods of control were suggested: one, the use of copper sul-
phate, a very dilute solution of which is poisonous to the algae;
the other, the raking out and final hauling away of the tangled
scums and algal growths. Up to the present, copper sulphate has
been applied but once to the brook, and then only to the lowest
pool. It was realized at the time that this application to the
lowest pool was practically valueless as an experiment, since the
stream was constantly carrying down from above bits of algae,
which would thus serve to replenish the supply almost as fast as
it could be destroyed by the poison. Another suggestion was to

en

add copper sulphate at frequent intervals in sufficient amount to
the upper lake, in which the brook has its rise, or else to the brook
at its source at the outlet of the lake. This suggestion takes for
granted the unproved and doubtful proposition that dissolved
copper would be carried from the head of the brook throughout its
length in sufficient amount to destroy the algae in the intervening
pools. The copper sulphate method for killing algae has not, to
my knowledge, been so far tried out for rapidly moving streams,
such as we have in the Garden brook. It has, however, proven
singularly efficacious in destroying algae in quiet reservoirs, lakes,
aquaria, and watercress beds; in keeping water molds from min-
now boxes; and in destroying bacteria in sewage effluents.
Intelligently used, copper sulphate is undoubtedly a valuable
adjunct in protecting bodies of water against excessive growths o
algae. For several reasons, however, it must be used with ex-
treme caution. In the first place, certain kinds of fish are readily
killed by injudicious applications of the poison. Thus, trout have
been shown to be very susceptible, the limit of safety being placed
by Kellerman at 0.14 parts of sulphate per million gallons of water.
The limit of safety for carp is somewhat higher, being placed at
0.30 parts, and for goldfish at 0.50 parts per million gallons of
water. The amounts required for the destruction of some algae
are dangerously near mie amounts which are found also to kill
fish. For example, Hydrodictyon requires 0.10 parts of copper
sulphate (or 0.88 of a pound) per million gallons of water; the
more troublesome blue-green algae require from 0.10 to 0.30 parts
per million, while some of the more resistant and troublesome
‘diatoms and green algae require as much as I part (equivalent to
8.3 pounds) of copper sulphate per million gallons. The pos-
sibility of injury to some of the higher flowering plants growing
in the brook must also be taken into careful consideration, espe-
cially in view of the fact that exposed roots of the willows and
other plants, which in many places have grown out into the
stream, lend themselves liable to serious injury from the poison.
And, finally, the fact cannot be lost sight of that even though the
copper sulphate method may prove efficacious in killing the algae
of the Garden brook, the dead and unquestionably unsightly scums
themselves must afterward be removed in some manner. All of

—
~

123

which facts and arguments seem to render very doubtful the
wisdom of the use of this method for our purposes.

The second method has been in use in the Garden brook for
some time with unquestioned success. ‘This consists in raking out
on to the banks the green floating growths, using for the purpose
a broad wooden rake; and hauling the mass away in a wheel-
barrow after the surplus water has been drained off. The work
has required so far the services of two men for about one day
a week. The amount which accumulates in the pools and on
the rocks during a single week of hot, muggy weather is trulv
astounding. This method, if carefully applied, injures none of
the flowering plants along the brook; the minute and microscopic
animal and plant forms are allowed to survive in reasonable num-

ers, so as to be available for study or collection at some future
time; and the small amount of green which remains adds to the
bed of the brook an indispensable touch of naturalness and soft-
ness of color very pleasing to the eve.
Epcar W, OLIVE.

DOCTORATES CONFERRED IN BOTANY BY AMERI-
CAN UNIVERSITIES IN ro14

It is worthy of note that botany, in 1914 as in the previous year,
is second in the number of doctorates conferred in the natural
and exact sciences. According to the lists published in Science
N. S. 40:256-264. 21 Au 1914, chemistry, as heretofore, leads
with 71 degrees, botany being credited with 34 degrees, zoology
with 25. The rapid rise in number in botany from II in 1908
to 34 in 1914, is probably largely attributable to the rapidly grow-
ing popularity of plant pathology.

It will be noted that the following list comprises 41 titles of
doctorate theses in botany, instead of 34, as indicated in Science.
Iam unable fully to account for this striking discrepancy, although
it is partially explained in the fact that in the article referred to,
Cornell is stated to have granted 7 degrees in botany, while my list
shows 10; Wisconsin is said to have given 6, while my list has 7.
Perhaps these differences may arise in large part from a different
view-point in regard to the sciences of agriculture and physiology.

124

Indeed, in order to secure the fairest classification, it would obvi-
ously be necessary to have the proper authorities in the various
universities place the theses in the categories in which they really
belong.

CoRNELL UNIVERSITY

Paul Usa Anderson: The morphology and life history of the chest-
nut sts fungt
Har aie. Benedict: Senile changes in leaves of Vitis vulpina L.
and ele other plants.
Forest Milo Blodgett: Perithecial development of Sphaerotheca humitt.
Jehiel Davidson: A comparative study of the effect of cumarin and
vanilin on wheat grown in soil, sand and water cultures.
Howard Brett Frost: The relation of temperature to variation in
Matthiola.
Charles Truman Gregory: The downy mildew disease of grapes.
Lexemuel Ray Hesler: Black-rot, leaf-spot and canker of pomaceous
fruits.
Robert Andrew Jehle: Brown rot of orchard fruits
Emmeline Moore: Potamogetons in relation to pond culture
William Howard Rankin: Field studies on Endothia canker of chestnut
in New York state.
UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO
Winifred McKenzie Atwood: A physiological study of the germination
of Avena fatua.
sek Smith Bryan: The archegonium of Sphagnum subsecundum.
ge Damon Fuller: Evaporation and soil moisture in relation to the
succession of ao association.
Edward Maris Harvey: Some effects of ethylene on the metabolism of
plants.
Niieg Benjamin Hill: The anatomy of six epiphytic species of Lyco-
podiun
Des Sie Knight: A study of dormancy in buds of Liriodendron
tulipifera.
Florence Anna McCormick: A study of Symphyogyna aspera.
John Nathan Martin: Comparative morphology of some Leguminosae.
Loren Clifford Petry: The anatomy of Ophtoglossum pendulum.
Norma Etta Pfeiffer: Morphology of Thismia (Bagnisia) americana

Harvarp UNIVERSITY

William T. Bovie: The action of ultra-violet light on protoplas
Arthur Houston Chivers: The fungus genera Chaetomium an As-
cotricha.

125

Walter Palmer Thompson: The anatomy and relationships of the Gne-
tales. I. The genus Ephedra.

CoLuMBIA UNIVERSITY
Fred Denton Fromme: The morphology and cytology of the aecidium-
cup.
Louis Otto Kunkel: Physical and chemical factors influencing toxicity
of inorganic salts to Monilia sitophila (Mont.) Sacc.

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
Philip Augustus Lehenbauer: Growth in relation to temperature.
John Hamilton Whitten: The effect of kerosene and other petroleum
oils on the viability and growth of Zea mats.

UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN

Elbert T, Bartholemew: Physiological changes causing black heart in
potatoes.

Howard Austin Edson: Damping off and root decay of sugar beets.

Edward Martinius Gilbert: Cytological studies on the Tremelineae.

Martin Perry Henderson: Studies on the black leg disease of cabbage.

Aaron Guy Johnson: The helminthosporium diseases of barle

George Wanamaker Keitt: Peach “Scab” (Cladosporium carpophilum
Thum) and its control

Gilbert Morgan Smith: Organization of the colony in certain four-
celled coenobic algae.

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

John Henry Ehlers: Winter temperature of the leaves of the Pine.

UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA

Harry Vaughn Harlan: Some distinctions in our cultivated barleys with
reference to their use in plant breeding.
ulius Valentine Hofmann: Natural reproduction of coniferous forests.

UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI

Emma Lucy Braun: The physiographic ecology of the Cincinnati region.

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI
William Henry Chandler: The killing of plant tissue by low temper-
ature.
UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA

Mélvin Randolph Gilmore: On the uses of plants by the Indians of the
Nebraska region.

126

WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY
Jacquelin Smith Cooley: A study of the physiological relations of Scle-
rotinia cinerea (Bon.).
Be Vy es

NOTES

On August 17, 1914, Acting Mayor McAneny signed the agree-
ment by which the tract of about eight acres of land lying opposite
the Willinck entrance to Prospect Park, and south of the origina!
boundary of the Garden, was turned over to the Brooklyn Insti-
tute of Arts and Sciences for botanic garden purposes. With this,
the total area of the Garden is approximately fifty acrés. Pre-
liminary plans have been drawn for its development.

The second contract for grading was awarded by the Board of
Park Commissioners on May 21, 1914, to Messrs. Norton &
Gorman, at the bid price of $9,979.20. Work began on July 25,
and was completed on September 10.

The work on the construction of new paths in the Garden,
begun on May 6, 1914, by Di Menna & De Paola, was practically
completed on October 31.

On August 27-30, Mr. Taylor was collecting ae for the
Garden in the vicinity of Copake Falls, N. Y.

Among the plants now bearing fruit in the tropical economic
house are the pineapple, and the fig (Ficus carica). Though the
young fig tree is only about 30 inches high, it has produced twelve
figs. In the same house the pistillate plants of hemp have attained
the remarkable height of over 17 feet.

Visitors to the Garden since the last issue of the REcorpD in-
clude Mr. Harold Wingate, Brooklyn, Mr. A. D. Darbishire,
lecturer in zoology at the University of Edinburgh, Scotland, and
Dr. Otto Appel, Geheimrat Regierungsrat, professor in the Kaiser-
liche Biologischen Anstalt fiir Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Berlin-
Dahlem, Germany. Prof. Appel was advised by the German
consul-general of New York not to try to return to his native land
until conditions in Europe become more normal.

127

Prof. H. J. Banker, who called at the Garden on July 10 and
August 3, has resigned the professorship of biology in DePauw
University, which he has held since 1904, and has accepted a posi-
tion with the Eugenics Record Office of the Carnegie Institution
of Washington, at Cold Spring Harbor, L. I.

Prof. Adolf J. A. Fredholm, M.D., D.Agr., formerly agrono-
mist of the experiment station, Port-of-Spain, Trinidad, and
now professor of agronomy in the university of Porto Rico, at
Mayaguez, visited the Garden on August 20.

Psychology in Park Management: The malicious (?) girdling
of white birches in the Garden was followed by our placing on
the injured trees a notice calling attention to the injury, and
stating briefly the botanical reasons why it would prove fatal to
the life of the trees. The matter was made the subject of Garden
Leaflet Ser. II, No. 7, Vandalism turned to account, which was
reprinted in full in Home Progress 3:555-556, Ag 1914. This
leaflet has occasioned much comment, some of it favorable, and
some questioning the advisability of the label on the girdled birch,
holding that the presence of the label on the tree first injured may
have been and quite probably was, the direct stimulus to the
girdling of the second tree. One correspondent has written as
follows:

“T would like to make a suggestion, and that is that it is quite
likely that the destruction of the trees is not intentional and
malicious in the sense of the free-will theory but that it is done
in somewhat the same spirit as one burns a house or jumps in
front of a passing railroad train. I think the hypothesis is equally
probable that the act is done under a momentary impulse which is
irresistible but which has back of it nothing which can properly be
called malice. By this hypothesis the worst possible thing to do
is to offer any suggestion of the possibility of such evil. I beg,
therefore, to offer the suggestion, which I am quite sure many
psychiatrists would agree with:—Just the prominence you have
made of the injured tree and its consequences is of the sort which
will lead to a suggestion on the part of certain hysterical or feebly
inhibited persons, leading them to do that which without the sign
and the striking evidence would have hardly occurred to them; at

128

any rate in such force as to lead to the uninhibitable impulse; 1. e.,
the second act was inspired or ‘ suggested’ by your notice. Such
at least is the clear teaching of the theory of the absence of free
will under which I am living.

“ By hypothesis a better example would be a girdled tree which
(by the aid of a piece of inserted bark) was permitted to survive.
‘Girdling a tree really isn’t so important and fatal a matter as you
think,’ would be the notice (if any) that this would give; and
that idea would do away with the impulse.”

By invitation of the Garden, the Brooklyn Aquarium Society
has recently installed in our conservatories four balanced aquaria,
for the purpose of demonstrating the relation between aquatic
flora and fauna. This is a very instructive as well as attractive
exhibit.

We learn from The Botanical Journal, the official organ of the
Royal Botanic Society of London, that on October 6, 1913, an
open-air school was started at the Garden, under the direction of
Miss Margaret Nuth. The objects of this school are to give the
children the best of health, as well as the best of education.
There are fourteen in attendance, mostly the children of physi-
cians and surgeons. The school is not confined to the children of
medical parents, but is open to the children of all members of the
Royal Botanic Society who present a clean bill of health. “No
unhealthy child is admitted, the idea being to prevent all troubles,
not to patch up cripples.” All lessons are held in the open, except
during rain or fog or a temperature below 40° Fahrenheit. The
following remark is quoted from one of the pupils: “I don’t
know how children can learn indoors. We stand by the lake and
learn all about the capes and bays, the peninsulas and promon-
tories and islands; but in a room they cannot do that, can they?”
The teachers in the schools of Brooklyn are reminded that the
grounds of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden are rich in opportuni-
ties for out-of-door lessons in geography and other subjects, as
well as in botany, and classes are cordially welcome for field study
in any subject.

e island in the lake at the Royal Botanic Society’s Gardens,
for many years a place neglected, has, by vote of the Council, been

129

developed as an Alpine garden. ‘“ The central mound is made of
Derbyshire rock, and the winding paths of oolitic flagstones.
Many hundreds of Alpine plants, rock-roses, saxifrages, pinks,
gentians, campanulas and sedums, with the eidelweis, have been
planted, and every requirement as to soil, moisture and light has
been observed as far as possible. The experiment is a daring one,
for the climate of London is difficult even to our native plants,
and to take Alpine plants direct from the Alps would be to court
failure. This has not been done, however, for the plants are
several generations removed from their purely wild ancestors.
Correvon, the great authority on Alpine plants, has told us that
some of the most beautiful of the species, which he had found it
difficult to grow in its own garden, in Switzerland, grew with
freedom in English Alpine gardens. Doubtless there are some
which no amount of care will keep alive in London. Our com-
mon English primrose will not last longer than three vears in
London, although its garden descendant does particularly well
here.’—Botanical Journal, Vol. III, No. 2, London, July, 1914.
The alpine garden has been named “ The Teck Garden,” in honor
of their Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of Teck. The Duke
is president of the society.

Lawns and Grass in London—‘ It is always with surprise and
sometimes with envy that American and country visitors note the
perfection of the lawns and grass generally in our London parks
and gardens. The smoke-polluted atmosphere which acts as a
bar to growth in the case of so many trees and shrubs seems to
have no ill effect whatever upon the grass. The farmer who ex-
pected a hay crop year after year without the aid of manure or
fertilizer would be thought to lack sense. Yet no London gar-
dener thinks it necessary to manure his lawns or grassed spaces,
although in the aggregate the constant mowing removes quite as
much grass in the course of a summer as would give a crop of
hay, and this process goes on year after year. A well-known
gardening expert, when questioned on the point, gave it as his
opinion that the greenness and vigor of London grass was entirely
due to the sooty impurities of London air. And when the matter
is fairly considered no other solution seems possible. That soot

.

130

is a good manure most people know. The leaves of the grasses,
being upright, are washed clean on both sides by every shower ;
the soot is carried down into the soil, and by the time growth
commences in the spring there is collected near the fibrous roots
enough food to last the summer through.

“Tt is some consolation to find that London fog and London
smoke are not quite so bad as most people think them.”—The
Botanical Journal, 3: 10. p 1914.

The Park Museum, in Roger Williams Park, Providence, R. I.
is actively engaged in cooperation with the work of the local
schools in Providence. In addition to a course of free lectures
given on Sunday afternoons, occasional lectures are given by pre-
arrangement to visiting schools and other organizations. Lec-
tures are also given at the schools, to either the whole school or
to particular grades upon request of the Principal, and duplicate
material is loaned to schools for study purposes. A list of such
material, furnished to teachers, includes birds and bird charts, in-
sects, minerals, soils, and mammals, and for botany, ten different
species of native woods, 250 colored lantern slides of common
wild flowers, and a list of plant material that will be collected
upon request, provided notice is given three days in advance by
postal or telephone. This latter list is as follows: 1. Buds of
pussy-willow, horse-chestnut, lilac, Forsythia, and alder; 2. Leaves
of any of the common trees; 3. Evergreen twigs; 4. Wild flowers
in season.

The school sends a pupil for the material, which may be kept,
three weeks, and may be sub-loaned, if desired, to other teachers
in the same building. With each loan there is sent a blank record
card, with data to be filled in and signed by the teacher as follows:

REcoRDS OF CIRCULATING CoLLECTION No, ——

Date Received pa | Signature of Teachers

| ee

This work is in charge of Mr. Harold L. Madison, curator,
assisted by Miss Magoon, who state that the facilities thus offered
are increasingly appreciated by the local schools.

Number of | School
Pupils

131

Dr. Johan Nordal Fischer Wille, professor of botany and
director of the Botanical Garden of the University of Christiania,
visited the Garden on September 11, en route to attend the celebra-
tion of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Missouri Botanical
Garden, to be held October 15 and 16.

Recalling the fact that man is absolutely dependent either
directly or indirectly upon plants for food, the following quota-
tion from the Report of the Department of Health of the City
of New York for the week ending August 22, 1914, is of interest:

“Chemists have repeatedly called attention to the extravagancé
of the American public in respect to foods, and have seen in this
one of the causes of the high cost of living. Again and again
they have pointed out that cheaper cuts of meat, for example, are
fully as nourishing as filet and porterhouse steak and that all that
is needed is education as to the proper method of cooking.

“What is true of meat applies also to many other foods. Just
now, for example, wheat flour has advanced considerably in price,
being quoted at $6.75 a barrel. Exactly the same amount of
nourishment in the form of rye flour costs $5, a saving of $1.75 a
barrel.

“Why should Americans continue to prefer wheat flour, when
rye is equally nutritious and very much cheaper? Or why should
they not learn, like the Scotch, to make oatmeal, which is even
more nutritious, and also much cheaper, a staple article of diet?
Or why disdain delicious and wholesome corn meal, highly nutri-
tious and about two thirds the price of wheat flour? Here are
some valuable facts for you to remember:

1oo Lbs, Cost

1,000 grams wheat flour contain 3,600 food units........ 3.35
1,000 grams oatmeal contain 4,100 food units........... 3.20
1,000 grams rye flour contain 3,600 food units........... 2.55

J,000 grams cornmeal contain 3,650 food units.......... 2.40

In Memoriam

FRANKLIN WILLIAM HOOPER

Born at Walpole, N. H.
February 11, 1851

Director of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences,
1889-1914
Member of the Board of Trustees
Ex Officio Member of the Committee on Botanic Garden
Instrumental in securing the first enactment, by the Legislature of
the State of New York, authorizing the Establishment of
a Botanic Garden on Park Lands in the Borough
of Brooklyn, 1897

Died at Walpole, N. H.
August I, 1914

INDEX

rookly
Institute and the Breckinns Public
Library, 19

Agreement between the Brooklyn
Institute and the Prospect Park
Authorities, 31

cee eee with Botanical Society of
America, 17, 42, 74

Agreement with ‘the City of New

ork, 10, 12

Agricultural
Index Cards,

Aitken, aoe Helen J., 21s 2A)

Algae, 35,

Algae i in ee Garden Brook, 120

Experiment Station
64

for omen 4
Ameri zican _Association for the Ad-
vanc t of Science, 60, 97
asco Tee of Botany, 14, 17,

42, 74
American Museum of Natural His-
tory,
peucan Phytopathological Society,
Recta Scenic and Natori Pres-
the ee Botanical
Garden, 97
AGH anaiies Garden, 42
Aphids,
Appel, Cae i OF eli, 120
iNaiee dices, & 7
Appointment S, 47, hee
Appropriations, 47, 90 73
Arbor Day Talk,
Ar meld ‘Aroorettnn’ ie
Arrow-root,

Atlanta, Ga., 60

Avena fatua, 124

Back Yard Gardening in Toledo, O.,
8

y for, 112
Bact
Bares Chigslaee Co., Walter S.,
Banker, P

Beverag S,
Big-tree Groves, California, 2
Bicleey, ae chers, N. Y., Association

of, 89, 9
Birds ei Their Relation to the

Garden, 8
ioe Mr. Guy, 37, une 119
Black Ice eo e, 118
Black-r
Blake & Willams @o;, 28320
Blue-berry, 117
Board of Estimate and Apportion-
ment, 28, 72

orers, II
Borin, Mr. J. V., 54, 65, 04
Botanical and Agricultural Supplies,

pone Exploration, 51
Botanical Journal, The, 128
Botanical Society of Anes De oy,
42, 60, 74
Members of,

18
Botanic Garden Idea for American

Berlin- DET 13
Bresla auy 16
Buiten
Cambridge eee 94
ew
To a
Washington, 97
Botanical Garden, New York, 25
Botanische Jahrbticher, 100
merican Universities in
1914, Doctorates conferred in, 123

133

134

Botany, |

Civic, 9
Elementary, 3

a2
Bowen, ee Agnes Eaton, 24

Boy

Scout

S; 25, 59
Bracket Ee eee C,, 65, 70
Bray, Prof. Tilia

ce en enyiae Papers, 52
Attendance at, 46
Bacterial Plant Diseases,

15
Booklet a Information Con-
cerning
es Wall, at
cOT. 32.
Chie Catena, I, 43, 48, 59,

O%,.03, DLO
Children’s Lectures, 103
Congestion in Buildings, 50
Conservatories, Br 25, 20)

9, 99, 95
Con servatories, Plants in, 55
Construction of Nev v Paths, 95
Consultation, 7
Control of pond Scum in, 121
Courses st Instruction, I, 2, 3,
4, 5, 21, 43, 104
Pore Reet O27,
try, 8
Ecologic Section, 54
ee owm ee 10, 70
Expenditures, 73
Experimental Grounds, 49
“ence, Street, a
Finances, 47,
oe ea Organization of,

Gilts #0) 10.20; 215.22, 25, 46,

Goan Stu ue and Rese
Herbarium, 35, 51
Herbarium Beau 19, 20,
22,5
Herbarium, Administration of,

Herbarium, New Cases in, 35

proc yn Potame Garden
um, No,

of Plants Ac:
plies n, 5
Inse pee Betaraadeion of, in the,

Japanese re Tie
Tolenal ‘lu
Laboratory Building and Con-

Final Inspection and Payment
for

Knspectin of, 30, 89
on ied by, ete. 18, 27
ine ineneauon of, 30

he, 8, 9
pag for Children at ek

Funds for, go 48, 51, 65, 70

Growth of, 3

Number of Be criodicals in, 66

Permanent Quar

Rare pee for, a 65, 77

Referenc 6

Trafeter “OF Material from
the Museum Library to,

Use of, 35
Local Flora Section of, 3s 54.
Meetings at the, 13, 45, 89
Ne oe A r Additional Endow-

t, 9, 49
Neccls : the, 10, 44, 51, 102
Nursery, 49
Nery Collections, 54
ed ate Reception. Bt it
Outdoo
P Rating tHe sive Ba of, 30
Permanent Improvements, 73
Pinetum
Plants in Greenhouse of, 55
Plans for New Grading in, 32
~lantations a 33
Propagating House, 49
Publications of, 28, 36, 42

Purpose o
Reservoir Fence, Resetting of,
Completed, 30

School Classes a 7,

Scientific Publications of, 51

Sec sea age on of Conserva-
torie ae

Sectionl Iv, 54

Section VI, 54

135

Botanic potanic Garden
Seminar, 6, 20, 45, 60
Sie and Loan Material from, 7
Talks at Schools, 7, 40, 41
Temp eee Quarters of, 27

e Land Comprising

e, 32
vienee to the, 19, 22, 23, 24, 46,
96, 2. , 100, 126, 127
Walks in the, 32
es Insitute of Arts and Sci-

Borel of ae 76
Central Museum, 32, 56,
Committee on Bo tanic Carden
ol, 17, 76,
BC ouncil of the, 45
oa of Botany of, 20, 23,

, 41, 61
sephin of the,
Executive

Tr 19
Brooklyn Public rea 19, 65
Back klyn Women s ie

rooks, 96
poe ads and pee of, 38
Buds, ning o
Buildin asa 27
tins a nd, 47
Bul

Bee simertaton The, 96

Cacti, 25
Cambie, pasa University Bo-
e of,

Grins Technical wcuee), 94

es decisum,
Ca ean

parn, Mi Harold A., 2, 54

Garton Me.,
Carmic hael, Mies Margaret W., 24
Casey, Mr. and Mrs. Thomas F., 24
Cater heres 114
Central Museum, 32, 56, 66
Century Plants, 46

sity of, 131
Cincinnatti, Gao of, 9

City Record, New York, 32, 72

Cladosporium carpophilum Paine:
12

Clements, Rrotahrake..23

Clubs in poe Public Schools,
Garden,

ee: Mr. oTHoine H.,

Coccidae, 114
Cocker i Little Co., 29

Goi nas of Plants for School Use,

Collections of Plants
Ars. £ \nnie Morrill Smith,
Strieff,

Ea

Colle s, SY ystematic Blane 54, 55
@ aes Uni versity, 2

Commercial High mC Heat anes) 96
Commissioner of aie

Comptroller’s Repo

Co nf “nce with High School Teach-

3

> 3e
Gin eree for the Better Under-
vena ng of o Diseases and
Potato Improv cme 6
Connor Ne eae

onstruc of New aths, 95
C eee ot ae Walle 98
‘ontractors, 2 I, 73, 74, 90, 98

one ene ‘Garden 36, 42
Corbet rofess 17
Cornell Une ic Y. State Col-
lege of Agriculture oh 94, 9
Country Life in America, 60
Courses at Brooklyn Boca Garden,
Adv antee oe
Terms for, 5
C hildren’ s Garden Practice, 4
Cytology
Experimental Evolution, 5

alle
ral Garden Work, 4
Fee
* or is Lane
*resh- Wy ater Microbiology, 5
“ungous an re
n aoe ue Plane gute ae

Loc
Mycol ae Plant Pathology,

Nae of Persons in, 21
First Course of Instruction, 43
, 6

Plant Propagation and Green-
house Work, 4

Popils ar Boel any, 3

Pedagogy of Botany, 4

136

rses at Brooklyn Botanic Garden
Practical Garden Work, 5
Prospectus of, ‘I

Research,

Mycology and Plant Pathology,

Plant Geneti a
Plant ey: ogy, 6
en ol Gardening for Teachers,

i Sea rk
Soils and Agricultural Principles,

4
Courses, Spring, T, 2,3
Coville, Dr. ee Va
Cowles, Prof. eae é, 23
Crataegus, 1
Cr typton Ue, 35, 60, 99
Curator of Plants, Report of the, 52
eutdtor of Public peer uetlons 57
Report of the,
Curator ships, Resea ae
‘urtis’s Botanical ie odite, 20, 34,

5
Cut- ee 115
Cyathus
ea eRe 116
Cyrtomium falcatum, 91

AMA O? Seas 114

Da ie
Dat ny rote, ny
Darbishire,

itun, feeenar tina a)

Department of Health of the “City of
ew York, I31

Department of Parks, ROME:

veut sche Botanische Gesellschaft,

Des ech Laboratory of the Carnegie

n,
s, Professor 100

a & De Paola, Messrs. 98,

118
octorates conferred in Botany by
erican Universities in 1914, 123

7)
Draper, Miss Miriam Ss 24)

East, Prof. E. M., 96 ©
Economic nee Tropical, 90
Economic Plant

Elruh, we Hens Ix., 22

Endo thia
Engelhardt, iver & Mrs. Geo. P., 24

Engler = Prong System of Classi-
fication, 15, 56
Engler, “Geheisnat Prof. Dr. A, 13;

23;
Address at Tree Planting by, 15

Ephedra, 125
ee Hall an School, 98
Essex, England, 9
Ethical Cultges School: 59
Eugenics Record Office, 127
Evening Post, The, 57
Exhibit, School Garden
Experimental Evolution, 3 127
Express and Deliveries,

Fagus Englert, 14
Fahnestock, Mr. Gates D.,
Faulwe tad Mr
Be eee. 12

n Ee i: Foes 116

ICUS ‘carica, 126
cus repens, 9O

eld Meetings, a, 60
ee Matters

atbush ee Company, 29

rida
neces Dives? or’s Trip to
owering Ein 1 in Exhibit ae Public
&

ersleheecehateselle roe

¢ @
WM ‘ =| oO,

&

5

ify

+

9

=z

e)

208

=i

=,

—~>

°

\O

Forestry, 19, 40, 98
Forsythia,
Fort Kent, Maine,

8, 07

ivate, 10, cl 51, 70

Fungi Columbians,

Fungi, 35, 37;

Fungous peden: in V the Hae during
1914, Insect and, I

Gager, Dr. C. Stuart, 9, 24, 27, 65, 76
Address of, at t the Tree renee
es a Engler,
Lectures by, 9, 40
Lectures, Addresses and Papers

y, 40
Publicdeions Of037,
Gallup, Miss Anna B. 24

137

Garden Brook, Algae in the, 1
Garden Clubs in Brooklyn Public

Schools, 93
Garden lov to Make a, 8
Garden, The eeichens 2

Garden, The 1 Flower 2

Cur Week Be Week, The

Gardening, Back Yard, in Toledo, O~.
and re Damen. Pa., 87

» 34
Gardens, adeyorden
Gardens, Children’s, 1, 43, 48, 59, 93,

110
Seed Distribution for
Gardens, Birds and their heleiiod to,

Garden’s Bnend sh ae Foes, The, 9
Gardens, Talks o

Gates, "Mise Adelia a

Sia eral Mei aintenance and Construc-

» 52
Gua ewe Equipment, 68
General Plant Supplies, 68
Genetics, 12
Gees Plants
Germination, Hoe Plants Start, 8
Gilg, Professor, 100

Goniobasis virginicum ‘ermclin 21
Goo ae Mite Charlotte, 38

Gradin

Geen ahi , 47

Grading Operations, 95, 98
Grapefruit

Grasshoppers, 115

Gunder Dr. alied LESEOS
Glissow, ope 117

aberlandt, Professor, 100
] ackensack, Nie al lee
ap Prof. H, M., 100
milton, Mrs. Wm. leer
f, NV.

Iss M. , 46
arper, R. M. zi Herbariim of, 56
Harshberger, Prof. Joh
art, Miss Grace pane 24
a Miss, 22

man, Mr., fe)
sea ard Univer sity, 96
ead Gardener, 54, 65, 94, 116
y igustus, 2

eller, A. A. Herbarium of, 56
csi SU ee

o
Be

] Sorted Plains, 45

Hepatics, 46

Heredity, 6, 20,
licks, Mr. Henry, 23
igh t of Livi 131
eos Bac 21, 40, 41, 58, 89, gl,
96
Hi ane chool Day, First Atal 89
Hill, Mr. Frank (Pi)

Hire of Horse and Wagon with
Driver, 69

Hitched A. S., Herbarium of, 56

Holcombe, Willis B. , 59

Hollick, Dr. Arthur 24, 25

Hooper, Prof. Panis William,

Ho ulton, Me

Hoceenetd Bee and Horticulture,

132

Howard, lfenietes 0., 22
hes, 19,
Hutchinson, Miss ean Bo 24
uyler’s, 103
Iydrodictyon, 120

Iijima, Mr. J.,
Illustrating, Borat ical, 11
Imperial eee logical Institute for
pot Forestry, Dahlem,
ae 17

eed of Children’s Gardens,

Income from Brackett ee 65
Income from Endowment,
Index Kewensis, 6

Insect and Fungous Boats in the
arden rune 1914,

Insuranc

ee ta Harvester Company,

47, 103 _

Rater onal

pbypeecoe Aphis Ex-
» 13, 15, 23, 45
Teves eases: 36
Ithaca, N. Y., Cornell University, 96

Japanese Consul- General, 112
Japanese Garden

Financing ae
Pine trees for, 113
Plans for,

Work begun on, 112
Japan Societ ty, 45
Joh neon, Prof. a as SK6
Johns ir fehl Fg
Tonneeen neering ae 29
Johnston, Mr. J Bie

oP

45,
von aa Protoss Chemistry, 97
Judy, Mr. and Mrs. Herbert

138

a eho 94, 96

Kez e Camp Fire ore 98
pes Dr & Mrs. C. A.,
Kingst

Feeley les Lay A
fete de Mie E. M., 62
Kolsh, Mr. Herman, 54

—

Labelling and Other Clerical Work, 55
Labels, 108

Lace Bug, 114

Landscape Design, 2

Bian oe Gardener, 87
Lantane II

Lantern slides 51, 62, 64
Leaf-fall,

Leaflets, ee SO nA2.57,. 1
Leaflets, Sel Lied os a

r, 116
Lebanon, oe Back Yard Gardening
n Tol

; O. , and, ies
berries 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, f4, 25, 20,
40, 41, 43, da 58, 59, 60, 97,
98, 103, 11
Alpine Flc
By Noted eee 51

Civic Botany, 9

Fo een on
Pla ant

Public shin

School Carden Work,

Stories of Useful Plants, 103

Economic

Lee, Miss Charlotte, 21

Lee, Miss Mary D., 24
etchworth Park, N. Y., 22

Levison, Mr. , 19

Lieberman * Sandford, 29
Lichens, 35,
Lighting P Lane Buildings, 69
Ripideniion tulipifera, 14, 42, 124
Liverw arts 5

ocal Flora, 36
London, eee ns and Grass in, 129

ieedon: Royal Botanic Society of,
128

London, School Gardens in, Be
Long Island Potato Fields, 1
Lord preGHnS C neg ny joe

uca
hice. Me P. is on
Lycopodium 2
Lyman, Miss Cate CA
Madison, Mr. - an 130
Magoon, Miss,

ee Agricultural Experiment Sta-
118
Manheimer, Mr. Wallace A., 96
100
M oo Pius Gardens, Essex, Eng.,

9
Martin, Prof. D.S.,
Martin, ak H. W., 28
Matthiola, 124
McAneny, Mr., I
ee Mr. Joh, 24
: , Mrs eas

NV
Mc

WN cut cheon & Co ’ James, 20, 47
M cK, Mead & White, 29

N
i

Melhus, Dr., 116
embeahic Fund, 70
emoir of the New York Botanical
Garden, 3
Memorandum of Valuation of Mu-
et Library Pep SaY Transferred
the
Mickleborough, Mr. John, 24
Missouri Bot ee Garde en,
Ne ie be e, 97
23rd A Acniat Report, 97
25th Anniversary of, 131
iyoshi, Prof. Manahu, 96

WN

Molds

Mollus

J oil Suede one ae” Sacc., 125

Monstera delictos

Morea kK, He a

N Saas Academy, 98

Moo r. Geo. T., 76

Moris Canal, N. J., 21

Mosaic- c-isease, 118

Mosse

M ipo Pictures, II, 23, 51

Mount Prospect Reservoir, 30, 32, 47,
98

Muceuer a Mr. J. Adolph, 24

Mu ppropriation for Main-
ne aa ce, 47, 50

MOP Mr. & Mrs. Robert Cush-

Murtill, D 24
Musaeum T a ee 19, 65, 77
Museum Builetin of the Staten Island

ts and Sciences, 25
ae d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris,

00
Nrueeitn News, 77
Museum a Art, Toledo, 87, 88
Mycology, 37
Mocorcone 20, 37, 46

Nassau County Teachers Association,
98

139

Nation, The, 57
National Nature Study Association,
a)
National Plant, Flower, and Fruit
Guild, 58, 59, 97
agazine of the, 60
38

e the arden, 10, 48, 102
Neighborhood OnE 45
Newcombe, Prof. F. ‘Cx Bee

e

11g
New Yor pen On of Biology
Teachers, pee of, 8
New York Botanical Gaaiee. 25
Memoirs oe 157
New York Cit
Agr Feement between Brooklyn

arden and, Io, 126

New York City Record, 32, 72
ew y oie State, Board of iidueation

Nicuion ay

Norfolk, Va.,

North American Uredinales, 19
Norto xsorman, 98, 126
Nuth, "Mis s Margaret, 128
Nygren, renee and Ohmes, 29

‘Oaks, 56
Office CUP mene Purchase of, 68
us

1B W., 4 65, 98, 122
Field Mesos 4I,
rier bari of,
Lect s by, 9, 20, 40, 60, 98
Benes of, 36, 38
Report for 191

oO

47
Ophioglossum pendulum, 124
Orthesta insignis, 4

Orton, Dr. W. A. , 96, I17
Outdoor Bone for Children, gI

Palms,

Bersdenine Ceylon, 96

Paris, 96

Park Commissioners, 126

Park Management, Psychology in,

12
Park Museum, 130
Paths, 126

Paulsen, Dr. Ove, 23
Pax, Professor, 100

Pember, Professor, 117
Pennsylvania § State College, 120
Pen SING

People's Saving Association of To-
ledo,
Pee Genie Appropriations for,

P eae Mrs. Clayton A., 24
ri di shes, Loan of, 7
hanerogamic Herbarium, 56
Sen? Be
harmaci
hillips Gee ‘Wahl, 29
horm m1 ium

ograpl 51
aR The American, 19, 65
erson U-Bar Co. 29, 90
erson, Mr. “Lineal 29

I b
AG) oe) A ra, Ba So

eae aan
pea F ee 25

i=]

» 38
ae Breeding, 9, II, 37; 49, 125
ant Culture, Indoor,
nt Diseases, 12, 36, a 116
ants,
Patarie! 22
ina, 14, 55
Econ 8, 21, 90, 103, 126
22% "46
Meh ea 22
ete 20
ee

SS
is)

oe
Plant Pieces oi
Chere Louis, 25

Pollard, Mr.
Pomelo, 91
Pond Scums, 120
Porto Rico, University of, 127
Potamogeton
Potato Diseases d Potato Improve-
ment, Confer renee ior the Better
Understanding o
Potato Growing Regions ae
Doane Mr. Lewis H.,
Pounds, Mrs. Lewis H., a
t, Mr. George D., 46, 65
104

Oe ee ere —jj—
12)
as
fay )
oS SS
&
™

46
ers ae Staff
during 1913, 37

140

Public ene No. 66, 93
Puccinia obtegens, 36, 38
Puccini Podophylii, 36, 38
Puccinia Thalictri, 116
EUs y; 5
Purdy, Miss Maud, 24
Pure Seed Problem, 119

Rabbits, 115

Ramsay, Mr. Dick S., 19, 46

Rare Books, 19, 65, 7

Reon The ’ Brooklyn Botanic Garden,

G., 24

42

Red Spider, 114

Anke and as

port, Curator of Piact ; 52

Report Canto of Public Instruc-
tion, 57

Repu PER IRE: 27

Report, Librari

Research Geen eee 51

Research Fellowships, 51

Resolutions of the Board of Estimate
an pportionment, 28, 7

Revere 38, 39, 57

ng, ay

Rex, Dr.,
Rhizoctonia, 118

Miss, 24
ee ee Institute for Medical
Research, 97
Roger Willams Park, 130
8

Rope, Lecture on

Eee bugs, 115

yal Botanic Gescen, Berlin, Ger-
Royal Botanic G Anieas Kew, Eng., 94.
Royal Botanic Society of London, 128
Royal Horticultural Society, Eng., 94
Rubber, Lecture on, 8
Rusts, Plant, 36, 116

Schizocarpa, 25
Scl ool Garden Association of Amer-

a, 58
Seon Garden
Character of prusene: s, 103

Exhibit, 92, 109
ee ot Public Sateal 66, 93
Crop

Eerie in, 105

Ol,
School Gardens and Gardening, 98
School Gardens in Ceylon, 37

; mcuoer

School of Horticulture for Women,
Ambler, Pa.,
Science and Mathematics,

sarehia 38, 104
Ade iphi Academy, 91
Commercial High, 91
om Public , 45
c n with, 7 at IOI, 107
Erasmus Hall igh, 9
aes ae in saan Pub-
lic
Girls’ High, 21, 58, 9I
Holy cra gI

23
Polytechnic | TEES, 104
Pratt Ins
. Theres I
Schoonhoven, Mrs. Helen B., 24

S
Scirpus es os Harper, 22
peas Mr.,
er, Dr. & Mis Fred. J.,
Ceci edule, 9
Seed Distibanen School Garden, 108
Seeman Brothers, 103

tee
Septoria Pisi,
Shaw, Miss iillen Eddy, 58, 9
Country Life in peed a

ork Chapter of the
Nee See Study Asso-
ciation
Public Lectures Addresses, and
Papers by,
The Childeen's s ‘Work, IOI
Shaw, Mr. , 96
Shaw Sc focl “of a eae of Washing-
97

Thule, ae 29

Shot-hole Fungus, 116
ow Labels, 55
Shredded Wheat Company, ace
Sinnott, Dr. eae nd W., 96
Slime Molds, 2 0, 35, 37
mith, Mrs. Annie Morrill,24,46,61,65
Smith, Tane Mit Life Me mberships, 97
Smithsonian Institution, 99

Smut

Socie ety oa American Foresters, go

Special Contribution of 1912 for
Library, 70

141

Sphagnum Nae als 124
Sphaerotheca humili, 124
Spirogyra, 121
iach Teed Association of Arts

Sciences ve Bulletin, 25
Steffens, W. #H.,
telle, V Helen Vie
Stevens, Mr. & Mrs. aueerel F,,
cae , Mr. George W., 77

‘e a

bye
Strietf, airs. (Os
Strieff, Mrs. ©: me rae, Collec-
of, 56
Striped Cucumber Sea 115
Sugar Beets, 36,

Tacca, 25
Tangelo, ot
Tangerine, 91
Taylor, Mr. Norman, 2, 6, 24, 99, 126
dress of, at the tes ‘Planting
y Pr ofessor Engler
Field Eee so By, me
Herbari of,
Lectures
Pu SR aes
Public iuscamre Addresses and
apers in 1913 by,
Report for 1913, 52

Teck Garden, 129
Letranychus lelarins, 3 14
Telephone Service,
Telfer, Miss <n na Ww. 24
Thalictrum
merican Physitian, 19, 65
The Boeneal Journal, 128
Third Annual Report of the Brooklyn
Botanic Garden for 191 3, EK

SPp.,

Ti mperial Waeeta of 96

ete Musetin Oleatte 7 7ans

Toledo, d ebanon, Pe. Back
Yard Gardening i in, 87

Toledo, People’s Saving Association
or,

Torreya, 57

Teen Botanical Club, 9

Torrey Botanical Club, One Index,

34
Tradescant, A Nase Book by, 19, 77
Tradescant, Joh ai

Trilliums,
Tropical Economic House, 90
T ruc Eaper meg Station at Nor-

Tremelineae, 125
IT5

Toe nies peer Laboratory at,
23

Urocystis Ane TEES 16
States Department of Agri-

United

culture, a 7
United States National Museum, 99
University Botanic Garden, Cam-

bridge, Eng., 94
University, Colt 210 1.37) 96
University, Cornell, 94,

University, Imperial, a Vienna 46
University of Breslau

University of Chic cago, oe
University of Christiania,

I
University of Cincinnatti, Depart-
ment of Biology, 95
Jniversity, Syracuse, 22

Uromyces ei! yeyrrhizae, 3, 38

Vandalism, 12

Van Norden, Nts Mary, 24

Van Sickle, W. ie Open of, 56
Van T iegher m, Brok Philippe Edouard

re Exhibit of Public
93

NORE State Department of Agri-
cultur Wy

Vienna, ioe ial eg te! at, ey

Virginia Potato side. 119

Vitis vulpina L.

we eole: N. me
Walter, Mr.
Washington! D. C., Botanic Garden,

Washington sears Henry Shaw
School of Bot
Water oe Plant Seat 99
Waterm
Wa nen
Wettstein, Benes von, 100
Wheat rust, 36
White, Misses, 24 ‘
ROS Mintle LO, 19,24. 34, 46,
65, 77 :
White, IVS ara es 4.
White, Dr. Orland Emile, 6, 9
lant Breeding, 37
Papers ae ne 60

White
White- ae ‘Niteetle Bug, 114

r, Prof. T. jade von, 46 Woodmere, L. I., 50 } atte
Wed Colone eee Bs 4
i Sas tee Wrig t, Mr. S. Hart,

tid :
- Wilson, M ,55 Yale School of Forestry, 19
Wilson, ae Oa = Calected by, i Yeasts, 2
ilson, oe r. and Mrs. P Yellowstone National Park, 23
Wingate, Mr. aero. 2 a ae e 126
Woodmere mareeiey, 59 Zea mays, 125

ony Institute of Arts and Seiences

fous OF THE BOARD
eee OF TRUSTEES
: Paw AUGUSTUS HEALY
‘First VicE-PresiweENT—HON. CHARLES A. SCHIEREN -
SECOND: ViICE-PrRESIDENT—COL. ROBERT B. WOODWARD
THIRD Vice-Presipent—GEORGE D. PRATT
-« TREAsuRER—DANIEL ‘V. B. HEGEMAN
_ Secretary—HERMAN STUTZER™

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
A. AUGUSTUS HEALY

_E.Le GRAND BEERS GATES D. FAHNESTOCK
DR. GEORGE W. BRUSH DANIEL V. B. HEGEMAN .
HON. WILLIAM J. COOMBS | DICK S, RAMSAY

GEORGE D, PRATT HERMAN STUTZER

WALTER H, CRITTENDEN ' ALFRED T, WHITE
COL, ROBERT B, WOODWARD | :

_CommrrrEn ¢ ON BoTanic GARDEN
ALFRED T, WHITE
GATES D. FAHNESTOCK ~ cee GEORGE D. PRATT

Pe ALBERT i ueecitet a os ee A. PAM

ex OFFICIO MrMBERS: OF THE BOARD

_ THE MAYOR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK

EHE PRESIDENT OF THE BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN
THE COMMISSIONER ‘OF PARKS, BOROUGH OF. BROOKLYN

PROF. FRANKLIN 1 W: HOOPER* Director

* Deceased August. I, 1914.

&
3

: a = ERI

. eae:
‘monthly, ghee"

: a of beg Bete

other plant activities to be seen in the

a irector

; of departments, (
oO instruction, miscellaneous ] papers, and notes concerning Gar Sie
“and events. Free to members of the SE of Botany of the Institute

s of
To others ‘one dollar a year; 25 ents: a copy.
i lly published in otanieal or. - other

Cone eres 2 P
per: d as \ sep

v
c

change of paging, and numbered ©

casional papers, as. ve as those: em-).
oy the Garden, or by members of ‘its staff

ite. one volume. ee

Ave I 3 pages. rrr.

oe botany: 8 pages. Jon
.. If pages, figs.: 2; plates 2. 1911.
oe ff the ie “barrens of New

umn. 10 ‘pages, os 0; plate I.

oy, ssrmelens of ee cebnapisttt and gametophatc generations im
15 pages, I plate. 1913.

“Puccinia, P, oblegens and Uromyces Glycyrrhiza

eS 5) tudies a PRE pieranene » mm me er es - ud ion : md the
dity. study of ce N.

ee ‘
a t a ATG

te formation of
oF and oA te

a LEAFI ETS. Established Le 8 . oo
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om:

the Leaflets. is primarily to. give piso Hass

ary i information stout [
to all who wish t

L OF BOTAN
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epte

ain: Oe (laa

Eve ‘Esta
ANICAL goa r AMERICA,
eae »Subsctptin ee: to ae

a 3S.

ihe capillitium a es devon |
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cate Price based | u on cost

ae published ett. or bi- ©
nd October. The purpose of
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